BIOGRAPHICAL, 
 
 HISTORICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL 
 
 DICTIONARY 
 
 CONTAINING ACCURATE ACCOUNTS OF 
 
 THE LIVES, CHARACTERS, AND ACTIONS, 
 
 OF THE MOST 
 
 EMINENT persons 
 
 OF ALL AGES AND ALL COUNTRIES ; 
 
 INCLUDING 
 
 THE REVOLUTIONS OF STATES, 
 
 AND THE 
 
 SUCCESSION OF SOVEREIGN PRINCES. 
 
 BY 
 
 JOHN AVATKINS, LL.D. 
 
 Vita enim mortuorum in memoria vivorum est posita. — C icero. 
 
 THIRD EDITION , 
 
 Revised, corrected, and considerably enlarged. 
 
 IlcnDon : 
 
 PRINTED FOR RICHARD PHILLIPS, 
 
 NO. 6, BRIDGE-STREET, BLACKFRIARS. 
 
 1807 . 
 
 By T. Gillet, Wild-court. 
 
 • • 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 |N presenting a THIRD EDI i ION of this woik to the 
 A Public, the Author can have no occasion to expatiate on 
 the interesting Nature of its Subjects, or on the Utility of 
 his Plan. A biographical and historical library, in 
 the form of a Dictionary, and in the compass of a single 
 volume, challenges the respect of every Lover of Literature, 
 It is obviously designed to answer the purpose of an eas* 
 and satisfactory reference on all points of enquiry, con- 
 nected With BIOGRAPHY, CHRONOLOGY, AND HISTORY. 
 
 In drawing up the various articles, considerable pains 
 have been taken to introduce every prominent and characte- 
 ristic event and circumstance. The works of eminent 
 Writers have been carefully enumerated, and their best edi- 
 tions specified ; the distinctive merits of Artists have been 
 pointed out, and their principal productions mentioned ; 
 and the most remarkable events in the lives of more active 
 characters, as in those of Sovereign Princes, Warriors, and 
 Statesmen, have been perspicuously narrated, and the dates 
 affixed and determined with scrupulous exactness. A 
 studied plainness of style has been adopted, as suitable to 
 the nature of the work ; and it may be safely affirmed, 
 that in no single article has any attempt been made to give 
 a distorted or partial colouring to the character delineated. 
 To this third edition the Author has annexed a refer- 
 ence to the Authority of each article; an addition , the va- 
 lue of which will he fit by every Man of Letters. 
 
 10 
 
PREFACE, 
 
 The author has endeavoured to render his work complete, 
 by inserting every interesting name and event likely to be 
 sought for in a collection of this kind ; and although he can- 
 not presume that there are not many defects and omissions, 
 vet it will be obvious on comparison, that this work now 
 contains from two to three thousand articles more than 
 are to be found in any similar work in the English, or 
 perhaps in any other language. 
 
 Observing, with regret, the great number of distinguish- 
 ed names which have been passed over by preceding Biogra- 
 phers, he has diligently employed himself in rescuing a c on- 
 siderable number of those names from neglect and oblivion. 
 He has not contented himself with barely gleaning from 
 all other Dictionaries, but has sought in every respectable 
 quarter for memoirs of departed excellence. Many single 
 memoirs and fugitive pieces, and many scarce tracts and vo- 
 luminous periodical publications, have in the preparation of 
 the new edition been sedulously examined. 
 
 The additional articles will be found to be very numerous 
 and important, especially of modern characters; and it is 
 hoped that, in the accuracy of narrative and impartiality of 
 delineation, the most essential duties of a biogapher have 
 been faithfully discharged. 
 
 For the numerous valuable communications which the 
 Author has received from various correspondents, and lite- 
 rary friends, and by which he has been enabled consider- 
 ably to enrich the present edition, he begs leave to return 
 his most grateful acknowledgments. 
 
 London , December , 1806 . 
 
THE 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 AND 
 
 HISTORICAL 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 AAR AAR 
 
 A* (Peter Vander), a bookseller of Ley- 
 den, who published at the beginning' 
 of the 18th century, an Atlas, with a col- 
 lection of prints, representing the towns, 
 inhabitants, and productions, of different 
 parts of the world, 66 vols. fol. He also 
 continued Grcevius’s Thesaurus, or an ac- 
 count of modern Italian writers. — Nuuv, 
 Diet. Hist. 
 
 Aagard (Nicholas and Christian), bro- 
 thers, born at Wieburg, in Denmark, the 
 beginning of the last century. The first 
 was a philosophical writer, and the latter 
 a poet. Nicholas died in 1657, and Chris- 
 tian, in 1664. — Moreri. 
 
 Aalst (Everard), a Dutch painter, born 
 at Delft, 1602. He was eminent in fruit 
 pieces, and died in 1058. — Houbraken. 
 
 Aalst (William), nephew of the above, 
 but more celebrated; born in 1620, died 
 1679. — Ibid. 
 
 Aaron, the elder brother of Moses, was 
 born about A. M. 2434. He accompanied 
 his brother in all his interviews with Pha- 
 raoh, and afterwards assisted him in the 
 government of the Israelites. But he was 
 guilty of a great error in complying with 
 the idolatrous disposition of the people, 
 and making them a golden calf, which 
 they worshipped as their God. Notwith- 
 standing this, the Almighty ordained that 
 the priesthood should be confined to Aaron 
 and his sons, which occasioned discontent 
 among the people. Aaron enjoyed the of- 
 fice of high priest till old age compelled 
 him to resign it to his son Eleazar. He 
 soon afterwards died on Mount Hor. — SS. 
 
 Aaron, a British saint, who suffered 
 martyrdom with his brother Julius in Dio- 
 clesian’s persecution. Their bodies were 
 interred' at Caerleon, the metropolis of 
 Wales. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Aaron, a physical writer of the 7th cen- 
 tury. He wrote in Syriac several treatises 
 on medicine, entitled the Pandects, of 
 Which there are no remains. He was the 
 first author who described the small-pox 
 
 Aaron (Schaschon), a learned rabbi, 
 who wrote the Law of Truth, Venice, I6S1, 
 folio.. — Moreri. 
 
 Aaron the Caraite, a Jewish physician 
 at Constantinople, in 1294. He wrote a 
 commentary on the Pentateuch, printed at 
 Jena, lilO. There was another of the 
 same name who wrote a Hebrew grammar, 
 printed at Constantinople, 1581. — Ibid. 
 
 Aaron (Hacharon i. e. Posterior, to 
 distinguish him from the preceding), born 
 in Nicomedia, in 1346. He wrote a book 
 on the J ewish doctrines and customs, called 
 the Garden of Eden. — Ibid 
 Aaron (Levite), of Barcelona, wrote 
 617 precepts on Moses, printed at Venicfe 
 1523 ; died 1292. — JHoreri. 
 
 Aaron (Ben Chaim), an African Jew, 
 of Morocco, who wrote some treatises on 
 the scriptures, which were printed at Ve- 
 nice, A. D. 1609. — Ibid 
 
 Aaron (Ben Aser), a learned rabbi, to 
 whom some have attributed the invention 
 of the Hebrew points ancl accents, in the 
 5th century. He is the author of a Hebrew 
 grammar, printed 1 515.— Ibid 
 Aar sens (Francis), lord of Someldyck, 
 in Holland. He became agent for the 
 United States at Paris, in the reign of 
 Henry IV., who raised him to the rank of 
 nobility. But after fifteen years residence 
 in France, he was recalled and employed 
 «/s ambassador to several other powers. In 
 1620, he was sent to England; and again 
 in 1641, to negotiate the marriage of the 
 prince of Orange, with a daughter of 
 Charles I. In 1624, he went again to 
 France, and was much esteemed by cardi- 
 nal Richelieu. He died very old, leaving a 
 son immensely rich. — Bay/e. 
 
 Aarsens, or Aersens (Peter), a cele 
 brated painter, born at Amsterdam, in 
 1519. He painted a fine altar-piece, repre- 
 senting the crucifixion, at Antwerp, which 
 was destroyed in an insurrection in 1566. 
 He died in 1585, and left three sons, all 
 eminent painters. — Houbraken. 
 
 Aartgen, or Aertg in, an eminent 
 
ABA 
 
 ABB 
 
 painter, born at Leyden, in 1498. He was 
 at first a wool-comber, but turning his at- 
 tention to painting, became so distinguish- 
 ed, that Francis Floris went to Leyden on 
 purpose to see him, and finding him in a 
 mean hut, promised him a handsome main- 
 tenance if he would settle at Antwerp, 
 which he refused. He was drowned in a 
 drunken frolic, in 1564. — Pilkington. 
 
 Aba, or Albon, crowned king of Hun- 
 gary in 1042, after defeating Peter, sur- 
 namcd the German. Fie involved his coun- 
 try in perpetual wars, and cruelly oppress- 
 ed his subjects, who put him to death in 
 1044. — Mod. JJn. Hist. 
 
 Abaka-Khan, eighth emperor of the 
 niogols of the race of Zingis, succeeded his 
 father Hulagu in 1264. He defeated the 
 king of Bokharia and the Egyptians, who 
 had invaded his dominions. He died in 
 1 282. — D' Hcrbclot. 
 
 Abano, Peter de, see Apono. 
 
 Abaris, a personage of antiquity, con- 
 cerning whom there is more fable than 
 truth. One author says, that the world be- 
 ing visited with the pestilence, the oracle 
 required that the Athenians should offer 
 prayers for all other nations, on which va- 
 rious countries sent ambassadors to Athens, 
 among whom was Abaris the Hyperborean. 
 His learning and accomplishments are 
 spoken of highly by several writers, but 
 from what country' he came is an unde- 
 cided question. Some say he was a Scy- 
 thian, and a modern makes the hyperbo- 
 rean countries to be the western islands of 
 Scotland. The Greeks say that he rode 
 through the air on a sacred arrow, which 
 he gave to Pythagoras, in return for the 
 instructions he received from that philo- 
 sopher. — Herodotus. Bayle. 
 
 Abas (Schah), the Great, 7th king of 
 Persia, ascended the throne in 1585. With 
 the assistance of the English, in 1692, lie 
 took Ormus from the Portuguese. He died 
 in 1629. He was the first who made Ispa- 
 han the capital of Persia. — Mod. U>>. Hist. 
 
 Abas (Schah), great-grandson of the pre- 
 ceding, began to reign in 1642. He was a 
 tolerant prince, being used to say, “ that 
 God alone was lord of men’s consciences;” 
 and that “ it was his duty to watch over 
 the government of his country, and to ad- 
 minister justice with impartiality to all his 
 subjects of every persuasion.” He died 
 in 1666, aged 37. — Ibid. 
 
 Abasson, an impostor, who pretended 
 to be the grandson of Abas the Great, king 
 of Persia. On visiting Constantinople, he 
 was taken notice of by the grand seignior, 
 but being discovered, was beheaded. — Gen. 
 Biog. Diet. 
 
 Abate (Andrea), a painter of fruit and 
 Still life, was born at Naples, and employ-r 
 ed by the king of Spain. He died in 1732. 
 
 —Pilkington. 
 
 Abauzit (Firmin), born at Usez in 
 1679. His father dying when he was. an 
 6 
 
 infant, his mother sent him to Geneva, to 
 prevent his being brought up in the Rom- 
 ish persuasion. For this she was confined 
 in the castle of Somieres ; and did not ar- 
 rive at Geneva till two years after her son. 
 She gave him an excellent education, which 
 he repaid by his improvement. Having fi- 
 nished his studies, he went to Holland and 
 England, and in the latter country formed 
 an intimacy with sir Isaac Newton. King 
 William wished him to settle here, but fi- 
 lial affection recalled him to Geneva, where 
 in 1726 he was admitted a citizen, and 
 appointed librarian. In 17S0 he published 
 an improved edition of Spon’s History of 
 Geneva. He died in 1767. His writings in 
 defence of Christianity are very valuable. 
 
 — Sennebiers Hist, oj Geneva. 
 
 Abbadie (James), an eminent divine, 
 was born at Nay, in Bearn, in 1658. He 
 took the degree of D.D. at Sedan, and was 
 afterwards made minister of the French 
 church at Berlin. In 1688, he accompanied 
 mareschal Schomberg to England with the 
 prince of Orange, and was with that great 
 man when he fell at the battle of the 
 Boyne. On his return to London, he was 
 appointed minister of the French church 
 in the Savoy; and not long after promoted 
 to the deanry of KillalOe, in Ireland. He 
 died in London, in 1727. His chief work 
 is a “ Treatise of the Truth of the Christian 
 Religion,” 1684. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Abbas (Halli), or Magus, being one of 
 the magi, a Persian physical author, who 
 flourished in the 10th century. A treatise 
 of his, entitled “ The Royal Work,” is still 
 extant. — D'Herbelot. 
 
 Abbas, son of Abdalmothleb, uncle of 
 Mohammed, was at first an enemy to that 
 impostor, but being taken prisoner by him, 
 he altered his sentiments, and became a 
 zealous Mussulman. He died in 653; and 
 a century after his death, his grandson 
 Abulabbas, surnamed Saflfah, was chosen 
 caliph, in whom began the dynasty of the 
 Abbassides, who enjoyed that dignity 524 
 years. — D' Herbelot. 
 
 Abbassa, sister of the caliph Haroun al 
 Raschid, by whom she was married to 
 Giafar, his vizier, on condition that they 
 should never cohabit together ; but having 
 broken the contract, the caliph put Giafar 
 to death, and turned his wife out of the 
 palace. There are extant some Arabic 
 verses by her, on the subject of her love 
 for Giafar. — D'Herbelot. 
 
 Abbiati (Filippo), an historical painter, 
 was born at Milan, in 1640, and died in 
 1715.— Pi Ik. 
 
 Abbon, a Norman monk, who wrote an 
 account of the siege of Paris by the Nor- 
 mans, at the end of the 9th century, in 
 Latin verse. — Morcri. 
 
 Abbon (de Fleury), a learned French- 
 man of the 11th century. He became ab- 
 bot of the monastery of Fleury. King Ro- 
 bert seat hiia to R,ome to avert the wratk 
 
ABB 
 
 A B D 
 
 of Gregory V., who threatened to lay the 
 kingdom under an interdict, and Abbon 
 obtained all that he asked. He was killed 
 in a quarrel between the French and the 
 Gascons, 1004. His letters were printed 
 in 1687, folio. — Moreri. 
 
 Abbot (George), an English prelate, was 
 born in 1.562, at Guilford, in Surry, where 
 his father was a weaver. He was educated 
 at the grammar school of that place, from 
 whence he was removed to Baliol college, 
 Oxford, of which he became a fellow. In 
 1597, he was chosen master of University 
 college. In 1599, he was made dean of 
 Winchester, and the year following vice- 
 chancellor of Oxford, which office he filled 
 in 1603, and also in 1605. He was One of 
 the divines employed in the present trans- 
 lation of the Bible. In 1609, he was made 
 bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, from 
 whence, the same year, he was translated 
 to London, and in 1610, to Canterbury. 
 He had the courage to oppose the court on 
 some occasions, particularly in the affair of 
 the divorce of the lady Essex, and the Book 
 of Sports, which he forbade being read at 
 Crovdon. A sad misfortune happened to 
 him at the close of his life : for being at the 
 seat of lord Zouch, and exercising himself 
 in the park with a cross bow, he by accident 
 shot the keeper instead of the deer. A com- 
 mission was appointed to examine whether 
 by this irregularity he was incapacitated for 
 discharging the office of primate ; and the 
 determination being left with the king, he 
 gave it in favour of the archbishop. He 
 ever after kept a monthly fast on account 
 of the misfortune, and settled 20/. a year 
 on the widow of the keeper. He attended 
 king James on his death-bed, and assisted at 
 the coronation of Charles I. In 1627, an 
 assize sermon of Dr. Sibthorpe, preached at 
 Northampton, was sent to the archbishop, 
 with an order from the king to license it ; 
 which he refused to do, as it contained ex- 
 ceptionable passages. For this he was ba- 
 nished to his house near Canterbury, and 
 the archlepiscopal authority was put into 
 cpmmission ; but when the parliament met, 
 he was restored to his office, but never fully 
 recovered the royal favour. He died at 
 Croydon in 1633, and was buried in the 
 church of the Holy T rinity at Guilford, 
 where he endowed an hospital. The arch- 
 bishop was a rigid Calvinist and a great fa- 
 vourer of the Puritans. Hri writings are 
 mostly polemical, except a geographical 
 description of the world. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Abbot (Robert), eldest brother of the 
 archbishop, was born at Guilford, in 1560, 
 and educated at the same school and college 
 with him. King James appointed him one 
 pf his chaplains in ordinary, and was so 
 pleased with his book “ De Antichristo,” 
 that he ordered it to be reprinted with his 
 own on the Revelations. In 1609, he was 
 ejected master of Baliol college, and the 
 following the king uortiinated Jym to 
 
 a fellowship ‘n his college at Chelsea, found- 
 ed for the a icouragement of polemical di- 
 vinity. In 1612, he was made regius pro- 
 fessor of divinity at Oxford, where he vin- 
 dicated the supremacy of kings against Bel- 
 larmine and Suarez, for which he was ad- 
 vanced to the see of Salisbury in 1615. He 
 died in 1617, and his remains were interred 
 in Salisbury cathedral. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Abbot (Maurice), brother of the above, 
 was bred a merchant, and became a direct- 
 or of the East-India Company. He was 
 appointed, in 1618, a commissioner in the 
 treaty made with the Dutch concerning the 
 trade to the Molucca islands. In 1623, he 
 was one of the farmers of the customs, and 
 the next year one of the council for settling 
 Virginia. He was the first person knighted 
 by Charles I.; and in 1625, was chosen one 
 of the representatives for the city of Lon- 
 don, of which, in 1638, he was lord mayor. 
 He died in 1 640. — Ibid. • 
 
 Abbot (George), son of sir Maurice, was 
 born in 1600, elected probationer fellow of 
 Merton college 1625, and admitted to the 
 degree of LL.B. in 1630. He was the au- 
 thor of, 1. “ The book of Job paraphrased, 
 1640.” 2. Vindici® Sabbati, 1641.” 3. 
 
 “ Notes on the Book of Psalms, 1651.” He 
 died in 1648. — Ibid. 
 
 Abbot (Thomas), a German writer, was 
 born at Ulm, in 1738: He translated Sallust 
 into German, and wrote two treatises, one 
 “ Concerning Merit,” and the other “ Of 
 dying for one’s Country.” He died in 1766 
 — Gen. Biog. 
 
 Abdalla, father of Mohammed. K® 
 was only a camel-driver, but the Mussul- 
 mans boast that he was offered the finest- 
 women of his tribe, when he was fourscore 
 years old ; and that on his wedding night, 
 a hundred girls died of grief, for having 
 lost the honour of being his bride. — D'Her~ 
 helot. 
 
 ABDALLAH-EBN-ALI,tbeUnclecf the two 
 first caliphs of the Abbassides, under whom 
 he served as a general against the ealiph. 
 Merwan, and having vanquished that 
 prince, proclaimed his nephew. He was 
 guilty of horrible cruelties on the family of 
 the Dmmiades. When his eldest nephew 
 died, his brother Almanzor assumed the 
 government, which so displeased Abdallah 
 that he raised an army against him, but was 
 defeated. He was put to death A. D. 754, 
 —Ibid. 
 
 Abuallah-ebn-zobeir, an Arabian 
 chief, who seized the caliphate, in 680, ai 
 gainst the claim of Yezid, the son of Moaw- 
 ijah, and enjoyed the dignity nine years. 
 He fell bravely fighting' in the defence of 
 Mecca, in the 72d year of his age.— lbid y 
 
 Abdalmelek, fifth caliph of the race of 
 the Ommiades, commenced his reign A. D, 
 684. He extended his conquests into India 
 and Spain, and conquered Mecca. Hq 
 reigned twenty-one years, andwas succeed* 
 ed by his eldest son Valid. He was bo 
 E2 
 
ABE 
 
 ABE 
 
 nerous as not to take a church- from the 
 Christians, which they had refused to grant 
 him when he requested it. — D' Herbelot. 
 
 Ah dali! ahman, a Saracen general, and 
 governor of Spain in the 8th century, who, 
 after ravaging France with fire and sword, 
 was attacked at Tours by Charles Martel, 
 and slain, in 782. — Mod. U. H. 
 
 A ii dai. rahman, su manicd the Just, of 
 the family of the Ommiades, who, in the 
 ruin of it, went to Spain in 7.76', where 
 lie commanded the Saracens against their 
 king Joseph. Abdalrahman slew that 
 prince, and was then acknowledged caliph. 
 He also assumed the title of king of Cor- 
 dova, where he died in 790. — Ibid. 
 
 Abo as, a Persian bishop in the time of 
 the younger Theodosius, who indiscreetly 
 brought upon the Christians a violent per- 
 secution, and was the first that fell, in it. 
 The clergy called in Theodosius to their 
 aid, by whom the Persians were worsted ; 
 but the persecution raged forty years. — 
 Boyle. 
 
 Abdolonymus, king of Sidon. When 
 Alexander conquered that country, he al- 
 lowed Hephcstion to dispose of the crown. 
 Hephestion offered it to three brothers, who 
 all refused it ; and being requested to point 
 out a proper person, they fixed on Abdolo- 
 nymus, who was of the blood royal, though 
 only a gardener. Being brought to Alex- 
 ander, the conqueror, observing the digni- 
 ty of his aspect, said to his courtiers, “ I 
 wish to know how he bore his poverty.” 
 Abdolonymus hearing this, said, “ Would 
 to heaven I may .'bear my prosperity as 
 well !” This answer so pleased Alexander 
 $hat he confirmed the appointment. — Dim/. 
 Sic. Plutarch. 
 
 Ahpias of Babylon, author of a legend 
 entitled Historia Certaminis Apostolici, 
 printed at Basil in 1571. He pretended that 
 be was one of the seventy-two disciples 
 sent out by Jesus Christ, and that having 
 been an attendant on Simon and Jude, he 
 was made hv them the first bishop of Ba- 
 bylon. — Boyle. 
 
 Abdolmumem, or Abdalmom, though 
 the son of a potter, became a general, and 
 at last a monarch, by the style of Emir Al 
 Mumeni/i (head of the true believer's). He 
 took Morocco, and destroyed the whole of 
 the Almoravide family. After numerous 
 conquests he died in 1156, and was suc- 
 ceeded by his son Joseph. — Mod. Univ. Hist. 
 
 Abeii.lk (Gaspard), a native of Reiz, in 
 Provence, wlio came to Paris when very 
 
 J 'oung, where he was greatly admired for 
 us wit, particularly by the marshal de Lux- 
 emburg, to whom he was secretary. He 
 was a member of the French academy, and 
 prior of a convent. His writings consist 
 of odes, ephtles, and some dramatic pieces. 
 He died at Paris, in 1 7 i 8.— Morcri. 
 
 Abkillk (Scipio), brother of the above, 
 .Vas surgeon-major in the army, and author 
 01 - The complete Army Surgeon, 1669, 
 
 12mo. and a History of the Bones, I2nKE 
 16S5. Hediedin 1697. — Moreri. 
 
 Abel, the second son of our first parents. 
 He was murdered by his brother Cain out 
 of envy, because his offering was accepted 
 and Cain’s rejected. — SS. 
 
 Abel (Frederic Gottfried), a German 
 physician and poet, was born at Halberstadt, 
 in 1714. He was bred a divine, but not 
 obtaining the preferment he expected, he 
 turned his attention to physic, in which he 
 took his doctor’s degree at Konigsburg, in 
 1744. He practised at Halberstadt with 
 great reputation till his death, which 
 happened in 1794. Fie published a German 
 translation of Juvenal in 1788. — Gen. Bio^. 
 
 Abel, king of Denmark, the son of Val- 
 dimerll. He assassinated his brother Eric 
 in 1750, and took possession of his throne. 
 He was put to death by the Frisons, who 
 revolted against him on account of the 
 heavy impositions which he had laid upon 
 them. — Mod. U. H. 
 
 Abel (Charles Frederic), an eminent mu- 
 sician, whose compositions will be ever held 
 in the highest estimation by the lovers of 
 harmony. Fie died in 1787. He excelled 
 on the viol di gamba. — Burney. 
 
 Abe i.a (George Francis), commander of 
 the order of Malta, and author of a work 
 entitled Maltha Illustrata, 1647, folio, or a 
 description of that island and its antiquities; 
 printed at Malta, curious and scarce. — 
 Morcri. 
 
 Abelard (Peter), was born in 1079, at 
 Palais, near Nantz, in Britany. He studied 
 logic and metaphysics with such eagerness 
 that he soon became a powerful disputant; 
 and turning his talents against his old mas- 
 ter Champeaux, professor of philosophy at 
 Paris, obliged him to quit his chair and re- 
 tire to a convent. Abelard then applied 
 to the study of divinity, and in a short 
 time became celebrated in that faculty. A 
 wealthy canon, called Fulbert, took Abe- 
 lard into his house on condition that he 
 should teach his niece Heloise philosophy. 
 Instead, however, of abstruse learning, he 
 taught her love, and Abelard was so intox- 
 icated with the passion that his lectures lost 
 the charms, which used to attract the ad- 
 miration of crowded audiences, and every 
 body saw the reason of it except Fulbert, 
 who at last, being convinced of the truth, 
 turned Abelard out oi' doors. Heloise, on 
 this, followed her lover, who conveyed her 
 to his sister’s house in Britany, where she 
 was delivered of a son, named Astrolabius ; 
 and Abelard offered Fulbert to marry his 
 niece, but it is astonishing, that though the 
 uncle was pleased with the oiler, the lady 
 refused it. .She afterwards, indeed, con- 
 sented to a private marriage, but never 
 would own it, and indeed sometimes 
 would not scruple to swear that it was 
 not true. This added greater fury to the 
 canon’s rage; and Abelard sent her, in con- 
 sequence, to the monastery of Argenteuil| 
 
A B E 
 
 ABE 
 
 where she put on the religions habit, hut 
 not the veil. The enraged Fulbert caused 
 Abelard to be emasculated by ruffians, who 
 broke into his chamber ; on which he turn- 
 ed monk in the abbey of St. Denis, which 
 he soon left, and retired to Champaigns, 
 where he became lecturer, and with great 
 success. This raised him numerous ene- 
 mies, particularly the professors at Iiheims, 
 who charged him with heterodoxy on the 
 subject of the Trinity, and got him censured 
 at the council of Soissons, in 1121. He after- 
 wards erected an oratory in the diocese of 
 Troyes, called the Paraclete, but was soon 
 driven from it by his enemies. He next be- 
 came abbot of Ruis, in the diocese of Van- 
 nes, and gave Heloise and some other nuns 
 the Paraclete. In 1 140, his works were con- 
 demned as heretical by a council ; which de- 
 cree was confirmed by the pope, who or- 
 dered Abelard to be confined; but at the 
 request of Peter, abbot of Ciugnv, this sen- 
 tence was mitigated. After a life of extra- 
 ordinary vicissitudes, Abelard died in the 
 priory of St. Marcellas, in 1142, and the 
 corpse being sent to Heloise she deposited 
 it in the Paraclete. The names of these 
 lovers are eternized by the epistles publish- 
 ed by Pope and other poets. Heloise died 
 in 1103, and was buried in the Paraclete ; 
 and in 1780, the abbess, madame de Roney, 
 ordered the bones of the lovers to be placed 
 in a leaden coffin and deposited under the 
 altar, Bhe also caused a monument of 
 black marble to be placed over the spot. 
 The works of Abelard were published at 
 Paris in one volume, 4to. 1010. — Berinoton’s 
 Hist, of Abelard and Heloise, 4tO. Bayle. Aloreri. 
 
 Abell {John), an English musician cele- 
 brated as a singer, and as a player on the 
 lute. He belonged to the chapel royal ; but 
 beingapapist, he was dismissed at the Revo- 
 lution, when he went abroad, and gained 
 considerable sums as a singer: but some- 
 times his extravagance brought him so low, 
 that he was obliged to travel on foot with 
 his lute at his back. At Warsaw, the king 
 of Poland sent for him to court, but Abell 
 refused to go, on which peremptory orders 
 were given to compel his attendance. On 
 his arrival he was seated in a chair in a spa- 
 cious hall, and drawn up to a great height, 
 when thekingandhis train appeared in a gal- 
 lery opposite to him. Several wild bears were 
 then turned into the hall, and the king told 
 him to take his choice, either to sing or be 
 let down among the bears. Abell preferred 
 the first, and used to say that he never sung 
 so well in his life. In 1701, he published a 
 collection of songs in several languages, but 
 when he died is unknown. He is said to 
 Have had the art of preserving the natural 
 tone of his voice to extreme old age. — 
 Burney’s Hist. Music. 
 
 Abei.i.i (.Lewis), a French prelate, was 
 born in 1608. He obtained the bishopr c of 
 Rhodes in 1664, but resigned.it three vears 
 afterwards, and retired tu St. Lazare, where 
 
 hediedin 1691. He wrote Medulla Theo- 
 logica, 2 vols. 12mo. — Adoreri. 
 
 Abendana (Jacob), a Spanish Jew, was 
 prefect of a synagogue in London, and died 
 in 1085, in which year a Hebrew commen- 
 tary of his on several passages of scripture 
 appeared at Amsterdam. — Gnu. B. I). 
 
 Abunezra (Abraham), born at Toledo 
 in 1099. Pie was skilled in various lan- 
 guages and sciences, and composed several 
 works, the most valuable of which is his 
 commentary on the Old Testament, printed 
 in Buxtorf’s Hebrew Bible. He died at 
 Rhodes in 1174. — Moreri. 
 
 Abengnefxl, an Arabian physician of 
 the 12th century, and author of a book, the 
 translation of which, entitled De Virtutibus 
 Medicinarum et Ciborum, was printed at 
 Venice in 1581, folio. — Friend’s Hist. Bbys. 
 
 Aben-melec, a Jewish rabbi, author of 
 a Hebrew commentary on the Bible, en- 
 titled “The Perfection of Beauty,” Amster- 
 dam, 16'61, folio. This work has been 
 translated into Latin. — Moreri. 
 
 Abercrombie (Ralph), a British general, 
 was descended from an ancient family in 
 Scotland, and entered early into the army, 
 as did two of his brothers, one of whom 
 was killed at the battle of Bunker’s-hill, 
 in America. The first commission of sib 
 Ralph was a cornetcy in the guards, and 
 in 1760 he obtained a lieutenancy. In 
 1762 he became captain in the third regi- 
 ment of horse, in which corps he rose to 
 the rank of lieutenant-colonel in 1773. Id 
 1787 he was made major-general, and in 
 1798 had the command of the 7th regiment 
 of dragoons. Soon after the commencement 
 of the late war he was employed on the 
 continent, and commanded the advanced 
 guard in the action of Cateau, when the 
 duke of York, in his dispatches, made an 
 honourable representation of his conduct. 
 He was wounded at Nimeguen, and in the 
 winter of 1796, conducted the retreat of 
 the troops out of Holland. Next year he 
 was appointed commander in chief of the 
 forces in the West Indies, where he took 
 possession of several French and Dutch 
 settlements. On his return to Europe he 
 was rewarded with the order of the Bath, 
 and made governor of the Lie of Wight, 
 Fort George, and Fort Augustus. In 1797 
 he was raised to th§ rank of lieutenant-ge- 
 neral. Sir Ralph was next fixed on to take 
 the command of the forces in Ireland, 
 where he exerted himself with great ability 
 in maintaining the discipline of the army, 
 suppressing the rising rebellion, and pro- 
 tecting the people from military oppression. 
 He was afterwards employed under the 
 duke of York in the enterprise against 
 Holland, where it was confessed, even by 
 the enemy, that his military talents were of 
 the most brilliant order. It being resolved 
 to send an armv to dispossess the French of 
 Fgvpt, sir Ralph was appointed to the com- 
 mand of the expedition. Here he landed 
 
A B I 
 
 ABR 
 
 ■with the troops March 8th 1801, and de- 
 feated the French at Aboukir, after a 
 bloody action. On the 21st of the same 
 month was fought near Alexandria, a me- 
 morable battle, in which the English were 
 again the victors, but with the loss of their 
 gallant general, who died the 28th, on 
 board the ship which was conveying him to 
 Malta, in the great church of which island 
 he was buried with military honours. In 
 1774, sir Ralph represented the county of 
 Kinross in parliament, and continued in 
 that capacity till the general election in 
 1780 .—Monthly Alas'. Public Characters , 
 
 Vol. III. 
 
 Aisercromby (Thomas), a physician, 
 was born at Forfar, in the county of Angus, 
 1656, and educated at St. Andrews, from 
 whence he went to Leyden, and took the 
 Aegree of M. D. in 1685. On his return to 
 Scotland he professed the Romish religion, 
 and was made physician to James II. He 
 compiled “ The Martial Achievements of 
 Scotland,” in 2 vols. folio; also a treatise on 
 wit. He died at Edinburgh, in 1726. — Gen. 
 JB. D. 
 
 Abernetiiy (John), a divine, was born 
 in 1680, at Coleraine in Ireland. He was 
 educated at Glasgow, where he took the 
 degree ofM. A. ; and then went to Edin- 
 burgh, and studied divinity. In 1708, he 
 became pastor of a congregation at Antrim ; 
 not long after which a society of dissenting 
 ministers was established at Belfast, whose 
 object was to shake off subscription to the 
 Westminster confession, in which Aber- 
 nethy concurred with great zeal. In 1726, 
 the general synod passed a resolution that 
 the nonsubscribing ministers should not be 
 of their body, in consequence of which ma- 
 ny congregations became dissatisfied with 
 their pastors. That ofAbcrnethy decreased 
 so much, that he accepted an invitation 
 from the congregation of Wood-street, Dub- 
 lin, wherehecontinued till his death, in 1740. 
 Two volumes of his sermons were printed 
 at London, in 1748, and are held in great 
 estimation. — Blog. Br. 
 
 Abgarus, king of Edessa, in Mesopota- 
 mia, and contemporary with our Saviour, 
 to whom, it is said, he wrote a letter, and 
 received an answer, both extant aud well 
 known. Many learned writers have vin- 
 dicated their authority, while others reject 
 them as forgeries. — Eusebius. 
 
 Abgillus, surnamed Prester John, was 
 son to a king of the Frisi, and attended 
 Charlemagne to the Holy Land, but did 
 not return with him to Europe. He gained 
 mighty conquests in Abyssinia, which coun- 
 try was afterwards called from him the em- 
 pire of Prester John. He is said to have 
 written the history of Charlemagne’s jour- 
 jney, and of his own to the East. — Moreri. 
 
 Abijah, king of Judah, was the son of 
 K-ehoboam, and began his reign 958 B. C. 
 Jn the second year of his reign he defeated 
 Jeroboam, king of Israel. — SB. 
 
 Amathar,.! Jewish high priest, was the 
 son of Abimelech, who was killed by Saul. 
 
 He succeeded his father, and attached him- 
 self to David, but on his death attempting 
 to put Adonijah on the throne, he was de- 
 posed and banished by Solomon, B. C. 1014i 
 —SS. 
 
 Able, or Abel (Thomas), was educated 
 at Oxford, where he became M. A. in 1516, 
 and, entering into orders, was made chap- 
 lain to Catherine, wife of Henry VIII. 
 whom he taught music and the languages. 
 His attachment to his royal mistress brought 
 him into great trouble. He wrote a trea- 
 tise against the divorce ; and in 1 534 was 
 attainted for being concerned in the affair 
 of the holy maid of Kent. In 1 540, he suf- 
 fered death for denying the king’s supre- 
 macy. — Wood. Blog. Br. 
 
 Abner, the uncle of Saul, whom he 
 served with great loyalty against David. 
 He was treacherously murdered by Joab, 
 
 B. C. 1048. — SS. 
 
 Abougiiehel, an Arabian idolator, and a 
 bitter enemy to Mohammed, who is said to 
 have passed upon him sentence of reproba- 
 tion, but his son Acramas was converted to 
 the Mussulman faith. The Mohammedans, 
 byway of contempt, call coloquintida the 
 melon or cucumber of Aboughehel.— 
 D’ Hcrbelot. 
 
 Abou-hanifah, was the son of Thabet, 
 and born at Coufa A. D. 699. He is es- 
 teemed among the Mussulmans for his ex- 
 positions of their law, but was persecuted 
 for denying predestination, and died in pri- 
 son at Bagdad. 385 years after his death the 
 reigning caliph built a mausoleum to his 
 memory, and founded a 'College for his fol- 
 lowers. — B’ Herbeloi. 
 
 Abou-Josepii, a mussulman doctor, who 
 was the first that had the title of kadhi al 
 kodhat, or judge of the judges. He lived 
 in the caliphate of Haroun-alraschid. — Ibid. 
 
 Aboulaina, a Mohammedan doctor, fa- 
 mous for his wit, of whom thefoll owing story 
 is told. Moses, son of the caliph Abdalmalek, 
 having put to death secretly one of Abou- 
 laina’s friends, gave it out that he had fled; 
 the doctor, on being asked what was be- 
 come of his friend, replied in the words of 
 scripture, Moses smote him and he died. The 
 prince being told of this, sent for Abou- 
 laina, and threatened him with severe pu- 
 nishment; on which Aboulaina replied iir 
 the words of scripture, Wilt thou kill me to- 
 day as thou didst the other yesterday ? The prince 
 was so pleased with his wit, that he dis- 
 missed him with presents. — Ibid. 
 
 Aboulola, the surname of Ahmed ben 
 Soliman, Sn Arabian poet, who lost his 
 sight by the small-pox, when only three 
 years old. At the age of 45 he embraced 
 the notions of the Brahmins respecting the 
 metempsychosis, and lived the remainder of 
 his life on vegetables. He died in 1057. — 
 Ibid. 
 
 Ab^abanel (Isaac), a learned rabbi, was 
 
A B R 
 
 ABU 
 
 ■born at Lisbon in 1437. He was a member 
 of the council of Alphonsus, king of Portu- 
 gal ;but fell into disgrace on ti e death of 
 that monarch, and fled to Castile, where he 
 was protected by Ferdinand and Isabella. In 
 1492, he was obliged to quit Spain .a con- 
 sequence of an edict against the Jews, on 
 which he retired to Naples, where he re- 
 commended himself to the favour of king 
 Ferdinand, and his successor Alphonso. 
 When the latter was driven from Naples by- 
 Charles VIII. king of France, Abrabanel ac- 
 companied him to Sicily, and at his death 
 retired to the island of Corfu; but in 1496 
 he returned to Italy, and was employed at 
 Venice to settle a dispute between the Por- 
 tuguese and Venetians, respecting trade. 
 Here he finished his commentaries on the 
 scriptures, and died in 150S. — Bayle. 
 
 Abraham, the patriarch, was at first 
 called Abram, which was altered by divine 
 appointment. He was born A. M. 2004, at 
 Ur, in Chaldee. His father Terah, in his 
 old age, went to reside at Haran,in Canaan, 
 where Abram received a promise that he 
 should be the father of a great nation ; on 
 which he, with his wife Sarah, and his ne- 
 phew Lot, left Haran, and dwelt at Sichem. 
 A famine drove them from thence into 
 Egypt, and on their return, a dispute arose 
 between the servants of Abram and those 
 of Lot, which induced the two kinsmen to 
 part. When Lot was taken prisoner by 
 the prince of Elam, Abram armed his ser- 
 vants, and retook his nephew, and the spoil. 
 Having no prospect of a child by Sarah, he 
 took Hagar, an Egyptian, as a concubine, 
 bv whom he had Ishmael ; but at the age of 
 ninety he received a promise that Sarah 
 should have a son, and, in consequence, his 
 name was changed to Abraham, which sig- 
 nifies “ the father of a great multitude.” At 
 this time circumcision was instituted. Going 
 afterwards to Gerar, Sarah was delivered of 
 a son named Isaac. When Isaac was grown 
 to maturity, Abraham was commanded, as 
 a trial of his faith, to offer him up as a sa- 
 crifice; but as he was about to fulfil the 
 divine command, an angel stopped his hand, 
 and provided a ram for a burnt-offering. 
 After the death of Sarah, Abraham mar- 
 ried Ketur-ah, by whom he had six sons. 
 Fie died about A. M. 2179. — SS. 
 
 Abraham (Nicholas), a learned Jesuit, 
 was born in l.orrain, in 1589. He was 
 theological professor in the university of 
 Pont-a-Mousson, where he died 1655. He 
 wrote a commentary on some of Cicero’s 
 orations, and on Virgil. — Moreri. 
 
 Abraham (Ben Chaila), a Spanish rabbi 
 and astrologer, who predicted the birth of 
 the Messiah to happen in 1358, but died in 
 ] 303, fifty-five years before the time. He 
 wrote a treatise on the figure of the earth. 
 — A T ouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Abraham Usque, a Portuguese Jew, but 
 thought, by some to have been a Christian. 
 He published, in conjunction with Tobias 
 
 Athias, in 1553, a translation of the Bitne 
 into Spanish. — Moreri. 
 
 Abrosi (John), an Italian physician and 
 astronomer, who lived in the beginning of 
 the 16th century. His Dialogue on Astro- 
 logy, 4to, Venice, 1494, is in the Index Ex- 
 purgatorius. — Ibid. 
 
 Absalom, the son of David, was a hand-- 
 some, but vicious prince. He assassinated • 
 his brother-in-law Amnon for violating his 
 sister Tamar, and raised a rebellion against 
 his father, but his army being routed, he was 
 slain by Joab about 1030 years B. C. — SS. 
 
 Abstemius (Laurentius), an Italian wri— . 
 ter, was born in Ancona. He was librarian 
 at the court of Urbino, where also he taught 
 the belles-lettres. He wrote some pieces of 
 repute, but the best known are his fables, 
 which have been frequently printed with 
 those of iEsop, Phredrus, &c. He lived in 
 the 15th century. — Bayle. 
 
 Abubekf.r, the successor of Mohammed, 
 and the first who assumed the title of caliph. 
 He acquired a great extent of territory, 
 bv conquering the Persians, Syrians, and 
 Greeks. He died in 632, and was interred 
 by the side of Mohammed, his son-in-law. — 
 D' Hcrbelot. 
 
 Abucaras (Theodore), bishop of Caria 
 in the 8th century, was a partizan of Pho- 
 tius| but recanted at the council of Con- 
 stantinople and was re-admitted to his seat. 
 Fie wrote several controversial treatises, 
 which were published at Jngoldstadt, in 
 4to, 1606. There was also published at 
 Paris, in 1685, a work entitled “ De Unione 
 et Incarnatione,” by this writer, from a 
 MS. found in the Bodleian library. — Cave's 
 Hist. Lit . Bayle. 
 
 Abudhahkr, founder of the sect called 
 Karmatians , and a great enemy to the Mus- 
 sulmans. He plunderedMecca,slewthe pil- 
 grims, and carried away the black stone, which 
 the Turks pretend came down from heaven. 
 But the relic was returned when the Kar- 
 matians found it to be of no value. He 
 died in 953. — D’ Hcrbelot. 
 
 Abolfaragius (Gregory), an Armenian, 
 physicifin, bishop, and historian, was born 
 in 1226, at Malatia. near the source of the 
 Euphrates. He wrote an universal history 
 in Arabic, which Dr. Pococke published in 
 106S. witha Latin translation, and a supple- 
 ment. Fie died in 1286. — Pococte's Prcf to 
 Specimen Hist. Sirab. Bayle. 
 
 Abulfeda (Ismael), prince of Hamah, 
 in Syria, who wrote a valuable piece, enti- 
 tled “ A Description of Chorasmia and 
 Mawanflnahre, or the Regions bevond the 
 River Oxus, from the Tables of Abulfeda 
 Ismael, prince of Hamah.” This book was 
 edited by John Greaves, who added to the 
 original, which is in Arabic, a Latin trans- 
 lation. A new edition was published at Ox- 
 ford, in 1712, by Hudson. Abulfeda also 
 wrote the lives of Mohammed and Sa 
 ladin. He died about the year 1332L— - 
 Bayle,. Moreri . 
 
A C A 
 
 Abulgasi-Bayatur, khan of the Tar- 
 tars, was born at Urgens, the capital of 
 Kharasm,in 1605. After a reign of twenty 
 
 ? r ears he resigned the crown to his son, and 
 ed a retired life, during which he wrote the 
 history of the Tartars, which valuable 
 work, having been brought into Europe, 
 has been published in German and French. 
 He died in 1 663. — Morcri. 
 
 Abu-Moslem, governor of Khorasan, 
 who, in 747, changed the caliphate from 
 the family of the Ommiades to the Abbas- 
 sides, in producing which above 600,000 
 men lost their lives. Afer rendering the 
 caliph, Alqianzor, the most important ser- 
 vices, that prince caused him to be assassi- 
 nated. — D' Herbelot. Mod. U. H. 
 
 Abunowas, an Arabian poet, born at 
 Bara, in 762. He dwelt in the palace of 
 Haroun al Raschid, with Masat and Re- 
 kashi, two other poets. His works arc still 
 extant. He died A.D. 810. — D' Herbelot. 
 
 Abu-Obeid ah, a companion of Moham- 
 med, served first under Caled, in Syria ; but 
 at last he was invested with the supreme 
 command, and Caled served as his second. 
 After conquering Syria and a great part of 
 Palestine, he was carried off by a pestilence, 
 A. D. 639. — Mod. U. H. 
 
 Abus aid Khan, the last sultan of the 
 race of Zingis Khan, ascended the throne 
 in 1317, and died in 1336. — D' Herbelot. 
 
 Abusaid Mjrza served in the army of 
 Uleg Beg, when he was at war with his 
 son. He took advantage of this dissension, 
 and set up for himself in 1450. He greatly 
 extended his dominions, but fell in an am- 
 buscade, in 1468, aged 42. — Ibid. 
 
 ABUTEMAN,surnamed Alt a yi, reckoned 
 the prince of Arabian poets, was born in. 
 842, or 846, at Yasem, near Damascus. — Ibid. 
 
 Abydenus, author of the history of the 
 Chaldeans and Abyssinia'ns, the only re- 
 mains of which are in the Preparatio 
 Evangelica of Eusebius. — Fabricius Bib. Grac. 
 
 Acacius, surnamed Monophthalmus, 
 from having lost an eye, was the disciple 
 andsuccessor of Eusebius, bishop of Caesarea. 
 He was deposed by the council of Sardica 
 for heresy ; on which he, and some Others, 
 assembled at Philippolis,and anathematized 
 Athanasius and the rest of their adversaries! 
 Acacius was concerned in banishing pope 
 Tiberius, and settling Felix in the see-vrf 
 Rome. Ele was the founder of a sect call- 
 ed Acaciani, and died about the year 365'. 
 He wrote the Life of Eusebius, and other 
 works. — Cave's Hist. Lit. 
 
 Acacius, bishop of Amida, on the Tigris, 
 flourished about the year 42 6. He sold the 
 plate belonging to his church, and with the 
 money ransomed 7000 Persian slaves, and 
 sent them lo their king. — Gibbon's Hist, of 
 Rons 
 
 AcACifis, patriarch of Constantinople, 
 lie was excommunicated by pope Felix III. 
 and in his turn commanded the name of 
 that prelgte to be struck out of the list of 
 
 ACC 
 
 bishops who were to be mentioned in the 
 public prayers. Ele died in 487. — Moshccni s 
 Bedes. Hist. 
 
 Acacius, bishop of Bercea, in Syria, was 
 at the council of Constantinople, held in 
 381. He was the means of deposing St. 
 Chrysostom, and also Cyril, bishop of 
 Alexandria. He died about the year 436', 
 aged considerably above 100 . — Cave. Dupin. 
 
 Academus, or Ecademus, an Athenian 
 citizen, whose house being employed as a 
 philosophical school in the time Of Theseus, 
 he had the honour of giving his name to a 
 sect of philosophers, or rather three sects, 
 called Academics. The old academy had 
 Plato for its chief, the second ArcesilaS, and 
 the last Carneades. Cicero called his coun- 
 try-house at Puzzoianum, Academus. No 
 one was suffered to laugh in the academy 
 a t Athens, under the penalty of expulsion. 
 — JElian Var. Hist. 
 
 Acc a, bishop of Hexham in Northum- 
 berland, in the eighth century. He orna- 
 mented his cathedral, improved church 
 music, and encouraged learning. He was 
 banished for some time from his see, for 
 what cause is unknown, but he was after- 
 wards restored, and died at Hexham in 740. 
 He wrote a treatise on the sufferings of the 
 saints, epistles, and other works.. — ihoy. Brit. 
 
 Acca Laurentia, was the wife of 
 Faustulus the shepherd, and nurse to Remus 
 and Romuluk Some say she was a courte- 
 zan, and have, therefore, called her Lupa. 
 The Romans made her a goddess, and de- 
 voted a holiday to her service. — Morcri. 
 
 Accar’isi (Francis), native of Ancona, 
 was professor of civil law at Sienna, and 
 afterwards at Pisa. He died at Sienna, in 
 1622 . — Nouv. Did. Hist. 
 
 Acciajuoli (Donatus),a learned Floren- 
 tine in the fifteenth century, was a disciple 
 of Argyropvlus, and published commenta- 
 ries on his translation of Aristotle’s Ethics. 
 He also translated the Lives of Alcibiades 
 and Demetrius from Plutarch, to which he 
 added those of Hannibal and Scipio, and 
 wrote the Life of Charlemagne, and some 
 other works. He died at Milan, and his 
 corpse was removed to his native city, and 
 interred in the church of the Carthusians. 
 4 — Bayle. 
 
 AcciA.ruoi.i (Zenobio), of the same fa- 
 mily with the above, was born in 1461, and 
 entered into the order of St. Dominic. He 
 became librarian to pope Leo X. and died 
 in 1520. He translated some of the fathers 
 into Latin, and left several pieces of his 
 own, some of which were published. — Ibid'. 
 
 Acciajuoli (Angelo), was also a native 
 of Florence, of which he became archbi- 
 shop, and died in 1407. Ele was raised for 
 his merit to the cardin a (ship. — Morcri. 
 
 Acciaioli (Renatus), Florentine, who 
 conquered Athens, Corinth, and part of 
 Ba-otia, at the beginning of the fifteenth 
 century. He bequeathed Athens to the 
 Venetians, Corinth to Theodosius Paieolo- 
 
a e h 
 
 A C H 
 
 gits, who married his eldest daughter; and 
 Busotia, with Thebes, to his natural son An- 
 thony, who also got Athens; but this was 
 retaken in 145.5 by Mohammed II. — Moreri. 
 
 Accius (Lucius), a Latin tragic poet, 
 flourished about 170 years B. C. He wrote 
 several tragedies on subjects taken frqin the 
 Grecian history, and one, entitled Brutus, 
 from the Roman. Two comedies, one named 
 the Wedding, and the other the Merchant, 
 are also ascribed to him. His style has been 
 accounted harsh, but lie is generally allowed 
 to have been a great ppet : none of his 
 works areextant. — Quintilian. There was also 
 in the same age, an orator of the name of 
 Accius, against whom Cicero defended 
 Clueijtius. He yvas a native of Pisaurum, 
 
 Accius Tullius, prince of the Volsci 
 in Italy, to whom Coriolanus fled for re- 
 fuge. — Livy. Plutarch. 
 
 Accolti (Benedict), secretary to the 
 state of Florence. He wrote a history of 
 the holy war, printed at Venice, in 1532, 
 4to. which was consulted by Tasso in the 
 composition of his Jerusalem Delivered. 
 He likewise wrote a little book of the 
 famous men of his time. He died in 1466, 
 aged 51. — -Moreri. 
 
 Accolti (Francis), brother to Benedict, 
 was called the prince of lawyers. He died, 
 Vastly rich, about 1470. — Ibid. 
 
 Accolti (Peter), of the same family, 
 was born at Florence in 1455. He was 
 created a cardinal, and died at Florence 
 in 1532. Fie wrote some historical pieces. 
 His brother Benedict Accolti, duke of 
 Nepi, wrote some dramatic pieces of merit. 
 — : Ibid. 
 
 Accobds (Stephen Tabouret, seigneur 
 de), advocate in the parliament of Dijon, 
 and author of two trifling books, one enti- 
 tled “ Les Bigarrures,” and the other “ I.es 
 Touches.” He died in 1564, aged 46. — 
 JSfouv. Diet. Mpreri. 
 
 Accoaso (Francis), professor of law at 
 Bologna, was born at Florence in 1182. He 
 reduced the code, digests, and institutes, 
 into one system, printed at Lyons, in 6 vols. 
 folio, 1627. He died in 1260, and was suc- 
 ceeded by his son Francis. — Bayle. 
 
 Accouso (Mariangelo), a learned Nea- 
 politan of the sixteenth century, was very 
 industrious in collecting ancient MSS. He 
 published remarks on Ausonius, Solinus, and 
 pvid, in 1524, entitled “ Diatribre;” also an 
 edition of Ammianus Marcellinus, at Augs- 
 burg, in 1533, and some other valuable 
 works. — Bayle. 
 
 Acesius, bishop of Constantinople in the 
 time of Constantine, lie maintained that 
 no communion was to be held with those 
 \vho had once departed from the faith, even 
 though they should afterwards repent. 
 Constantine said to him,“ Alake a ladder 
 for yourself, AcesiuS, and go up to heaven 
 alone.” — Dupin. LarJner. 
 
 Acii, van, or Aciien (John), was born 
 at Cologne in 1566, and became eminent 
 
 in historical and portrait painting. He died 
 in 1621. — Pillington. 
 
 Achauds (lileazar), was born at Avig- 
 non in 1679, and became bishop of that see. 
 When the plague raged there, he conti- 
 nued at the hazard of his life, performing 
 the ollices of charity and religion. Clement i 
 XII. sent him to China to settle the dis- 
 putes which prevailed among the mission- 
 aries. He died at Cochin, in 1741, without 
 having accomplished the pbject of his voy- 
 age.— bNouv. Did. Hist. 
 
 Ackeiu (Luc d’), a benedictine monk, 
 born at St. Ouintin, in Picardy, in 1603. 
 He published several books in ecclesiastical 
 history, as the Lives of Saints, &c. He died 
 at Paris in 1685.- — Moreri. 
 
 Acuillini (Alexander), an eminent phi- 
 losopher and physician of Bologna, where 
 he died in 1512, aged 40. He is said to 
 have discovered the hammer and anvil, two 
 small bones in the organ of hearing. Hi* 
 works were published in folio at Venice, in 
 1568. — Xiraboschi. Halleri Biblioth. Anat. 
 
 Achillini (John Philotheus), brother of 
 the above, wrote a poem, entitled “ Viri- 
 dario,” containing the eulogy of many learn- 
 ed men of his time. He died in 1538. — ■ 
 Moreri. 
 
 Aciiii.lini (Claude), a relation of the 
 preceding, was born at Bologna in 1574. 
 He was a man of universal learning and 
 genius, and was professor of jurisprudence 
 for several years in different universities- 
 Cardinal Richelieu is said to have rewarded 
 him for a poem, with a gold chain valued at 
 1000 crowns. Fie died in 1640. Inscrip- 
 tions to his honour were placed upon the 
 schools in which he taught. — Moreri. 
 
 Achalen, a sovereign of the northern 
 Britons, who in the 6th century, on losing 
 his territory, fled into Wales. He and his 
 brother Arthanad are famous for a journey 
 performed on one horse, up the hill of 
 Maelwg in Cardiganshire, to revenge the 
 death of their father. — Omen's Cambrian Biog. 
 
 Aciimet I. emperor of the Turks, suc- 
 ceeded his father Mahomet III. in 1603, be- 
 ing then about 15 years old. He began his 
 reign by combating a formidable rebellion, 
 which lasted two years. Fie was next en- 
 gaged in a war with the Germans, in which 
 he was assisted by the famous Bethlem Ga- 
 bor. Peace was concluded in 1606; but 
 his reign continued to be disturbed by in- 
 surrections, and his rest was troubled by 
 a pretender to his throne. He indulged 
 himself in sensual pleasures and in field 
 sports: but, though proud and ambitious, he 
 was less sanguinary than his predecessors. 
 Fie died in 1617, at the age of 29. — Mod. 
 Un. Hi-t. 
 
 Aciimet II. succeeded his brother Scly- 
 man in lfe'yi. He was a good-natuied 
 prince, but woak and irresolute. He died 
 
 ill 1695. — Ibid. 
 
 Achm et III. was the son of Mahomet IV. 
 aud on the depcsitioh of his brother Musta- 
 
A C O 
 
 A D A 
 
 pha II. in 1703, ascended the imperial 
 throne. He sheltered Charles XIL of Swe- 
 den, after the battle of Pultovca, and de- 
 clared war against the Russians, but soon 
 after concluded an advantageous peace. 
 He likewise made, war on the Venetians, 
 and recovered from them the Morea : but 
 in an attack on Hungary, the Turkish army 
 was defeated by prince Eugene in 1716, at 
 the battle of Peterwaradin. Achmet was 
 dethroned in 1730, and died suddenly in 
 confinement in 1736. — Mod. Univ. Hist. 
 
 Aciimlt, an Arabian author, who wrote 
 a book on the interpretation of dreams, 
 which was published at Paris, in 1603. He 
 lived about the fourth century. — Bay/e. 
 
 Acoluthus (Andrew), was born at 
 Breslaw, of which place he became arch- 
 deacon, and professor of the oriental lan- 
 guages. He wrote, 1. A Treatise de Aquis 
 amai'is, 1682, 4to. 2. A Latin Translation 
 of the Armenian Version of the Prophet 
 Obadiah, -ito, Leipsic. He died 1704. — Ik 
 
 Acontius (James), was born at Trent, 
 in the sixteenth century. On turning pro- 
 testant, he went to England, where he met 
 with a kind reception from queen Eliza- 
 beth, to whom he dedicated a work, enti- 
 tled, “ The Stratagems of Satan,” printed 
 at Basil, in 1565. The author died soon 
 after. Another edition of this work ap- 
 peared at Basil, in 1610, to which was ad- 
 ded, a letter of Acontius’s “ De Ratione 
 edendorum I.ibrorum;” but his best work 
 is a treatise “ On Method,” printed at 
 Utrecht, in 1658. — Bayle. Tiraboschi, storia 
 della Lett. Jtal. 
 
 Acosta (Gabriel), canon and professor 
 of divinity at Coimbra, who wrote a com- 
 mentary on part of the Old Testament, fob 
 1641. He died in 1616. — Moreri. 
 
 Acosta (Joseph), a Spanish Jesuit, horn 
 at Medina del Campo, in 1547. He was a 
 missionary in Peru, and became provincial 
 of his order. He died at Salamanca, in 
 1600. His “History of the West-Indies,” 
 first printed in Spanish, in 1521, 8vo. is uni- 
 versally known and esteemed. — Moreri. 
 
 Acosta (Uriel), an extraordinary cha- 
 racter, was born at Oporto, wher e fiis hi- 
 ther was a Roman-catholic, though de- 
 scended from Jewish ancestors. At the age 
 of 25, he was made treasurer of a church, 
 but having embraced Judaism, he resolved 
 to quit Portugal, with his mother and bro- 
 thers, whom he had converted to the same 
 faith. The new converts went to Amster- 
 dam, and were received into a synagogue. 
 Not long after he became dissatisfied with 
 the Jewish rites, and expressing iris senti- 
 ments with freedom, he was excommuni- 
 cated. He then wrote a book in which he 
 denied the immortality of the soul; for 
 which he was thrown into prison, from 
 whence he was soon bailed, but all the co- 
 pies of Iris book were seized, and a fine le- 
 vied upon the author. After lying under 
 excommunication fifteen years, he was re- 
 
 admitted into the synagogue on making” 
 his submission, but was expelled again for 
 not conforming to the laws of Moses, and 
 for dissuading two Christians from turn- 
 ing Jews. In this state he remained seven 
 years, abandoned by his friends, and re- 
 duced to a wretched condition. At the 
 end of that time he made his submission, 
 and underwent an extraordinary penance 
 in the synagogue; where after making his 
 recantation, he was publicly scourged, and 
 then laying himself down on the threshold, 
 all the people walked over him. He shot 
 himself with a pistol, in 1640, or according 
 to others in 1647. — Bayle. 
 
 Acouaviva (Andrew Matthew), duke of 
 Atri and prince of Teramo in the kingdom 
 of Naples, was born in 1456. He was one 
 of the greatest luminaries of his age; and 
 seems to have been the first who conceived 
 the idea of an Encyclopedia, or Universal 
 Dictionary of Arts and Sciences. He pub- - 
 lished a work under that title in 2 vols. fol. 
 which, though scanty and defective, was 
 sufficient to give some hints for conducting 
 a compilation of that kind. He died in 
 1 528. — Tiraboschi. 
 
 Acron, a Sicilian physician, flourished 
 439 B.C. He expelled the plague from 
 Athens by burning perfumes. — Moreri. 
 
 Acron, or AcRO,an ancient scholiast on 
 Horace, who lived in the 7th century. His 
 work is extant, in an edition of that poet, 
 printed at Basil in 1527, 8vo. — Moreri. 
 
 Acrorolita (George), a writer on the 
 Byzantine history, was born at Constanti- 
 nople, in 1220. He disputed at the age of 
 twenty-one with a physician, concerningso- 
 lar eclipses, before the emperor John. °He 
 afterwards rose to t he rank of chancellor of 
 the empire, and died in 1282. His Chro- 
 nicle of the Greek Empire was printed at 
 Paris, in Greek and Latin, in 1651, fol. — , 
 V oss. de Hist. Grac. Fabricii Bibl. Grace 
 
 Acrorolita (Constantine), son of the- 
 above, was called the younger Meta- 
 phrastes, and was great chancellor of the 
 empire. He flourished about 1270. — Ibid. 
 
 Actrarius (John), a Greek physician of 
 the Jewish faith, flourished in the 12th cen- 
 tury at Constantinople, where Actuarius is 
 a title still bestowed on physicians of the 
 court- His books on Therapeutics, the 
 Animal Spirits, on Urines, &c. have been 
 printed together, and in parts. — Friend's 
 Hist, of Physic. 
 
 Acuna (Christopher), a Spanish jesuit, 
 born at Burgos, in 1597, was many years a 
 missionary in South America. He publish- 
 ed, in 1641, “ A Description of the Great 
 River of the Amazons,” which was after- 
 wards translated into French, in 4 vols. 
 12mo. 1682. — Bayle. Moreri. 
 
 Adair (James), an eminent lawyer, was 
 the son of an army agent, and being design- 
 ed for the law, entered at Linco!n’s-inn,and 
 in due time was called to the bar. In 1774, 
 he was raised to the degree of serjeant at 
 
ADA 
 
 ADA 
 
 law, and on the death of serjeant Glynne, 
 was chosen recorder of London. In the 
 parliament of 1780, he was elected for 
 Cockermouth, but afterwards he sat for 
 Higham Ferrers. On being promoted to 
 be one of his majesty’s serjeants at law, he 
 resigned the recordcrship in expectation of 
 higher preferment, but was disappointed, 
 
 He was employed to carrv on the prosecu- 
 tion against one of the persons accused of 
 high treason in 17.94, on which occasion he 
 outshone all the other crown lawyers. He 
 wrote two tracts, one entitled, “ Thoughts 
 on the dismission of Officers for their Con- 
 duct in Parliament,” and the other, “ Ob- 
 servations on the Power of Alienations of 
 the Crown, before the first of Oueen 
 Anne.” He died in 1798. — Monthly Mag. 
 
 ADALARD,or ADELARD,born about A. D. 
 753, was cousin-german of Charlemagne. 
 Pie was divorced from his wife, which 
 grieved him so much that he went into the 
 abbey of Corbie, of whicli the emperor 
 made him abbot. In 823, he founded the 
 abbey of New Corbie, in Saxony, and died 
 in 826. Some fragments of his writings are 
 extant. — Morcri. 
 
 Adalberon (Ascelinus), bishop ofLaon 
 in 977. He treacherously delivered up 
 Arnoul archbishop of Rlieims, and Charles 
 duke of Lorrain, who had put themselves 
 under his protection, to Plugh Capet. He 
 died in 1030. There is a poem of his ex- 
 tant, which contains some curious historical 
 facts. — Dupin. 
 
 Adalbert, archbishop of Magdeburgh, 
 was employed by the emperor Otho I. in 
 961, to preach the gospel to the Russians, 
 among whom lie met with little success. 
 He afterwards laboured to more advantage 
 among the Sclavonians. — Moreri. 
 
 Ad a le e rt, archbishop of Prague, in the 
 tenth century, was a successful missionary 
 in Hungary, Prussia, and Lithuania, where 
 lie was murdered by a pagan priest. — Mo- 
 sheim. Moreri. 
 
 Adam, the father of mankind, was creat- 
 ed out of the earth, and placedin the garden 
 of Eden, from whence he was expelled for 
 eating of the forbidden fruit. The creation 
 of Adam is generally placed in the year 
 4004 before Christ. After ins exile he lived 
 930 years. — SS. 
 
 Adam (Melchior), a German biographer, 
 born in Silesia, and educated in the college 
 of Bricg. He published 5 vols. of memoirs 
 of eminent men, a work still esteemed. Pie 
 died in 1622. — Boyle. 
 
 Adam (Scotus), a monkish historian, in 
 the twelfth century, was born in Scotland 
 and educated in the monastery of Lindis- 
 farn. From thence he went to Paris, and 
 became a member of the Sorbonne. He af- 
 terwards returned to his native country, 
 ancl was a monk, first at Melross, and lastly 
 at Durham, where he wrote the life of St. 
 Columbus, and that of David I. king of Scot- 
 
 land. His works were printed at Antwerp 
 
 in 1659 fob — Moreri. 
 
 Adam (Lambert Sigisbert), a French 
 sculptor, born at Nanciin 1700. Various 
 works of his are scattered over France, and 
 are greatly admired. He died in 1759. — - 
 I)' Argenville s Lives of Sculptors. 
 
 Adam (Nicholas), brother of the above* 
 was born at Nanci in 1705. He was also 
 an eminent artist; and executed the mauso- 
 leum of the queen of Poland at Bonsecours, 
 and some other fine pieces. He died in 
 1773, having lost his sight some years be- 
 fore. — Ibid. 
 
 Adam (Francis Gaspard), younger bro- 
 ther of the aforegoing, was born at Nanci, 
 in 1710, and followed the same occupation 
 with his brothers. Pie went to Prussia, 
 where he gained a great reputation. He 
 died at Paris in 1759. — Ibid. 
 
 Adam of Bremen, a canon of that city 
 at the close of the eleventh century. Hjs 
 work entitled “ Historia Ecclesiastica Ec- 
 clcsirc Hamburgensis et Bremensis,” was 
 printed in 1670, 4to. — Dupin. 
 
 Adam (Billaut or master) a French poet, 
 was originally a joiner of Nevers, and pa- 
 tronized by cardinal Richelieu. His poems 
 are now extremely scarce. — Moreri. 
 
 Adam (Robert), architect, was born 
 in 1728, at Kirkaldy, in Fifeshire, and edu- 
 cated at the university of Edinburgh. He 
 went to Italy, and on his return was made 
 architect to the king, which office he re- 
 signed, in 1768, on being chosen member c f 
 parliament for the county of Kinross. He 
 gave a new turn to the architecture of this 
 country, and procured great fame by the 
 number and elegance of his designs. He 
 died in 1792, while the new university of 
 Edinburgh and other public works were 
 erecting according to his plans. He was 
 burred in Westminster abbey. — Gen. Blog. 
 Did. 
 
 Adam (Thomas), an English divine, wr* 
 born at Leeds in Yorkshire in 1?:T, and 
 educated at Wakefield, from whence he 
 was removed to Christ’s college, Cambridge, 
 but after two years stay there he went to 
 Hart hall, now Hertford college, Oxford, 
 where he took his degree of B. A. On en- 
 tering into orders, he obtained the living 
 of Wintringliam in Lincolnshire, of which 
 he continued rector 58 years though he 
 might have had considerable preferment, 
 but being set against pluralities he refused 
 every offer of promotion. Mr. Adam was 
 a conscientious parish-priest, residing con- 
 tinually with his people, and adorning his 
 office by a suitable life. He died at Win- 
 tringham in 1784. He published a para- 
 phrase of the eleven first chapters of the 
 Romans, 8vo. His other works are lecturc^r 
 on the church catechism, a volume of ser- 
 mons, and a posthumous collection of 
 Thoughts, to which his life is prefixed. 
 
 Adams (sir Thomas), lord mayor of Lon- 
 
ADA 
 
 ADD 
 
 Hon, was born at Wem, in Shropshire, edu- 
 cated at Cambridge, and afterwards brought 
 up a draper in London. In 1609, he was 
 chosen alderman of the city, and in 1645, 
 served the olfice of lord mayor. His 
 loyalty was so great, that the republicans 
 searched his house, in hopes of finding the 
 king, and though they were disappointed, 
 vet they confined Mr. Adams in the Tower. 
 He sent Charles II. 10,000/. during his exile, 
 and when the Restoration was resolved on, 
 he was appointed by the city to wait on the 
 king, who knighted him at the Hague, and 
 in 16G1, created him a baronet, 'lie died 
 in 1667, aged 81; and after his death a 
 stone was taken from him weighing twen- 
 ty-five ounces, which is now in the labora- 
 tory at Cambridge. He founded a school 
 at Wem, and an Arabic professorship at 
 Cambridge, and was at the expenceof print- 
 ing the Gospels in Persian and sending them 
 to the East. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Adams (Thomas), A. M. a fellow of Bra- 
 zen-nose college, Oxford, who was ejected 
 in 1662, for non-conformity, on which he 
 became chaplain to sir Samuel Jones, of 
 Shropshire, and afterwards to lady Clare in 
 Northamptonshire. He died in 1670. He 
 wrote “ Protestant Union, or Principles of 
 Religion,” a very useful work.— Calamy's 
 Account of ejected Ministers. 
 
 Adams (Richard), A.M. was also edu- 
 cated at Brazen-nose college, Oxford, and 
 afterwards had the living of St. Mildred, 
 Bread-street, from whence he was ejected 
 in 1662. He died in 1698. Pie was one of 
 the editors of Charnock’s works, and help- 
 ed to finish Matthew Poole’s annotations on 
 the Bible. — Ibid. 
 
 Adamson (Patrick), a Scotch prelate, 
 was born at Perth, in 1536, and educated at 
 St. Andrews. In 1566, he travelled with 
 a young gentleman, but writing a Latin 
 poem on the birth of James VI. he was 
 arrested at Paris, and confined for six 
 months, but was released at the intercession 
 of queen Mary. He then went to Bourges, 
 where he was at the time of the massacre 
 of Paris, but kept concealed for seven 
 months at an inn, the master of which was 
 thrown from the top of the house by the 
 enraged catholics for his charity to heretics. 
 Here he translated the book of Job into La- 
 tin verse, and wrote the tragedy of Herod 
 in the same tongue. He returned to his 
 own country in 1573, and became minister 
 of Paisley. In 1575, he sat as commissioner 
 for settling the government of the church, 
 and soon after was raised to the see of St. 
 Andrews, on which he was violently perse- 
 cuted by the presbyterians. In 1582, be 
 fell dangerously ill, and was cured by tak- 
 ing a medicine from an old woman, who 
 was burnt for it by the fanatics, as a witch. 
 
 In 1583, he was sent ambassador to queen 
 Elizabeth. On his return to Scotland in 
 1584, he found the presbvterian party verv 
 violent; and at a synod in 1586, they excom- 
 
 municated him. The king also alienated 
 the revenues of his see, and thereby reduced 
 him and his family to a wretched condition. 
 He died in 1591. His works have been 
 collected and published in 4to. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Addington (Anthony), a physician, 
 was educated at Trinity" college, Oxford, 
 where he took his degree of, M- A. in 1740, 
 and that of doctor in physic in 1744. He 
 was admitted of the college of physicians, 
 London, in 1756. Dr. Addington settled at 
 Reading, where he had considerable prac- 
 tice, particularly in cases of insanity. He 
 died in 1790. He wrote an Essay on the 
 Scurvy, with the Method of preserving Wa- 
 ter sweet at Sea, 8yo ; another on the mor- 
 tality among cattle, Svo ; and a pamphlet 
 concerning a negotiation between lord 
 Chatham and lord Bute, 8vo. He was the 
 father of viscount Sidmouth. He is not to 
 be confounded with Dr. Stephen Addington, 
 a dissenting teacher, who published a Greek 
 grammar, and a life of St. Paul, in Svo. — 
 Europ. Mug. 
 
 Addison (Lancelot), a divine, was born 
 at Crosby Ravensworth in Westmoreland, 
 in 1632. From Appleby school he was 
 sent to Queen’s college, Oxford, where he 
 took hts degrees in arts. He was chosen 
 one of the terne-filii at the act in 1658, but 
 being satirical on the men in power in his 
 oration, he was obliged to ask pardon on his 
 knees. He soon after quitted Oxford and 
 lived retired till the Restoration, when he 
 becalne chaplain to the garrison at Dun- 
 kirk; and in 1663, to that at Tangier. Here- 
 turned to England in 1670, and was made 
 chaplainin ordinary tojhis majesty. Soon after 
 lie obtained the living of Milston, in Wilt- 
 shire, and a prebend in the cathedral of Sa- 
 lisbury. In 1683, he was promoted to the 
 deapry of Lichfield. He died in 1703. 
 His writings, the chief of which are, “ An 
 Account of the present State of the Jews,” 
 and a “ Description of West Barbary,” shew 
 him to have been a man of learning and 
 observation. — Biog. Br it . 
 
 Addison (Joseph), son of the above, was 
 born at Milston, iii Wilts, May 1, 1675. 
 After recieving the rudiments of education, 
 he was sent to the Charter-house, where he 
 contracted an intimacy with sir Richard 
 Steele. In 107, lie was admitted of Queen’s 
 college, Oxford, but afterwards was elected 
 demy at Magdalen. In 1693, he took his 
 degree of M. A. and became eminent for his 
 Latin poetry. At the age of 22, he ad- 
 dressed some verses to Drvden in English, 
 and not long after published a translation of 
 part of Virgil’s fourth Georgic. About 
 this time he wrote the arguments prefixed 
 to the several books of Dryden’s Virgil, and 
 composed the essay on the Georgies. In 
 169.5, he addressed a poem to king William* 
 which recommended him to lord Somers. 
 
 In 1699, he obtained a pension of 300/. a 
 year, to enable him to travel. He went 
 through France and Italy, improving his 
 
ADD 
 
 A D E 
 
 mind to the best advantage, as appears from 
 his “ Letter to Lord Halifax,” reckoned 
 the most elegant of his poetical works, and 
 his “ Travels in Italy,” which he dedi- 
 cated -at his return to lord Somers. He 
 returned home in 1702, and found his old 
 friends out of place. In 1704, he was intro- 
 duced by lord Halifax to lord Godolphin 
 as a fit person to celebrate the victory of 
 Blenheim ; on which occasion he produced 
 the Campaign, for which he was rewarded 
 with the place of commissioner of appeals. 
 Next year he went to Hanover with lord 
 Halifax, and soon after was appointed 
 under-secretary of state. The rage for 
 Italian operas which then prevailed, indu- 
 ced him to write his “Rosamond,” which 
 did not succeed, probably because it was 
 English. When the marquis of Wharton 
 went to Ireland as lord lieutenant, Addison 
 accompanied him as secretarv, and was 
 made keeper of the records there, with a 
 salary of 300/. a year. While he was in 
 Ireland, Steele commenced the Tatler, to 
 which Addison liberally contributed. This 
 was followed by the Spectator, which was 
 enriched by the contributions of Addison, 
 whose papers are distinguished by one of 
 the letters of tire word CLIO. In 1713, 
 his tragedy of Cato was brought upon the 
 stage, amidst the plaudits of both whigs 
 and tories. Cato was praised by most of 
 the contemporary poets, criticised by Den- 
 nis, attacked as a party play at Oxford, 
 and vindicated bv Dr. Sewel. It was trans- 
 lated into Italian, and performed at Flo- 
 rence, and into Latin at the college of St. 
 Omers. At this time the Guardian appear- 
 ed, to which Addison contributed, and 
 his papers are marked by a hand. But the 
 violence of politics soon put a stop to this 
 paper, and Addison engaged in the party 
 warfare, but his political pieces sunk into 
 neglect. An attempt was made to revive the 
 Spectator, but after the publication of eighty 
 numbers, which compose the eighth volume, 
 the work was relinquished. Addison’s quota 
 amounts to about a fourth part. In 1715, 
 he began the Freeholder, and continued it 
 till the middle of the next year, in defence 
 of the government. In 1716, he married 
 the countess dowager of Warwick, after a 
 long courtship. He had been tutor to her 
 son, but the marriage did not prove happy. 
 In 1 717, he became secretary of state, which 
 place he soon resigned, on a pension of 
 1500/, a year. In his retirement he planned 
 a tragedy on the death of Socrates, which 
 he abandoned for a work of a more exalted 
 kind, ‘ A Defence of the Christian Religion,” 
 part of which appeared after his death, and 
 makes us regret that he did not live to per- 
 fect it. He also laid the plan of an English 
 dictionary in the manner since so happily 
 executed by Dr. Johnson. In 1719, he en- 
 gaged in a political dispute with Steele, on 
 the peerage-bill, then brought in to re- 
 strain the king from creating any new peers* 
 
 except in case of the extinction of an old 
 family. Steele’s pamphlet was entitled “The 
 Plebeian,” and was calculated to alarm the 
 people on the occasion ; and Addison re- 
 plied to it in another called “ The Old 
 Whig,” in which he contemptuously styled 
 his opponent “ little Dicky.” That year 
 terminated his life, and he ended it in a 
 manner suitable to his character. He sent 
 for lord Warwick, and affectionately press- 
 ing his hand, softly said, “ See in what 
 peace a Christian can die!” After giving di- 
 rections to Mr. Tickel respecting the 
 publication of his works, which he himself 
 dedicated on his death-bed to Mr. Craggs, 
 he breathed his last, June 17, 1719, at Hol- 
 land-house, leaving only one daughter, -who 
 died unmarried, in 1797. Dr. Johnson, after 
 drawing his character in a forcible and ele- 
 gant manner, says, “ whoever wishes to 
 attain an English style, familiar but not 
 coarse, and elegant but not ostentatious, 
 must give his days and nights to the vo- 
 lumes of Addison.” — Bwg. Brit. Addisoniana , 
 2 vo/s. 1803. 
 
 Adelaud, a monk of Bath in the twelfth 
 century. He travelled into Egypt and Ara- 
 bia, and translated Euclid’s Elements out of 
 Arabic into Latin, before any Greek copies 
 were discovered. He also translated and 
 wrote several other treatises on mathemati- 
 cal and medical subjects, which remain in 
 MS. in the libraries of Corpus Christi and 
 Trinity colleges, Oxford. — Hutton's Math. 
 Diet. 
 
 Adelhoi. 0 , bishop of Utrecht, died in 
 1027. He wrote the life of the emperor 
 Henry II. which is still extant. — Moreri. 
 
 Adeler (Curtius), also named Servisen, 
 was born in Norway, in 1522. After serv- 
 ing in the Dutch navy, he went to Venice, 
 where he was raised to the rank of admiral, 
 and performed many gallant exploits against 
 the Turks, for which he was made knight of 
 St. Mark, and obtained a pension. On 
 leaving the Venetian service, he went to 
 Amsterdam, where, he married a ladv of 
 rank. He ended his days at Copenhagen, 
 in honour and tranquillity, being made 
 admiral-in-chief, and created a noble. He 
 died in 1675.— Moreri. 
 
 Adelgreiff (John Albrecht), a German, 
 fanatic, was put to death at Konigsberg, in 
 1636, for blasphemy, magic, and’ sedition. 
 — Ibid. 
 
 Adelman, bishop of Brescia, in the 11th. 
 century. He wrote a letter on the euehar- 
 ist, which is in a collection printed at Lou- 
 vain, in 1561, in 8vo. He died about 1062, 
 —Ibid. 
 
 Adelphus, a Platonic philosopher, who 
 composed a strange doctrine from Plato, 
 the Gnostics, and others, which was greatly 
 followed in the third century. He was op- 
 posed by Plotinus. — Ibid. ' i 
 
 Adeodatus, or “ God’s-gift,” a pope, 
 was born at Rome. He obtained the tiara 
 in 672, and died in 676\ He was a pious 
 
ADR 
 
 A D t» 
 
 and charitable pontiff. — Bozver’s Lives of the 
 Popes. Platina. 
 
 Ai>er (William), a physician of Thou- 
 loitse, at the beginning of the 17th century, 
 who wrote a book in 1621, entitled, “ De 
 JEgrotis et Morbis Evangelicis in which 
 he proves, that the diseases healed by our 
 Saviourwere incurable by medicine. — Mo-,-. 
 
 Adiud-Eddoulat, emperor of Persia, 
 succeeded his uncle Amad-Eddoulat, and 
 by his conquests greatly enlarged his terri- 
 tories. In 977, he became master of Bag- 
 dad, which he adorned with hospitals, 
 mosques, and other public works. He was 
 also a great encourager of poets and men of 
 learning. Pie died in 982, aged 47. — 
 jy Herhclot. 
 
 Adhelme was the son of ICenred, and 
 nephew to Ina, king of the West Saxons. 
 He became abbot of Malmesbury, and was 
 the first Englishman who wrote in Latin, 
 the first who brought poetry into this coun- 
 try, and the first bishop of Sherborne. Pie 
 died in 709, and was canonized. Piis writ- 
 ings are in the Bibl. Pat. — Bale. Pits. 
 
 Adhemar (William), a native of Pro- 
 vence, and celebrated for his poetry. He 
 died about 1190. — Moreri. 
 
 Adimantus, of the sect of the Mani- 
 chccs, flourished about the end of the 
 third century. He denied the authority of 
 the Old Testament, in a book which was 
 answered by St. Augustine. — Lardners Cre- 
 dibility of the Gospel H ist. 
 
 Adimari (Raphael), was born at Rimini, 
 of which country he wrote the history, 2 vols. 
 4 to. 1616. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Adimari (Alexander), born at Florence 
 in 1579. He gained great reputation by his 
 poems, and died in 4649. — Ibid. 
 
 Adlzreittkr (John), a German histo- 
 rian. Pie was chancellor of Bavaria in the 
 17th century, and wrote the annals of Ba- 
 varia in Latin, printed at Leipsic, in 1710, 
 folio. — Moreri. 
 
 Adi.erfejldt (Gustavus), was born near 
 Stockholm, and became gentleman of the 
 bedchamber to Charles XII. whose history 
 he has written with great fidelity; of which 
 a French translation was published by his 
 son, in 4 vols. 12mo. 1740. He was killed at 
 the battle of Pultowa, in 1709. — Gen. B. D. 
 
 A do, archbishop of Vienne, in Dauphiny, 
 died in,875, aged seventy-five. Pie wrote, 
 
 1. An universal Chronicle, printed at Paris, 
 1522, folio, and at Rome in 1745, folio. 
 
 2. A Martyrclogy, published in 1613. — 
 Dupin. 
 
 Adolphus, emperor of Germany, was 
 the count of Nassau, and elected to the im- 
 perial dignity in 1292. His rapacity and 
 tyrannical conduct caused a confederation 
 against him, at the head of which was Al- 
 bert duke of Austria. Adolphus fell in 
 battle, July 2, 1298. — Mod. Un. Hist. 
 
 Adolphus-Frederick II. of Holstein 
 Gottorp, king of Sweden, born in 1710, 
 and succeeded his father in 1751. He re- 
 
 formed the laws, and encouraged learning 
 and the arts of peace. Pie also instituted an 
 academy of inscriptions and belles-lettres, 
 at Torneo in Lapland ; and died in 1771. — 
 Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Adorne (Francis), a Genoese jesuit, 
 wrote a treatise on ecclesiastical discipline. 
 He died January 13, 1586, aged 56. 
 
 Adrets (Francis de Beaumont, baron 
 des), a man of a turbulent spirit, s'ded with 
 the Huguenots in 1562, and signalised him- 
 self by many daring exploits, but more by 
 his cruelties. At some places he obliged lus 
 prisoners to throw themselves from the bat- 
 tlements, upon the pikes of his soldiers. 
 Reproaching cine of them for retracting 
 twice from the fatal leap, “ Sir, (replied the 
 man,) I defy you with all your bravery to 
 take it in three.” This witticism saved the 
 soldier’s life. After the peace he turned 
 Catholic, and died universally hated in 
 1587. A son of his was concerned in the 
 massacre of Paris. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Adrian (Publius iElius), emperor of 
 Rome, was born there A. D. 76. He entered 
 early into the army, and became tribune of 
 a legion. He married Sabina, the heiress of 
 Trajan, whom he accompanied in his expe- 
 ditions, and became successively praetor, 
 governor of Pannonia, and consul. On the 
 death of Trajan, in 117, he assumed the go- 
 vernment, made peace with the Persians, 
 and remitted the debts of the Roman peo- 
 ple. No monarch travelled more than 
 Adrian. In 120, he visited Gaul, from 
 whence he went to Britain, where he built 
 a wall, from the mouth of the Tyne to So4- 
 way-frith, eighty miles in length, to secure 
 the Roman province from the incursions of 
 the Caledonians. On leaving Britain, he 
 went into Africa and Asia, and was initiated, 
 into the Eleusinian mysteries at Athens, in 
 125. In his reign the Christians suffered a 
 dreadful persecution. He built a temple to 
 Jupiter on mount Calvary, and placed a sta- 
 tue of Adonis in the manger of Bethlem; he 
 alsohad the images of swineengravedon the 
 gates of Jerusalem. He died at Baiw in the 
 63d year of his age, having reigned twenty- 
 one years. On his death-bed he composed, 
 some Latin verses, addressed to his soul^. 
 which betray his uncertainty with regard 
 to a future state. He had great virtues, 
 which were, however, blended with as, 
 great vices. He adopted Titus Antoninus, 
 on condition that he should adopt Marcus 
 Annius Verus, and the son of Lucius Verus, 
 — Dio Cassius. 
 
 Adrian, a writer of the 5th century, 
 wrote an introduction to the scriptures, in 
 Greek, printed at Augsburg, in 1602, 4tce 
 and in Latin, in 1650, folio. — Moreri . 
 
 Adrian, a Carthusian, pionk, is known 
 by a treatise, entitled De Remediis Utrius- 
 que Fortunae, printed at Cologne, in 1471, 
 folio. — Ibid. 
 
 Adrian I. (pope), was elected in 772, 
 He was of a patrician family at Ropre. Ka 
 
m g i 
 
 ADR 
 
 sanctioned the worship of images, which 
 had been allowed in a council held at Nice 
 in 787; but was opposed by the kings of 
 France and England. He died in 795. — 
 
 Bower. Platina. 
 
 Adrian II. (pope), was born at Rome, 
 and succeeded to the papal chair in 867 . 
 He contended with the patriarch of Con- 
 stantinople for the superiority; and attempt- 
 ed to extend his authority over the crowned 
 heads of the West, but without success in 
 both cases. He died in 872. — Ibid. 
 
 Adrian III. (pope), was also a native of 
 Rome ; and obtained the tiara in 884, but 
 died the next year , on his journey to a diet 
 at Worms. — Ibid. 
 
 Adrian IV. (pope), and the only English- 
 man who ever had that dignitv, was born 
 at Langley, near St. Albans. His name was 
 Nicholas Brekespere; and he was some time 
 in the monastery of St. Albans in a low con- 
 dition. Being refused the habit in that 
 house, he went to France, and became a 
 clerk in the monastery of St. Rufus, in Pro- 
 vence, of which he was afterward chosen 
 abbot. Eugeni us III. made him a cardinal 
 in 1 146, and in 1 148 sent him legate to Den- 
 mark and Norway, which nations he con- 
 verted to the Christian faith. In 1151, he 
 was chosen pope, on which, Henry II. king 
 of England, sent the abbot of St. Albans, 
 with three bishops, to congratulate him. 
 The pope, disregarding the slight formerly 
 put upon him, granted considerable privi- 
 leges to the monastery of St. Albans, and a 
 bull to Henry for the conquest of Ireland. 
 In 1155, he excommunicated the king of 
 Sicily; and about the same time, the empe- 
 ror Frederic, meeting the pope near Suti- 
 nam, held his stirrup while he mounted on 
 horseback; after which his holiness .con- 
 ducted him to Rome, and consecrated him 
 king of the Romans in St. Peter’s church. 
 The next year, the king of Sicily submitted, 
 •and was absolved. Adrian, by his active 
 conduct, left the papal territory in a better 
 state than he found it in; and died, not with- 
 out suspicion of poison, in 1159. There are 
 some letters and homilies of his extant. — 
 B'tOg. Br. 
 
 Adrian V. (pope), was a native of 
 Genoa; and ascended the papal throne in 
 1276. He was legate in England in 1254, 
 and again in 1265, to settle the disputes be- 
 tween the king and his barons. He died 
 thirty-eight days after his election. — Boiver. 
 Platina. 
 
 Adrian VI. (pope), was born at Utrecht, 
 and educated on charity at Louvain. 
 He was made bishop of Tortoso by Ferdi- 
 nand, king of Spain; and his successsor 
 Charles, during his minority, chose him to 
 be regent. When that prince became em- 
 peror, by the title of Charles V. he placed 
 an unlimited confidence in Adrian ; who, 
 on the death of Leo X. in 1521, was elected 
 pope. He died in 1 523. — Bycaut. Bo^i\r. 
 
 Adrian (de Castello), was born at Cor- 
 
 netto, in Tuscany; and acquired several em- 
 ployments at Rome. He came to England 
 in the reign of Henry VII. who made him 
 his agent at Rome; and gave him first the 
 bishopric of Hereford, and afterwards that 
 of Bath and Wells. Adrian farmed out his 
 bishopric to Wolsey; living himself atRorae, 
 where he built a superb palace, which h« 
 .left to the king of England and his success- 
 ors. Alexander VI created him c rdinal, 
 in 1503; soon after which he narrowly es- 
 caped being poisoned with others of his or- 
 der, at a feast given by the pope and his sen 
 Caesar Borgia. Engaging in a plot against 
 pope Leo X., to which he was led by the 
 prediction of a fortune-teller that Leu 
 should die a violent death, and be succeed- 
 ed by one Adrian, he was lined 12,500 du- 
 cats "and restricted from leaving Rome. 
 However, in 1518, he fled from that city, 
 and was excommunicated. At this time lie 
 was at Venice; and what became of him af- 
 terwards is unknown. Polydore Virgil says, 
 he ended his days at Riva. in the diocese of 
 Trent; and gives him a high character lor 
 erudition. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Adriani (John Baptist), was born at 
 Florence in 1511. He wrote the history of 
 his own times inltalian. He died at Florence 
 in 1579. — Moreri. 
 
 Adricuomia (Cornelia), a nun of the 
 order of St. Augustine, and of a noble family 
 in Holland. She wrote a poetical version 
 of the Psalms in the sixteenth century. — 
 Bayle. 
 
 Adric iiomius (Christian), born at Delft, 
 in Holland, in 1 533. He wrote a description 
 ofthe Holy Land, and a chronicle oftheOld 
 and New Testaments, 1593, fol. He died 
 at Cologne, in 1585. — Bayle. 
 
 Arson, abbot of Luxetiil in 984. He 
 was the author of a book on the miracles of 
 St. Wandalbert, and of another concerning 
 Antichrist . — Moreri. 
 
 ASdesius, a Platonic philosopher of the 
 fourth century, succeeded Jnmblichus, as 
 teacher of philosophy at Cappadocia. He 
 pretended to hold communion with the 
 deities. — Bracket s Hist. Phil. 
 
 FEgeates (John), a ' Nestorian monk, 
 who lived about the year 485. Lie wrote 
 an ecclesiastical history, and a treatise 
 against the council of Chalcedon. — Me- 
 rer!. 
 
 TEgidius (Petrus Aibiensis), a great tra- 
 veller in Asia and Africa, who died in 1555, 
 aged 65. He wrote a description of 
 Thrace, Constantinople, and other works, 
 —Ibid. 
 
 TEgidius (Atheniensis), a Greek ecclesU 
 astic and physician in the eighth century, 
 who wrote severalbooks, the chief of which 
 are, De Pulsibus et de Venenis.-x-EV/.W. 
 
 /EGiniys (de Columna), general of the 
 Augustines in the 13th century. He taught 
 divinity at Paris with great reputation, 
 and was called according to the. humour 
 of the time? doct-r y undatuiitnus , but h>5 
 
M M I 
 
 JE S C 
 
 works have long since sunk into contempt. 
 One of his books, however, as an early spe- 
 cimen of typography, is Still sought for. 
 He died in JS16. — Lupin. 
 
 /Egineta (Paulus), a native of the 
 island /Egina, flourished about the year 620. 
 He first noticed the cathartic quality of 
 rhubarb. His works were published at Pa- 
 ris, in 1532, folio. — Friend. 
 
 /Eginhard, secretary to Charlemagne, 
 whose daughter Imma is said to have carried 
 him through the snow from her chamber, 
 to prevent his being traced by his footsteps; 
 and being seen bv her father, he consented 
 to their union. — /Eginhard was a German, 
 and wrote the life of Charlemagne, also his 
 annals from 741 to 88!). The first edition is 
 that at Paris, in 1.576, 2 vols. fol. — Moreri. 
 
 /Elian (Claudius), historian and rhetori- 
 cian, was born in Italy about the year 80 of 
 the Christian era. Though he never left his 
 native country, he became so perfect a mas- 
 ter of the Greek language, as to write it 
 with the greatest purity. He taught rhe- 
 toric at Rome, under the emperor Anto- 
 ninus. His Various History is a curious 
 collection of anecdotes, the best editions of 
 which are, those of Perizonius, in .1701, 
 and Gronovius, 1731. His History of 
 Animals is also valuable. His works were 
 collected and published by Gesner at Zu- 
 rich, in 1556. — F~oss.de G reec. Hist. 
 
 /Eli anus (Meccius), a physician men- 
 tioned with respect by Galen. He was the 
 first who made use of treacle against the 
 plague, and found it to succeed. — Moreri. 
 
 /Emiliani (Jerom), one of the founders 
 of the regular clerks of St. Maieul, in the 
 sixteenth century, was a Venetian of a no- 
 ble family. — Modieim. 
 
 /Emilianus (C. Julius), a Moor, who 
 rose from the lowest station to the imperial 
 dignity. He prevailed on the army to elect 
 him emperor, and marched against Gallus, 
 who was slain by his own soldiers, and thus 
 /Emilianus easily obtained the throne; but 
 he did not long enjoy that dignity, being 
 killed by some of his own troops, who gave 
 the crown to Valerian. This happened 
 four months after his accession, in the 46th 
 year of his age.— v Univ. Hist. 
 
 ./Emilios (Paulus), a Roman general. He 
 was born of a noble family about 228 B.C. 
 Having passed through several civil offices 
 with reputation, he obtained a military 
 command, in which he acquired great 
 glory. At the age of 46, he served the of- 
 fice of consul ; and when he was 60 he ac- 
 cepted the command of the armies against 
 Perses, king of Macedon, whom he made 
 prisoner, leading him in triumph through 
 Italy, with the king of Illyria his ally. On his 
 arrival at Rome, he obtained a magnificent 
 fnumph, in which Perses and his family led 
 the way. He afterwards served the office 
 of censor, and died universally lamented, in 
 the 64th year of his age. — Plutarch. 
 
 /Emjliws (Paulus), born at Verona, H& 
 
 was employed thirty years in writing the 
 history of the kings of France, which he 
 left unfinished at his death in 152f). Jt was 
 first printed in 1536; and continued after- 
 wards by Arnold Feron, in 2 vols. folio, 
 1576. Fie had a canonry in the cathedral 
 at Paris, and was interred in that church# 
 — - Moreri . 
 
 /Eneas (Gazeus), a Platonic philosopher, 
 who became a convert to Christianity in the 
 fifth century. He wrote a dialogue on the 
 immortality of the soul, and the resurrec- 
 tion of the body, printed in Greek and 
 Latin, at Basil, 1560, and at Leipsic in 1655.; 
 — -Fabricii Bibl. Grtec , 
 
 /Eneas (Sylvius), see Pius II. 
 
 /Eneas (Tacticus),a Greek author on the 
 art of war, who lived about 336 B. C. His 
 work was prefixed, by Casaubon, to his edi- 
 tion of Polybius, Paris, 1609; and reprinted 
 in 12mo, at Leyden, in 1633. — Fabricius , 
 
 /Emu s, a presbyter of Sebastia, in Pontus; 
 lived about 385. He started the notion that 
 there is no distinction between bishops and 
 presbyters, to which he added Arianism, 
 and procured many followers. — Mosheim. 
 
 /Esciiines, a disciple of Socrates, was the 
 son of a sausage-maker. He went to the 
 court of Dionysius, the tyrant of Sicily ; 
 and afterwards kept a school at Athens for 
 his support. His dialogues are so much in 
 the manner of Socrates, that Menedemus 
 charges him with having stolen them from 
 that philosopher. Only three of them are 
 now extant; of which Mr. Le Clerc pub- 
 lished a Latin translation, with notes, in 
 1711, Svo. — Diogenes Laertius. Fabricius. 
 
 /Eschines, an ancient orator, born at 
 Athens, B. C. 397, was the cotemporary 
 and rival of Demosthenes ; and being van- 
 quished, he went and kept a school at 
 Samos, where he died at the age of 75. 
 There are only three of his orations extant, 
 which are exquisitely beautiful. They were 
 first [published by the Aldi in 1613, folio, 
 and several times since. — Plutarch in Fit. 
 Demosth. Fabricius. 
 
 /Eschvlus, a tragic poet, was born at 
 Athens B. C. 460. He was in the sea-fight 
 at Salamis, in which his brother Aminias 
 gallantly distinguished himself. /Elian re- 
 lates, that /Eschvlus, being accused of 
 blasphemy, was sentenced to be stoned to 
 death ; on which his brother exhibited his 
 arm which had lost a hand at Salamis, and 
 thereby made such an impression on the 
 judges, that they immediately pardoned 
 /Eschylus. This behaviour of his country- 
 men, added to the resentment which he 
 felt on the preference shewn to the pieces 
 of Sophocles, induced him to retire to Si- 
 cily. It is said that he died of a fracture 
 in his scull, occasioned by an eagle letting 
 fall a tortoise from a great height on his 
 head ; this was in the 69th year of his age. 
 The Sicilians interred him magnificently 
 near the river Gela. /Eschylus wrote many 
 plays, of which only seven are extant. He 
 
A E T 
 
 A F R 
 
 fcas a noble boldness of expression and a lof- 
 ty imagination, but is frequently bombastic, 
 and so obscure as to be hardly understood. 
 The best edition is that of Stanley, printed 
 first at London in 1663, folio, and since by 
 Paaw, at the Hague, 2 tom. 4to. 1745. Mr. 
 Potter published an elegant translation cf 
 AEschyius, in English verse, in 1777. — Vos~ 
 sius. Bay/e. , 
 
 1 jEsop, the fabulist, was a Phrygian by 
 birth, and lived in the time of Solon about 
 | 6XX) years B. C. The life of him by Pla- 
 nudes, an eastern monk, is confessedly fabu- 
 lous, and indeed his whole history is ex- 
 tremely obscure, not excepting the account 
 of him by Plutarch. All that seems worthy 
 of credit in the different writers who have 
 treated of him is, that he was first bought 
 as a slave by an Athenian, from whom he 
 learned the Greek language, and then 
 passed sucessively into the service of Xan- 
 thus and Idmon, both of the isle of Samos. 
 
 1 he latter gave him his freedom, on which 
 he was retained by Crresus. He is said to 
 have been put to death by the Delphians, 
 for some remarks he passed on their licen- 
 tiousness. Great respect was paid to his 
 memory, and his fables have been univer- 
 sally held in esteem ; but it must be con- 
 fessed that a great part of the fables which 
 pass under his name have an eastern origin ; 
 and indeed there are so many striking coin- 
 cidences between what is related of A£sop, 
 and of Lokman, as to induce a strong sus- 
 picion that they were one and the same 
 person. Aesop’s fables were first published 
 at Milan, in 1476, folio, which edition now 
 bears an exorbitant price. But the first 
 Greek edition is reckoned that of 1480, 4to. 
 ——Herodotus . Plutarch. Fabric. Bayle. 
 
 -Esop, the author of a romantic history 
 of Alexander the Great, in Greek, which 
 has been translated into Latin and German, 
 i 1 he age in which he lived is unknown. — 
 Plutarch. 
 
 iEsopus (Clodius), a famous actor, who 
 lived about the 670tli year of Rome. He 
 had the honour of instructing Cicero in 
 1 oratory. iEsop was a great epicure, and at 
 an entertainment is said to have had a dish 
 of singing birds which cost above 800/. His 
 son was also noticed for his luxuriousness ; 
 j and Horace says, that he swallowed a pearl 
 of great value dissolved in vinegar. He 
 died, notwithstanding his epicurism, worth 
 above 1 60,000/.— -Horace. Fal. Max. 
 
 .Etuerius, an architect of the sixth cen- 
 tury. He is supposed to have built the wall 
 which runs from the sea to Selimbria, to 
 keep out the Bulgarians and Scythians. — 
 Gen. B.D. 
 
 -Etion, a Grecian painter, who having 
 shewn his picture of the nuptials of Alex- 
 ander and Roxana af the Olympic games, 
 unknown as he was, the president gave the 
 painter his daughter in marriage. — Plin 
 Hat. Hist. 
 
 Aetius, a famous general in the reign of 
 Yaleatmian III. He was brought up in the 
 
 emperor’s guards, and after the battle of 
 Pollentia, in 403, was delivered as a hos- 
 tage to Alaric, and next to the Huns. On 
 the death of Honorius he sided •with the 
 usurper John, for whose sefvice he en- 
 gaged an army of Huns. He was afterwards 
 taken into favour by Valentinian, who gave 
 him the title of count. Being jealous of the 
 power of Boniface, governor of Africa, he 
 secretly advised his recal, and at the same 
 time counselled him not to obey the man- 
 date. This occasioned a revolt, which pro- 
 duced an irruption of the Vandals into 
 that province. The treachery of Aetius 
 being discovered, a war ensued between 
 him and Boniface, in which the latter was 
 slain. Aetius retired among the Huns, 
 and returning with a large army, so alarm- 
 ed Placidia, mother of Valentinian, that 
 she put herself into his power. He defend- 
 ed the declining empire with great bravery, 
 and compelled Attila to retire beyond the 
 Rhine. But Valentinian being suspicious 
 that he had a design upon the throne, stab- 
 bed him in 454. — Units. Hist. 
 
 Aetius, bishop of Antioch in the fourth 
 century, refined upon the heresy of his 
 master Arius. Before his entering into or—, 
 ders hb was a physician, and remarkable 
 for a contentious and sceptical spirit. He 
 contended for a dissimilarity between the Fa- 
 ther and Son, for which he was banished by 
 Constantius, but recalled by Julian. He 
 died in 766. — Fabric. Hares. Gibbon. 
 
 A ETI u s , a physician of Mesopotamia, who 
 wrote on the diseases of women, and other 
 works, which are extant in Greek. He is 
 supposed to have been a Christian, and 
 lived in the sixth century. — Friend. 
 
 Aef.r (Domitius), an ancient orator, was 
 a native of Nismes, aud obtained the pra- 
 torship of Rome ; but being disappointed 
 of further promotion, he turned informer 
 against Claudia Pulchra, cousin of Agrippa, 
 and gained the cause, which procured him 
 the favour of Tiberius. Quintilian men- 
 tions two books of his on~witnesses. He 
 brought himself into a dilemma by an in- 
 scription which he put tipon a statue of 
 Caligula, mentioning that he had been a 
 second time consul at the age of twenty- 
 two. This was meant for an encomium, 
 but the emperor resented it as a sarcasm, 
 and made a violent speech in the senate 
 against the author. Afer, instead of Re- 
 plying, supplicated pardon, saying, that he 
 feared less the emperor’s power than his 
 eloquence, which flattery so pleased Cali- 
 gula, that he’raised him to the consular dig- 
 nity. He died A. D. 59. — Quintilian. Bayle. 
 
 Afranius, a comic poet, lived about 
 100 years B. C. He wrote some Latin co- 
 medies, of which only a few fragments re- 
 main. — Moreri. Vossius de Poet. Lat. 
 
 Africa nus (Julius), the author of a 
 chronicle, of which a fragment is extanp 
 in Eusebius. He also wrote a letter to Ori- 
 gen, exposing the story of Susannah as a 
 forgery ; and another, in which he recon- 
 C 
 
A G A 
 
 A G L 
 
 oiled St, Matthew and St. Luke’s genea- 
 logies of our Saviour. — Du fin. Fabric. Bib. 
 'Grace. 
 
 Aoapetus I. (pope), was born at Rome, 
 and raised to the papal throne in 5:35. He 
 opposed the attempts of Justinian to invade 
 the rights of the church ; but died within 
 twelve months after his election. — Boivcr. 
 
 Plat inn. 
 
 A*apetus II. (pope), was a native of 
 Rome, and obtained the tiara in 946, and 
 died in 956, having the reputation of being 
 a very holy man. — Ibid. 
 
 Aoapetus, deacon of Constantinople in 
 the^Sth centnry. He wrote a letter to Jus- 
 tinian, on the duties of a Christian prince. 
 
 ■ — Moreri. 
 
 AGAPius,a Greek monk of the 17th cen- 
 tury, who Wrote a treatise on the salvation 
 «f a sinner, printed at Venice, in the mo- 
 dem Greek, 1641 — Ibid. 
 
 Aoard (Arthur), an English antiquary, 
 was borrt at Foston, in Derbyshire, 1540; 
 and held the office of deputy chamberlain 
 in the exchequer forty-five years. In con- 
 junction with sir Robert Cotton and other 
 eminent men he formed a society of anti- 
 quaries. He wrote a treatise to explain the 
 Domesday-book, which was deposited in 
 the Cotton library. Some tracts of his 
 on antiquarian subjects were published by 
 Hearne. He died in 1615, and was buried 
 in the cloisters of Westminster abbey. — 
 W bod. B 'log. Br. 
 
 AoATiiARCinEs,a native of Cnidus, who 
 flourished about 180 B. C. H'e wrote in 
 Greek a history of the successes of Alex- 
 ander. — Vos sins Hist. Gr. 
 
 Aoatiiarcus, a native of Samos, who 
 was employed by iEschylus to paint scenes 
 for his stage. — Phrtarcb. 
 
 Agathemer (Orthonis), the author of a 
 “Compendium of Geography,” in Greek, 
 which was published by Hudson, at Ox- 
 ford, in 1 703. — Fabricius. 
 
 Aoathias, a Greek historian of the 6th 
 eentury, is supposed by some to have been 
 a Christian. He wrote a history of the 
 reign of Justinian, which was printed in 
 Greek and Latin, at Leyden, in 1594, and at 
 Paris in 1658. — Ibid. 
 
 Agathon, a tragic poet, who gained the 
 prize at the Olympic games, B. C. 419. His 
 works are lost. — Bayle. Vossius. 
 
 Agatho (pope), was born at Palermo, 
 and elected in 679. In his tune a council 
 was called at Constantinople to condemn 
 the Eutychians, or Monothelites, to which 
 this pontiff sent legates. He died in 682. — 
 Bunina. Boivcr. - 
 
 A cathosi.es, the Sicilian tyrant, was 
 the son of a potter; and became successive- 
 ly a thief, a soldier, centurion, general, and 
 pirate. — Having defeated the Carthagini- 
 ans, lit proclaimed himself king of Syra- 
 cuse, and at length of all Sicily. His'sol- 
 ditiTS, on. account of arrears, obliged him us 
 % tiunx ku OMnp, and murdered his chil- 
 
 dren, whom he had left behind. Retimf- 
 ing afterwards with a strong force, he put 
 to death the mutineers, with their wives 
 and children. He died of poison, at the 
 age of seventy-two, B. C. 289, having reign- 
 ed twenty-eight years. — Diod. Sic. Plutarch. 
 Polyb. 
 
 Agei.ius (Anthony,) bishop of Acerno, 
 in the kingdom of Naples, who died in 
 1608. He wrote commentaries on some 
 parts of the Old Testament. — Moreri. 
 
 Agelnoth, archbishop of Canterbury 
 in 1020, was a favourite of king Canute-; 
 on the death of whom he refused to crown 
 his son Harold, pretending that the de- 
 ceased king had commanded him to crown 
 none but the issue of queen Emma. It is 
 uncertain whether Harold ever was crown- 
 ed or not. This archbishop died in 10:38. 
 He wrote some religious pieces. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Aoesilaus, king of Sparta, succeeded 
 his brother Agis, and was appointed general 
 of Greece in the Peloponnesian war, which 
 was then raging. He acquired great re- 
 nown by his exploits against the Persians. 
 While he was pursuing the path of glory, 
 intrigues were formed against him, and 
 he was recalled. He was afterwards engaged 
 against the Thebans and Athenians, but 
 was defeated by Epaminondas, who lost his 
 life at the instant of victory. He next 
 went to assist Tachos in his attempt to ob- 
 tain the throne of Egypt, but was bribed to 
 go over to the side of Nectanabis, his anta- 
 gonist. He died on his return, on the coast 
 of Africa, B. C. 362. — Xenophon. Plutarch. 
 Nepos. 
 
 Aggas (Robert), or more commonly 
 called Augus, a painter of landscape in the 
 reign of Charles II. He died in London in 
 1679. — Vertues Anecd. of Painters. Pilkington. 
 
 Agii.ulf, from being duke of Turin, was 
 chosen king of the Lombards in 591. He 
 renounced Arianism,and embraced the ca- 
 tholic faith; but committed great ravages in 
 the ecclesiastical states while engaged in a 
 war with some of the Italian princes. He 
 died in 619, and was succeeded by his son 
 Adalnald. — Univ. Hist. 
 
 Agis III. king of Sparta, was the grand- 
 son of Agesilaus, and began to reign B. C. 
 346. He stirred up several of the Grecian 
 states against Alexander, but was slain in & 
 battle he fought with the Macedonians in 
 the year 337 B. C. — Ibid. 
 
 Agis IV. king of Sparta, was the son of 
 Fudimadas. He endeavoured to reform 
 the constitution and manners of Sparta, for 
 which he was basely put to death by his 
 countrymen B. C. 241. — Ibid. 
 
 Aglionby (John), a divine, was born 
 in Cumberland, and educated at Queen’s 
 college, Oxford. He was made chaplain 
 to queen Elizabeth;. and in 1601 was elect- 
 ed principal of Edmund-hall. He was 
 concerned in the present transition of the 
 New Testament ; and died atlslip. Of which 
 he was rector, m 16 lodged. •£!.— There w«u| 
 
AGE 
 
 AGE 
 
 another John Aglionby, who was dean of 
 Canterbury, but died a few months after 
 his nomination, in 1643. He appears to 
 have been the son of the preceding. — IVood, 
 A. 0. TocU's Deans of Canterbury , 8vo. 
 
 Agnei.lus, abbot of Ravenna in the 
 ninth century; he wrote the lives of the 
 bishops and archbishops of that city. — Mo- 
 reri. 
 
 Agnesi (Maria Gaetana), an illustrious 
 Italian lady for birth, learning, and virtues. 
 She was born at Milan in 1718, and took 
 the religious veil. Her application to ma- 
 thematical learning was ardent, and her 
 progress therein so distinguished that be- 
 fore her adoption of the cloistered life, pope 
 Benedict XIV. appointed her, in 1750, pro- 
 fessor of mathematics in the university of 
 Bologna. Her Analytical Institutions were 
 published at Milan, in 2 vols. 4 to. 1748. 
 They were translated into French by M. 
 Cousin, and published at Paris in 1775. Lately 
 they have appeared in English, in 2 vols. 
 4to. with her life prefixed, taken from 
 Montucla. She died about 1770. 
 
 Ago hard, archbishop of Lyons, in the 
 ninth century, was deprived of his dignity 
 for deposing Lewis the Meek, in the assem- 
 bly of Compeigne, but was afterwards re- 
 stored, and died in 840. He opposed image- 
 worship, and wrote against the belief of 
 witchcraft, and the practice of duelling. 
 His works were printed in 1666, in 2 vols. 
 Svo. — Moreri , 
 
 Agostino (Paolo da Valerano), a cele- 
 brated musical composer, and master of the 
 pope’s chapel at Rome ; died in 1629, aged 
 36. Elis choruses ark spoken of with ad- 
 miration. — Burney's Hist. Mus. 
 
 Agoult (Guillaume d’), a gentleman 
 of Provence, who wrote ballads about the 
 year 1 1 98. — Moreri. 
 
 Agreda (Marie d’), superior of the con- 
 vent of the immaculate conception at 
 Agreda, in Spain, was born in 1602, took 
 the veil in 1620, and died in 1665. She 
 pretended to have received directions in a 
 vision to write the life of the Virgin Mary, 
 which she accordingly executed It was 
 not, however, published till after her 
 death, and was then prohibited at Rome, 
 and censured by the Sorboune, though 
 highly esteemed in Spain. — Bayle. Moreri. 
 
 Agresti (Livio), an historical painter, 
 was employed in the Vatican by Gregory 
 XIII. He died in 1580. — Pilk. 
 
 Agrestis (Julius), a Roman captain, 
 who, when Antonius revolted to Vespasian, 
 and laid in ruins the city of Cremona, ob- 
 tained leave of the emperor to survey the 
 state of the enemy’s forces. Ele returned 
 with a faithful report, but not being be- 
 lieved he put an end to himself. — Tacitus. 
 
 Agricola (Cnaius Julius), a Roman 
 commander, was born A. 1). 40. Elis father, 
 J ulius Cra;cinus, was an orator, and was put 
 to death by Caligula for refusing to plead 
 against Silanus. Agricola was carefully 
 
 brought up by his mother, Julia Prbcilla. 
 He served first in Britain, and on his return 
 to Rome married a lady of rank. Ele was 
 next made quxstor of Asia, and became 
 tribune of the people, and praetor, under 
 Nero. In the commotions of 69, his mother 
 was murdered, and her estate in Liguria 
 plundered by the fleet of Otho. Being in- 
 formed on his journey thither, that Vespa- 
 sian hadassumed thegovernment,he espous- 
 ed his cause. The twentieth legion having 
 mutinied in Britain, he was sent to reduce 
 them to obedience, in which he succeeded. 
 On his return to Rome, he was raised to the 
 rank of patrician, and made governor of 
 Aquitania, in Gaul. In 77 he was chosen 
 consul with Domitian ; and the same year 
 married his daughter to Tacitus the histo- 
 rian. Next year he w r as appointed governor 
 of Britain, whereherestofedtranquillity, and 
 brought the natives to a love of the Roman 
 language and manners. Ele extended his 
 conquests into Scotland, and built a chain 
 of forts from the Clyde to the frith of 
 Forth, to prevent the incursions of the in- 
 habitants of the North. He defeated Gal- 
 gacus on the Grampian hills, and then 
 made peace with the Caledonians. On the 
 accession of Domitian, Agricola had a tri- 
 umph decreed him, and was recalled. He 
 then veent into retirement, and died A. D. 
 93, leaving a widow and one daughter. — 
 Tacitus. 
 
 Agricola (George), an eminent metal- 
 lurgist and physician, was born at Glauchen, 
 in Misnia, in 1494. He wrote a number of 
 books, chiefly on metals and subterraneous 
 animals. He died in 1555. — Melc. Adam. Fit. 
 Med. Germ. 
 
 Agricola (John), a German divine,' was 
 born at Isleben, in 1492, and studied theo- 
 logy at Wittemberg, where he embraced 
 the sentiments of Luther. He acquired re- 
 putation as a preacher ; but embroiled him- 
 self in a dispute with Melancthon,on the use 
 of the Law under the Gospel dispensation* 
 He then retired to Berlin, and engaged 
 with the bishop of Nuremberg and others 
 in endeavouring a reconciliation between 
 the catholics and protestants, but in vain. 
 Ele died in 1566. He wrote commentaries 
 on St. Luke, and a collection of German 
 proverbs. — Melch. Adam Moreri. 
 
 Acricola (Rodolphus), a learned write? 
 of the 15th century, was a native of Fries- 
 land, and was educated at I^ouvain, after 
 wduchhe settled at Ferrara, and taught Latin 
 with great reputation. Here- he studied 
 Greek, and attended the philosophical lec- 
 tures of Theodore Gaza. In 1477 hereturn- 
 ed to the Netherlands, and on visiting De- 
 venter saw Erasmus, who, though only ten 
 years old, he predicted would be a great man. 
 In 1482, Agricola settled in the Palatinate, 
 giving occasional lectures at Heidelberg 
 and Worms. He died at the former place in 
 1484. Agricola was the first who introdu- 
 ced the Greek language into Germany. 
 C %■ 
 
A G R 
 
 A G U 
 
 His works were printed at Louvain in 1516, 
 and at Cologne in 1539, 4to. — Mulch.. Adam. 
 Moreri. 
 
 Agricola (Michael), a Lutheran minis- 
 ter, at Abo, in Finland, was the first who 
 translated the New Testament into the lan- 
 guage of that country. He died in 1556. — 
 JSayle. 
 
 Agrippa, an astronomer of the first cen- 
 tury, was a native of Bithynia. He was a 
 very accurate observer. — Moreri. 
 
 Agrippa (Henry Cornelius), was born 
 at Cologne in 1486, of a noble family. He 
 became secretary to Maximilian I. by whom 
 he was knighted for his bravery in the Ita- 
 lian Wars, and afterwards was created doctor 
 in law and physic. He travelled through 
 various parts of Europe, and while in Eng- 
 land wrote a commentary on St. Paul’s 
 epistles. In 1518 he settled at Mentz, as 
 counsellor of the city, which however he 
 was obliged to quit at the instigation of 
 the monks, whom he had provoked : from 
 thence he went to Cologne, in 1520, and the 
 year following to Geneva. Francis I. ap- 
 pointed him physician to his mother, which 
 post he lost for not gratifying his mistress's 
 curiosity by an astrological judgment. From 
 France he went to Antwerp in 1528, and 
 was taken into the service of Margaret of 
 Austria, governess of the Low-countries. 
 In 1530, he published his treatise of the 
 Vanity of the Sciences, and soon after his 
 Occult Philosophy. In 1535 he was at 
 Lyons, where lie was imprisoned for de- 
 faming the Icing’s mother, his former mis- 
 tress. He was discharged in a short time, 
 and died the same year at Grenoble. He 
 was married twice ; by his first wife he had 
 one son, and by the last five children. All 
 his works were collected, and printed at 
 Lyons in 1 550, in 3 vols. 8vo. — Bayle. Mdch. 
 Adam. 
 
 Agrippa I. (Herod), grandson of Herod 
 the Great, was born A. M. 4024. He was 
 made by his grandfather governor of Libe- 
 ria, where he lived so extravagantly as to 
 incur Herod’s displeasure. He then went 
 to Rome, and attached himself to Caius, the 
 son of Germanicus, who succeeding Tibe- 
 rius, made Agrippa tetrarch of Batanxa and 
 Trachonitis ; to which Claudius added the 
 whole kingdom of Judea, with that of Chal- 
 cis. He commenced a persecution against 
 the Christians to please the Jews, and put 
 St. James the_ Great to death. Being soon 
 after at Cesarea, he instituted games in ho- 
 nour of the emperor, at which the Tyrians 
 waited on him to sue for peace. Agrippa 
 made a pompous appearance on his throne, 
 and when he spoke, his flatterers exclaimed 
 it was the voice of a god, which impious 
 adulation he was weak enough to receive 
 with pleasure. He was immediately smitten 
 with a disorder in his bowels, of which he 
 died, A. D. 44. — Josephus. Acts A post. 
 
 Agrippa II. (Herod), son of the above, 
 succeeded to the throne at the age of sevcn- 
 7 
 
 teen. St. Paul pleaded Iris cause before 
 him with so much eloquence, that Agrippa 
 acknowledged he had if almost persuaded 
 him to be a Christian.’* He was greatly 
 disliked by the Jews, and died at Rome 
 about A. D. 94. — Ibid. 
 
 Agripfa (Marcus Vipsanius), the friend 
 of Augustus ; he accused Cassius to the se- 
 nate, and was concerned in the sea-fight 
 against Antony, by which Octavius ob- 
 tained the empire. He married first that 
 emperor's niece, and afterwards his daughter 
 Julia, the widow of Marcellus. He ac- 
 quired great fame by his military exploits, 
 for which triumphs were decreed him, 
 which he refused to accept. He died B. C. 
 12. — Suetton. Velleius. Patcrc. 
 
 Agrippa (Menenius),wasconsulof Rome 
 B. C. 503. He is celebrated for having ap- 
 peased a commotion among the Roman 
 people, by the fable of the belly and the 
 members. — Dion. Hal. Liv. 
 
 Agripina the elder, was the wife of 
 Germanicus Caesar, whom she accompanied 
 in his military expeditions. He died at An- 
 tioch, A. D. 19. and his ashes were broup-ht 
 home by his disconsolate widow, accompar 
 nied by two of her children. She was ba- 
 nished by Tiberius to a barren isle, where 
 she died A. D. 33. — Tacitus. Suetonius. 
 
 Agripi in a the younger, was the daugh- 
 terof the above. After losing two husbands, 
 she was married to her uncle Claudius, the 
 emperor, whom she poisoned, A. D. 54, to 
 make way for her son Nero. That 'mon- 
 ster caused her to be assassinated, and exhi- 
 bited to the senate a list of all the infamous 
 crimes of which she had been guilty. — Ibid. 
 
 Acuesseau (Henry Francis de), was born 
 at Limoges in 1668, of an ancient family. 
 His father, who was intendant of .Langue- 
 doc, was his first instructor.. In 1691 h$ 
 was admitted advocate-general of Paris $, 
 and in 1700 was named procureur-generai, 
 in which he appeared to the greatest ad- 
 vantage, regulating those jurisdictions that 
 were under the controul of parliament, pre- 
 serving a strict discipline in the tribunals, 
 improving the proceedings in criminal mat- 
 ters, and making several excellent regula- 
 tions; but what he set himself most upon 
 was the administration of the hospitals. 
 After the death of Louis XIV. the regent, 
 duke of Orleans, made him chancellor; but 
 in 1718 he was displaced. In 1720 he Lad 
 the seals restored to him, of which he was 
 again deprived two years afterwards. In 
 1737 he became once more chancellor; 
 which office he held with the highest ho- 
 nour to himself, and benefit to the nation, 
 till 1750, when infirmities obliged him to 
 resign it. Fie died in 1751. His works 
 make nine volumes quarto, and are held in 
 great estimation. D’Aguesseau never pass- 
 ed a day without reading some portion of 
 Scripture, which he said was the balm of 
 his life.— AW. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Aguillon (Francis) a Flemish mathema- 
 
A J A 
 
 A I N 
 
 ticlan, of the order of Jesus, died at Seville, 
 in 16’ 17, aged SI. He wrote a book on 
 spheric projections, and another on optics. 
 - — Moreri. Now. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Aguirre (Joseph), a Spanish Benedictine 
 monk, was made cardinal by Innocent XL, 
 and died at Rome in 1699, aged 69. He 
 compiled a collection of the councils of 
 Spain, in six vols. folio, and wrote some 
 theological pieces. — Bayle. Mrcri. 
 
 Agylee, or AgylieuI, (Henry), was a 
 native of Bois-le-duc, and died" in 1595, 
 aged 62. He translated the Nomoeanon 
 of Photius, and was a profound Greek 
 scholar. — Moreri. 
 
 Ahab, king of Israel, was the son of 
 Amri, whom he succeeded. . He surpassed 
 in impiety all his predecessors, being in- 
 stigated to acts of idolatry and cruelty 
 by his wife Jezebel. He was slain by an ar- 
 row in a war with the Syrians, and his blood 
 was licked by the dogs on the spot where 
 he had caused Naboth to br murdered, 
 ■about A. M. 3138. — 1 Kings xvi, itfe. 
 
 Ahaz, king of Judah, 'succeeded his fa- 
 ther Jotham B. C. 742. At the beginning 
 of his reign, he defeated Rezin, king of 
 Syria, accord’ng to the promise of Isaiah. 
 Notwithstanding this, he abandoned the 
 worship of God, and fell into idolatrous 
 practices, for which his country was ra- 
 vaged by the Syrians. He shut up the tem- 
 ple, and destroyed the holy vessels. His 
 impiety was so great that his body was not 
 permitted to be buried in the roval sepul- 
 chres. — 2 Kings xvi. 2 Chron. xxvih. 
 
 Au AZiAH,kingof Israel. There are two 
 kings of this name mentioned in Scripture; 
 the first was son of Ahab, (1 Kings xxii.),and 
 the other king of Judah. This last was slain 
 by Jehu, B. <2. 819. — 2 Kings viii. 
 
 Ahlwardt (Peter), a learned German, 
 was the son of a shoemaker, at Griefs- 
 walde, where he was born in 1710. After 
 studying at different universities, he settled 
 at his native place, as professor of logic and 
 metaphysics. He wrote “ On the Human 
 Understanding,” “ The Immortality of the 
 Soul,” and “Thoughts on Thunder and 
 Lightning.” He died in 1791. — Scblicbte- 
 gruli s German Necrol. 
 
 Ahmed Khan, son of Hulagu, and bro- 
 ther of Abaka Khan, whom he succeeded, 
 and was the first of the Moguls who pro- 
 fessed Mohammedanism, which gave great 
 offence to his family. A conspiracy was 
 formed against him by his courtiers in fa- 
 vour of Argoun, his nephew, and he was 
 put to death A. D. 1234. — D'Herbelot. 
 
 Ajala (Martin I J erez d’), a Spanish ec- 
 clesiastic, was born in the diocese of Cartha- 
 gena in 1504. He was sent by Charles V. 
 to the council of Trent, and afterwards 
 made archbishop of Valentia. He discharged 
 the duties of his station in an exemplary 
 manner, and died in 1566. The principal 
 of his works is entitled “ De Divinis Tradi- 
 tionibus.” — There were two others of the 
 same; name 1. Balthazar Ajala , of Antwerp, 
 
 who wrote “De Jure et Officiis bellicis, ac 
 militari Disciplina.” — 2. Gabriel Ajala, phy- 
 sician at Louvain in the 16th century, and 
 brother of the preceding. He wrote “ Po- 
 pularia Epigram.” “De Lue Pestilenti,” &c. 
 • — Moreri. * 
 
 Aidan, a British bishop in the seventh 
 century, who was greatly successful in con- 
 verting the people of the northern parts of 
 England to Christianity. He was bishop of 
 Lindisfarnc, or Holy Island, in Northum- 
 berland, where he died in 651 . He was a 
 prelate of exemplary piety and charity. — 
 Biog. Br. 
 
 Airman (William), a Scotch painter, 
 was the only son of William Aikman, esq. 
 of Cairney, advocate, by Margaret, sister of 
 sir John Clerk, of Pennycuik,bart.andborn 
 in 1682. He was designed for the bar, but 
 abandoned that profession, and applied him- 
 self to painting. After studying three years 
 in Italy, he went to Turkey, and taking 
 Rome on his way came to England, where 
 he was patronized by the duke of Argyle. 
 He excelled chiefly in portraits, and died in 
 1731 . — Gen. B. D. 
 
 Ailly (Peter d’), bishop of Cambray, 
 was born at Compiegne in 1350. He was 
 a zealous champion for popery, and pre- 
 sided at the council of Constance, where he 
 condemned John Hues to the stake. Pope 
 John XXIII. created him a cardinal. He 
 wrote several books, and died in 1420. — Mo* 
 rer'u 
 
 Ailred, Ethelred, or Balked, abbot 
 of Revesby, in Lincolnshire, was born in 
 1109. He wrote a “ Genealogy of English 
 Kings," “The Life of Edward the Con- 
 fessor,” and other pieces.' — Biog. Br. 
 
 AiM0N,a French benedictine, who wrote 
 a history of France, to be found in the third 
 volume of Duchesne’s Collection. He lived 
 about 840. — Moreri. 
 
 Ainsworth (Henry), a biblical com- 
 mentator at the beginning of the seven' eenth 
 century. Turning Brownist orlndependant, 
 he left England, and went to Amsterdam, 
 where he gathered a congregation ; but on 
 account of seme difference with his people, 
 he left them, and went to Ireland, but re- 
 turned again to Amsterdam when the vio- 
 lence of party zeal wasa little cooled. He i» 
 said to have been poisoned by a Jew, who 
 had lost a diamond of great value, which 
 was found by Ainsworth, and when the 
 Jew offered him any reward, he only re- 
 quested to have a conference with some of 
 the rabbis on the prophecies respecting 
 the Messiah. This the Jew promised him, 
 but being unable to obtain the conference, 
 he contrived to put Ainsworth out of the 
 way. This story, however, wears little ap- 
 pearance of probability. Ainsworth was 
 well versed in the Hebrew, and his com- 
 mentary on the pentateuch is abundantly- 
 curious and valuable. Dr. Lightfoot is sup- 
 posed to have been considerably indebted 
 to our author’s researches into the writing* 
 of the rabbis. — Biog. Br. 
 
A I T 
 
 A K E 
 
 Ainsworth (Robert), a learned lexico- 
 grapher, was born at Woodyate, in Lan- 
 cashire, in 1660, and educated at Bolton, 
 in the same county, where he afterwards 
 kept a school. From thence he removed 
 to London, and carried on the same occu- 
 pation many years. Fie died in 174,5, and 
 was buried at Poplar. He printed “ A 
 short Treatise of Grammatical Institution 
 but he is best known by his “ Dictionary, 
 Latin and English,” 4to. and 8vo. in the 
 compilation of which he spent twenty years. 
 The first edition appeared in 1736, and it 
 has been since revised and published by 
 Drs. Patrick and Morell. — B'rg. Brit, 
 Airault (Peter), was lieutenant-criminal 
 of Angiers, and was born there 1586. 
 He published, 1. The Declamations of Quin- 
 tilian, with notes. 2. A Treatise upon the 
 Power of Fathers, &c. He diedin 1601, 
 leaving ten children. — Moreri. Bayle. 
 
 Airault (Ren£), eldest son of the above, 
 was born at Paris* in 1567. Flis father 
 placed him under the Jesuits, on condition 
 that he should not be persuaded to enter 
 into the society. This, however, they 
 broke, nor could he get him out of their 
 hands, on which he wrote his book on the 
 Power of Fathers. The son died at La 
 Fleche in 1644. — Ibid. 
 
 Airay (Henry), an English divine, was 
 born in Westmoreland in 1560. He was 
 fellow of Queen’s college, Oxford, of which 
 in 1600 he was elected provost ; and in 
 16Q6 he served the office of vice-chancellor. 
 He was a rigid calvinist, and wrote a few 
 jheological pieces. He died in 1616. — 
 Wood , A. 0. 
 
 Airay (Christopher), a divine related to 
 the above, was fellow of Queen’s college, 
 Oxford, and had the living of Milford, in 
 Hampshire. In 1642 he took the degree 
 of B. D. and died in 16.78, aged 69. Fie 
 wrote a few pipces in Latin and English. — 
 Ibid. „ - 
 
 Aistulph, or Astolphus, king of the 
 Lombard's succeeded his brother Rachis in 
 750. He commenced his reign by making 
 an inroad on the territories of the Roman 
 see. Pepin, king of France, besieged him 
 in Pavia, and compelled him to restore all 
 the places he had taken, But afterwards 
 the Lombard violated the treaty, and again 
 beset Rome with his army. Pepin once 
 more enterpd.Italy to the succour of the 
 pope, and Aistulph retired to Pavia, where 
 he was forced to sue for peace. He was 
 killed in hunting, in 756. — Univ. Hist. 
 
 Aiton (William), wap born in 1731, near 
 Hamilton, in the county, of Lanark, and 
 being bred to gardening, came in 1754 to 
 Lon don to sepk employment. At the re- 
 commendation o( Philip Miller, in i 759, 
 he became superintendarjt of the botanical 
 garden at Kew, which he greatly improvedj 
 and in 1783 he was appointed to manage 
 also the pleasure and kitchen gardens. In 
 1789 hp published his “Hortus Kewensis.’l 
 
 He died in 1793, and was buried in the 
 churchyard at Kew. The king appointed 
 his son to succeed him in both his places. 
 — Gent. Mag. May 1793* 
 
 Aitzema (I.eo), was born at Dorkum, 
 in Friezland, in 1600. He was appointed 
 by the Flanse towns to be their resident at 
 the Hague, where he died in 1669. Ha 
 wrote a history of the United Provinces, in 
 Dutch, in fifteen vols. 4to. of which a con- 
 tinuation down to 1692 was afterwards pub- 
 lished. — Bayle. 
 
 Akakia (Martin), professor of physic at 
 Paris, was a native of Chalons, in Cham- 
 pagne. He translated into Latin Galen de 
 Ratione Curandi, and Ars Medica. He 
 died in 1 55L — Moreri. 
 
 Akakia (Martin), son of the former, was 
 physician to Henry III. He wrote a trea- 
 tise De Morbis Mulieribus, et Consilia Me- 
 dica, to be published after his death, which 
 happened in 1588. There are several other 
 persons of the same name and family, who 
 acquired reputation in different professions, 
 — Bayle. Moreri. 
 
 Akbar, sultan of the Moguls, succeeded 
 his father Heymayunin 1556. He regained 
 Delhi from the Patans, and quelled several 
 rebellions. He also made an expedition 
 into Bengal, and conquered all the country. 
 Next he invaded and obtained possession of 
 Kashmeer by treachery, took the kingdom 
 of Scindi, and was preparing for further 
 conquests, when the attempt of his son Se- 
 lim to dethrone him diverted his attention, 
 Selim made his submission and was par- 
 doned. Akbar died of poison, which he 
 had prepared for another, and took by ac- 
 cident, in 1605.T — Mod. Univ. Hist. * 
 
 Akenside (Mark), an English poet and 
 physician, was born at Newcastle-upon- 
 Tyne in 1721. When young he was lamed 
 by the falling of a cleaver on his foot in the 
 shop of his father, who was a butcher. It 
 is remarkable that he was always ashamed 
 of his origin, though the limp of his gait 
 was sufficient to keep him in constant re- 
 membrance of it. His parents being dissent- 
 ers intended him for the ministry in that 
 lipe, and at the age of eighteen he was sent 
 to Edinburgh ; but instead of divinity he 
 studied physic. In 1741, he went to Ley- 
 den, where in 1744 he took his degree of 
 M. D. The same year appeared his “ Plea- 
 sures of Imagination,” a poem. In this piece 
 he offended Warburton, by asserting in a 
 note, Shaftesbury’s notion, that ridicule is the 
 test of truth. Warburton attacked him in 
 a preface, and Akenside was defended by 
 his friend Dyson, in an “ Epistle to the 
 Rev. Mr. Warburton.” In the next edition 
 Dr. Akenside left out the obnoxious note, 
 As a physician he began to practise at 
 Northampton, but meeting with little suc- 
 cess, he removed to Hampstead, and Mr. 
 Dyson generously allowed him SCO/, a year 
 till he could fix himself in practice. Having 
 obtained his doctor’s degree at CambridgeJ 
 - . 
 
ALA 
 
 ALA 
 
 he was elected fellow of the college of phy- 
 sicians, one of the ph vs’cians of St. Thomas’s 
 hospital, and physician to the queen. In 
 1784 he printed a discourse in Latin on the 
 dysentery, and was in a fairway of attaining 
 considerable eminence in his profession, 
 when he was taken off by a putrid fever, 
 in 1770. His remains were interred in the 
 church of St. James, Westminster. The 
 poem on the “ Pleasures of Imagination” 
 was published in an elegant form, with a 
 
 preface, by Mrs. Ba-rbauld, in 179.3. 
 
 Biog. Br. 
 
 Akjua, a Jewish rabbi, who was at first 
 a shepherd, but at the age of forty devoted 
 himself to learning, and became a precep- 
 tor, in the first century. He joined Barcho- 
 chebas, for which, with his son Pappus, he 
 was flayed alive by the Romans, A. I). 135. 
 He was one of the first compilers of the ca- 
 balistic traditions of the Jews. — Moreri. 
 
 Alabaster (William), an English divine, 
 was born at Haidleigh, in Suffolk, and edu- 
 cated in Trinity college, Cambridge. Pie 
 accompanied the earl of Essex to Cadiz, 
 where he turned papist ; but on his return 
 to England again embraced protestantism, 
 and had some church preferment. He ap- 
 plied to the study of the Hebrew language, 
 and became enthusiastically fond of the Ca- 
 bala. On taking his doctor’s degree, he 
 preached a mystical sermon from 1 Chron. 
 ch. i. ver. 1, Adam , Seth, Enoch. He was the 
 author of a Latin tragedy called Roxana, 
 acted at Cambridge by the students, on 
 whieh occasion a remarkable accident hap- 
 pened: a lady hearing the words sequar, 
 sequar, pronounced in a terrible manner, 
 was so affected as to lose her senses. Ala- 
 baster was also .the author of a Lexicon 
 Pentaglotton, folio, 1637. He died in 1640. 
 — Fuller’s Wurthies. 
 
 Ai.ain (John), a Danish author, was 
 born in 156.1, and died in 1630. He wrote 
 “ On the Origin of the Cimbri,” and other 
 treatises. — Moreri. 
 
 Alain (De l’Isle),surnamed theuniversal 
 doctor, was a divine of great renown in the 
 university of Paris, in flip thirteenth cen- 
 tury; he died in 1294 ; his works were print- 
 ed in 1658, folio. — Ibid. 
 
 Alain (Nicholas), a French dramatic au- 
 thor at the beginning of the eighteenth cen- 
 tury. Plis performances are only some tri- 
 fling comedies. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Ai.ain (Chartier), a French writer, flou- 
 rished at the beginning of the fourteenth 
 century. He wrote several pieces ; the 
 most esteemed of which is his“ Chronicle of 
 Charles VII.” to whom he was secretary. — 
 Ibid. 
 
 Alamanni (Lewis), born at Florence 
 ip 14=95, of a noble family. He conspired 
 against Julius de Medici, on account of 
 yvliich he was obliged to quit Florence ; but 
 \vhen Charles V. took Rome, and gave the 
 Florentines an opportunity of regaining' 
 .tfipif liberty, Alamamii returned to his 
 
 owft country, and was employed in public 
 affairs till the re-establishment of the Medi- 
 ci family obliged him to leave Florenceagain. 
 He finally settled in France, and was in fa- 
 vour with Francis I. who in 1544 sent him 
 ambassador to the Imperial court. He died 
 in 1556. He wrote many beautiful poems 
 in the Italian language. His son Baptiste 
 became almoner to queen Catherine of 
 France, and successively bishop of Bazar 
 and Maion. He died m 1581. A collection 
 of his letters is extant, but in MS. — Moreri. 
 
 Alamos (Balthazar), was born at Me- 
 dina del Campo, in Castile, and educated at 
 Salamanca. He entered into the service of 
 Anthony Perez, secretary of state to Philip 
 II. raid when that minister fell into disgrace 
 Alamos was sent to prison, where he lay 
 eleven years. On the accession of Philip III. 
 he obtained his liberty, and was employed 
 by the duke of Olivarez. After going 
 through several important stations, bodied 
 in the eighty-eighth year of his age. He 
 translated Tacitus into Spanish, and left 
 other works. — Moreri. Bayle. 
 
 Alan, Allen, or Alleyn, (William), a- 
 cardinal, was born at Rossal, in Lancashire, 
 in 1532, and educated at Oriel colLege, Ox- 
 ford, of which he became fellow in 1550. 
 In 1 556 he was chosen principal of St. Ma- 
 ry-hall. In 1558 he became canon of York, 
 but on the accession of Elizabeth he went 
 to Louvain, and was appointed head of the 
 English college. Here he wrote several 
 treatises in defence of the Romish church : 
 and his reputation stood so high as a con- 
 troversialist, that he obtained several valua- 
 ble preferments, but in his own countrv he 
 was considered as a traitor, and a man'was 
 hanged for bringing «ver some of his books. 
 In 1586 he published a defence of the pope’s 
 bull for excommunicating queen Elizabeth, 
 to which he added an exhortation to her 
 subjects to revolt against her in favour of 
 the Spaniards. For this he obtained the 
 archbishopric of Mechlin, with the dignity 
 of a cardinal. He died at Rome in 1594.— 
 Bio Br. 
 
 Alan (of Lynn), so called from the 
 place of his nativity ; he lived in the fif- 
 teenth century, and 'became famous for his 
 theological writings. — Ibid. 
 
 Aland (sir John Fortescue), an English 
 judge, was born in 1670, of the ancient fa- 
 mily of Fortescue, in Devonshire ; he took 
 the name of Aland, in compliment to his 
 lady, who was the eldest daughter of Henry 
 Aland, esq. of Waterford in Ireland. He 
 was educated at Oxford, from whence he 
 removed {o the Inner Temple, and was 
 called to the bar about 1690. In 1714 he was 
 appointed solicitor-general to the prince 
 of Wales, and afterwards to jhe king. In 
 1717 he was made a baj-op of the exche- 
 quer, and next year one of the justices of 
 the court of king’s-bench. On the acces- 
 sion of George II. he was removed from that 
 situation, but for what cause does not ap^ 
 
ALA 
 
 ALB 
 
 jpsar. In 1728 he was made one of the 
 justices of the common-pleas: he resigned 
 in 1 746,^and was created a peer of Ireland, 
 by the title of baron Fortescue of Creden, 
 and died soon after. He was an able law- 
 yer, an impartial judge, and versed in the 
 Northern and Saxon literature. He pub- 
 lished, in 1714, 8vo. his ancestor sir John 
 Fortescue’s treatise on “ absolute and limit- 
 ed Monarchy.” Since his death have been 
 printed^ his Reports. This judge was re- 
 markable for a small flat nose; a serjeant 
 ■who had lost an arm was one day arguing 
 a cause in an awkward manner, on which 
 the judge told him, that “ he appeared to 
 handle the cause rather lamely ;” to which 
 the other replied, “ If your lordship will 
 give me patience, I trust to be able to make 
 the case as plain as the nose in your lordship’s 
 face.” — Gen. B. D. 
 
 Al ank ava, the wife of Doujoun, king of 
 (he Mogols, after whose death she took the 
 reins of government into her own hands. 
 She is said to have conceived miraculously, 
 and to have brought forth three children, 
 which story is universally believed among 
 the Mogols and Tartars .—B' Herbelot. 
 
 Alard, a Romish divine, born at Am- 
 sterdam, died at Louvain in 1541; he 
 wrote a great number of theological pieces, 
 now littlejknown or regarded. — Morcri. 
 
 Alaric I. king of the Visigoths, was de- 
 scended from an illustrious family, and 
 served in the wars between the Goths and 
 Romans till the year 332, when his coun- 
 trymen submitted to Theodosius. He af- 
 terwards served in the imperial army, but 
 being refused a chief command, he revolted 
 against Arcadius. After ravaging several 
 countries, he entered Greece, which he de- 
 solated with fire and sword; but while he 
 was in the Peloponnesus he was encounter- 
 ed try the famous Stilicho, and compelled to 
 retire to the mountain Pholoe, in Arcadia, 
 where he was in imminent danger of perish- 
 ing^ but taking advantage of the security 
 of his adversary, he broke the barrier, and 
 penetrated into Epirus. About this time he 
 was acknowledged king of the Visigoths. 
 1 b 400 he entered Italy, and carried away 
 a quantity of plunder and several captives. 
 Two years afterwards he again entered that 
 country, but was opposedby Stilicho, and af- 
 ter a hard battle lost his wife and children, 
 who were taken prisoners. He then entered 
 into a treaty, and retired across the Po. We 
 next find him employed in the service of 
 Honorius; but he soon entered the Roman 
 territory again, demanding a large sum as 
 arrears wliich were due to him ; this being 
 refused, he advanced to Rome, to which he 
 laid siege; and the Romans, being driven to 
 the greatest necessity, were obliged to make 
 peace with Alaric on his own terms. He 
 than withdrew to Tuscany, where he waited 
 the arrival of his brother Ataulphus with 
 Jhis troops. The emperor, to prevent this 
 jueetiop, collected his forces, and sent them 
 
 to attack Ataulphus, which Alaric regard- 
 ing as a commencement of hostilities, march- 
 ed against Rome, and the emperor was 
 again obliged to make peace with him ; 
 this however was soon broken, and Alaric 
 returned to Rome, which he plundered in 
 410. After this he ravaged Italy, and em- 
 barked for Sicily, but a tempest obliged 
 him to re-land his troops ; on which he 
 took the city of Cosenza, where he died. — 
 Un. Hist. ' 
 
 Alaric II. king of the Visigoths, ascend- 
 ed the throne in 484; he was slain in a 
 battle which he fought with Clovis', king of 
 France, near Poitiers, in 507. — Univ. Hist. 
 Gibbon. 
 
 Alasco (John), uncle to the king of Po- 
 land, was at first a Roman-catholic bishop, 
 but having embraced the protestant reli- 
 gion, he came to Ehgland in the reign of 
 Edward VI. and became paster to a Dutch 
 church in London. On the accession of 
 Mary, he returned to his own country, 
 where he died in 1560. He was a learned, 
 moderate, and pious man, and greatly 
 esteemed by the leading men among the 
 reformers ; particularly by Erasmus, whose 
 library he purchased. — -S; type's Cranmer. 
 Fox’s Ads & Mon. 
 
 Alava (Diego Esquiesel), bishop of Cor- 
 dova, in Spain, in the sixteenth century. 
 He was at the council of Trent, and wrote 
 a book on “ General Councils,” and died 
 in 1562. — Merer i. 
 
 Alban (St.), the proto-martyr of Britain, 
 was born at Veruiam, now St. Albans, in 
 the third century. Pie served in the Roman 
 army, and on his return to Veruiam, he 
 became a convert to Christianity through 
 one Amphilabus, a monk. He suffered 
 death for his religion in the persecution un- 
 der Dioclesian, A. D. 303 . — Bedas Hid. Eccl. 
 Biog. Br. 
 
 Albani (Francis), an Italian painter, 
 was born at Bologna in 1578. ‘His first 
 master was Denys Calvert, who left him to 
 the instructions of his pupil Guido, whom 
 he accompanied to the school of the Carae- 
 ci. Having finished his studies at Bologna, 
 Albani went to Rome. His second wife was 
 a very beautiful woman. She brought him 
 several fine boys, and Albani painted pieces 
 in which his w:fe and children served as 
 models for Venus and Cupids. He was fond 
 of representing the fair sex, and his com- 
 positions on love-subjects are Held in high 
 esteem. He died in 1660. His brother 
 and disciple, John Baptist, was an eminent 
 historical and landscape painter. He died 
 in 1 668. — Be Piles, Hies des Point, res. 
 
 Albani (John Jerome), a civilian and 
 cardinal, was born at Bergamo. He wrote 
 some books in vindication of the papal 
 power, and died in 1591. — Morcri. 
 
 Albategni, an Arabian astronomer, 
 who lived in Mesopotamia about A. D. 912, 
 
 A book of his, on the knowledge of the 
 stars and die obliquity of the zodiac, wa* 
 
ALB 
 
 ALB 
 
 printed at Nuremberg in 1.537, 4to. and at 
 Bologna in 1515.- — D' Herbclot. Moreri. 
 
 Albergati Capacelli (the marquis 
 “Francis), a senator of Bologna, and a great 
 comic- Writer, was born about 1730: he 
 spent his early youth in every kind of dis- 
 sipation, and did not apply to his studies 
 before he had attained his J4th year. It 
 was therefore an uncommon felicity of cir- 
 cumstances for him, that at forty he proved 
 not only a first-rate dramatist, but such an 
 excellent performer, as to deserve from his 
 learned friends the flattering title of the 
 Garrick of the Italian nobility, bits works are 
 perhaps unrivalled for wit, humour, face- 
 tious sallies, and knowlege of the world. 
 A complete edition was published at Ve- 
 nice in 1783, in 12 vols. 8vo. He died in 
 1802. 
 
 Alrergotti (Francis), an Italian civilian 
 in the 14th century. He was the disciple 
 of Baldi,and after exercising his profession 
 as an advocate at Arezzo, removed to Flo- 
 rence, where he received the honour of 
 nobiiitv. His character was so great that 
 he had the title of teacher of solid truth. He 
 wrote Commentaries on the Digest, and 
 other works. He died in 1376. — Moreri. 
 
 ALBERtc,or A l bert, a French historian;. 
 He w'as canon of Aix, and not being able to 
 go on the first crusade, he wrote its history 
 from the year 1095 to 1120. It was printed 
 at Helmstadt ip 1584. — Noun. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Albekic de Rosate, of Bergamo, a 
 lawyer of the 14th century, who wrote 
 Commentaries on the Decretals. — Mor. 
 
 Alberoni (Julius), a cardinal, was a gar- 
 dener’s son at Placentia, where he was born 
 in 1664. Having entered into orders, he 
 became curate of a village near Parma, 
 where he happened to relieve the secretary 
 of the duke of Vendome, who had been 
 robbed. The duke, some time after, enter- 
 ing with his army into Italy, found that the 
 peasants had concealed their corn. The se- 
 cretary recollecting his old host, the curate, 
 near whose village they were, spoke of him 
 in such terms to the duke, that he sent for 
 him. Alberoni not only did the French 
 army essential service, by discovering the 
 hoards of grain, but recommended himself 
 to the duke in such a manner, that he took 
 him to Madrid, where he got into the fa- 
 vour of the princess of Urdus, tire favou- 
 rite of Philip V. At her recommendation 
 he was appointed agent for the duke of 
 Parma to the Spanish court, and did great 
 service to his sovereign, in getting a prin- 
 cess of Parma for the second wife to the 
 king of Spain. Alberoni was presently 
 made privy counsellor, then prime minister, 
 and next. a cardinal. While he was engaged 
 in great projects for the Spanish nation, he 
 was, through foreign influence, deprived of 
 his posts, and banished to Rome. Fie died 
 at Placentia in 1752. The “ Testament Po- 
 litique,” under his name, is spurious.— — 
 JSfowv, Diet. Hist . 
 
 Albert I. emperor and duke of Austria, 
 was crowned in 1298, after defeating and 
 slaying his competitor Adolphus of Nassau. 
 He was assassinated in 1308, by his nephew 
 John, son of the duke of Suabia, whose pa- 
 ternal estates he had seized. — Mod. Ui.iu. 
 Hist. 
 
 Albert II. emperor and duke, of Austria, 
 was born in 1304, and having married the 
 daughter of Sigismond, emperor and king 
 of Hungary, that monarch left him his do- 
 minions of Hungary and Bohemia. Fie 
 died in 1439. — Mod. Un. Hist. 
 
 Albert, king of Sweden, was elected 
 to the throne in 1363, by the disaffected 
 nobles, who had deposed Magnus II. That 
 monarch, aided by Norway and Denmark, 
 endeavoured to regain his kingdom, but 
 was defeated and taken prisoner by Albert, 
 who afterwards fell into the same errors 
 as his predecessor. The exasperated nobles 
 applied to Margaret, queen of Denmark 
 and Norway, who marched into the coun- 
 try, and took Albert and his son prisoners 
 after a bloody battle. This W'as in 1387. 
 Albert was kept in confinement till 1394, 
 when he recovered his liberty on condition 
 of ceding Stockholm to Margaret. He at- 
 tempted again to recover his crown, hut 
 failing, spent the remainder of his life in 
 Mecklenburgh, where he died in 1412. — 
 Mod.- Un. Hist. 
 
 Albert, archduke of Austria, was the 
 sixth son of the emperor Maximilian II. 
 and was born in 1559. Having embraced 
 the ecclesiastical state, he obtained a car- 
 dinalship and the archbishopric of Toledo. 
 In 1584 he was made viceroy of Portugal, 
 and his conduct gave such satisfaction to 
 his uncle Philip II. king of Spain, that he 
 sent him into the Imw-countries, the seven 
 united provinces of wdtich were then in a 
 state of insurrection. Here, however, he 
 had little success. In 1598 he married the 
 daughter of Philip, on which he renounced 
 the ecclesiastical character. In 1600 he 
 was defeated by prince Maurice at Nieu- 
 port ; but the year following he laid siege 
 to Ostend, the capture of which took him 
 three years. At length he was obliged to 
 make a truce with the Dutch for twelve 
 
 years. He died in 1621. Thuani Hist . 
 
 Grotius de Bell. Moreri. 
 
 Albert, margrave of Brandenburg, 
 grand-master of the Teutonic order, and 
 the first Cuke of Prussia, was born in 1490. 
 He was elected grand-master in 1511, and 
 entered into a war with Sigismond, king of 
 Poland, in defence of the independance of 
 that order. A peace was concluded at Cra- 
 cow in 1525, by which it was stipulated 
 that the grand-master should possess Prus- 
 sia as a fief of Poland. Not long after this 
 Albert avowed himself a protestant, and 
 married a princess of Denmark. For this 
 he fell under the ban of the empire. He 
 died in 1568, — Med. Un. Hist. Memoirs <f 
 Brandenburg by the king of Brussia. 
 
ALB 
 
 ALB 
 
 Albert, margrave of Brandenburg, 
 tailed the Alcibiaies of Germany, born in 
 4:92-2, was the son of Casimir, margrave of 
 .Colembach, who, dying when he was an in- 
 trant, left him in the care of his uncle. In 
 •s ,54 1 he took possession of his hereditary 
 estates. He took an active part in the dis- 
 turbances of Germany during the reign of 
 Charles V. against whom he joined in the 
 confederacy formed by Maurice, elector of 
 Saxony, and other princes. He committed 
 many excesses in this war, burning towns, 
 and levying heavy contributions wherever 
 be marched. He was, however, admitted 
 into favour with the emperor ; but re- 
 fusing to yield up what he had taken from 
 the ecclesiastical states, a league was form- 
 ed against him, at the head of which was 
 his old ally the elector of Saxony. A bloody 
 battle was fought between these two princes 
 in 1553, in which Maurice was slain and 
 Albert wounded. He was afterwards put 
 under the ban of the empire, and deprived 
 of his possessions. He died in 1558. Albert 
 was bold and generous ; but arrogant, 
 cruel, and intemperate. — Moreri. Robertson's 
 Charles V. 
 
 Albert (Charles d’), duke of Luynes, 
 was born in 1578. He was a favourite with 
 Henrv IV. who made him page to his son 
 the dauphin, afterwards Louis XIII. Under 
 this last monarch he rose to the highest 
 honours, and procured the destruction of 
 the marshal d’Ancre. After this he ruled 
 the kingdom as he pleased ; so that even 
 his master was jealous and afraid of his 
 power. He fomented the war with the Hu- 
 guenots, and in 1621 laid siege to Montau- 
 ban, where be was seized with a fever 
 which carried him off.. — Moreri. 
 
 ' Albert (Jane d‘), daughter of Margaret 
 queen of Navarre, was married at the age 
 of eleven to the duke of Cleves, which 
 marriage was annulled by the pope. In 
 1543 she espoused Antony de Bourbon, 
 duke of Vendome. In 1553 she was deli- 
 vered of a son, who was afterwards Henry 
 iV. of France. A curious anecdote occur- 
 red on this occasion. The king, her father, 
 promised to put into her hands his will, on 
 condition that during the pangs of child- 
 birth she sung a Bearnoise song. To this 
 she acceded, and when her father entered 
 the chamber, she sang a noted song in the 
 language of Bearn. The king after her de- 
 livery gave her a gold box containing his 
 will, and at the same time threw round her 
 neck a chain of gold. “These are for you, 
 'my daughter,” said he, “ but this is mine!” 
 then taking the infant in his arms, and co- 
 vering it with his gown, he carried it to his 
 chamber. On the death of her father in 
 1555, she became queen of Navarre. In 
 1562 she lost her husband, when she set 
 herself to establish the Reformation in her 
 kingdom, though opposed by the kings of 
 France and Spain. Being invited to the 
 French court to assist at the nuptials of her 
 
 son with Margaret of Valois, she expired 
 suddenly, not without suspicion of poison, 
 in 1572, in the forty-fourth year of her age. 
 She left several compositions in prose and 
 verse. — Bay/e. 
 
 Albert (Erasmus), a German divine, 
 educated under Luther, is known as the 
 author of a book entitled the Koran of the 
 Cordeliers, ridiculing the impiety of the 
 Franciscans, who compare the actions of 
 Francis with Jesus Christ. This was print- 
 ed in German, with a preface by Luther, 
 in 1531, and in Latin in 1542. The last edi- 
 tion of it is that of Amsterdam, in 2 vols. 
 12mo. 1734. He died in 1551. — Nouv. Diet, 
 Hist. 
 
 Albert (Joseph d’), of Luynes, prince 
 of Grimberghen, died in 1758, aged 87. 
 He was ambassador from the emperor of 
 Germany to the French court, and wrote 
 1. “ Timandre instruit par son Genie " 2. 
 “ Le Songe d’Alcibiade,” 1759, Svo. — Nouns 
 Diet. Hist. 
 
 Albert (Krantz), professor of divinity 
 at Hamburgh- He wrote the “ History of 
 Saxony, and of the Vqndals “ A Chroni- 
 cle from Charlemagne to 1504,” &c. Ho 
 died in 1517. — -Voss. de Hist. Lat. 
 
 Albert, of Stade, a benedictine monk, 
 who wrote a Chronicle from the creation 
 to 1256'. He lived in the thirteenth cen-r 
 tury. — Moreri. 
 
 Al b e rt, of Strasburg, who compiled “ A 
 Chronicle from 1270 to 1378.” He lived in 
 the fourteenth century. — Moreri. 
 
 Alberti (Aristbtile), was born at Bolog-, 
 na, and flourished in the 16th century. 
 He is said to have removed a steeple to the 
 distance of 35 paces. He went to Hungary, 
 where he built various works, and obtained 
 the title of chevalier.. — Gen. B. D. 
 
 Alberti (Andrew). He wrote, in Latin, 
 a book on perspective, printed at Nurem- 
 berg, 1678, folio. — Ibid. 
 
 Alberti (John), a German lawyer, wb» 
 abridged the Koran, with notes, for which 
 he was knighted : he published in 1556 the 
 New Testament in Syriac, of which th# 
 emperor kept 500, and the rest were sent 
 to the East : he also wrote a Syriac gram-r 
 mar. — Moreri. 
 
 Alberti (I.eander), a native of Bologna, 
 was provincial of the Dominicans, and died 
 in 1552. He wrote, 1. A History of illus-, 
 trious Dominicans, folio. 2. A Description 
 of Italy, 4to. 3. Various biographical Me- 
 moirs. 4. The History of Bologna. — Vossius 
 de Hist. Lat. Moreri. 
 
 Alberti (Leoni Baptista), an eminent 
 architect, who was employed by pope Ni- 
 cholas V. ; he wrote upon painting, sculp, 
 ture and architecture, and also on morality 
 and arithmetic. He died in 1485. — T iru~ 
 boschi. 
 
 Alberti (Cherubino), an eminent histo- 
 rical painter and engraver of Italy,' died in 
 1615, aged 63. — Pi Ik. 
 
 Alberti (Giovanni), brother of th$ 
 
ALB 
 
 ALB 
 
 lbove,was born near Florence in 1558, and 
 died in 1601. He excelled in perspective 
 and in historical subjects. — PUL 
 
 Alberti (Dominico),an Italian musician, 
 was a native of Venice. He came to London 
 with the Spanish ambassador, and after- 
 wards went to Rome, where he attained 
 great eminence as a singer and a performer. 
 He excelled on the harpsichord, and in- 
 vented a new style of playing on that in- 
 strument. In 1737, he set to music Metas- 
 tasio’s “ Endimione," and published some 
 other line pieces of his composition. — Bur- 
 ners Hist. Music. 
 
 AlrerTinus (Francis), an Italian Jesuit, 
 who died in 1619. He wrote a system of 
 theology, 2 vols, folio; and a book in which 
 he maintained that brutes have their guar- 
 dian angels . — Al v-.imbe de Script. Soc. 'Yes. 
 
 Albertinus (Mussatus), an Italian in 
 the ninth century, who wrote the history, of 
 the emperor Henry VII. and several poeti- 
 cal pieces. He died in 829. — Gen. B. D. 
 
 Albertus, archbishop of Mentz, was 
 born at Lorraine. He entered into a con- 
 spiracy against the emperor Henry V. for 
 which he was imprisoned a short time. He 
 died in 1137. — Morcri. 
 
 Albertus (Magnus), a learned dornini- 
 can, was born in Suabia. He became suc- 
 cessively vicar-general and provincial of his 
 order, and pope Alexander IV. made him 
 master of the sacred palace, and bishop of 
 Ratisbon, which he soon afterwards resign- 
 ed, and retired to his cell to enjoy his stu- 
 dies .His knowledge of nature was so great, 
 that lie was accounted a magician, and se- 
 veral ridiculous tales are told of him He 
 died at Cologne in 1280. His works, in 
 twenty-one vols. folio, were printed at 
 Lvons in 1615. — Moreri. 
 
 Albi (Henry), a learned jesuit, born at 
 Bolene, in Venaissin, and died in 1659. He 
 wrote the History of illustrious Cardinals, 
 1653, 4t0. — Moreri. 
 
 Albicus, archbishop of Prague, who 
 shewed great favour to Huss, and the other 
 reformers, for which the Roman-catholic 
 writers have poured abuse upon his me- 
 mory, He wrote some medical pieces, 
 which were printed at Leipsic in 1484.— 
 Spondanus . 
 
 Albinovanus, a Latin poet, was cotem- 
 porary with Ovid, and honoured by him 
 with the title of divine. There is nothing 
 of his extant but two elegies, which were 
 printed at Amsterdam in 1703, Svo - — Vos- 
 silts de Poet. I.at. 
 
 Albinus (Decimus Clodius), was born at 
 Adrumetum. Fie obtained the command 
 in Britain, and was consul in 194, with Se- 
 verus,who having hired assasssins to murder 
 him, Albinus in reVengO assumed the title 
 of emperor. The two rivals met in -Gaul, 
 and after a bloody engagement, the army 
 of Albinus was defeated, and himself slain, 
 A- U. 197. — Dion Cassius. Herodiart. ■ 
 
 Albinus (A- Postliumius), a Roman his* 
 
 torian. Fie was consul in the year 151 B, 
 
 C. and wrote a history of Rome in Greek, 
 which Cicero has commended. — Yossius. 
 
 Albinus (Bernard), whose real name 
 was Weiss, i. e. White. He was born at 
 Dessau, and studied physic at Leyden, where 
 he became professor in that faculty in 1702 ? 
 after having discharged the same office at 
 other places with great reputation. He 
 wrote several valuable treatises on medi- 
 cine, and died in 1721. — -Moreri. 
 
 Albinus (Bernard Sigfred), sow of the 
 above, was born in 1683. He became profes - 
 sor of medicine at Leyden. His anatomical 
 plates in 3 vols. folio, 1744, 1749, and 1753, 
 prove him to have been one of the greatest 
 anatomists that ever lived. He died in 
 1771. His younger brother, Christian Ber- 
 nard, distinguished himself as medical pro- 
 fessor at Utrecht. — Haller's Bib. An. 
 
 Albinus (Eleazar). Of this writer no- 
 thing more is known than that he published 
 a natural history of birds, a French trans- 
 lation of which appeared at the Hague in 
 1750, 2 vols. 4to — Gen. Bio g. Diet. 
 
 Albinus (Peter), professor of poetry and 
 mathematics at Wittemberg, and secretary 
 to the elector at Dresden. He published the 
 Chronicles of Misnia in 15S0, and other 
 pieces. — Moreri. 
 
 Albezi, or Albizis, (Bartholomew), or 
 Bartholomew of Pisa, a Franciscan monk. 
 He wrote several books, the most noted of 
 which is that on the conformity of St. Fran- 
 cis with Jesus Christ, in which he mates 
 the saint equal, if not superior, to the Sa- 
 viour. He died in 1401. — Morcri. 
 
 Alboin, king of Lombardy, was the son 
 of Audoin. On ascending tfie throne, he 
 demanded Rosamond, the daughter of Cu- 
 rimund, in marriage, and being refused, he 
 commenced hostilities, and having slain Cu- 
 rimund, converted his scull into a drinking- 
 cup. Rosamond also fell into his hands, 
 and Alboin made her his wife. In 56 7 he 
 conquered Italy, and removed the seat of 
 his government to Pavia. But he did not 
 long enjoy his possessions, for having sent 
 some wine to Rosamond in her father’s 
 scull, she caused him to be assassinated in 
 570. — Univ. Hist, 
 
 Albon (James d J ), marquis of Fronsac, 
 and marshal of St. Andre, a celebrated 
 French nobleman, was made gentleman of 
 the bedchamber by Henry II. in 1547. In 
 1550 he was deputed to bear the collar of 
 his order to Henry VIII. of England, by 
 whom he was invested with that of the gar- 
 ter. On his return he commanded at Cham- 
 pagne with great reputation, but at the 
 battle of St. Quintin he was taken prisoner, 
 At the death of Henry II. he was chosen 
 one of the regency. He was killed at the 
 battle of Dreux in 1562. The Huguenots 
 called him “ the harquebuseer of the West. ’ 
 His daughter, it is said, was poisoned bv 
 her mother for the sake of her property. — 
 Movers. 
 
A L B 
 
 A L C 
 
 AlboRNos (Giles Alvarez Cariilo), arch- 
 bishop of Toledo, was born in New Cas- 
 tile. On being raised to the dignity of car- 
 ' dinal he resigned the archbishopric. He was 
 of a very bold spirit, and taking up arms 
 in favour of pope Urban, he brought all 
 Italy into subjection, and then retired to 
 Viterbo, where he died in 1367. He found- 
 ed the grand college at Barcelona — Moreri. 
 
 Alckicus, a philosopher and phvsiciau, 
 who flourished about A. D. 121 7, was born 
 in London, and educated at Oxford. He 
 wrote, Virtutes Antiquorum; Canones Spe- 
 cuiativi ; De Origine Deorum — Pits. Bale. 
 
 Ai.bucasa, or Albucasis, an Arabian 
 physician in the 11th century- He compos- 
 ed many excellent works, and excelled in 
 surgery, and describes many instruments 
 and operations. — Friend's Hist. Physic. 
 
 Aleumazar, an Arabian physician and 
 astronomer of the ninth century. His 
 work entitled “ De Magnis Conjunctioni- 
 Ws, Annorum Revolutionibus, ac eorum 
 Perfectionibus,” was printed at Venice in 
 1526, 8 vo ; and his Introductio ad Astro- 
 nonviam in 1489- — Vo-sius tie Mathem. 
 
 Albuquerque (Alphonso), a Portuguese 
 commander, was sent, in 1505, with a- 
 squadron to India, by king Emanuel, who 
 the same year dispatched another under 
 Francis Albuquerque Francis arrived first, 
 and having restored the king of Cochin to 
 his capital, was joined by his brother. Here 
 they built a fort, and compelled Zamo- 
 rin to sue for peace. The two brothers soon 
 after sailed for Portugal, where Alphonso 
 arrived in safety, but the other was lost. 
 In 1508 Alphonso subdued the king of Or- 
 muz; but he was soon obliged to quit that 
 place and return to India. Here in a rash 
 attack on Calicut he was wounded, and 
 compelled to retreat. Tn 1510 he took 
 Goa, but was obliged to re-embark on ac- 
 count of a mutiny on board his fleet. He 
 afterwards took the strong city of Malacca, 
 and projected other enterprises, when he 
 was taken ill, and died at Goa, December 
 16, 1515, aged 63. His son was ennobled 
 bv Emanuel, king of Portugal, who ordered 
 h;m to take the name of Alphonso. He 
 wrote memoirs of his father’s transactions. 
 He died in 1580. — Moreri. 
 
 Albuquerque Coelho (Edward d’), a 
 noble Portuguese, who distinguished him- 
 self as a soldier, and wrote a History of the 
 Wars of Brazil, printed at Madrid in 1654, 
 4to. Fie died in 1658. — Moreri. 
 
 Albutius Sii-us- (Caius), a Roman ora- 
 tor in the time of Augustus, was a native of 
 Novara, which he left on account of some 
 insult be had received, and went to Rome, 
 but returned to his native place in his old 
 age, .and there starved himself to death. — 
 Suetonius de Clar. Rhetor. 
 
 Albutius (Titus), a Roman philosopher, 
 and pro-prxtor of Sardinia, who for cor- 
 ruption was banished by the senate. On 
 account of Ids -attachment to the Grecian 
 
 language and customs he is ridiculed by 
 Cicero. Fie died at Athens. — Beyle. 
 
 Alcjeus, an ancient lyric poet, was born 
 in the island of Lesbos, and flourished B. C. 
 604. The invention of lyric poetry is at- 
 tributed to him, but only a few fragments 
 of Ins writings have come down to us.— 
 H ossius de Pod. Gmc. 
 
 Alcasar (Louis d’), a jesuit, was born 
 at Seville, injl554. Fie wrote a commentary 
 on the Apocalypse, and other works, and 
 died in 1613. — Bayle. 
 
 AtcHABiTius, an Arabian astrologer of 
 the 12th century ; he wrote “ On ihe°Judg- 
 meut of the Stars,” “ the Conjunction of 
 the Planets,” and “ Optics,” printed at Ve- 
 nice in 1491, and at Seville in 1521. — Bayle. 
 Hossius. 
 
 Alchindus, an Arabian astrologer and 
 physician, some of whose works are extant ; 
 one of which, upon the art of magic, is full 
 of superstition and absurdity, lie lived 
 about the tweifih century. — Moreri. 
 
 Alciat (Andrew), a famous lawyer, was 
 born at Milan in 14924 he was chosen pro- 
 fessor of law at Anjou, and in 1529 he re- 
 moved to Bourges, to discharge the same of- 
 fice, at the desire of Francis I. i he duke of 
 Milan prevailed upon him to return to his 
 native country, where he was created a se- 
 nator; lie died at Pavia in 1550. PIis most 
 esteemed work is his Emblems. He left 
 his fortune to Francis Alciat, who succeeded 
 him in the professorship at Pavia, and ac* 
 quired great eminence in his profession ; he 
 was made cardinal, and died at Rome in 
 1580. — Bhouv. Hid. Hist. 
 
 _ Alcibia des, the son of Clinias, an Athe- 
 nian captain, was the disciple of Socrates, 
 who took great pains to form his mind to 
 the love of virtue, and accompanied him 
 or, some of his military expeditions. The 
 distinguished rank of his family gave him 
 considerable advantages, and tlie vivacity 
 of his temper rendered him acceptable in 
 ail companies. T his led him into extrava- 
 gances, and a love of pleasure prevailed 
 over the charms of philosophy, though he 
 never totally forgot the lessons of his tutor. 
 He early entered on a military life, and 
 gained several prizes at the Olympic games. 
 In the Peloponnesian war, he was appoint- 
 ed to command withLysimachus under Ni- 
 cias, in an expedition against Syracuse ; but 
 while he was thus employed, a charge was 
 preferred against him at home of impiety. 
 One morning all the Henna:, or half-statues 
 of Mercury, which abounded at Athens, 
 were found defaced, and on a reward be- 
 ing offered for the discovery of the offend- 
 ers, some slaves gave information that it 
 was done by Alcibiades and his drunken 
 companions. For this he was ordered home; 
 but, fearful of the consequences, he with- 
 drew to Sparta, and stirred up the Lacede- 
 monians to declare war against Athens. He 
 afterwards went over to the king of Persia, 
 by whose interest he obtained his pardon 
 
A LC 
 
 A L D 
 
 and recal. He then commanded with suc- 
 cess against the Lacedemonians, whom he 
 compelled to sue for peace, and was re- 
 ceived at Athens in triumph. But his po- 
 pularity did not last long : for the defeat 
 of the Athenian fleet by Lysander, the 
 Spartan commander, being attributed to 
 Aicibiades, he was deprived of his command. 
 On this he retired into Thrace, and after- 
 wards placed himself under the protection 
 of Pharnabazus, the Persian governor of 
 Phrygia ; but the tyrants of Athens, dread- 
 ing his spirit and talents, prevailed on Phar- 
 nabazus to murder him. Accordingly, the 
 cottage in which he resided waspet lire to in 
 the night, and in his attempt to escape he 
 was slain, in the 46th year of his age, B. C. 
 404. It is related of him, that while a young 
 man he entered a school, and asked the 
 schoolmaster for Homer’s Iliad, and finding 
 that he had it not, he gave him a box on the 
 ear, saying, that the man who had not Ho- 
 mer was not a proper person to instruct 
 ybutll. — Plutarch et IN epos in Kit. Alcib. Thu- 
 cydides. Xenophon. 
 
 Alcidamas, a Greek rhetorician, who 
 was the disciple of Gorgias, B. C. 422. 
 There are two orations extant under his 
 name; the first printed by Aldus in his edi- 
 tion of the Greek orators, 1518, and the 
 second in the same printer’s edition of Iso- 
 crates, 1518. Cicero notes a discourse of 
 his in praise of death. — Fabric. Bibl. Grac. 
 
 Alcimus surnamed Jachim, high-priest 
 of the Jews, B. C. 163; he obtained that 
 office from Antiochus Eupator, king of Sy- 
 ria, but rendered himself odious to his coun- 
 trymen by his avarice and cruelty. He 
 died two years after his election. — Josephus. 
 
 Alcimus (Latinus Alcimus Alethius), 
 born at Agen in the fourth century; he 
 wrote the history of Julian, and of Sallust 
 the consul under that emperor, both which 
 are lost. An eprigam by him is in Mat- 
 taire’s Corpus Poetarum, 1754. — Moreri. 
 
 Alcinous, a Platonic philosopher of the 
 second century, who wrote an “Introduc- 
 tion to the Philosophy of Plato,” which has 
 been translated into English by Stanley. — 
 Fabric. Bib!. Grac. 
 
 Alciphron, a Grecian philosopher, who 
 lived in the time of Alexander the Great. 
 There was a sophist of the same name, 
 whose epistles give a curious picture of 
 Grecian manners. They were printed by 
 Bergler at Leipsic, in 1715, and an English 
 translation was published in 1791. Lucian 
 is supposed to have imitated him. — Ibid. 
 
 Alcman, of Lacedemon or Sardis, one of 
 the oldest Grecian writers, who flourished 
 about 672 B. C. Some fragments of his 
 poems remain in different authors. He is 
 said to have been the first writer of amorous 
 poetry. There was another of the same 
 name, and a lyric poet, who flourished about 
 612 B . C. — Moreri, 
 
 ALCM-SON,a philosopher of Crotona, and 
 the disciple of Pythagoras ; he was the first 
 
 writer on natural philosophy; but he heiil 
 strange notions, particularly that the stars 
 were animated beings. — Clemens Alexand. 
 Plutarch. 
 
 Alcock (John), an English prelate, was 
 born at Beverley, in Yorkshire, and edu- 
 cated at Cambridge. He became dean of 
 Westminster, and master of the rolls, and in 
 1471 was preferred to the see of Rochester, 
 from whence he was translated to W orcester, 
 and finallv to Ely. Henry VII. made him 
 lord president of Wales and chancellor of 
 England. He endowed a school at King- 
 ston upon Hull, built the hall at the paiaca 
 in Ely, _and founded Jesus college Cam- 
 bridge. He died in 1500, and was buried in 
 the chapel which he built at Kingston upon 
 Hull. — Blog. Br. 
 
 Alcuinus (Albinus Flaccus), an English 
 divine, was born in Yorkshire, and educated 
 first by the venerable Bede, and then by 
 Edwin, archbishop of York, who made him 
 his librarian; he afterwards became abbot 
 of Canterbury, and in 793 went to France, 
 at the request of Charlemagne, who gave 
 him several rich abbeys; he attended that 
 prince to the council of Frankfort. He 
 died in 801. Elis works were published in 
 one volume folio, at Paris, in 1 6 1 7. — Piishs. 
 Bale. Biog. Br. 
 
 Alcyonius (Peter), an Italian writer, 
 who was corrector of the press to Alda* 
 Manutius, and afterwards professor at Flo- 
 rence. He quitted that place to seek his 
 fortune at Rome, where he perished during 
 the troubles excited by the Coluunas about 
 1527. He wrote some ingenious pieces in 
 Latin, and among the rest, a treatise, on ba- 
 nishment, which he is said to have taken 
 from a MS. on glory by Cicero, found by him 
 in a monastery, and which, after copying 
 the above, he burnt. — Bayle. 
 
 Aldsbert, or Adalbert, a French im- 
 postor in the eighth century, who pre- 
 tended to be inspired, and exercised the 
 episcopal function without authority; he 
 was condemned by a council at Rome, and, 
 thrown into prison, where he died — Bars*, 
 nius. 
 
 Aldegraff (Albert), an eminent histori- 
 cal painter and engraver, was a native of 
 Zoust, in Westphalia, where he died^poor, 
 about the middle of the sixteenth century. 
 ~De Piles. 
 
 Alderette (Bernard and Joseph), two 
 brothers of the society of Jesu3, and natives 
 of Malaga, vho lived at the beginning of 
 the seventeenth century. They wrote two 
 learned works, entitled, 1. Origmes Lingute 
 Castillanicas, 1606, 4to. 2. The Antiquities 
 of Spain, 1614, 4to. They were so perfectly 
 alike as to be frequently mistaken for each ,■ 
 Other. — Moreri. 
 
 ALDEEt.MjOr Ad elm, (St.), bishop ofSher- 
 borne, was born at Malmsbiiry, and conse- 
 crated bishop at Rome by Sergius I.; h© 
 is said to 'have been the first Englishman 
 who wrotq in Latin, and the firs; who in,- 
 
A L D 
 
 ALE 
 
 l&khtced poetry into England. The people 
 ■were at that time almost barbarians, and 
 paid little regard to sermons, on which Aid- 
 helm used to entertain them with ballads 
 of his own composing, in which he blended 
 religious subjects with those of a lighter 
 kind, and thus effected a considerable re- 
 formation. He died in 709. — Blog. Br. 
 
 Alduun, the fotinder of the see of Dur- 
 ham. In 990, he became bishop of I.in- 
 disfarne, or Holy-island, which place he 
 left on account of its being infested bv the 
 Danes. Taking with him the body of St. 
 Cnthbert, he went to Durham, where he 
 built a church, and died in 1018. — Ibid. 
 
 Aldini (Tobias), of Cesena, physician to 
 cardinal Farnese; he wrote Descriptio Plan- 
 tation Horti Farnesiani, Roma;, 1525, folio. 
 —Gen. Bwg. Diet. 
 
 Ai.d r ed, abbot of Tavistock and bishop 
 of Worcester, was sent ambassador to the 
 emperor of Germany, and in 1058 took 
 a journey to Jerusalem. On his return lie 
 was made archbishop of York, with leave 
 to hold his former see ; but the pope refused 
 him the pallium unless he resigned the bi- 
 shopric. On the death of Edward, in 1066, 
 Aldred crowned his son Harold, and aftei»- 
 wards performed the same ceremony to 
 William the Conqueror. He died in 1069. 
 - — Jlico-. Brit. 
 
 Aldric (St.), bishop of Mans; he held a 
 distinguished station in the court of Charle- 
 magne, and of Louis the Debonair, which 
 he renounced for the ecclesiastical state, and 
 in 832 was made bishop of Mans. Lothaire 
 expelled, him from his see, but lie was re- 
 stored by Charles II. He convoked an as- 
 sembly cf bishops for the reformation of 
 abuses in the church, and died in 856 ; he 
 compiled a body of canons. — Moreri. 
 
 Aldrich (Robert), an English prelate, 
 was born at Burnham, in Buckinghamshire, 
 and educated at Eton and King’s colleges, 
 Cambridge. He was afterwards appointed 
 provost of Eton. In 1534 he was made ca- 
 non of Windsor, and register of the order of 
 the garter. In 1537 hewasconsecrated bishop 
 of Carlisle, and died in 1555. He wrote a 
 few pieces, which shew his learning. — 
 Bicg. Brit. 
 
 Aldrich (Henry), a divine, was born in 
 Westminster, in 1647. From Westminster 
 school he went to Christchurch, Oxford 
 Where he was electedstudent. Inl681 he was 
 installed canon of Christchurch, and in the 
 same year took the degree of D. D. He 
 wrote, in the reign of James II. two able 
 tracts, “ On the Adoration of our Saviour 
 in the Eucharist.” At the Revolution he 
 was made dean of Christ church, in which 
 station he behaved in the most exemplary 
 manner, and every year published a Greek 
 classic, or part of one, by way of present to 
 the students of the college. He was one of 
 the persons entrusted with the publication 
 of lord Clarendon’s History; he had a great 
 knowledge of architecture and musie, as ap- 
 
 pears by Peckwater-square, in Oxford, the, 
 chape! of Trinity college, and the church of 
 All Saints, designed by him; and the nume- 
 rous church-services and anthems which he 
 composed. The dean was also the composer 
 of two catches viz. “ Hark the bonny 
 Christchurch bells,” and the other, “ A 
 smoking Catch.” Fie held the rectory of 
 Wem, in Shropshire, and in the convoca- 
 tion of 1702 he sat as prolocutor. He died 
 in 1710. Besides the above works he print- 
 ed “ Artis Logic* Compendium,” apd the 
 Elements of Architecture, in Latin. — Bioa. 
 Brit. 
 
 Aldhinger, general of the empire. He 
 was of mean extraction in Luxembourg, and 
 was a servant to some young students at 
 Paris, where he profited' by his situation, 
 and acquired a knowledge of the languages 
 arid sciences. He then went to Italy, and 
 had a place under the cardinal Madrucci ; 
 but being deprived of it, he returned lo 
 Germany, and entered into the army as a 
 common soldier. He was quickly raised to 
 the rank of captain ; and passing through 
 different gradations, was made a field -mar- 
 shal, and was also employed as ambassador. 
 Fie distinguished himself on many occasions 
 as a brave commander, but his avarice and 
 cruelty were extreme. He was slain near 
 Landshut in 1634, — Moreri. 
 
 Aldrude, countess of Bertinoro, in Ro- 
 magna, celebrated for her beauty and mag- 
 nanimity. In conjunction with William 
 degli Adelardi, a citizen of Ferrara, she 
 compelled the Venetians and Imperialists 
 to raise the siege of Ancona. The rising 
 consequence of that port having excited 
 the jealousy of the Venetians and the em- 
 peror, they united their forces and laid 
 siege to it in 1172. The citizens made a 
 brave resistance, but being closely pressed 
 they were driven to extreme exigency for 
 want of provisions. In this distress they ap- 
 plied to William degli Adelardiand thecoun- 
 tess of Bertinoro, who assembled their vassals, 
 and marched to the relief of the Anconians. 
 Aldrude, by her presence and exhortations, 
 inspired the troops with courage; and on 
 their arrival, the besiegers fled in confusion. 
 Aldrude on her return encountered several 
 partiesof the enemy, and came ofF victorious 
 in every action. William, having disbanded 
 his troops, went to Constantinople, where 
 lie was received by the emperor with dis- 
 tinguished honours. — Diet. Hist, des Femmes. 
 
 Aldus, see Manutius. 
 
 Aleander (Jerome), a cardinal, was 
 born in 1480; he taught the belles-lettres at 
 Paris, and afterwards entered into the ser- 
 vice of pope I.eo X. who sent him nuncio 
 to Germany in 1515, and next year ap- 
 pointed him librarian of the Vatican. In 
 the diet of Worms he displayed great elo- 
 quence against Luther, and procured his 
 books to be burnt, and his person' pro- 
 scribed. Clement VII. made him archbishop 
 ef Bnmdisi, *»d sent him nuncio to France! 
 
ALE 
 
 ALE 
 
 He went again in the? same capacity to Ger- 
 many in 1531, where he endeavoured, but 
 in vain, to hinder Charles V. from making a 
 trace with the protesiants. In 1536 he was 
 made a cardinal by Paul III. He died in 
 1 542 . — Bay It. 
 
 Auaudir (Jerome), nephew of the 
 above, was born in the principality ot 
 Friuli; he was first secretary to cardinal 
 Octavio Bandini, and lastly to cardinal Bar- 
 berini. He died of excessive eating in 1 <Jt3 1 - 
 He wrote some pieces on antiquarian sub- 
 jects. — Ibid. 
 
 Augamse (Philip,) a jesuit, was born at 
 Brussels in 1595; he took the religious ha- 
 bit in Sicily, and afterwards became pro- 
 fessor of philosophy and divinity at Gratz, 
 in Austria. In 1638 he went to Rome, and 
 was retained there by the general of his 
 order as secretary for Germany, and presi- 
 dent of spiritual affairs. He died in 1 653. 
 His works are but law, and relate to the 
 history of his order. — Bayle. 
 
 Alegrinus (John), cardinal and patri- 
 arch of Constantinople, was bora at Abbe- 
 ville, in Picardy; he went as legate to Spain 
 and Portugal, and died in 154 O. 
 
 Aleman (Lewis), a Roman cardinal, was 
 born in 1390. In 14 33, being archbishop 
 of Arles, he was sent legate to Sienna by 
 pope Martin V. to procure the removal of 
 the council of Pavia to that city ; and the 
 same pondlT made him cardinal. He was af- 
 terwards president of the council of Basil, in 
 which he opposed Eugenius IV. who excom- 
 municated him. Nicholas V. restored him 
 to his dignities, and sent him as legate, into 
 Germany. He died in 1450, and was after- 
 wards canonized. — Moreri. 
 
 Aleman (Lewis Augustine), a lawyer of 
 Grenoble, born in 1653: he published, in 
 1690, the posthumous remarks of Vaugelas, 
 with a preface and notes of liis own ; he 
 also wrote the Journal Historique de l’Eu- 
 xope, and some other works. — Ibid. 
 
 Alembert (John Le Rond d’), a French 
 philosopher, was born at Paris in 1717 ; he 
 had the name of J. Le Rond, from the 
 church near which he,,, was exposed as a 
 foundling, and being discovered by the 
 overseer of the district he was put out to 
 nurse. His father hearing of his situation 
 was touched with parental feeling, and took 
 fare of his education and maintenance; he 
 was placed in the college of Mazarin, where 
 he composed a commentary on the Epistle 
 to the Romans, which the Jansenists beheld 
 with astonishment. They then engaged 
 him in the study of the mathematics, in 
 which he made a surprising progress. On 
 j leaving the college he went to live with his 
 nurse, with whom he resided forty years, 
 contented with the little fortune which had 
 been left him. His friends advised him to 
 better his condition by studying the law, 
 with which he complied, and took his de- 
 grees in that facility, hut abandoned 
 yrofession* and applied to the study of 
 
 physic. This also he relinquished, and de- 
 voted himself to the mathematics. In 17-ii 
 he was elected into the academy of sciences, 
 and two years afterwards published his 
 treatise on dynamics. In 1746 he obtained 
 the prize-medal from the academy of Ber- 
 lin, for a discourse on the theory of winds. 
 
 In 1749 he solved the problem of the pre- 
 cession of the equinoxes, ascertained its 
 quantity, and explained the rotation of die 
 terrestrial axis. In 1753 he published an 
 essay on the resistance of lluids, and soo» 
 after obtained a pensiou from die king. 
 He next engaged with Diderot in compiling 
 the celebrated Encyclopedic, for which he 
 wrote the preliminary discourse. While 
 engaged on mathematical subjects his name 
 was not much known, but now he became 
 celebrated by works of an historical and • 
 miscellaneous nature, such as his “ Philoso- 
 phical, Historical, and Philological Miscel- 
 lanies,” ,l The Memoirs of Christina, queen 
 of Sweden,” and Iris “ Elements of Philoso- 
 phy.’' The king of Prussia offered hint 
 the office of president of his acaueray, and 
 the empress of Russia invited him into her 
 dominions as tutor to the grand-duke, but 
 Alembert refused both tiiese offers. 1* 
 1765 he published his dissertation on the 
 destruction of the Jesuits. He also publish- 
 ed 9 vols. of memoirs and miscellaneous 
 pieces, and the Elements of Music. In 1772 
 he was elected secretary to the French a- 
 cademy, and wrote the history of seventy 
 of its members, who died between 170(1 
 and 1771. tie died in 1783. D’Alembert, 
 with all his affected moderation and can- 
 dour, was a bigoted enemy to Christianity; 
 and projected with more art than honesty 
 the Encyclopedic as a means of rooting 
 out, if possible, that religion from among 
 men. In this design he was supported by 
 the talents and influence of Voltaire, Dide- 
 rot, Condorcet, the king of Prussia, and 
 other infidels. Unhappily their efforts had 
 too much success in France, as the history 
 of that country "will evince to the latest 
 generation. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. Hutton-S 
 Math. Did. Barr lid's Memoirs of J acebinis rrs 
 ' Alen {John Van), an. eminent Dutch 
 painter, was born at; Amsterdam in 1651., 
 and died m 1698. He painted landscape, 
 bir ds, and still life. — Hcubrahw. 
 
 Alenio (Julius), a Venetian Jesuit. H* 
 propagated Christianity in China with great 
 success thirty-six years, and died in 1649 
 .He wrote several books on religious and 
 mathematical subjects in the Chinese lan- 
 guage . — Mores i. 
 
 Aleotti (Jean Baptiste)), an eminent ar- 
 chitect, was at first a common labourer, but 
 applied with great diligence to the study of 
 geometry and architecture, in which sci- 
 ences he wrote several books. He died It* 
 1630. — Ibid. 
 
 Ales, or Hai.es, (Alexander d’), a learn 
 ed Englishman, who taught philosophy and 
 divinity at Paris, sad died there kt 5 34i- 
 
ALE ALE 
 
 Ke was called tKe irrefragable doctor. 
 
 Piths. D,p in . 
 
 Ales (Alexander),, a Scotch divine, was 
 born at (Edinburgh in 1500. From being a 
 zealous catholic he became as zealous a pro- 
 testant. In 1 535 he visited Fngland, and was 
 greatly esteemed by archbishop Cranmer, 
 but soon after went to Germany, and was 
 successively professor of divinity at Frank- 
 fort and Leipsic. Fie died fli'l565. He 
 wrote several books on theological subjects, 
 particularly on the necessity of good works 
 to justification. — liayh-. 
 
 Alesso (Matthew Perez d’), an eminent 
 painter and engraver, was born at Rome, 
 and died in 1600. Ilis most celebrated 
 performance is the figure of St. Christopher, 
 painted in fresco in the great church of 
 Seville. The calf of each leg is an ell in 
 thickness, and all the other parts are in 
 proportion. — ISfouv. Diet . Hist. 
 
 Alessi (Galeas), a famous architect, was 
 born at Perusia in IaOO. Various olaces 
 aye adorned with buildings of his construc- 
 tion ; but he acquired the greatest reputa- 
 tion by his plan of the monastery and 
 church of the Escurial. He died in 1572. 
 —Ibid. 
 
 ^Aletino (Benedetto), the fictitious name 
 or a professor of philosophy in the Jesuits’ 
 college at Naples, who printed, in 1688, 4 
 voIs ; with a view of overthrowing Carte- 
 sianism, and establishing the systenl of 
 Aristotle. He died in 1719. — Ibid. 
 
 Alexander the Great, was the son of 
 Philip, king of Macedon, and born at Pella, 
 B. C. 355, the same year in which the famed 
 temple of Diana at Fphesus was destroyed, a 
 circumstance which was considered after- 
 wards as ominous of his character. He had 
 great advantagesin his education, beingpla- 
 ced first under Lysimaehus, and afterwards 
 under Aristotle, who appears to have taken 
 uncommon pains with so illustrious a pupil. 
 When young fie discovered numerous evi- 
 dences of his restless and ambitious spirit. 
 Being told that Philip had gained a great 
 Victory, he seemed dissatisfied, and said, that 
 if “ his father went on at that rate, he would 
 leave, him nothing to achieve.” At ano- 
 ther time when his father expressed his 
 surprize that he did not engage in the 
 Olympic games, lie replied, “ "Give me 
 kings to encounter, and I will enter imme- 
 diately.” At a very early age, he succeeded 
 in breaking-in his famous horse Bucephalus, 
 which no one else had been able to manage. 
 When Philip had repudiated Olympias the 
 mother of Alexander, and taken another 
 wife, he gave a public entertainment, during 
 which one of the courtiers, to please the 
 king, observed, that the gods' should be 
 supplicated to grant hirn a lawful heir. 
 Alexander, fired at this, threw a goblet 
 it bis head, and exclaimed, “ Do you dare 
 call me a bastard ? Philip in a rage in- 
 stantly drew his sword and rushed towards 
 Alexander, but being in liquor, fell on the 
 
 floor; on which the youth sarcastically sard, 
 “ See what a general you have got, who 
 cannot take a step without falling!” The 
 kingwas then about to march against Persia, 
 but was assassinated soon after, on which 
 Alexander ascended the throne, and though 
 some of the Grecian states endeavoured to 
 shake off the Macedonian yoke, the young 
 king soon quelled the design, and was ac- 
 knowledged general of Greece. Pie then 
 marched into Thrace, and gained several 
 conquests. During his absence, Thebes re- 
 volted, on the intelligence of which Alex- 
 ander returned into Greece, took that city 
 by storm, and made a dreadful carnage of 
 the inhabitants. He also destroyed all the 
 buildings except. the residence of'Pindarthe 
 poet. '1 his severe example had its effect on 
 the other states, and even Athens, which 
 was the most impatient under the domi- 
 nation of Macedon, distinguished itself by 
 a servile submission to the'eonqueror. He 
 next turned his arms against Darius Co- 
 domannus king of Persia, and in his 22d 
 year crossed the Hellespont, with an army 
 of about 40,000 men. With this force he 
 defeated the Persians at the Granicus, with 
 a prodigious slaughter, after which he 
 made himself master of numerous places. 
 At Gordium, where he assembled his army, 
 he is said to have cut the famous knot on 
 which the fate of Asia was said to depend. 
 While he was in Cilicia he fell into a 
 dangerous fever, owing to his imprudently 
 bathing in the river Cydnus when very hot. 
 In this state he received a letter from Par- 
 menio, intimating his suspicions that his 
 physician Philip had been bribed to poison 
 him. When Philip attended with a strong 
 medicine, Alexander took it, and giving 
 him the letter to read, drank off the potion. 
 On his recovery from this illness, he liber- 
 ally rewarded the physician for his skill 
 and integrity. 
 
 Shortly after this he defeated Darius near 
 Issus, took a quantity- of treasure and a 
 number of prisoners, among whom where 
 the mother, wife, and children of the king 
 of Persia, who fled, ’lhe generous con- 
 duct of Alexander to these princessesforms 
 the most brilliant action of his life. This 
 victory was followed by the conquest of 
 Phoenicia, Damascus, and other places. The 
 siege of Tyre, however, took him seven 
 months, and in revenge he committed hor- 
 rible cruelties on the inhabitants. He next 
 marched to Jerusalem, where he was met 
 by the high-priest dressed in his sacerdotal 
 vestments. On seeing this venerable per- 
 sonage, the hero bowed to the ground with 
 such reverence as excited the astonishment 
 or Parmenio who attended him; when 
 Alexander informed him, that a person of 
 this description had appeared to him in a 
 dream in Macedonia, and promised him 
 success in his expedition. The high-priest 
 then presented to the monarch the pro- 
 phecy o f- Daniel, in which it was foretold 
 
ALE 
 
 ALE 
 
 that a Grecian prince should destroy the 
 Persian empire: in consequence of this, 
 
 Alexander bestowed liberal presents on the 
 Jews, and passed into Egypt, which country 
 he subdued. While there he founded the 
 city of Alexandria, and consulted the ora- 
 cle of Jupiter Ammon, the priest of which 
 flattered his vanity by asserting- that he was 
 the son of that deitv. Darius having col- 
 lected a considerable army, resolved to 
 make another struggle for his dominions; 
 but was defeated at Arbela, and the fate of 
 Asia was decided. This battle was followed 
 by the taking of Susa and Persepolis. The 
 last city Alexander caused to be burnt, 
 at the instigation of the harlot Thais. 
 While pursuing Darius he received intel- 
 ligence of his having been slain by Bessus, 
 whom he ordered to be put to death. 
 Every new conquest only served to increase 
 his ambition; and being told there were 
 other worlds besides this, he is said to have 
 wept, because he could not be master of 
 them. At length he crossed the river Indus, 
 on the banks of which he was opposed by 
 Porus, an Indian prince, with a numerous 
 army, in which were several elephants. 
 The wonted fortune of the Macedonians 
 prevailed, but Alexander was so pleased 
 with the gallantry of Porus, that he re- 
 stored him his kingdom, and entered into 
 an alliance with him. After ranging India 
 he returned to Babylon, which city he in- 
 tended greatly to improve, when he was 
 taken off by a fever in the 33d year of his 
 age, B. C. 323. He had four wives : Barsina 
 the daughter of Artabazes; Roxana, a 
 Persian princess, by whom he left a son of 
 his own name, who was assassinated with 
 his mother by Cassander ; Parisatis, daughter 
 of Artaxerxes Ochus; and Statira daugh- 
 ter of Darius Codomannus. By his own 
 direction his body was carried to Alex- 
 andria, where Ptolemy Lagus deposited it 
 in a gold coffin, which one of his suc- 
 cessors changed for a glass one. Having 
 appointed no successor, his generals divided 
 
 his conquests among themselves. The 
 
 character of Alexander was made up of 
 very great and very bad qualities. He 
 committed many odious cruellies; and he 
 drank to a shameful excess. In one of his 
 drunken fils he stabbed his most intimate 
 friend Clytus with his own hand. Yet he 
 often performed deeds that indicated a be- 
 nevolent mind ; and though he was pleased 
 with the fulsome ascription of divinity, on 
 Other occasions he expressed his abhorrence 
 of adulation and flattery. He had a taste 
 for learning and the fine arts, and had al- 
 ways about him- men of science, philo- 
 sophers, and poets, — Plutarch. Ncpos. O. 
 Curtins. Arrian. Josephus. 
 
 Alexander (Balas), an impostor, who 
 was employed by the Romans to personate 
 the son of Antiochus Epiphanes, king of 
 Syria, in order to take possession of that 
 pngdoan He defeated Demetrius Soter, thg 
 
 lawful heir, but that prince, with the aid of 
 Ptolemy king of Egypt, afterwards gained 
 a victory over the usurper, who fled into 
 Arabia, where he was slain, B. C. 146. — 
 J ustin. 
 
 Alexander SEVERus,a Roman emperor, 
 was a Phoenician. His father, Genesius 
 Marcianus, had been consul, and his mo- 
 ther was related to the emperor Helioga- 
 balus; but though her family were noto- 
 riously vicious, she was distinguished by 
 the purity of her manners, and is supposed 
 to have been favourable to Christianity. 
 From such a parent he could not but de- 
 rive good instructions, which enabled him 
 to resist the temptations held out in the 
 odious court of his relations. Elis virtue 
 excited the hatred of Heliogabalus, who at- 
 tempted his life; which so enraged the Prre- 
 torian guards, that they put the emperor to 
 death, and raised Alexander to the throne in 
 the 17th year of his age. Not long after- 
 wards he was engaged in a war with the 
 Persians, over whom he gained a great vic- 
 tory in person, and on his return to Rome 
 was honoured with a triumph. He next 
 marched against the Germans, who had 
 made an incursion into Gaul, but while 
 there a sedition broke out in his army, at 
 the head of which was a Thracian named 
 Maximin. In this mutiny the emperor and 
 his mother were murdered A. D. 235, after 
 he had reigned thirteen years. Alexander 
 was pious, temperate, frugal, humane, and a 
 great encourager of literature. He was 
 also friendly to the Christians, and is said 
 to have had the image of Jesus Christ in his 
 private chapel. — -Uniat. Hist. Gibbon. 
 
 Alexander Janneus, king of the Jews, 
 was the son of Hircan, and succeeded his 
 brother Aristcbulus, B. C. 106. Aristcbulus 
 had cast him into prison, from whence he 
 was taken at his death and placed on the 
 throne. He began his reign bv murdering 
 one of his brothers; and had a long war 
 with Ptolemy Lathyrus, king of Egypt. His 
 cruelties irritated his subjects, and produced 
 a civil war, which lasted six years. Alex- 
 ander, however, proved successful; and in 
 one day caused eight hundred captives to 
 be crucified, after their wives and children 
 had been murdered before their eyes. Hav- 
 ing secured the throne, he carried his arms 
 into foreign countries, and made several 
 important conquests. Ele died of intemper- 
 ance, B. C. 79. Josephus. 
 
 Alexander II. was thesonof Aristobulus 
 the second king of the Jews. He was sent 
 prisoner to Rome by Pompeyf with his fa- 
 ther, brother Antigontis, and two sisters. 
 On being delivered front prison, and going 
 into Judea, he raised an army, and opposed, 
 Hircan the brother of Aristobulus.but was 
 defeated by Gabinius the Roman general, 
 A. M. 3979, and sent to Rome. Ca-sar 
 afterwards restored him to liberty, in hope 
 that he would be serviceable to him in 
 Syria ; but he again turned against the Ro 
 D 
 
ALE 
 
 A L E 
 
 mans, and with the same bad success. Scipio 
 put him to death at Antioch, by order of 
 Pompey, B. C. 49. — Josephus. 
 
 Alexander, king of Poland. Pie was 
 chosen on the death of his brother, John 
 Albert, in 1501, and died in 1506, aged 45. 
 He was a courageous, humane, and liberal 
 prince. — Un. Hist. 
 
 Alexander I. king of Scotland, succeed- 
 ed his brother Edgar, in 1107. Before his 
 accession he was remarkable for his seeming 
 piety and humility, but afterwards he was 
 as distinguished for his fiery disposition, on 
 which account he was called the Fierce . He 
 was very rigorous in the administration of 
 justice, on which account several insurrec- 
 tions took p'ace,allof which he defeated, 
 and died in 1124. — Buchanan. 
 
 Alexander II. king of Scotland, succeed- 
 ed his father, William the Lion, in 1214, 
 at the age of sixteen. He had a. long and 
 destructive war with John, king ol Eng- 
 land, who invaded his dominions, but he re- 
 taliated severely, by marching into Eng- 
 land, where he committed great disorders. 
 In 1221 he married the sister of Henry III. 
 ©f England, in consequence of which peace 
 was restored between the two kingdoms. 
 He died in 1249. — Ibid. 
 
 Alexander III. king of Scotland, was the 
 son of the preceding by his second wife, and 
 tame to the crown at the age of eight years. 
 Soon after he was married to Margaret, 
 daughter to Henry III. of England, whom 
 he assisted against the English barons. He 
 also defeated the king of Norway, who 
 had invaded Scotland with a large army. 
 Pie was killed in hunting, in 1285, leaving 
 the character of a great and good prince. 
 
 Alexander, bishop of Hierapolis in the 
 •fth century. He espoused the doctrine of 
 Nestorius, that there were two different 
 natures in Christ, which he supported in the 
 council of Ephesus. Ke died in exile. 
 
 Cave. 
 
 Alexander I. bishop of Rome, was a 
 Roman by birth, and succeeded F.varistus 
 in 109. He stands as a martyr and saint m 
 the Roman calendar. He died in 1 ~9.— 
 Platina attributes the introduction of holy 
 water to this pope. . 
 
 Alexander II. pope, was raised to the 
 papal see in 1061. The imperial party op- 
 posed his election, and in a council held at 
 Basil procured Cadalous, bishop of Parma, 
 to be elected pope by the name of Honorius 
 II. After a strong" contest the party of 
 Alexander prevailed, and all Europe ac- 
 knowledged him pope. He carried the 
 papal power to a great height, and most 
 of the sovereign princes yielded to his au- 
 thority. He died in 1073. Platina, and 
 
 Bower's Lives of the Popes. . 
 
 Alexander III. succeeded Adrian VII. 
 in 1 1 59. The imperial party sided with his 
 competitor Victor IV. but England and 
 France acknowledged Alexander. On the 
 death of Victor, in 1164, the emperor pro- 
 
 cured cardinal Ouy to be elected pope, by 
 the name of Paschal III. but Alexander 
 being supported by the Roman clergy, ■ de- 
 posed the emperor, and absolved his subjects 
 from their allegiance. On this, Frederic 
 marched to Rome, and having driven out 
 Alexander, placed his rival in the pontifical 
 chair. At length, grown weary of the con- 
 test, he acknowledged Alexander as legal 
 pontiff. He died in 1 181. — Ibid. 
 
 Alexander IV. pope, was raised from 
 the bishopric of Ostia to the papal throne, 
 in 1254. He claimed a right to dispose of 
 the crown of Sicily, but was unsuccessful. 
 Fie died in 1261. — Ibid. 
 
 Alexander V. pope, was born in the 
 isle of Candia, of such poor parents, that in 
 his childhood he was obliged to go about 
 begging. An Italian monk taking a fancy 
 to him, got him admitted among the friars 
 minors. After studying at Paris, he ob- 
 tained the bishopric ofVicenzia, and next 
 the archbishopric of Milan. Pope Inno- 
 cent VII. made him cardinal, and appointed 
 him legate. On the deposition of Gregory 
 XII. in 1409, the council of Pisa elected 
 him pope. He died the year following at 
 Bologna, not without suspicion of poison. 
 He was a liberal and ijinnificent pontiff— 
 Ibid. 
 
 Alexander VI. pope, was born at Va- 
 lencia, in Spain, 1431. His original name 
 was Roderic Borgia, and his mother was 
 sister to Calixtus III. by whom he was made 
 cardinal in 1455. On the death of Innocent 
 VIII. he contrived by his intrigues to get 
 himself elected by the conclave, though he 
 had then four sons and a daughter by a 
 Roman lady. His son, Cssar _ Borgia, was 
 a monster of wickedness like_ himself. 
 There is hardly a crime of which these 
 profligate wretches have not been ac- 
 cused, and it seems with justice. At length 
 Providence punished them by the same 
 means which they had prepared for the 
 ruin of others. In 1503, the pope and his 
 son attempted to poison a rich cardinal on 
 account of his wealth, when, by a mistake 
 of the butler, they drank the wine winch 
 they had destined for their victim. _ 1 he 
 pope died almost directly, but Borgia re- 
 covered, and was killed some years after. 
 — Guicciardini. Gordons Life of Alexander VI. 
 
 Alexander VII. pope. His original 
 name Was Fabio Chigi, and he was born at 
 Sienna, in 1599. After passing through a 
 variety of offices with credit, he became a 
 bishop and cardinal. On the death of In- 
 nocent X. in 1655, he was elected pope, 
 owning to his affectation of extraordinary 
 piety and humility. He published, m 16 56, 
 a famous bull against the Jansenists; yet, it 
 is said, he was a liberal-minded prelate, and 
 particularly favourable to the protestants. 
 He was an eminent scholar, and an encou-. 
 rager of learning. He died in 1667.- 
 
 Mereri. , 
 
 Alexanper VIII. pope, was born at \ e- 
 nice.ip 1610. He received several prefers 
 
ALE 
 
 ALE 
 
 ments from Urban VIII. Innocent X. 
 created him a cardinal, and in 1639, the 
 college raised him to the papal chair. He 
 died m 1691. — Moreri. 
 
 Alexander, an abbot in Sicily, who 
 wrote the life and reign of Roger, king of 
 that island, which tvas printed at Saragossa, 
 in 1573. He lived in the 12th century.—' - 
 Nowo. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Alexander, bishop of Alexandria, was 
 exemplary in his life, and apostolical in his 
 doctrine. He opposed Arias, who was a 
 priest of his church, and condemned his er- 
 rors in a council. He was also at the coun- 
 cil of Nice on the same occasion, and died 
 about 325. — Cave. 
 
 Alexander of iEgea, a peripatetic phi- 
 losopher, was the tutor of Nero, whom it is 
 said he corrupted by his instructions. He 
 wrote a commentary on Aristotle’s Meteo- 
 rology. — Suidas. 
 
 Alexander (Aphrodisteus), a peripatetic 
 philosopher in the 2d century. He was 
 called the Commentator, on account of his 
 clear explications of Aristotle’s works. His 
 book “ De Fato” was printed at London 
 in 1688, and his Commentaries on Aristotle 
 were printed by Aldus, at Venice. — Vossius 
 de Philos. 
 
 Alexander (Polyhistor), an historian, 
 who lived about 80 B. C. He was the slave 
 of Cornelius Lentulus, who became his pu- 
 pil, and gave him his freedom. He was 
 burnt to death in his house at Laurentum, 
 which so affected his wife, that she hanged 
 herself. He wrote five books concerning 
 Rome ; and various other works of his, in 
 history and philosophy, are mentioned by 
 Plutarch and others. Suidas says, that in 
 one of his pieces he mentions a Hebrew 
 woman named IVfoso, who was the author 
 of the Jewish laws. All his writings are 
 lost. — V ossius de Hist. Grac. 
 
 Alexander (St.), was born in Asia 
 Minor, and quitted the court for a reli- 
 gious retirement. He founded the order 
 called Acemetes , because one of them was 
 always to be on the watch to sing hymns. 
 He died about 430. — Moreri. 
 
 Alexander (Trallianus), a philosopher 
 and physician of the 6th century. His 
 works were printed at Paris in 1548, and 
 at Lausanne in 1772, 2 vols. 8vo. — Friend’s 
 Hist . Physic. 
 
 Alexander, bishop of Jerusalem in the 
 third century, is celebrated for his piety 
 and for his sufferings. He studied under 
 Pantasnus, and afterwards under St. Cle- 
 ment of Alexandria. Being made bishop 
 of Cappadocia, he was imprisoned in the 
 persecution begun by Severus,and remained 
 in confinement near eight years. On his re- 
 lease he was associated in the government 
 of Jerusalem with Narcissus, on whose 
 death he became sole bishop; but in the 
 reign of Decius he was again imprisoned, 
 and cruelly used. He died in 251. He 
 wrote many letters, which are lost; but 
 
 Eusebius has preserved extracts of four. 
 This holy bishop founded a librarv at Je- 
 rusalem, of which Jeromeffiakes mention. — 
 Eusebius. Dupin. Cave. 
 
 Alexander of Lycopolis in Egypt, who 
 was a zealous writer against the Manichean 
 system. It is undecided whether he was a 
 Christian or a pagan. His work was pub- 
 lished at Paris in 1672, folio. — Fabricius, 
 Tillemont. 
 
 Alexander, a Norman by birth, was 
 made bishop of Lincoln in 1123. He re- 
 built his cathedral, which had been burnt 
 down, and enlarged the revenues of his see; 
 he also built the castles of Banbury, Sleaford, 
 and Newark, and founded two monasteries. 
 He diedin 1 147. — Godzvin de Prcesid. Biog. Br. 
 
 Alexander de St. Elpide, archbishop 
 of Amalfi; he wrote a book in the vindica- 
 tion of the papal authority over the em- 
 peror, which was printed in 1624. He lived 
 in the fourteenth century. — Moreri. 
 
 Alexander of Paris, a French poet in 
 the twelfth century; he wrote a poem on 
 the life of Alexander the Great, in verses 
 of twelve syllables, which measure has ever 
 since been called Alexandrine. — Ibid. 
 
 Alexander, an English abbot, who was 
 sent by Henry III. to support the rights of 
 the English nation at the court of Rome, 
 which commission he discharged with such 
 fidelity, that Pandulphus, the pope’s legate 
 in England, excommunicated him, and 
 caused him to be imprisoned; he died about 
 1217. His works are, Victoria a Proteo; de 
 Ecclesix Potestate; de Potestate Vicaria; 
 de Cessatione Papali, &c. — Baleus, Bibl. 
 Brit. Pitsius de Scrip. Angl. 
 
 Alexander (Neckam), an English wri- 
 ter, was born at St. Albans, and taught phi- 
 losophy with reputation at Paris. On re- 
 turning to his own country he was made 
 abbot of Exeter. He died 1227. His works 
 are still extant in public libraries.-»~j5Wir. 
 Pits. 
 
 Alexander ab Alexandrov eminent 
 lawyer, born at Naples in 1461. He re- 
 nounced his profession, owing to the cor- 
 rupt state in which the practice of it was at 
 that time. He wrote a curious book en- 
 titled K Genialium Dierum,” in the manner 
 of Aulus Gellius’s Attic Nights. He died 
 about 1524. — Vossius. Bayle. 
 
 Alexander (William), a Scotch states- 
 man and poet, was born in 1580. He pub- 
 lished his poem, entitled Aurora, in 1604; 
 and in 1607, a collection of tragedies, in 4to. 
 In 1613, he became gentleman-usher to 
 prince Charles, and received the honour of 
 knighthood. Ln 1621, the king gave him a 
 grant of Nova Scotia, which he intended 
 to colonize, and Charles I. patronized the 
 scheme by appointing him lieutenant of 
 that country, and founding an order of 
 knights-baronet in Scotland, each of whom 
 was to contribute towards the settlement, 
 and to have a portion for the same. The 
 number of these baronets was limited to 150 
 D 2 
 
ALE 
 
 ALE 
 
 Sir William afterwards sold Nova Scotia to 
 the French, but the order still continues. In 
 1630, he was created viscount, and after- 
 wards earl Stirling: he died in 1640. His 
 poetical works make one volume folio. — 
 Biog. Br. 
 
 Alexander (Noel), called in Latin Na- 
 talis, was born at Rouen, in Normandy, in 
 1639. He entered into the order of the Do- 
 minicans, and became a doctor of the Sor- 
 bonne. He published a church history, in 
 26 vols. 8vo. in Latin, and the history of 
 the Old Testament, in 6 vols. 8vo. At the 
 close of his life, he lost his sight, which he 
 bore with great patience. He died in 1724. 
 He wrote many books besides those above- 
 mentioned. — Moreri. 
 
 Alexander (Nicholas), a benedictine 
 monk, was born at Paris, and died in 1728. 
 He practised physic, and gave his fees to cha- 
 ritable uses, pie published, I. Physic and 
 Surgery for the Poor, Paris, 1738, 12mo. 
 
 2, A Botanical and Pharmaceutical Diction- 
 ary, 8vo. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Alexander (Nevskoi), grand-duke of 
 Russia, and a saint of that church, was born 
 in 1218. His father, Yaroslaf, in 1227 re- 
 moved his residence from Novgorod to Pe- 
 ryaslaf, leaving at the former place lbs two 
 sons, Feodor and Alexander, as his repre- 
 sentatives. Five years after, Feodor died, 
 and Alexander became sole viceroy. About 
 1239 he married a princess of Polotzk, and 
 began to strengthen hiskingdomagainst the 
 incursions of his neighbours, who drew to 
 their interest Valdemar II. king of Den- 
 mark, with the Swedes and the Teutonic 
 knights. Notwithstanding this combination, 
 Alexander mustered his forces, and proceed- 
 ed to engage the enemy. The battle began 
 at six in the morning, and lasted the whole 
 day, on the banks of the Neva, where he 
 gained a complete victory. After his death, 
 he was canonized : and Peter the Great 
 erected A monastery on the spot where he 
 gained his fame, in 1712; to which, in 1723, 
 he caused the bones of the saint to be 
 brought in great pomp. The empress Ca- 
 therine built a superb church within the 
 same monastery, with a magnificent mauso- 
 leum for herself and her descendants. The 
 shrine of the saint is of massy silver. Peter 
 the Great instituted the order of St. Alex- 
 ander ‘Nevskoi, but dying before he had 
 named the knights, this was done by. Ca- 
 therine Pin 1725. — Core's Travels. 
 
 Alexandrini de Neustain (Julius), a 
 native of Tent, was physician to Maximi- 
 lian II. who conferred several honours on 
 him. He died in 1590, aged 85. Pie wrote 
 Salubrium, or .de Sanitate tuenda\ Be Mrdicina 
 et Mc'd’eoj Annotatienes in Galcnum , life. — Mo- 
 reri. 
 
 Alexis, a Greek comic poet, and uncle 
 to Menander, lived about 383 years before 
 Christ. A few fragments of his works are 
 extant. — Voss, de Poet. Gresc 
 
 Alexis of Piedmont, the author of 
 
 “ Medical Secrets,” printed at Basil in 1536’, 
 and translated into Latin, French, and Eng 
 lish. He was of a noble family, and tra- 
 velled fifty-seven years; but at the age of 
 eighty-two being at Milan, and seeing a 
 poor man expire through the unskilfulness 
 of the surgeon, he was so struck with re- 
 morse for not interfering to save his life, 
 that he became a hermit. When he died is 
 unknown. — Moreri. 
 
 Alexis (Michaelovitch), the son of Mi- 
 chael, czar of Russia, ascended the throne in 
 1645, at the age of sixteen. His reign was 
 disturbed by foreign and civil wars. Hav- 
 ing quelled the insurgents, he entered into 
 a war with Poland, in which he was suc- 
 cessful, and thereby enlarged his dominions; 
 but he was not so fortunate in a contest 
 with the Swedes, who compelled him to 
 retire within his own territories. Hehadalso 
 a long war with the Turks, and joined his 
 forces with the Poles, under the famous 
 John Sobieski, who gained a splendid vic- 
 tory in 1674. He died in 1677, aged 46. 
 He was an upright but severe prince, and 
 was the first who caused the laws of Russia 
 to he printed. He also encouraged the 
 arts and sciences, paid attention to the in- 
 terests of commerce, and laid the plans of 
 those projects which his son Peter the Great 
 afterwards carried into execution. — Mod. 
 U niv. Hist. 
 
 Alexius or Alexei (Petrovitch), son 
 of Peter the Great by Eudocia Lapukin, 
 was born in 1699. When a child, he was 
 committed to the care of the Russian priests, 
 who instilled into him all their barbarous 
 prejudices. At the age of eleven he was 
 put under baron Huysen, by whose in- 
 structions he might have profited, had he 
 not been taken from him by prince Menzi- 
 kofF, who placed about him persons of the 
 most improper description, whereby he be- 
 came vitiated in his manners, fond of low 
 company, and addicted to drinking. Find- 
 ing his associates set against his father’s 
 measures for the reformation of the people, 
 he joined in their complaints, and avowed 
 his intention of restoring the old state of 
 things when he should come to the crown. 
 On this account his ruin was determined ; 
 and after suffering several persecutions, lie 
 was obliged to sign his renunciation of the 
 right, of succession in 1716. Soon after- 
 wards he escaped to Vienna, and put him- 
 self under the protection of Charles VI. 
 who sent him first to Inspruck, and then to 
 Naples. He was betrayed by a Finlandish 
 girl, whom he had long kept, and, under 
 promise of forgiveness, was prevailed upon 
 to return to Moscow, where he was thrown 
 into prison, tried secretly, and condemned 
 to death. The trial was printed by order of 
 the emperor. The public manifesto asserts 
 that he died of an apoplectic fit, but it is sus- 
 pected that he was secretly put to death. — 
 Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Alexius I. (Comnenus), emperor of the 
 
A L F 
 
 A L F 
 
 East, was born at Constantinople in 1048. 
 On the deposition of Nicephorus in 1081, 
 he was chosen emperor by the troops. The 
 greatest part of his reign was disturbed by 
 Wars with the Turks, Scythians, and other 
 powers. He died in 1118. He was a 
 vigilant prince, well versed in the art of 
 government, and attentive to the interests 
 of his people. He was the father of the 
 celebratedAnna Comnena, who has drawn 
 his character in the most flattering co- 
 lours. — Mod. Un. Hist. 
 
 Alexius II. (Comnenus), surnamed Por- 
 phyrogenitus, was the son of Michael 
 Comnenus, whom he succeeded in 1180, 
 under the care of the empress Mary, his 
 mother. Her conduct gave offence to the 
 nobility, and at length an open insurrection 
 ensued, headed by Andronicits Comnenus, 
 who took Constantinople in 1188, im- 
 prisoned the empress, and compelled the 
 young emperor to admit him as his asso- 
 ciate in the empire. The year following, 
 however, he caused Alexius to be strang- 
 led. — Ibid. 
 
 Alexius HI. (Angelus), emperor of the 
 East; he deposed his brother Isaac, and 
 threw him into prison, where he was de- 
 prived of his sight. Alexius, the son of 
 Isaac, escaped, and prevailed on the French 
 and Venetians to espouse his cause. A 
 large army besieged Constantinople in 
 1 203, and the usurper fled wdth his treasure 
 to Thrace. The people then released Isaac, 
 and placed him on the throne. Alexius 
 fell into the hands of Theodore Lascaris, 
 who put out his eyes, and confined him in 
 a monastery, where he died. — Ibid. 
 
 Alexius IV. was associated with his fa- 
 ther Isaac in the government, on the flight 
 of his uncle. He was deposed and put to 
 death by the people in 1204, for endeavour- 
 ing to raise heavy contributions to pay his 
 allies, and to bring the eastern empire un- 
 der the authority of the pope. — Ibid. 
 
 Alexius V. (Ducas), called Murtzuffle, 
 from his black heavy eve-brows. On the 
 murder of the last-mentioned emperor, he 
 was raised to the throne: the Latins, how- 
 ever, laid siege to Constantinople, and 
 pressed it so closely, that Murtzufllle was 
 obliged to escape by night. He was deprived 
 of his eyes by his father-in-law, to whom 
 he fled for refuge; and, aft^r rambling 
 about as a mendicant, he wasleized by the 
 Latins, who cast him from the top of Theo- 
 dosius’s pillar, by which he was dashed 
 to pieces. — Mod. Un. Hist. 
 
 Aj.eyn' Charles), an English poet, was 
 educated at Sidney-college, Cambridge, and 
 became usher to Thomas Farnaby, in Lon- 
 don ; he was afterwards tutor to the son of 
 Edward Sherburne, esq. and died in 1640. 
 He wrote two poems on thebattles of Cressy 
 and Poictiers, and some other pieces. — Biog. 
 Brit. 
 
 Aleenus Varus (Publius), a native of 
 Cremona, who from being a shoemaker 
 became an advocate* and at length consul ; 
 
 he wrote forty books of digests, and some 
 collections, cited by Aldus Gellius. Horace 
 mentions him in his third satire, and Vir- 
 gil speaks of his conduct towards him 
 with gratitude. He is not to be confounded 
 with another of this name, who was captain 
 of the guards to Vitellius, — Moreri. 
 
 Ai.ford (Michael), an English jesuit, 
 was born in London in 1587; he studied 
 in Spain and at Rome, and was sent by his 
 societvas a missionary to England, where 
 he resided above thirty years. He died at 
 St. Omers in 1652. He wrote “ Britannia 
 Illustrata,” and “ AnnalesEcclesiastici Bri- 
 tannorum,” &c. — Moreri. 
 
 Alfkaganus, an Arabian astronomer, 
 who lived about the year 883; he wrote an 
 introduction to astronomy, which was 
 printed by Golius, at Amsterdam, 1669. — 
 Golius in Prafat. Alfrcig. 
 
 Alfred or Af.lfred the Great, the 
 youngest son of Ethelwoif,king ofthe West 
 Saxons, was born at Wantage, in Berkshire, 
 in 849. At the age of five years he was 
 sent to Rome, and the pope anointed him 
 with the royal unction. Ethelwolf died in 
 858, leaving his dominionsto Ethelbaldand 
 Ethelbert, and his personal estate to his 
 ounger sons, Ethelred and Alfred, Ethel- 
 ald did not long survive his father, and was 
 succeeded by Ethelbert; but he dying in 
 866, left the throne to Ethelred, who made 
 Alfred his prime-minister and general of 
 his armies. Ethelred dying in 871, Alfred 
 found himself, at the age of 22, in posses- 
 sion of a distracted kingdom. After several 
 actions with the Danes, his followers were 
 so dispirited, that he found himself unable 
 to make head against the invaders, where- 
 fore laying aside the ensigns of royalty, he 
 concealed himself in the cottage of one of 
 his herdsmen. One day as he sat by the 
 fire trimming his bow and arrows, his 
 hostess left in his care some cakes, which 
 were placed on the earth to be baked. 
 Alfred, however, was so intent upon his 
 employment as to suffer the cakes to be 
 burned ; and when the woman returned she 
 scolded him heartily, saying, “he could eat 
 the cakes fast enough, though he would not 
 take the trouble of looking after them.” 
 He afterwards retired to the Isle of Athel- 
 ney, in Somersetshire, with a few followers, 
 and there received information that Odun, 
 earl of Devon, had obtained a great victorv 
 over the Danes, in Devonshire, and had 
 taken their magical standard. On this, Al- 
 fred is said to have disguised himself as a 
 harper, and entered the Danish camp,whdre 
 his skill was so much admired that he re- 
 mained a considerable time, and was ad- 
 mitted to play before the chiefs. Having 
 gained a knowledge of the state of the 
 enemy, he directed his nobles to collect 
 their vassals, and to meet him at Sehvood, 
 in Wiltshire, which was done so secretly, 
 that the Danes were surprised at Edding- 
 ton, and completely defeated. Alfred be- 
 haved with great liberality on this oc- 
 
A L F A L G 
 
 ea»ion, giving up the kingdom of the 
 East Angles to those of the Danes who 
 embraced the Christian religion. Having 
 some respite, he put his kingdom into a state 
 of defence, and increased his navy; and 
 having recovered London from the Danes, 
 he soon brought it into a flourishing state. 
 After a rest of somevears, an immense num- 
 ber of Danish forces landed in Kent; on 
 which those who were settled in North- 
 umberland broke their treaty, and fitting 
 out two fleets sailed round the coast, and 
 committed great ravages. They were, how- 
 ever, soon defeated by Alfred, who caused 
 several of the pirates to be executed at Win- 
 chester as an example. Thus he secured the 
 peace of his dominions, and struck terror 
 into his enemies, after fifty-six battles by 
 land and sea, in all of which he was per- 
 sonally engaged. But what makes him most 
 an object of admiration, is his character as a 
 reformer of laws and manners, and the pro- 
 moter of learning. He composed a body of 
 statutes, instituted the trial by jury, and 
 divided the kingdom into shires and tith- 
 ings. He was so exact in his government 
 that robbery was unheard of, and valuable 
 goods might be left on the high-road with- 
 out danger of being meddled with. He 
 also formed a parliament, which met in 
 London twice a year. The state of learn- 
 ing in his time was so low in England, that 
 from the Thames to the Humber hardly a 
 man could be found who understood Latin. 
 T o remedy this evil, he invited learned men 
 from all parts, and endowed schools 
 throughout his kingdom; and if he was 
 not the founder of the university of Ox- 
 ford, certain it is he raised it to a re- 
 putation which it never enjoyed before; 
 and among other acts of munificence to 
 that eminent seat of learning, he founded 
 University-college. He was himself a learn- 
 ed.prince, and composed several works, and 
 translated others from the Latin, particu- 
 larly Boetius’s Consolations of Philosophy. 
 He divided the twenty-four hours into three 
 equal parts, one devoted to the service of 
 God, another to public affairs, and the 
 third to refreshment. To Alfred, also, Eng- 
 land is indebted for the foundation of her 
 naval establishment, and he was the first 
 who sent out ships to make the discovery 
 of a north-east passage. In private life he 
 was benevolent, pious, cheerful, and affa- 
 ble; and his person was amiable, dignified, 
 and engaging. He died in 901, aged fifty- 
 three. By his queen Elswitha, Afred had 
 two sons and three daughters. He was suc- 
 ceeded by Edward his second son, com- 
 monly called Edward the Elder. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Alfred or Alured, the son of Ethel- 
 red the Unready, by Emma, daughter of 
 Richard I. duke of Normandv, born A. D. 
 1 003. The ravages of the Danes induced his fa- 
 ther to send him with his brother, afterward 
 Edward the Confessor, to Normandy, where 
 they were educated. On the deatji of Ca- 
 
 nute he landed in England with a chosen 
 band of Normans, and would have succeed- 
 ed in dethroning Harold, surnamed Hare- 
 foot , if it had not been for the treachery of 
 earl Godwin. Alfred was taken prisoner, 
 and his eyes were put out ; after which he 
 was confined in the monastery at Ely, where 
 he died, or rather was murdered, about 
 1037. — 'Bog- Br. 
 
 Alfred, an English prelate in the tenth 
 century, was a benedictine in the abbey of 
 Malmesbury, of which he became abbot, 
 and afterwards bishop of Exeter. He was 
 esteemed the most learned man of his age, 
 and wrote, 1. De Naturis Rerum. 2. The 
 Life of Adelmus. 3. The History of the 
 Abbey of Malmesbury. — Pits. 
 
 Alfred, surnamed the Philosopher, an 
 Englishman of the 13th century, who was 
 greatly esteemed at Rome, where he served 
 the cardinal Ottoboni, whom he attended 
 to England on his being appointed legate. 
 He died about 1270. He left five books on 
 the Consolations of Boethius, four upon the 
 Meteors of Aristotle, and one upon vegeta- 
 bles. — Leland. Bale. Pits. 
 
 Alfride or Elfrid, the illegitimate son 
 of Oswy,king of Northumberland, on whose 
 death fie was violently persecuted by Eg- 
 frid his brother; and to avoid his violence 
 he retired to Ireland, or, according to others, 
 to Scotland, where he led a philosophical 
 life. His brother, however, followed him 
 with implacable malice, and waged war 
 with those who granted him an asylum. 
 In this contest Egfrid was slain, on which 
 the Northumbrians elected Alfride to the 
 vacant throne in 636. He greatly endeared 
 himself to his subjects, and was a liberal 
 encourager of literature, being himself a 
 learned prince. He died in 705. — Be da Hist. 
 Eccles. Biog. Br. 
 
 Algardi (Alexander), a painter and 
 sculptor of Bologna. He studied under 
 Lewis Carrachi, and died at Rome in 1645. 
 There is in the church of St. Peter of the 
 Vatican a fine bas-relief by him, represent- 
 ing St. Leo appearing before Attila ; and 
 at Bologna, a group of the beheading of 
 St. Paul. — Mnreri. 
 
 Algarotti (Francis), a polite writer, 
 was born at Padua in 1712. He received a 
 liberal education, and then visited different 
 countries; he was at Paris in 1733, where 
 he composed his Newtonianism for the La- 
 dies. After making a long stay in France 
 he came to England, and then went to Ger- 
 many. Frederic, king of Prussia, made him 
 chevalier of the order of merit, created 
 him a count, and appointed him his cham- 
 berlain. The king of Poland also highly 
 esteemed him, and gave him the title of 
 privy counsellor of the affairs of war. The 
 count died at Pisa in 1764 ; his works were 
 published in Italian at Leghorn, 1765, in 
 4 vols. 8vo. and afterwards translated into 
 French, in 8 vols. 8vo. Algarotti was a man 
 pf lively but superficial genius, and though 
 
A L I 
 
 Ills writings shew a tastefor the finearts,they 
 convey little information. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 AlgaZil, an Arabian writer anti hermit 
 of the 12th century, was born at Thous, a 
 city of Chorassan. I’he work by which he 
 is most known, is on the different branches 
 of science that relate to religion. — Pocock's 
 Specimen Hist. Arab. 
 
 Alhazen, an Arabian mathematician, 
 flourished about 1100. He wrote a large 
 treatise on optics, and other works. — Possius 
 de Mathcm. 
 
 Ali, the cousin and son-in-law of Mo- 
 hammed, whomhe ought to have succeeded, 
 but being successfully opposed by Omar and 
 Othrnan, he raised a sect of his own, and 
 gained many followers. On the death of 
 Othmond he was declared caliph in 655, but 
 in 669 he was assassinated in a mosque. He 
 had nine wives, by whom he had fourteen 
 sons and eighteen daughters. — D'Herbelot. 
 
 An Beg, first dragoman or interpreter 
 to the grand-signior, was born in Poland 
 of Christian parents, but being taken pri- 
 soner by the Tartars when a child, and sold 
 to the Turks, he was brought up in the 
 Mahometan faith. He understood English, 
 and translated the catechism of the church 
 of England, and all the Bible, into the Turk- 
 ish language. His greatest work is a book 
 on the Liturgy of the Turks, their pil- 
 grimages to Mecca, &c. translated into La- 
 tin by Dr. Smith. He died in 1675. — Bayle. 
 
 Ali Bey, an adventurer, was born in 
 Natolia in 1728. When young, he was taken 
 by robbers, and conveyed to Grand Cairo, 
 where he was bought by Ibrahim, lieute- 
 nant of the janisaries, who entered him 
 among the mamelukes. For his gallantry 
 against the Arabs he was created a bey. In 
 1758his patron wasmurderedbythepartyof 
 Ibrahim the Circassian. In 1763 he at- 
 tained the dignity of scheik-ecbalad, which 
 is the first in the republic, and soon after 
 slew Ibrahim, to revenge the murder of his 
 master. This raised against him a host of 
 enemies who obliged him to fly to Acre, 
 where he was protected by the scheik Daher, 
 In 1766 he was recalled by the people, and 
 after taking vengeance of his enemies, he 
 declared war against the Arabs, in which 
 he was successful. Egypt now began to re- 
 vive; agriculture flourished, and that rich 
 country seemed to bid fair to recover its 
 former splendour. In 1768 war broke out 
 between the Turks and the Russians, and 
 Ali sent 12,000 men to serve in the Otto- 
 man army. His enemies reported at Con- 
 stantinople that these troops were designed 
 to assist the Russians, in consequence of 
 which a capigi, and four attendants, were 
 sent to take olF his head. Ali being in- 
 formed of this seized the messengers, and 
 put them to death. The Egyptians then 
 declared war against the Porte, and for a 
 time preserved their independance,and ob- 
 tained several conquests. At last his prin- 
 cipal commanders revolted with their 
 
 ALL 
 
 troops, and in a battle which took place 
 between Ali and the malcontents, he was 
 taken prisoner, and died of his wounds, in 
 1 773. His object was to restore the freedom 
 of Egypt ; and had the people possessed a 
 similar spirit, the Turkish yoke would have 
 been broken, and they again have occupied 
 a place in the scale of nations . — Volneys 
 Travels in Egypt. 
 
 Alim entu s (Cincius), a Roman historian, 
 flourished about 150 years B. C. Livy 
 gives him a great character, but none of 
 his works are come down to us. He wrote 
 the history of Hannibal, and of Gorgias of 
 Leontium. — Voss, de Hist. Grose. 
 
 Alipus, bishop of Tagaste, in Africa, 
 was the countryman and intimate friend of 
 St. Augustine. Like him he was for a time 
 a zealous Manichee, and accompanied him 
 to Rome, where he studied the law, and 
 had some considerable employments. On 
 embracing the Christian religion he was 
 baptized at Milan by St. Ambrose on the 
 same day with his friend Augustine. He 
 afterwards went to Palestine, and on his 
 return to Africa was chosen bishop of Ta- 
 gaste in 394 ; he assisted at several coun- 
 cils, particularly that of Carthage, where 
 he opposed the Donatists. He died in 430. 
 — Augustin. Conf. Du pin. 
 
 Alkmaar (Henry d’), a German poet of 
 the 15th century; he wrote a satire called 
 the Fable of Reynard, which has been trans- 
 lated into several languages. It is however 
 asserted by credible authors that Alkmaar 
 is only a fictitious name assumed by Ni- 
 cholas" Baumann, a Frieslancler, who died in 
 1 503. — Nowv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Allainvai. (Leonor Soulasd’),a French, 
 abbe and poet, was born at Chartres ; he 
 wrote several comedies, and some operas, 
 which were well received. He died of the 
 palsyin the Hotel Dieu, at Paris, in 1753. — 
 Ibid. 
 
 Allias (Denys Varaisse d’), a French 
 writer, was born at Allias, in Languedoc. 
 In 1665 he served in the English navy under 
 the duke of York, and on his return to 
 France taught the English language. He 
 wrote a French and English Grammar, and 
 a political romance, entitled “ The History 
 of Severambia,” printed first in 1677, 2 vols. 
 12mo. — Ibid. 
 
 Ai.lam (Andrew), an English divine, 
 was born at Garsingdon, in Oxfordshire, in 
 1 655 ; he was educated at Edmund-hall, of 
 which he became vice-principal. He died 
 in 1685. He published a translation of the 
 life of Iphierates,in8vo. and assisted Wood in 
 compiling his AthenxOxonienses. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Allard (Guy), a French writer, who is 
 principally known by numerous works 
 upon the genealogical history of Dauphiny ; 
 he is also the author of a romance, entitled 
 “ The amorous History of Prince Zimin.” 
 He died in 1715. — Moreri. 
 
 Allatius (Leo), was born in the isle 6f 
 Scio is 1586 ; he was educated first in Cals' 
 
A. L I 
 
 A L I 
 
 bri.i, and lastly at Rome, where he taught 
 the belles-lettres; he was appointed keeper 
 of tiie Vatican library by Alexander VII. 
 who once asked him, “ why lie did not enter 
 into orders ?” “ because,” replied Allatius, 
 
 “ I would be at liberty to marry.” “ Well 
 then, ' replied his holiness, “ why don’t you 
 marry ?” Because,” answered he “ I 
 would be free to take orders.” He pub- 
 lished several MSS. some translations of 
 Greek authors, and various pieces of his 
 own, in which he is said to have shewn 
 more learning than judgment. He died at 
 Rome in 1669, aged 83. — Moreri. 
 
 Allkctus was prefect in Britain to the 
 emperor Carausius, whom he murdered in 
 294, and seized the imperial crown. He was 
 defeated and slain by the Roman' general 
 Asclepiodotus in 297. — Ibid. 
 
 Allegrain (Christopher Gabriel), an 
 eminent French sculptor; his principal 
 works are the figure of a young man, for 
 which he was admitted into the academy, a 
 Venus, and a Diana. His father and grand- 
 father were both members of the academy 
 of painting ; his manners were simple, and 
 his temper exceedingly modest. He died 
 in 1795. — Nouv..Dict. 
 
 Allegri, see Cgrregio. 
 
 Allegri (Gregorio), a celebrated musical 
 composer ; his compositions are still retain- 
 ed in the pontifical chapel. The chief is 
 the “ Miserere,” which is always sung on 
 Good Friday. Clement XIV. sent a magnifi- 
 cent copy of it to our present king in 1773. 
 Allegri died in 1 672. — Burney's Hist. Mus. 
 
 Ali.ein (Richard) a nonconformist divine, 
 vv,,s born in 1611, at Ditchet, in Somerset- 
 shire, of which place his father was rector. 
 Fie was educated at Oxford, where he took 
 the degree of M. A. and afterwards became 
 curate to his father. In 1641 he obtained 
 the living of Batcomb, in Somersetshire, and 
 was made assistant to the commissioners for 
 ejecting scandalous ministers. At the Resto- 
 ration he was turned out for nonconformi- 
 ty: after which he settled atFrome Selwood, 
 where he preached privately till his death, 
 in 1684. His writings on practical divinity 
 have been very useful. — Caiumys Account of 
 ej. r Minsters. 
 
 All Kit. (William), son of the above, took 
 his degrees in arts in Corpus Christi college 
 ( ■ f rd; after which he settled at Biandford 
 in Dorsetshire, from whence he was ejected 
 for nonconformity. He died in 1677. He 
 wrote a curious book on the millennium, 
 and some other theological works. — Calamy. 
 
 Allein (Joseph), a nonconformist mi- 
 nister, was born at Devizes, in Wiltshire, in 
 1533, He was first placed in Lincoln-col- 
 lege, Oxford, from whence he removed in 
 1651, to Corpus Christi college, where he 
 took his degree of B. A. In 1655 he be- 
 came curate of Taunton. In 1662 he was 
 ejected for nonconformity, but continued 
 to preach privately, for which he was im- 
 prisoned. He died at Bath in 1668. His 
 10 
 
 book entitled, “ An Alarm to unconverted 
 Shulers,” has gone through numerous edit 
 tions. — Life by Baxter. 
 
 Allen (John), archbishop of Dublin, was 
 educated at Oxford, but took his degree of 
 LL. B. at Cambridge. Archbishop Warham 
 sent him on a commission to the pope, and 
 he continued at Rome nine years. On 
 his return he was appointed chaplain to 
 Wolsey, and was judge of his court, as le- 
 gate a latere, in which office he committed 
 many dishonest acts. In 1528 he was made 
 archbishop of Dublin, and chancellor of Ire- 
 land. He was cruelly murdered by Tho- 
 mas Fitzgerald, son of the earl of Kildare, 
 in 1534 .~Biog.Br. 
 
 Allen (Thomas), a divine, was born in 
 1573, and educated at the king’s school at 
 Worcester, from whence he went to Brasen- 
 nose college, Oxford. He was admitted 
 probationer fellow of Merton in 1593, and 
 soon after entered into orders. By the in- 
 terest of sir Henry Savalje, he got a fellow- 
 ship in Eton-college. He Was a laborious 
 scholar, and wrote Observationes inlibellum 
 Chrysostom! in Esaiam. He died in 1633. — 
 Blog. Be. 
 
 Allen (Thomas), a mathematician, was 
 born at Uttoxeter, in Staffbrdsliire, in 1542. 
 He was of Trinity-college, Oxford, and took 
 his degree of M. A. in 1567. In 1570 he re- 
 moved to Gloucester-hall, where he devoted 
 himself to the study of the mathematics. 
 Robert, earl of Leicester, would have pro- 
 curedhim a bishopric, 'but he declined theof- 
 fer through his love of retirement and study. 
 That nobleman placed so much confidence 
 in his abilities as to consult him on affairs 
 of state. He published in Latin the second 
 and third books of Ptolemy, “On the Judg- 
 ment of the Stars, ” with an exposition. He 
 died in 1632. — Wood, A. 0. 
 
 Allen (sir Thomas), a brave English admi- 
 ral ; he was the first that entered upon hosti- 
 lities against the Dutch in 1665, by attacking 
 their Smyrna fleet. His squadron consisted 
 only of eight ships; but what he wanted in 
 force he supplied by skill, and valour. He 
 killed their commodore Brackel, took four 
 rich merchantmen, and drove the rest into 
 the bay of Cadiz. In 1666, he defeated 
 the van of the Dutch fleet, and killed the 
 three admirals of that division.lt was in that 
 memorable action that De Ruyter ex- 
 claimed, “ What a wretch am I ! Among so 
 many thousand bullets, there is not one to 
 put me out of pain.” — Granger’s Biog. Hist. 
 
 Allestry or Allestree (Richard), a 
 divine, was horn at Uppington, in Shrop- 
 shire, in 1619. He became student of Christ- 
 church, Oxford, and in 1641 took up arms 
 with many other you fig men of the univer- 
 sity, in favour of Charles I. After serving 
 some time in a military capacity, he return- 
 ed to his studies. When the parliament 
 forces entered that city he narrowly escaped 
 bad usage, owing to his being concerned in 
 removing the treasury from Christchurch. 
 
ALL 
 
 A L M 
 
 Soon after this he again entered the army, 
 and was at the battle of Kenton-field. At 
 the end of the war he took orders, and 
 was chosen censor of his college ; but 
 when the parliamentary visitors came to 
 Oxford, he withdrew, and became chaplain 
 to Mr. afterwards lord Newport, with 
 whom he lived till after the fight at Worces- 
 ter, when he rvas appointed by the royal- 
 ists to wait on the king at Rouen. In 1659 
 he went to his majesty in Flanders, and on 
 his return was seized at Dover, but found 
 means to secure his dispatches : he was 
 however kept prisoner about eight weeks in 
 Lambeth-house. At the Restoration he was 
 made canon of Christchurch, and served one 
 of the lectureships of Oxford, the salary of 
 which he gave to the poor. In 1660 he 
 took the degree of D. D. became chaplain 
 to the king, and regius professor of divinity. 
 
 In 1665 he was appointed provostof F.ton. 
 
 In 1673 he resigned the professorship, and 
 died in January following, lie was buried 
 in the chapel of Eton-college, where there 
 is a monument to his memory. — Lift prefixed 
 to his Sermons-, folio., 1634. 
 
 Allestry (Jacob), nephew of the above, 
 was the son of James Allestrv, a London 
 bookseller; he was educated at Westminster- 
 school, from whence, in 1671, he was sent 
 to Christchurch Oxford, where -the year 
 following he was elected student. He took 
 his degrees in arts, was music-reader in 
 1679, and terrre-filius in 1681. He was au- 
 thor of verses spoken in the theatre at Ox- 
 ford before James, duke of York, printed 
 in the “ Examen Poeticum.” He died in 
 
 168 (i.—Wood A. 0. 
 
 Alley (William), a bishop, was born 
 at Wycomb, in Buckinghamshire, and 
 educated first at Eton, and then at King’s- 
 college, Cambridge. He afterwards studied 
 at Oxford, and entered into orders; but on 
 the accession of Mary, he practised physic, 
 and kept school. When Elizabeth came 
 to the throne, he was appointed lecturer at 
 St. Paul’s, and in 1560, bishop of Exeter. 
 He died in 1570. He published a commen- 
 tary on the first epistle of St. Peter, and trans- 
 lated the Pentateuch in the^ishops’ Bible. 
 
 - — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Alleyn (Edward), founder of Dulwich 
 college, in Surry, was born in London in 
 15661; he acquired great reputation as an 
 actor, and became proprietor of a play- 
 house in Moorfields,and keeper of the royal 
 bear-garden. Aubrey relates a ridiculous 
 story, that the devil appeared to him when 
 personating the character of Satan, which 
 so frightened him, that he grew serious, and 
 quitted the stage. He laid the foundation 
 of his college in 1614, and completed it in 
 1617, at the expence of 10,000/; he then en- 
 dowed it with 800/. per annum for the main- 
 tenance of one master, and one warden (who 
 must be unmarried, and always of the name 
 of Alleyn, or Allen), and four fellows, of 
 whom three to be cfergymen,and the fourth 
 
 an organist; besides six poor men and six 
 women, with twelve boys, who are to be edu- 
 cated tiil the age of fourteen or sixteen, when 
 they are to be apprenticed to some trade. 
 This building is called “The College of 
 God’s Gift.” He was himself the first master. 
 Fie died in 1626, and was buried in the 
 chapel of the college. — Biog. Brit. ■ 
 
 Allix (Peter), a learned divine, was born 
 at Alenc^on, in France, in 1641. He be- 
 came minister of the reformed church at 
 Rouen, and afterwards of that at Charen- 
 ton;but on the revocation of the edict of 
 Nantes he sought an asylum in England, 
 where he met with a flattering reception, 
 being created D. D. at Oxford, and made 
 treasurer of the church of Salisbury. He 
 died at London in 1717. His most esteemed 
 works are, 1. Reflections on all the Books 
 of Holy Scripture, published at London in 
 1688, and reprinted by bishop Watson, in. 
 his Collection of Theological Tracts. 2. A 
 Vindication of the ancient Jewish Church, 
 against thelUnitarians, 8 vo. 1 69 1 , mentioned 
 with great respect by bishop Horsley in his 
 Letters to Dr. Priestley. 3. Remarks on 
 the Ecclesiastical History of the ancient 
 Churches of Piedmont, 4to. — Ibid. 
 
 Alloisi (Balthazar), an eminent histori- 
 cal and portrait painter, was born at Bo- 
 logna in 1.578, and studied under the Ca- 
 racci. He died in 1633. — Pilkington. 
 
 Allori (Alexander), a painter of Flo- 
 rence, was instructed by his uncle Bronzin, 
 and had for his pupil the celebrated Avoid 
 He excelled in naked figures, and died in 
 1607, aged 72. — Moreri. 
 
 Almagro (Diego d’), a Spanish com- 
 mander, of mean descent, who accompanied 
 Pizarro in the expedition against Peru in 
 1 525. He is accused of having had a share 
 in the murder of Atahualipa, the inca. In 
 1535 he took Cuzco, the capital of Chili, 
 and reserved the plunder for himself, which 
 giving offence to Pizarro’s brothers, who 
 were there, he made them prisoners, and a 
 civil war ensued. For some time Almagros 
 party had great success, but at length he 
 was taken prisoner, after an obstinate bat- 
 tle. After a long confinement he was 
 strangled, in 1 538, aged 75. His son Diego 
 endeavoured to revenge his father's death, 
 but failed in the attempt, and was beheaded 
 by De Castro in 1542. — Mariana. 
 
 Almain (James), divinity-professor in 
 the college of Navarre, at Paris. He wrote 
 a vindication of Lewis XII. against pope 
 Julius II. and defended the authority of 
 councils against Cajetan. He died in 1515. 
 —Moreri. 
 
 AlmamoNjOC Abballaii, caliph of Bag- 
 dad, was the son of Haroun Al Raschid, and 
 succeeded his brother Al Amin in 813; lie 
 was a great encourager of learned men, and 
 founded an academy at Bagdad, to which 
 he invited able professors to teach the lan- 
 guages and sciences. He calculated a set of 
 astronomical tables, and caused the works of 
 
A L M 
 
 ALP 
 
 the most celebrated ancient authors to be 
 translated into Arabic. He died in 833. — 
 Mod. Un. Hist. 
 
 Almansqr, king of Cordova, in Spain, 
 ascended the throne after Alhaca, who died 
 in 976 : he was in perpetual war with the 
 Christians, and gained many great battles 
 He died in 1002.- — Moreri. 
 
 Almanzor (the Victorious), was the se- 
 cond caliph of the race of the Abbassides, 
 and ascended the throne in 753. He was 
 opposed by his uncle, A bdallah-ebn-Ali, who 
 was defeated by Almanzor’s general, Abu 
 Moslem. Fearing this general’s abilities 
 and popularity, he caused him to he assassi- 
 nated. Several insurrections took place in 
 his reign, which were all suppressed. He 
 died on a pilgrimage to Mecca in the 6'3d 
 year of his age. — Mod. Un. Hist. 
 
 Almarus, or Aelmerus, was abbot of 
 the monastery of St. Austin, in Canterbury, 
 and bishop of Sherborne in 1022. On be- 
 coming blind he retired to his cell, and 
 spent the remainder of his days in devo- 
 tion. — 77/30-. Br. 
 
 Ai.meiba (Francis), a Portuguese gentle- 
 man, was appointed, in 1505, the first vice- 
 roy of India. He took the city of Quiloa, 
 and made many other important conquests. 
 Being informed that a rich Arabian fleet 
 lay in the harbour of Panama, he proceed- 
 ed thither with his squadron, and found the 
 ships protected by a rampart and a strong 
 garrison. Almeida, however, ventured to 
 land, and, after an obstinate conflict, de- 
 feated the enemy, and set the city and ships 
 on fire. While he was thus engaged, Al- 
 buquerque received orders from Portugal 
 to supersede him, but Almeida, being about 
 to proceed to Dabul with a fleet, refused 
 to deliver up his government. In this 
 expedition he sullied his reputation by 
 putting all the inhabitants of the city 
 to the sword. He afterwards fell in with 
 the fleet of the enemy, and defeated it; 
 this produced a peace. On his passage to 
 Europe he was slain at the Cape of Good 
 
 Hope, in a skirmish with the natives. 
 
 Moreri. 
 
 Almeida (Apollinarius de), a Portu- 
 guese jesuit, who was amissionary in Ethi- 
 opia. On being driven from that country 
 he suffered great hardships. Afterwards 
 he ventured to return with two other ec- 
 clesiastics, and was put to death with them 
 in 1568. — Ibid. 
 
 Almeida (Emanuel de), another jesuit, 
 who also engaged in the same arduous ser- 
 vice, and resided in Ethiopia ten years. He 
 died at Goa when he was about to return 
 in 1646. He wrote the history cf Ethiopia. 
 —Ibid. 
 
 Almon (John), a political writer, was 
 born at Liverpool in 1738, and educated at 
 Warington. He served his apprentice- 
 ship to a bookseller, after which he travelled 
 into foreign countries. About 1 7 59, he set- 
 
 tled in London, and became a writer by 
 profession. On the death of George II. he 
 Wrote a review of his Majesty’s reign, which 
 went through two editions. In 1761 he pub- 
 lished a review of Mr. Pitt’s administration, 
 which was also well received, and procured 
 for the author the friendship of earl 
 Temple. He was also the zealous friend of 
 Air. Wilkes, whom he defended against 
 Kidgell. In 1765 he began business as a 
 bookseller in Piccadilly; but he still con- 
 tinued to exercise his pen in politics. Not 
 long afterwards he was tried, and found 
 guilty, for publishing Junius’s letter to the 
 king; for which he was fined, and obliged 
 to find security for his good behaviour for 
 three years. In 1774 he began the Par- 
 liamentary Register, which was the first 
 periodical journal of the kind. On the 
 death of lord Chatham, he wrote Anecdotes 
 of his life, which passed through six editions. 
 After a considerable interval, he published 
 biographical, literary, and political Anec- 
 dotes of several of the most eminent persons 
 of the present age. In 1801 he gave to the 
 world the genuine correspondence of Air. 
 Wilkes ; which was succeeded by a col- 
 lection of the poetical works of the author 
 of the Heroic Epistle to Sir William Cham- 
 bers, and since by a valuable edition of 
 Junius’s Letters, illustrated by numerous 
 biographical and explanatory notes (which 
 were much wanted), and preceded by a 
 critical inquiry respecting their real author, 
 in which that question is satisfactorily re- 
 solved, and laid at rest for ever. Mr Almon 
 died Dec. 12, 1805, having retired from 
 business several years. — Monthly Mug. 
 
 Almuyadad (Ismael), an Arabian histo- 
 rian, who wrote an account of the Saracens 
 in Sicily, from 842 to 940. This MS. is in 
 the library of the Escurial in Spain, and a 
 Latin version in Muratori’s Rerum Itali- 
 carum Scriptores. — Gen. B.B. 
 
 Aloaddin, better known by the appel- 
 lation of the Old Man of the Mountains, was 
 prince of the Arsacides, or Assassins, from 
 whence the word assassin is derived ; his resi- 
 dence was a castlebetween Antioch and Da- 
 mascus, and he had a number of young 
 men with him, who were so devoted to his 
 will, as to engage in any undertaking he 
 chose to send them upon. — Moreri. 
 
 Alpago (Andrew), an Italian philoso- 
 pher and physician of the 15th century. 
 He travelled many years in the East, and re- 
 sided a considerable time at Damascus. On 
 his return to Europe he became professor 
 of philosophy and medicine at Padua, 
 where he died in 520. He left behind him 
 several MSS. some of which were published, 
 among which is a history of Arabian phi- 
 losophers and physicians. — Moreri. 
 
 Alp Arslan, second sultan of the dy- 
 nasty of Seljuk, succeeded his uncle Togrul 
 Begin 1063; he defeated Roraanus Diogel 
 nes, emperor of the Greeks, in 1068. H- 
 
ALP 
 
 ALP 
 
 was stabbed by a desperate, Carizmian, 
 whom he had taken prisoner and sentenced 
 to death, in 1072. — D' Herbelot. 
 
 Alphery (Nicephorus),a Russian prince, 
 who when that country was rent in pieces 
 by civil dissensions, at the end of the Kith 
 century, was sent with two of his brothers 
 to England, to the care of a Russian mer- 
 chant, by whom they were placed in the 
 university of Oxford, where two of them 
 died of the small-pox. The other entered 
 into orders, and in 1618 obtained the rec- 
 tory of Warley, in Huntingdonshire, trom 
 whence he was ejected in the civil war, and 
 barbarously treated by the republican party. 
 At the Restoration he was reinstated in his 
 living, but being old and infirm, he com- 
 mitted the care of it to a curate, and re- 
 tired to Hammersmith, where he died. 
 Walker's Sufferings of the Clergy . 
 
 ALPHEsius,a Jewish rabbi, who made an 
 abridgment of the Talmud. He died in 
 1 103 . — Buxtorf 
 
 Alphius (Avitus), a Roman poet, who 
 flourished in the 3d century ; he wrote the 
 lives of eminent persons, and the history of 
 the Carthaginian war, in verse.— Voss.de 
 Hist. Lat. 
 
 Alphonso I. king of Portugal, was the 
 son of Henry, count of Portugal, by 1 he- 
 resa, daughter of Alphonso, king of Leon 
 and Castile. At his father’s death, in 1112, 
 he was only three years old. In 1139 his 
 territories were invaded by the Moors, 
 but though his troops were greatly inferior 
 in numbers, he obtained a signal victory 
 on the plains of Ourique. In consequence 
 of this, the government was changed to a 
 monarchy, and he was proclaimed king on 
 the field of battle. He is regarded by the 
 Portuguese as the founder of their inde- 
 pendance. He died in 1185, aged <6. 
 Mod. Un. Hist. 
 
 Alphonso IV. king of Portugal, was 
 born in 1290, and succeeded his father 
 Denis in 1325. He Instituted many good 
 laws and regulations for the benefit of his 
 subjects, and dispensed justice with impar- 
 tiality, though sometimes with too great 
 severity. He died in 1357. — Ibid. 
 
 Alphonso V. king of Portugal, was 
 born in 1432, and succeeded his father 
 Edward when he was but six years old. 
 He invaded Africa several times, and took 
 Arzilla and Tangier, and died of the plague 
 at Cintra in 1481. He was a beneficent 
 prince, and an encourager of learning. 
 The Portuguese discovered Guinea in his 
 reign. — Mod. Un. Hist. ' 
 
 Alphonso III. (the Great), king of the 
 Asturias, was born in 847, and ascended the 
 throne in 865. He was successful in his 
 wars with the Moors, but in the decline of 
 life his peace was disturbed _ by insur- 
 rections. In 908 he resigned his crown to 
 his son Garcias, who engaging soon after 
 in a war with the Moors, Alphonso headed 
 the army, and obtained a great victory in 
 
 912; he died soon after at Zamora, leav- 
 ing a high character behind him. He 
 wrote a chronicle of Spanish affairs. — Mod. 
 Univ. Hist. 
 
 Alphonso V. king of Arragon, was born 
 in 13-34, and succeeded his father, Ferdi- 
 nand the Just, in 1416. Soon after his ac- 
 cession a confederacy was formed against 
 him, which he frustrated, but pardoned the 
 conspirators. He laid claim to the thione 
 of Naples, by an agreement with Joan, 
 queen of that kingdom, that lie should be 
 her heir. This embroiled him in a war 
 with several of the Italian states, and he 
 and his fleet were taken by the Genoese. 
 The king was conveyed to Milan, where he 
 made the duke his friend, and ivas thereby- 
 enabled to conquer Naples, in 1442. .He 
 died there in 1458, leaving his Neapolitan 
 dominions to his natural son Ferdinand; 
 and those of Spain, Sardinia, and Sicily , to 
 his brother Juan, king of Navarre. He 
 was a learned prince, and a patron of men 
 of letters ; he was besides valiant and li- 
 beral, and greatly beloved by his subjects. 
 A courtier remonstrating with him for 
 walking about without a guard : “ A fa- 
 ther,” says Alphonso, “ has nothing to 
 dread in the midst of his children. One of 
 his vessels being in danger of perishing, lie 
 jumped into a boat, and hastened to her 
 relief, saying, “ I had father partake, than 
 behold, the calamity of my people.” — -Boyle. 
 Moreri. 
 
 Alphonso II. king of Naples, succeeded 
 his father Ferdinand in 1494. He was of 
 so cruel and tyrannical a disposition that his 
 subjects invited Charles VIII. of France to 
 invade the country. That prince took Na- 
 ples ; and Alphonso, after abdicating the 
 throne, retired to a monastery in Sicily, 
 where he died about 1496. — Phil.de Comines. 
 
 Alphonso X. (the Wise), king of Leon 
 and Castile, was born in 1203, and suc- 
 ceeded his father Ferdinand III. in 12o2, and 
 died in 1284. His reign was unprosperous, 
 but he acquired a great reputation as a 
 man of learning and science. The Alphonsinc 
 Tables were drawn up under his direction, 
 and at his expence. He also wrote on the 
 motions of the stars, and a history of 
 Spain; but be has been charged with ut- 
 tering this foolish expression, “ that if lie 
 had been consulted on the creation of the 
 world, he would have given the Almighty 
 better counsel.” Some have supposed that 
 this was merely in reprobation of the Pto- 
 lemaic system, then commonly . received; 
 but this/it must be confessed, is a poor 
 excuse for an assertion which can hardly be 
 called less than blasphemy. — Moreri. . 
 
 Alphonsus (Peter), a Spanish writer of 
 the 12th century, was at first a Jew, -but 
 -embraced Christianity, and had Alphonsus, 
 king of Arragon, for his godfather, in 1 106. 
 He wrote a vindication of the Christian re- 
 ligion, which was printed at Cologne in 
 1536. — Ibid. 
 
A L S 
 
 A L U 
 
 Alphtegin, a Turk, who from being- a 
 siave rose to be governor of Kiiorassin and 
 sovereign of Guzna ; he reigned sixteen 
 vears, leaving the throne to his son-in-law, 
 Sebek I eghin, whose son Mahmoud found- 
 ed the dynasty of the Gaznevids. — D'Ha - 
 belot. 
 
 Alpini (Prosper), physician and botanist, 
 was born in 1553, in the state of Venice. 
 He was at first a soldier, but quitted that 
 profession and went to Padua, where he 
 made so great a progress in learning that he 
 became deputy rector and syndic. In 1578 
 he took his degree of M. D. and in 1580 
 went to Egypt as physician to the Venetian 
 consul. ^ He resided there three years, in 
 which time he greatly improved himself in 
 ootany. He was the first who discovered 
 the sexes and generation of plants. On 
 his return to Venice in 1586, Andrew 
 Doria, prince of Mel fi, appointed him his 
 physician, and in 1593 he was called to the 
 botanical professorship at Padua, which he 
 filled, where he died in 1617. His works are, 
 “ De Medicina iEgvptiorum, libri iv,” “ De 
 Plantis J£gypti,”“ De Balsamo,” “ De Pra> 
 sagienda Vita et Morte iEgrotantium,” 
 
 * Medicina Methodica,” “ De Raphon- 
 tico, Disputatio in Gymnasio Patavino hab- 
 Jta, &c.” “ De Plantis Exoticis.” — Moreri. 
 
 Alsop (Vincent), a nonconformist di- 
 vine, was born in Northamptonshire, and 
 educated at St. John’s-college, Cambridge. 
 He was for some time usher in the school 
 at Okeham in Rutlandshire, and afterwards 
 minister at Welbee in Northamptonshire, 
 trom whence he was ejected in 1662 for 
 nonconformity. He next became pastor to 
 3 congregation of dissenters in Westmin- 
 ster. He was in some favour with king 
 James II. who pardoned his son after having 
 been convicted of treason. He died in 1703. 
 He wrote a book entitled, “ Antisozzo,” in 
 answer to Dr. Sherlock, and some other 
 pieces.— ,Calamy. 
 
 Alsop (Anthony), an English divine, 
 was educated at Westminster-school, from 
 whence he was elected to Christ-church, 
 Oxford, where he took the degree of M. A. 
 in 1696, and that of B. D. in 1706. In 1 698 
 lie published “ Fahularum dEsopicarum 
 Delectus,” Svo. Dr. Trelawney, bishop of 
 V inchester, appointed him his chaplain, 
 and gave him a prebend in his cathedral, 
 with the rectory of Brightwell in Berkshire. 
 In 3/17 a verdict being given against him 
 lor the breach of a marriage contract, he 
 found it necessary to go abroad, but how 
 long he continued in exile is unknown. 
 He died in 1726. In 1752 was published 
 “ Antonii Alsop!, EEdis Christi olim Alumni, 
 Odarum Libri duo;’ besides which he wrote 
 some poems, to be found in Dodsley’s and 
 ot!.4-r collections. — Gen. Blog. Diet. 
 
 . Alstedius (John Henry), a German di- 
 vine, and professor of philosophy and divi- 
 nity at Herborn, in the county of Nassau, 
 and afterwards at Waissemburgin Transyl- 
 vania, where he died in 1638, aged fifty. 
 
 His Encyclopaedia was much read, and held 
 in esteem even by Roman-catholics ; but he 
 appears to greater advantage in his Theolo- 
 gia Polemica. — Bay!,-. 
 
 Alston (Charles), an eminent physician, 
 was born in Scotland in 1683, and educated 
 at Glasgow, from whence he went to Ley- 
 den, where he took his doctor’s degree. On 
 his return he settled at Edinburgh, and 
 became lecturer on the materia mediea and 
 botany ; he died in 1760. He published 
 “ Tirocinium Botanicum Edinburgense,” 
 1753, in which he attacked the sexual sys- 
 tem of Linnxus. His “ I.ectures on the 
 Materia Mediea” were published in two 
 vols. 4to. 1770. He also wrote some papers 
 in the “ Edinburgh Medical Essays.” — Pul- 
 teney s Sketches of Botany. 
 
 Althammer (Andrew), a German di- 
 vine of the sixteenth century, was a native 
 of Nuremburg; he was a learned man, and 
 strongly attached to the principles of the 
 Reformation. He wrote “ Notes on Taci- 
 tus’s Treatise on the Manners of the An- 
 cient Germans,” 4to. 1529, and 8vo. 1609 » 
 — Mureri. 
 
 Althusius (John), a democratic writer 
 of the 17th century, was a German lawyer. 
 He wrote a treatise in defence of the sove- 
 reignty of the people, in which he opposed 
 all forms of government as being tyranni- 
 cal. — Ibid. 
 
 Al itlius (Gabriel), a modern Latin poet, 
 was a native of Naples and bishop of Poli- 
 castro. He died about 1500. His poems 
 are in the Delicice Poetarum Italorum 
 
 Tiraboschi. 
 
 Alting (Henry), a German divine, was 
 born at Embden in 1583. In 1612 he ac- 
 companied his pupil the electoral prince- 
 palatine to England. The year following 
 he took his degree of D. D. at Heidelberg; 
 and in 1618 he was appointed one of the 
 deputies of the palatinate at the svnod of 
 Dort. When Heidelbergwas taken in 1622, 
 he narrowly escaped with his life. In 1627 
 he was chosen professor of divinity at Gro- 
 ningen, where he died in 1644. He wrote 
 several books on religious subjects. — Bayle. 
 
 Alting (James), son of the above, was 
 born at Heidelberg in 1618. Having com- 
 pleted his studies lie came to England, and 
 was ordained by Dr. Prideaux, bishop of 
 Worcester, in 1 643 he was chosen Hebrew 
 professor at Groningen, and in 1667 pro- 
 fessor of divinity in conjunction with Des 
 Marets, with whom he had so violent a 
 dispute that the university of Leyden was 
 resorted to for its advice, and the judgment 
 returned was a censure on both parties. 
 Alting died in 1679, and his works were 
 published at Amsterdam in 1687, in 5 vols. 
 fob — Ibid. 
 
 Alting (Menson), a burgomaster of 
 Groningen, who wrote a book, entitled, 
 
 “ Descriptio Germanise Inferioris,” Amstel. 
 1697, fob He died in 1718, aged 76. — 
 Moreri. 
 
 Alured, of Beverley, an ancient Eng- 
 
A L V 
 
 A M A 
 
 lish historian, was canon and treasurer of 
 the church of St. John in Beverley, and 
 died about the year 1128. Rewrote a chro- 
 nicle of the English kings, which was pub- 
 lished by Hearne in 1716'. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Alva (Ferdinand Alvarez, duke of), was 
 descended from one of the most ancient 
 families in Spain, and born in 1508. He 
 made his first campaign at the age of 17, 
 and was present at the battle of Pavia. He 
 was in great favour with Charles V. who 
 made him a general, but though he dis- 
 tinguished himself by high military talents, 
 he was equally noted for the cruelty of 
 his disposition. At the siege of Metz he 
 performed prodigies of valour ; but the 
 place was so well defended that the emperor 
 was obliged to raise the siege. In the cam- 
 paign against thepope, Alva was completely 
 successful, and obliged the pontiff to sue 
 for peace, after which he repaired to Rome, 
 fell on his knees before his holiness, kissed 
 his feet, and solicited his forgiveness. Thus 
 it appears that superstition was as promi- 
 nent a part of his character as cruelty. Phi- 
 lip II. sent him into the Low-countries in 
 1567 to reduce them to the Spanish yoke, 
 from which they were about to revolt. 
 Here he established a council called the 
 bloody tribunal. He filled the United Pro- 
 vinces with terror and scenes of carnage, 
 for which his memory is held in detesta- 
 tion to this day. After obtaining great 
 advantages over the malcontents, the tide 
 of success turned in their favour so rapidly, 
 that Alva quitted the government. He 
 was afterwards employed against Portugal, 
 where he greatly added to his military re- 
 nown, by driving don Antonio from the 
 throne in 1581. He died the next year, 
 aged 74 .—Robertson's Charles V. Mod. Un. 
 Hist. Moreri. 
 
 Alvarez (Francis), a Portuguese divine 
 sent by Emanuel, king of Portugal, on an 
 embassy to Ethiopia or Abyssinia; he died 
 in 1540, and the year following was pub- 
 lished a relation of his mission. — Moreri. 
 
 Alvarez de I.una, or Alvaro, was the 
 favourite of John II. king of Castile. He 
 was the natural son of don Alvaro deLuna, 
 and born in 1388. He was in 1408 ap- 
 pointed gentleman of the bed-chamber to 
 the king, but the courtiers disliking him, 
 he was obliged to retire from court, but 
 was afterwards recalled by the king, who 
 at his request banished his enemies. After 
 enjoying the splendour of royal favour 
 forty-five years, he fell into disgrace, and 
 was beheaded for high treason in 1458 — 
 Moreri. 
 
 Alvarez (Emanuel), a Portuguesejesuit, 
 was born at Madeira in 1526. Fie wrote 
 a Latin grammar of great merit, and died 
 at the college of Evora, of which he was 
 rector, in 1582. — Ibid. 
 
 Alvarez de taz (James), a Spanish je- 
 suit, was a native of Toledo, and wrote se- 
 veral spiritual treatises. He died in 1620. — 
 Ibid. 
 
 Alvarotto (James), professor of law at 
 Padua in the 15th century. He wrote 
 “ Commentaria in Libros Feudorum.'* 
 Frankfort, 1537, fol. He died in 1542, 
 aged 68. There were several other famous 
 men of this family. — M’freri. 
 
 Ai.viano (Bartholomew), a Venetian ge- 
 neral, who obtained signal advantages over 
 the emperor Maximilian, for which he re- 
 ceived triumphal honours. He died at the 
 siege of Brescia in 1515, aged 60. The 
 state of Venice gave him a magnificent bu- 
 rial and pensioned his family. — Mod. Un. 
 Hist. 
 
 Alyattes, king of Lydia, began his 
 reign B. C. 619 ; he was engaged in perpe- 
 tual wars with the Cimmerians and the 
 Medes, and took Smyrna. He died in the 
 57th year of his reign. — Herodotus. 
 
 Alypius, a Platonic philosopher of 
 Alexandria ; he is said to have been very 
 diminutive in stature, but of a strong and 
 capacious mind. He died in the 5th cen- 
 tury.— Bay le. 
 
 Alypius, a geographer of the 4th cen- 
 tury, who was employed by the emperor 
 Julian, first in Britain as deputy governor, 
 and next at Jerusalem in rebuilding the 
 temple. At the close of life he was ban- 
 ished, but for what cause is not known. 
 
 A geographical description of the world 
 by him was printed in 4to. at Geneva in 
 1628. — Bayle. 
 
 Amadeddulat, the founder of the dy- 
 nasty ofBuiyan, was the son of a fisher- 
 man. He first served as a common soldier, 
 and rose to command in the armies of Ma- 
 kan, sultan of Dilem. He, and his two 
 brothers, took Persia Proper, Persian Irak, 
 and Caramania, which they divided be- 
 tween them. He settled at Schiraz, in 
 Persia Proper, in 933, and died in 949. 
 He was a liberal and warlike prince. — 
 jy Herbelot. 
 
 Amadeus V. count of Savoy, began his 
 government in 1285; he immortalized his 
 name by his defence of Rhodes against the 
 Turks, on which occasion he added to his 
 arms the cross of the order of St. John of 
 Jerusalem. He died in 1323. — Mod. U. H, 
 
 Amadeus VI. count of Savoy, was one 
 of the most warlike princes of his age. He 
 assisted John, king of France, against Ed- 
 ward, king of England, and in 1366 passed 
 into Greece to the assistance of the emperor 
 John Paleologus. On his return he presented 
 the patriarch of Constantinople, w T ho ac- 
 companied him, to pope Urban V. at Vi- 
 terbo. He died of the plague in 1383, after 
 a glorious reign of 40 years. — Moreri. 
 
 Amadeus VIII. count of Savoy, entered 
 upon the sovereignty in 1391. In 1416 
 Savoy was created a duchy, and not lona- 
 after the duke retired from the throne and 
 his family to a monastery, where he in- 
 stituted an order of knighthood, by the 
 name of the Annunciata. The knights 
 however lived in a luxurious style, with- 
 out any of the severities of monachism. In 
 
A M A 
 
 A M A 
 
 1439 lie procured himself to be elected 
 pope by the council of Basil, on which he 
 took the name of Felix V. but he was dis- 
 possessed of his title, and made a formal 
 abdication in 1449, in favour of Nicholas 
 V. who gave him a cardinalship, and made 
 him dean of the sacred college. He died 
 in 1451, aged 69. — 7k Toreri. 
 
 Amadeus IX. duke of Savoy, was a 
 very charitable prince, and so beloved by 
 his subjects, that they called him the blessed 
 Amadeus. He died in 1472, aged 37. — Ibid. 
 
 Amadeus, a Portuguese monk, of the 
 order of St. Francis, published at Rome 
 some whimsical revelations, which excited 
 considerable attention at the time. He died 
 in 1 482. — Ibid. 
 
 Amadeus, bishop of Lausanne, in the 
 12th century, wrote a “ Panegyric on the 
 Blessed Virgin,” printed at Basil, in 1587. 
 He died in 1158. — Ibid. 
 
 Amaja (Francis), professor of civil law 
 in the university of Salamancha in Spain. 
 He wrote a commentary on the three last 
 books of the Code, printed at Lyons, 1639, 
 folio, besides other works of credit. He died 
 at Valladolid, about 1640. — Ibid. 
 
 Amak, or Abulnagie al Bokhari, a 
 Persian poet in the 5th century ; he was 
 entertained at the court of the sultan Khe- 
 dar Khan, who instituted an academy of 
 poets, of which he made Amak president. 
 He lived to a great age. His chief poem is 
 the “ History of the Loves of Joseph and 
 Zol ei skah.” — D’ Herbelot. 
 
 Amalaric of Amaurv, king of the Vi- 
 sigoths, was the son of Alaric II. He suc- 
 ceeded his grandfather Theodoric in 526. 
 He married Clotilda, the daughter of Clo- 
 vis, king of France, whom he used barba- 
 rously to make her embrace Arianism. At 
 length she complained to her brother Chil- 
 debert, king of Paris, who marched against 
 Amalaric, and defeated him in 581. He was 
 privately slain not long afterwards. — Mor. 
 
 Amalasontha, daughter of Theodoric 
 king of the Ostrogoths, was married in 515 
 to Eutharic, who died soon after, leaving 
 a son, Athalaric, to whom Theodoric left 
 his dominions under the guardianship of 
 his mother, who endeavoured to make him 
 worthy of the bequest. She was an en- 
 lightened princess, and well acquainted 
 with the languages and philosophy; but 
 her son, instead of profiting by her in- 
 sti unions, gave himself up to debauchery, 
 and died at the age of 16. Amalason- 
 tha then placed her cousin Theodatus on 
 the throne, by whom she was murdered in 
 534. — Moreri. 
 
 Amalek, the son of F.lipaz, and grand- 
 son of Esau, gave name to a warlike people 
 of Arabia Petrea, who were always at war 
 with the Hebrews. — SS. 
 
 Amalric (Augeri), a writer in the 14th 
 century, who dedicated a history of the 
 popes to Urban V. — Moreri. 
 
 Am alt he a, the Cutaean sibyl, who of- 
 
 fered Tarquin nine books on the fate of 
 Rome, for which shedemanded 300 crowns. 
 Tarquin refusing the purchase, she burnt 
 three of them, and demanded the same sum 
 for the remainder; which being rejected, 
 she then burnt three more, and required 
 as much for those which were left. The 
 king, astonished, consulted the priests, and 
 by their advice made the purchase, and the 
 books were committed to the care of two 
 magistrates, who were to consult them on 
 extraordinary occasions. The Sibylline 
 Oracles, printed at Amsterdam, in 2 vols. 
 4to. 1688, are deemed spurious. — Lactantius. 
 Titus L iu ius. 
 
 Amaltheus (Attilius), a native of Italy, 
 was made archbishop of Athens, by Paul 
 V. who also sent him to Cologne in the cha- 
 racter of nuncio. He was a learned man, 
 and died about 1600. — Moreri. 
 
 Amaltheus (Jerom), an Italian physi- 
 cian and poet, was born at Oderzo, in the 
 Trevisan, in 1507. He was professor at 
 Padua, and died 1574. His Latin poetry 
 is in great esteem. — Ibid. 
 
 Amaltheus (John Baptist), brother of 
 the above, was born in 1525. He attended 
 the Venetian ambassador to England; and 
 on his return was made secretary to pope 
 Pius IV. He died at Rome in 1573. His 
 Latin poems were printed in 1550. There 
 was also another brother, Cornelius Amal- 
 tbeus, who was eminent in physic and 
 poetry. His Latin poems were printed at 
 Venice in 1627. — Ibid. 
 
 Amama (Sixtinus), a learned man of the 
 17th century, was a native of Friesland in 
 Holland, and educated at Franeker, where 
 he became eminent for his knowledge of 
 the Oriental languages. He was at Oxford 
 in 1613, and taught Hebrew in Exeter col- 
 lege. After residing there some years he 
 returned to Franeker, and became Hebrew 
 professor. He died there in 1629. His 
 greatest work is a censure of the Vulgate. 
 — IV ood, A. 0. Bayle. 
 
 Amand (Mark Anthony Gerard, sieur 
 de Saint), a French poet, was born at 
 Rouen in Normandy, in 1594. His father 
 was a commander in the English navy, and 
 was three years confined in the Black 
 Tower at Constantinople. Our author’s 
 poems, which are chiefly comic, were pub- 
 lished in 8 vols. 1649, Paris. He died in 
 1661 . — Moreri. 
 
 Amaseus (Romulus), professor of Latin 
 and Greek at Bologna, and secretary to the 
 senate of that place. He published a trans- 
 lation of Pausanias, and other works; he 
 died in 1558. His son Pompilius was pro- 
 fessor of Greek at Bologna, and published a 
 translation of part of Polybius. — Bayle. 
 
 Amasis, king of Egypt; he was prime 
 minister to Apries, king of that country, on 
 whose deposition he mounted the throne, 
 B. C. 569, and immediately put Apries to 
 death. Egypt flourished greatly in his 
 reign. He died B. C. 525. — Herodotus. 
 
AMB 
 
 A M R 
 
 Amatus de Portugal, a learned phy- 
 sician, whose real name was John Castel- 
 blancho, was living in 1550. He published 
 commentaries on Dioscorides and Avicenna. 
 
 —Moreri. 
 
 Amauri I. king of Jerusalem, succeeded 
 his brother Baldwin III. in 1163; he was a 
 courageous and enterprising prince, but 
 these qualities were sullied by avarice and 
 cruelty. He died in 1174. — Maimhurgs Hist. 
 
 of the Crusades. 
 
 Amauri II. king of Jerusalem, succeeded 
 his brother Guy de Lusignan, in 1194; 
 his title was contested by Isabella, second 
 daughter of Amauri I. but on her becom- 
 ing a widow he married her, and was 
 crowned. The Saracens having taken his 
 capital, he applied for assistance to the 
 European princes, but before the succours 
 arrived he died, in 1905. — Moreri. 
 
 Amauri (de Chartres), a French vision- 
 ary of the thirteenth century, who main- 
 tained the eternity of matter, and that re- 
 ligion has three epochs, agreeable to the 
 three persons of the Trinity. His opinions 
 were condemned by the council of Paris in 
 1209, and some of liis followers were burn- 
 ed. To avoid a similar fate, he renounced 
 his errors, and retired to St. Martin des 
 Champs, where he di.edof vexation. — Mor. 
 
 Amaziah, king of Judah, succeeded his 
 father Joash at the age of 25. He blended 
 idolatry with the worship of God ; defeated 
 the Edomites in the Valley of Salt, with 
 the assistance of the Israelites ; but after- 
 wards commenced war on his allies,, by 
 whom he was taken prisoner. He was slain 
 by his own subjects, B. C. 810. — SS. 
 
 Amboise (George d’), a cardinal, was 
 bom of a noble French family, in 1460. Be- 
 ing brought up to the church, he became 
 successively bishop of Montauban, archbi- 
 shop of Narbonne, and lastly of Rouen. 
 Lewis XII. made him prime-minister, and 
 he soon acquired great popularity, by 
 taking off the taxes which had usually 
 been levied on the people at the accession 
 of every new monarch. The king, by h:s 
 advice, undertook the conquest of the Mi- 
 lanese, and succeeded. Soon after this he 
 was appointed the pope’s legate in France, 
 with the dignity of cardinal, and in that 
 capacity effected a considerable reform 
 among the religious orders. He died in 
 1510, and on his death-bed often said to the 
 friar who attended him, “ Brother John, 
 why have not I been my whole life Brother 
 John ?” D’ Amboise was one of the best 
 statesmen France ever had : he reformed 
 the church, purged the courts of justice, 
 eased the burdens of the people, and en- 
 deavoured to promote the public happiness. 
 His nephew, George D’Amboise, succeeded 
 him in the archbishopric, and in 1546 was 
 created a cardinal. He died in 1546.— 
 Moreri. 
 
 Amboise (Francis), a French writer, was 
 the son of a surgeon, and educated in the 
 
 college of Navarre, after which he became 
 an advocate in the parliament of Paris, and 
 lastly counsellor of state. He published se- 
 veral poetical pieces in French, and some in 
 the Latin language ; he also edited in 1616, 
 the works of Peter Abelard, to which he 
 prefixed a preface. — Moreri. 
 
 Amboise (Frances de), the wife of Peter 
 II. duke of Britanny, who treated herwith 
 great brutality, which she bore with meek- 
 ness. She distinguished herself by effecting 
 a reformation in the manners of the Bretons. 
 On the death of the duke, in 1 457, she was 
 solicited in marriage by the prince of Savoy, 
 but refused the offer, and retired into a 
 monastery, where she died in 1485. — Life 
 by Barrin. 
 
 Ambrose, deacon of the church of Alex- 
 andria in the third century, was converted 
 from the errors of Valentius or Marcion 
 by the arguments of Origen, for whom he 
 ever after had the greatest veneration. In 
 the time of Maximin he' narrowly escaped 
 martyrdom, and died at Alexandria about 
 the vear 250. St. Jerome mentions some 
 excellent letters of his, which are now lost. 
 — Dupin. Tillemont. 
 
 Ambrose (St.), archbishop of Milan, was 
 born about 340. His father was prefect of 
 Gaul, and gave his sou an excellent educa- 
 tion. His eloquence as a pleader procured 
 for him the governorship of Liguria and 
 iEmilia. On the death of Auxentius, arch- 
 bishop of Milan, in 374, a contest arose be- 
 tween the arians and catholics about elect- 
 ing a successor. The tumult in the church 
 was so great that Ambrose found it neces- 
 sary to ^ go thither to restore peace. His 
 harangue to the people was so majestic and 
 affecting, that a voice from the multitude' 
 exclaimed, “ JL,et Ambrose be bishop. ’ 1 his 
 operated so powerfully upon the people 
 that all his endeavours to resist the appoint- 
 ment proved ineffectual, and he was 
 consecrated bishop. In 338 he was sent 
 by the emperor Valentinian te the tyrant 
 Maximus, and prevailed upon him not to 
 enter Italy. About the same time, the hea- 
 thens endeavouring to restore their reli- 
 gion, employed Svmmachus, prefect of 
 Rome, to plead their cause, in which he 
 was baffled by Ambrose, who also experi- 
 enced some trouble from the Arians. i he 
 empress Justina was of that sect, and de- 
 manded of himthe Portian church at Milan 
 for the Arians, which he refused. He was 
 sent again to Maximus ; but notwithstand- 
 ing his eloquence the tyrant entered Italy, 
 and made himself master of the western em- 
 pire. and entered Milan in triumph. V a- 
 lentinian sought refuge with 1 heodosi us, 
 who defeated Maximus, and restored the 
 fugitive monarch to his throne. . V r hile 
 Theodosius wasin Italyan insurrection hap- 
 pened in ThesBalomca,in which the empe- 
 ror’s lieutenant was slain. 1 heodosius in 
 revenge put to death a vast number of per- 
 sons in cool blood. Soon after this massacre 
 
A M E 
 
 A M- E 
 
 Fie came to Milan, and was about to enter 
 the great church, when he was met at the 
 door by Ambrose, who refused him ad- 
 mittance as a homicide ; and it was not 
 till a year afterwards, and his shewing to- 
 kens of repentance, that the prelate would 
 admit hun to Christian communion. Am- 
 brose died at Milan in 397, and was buried 
 in the great church of that city. The best 
 edition of his works is that’of Paris, in 
 2 vols. folio, 1691. He composed that no- 
 ble hymn,“ 1'e Deum laudamus.” — Dupin. 
 
 Ambrose, general of the order of Ca- 
 malduli, was Dorn at Portico, in Romagna. 
 He distinguished himself by his eloquence 
 in the Greek language at the council of Ba- 
 sil, and by translating several ancient au- 
 thors. He died in 1439. — Hossius. Dupin . 
 
 Ambrose de Lombez (pere), a learned 
 capuchirf, was born at Lombez in 1708; 
 he wrote several pieces on spiritual subjects, 
 and died at St. Saviour, near Bareges, in 
 1778. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 _ Ambrose '(Isaac), a nonconformist di- 
 vine, was born in Lancashire; he was of 
 Brasenose-college, Oxford, where he took 
 the degree of B. A. entered into orders, and 
 served a small cure in his own country. On 
 the breaking out of the rebellion lie quitted 
 the church of England, took the covenant, 
 and became a presbyterian preacher, first at 
 Garstang, and afterwards at Preston. He 
 died in 1674. His works are much esteemed 
 by the Calvinists, particularly one entitled, 
 “ Looking unto Jesus.” — Calamy. 
 
 Ambrosini (Bartholomew), professor of 
 physic, and director of the botanical garden 
 at Bologna, where he died in 1657. He 
 published, 1. Panacaea ex Herbis quae a 
 Sanctis denominantur, 1630, 8vo. 2. Histo- 
 ria Capsicorum cum Iconibus, 1630, 12mo. 
 3. Theodorica Medicina, 1632, 4to. His 
 brother and successor, Hyacinth, published 
 several valuable works on botany. — Gen. 
 B. D. 
 
 Ambrosius Aurelianus, king of the 
 Britons ; about A. D. 457, he came from 
 Armorica, to assist in expelling the Saxons, 
 who had been invited over by Vortigern. 
 On the death of that monarch, the sove- 
 reignty was invested in him, and he main- 
 tained the dignity with credit. The famous 
 Arthur was brought up under him. Am- 
 brosius died at Winchester in 508. — Bios. 
 Br. 
 
 .Amei.ius (Gentilianus), a platonic Philo- 
 sopher, was the disciple of Plotinus, by 
 whom he was employed to teach his other 
 pupils. None of his works are extant. He 
 lived in the third century. — Bayle. 
 
 Amelot de la Houssayne (Abraham 
 Nicholas), a French writer, was born at Or- 
 leans in 16.34. He became secretary to the 
 French ambassador at Venice, but being 
 imprudent, he died very poor in 1706. He 
 wrote a history of the government of Ve- 
 nice, and translated into French Machiavel’s 
 Prince, Father Paul’s History of the Coun- 
 cil of Trent, Gratian’s Courtier, Tacitus’s 
 Annals, and some other works. — Mureri. 
 
 Amelot (Denis), a priest of the oratory, 
 and doctor of the Sorbonne, was born in 
 1606. He translated the New Testament 
 into French, with notes, four volumes 
 8vo. 166; he also Wrote “An Abridg- 
 ment of Theology, 4to. and “ A Har- 
 mony of the Gospels,” 12mo. Fie died 
 in 1678. — Moreri. 
 
 Auerbach (John), a printer of Basil, in 
 Switzerland, in the 15th century. He first 
 made use of the Roman type instead of the 
 Gothic and Italian. He died in 1515. His 
 son John was professor of law at Basil, and 
 syndic of that city; he was the intimate 
 friend of Erasmus, and died in 1562, aged 
 67. — Melch. Adam. Bit. 
 
 America, This extensive continent, 
 both north and south, takes its name from 
 Americas Vesputius , who first discovered 
 Mexico, in 1498, attributing to Columbus 
 the knowledge of the West India islands 
 only. Terra Firma , which reaches from Da- 
 rien to Nicaraga, was conquered by the 
 Spaniards under Pedrarias in 1514, and the 
 other parts, as far as the river Oronoque, 
 were reduced by private adventurers. Bra- 
 wl was discovered by the Portugese in 
 1500. In 1623 the Dutch took possession of 
 the northern part, but were expelled in 
 1664. Peru was conquered by Francis Pi- 
 zarro in 1532, in the reign of Huascur 
 the thirteenth incafrom Manco Capac, the 
 founder of the government, about 1270. 
 Chili was conquered by Baldivia, a Spanish 
 general, in 1540. Me\ico was conquered 
 by Cortez in 1521, Louisiana was disco- 
 vered by the French in 1633, who did 
 not take possession of it till 1718. In 1763 
 they yielded to the English that part which 
 lies to the east of the Mississippi, which was 
 ceded to theSpaniards at the peace of 1783, 
 who resigned it to the French in 1801, by 
 whom it was sold to the United States in 
 1803. Florida remained in the possession of 
 the Spaniards from 1521 to 1763, when it 
 was ceded to the English, by whom it was 
 relinquished in 1783. North America was 
 discovered by Sebastian Cabot in 1497. The 
 first part of it colonized by the English was 
 Virginia, in 1607, when James-town was 
 built. New England was first settled in 1614, 
 In 1620 the puritans fled thither from Eng- 
 land, and built New Plymouth, Boston, and 
 other places. Part of New York was settled 
 by the Dutch in 1 608. The Swedes arrived 
 shortly after, and fixed themselves in an- 
 other parts; but they were both dispossessed 
 in 1664 by the English. Pennsylvania was 
 first settled by William Penn in 1681 ; Ma- 
 ryland by lord Baltimore in 1633; Carolina 
 in 1 670 ; and Georgia by general Oglethorpe 
 in 1732. All these colonies, from New Eng- 
 land in the north, to Georgia in the south, 
 revolted from Great Britain in 1775, and the 
 next year asserted theirindependance, which 
 was allowed in 1783. Nova Scotia was settled 
 by sir William Alexander in 1662, but ten 
 years afterwards it was spld to the French. 
 It was taken again in 1654, and ceded back 
 in 1662^ ~ ecovered by sir William Phipps 
 
A M M 
 
 A M H 
 
 iri 1690, and given again to the French in 
 1697 ; but the English conquered it once 
 more in 1710, and it was coniirmed to them 
 at the peace of Utrecht in 1714. Canada was 
 taken possession of by the French in 1525. 
 Quebec was built in 1608 ; but the whole 
 country was conquered by thfe English in 
 1759, and has been in their hands ever 
 since. — Mod. C'niv. Hist. Robertson's Hist. 
 Amer. Burke s Hist, of European Settlements in 
 Amer. Gordon's Hist, of the American IV ar. 
 
 Americus, see Vesputius. 
 
 Ames (William), a puritan divine, was 
 born in Norfolk in 1576, and educated at 
 C'hrist-college, Cambridge, where he be- 
 came a rigid puritan, on which, to avoid 
 expulsion, he went to Franeker,in Holland, 
 and was chosen professor of divinity. Ele 
 afterwards settled at Rotterdam as associate 
 with Hugh Peters, who had gathered a 
 congregation of Brownists in that city. 
 Ames died in 1633. He was a man of learn- 
 ing, but his principles were narrow. The 
 principal of his works is entitled “ Medulla 
 Theologica.” His son William was ejected 
 from the living of Wrentham, in Suffolk, in 
 1662, and died in 1689. He published a 
 sermon, called “ The Saint’s Security against 
 seducing Spirits, &C.” — Neale’s Hist. Puritans . 
 Calamy's Account of ejected Ministers. 
 
 Ames (Joseph), secretary to the society 
 of antiquaries, was originally a ship-chand- 
 ler in Wapping. He devoted himself to the 
 study of antiquities, in which he acquired 
 great eminence, and published a work en- 
 titled, “Typographical Antiquities, being 
 an historical Account of Printing in Eng-, 
 land, &c.” 4to. 1749; also in 8vo. a list of 
 English portraits, engraved and mezzotinto, 
 and compiled the “ Parentalia,” from the 
 papers of Mr. Wren. Pie died in 1759. — 
 Nichols's Anecd. of Boiuyer. 
 
 Amherst (Jeffery, lord), was descended 
 from an ancient family at Sevenoaks, in 
 Kent, were he was born in 1717. He en- 
 tered into the army in 1731, and in 1741 
 was aide-de-camp to general Ligonier, under 
 whom he served at the battles of Dettingen, 
 Fontenoy, and Rocoux. In 1756 he was ap- 
 pointed colonel of the 15th regiment of 
 foot. In 1758 he went to America, and 
 commanded at the siege of Louisbourg. 
 7'he same year he was appointed com- 
 mander in chief of the forces in America, 
 and governor of Virginia. On the acces- 
 sion of George III. he was made knight of 
 the bath, and in 1763 returned to England. 
 In 1771 he was appointed governor of 
 Guernsey, and the yearfollowinglieutenant- 
 general of the ordnance. In 1776 he was 
 created baron Amherst of Holmsdale. In 
 1778 he had the command of the army in 
 England ; and in 1782 he received the gold 
 stick from the king ; but oh the change of 
 ministers his military appointments were 
 transferred to other hands. Fie was again 
 appointed commander in chief of Great 
 Britain in 1793, but resigned in 1795, and 
 
 was made field-marshal. He died in 
 1798, and his remains were interred in 
 Sevenoaks church. Though a strict dis- 
 ciplinarian, he was the soldier’s friend, and 
 his private character was very respectable. 
 He was twice married, but left no issue, 
 
 and the title devolved to his nephew. ■ 
 
 Necrology for 1798. 
 
 Amhorst (Nicholas), was born at Mar-1 
 den, in Kent, and educated at Merchant 
 Taylors’ school, from whence he was re- 
 moved to St. John’s college, Oxford, b u 
 was expelled for irregularity without ta k. 
 ing a degree. In consequence of this d/s-’ 
 grace he wrote several satires against th e 
 university, under the title of Terras Eiliu's* 
 2 vols. 12mo. 1726. On settling in London* 
 he became a writer by profession ; his most 
 celebrated undertaking was “ The Crafts- 
 man,” which was carried on for many 
 years with great success. In this paper he 
 was assisted by lord Bolingbroke and Mr. 
 Pulteney, who neglected him when they 
 got into place. He died of a broken heart 
 in 1742. — Cibber’s Lines of the Poets. 
 
 Amiconi (Giacomo), an historical and 
 portrait painter of Venice, who came to 
 England in 1729, and painted many fine 
 pieces for the principal nobility. He after- 
 wards went to Spain, and was appointed 
 portrait painter to the king, and died there 
 in 1752. — PiUingtcn. 
 
 Amicus (Antonius),a Sicilian priest, and 
 canon of the cathedral of Palermo, who 
 distinguished himself by some consider- 
 ableworks in history and antiquities. Philip 
 IV. of Spain conferred on him /the title of 
 historiographer royal. His principal work 
 is entitled, “ Sicilia; Regum Aunales ab 
 anno 1060 usque ad praesens seculum.” He 
 died in 1641. — Moreri. 
 
 Amin, the son of the caliph Haroun at 
 Raschid, succeeded his father in 809, on 
 condition that his brother Almamon was 
 to reign after him. He endeavoured to' 
 deprive his brother of the succession, and 
 in consequence a war broke out between 
 them. Timer, the general of Almamon, 
 took Bagdiid, and having seized Amin as he 
 attempted, to escape, cut off his head. He 
 was then thirty years old, and had reigned 
 but five ye^rs. — D' Her belot. 
 
 Amman (John Conrad), a native of Swit- 
 zerland, aijd a physician, obtained great 
 credit by teaching persons to speak wh» 
 were born deaf. He published an excel- 
 lent work on that subject, entitled “ Surd us 
 Loquens,” in 1692. He died at Amsterdam, 
 about 1 7 SO. — Halleri Bib. Andt. 
 
 Amman (Paul), a native of Breslaw, and 
 professor of physic at Leipsic. He wrote 
 some descriptive pieces in botany, and died 
 in 1690. — Gen. B. D. 
 
 Ammanati (Bartholomew), a Florentine 
 sculptor and architect, was born in 15.11, 
 and died in 1592. He built many elegant 
 edifices in his own country and at Rorr.f. — ■ 
 New- Diet. Hist. 
 
 E 
 
A M M 
 
 AM O 
 
 Ammanati (Laura Battiferri), wife of 
 the preceding, was the daughter of John 
 Antonio Battiferri, and born at Ufbino in 
 1513. Her poems, which were published at 
 Florence in 1560, and at Naples in 15.94, 
 are held in great esteem. She was elected 
 a member of the academy of Intronati at 
 Sienna, and died at Florence in 1589. — 
 BTouv. Diet. Hi it. 
 
 Ammianus (Marcellinus), a Latin histo- 
 rian, was born at Antioch, and served in 
 the army of Julian. He wrote the Roman 
 history from the reign of Nerva to the death 
 of Valens, in thirty-one books, of which 
 only eighteen are extant. The best edition 
 is that of Gronovius in 1693. He died 
 about 390. — rVossius de Hist. Lat. Bayle. 
 
 Ammirato, or Ammirati (Scipio), an 
 Italian writer, was born at Lucca, in the 
 kingdom of Naples, in 1531. He first prac- 
 tised the law, and then took orders ; but 
 being disappointed of preferment, he en- 
 tered into the service of a nobleman as se- 
 cretary. The city of Lucca employed him 
 on a mission to the pope ; he afterwards 
 settled at Florence, of which republic he 
 wrote the history, in 2 vois. folio, and re- 
 ceived in recompence a canonry in the ca- 
 thedral. He died in 1600. He wrote se- 
 veral other works in the Italian language, 
 both in prose and verse. — Moreri. 
 
 Ammon, the son of Lot, was father of the 
 Ammonites, who were generally at war 
 with the Israelites. He lived about 1900 
 years before Christ. — SS. 
 
 Ammonius, a peripatetic philosopher at 
 Athens, who flourished about A. D. 60. 
 Plutarch, who was his pupil, often men- 
 tions him in his works. — Pint, in Fit. The- 
 mist. Suidas. 
 
 Ammonius, another philosopher of the 
 same sect who lived in the 6th century, and 
 taught at Alexandria. He was the disciple 
 of Proclus, and obtained great reputation 
 as a preceptor. His commentaries on Aris- 
 totle and Porphyry are still extant. — Bayle. 
 
 Amm»*jius Sacgas., a philosopher of the 
 third century, and the founder of the ec- 
 lectic sect, was born of Christian parents, at 
 Alexandria, wherehestudied under Athena- 
 goras Pantaenus,and Clemens Alexandrinus, 
 which seems to refute the assertion that he 
 took the surname of Saccas from being a 
 porter. Porphyry says that he renounced 
 the Christian religion, in which he had been 
 educated, and. embraced paganism; but 
 Eusebius and others deny it. He instituted 
 an academy at Alexandria to reconcile the 
 principles of Plato and Aristotle, and among 
 other eminent disciples he had the cele- 
 brated Longinus. , He died about the year 
 243. — Porphyr. Fit. Biotin. Fahricjv ?. Bayle.- 
 
 Ammonius the grammarian, flourished 
 3 t Alexandria at the end of the fourth cen- 
 tury. A lexicon of Greek synonymes, 
 prmted at Venice in 1497, is attributed to 
 him. — Pair ici us. 
 
 Ammonius, a famous surgeon ©f Alex- 
 
 andria, invented a method of extracting the 
 stonefrom the bladder, which procured him 
 the surname of the lithotum'ut. — Le Clads 
 Hist, of Physic. 
 
 Ammonius (Levinus),a Carthusian monk 
 in Flanders, was great) v esteemed by Flras- 
 mus and other eminent men for his learning 
 and piety. He died at Ghent in 1556'. 
 
 Moreri. 
 
 Ammonius (Andrew), a learned Italian, 
 who came to England at the beginning ©f 
 the 15th century, and became secretary to 
 Henry VIII. He died in London in 1517. 
 He wrote some poetical pieces in Latin. — 
 Bayls. 
 
 Amontons (William), a French philoso- 
 pher, was born in Normandy in 1663. 
 Becoming de af, he applied himself to the 
 study of mechanics and practical mathe- 
 matics. In 1687 he presented a new hv- 
 groscope to the academy of sciences, which 
 was approved. He also discovered a 
 method of conveying information from 
 one place to another by signals, and which is 
 now known by the name of the telegraph. In 
 1695 he published a book on the construc- 
 tion of barometers, thermometers, & c. 
 wliich is the , only piece of his in print, ex- 
 cept some papers in the Memoirs of the 
 Academy of, Sciences. In 1699 he was ad- 
 mitted a member of that learned body. 
 He died in 1 7 05. — -Fonienclle s Eulogy. Nowv. 
 Diet. Hist. 
 
 Amory (Thomas), a dissenting divine, 
 Was born at Taunton, in Somersetshire, in 
 1700. He was educated under his uncle 
 Mr. Grove, whom he succeeded as prin- 
 cipal tutor in the academy at Taunton. He 
 also officiated to the congregation there 
 till 1759, when he removed to London, and 
 became afternoon preacher at the meeting 
 in the Old Jewry, of which, on the death of 
 Dr. Chandler, he was appointed sole pastor. 
 In 1768, the university of Edinburgh con- 
 ferred on him the degree of D. D. At this 
 time he became one of the lecturers at 
 Salters ’-hall. In 1770 hewas chosen morning 
 preacher at Newington green. He was 
 also chosen one of the committee appointed 
 by the dissenters, in 1772, to procure an 
 extension of the act of toleration. He died 
 in 1774, and was interred in Bunhill-fields 
 buryingiground. He wrote two volumes 
 of sermons, “ The Life of Mr. Henry Grove,” 
 “Memoirs of Dr. Benson,” and of “Dr. 
 Samuel Chandler.” — Biog. Br. 
 
 Amory (Thomas), an extraordinar y wri- 
 ter, was the son of counsellor Amory » who 
 was appointed by king William secretary 
 for the forfeited estates in Ireland. H e ap- 
 pears to have been bred to physio but 
 never practised that or any wther profession. 
 Fie lgd a very recluse life in his house in 
 Westminster, carefully shunning company, 
 and never stirring out till the evening. 
 He died, there at the age of 97, in 1789. 
 Our author wrote, 1. Memoirs containing 
 the Lives of several Ladies of Great Bri- 
 
AMR 
 
 AMY 
 
 tain, 8vo. IT*?, and afterwards in 2 vols. 
 i2mo. This singular work is of the novel 
 kind, but it is made the vehicle of arianism 
 or socinianism, as also is his next publica- 
 tion, “ The Life of John Buncle, Esq.” in 
 4 vols. 12mo. He wrote likewise two letters 
 in the Theological Repository, on the na- 
 tural proofs of a future state. — European 
 
 Mag. Dolf XV. 
 
 Amos, the third of the minor prophets, 
 was a shepherd of Tekoa, and supposed to 
 have been the father of Isaiah. He pro- 
 phesied in the reigns of Jehoram, king of 
 Israel, and Uzziali, king of Judah. — SS. 
 
 Amour (William de St.), doctor of the 
 Sorbonne, and canon of Bouvais, was born 
 at St. Amour, in Franehe Comte ; he was 
 a zealous defender of the rights of the uni- 
 versity of Paris ; his book on the perils of 
 the latter times was condemned by Alex- 
 ander IV. who also banished him to his 
 native place ; but on the death of the pope 
 he returned to Paris. He wrote other 
 works, and died in 1272. — Di/pin. Moreri. 
 
 Amo un (Lewis de St.), doctor of the Sor- 
 bonne, and rector of the university of Paris 
 He went to Rome as the advocate for the 
 jansenists. He was expelled the Sorbonne 
 for not signing the condemnation of Ar- 
 nauld. He died in 1681.— Di/pin. Moreri. 
 
 Am philochius, bishop of Iconium in the 
 4th century, was at the council of Constan- 
 tinople in 381, and president of that of 
 Sida in 385. He zealously opposed the 
 arians, and recovered Theodosius from that 
 party. He died about 394. — Dupin. Caves 
 Hist. Lai. 
 
 AM!>i!XBai.us,snrnamed Brito, because he 
 was a native of Britain, lived in the third 
 century. He is said to have been a native 
 of Exeter, where he acquired aknowledgeef 
 languages ; after which he went to Rome, 
 and having completed his studies, returned 
 to his native country. He preached the 
 gospel successfully in England and Scotland, 
 and wrote pious pieces. Some authors say 
 he was bishop in the isle of Anglesea, and 
 others that he suffered martyrdom in 291. — 
 Hector Boece. Hist. Scotise. Pits.de Script. Angl. 
 
 Am phin opus and An a Plug, two rich bro- 
 thers of Catania, in Sicily, who, jn an 
 eruption of mount ./Etna, abandoned all 
 their property fo save their aged and infirm 
 parents by carrying them on their shoul- 
 ders. — H alerius Maximus. Seneca de Bcnef. 
 
 Ampsinoius (John Assttrus), professor 
 of physic at Rostock in the beginning of 
 the 17th century. He wrote some learned 
 treatises on yhedical subjects in Latin, print- 
 ed in 1619.— Gen. B. 1). 
 
 Amru-ebn-.u-as, a famous Saracen ge- 
 neral, was at lirst a great enemy to Moham- 
 med, but afterwards he became his zealous 
 disciple. He conquered Syria and 'Egypt, 
 from whence he extended his victorious 
 arms to Africa. He died governor of Egypt, 
 which flourished greatly under his adrni- 
 ' nistrat,ion, A. D. 683. — B'Hcrbelot. Mod. 
 
 Unit. Hist. 
 
 Amsdop.f (Nicholas), bishop of Nurem- 
 berg. and a zealous iutheran. He held, in 
 opposition to Melancthon, that good works 
 are not necessary to salvation : and a sect 
 was formed called Amsdorfians. He died in 
 1541 . — Morcri. Mosheim. 
 
 Amurath I. sultan of the Turks, succeed- 
 ed his father Grchan in 1360, He com- 
 pleted the conquest _ of the Greek empire, 
 and defeated a formidable army of confede- 
 rates on the plain of Kossova; butafterthe 
 Battle he was stabbed by a sojdier of the 
 enemy, of which wound he died in 13S9, 
 aged 7 1 . — Mod. Un. Hist. 
 
 Amurath II. succeeded his father Mo- 
 hammed I. in 1422. The beginning of his 
 reign was disturbed by pretenders to the 
 throne, who were supported by the Greek 
 emperor. After quelling these attempts, he 
 resigned his throne to Ins son Mahomet, 
 and retired in 1443 to a society of dervises, 
 from whence he was soon recalled to en- 
 gage against the Hungarians, who had in- 
 vaded the Turkish dominions. Amurath 
 gained a great victory over the Christians 
 at Varna, and then returned to his retire- 
 ment, but was called from it again in 1446 
 to quell a revolt of the janiz'aries, and to 
 resist the famous Scanderbeg. Ha suc- 
 ceeded in both these objects, and then 
 turned his arms against the Hungarians 
 with his wonted good fortune. Findino- 
 his son inadequate to the imperial station, 
 he sent him to govern Asia Minor, and re- 
 sumed the throne. He died in 1451, a ved 
 47.— Ibid. 45 
 
 Amurath HE succeeded his father Selim 
 IT. in 1575. On his accession he caused his 
 five brothers to be murdered, which so af- 
 fectedhis mother that she stabbed herself. 
 He added several of the best provinces of 
 Persia to the Turkish empire, and died in 
 1596, aged 52. — Ibid. 
 
 Amurath IV. succeeded his uncle Mus- 
 tapha in 1622. He recovered Bagdad from 
 the Persians in 1637, after which he put 
 30,000 of the enemy, who had surrendered 
 at discretion, to the swprd, He died of 
 
 excessive debauchery in 1640, ao-ed SI 
 
 I bid. 
 
 Amy (N.), an advocate in the parliament 
 of Aix, died in 1760. He wrote, I. Obser- 
 vations on the Waters of the Seine, &c, 
 
 1 2mo. 2. New Filtrating Fountains, 12mo! 
 3. Reflections on Copper, Lead, and Tin 
 Vessels, 12mo. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Amyot (James)* bishop of Auxerre, and 
 great almoner of France, was born of low 
 parents at Milan, in 1514, and educated at 
 Paris on charity. He left the university at 
 the age of twenty-three, and became tutor 
 to the children of a secretary of state, who 
 recommended him to the duchess of Berry, 
 by whose means, he became professor ©f 
 Greek and Latin in the university of 
 P.ourges. Here he translated into French 
 the memoirs of Theagenes and Chariclea, 
 which procured him an abbey. By the re- 
 
ANA 
 
 A N A 
 
 commendation of cardinal de Tournon he 
 was appointed preceptor to the two young- 
 est sons of Henry it. While engaged in 
 this station he translated the lives of Plu- 
 tarch. Charles IX. gave him the abbey of 
 Cornelius de Compeigne, and made him 
 grand almoner of France, and bishop of 
 Auxerre. He was also appointed curator 
 of the university of Paris. Henry III. added 
 to these distinctions that of commander of 
 the order of the Holy Ghost. He died in 
 1593. Besides the above works, he translated 
 seven books of Diodorus Siculus, some 
 Greek tragedies, and the pastoral of Daph- 
 nis. — Alorer't. Bnyle. 
 
 Amvraut (Moses), a French divine, was 
 born in 1596, at Bourgueil, in Tourain. Fie 
 studied theology at Saumur, where he was 
 chosen professor of divinity. The council 
 of Charenton deputed him to make a re- 
 monstrance to the king on the infraction of 
 the edicts in favour of the protestants. His 
 conduct on this occasion brought him ac- 
 quainted with cardinal Richelieu, who held 
 him in great esteem. Departing from tlxe 
 high calvinistic notions of election and re- 
 probation, he brought upon himself tlxe 
 charge of heresy from Peter du Mouliix. 
 This disputeoccasionedfor a time consider- 
 able disturbance among the French protes- 
 tants. But Amyraut, by his moderation, 
 came off with great lxonoxxr, and was re- 
 spected by good inen of both religion^. 
 He also gained great credit in 1647, by 
 writing against the notion, that subjects 
 have a right to take up arms against their 
 sovereign. He was a man of universal cha- 
 rity, and distributed his salary to the poor 
 without any regard to their religious sen- 
 timents. He died in 1664. — Bayle, 
 
 Amyrutzes, a peripatetic philosopher, 
 and native of Trebizond, flourished in the 
 fifteenth century. Having abjured the 
 Christian religion, the sultan Mahomet II. 
 gave him several preferments, andemploved 
 him in translating some books of the Chris- 
 tians into Arabic. — Baylc. 
 
 Anacharsis, a Scythian philosopher, 
 travelled to Athens in the time of Solon, bv 
 whom he was greatly esteemed. He was 
 the only stranger the Athenians ever ad- 
 mitted to the honour of citizenship. Criesus 
 invited him to Sardis, with the offer of 
 riches, but he replied, “ that he came to 
 Greece for improvement and not for mo- 
 ney.” After a long stay in Greece, he re- 
 turned to Scythia, where he attempted to 
 introduce the customs and institutions of 
 Greece, which brought upon him the en- 
 mity of his countrymen. Going one day 
 into a wood to perform a sacred rite to the 
 goddess Cybele, he was shot with an ar- 
 row by the king. Many of his apoph- 
 thegms are preserved by Ladins, who 
 wrote his life, by Plutarch and others. An 
 Atheuiajijonce reproaching him with being 
 a Scythian : “ True,” says Anacharsis, “ my 
 - country is a disgrace to me, but you are a 
 
 disgrace to your country.” — •Herodotus. Plu- 
 tarch. Biog. Laert. 
 
 An acletus, bishop of Rome, succeeded 
 
 I. inus in the second year of Titus, A. D. 70. 
 He is said to have suffered martvrdom, 
 after governing the Roman church thirteen 
 years. — Eusebius. I) up in. 
 
 Anaclf.tUS, an anti-pope, was set up 
 by Roger king of Sicily, against Innocent 
 
 II. whose cause was espoused by the em- 
 peror Lotharius II. After a violent strag- 
 gle", the latter obtained the papal chixir, 
 and Anacletus died obscurely in 1138. — 
 Moreri'. 
 
 Anacr eon, a Greek lyric poet, was born 
 at Teos, in Ionia, about the 6th century 
 B. C. Fie was entertained at the court of 
 Polycrates,at Samos, who held him in great 
 esteem. At the invitation of Hipparchus, 
 son of Pisistratus, he visited Athens; and on 
 the death of that prince he returned to 
 Teos, and remained there till the revolt of 
 Histseus, when he removed to Abdera, 
 where he was choked, while drinking, bv 
 a grape-stone. From the few particulars 
 that can be gathered of his life, it is evi- 
 dent Anacreon was a man of vicious prin- 
 ciples and most debauched manners. His 
 poems, whichare amatory andbacchanalian, 
 are exquisitely beautiful, lively, and natu- 
 ral. The best editions of Anacreon are 
 those of Barnes and Pauw. Two excellent 
 translations of tins poet have been published 
 in English, that by Fawkes in Timo, and 
 the other by Moore, in 12mo. — Vossius. 
 
 Anagnosta (John), a Byzantine histo- 
 rian, was living in the year 1433. He wrote 
 De Rebus Constantinopolitanorum Mace- 
 donicis, which was published in Greek and 
 Latin at Cologne in 1653. — Hankii de Byzant, 
 Hist. 
 
 Anastasius I. emperor of the east, was 
 born in 430, at Duras, in Illyricum,of mean 
 parentage. He was axx officer in the impe- 
 rial palace for many years, and in 1491 be- 
 came emperor by marrying the empress 
 Ariadne, widow of Zeixo. He was very 
 popular at first, but lost the public favour 
 by embroiling himself in religious feuds, 
 and sidiixg with the Eutychians: several 
 commotions were excited on this account, 
 and tlxe emperor was at last obliged to re- 
 scind what he had done in favour of the 
 heretics, tie died in 518. — Mod. Un. Hist. 
 
 Anastasius II. was raised to the throne 
 in 713, from a private station. A rival ap- 
 peared against him, called Theodosius, who 
 was so well supported, that Anastasius was 
 obliged to fly into Thessalonica. When 
 Leo ascended the throne in 719, Anastasius 
 prevailed on the Bulgai-ians to assist hixix in 
 taking Constantinople;but finding a greater 
 resistance than they expected, they deli- 
 vered him up to Leo, who put him to 
 death. — Ibid. 
 
 Anastasius I. pope, succeeded Siricffis 
 in 398. He condemned the vyorks of Ori-> 
 4 en, and excommunicated Russinus, who 
 
ANA 
 
 ANA 
 
 had translated one of that father’s treatises. 
 He died in 402. — Flalina. Dupin. 
 
 Anastasius II. pope, succeeded Gelasus 
 in 496. He endeavoured to bring about a 
 union between the eastern and western 
 churches, but was cut off by death from 
 executing" his design in 498. — Ibid. 
 
 Anastasius III. pope, succeeded Ser- 
 gius in 9 17, and died in 919. — Ibid. 
 
 Anastasius IV. pope, succeeded F.uge- 
 nius III. in 1158, and died the year follow- 
 ing. He was a humane and liberal-minded 
 pontiff. — Ibid. 
 
 Anastasius, an antipope, was supported 
 by the imperial army against Benedict III. 
 in 855, but was soon obliged to yield to his 
 rival, and died in obscurity. — Moreri. 
 
 Anastasius the Sinaite, so called from 
 being a monk of mount Sinai, lived in the 
 7th century. He wrote some pieces on 
 practical divinity, published at Ingolstadt, 
 1605, 4to. — Cauls Hist. Lit. 
 
 Anastasius (Theopolitanus), bishop of 
 Antioch in the 6th century, was banished in 
 570 for holding the opinions of the incor- 
 ruptibles, or that the body of Christ was in- 
 capable of suffering even before the resur- 
 rection. In 598 he was restored to his see, 
 find died in 599. His successor was also 
 called Anastasius, and there are some reli- 
 gious discourses of his extant. — Fabric. Bill. 
 Greec. 
 
 Anastasius Bibliothecarius^ Greek, 
 was librarian of the Vatican, in the 9th 
 century. His great work is the Liber Pon- 
 tificalis ; the best edition of which is that 
 of 1718, 4 vols. folio. Pie is said to have 
 assisted at the council of Constantinople in 
 865, and to have translated its canons into 
 Latin. — Dupin. 
 
 ' Anatolius (St.), a native ®f Alexandria, 
 was bishop of Laodicea, in Syria, in 269. 
 He was an eminent mathematician, and 
 wrote a tract on the time of celebrating 
 Piaster, printed in the “ Doctrina Tempo- 
 rum,” Antwerp, 1694. — Eusebius. Dupin. 
 
 Anatolius, patriarch of Constantinople 
 in the 5th century. Pie contended for some 
 time with pope Leo for the ecpiality of the 
 two churches, but afterwards yielded the 
 point, and behaved with more submission 
 to the pontilfthan became his station. He 
 died in 458. — Moreri. 
 
 Anaxagoras, an illustrious philosopher 
 of antiquity, to whom by way of emi- 
 nence was given the name of Mind or 
 Spirit. Pie was a native of Clazomene, in 
 {onia, and renounced a large estate to study 
 philosophy undisturbed. After studying 
 many years, he commenced preceptor, and 
 had numerous disciples, among whom were 
 Euripides and Pericles. He held that the 
 moon was inhabited, and that the sun was a 
 mass of burning matter, from which the 
 other heavenly bodies derive light and heat. 
 For these opinions, so contrary to the su- 
 perstitious ideas of the Athenians, which 
 ascribed divinity to those luminaries, lie was 
 
 charged with atheism, and condemned to 
 death, which sentence, through the exertions 
 of Pericles, was changed to banishment. He 
 then retired to Lampsacus, where he taught 
 philosophy till his death, which happened 
 B. C. 428, at the age of 70. In his last ill- 
 ness, his friends asked him if his body should 
 be carried to Clazomene, on which he gave 
 this answer, “ It would answer no purpose, 
 as the passage to Hades is the same from 
 one place as another.” His only wish was, 
 that the day of his death should be kept as a, 
 holiday yearly by the boys of Lampsacus, 
 which was complied with — Diog. Laert. 
 Stanley. Moreri. 
 
 Anaxandrides, king of Sparta, began 
 his reign about 550 B. C. He had two 
 wives, which was unusual among the La- 
 cedemonians; by one he had a son, called 
 Cleomenes, who succeeded him; and by 
 the other, three children, one of whom was 
 the famous Leonidas. — Univ. Hist. 
 
 Anaxandrides, a comic poet of Rhodes, 
 in the time of Philip of Macedon, who was 
 starved to death for censuring the govern- 
 ment of Athens — Vossius'. Buyle. 
 
 Anaxarciius, a philosopher of Abdera, 
 and the favourite of Alexander the Great, 
 Fie is said to have been pounded to death 
 in an iron mortar by command of Nico- 
 creon, king of Cyprus, but the story does 
 not appear well founded, as he gained the 
 name of the Fortunate. — Diog. Laert. Stan- 
 ley s Lives of Philosophers. 
 
 Anaxilaus, a pythagorean philosopher 
 in the time of Augustus, who banished him 
 from Italy as a magician, though he appears 
 only to have been a juggler, A. D. 28 . — Plitu 
 Nat. Hisjp 
 
 Anaximander, a philosopher of Mile- 
 tus, the disciple and successor of Thales. 
 He had a considerable knowledge of astro- 
 nomy and geography, and was the first 
 who noticed the obliquity of the ecliptic ; 
 he taught that the moon receives her light 
 from the sun, and that the earth is globular; 
 to him also is ascribed the invention of the 
 sphere, and geographical charts. Pie lived 
 B. C. 547. Pie is not to be confounded with 
 Anaximander the historian, who was also 
 of Miletus. — Stanley. Moreri. 
 
 Anaximenes, the pupil and successor of 
 Anaximander, the philosopher, maintained 
 that “air” was the first principle of all 
 things. Pliny attributes to him the inven- 
 tion of the sun-dial; he flourished B. C. 
 548. — Pirn. Nat. Hist. Vossius. 
 
 Anaximenes of Lampsacus, a Greek 
 historian, who instructed Alexander the 
 Great in rhetoric, and accompanied him in 
 the war against the Persians. His country 
 having joined Darius, Alexander threatened 
 its ruin, but was diverted from his promise 
 by Anaximenes. Pie wrotea history of Greece 
 and the lives of Philip and Alexander. His 
 nephew Anaximenes wrote a historical trea- 
 tise on the death of kings, cited by Clemens 
 Alexandrinus. — Vo sins de Hist. Grac. 
 
 4 
 
AND 
 
 AND 
 
 Ancharano (Peter d’), a learned civi- 
 lian of Bologna, was brought up under 
 Baldus, whom he equalled in reputation. 
 He died in 1417. He wrote commentaries 
 on the becretals. — Moreri. 
 
 Ancillon (David), a French divine, was 
 Dorn at Mentz in 16*17. He had the early 
 part of his education in the jesuits’ college, 
 and then went to Geneva, where he studied 
 divinity. He was for some years minister, 
 of the church of'Meaux; from whence he 
 removed to Metz; but on the revocation 
 of the edict of Nantes he retired to Frank- 
 fort. The same year he was called to the 
 co-pa§torship of the French church at Ha- 
 nau, where he was greatly followed. This 
 excited the envy of his colleagues, who 
 making his situation uneasy, he quitted it, 
 and went first , to Frankfort, from whence 
 lie removed to Berlin, and officiated as 
 minister of the French church ; here he 
 enjoyed great favour, and his family w'ere 
 honoured with places of distinction. He 
 died in 1692. His works are, 1. A Relation 
 of the Controversy concerning Traditions, 
 4to. 2. An Apology for Luther, Zninglius, 
 and Beza. 3. The Life of William Farel. 
 His son printed a miscellany of his conver- 
 sations, 2 vols. 12mo. — Baylc. 
 
 Anciluon (Charles), eldest son of the 
 above, was born at Metz, in 1659. He 
 became inspector of the French courts of 
 justice at Berlin, and historiographer to 
 the king of Prussia. He wrote some books 
 against the revocation of the edict of 
 Nances, and other works. He died in 1715. 
 —Ibid. 
 
 AnCourt (Florcnt-Carton d’), a French 
 comic writer and actor, wa3 born at Fon- 
 "tainebleauin 1661, and educated in the jesuits’ 
 college at Paris. Lewis XIV. distinguished 
 him by many marks of favour. In 1718 he 
 quitted the stage, and spent the remainder of 
 his days in devotion. He died in 1726. His 
 works were published in 9 vols. 12mo. 
 1722. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Ancus Martius, fourth king of Rome, 
 was the grandson of Nunia Pompiliiis. He 
 was elected B. C. 634. He obtained tri- 
 umphs for victories gained over the Latins, 
 Sabines, and Veicntes, and extended his 
 territories to the sea-coast, where he built 
 the port of Ostia. He died after a reign of 
 42 years. — Liny. Floras. 
 
 Anderson (Alexander), a Scotch mathe- 
 matician of the 16th century. He was 
 rofessor of mathematics at Paris, where 
 e published, in 1592, a Supplement to 
 Apollonius. — Vossius de Mathetn. 
 
 Anderson (Andrew), a Scotch printer 
 at Edinburgh, who in the reign of Charles 
 II. obtained a patent for printing every thing 
 in Scotland for 4J years.’ It was afterwards 
 restricted to bibles and acts of parliament. 
 —Gen. Biag. Diet. 
 
 Anderson (Adam), a Scotch writer of 
 considerable merit, was for 40 vpars clerk 
 it; the South Sea-house, and also chief clerk 
 
 of the stock and new annuities ; he was 
 besides a trustee for establishing the colony 
 ot Georgia in America, and one of the 
 court assistants of the Scots corporation 
 in London. In 1762, he published the 
 Historical and Chronological Deduction of 
 Frade and Commerce, of which a new 
 edition has since appeared in 4 vols. 4to. 
 Mr. Anderson was thrice married, and 
 died in 1775. — Ibid. 
 
 Anderson (sir Fdmund), an English 
 judge, was born in Lincolnshire’ and edu- 
 cated in Lincoln-coilege, Oxford, from 
 whence he removed to the Inner Temple, 
 About 1571 he was made a judge, and in 
 1582 lord chief justice of the common pleas.' 
 He was in the commission for trying' Mary, 
 queen of Scots; and presided at the trial 
 of secretary Davison, for issuing the war- 
 rant by which that unhappy princess was 
 executed. The chief justice was an able 
 lawyer, and kept strictly to the letter of 
 the statutes. He was, however, of an in- 
 flexible temper, and ventured on some oc- 
 casions to oppose the arbitrary measures of 
 the court. He died in 1605. His Reports 
 were printed in 1644, fol. and Resolutions 
 and Judgments in the Courts of Westminster 
 in the latter end of Elizabeth, in 1653. — 
 Biog, Brit. 
 
 Anderson (James), was born at Edin- 
 burgh in 1670, and became an advocate. 
 In 1700 he was appointed clerk to the 
 Scotch parliament, and in 1704 he printed 
 a Vindication of the independency of Scot- 
 land, for which he received the thanks of 
 the parliament, and a pension of four hun- 
 dred pounds a year. He made a collection 
 of Scottish records, which was published in 
 1 vol. folio, with a preface by Thomas Rud- 
 diman. He died in 1712. — Gen. B.D. 
 
 Anderson (John), a Scotch divine, was 
 born in 1671, and received his education 
 at St. Andrew’s, where he took the degree 
 of A. M. In 1704 he became minister of 
 Dumbarton^ from which he removed 
 in 1716 to Glasgow. He was a zealous de- 
 fender of presbyterianism, and died in 
 1 7 20. — Ibid. 
 
 Anderson (John), was born in 1674 at 
 Hamburgh, of which city he became Syn- 
 dic, and was employed in negociating its 
 concerns in different courts of Europe. He 
 published the Natural History of Iceland, 
 Greenland, Davis’s Straits, and other nor- 
 thern regions. He died in 1743. — Moreri. 
 
 Anderson (George), an English mathe- 
 matician, was born at Weston, in Bucking- 
 hamshire, in 1760. His parents were pea- 
 sants, and he was obliged to work as a day- 
 labourer. His genius, however, overcame 
 every difficulty, and he attained by himself 
 a great knowledge of the mathematics. His 
 extraordinary acquirements recommended 
 him to a worthy clergyman, who sent hint 
 to a grammar-school, and next to New-col- 
 lege, Oxford, where he took the degree of 
 M. A, He entered into deacon’s orders, 
 
AND 
 
 AND 
 
 but having no relish for a country curacy, 
 he went to London, where he obtained a 
 place as clerk to the board of controul. 
 He attended with such assiduity to business, 
 as to lay the foundation of a disorder which 
 carriedhim off in 1706'. He lefta widow, who, 
 in consideration of her husband’s merits, 
 obtained a pension. Mr. Anderson pub- 
 lished Arenarius, or a Treatise on measuring 
 the Sands, translated from the Greek of 
 Archimedes ; and a General View of the 
 Variations which have taken place in the 
 Affairs of the East-India Company, since 
 the conclusion of the War in India in 1784. 
 
 — Annual Necrology for 1798. 
 
 Andocides, an Athenian orator, who 
 lived B. C. 470 ; he was banished from his 
 country several times, but as often recalled. 
 There are four orations of his in the Ora- 
 tores Grreci of Stephens, 1575, folio. — Plu- 
 tarch. Fabridus. 
 
 Andrada (Diego de Payva d’), a Por- 
 tuguese divine, was born at Coimbria, and 
 distinguished himselfat the council of Trent, 
 the canons of which he defended against 
 Chemnitias. He died in 1575, aged 47. 
 He had two brothers : 1. Francis, who was 
 historiographer to the king of Spain, and 
 wrote the history of John III. king of Por- 
 tugal, printed in 1533. 2. Thomas y a monk, 
 and called by his order Thomas of Jesus. 
 He attended king Sebastian to Africa, where 
 the Moors shut him up in a cave.. In this 
 place he wrote a book entitled, “ 'I he Suf- 
 ferings of Jesus”, which was translated into 
 English by Walton. He died in 1582. 
 
 iVLnreri. 
 
 Andrada (Anthony d’), a Portuguese 
 jesuit, who discovered in 1624 the country 
 of Cathay and Thibet, of which he pub- 
 lished an account. He died in 1634. — Ibid. 
 
 Andre 7 (Nathaniel St.), a French sur- 
 geon, who attended Mr. Pope, and was 
 imposed upon by Mary Tofts the rabbit 
 breeder, for which he apologised in the pa- 
 pers in 1726. He died at Southampton in 
 1776. — Gen. Blog. Diet. 
 
 Andre 7 (John), an unfortunate, British 
 officer, was originally a merchant’s clc-rk, 
 but quitted the eompting-house for the 
 camp, and so highly distinguished himself 
 in the American war, as to be raised to the 
 rank of major. General Clinton had so 
 high an opinion of his address and integrity, 
 that when the American general, Arnold, 
 made a secret offer of surrendering an im- 
 portant post to the British, he employed 
 the major on the dangerous mission. Mr. 
 Andre, on being challenged by the Ame- 
 rican guard, imprudently offered them his 
 watch and purse, which they refused, , and 
 conducted him to their commanding officer, 
 bv whose orders he was searched, and the 
 fatal papers discovered. General Washing- 
 ton caused him to be tried as a spy by a 
 court -martial, and the major was condemn- 
 ed to be hanged, which sentence was rigo- 
 rously executed. On going to the place oi 
 
 execution he said, with concern, “ Must I 
 die in this manner ?” Being told it was unr 
 avoidable, he replied, “ I am reconciled to 
 my fate, but not to the mode ; it will, how- 
 ever, be but a momentary pang.” His for- 
 titude excited the admiration, and melted 
 the hearts of all the spectators. He was 
 asked if had any thing to say: “Nothing 
 (says he), but to request that you will 
 witness to the world th|at I die like a 
 brave man.” The conduct of the. American 
 commander on this occasion is not to be ’ 
 excused; and the intelligence -was received 
 in England with general indignation. A 
 monument was erected to his memory in 
 Westminster Abbey, on which is the fol- 
 lowing inscription : Sacred to the memory 
 of Major John Andre, who, raised by Ins 
 merit, at an early period of his life, to the 
 rank of adjutant general of the British 
 forces in America, and employed in an im- 
 portant but hazardous enterprize, fell a sa- 
 crifice to his zeal for his king and country, 
 on the 2nd of October 1780, aged 20, uni- 
 versally beloved and esteemed by the army 
 in which he served, and lamented even by 
 his foes. His gracious sovereign king 
 George III. has caused this monument to be 
 erected.” — Ann. Reg. 1780. 
 
 Andreas (James), an eminent German 
 reformer, was born in the duchy of Wir- 
 temberg in 1528. In 1546 he was appoint- 
 ed minister of the church of Stutgard; but 
 on the publication of the interim, he re- 
 tired to Tubingen. He was at the diet of 
 Ratisbon, and secretary at the conference 
 at Worms. He was also at the diet of Augs- 
 burg; and soon after was made chancellor 
 and rector of the university of Tubingen. 
 He died in 1590. Adreas was employed in 
 reforming most of the churches in Germany, 
 and wrote several learned treatises, the 
 most known of which is that on concord.— 
 Melch. Adam. Vit. Germ. Theol. 
 
 Adreas (John), a canonist of the 14th 
 century, was born at Muzello, near Flo- 
 rence, and educated at Bologna, under Guy 
 de Baif. He gained great reputation as 
 professor of civil law at Padua and Bo- 
 logna. His daughter, Novella, in his ab- 
 sence used to read lectures to his pupils, 
 and had a curtain drawn before her that 
 the attention of the auditors might not be 
 taken off by her beauty. His affection for 
 her was so great, that he entitled his com- 
 mentary on the decretals of Gregory X. 
 the Novelise. She married John Calderi* 
 nus, a famous canonist. Andreas wrote 
 several learned works, and died in 1348.— 
 Bayle. 
 
 Andreas (John), a Moorish convert, 
 was born at Xativa, in Valentia, and suc- 
 ceeded his father as alfaqui of that city. 
 Lie became a convert to Christianity, on 
 which he was ordained a priest, and was 
 employed as a missionary among the Moors 
 of Granada. He translated into Spanish 
 .the law of tlte Moors, and wrote a book en- 
 
AND 
 
 AND 
 
 titled the Confusion of th,e Sect of Moham- 
 med. It has been translated from the ori- 
 ginal Spanish into several languages. — 
 Bayle. 
 
 Andreas (John Valentine), a German 
 protestant divine, was born in 1546, and 
 died in 1654. He wrote several mystical 
 books in Latin, which have made some be- 
 lieve that he was the founder of the sect of 
 rosicrusians. — Mores i. 
 
 Andreas (John Gerhard Reinhard), an 
 ingenious naturalist of Hanover, was born 
 in 1724. His father was an apothecary, and 
 his son succeeded him in his business. He 
 ained an extensive knowledgein chemistry, 
 of any, and natural history, and travelled 
 through several countries to make himself 
 acquainted with their productions. He 
 published several pieces, particularly a Tour 
 in Switzerland,! 776, 4to. and a Treatise on 
 the several Kinds of Earth in Hanover, 1 769. 
 He died in 17 9Z.~S(blichUgroll's Necrology. 
 
 Andreini (Isabella), a celebrated actress 
 of Padua, was born in 1562. She was also 
 esteemed a good poetes, and ivas admitted 
 f member of the academy at Padua. When 
 in France she received the most flattering 
 marks of distinction from their majesties. 
 She died at Tyons in 1604. Her poems 
 were printed at Milan in 1605. — Bayle. 
 
 Andreini (Francis), husband of the pre- 
 ceding, was for a length of time a come- 
 dian, but quitted that profession on the 
 death of his wife, and became an author. 
 He wrote some dialogues which passed 
 through several editions. — Ibid. 
 
 An dr,e linus (Publius Fostus), a native 
 of I'orli in Italy, was professor of poetry 
 and philosophy in the university of Paris, 
 and poet-Iaureat to Lewis XII. His letters 
 were printed at Strasburg in 1571. His 
 poems, which are mostly in Latin, are in 
 the Delicix Poetarum Italorum. He died 
 in 1518. — Ibid. 
 
 Andrew (St.), the apostle, was born at 
 Bethsajda in Galilee, and with bis brother 
 Peter followed their father’s trade of a 
 fisherman, till called by our Saviour. He 
 had been the disciple of John the Baptist, 
 whom he left to follow Jesus Christ. He is 
 said to have preached the gospel in Scythia, 
 and to have been crucified on a cross shaped 
 like the letter X.— -Cane's Lives of the Apostles. 
 
 Andrew I. king of Hungary, was the 
 eldest son of Ladislaus the Bald. He and 
 his brother Bala were obliged t® quit Hun- 
 gary in 1044, on the accession of Peter. 
 Afterwards they were recalled by the Hun- 
 garians, on promising to abolish Christiani- 
 ty, and to restore paganism. But when 
 Andrew obtained the throne, he broke his 
 engagement, and compelled his subjects to 
 turn Christians. He was defeated and 
 slain by his brother in 1059. — Mod. Un. Hist. 
 
 Andrew II. succeeded his nephew La- 
 dislaus as king of Hungary in 1204. He 
 was^ engaged in the crusade against the 
 Turks; and on his return endeavoured to 
 
 reform the manners of his subjects. He 
 died in 1235. — Mod. U/t.Hist. 
 
 Andrew III. king of Hungary, was the 
 grandson of the preceding, and ascended 
 the throne on the death of Ladislaus, in 
 1299. He was opposed by Charles, son of 
 the king of Sicily by a sister of Ladislaus; 
 and these rivals kept Hungary in a. distract- 
 ed state till their deaths, which happened 
 in the same year, 1305. — Ibid. 
 
 Andrew of Hungary, king of Naples, 
 called by the Neapolitans Andreasso, was 
 the second son of Charobert, king of Hun- 
 gary. He married Joan, queen of Naples, 
 who caused him to be murdered in 1345, in 
 the 19th year of his age. — Ibid. 
 
 Andrew, bishop of Crete, was born at 
 Damascus, and died about 720. He wrote 
 commentaries on the scriptures, and ser- 
 mons, which were published at Paris, 1644, 
 folio. — Cave, Hist. Lit. Babricius. 
 
 Andrew (John), secretary of the Vati- 
 can library ; died in 1493. He was a learn- 
 ed and industrious man, and became bishop 
 of Aleria in Corsica. He edited Livy, Au- 
 lus Gailius, and Herodotus, with other 
 works.— Nouv. Did. Hist. 
 
 Andrew of Ratisbon,an historian of the 
 15th century. He wrote a chronicle of the 
 dukes of Bavaria, and a history of Bohe- 
 mia. — V oss. de Hist. Lat. 
 
 _ Andrew, bishop of Samosata, lived in 
 the 5tli century. He zealously vindicated 
 Theodorat against Cyril. Some epistles of 
 his are extant. — Dupin. 
 
 Andrew of Pisa, a sculptor and archi- 
 tect, was born in 1270. He built several 
 structures at Florence; and the arsenal of 
 Venice is said to have been designed by him. 
 He was also a painter, poet, and musician! 
 He died in 1345. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Andrew del Sarto, an Italian painter, 
 was born at Florence in 1480. His copy of 
 the portrait of Leo X. by Raphael, was 
 taken for the original by Julio Romano, 
 though that painter did the drapery of the 
 picture himself. He died in 1530. — D'Ar- 
 
 genville. 
 
 Andrew (Tobias), professor of history 
 and Greek at Groningen. He was a zea- 
 lous Cartesian, and wrote in defence of that 
 system a treatise entitled Methodi Cartesia- 
 ns assertio, printed in 1653. He died ip 
 1676. — Bayle. 
 
 Andrew (Valerius), was born in Bra- 
 bant, 1588. He became professor of civil 
 law at Louvain, and librarian of that uni- 
 versity. He wrote a book entitled Biblio- 
 theca Belgica de Belgis vita scriptisque Cla- 
 ris, printed in 1643. ' He was alive in 1652! 
 — Moreri. 
 
 Andrew (Yves Mary), a French jesuit, 
 Was born in 1675; he became professor 
 of mathematics at Caen' in 1726, and 
 held it till 1759. He died in 1764. His 
 1 reatise on Man is a judicious discourse on 
 the union between the soul and body ; but 
 
 his most celebrated. piece, is the Essay oj$ 
 
AND 
 
 AND 
 
 Beauty. All his works were printed in into decapitation, which he suffered witk 
 1766, in 5 vols. 12mo. — Now. Diet. Hist. Christian fortitude on Tower-hill, August 
 
 Andrews (Lancelot), an English pre- 
 late, was born in London, in 1565. From 
 Merchant Taylors’ school he was sent to 
 Pembroke-hall, Cambridge; where having 
 taken his degrees in arts, he applied him- 
 self to divinity. Sir Francis Walsingbam 
 obtained for him the living of St. Giles, 
 Cripplegate, and afterwards a prebend 
 and rcsidentiaryship of St. Paul’s. On the 
 death of Mr. Fulke he was chosen master 
 of Pembroke-hall, to which he was a great 
 benefactor. He >vas also appointed chap- 
 lain to queen Elizabeth, who greatly ad- 
 mired his preaching. King James I. em? 
 ployed him to defend the sovereignty of 
 kings against Bellarinine, who had attack- 
 ed it under the name of Matthew Tortus. 
 Dr. Andrews did this in a piece called 
 Tortura Torti, for which he was raadg 
 almoner to the king, a privy counsellor, 
 dean of the chapel royal, and successively 
 bishop of Chichester, Ely, and Winchester. 
 The following anecdote of bishop Andrews 
 will show him to great advantage. Waller 
 the poet was one day at court, while king 
 James was at dinner, who was attended by 
 the bishop of Winchester, and Neale, bishop 
 of Durham. His majesty said to the pre- 
 lates, “ My lords, cannot I take my sub- 
 jects’ money when I want it, without all 
 this formality in parliament ?” Bishop 
 Neale quickly replied, “ God forbid, sir, 
 but vou should ; you are the breath of our 
 nostrils.” On which the king said to the 
 bishop of Winchester, “ Well, my lord, and 
 what say you ?” “ Sir, ” replied Andrews, 
 “ I have no skill to judge of parliamentary 
 cases.” The king answered, “ No put-offs, 
 my lord ; answer me presently.” “ Then, 
 gir,” said he, “ 1 think it lawful for you to 
 take my brother Neale’s raone}', for he of- 
 fers it.” He died in 1626, and was buried 
 in the - church of St. Saviour’s, Southwark, 
 where there is a monument to his memory. 
 He had a share in the present translation of 
 the bible. A volume of his sermons was 
 printed after his death. His private de- 
 votions and meditations in Greek were 
 translated into English by Dr. Stanhope. — 
 Biog. Brit. 
 
 Andrews, or Andrewe (Eusebius), a 
 gentleman of a good family in Middlesex, 
 Who was secretary to lord Capel, and a 
 barrister. In 16-12 he quitted the gown and 
 took up arms in defence of Charles I. whom 
 he served as colonel. On the failure of the 
 king’s affairs he settled in Loudon, and 
 practised the law ; but being a suspected 
 royalist, traps were laid to entangle him in 
 a conspiracy against the usurpers. By these 
 he was ensnared, and brought before the 
 high court of justice, as it was called, where 
 he made so gallant a defence that the court 
 itself became generally odious, and was dis- 
 continued. The sentence of hanging and 
 quartering was changed, by his petition, 
 
 22, 1650.— Ibid. 
 
 Andriscus, an impostor who assumed 
 the name of Philip son of Perses, king of 
 Macedon. The Macedonians acknowledged 
 him, and the Romans sent an army against 
 him under the command of Scipio Nasica, 
 whom Andriscus defeated, and thus estab- 
 lished himself on the throne. He was af- 
 terwards defeated by Metellus, on which 
 he took refuge among the Thracians, who 
 delivered him to the Romans, and he was 
 put to death by ord,er of the senate, B. C. 
 147. — Univ. Hist. 
 
 Andromachus, a native of Crete, was 
 physician to. Nero in 65. He invented the- 
 riaca, which he described in some elegiac 
 
 verses addressed to the emperor. Boyle. 
 
 Vossiu;, 
 
 Andronicus 1. Comnenus, a Greek em- 
 peror, was the son of Isaac, and grandson 
 of Alexis Comnenus. He was imprisoned 
 for treasonable practices against the em- 
 peror Manuel, twelve years, but at last ef- 
 fected his escape, and fled to Russia. On 
 the accession of Alexis II. he got himself 
 chosen as a partner in the government, and 
 soon contrived to put his innocent coadju- 
 tor to death, in 1183. Andronicus behaved 
 in the most tyrannical manner, to his sub- 
 jects, particularly to those who were re- 
 lated to the royal family; At last the peo- 
 ple, wearied with his oppressions, raised 
 Isaac Angelus, a descendant of Alexius I. 
 to the throne, who caused Androaicus to 
 be given up to the insults of the populace^ 
 He endured the most miserable torments 
 with uncommon patience, and behaved in 
 his last moments like a true penitent. He 
 died in 1185, aged 7:3. — Mod. Un. Hisfy 
 Andronicus II. Palreologus, came to 
 the crown in 1283. He was deposed by 
 his grandson Andronicus the younger, on 
 which he retired to a monastery, where he 
 died in 1332, aged 74. — Ibid. 
 
 Andronicus III. Pa’ueologus. He was 
 the grandson of the preceding, whom he 
 deprived of his crown. Fie fell a victim 
 to an irregular life, aged 45, in 1341 . — Ibid. 
 
 Andronicus (Cyrestes), an Athenian, 
 who first applied himself to the study of 
 the winds. He built the famous octagonal 
 temple of the winds at Athens, and was 
 the inventor of weathercocks. — Aulus GeU 
 lilts. 
 
 Andronicus (Livius), the oldest drama- 
 tic author in the Latin language. His first 
 piece was performed about 240 years before 
 Christ. His works are lost. — -Vossius de Poet. 
 Lat. 
 
 Andronicus of Rhodes, a peripatetic 
 philosopher, to whom we arc indebted for 
 restoring and publishing the works of 
 Aristotle, in the time of Sylla. He also 
 wrote commentaries on some of that philcg 
 sopher’s writings. He lived B. C. 63.— — 
 Bayle. 
 
A N G 
 
 A N G 
 
 AN^RONtcus of Th'essalonica, a learned 
 man of the 1 5th century, who taught the 
 Greek language at various places with great 
 
 reputation. He died at Paris in 1479. 
 
 Moreri. 
 
 An dr octet DU Circeau (James), a 
 French architect of the 16th century. He 
 designed the grand- gallery of the Louvre, 
 the Pont-neuf, and many other noble edi- 
 fices. He left France on account of his re- 
 ligion in 1585, and died abroad. He wrote 
 on architecture and perspective. — D' Ar- 
 trenvHlc Vies des Architcctes. 
 
 Andry (Nicholas), a French physician, 
 was born at l.yons in 1658. He became a 
 professor in the royal college, and dean of 
 the faculty of medicine. He died in 1749, 
 aged 84. His writings are, 1. A Treatise on 
 the Generation of Worms in the human 
 Body. 9. Orthopid'a, or the Art. of cor- 
 recting Deformities in Children. 3. On Phle- 
 botomy, — Moreri. Hallers Bill. Med. 
 
 ■ A"n ei.lo, see Ma$saniello. 
 
 Aneurin, called the sovereign of bards 
 and of flowing muse, a British poet. He 
 was likewise a chieftain among the Olodi- 
 nian Britain^, who bore a conspicuous part 
 in the battle of Cattraeth, which he made 
 the subject of a poem, to be found in the 
 Welsh archaiology, with another piece of 
 his, entitled the Odes of the Months, being 
 all that is preserved of his works. He died 
 about A. D. o70. It is supposed, with some 
 plausibility, that Aneurin was the _ cele- 
 brated Gihlas the ecclesiastical historian. 
 Given s Cambrian Biog. 
 
 Ange de St. Joseph (La Pere), a car- 
 tneiite of Thoulouse, was a missionary m 
 Persia. He translated the Persian Pharma- 
 copoeia into Latin, which was printed at 
 Paris in 1681, Svo. He also published the 
 Gazophylacium Lingua; Persarum, Amst. 
 T 684, fol. Pie died in 1697. — Noun. Bid. 
 Hist. 
 
 Ange de St. Rosalie, an Augustine 
 monk, was born at Blois in 1655, and died 
 in 1796. He compiled the History of the 
 House of France and of the great Officers 
 of the Crown, which was published after 
 his death in 9 vols. fol. He was also the 
 author of the State of France, in 5 vols. 
 12mo. — Noted. Bid. Hist. 
 
 Ange ti (Peter), a modern Latin poet, 
 was a native of Barga in Tuscany. He 
 became professor of ethics and politics, in 
 the university of Pisa, where he died in 
 1596. He wrote several Latin poems, the 
 most esteemed of which are, 1. Cvnegeti- 
 con, or of the Cllace, 1568, Svo. 2. Syrius, 
 or the Expedition of Godfrey of Bouillon, 
 for the Recovery of the Holy Land, 1591, 
 4 to. He died in 1596, aged 79. — Moreri. 
 
 Ani'ieu (Bonaventure), an Italian writer, 
 was professor of law at Ferrara, which place 
 he quitted and settled at Parma, where he 
 died in 1576. He wrote the history of Par- 
 ma, which was printed in 1591. — Moreri. 
 
 An o eli (Baidus),a physician, was born 
 
 in Romana in the 16th century. Fie 
 wrote a Latin piece on the nature of vi- 
 pers, printed in 1589. 4to. — Gen, B. B. 
 
 Angelico (John), an Italian painter, was 
 born at Fizeole, and entered into the so- 
 ciety of doininicans. He painted the cha- 
 pel "of Nicholas V. who offered him the 
 archbishopric of Florence, which he re- 
 fused. He died in 1455, aged 68. — Vasari 
 Vies des Feint res. 
 
 ANGELis(Dominico d’), an Italian eccle- 
 siastic, was born in 1675, at Lecce, in she 
 kingdom of Naples. Philip V. king of Na- 
 ples, appointed him principal historiogra- 
 pher. He died in 1719. He wrote seve- 
 ral historical and biographical pieces of 
 merit, in the Italian language, besides some 
 poems. — Moreri. 
 
 Angelo, see Biionarotti. 
 
 Angelo (Thomas d’), a deminican, died 
 at Messina, 1720. He wrote an ecclesias- 
 tical history of Sicily, and other works. — 
 Noun. Bid. Hist. 
 
 Ange i.o N-i (Francis), an historian, was 
 born at Terni, in the duchy of Spalatto, 
 and died at Rome in 1652. He wrote au 
 illustration of the history of Rome by me- 
 dals, which was printed in 1685, fol. also 
 
 the history of Terni, 4to. 1646. Noun. 
 
 Bid. Hid. 
 
 Angel.us (Christopher), a native of 
 Greece, who, after suffering many cruelties 
 from the Turks, arrived in England, where 
 he was well received. He taught Greek in 
 the university of Oxford, and wrote seve- 
 ral books ; the most interesting of which is 
 an account of his sufferings, printed in 
 1617, in Greek and English. He died in 
 1 638. — Moreri. 
 
 Angikr (Samuel), anonconformist divine, 
 was born at Dedham in Essex, and bred at 
 Emanuel-college, Cambridge, after which 
 he settled as minister at Denton in Lan- 
 cashire, till he was ejected by the act of 
 uniformity in 1662. He died -in 1617, aged 
 72. He wrote a treatise concerning God’s 
 worship, entitled, “A Help to better Hearts 
 for better Times.” — Calamy. 
 
 Anoilbert (St.), was born in Neustria, 
 and educated at the court of Charlemagne, 
 whose daughter he married. That mo- 
 narch also made him his secretary, and am- 
 bassador, and governor of the French coast, 
 from the Scheldt to the Seine. He after- 
 wards became abbot or requier, and died 
 in 814.- — Gen. B. B. 
 
 Anciolello (John), an historian, was 
 bom ut Vicenza. Being taken captive by the 
 Turks, he became slave to sultan Mustapha, 
 whom he attended in an expedition to Per- 
 sia in 1573. He wrote the history of Ma- 
 homet II. in the Italian and Turkish lan- 
 guages; also the history of Ussun Casson. — 
 Bayle. 
 
 Anglicus (Gilbertus), an eminent F'.ng- 
 lish physician, about the end of the 13th 
 century. He wrote a compendium of phy- 
 sic. — Gen, B. B. 
 
A N K 
 
 Anoucus (Ricardus), an finglish medi- 
 cal writer, lived about; 1230. He stuoied at 
 Oxford and Pari* His works are lost.— 
 
 AnGlus (Thomas), an English priest, 
 whose family name was White, which he 
 used to disguise under that of Angh’.s, Al- 
 bas, or Richworth. He was the friend of 
 sir Keneim Digby, and adopted his opi- 
 nions. He resided chiefly at Rome or Pa- 
 ris, and was well known by his philoso- 
 phical publications, in which he was a great 
 champion for Aristotle. Some of his books 
 were condemned at Rome and at Dou'ay. 
 
 He died in the reign of Charles II. — Bayle. 
 
 An GUI Kit (Francis and Michael), two 
 sculptors, were natives of £u in Normandy. 
 Francis was made keeper of the royal caui- 
 net of antiquities, and executed several 
 great works, particularly the tomb of 
 lames Souvre, in St. John de Lateran, ;md 
 the mausoleum of the duke ot Montmo- 
 rency. He died in 1669. Michael per- 
 formed greater works than his brother. 
 The last piece of his was a crucifix over 
 the altar of the church of the Sorbonne. 
 He died in 1686. — D’ArgcnviiU Hus des Sculp- 
 teurs. 
 
 Anguillara (John Andrew dell ), an 
 Italian poet, was born in 1517. He wrote 
 a tragedy, entitled Oedipus, and translated 
 Ovid’s Metamorphoses, printed at Venice, 
 1554, 4to. — Tiraboschi. 
 
 Angusciola (Sophonisba), an Italian of 
 great eminence in historical and portrait 
 painting. She was born in 1583 at Almo- 
 na, and died in 1626. She had two sisters, 
 Lucia and Europa, both ingenious in the 
 ■same walk with their sister. Sophonisba 
 became blind by over-application to her 
 profession. — Pilkington. 
 
 Anicetus, pope, succeeded Pius about 
 157. He filled the see of Rome 1 1 years.— 
 Platina. Moreri. 
 
 Anjch (Peter), mathematician, was the 
 son of a labourer, at Oberperzuf, near 
 Inspruck, where he was born in 1723. His 
 genius being discovered by father Hill, a 
 jesait in the university of Inspruck, he 
 became his tutor and patron. In a little 
 while Anich became an able astronomer, 
 and ingenious mechanic. He made an ele- 
 gant pair of globes for the university of 
 Inspruck, and constructed various mathe- 
 matical instruments. He also drew maps 
 and charts with great accuracy and neat- 
 ness. He died in 1766. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Anicuini (I.ewis), a native of Ferrara in 
 Italy, who made a medal for pope Paul 111. 
 on which was represented the interview 
 between Alexander the Great and the high 
 priest at Jerusalem, so exquisitely engraved 
 that Michael Angelo, on viewing it, ex- 
 claimed that the art was arrived at the 
 height of perfection. — Mauri. 
 
 Ankarstrom (John James), a regicide, 
 was born of a noble family in Sweden, and 
 after finishing his education at. the univer- 
 sity of Upsal, he entered into the guards as 
 
 ANN 
 
 ensign. He afterwards sold out of the 
 army, married, and retired into the coun- 
 try as a farmer. He was of an avaricious 
 vengeful disposition, and readily joined, 
 witli some other conspirators against Gus- 
 tavus III. king of Sweden, whom Ankar- 
 strom shot with a pistol at a masked bail. 
 
 He confessed the crime, forwhicn he stood 
 in the pillory three times, was publicly 
 scourged, had his right hand cut off, and 
 
 lastly, was beheaded April, 22, 1792. 
 
 Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Anna Comnena, daughter of the em- 
 peror ATexis Comnenus I. was a princess of 
 extraordinary talents. She was married to 
 - a man of rank, named Nicephoru* Brven- 
 nius, and was concerned in a conspiracy 
 against her brother the emperor, which 
 was frustrated. She was treated with great 
 lenity, but lost all favour at court, in con- 
 sequence of which she went into retire- 
 ment, where she employed herself in writ- 
 ing the history of the reign of her father. 
 This work, which has great merit, is still 
 extant. — Hass ins. Dupin. Gibbon. 
 
 Anna Ivanovna, empress of P ussia,was 
 the daughter of the czar Ivan Atexioviteh, 
 and born in In 1710 she married 
 
 Frederick William, duke of Courland, who 
 died without issue the year following. _ She 
 then took into favour Ernest John Biren, 
 a man of ldw origin, by whom she was 
 ruled in an arbitrary manner the remain- 
 der of her life. In 1730 she ascended the 
 throne of Russia, and Biren managed all 
 the affairs of government with such rigour, 
 that it is said° above twenty thousand per- 
 sons were banished to Siberia. The em- 
 press herself was, however, meek and mer- 
 ciful; but she was forcedto acts which she 
 disapproved, by a wretch to whom she 
 had yielded up her affection. She died in 
 1740*, leaving the crown to her grand- 
 nephew Ivan. — Coxe. Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 An nan d (William) a Scotch divine, was 
 born at Edinburgh in 1633, and educated 
 at Oxford. In 1670 he was made dean of 
 Edinburgh, where he died in 1689. He 
 
 wrote several theological tracts.- IVood, 
 
 A ■ 0. Biog. Br. 
 
 Ann at (Francis), a 'French jesvnt, and 
 confessor to Lewis XIV. was born in 1590. 
 He wrote many books in Latin and French, 
 particularly against the provincial letters 
 of M. Pascal. He was a learned, liberal, 
 and pious man, and died at Paris in 1670. 
 — Bay lc. 
 
 Anne of Austria, queen of France, was 
 daughter of Philip III. king of Spain, and 
 married Lewis XIII. in 16T5. She lived on 
 verv bad terms with her husband, owing 
 to cardinal Richelieu, who persuaded him 
 that she was engaged in conspiracies. On 
 the death of Lewis, shebecame sole regent 
 during the minority of her son Lewis XIV. 
 By placing her confidence in cardinal Ma- 
 zarine, she embroiled herseit with the na- 
 tion, and was obliged to fly from Paris. 
 11 
 
ANN 
 
 A N S 
 
 At length matters were accommodated, and 
 when the king took upon himself the go- 
 vernment in 1661, site went into retire- 
 ment, and died in 1666.— Nouv. But. Hist. 
 
 Anne of Beaujeu. daughter of Lewis 
 XI. and wife of the duke of Bourbon, was 
 appointed regent during the minority of 
 her brother C harles VIII. Site was an ac- 
 tive and enterprising princess, and died in 
 1522, aged about 60. — Moreri. 
 
 Anne of Britanny, daughter of Francis I. 
 duke of Britanny, and queen of France, 
 was first wile of Maximilian of Austria, 
 next of Charles VIII. of France, and lastly 
 of Lewis XII. his successor. She was a wo- 
 man of high mind, but of a liberal dispo- 
 sition, and died in 1514, aged 38. — 
 Ibid. 
 
 Anne of Clevcs, the wife of Henry VIII. 
 king of England, was the daughter of John 
 III. duke ot Cleves. A picture of her, by 
 Holbein, being shewn to the English mo- 
 narch by Thomas lord Cromwell, he de- 
 manded her in marriage ; but soon growing- 
 disgusted with the “ Flanders mare,” as he 
 politely called her, a divorce ensued ; and 
 Anne, no way disconcerted, returned to 
 her own country, where she died in 1557. 
 
 - — Be Thou. Hist. Moreri. 
 
 Anne, queen of Great Britain, was the 
 2d daughter of James II. by lady Anne 
 Hyde, daughter of the great earl of Claren- 
 don, and was born in, 1664. In 1668 site 
 married prince George of Denmark, by 
 whom she had several children, but all of 
 them died young. In 1702 she succeeded 
 to the crown on the death of William III. 
 bv whom she had been always treated with 
 great unkindness.- Her reign was a con- 
 tinual scene of public' glory ; and the do- 
 mineering power of the -French nation was 
 completely subdued by the vigour of the 
 'British troops under the command of the 
 duke of Marlborough. She had also some of 
 the first statesmen in the world for her 
 ministers, in the former part of her reign, 
 but at length the contentions of party 
 threatened to throw the nation into con- 
 fusion, which was prevented by the death 
 of the queen in August 1714. One of the 
 greatest events of this important reign was 
 the union with Scotland. On account of 
 the number of eminent literary characters 
 which flourished at this- period, it has been 
 called the Augustan age of Britain. Queen 
 Anne, though too much the dupe of her 
 ministers and favourites, will ever stand 
 distinguished for her unshaken attachment 
 to the church of England, and for the ex- 
 cellence of her private character. — Hume. 
 Smollett. 
 
 Annesley (Samuel), a nonconformist 
 divine, was born in Cumberland, and edu- 
 cated at Queen ’s-college, Oxford, where 
 he obtained the degree of LL. D. in con- 
 sequence of his zeal for the parliament 
 cause in the great rebellion. He preached 
 some violent sermons against the crown and 
 church, for which he was- presented to the 
 
 xncarage of St. Giles, Cripplegate, but in 
 1662 was ejected from it for nonconformity. 
 He died in 1696, aged 76. John Wesley, 
 the founder of the methodists, was his 
 grandson by the mother’s side. The doc- 
 tor has some sermons in print. — Calamy. 
 
 Annesley (Arthur), earl of Anglesey, 
 was born in 1614, at Dublin. At the age 
 of ) 6 he was entered of Magdalen-college, 
 Oxford, from whence he removed to Lin- 
 coln’s-inn, where he studied the law, and 
 then went on his travels. At the beginning 
 of the rebellion he joined the royal" party, 
 and sat in the parliament at Oxford in 1643, 
 but afterwards he made his peace with the 
 republicans, and was sent commissioner to 
 Ulster in I G45. He took an active part in 
 the restoration of the king, with whom he 
 held a correspondence while his majesty 
 was in exile, and for which he was created 
 earl of Anglesey, and in 1667 he was made 
 treasurer of the navy. In 1672 he was ap- 
 pointed a commissioner for inspecting the 
 settlements in Ireland, and the next year 
 was made lord privy seal. In 1680 he was 
 accused by Dangerfield at the bar of the 
 house of commons, with endeavouring to 
 stifle evidence concerningthe popish plot. In 
 1682 he presented a spirited remonstrance 
 to Charles II. relative to the state of the na- 
 turn, and the danger to he apprehended 
 from the duke of York’s being a papist. 
 Soon after he was dismissed from his office, 
 on which he retired to his country seat. He 
 died in 1686, leaving several children. He 
 wrote a History of the Troubles of Ireland, 
 from 1641 to 1660, which is lost; but his 
 Memoirs, published in 1608, 8vo. are lull 
 of interesting matter. — Bieg. Brit. 
 
 Anfiu s of Viterbo, whose true name 
 was John Nanr.i, a dominican monk, and 
 master of the sacred palace; died at Rome 
 in 1502, aged 70. Fie wrote 17 books of 
 antiquities, pretended to be the remains of 
 several eminent ancient authors, particular- 
 ly Manetho, Archilochus, and Xenopheri, 
 They were first printed in 1498, folio. The 
 fraud was well managed, and imposed for 
 a time upon several learned men. — Bay/e. 
 
 Anscharius, bishop of Hamburg and 
 Bremen, was horn in France in SOL He 
 was very successful in converting the 
 
 Danes to Christianity, and died in 865. 
 
 Bufin. Moreri. 
 
 _ Ansegisus, abbot of Lobies,a Benedic- 
 tine monastery in the diocese of Cambray. 
 He lived in the 9th century, and compiled 
 in 827 the capituiaries of Charlemagne, 
 and Lewis the Gedlv. — -Ibid. 
 
 Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury, was 
 horn at Aost, in Piedmont, in 1033. He 
 became a monk in the abbey of Bee in 
 Normandy, of which he became abbot. In 
 1093 he was made archbishop of Canter- 
 bury by William Rufus, to whom he had 
 been confessor But soon after differences 
 arose between the king and the archbishop, 
 which were aggravated by the obstinate 
 attachment of the latter to the pope’s au- 
 
A' N S 
 
 A N S 
 
 thority. The archbishop left the kingdom, 
 and as soon as he was gone, the king seized 
 upon his revenues. Anselm went to Rome, 
 and was honourably entertained by the 
 pope, whom he accompanied to the council 
 of Bari, where he distinguished himself by 
 refuting the objections of the Greeks with 
 respecTto the procession of the Holy Ghost. 
 The pope afterwards deserted Anselm, 
 who went to Lyons, where he resided till 
 the death of William, when he returned to 
 England, and was received with great re- 
 spect; but a new rupture arose, occasioned 
 by the archbishop’s refusing to be re-in- 
 vested by the king; on which the dispute 
 was referred to the pope, who decided 
 in favour of Anselm. This induced the 
 nobility to advise the king to break abso- 
 lutely with Rome, for which some of them 
 were excommunicated: at length the pope 
 made a concession, by allowing the English 
 bishops and abbots to do homage to the 
 kingfor their temporalities, which restored 
 Anselm to favour. He died at Canterbury 
 in 1109. His works were printed at Co- 
 logne in 1612, and at Lyons in 1630. He 
 was the first archbishop who restrained the 
 English clergy from marrying, in a synod 
 held at Westminster in 1 102. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Anselm of Paris, an augustine monk, 
 was born in 1625. He wrote the Historical 
 Genealogies of the House of France, 1694. 
 It was continued by father Ange in 1726, 
 
 9 vois, fol. He died in 1691. — Morert. 
 
 Anser, a Latin poet, was the friend of 
 Mark Antony, who ^ave him a country- 
 seat at Falernum, in return for his panegy- 
 rical verses. He is mentioned, but not with 
 respect, by Virgiland Ovid. — Vossius de Hut. 
 Lat. 
 
 Anson (George lord), was born at Ins 
 father’s seat in Staffordshire, in 1697. He 
 went to sea very early, and in 1724 was 
 made post-captain. Being sent to South 
 Carolina, he purchased land, and built a 
 town there, called after his name. In 1739 
 he was chosen commander of an expedition 
 against the Spanish settlements in South 
 America, and sailed from Portsmouth 
 September 18, 17-10, with five men of war, 
 a sloop, and two victuallers. He doubled 
 Cape Horn in March, 1741, after losing 
 two pf his ships. In June following he ar- 
 rived off Juan Fernandez, with only two 
 ships and two tenders. This place he left 
 in September, took some prizes, burnt 
 Paita, and continued on the American 
 coast, in expectation of falling in with the 
 annual Acapulco ship, till May 1742; when 
 having only his owp ship, the Centurion, 
 of 64°guns, left, he crossed the southern 
 ocean for. China, where he staid several 
 months, and then returned in quest of the 
 galleon, which he fell in with, and captur- 
 ed after a smart action. Having sold his 
 prize in China, he sailed for England, and 
 arrived at Spithead, June 15, 1744, having 
 sailed, in a fog, through the midst .of a 
 
 French fleet then cruizing in the channel. 
 Not long after his return he was made rear- 
 admiral of the blue, and one of the lords of 
 the admiralty. He was also chosen mem- 
 ber of parliament for the borough of Pley- 
 don. In 1747 he commanded the channel 
 fleet, and captured six French men-of-war, 
 and four East-Indiamen. For these services 
 he was created lord Anson, and on the 
 death of sir John Norris, he was named 
 vice-admiral of England. In 1751 he was 
 appointed first lord of the admiralty, which 
 post he held, with a short interval, till his 
 death. In J 758 he again commanded the 
 channel fleet, having under him the gal- 
 lant sir' Edward Hawke. After this he was 
 appointed admiral and commander-in- 
 chief of his majesty’s fleets. The last ser- 
 vice he was engaged in, was in convoying 
 to England her present majesty. He died 
 in 1762. He married a daughter of the 
 earl of Kardwicke, who died before him 
 without issue. Lord Anson was a cool and 
 steady man, but too fond of play, of which 
 knowing little, he was the constant dupe 
 of sharpers; this made some person say, 
 that “ though he had been round the 
 world, he was never in it.”— Biog. Br. 
 
 Anstey (Christopher), an ingenious po- 
 et, 'was born in Wiltshire, and received his 
 education at Eton and Cambridge, but 
 was obliged to quit the university, without 
 a degree, for a satirical speech made by 
 him in " the public schools. After this lie 
 went into the army; but resided the prin- 
 cipal part of liis life at Bath, where he 
 published, anonymously, the Bath Guide, 
 a ludicrous poem, in 1766. The year fol- 
 lowing appeared his poem on the death of 
 the marquis of Tavistock. Some years af- 
 terwards he published, “ An Election Ball, 
 in poetical letters from Mr. Inkle at Bath, 
 to his wife at Gloucester.” He was like- 
 wise the author of. “A Poetical Paraphrase 
 upon the 13th chapter of the first epistle 
 to the Corinthians, 1779;” “The Priest 
 dissected, a poem ; A. D. C. W. Bamp- 
 fylde, Epistola poetica familiaris, &c. 
 
 “ Speculation, or a Defence of Mankind,’* 
 4to; “Liberality, or Memoirs of a De- 
 cayed Macaroni,” 4to; “ The Farmer’s 
 Daughter, a poetical tale;” and other 
 works. Mr. Anstey died in 1 805. — Monthly 
 Mag. 
 
 Anstis (John), an English antiquary, 
 was born at St. Neots, in Cornwall, in 
 1669. He was educated at Oxford, from 
 whence he removed to the Inner Temple. 
 In 1702 he represented the borough of St, 
 Germains. In. 1714 he was appointed gar- 
 ter king at arms, which he held till his 
 death in 1744. He published, 1. A Let- 
 ter on the Honour of the Earl Marshal, 8Vo. 
 1706. 2. The form of the' Installation of 
 
 the Garter, 8vo. 1724. S.’Thg Register pf 
 the most noble Order of the Garter, 2 vois 
 folio, 1724. 4. Observations introductory 
 to an historical Essay on the Knighthood 
 
ANT 
 
 A N T 
 
 of the Bath, 4 to. 172.5. His son, John Anstis, 
 LI.. D. was educated at Corpus Christi-coi- 
 lege, Oxford, and was joined with his fa- 
 ther in the office of garter. In 172.5 he 
 obtained the post of genealogist and re- 
 gister of the bath. He died in 175*1. 
 
 Nichols 's Artec . of Bodvycr. 
 
 Antagoras, a Rhodian poet, in the ser- 
 vice of Antigonus, king of Macedoji. None 
 of his works are extant . — Plutarch. Atbenasus. 
 
 Antelmi (Joseph), a French ecclesiasti- 
 cal historian, was canon of Frejtis in Pro- 
 vence. He published an historical Disser- 
 tation on the Church of Frejus, and a cri- 
 tical Enquiry concerning the Author of. 
 Athanasius’s Creed. He died in 1697, aged 
 47. — Nouv. Did. Hist. 
 
 Ante sif. nan (Peter), a grammarian, was 
 born in Languedoc in the 16th centurv. 
 He wrote a Greek and universal grammar, 
 
 and published an edition of Terence. 
 
 Doyle. 
 
 Anthemius, emperor of the West, was 
 ' grandson of Anthemius the minister of 
 Theodosius the younger. By marrying the 
 daughter of the emperor Marcian, he rose 
 to the highest offices of the state. In 467 
 he was called to the throne amidst the ge- 
 nera! applauses of the people. Fie married 
 his daughter to Rieimer, who took arms 
 against his father-in-law, carried Rome by 
 storm, and murdered Anthemius, in 472. — 
 Unfa. Hist. 
 
 Anthemius, a famous architect, who 
 was employed by Justinian in building the 
 church of St. Sophia in Constantinople, and 
 other structures. He was also a good ma- 
 thematician and experimental philosopher, 
 and succeeded so well in imitating an earth- 
 quake, as to frighten one Zeno out of his 
 house. He is likewise said to have made 
 a burning-glass. — Moreri. 
 
 Anthony (Francis), a famous empiric, 
 was born In London in 1550, and educated 
 at Cambridge, where'he studied chemistry. 
 He acquired a great fortune in London by 
 the sale of a nostrum, called the aurura po- 
 tabile, concerning which a treatise was 
 printed at Hamburg in 1598. He died in 
 1628. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Anthony (John), son of the preceding, 
 obtained a handsome income by the sale of 
 his father’s medicine. He wrote Luca Re- 
 divivus, or the Gospel Physician, 1696, 4to. 
 He died in 1655, aged 70, and was buried 
 with his father in the church of St. Bar- 
 tholomew the Great, London. — Ilid. 
 
 Antigenides, a Theban musician, who 
 was famous for his skill on the flute, and 
 had the hor.vuir of teaching Alcibiades, and 
 other celebrated men. — Moreri. 
 
 Antigonus I. a Macedonian captain, 
 who on the death of Alexander obtained 
 the provinces of Pampltylia, Lydia, and 
 Phrygia- Major, after which his ambition 
 led him to enlarge h s territories. He suc- 
 ceeded greatly, and obtained all Asia. He 
 was slain in a battle which he fought with 
 
 Seleucus and Lysimachus at Ipsus, in the 
 84th year of his age, B. C. 801.— Un. Hist. 
 
 Antigonus Gonatus,soii of Demetrius 
 Poliorcetes, and grandson of the above, was 
 a prince distinguished by his filial piety, and 
 his extraordinary humanity. Though com- 
 pelled to enter into war, first with the 
 Gauls, and next with Pyrrhus, king of 
 Epirus, in which he was successful, he 
 shewed a noble spirit of forbearance. When 
 his son brought lum the head of Pyrrhus in 
 triumph, he expressed his resentment at it, 
 and caused the body to be interred with 
 funeral honours. He died B. C. 243, aged 
 above 80. — Hid. 
 
 Antigonus Doson, king of Macedon, 
 succeeded his brother Demetrius II. B. C. 
 237. He defeated Cleomenes, and took 
 the city of Sparta. He- also repelled fhe 
 Illyrians, who had invaded his territories, 
 and died soon after, B. C. 221, being suc- 
 ceeded by Philip his nephew. — Ibid. 
 
 Antigonus Carystius, a Greek philo- 
 sopher and historian, flourished B. C. 800. 
 He wrote several books, one only of which 
 remains ; viz. A Collection of Wonderful 
 Stories, which was published at Basil in 
 1568, 8vo. and at Leyden in 1619.— Vossius 
 de Hist. Greec. Fabricius. 
 
 Antioonus Socha.us, the founder of 
 the Jewish sect of the Saddueees, about 300 
 years B. C. Fie opposed the Pharisees on 
 the merit of good works, and some of his 
 followers taught that there is no future 
 state of rewards, or resurrection of the dead, 
 — Basnage Hist. dud. 
 
 Antimachus, a .Greek poet, was the 
 son of Hipparchus, and flourished B. C. 
 408. He wrote a poem entitled Thebaid, 
 on the war of Thebes, but it is now lost. — • 
 Vossius. 
 
 Antimaco (Marc Anthony), a learned 
 Italian, was a native of Mantua. He taught 
 Greek with great reputation at Ferrara, 
 where he died in 1552. He translated some 
 pieces from the Greek, and wrote some 
 Latin poems. — Tiro.bosxhi. 
 
 Antine (Maur Francois d’), a benedic- 
 tlne monk, was born at Gouvieux, in the 
 diocese of Liege, in 1688. He published 
 the first five volumes of Du Cange’s Glos- 
 sary in 1736; and wrote the Art of verify- 
 ing Dates in 1750, 4to. afterwards reprinted 
 in 1770, folio. He died in 1746". — Nouv. 
 Diet. Hist. 
 
 Antiochus I. (Sot er), the son of Seleucus. 
 He fell dangerously ill in consequence of 
 his passion for Stratonice, his mother-in- 
 law, which being discovered by Erasistra- 
 tns the physician, and communicated to 
 the king, he gave to his son the object of 
 his affections,, together with the kingdom 
 of Upper Asia. On his father’s death he 
 succeeded to the empire, and fixed the 
 royal residence at Antioch. Lie died B. C. 
 261 . — Uni.n. Hist. 
 
 Antiochus JI. (Theoe). He was com- 
 plimented with the title of thees er god, for 
 
A N T 
 
 ANT 
 
 delivering- the people of Miletus fr.om the 
 Oppression of Ti.marchus, governor of Ca- 
 ria. In his feign the Parthians revolted, 
 and established an independant govern- 
 ment, and their example was followed by 
 others; so that they saw him stripped of 
 a considerable part of ltis empire. He was 
 poisoned by ltis wife Laodice, B. C. 246.--- 
 Until. Hist. 
 
 Antiochus III. (the Great), was the son 
 of Seleucus Callinicus ; and on the death 
 | of his brother Seleucus Ceraunus, he suc- 
 I ceeded to the crown, B. C. 225. He was 
 ‘ defeated by Ptolemy Philopater at Raphia, 
 
 B. C. 217; in consequence of which An- 
 tiochus gave up Palestine and Ca-losyria. 
 He afterwards marched to India, where his 
 success was so great as to procure him the 
 title of great. On the death of Ptolemy 
 Philopater, Antiochus recovered Palestine 
 and Ccelosyria, and reduced a great part 
 of Upper Asia. This alarmed the free ci- 
 ties of Greece, who applied to the Romans 
 for aid, while Hannibal sought the pro- 
 tection of Antiochus. After several em- 
 bassies between the king and the republic, 
 hostilities commenced, in which the armies 
 of the latter, under the two Scipios, were 
 victorious, and Antiochus was forced to 
 make an ignoble peace. He died B. C. 187. 
 — Univ. Hist 
 
 Antiochus IV. (Epiphanes), younger son 
 of the above, succeeded hi* brother Seleu- 
 <nis Philopater, B. C. 17 6, He was a hos- 
 tage at Rome for thirteen years after the 
 ■ defeat of his father at Magnesia. He in- 
 vaded and reduced Egypt, except Alex- 
 andria, and took the king Ptolemy Philo- 
 meter prisoner, on which, the people of 
 Alexander placed Ptolemy Euergetes.on 
 the throne. Antiochus restored his pri- 
 soner to that part of his dominions of which 
 he was possessed; and the two brothers, 
 alter he was departed, agreed to reign in 
 conjunction. Antiochus afterwards invaded 
 Jerusalem, where he committed such cru- 
 elty, that the Jews revolted, and recovered 
 their independance. He died B. C. 165, 
 aged 35. — Ibid. 
 
 Antiochus V. (Eupator), was only nine 
 years old at the death of ltis father the pre- 
 ceding king, and was slain by Demetrius, 
 the son of Seleucus Philopater, after reign- 
 ing about two years. — Ibid. 
 
 Antiochus (S'.detes, or the Hunter)-, was 
 the son of Demetrius Soter. He married 
 Cleopatra, the wife of Demetrius, his bro- 
 ther ; and having slain Trvphon, who had 
 usurped the throne of Syria, was crowned 
 B. Cb 138. He was at last defeated and 
 killed in a battle with the Parthians, under 
 Phraates, B. C. 130.— Ibid. 
 
 Antiochus (Grypus), the son of the 
 above by Cleopatra, succeeded his brother 
 ; Seleucus, who was murdered by his mother 
 B. C. 123. Cleopatra, finding that Anti- 
 ochus was resolved to reign independant of 
 ■ her influence, prepared a bowl or poison 
 
 for him, which he being aware of, obliged 
 her to drink it, by which she suffered thefate 
 she had merited. His half-brother Cyzi- 
 cemis afterwards laid claim to the crown, 
 which occasioned some bloodshed. At 
 length it was agreed to divide the king- 
 dom between them. Grypus was slain hv 
 one of his own subjects B. C.97, and the 
 other was killed by his nephew Seleucus a 
 few years afterwards. — Ibid. 
 
 Antiochus, k stoic philosopher, flourish- 
 ed B. C. 100. Cicero and Plutarch speak 
 of him with great respect. — Voss.dc Hist. Gr. 
 
 Antiochus, a monk of Seba, in Pales- 
 tine, in the 7th century, who wrote 190 
 homilies on the Scriptures, still extant in 
 the Bibl. Patrum. — Fabricius. 
 
 Antipater, an eminent Jew, who was 
 prime minister to Hyrcan,the brother and 
 rival of Aristobulus the high priest. Anti- 
 pater so ingratiated himself with the Ro- 
 mans as to procure the governorship of Ju- 
 dea, which excited the hatred of his coun- 
 trymen against him. fie died of poison 
 B. C. 42. — Univ. Hist. 
 
 Anti pater, a native of MaCedon, pupil 
 of Aristotle, and the faithful minister of 
 Philip .and Alexander. The former mo- 
 narch once coming late to the levee, said, 
 
 “ I have slept sound this morning, but i 
 knew Antipater was waking.” A person 
 observing to Alexander that all his officers 
 of state wore purple except this prime mi- 
 nister; “Yes (answered he), but Antipater 
 is all purple within.” While Alexander 
 was abroad, he left Antipater in the go- 
 vernment of Macedon; and by his prudent 
 management he kept all Greece in order. 
 On the death of his master, in the distri- 
 bution of his territories, Antipater obtained 
 the European provinces. Not long after 
 the confederate states of Greece attacked 
 him, but he subdued them, and subverted 
 their democratic forms of government, 
 on which he was called the father of 
 Greece. His last advice to his successor 
 was, “ never to admit a woman to meddle 
 in state affairs.” He died B. C. 318. — ’■Plu- 
 tarch. 
 
 Antipater (Ltelius Caslius), wrote the 
 history of the Punic war, which was greatly 
 esteemed by Cicero, and preferred by the 
 emperor Adrian to Sallust. Fragments of 
 this work were printed by Riccoboni in 
 1568, and by Augustin, at Antwerp, in 
 
 1 5 9.5.' — Foss ins. 
 
 Antipater of Sidon, a stoic philoso- 
 pher and poet, is praised by Cicero and Se- 
 neca. He lived about the 171st Olympiad. 
 — Moreri. 
 
 Antipater, bishop of Bostra, in Arabia, 
 about the end of the 5th century, wrote an 
 answer to Eusebius’s Defence of Grigen. — 
 Fabric. Unpin. 
 
 Antiphilus, a painter, and the rival of 
 Apelles, is celebrated for several fine pic- 
 tures, the principal of which was the repre- 
 sentation of a youth blowing a spark of 
 
A N T 
 
 fire, whereby it should seeffi that the an- 
 cients were not ignorant of the magical ef- 
 fects of the chiaro obscuro. — Plin. Nat. Hist. 
 
 . Antiphon (the Rhamnusian), an Athe- 
 nian orator, flourished about 430 B. C. He 
 was the first who laid down rules of ora- 
 tory. He is said tc> have assisted in estab- 
 lishing the tyranny of the four hundred, 
 for which he was" put to death B. C. 4] 1 . 
 There are sixteen orations under his name, 
 in the Collection of Ancient Orators. — Flu- 
 
 tarch. Fabricius. 
 
 Antisthenes, founder of the sect of the 
 cynics, was born at Athens. He procured 
 Melitus to be put to death, and Anvtus 
 banished, for their persecution of Socrates. 
 Ot his works only a few apophthegms re- 
 main.- — Stanley. Diog. Laert. 
 
 Antonia, daughter of Marc Antonyand 
 Octavia, inherited the virtues and misfor- 
 tunes of her mother. She was married 
 while young to Drusus, brother of '1 ibe- 
 rius, who expired as he was returning to 
 receive a triumph for his victories in Ger- 
 many. Antonia-, disconsolate at the loss, 
 refused every offer of a second marriage, 
 and devoted herself to the education, of her 
 three children. The assassination 'of her 
 son Germanicus, by order of Tiberius, and 
 the bad conduct of her younger son Clau- 
 dius, and her daughter' Livilla, brought 
 new miseries upon this excellent woman, 
 who died in the reign of her grandson; the 
 infamous Caligula. — Suetonius. Bayle. 
 
 Antoniano "(Sylvio), an Italian poet and 
 cardinal, was born at Rome in 1540, of 
 mean parents, but shewing early marks of 
 
 f enius, he was patronized by men of rank. 
 
 ope Pius IV. made him professor of belles- 
 lettres in the college, of which he was after- 
 wards chosen rector. Pius V. gave him the 
 office of secretary to the sacred college, and 
 Clement VIII. made him secretary of briefs, 
 his chamberlain, and at last cardinal. He 
 died in the 63d year of his age, owing to 
 excessive fatigue in application to business. 
 He was the author of several pieces in prose 
 and verse. — Bayle. 
 
 •Antonides Vander Goes (John), a 
 Butch poet, was born at Goes, in Zealand, 
 1647. He improved his taste upon the 
 best models of antiquity, and produced se- 
 veral translations of ancient authors.- He 
 next wrote a tragedy, entitled, The Invasion 
 of China, which was followed by a poem, 
 called Beilona Chained, on the peace of 
 1 667 . But his greatest work is a poem on 
 the river Y, on which Amsterdam is built. 
 Antonides was bred an apothecary, but 
 under the patronage of one of the lords of 
 the admiralty, he obtained a place at that 
 board. He died in 1684. Idis works were 
 published at Amsterdam, in 1 vol. 4to, 1714. 
 — Moreri. 
 
 Antoninus Pius ( [Titus Aurelius Fulvius 
 Boionus Antoninus), Roman emperor, was 
 born in 36 of a noble family. In 120 he 
 was raised to the consulate. He was adopt- 
 
 ANT 
 
 ed by the emperor Adrian in 1 38, and suc- 
 ceeded him in the same year. His reign was 
 distinguished by its tranquillity, and by the 
 emperor’s uniform good management, which 
 ptocured him the title of Pius. Pie used to 
 say, “that he rather chose to save the life 
 ot one citizen, than to destroy a thousand 
 enemies.” 'I’his emperor was also a friend 
 to toleration, and extended his protection 
 to the Christians. He died in 161 . — Dio 
 Cassius. Un. Hist. 
 
 An toninus (Marcus Aurelius), surnamed 
 the Philosopher, emperor of Rome, was born 
 A. D. 121. He altered his name in com- 
 plaisance to the Aurelian family, by whom 
 he was adopted. When Adrian chose An- 
 toninus Pius for his successor, it was on con- 
 dition that he should adopt Marcus Aure- 
 lius for, his. In consequence he married 
 Faustina, the daughter of that emperor, by 
 whom he had several children. On the 
 death of Pius he entered on the govern- 
 ment, and chose for his colleague Lucius 
 Verus, his son-in-law, whose character was 
 the reverse of that of Antoninus. Verus 
 died in 163, and thus the government, to 
 the joy of the empire, devolved solely on 
 Antoninus, who continued to prosecute the 
 German war with vigour ; but in 174, be- 
 ing blocked up by the Quadi in a disad- 
 vantageous situation, the army was on the 
 point of perishing either by the enemy, or 
 by thirst, when on a sudden the sky was 
 overcast, and there fell a vast quantity of 
 rain. At this juncture the enemy attacked 
 the Romans, and would have defeated them 
 had not a thunder-storm come on, which 
 frightened the barbarians, and put them to 
 the rout. Pagans and Christians are agreed 
 in the truth of this prodigy, but they ac- 
 count for it on different grounds; the 
 first attribute it to a magician or to Ju- 
 piter, and the latter to the prayers of the 
 twelfth legion, consisting of Christians, and 
 which was in consequence honoured by the 
 emperor with the title of the thundering le- 
 gion. In 177 he chose his son Commodus to 
 be consul, though only sixteen years old ; 
 he also honoured him with the title of im- 
 perii tor, and entered Rome with him in 
 triumph, on account of his German victo- 
 ries. He remitted all the debts due to 
 himself and the public treasury, and ap- 
 plied zealously to the reformation of abuses, 
 and the formation of beneficial regula- 
 tions. In particular, he restrained the 
 brutalities of the public games, and or- 
 dered that the gladiators should light with 
 foils. He died in 180, and his memorv 
 was so revered that the Romans enrolled 
 him among their household deities. His 
 Meditations have been translated into png- 
 ljsli by Collier, 8vo. — Dio Cassius. 
 
 Antoninus, a geographical writer 
 whose age is unknown; his valuable work, 
 entitled Itinerariuin, has been several times' 
 printed ; the best edition is that by Gale, 
 London, 1709, 4to. Burton published aa 
 
A N T 
 
 excellent commentary on it as far as re- 
 lates to Britain, in folio. — Vusuus de Hid. 
 Lat. 
 
 Antonio (de Messine), a native of Mes- 
 sina, was the first Italian who painted in oil, 
 which art he learned of John Van Eyck in 
 Flanders. On his return to Italy he impart- 
 ed the scgret to Bellini and Dominico, 
 which last communicated it to Andrew del 
 Castagno, who, from the desire of gain, 
 basely assassinated him. Thus, by these 
 incidents, oil-painting soon spread over 
 Italy, Antonio flourished about 1430 . - — -'- 
 He 'PiLs. 
 
 Antonio (Nicholas), a Spanish histo- 
 rian, was born at Seville in 1617, and edu- 
 cated at Salamanca. He compiled the Bib- 
 liotheca Hispanica, which was published 
 at Rome in 1672, in 4 vols. folio. He died 
 in 168.5, and left nothing behind him but 
 his library and his MSS. He printed in 
 1059 a Latin work on Exile. — Bayle. Moreri. 
 
 Antoniu s (Marcus), a celebrated Roman 
 orator, was made consul in the year of 
 Rome 653, and was afterwards governor of 
 Cilicia, where he distinguished himself by 
 his military achievements, and obtained the 
 honour of a triumph. After his return he 
 discharged the office of censor with great 
 credit. Cidero says, that in him Rome 
 might boast herself a rival in eloquence to 
 Greece itself. He was killed in the com- 
 motions raised by Marius and Cinna, B. C. 
 67. — Livy. Cicero de Or at. Ba\le. 
 
 Antonius (Marcus), the triumvir, was 
 the grandson of the preceding, and son of 
 M. Antonius Creticus, by Julia, a noble 
 lady of great merit. On the death of his 
 father he led a verv dissipated life. After- 
 wards he applied to the art of war, and 
 shewed great courage and address in re- 
 storing Ptolemy to the throne of Egypt. 
 He next served in Gaul with great reputa- 
 tion under Cassar, who enabled him to go 
 to Rome, where he obtained the questor- 
 ship, in which office he became very active 
 in behalf of his benefactor. He assisted 
 Ciesar in gaining possession of the sovereign 
 power, and was made by him governor of 
 Italy, and commander of the legions, in 
 which office his liberality endeared him to 
 the soldiers. Ctesar afterwards appointed 
 him master of the horse for his conduct at 
 the battle of Pharsalia, and chose him as his 
 colleague in the consulship B. C. 44, On 
 the death of Catsar, Antony behaved with 
 great art, first getting the acts of his col- 
 league confirmed by the senate, and next 
 that he should have a public funeral, at 
 which he made a harangue in his favour, 
 which produced such an effect on the po- 
 pulace, that Brutus and Cassius were obliged 
 to quit the city. He then began to exercise 
 his authority in such a manner, as to con- 
 vince all parties that he meant to assume 
 the sovereignty. The patriots, to check 
 his career, espoused the cause of Octavia- 
 nus. the heir, of Ctesar, on which Antony 
 
 ANT 
 
 retired to his government of Cisalpine 
 Gaul, and began a civil war by laying siege 
 to Mertina, now Modena. The consuls 
 Hirtius and Pansa, with Octavianus, were 
 sent against him, and though Antony was 
 defeated, both consuls were slain, and Oc- 
 tavianus found himself at the head of a 
 victorious army. After his defeat Antony 
 crossed the Alps, and joined Lepidus, with 
 whom and Octavianus he contrived to 
 form the second triumvirate, to which 
 Cicero fell a victim through the personal 
 revenge of Antony. After the defeat of 
 Brutus and Cassius at Philippi, he went 
 into Asia, and outrivalled all other princes 
 by the splendour of his court. Here Cleo- 
 patra, queen of Egypt, captivated him by 
 her charms,, and he accompanied her to 
 Alexandria, where he gave himself up to 
 pleasure. In the mean time Octavianus, at 
 the instigation of Ful'via, the wife of An- 
 tony, commenced hostilities in Italy; but a 
 reconciliation being effected between them, 
 Antony married Octayia, the sister of his 
 colleague. A new division of the empire 
 was the consequence of this alliance, the 
 west being allotted to Octavianus, and the 
 east to Antony, and Africa to Lepidus. 
 Antony soon after renewed' his intercourse 
 with Cleopatra in soshameful a manner, that 
 he was deprived of his consular dignity, and 
 war was declared against the Egyptian 
 queen by the Senate. Immense prepara- 
 tions were making on both sides, but An- 
 tony was immersed in dissipation, which 
 destroyed his military spirit. At the battle 
 of Actium he escaped in a small vessel, and 
 finding himself deserted on all sides, he 
 stabbed himself, B. C. 30, aged 56. — Plutarch. 
 Bayle. 
 
 Antonius (Marcus Junius), the son of 
 the former by Fulvia, was made consul in 
 the year of Rome 744. His intrigue with 
 Julia, daughter of Augustus, being disco- 
 vered, he slew himself. Horace addressed 
 an ode to him. He left a son named Julius 
 Antonius, in whom expired this unfor- 
 tunate family. — Ibid. 
 
 Antonius (Honoratus), bishop of Con- 
 stantine in Africa, in 435. A letter of his 
 may be seen in the Bibl. Pat. — Lupin. 
 
 Antonius (Liberalis), the author of a 
 work in Greek, entitled Metamorphoses, 
 printed at London 1676, and at Amsterdam 
 in 1688. — Fabric. Bibl. Grcec. 
 
 Antonius, surnamed Nebrissensis,!. e. 
 of Lebrixa, his native place, a Spanish writer 
 of the 15th century. He was an emineiit 
 professor of the languages in cardinal Ni- 
 menes’s university at Alcala, where he 
 died in 1522. He had a share in the cele- 
 brated Polyglot of that cardinal, and was 
 also the author of some considerable works. 
 ■ — Moreri. 
 
 Antony- (St.), the founder of monachism, 
 was born at Coma, in Upper Egypt, in 251. 
 Although he had a large estate from his an- 
 cestors, °he renounced all for a recluse li/e. 
 E 
 
API 
 
 A N V 
 
 He resided in acell in the desertnear twenty 
 years, and the fame of his sanctity drew to 
 him many followers, for whom he erected 
 numerous monasteries; In the persecution 
 of Maximin he visited Alexandria, to mi- 
 nister consolation to the suffering Christians, 
 and when the storm was over he returned 
 to his solitude. In 335 he went again to 
 Alexandria to assist the orthodox against 
 the arians. He died in 35b". The Roman- 
 catholic writers relate many whimsical sto- 
 ries of the assaults which this saint encoun- 
 tered from evil spirits. — Bupin. 
 
 Antony of Padua, a franciscan monk, 
 was born at Lisbon in 1 1 95. He taught 
 with reputation at different universities in 
 Italy, and died at Padua in 1231. His 
 works were printed at the Hague in 1641. 
 - — Moreri. 
 
 Antony of Bourbon, king of Navarre, 
 which title he obtained by his marriage 
 with Joan d’Albert in 1548. He was the 
 son of Charles of Bourbon, duke of Ven- 
 doine, and quitted the protestant religion, 
 in which he had been educated, and united 
 with the duke ef Guise and Montmorency 
 in forming the famous league. On the 
 breaking out of the civil war he raised an 
 army, and took Blois, Tours, and Rouen. 
 At the siege of the last-mentioned place he 
 was wounded in the shoulder-, of which he 
 died in 1562. He left a son, Who was af- 
 terwards Henry IV. — Moreri . 
 
 Antony of Pratovecchio in Tuscany, 
 an Italian lawyer of the 15th century, was 
 professor at Bologna, and distinguished 
 himself by a Course of Feudal Law, pub- 
 lished in 1428, and other works on similar 
 subjects. He died about 1464. — —^Landi 
 Mist. Lit. d' It al. 
 
 Anvaki, an elegant Persian poet, was a 
 native of Chorasan, and became eminent in 
 the service of Sangiar, sultan of the Seljuks. 
 He was also well versed in astronomy, and 
 composed several works on that science. 
 But having failed in an astrological pre- 
 diction, the ridicule upon him was so great, 
 that he retired from court, and died in 
 exile A.D. 1200. — B’Herbelot. 
 
 ANViLLE(John Baptiste Bourguignon d’), 
 geographer to the king of France, was 
 fcorn at Paris in 1697. He was a most in- 
 dustrious student, labouring, it is said, fif- 
 teen hours a day for fifty years, to improve 
 Bis favourite science. He died in 1782. 
 His maps are in the highest estimation, and 
 his works are all valuable. They are as 
 follow : I. A Dissertation on the Extent of 
 the ancient Jerusalem. 2. Some Particulars 
 of ancient Gaul, drawn from the Remains 
 of the Romans. 3. On ancient and modern 
 Egypt, with a Description of the Arabian 
 Gulph. 4. An Abridgment of ancient 
 Geography, 3 vols. 5. A Treatise on itine- 
 rary Measures ancient and modern. 6. 
 The Governments formed in Europe after 
 the Fall of the Roman Empire. — . — Nouv, 
 Diet. Hist. 
 
 Anytus, rhetorician of Athens, and the 
 enemy of Socrates. He prevailed on Aris- 
 tophanes to ridicule the philosopher in a 
 comedy, and never ceased his persecutions 
 till, in conjunction with Mclitus, he pro- 
 cured his condemnation. When the people 
 discovered their error, Anytus was banish- 
 ed, and was stoned to death at He- 
 racles. — Plutarch. Biog. Laert. 
 
 An'yta, a Greek poetess, some of whose 
 verses are in a collection of eminent female 
 poets, published at Hamburgh in 1734, 4to. 
 — V os sins de Poet. Grccc. 
 
 Apelles, Galled the Prince of Painters, was 
 born in the isle of Cos, and lived in the time 
 of Alexander the Great, who would permit 
 no other person to draw his picture, and 
 gave him Campaspe, one of his mistresses, 
 for a wife. Alexander often visited him, 
 and one day talking absurdly on paint- 
 ing, Apelles” bade him hold his tongue, 
 for that the boys who mixed the colours, 
 laughed at him. The most famous picture of 
 this artist was that of Venus rising out of 
 the sea, which Augustus purchased of the 
 people of Cos, and placed in the temple of 
 Caisar. The lower part had been hurt, but 
 no painter would venture to repair the in- 
 jury. He is said to have written several 
 treatises on his art, but they are, together 
 with his paintings, swept off by the hand of 
 time. Apelles was a man of wit, and much 
 addicted to pleasure. He is said to have 
 been the first who had a connexion with 
 Lai's, the courtezan. — Plin. Nat. Hist. JElian. 
 Saidas. Bayle. 
 
 Apelles, the founder of an heretical sect 
 of the second century, was born in Syria. 
 He was at first a mareionite, but attached 
 himself afterwards to a pretended prophet- 
 ess, called Philumena, whose revelations he 
 published. They denied the prophets, the 
 law of Moses, and the doctrine of the re- 
 surrection. — Cave. Moreri. 
 
 Apkllicon, a peripatetic philosopher, to 
 whom the world is indebted for the work* 
 of Aristotle, which he bought at a vast 
 price about ninety years before Christ. 
 They were afterwards seized by Sylla, and 
 carried to Rome. — Bayle. 
 
 Aper (Marcus), a Roman orator of the 
 first century. Some attribute to him the 
 “ Dialogue of Orators,” which used to be 
 printed with the works of Tacitus and 
 Quintilian. He died about 85. — Lempriere. 
 
 Aphthonius, a rhetorician of Antioch 
 in the third century, who wrote, 1. A Sys- 
 tem of Rhetoric, printed at Upsal in 1670, 
 8vo. 2. Fables, printed with those of BEsop, 
 Franckfort, 1610, 8vo. — Fabricius. 
 
 Apicius, the name of three celebrated 
 Roman gluttons. The first lived under 
 Sylla, the second under Augustus and Ti- 
 berius, and the third under Trajan. Of 
 these the second is the most noted ; he 
 spent immense sums upon his belly, aud in- 
 vented several sorts of cakes, which were 
 called by his name, finding himself r«- 
 
A P O 
 
 A P O 
 
 llucecl to 12,(300/. which he thought would 
 hot keep him from starving, he poisoned 
 himself. The third found out the method 
 pf preserving oysters. There is a treatise, 
 De Re Culinaria, under the name of Api- 
 tius, which, though ancient, is, supposed 
 not to belong to either of the above per- 
 sons.' — Juvenal. Martial. Pliny. 
 
 t AriKN (Peter), a German astronomer, 
 as born in Misnia in 1495, and became 
 athematical professor at Iugolstadt, where 
 lie died in 1 552, His “ Cosmography” w'as 
 Sprinted about 1530 ; he published also se- 
 peral other learned works. — Melch. Adam. 
 
 | Vos sins. 
 
 Apif.n (Philip), son of the preceding, was 
 born at Ingolstadt in 1531 , and died at Tu- 
 bingen in 1589 He wrote a treatise on du- 
 elling, and some other works. He also 
 studied medicine with success. — Ibid. 
 
 Apion, an ancient grammarian, was a 
 native of Oasis, in Egypt, and lived at 
 Rome in the reign of Tiberius. In his 
 “ Antiquities in Egypt,” he attacked the 
 Jews, and was answered by Josephus. This 
 was not the only evil Apion did that peo- 
 ple, for he instigated Caligula to raise a 
 persecution against them. His works are 
 lost. — Vossius, Bayle. 
 
 Apollinaris (C. Sulpitius), a native of 
 Carthage, was a professor of grammar at 
 Rome in the second century. He is sup- 
 posed to have written the verses prefixed 
 to the plays of Terence. — Bayle. 
 
 Apo l li n a r is (Claudius), bishop of Hiera- 
 polis, in Phrygia, about A. D. 171. He 
 wrote an Apology for the Christian Reli- 
 gion, addressed to Marcus Aurelius, and 
 some pieces against the heresies of those 
 times. — Eusebius. Dupin. 
 
 \ Apollinarius, father and son. The first 
 Was a presbyter of Alexandria in the fourth 
 century. The son became bishop of Lao- 
 dicea: he wrote a treatise against paganism, 
 which he sent to Julian,' who returned it 
 with this contemptuous answer: “I have 
 lead, understood, and condemned;” to 
 which the bishop spiritedly replied, “ You 
 lave read, but not understood, or you 
 would not have condemned.” Ele held 
 :he erroneus position that Christ did not 
 take human flesh, but passed through the 
 firgin as through a pipe or canal, which 
 Opinion was condemned in two councils. 
 He died about'382. — Mosheim. 
 j. Apollodorus, a grammarian of Athens, 
 who flourished B. C. 104. Three books of 
 lis on the origin of the gods are extant, the 
 jest edition of which is that of Gale, 1675. 
 k-Diog. Lacrt. Vossius. 
 i Apoi.lodorus, a famous architect, was 
 lorn at Damascus, and lived under Trajan 
 jnd Adrian. He was employed by the 
 brmer to build the great bridge over the 
 panube, and other structur es. His blunt- 
 less proved his ruin, for when Adrian sent 
 lim the design of a temple of Venus, which 
 le had just built, the architect found that it 
 
 was too small for the size of the statues, and 
 said, “ that if the goddesses should have a 
 mind to rise and go out, they could not.” 
 This sarcasm cost him his life. — Bayle. Mon 
 rcri. 
 
 Apollodorus, a famous painter at 
 Athens, who flourished B. C. 408. He was 
 outshone by Zeuxis, which he greatly la- 
 mented in a poem.— Pliny Nat. Hist. 
 
 Apollo nia, a female Christian of Alex- 
 andria, who, when very old, was required 
 to renounce her religion, or be burnt 
 alive. On requesting to be unbound, she 
 threw herself into the fire, and was con- 
 sumed.— Eusebius. 
 
 Apollonius, a Greek poet, ivas born at 
 Alexandria, and educated by Callimachus, 
 whom he treated with ingratitude. He 
 wrote a poem, in four books, on the expe- 
 dition of phe Argonauts. He afterwards 
 taught rhetoric at Rhodes, and thence got 
 the name of Rhodius. Ptolemy Euergetes 
 made him keeper of the library at Alex- 
 andria, where he died. The best editions 
 of his poem are those of Oxford, 2 vols. 
 4to. 1777, and that ofBrunk, in 8vo. Henry 
 Stephens published an edition in 1574, 4to; 
 it has been translated into English verse by 
 Dr. Ekins, late dean of Carlisle. — Saidas. 
 V oss ius. 
 
 Apollonius of Perga, a city of Pam- 
 phylia, lived at Alexandria in the reign of 
 Ptolemy Euergetes, B. C. 210. Ele was 
 called, by way of eminence, the 'Geome- 
 trician. Of all his works only part of his 
 Conics remains, which was first published 
 by Commandinus at Bologna in 1566. Dr. 
 Halley gave a noble edition in 17 10, at Ox- 
 ford, ill iolio. — Eabricius. Hutton's Math. 
 Diet. 
 
 Apollonius (Dyscolus, or the Lean), a 
 grammarian of Alexandria in the second 
 century. He wrote, in Greek, a work 
 “On Syntax,” which was printed first in 
 1495, at Venice, and at Frankfort in 1590. 
 There is also ascribed to him a collection 
 of historical curiosities, printed at Basil in 
 1568, and at Leyden in 1620. — Vossius. 
 
 Apollonius, a Christian martyr of the 
 second century. He was a member bf the 
 Roman senate, and a man of great eloquence 
 and learning. — Eusebius. 
 
 Apollonius, a learned grammarian in 
 the time of Augustus, who compiled a 
 Greek lexicon to Elomer, which was print- 
 ed at Paris in 1773, 2 vols. 4to. — Nouv. 
 Did. Hist. 
 
 Apollonius, a stoic philosopher of 
 Chalcis, who came to Rome, and was sent 
 for by the emperor Antoninus Pius to be 
 preceptor to Marcus Aurelius, on which 
 the philosopher rudely answered, that it 
 was the place of the scholar to wait on the 
 master, and not the master on the scholar. 
 The emperor mildly observed, that he was 
 surprised Apollonius should find it farther 
 from his lodgings to the palace, than from 
 Chalcis to Rome. — Moreri. 
 
 F 2 
 
A P U 
 
 Afoxlovius ofTvana, in Cappadocia, 
 who flourished in the first century. He 
 adhered to the rules of Pythagoras, and set 
 himself up for a reformer of public morals. 
 He took up his abode in the temple of 
 ABsculapius, where he is said to have per- 
 formed numerous miracles. These are 
 given in disgusting detail in his life by 
 Ph i los t r a t us. — Bayle. 
 
 Apollonius Collatius (Peter), a priest 
 of Navarre in the 15th century, who wrote 
 a poem on the siege of Jerusalem, which, 
 with other poems, was published at Milan 
 in 1692, 8vo. — Moreri. 
 
 Apoli.os, an eloquent Jew of Alexan- 
 dria, who was converted to Christianity, 
 and became so zealous a preacher, parti- 
 cularly at Corinth, that many of the Chris- 
 tians held him in higher esteem than St. 
 Paul. — Acts of the Apostles. 
 
 Atono (Peter d’), a philosopher and 
 physician, was born near Padua in 1250. 
 He took the degree of M. D. at Paris, and 
 became eminent in that line. He was pro- 
 secuted by the inquisition on the charge of 
 magic, but died before the process was 
 completed, in 1316. He wrote, 1. Hepta- 
 meron, printed at the end of Agrippa’s 
 Occult Philosophy; 2. Elucidarium Ne- 
 cromanticum Petri de Apono ; 3. Liber Ex- 
 perimentorum Mirabilium de Annulis Se- 
 cundum xx'viii Mansiones lama; ; 4. De 
 
 Medicina Omnimoda, &c. — Bayle. 
 
 Apostolius (Michael), a learned Greek 
 of the 15th century, who wrote a collection 
 of apothegms of wise men, and another of 
 proverbs, but only abridgments of them 
 have been published ; of the first in 1619, 
 and of the second in !,•>'$ 8. — -Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Aptian, an ancient historian, was born 
 at Alexandria, from whence he went to 
 Rome and became an eminent pleader. He 
 wrote the Roman history iii Greek, of 
 which only a part remains, which was 
 published at Geneva in 1592, folio, and at 
 Amsterdam in 1670, 2 vols. 8vo. — Vossius de 
 Hist. Grace. 
 
 Apries, king of Egypt, succeeded his 
 father Psammis B. C. 594. He was an en- 
 terprising monarch, and is supposed to be 
 the Pharaoh-Hophra of scripture. He was 
 deposed hy his subjects, and afterwards 
 Strangled. — Josephus. Herodotus. 
 
 AprosIo (Angelico), a monk of Genoa, 
 wrote a number df books, chiefly under 
 fictitious names, but he is best known by a 
 curious work, entitled Bibliotheca Apro- 
 siana, Bologna, 1673. He died about 1680, 
 — Bayle. Moreri. 
 
 Apulf.ius (Lucius), a platonic philoso- 
 pher in the second century, was born at 
 Madaura, in Africa. He spent his fortune 
 in travelling; but at last settled at Rome, 
 and became eminent as an advocate. Here 
 a rich widow married him, which irritated 
 her friends so much, that they prosecuted 
 him on the charge of having used magic to 
 gain her affections. A pu lei us defended 
 11 
 
 A Q U 
 
 himself before the proconsul in a discourse j 
 which St. Augustine calls eloquent and 
 flowery. He composed several books, the 
 chief of which is entitled the “ Golden 
 Ass,” a romance. His works were printed 
 at Paris, in 1688, in 2 vols. 4to. — Photius. 
 Aug. de Civ. Dei. Moreri. 
 
 Aquaviva (Octavio), cardinal and arch- 
 bishop of Naples; was born of an illustri- 
 ous family in that kingdom, and distin- 
 guished himself by his love of letters and 
 learned men. He entertained several in his 
 service, and had a particular friendship for 
 the learned Peiresc. Pope Clement VIII. 
 gave him the legation of Avignon, where 
 he governed with great moderation and 
 wisdom. He died in 1612. — Moreri. 
 
 Aouaviva (Claude), the son of the duke 
 of Atri, was born in 1542. He entered 
 into the society of the Jesuits, of which he 
 became general in 1581. He wrote some 
 pieces relative to his order and religion, - 
 the best of which is one on the cure of 
 
 mental diseases. He died about 1607. 
 
 Ibid. 
 
 Aqulia, a mathematician of Pontus, 
 who was employed by Adrian to rebuild 
 Jerusalem, where lie embraced the ehris-| 
 tian religion, and was baptized. But being ; 
 excommunicated for practising astronomy, 
 he turned Jew. He translated the Old 
 Testament into Greek, of which only a few 
 fragments remain. — Eusebius. Fabricius. 
 
 Aquila no (Serasino), an Italian poet.-i 
 was born at Aquila, in Abruzzo, in 1466. 
 His poems were published at Rome in 1503. \ 
 The sonnets are most admired. He died ini 
 1 500. — Moreri. 
 
 Aouilanus (Sebastianus),an Italian phy- 
 sician, was born at Aquila, in the kingdom* 
 of Naples. He practised with reputation! 
 at Padua, and died there in 1543. He 
 wrote some pieces on physical subjects, and' 
 was a zealous defender of Galen. — Moreri. ' 
 
 Aquinas (St. Thomas), called the Ange-i 
 Heal Doctor , was born of a noble family in 
 the castle of Aquino, in Italy, in 1224.1 
 He entered into the society of preaching 
 friars at Naples, against the inclination of 
 his parents. In 1244 he went to Paris, and 
 from thence to Cologne, where he attended! 
 the lectures of Albertus Magnus. He af-; 
 terwards returned to Paris, and read lec- 
 tures on the book of sentences with ap- 
 plause; in 1255 he was created D. D., and 
 about 1263 went to Rome, and after teach- 
 ing divinity in various universities, he set-' 
 tied at Naples, and obtained a pension from 
 the king. He refused the archbishopric of 
 Naples, which was offered him by pope’ 
 Clement IV. In 1274, he was sent for to 
 assist at the second council of Lyons, but 
 died on the journey, at the monastery of 
 Fossanova, near Terracina. The autho- 
 rity of Aquinas has always been very high 
 in the Roman church, and he was canoniz- 
 ed in 1323. His works, making 17 vols. 
 folio, have been printed several times, and 
 
A R A 
 
 at several places. — Dupbt. Cave Hist. Lit. 
 Moreri. 
 
 Aquino (Philip), a Jewish convert of the 
 17th century. He taught Hebrew at Paris, 
 corrected the Hebrew and Chaldee texts of 
 Le Jay’s Polyglot, and compiled a Hebrew, 
 rabbinical, and talmudical lexicon. He 
 died in 1650. His grandson Anthony was 
 first physician to Louis XIV. — Bayle. 
 
 Arabia. This country has never been 
 Conquered, though it has often been attempt- 
 ! ed. About 622 the Arabians became for- 
 midable under the name of Saracens, and 
 extended their conquests into various coun- 
 tries. In 891 the sect of Karmatians arose 
 | and got possession of Arabia ; but about 
 [990 their power fell to nothing. After 
 this, Ismael, a nephew of Saladin, took 
 upon him the title of caliph, but his subjects 
 | revolted, and put him to death. His de- 
 scendants, however.it is said, still possess 
 {part of the country. — Mod. Univ. Hist. 
 
 •Arabscuah, a Mohammedan historian, 
 
 I was a native of Damascus, where lie died 
 in 1450. He wrot e a history of Tamerlane, 
 and a treatise on the unity of God. - — — 
 D'Herbelot. 
 
 Aram (Eugene), a self-taught genius, 
 was born in Yorkshire. He received from 
 his parents a scanty education ; but by 
 persevering industry, he obtained a know- 
 ledge of the mathematics, and an extensive 
 [acquaintance with the Latin and Greek 
 'languages, together with the Hebrew and 
 Chaldee. In 1744, he taught Latin and 
 ■writing at a school in London ; and after- 
 wards became an assistant in a boarding- 
 school at Hayes in Middlesex. He was 
 next employed to transcribe the acts of 
 parliament to be registered in chancery; 
 land in 1757, assisted in the free-school at 
 'l.ynn. During this period, he studied 
 history, antiquity, and heraldry, and obtain- 
 ed some knowledge of botany. He was 
 besides a tolerable poet. It is to be lament- 
 ed, that a man of such talents should have 
 I disgraced them by the commission of the 
 most atrocious of crimes. In 1759 he was 
 apprehended at Lynn, for the murder of 
 Daniel Clarke, a shoemaker of Knares- 
 botough, 19 years before, and removed to 
 York-castle. ’ He was brought to his trial 
 August 9, 1759, and made an admirable 
 defence, but was found guilty ; and the 
 next morning confessed the crime, alledg- 
 ing, that he was prompted to it through a 
 suspicion of Clarke’s having a criminal 
 [intercourse with his wife. On being call- 
 led from his bed to have his irons taken off, 
 lit was found that he had cut his arm in two 
 
 I places with a razor ; and in that condition 
 was taken to the gallows at York, and 
 there executed. — Gent. Mag. 
 
 Arantius (Julius Ctesar), a physician 
 [and anatomist, was born at Bologna in 
 ■1520. He was the disciple of Vesalius and 
 Bartholomew Magus. He died in 1589. 
 He wrote De Humano Fcetu Opusculum, 
 
 ARB 
 
 printed at Venice in 1 595. — Haller Bib!. 
 Anat. 
 
 Aratus, a Greek poet, was born in CL 
 licia about 800 B. C. His poem entitled 
 Phenomena, which is still extant, shews him 
 to have been an astronomer as Well as a 
 poet. It was translated by Cicero into 
 Latin ; and St. Paul quotes a passage from 
 it in his speech to the Athenians. Grotius 
 published it in Greek and Latin at Leyden 
 in 1600, 4to; besides this there are several 
 other editions. — Fabricius. 
 
 Aratus of Sicyon, son of Clinas, was 
 born B. C. 278. 'He was only seven years 
 old when his father was murdered by 
 Abandidas, and narrowly missed the same 
 fate. Escaping into a Konse which was 
 that of the tyrant’s sister, she took pity on 
 him, and sent him privately to Argos, 
 where he received a liberal education. As 
 soon as he had attained maturity, he de- 
 termined to restore the liberty of his 
 country, which he did without bloodshed. 
 By his activity he brought about the 
 Achaean league, and recovered Corinth 
 from Antigonus of Macedon. It is sup- 
 posed that he died of poison, administered 
 by order of Philip of Macedon, B. C. 216. 
 He wrote Commentaries of his own 
 Transactions. — Life by Plutarch. 
 
 Akbogastes, a general and count of 
 the Roman empire, who, after murdering 
 Valentinian, placed one Eugenius on the 
 throne. He was defeated by Theodosius, 
 and slew himself A. D. 394. — Moreri. 
 
 Arbuckle (James), a Scotch poet, was 
 born in Glasgow in 1700, and kept a school 
 in the north of Ireland. Plis poems were 
 published in 1 vol. 12mo. He died in 1734. 
 — Gen. Bwg. Diet. 
 
 Arbutiinot (Alexander), a Scotch di- 
 vine, was the son of baron Arbuthnot, and 
 born- in 1538. He edited Buchanan’s His- 
 tory of Scotland, and was a strenuous 
 champion for the Reformation, and an en- 
 courager of learning. He died at Aberdeen 
 in 1583. Hewote orations on the origin 
 and dignity drf the law, printed in 1572. — 
 Bioer. Brit. 
 
 Arbuthnot (John), a celebrated writer, 
 was born at Arbuthnot near Montrose, 
 and educated at Aberdeen, where he took 
 the degree of M. I>. on which he came to 
 London, and supported himself at first by 
 teaching the mathematics. By accidentally 
 administering relief to prince George of 
 Denmark, he became physician to his royal 
 highness, and in 1709 lie was appointed 
 physician in ordinary to queen Anne, and 
 admitted a fellow of the college of phy- 
 sicians in 1714: he engaged with Pope 
 and Swift in a scheme to write a satire on 
 the abuse* of human learning, under the 
 title of Memoirs of Martinus Scriblerus ; 
 but the death of the queen put an end to 
 the project. In 1727, he published Tables 
 of ancient Coins, Weights, and Measures, 
 4to. which were followed by an Essay con- 
 
ARC 
 
 ARC 
 
 derning Aliments, &e. and another on the 
 Effects of air on human Bodies. He died 
 in 173.'). Dr. Arbuthnot was one of the 
 greatest wits of his time, and his humour is 
 generally Attic, without any mixture of ill- 
 nature, for he was himself a most humane 
 and amiable man. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Arc (Joan of). Vide Joan. 
 
 Arcadius, emperor of the East, suc- 
 ceeded his father, Theodosius the Great, in 
 395, at which time his brother Hpnorius 
 was emperor of the West. He was govern- 
 ed by his ministers, and died in 408. — Wn. 
 Hist. 
 
 Arcadius, an African bishop, who ren- 
 dered himself so obnoxious to the arians, 
 by his zeal for the orthodox faith, that, by 
 their instigation, Genseric, king of the 
 Vandals, caused him to be put to death in 
 43 7. — Moreri. 
 
 Arcere (Antony), a learned Frenchman, 
 was a native of Marseilles. At the age of 
 18 he entered into the congregation of the 
 oratory, and applied to the study of the 
 oriental languages. Fie made a tour into 
 rite East, and returned richly furnished with 
 manuscripts. After this he began a diction- 
 ary, French and Turkish, in which he 
 had made a great progress, when he was 
 taken offby a fever in 1699, at the early 
 age of 35. — Moreri. 
 
 Arcere (Lewis Stephen), priest of the 
 oratory, was a native of Marseilles, and 
 died very old in 1781. He wrote the His- 
 tory of the Town of Rochelle, and the 
 Country of Aunis, 1756, 2 vols. 4to. — Nouv. 
 Diet. Hist. 
 
 Arcesilaus, a Greek philosopher, was 
 born 316 B. C. He succeeded Crates in the 
 management of the academy, and made 
 some changes, which produced a new school 
 called the Middle Academy. He taught a 
 wrangling system, and seems to have been a 
 complete sceptic. Yet he was of a gener- 
 ous disposition, and delighted in perform- 
 ing acts of kindness. The Athenians 
 
 honoured him with a pnblic funeral. 
 
 B nyle. Stanley. 
 
 Archelaus, son of Flerod the Great, 
 king of the Jews, on the death of whom he 
 was opposed by Antipas ; and the cause be- 
 ing referred to the emperor, he allowed 
 Archelaus half his father’s dominions, over 
 which he ruled so tyrannically, that Augus- 
 tus confiscated his effects, and banished 
 him, A. D. 6, to Gaul, where he died. — — 
 Josephus. Dio Cassius. 
 
 Archelaus, king of Macedon, was the 
 natural son of Perdiccas II. and succeeded 
 him after murdering Alcetas, brother to 
 Perdiccas. Fie put Iris kingdom into 
 state of great strength, and liberally en- 
 couraged literature and the arts.- Euripi- 
 des was entertained at his court, and his 
 palace was ornamented by the pencil of 
 Zeuxis. He died about 398 B. C. — Diod. 
 Siculus. Bayle. » 
 
 Archelaus, a Greek philosopher, was 
 
 the disciple and successor of Anaxagoras at 
 Lampsaeus, but afterwards removed to 
 Athens, where he had Socrates for a pupil. 
 
 ■ — Boyle. Stanle\. 
 
 Archelaus, bishop of Mesopotamia, and 
 a warm defender of the catholic faith 
 against the manichneans. A Latin trans- 
 lation of a work by him against Mani is 
 extant. He lived about A. D. 278. — 
 Eusebius. Dupin. 
 
 Archelaus, a geographer, was the au- 
 thor of a treatise on all the countries con- 
 quered by Alexander, in whose time he 
 lived. Stobxus quotes also another book 
 
 on rivers written by one Archelaus. 
 
 Vos silts. 
 
 Arciiias, a native of Antioch, whose 
 cause was pleaded by Cicero. He wrote a 
 poem on the war of the Cimbri, and some 
 other pieces, of which only a few frag- 
 ments remain. He lived about 60 years 
 B. C. — Bos si us de Poet. Lat. 
 
 t Arciiidamus, king of Sparta, succeeded 
 his father Agesilaus, E. C. 361. He was a 
 warlike prince, but going to assist the Ta- 
 rentines against the Messapians, he was 
 slain, after reigning 15 years. — Plutarch. 
 
 Archigenes, a Greek physician of emi- 
 nence in the time of Trajan, is celebrated 
 by Juvenal and quoted by Galen .—Suidas. 
 V andcr L widen de Script. Med. 
 
 Archilochus, a Greek satirist, was 
 born in the isle of Paros, about 660 B. C, 
 The Lacedemonians laid a prohibition on his 
 poems. He was the inventor of iambic 
 verses. Most of his writings are lost. — - — • 
 Bayle. Moreri. 
 
 Archimedes, a great mathematician, 
 was born at Syracuse, and related to 
 Hiero king of that place. He boasted, 
 that if he had a place to fix his machines, 
 he would move the earth. His method of 
 discovering the fraud of a jeweller, dis- 
 covers the singular penetration of his 
 mind. Fliero suspecting that the crown he 
 had ordered did not contain the quantity 
 of gold which had been given to the work- 
 man, desired Archimedes to find out the 
 fraud. His thoughts being intent upon this 
 problem while he was in the bath, he ob- 
 served that a quantity of water over- 
 flowed equal to the bulk of his body ; 
 which at once suggested to him a method 
 of determining the question ; and leaping 
 out of the bath, he ran home, exclaiming 
 as he went , I have found it! Then procur- 
 
 ing two masses of gold and silver of equal 
 weight with the crown, he carefully no- 
 ticed the quantity of water which each 
 displaced, after which he observed how 
 much the crown caused to flow over ; and 
 on comparing this quantity with each of 
 the former, ; he was able to ascertain the 
 proportions of gold and silver in the 
 crown. Some ancient authors celebrate a 
 glass machine made by him, which repre- 
 sented the motions of the heavenly bodies. 
 He isalso said to have made bufning-glass- 
 
ARC 
 
 ARE 
 
 M which destroyed ships at a great, dis- 
 tance. In the siege of Syracuse by Mar- 
 cellus, Archimedes contrived a variety of 
 machines for annoying the enemy ; but 
 the place was taken at last, and the Roman 
 commander gave strict orders, that his 
 house and person should be respected. He 
 was, however, slain by a soldier, while he 
 was deeply engaged in solving a geometri- 
 cal problem, and inattentive to the noise 
 occasioned by the taking of the city. 
 This happened B. C. 208. Several of his 
 works are extant, but some of the most va- 
 luable are lost. Those which remain werte 
 printed at Basil in 1554, folio ; but the best 
 •edition is that of Oxford, in 1792, printed 
 from the revision and collection of Joseph 
 Torrelli, purchased of his executor Albert- 
 ini, by the correctors of the Clarendon 
 press. When Cicero was quaestor in Sici- 
 ly he discovered Archimedes’s tomb, with 
 an inscription upon it. — Plutarch. Livy. 
 V issius. 
 
 Arciion (Louis), a French antiquary 
 and divine, was born at Riom, in Auvergne, 
 m 1645. He wrote the history of the chapel 
 of the kings of France, printed at Paris, in 
 1711, 2 vols. 4to. He died in 1717. — Nouv. 
 Diet. Hist. 
 
 Archytas, a Pythagorean philosopher 
 of Tarentum, flourished about 400 B. C. 
 He v/as also famous for his valour, and was 
 chosen general of the Tarentine army seven 
 times. He was besides a good mathemati- 
 cian and mechanic. A treatise of his con- 
 cerning the universe, was published at Ve- 
 nice in 1751. — Vossius de Mathem. 
 
 Arcons (Caesar de), was born in Gas- 
 cony, and became an advocate in the par- 
 liament of Bourdeaux. He published se- 
 veral treatises on philosophy and theology, 
 the principal of which are, 1. on the Flux 
 and Reduction of the Sea, and on Longitude; 
 2. Dissertations upon the Scriptures. He 
 died in 1681. — Moreri. 
 
 Arcq (Philip Augustus de Foy, chevalier 
 d’), born at Paris, and supposed to have 
 been the natural son of the count de Tou- 
 louse, and consequently the grandson of 
 Louis XIV ; he cultivated letters and wrote 
 some esteemed works as, 1. Loisirs, 1755, 
 8vo.; 2. Le Temple du Silence; 3. Letters 
 of Osman, 3 yds. 12mo. ; 4. General His- 
 tory of Wars, 2 vols. 4to. ; 5. History of 
 Commerce and Navigation. At the close 
 of his life he retired to Gentilly, where he 
 devoted the remainder of his days to devo- 
 tional exercises. He died in 1779. 
 
 Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Arcudius (Peter), a Greek priest, was 
 born in the isle of Corfu, and was sent by 
 Clement VIIJ. to Russia to settle some reli- 
 gious differences ; he wrote some zealous 
 pieces in defence of the Roman church, 
 against the Greek and Protestant churches. 
 He died about 1621. — Moreri. 
 
 Arcudi (Alexander Thomas d’), a domi- 
 nienn of Venice, obtained considerable 
 fame by his works, chiefly biographical, of 
 
 which his Galatana Letterala is the principal. 
 His last performance was the History of 
 
 Athanasius. He died about 1720. 
 
 Moreri. 
 
 Arculhus, a French divine of the 7tk 
 century. He visited the Holy-land, and at 
 his return wrote an account of his travels, 
 which was printed at Ingolstadt in 1619. — 
 Cave Hist. Lit. 
 
 Arden (Edward), a Roman-catholic 
 gentleman of good family in Warwickshire, 
 was born in 1532 : he was executed in 
 1583, for a supposed plot against queen 
 Elizabeth. 
 
 Ardf.rn (John), an English surgeon of 
 Newark upon Trent, who is mentioned as 
 the reviver of surgery in England : he 
 flourished in the 14th century: he wrote 3 . 
 book on the fistula in ano, published in 
 1588, and left a MS. in the Solanian libra- 
 ry, entitled De Re Herbaria, Physica, et 
 Chirurgica. — Friend's Hist. Pbys. Fulteney's 
 Sketches of Botany. 
 
 Areagathus a Greek physician, who 
 flourished B. C. 269. He practised with 
 repute at Rome, tiil for making use of 
 caustics and the knife, he was banished. — - . 
 Gen. B. D. 
 
 Arena (Anthony de), or du Sable, a 
 French poet of the 16th century. His 
 poem on the war of Provence, carried on 
 by Charles V. was reprinted in 1747 : his 
 other pieces were printed in 1670, in 12mo. 
 He died in 1544. — Moreri. 
 
 Aresi (Paul), bishop of Tortona in the 
 Milanese, was born in 1574. He wrote 
 some philosophical and religious pieces, 
 and died in 1645. — Moreri. 
 
 Aretieus, a Greek physician, who flou- 
 rished in the time of Vespasian. His works, 
 which are in great esteem, were published 
 by Dr. Wigan at Oxford in 1723, folio, 
 and by Boerhaave at Leyden in 1731. — 
 f s ssius. Friend. 
 
 Aretaphila of Cyrene, the wife of 
 Phosdimus, a nobleman of that place, who 
 was murdered by Nicocrates, for the sake 
 of his wife. The tyrant however, suspi- 
 eiousthat she intended to poison him, caused 
 her to be racked to extort a confession, and 
 afterwards solicited her forgiveness. By 
 her management Nicocrates was slain, and 
 Leander, his brother, ascended the throne, 
 whom she delivered to Anabus king of Ly- 
 bia, and thus freed her country from op- 
 pression. — Plutarch. 
 
 Arete, the daughter of Aristippus of 
 Cyrene, flourished about 360 B. C. She 
 taught her father’s system of philosophy 
 after hie detail, with great reputation. — 
 Diog. Laert. 
 
 Arethas, bishop of Cses a rea in Cappa- 
 docia, wrote a commentar ) on the Reve- 
 lations, about the 10th ce n tury, which is 
 still extant.— Gave. Fabricius. 
 
 Aretin (Francis), an Italian lawyer of 
 the 15th century. He taught in several 
 universities with applause, and his opini- 
 ons on law-cases were generally decisiye ; 
 
ARC 
 
 A R X 
 
 but he disgraced his reputation by his co- 
 vetousness. He is not to be confounded 
 with another of the same name and age, 
 who translated St. Chrysostom’s Commen- 
 taries on John into Latin, and wrote a 
 treatise on the baths of Puteoli.— Merer,. 
 
 Ar ft in (Guy), an Italian monk of the 
 11th century, who invented the gamut. He 
 published a treatise on music, entitled Mi- 
 crologues, and a letter printed by Baronius 
 in his Annals, under the year 1022. — I bid. 
 
 Aretin (Leonard), an Italian historian, 
 was born in 1370. He was secretary to 
 several popes ; and afterwards to the re- 
 public of Florence. He added a supplement 
 to Livy on the Punic war; and wrote the 
 history of Italy, with other valuable works. 
 He died about 1443.— Ibid. 
 
 Aretin (Peter), called the scourge of 
 princes, was born at Arezzo, about 1491. 
 He was so dreaded for his satirical powers, 
 that crowned heads courted his friendship ; 
 on which he caused a medal to be struck, on 
 one side oi which he is represented with 
 this inscription, “ The divine Aretin,” and 
 on the reverse he is seated on a throne re- 
 ceiving the oblations of princes. He wrote 
 many obscene and irreligious pieces, but 
 in his latter days he employed himself in 
 writing devotional tracts. He died in 1556'. 
 — Bayle. 
 
 Argali. (John), an English divine, was 
 born in London, and educated at Oxford. 
 He died at his living of Haleswbrth, in 
 Suffolk, in 1606. He wrote some religious 
 tracts in Latin. — Wood. 
 
 Argens (John Baptist de Boyer, mar- 
 quis d’), a French writer, was born at Ait, 
 in Provence, 1704. He served sometime in 
 the army, but retired in disgust, and went 
 to Holland, where he wrote some pieces, 
 which recommended him to the notice of 
 the king of Prussia, who made him his 
 chamberlain. He died at Aix in 1771. His 
 works are, Jewish Letters, Chinese Letters, 
 Cabalistic Letters, and the Philosophy of 
 Good Sense, &c. Learning and ingenuity 
 are evident in these productions, but mixed 
 with infidelity and licentiousness. — Nouv. 
 Diet. Hint. 
 
 Argenson (Mark Rent; le Voyer, mar- 
 quis d an eminent man in the reign of 
 Louis XIV. was born in 1652 at Venice, 
 where his father was then resident as am- 
 bassador. In 16.97, he was made lieutenant- 
 general of the police in Paris, in which 
 office he behaved with uncommon vigi- 
 lance, and he first introduced lettres-de- 
 cachet in the police. In 1719, he was made 
 chancellor in the room of d’Aguesseau, but 
 the year following he was deprived of all 
 his places, and died of chagrin in 1721. 
 He was a man of great talents and perse- 
 verance. — Ibid. 
 
 jiRorNTiER (John), an Italian physician, 
 Vi .is born at Castlenuovo, in Piedmont, in 
 1514, and died at Turin in 1572. His 
 
 works were printed at Venice, in 2 vcls, \ 
 folio, 1592. — Merer!. 
 
 Argentina (Thomas d’), a general of the 
 Augustines in 1345. He wrote Commen- 
 taries on the Master of the Sentences, 
 printed at Strasburg, 1400, folio. — Ibid. 
 
 Argentre (Chars. Duplessis d’), a learned 
 and laborious French prelate. He was born 
 in 1673, and became doctor oftheSorlionne, 
 almoner to the king, and bishop of Tulles. 
 
 Of his works, the most valuable is, his 
 Collectio judiciorum de novis erroribus, 
 
 &c. in 3 vols. folio. This judicious com- 
 pilation contains nearly the same materials 
 as the great work of Bossuet, L’Histoire 
 des Variations. Argentre died in 1740.—— 
 Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Argenvili.e (Anthony Joseph Dezallier 
 d’), an ingenious French writer, was the 
 son of abookseller at Paris, and member of 
 several societies in Europe. He wrote a 
 valuable treatise on Gardening, 4to. 1747 ; 
 the Lives of the most famous Painters, in 
 3 vols. 4to. 1755; a Catalogue of Fossils 
 found in France, and other curious- works. 
 
 He was also one of the writers engaged in 
 the Encyclopedic. He died in 1766.— Ibid. 
 
 Argoi.i (Andrew), an Italian mathema- 
 tician, was born at Tagliacozzo in the 
 kingdom of Naples. He was appointed, by 
 the senate of Venice, professor of mathe- 
 matics at Padua, with the title of chevalier, 
 in 1636. He died in 1653. He published 
 a treatise, de IDiebus criticis, in 4to. 1652, 
 and Ephemeridcs, from 1640 to 1700.— — 
 Moreri. 
 
 Argoli (John), son of the preceding. 
 
 He wrote an admired poem, entitled En- 
 dymion, and other works. He was pro- 
 fessor of jurisprudence at Bologna, and died 
 about 1660. — Ibid. 
 
 Argonne (Bonaventure d’), a Carthusian 
 monk, was born at Paris in 1640, and died 
 in 1704. He wrote a Method of reading 
 the Church Fathers, 1697, 12mo. ; and 
 Miscellanies, historical and literary, under 
 the name of Vigneul de Marville, reprinted 
 in 1725, in 3 vols. 12mo. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Argues (Gerard d’), a French mathema- 
 tician, was born at I^yons in 1597, and 
 died in 1661. He was the friend of Des- 
 cartes, whom he defended with great spirit. 
 
 He wrote a treatise on Perspective ; of 
 Conic Sections ; the Practice of Drawing; 
 and on Stonecutting.. — Ibid. 
 
 Argyrorylus (John), an eminentscholar 
 of the 15th century, was born at Constan- 
 tinople, and' Coming to Florence, was cho- 
 sen professor of Greek. He also became 
 tutor to the son of Cosmo de Media’s. . 
 He died at Rome in the 70th year of his 
 age, about 1478. He was a great glutton, 
 and spent all that he got in good cheer. He 
 wrote a Commentary on Aristotle’s Ethics, 
 printed in 1541, folio. — Bayle. Fabricius. 
 
 Ariarathes V. king of Cappadocia, be- 
 gan his reign B. C. 224, and married the 
 
A R I 
 
 daughter of Antiochus the Great. He was 
 a learned prince, and a great ericouragcf of 
 men of letters. He died B. C. 162, after 
 reigning 62 years. — Univ. Hist. 
 
 Ariarathes VI. surnamed Philopater , 
 was the son of the preceding. His rival, 
 Olophornes, succeeded for a time in driv- 
 ing hint from his throne ; but at length, by 
 the help <jf Attalus, king of Pergamus, he 
 recovered it. He was slain in battle, B. C. 
 1-29. — Ibid. 
 
 Ariarathes VII. son of the above, mar- 
 ried Laodice, sister of Mithridates the Great. 
 He was murdered by his brother-in-law, 
 who garrisoned the towns of Cappadocia 
 with ins troops; but the Cappadocians 
 rose, and having expelled him, placed on 
 the throne 
 
 Ariarathes VIII. son of the last-men- 
 tioned. He was basely assassinated by his 
 uncle Mithridates, who seized the kingdom 
 B. C. 92, and placed upon the throne his in- 
 fant sen, by the name of Ariarathes IX. — 
 Ibid. 
 
 Arias Montanus (Benedict), was born 
 at Seville.' He distinguished himself by his 
 skill in the oriental languages. Philip II. 
 employed him in editing a Polyglot Bible, 
 which was printed at Antwerp in 1569— 
 1.572, in 8 vols. folio. He refused a bi- 
 shopric, and contented himself with a pen- 
 sion .of 2000 ducats, and the place of king’s 
 chaplain. He died in 1598, aged 71. — Ma- 
 reri. 
 
 Arietii (Jacob Juda), rabbi of the syna- 
 gogue at Amsterdam, in the last century. 
 He wrote a description of the Tabernacle 
 in Hebrew, which has been translated into 
 Latin. — Noun. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Ariobarzanes I. king of Cappadocia, 
 ■was elected by the people pf that country, 
 B. C. 91 , but expelled shortly after by Ti- 
 granes, king of Armenia. He then went to 
 Rome, where he obtained such support as 
 enabled hint to recover the crown, which 
 he afterwards resigned to his sou. — Univ. 
 Hist. 
 
 Ariobarzanes II. was greatly attached 
 to Csssar, and inconsequence was declared 
 an enemy by the republic, and put to death 
 by Cassius, B. C. 42. — Ibid. 
 
 Ario b a r z anus III. brother and successor 
 of the preceding, was dethroned and put to 
 death by Marc Antony. — Ibid. 
 
 Ario sti (Attiiio), an eminent musician, 
 was born at Bologna, and entered among 
 the dominicans; hut quitted that order by 
 a dispensation from the pope. He was an 
 opera-composer at Bologna and Venice for 
 some time; after which he travelled into 
 Germany and England. He distinguished 
 himself as a performer on a new instru- 
 ment, called the viol d'amote. . He was 
 greatly esteemed in this country; and pub- 
 lished a book of cantatas, by subscription, 
 about 1 725. When he died is not known. 
 —Bar/wy. Hawkins . 
 
 A R I 
 
 Ariosto (Ludovico, or Lewis), an Ita- 
 lian poet, was born at the castle of Reggio, 
 in Lombardy, in 1474. He was patronized 
 by the cardinal d’Bste. by whose interest he 
 obtained several employments. He after- 
 wards entered into the service of Alfonso, 
 duke of Ferrara, who appointed him go- 
 vernor of GraiTingnana. Hi* most famous 
 piece is entitled “ Orlando Furioso,” of 
 which tlrerte are two English translations; 
 the first bv sir John Harrington, in 1634, 
 folio; and the last by Mr. Ho.ole, in 1783, 
 8Vo. Ariosto also wrote some comedies, 
 which were performed in the hall of Fer- 
 rara before the duke and' his court. He 
 died at Terrapin 1533, in which year he 
 had been honoured with the laurel by 
 Charles V. His remains were interred in 
 the church of the Benedictines, where there 
 is a tomb to his memory. He left two na- 
 tural sons. — Morcri. Noun. Did. Hist. 
 
 Ario sto (Gabriel), brother of the abo\ r e, 
 was accounted a good Latin poet, and his 
 poems were printed at Ferrara in 1582. 
 He died about 1572. His son Horace Was 
 the author of an heroic poem in Italian, 
 called Alphieus. — MorerK 
 
 Ariovistus, king of the Germans, who 
 being called into Gaul to assist the Sequani, 
 made himself master of part of the country ; 
 on which the inhabitants applied for assht- 
 anceto Caesar, who defeat edAriovistns with 
 a great slaughter, near Besa^on. After this 
 we read no more of him. — Ccesar de Bril. Gall. 
 
 Arist.t.netes, a Greek writer of the 4th 
 century. He died at Nicomedia in 353. 
 Two books of love-epistles by him are ex- 
 tant, verv elegant and tender. They were 
 printed at Paris in 1595. — Fabricius. 
 
 Aris pander, a celebrated soothsayer, 
 who accompanied Alexander the Great in 
 his expedition, and was of great service to 
 him by imposing upon the credulity of his 
 soldiers. — Q. Curtins. Plutarch. 
 
 Aristarc.hu s, a Grecian philosopher, 
 was a native of Samos, 'and is said to have 
 been the first who asserted the rotation of 
 the earth upon its axis, and itsmotion round 
 the sun. Pie is also said to have invented 
 sun-dials. There is only one work of his 
 extant, on the bulk and distance of the sun 
 and mood, which was published by Dr. 
 Wallis in Greek and Latin in 1688. — -Fabri- 
 cius. Hutton s Math. Did. 
 
 Aristarchus, a grammarian, was born 
 in Samothrace, but settled at Alexandria, 
 where he taught the son of Ptolemy Philo- 
 meter, B. C. 160. Cicero and Horace men- 
 tion his name to express a severe critic; and 
 it is used at this day for the same purpose. 
 He starved himself to death at the age of 
 72. — Bayle. 
 
 Aristarchus, a converted Jew of Thes- 
 salonia,who was the friend and companion 
 of St. Paul in his travels through Asia. — ■ 
 Ads. 
 
 Ajusteas, a Greek historian and poet, 
 
A R I 
 
 A R I 
 
 flourished about 550 B. C. Several marvel- 
 lous stories are told of him by Herodotus 
 arid others. His works are all lost. — Vos si us 
 dc Hist. Cruse. Bayle. 
 
 Akisteas, said to have been one of the 
 • “ translators of the Hebrew scriptures, at 
 the court of Phiiadeiph us, according to Jo- 
 sephus. A letter attributed to him on the 
 subject of that version is extant, and was 
 printed at Oxford in 1 692.-— Lupin. Fabric. 
 . Aristeus, a Greek mathematician, flou- 
 rished about 550 B. C. It is said that Euclid 
 profited greatly by his writings, but they 
 are now lost. — Buylc. * 
 
 Aristides, a celebrated Athenian, who 
 rose to the first offices in the state, and dis- 
 charged^ them with so muclf credit, as to 
 obtain the honourable surname of the Just. 
 He was a great admirer of the laws of JLy- 
 enrgus, and very rigid in his notions of pub- 
 lic justice. At the battle of Marathon, he 
 distinguished himself by his bravery ; but 
 though he had the charge of the spoils, he 
 took nothing for himself. The party of 
 1 hemistocles at length prevailed against 
 .. m ’ he was banished by the ostracism. 
 "" hen the Athenians were apprehensive of 
 a visit from Xerxes, they recalled Aristides, 
 who, nobly forgetting past injuries, gavehis 
 assistance to Themistocles for the benefit of 
 the commonwealth ; and when that com- 
 mander was prosecuted, he refused to give 
 his consent to thesentence of his banishment. 
 Aristides was held in the highest esteem bv 
 «h the confidential states of Greece, and was 
 appointed by them to regulate the propor- 
 tionate assessments which they were to pav 
 for the support of the war. In this he acted 
 with so much wisdom and justice, as to gain 
 universal admiration. Pie died verv poor 
 about 4f> 7 B. C. The Athenians bestowed a 
 magnificent funeral on him, and gave his 
 son, Lysimachtis, an estate and pension, and 
 portioned his daughters at the public ex- 
 pence. — Plutarehi Vit. Arist. 
 
 Aristides, a philosopher of Athens, in 
 the second century, who became a convert 
 toehristiamty.but without quitting his pro- 
 fession. He composed an excellent apology 
 for the Christians, which he presented to the 
 emperor Adrian when he was at Athens, 
 about A. D. l‘2x— Eusebius. Lupin. 
 
 Aristides (iEIius), a sophist of the 2d 
 century, was born at Adrian i in Mysia. In 
 178 the city of Smyrna was destroyed bv 
 ?.n earthquake ; on which he wrote so pa^- 
 fhetica letter to the emperor, that he caused 
 i: to'he rebuilt ; and the inhabitants out of 
 gratitude, erected a statue to Aristides. He 
 was an eloquent man, but very supersti- 
 tious. lie died about the 60th year of his 
 ag<- Kis works were published at Oxford, 
 ill I 723, 2 veils. 7 to. — Fabric ill i. 
 
 _ Aristides, a Theban painter, who flou- 
 rished about 640 B. C. He is celebrated for 
 a picture of a town taken by storm, in 
 which he represented a child creeping to 
 
 the mangled breast of its dying mother, 
 who still retained sufficient recollection to 
 feel the most expressive anxiety, that the 
 child should not suck her blood instead of 
 her milk. _ He excelled in expression, and 
 in delineating the affections and emotions 
 of the soul. — Pliny. 
 
 Aristides of Miletus, an historian often 
 mentioned by Plutarch. One of his works 
 was a history of Italy. His writings, how- 
 ever, were filled with such licentious tales, 
 that their loss isnot to be regretted. — Vossius. 
 
 Aristippus of Cyrene, the disciple of 
 Socrates, and founder Of the cyrenaic sect, 
 differed widely from the doctrine of his 
 master. His maxim was, that pleasure is 
 the chief good of man. Dionysius the ty- 
 rant entertained him at his court, where 
 Aristippus revelled in luxury. The tyrant 
 once asked him why the philosophers al- 
 ways sought the company of the great, 
 whereas the latter seldom/ visited philoso- 
 phers; to which the other replied, “Be- 
 cause the physicians usually go to the sick.” 
 Diogenes having said to him, “If Aristippus 
 could be content to live upon vegetables, 
 he would not demean himself in courting 
 the favour of princes;” he replied, “ If he 
 who censures me were qualified to pay his 
 court to princes, he would not live on ve- 
 getables. 1 A person boasting before him 
 that he had read a great deal, Aristippus 
 remarked, “ it was no sign of good health 
 to eat more than one could digest.” He 
 flourished about 400 B. C. His daughter 
 Arete was famous for wisdom as well as 
 beauty. — Stanley's Lives of Philos. 
 
 Aristo of Chios, a stoic philosopher, 
 who lived about 260 B. C. He endeavoured 
 to form a sect of his own, and treated 
 logic and physics as useless. He taught 
 that all actions are indifferent in themselves, 
 though he maintained, that virtue is the 
 supreme good. He died inconsequence of 
 the scorching rays of the sun striking upon 
 his bald head. — Stanley. 
 
 Aristo, a peripatetic philosopher, wh» 
 flourished about 230 B. C. He was the au- 
 thor of Amatory Epistles, quoted by Athe- 
 nastis. — Ibid. 
 
 Aristo ^Titus'), an eminent Roman law- 
 yer in the time of Trajan. Pliny the young- 
 er mentions his abilities and virtues in the 
 highest terms. He wrote several books, 
 the very titles of which are lost. — Bayle. 
 
 Aristo bo lus I. king of the Jews, was at 
 first high priest, in which he succeeded his 
 father Hyrcanus. He took his elder bro- 
 ther Antigonus into partnership witli him 
 in the government, but put his mother and 
 two younger brothers into prison, where 
 they were starved. He afterwards caused 
 Antigonus to be put to death. He died 
 B. C. 104, having reigned but a year. — Jo- 
 sephus. 
 
 Aristokulus II, was the son of Alexan- 
 der Januapus. In 6‘J B. C. he dethroned his 
 
A R I 
 
 brother Hyrcanus ; but was deposed in his 
 turn by the Romans under Pompey, who 
 caused him to be poisoned. — Josephus. 
 
 Aristobui.us, a Jew of Alexandria, who 
 joined the peripatetic philosophy with the 
 law of Moses. He is frequently quoted by 
 Eusebius, but his works are lost; he flou- 
 rished 120 B. C. — Dupin. 
 
 AKisroGiTON,an Athenian citizen, who 
 with his friend Harmodius formed a con- 
 spiracy against Hipparchus and Hippias, 
 the tvrants of Athens, B. C. 516. Harmodius 
 was killed after dispatching Hipparchus, 
 and Aristogiton being made prisoner, was 
 tortured to make him confess the names of 
 his confederates, on which he named the 
 tyrant’s friends, who were directly put to 
 death ; and being asked if there were no 
 more, he answered, that there remained 
 only Hippias, who deserved to die. The 
 memory of these two friends were celebrated 
 at Athens with enthusiasm. — Herodotus. 
 'Thucydides. Ultra. Hist. 
 
 Aristomenes, a celebrated Greek, was 
 the son of Nicomedes, and descended from 
 the kings of Messene. He roused the Mes- 
 senians to arms against Sparta, B. C. 685. 
 He defeated the Spartans in the first battle, 
 for which his countrymen would have 
 made him king, but he contented himself 
 with the title "of general. He was twice 
 taken prisoner, but escaped. Fortune at 
 length turned against the Messenians, most 
 of whom, under the son of Aristomenes, 
 emigrated to Sicily, where they built the 
 city of Messina. Aristomenes died at 
 Rhodes, where he was buried with great 
 pomp. — Diodorus Siculus. Uuiv. Hi 2. 
 
 Aristophanes, an Athenian comic poet, 
 was co temporary with Socrates, Plato, and 
 Euripides. He attacked the designs of those 
 who aimed af the sovereign power at Athens 
 with such success, that he was liberally re- 
 warded by his fellow-citizens for his pa- 
 triotic exertions. His descriptions of the 
 manners of the Athenians were so faithful, 
 that when Dionysius the tyrant wrote to 
 Plato for an account of the state and lan- 
 guage of that country, he sent him his plays. 
 Only eleven of his pieces are extant. The 
 Clouds was written to ridicule Socrates, 
 who had a great contempt for the comic 
 poets; and to the dishonour of the Athe- 
 nians, they applauded the poet and perse- 
 cuted the philosopher. The time of his 
 death is uncertain. The best editions are 
 those of Kuster, Bcrgler, Brunck, and Bur- 
 man. An English translation of The 
 Clouds has been published by Mr. Cum- 
 berland. — Vossivs t Is Poet. Druse. Moreri. 
 
 Ari stotle, the head of the peripatetic 
 sect, was born at St-agyra, in Thrace, B. C. 
 384. He was the son of Nicomachus, phy- 
 sician to Amyntas, grandfather of Alexan- 
 der the Great. He lost his parents when 
 young, on which, it is said, he led such a 
 dissipated life as to squander away his es- 
 tate; but others assert, that he became a 
 
 A R.I 
 
 pupil of Plato at the age of seventeen. He 
 studied with indefatigable diligence under 
 that great philosopher, to whom, however, 
 some charge him with being guilty of base 
 ingratitude. On the death of Plato he went 
 to the court of Hsrmias, at Atarna, in My- 
 sia, and married that prince’s sister. He 
 was afterwards sent for by Philip of Mace- 
 don to take upon him the tuition of Alex- 
 ander, and gave such satisfaction to the 
 king, that he erected statues to his honour, 
 and for his sake rebuilt Stagyra. On the ac- 
 cession of Alexander to the throne, Aristotle 
 refused to accompany him in his expedi- 
 tion, but recommended to him his relation 
 Calisthenes, and then settled at Athens, 
 where the magistrates gave him the Ly- 
 ceum, in which he taught his philosophy to 
 a great number of disciples. Here he com- 
 posed his principal works, particularly his 
 animal history, which he undertook at the 
 request of Alexander, who supplied him 
 with subjects, and liberally rewarded him. 
 Being accused of impiety, he wrote an apo- 
 logy °for hjmself, addressed to the magis- 
 trates, but he soon after quitted Athens, and 
 spent the remainder of his days at Chalcis, 
 a city in Euboea. Some say that he put an 
 end to himself by poison ; others that he cast 
 himself into the river Euripus, because he 
 could not comprehend the reason of its ebb- 
 ing and flowing; and some assert, that he 
 died of the colic, in the 63d year of his 
 age, B. C. 323. His body was carried away 
 by his countrymen, who erected altars to 
 his memory. His works may be classed 
 under the heads of rhetoric, poetry, poli- 
 tics, ethics, physics, mathematics, logic, and 
 metaphysics ; and, in the words of an ele- 
 gant writer, “ whoever surveys the variety 
 and perfection of his productions, all deli- 
 vered in the chastest style, in the clearest 
 order, and the most pregnant brevity, is 
 amazed at the immensity of his genius.” 
 The best edition of Aristotle is that of Pa- 
 ris, 1 629, in 2 vols. folio. — Diog. Laert. Bayle. 
 Stanley. 
 
 ARisTOXENUs,a Grecian philosopher and 
 musician, was the disciple of Aristotle, and 
 born at Tarentum. tie flourished about 
 324 B. C. Of all his works, his treatise on 
 Harmonic Elements only remains, which 
 was printed by Meursius at Leyden, 1616, 
 4tO. — Moreri. Burney. 
 
 Arius, founder of'the sect of the arians, 
 was born at Libya. He became popular at 
 Alexandria, and was orthodox till he was 
 disappointed of church-preferment, when 
 he broached his opinion against the divinity 
 of the Word, which occasioned such dis- 
 putes, that the emperor called a council at 
 Nice, in 325, to put an end to them. In 
 this council the heresy of Arius was con- 
 demned, and the celebrated confession of 
 faith, known by the name of the Nicene 
 Creed, drawn up. Arius was then banished 
 by the emperor ; but two years after he 
 was recalled to Constantinople, and made 
 
ARK 
 
 a -confession of his. faith, which was receiv- 
 ed as orthodox. In 331, he went to Alex- 
 andria, where Athanasius refused to re- 
 ceive him. When that prelate was ban- 
 ished, Arius again came to that city, but 
 thc_ people, being enraged against him, 
 obliged him to withdraw. He then went 
 mo Egypt, where he raised new disturb- 
 ances by his opinions ; on which the em- 
 peror sent for him to Constantinople, and 
 demanded of him, whether he adhered to 
 the Nicene faith ; to which Arius answer- 
 ed on oath that he did, at the same time 
 delivering his own confession, which ap- 
 pearing sound, the emperor ordered that lie 
 should be re-admitted into the church. 
 He was then conducted in triumph by his 
 followers to the great church, but on the 
 way being pressed by a natural necessity. 
 Ire retired to a house of convenience, where 
 he died, in S86V His doctrines did not ex- 
 pire with him, but occasioned fierce con- 
 tentions in Christendom for ages. — Cave 
 .Hist. Lit. Mn<heim. Bayle . 
 
 ArkEl (Cornelius Van), a Dutch divine, 
 was born at Amsterdam in 1760, and edu- 
 cated under I.imbroch and Le Clerc. He 
 was a celebrated preacher among the re- 
 monstrants, or armenians, and" died in 
 1724. He published Hadriani Junii 
 Romani Medici animadversio, ejusdemque 
 de Coma Commentarius, &c. — Moreri. 
 
 Arkenholz (John), a Swedish writer, 
 was born at Helfingfors in 1695. He stu- 
 died at Upsal, and travelled through a 
 great part of Europe. While at Paris, he 
 wrote a piece, entitled Considerations sur 
 la France par Rapport a la Suede, in which 
 he severely censured cardinal Fleury, who 
 complained of him to the Swedish court, 
 by which means he lost his place of regis- 
 trar. In 174S he obtained the office" of 
 secretary of public accounts, and in 1746' 
 he was keeper of the cabinet of curiosities 
 set Casscl. He was afterwards employed 
 in writing the history of Frederic I. which 
 he never finished. Fie died in 1777. He 
 published the letters of Grotius to Queen 
 Christina, Memoirs of the same Queen, and 
 several pieces on political and other sub- 
 jects — Gen. fling. 
 
 Arkwright .(Sir Richard), an English 
 manufacturer, was originally a barber at 
 IVirksworth in Derbyshire, which situation 
 he quitted about 1767, and went about the 
 country buying hair. At Warrington he 
 got acquainted with one Kay, a clock- 
 maker, and projected with him a machine 
 fur spinning cotton, in perfecting of 
 which they were assisted by Mr. Atherton of 
 Liverpool. Mr. Arkwright afterwards 
 went into partnership with Mr. Smalley 
 of Preston, but not succeeding there, they 
 went to Nottingham, and erected a cot- 
 ton-mill, whi ch was worked by horses. By 
 this time Mr. Arkwright had taken out 
 a patent for his machine, which, however, 
 was set aside in i 7 85, in the court of king’s- 
 
 A R M 
 
 bench. He afterwards erected works at 
 Crumford, in Derbyshire, and acquired a 
 fortune of near half a million sterling. He 
 was knighted on presenting an address to 
 his majesty in 1786, as high sheriff of the 
 county of Derby, and died at his seat in 
 1 7 92.— Ibid. 
 
 Arlaud (James Antony), an eminent 
 painter, was born at Geneva in 1668. He 
 went early to Paris, where he was patro- 
 nized by the king. Here he painted his 
 Leda, a copy of which he sold in London 
 for 600/. but he could never part with the 
 original. In a fit of enthusiasm he destroy- 
 ed this exquisite production, by cutting it 
 to pieces. He died in 1743. — Moreri. 
 
 Arlotta, mother of William the Con- 
 queror. She was a tanner’s daughter at 
 Falaise, where she attracted the notice of 
 Robert duke of Normandy, who made her 
 his mistress. On his decease she married a 
 Norman gentleman, by whom she had three 
 children, who were all provided for by 
 William. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 ARL 0 TT 0 ,a religious buffoon, was born 
 in Tuscany in 1395. Having entered into 
 orders he obtained several preferments, and 
 was greatly esteemed by Lorenzo de Me- 
 dici, and other great men, on account of 
 his wit. He resided at Florence in 1 483. A 
 collection of his jests was published after 
 his death. — Nunv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Armenia Major, or Adherjiitzan, 
 was part of the empire of the Medes, and 
 passed through the same changes till 224 
 B. C. when Zadriades and Artaxeas re- 
 volted from Antiochus the Great, the for- 
 mer taking possession of Armenia Minor, 
 and the latter of this country. Tigranes 
 the Great, who reigned here in 95 B. C. 
 reduced Armenia Minor and other pro- 
 vinces. He became tributary to Rome in 
 66 B. C. and Trajan made this country a 
 Roman province in 106. In 370 it was 
 conquered by Sapor king of Partbia, but 
 the Romans soon recovered it. Afterwards 
 it was governed by its own princes, till the 
 Saracens obtained it about 651. It was 
 conquered by the Seljukian Turks' about 
 1046, after which it suffered many changes 
 till it was reduced by the prince of Kha- 
 rasm in 1200, who was driven out of it by 
 Genghis Khan in 1218. In 1335 the Ilka- 
 nian dynasty began here, and continued till 
 1385, when it was conquered by Timur, 
 from whom it was soon after recovered hy 
 the Ilkanian princes. On the death of 
 Ahmed Jalayr, the last of that line, in 
 1405, Kara Ytisef, the chief of the Turco- 
 mans, got possession of it. This dynasty 
 had the name of the Black Sheep, and in 
 1488 it fell by conquest to the family of the 
 White Sheep. In 1500 it was conquered by 
 Ismael Sosi, and reduced by Selim II. in 
 1552, since which the Turks have held 
 possession of all, except the eastern part, 
 which belongs to the Persians. — Un/v. 
 Hist. 
 
A R M 
 
 A K M 
 
 Armenia Minor underwent the same 
 changes with Armenia Major, till about 
 2*24 B. C. when it became a distinct king- 
 dom under Zadriades. ' In 95 B. C. 1 igra- 
 nes conquered it, after whom it came to 
 the Romans, who reduced it in 7 1 to a Ro- 
 man province. When the Roman empire 
 declined, this country fell to the Persians, 
 but about 651 the Saracens took possession 
 of it. In 1046 the Seljukian Turks took it, 
 but in 1200 the prince of Kharasin made a 
 conquest of the country, which was taken 
 from him by Jenghis Khan. In 1 335 the 
 llkaniari dynasty commenced here. Timur 
 conquered it in’ 1381, and the Turcomans 
 got it in 1485, when it was called Tur- 
 comans. In 1488 it Was reduced, with 
 Armenia Major, by the family of the White 
 Sheep. Ismael Soli conquered it in 1500, 
 but in 1514 it was taken by Selim I. sultan 
 ef the Turks. — Hid. 
 
 Arminius, or the Deliverer vf Germany, 
 was the son of Sigimer, a chieftain of the 
 Catti. He served with reputation in the 
 Roman armies, and was honoured by Au- 
 gustus with knighthood, and the citizenship 
 of Rome. But his attachment to his native 
 country prevailed over all considerations, 
 and at his instigation the Germans revolt- 
 ed against the Romans. By his contriv- 
 ance Varus fell into an ambuscade, where 
 be perished with nearly all his forces. 
 A. D. 16 Germanicus marched to revenge 
 the death of Varus, and after a variety of 
 fortune, Arminius was treacherously as- 
 sassinated in the 37th year of his age, A. D. 
 21 .' — Tacitus. 
 
 Arminius (James), a Dutch divine, was 
 born at Oudewater in 1560. He lost his 
 father in his infancy, and his mother, sister, 
 and brothers, were put to death by the 
 Spaniards while he was at Marpurg in 
 1575. He afterwards studied at Leyden 
 and Geneva, from whence he travelled into 
 Italy, and spent 9ome time at Padua. In 
 1588 he was ordained, and became a 
 popular preacher. About this time Lydius, 
 theological professor at Franeker, desired 
 him to refute a piece which had been 
 written against Beza on predestination, by 
 some divines at Delft. In studying this 
 point Arminius became a convert to the 
 opinion which he was employed to confute. 
 In 1608 he was appointed professor of 
 divinity at Leyden; where his lectures 
 made a great noise, and brought oil many 
 from the rigid doctrines which had hitherto 
 prevailed on the divine decrees. His 
 great adversary was Gomarus, with whom 
 he held several conferences. In 1607 he 
 wrote an apology to the elector palatine, 
 respecting the disputes in which he was 
 engaged on the controverted points. It is 
 supposed that these fierce dissensions oc- 
 casioned the illness of which he died in 
 1609. Arminius was a very learned, pious, 
 and eloquent man, and remarkable for the 
 evenness of his temper. His motto was, 
 “ A good conscience is a paradise.” His 
 
 works were published at Frankfort in 1 vok 
 quarto, 1631. The Arminians in Holland 
 are still a distinct sect from the establish- 
 ment. — Brandt’s Hist. vit. Arm. Bayie. 
 
 Armstrong (sir Thomas), an English 
 gentleman, who was very active in the - 
 time of the rebellion in behalf of the king* 
 for which Cromwell threw him into prison, 
 and threatened his life. He was an avow- 
 ed enemy to popery, and engaged with 
 great zeal in the service of the duke of 
 Monmouth. Soon after the new sheriffs 
 were imposed on the city of London by 
 tire influence of the court, an insurrection 
 was planned by the country party. Sir 
 Thomas Armstrong went with the duke of 
 Monmouth to view the king’s guards, in 
 order to judge whether they might venture 
 to attack them in the projected insurrec- 
 tion. 1 Finding himself obnoxious to the 
 court he fled the kingdom, and was out- 
 lawed. ' He was seized abroad and sent to. 
 London, where he was condemned and ex- 
 ecuted without a trial, in 1684. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Arm strong (John), a poetand physician, 
 was born at Castleton in Roxburghshire, 
 where his father and brother were minis- 
 ters. He took his degree of M. D. at 
 Edinburgh, in 1732. In 1735 he published 
 an anonymous tract, entitled An Essay for 
 the Abridging the Study of Physic. In 
 1737 appeared his Synopis of the History 
 and cure of the Venereal Disease, Svu. 
 Not long after came out his Economy of 
 Love, a poem in which he has caught the 
 spirit of Ovid, with his licentiousness. In . 
 the edition of 1768 the author purged this 
 piece of many offensive passages. In 1744 
 he published the. Art of preserving Health, 
 one of the best didactic poems in our lan- 
 guage. In 1746 he was appomledone of the 
 physicians to the military hospital behind 
 Buckingham-house. In 1758 he printed 
 Sketches, or Essays on various subjects, by 
 Launcelot Temple, esq. In 1760 he was 
 
 appointed physician to the army in Ger- 
 many, and the next yearwrote.a poem call- 
 ed Day, an Epistle to John Wilkes of 
 Aylesbury, esq.- In this letter he threw 
 out a reflection upon Churchill, which 
 drew on him the resentment of that satirist- 
 Dr. Armstrong published a collection of 
 Miscellanies in 1770, in *2 vols.l2mo. and 
 the year following a short ramble through 
 some parts of France and Italy, by Launce- 
 lot Temple. In 1773 appeared his Medical 
 Essays in 1 vol. 4to. Fie died 1779. Dr. 
 Armstrong was a man greatly beloved by 
 his friends for the goodness of his heart, 
 as well as for his literary talents. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Armstrong (John), a Scotch writer, 
 was born at Leith and educated at Edin-r 
 burgh, where betook the degree of M. A. 
 During his residence in the university, he 
 publislied a volume of Juvenile Poems, 
 with an Essay on the Means of pnnishing 
 and preventing Crimes. In 1790 he came 
 to London, and supported himself by- 
 writing for the daily papers. He also 
 
AEN 
 
 A R N 
 
 preached occasionally in some of the dis- 
 senting meeting-houses, and was rising in 
 reputation and prospect, when he was 
 taken off in the 26th year of his age, 1797. 
 
 — Monthly 2k Tag. 
 
 Armyne (Lady Mary), an English lady, 
 was the daughter of Henry Talbot, fourth 
 *on of George earl of Shrewsbury, ar.d 
 wife of sir William Armyne. She was dis- 
 tinguished for her talents and her piety. 
 Site was mistress of the French and Latin 
 languages, and skilled in history and di- 
 vinity. It was her custom to distribute 
 books among the poor ; and she gave 
 large sums to the missionaries employed in 
 converting the Indians in North America. 
 She endowed three hospitals, and perform- 
 ed several other noble deeds of charity. 
 She died in 1675. — Claris's Lives. 
 
 Arnaid (Richard), an English divine, 
 was born in London, and educated at Bene’t 
 college, Cambridge, but afterwards became 
 fellow of Emanuel college. In 172S he 
 took the degree of B. D. and was presented 
 to the rectory of Thurcaston, in Leicester- 
 shire. He published several single sermons, 
 but his most celebrated performance is his 
 Commentary on the Apocrypha. He died 
 in 1756. — Gen. 2?. I). 
 
 Arnali. (William), a political writer, 
 who was employed by sir Robert Walpole 
 to defend his administration, for which 
 he is said to have received near 1 1,000/. in 
 4 years. Notwithstanding this, he died in 
 debt, in 1741, aged 26. — Gen. Blog. Diet. 
 
 Ar naud (Francis), abbeof Grand Champ, 
 was born at Aubignan. He was employed 
 in writing the Journal Ft ranger, and the 
 Gazette litteraire de I’Europe. He also 
 published a collection of pieces on Philoso- 
 phy, Literature, and the Arts, Paris, 1770, 
 
 4 vols. 12mo. He was a man of genius and 
 taste. — Nouns. Diet. II: t. 
 
 Arnauld de Vili,a Nova, a physician 
 at Paris, of the 14th century, was a man of 
 learning, but broaching some mystical no- 
 tions in religion, he found it necessary to 
 quit France, and retire to Sicily, where he 
 was entertained by Frederic, king of Ar- 
 ragon, who sent him to attend pope Cle- 
 ment in his illness, but in the voyage Ar- 
 nauld perished by shipwreck, about 1.210. 
 His works were printed at Lyons in 2 vols. 
 folio, 1520, and at Basil, 1585. — Moreri. 
 
 Arnauld (Antony), a French lawyer, 
 was born at Paris in 1550, and took his de- 
 gree of M. A. in 1578. He became advo- 
 cate of parliament, and attorney-general to 
 queen Catherine de Medicis. Flis plead- 
 ings in behalf of the university of Paris, 
 against the jesuits, in 1594, procured him 
 a great reputation. A tract concerning 
 the re-establishment of the jesuits has 
 been ascribed to him, but seemingly 
 without reason. He died in 1619. — Beyle. 
 Moreri. 
 
 Arnauld d’Andilli (Robert), eldest son 
 of the above, was born at Pans in 1589. 
 
 2 
 
 He held some considerable offices, and ful- 
 filled them in the nm&t honourable manner. 
 At the age of 55 he retired to the convent 
 of Port Royal des Champs, where he spent 
 the remainder of his days iu religious tu- 
 dics. Pie published a translation of Jose- 
 phus, a Memoir of the House of Port 
 Royal, Memoirs of his own Life, and seve- 
 ral other works. He died in 1674. — Moreri. 
 
 Arnauld (Antony), brother of the 
 above, was born at Paris in 1612, and 
 studied philosophy at the college of Calvi, 
 from whence he removed to that of the 
 Sorbonne. In 1641 he commenced doctor. 
 In 1642 he published a book on frequent 
 communion, which gtfve offence to the 
 jesuits. The controversy between them 
 and the jansenists was then at its height, 
 and M. Arnauld joined the latter, whom he 
 defended with great ability". For this he 
 was expelled the Sorbonne, on which he 
 went into retirement, and employed him- 
 self in writing a great number of treatises. 
 When this famous controversy subsided, in 
 1668, Arnauld turned his polemical wea- 
 pons against the calvinists. His treatise, 
 entitled La Perpetuite de la Foi, in which 
 he was assisted by M. Nichole, brought on 
 the grand dispute between them and M. 
 Claude, in which each party claimed the 
 victory. In 1679 he quitted -France, and 
 went into the Netherlands, where he con- 
 tinued to write against the jesuits and 
 protestants, with equal sharpness and faci- 
 lity. He died in 1694, and his heart, at his 
 own request, was sent to be deposited in 
 the Port Royal. The works of Aruauld 
 are exceedingly numerous, but mostly 
 polemical. Father Quesnel published his 
 letters in 9 vis. — Bayle. Moreri. 
 
 Arnauld (Henry), brother of the above, 
 was born at Paris in 1597. He w-as made 
 dean of Gournay, and in 1649, bishop of 
 Angers, which diocese he never left but 
 once, and that was to reconcile the prince 
 of Tarento to his father, the duke de la 
 Tremouille. When Angers revolted in 
 1652, the queen-mother was about to take 
 heavy vengeance upon it, but was pre- 
 vented by this bishop ; who, as he admi- 
 nistered the sacrament to her, said: “Take, 
 madam, the body of him who forgave his 
 enemies when he was dying on the cross.” 
 He divided his time between prayer, read- 
 ing, and his public duties. A friend say- 
 ing to him that he ought to allow himself 
 one flay in the week for recreation ; “That 
 I will do with all my heart,” he replied, 
 
 “ if you will name a day wherein I. am not 
 a bishop.” He died at Angers in 1692. 
 Flis “ Negotiations at Rome” were pub- 
 lished at Paris, in 5 vols. 12mo. in 1748. — - 
 Moreri. 
 
 Arnauld (Angelique), sister of the 
 preceding and abbess of the convent of 
 Port Royal, was born in 1596. (She insti- 
 tuted a rigorous reformation of her society, 
 and obtained so great a reputation for 
 
A R N 
 
 fcanctitv, that numbers of persons of both 
 sexes built huts about the convent, under 
 the name of jansenists penitents. At the 
 age of 29, she was appointed to reform the 
 convent of Maubuisson, where she re- 
 mained five years. She afterwards had the 
 king’s permission, to remove her society to 
 Paris. She died in 1661. Six sisters of 
 the Arnaulds, with their mother, ended 
 their days in this convent. — -Moreri. Bayle. 
 
 Arndt (John), a German divine, was 
 born at Ballenstadt, in the duchy of 
 Anhalt, in 1555. He became minister 
 first at Quedlinburg, and then at Bruns- 
 wick, from whence he removed to Isleben. 
 In 1611, the duke of Lunenburg gave him 
 the church of Zell, and appointed him su- 
 perintendant of all thechurcbes in the duchy. 
 He died in 1625. His most celebrated work 
 is his Treatise on true Christianity, the 
 first part of which appeared in 1605, and 
 the rest in 160S. It was translated into 
 English by Mr. Boehm, in 1712, Svols. 8 vo. 
 * — Moreri. 
 
 Arndt (Joshua), a German divine, was 
 born at Gustrow. He became professor 
 of logic at Rostock, and chaplain to the 
 duke of Mecklenburg. He died in 1678. 
 He wrote Miscellanea Sacra, 8 vo. 1648; 
 Clavis Antiquitatum Judaicarum, Leipsic, 
 1707, 4to ; and Tractatus de Superstitione. 
 Elis son Charles was professor of poetry 
 and Hebrew at Mechlin, and died in 1721. 
 — Mareri. 
 
 Arne (Thomas Augustine), a musician, 
 was born in 1710. Elis father was an up- 
 holsterer in Covent-garden. He had his 
 education at Eton, and was afterwards 
 articled for an attorney 5 but music had 
 more charms for him than the law, and 
 he soon abandoned the desk for the fiddle: 
 his proficiency was so great, that rn no 
 long time he was engaged as leader of the 
 band at Drury-lane'; and in 1730, he com- 
 posed the music for Addison’s opera of 
 Rosamond, which was received with uni- 
 versal applause. In 1738, he acquired great 
 credit by settin^'Milton’s Comus. In 1740 
 he set Mallet’s masque of Alfred, in which 
 first appeared the song of Rule Britannia. 
 He had great success in setting popular 
 ballads to music. In 1 75!) the university of 
 Oxford conferred on him the degree of 
 doctor of music. Ele died in 1778. Hav- 
 ing been bred a Roman-catholic, he had 
 recourse in his last illness to the conso- 
 lations of that religion for support, though 
 in the progress of his life he had paid little 
 respect to any form of worship. — Monthly 
 Mag. 1796. 
 
 Arngrim (Jonas), a clergyman of Ice- 
 land, was a man of considerable learning 
 and merit, and illustrated the history of 
 his country by several able disquisitions. 
 He also wrote a piece on the Runic letters, 
 to be found in Olaus Wormius’s Collec- 
 tions. He died in 1649. — Gen. Biog. 
 
 Arni sjeus (Henningius), a learned Ger- 
 man, was a native of Halberitadt, and be- 
 
 A R N 
 
 came professor of medicine at Heimstac?*. 
 Ele wrote some poetical pieces in defence 
 of the doctrine of passive obedience, and 
 some on phvsic and philosophy. He died 
 in 1635. — Moreri. 
 
 Arnobius, professor of rhetoric at Sicca, 
 in Numidia, at the end of the Sd century, 
 was at first an enemy to Christianity : but 
 afterwards became a convert, and wrote 
 an eloquent piece against the gentiles., 
 which lias been printed several times. 
 Lactantius was his pupil. — Cave. Dupin. 
 
 Arnobius of Gaul, a Christian divine of 
 the 5th century. He wrote a commentary 
 on the Psalms, and defended the Pelagians 
 against the followers of St. Augustine. — 
 lull 
 
 Arnold, a monk of the 12th century, 
 was a native of Brescia ; and became a 
 pupil of Abelard. On his return to Italy, 
 he set up for a reformer, and asserted that 
 it was a deadly sin for the clergy to en- 
 joy a temporal estate. His doctrines- pro- 
 cured him many followers. In 11 Sf) they 
 were condemned, by pope Innocent II. ; on 
 which Arnold went to Switzerland. On 
 the death of the pope he returned to 
 Rome, and excited commotions against 
 the papal authority, which obliged Adrian 
 IV. to lay the city under an interdict, till 
 the Arnoldists were banished. Arnold and 
 his followers then retired to Tuscany, 
 where he was treated as a prophet : but 
 was executed in. 11.55. Some ot his fol- 
 lowers came to England, in 1160; but 
 they were all of them put to death. — Gibbon . 
 Moshe im . 
 
 Arnold (Samuel), a musical composer, 
 was educated at the chapel royal St. James’s, 
 under Mr. Gates and Dr. Nares. About 
 1 760 he became composer to Covent-gar- 
 den theatre, where he distinguished him- 
 self by several fine productions. Elis 
 Cure of Saul attracted crowded houses, 
 this was succeeded by the Prodigal Son, 
 an oratorio, for which in 1773 he obtained 
 his doctor’s degree at Oxford. At this 
 time he was proprietor of the Marybone 
 gardens, then a favourite place of public 
 amusement. On the death of Dr. Nares in 
 1783, he was appointed organist and com- 
 poser to the chapel royal. In 1786 he com- 
 menced a splendid edition of Handel’s 
 works. He died in 1802, and was buried 
 in Westminster-abbey, of which church lie 
 was organist. — Monthly Mag. 
 
 Arnold (Nicholas), a protestant divine, 
 was born at Lesna, in 1618. He became 
 professor of divinity at Eraneker, where he 
 died in 1630. He wrote some polemical 
 pieces, printed at Leipsic in 1698. — Bayle. 
 
 Arnold. (Jeffery), a zealous pietist and 
 minister of the church of Perleberg, who 
 wrote several works, particularly a History 
 of the Church, and of Heretics, printed at 
 Leipsic, in 1700. He died in 1714. — • 
 Moreri. 
 
 Arnold of Hildesheim, a German his- 
 torian of the 13tk century. He wrote a 
 
a E n 
 
 continuation, of Plehneldus’s Chronicle of 
 the Sctavoh'ians, which' was published at 
 Luheclc in 1 659. — Moreri. 
 
 Arnold (Christopher), a learned Ger- 
 man, was born near Nuremberg-, in 1(127. 
 He studied at Altorf; after which lie 
 visited England and other countries. On his 
 return he was chosen professor, and died 
 in 16-85. His works are, 1. Testimonium 
 Flavianum, sea, E pis tote de 'Joseph! testi- 
 monio de Christo ; 2. Ruperti Historia 
 
 Universalis; besides several editions of 
 Latin, authors, with prefaces and commen- 
 taries. — Moreri. 
 
 Arnold (Benedict), an American gene- 
 ral of singular fortune and character, was 
 a native of New England, and bred a sur- 
 geon, which profession he quitted for a 
 sea life. He was for many years master of 
 a trading vessel ; but on the commence- 
 ment of hostilities between Great Britain 
 and the colonies, he entered into the service 
 of the latter, and was chosen captain of a 
 company of volunteers at Newhaven. He 
 soon rose to the rank of colonel, and com- 
 manded an expedition to Canada. He 
 marched through great difficulties with an 
 intention of taking Quebec by surprise, but 
 the garrison was apprized of his approach. 
 He was afterwards joined by general 
 Montgomery, and in the attempt to storm 
 the city received a wound in the leg. On 
 the death of Montgomery he drew oiT the 
 troops and retreated to Crown Point; lie 
 next commanded a flotilla on Lake Cham- 
 plin, where he distinguished himself by his 
 bravery. fie continued in the American 
 service till 1780, when he opened a cor- 
 respondence with sir Henry Clinton for 
 betraying West Point to the British, in 
 which negociation, major Andre became a 
 victim. Arnold had a narrow escape, and 
 got on board an Engl ish ship of war. He 
 now served with equal ardour on the 
 other side, and at the peace .retired to 
 England, where he had a pension. He 
 afterwards went to Nova Scotia, from 
 whence he sailed to the West Indies, and 
 on his passage was taken by the French, 
 from whom he effected an escape. He 
 died in London in 1801. — Monthly Mag. 
 
 Arntzenius (John Henry), professor of 
 law at Utrecht, was a good poet and a man 
 of extensive erudition. He died in 17D9. 
 His works are, 1. Academical Discourses, 
 and Dissertations. 2 Miscellanies. 3. 
 Institutiones juris belgici, 2 vols. 8vo, 4. 
 Sedulius et Arator. 5. Panegyrici Veteres. 
 — Nouv. Diet. 
 
 Arnoul, bishop of Lisieux in the 12th . 
 century; he died in 1184. His Letters 
 relating to the history of his times, were 
 printed at Paris in 1585, 8vo. — Moreri. 
 
 Arnu (Nicholas), a learned dominican, 
 was born in Lorrain, 1629, and died in 
 1692, at Padua, where he was professor of 
 metaphysics. Pie wrote ten volumes on 
 the philosophy and theology of Aquinas. — 
 Moreri. 
 
 A R *R 
 
 Arnui.ph, emperor of Germany, was the 
 natural son of Carloman, king of Bavaria, 
 a:«d elected in 888, Pie. .was, crowned at 
 Rome by pope I'ormosus in 896, and died 
 in 8p9, as it is supposed of poison. Pie 
 was . succeeded by his son Lewis the IV.— 
 Mod. Uni’u. Hist. 
 
 Arnui.ph, or Ernulpii, bishop of Roch- 
 ester in the reign of Henry I. ; died in 112-1, 
 aged 84. . I-fc wrote a history of the church 
 of Rochester, entitled Textns RofFensis. — 
 Biog. Br. 
 
 Arnway (John), a divine was horp in 
 Shropshire in 1601 , and educated . at Ed- 
 mund-hatl, Oxford, where he took the 
 degree of M. A. He held the rectories of 
 Plodret and Ightfield, in his native county, 
 of which he was deprived in the rebellion. 
 Pie also suffered the loss of his temporal 
 estate. In 1640 he attended the king at 
 Oxford, and was created D. D. and made 
 archdeacon of' Coventry ; he afterwards 
 went to Virginia, where he died in 1653. 
 He wrote some tracts in defence of Charles 
 I . — Blog Br. 
 
 Aron (Peter), a musical writer in the 
 I6th century, was born at Florence, and 
 became canon of Rimini ; he also belonged 
 to the chapel of l.eo X. He Wrote several 
 books in Italian, on music, one of which, 
 entitled Dc Insitutione Harmonica, was 
 translated into Latin, 1516. — Burney. Haw- 
 kins. 
 
 . Ariuno (Joseph d’, or Josephino), an 
 Italian painter, was born at the castle of 
 Arpino in 1560. When a boy he was put 
 under some painters employed in the 
 V atican, in the time of Gregory XIII. who, 
 observing his genius, allowed him a crown 
 of gold a day. Pie became eminent in his 
 profession, and was knighted. He died at 
 Rome in 1640. — Moreri. 
 
 Ark agon (Joan of), an -illustrious Ita- 
 lian lady of the 16th Century, was married 
 to one of the princes of, Col on na, by whom 
 she had the famous Marc Antony Colonna, 
 who vanquished the Turks at Lepanto. 
 Several elogies were printed at Venice, in 
 1555, to her honour. She died in 1577. 
 — Bayle. 
 
 Arran (James Hamilton earl of), was 
 in the earlier part of his life the most ac- 
 complished gentleman of his family. In 
 1555 he went to the court of France, where 
 Henry II. made him captain of the Scottish 
 guards. Here he became enamoured with 
 queen Mary, but lie regarded her with that 
 admiration with which a subject beholds 
 .his sovereign. He had afterwards some 
 hopes of espousing queen Elizabeth, but 
 when Mary became a widow he fell 
 .violently in love with her, and being treat- 
 ed with indifference, lost his reason. He 
 died in 1609. — Granger. 
 
 ARRiA,the wife of Cascina Pastils, the 
 Roman consul, is immortalized for her 
 heroism and conjugal affection. When her 
 husband was sentenced to put himself to 
 death by Claudius, she, perceiving his 
 
ART. 
 
 A R S 
 
 hesitation, plunged a dagger into her 
 bosom, and drawing it out said, “ My Paetiis, 
 it is not painful !” — Martial. Tacitus. 
 
 Ar'ri'aga (Roderic d’), a Spanish jesuit, 
 was born in 1592. He became professor in 
 theology Snd philosophy at Prague, where 
 he dic'd in 1667. His course of Philosophy 
 was printed at Antwerp in 1632, and his 
 Course Of Theology in 1643, 8 vols. folio. 
 —Itayl e. 
 
 Arrian, a Greek historian of the 2d 
 cerihjry, was a native of Nicomedia, and 
 raised to the highest dignities at Rome. 
 He united the character of a warrior and 
 philosopher. He wrote, Dissertations on 
 Epictetus ; the History of Alexander the 
 Great ; An account of a Voyage in the 
 Euxinesea; on Hunting, and Tactics ; all 
 which' are extant. To him also we are 
 indebted for the Enchiridion, or Dis- 
 courses of Epictetus, whose disciple he was. 
 An English translation of his History of 
 Alexander Was published by Rooke, in 2 
 vols. Svo. 1729. in Phny‘s lettersare seven 
 ■addressed to Arrian.: — Vosshis tie Hist. Gr/ic. 
 
 Arrowsmith (John), a nonconformist 
 divine, was theological professor at. ‘Cam- 
 bridge in 1660. He wrote Tactica' 'Sacra ; 
 Godman, or an Exposition of the first 
 Chapter of St. John’s Gospel ; a Chain of 
 Principles, or a course Of Theology ; all if! 
 4 to. and highly 'Calvinistlc. He died about 
 tlifctimeo'f fife restoration. — Nettle's Hist. Pur. 
 
 Arsaces I. founder of the Parthian mo- 
 narchy. Pie persiiaded his countrymen to 
 break off the Macedonian 'yoke, B. C. 250, 
 On which they raised him to the throne. 
 Arsaces was slain in battle, after reigning 
 S8 years : his successors all took Iris name. 
 
 • — Univ. Hist. 
 
 Arsaces II. son of the above, was a for- 
 midable enemy of Antiochiis the Great : he 
 left Pits throne to his son Arsaces Priapa- 
 titis. — Ibid. 
 
 Arsaces Tirajtus, king of Armenia, 
 Was treacherously taken prisoner by Sapor, 
 king of Persia, who caused him to be 
 bound, with silver chains, and cast into 
 prison *.t Ecbatana, where he died B. C. 
 362. His country then became a Persian 
 province. — Ibid. 
 
 Arsenius, bishdp of Constantinople in 
 the 13th century. •’He excommunicated 
 Michael Paleologus for taking the imperial 
 ■crown from John TaScaris, the son of 
 Theodore. Michael solicited absolution, 
 which the patriarch refused on any other 
 condition thah that of restitution. Arsdruus 
 was - banished to a small island, where he 
 died. — Dupin. Cafe. 
 
 Arsenics, a Roman deacon of the 4th 
 century, and tutor to Arcadius, son of 
 ■Theodosius. The eniperor coining into his 
 study, and seeing the pupil sitting and the 
 master standing, ordered his son to rise, 
 and receive his lessons in a becoming 
 posture, which so irritated the prince, 
 that he directed an officer to dispatch 
 
 Arsenius ; but the officer gave him infor- 
 mation of the prince’s baseness, on which he 
 fled into Egypt, where he died 'at the age 
 of 95. A tract of his, for the conduct of 
 the monks, is extant. — Moreri. 
 
 Arse ntu s, archbishop of Malvasia, in 
 the Morea, who submitted to the church 
 of Rome, for which he was excommuni- 
 cated by the Greek patriarch. He died at 
 Venice in 1435. He Wrote a collection of 
 Greek apophthegms, and scholia on seven 
 of Euripides’s tr&gedieb— Ufayle. 
 
 Artabanus II. was king of Media, 
 when he was invited about A.D. 16 by 
 the Parthians to be their Icing, in oppo- 
 sition to Vonones, who was in the interest 
 of the Romans. He ruled with great 
 severity for some time, which made the 
 Parthians call in- the aid of the Romans, 
 who compelled him to fly into Hyrcania. 
 He was twice deposed for his arbitrary 
 conduct, and as often reinstated on the 
 throne ; he then governed with such dis- 
 cretion that his death was lamented By 
 his subjects, about A.D. 48. — Univ. Hist. 
 
 Artabanus IV. brother of \ r olbgeses III. 
 Caracalla behaved to him in an infamous 
 manner ; for, on entering his capital, where 
 he was received with the greatest friend- 
 ship, he gave a signal to the Roman soldiers, 
 who fell upon the pcpulkee, and made a 
 dreadful massacre. Art?. barms., escaped 
 with, difficulty, mustered an army, ami at- 
 tacked the Romans, the battle lasted t xio 
 days, hut as the armies Were pr sparing to 
 renew the combat, the Roman general sent 
 to inform Artabanus of the death of 
 Caracalla ; peace was then made on ho- 
 nourable terms : this happened in ‘ 217. 
 Artaxerxes incited his subjects to revVrft, 
 and in a battle, in 22’6, Artabanus was 
 taken and put to death. Thus ended the 
 Parthian empire. — -luii. 
 
 Artalis (Joseph), an Italian poet and 
 soldier, was born in Sicily in 1628. He; 
 was at the siege of Caridia, and for his 
 bravery recciyedthe honour of knighthood. 
 He died at Naples in 1679. Fie Wrote 
 some poetical pieces ip Italian.— Aifsiw. 
 
 Artaud, archbishop of Rhehns, is fa- 
 riious for his disput'd with Hebert, and 
 Hugucs, counts of Tatis. The-fc noblemen, 
 with the assistance of \Viilittra duke Of 
 Normandy, laid siege toRherms, on which 
 he Was obliged to rerign his see: he fKeh. 
 retired from court, and HugueswaSordatneU 
 in his room .4 but in 947 the king restored 
 Artaud to his diocese. He died the year 
 following. — Moreri.. 
 
 Artaud (Peter Joseph), 'bishop of Ca- 
 vailion, in 'Prance, died in 1760, aged 54. 
 'He was a very exemplary prelate, and 
 wrote some religious discourses, in which 
 good sense and eloquence are displayed to 
 dvahtage.— Nonp. Did. Hist. 
 
 AitTAVAsons I. king of Armenia, Suc- 
 ceeded his father Tigranes. Pie joined thb 
 Roman forces under Crassns, but basely 
 
 G 
 
..ART 
 
 deserted- and went over to the enemy, in 
 consequence of which the Romans were 
 defeated and Crassus slain. He behaved in 
 a similar manner to Marc Antony when 
 engaged against the Medes. Antony, about 
 two years after, got Artavasdes into his 
 power, and took him, with his wife and 
 children, to Alexandria, where they were 
 dragged at his chariot wheels in chains of 
 gold. After the battle of Actium, Cleopa-r 
 tra caused his head to be struck off, and 
 sent to the king of (Media. — U/iiv. 'Hist. 
 
 Artavasdes II. grandson of the above, 
 was placed on the throne of Armenia by 
 Augustus, but was expelled soon after by 
 his own subjects, who preferred the go- 
 vernment of the king of Parthia. The 
 emperor restored Artavasdes to his throne, 
 but he died shortly after. — Ibid. 
 
 Artaxerxes I. surnamed Longimanus, 
 was the thirdsonof Xerxes, king of Persia. 
 
 . He slew his brother Darius on suspicion of 
 his being guilty of the murder of his fa- 
 ther, which crime was, in fact, committed 
 by Artabanus, captain of the guards. Ar- 
 taxerxes then ascended the throne B. C. 465, 
 and in his time peace was restored between 
 Persia and Athens, after a war of fifty-one 
 
 ! rears. Artaxerxes is generally supposed to 
 lave been the Ahasuerus of scripture, who 
 married Esther, and by whose permission 
 Ezra restored the Jewish religion at Jeru- 
 salem. The 70 weeks of Daniel are also 
 dated in his reign. He died B. C. 424, and 
 was succeeded by his only son Xerxes. — 
 Ibid. 
 
 Artaxerxes II. surnamed Mnemon on 
 account of his great memory, was the 
 eldest son of Darius Nothus, and began his 
 reign B. C. 404. His brother Cyrus formed 
 a conspiracy against him, for which he 
 Was sentenced to death, but at the inter- 
 cession of his mother Parysatis he was ba- 
 nished to Asia Minor. This act of kindness 
 Cyrus repaid by mustering a large army of 
 Asiatics, and hiring some Greek troops, 
 under Clearchus,with which he marched to 
 Babylon, but was met by Artaxerxes, and 
 defeated, Cyrus himself being numbered 
 with the slain. The Greeks, however, 
 escaped, and reached their Own country, 
 under Xenophon. After the death of 
 Statira, who was poisoned by the mother of 
 Artaxerxes, he married his own daughter ; 
 such was the morality of that age ! Ide died 
 at the age, of 94, after reigning 62 years. — 
 Ibid. 
 
 . Artaxerxes III. succeeded his father, 
 the preceding monarch, B. C. 359. To 
 pave his wav to the succession he murder- 
 ed two of his brothers, and afterwards put 
 to death all the remaining branches of, the 
 family. He quelled several insurrections 
 that, were raised against him. In Egypt he 
 slew the .sacred bull Apis, and gave the 
 flesh , to his. soldiers ; for which his eu- 
 nuch, Bagoas, an Egyptian, c'aused him 
 be poisoned, and after giving the carsase 
 
 ART 
 
 to the cats, made knife handles of his bones. 
 This happened B. C. 338. — Ibid. 
 
 Artaxerxes Bebegan or Ards hi?., the 
 first king of Persia, of the race of Sussanides, 
 was the son of a shepherd ; but his grand- 
 father, by the mother’s side, being governor 
 of a province, he received a good educa- 
 tion, and was introduced at the court of 
 Ardavan. On the death of liis grandfather 
 he solicited the government, but being re- 
 fused, he retired to Persia Proper, where 
 he excited the people. to revolt. He de- 
 feated and slew Ardavan- and his sou, on 
 which he assumed the' title of king of kings. 
 Pie made great conquest, and regulated 
 the affairs of his kingdom with wisdom, 
 restraining the power of the nobles within 
 proper limits, and ministering justice to all 
 liis subjects: he married the daughter 
 of Ardavan, who attempted to poison him, 
 for which she was sentenced to death. The 
 officer, however, to whom th.e execution 
 was committed, concealed the queen, who 
 was in a state of pregnancy, and she was 
 afterwards delivered of a son. The secret 
 being discovered to the king, he applauded 
 the conduct of the officer, and acknowledg- 
 ed the child as his heir. Ardshir died A. 
 D. 240.— Ibid. 
 
 Artaxias I. king of Armenia, of which 
 country he was joint governor with Za- 
 driades, under Antiochus the Great, but 
 setting up for themselves they established 
 the two kingdoms of Greater and Lesser 
 Armenia, the first of which was obtained 
 by Artaxias. Pie was made prisoner by 
 Antiochus Epiphanes, but afterwards ob- 
 tained his liberty and his throne. — Ibid. 
 
 Artaxias II. king of Armenia, was 
 placed on the throne when his father Arta- 
 vasdes I. was taken prisoner ; but he was 
 soon expelled by Antony, and by the as- 
 sistance of the Parthians he recovered his 
 kingdom : he was slain by his subjects, and 
 was succeeded by his brother Tigranes. — 
 U/iiv. Hist. . 
 
 Artaxias III. son of Poleno, king of 
 Pontus, was placed on the throne by Ger- 
 manicus, in the room of Orodes, son of 
 Vonqnes. He reigned 17 years. — Ibid. 
 
 Arteaga (don Estevano), a Spanish 
 jesuit, and the author of several works in 
 different languages; the principal of which 
 are, 1. A Treatise on ideal beauty, in Spa- 
 nish, a new edition of which, revised and 
 enlarged, has been published in Italian. 
 2. Le Rivoluzzioni del teatro musicale Ita- 
 liano dalla sua origine fiiio al presente, 
 1785,3 vol. 8vo. He left the MS. of an- 
 other Italian work, entitled Rib/io Sonore 
 del ritmo muto degli Antichi , full of learned 
 remarks on what the apcienfscalled rythmp. 
 He died at Paris in 1800, aged 55. — Nouv. 
 Diet. Hist. 
 
 Artedi (Peter), a Swedish naturalist, 
 was born in .1705, and educated iu the uni- 
 versity of Upsal, where he applied to the, 
 study of medicine, There was so great a 
 
A R T 
 
 friendship between him and Linnstts, that 
 they made uach other heirs to all their 
 MSS. Artedi devoted himself chiefly to 
 ichthyology, in which he made great im- 
 provement. He was drowned at J.,yden 
 in 1735. Linnaeus published in 1738 his 
 Kiblio theca Ichthyologica, and his Philoso- 
 phia ichthyologica. — Moreri. 
 
 Autemias, or Artemon, the founder of 
 a sect in the third century, taught that 
 Jesus Christ was bgt a man, and he and 
 [ his followers are accused of having cor- 
 [ rupted the scriptures to support their 
 
 I heretical opinions. — Lardner. 
 
 Artemido rus, was born at Ephesus, and 
 acquired fame by his book on dreams : he 
 lived in the time of Antoninus Pius. His 
 work was first printed by Aldus in Greek, 
 in 1518, 8vo. — Bayle. 
 
 Artemidorus of Ephesus wrote a de- 
 scription of the earth about 100 B. C. Of 
 this work only a few fragments remain. — 
 V vis. de Ifist. Gr<zc. 
 
 Artemisia I. queen of Caria ; she assist- 
 ed Xerxes in person against the Greeks, 
 and beiiaved with such valour that the 
 Athenians offered a reward for taking her, 
 and the Spartans erected a statue to her 
 honour. — Unlit. Hist. 
 
 Artemisia II. queen of Caria, is cele- 
 brated for her conjugal affection, She 
 erected a monument to her husband Mau- 
 solus, which was so magnificent as to give 
 a name to structures erected in honour of 
 the dead. She is also said to have mixed 
 his ashes in her drinl^:, and to have given a 
 prize for an eulogium upon his character. 
 Having captured the whole Rhodian fleet, 
 she went with it to Rhodes, and took that 
 city, B. C. S51. — Ibid. 
 
 Arthington (Henry), a fanatic of a 
 good family in Yorkshire. Becoming a 
 zealous puritan, he exerted himself actively 
 in promoting what was called the work of 
 reformation ; in prosecution of this design 
 he joined with Edmund Coppinger, who 
 introduced him to Hacket,. a . pretended 
 prophet. These men were guilty of the 
 most frantic proceedings, for which 
 Hacket was executed. Arthington recant- 
 ed, and was pardoned. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Arthur, a British prince, was the son of 
 Uther pendragon, or dictator of the Bri- 
 tons, by the wife of the duke of Cornwall. 
 He succeeded Uther in 51(5, and was imme- 
 diately engaged in a war with the Saxons, 
 in winch he was cofnpletely successful t he 
 next turned his arms against the Scots and 
 Piets, in which he was also victorious. It 
 is moreover-said, that he conquered Ireland 
 and the western isles of Scotland ; and that, 
 after a series of warlike exploits, he passed 
 the remainder of his days in peace, govern- 
 j ingliis kingdom with great wisdom and 
 moderation. He instituted the military or- 
 der of the knights of the round table, and 
 i' settled Christianity at York in the room of 
 paganism. These appear to be the real 
 
 A R V 
 
 historical facts pf this celebrated person, of 
 whom many - fabulous circumstances are 
 related. He died A. D. 542.— -Biog. Brit. 
 
 Arthur, duke of Brittany, the posthu- 
 mous son of Geoffrey Plantagenet, son of 
 Henry the lid., by Constantia, daughter of 
 the. duke of Brittany, was born in 1187, 
 and was declared heir by his uncle Richard 
 I. who afterwards devised his kingdoms to 
 his brother John. A peace, however, took 
 place, and Arthur did homage to his uncle 
 for the dukedom of Brittany. In another 
 rupture between England and France, Ar- 
 thur was taken prisoner by John, who 
 caused him to be confined in the castle of 
 •Rouen, where it is supposed he was mur- 
 dered. — Ibid. 
 
 Artigni (Anthony Gachet), was born at 
 Vienna in 1704. He wrote Memoires d’ 
 Kistoire de Critique & de Litterature, 7 
 vols. 12mo. Paris, 1749. He was canon of 
 the Greek church at Vienna, where he died 
 in 1768. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Art u si (Giamaria), a musical writer of 
 the 16th century, he published at Venice, 
 in 1586, the Art of Counterpoint reduced to 
 Tables, which he completed in 1589 : he 
 also wrote on the imperfections of modem 
 Music, 1600 and 1603. — Burney. Hawkins. 
 
 Arvieux (Laurent d’), was born at Mar- 
 seilles in 1635. He resided in Syria and 
 Palestine twelve years, and returned t® 
 France, stored with oriental knowledge, in 
 1665. In 1668 he was sent envoy to Tunis, 
 and brought back with him 380 French 
 captives. In 1672 he was employed at Con- 
 stantinople, and in 1674 went to Algiers, 
 where he obtained the freedom of 240 
 French slaves. In 1679 he was appointed 
 consul at Aleppo, from whence he returned 
 to Marseilles in 1686. He died in 1702. 
 His travels were published in 1734, in & 
 vols. 1 2mo. — Moreri. 
 
 Aviragus, a British king, said to have 
 flourished in the time of Domitian. Jef- 
 fery of Monmouth says, that after a long 
 and prosperous reign, he died, and was bu- 
 ried at Gloucester, in a temple, which was 
 built by him to the honour of Claudius.—* 
 Biog. Br. 
 
 Arundel (Thomas), archbishop of Can- 
 terbury, was born in (353. At the age of 
 21 he was- consecrated bishop of hly. la 
 1396 he was raised'to the primacy, with 
 which he exercised the office of lord high, 
 chancellor. Richard II. banished him lor 
 some attempts to establish a regency, opt 
 which he went; to Rome. When Henry IV. 
 ascended the throne, Arundel returned to 
 England. He was a zealous defender of 
 the temporalities of the church, and ex- 
 erted himself with great violence against 
 the Wickliffites, and died in 1413. — Ibid. 
 
 Arundel (Mary), was first the wife of 
 Robert Ratcliff, who dyingin 1566, she mar- 
 ried Henry Howard, earl of Arundel. She 
 was a learned woman, and translated the 
 Wise Sayings and Deeds of the Emperor 
 G 2 
 
AS0 
 
 A S ft 
 
 Alexander 'Severn*, and from the Greek 
 into Latin the Apophthegms of the seven 
 wise Philosophers. — Bullard's Brit. Ladies. 
 
 Ar-undel (Blanche,' lady), the daughter 
 of the earl of Worcester, and wife of lord 
 -Arundel, deserves commemoration for her 
 gallant defence of W ardour castle against 
 the -rebel army under sir Edward Hunger- 
 ford The besiegers were about 1800, 
 and tire garrison consisted of no more than 
 25 : yet with this little force she bravc-ly 
 maintained the place six days, and then 
 capitulated on honourable terms, which 
 the rebels basely violated. She died in 
 1649, aged -66. — Seward’s Anecdotes. 
 
 ARZACHEL,a Spanish -astronomer of the 
 11th century, who wrote a book of Ob- 
 servations on the Obliquity of the Zodiac. 
 — Moreri. 
 
 Asa, king of Judah, the son of Abijali, 
 began his reign about 955 13. C. He -was 
 zealous in represslngindolatry ; but in a war 
 between him and the king of Israel, he 
 called in- the aid of lien ha dad, king of Sy- 
 ria, -for which -the prophet Hanani was 
 sent ■ to reprove: him : he reigned 11 years. 
 —SS. 
 
 Asaph, a -Hebrew musician of the tribe 
 of Levi, was cotemporary with David, and 
 composed several of the psalms Ibid. 
 
 Asaph (St.), a Welsh prelate, who gave 
 name to the see he governed, flourished 
 about -the- year 400. He wrote the life of 
 his predecessor, Kentigern, and some other 
 pieces. — Bisg. Br. 
 
 AsAR-HADi)ON, son of Sennacherib, king 
 of Assyria, succeeded his father B. C. 712. 
 After -reigning 32 years in Nineveh he ob- 
 tained the kingdom of Babylon, and died 
 B. C. 667 . — Esdras I. 
 
 Asceli-n, a divine of -the 11th century, 
 who defended transubstantiatlon against 
 Berengef.- — Moreri. 
 
 Asciiam (Roger), a learned writer, was 
 tborn in Yorkshire about 1515. In 1580-he 
 entered at St. John’s college, Cambridge, 
 where he obtained a fellowship, and was 
 appointed teacher of Greek. In 1544 
 Henry VIII. settled a pension of 10/. a year 
 upon him, and about the same time he was 
 appointed classical tutor to lady Elizabeth. 
 After being thus honourably employed 
 two years, he returned to Cambridge, a*d 
 had a pension settled 1 upon him by king 
 Edward;' here he filled the office of public 
 orator with great reputation, fir 1550 he 
 attended sir Richard Morysiae in his em- 
 bassy to the emperor Charles V. and re- 
 mained in Germany three years. During 
 this time he was appointed Latin secretary 
 to king Edward, but on the death of that 
 prince he lost his place and his pension. 
 Afterwards he was -made Latin secretary to 
 queen Mary, and was employed by cardinal 
 Pule. On the accession of queen Elizabeth 
 he continued in his office of secretary, and 
 became her -private tutor in the learned 
 languages. The only preferaaeat be ob- 
 
 tained was a prebend in the church of York. 
 He died in London in 1568. His most es- 
 teemed work is entitled, The Schoolmaster, 
 of which an excellent edition by Mr. Up- 
 ton :% p eared in 1711 : his Latin epistles 
 have been frequently printed, and are ad- 
 mired by all good judges of elegant com- 
 position. His- works were printed entire, 
 in 1vol. 4to. in 1769. — Biog. Brit. Life by 
 Dr. Johnson. 
 
 Ascham (Anthony), a priest and vicar 
 of Burnishton, in Yorkshire,: to which he 
 was presented by Edward VI. He pub- 
 lished several tracts on astrology, -and a 
 book entitled, A lyttel -Herbal of the Pro- 
 perties of ’Herbs, &c. made and gathered in 
 the year 1550, by Anthony Ascham, Phy- 
 sician, -12mo. — Bullenay s Sketches s f Botany. 
 
 Ascham (Anthony), an English repub- 
 lican, was educated at Eton -school and 
 King’s-college Cambridge. At the begin- 
 ning of the rebellion he joined the pres- 
 hyterians, and became a member of the 
 long parliament. In 1649 he Was sent as 
 envoy to Madrid where six exiled royal- 
 ists assassinated him and his interpreter, in 
 1650. He was ! the author of a Discourse 
 on the Revolutions and Confusions- of Go- 
 vernments, 8vo. 1648. — Wood Ath. Oxon. 
 
 Aschari, the head of a sect of mussul- 
 mans, who denied fate and predestination. 
 He d ; ed at -Bagdat, A. D. 940. — D' Herhdat. 
 
 Asci.Ei’iAr)Es,a Greek philosopher, lived 
 about 350 B. C. He and his friend Mene- 
 demus studied under Plato, at Athens; and 
 their poverty was so great, that they were 
 Obliged to work at the mill in the night to 
 enable them to attend -the academy in the 
 day. This being mentioned to the magis- 
 trates they presented the -young disciples 
 withtvvo hundred drachmas. — ; Stanley . Bayle. 
 
 Ascleiua-des, a physician of Bithynia, 
 who lived at Rome in the time of Pompey, 
 and founded a new sect in physic. — Pliny 
 Nat. Hist. 
 
 Ascou( Cecco di), whose right name was 
 Francesco de Stabili, was one of those few 
 luminaries who brightened the horizon of 
 the dark ages. He was professor of ma- 
 thematics at Bologna, and author of a com- 
 mentary on the sphere of John Holywood 
 («. c. Sacrobosco) : he also wrote an Italian 
 poem on the system of Empedocles, for 
 which he was accused of heresy, arid burn- 
 ed alive at Florence, in 1328, aged 70.~ — « 
 D irdbosshi. 
 
 Asconius (Pediamts), .an ancient -gram* 
 marian, was -a native of Padua, and flou- 
 rished about "the time of Augustus : he 
 wrote notes on Cicero. ! s Orations, which 
 arq still -e xtaitt. — h'ahHAus QJihl. Hat. 
 
 AscoLm-H (William), an Bagbsh bisbope. 
 Was descended from an ancient -family in 
 Lincolnshire, and cansecrated bishop of 
 Salisbury in 1438. He was inhumanly 
 murdered at -fhe altar by Jack Cade -and 
 his followers -ki 1450. — Biog. Br. 
 
 AjtJWvUBAr, a Carthaginian- commander. 
 
A S II 
 
 A S H 
 
 was brother-in-law of Hannibal, and suc- 
 ceeded Hamilcar in Spain, where he built a 
 city named New Carthage, now Cartha- 
 gena, and reduced the whole country into 
 subjection to the Carthaginians. He was 
 assassinated by a Gaul, in revenge, for hav- 
 ing put his master to death. — Polybius. Plu- 
 tarch. 
 
 Asdrubal Barca, the brother of Hanni- 
 bal, commanded in Spain, where he was 
 several times defeated by the Romans : he 
 afterwards entered Italy with a numerous 
 army to assist his brother, but at the river 
 Metaurus he was attacked by the Romans, 
 and. after a bloody battle his army was 
 routed, and himself slain, B. C. 203. — Ibid. 
 
 Asells (Gaspard), was born at Cremona, 
 and . became professor of anatomy at Pa- 
 via. He discovered the lacteal veins in the 
 mysentery He died in 1626, and the year 
 after his description of the lecteais was 
 published in 4to. at Milan . — Haller Bibl. 
 Anat, 
 
 Asgill (John), an English writer, was 
 born about the middle of the 17th century. 
 He studied in Lincoln’s -inn, and in 1699 
 went to Ireland, where he acquired a for- 
 tune, and was elected a member of par- 
 liament ; but in 1700 he was expelled the 
 house for writing a book entitled An Ar- 
 gument, proving that Man may be trans- 
 lated from hence without passing through 
 Death, &c. This work was voted. a blas- 
 phemous libel, and ordered to be burnt. 
 Finding.his affairs desperate, he returned to 
 England, \vher£ he was chosen member for 
 Bramber, in Sussex, and enjoyed his seat 
 two years. During an interval of privi- 
 lege he was committed to the Fleet for debt; 
 while he was in confinement, the house took 
 into consideration the above book, and hav- 
 ing voted it blasphemous, he was expelled 
 from his seat. He continued in the rules 
 of the Fleet and King’s-bench thirty years, 
 in which time he published several political 
 tracts, and died in 1738. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Ashe (Simeon), a nonconformist divine, 
 was educated at Emanuel-eoliege, Cam- 
 bridge, and exercised the ministry among 
 the presbyterians in London above twenty 
 years. He was an active man in the rer 
 hellion, and very zealous against the church, 
 hie died in 1662. Several sermons by him 
 are in print. — Calaviy. 
 
 Ashley (Robert), a native of Wiltshire, 
 was educated at Hart-hall, Oxford, from 
 whence he removed to the Middle Temple, 
 and was called to the bar. He died in 
 1641. Fie published a Relation of the 
 Kingdom of Cochin China, and the Life 
 pf Almanzor. — Biog. Br. Wood. 
 
 Ashmole (Elias), an eminent antiquary, 
 was borh in 1617 at Litchfield, and edu- 
 cated at the grammar-school there ; after 
 which he served baron Paget of the exche- 
 quer. In 1638 he settled in London as an. 
 attorney; but on the breaking out of the 
 
 rebellion he went to Oxford, and entered 
 of Brasenose-college. Fie was for some 
 time in the royal army, but when the king’s 
 affairs were ruined he settled in London, 
 and became a member of the society of 
 astrologers. In 1649 he married lady Man- 
 waring, with whom he had a good for- 
 tune. In 1658 we find him at Oxford, em- 
 ployed in drawing up a description of the 
 coins given to the public library by arch- 
 bishop Laud. On the restoration of Charles 
 II. he was appointed Windsor herald, and 
 became one of the first members of- the 
 Royal Society. In 1669 the university of 
 Oxford conferred on him the degree of 
 M. D. In 1672 he presented his History of 
 the Order of the Garter to the king, who 
 rewarded him with 400/. In 1683 he gave 
 to the university of Oxford his collection of 
 curiosities, which gift was augmented at 
 his death by the bequest ‘of liis MSS. and 
 library. He died in 1692, and lies buried 
 in Lambeth church. He left a number 
 of MSS. some of which were published, 
 viz. The Antiquities of' Berkshire ; Miscel- 
 cellanies on several curious subjects; and 
 Memoirs of his own Life. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Ashton (Charles), a learned divine, was 
 chosen master of Jesus-college, Cambridge, 
 in 1701; and at the same time installed 
 prebendary of Ely. He published some 
 valuable works, but anonymously, particu- 
 larly, 1. Locus Justini Martyris emendatus 
 in Apol. 1. p. 11. ed. Thirl by, in the Bib- 
 lioth. later. 1744, No. viii. 2. Tally and 
 Hirtius reconciled as to the Time of Cassar’s 
 going- to the African war* with an Account 
 of the old Roman Year made by Cajsar, 
 No. iii. p. 29. 8. Origen. de Oratione, 4to. 
 
 4. Hieroclis in Aurea Carmina Pythagorea, 
 Comment.- 1742. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Ashton (Thomas), a learned divine, was 
 born in 1716* and educated at Eton, from 
 whence he was removed to Kind’s- college, 
 Cambridge, in 1733. In 1749 he was pre- 
 sented to the rectory of Sturminster Mar- 
 shall, in Dorsetshire. In 1752 he obtained 
 the. rectory of St. Botolph, Bishopsgate, and 
 in 1759 took the degree of D. D. In 1762 
 he was appointed preacher at Lincoln’s-inn, 
 which he resigned in 1764, He died in 
 1775. A volume of his sermons was pub- 
 lished in 1770. — Ibid. 
 
 Asuweli. (George), a divine, was bornin 
 Loudon in 1612, and educated at Wadham 
 college, Oxford, of which society he be- 
 came fellow, and was presented to the liv- 
 ing of Hanwell, in Oxfordshire, where he 
 died in 1693. He published a work on 
 the Apostolic, Athanasian, and Nicene 
 Creeds, 8vo. 1653, and some other pieces. 
 -—Biog. Br. 
 
 As u wood (Bartholomew), a nonconform- 
 ist divine, was ejected from the living of 
 Axminster, in Devonshire, in 1662 ; he af- 
 terwards officiated to a congregation of dis- 
 senters at Beckham, in Surry, where he 
 
ASS 
 
 died about 1690. He wrote two tracts, one 
 entitled The Heavenly Trade, and the other 
 The best Treasure. — Galatny. 
 
 Ash worth (Caleb), a dissenting minister, 
 was born in Northamptonshire in 1709, and 
 bred a carpenter, which calling he aban- 
 doned, and became a student under Dr. 
 Doddridge. He afterwards had a congrega- 
 tion at Daventry, and kept an academy 
 there : he was created D. D. by some uni- 
 versity in Scotland, and died in 1774. He 
 wrote on the paradigms of the Hebrew 
 verbs, and some other pieces. — Gent. Mag. 
 
 Askew (Anthony), a learned physician, 
 was born at Kendal, in Westmoreland, in 
 1722, and educated at Sedberg school, 
 from whence he was removed to Emanuel 
 college, Cambridge, where he took his de- 
 gree of B. A. in 1745, and then went to Ley- 
 den. After studying there a year he ac- 
 companied the English ambassador to Con- 
 stantinople. On finishing his travels he re- 
 turned to Cambridge, and took his degree 
 of M. D. soon after which he was admitted 
 fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, 
 and of the Royal Societv. He collected a 
 noble library, which at "his death was sold 
 hy auction for upwards of 5000/. and died 
 at Hampstead in 1784. — Gent. Mag. ■ 
 
 Askew (Anne), an accomplished English 
 lady, was the daughter of sir Willian As- 
 kew, of Kelsay, in Lincolnshire, where she 
 was born about 1520. She had a learned 
 education, and when young was married to 
 one Mr. Kyrne, much against her inclina- 
 tion. On account of some harsh treatment 
 from her husband she went to the court of 
 Henry VIII. to sue for a separation, where 
 she was greatly taken notice of by those 
 ladies who were attached to the Reforma- 
 tion ; in consequence of which she was ar- 
 rested, and having confessed her religious 
 principles, was committed to Newgate. She 
 was first racked with'savage cruelty in the 
 Tower, and then burnt in Smithfield, in 
 1546, in company with her tutor, and two 
 other persons of the same faith. From her 
 letters and other pieces in Fox and Strype, 
 it appears that she was an accomplished as 
 well as a pious woman. — Ballard. 
 
 As pa si a, a Grecian lady, celebrated for 
 her talents, was born at Miletus, but settled 
 at Athens, where she kept a brothel. She 
 was so eminent, hovhever, for philosophy 
 and rhetoric, that the greatest men of the 
 age, and even Socrates, did not scruple to 
 visit her house. Pericles having divorced 
 his wife,' married Aspasia, though she had 
 been his concubine. After his death she 
 became the mistress of a man of low con- 
 dition, whom she raised to a post of impor- 
 tance in the state.' — Bayle. 
 
 Aspasia, the mistress of Cyrus, was by 
 birth a Phocean. Her name was originally 
 Mi! to, which Cyrus changed to Aspasia, 
 and admitted her to his councils. When 
 Cyrus was slain by his brother, she became 
 the mistress of the victor.- — Morcri. 
 
 As selin (Giles Thomas), a French poet, 
 
 AST 
 
 and doctor of Sorbonne, was a native of 
 Vire. In 1709 he gained the prize from 
 the academy for the best poetry, and died 
 in 1767. His best pieces are, an Ode on the 
 Existence of God, and another on the Im- 
 mortality of the Soul. — Nowv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Asselyn (John), a Dutch painter, was 
 born in 1610. After studying under Van- 
 dervelde, a painter of battles, he went to 
 Italy. In 1645 he returned to Amsterdam, 
 where he obtained great reputation as a 
 landscape and historical painter. Pie died 
 in 1650. — D' Argenville's Dies des Pcinlres. 
 
 AssER,a Jewish rabbi; he lived in the 
 5th century, and wrote the Talmud of Bar 
 bvlon, so called from the place of the au- 
 thor’s residence. It was printed at Amster- 
 dam, with notes, in 12 vols. folio, 1744.— 
 Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Asser, or Asserius Menevensis, bi- 
 shop of Sherborne in the 9th century, was 
 a native of Wales, and a monk of. St. Da- 
 vid’s. It is said that Alfred founded the 
 university of Oxford by his advice. In gra- 
 titude to that prince, by whom he was 
 created a bishop, he wrote his life, which 
 was published by archbishop Parker ip 
 1574. The Annals of Asserius were printed 
 at Oxford, in folio, in 1691. He died ac-s 
 cording to some in 883, and to others ip 
 909. — Godwin dc P'reesxtl. Cate. 
 
 Assheton (William), an English divine, 
 was born at Middleton, in I,ancashire, in 
 1641, and educated at Brasenose college, 
 Oxford, where he took the degree of D. D, 
 He became rector of Beckenham, in Kent, 
 and was several times chosen prolocutor, 
 in the convocation. He was a pious and 
 learned man, and published several pieces, 
 in defence of the established church. But 
 he is chiefly entitled to respect, for being 
 the author of a project for providing for 
 clergymen’s widows, and Others, by a 
 jointure payable by the mercers’ company. 
 He died in 171 1 . — Biog.Br. 
 
 Assouci (Charles COypeau sieur d’), a 
 French poet, was born "at Paris in 1604, 
 He was an idle adventurer, and suffered 
 imprisonment in the Bastille and Chatelet 
 for imposture and intrigues ; and at Rome 
 he was lodged in the inquisition, which 
 office he called a “ pious hell.” He died in 
 1679. His poems, in 3 vols. were publish- 
 ed in 1678, but they possess little merit. — 
 None;. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Assyria. This ancient and extensive 
 empire cannot well be dated before the 
 establishment of monarchy at Nineveh, in 
 the person of Pul, B. C. 790. This empire 
 was overthrown, and Nineveh taken by 
 Cyaxares, king of Media, and Nebuchodo- 
 nosor, king of Babylon, 609 B. Q. This 
 Country afterwards shared the fate of the 
 Babylonian and Persian empires, the great- 
 est part being added to the Parthian em- 
 pire. In 1514 it fell into the hands of Is- 
 mael Sofi, and was finally conquered by the 
 Turks in 1637. — Unit. Hist. 
 
 Astell (Mary), an ingenious lady, was 
 
A S T 
 
 A T A 
 
 born at Newcastle-upomTyne in 1658. Her 
 father was a merchant, and from her uncle, 
 a clergyman, she learnt Latin, and French, 
 with mathematics and philosophy.. At the 
 age of twenty she settled near London, 
 where she devoted herself to a studious 
 life, and formed an acquaintance with 
 some of the greatest men of the age, as 
 Atterbury, Hickes, Norris, and others. She 
 died of a cancer, after suffering amputa- 
 tion . with great patience, in 1731. Her 
 works are: 1. Letters concerning the Love 
 of God, 8 vo, 2. An Essay in Defence of 
 the female Sex, in a Letter to a Lady, 8vo. 
 
 5. A serious Proposal to the Ladies for the 
 Advancement of their true and greatest 
 Interest, &c. 2 parts, 12mo. 4. A fair 
 Way with the Dissenters and their Patrons, 
 4to. 5. Reflections upon marriage, 8vo. 
 
 6. The Christian Religion as professed by 
 a Daughter of the Church of England, 
 8vo. &c. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Asterius, an arian writer of the 4th 
 century, was born in Cappadocia. In the 
 persecution by Maximian he forsook Chris- 
 tianity, on which account he was never 
 afterwards held in estimation even by the 
 sect to which he attached himself. He 
 wrote several books against the catholic 
 faith, none of which are extant. — Lardner. 
 JDupin. 
 
 Asterius, bishop of Amasea, in Pontus, 
 in the 4th century, was born at Antioch, 
 and educated by a Scythian slave. Some of 
 his homilies are contained in the Bibl. Pat. 
 1641. — Moreri . 
 
 Asterius Urbanus, a Christian presby- 
 ter or bishop of the 3d century. He held 
 a disputation with the montanists at 
 Ancyra, in Galatia, an account of which is 
 extant in Eusebius. — Cave. Lardner. 
 
 Astle (Thomas), an English antiquary, 
 was the son of a farmer in Staffordshire, 
 and after receiving a good education ob- 
 tained the patronage of Mr. Grenville, who 
 emploved him about 1763, with sir Joseph 
 Ayloffe and Dr. Ducarel, in superintending 
 the records at Westminster. In 1766 he 
 was appointed to manage the printing of 
 the ancient recordsof parliament. In 1775 
 he became chief clerk in the record office 
 in the Tower, and on the decease of sir 
 John Shelly he succeeded to the office of 
 keeper of the records. He died in 1803. 
 Many papers by him are in the volumes 
 of the Archxologia ; besides which, he 
 wrote the Origin and Progress of Writing, 
 as well hieroglyphic as elementary, first 
 printed in 1784, 4to. and again in 1803. — 
 Gent. Mag. Monthly Mag. 
 
 Aston (sir Arthur), a commander in the 
 service of Charles I. during the great rer 
 hellion, was born at Fulham, in Middlesex, 
 of an ancient family. He made several 
 campaigns in foreign countries, and return- 
 ing to England at the commencement of 
 the civil war, engaged in the king’s cause ; 
 he commanded the dragoons at the battle 
 
 5 
 
 of Edge-hill, and thrice defeated the earl of 
 Essex. He was successively governor of 
 Reading and Oxford, llaving the mis- 
 fortune to break his leg, he Was Obliged to 
 have it amputated. After the murder of 
 the king he served in Ireland, and was ap- 
 pointed governor of Drogheda, on the tak- 
 ing of which bv Cromwell he had his brains 
 beat out with bis wooden leg. — Wood. 
 
 Aston (sir Thomas), was born in Che- 
 shire of an ancient family, and educated at 
 Brasenose-college, Oxford. In 1628 he 
 was created a baronet, and in 1635 was 
 high sheriff of Cheshire. On the breaking 
 out of the rebellion he raised a troop of 
 horse for the king, but Was defeated and 
 wounded in 1642 near Nantwich. He was 
 afterwards taken prisoner, and carried to 
 Stafford, from whence, as he endeavoured 
 to escape, a soldier gave him a blow on his 
 head, of which he died in 1643. He wrote, 
 
 1. A Remonstrance against Presbytery, 4to. 
 
 2. Short Survey of the Presbyterian Dis- 
 ciple. 3. Brief Review of the Institution, 
 Succession, and Jurisdiction of Bishops. — 
 Wood. Biog. Brit. 
 
 Astronome (L’),an historian of the 9th 
 century. He wrote the life of his patron, 
 Lewis the Debonnaire, to be found in Du 
 Chesne’s collection. — Nouv. Did. Hist. 
 
 Astruc (John), a medical writer, was 
 born in 1684 in the diocese of Alais, and 
 studied physic at Montpelier, where, he 
 became professor. In 1743 lie was appoint- 
 ed physician to the king, and professor in 
 the royal college at Paris:- he was some 
 time at Warsaw, as first physician to the 
 king of Poland, which post he quitted for 
 hjs native country and literary pursuits. 
 He died in 1766. The principal of his 
 works are; 1. De Morbis Veneris. 2. 
 Memoirs relative to the Natural History of 
 Languedoc. 3. A Treatise on Pathology. 
 4. A Treatise on Therapeutics. 5. On the 
 Inoculation -of the Small-pox. 6. On lu- 
 mours and Ulcers. 7. On the Diseases of 
 Women. The first and last have been trans- 
 lated into English. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Astyages, king of theMedes, began his 
 reign in the 594th year B. C. He was the 
 grandfather of Cyrus the Great, and is 
 called bv some the Ahasuerus of the scrip- 
 ture. — -Univ. Hist. 
 
 Atabalipa, or AtAhualpa, the last of 
 the incas. His father dying in 1529 he be- 
 came Icing of Quito, and his brother Hu- 
 ascar obtained the, throne of Peru, on which 
 a war broke out between them, in which 
 Huascar was defeated. About this time 
 the Spaniards headed by Pizarro, invaded 
 Peru, where they were hospitably enter- 
 tained by the king and . his people, in re- 
 turn for which they treacherously held him 
 in captivity. The inca offered as a ransom, 
 to fill a room full of gold ; but after the 
 Spaniards had got the treasure, thev basely 
 burnt the unhappy monarch at the stake 
 in 1533. — Robertson's Hist, of America. 
 
A T H 
 
 Athaliah. the daughter of Ahab, or of 
 Omri, wife of Jehoram, and mother of 
 Ahaziali, king of Judah. She counselled 
 her son in all manner of wickedness ; and 
 after his death, that she might obtain the 
 throne, murdered the whole royal family, 
 except Joash a child, who was preserved 
 by Jehoshaba, the daughter of Jehoram. Af- 
 ter enjoying the supreme power for seven 
 years she was justly put to death. — SS. 
 
 Athanasius (St.), was born in Alexan- 
 dria; he distinguished himself so much at 
 the council of Nice, that on the death of 
 Alexander, bishop of Alexandria, he was 
 chosen to succeed him in 326, when he was 
 about twenty-eight years of age. Hehadbeen 
 greatly persecuted by the Arians before 
 his . consecration, and now their rage 
 against him was redoubled, particularly as 
 he refused to admit their leader into the 
 church, though ccVnmanded to do so bv 
 Constantine. They raised against him 
 various raise accusations, and at length 
 succeeded in getting him banished. On 
 the death of the emperor he returned to 
 Alexandria, where he was received with 
 great joy. When Constantius came to 
 the throne, his enemies prevailed, on which 
 he fled to Rome, where pope Julius es- 
 poused his cause, and by his good offices 
 got him reinstated in his bishopric. At 
 the end of Julian’s reign he was driven 
 into exile again, but on the accession of 
 Jovian he was restored, and the Niccne 
 creed with him. He continued to enjoy 
 his seat unmolested till Ins death in 371 . 
 The best edition of his works is that of 
 Paris, in 3 vols. folio, 1698. The creed 
 which goes by his name is supposed to 
 have been compiled by an African bishop 
 in the 5th century. — Dupin. Caw. 
 
 Atheling (Edgar), the son of Edward, 
 the son of Edmund Ironside, king of Eng- 
 land, was bred up by Edmund the Con- 
 fessor, his great uncle, who intended him 
 for his successor. But on his death he was 
 supplanted by Harold, son of earl Godwin, 
 in 1066, after whose death the people 
 considered Edgar as king; but the success 
 of William duke of Normandy frustrated 
 their loyal intentions. He then retired to 
 the north, where he collected many fol- 
 lowers, and made himself master of York, 
 but beipg deserted by many of his troops 
 he was obliged to retu'e to Scotland. From 
 thence he went to Normandy, where he 
 Was well received by duke Robert. He 
 was with Baldwin II. in the crusade, and 
 on his return was honoured by several of 
 the European sovereigns for his valour. 
 
 I re died at Malmsbury. — Biog, Br. 
 
 Athei.stan, king of England, was. the 
 natural son of Edward the elder, whom lie 
 succeeded in 925. He obtained a great 
 victory over the Danes in Northumber- 
 land, after which he reigned in tranquil- 
 ity : he greatly encouraged commerce by 
 
 A T K 
 
 conferring the title of thane On every ijer. 
 chant who had made three voyages. He 
 died in 941 —Hume s Hist, of Eng. 
 
 Athenagoras, a Christian philosopher 
 of Athens in the 2d century, who address- 
 ed an apology for the Christians to An- 
 toninus and Commodus. He also wrote 4 
 Discourse on the Resurrection of the Dead. 
 These pieces were printed, in Greek and 
 
 Latin at Oxford in 1706, 8vo.— Caw. 
 
 Dupin'. Baylc. 
 
 AxiiENiEus.a Greek grammarian of tbs 
 3d century, was a native of Naucratis, in 
 Egypt : his work, entitled the Table Talk 
 of the Sophists, was published by Casaubop 
 ill 1 65 7 . — Bayle. Fabric. Bibl. Grose. 
 
 Athenjeus, an ancient mathematician, 
 who lived about 200 years B. C. A tract 
 of his on warlike machines was printed at 
 Paris in 1693. — Fhbriclus. 
 
 Athen.vus, a Roman orator and peri- 
 patetic philosopher in the time of Augustus, 
 — Strabo. 
 
 Athenais, see Eudocia. 
 
 Athenodorus, a stoic philosopher; he 
 was the tutor of Augustus, who' always 
 paid him the greatest respect. In liis old 
 age Athenodorus retired to Tarsus, in Cili- 
 cia, his native place, where he died at the 
 age of 82 . His countrymen hpnoui ed him 
 with an altar, and a yearly festival. There 
 was another philosopher, "of the same name 
 and place, who was lire intimate friend of 
 Cato. — Dsog. Lqert. Fabr/cius. 
 
 Athens was founded by Cecrops B. C. 
 1080. On the death of Codrus, in 804, it 
 became a republic, and attained to great 
 power : but in 404, at the close of the Pe- 
 loponesian war, it fell into the hands of 
 the Spartans. In 481 Thrasybulus altered 
 the form of government, and the Athe- 
 nians recovered their liberty, It was taken 
 by Sylla in 87 B. C. When Constantinople 
 Was taken by the Latins in 1204, Athens 
 was given to the Venetians, from whom 
 the Turks took it in 145&. T he Venetians 
 recovered it in 1687, but it was soon after- 
 wards taken from them by the Turks, who 
 still hold possession. — tfniv. Hist. Young's 
 Hist. Atljen ■. 
 
 At in as (Joseph), a Jewish printer at 
 Amsterdam ip the 17th century. He pub- 
 lished a Hebrew Bible. in 2 vols. 1667, which 
 is held in great esteem : he also printed 
 the Bible in Spanish, German, and English, 
 ’The stales presented him with agold'rnedal 
 and chain for his useful labours.— MorAL ' 
 At hi as (Isaac), a Spanish. Jew, who 
 wrote an explication of the law of Moses, 
 printed at Venice and Amsterdam,— Ibid. 
 
 Atkins (James), a Scotch prelate, was 
 born at Kirkwall, in Orkney, and educated 
 first at Edinburgh, and lastly at Oxford, 
 where he took the dfcgree of D. D. In 1677' 
 he was made Bishop of Moray, from 
 whence lie was afterwards translated to 
 Galloway, lie died in 1687. This bibliop 
 
ATT 
 
 ATT 
 
 wrote some pieces in defence of episco- 
 pacy. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Atkyns (sir Robert), an English judge, 
 was born in Gloucestershire in 1621. He 
 received his education at Baliol-cpllege, Ox- 
 ford, from whence he removed to one of 
 the inns of court. At the Restoration lie 
 was made knight of the bath, and in 1672 
 appointed a judge of the common pleas ; 
 but being disgusted with the court he re- 
 signed the office in 1679, and retired to his 
 estate. He assisted lord Russel with his 
 advice. In 1689 king William appointed 
 him chief baron of the exchequer, and 
 the same year the house of lords chose 
 him speaker. In 1695 he resigned his 
 place, and went to his seat in Gloucester- 
 shire, where he died in 1709. His. tracts, 
 in one vol. 8vo. are valued as a treasure of 
 constitutional and legal knowledge. — Biog. 
 Brit. 
 
 Atkyns (sir Robert), the son of the 
 preceding, was born in 1646. He was 
 educated under his father’s inspection, and 
 became representative for his native county 
 in parliament. He wrote the history of 
 Gloucestershire, which has been twice 
 printed in folio. He died in. 1711. — Ibid, 
 
 Atkyns (Richard), a typographical au- 
 thor, was horn in Gloucestershire and. edu- 
 cated at Oxford. He published the Origi- 
 nal and Growth of Printing in England, 
 4to. 1664, and some other pieces, and died 
 in the Marshalsea in 1677. — Ibid. 
 
 Atratus, or Bi.ack (Hugh), a cardinal 
 in the 1.8th century, was born at Eve- 
 sham, in, Worcestershire, and . made.so great 
 a progress in the sciences, particularly 
 philosophy, mathematics, and. me.diciue, as 
 to obtain the appellation of being the phoe- 
 nix of his age. Pope Martin II. made him 
 a cardinal in 1281. He died of the plague 
 in 1287. He wrote Geneffiogiis Humanis ; 
 Problemata. Canones Medicinal es. — Pits, 
 de Script. Angl. Bloreri. 
 
 Attai.us I. king of Pergarrm§ began his 
 reign B. C.241. He was a warlike prince, 
 and an enepurager. of learned men. He 
 made great conquests in Ionia, and vi- 
 gorously repelled. Phijip.IL of Macedon. 
 He died in tbe 72d year of. his age, and the. 
 43d of his reign. — Uniu. Hist. 
 
 AttalusYi. son of the above, succeeded 
 his brother EumenesB. C. 159. His coun- 
 try was ipvaded in his time by- Prusius, 
 king of Bithynia, but. was relieved by, the, 
 Romans. Attains passed the remffiudG'.. of 
 hi;, days .in peace, , and died ag.ed 82, after, 
 reigning 21 years. — lkid. 
 
 Atta wsIIL nephew of .the preceding,, 
 began his rejgp, B. C. 1 38. He, .put to death 
 mpst of his own family, and ■’ great num- 
 ber of other per-'P.ns, of whom he was, sus- 
 picious.. He di.ed.iu. the 5th'. year of Ids 
 rcigp, and , having left his . [goods to the. Ro- 
 mans* they seined the whole of. his domi- 
 nions, and thus pm. an end. to the. kingdom 
 of Pergaraus, — Ibid. 
 
 At.tai.us, a Christian martyr in the 2d 
 century, was a native of Pergamus, ut 
 Phrygia, and was, burnt alive in the per- 
 secution of Marcus Antoninus, A* D. i 77. 
 
 — Emcltius. 
 
 Att e p.jsury (Lewis), an English divine, 
 was born at Milton, in Northamptonshire, 
 in 1631, and, became student of Christ- 
 church, Oxford, in 1647. In 1654 he was 
 presented to the living of Broad Rissing- 
 ton, Gloucestershire. In 1657 he obtained 
 the rectory of Milton, in Buckinghamshire; 
 and after the Restoration he wqs created 
 D. D. at Oxford. Pie was drowned in 
 1623. He printed a few single sermons.— 
 Biog. Br. 
 
 Attekbury (Francis), an English pre- 
 late, was the son of the. above, and born at 
 his father’s rectory in Buckinghamshire in 
 1662 Pie was educated at Westminster 
 school, from whence he was elected to 
 Christchurch, Oxford, in 1681. In 1687 
 he took his degree of M. A. and the same 
 year vindicated the character of Luther 
 against Obadiah \Y r alker. He had for a 
 pupil the lion. Charles Boyle, whom he as-» 
 sisted, in his controversy with Beutley. In 
 1691 he came to London, where his elo- 
 quence brought him into notice; he be- 
 came chaplain to William and. Mary, lec- 
 turer of St. Bride’s, and preaclier at the 
 Lndewell chapel. One of hjs sermons, on 
 the Power of Charity to cover Sin, was at- 
 tacked by, Hoadley ; and another, entitled 
 1 he Scornef, was severely animadverted 
 upon by an anonymous disputant. In 
 WOO he engaged, in a , dispute with Dr. 
 Wake on, the rights of .convocations, and 
 was presented with his doctor’s degree by 
 the university of Oxford ; the same year- he 
 was installed, archdeacon of Totness. In 
 1704 he was promoted to the deanry of 
 Carlisle, and in. 170/ bishop Trelawney 
 appointed him canon residentiary of Exe- 
 ter. In 1 7 03 he had a another dispute with 
 Hoadly on passive .obedience. In 1710 he 
 assisted Dr. Sacheverel in drawing up 
 his defence, for. which the doctor left him 
 a legacy. I ite same year he wap chosen pro- 
 locutor of the lo-werjiouse of convocation. 
 In. 1712 hf . was made, dean .of Chtistchurdi* 
 and the yev.r, following promoted to the 
 bishopric of Rochester, and tire deamy 
 of irster. The death of queen Ann, 
 
 put a .stop to. further advancement. When 
 the reb/sLon broke out in Scotland he and 
 bishop Sinalridg.e refused, to sign the De- 
 claration of . the' Bishops ; besides which 
 Attcrbiiiy. .drew, up .some violent protests 
 m .the house or lords. In 1772 he was-m- 
 prehended on suspicion of being enp-atmd 
 in , a pfot . to bring in the pretender, for 
 which he was committed to the Tower. 
 An act of parliament having passed, though 
 not without .much opposition, for “ inflict- 
 mg pains and penalties ou the bishop,” he 
 was banished for life, and left the kingdom 
 in June. 1723. He died at Paris in 1731. 
 
ATT 
 
 ABB 
 
 The proceedings against him were arbitra- 
 ry and illegal; his remains were brought 
 fo England and interred in Westminster 
 abbey. Not long before his death he pub- 
 lished a vindication of himself, bishop 
 Smalridge, and dean Aldrich, from the 
 charge brought against them, of having 
 corrupted the MS- of lord Clarendon’s 
 history. Bishop At ter bury was. a man of 
 great learning and brilliant talents, and 
 lie shines as a fine writer and an elegant 
 preacher. — Blog.Br. 
 
 Atterbury (Lewis), elder brother of. 
 the bishop, was born in 1656, and educated 
 Alt Westminster school, from whence he 
 went to Christ church Oxford. In 1684 
 he was preferred to; the rectory of Symel, 
 in Northamptonshire ; he took his degree 
 of LL. D. ip. 1687, and in 1695 was chosen 
 preacher of the chapel at Highgate ; about 
 which time he became chaplain to princess 
 Ann of Denmark. In 1707 he was pre- 
 sented to the rectory of Shepperton, in 
 Middlesex, and in 1719 to that of Hornsey. 
 He died in 1731. There are four volumes 
 of his sermons and tracts in print. He en- 
 dowed a school for girls at Newport Pag- 
 nel, and bequeathed several books to 
 Christ church library. — Ibid. 
 
 Atticus (Herodes), a celebrated orator 
 of antiquity, was born at Marathon. He 
 gave lectures on elocution with such ap- 
 plause that Titus Antoninus sent for him 
 to instruct Marcus Aurelius and Lucius 
 Veras: he was promoted to the consul- 
 ship, and several other high offices. He 
 was a liberal benefactor to Athens, and 
 died at Marathon at the age of 76. — Life 
 by Burigny. 
 
 Atticus (Titus Pomponius), a Roman 
 knight, was descended from an ancient fa- 
 mily. His manners were so affable that he 
 preserved the good will of opposite parties 
 in times of the greatest dissensions. He 
 assisted Marius the younger, and preserv- 
 ed the friendship of his adversary, Sylla 
 In the contest between Cresar and Pompey 
 he kept the friendship of both these gene- 
 rals; and he did the same with regard to 
 Brutus and Antony. In the contentions 
 between Antony and Augustus he not only 
 kept himseli in quietness, but enjoyed the 
 esteem of each. He was greatly beloved 
 by Cicero, and effected a reconciliation be- 
 tween him and Hortensius. Atticus never 
 attempted to aggrandize himself, and to his 
 moderation may be attributed the tranquil- 
 lity he enjoyed. His daughter was mar- 
 ried to Agrippa. He starved himself to 
 death at the age of 77, B. C. 54. — Cornelius 
 Nepos. 
 
 Atticus, patriarch of Constantinople, 
 flourished in the 5th century, and was by 
 birth an Armenian. In 406 he condemned 
 St. Chrysostom, and got possession of the 
 patriarchate, for which he was excommu- 
 nicated by Innocent I. On the deatli of 
 St. Chrysostom he was suffered to hold his 
 seat. He died in 427. — Dupin. 
 
 Attila, king of Hungary, came to the 
 crown with his brother Bleda in 433, and 
 afterwards caused his associate to be assissi-r 
 nated. Attila obliged Theodosius IL to 
 sue for peace, and laid him under tribute. 
 In the reign of Valentinian, A, D. 451. he 
 entered Gaul at the head of a numerous 
 army, and committed great ravages. The 
 imperialists, however, attacked him at 
 Chalons, and after a bloody contest forted 
 him co retreat. Not long after he entered 
 .Italy, which he nearlv desolated. A.t last 
 he retired, on condition that Valentinian 
 should pay him a. large sum of money, and 
 send him his sister Honoria for a wife. Soon 
 after his return home he married a beautiful 
 maiden, and died the same night by die 
 bursting of a blood-vessel. This happened 
 in 453, and with him expired the empire of 
 the Huns. — Unh. Nisi. 
 
 Avalos (Ferdinand Francis d’), marquis 
 of Pescara, was born in the kingdom of 
 Naples : he served in the army of Charles 
 V. and was taken prisoner at the battle of 
 Ravenna in 1512. He beguiled the hours 
 of captivity in writing a Dialogu^on Love, 
 which he dedicated to his wife. On being 
 released he again served the emperor in a 
 military capacity, and was present at the 
 taking of Milan, yvhere he died in 1525, 
 aged 36. — Morcri. 
 
 Avantio (John Mario), an eminent Ita- 
 lian lawyer, was born in 1564. Fie was 
 professor first at Ferrara, and lastly at 
 Padua, where lie died in 1622. He wrote 
 an ecclesiastical history from the beginning 
 of the Reformation, and some other pieces. 
 His son Charles was a physician, and wrote 
 a commentary on the work of Bapt. Fiera, 
 printed at Padua in 1649. — Ibid. 
 
 Aublrt (Peter), a French lawyer, was 
 born at Lyons in 1642. When young he 
 published a romance, called Retour d’Isle 
 d’Amour. He filled, several distinguished 
 stations in his native city, and established a 
 public library there. He published 2 vols. 
 of cases in 1710, arid a new edition of 
 Riehelet’s Dictionary, 3 vols. folio, 1728. — 
 Morcri. 
 
 Aubertin (Edmund), a French protest- 
 ant divine, was born in 15.95, and became 
 minister of the reformed church at Paris in 
 1631. In 1633 he printed a work on the 
 Eucharist of the ancient church, which was . 
 attacked by Arnauld, and other learned 
 catholics. He died at Paris in 1652. — Beyle, 
 
 Aubery (Anthony), a French lawyer 
 and historian, was born in 1617: he was a 
 hard student, and preferred a life of retire- 
 ment to the hurry of business, and died in 
 1695. Flis works arc, 1. History of the 
 Cardinals, 5 vols. 4to. 2. Memoirs of Car- 
 dinal de Richelieu, 2 vols. folio. In this 
 work lie praises the cardinal at the expence 
 of truth. 3. History of the Cardinal Maza- 
 rin,4 vols. 12mo. 4. On the Pre-eminence 
 of the Kings of France, 4to. 5. A Treatise 
 on the Pretensions of the King of France to 
 the Empire, 4to. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
ACB 
 
 A U D 
 
 Aubf.ry (John), a French physician of 
 the 17th century. He wrote an Apology 
 tor Physic,' in Latin, Paris, 1608, 8vo. and 
 an Antidote to Love, in French, 1569, 
 
 1 2mc<. — Moreri. 
 
 Aubery (Louis de Maurier), a French 
 writer. He published Memoirs for a His- 
 tory of Holland, 2 vols. 1 2mo. 11582. He 
 died in 1687. In 1737 appeared at Am- 
 sterdam, his Memoirs of Hamburgh, Lu- 
 beck, Holstein, Denmark, and Sweden. 
 — Moreri . 
 
 Aubespine (Claude de F), baron of 
 Chateaunenf. He was descended of a 
 noble family at Chartrain, and became 
 secretary of state to several of the French 
 kings; he died in 1567. — Ibid. 
 
 Aubespine (Charles de 1’), chancellor of 
 France, and marquis of Chateaunenf, was 
 imprisoned ten years, but afterwards be- 
 came a favourite with Henry IV. He died 
 in 1653. — Ibid. 
 
 Aubespine (Gabriel de 1’), bishop of Or- 
 leans, was of the same family with the 
 above. He was a learned divine, and died 
 in 1630, aged 52. — Ibid. 
 
 Aubespine (Magdalen de 1’), a celebrat- 
 ed French' lady. She was the wife of de 
 Neuville, seigneur de Villeroi, and wrote 
 several pieces in prose and verse. She died 
 in 1596. — Diet. Historique des Femmes Celeb res. 
 
 Aubigne (Theodore Agrippa d’), a cele- 
 brated Frenchman, was born about 1550. 
 Henry IV. had an esteem for him, and be- 
 stowed on him several places; but at 
 length he lost the royal favour by his frank- 
 ness, and retired to Geneva, where he de- 
 voted himself to literary pursuits. His 
 chief work is a Universal History, in 3 vols. 
 folio, which was condemned by the parlia- 
 ment of Paris. He also wrote two satirical 
 pieces; The Confession of Sancy, and The 
 Baron de Focneste. The Memoirs of his 
 own Life were not printed till 1731. He 
 died in 1630. His son Constant d’Aubigne 
 was father of the celebrated madame de 
 Maintenon. — Nouv. Did. Hist. 
 
 Aubrey (John), an English antiquary, 
 was born at Easton-piers, in Wiltshire, 
 about 1626;and educated at Trinity-col- 
 lege, Oxford. In 1646 he was entered of 
 the Middle Temple, but quitted the study 
 of the law owing to some embarrassments 
 in his private affairs. He was one of the 
 first' members of the Royal Society : but 
 being reduced to poverty, he was support- 
 ed at the close of his life by lady Long, of 
 Dray'cot in Wiltshire, and died at her house 
 in 1700. His works are: 1. Miscellanies, 
 on Apparitions, Magic, Charms, &c. 1696 
 and 1721, Hvo. 2. A Perambulation of the 
 County of Surry, 1719, 5 vols. 8v6. Be- 
 sides which he left several curious MSS. to 
 the museum at Oxford. — Bing. Brit. 
 
 Aubriot (Hugh), mayor of Paris, who 
 fault the Bastille in 1369, but being accused 
 ipf heresy he was sentenced to be conlined 
 
 between two walls, from whence he. wa* 
 released in 1381 by the Maillotins, a set of 
 insurgents^ He quitted them, and retired, 
 into Burgundy, where he died the year fol- 
 lowing. from him the French reformed 
 were called Hugonots. — Moreri. 
 
 Aubusson (Peter, dj), grand master of 
 the knights of Rhodes, was born in La 
 Marche, in 1423, He entered into the or- 
 der of St. John of Jerusalem, of which, in 
 1476, he was elected grand-master. He vi- 
 gorously repulsed -the attack made upon the 
 island by the Turks in 1480. Prince Zi- 
 min, brother of Bajazet, having escaped to 
 Rhodes to avoid the vengeance of the sul- 
 tan, d' Aubusson delivered him to the pope, 
 for which treachery he received a cardi- 
 nal’s hat. He died in 1503. — Moreri. 
 
 Audebert (Germain), a counsellor of 
 Orleans. While at Venice be wrote a pa- 
 negyric in verse upon that republic, for 
 which the senate conferred on him the or- 
 der of knight of St. Mark. Henry III. gave 
 him a patent of nobility. He died in 1598. 
 Elis poems were published in 1 602, 8vo. — 
 Ibid. 
 
 Audebert (John Baptist), a French na- 
 turalist and engraver of natural history, 
 was born at Rochefort in 1759. -He excel- 
 led in elegant representations of animals, 
 and his productions are esteemed the most 
 valuable of their kind. His first perform- 
 ance was I. ’Hist. Nat. des Singes, des Makis 
 et des Galeopitheques, 1 vol. folio, 1800. 
 He was engaged upon other works of 
 equal splendour, when he died in 1800. — 
 Noun. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Audifret (John Baptist), a French geo- 
 grapher, was ambassador at the courts of 
 Mantua, Parma, and Modena. He died at 
 Nancy in 1733, aged 76. He wrote Ancient 
 and Modern Geography, printed at Paris 
 in 3 vols.4tO. 1689. — Nairn. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Audiguier (Vital d’), a French noble- 
 man, was born at Naiac, near Ville-franche 
 de Rouergue, about 1 565 . He wrote a 
 treatise on Duels, printed at Paris in 1617: 
 poems, in 2 vols. 8vo. 1614, and some other 
 pieces. He died about 1630. — Boyle. 
 
 ■ Aubius, the founder of a sect called by 
 his name, lived in the 4th century, and 
 was banished into Scythia, where he gained 
 many followers. They celebrated Easter 
 after the 'manner of the jewish passover, 
 and attributed a human form to the Deitv. 
 • — Mosbcim. 
 
 Auui.ey" (James lord), of Heleigh., in 
 Staffordshire, was born about 1314. He 
 distinguished himself under Edward III. 
 in France, and was one of the first knights 
 of the garter : he was present at the battle 
 of Poictiers, where lie was so grievously 
 wounded that bis esquires were obliged to 
 bear him out of the field of battle, after 
 which the Black Prince bestowed on him 
 a noble pension, with many marks of re- 
 gard. For his services lie was appointed 
 
A V E 
 
 AUG- 
 
 constable of Gloucester castle, governor of 
 Aquitaine, and seneschal of Poictou. He 
 died about 1386. — Bing. Brit. 
 
 Apdiey (Edmimd), a descendant of the 
 above, was educated at Oxford, and in 
 1430 was made bishop of Rochester, from 
 whence he was translated first to Hereford, 
 and lastly to Salisbury : he was a munificent 
 prelate, and died in 1524. He was chau 7 
 cellor of the order of the garter, which ho- 
 nour now. belongs to his . successors, through 
 the interest of. bishop Ward. — Ibid. 
 
 Ann ley, or Awdely (Thomas), chan- 
 cellor of England, was born of a noble 
 family in Essex, After receiving a univer- 
 sity education he entered of the Inner Tem- 
 ple. In 1529 he was chosen speaker of the 
 parliament, in which capacity he was very 
 subservient to the king, who, on the resig- 
 nation of sir Thomas More, gave him the 
 seals, and the. priory of. Christ church, with 
 all the church plate and lands belonging 
 to that house. He sat in judgment on his 
 predecessor, sir Thomas Adore, and on 
 bishop Fisher. Audley appears to have 
 been a mere tool to Henry, and to have 
 been as rapacious as any in the seizure of 
 church property. He died in 1544. He 
 was a gre^t benefactor to Magdalen-col- 
 lege, Cambridge. — Ibid. 
 
 Add uan, the name, of a family of artists 
 in France ; viz. Charles Audran the elder, 
 was bora .at. Paris in 1594, His works are 
 muuerous.and. excellent. They are distin- 
 guished by a K. He died in 1673. — Clause, 
 a nephew oyhe preceding, was born at 
 Lyons in 163* and studied under his uncle. 
 He was employed: by. Le Brun in painting 
 pare of the pictures of . Alexander’s battles, 
 at Versailles, and became professor of paint- 
 ing in the royal academy of Paris, where 
 he died in 1684. — Girard, the , brother of 
 the last-mentioned, and the most celebrated 
 of the family, was born at Lyons in 1640, 
 and studied under Le Brun at Paris, lie, 
 engraved that artist’s pictures of. Alex- 
 ander’s battles in a masterly manner, and 
 djed, at Paris in .1703. — Claude. , nephew of 
 Girard, was born at Lyons in, 1685, and 
 became famous for painting ornaments. 
 He was, appointed king’6 painter, and. died 
 in, 1734, — John, brother of the last-men- 
 tioned, was born in 1667, and studied en- 
 graving under his uncle Girard; lie died 
 at Paris in 1756- — Moreyi. 
 
 Avkn pace, a peripatetic philosopher of 
 the 12th century. He was, a Spanish moor, 
 and for attempting, to explain the Koran 
 by the. system of Aristotle, was committed 
 to prison at Cor-duba. He wrote a com- 
 ment upon Euclid , — FoccPie Specimen . Hist. 
 Arab. 
 
 Aventine (John), a German, historian, 
 was born in 1466 at Abensperg, in Bavaria, 
 and studied at Ingols.tadt, and at Paris. In 
 1 5 12 he became tutor to the two sons, of 
 the duke of Bavaria. Pie wrote the An- 
 nals of Bavaria. He died in 1534. — Bayle, 
 
 n'Z.o a.r j a physician, of the 32th cen- 
 tury, was bornat Seville, iu Spain, and cied 
 at Morocco in 1139, aged 135, Pie wrote 
 a compendious practice of physic, wlich 
 contains many curious facts, and observa- 
 tions. — Friends Hist. Phys, 
 
 Aver ani (Benedict), a native of Ho- 
 rence, became Greek professor at. Fisa, 
 and wrote several critical discourses on 
 classical authors, He died in 1707. His 
 works were printed. at Florence in 3 vrls. 
 Svo. 1717. — Bundle Hist. Lett, de Italic. 
 
 Ay erani (Joseph), brother of the pre- 
 ceding, was horn in 1662. He became 
 professor of law at Pisa, but applied chiefly 
 to the, study of mathematics and natural 
 philosophy. He died iu 1738, Two 
 volumes of his orations in the academy at 
 Florence, and other tracts, were printed if. 
 ter his death. — Ibid. 
 
 Averdy (Clement Charles de l’), minis- 
 ter and comptroller general of the finances 
 under Louis X-V. was. born at Paris in 
 1720. He was counsellor of parliament, 
 and so high was his reputation that his ap- 
 pointment gave general satisfaction to the 
 people: which, however, he lost by misma- 
 nagement, and in 1764 he requested his, 
 dismission, on which he retired to his es- 
 tate, where he employed himself in agri- 
 cultural pursuits; he was guillotined Oct. 
 2,1793. He wrote, 1. Suite des Expe- 
 riences de Gambais sur les hies noirs ou 
 caries, 8vo. 2. Memoire .sur le Proces 
 criminel de Robert d’Artoia, Comte .de 
 Beamount pair, de France. — Nouv. Dkn 
 Hist, 
 
 Averroes, or Aven Roech-, an Arabian 
 philosopher of the. 12th century; his fa- 
 ther was chief magistrate of Corduba, in 
 Spain, but Averroes was educated at Mo, 
 rocco, where he studied law, philosophy, 
 and medicine. He , succeeded. his father, 
 and became also ajudge in Morocco, where 
 he appointed deputies, and returned to 
 Spain. Tire freedom of his opinions gave 
 offence to the zealous mussulmans, who 
 complained of him to Almanzor, the ca- 
 liph, who degraded him from hia employ- 
 ments. He was also thrown into prison, 
 but on doing penance, and making a re- 
 cantation, he was released. He died at 
 Morocco in 1208; he studied ardently, and 
 never, indulged , in any diversion. His at- 
 tachment to Aristotle waa almost enthu- 
 siastic, andhis, commentaries on that phi- 
 losopher’s works procured him the name of 
 the commentator : he wrote a treatise on tire 
 art of physic, an Epitome of Ptolemy’s Al- 
 magest, and a Treatise ou Astrology. The 
 best edition of his works is that -of Venice, 
 in 1608. — Bayle. 
 
 Avesbury (Robert of), an English histo- 
 rian of the 14th century. He wrote the 
 history of the reign of Edward III. as far 
 as J356, which was published by Hearne 
 in 1720. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Auger (Edmund), a French jesuit, was 
 
A U G 
 
 A U G 
 
 born ink'SO. He is said to have Converted 
 40,000-pretestants to the Roman commu- 
 nion by the force of his arguments. His 
 zeal appears to have been honest, for he 
 repeatedly refused a bishopric, and other 
 preferments. He died in 1591. — Morcri. 
 
 Auc'uiiELLO (John Aurtlie), an Italian 
 poet, was born at Rimini in 1441. He was 
 professor of the belles lettres at Trfevisa, 
 where -he died in 1524. The best of his 
 works is a Latin poem , entitled Ghrysbpkia. 
 or the art of making -gold, printed- in 1518. 
 This poem he dedicated to'Leo X. who 
 presented him with-an empty purse, saying, 
 
 “ that as he could rmtke gold lie knew how 
 to fill it.” — Tirctboschi. AToeeri. 
 
 Augustine (St.), a father of the church, 
 was born at Tagaste, in Africa, in 854. 
 His father was a plebeian, and his mother 
 Monica was a woman of exemplary p : ettr. 
 Though he had all the advantage . of a 
 good education he squandered awry his 
 time in debauchery. In 371 his father sent 
 him to Carthage, where he led a dissipated 
 life, and became a convert to the m~nl- 
 chees. In 380 he taught rhetoric at Car- 
 thage with great reputation, but still con- 
 tinued bis licentious Course of life, 'and kept 
 a woman publicly, by -whom he had a son 
 named Adeodatns. ‘His mother took uncom- 
 mon -pains to bring him back to virtue, but 
 finding all her endeavours ineffectual, she 
 had recourse Only to prayer on 'his behalf. 
 Wearied with his situation in Africa, Au- 
 gustine removed to Rome, where he taught 
 rhetoric with great applause, and in 38S 
 was appointed professor of rhetoric at 
 Milan. Here the sermons of St. Ambrose 
 effected a conversion. He renounced his 
 heretical notions, and was baptised in 887. 
 The next year he returned to Africa, and 
 was ordained priest. He was at first the 
 coadjutor of ’Valerius, bishop of Hippo, 
 and afterwards his successor. He died -in 
 430. His writings have always been held 
 in veneration by the catholic church, a-nd 
 from them was formed that system com- 
 monly called scholastic divinity. The best 
 edition of his works is that of Paris, in 10 
 yols. folio, 1679 and 1690. — Bayle. Mtsreri. 
 
 Auoustiw® (Leonard), or Agostini, an 
 Italian antiquary, was a native of Sienna, 
 and flourished in the 17th century. He 
 published an elaborate work on ancient 
 gems, which first appeared, in 1 657, in 2 
 Vols. 4 to. and the last in 1707, 4 -v-ols. 4to. 
 It was translated into Latin by Gronovids, 
 and published at Amsterdam in 1685, and 
 at Franeker in 1694. — Noui>. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Augustin, or Austin, (St.), tire first 
 archbishop of Canterbury, was a Roman 
 monk, and sent by Gregory I. with 40 
 others, to convert the inhabitants of this 
 island, about 596. On landing in Thanet, 
 they informed king Et halbert of their bn-, 
 sindss, When the king -assigned them Can- 
 terbury for their residence, with permission 
 to exercise their function. The geed mo- 
 
 narch himself embraced Christianity, btifr 
 never attempted to bring over his subject* 
 by force. Augustin was consecrated at 
 Arles archbishop and metropolitan of the 
 church. He fixed his seat at Canterbury, 
 and endeavoured to form a correspondence 
 with the Welsh bishops, for Christianity 
 had long before been settled in Wales. A 
 conference was accordingly held between 
 Augustin and some monks from the mo- 
 nastery of Bangor. These fathers, it is 
 said, before their departure from Wales, ap- 
 plied to an old hermit for advice how to 
 act, who told them, that if Augustin was 
 a man of God, they should submit to be 
 directed by him; and, on their asking how 
 they were to know this, he said, “ if on 
 your arrival in his presence lie rises to sa- 
 lute you, he is God’s messenger ; but if not, 
 he is haughty and proud, you ought to 
 have no more to do with him.” When 
 they came to the assembly, Augustin re- 
 ceived them sitting, iu consequence »f 
 which the Welshmen opposed all measures 
 of accommodation. The points in Which 
 they were required to yield were, the ce- 
 lebration of Easter, the mode of administer- 
 ing baptism, and the acknowledgment of 
 the pope’s authority. Augustin died at 
 Canterbury in 1604, and was afterwards 
 canonized. — Bhg.Brit. 
 
 Augustin (Anthony), a Spanish prelate, 
 was a native of Saragossa. In 1554 -hewsfs 
 sent to England by the pope ; after which 
 he was at the council of Trent. In 1574 
 he was made archbishop of Tarragona* He 
 was so charitable as not to leave enough to 
 bury him. He died in 1586. He wrote 
 treatises on law, and dialogues on medals, 
 printed in 1587. — Dufitt. Moreri. 
 
 August ulus, or Romulus Augustus, 
 a Roman emperor, was -the son of Orestes, 
 who having deposed Julius Nepqs, refused 
 the throne for himself, but placed upon it 
 his son in 476. Shortly after, Odoaeer anti 
 the barbarians invaded Italy, slew Orestes, 
 and deprived the young emperor of his 
 dignity. He was, however, suffered to live 
 a private life in Campania, and a liberal- 
 pension was allowed him. With him ended 
 the Roman empire in the west. — Ur.. Hist. 
 
 Augustus (Cains Julius Caesar Ocfavi- 
 anus), was the son Of Cains Octavius, by 
 Attia, the niece of Julius Caesar. He Was 
 born B. C. 63, and having received a liberal 
 education, was adopted by Julius Crcsar, 
 He was at Apolionia in Epirys, when 
 his -uncle was assassinated; and, on receiv- 
 ing the news, returned to Rome, where he 
 found two parties, the republicans, and the 
 followers of Antony and Lepidrs. Oefa- 
 via,nus was treated with great respect by 
 the magistrates, and principal-citizens; but 
 Antony treated him with contempt. Wh< n 
 An-tpn'y was proscribed, -he joined, the ar- 
 my that was sent against him; but after- 
 warde -he thought it prudent to enter into 
 » treaty with that commander ; -and these 
 
AVI 
 
 ifxvo leaders, together with Lepidus, formed 
 .the famous triumvirate , by which they 
 agreed to enjoy an equal portion of autho- 
 rity for five years. Soon after this, Octa- 
 vianus gratified the malicious spirit of his 
 associates, by sacrificing his friend Cicero; 
 and, in short, the triumvirs filled Rome 
 with the blood of its best citizens. On the 
 death of Brutus at Philippi, another par- 
 tition took place, Antony and Octavianus 
 sharing the Roman empire, and Lepidus 
 taking the African provinces. Octavianus 
 obtained Rome, and gave his sister,Octavia, 
 in marriage to Antony. At length Lepi- 
 dus was deposed, and a difference broke 
 out between Antony andOctavianus, which 
 ended in the destruction of the former, and 
 tiie establishment of the latter in the empire. 
 In the ,36th year of his age, the senate gave 
 him the title of Augustus. It also com- 
 plimented him by changing the name of 
 the month Sextilis, in which he came to the 
 consulate, to August. After attaining the 
 imperial dignity, he seems to have col- 
 lected his eager temper, and to have con- 
 ducted himself with moderation. He made 
 some good regulations in the government ; 
 reducing the number of the senators from 
 1000 to 600, and raising the degree of 
 wealth which was to qualify them for that 
 dignity. He also set about reforming the 
 public morals. Augustus carried his arms 
 with success into Gaul, Germany, and the 
 East ; but in the latter part of. his life the 
 Romans suffered some severe losses in Ger- 
 many. He died at Rome A. D. 14. He so 
 greatly improved Rome, that it was said 
 “ he had found it brick, but left it marble.” 
 He was a liberal encourager of men of 
 letters, and his reign was called the Au- 
 gustan age of literature. — Suetonius. Tacitus. 
 
 AhhAdi-Maragah, a Persian poet, who 
 wrote some religious and amorous verses. 
 He was liberally rewarded by the king of 
 the Tartars, and died, in 1319. — Z>’ Her helot. 
 
 Avicenna, an Arabian physician, was 
 born in 980. At the age of 1 8 he began to 
 practise with such success, that he became 
 .physician to tlw court of Bagdad. At last 
 he fell under the displeasure of the prince 
 in whose service he was engaged, and was 
 thrown into prison, where he died in 1036'. 
 He left a number of works, chiefly on me- 
 taphysical and medical subjects, which 
 have been often printed in Arabic and in 
 Latin. — D'Herbdoi. Moreri. Friend. 
 
 Avienus (Rufus Festus), a Latin poet of 
 the 4th century. He translated the Ph;en6- 
 ruena of Aratus ; the Description of the 
 Earth by Dionysius; aEsop’s Fables, &c. 
 An edition of his works was printed at 
 Paris, 1 ^mo. 1590, and again in 8vo. 1731. 
 
 ■ — Vos sins de Poet. Lat. 
 
 Avila (Gilles Gonzales), a Spanish his- 
 torian. Fie was educated at Rome, and, on 
 his return to his own country, obtained a 
 rich benefice, and was appointed historio- 
 grapher to the lung. Ha wrote the An- 
 
 A V Vt 
 
 fiquities of Salamanca, the Theatre of tkef, 
 Churches of India, &c. He died in 1658.— 
 IToirv. Piet. Hist. 
 
 Avila (Louis d’), a Spanish writer, and 
 commander of the order of Alcantara. He 
 wrote the history of the war carried on by 
 Charles V. against the German protestants, 
 printed in 1546'; also, Memoirs of the War 
 in Africa. — Ibid. 
 
 Aviler (Augustine Charles d’), a French 
 architect, was born in 1658. On his pas- 
 sage to Rome he was taken by the Alge- 
 rines, and carried to Tunis, where he de- 
 signed a grand mosque, which is greatly- 
 admired. He obtained his liberty in two 
 years, and settled at Montpelier, where he 
 died in 1700. Fie wrote a course of archi- 
 tecture in 2 vols. 4to. — Moreri. 
 
 Aviron (James le Batlielier), a French 
 lawyer of the 16'th century. Fie wrote 
 Commentaries on the Provincial Law's of 
 Normandy, which were published after his 
 death. — Ibid. 
 
 Avitus (Marcus Mascilius), emperor of 
 the West, was born in Auvergne, of an illus- 
 trious family. His merit raised him to seve- 
 ral important stations, and, on the death of 
 Maximus, in 455, he was chosen emperor. 
 After his election he abandoned himself to 
 pleasure, which alienated the affections of 
 the Romans from him, and he was obliged 
 to resign his dignity fourteen months after 
 his election, and the senate intended to put 
 him to deatli, on which he fled towards the 
 Alps, but died on the road. His daughter 
 married Sidonius Apollinaris, who wrote 
 an eulogy on his father-in-law, which is 
 still extant. — Uni.v, Hist. ■ 
 
 Avit u s (Sextus Alcimus Ecdicius), bishop 
 of Vienne in Dauphi’ne, was pep hew to 
 the preceding. He was raised to the epis-; 
 copal dignity in 490. He was a great ene- 
 my to the arians. He died in 523. A col- 
 lection of his poems, letters, &c. is extant. 
 
 ■ — Dupin. Moreri. 
 
 Aulus Gellius, a grammarian, was 
 born in the reign of Trajan, and died in 
 that of Marcus Aurelius. He resided a 
 considerable time at Athens. His Noctes 
 Attica;, or Attic Nights, is a curious work. 
 It has gone through a variety of editions, 
 and been translated into English by Mr. 
 Belo e.— Fabric. 
 
 Aumont (John d’), count of Chateau-. 
 roux, a French general of the 16'th centurv. 
 He served with great reputation under 
 Henry III. who made ■ him marshal of 
 France. Henry IV. appointed him gover 
 nor of Champagne, and afterwards of Brit- 
 tany. He was shot at the siege of Comper, 
 near Rennes, in 1595, aged 73. — Noun. Diet.- 
 Hist. 
 
 Auncervile (Richard), bishop of Dur- 
 ham, was born at St. Edmund's Bury, in 
 Suffolk, in 1281, and educated at Oxford. 
 He was tutor to Edward 111. by whom he 
 was pref erred to the' episcopal dignity, in 
 1333; the year following lie was made lord 
 
 t 
 
V 
 
 A U R 
 
 high chancellor, and in 1836 treasurer of 
 England. lie was a learned prelate, and 
 founded a library at Oxford. He wrote a 
 discourse on the right use of books, printed 
 at Oxford in 1599. He died at Durham 
 in 1345. — Biog. Brit. • 
 
 A;jnoy (Marie Catherine countess d’), 
 a celebrated French lady, was the wife of 
 the count d’Aunoy, and. died in 1705. She 
 wrote Tales of the Fairies; The History of 
 Hip'polytus, Earl of Douglas; Historical 
 Memoirs of Europe, from 1672 to 1679; 
 Memoirs of the Court of Spain; and the 
 History of John of Bourbon, Prince of Ca- 
 rcncy. — Aloreri. Bayle. 
 
 Aurelian, emperor of Rome, was the 
 son of a peasant in Illyricum. He displayed 
 such bravery as a soldier, that Valerian ap- 
 pointed him superintendent of the troops, 
 and, at last, consul. On the death of 
 Claudius II., who chose him for his suc- 
 cessor, he ascended the imperial throne. 
 He delivered Italy from the barbarians, re- 
 duced Tetrieus, who had assumed the title 
 of emperor in Gaul, and conquered Zeno- 
 bia, queen of Palmyra. After these vic- 
 tories he entered Romfein triumph, attended 
 by his illustrious captives, to whom he be- 
 haved in the most generous manner, pre- 
 senting Zenobia with a villa at Tibur, and 
 restoring Tetrieus to his rank a3 senator. 
 He next turned his attention to the im- 
 provement of Rome, and to the reforma- 
 tion of public manners. On his march 
 against Persia, he was assassinated in 275. 
 — Creviers Hist. Rons. Emperors. 
 
 Aurelius Victor. (Sextus), a Roman 
 historian of the 4th century, was bom of 
 mean parents, in Africa ; but his talents 
 raised him to distinction. Julian made him 
 prefect of the second Pannonia, in 361 ; 
 and in 369 he was chosen consul with Va- 
 lentinian. His Roman history has been 
 several times printed ; the best edition is 
 that of Amsterdam, in 1733, 4to. It is 
 faithful and minute. — Fabricius. Vossius. 
 
 Aurelli, or Arelli (John Mutio), a 
 Latin poet of. the 16th century. Leo N- 
 appointed him governor of some district, 
 where he behaved so tyrannically that the 
 inhabitants threw him into a well in 1520. 
 His poems are much in the manner of Ca- 
 tullus.- — Monri. 
 
 Aukeng-zebe, the great mogul, was 
 third son of Schah Jehan, and born in 1618. 
 In his youth he put on the appearance of 
 religious sanctity; but, in 1658, he and 
 his brother Morad, seized Agra, and. made 
 their father prisoner. Soon afterwards he 
 put Morad and his other brother, Dara, to 
 death. He behaved tenderly however to his 
 father, who died in 1666. Aureng-zebe 
 greatly enlarged his dominions, and be- 
 came so formidable, that all the eastern 
 princes sent him ambassadors. Being jea- 
 lous of the ambitious views of his sons,, he 
 constantly resided in his camp, which was 
 prodigiously large, and resembled a po- 
 
 A jj T 
 
 pulous city. He died at Ahmednager in 
 1707, aged 89. By his will be divided his 
 possessions among his sons. — -Mod. Vmv. 
 Hist. 
 
 ' Aureolus (Manias Aeilius), who, from 
 being a shepherd in Dacia, rose to the rank 
 of general in the Roman army, under Gaf- 
 Iienus, whom he caused to be assassinated 
 Claudius II. took him prisoner at Milan, 
 and put him to death in 267. — Univ. Hist. 
 
 Auria (Vincent), a Sicilian writer, was 
 born at Palermo in 1625, and died in 1710. 
 He wrote several booksiu Latin and Italian, 
 particularly a History of the eminent Men 
 of Sicily, 1704; and a History of the Vice- 
 roys of Sicily, 1697, folio.— Nouv. Dirt. 
 Hist. 
 
 Aurieicus (Nicholas), a carmelite monk 
 of the 6th century, who published several 
 books of devotion. He died about 1590.— 
 il Xoreri. 
 
 Aurigny (Gilles de), a French poet of 
 the 16th century. Several good pieces by 
 him are to be found in the Annales Poe- 
 tiques. — Nouv. Diet. 
 
 Aurispa (John), a Sicilian (writer. Ni- 
 cholas V. appointed him his secretary, and 
 gave him two abbeys. He died at Ferrara, at 
 the end of the 15th century. He translated 
 the works of Archimedes, and Hierocles’s 
 Commentary on the Golden Verses of Py- 
 thagoras. — Moreri. 
 
 Aurogallus (Matthew), professor of 
 languages at Wittemberg, was by birth a 
 Bohemian, and died in 1543. He assisted 
 Luther in his translation of the Bible into 
 German, and wrote a Hebrew and Chaldee 
 Grammar, printed at Basle in 1539. — Bayle. 
 
 Ausonius (Decirnus Magnus), a Latin 
 poet of the 4th century, was the son of 
 a physician at Bourdeaux. He became X 
 teacher of grammar and rhetoric at that 
 place with such reputation, that his fame 
 reached Rome, and Valentinian, the empe- 
 ror, sent for him to instruct his son Gratian. 
 In 379, he was raised to the consular digni- 
 ty. His poems though unequal have great 
 merit. The best edition is that of Amster- 
 dam, in 1671, — Bayle. , Vossius. 1 
 
 Austin. (William), an English author, 
 was a banister of Lincoln’s Inn. He was 
 the author of Hsec. Homo, or the Excel- 
 lency of Women, 12mo. He appears to 
 have been indebted for a considerable part 
 of this book to Agrippa’s De Nobilitate et 
 Prsecellentia Famine! Sexus. He also wrote 
 Meditations on the principal Fasts and 
 Feasts of the Church, published, after his 
 decease, in folio, 1637. — Granger. 
 
 AuTERocnE,'see Ciiappe.- 
 
 Authon (John d’), a French historian of 
 the 16th century. He was abbot of Angle 
 in Poitou, and wrote the History of France 
 from 1490 to 1508, part of which has only 
 been printed. He died in 1523. — Moreri. 
 
 Au.tonine (Bernard), advocate to the 
 parliament of Bordeaux, who wrote a Com- 
 parison of the French and Roman Law; a 
 
A Y L 
 
 Couimeritary on the Provincial Law of 
 Bourdeaux; Censura Gallica in Jus Civile 
 Roman am, &c. — Moreri. 
 
 Autkeau (James d’), a French painter 
 and poet, who died in the hospital of in- 
 curables at Paris in 1745. His dramatic 
 works were published in 4 voIs. l2mo, 1749. 
 He had little merit as a painter. — --Morin. 
 
 Auvignv (N. Castres d’), a French his- 
 torian. He was both a writer and soldier, 
 and was killed at the battle of Dett ingen in 
 1743, aged 31. He wrote 1. The Memoirs 
 of Madame Barneveldt, 2 vols. 12mo. ; 2. 
 the Histories of Rome and France, abridged, 
 for young persons ; 3. the History of Paris, 
 4 Vols. 12-mo.; 4. the Lives of illustrious 
 
 Frenchmen, 8 vols. 12mo. Nouv. Diet. 
 
 Hist. 
 
 Auxentius, an Ari'an of the4th century, 
 was a native of Cappadocia. Constantius 
 made him bishop of Milan ; but he was 
 excommunicated in a council held at Rome 
 in 368. However he held his see to his 
 death in 374. There Was another of this 
 name and party, who challenged St. Am- 
 brose to a public disputation, which that 
 great prelate wisely declined — Moreri. 
 
 Auzout (Adrian), a French mathema- 
 tician, was born at Rouen, and died in 
 16‘91. He is said to have invented the 
 micrometer, his treatise on which was 
 printed in 1693, folio. He was the first 
 who thought 6f applying the telescope to 
 the astronomical quadrant. — Huttons Math. 
 Diet. 
 
 Axiothea, a female philosopher of 
 Greece, who lived in the time of Plato, and 
 whose lectures she attended dressed in man’s 
 clothes. — Diog. Laert. 
 
 Axtel (Daniel), a colonel in the parlia- 
 mentary army in the reign of Charles I. 
 He was originally a grocer, but, becoming 
 a follower of the puritans, i hey persuaded 
 him to engage against the king; on which 
 he entered into the army, and' rose to the 
 rank of colonel. Axtel had the principal 
 charge of the king on his trial, to whom 
 he behaved with singular brutality. Fie 
 accompanied Cromwell to Ireland, where 
 he behaved with great courage, and was 
 made governor of Kilkenny. In 1659 he 
 returned to England, to prevent the Resto- 
 ration, but was frustrated. In 1660 he was 
 
 tried for high treason, and executed. 
 
 iliog. Br. 
 
 Ayes«a, the wife of Mohammed, and 
 daughter of Abubeker. Though she bore 
 the impostor no children, yet he loved her 
 better than his other Wives. She opposed 
 the succession bf AH, and levied an army 
 Against him. After a severe contest she 
 was taken prisoner, but was dismissed by 
 the conqueror with civility. She died in 
 677. — Mod. Un. Hist. 
 
 Aylesbury (sir Thomas), a mathema- 
 tician, was born in London, and educated 
 at Westminster-schooLfrom whence he re- 
 moved to Christ church, Oxford, where he 
 
 A Y I, 
 
 took the degree of M. A. His 'mathemati- 
 cal knowledge recommended him to the 
 duke of Buckingham, by whose means he 
 was created a baronet, and made master of 
 the mint. He encouraged men of science, 
 and the famous Thomas Harriot was one 
 of his dependants. He su'flered much dur- 
 ing the rebellion^ and on the murder ’of 
 the king retired to Flanders, where he died 
 in 1657. His daughter married the great 
 earl OfClarsndom— Bio*. Br. ** 
 
 Aylesbury (William), son of the above, 
 was born in Westminster, and entered of 
 Christ church, Oxford, in 1628. .After tak- 
 ing one degree he was made, by Charles '!, 
 governor to the duke of Buckingham and 
 his brother, lord Francis Villiers, whom hie 
 accompanied on tlreir travels. In Italy he 
 was wounded by two bravoes, who mis- 
 took him for another person. On his re- 
 turn the king made him groom of the bed- 
 chamber, and commanded him to translate 
 D’A vila’s History of the Civil Wars of 
 France, which Was printed in London in 
 1647, and again in 1678, folio. He Wds 
 reduced to poverty in the rebellion : but 
 afterwards procured a situation at Jamaica, 
 where he died in'l 657.— -Wood. 
 
 Aylett (Robert), 'an English writer, wrfs 
 educated at Trinity-haft, Cambridge, 
 where betook the degree Of 'LL. D. in 1614, 
 and afterwards became a master in chan- 
 cery. He Wrote Susanna, or the Arraign- 
 ir.ent of the Two Elders, a poem, 8v.>. and 
 some other poetical pieces. Wood seenvs 
 to attribute to him the Britannia Antiqua 
 llhtstfata, which goes under the name of 
 his nephew, Aylett Sammes. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Aylin (John), an Italian writer of the 
 14th century. He wrote the History <<f 
 Friuli, which may be found in Muratori’s 
 Antiquitates Italics; medii AEvi, Milan, 
 
 1 7 40 . — Al St rri. 
 
 Aylmer (John), an 'English prelate, wits 
 born in Norfolk about 152 i. He Was edu- 
 cated at Cambridge, and afterwards becathe 
 tutor to lady Jane CJrey. In 1553 he was 
 made archdeacon of Sfo'W-in Lincolnshire, 
 and exerted himself strenuously against po- 
 pery, On the accession of Mary lie Went 
 abroad and settled at Zurich. When 
 queen Elizabeth came to the throne, he re- 
 turned to his native country, and in 1576 
 was made bishop of London. He was a very 
 diligent prelate, and kept a strict bancl 
 upon the puritans, fdr which he has been 
 severely censured by their writers. He • 
 died at 'Fulham, in 139-1, leaving a large 
 family. Dr. Aylmer Was a learned and 
 eloquent man ; but of a Warm temper. He 
 wrote 'an answer to Knox’s Blast against 
 Women.— Life by Strype. 
 
 Ayloefe (sir Joseph), hurt. Of Frauft- 
 fietd, in Sussex, an eminent antiquary, w'a'a 
 born about 17Q&, and educated at Wes't- 
 rainsrer-school. In 1724 he was admitted 
 of Lincoin’s-inn, and entered of St.' JoISft’a 
 college, Oxford, In 1731 he was weefcef* 
 
AYS A Z R 
 
 fellow of the royal and antiquarian socie- 
 ties. He was secretary to the commis- 
 sioners for building- WCstminster-bridge, in 
 17d7; and appointed one of the keepers 
 of the state-papers in the paper office. He 
 printed ift 1772 Calendars of the ancient 
 Charters, &c.in the Tower of London, 4to. 
 Healso edited Leland’s Collectanea in 9 vols. 
 8vo ; Liber Niger Scaccar i, 2 vols. 8VO. ; 
 and Hearne’s Curious Discourses, 2 Vols. 
 8vo. besides other works. He died in 1781. 
 There are many curious papers of his in the 
 Archreologia. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Aymar (James), a French impostor, was 
 born at St. Veran in Dauphin^. He gained 
 considerable wealth at.the close of the 17th 
 century, by pretending to have a divining 
 tod, for the discovery of hidden treasure. 
 The fraud being detected he returned to 
 his former obscurity; but it gave occasion 
 to de Vallemont’s learned book on the 
 powers of the divining rod. — Nouv. Did. 
 Hist. 
 
 Aymon (John), a priest of Peidmont, 
 
 | who became a protestant, and afterwards 
 returned to his former communion. He 
 was pensioned by fcardinal de Noailles, and 
 wrote several books against the reformed 
 churches ; he also published the letters of 
 Cyril Lucar, Les Synodes nationaux des 
 Eglises reformeCs de France, 1710,2 vols. 
 4to.; and Tableau de la Cour de Rome, 
 1707, 1 2mt>. — Ibid. 
 
 Ayres (John), an English penman. He 
 Was servant to sir William Ashhurst, lord 
 mayor of London, to whom he dedicated 
 m 1694 his Arithmetic made Easy. The 
 year following he published his Tutor to 
 Penmanship, engraved by John Strut. Fie 
 lived at the Hand-and-pCn in St. Paul’s 
 Church-yard, and probably taught school 
 j there. — Gen , Biog. Did. 
 
 Ayrmin or AyEkmin (William), bishop 
 of Norwich of the 14th century, was born 
 in Lincolnshire. Edward III. made him 
 chancellor of England, and afterwards trea- 
 surer. Fie was also sent ambassador to 
 Rome, where, instead of forwarding the 
 king’s business, he obtained the grant of 
 the bishopric of Norwich. This provoked 
 i (the king, who refused him admission into 
 the see for some time. He died in 1337.— 
 Godwin de Preesnl. Fuller s Worthies. 
 
 AyscoOcui (George Edward), an English 
 military officer, Was the son of Dr. Ays- 
 Cough, dean of Bristol, by a sister of lord 
 Lyttleton. He died of a consumption in 
 | 1779. He wrote Semiraniis, a tragedy, 
 
 1777, jand Letters from an Officer in the 
 Guards to his Friend in England, Contain- 
 ing some Accounts of France and Italy, 
 
 1778, 8vo. — Gen . Biog. Diet. 
 
 Ayscough (Samuel), an industrious cem- 
 
 ! piler, was born at Nottingham where he 
 I deceived his education under Mr. Johnson; 
 but his father being reduced in his eircum- 
 atiwjcys, the »vn was taken from lihool and 
 
 became servant to a miller. About 1 770 
 a gentleman who had been his schoolfellow j 
 hearing of his distress, sent for him to Lon- 
 don, where not long after he obtained an 
 employment in the British Museum. Hare- 
 his abilities began to be respected and his 
 Salary encreased till he was appointed &S* 
 sistant-librarian. He also entered into 
 orders, and obtained the curacy of St. 
 Giles in the Fields. In 1790 he was appoint- 
 ed to preach the Fairchild lecture oh 
 Whit-Tuesday at Shoreditch church before 
 the Royal Society, which he continued to 
 do till 1804. He assisted in the regulation 
 of the records in the Tower: and compiled 
 a catalogue of the MSS. in the British 
 museum ; an index to 56 vols. of the 
 Gentleman’s Magazine ; to the Monthly- 
 Review ; the British Critic ; to Shak- 
 speare, and other works. He was also the 
 author of Remarks on the Letters of an 
 American Farmer. Not long before his 
 death the lord-cbaheellor gave him the liv- 
 ing of Cudham in Kent. He died in 1805k 
 — -Gent. Mag. Monthly Mag, 
 
 Ayscue (sir George), a brave admiral, 
 was descended from a respectable family 
 in Lincolnshire, and. received the honour 
 of knighthood from Charles I. He dis- 
 tinguished himself gfeatly against the 
 Dutch in the time of the commonwealth, 
 and in 1666 was appointed to the command 
 of the Royal Prince, the finest ship then is. 
 the world. He was engaged in the great 
 fight with the Dutch which lasted fouf 
 days; but having the misfortune to strike 
 upon the Galloper sand, his crew forced 
 him to yield to the enemy. After remain- 
 ing in Holland for some months, he was 
 permitted to return to England, where he 
 spent the remainder of his days in retire- 
 ment. — Qampltll's Lives of the Admirals. 
 
 Azariah or Uzziah, king of Judah, 
 succeeded Amajsiah about 810 B. C. He 
 began his reign with great reputation, but 
 at the close of it turned idoiatpf, and died 
 a leper.— SS. 
 
 Az arias, a jewish rabbi and historian 
 of the 16th centtlry, published at Mantua, 
 in 1574, a Hebrew book, entitled, The 
 Light of the Eyes, in which he treats of 
 many historical and miscellaneous subjects. 
 It also contains a Hebrew translation of 
 the letter of AristCas on the Septuagint.-— • 
 Buxtorfd Bill. 
 
 Azfvedo (Ignatius), a Portuguese Jesuit, 
 was born in 1527. Although heir to a 
 large fortune, he resigned it for a religious 
 life, and wfent to India as a missionary, 
 On a second voyage thither in 1570, tha 
 ship was taken by pirates, who put all th* 
 missionaries to death. — Morsri. 
 
 Azorius (John), a Spanish Jesuit in th® 
 16th century. lie wrote Institutionuxa 
 JVToralium ; In canticum, &c. 3 vols. folio. 
 He died at Rome in 1 603. — Hid. 
 
 Azsici/aTA (Mariin), saruaaaed Niv- 
 
 H ' 
 
BAB 
 
 BAC 
 
 varre, a Spanish lawyer, was born in 1 494, 
 at Verasoa, near Pampekma. He was 'pro- 
 fessor in several universities, and died 
 at Rome in 1586. His works were print- 
 ed at Lyons, in 6 vols. folio, in 1597. — Mo- 
 reri. 
 
 AAHDIN (Mahomet Gebet Amali), a 
 Persian doctor, who wrote a summary 
 ^ of civil and canon law, under the name of 
 Abbas the Great, by whose command it 
 was written. — Moreri. 
 
 Baan (John d’),aButchportrait painter; 
 was born in 1633, and died in 1702. He 
 resided in England under the patronage of 
 Charles II. Plis son Jama r was a good 
 artis't,and cameover with William prince of 
 Orange: he died in 1700, at the age of 27. 
 
 • — Moreri. 
 
 Baarsdorp (Cornelius), physician and 
 chamberlain to the emperor Charles V., 
 was the author of a work in 5 vols. folio, 
 entitled, Methodus Universe Artis Medical, 
 printed at Bruges, in 1538. — Moreri. 
 
 Ba art (Peter), a Flemish poet and phy- 
 sician. He wrote a poem entitled Flemish 
 GeorgiCs, and another called Le Triton de 
 Frise. — Ibid. 
 
 Baba, an impostor among the Turks, 
 who appeared in 1240 ; he held, that there 
 is but ene God, and that he was his messen- 
 ger ; he procured many followers in Na- 
 tolia. Being defeated, his sect disappeared. 
 -c-Ibid. 
 
 BabCeuf (Francis Noel), one of the act- 
 ors of the French revolution, was at first a 
 footman, then a lawyer’s clerk, and after- 
 wards an attorney: he assumed the revo- 
 lutionary name of, Gracchus, and conducted 
 an incendiary journal called the Tribune 
 of the People ; he was condemned to be 
 guillotined, but prevented the execution by 
 killing himself in prison in 1797. — Anec- 
 dotes of Founders of the French Republic. 
 
 Babacouschi, mufti of the city of CalFa, 
 in Mauris, whose real name was Abdalrah- 
 man. Mosthafa. Ha wrote a book called 
 The Friend of Princes : he died in the year 
 783 of the Hegira. — D' Herbelot. 
 
 . Babin (Francis), a French divine, was 
 born in 1651 at Angers, where he became 
 professor of divinity at the age of 25; be 
 published the Conferences of the Diocese 
 -of Angers, in 18 vols. 12mo. and died in 
 1734. — Nov.k>. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Babington (Gervase), an English pre- 
 late, was a native of Devonshire, and edu- 
 cated, at Trinity-college., Cambridge. He 
 was successively bishop of Landaff, Exeter, 
 and Worcester; and died in 1610; his 
 works were printed in 1 vol. folio, in 1615. 
 —Biog, Brit. 
 
 Ba iii notqn' (Anthony), a gentleman of 
 Derbyshire, who associated with some other 
 zealous Roman catholics to assassinate 
 
 Azzo (Fortius), an Italian lawyer, was 
 a native of Bologna, where he was, chosen 
 professor of jurisprudence in 1190; he 
 wrote an esteemed work, entitled, A Sum- 
 mary of the Code and the Institutes: - He 
 died about 1220. — Tiraboschi. 
 
 B 
 
 queen Elizabeth,, and to deliver Mary 
 queen of Scots. Babington was stimulated 
 to this enterprize in the hopes that Mary, 
 out of gratitude, would take him for her 
 husband. This scheme was discovered by 
 Walsingham, and the conspirators executed 
 in 1586. — Rapin. Camden s Elizabeth. 
 
 Babylas, bishop of Antioch, who was 
 put to death in the persecution of Decius, 
 A.D. 251.; — Moreri. 
 
 Babylonia. The first account of this 
 country is in scripture, where we read of 
 Amraphael, king of Babylon, fighting 
 under the king of Elam, B. C 1912. [ Gen. 
 a7v.] In 681 Asset- Kaddon, king of 
 Assyria, took possession of this territory. 
 In. 1730 Nabonassar, conjectured to be the 
 son of Pul, founded the kingdom of Baby- 
 lon, and in 625 Nabopollasar revolted 
 from the Assyrians. Under Nebuchadnez- 
 zer this empire became famous; but in 
 538 Babylon was taken by Cyrus, and 
 from that time it suffered the same changes 
 as Persia. Plowever, Bagdad on the Tig- 
 ris continued subject in some degree to the 
 Saracens till A.D. 1258, when it was taken 
 by Hulaku, theTartar,whoputan end tothe 
 caliphate. It was taken by the Turks in 
 1534, conquered by the Persians in 1613, 
 and recovered by the former in 1637. — 
 Univ. Hist. 
 
 Bacai, the surname of Ibrahim Ben 
 Omar, who wrote on the mussulman law, 
 and the lives of eminent men. He died in 
 the year of the Hegira 885. — D' Herbelot. 
 
 Bacalani, a mussulman doctor, who ex- 
 pounded the mysteries of the Koran.— Ibid. 
 
 Baccalary Sanna (Vincent), marquis 
 of St. Vincent, in Sardinia, and an eminent 
 commander under Charles II. and Philip V. 
 of Spain. He wrote the Monarchy of the 
 Hebrews,- and Memoirs of Philip V. Her' 
 died in 1726. — Nom>. Diet. Hist. 
 
 B acc a i ni (Benedict), a benedictine monk, 
 was born in 165 1 , and educated at Parma, 
 He published a literary journal, for which 
 he was obliged to remove t o Modena, 
 where the duke made him his librarian and 
 historiographer. Here he made collections 
 for a history of the house of Este, which he 
 left to Muratori. He afterwards became 
 professor of .ecclesiastical history at Mode- 
 na, and died there in 1-721. He published 
 several learned works. — Moreri. 
 
 Bacchylides, a Greek poet, was born in 
 the isle of ■ Ceos, .and flourished 452 B. C. 
 Horace is said to have imitated hint iw 
 some'df his odes. — fuss, de Poet. Grac. 'y 
 
 y ' 
 
B AC 
 
 BAG 
 
 ISacchylus, a Christian writer of the 2 d 
 century, and bishop of Corinth, who wrote 
 a letter on the time of celebrating Easter, 
 which is lost. — Eusebius. Dupin. 
 
 Baccio (Andrew), an Italian physician 
 Of the 10'th century, was a nati ve of An- 
 cona, and medical professor at Rome. He 
 wrote on gems and previous stones, on 
 poisons and antidotes, on hot springs, &c. 
 — Moreri. 
 
 Baccio (Francis Bartholomew), an histo- 
 rical and portrait jiainter, was born near 
 Florence in 14G9, and died in 1517. His 
 figures have great grace, and his colouring 
 is admirable. — Pilkington. 
 
 Bach (John Sebastian), a German musi- 
 cian, was born at Eisenach in 1685. In 
 1708 he became musician to the duke of 
 Saxe Weimar, and obtained a victory at 
 Dresden over a fanious French organist, 
 who had challenged all the German musi- 
 cians. He is reckoned to have been equal 
 to Handel on the organ, and his composi- 
 tions are of the first style. Fie died at 
 Leipsie in 1754. Flis sons Charles and 
 John were also celebrated as performers 
 and composers ; the former was living at 
 Flamburgh in 1773, and the other was in 
 England in 1763. — Burney s Hist. Mus. 
 
 B/IChaumont (Francis le Coigneux de), 
 a French poet, and counsellor to the par- 
 liament, which profession he renounced for 
 a life of pleasure. He was the intimate 
 friend- of Chapelle, in conjunction with 
 whom he wrote “ A Journey to Mont- 
 pelier,” which is a lively piece. He was 
 also the author of some other works of the 
 humorous kind. He died at Paris in 1702. 
 - — Noun. Diet. Hist . 
 
 Bachaumont (Louis-Petit), a French 
 author, born at Paris. He -wrote Secret 
 Memoirs towards a Flistory of the Repub- 
 lic of Letters in France, 36 vols. 12mo. and 
 other works. He died in 1771. — Ibid. 
 
 Bachelier (Nicholas), a French sculptor- 
 . and, architect, was the pupil of Michael 
 Angelo. Fie ornamented the churches of 
 his native city, Thoulouse, with his produc- 
 tions. He died about 1554. — Moreri. 
 
 Bacici (John Baptist Gauli), a celebrated 
 Italian painter, was born at Genoa in 1639, 
 and died in 1709. He excelled in portraits 
 and scriptural subjects. — D' Argennille. 
 
 Bachovius (Reinier), a German civilian, 
 was born at Cologne in 1544. On turning 
 calvinist he was so persecuted by the 
 luthefans as to be obliged to remove into 
 the Palatinate, where he was patronized by 
 the elector. He wrote a catechism in de- 
 fence of Calvinism. His son Reinier was pro- 
 fessor of civil law at Heidelberg, and turned 
 Roman catholic. His works are, Exercita- 
 tioneS ad Partem posteriorem Chiliados Fa- 
 bri, 1624; De Actionibus, 1626; De Pig- 
 noribus et Hypothecis 1627 ; Disputationes 
 de variis Juris civilis Materiis, 1604; In In- 
 stifutionum Juris Justiniani Libros quatuor 
 Commentarii, 1628. — Bayle. Moreri . 
 
 Backer (James), an historical painter 
 of great merit, was born at Antwerp in 
 1530, and died in 1560. — Pilkington. 
 
 Backer (Jacob), a portrai : and histori- 
 cal painter, was born at Harlingen in 1609, 
 and died in 1651. His pieces are held in 
 . great esteem. — Ibid. 
 
 Backhouse (William), an astrologer and 
 alchemist, was born in Berkshire, and edu- 
 cated at Christ church, Oxford, which he 
 left without a degree, and settled on his 
 estate, where he devoted himself to his fa- 
 vourite studies. He published, 1. The 
 pleasant Fountain of Knowledge, translated 
 from the French, 8vo. 2. The Complaint 
 of Nature. 3. The Golden Fleece. He was 
 also the inventor of an instrument called 
 , the waywiser. Elias Ashmole was his dis- 
 ciple, and used to callhim father. He died 
 in 1662 . — Wood A. 0. 
 
 Backiiuysen . (Ludolph), an eminent 
 painter, was born at Embden in 1631, and 
 died in 1709. His favourite subjects were 
 shipping and sea pieces.- — Pilkington. 
 
 Bacon (Robert), an English filar, was 
 born about ] 168, and became divinity lec- 
 turer at Oxford. In 1233 he was made 
 treasurer of Salisbury. He wrote the Life 
 of St. Edmund, archbishop of Canterbury, 
 and other works. He died in 1248. — Pits. 
 
 Bacon (Roger), an English philosopher? 
 was born at Ilchester, in Somersetshire, in 
 1214, and educated at Oxford, under the 
 auspices of, Robert Grosthead, bishop of 
 Lincoln, who was through life .his, great 
 patron. Bacon was also encouraged and 
 instructed in learning by Edmund PJch, 
 archbishop of Canterbury, William Shir- 
 wood, chancellor of Lincoln and an excel- 
 lent mathematician, and'Richard.Fishacre, 
 an able professor at Oxford and Paris. The 
 last-mentioned university being at that time 
 greatly frequented by students on account 
 of the learned lectures there delivered, Ba- 
 con, after laying in a good store of knowledge 
 at home, went thither, and. studied with so 
 much diligence and success as. to obtain' the 
 degree of D. D. On quitting France he re- 
 tired to Oxford, and about the same. time, 
 A. D. 1240, entered into the order of Sh 
 Francis. He now devoted himself prin- 
 cipally to chemistry, natural philosophy, 
 and mathematics, and so' ardent was he in 
 making experiments as to spend in the 
 course of twenty years 20001. entirely on 
 these pursuits, which, considering the time 
 he lived in, was a prodigious sum. The dis- 
 coveries he made, and the celebrity he ob- 
 tained, excited the envy and malice, of the 
 monks. It was reported, and believed, that 
 he had recourse to the agency- of evil spirits, 
 and that all his knowledge consisted in his 
 profound skill as a magician. In conse- 
 quence of this, he was forbidden to read 
 lectures in the university, and was even 
 confined to his cell without being allowed 
 to see his friends, or tp have k proper sup- 
 ply of food- This bigoted and cruel con- 
 
BAG B A C 
 
 duct of the monks seems only to have ex- 
 tended his reputation, for while he was un- 
 der persecution by the monks he received 
 a letter from the cardinal bishop of Sabina, 
 the pope's legate in England, requesting a 
 copy of his works, which Bacon at first de- 
 clined ; but when that prelate was raised 
 to the papal chair by the name of Clement 
 IV. he collected his writings into a volume, 
 entitled Opus Majus, or the Greater Work, 
 and sent them to his holiness, who pro- 
 mised him his protection. This tranquil- 
 lity, however, did not long continue, for on 
 the death of that pope he was exposed to 
 ‘new and more severe persecutions. His 
 ‘works were prohibited, and he was sen- 
 tenced to close imprisonment, in which he 
 remained above ten years. Qh being released 
 he retired to Oxford, where he died June 
 11,1292. The uncommon attainments of 
 Bacon obtained for him, according to the 
 custom of that age, the appellation of “ the 
 wonderful doctor,” and it must be allowed 
 that no man ever deserved it better. Bishop 
 Bale mentions above eighty treatises written 
 Vy th’s great roan, of ^duch he had himself 
 seen near forty; and Dr. Jebb, the learned 
 editor of his Opus Majiis, in 1 vol. folio, 
 1733, classes his writings under these heads ; 
 grammar, mathematics, physics, optics, geo- 
 graphy, astronomy, chronology, chemistry, 
 magic, medicine, logic, metaphysics, ethics, 
 theology, philology, and miscellanies. It 
 must, however, be confessed, that one and 
 the same work by him has in other copies 
 borne another title. His chemical tracts 
 are in the Thesaurus Chemicus, printed at 
 Tranckfort, in 8vo. 1620. His treatise on 
 the “ Means of avoiding the Infirmities of 
 old Age,” was first printed at Oxford in 
 1590; and an English translation of it, by 
 Dr. Browne, appeared in 1683. Several 
 pieces by him yet remain in MS- particu- 
 larly one on chronology, entitled Computus 
 Rogeri Baconis; another, called Liber Na- 
 turalium, and the .Compendium of Theo- 
 logy, are in the king’s library. Bacon 
 was a considerable mathematician, and from 
 some of his pieces in MS. it appears that he 
 had a knowledge of the nature of convex 
 and concave glasses, and some consider him 
 as the inventor of the telescope. He also 
 gives descriptions which correspond with 
 the camera obscura and burning glass. His 
 acquaintance with astronomy and geogra- 
 phy was likewise very extensive and accu- 
 rate. He detected the errors in the calen- 
 dar, and suggested that reformation in it 
 which was long afterwards adopted by 
 Gregory XIII. In chemistry he appears to 
 have been misled by the delusion which im- 
 posed upon other great men in more en- 
 lightened times than the one he livedin, that 
 it was possible to transmute metals into 
 gold. Yet this delusion has been the friend 
 of experimental science, and Bacon in pur- 
 suing it discovered many secrets which mo- 
 dern philosophers have arrogated tv tiifjjl- 
 
 selves. In particular, he gives such a de. 
 scription of a certain composition and its 
 powerful effects as proves he was not unac- 
 quainted with gunpowder. — Jebb's Pref. t* 
 Opus Majus. Pits. Bale. Bing. Br. 
 
 Bacon (sir Nicholas), lord keeper of the 
 great seal, was born at Chislehurst, in 
 Kent, in 1510. He studied at Bene’t col- 
 lege, Cambridge, from whence he removed 
 to Grav’s-inn, where he became so eminent 
 in the law that he was appointed attorney 
 in the court of wards. He obtained from 
 Henry VIII. various manors in Suffolk on 
 the dissolution of the monastery of St. Ed- 
 mund's Bury. At the accession of Elizabeth 
 he was made keeper of the great seal, and a 
 privy counsellor. He was a man of great 
 industry, prudent and cautious in his con- 
 duct, making it his study never to entangle 
 himself with any party. When the queea 
 came to visit him at his new house at Red- 
 grave, she observed, alluding to his corpu- 
 lency, that he had built his house too little 
 for him: “Not so, madam,” answered he, 
 “ but your majesty has made me too big for 
 my house.” Ble died in 1579. He left seve- 
 ral manuscripts, none of which have been 
 printed. He was twice married; by his first 
 wife he had three soils and three daughters ; 
 and by his second he had two sons, Anthony 
 and Francis. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Bacon (Anne), second wife of the above, 
 was daughter of sir Anthony Cooke, tutor 
 to Edward VI. and born about 1528. She 
 was educated in the ancient and modern 
 languages, and translated from the Italian 
 Ochinus’s Sermons, and from the Latin 
 Jewel’s Apology for tlie Church of Eng- 
 land. She died about 1600. — Hid. 
 
 Bacon (Francis), an illustrio.usphilosopher 
 and eminent statesman, was the son of sit* 
 NicholasBacon by his second wife, and born 
 In London in 1561. When a child he gave 
 such early indications of future eminence, 
 that queen Elizabeth used to call him her 
 “ young chancellor.” Ele was educated at 
 Trinity college, Cambridge, arid while a 
 student discovered the futility of the peri- 
 patetic philosophy, which then prevailed, 
 At the age of sixteen he went to France in 
 the suite of sir Aroias Pawlet, ambassador to 
 that court. During his residence there he 
 wrote an acute piece, On the State of Eu-» 
 rope, which displayed great observation, 
 though he was then but nineteen years of 
 age. On Ids return to England he entered 
 of Gray’s-inn, and at the age of twenty- 
 eight was appointed one of the. queen’s 
 counsellors. But by his attachment to th{t 
 earl of Essex, who was at enmity with 
 Cecil, Bacon lost those advantages at court 
 which he 'might otherwise ha-ve expected. 
 That generous but unfortunate earl-, how- 
 ever, feeling the value of his attaclupcnt, 
 presented him with a valuable estate ; an. 
 act of friendship which Bacon ill requite^ 
 by appearing against him at his trial’. Its- 
 1523 he was cio-soi member of parliament, 
 
B AC 
 
 B A C 
 
 Middlesex, and had the courage to op- 
 pose several arbitrary measures of the court, 
 for which he incurred the queen’s displea- 
 sure. On the accession of James I. he ob- 
 tained the honour of knighthood, and in 
 1604 was appointed one of the king’s 
 counsel, with a pension. 'The next year 
 he published a great work, entitled The 
 Advancement and Proficiency of Learn- 
 ing, for which he was made solicitpr- 
 [ general. About this time he married a 
 | daughter of Mr. Barnham, a^ rich alderman 
 i of London. In 1611 he was appointed 
 judge .of the marshalsea court, and obtained 
 the place of register of the star-chamber, 
 
 1 the reversion of which had been granted 
 | him twenty years before. In 1613 he was 
 made attorney-general; and in 1616 sworn 
 ' of the privy council. At this time he con- 
 tracted a close intimacy with the favourite 
 ! George Villiers, to whom he wrote an ad- 
 ■ mirable letter of advice. In 1617 he was 
 , made lord keeper of the great seal, and two 
 f years after constituted high chancellor of 
 Great Britain at which time he was ad- 
 vanced to the peerage by the title of baron 
 of Verulam, and the year following was 
 created viscount St. Albans. In 1620 he pub- 
 Jished the most elaborate of all his works, 
 the Novum Organum Scientiarum, shewing 
 a perfect method of exercising the faculty 
 of reason. The year following he was ac- 
 cused in parliament of bribery and corrup- 
 tion in his high office, which heavy charge 
 Jieing admitted by his own confession, he 
 was sentenced to pay a fine of 40,000/. to he 
 imprisoned during the king’s pleasure, and 
 for ever rendered incapable of holding any 
 public office. He was soon restored to li- 
 berty, had his fine remitted, and was sum- 
 *pone4 to the first parliament of king 
 Charles. It must not be omitted, that the 
 greatest part of the blame attaches to his 
 servants, and of this he was sensible; for 
 fluring his trial, as he passed through the 
 room where his domestics were sitting, they 
 all rose up at his entrance, on which he 
 said, “ Sit down, my masters, your ris,e hath 
 been my fall.” After this disgrace he went 
 into retirement, where he devoted himself 
 to his studies. Notwithstanding his pension 
 ©f 1800/. a year, and his paternal estate, 
 which was worth 70$/. a year, his liberality 
 Was so great, that at his death, in 1626, his 
 debts amounted to 22,000/. His remains 
 were interred in St. Michael’s church, at 
 St. Albans, where his secretary, sir Thomas 
 Mcautys, erected a monument to his me- 
 mory. His writings are an inestimable 
 :»easur.e of sound wisdom, and were pub- 
 lished in an elegant form in 1778, .7 vols. 
 ito. and lately in. 10 vols. 8vo. Bacon has 
 llstly been called the father of egferinental 
 \ji!osr,pby. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Bacon (Anthony), elder brother to the 
 ihancellor, was eminent for his skill in po- 
 etics, bat beirrg. very lame he did not enter 
 »n public, life. The earl of Essex having a 
 
 4 
 
 great value for him, took him into his 
 house, and settled upon him a handsome 
 income. He maintained a strict friendship 
 with his brother, and. left him his estate. — 
 Biog. Br. 
 
 BAcbN (Nathaniel), half-brother to the 
 chancellor, had a taste for painting, and 
 executed some fine pieces, which are at 
 Culford, where he lived, and at Gorham- 
 bury, his father’s seat. He excelled in land- 
 scape and subjects of still life. — Granger. 
 
 Bacon (PhanueJ), an English divine of 
 Magdalen college, Oxford, where he pro- 
 ceeded D. D. He was the author of some 
 trifling dramatic pieces, and a poem called 
 the Artififcial Kite. He died in 1783. — Gen. 
 B. I). 
 
 Bacon (John), an English sculptor, was 
 born in Southwark, in 1740. In 1755 he 
 was bound apprentice to a manufacturer 
 of china at Lambeth, where he was em- 
 ployed in painting on porcelain. Here 
 he so greatly improved himself in model- 
 ling shepherds, shepherdesses, and suck 
 small pieces, that in less than two years 
 lie formed all the models for the manufac- 
 tory. While here, he had an opportunity 
 of observing the models of different sculp- 
 tors, which were sent to the pottery to be 
 burnt, and from the sight of them he con- 
 ceived a strong inclination for his future 
 profession. He applied himself to this pur- 
 suit with unremitting diligence, and his pro- 
 gress was so rapid that he obtained nine 
 premiums from the society for the encou- 
 ragement of the arts ; the first of these was 
 in 1758, for a figure of Peace. During his 
 apprenticeship he formed a design of mak- 
 ing statues in artificial stone, which he af- 
 terwards perfected, and the same is now 
 carried on in a manufactory at Lambeth. 
 About. 1763 he began tp work in marble; 
 and having seen that operation performed, 
 he invented an instrument for transferring 
 the form of the model to the marble (tech- 
 nically called getting out the points), which 
 instrument has since been adopted by other 
 sculptors. In 1769 he obtained from the 
 royal academy the first gold medal given by 
 that society, and the year following he was 
 chosen an associate. Ti e reputation ac- 
 quired by the exhibition of his statue of 
 Mars induced Dr. Markham, since arch- 
 bishop of York, to employ him in making 
 a bust of his majesty, for the hall of Christ 
 church, Oxford. While modelling this bust 
 the king asked him, “ if he had ever been 
 out of the kingdom ;” and on being answer- 
 ed in the negative, “ I am glad of it (said 
 his majesty): you will be the greater honour 
 to it.” His execution of this bust gained 
 him the royal, patronage, and he was em- 
 ployed in forming another for the univer- 
 sity of Gottingen. In 1777 he was engaged 
 t6 prepare a model of a monument, to be 
 erected m Guy’s hospital to the memory of 
 the founder, which occasioned him to he 
 employed in the execution of lord Chat- 
 
BAD 
 
 » 
 
 1 am'? monument in Guildhall. The year 
 following he became a royal academician, 
 and completed a beautiful monument to 
 the memory of Mrs. Draper, in Bristol ca- 
 thedral. His other works are too numerous 
 to be specified; suffice it to mention the 
 principal, which are two groupes for the 
 top of Somerset-house; a statue of judge 
 Blackstone for All Souls college, Oxford; 
 another of Henry VI. for Eton college ; 
 the monument of lord Chatham in West- 
 minster abbey ; and Dr Johnson’s and Mr. 
 Howard’s in St. Paul’s cathedral. Mr. Ba- 
 con died of an inflammation in his bowels, 
 in 171)9. He was an estimable private cha- 
 racter, and' of distinguished piety, as the 
 inscription which he ordered to be placed 
 over his grave evinces : viz. “ What I was 
 as an artist seemed to me of some impor- 
 tance while I lived ; but what I really was 
 as a believer in Christ Jesus is the only 
 thing of importance to me now.” He wrote 
 thcarticle Sculpture., in Rees’s Cyclopedia. 
 —life by Cecil, 1 801 . 
 
 Baconthqrpe, or Bacon (John), an 
 English monk in the lt;th century, was 
 born in Norfolk. He was called the resolute 
 doctor, and wrote Commentaries 'on the Four 
 Books of Sentences, a Compendium of the 
 Haw of Christ, &c. He died in .London in 
 1 946'. -Blog. Br. 
 
 Bacoue (1 eo), a French divine, was at 
 first a protestant, but on becoming a Fran- 
 ciscan, he was made bishop of Panders. 
 He wrote a Latin poem on the education 
 ©f a prince, and died in 1694, aged 94. — • 
 Moreri. 
 
 Bacquerre (Benedict de), a physician of 
 the 17th century, who wrote a book, enti- 
 tled Senum Medicus, printed at Cologne in 
 1 673. — Ibid. 
 
 Bacquet, advocate to the king of France. 
 He wrote some learned pieces on the law, 
 •which wf re published at Lyons, in 2 vol$! 
 folio, 1 7 44. He died in 1597. — Nouv. Diet. 
 Hist. 
 
 Bactishua (George Ebn), a Christian 
 physician, was very eminent at the court 
 of the caliph Almanzor, who understanding 
 that he Aid an old womanfor his wife, sent 
 hirti three beautiful girls and a large sum, 
 as a om cut. Bactishua sent back the girls, 
 and told the caliph that his religion'prohi- 
 bited his having more than one wife at a 
 tinfe ; which so pleased Almanzor that he 
 loaded him with presents', arid permitted 
 him to return to his own country of Khq- 
 rasan. His son Gabriel was physician to 
 Haroun a! Raschtd, and held in great esti- 
 mation by that caliph. — D'lierbelot. 
 
 BadakscHi, a Persian poet, who lived 
 under the caliph Moctafi. A collection of 
 moral poems by him is exant.. — Ibid. 
 
 Badakch, aiy Arabian grammarian, died 
 in the year of the Hegira 528.— Ibid. 
 
 Badcock (Samuel), .an English divine, 
 was born fit South Moulton, in Devonshire, 
 in 1747. He was educated amotg the dis- 
 senters at St. Mary Query, in that county, 
 
 BAG 
 
 afterwhich heofficiated to a congregation at 
 Winbourn, in Dorsetshire, from whence he 
 removed to Barnstaple in 1769, where, he 
 cultivated polite literature, and shook offi 
 the prejudices of Calvinism. In consequence 
 of a disagreement between him and his 
 congregation he returned to his native 
 place, where he officiated to the dissenters 
 till 1787, when he was ordained in Exeter 
 cathedral by the'bishopofthat church. After 
 serving a curacy in Devonshire for a little 
 time he went t«/Bath, and became assistant 
 at the octagon chapel. He died at London 
 in 1783. Mr. Badcock. is best known by his 
 Critiques in the Monthly Review on Ma-' 
 dan’s Thelypthora, Dr. Priestley’s History 
 of the Corruptions of Christianity, &c. and 
 by the considerable share which he had in 
 Dr. White’s Bampton Lectures. He was a 
 man of great livelinesss, taste, and learn- 
 ing. — Europ. Mag. 
 
 Baden (James), a Danish writer, and 
 professor of eloquence and the Latin lan- 
 guage in the university of Copenhagen, to 
 which situation he was appointed in 1779, 
 He devoted a great portion of his time in 
 advancing the Danish language to improve- 
 meni. He published a German and Danish 
 Dictionary, a translation of Tacitus, and 
 other esteemed works. He died in lS05. — - 
 Monthly Mag. 
 
 Bade n (Francis), an historical and por- j 
 trait painter, was born at Antwerp in 1571, j 
 and died in 1603. — Pilklngton. 
 
 Badew, (Richard de), the founder of - 
 Clare hall, Cambridge, was born at Badow, : 
 in Essex. In 1326 he was chancellor of Cam- ' : 
 bridge, and the same year laid the fo;m- • 
 datum of a building to which he gave the 
 name of University- hall; which being burnt ! 
 down was rebuilt by the daughter of sir • 
 Gilbert de Clare, earl of Gloucester, who " 
 named it Clare-hall. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Badile (Antony) j an Italian painter, was) 
 born at Verona in 1480, and died in 1560.’ 
 His portraits bore a great resemblance tq 'j 
 real life.- — Pilklngton. _ 
 
 ' Baduel (Claude), a French protestant'! 
 divine, was born at Nisnies. In 1557 he) 
 went to Switzerland, taught philosophy • 
 and ’mathematics, and exercised His jnjnis- 1 
 try till his death in 1561. His works are ! 
 chiefly theological. — Bayle. 
 
 Bearsius, or Vekens’tii. (Kenry), a 
 printer and mathematician of Louvain in 
 the 16th century, who published Tables oL 
 the Longitudes and Latitudes of the Pla- J 
 nets, 1528, and other works. — Mireri. 
 
 Baerstrat, a Dutch painter of sea pieces 
 and fish, died in 1687. His pieces^are held 
 in great esteem. — Houbraken. 
 
 ‘ BAF-KARKAH,or Abu Zqlial, an Arabian 
 commentator on Euclid. — Hien. 3. D. 
 
 Bagdedin (Mohammed), an Arabian 
 mathematician of the 10th' century, whq 
 wrote a treatise on the Division of Super- 
 ficies, a Latin version of which was pub- 
 lished by John Dee. — Voss.'de Math. 
 
 Bageord (Joliri), an antiquary, was a. 
 
BAG BAH 
 
 shoemaker in London, but afterwards be- ejected for nonconformity. He then offi- 
 came a bookseller; and a great collector ciated to a congregation or dissenters, and 
 of curiosities. He was employed by Dr. died in 1703. . He wrote some good books 
 Moore, bishop cf Norwich, and the earl on practical divinity. — Life by Ashe. Calatny. 
 of Oxford, to enrich their libraries with Bagshaw (Edward), a violent noricon- 
 scarce books and MSS. for which the former formist, was student of Christchurch, Ox- 
 placed him in the Charter-house. He died ford, where he took the degree of M. A. 
 in 1715, aged 65. Sever** of his letters are He was for some time assistant to Dr. Busby, 
 in the British Museum. — Gen. B. D. in Westminster school, and was ordained by 
 
 Bagger (John), bishop of Copenhagen, Dr. Brownrigg, bishop of Exeter. He was 
 was born at Lunden, in Denmark, in 1645. a man of abilities, but of quick passions, 
 
 His reputation was so high .for oriental and 
 theological learning, that at the age of -29 
 he was raised to the episcopal dignity. He 
 revised the Danish liturgy, and published 
 some learned Discourses in Latin -and Da- 
 nish. He died in 1693. — Moreri. 
 
 Bagi Zadeh, a Mohammedan writer, 
 who commented on the book Esc ha rat u al 
 nadhair. He died in the year of the He- 
 gira 1013. — D' Herb el t. 
 
 Baglioni (John Paul), a warlike Italian 
 Sf the 16th century, was a native of Peru- 
 gia, where he e'xercised a kind of sove- 
 reignty, till he was driven from it by Cassar 
 Borgia. Afterwards he served with repu- 
 tation in the armies of different Italian 
 states,, particularly Venice. Leo X. art- 
 fully drew him to Rome, and caused him to 
 be beheaded in 1520. — Moreri. 
 
 Baglivi (George), an eminent physician, 
 was born at Ragusa, and educated at Pa- 
 dua. He became professor of anatomy at 
 Rome, and died there in 1706, aged -69. 
 His jworks were collected and printed in 
 1 vo'l. 4tO. 1710. — Haller Bill. Med. Bract. 
 
 Bagnioli (Julius Caesar), an Italian poet, 
 was a native-of Bagna Cabano, and died in 
 1600. He wrote the tragedy of Aragonois, 
 and a poem on the Judgment of Paris. — 
 Moreri. 
 
 Bagoas, an eunuch (as the word implies), 
 was an Egyptian, and governed a long time 
 under Artaxerxes Ochus, king of Persia, 
 whom he poisoned to avenge the death of 
 Apis, which was worshipped by his coun- 
 trymen, and slain by that prince. He af- 
 terwards poisoned the son of Ochus, and 
 was himself put to death by Darius Codo- 
 mannus, B. C. 356. — Diyd. Siculus. 
 
 Bagot (Lewis), .an eminent bishop, was 
 the son of lord Bagot, and educated at 
 Westminster- school and Christ Church, 
 Oxford, where he was elected student and 
 completed his degrees. He also became a 
 dean of Christ Church, and in 1784 bishop of 
 Bristol, from whence . he was translated to 
 Harwich, and lastly to St. Asaph. He died 
 in 1802. Bishop Bagot was the author of a 
 Letter to Dr. Bell on the Sacrament of the 
 Lord’s Supper, 8vo.; a volume of Sermons 
 on the Prophecies, preached at bishop .War- 
 burton’s lecture in Lincoln’s-Inn-chapel, 
 and some single discourses. — Gent. Iv. Tag. 
 
 Bagshaw (William), an English divine, 
 was born in 1628, and educated in Corpus 
 Christi college, Cambridge, after which he 
 obtained the living of Glessop, in 'Derby- 
 shire, which he held till 1662, when he was 
 
 and was sent to Newgate for refusing to 
 take the oaths of allegiance and supremacy. 
 Pie died in prison in 1671. He wrote, 
 
 1. Dissertationes dure Antisociniante, 4to. 
 
 2. De Monarchia absoluta Dissertatio poli- 
 tic a, &C. — Calam y. 
 
 Baha al iiaka u Ai.din, the title given 
 to Omar Nakhschbendi, and which signifies 
 “ the ornament of justice and religion.” 
 He was a Mohammedan saint, to whom the 
 mussulmans attribute many miracles. Fie 
 died in the year of the Hegira 857. — > 
 D' Her helot. jfc, 
 
 Bahali, an Arabian, who wrote a boolc 
 on the etymologies of names. He died in 
 the year of the Flegira £20. There was an- 
 other of the same name, who wrote on the 
 differences of the mussulman doctors. — Ibid. 
 
 Batiar al Hefdh, or The Sea of Me- 
 mory, is the surname of Abu Othmeri ben 
 Amru, who wrote a book on the manners 
 of princes. He died in the year of the 
 gira 255.- — Ibid. 
 
 Baiiier (John), a French Latin poet, was 
 a native of Chatillon, and priest of the Ora- 
 tory. Fie died in 1707. His pieces are in 
 the collection cf de Brienne. — JVouv. Diet. 
 
 Hist. 
 
 Bahram, surnamed Giubv't , a Persian 
 usurper, was an eminent commander ' in 
 the army Of Chosroes I. or Nushirvan, and 
 his son Hormouz. Fie deposed the latter 
 prince, and ascended the throne, from 
 which he was driven’ by Chosroes, the son 
 of Hormouz. He then fled to the great 
 khan, who, after employing him for some 
 time, put him to death. — XJniv. Hist. 
 
 BahRdt (Charles Frederic),, a German 
 writer, was born at Bischosswerda in 1741. 
 Fie studied at Leipsic, where he took the 
 degree of M. A. and became deputy to his 
 father, who was professor of divinity . Being 
 forced to quit Leipsic on account of an 
 amour, he became professor of biblical an- 
 tiquities at Erfurt, and published an Essay 
 towards a System .of the Doctrines con- 
 tained in the Bible, 1767, in which "he ad- 
 vanced several heterodox opinions. From 
 Erfurt he removed to Giessen, where he 
 published a number of theological works, 
 filled with extravagances. He left Giessen 
 in 1774, and went to Durkheim, wl\ere he 
 became a preacher to the count Von Lei- 
 ningen Dachsburg, who gave him his house 
 for a seminary of education, called the Phi- 
 lanthropinum, which was opened in 1777. 
 Bal x It went to Holland and England to get 
 pupils, and in the latter country obtained 
 
B A I 
 
 B A I 
 
 four ; but on his return he found that a 
 prosecution had been commenced against 
 nint at Vienna, in consequence of which he 
 was obliged to fly to Prussia. He after- 
 wards settled at Hille, where he became an 
 avowed deist, and turned tavern-keeper and 
 fanner. There also he instituted a new so- 
 ciety of freemasons, for which he was im- 
 prisoned. On his enlargement he returned 
 to his business as a landlord, and having 
 turned of? his wife, kept a mistress. He 
 died in 1 792. He wrote mqny pieces, most 
 qf which are extravagant and licentious. — 
 Schlichtegroir s Necrology. 
 
 Baian, or Baion (Andrew), an Indian 
 convert, was born at Goa, and on 'becom- 
 ing Christian went to Rome, where he was 
 ordained priest about 1630. He wrote se- 
 veral ingenious pieces; and translated the 
 JEneid into Greek verse, and the Lusiad of 
 Camoens into Latin, — Moreri, 
 
 Bajazet I. sultan of the Turks, succeed- 
 ed his father Amurath I. in 1389, and soon 
 Ofter put his younger brother to death. 
 %Je pushed his conquests far into Asia and 
 Europe, and in 1396gained a great victory 
 Oyer the Christian army under Sigismunq, 
 king of Hungary; but in 1402 he expe- 
 rienced a terrible defeat from the famous 
 Timur, or Tamerlane, on the plains of An- 
 gora, Bajazet was taken prisoner. Dif- 
 ferent accounts are given of his treatment 
 by the Persian and Turkish historians. 
 The former assert that he was entertained 
 in a liberal manner; while the others main- 
 tain, that Timur shut him in an iron cage, 
 and exposed hsm to the gaping crowd, pie 
 pied in 1403— Unh. Hist. 
 
 Bajazet II. sultan of the Turks, suc- 
 ceeded his father, Mobammpd II. in 1481. 
 He was opposed by his brother Zizira, 
 whom he defeated. Zizim escaped to 
 Rhodes, from whence the grand master sent 
 him to Italy, where Bajazet caused him to 
 be assassinated. He obtained several ad- 
 Cantagesover the Venetians and other Chris- 
 tian powers. His son Selim rebelled against 
 him, but Bajazet, instead of punishing him, 
 resigned to him his crown, which the un- 
 grateful monster repaid by causing his fa- 
 ther to be poisoned in 1512. — Mid. 
 
 Bauer (John William), a German divine, 
 Was born at Nuremberg in 1647, After 
 receiving several academical honours, he 
 be came the first rector and professor of 
 divinity at Haile, in Saxony, where he died 
 in 1694. He wrote a Compendium of Theo- 
 logy, and other works, — Moreri. 
 
 _ Baiek (John James), a German physi- 
 cian, was born at Jena in 1677. He was at 
 |irst professor, of physiology and surgery at 
 Altdorf, and afterwards president of the 
 College of physicians, and director of the 
 botanical gardeq. He died in 1735. He 
 wrote, 1. Qemmarum a flab re sculptariuq 
 Thesaurus. 2. De Hortis celebrioribus Ger- 
 manise, et Horti medici Academici Altdor- 
 ijiii Hist, 5, Oratianes varii Argument*. 
 
 4. BiogTaphia Professorum Med. in Acad* 
 Altd. &C. &C. — Moreri. 
 
 Baif (Lazarus), abbot of Charoux and of 
 Grenetiere, and counsellor to the parlia* 
 ment of Paris, was a native of La Fleche, 
 and employed in various embassies. He 
 wrote De Re Vestiaria, and De Re Navali, 
 printed at Basle in 1541 . His son Join yi«- 
 tony was the author of several poems, and 
 died in 1592— Moreri. 
 
 Bail (Louis), a learned French divine of 
 the 17th century, who wrote a Summary of 
 Councils, printed at Paris in 2 vols. folio, 
 1672, and an Account of celebrated Preach- 
 ers. — Nouv. Diet. Hiit. 
 
 Baii.ies (William), physician to Frede- 
 ric II. king of Prussia, and member of the 
 colleges of London and Edinburgh. He 
 wrote an Essay on the Bath Waters in 1757, 
 — Gen. B. D. 
 
 Baillet (Adrian), a French writer, was 
 born in 1649 near Beauvais. In 1676 he 
 entered into orders, and obtained a small 
 living, on which he supported his brother 
 and himself. He died in 1 706. His great 
 work is his Jugemens des Savans, sur les 
 principal! x Ouvrages des Auteurs ; or Judg- 
 ment of the Learned on the principal 
 Works of Authors, in 9 vols, He wrote a 
 great number of books on theological and 
 historical subjects; particularly the Life of 
 Pes Cartes, in 2 vols. 4to. 1691, and thq 
 Lives of Saints, 4 vols. folio. — Moreri. 
 
 Baie.li (Roche), better known by the 
 name of La Riviere, was first physician ta 
 Henry IV. and pretended to great skill iq 
 astrology. He was a great admirer of Pa- 
 racelsus, and wrote a summary of his doc-i 
 trine. He died in 1 605. — Ibid'. 
 
 Bah. lie (Robert), a Scotch divine, was 
 born ip 1595 at Glasgow, where he took; 
 his degree ot M. A., received episcopal or- 
 ders, and became regent of philosophy, 
 Fie afterwards obtained the living of Kil- 
 winning ; but in the civil war he joined 
 the covenanters, renounced episcopacv, 
 and was sent to London to exhibit charges, 
 against archbishop Laud. While there he 
 was chosen one of the assembly of divines 
 at Westminster, and returned "to his own, 
 Country in 1646. He was one of the com- 
 missioners sent by the general assembly of 
 Scotland to Charles II. at the Hague. ‘At 
 the Restoration he was niade principal of 
 his college, and might have had a bishopric 
 if he would have conformed. He died in, 
 1662. His letters, and journal of his trans- 
 action’s in England, were published at Edin-< 
 burgh, in 2 vols. 8vo. 1775, from which 
 it. appears, that though a man of learning 
 he was an intolerant Ergot. — Nouv. Did , 
 
 Hid. 
 
 Baii.j.ou (William de), an eminent French 
 physician, was born in 1538, and died in, 
 1616. He. wrote Conciliorum Medicina- 
 liurri Lihri duo, Paris, 1635, 4to. All his, 
 works were printed at Geneva in, 1762, A 
 vols. -lto.» — Nouv. Diet. His{. 
 
B A I 
 
 BAR 
 
 Bailey ^David), a painter, was born at 
 Leyden, where his father, who encoura- 
 ged his inclination, placed him under de 
 Geyn, an engraver. He afterwards stu- 
 died painting in Holland and Italy, and at- 
 tained considerable eminence as a portrait 
 painter. In 1613 he settled at Leyden, 
 where he died about 1630. He also distin- 
 guished himself as a writer. — Houhrahn. 
 
 Bailly (John Sylvain), a French astro- 
 nomer, was born at Paris in 1736. He 
 ftarlv shewed a strong inclination to scien- 
 tific pursuits, which was encouraged by his 
 friends. When young he communicated 
 some valuable papers to the royal academy, 
 and in 1773 wrote a letter to BernouiUi on 
 some discoveries respecting the satellites of 
 Jupiter. In 1768 he published the eloge of 
 Leibnitz, for which he received a gold 
 medal from the academy of Berlin. This 
 was followed by the elogies of Charles V. 
 La Caille, and Corneille, which, with the 
 former, were collected together. In 1775 
 appeared the first volume of his History of 
 Astronomy, the third and last volume of 
 which was published in 1779. Besides these 
 works he published several historical dis- 
 quisitions and astronomical observations. 
 He was elected a member of the French 
 academy in 1764. How is it to be lamented 
 that the phrenzy of revolutionary politics 
 Should seize on such a mind as that of 
 Bailly J He entered eagerly into the con- 
 vulsions of his native country, and was 
 president of the first national assembly. 
 On the 14th of July, 1789, he was. chosen 
 mayor of Paris, but soon lost liis popula- 
 rity, owing to the liberal sentiments which 
 he" expressed for the royal family, and his 
 enforcing obedience to the laws. In con- 
 sequence of this he resigned his office in 
 1791, and went into that philosophical re- 
 tirement from whence he ought not to have 
 issued. In the sanguinary period which, 
 followed he was apprehended, and after a 
 .summary process, condemned to be guillo- 
 tined. l ie suffered with firmness, Novem- 
 ber 12, 1793. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Bainbiudgp, (John), a physician and as- 
 tronomer, was born at Ashby de la Aouch, 
 in Leicestershire, in 1582 ; and bred at 
 Lina nu el college, Cambridge, where he 
 took his degrees in arts, and then prac- 
 tised physic in his native town, and taught 
 school. "He settled afterwards in London, 
 where he gained so great a reputation for 
 fib mathematical knowledge, that sir Henry 
 r-aville appointed him his first astronomical 
 professor at Oxford. He published, 1. An 
 Astronomical Description of the late Co- 
 met, 161S, 4to. 2. Procli Sphaira, et Ptu- 
 iomafi de Kypothesibus Pianetarum Liber 
 singularis ; to which was added Ptolemy’s 
 Canon P.egnorum, 1620, -ftp. He left also 
 several mathematical MSS. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Baithqsus, a jew* who with his fellow 
 disciple Sadoc, founded a sect which denied 
 a future state and resurrection. At first 
 sect. wa% qdli$4 both Bajthostei aq4 
 
 Saddacees, but in process of time it wa$ 
 only distinguished by the latter- — LightfovU. 
 
 Baius (Michael), a divine, was born at 
 Melun in 1513. He became professor of 
 divinity at Louvain, which appointed him 
 its deputy at the council of Trent. Hi* 
 partiality to Augustine, however, brought" 
 upon him the charge, of siding too muck 
 with Calvin, and several of bis opinion* 
 were condemned by his coltege and tha 
 pope. He died in 1539, His works wero 
 printed at Cologne in 1695, 4to. — M.onsri, 
 
 Baker (David), an English benedictinff 
 monk, was educated at Oxford, and after- 
 wards studied law in the Temple. Oft 
 turning Roman catholic he went to Italy, 
 where he entered among the benedlctines, 
 and was sent a missionary to England in the 
 reign of Charles I. He died in London in 
 1641. He was of a mystical turn, and pub- 
 lished in that way an exposition of Walter 
 Hylton’s book, entitled, The Scale of Per- 
 fection. -~-Woodi A. 0. 
 
 Baker (sir Richard), an historical wri- 
 ter, was born at Sissinghurst in Kent, and 
 educated at Oxford, from whence he re- 
 moved to one of the inns of court, after 
 which he travelled abroad. In 1603 he wa* 
 knighted by James I. andin 1620 was high- 
 sheriff of Oxfordshire. An unfortunate 
 marriage reduced him to poverty, and he 
 was thrown into the Fleet prison, where he 
 wrote several books, the chief of which is 
 a Chronicle of the Kings of England, which 
 went through several editions ; the last in 
 1730, folio. He died in 1645. — Biog. Hr. 
 
 Baker (Thomas), a mathematician and 
 divine, was born in Somersetshire in 1625, 
 and educated at Wadham college, Oxford, 
 after which he obtained the living of Bi- 
 shop’s Nymmet in Devonshire. He pub- 
 lished the Geometrical Key, or the Gate of 
 Equations unlocked, 1684, 4to. The royal 
 society sent him some questions, which he 
 solved in so satisfactory a manner that they 
 presented him with a medal. He died in 
 1690. — -IV ood A. 0. 
 
 Baker (Thomas), a learned antiquary, 
 was born at Lanchester, in the county of 
 Durham, in 1656, and was educated at St. 
 John’s college, Cambridge, where he took 
 his degrees in arts, and was elected fellow. 
 On entering into orders he had the living 
 of Long Newton, which he resigned in 
 1690, because he would not take the oaths, 
 to king William, and in 1717 lost his fel- 
 lowship, but still continued to reside in the 
 college ; and Prior, who Was fellow of thy 
 same society, retained. the place on purpose 
 that he might give the profits to Mr. Baker, 
 Fie kept up a correspondence with many 
 learned men, and greatly assisted them, in 
 their works. He died at his chambers iq 
 1740, and was buried in St. John’s chapel, 
 to which college lie bequeathed his books 
 and MSS. He wrote, 1. Rafl.ee t ions otj 
 Learning, 1710, 8vo. 2. The Preface te. 
 Bishop Fisher’s Funeral Sermon for Mar- 
 garet,, Countess of Richmond and Derby, 
 
BA L 
 
 *703. He also compiled the History of St. 
 John’s college, which is in MS. -8vc '.—Life 
 by Grey . 
 
 Baker (Henry), an eminent naturalist, 
 was born in London and brought up to the 
 business of a bookseller, which profession 
 .be quitted, and undertook to teach deaf 
 and dumb persons to speak, by which he 
 acquired a handsome fortune. He married 
 a daughter of Daniel de Foe, by whom he 
 had two sons. He was chosen fellow of the 
 antiquarian and royal' societies, and ob- 
 tained from the latter in 1710 the gold me- 
 dal for his microscopical experiments on 
 saline particles. He died in 1774, aged 70. 
 He published the Microscope made’ Easy, 
 8vo. 174 2, aud Employment for the Mi- 
 croscope, 8vo. 1764. He also wrote Origi- 
 nal Poems, serious and humorous, pub- 
 lihed in 8vo. 172 5. His poem entitled The 
 Universe possesses considerable merit. Se- 
 veral of his papers are in the Philosophical 
 transactions. Pie left 100/. to the royal 
 society for an anatomical or chemical lec- 
 ture. — Bier. By. 
 
 Baker (David Erskine), eldest son of the 
 preceding, was adopted by an unde, who 
 war, a sdbf.iirowster in drital-fields, and he 
 succeeded him in the business; but being 
 fond ot theatrical entertainments, he squan- 
 dered hi, property and joined some stroll- 
 ing companies. He was the author of “ a 
 Companion to the Playhouse,”. P .vols. 
 
 I amo. 1764, since considerably improved 
 and enlarged under the title of Biogj aphia 
 Dramatica, 2 vols. 8vo. — Gen. Btog. Diet. 
 
 ■ Bakew .LL '(Robert), a celebrated gra- 
 der, was.horn in 1726, at his paternal^ es- 
 tate of Bsstiley, in Leicestershire. He coir- 
 ducted the farm for several years before his 
 father’s death, and turned his attention to 
 the improvement of the breed of cattle, 
 for which purpose he travelled over Eng- 
 land, and into Ireland and Holland. His 
 endeavours were so successful that- the 
 Dishley sheep were distinguished above all 
 others,, and he let one of liis rams for the 
 sum of 400 guineas ! One in particular pro- 
 duced in one season 800 guineas, indepen- 
 dent of ewes of Mr. Bakewell’s own stock, 
 which,, at the same rate, Would have' made 
 a total, t lie produce of a single ram, of 
 1200 guineas-! The race of Dishley sheep 
 are known by the fineness of their bone and 
 flesh, the lightness of the offal, the disposi- 
 tion to quietness, and consequently to ma- 
 ture and fatten with less food than dther 
 shcep of equal weight. He also greatly 
 improved his black cattle, and frequently 
 let one of his bulls at 40 guineas a season"! 
 Pic died in I79o. — fitwuiil Necrology. 
 
 Balaam, the son of Beor, or'Bosor, a 
 soothsayer of Pethor, a town of Mesopota- 
 mia. lie was sent for by Ealakj king of 
 Moab, to curse the Israelites ; but, moved 
 by a superior power, lie pronounced a 
 blessing instead of a curse. Pie was slain 
 with Balak' in battle, about 1450 B. C\— 
 $ 8 . 
 
 B A L 
 
 Balamio (Ferdinand), a learned Sieiliarf 
 physician, was greatly esteemed by pope 
 l.eo X. ; Pie translated several pieces of 
 Galen into Latin, which were published in 
 nn edition of that author at Venice, in 
 1 5 8 6 . — - Bio ret 7. 
 
 Balassi (Mario), an historical and por- 
 trait painter of Florence, was born in 1604, 
 and died in 1667. He copied the transfi- 
 guration by Raphael with such exactness as 
 to astonish the best judges. — Pilkington. 
 
 Bala thi, the author of a book entitled 
 Asch Kati al Kath, or of the Figures and 
 Characters of different Alphabets? He also 
 wrote an account of those who maintain 
 the two principles, like the Manichees.— 
 
 D’ Herb slot. 
 
 Bai.bi (John), a dominican of Genoa, 
 who wrote a boeik entitled Catholicon, seu 
 Summa Grammaticalis, which was printed 
 in folio at Mentz, in 1 460. — Morcri. 
 
 Balbinus (Decimus Caelius), emperor of 
 Rome, was born of an illustrious family, 
 and chosen emperor by the senate in 237, 
 ,n conjunction with IVfaximus. Both were 
 
 murdered by the soldiers at Rome in 238. 
 
 Uni r u. Plisi. 
 
 Balboa (Vasco/Nugnes de), a Castilian, 
 was one of the first who visited the West- 
 Indies, where ne gained immense riches. 
 Pie settled on the coast of Darien, and built 
 a town. In 1513 lie crossed the hqhmus, 
 and returned next year with a prodigious 
 quantity of wealth. Resent an account of 
 lik discovery to Spain, and the king ap- 
 pointed l eararias Davila governor of Da- 
 rien, who on his arrival was astonished ..to 
 see Balboa in a cotton jacket, sandals made 
 of hemp, and dwelling in a thatched hut. 
 The governor, jealous of Balboa, caused 
 him to be beheaded in 1517, at the. age of 
 42. — iMoreri. Robertson’s Hut. America? 
 
 Bal Buena (Bernard de), a Spanish poet, 
 was a native of Toledo, and became a doc- 
 tor at Salamanca. Pie was appointed bishop 
 of Porto Rico in America, where he died 
 in 1627. — Moreri. 
 
 Balcan^ual (Walter), a learned Scotch 
 divine, who- attended James j[. to England, 
 and took his degree of D.D. at Oxford: He 
 became chaplain to the king, master of the 
 Savoy, and representative of the church of 
 Scotland at the synod of Dordt. In 1624 
 he. was made dean of Rochester, -and in 
 1659 dean of Durham. Pie suffered severely 
 m the rebellion, being forced to Ay from 
 place, to place;, and died at Chirk castle in 
 penbighshire, in 1645. He wrote the De- 
 claration of King Charles P. concerning the 
 late tumults in Scotland, folio, 1630; Epis- 
 tles concerning the Synod of Dordt, in 
 John Hales’s Golden Remains' and- some 
 sermons.— Wood Athen. - Oxen. 
 
 Balchen (John), an English admiral, 
 was born in 1669, and .entered earl v into 
 the navy, where passjng through several 
 inferior stations he attained the command 
 of a ship, and distinguished himself by fo's 
 bravery in the Mediterranean qnder Pit 
 
 10 
 
B A L 
 
 George Byng. In 1734 he was made an ad- 
 miral, and in 1743 was appointed governor 
 of Greenwich hospital. He soon after went 
 with a squadron to relieve sir Charles 
 Hardy, who with a large fleet of trans- 
 ports was blocked up in the Tagus. Hav- 
 ing accomplished this service, admiral 
 Balcher sailed for England, but a violent 
 storm coining on, his ship, the Victory, 
 was lost on the Caskets near Jersey, and 
 every soul on board perished October 3, 
 1744. A monument was erected comme- 
 morative of this melancholy event in West- 
 jnins ter Abbey . — dump bell. _ 
 
 Balderic, a Ffench historian of the 
 12th century. He became bishop of Dot 
 in Britanny, and was at the council of Cler- 
 mont. He wrote. a history of the croisade 
 to the year 1099.— There was another bi- 
 shop Of the same age, who wrote a chro- 
 nicle of the bishops of Arras and Cambray. 
 
 — Morcri. . 
 
 B\ldi (Bernard), a learned Italian, was 
 born at Urbiuo in 1553. He studied at Pa- 
 dua, and afterwards became mathemati- 
 cian to the duke of Guastalla. He died in 
 j 617 . He translated into Italian several 
 works of the ancient mathematicians, and 
 wrote some good poems in that language. 
 ■His lives of mathematicians were printed 
 jn 1707. — firalmchi. . 
 
 Baldi de Ubaldis, an Italian lawyer ol 
 the 14th century, was born at Perugia in 
 1319. He died at Pavia in 1400. His worRS 
 are in 3 vols. folio, — Ibid. 
 
 Bai.di (James), a German jesuit, was 
 born in Upper Alsace in 1603. He was a 
 famous preacher and poet, and caed at 
 Neuburg in 1668. His works were printed 
 at Cologne in 4to. and in 12mo. 1645.— 
 
 ^Baldi (Lazar 0), an historical painter, 
 was a native of Tuscany, and the disciple 
 of Pietro cla Cortona. He was employed 
 by Alexander VII. to paint the gallery at 
 Monte Cavallo. He died m 1 <03. Pilk. 
 
 Baldini (John Anthony), a learned Ita- 
 lian nobleman, was born at Placd-nua in 
 1654. He was employed as ambassador at 
 
 ' various courts in Europe, and attended the 
 
 congress at Utrecht. A catalogue cot his 
 collection of books and curiosities was 
 printed in the Italian Literary Journal. He 
 died in 1725. — Gen. Biog. 
 
 Baldjnucci (Philip), an Italian artist 
 and biographer, was born at ldoience 
 1634. He wrote, 1. The General History 
 of Painters, 6 vols. 2. A Vocabulary of 
 Designs. 3. An Account of the Progress of 
 on Copper. He d,c<l m 106. 
 
 BAtooci (Ralph de). l* h °P Lo "* ,n - 
 
 He was educated at Merton co.lege, Ox- 
 ford, and in 1304 was raised to the epis- 
 copal bench. In 1307 king Edward I. ap- 
 pointed him lord high chancellor He dud 
 in 1313 Fie wrote a History of BiiUsh. 
 A (Pairs, which Leland had seen, though it 
 is now lost. There was at the same tune 
 
 B A L 
 
 one Robert de Raided, a divine who was m 
 great favour with Edward I;, whose mis- 
 fortunes he shared, and died in Newgate. — 
 Biog. Br. 
 
 Baldwin I. emperor of the Fast, was the 
 son of Baldwin, count of l-landers, and 
 distinguished himself -so greatly in the 4th 
 croisade, that on the conquest of Constan- 
 tinople by the Latins in 12- <4, he was chosen 
 emperor. But the Greeks, assisted by me 
 king of Bulgaria, defeated Baldwin, who 
 being made prisoner, was never heard of 
 afterwards. He was succeeded by his b ro* 
 thsr Henry. 1 — Unh. Hist. 
 
 Baldwin II. succeeded his brother Ro- 
 bert in the empire of the East in 1238, be- 
 ing only 11 years of age. In 12 >1 Con- 
 stantinople was taken by Michael Palaolo- 
 girs ; and 'Baldwin escaped by sea to Italy, 
 where he died m 1273.— Ibid. 
 
 Baldwin, archbishop of Canterbury, was 
 a native of, Exeter. He accompanied Rich- 
 ard I. to the Holy Land, and died there 
 in 1191 ; he was a generous and learned 
 prelate. His works were collected and 
 published by Tissier in 1662. — Balcde Script „ 
 Brit. Big. Brit. 
 
 Baldwin I. king of Jerusalem, was the 
 son of Eustace, count of Boulogne, and ac- 
 companied Godfrey his brother into Ra- 
 lestine, where he gained the country of 
 Edessa. He succeeded his brother on the 
 throne of Jerusalem in 1 100, and the year 
 following took Antipatns, Cesarea, and 
 Azotus. In 1104 he took Acre, after a 
 long siege. Fie died after an active life in 
 1 1 18 ,. and was interred on Mount Cal- 
 vary. — Moreri. 
 
 Baldwin II. king of Jerusalem, tlie son 
 of Hugh count of Rethel, was crowned in 
 1118, after Eustace brother of Baldwin I. 
 had renounced all claim to the vacant 
 throne, hie gained a great victoiy over 
 the Saracens in 1120, but in 1124 he Was 
 taken prisoner by them, and ransomed on 
 giving up the city of Tyre. He died in 
 1131. — lifareri. 
 
 Baldwin III. was the son of Fulk of 
 
 Anjou, whom he succeeded in 1143 under 
 the guardianship of his mother. He took 
 Ascalon and other places, and died i* 
 \\m.—Ibid. 
 
 Baldwin IV. the son of Amaury, suc- 
 ceeded to the throne of Jerusalem on the 
 death of his father in 1774, but being le- 
 prous, Raymond, count of Tripoli, govern- 
 ed the kingdom for him. Fie afterwards 
 resigned tha crown to his nephew Baldwin 
 V. and died in 1185. The year following 
 his successor died of poison, supposed to 
 have been administered by his mother, that 
 her husband Guy de Lusignan, might enjoy 
 the throne. — Ibid. , . ... 
 
 Baldwin (Francis), a learned civilian, 
 was born at Arras in 1520. He recom- 
 mended himself successively to the patron- 
 age of the emperor Charles V. Anthony 
 kino- of Navarre, and Henry HI. kmg of 
 VuUnd, the latter of whom invited him t» 
 
B A L 
 
 his ceurt, but while he was preparing foj* 
 the journey he died in 1572!, He wrote 
 Heges de Re rustica Novella ; Constitutio 
 pnma; de hiredibus et lege Flacidia, & c. 
 Baldwin is accused of having, alternately, 
 become a protectant and catholic four 
 times . — MorerL 
 
 Bale (Robert), an English divine, was 
 born in Norfolk, and entered among the 
 Carmelites at Norwich, of which society 
 he became prior. He wrote, 1. Annales 
 per breves Ordinis Carntelir arum. 2. Flisto- 
 ria Heliaa Prophetse. 3. Officium Simonis 
 Angli. He died in 1503. — Pitts. Wood. 
 
 Bale (John), in Latin B.ilzus, an Eng- 
 lish divine, was born in Suffolk, and edu- 
 cated in the monastery of Carmelites at 
 Norwich, from whence he went to Jesus 
 college, Cambridge. He embraced the 
 protestant religion, and became a zealous 
 writer against popery. On the death of 
 his patron, lord Cromwell, he went to 
 Holland, but returned to England on the 
 accession of Edward VI. and" obtained a 
 living in Hampshire, and in 1552 the bi- 
 shopric or Osspry in Ireland, where he 
 laboured in reforming his diocese with such 
 zeal that his life was threatened by the 
 priests. Oil the accession of Mary, he re- 
 tired to Basle in Switzerland, where he re- 
 mained till Elizabeth came to the throne, 
 when he returned to England, and obtain- 
 ed a prebend of Canterbury. He died in 
 J5S8, aged 61. lie wrote several works, 
 the best of which is entitled Scriptorum il- 
 lustriura Majcris Britannia; Cate, logos, or 
 An Account of the Lives of eminent Wri- 
 ters of Britain, Basil, 1557. — Blog. Brit. 
 
 Baleciiou (Nicholas), a French engraver, 
 was born at Arles in 1710, and died in 
 1765. lie wa expelled from the academy 
 of painters for taking, proof impression’s 
 of Ins. print of I’rederic Augustus, elector 
 of Saxony and king of Poland, contrary to 
 the orders of the danphiness. His en- 
 gravings are held in high estimation. 
 
 I) Argenviile . 
 
 Bai.en (Mathias), a Dutch antiquary, 
 was. bprn at Dordt in 16'1 1. He wrote th’e 
 description of his native city, which was 
 ublished in 1677, and is a work of consi- 
 erable merit. — Mom-/. 
 
 Bai.en (Hendrick Van), an historical 
 and portrait painter, was born at Ant- 
 werp in 1550, and died in 1632. The finest 
 (f/f his performances are the drowning of 
 Pharaoh, and the judgment of Paris. °His 
 fon John Van Baien distinguished himself 
 
 as a painter of history and landscapes. 
 
 Piliintfon. 
 
 Bales (Peter), a celebrated penman, was 
 born m 1547 : he excelled not only in ele- 
 gant writing, hut in miniature penman- 
 ship ; and was employed by Walsinghain 
 In mutating hand-writings, lie published 
 Pi 1 500 the Wriring Master in three parts 
 rria first teaching swift writing, the second 
 pie writing, the third fair wriring. He 
 qfcd about ItiOO. — Bior. Br. 
 
 B A L 
 
 , BalestHa (Antony), an eminent histo- 
 rical painter, was born at Verona in 1666. 
 In 1694 he gained tho prize of merit given 
 by the academy of St. Luke. Fie died in 
 1720 *-~Pilkington. 
 
 Baley or Bailey (Walter), an English 
 physician, was born in Dorsetshire, and 
 educated at Winchester School and New 
 college, Oxford. Fie became royal pro- 
 fessor of Physic in that university, and phy- 
 sician to her majesty. He died in 1592, 
 aged 63. He wrote, 1. A Discourse of 
 Pepper, 8vo. 2. A Brief Treatise of the Pre- 
 servation of the Eye Sight, 8vo. 3. Direc- 
 tions for Health, 4to .—Biog.Br. 
 
 Balguy (John), a learned divine, was 
 born in 1786 at Sheffield, in Yorkshire* 
 In 1702 he was admitted of St. John’s col- 
 Jege, Cambridge, where he took his degrees 
 m arts. In the Bangorian controversy Mr. 
 Balguy distinguished himself so well that 
 bishop Hoadley gave him a prebend in the 
 church of Salisbury, and in 1729 he was 
 presented to the vicarage of Northallerton, 
 in Yorkshire. He died in 1748. Mr. Balguy 
 wrote, besides his tracts in the Bangorian 
 dispute, 1 . On the Beauty and Excellence of 
 Moral Virtue, 8vo. 1726. 2. The Found- 
 ation of Moral Goodness, or a farther In- 
 quiry jn to the Original of our Idea of Vir- 
 tue, 1728. 3. Divine Rectitude, or a brief 
 Inquiry concerning the Moral Perfections 
 of the Deity, particularly in respect of Cre- 
 ation and Providence, "1730. 4. An Essay 
 on Redemption, 1741. 5. Sermons on sc- 
 vetal Occasions, 2 vols. 8vo. This last is 
 pos thu m o u s . — Ibid. 
 
 Balguy (Ihomas), son of the above, was 
 born m 1716, and educated at St. John’s 
 college, Cambridge, where he proceeded to 
 his degree of Doctor in Divinity. He be- 
 came prebeadary of Winchester, and arch- 
 deacon of that diocese, and refused in 1781 
 the bishopric of Gloucester. Dr. Balguy 
 died at Winchester in 1795. His works are, 
 
 1. A Sermon on Church Government, 4to. 
 
 2. A Sermon on the respective Duties of 
 Ministers and People, 4to. 3. A Charge to 
 the Archdeaconry of Winchester, 4to, 4 . 
 Account of Dr. Powell, master of St. John’s 
 college, prefixed to his sermons. 5. Divine 
 Benevolence asserted and vindicated, 8vo. 
 
 6. Preface to an Essay on Redemption Ijy 
 his father,. 8vo. A collection of his Ser- 
 mons and Charges has been printed in one 
 Volume Svo. — Rump. Mug. 
 
 Ba t.i (Moula Bali), a mohammedan wri- 
 ter, who is the author of a treatise on the 
 Jurisprudence of the Mussulmans. He died 
 in the 977th year of the Hegira. — D'Herbe* 
 
 lot. 
 
 Baliol, or Ba li.io;. (sir John de), founder 
 of a college called by his name at Oxford, 
 was horn at Barnardcastle in Durham. In 
 1248 he was made Governor of Carlisle; 
 and on the marriage of Margaret, daugh- 
 ter of Henry III. to Alexander III. king of 
 Scotland, the guardianship of the royal 
 pair, as well as of the kingdom, was coin 
 
B A L 
 
 BU 
 
 muted to him and another lord; but in 
 about three years they were charged with 
 abusing their trust, arid the king of Eng- 
 land marched towards Scotland to punish 
 them. However, by advancing a consider- 
 able sum of money Baliol made his peace. 
 In 1 253 he laid the foundation of Baliol- 
 college, which was completed by bis widow. 
 In the contest between Henry III. and the 
 barons he sided with the king, for which 
 the barons seized his lands. He died in 
 1259, leaving three sons. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Bai.ioi. (John de), king of Scotland, was 
 son of the above, and being at the head 
 of the English interest in Scotland, on the 
 death of queen Margaret in her passage 
 from Norway, he laid claim to the vacant 
 throne by virtue of iris descent from David 
 earl of Huntingdon, brother to William the 
 Lion, king of Scotland. His principal com- 
 petitor for the crown was Robert Bruce. 
 Edward I. being declared arbitrator, he 
 declared in favour of Baliol, who did ho- 
 mage to him for the kingdom, Nov. 12, 
 1292. But he did not hold the sceptre 
 long; for remonstrating against ithe power 
 assumed by Edward over Scotland, he was 
 aumnioaed to his tribunal as a vassal. Ba- 
 liol, provoked at this, concluded a treaty 
 with France, the consequence of which was 
 a war with England. The battle of Dun- 
 bar decided the fate of Baliol,, who sur- 
 rendered his crown into the hands of Ed- 
 ward ; who sent him and his son to Eng- 
 land, where they were committed to the 
 Tower. At the intercession of the pope 
 they were released and delivered to his 
 legate in 1299. Baliol then went to France, 
 where he resided upon his own estate, and 
 died there in 1314. His son Edward after- 
 wards set up a claim to the kingdom of 
 Scotland, invaded and recovered it, but 
 held it not long, and dying afterwards 
 without issue, the family became extinct. — • 
 Ibid. 
 
 Balkini, a mohammedan author, who 
 Wrote, 1. Questions on the Sciences ; 2. On 
 the Meditations of Anavi ; and several other 
 books . — U Herd dot. 
 
 Ball (John), a puritan divine, was born 
 in Oxfordshire in 1585, He contrived to- 
 subsist on a curacy in Staffordshire of 30/. a 
 year and a small school. Though he disap- 
 proved of the ceremonies and church go- 
 vernment in some respects, yet he wrote 
 Strongly against those who separated from 
 the church on that plea. He died in 16'40. 
 —B’og- Br. 
 
 Ballanden (Sir John), a Scotch divine 
 of the lGtb century, who translated Hec- 
 tor Boethius’s History. Being a firm papist 
 he quitted Scotland and retired to Rome, 
 where he died in 1550. He was the author 
 ef several pieces in prose and verse. — Ibid. 
 
 Ballard- (George), an English biogra- 
 pher, was born at Camden, in Gloucester- 
 shire, and bred a taylbr ; he became so 
 skilled in the Saxon langnage, that lord 
 Qhedworth and some other gentlemen gave 
 
 Kim a pension of 60/. a year to pursue hie 
 studies at Oxford, where he was made one 
 of the eight clerks of Magdalen-college, 
 and afterwards one of the university bea- 
 dles. He published Memoirs of learned 
 British Ladies, 4to. and 8vo. He died in 
 1755 . — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Ballerini (Peter and Jerome), tvim 
 priests and brothers, were born at Verona, 
 the first in 1698, and the second in 1702. 
 They published in conjunction several edi- 
 tions of ecclesiastical authors, besides 
 some learned - and ingenious performance* 
 of their own. — Norm. Did. Hist. 
 
 Ballexoerd (N.), a citizen of Geneva, 
 was born in 1726, and died in 1774. He 
 wrote a book on the physical education of 
 children, which obtained the prize given 
 bv a society in Holland. He was also the 
 author of a dissertation bn this question. 
 What are the principal Causes of the Death* 
 of so many Children ? 1775. — Ibid. 
 
 Balli (Joseph), a scholastic divine, was 
 born at Palermo in Sicily, and died at Pa- 
 dua in 1640. He was a canon of Bari, in 
 the kingdom of Naples, and wrote, 1. De 
 Fsecunditate Dei. 2. De Morte Corporum 
 Natural! urn. — Morsri. 
 
 Balliani (John Baptist), a native and 
 senator of Genoa, was born in 1586; he 
 wrote a treatise on the natural Motion of 
 heavy Bodies, 1646, and died in 16 166.— 
 Tiraboifbi. 
 
 Ballin (Claude), a French artist, wa* 
 born in 1615 r he was brought up to thp 
 business of a goldsmith under kis father. At 
 the age of 19 he made four silver basons, on 
 which were represented the four ages of 
 the world ; which were purchased by car- 
 dinal Richelieu, who employed him to 
 make four vases after the antique, to match, 
 them : he also executed several handsome 
 pieces for Louis XIV. On the death of 
 Varin, he was made director of the mint 
 for casts and medals. He died in 1678. — 
 Norm. Did. Hist. 
 
 Balsamon (Theodore), patriarch of An- 
 tioch in the 12th century ; who wrote se- 
 veral works: oil the canon law, which were 
 printed at Paris in. 1 620, folio.— Fabric. Bib. 
 Grrec - D up-in. 
 
 BAi.snAM(Hugh de), bishop of Ely, and 
 founder of Peter-house, Cambridge, flou- 
 rished in the 13th century. Lie died in. 
 1286. Bing. Br. 
 
 Balthazar (Christopher), a learned 
 French writer of the 17th century, who- 
 renounced' his profession as an advocate, 
 and embraced the protestaht religon. In 
 1S59 the national synod at Loudon settledf 
 upon him a pension for his services as the 
 champion of the reformed. He. combated, 
 Baronins with great ability. — BayJi. Moreri. 
 
 Bk.LTu.Az arini, an Italian musician, who 
 was much admired at the court of Henry III, 
 of France. In 1531 he composed a ballet 
 for the nuptials of the duke de Joyeuse 
 with mademoiselle de Vaudcmont, sister to 
 the queen, called Cores and hey Nymphs,. 
 
BAN 
 
 BAM 
 
 which is supposed to be the origin of the 
 ballet beroiqite' in France.- — Noma. Diet. Hisi. 
 Burney, 
 
 Baltus (John Francis), a French Jesuit, 
 was born at Mete in 1667 : he became li- 
 brarian at Rbeims, and died there in 17.43. 
 His principal work is an Answer to Fonte- 
 r.ell’s History of Oracles, Strasburg, 8vo. — 
 Mtirert. 
 
 Balue (John), a cardinal, was born in 
 France about 1120, of mean parents. He 
 gained several preferments by his servility 
 and aft, and particularly the see of Angers, 
 after the deposition of his parron the bishop 
 of that diocese. Paul II. gave him a car- 
 dinal s hat. He engaged iu correspondence 
 with the dukes of Burgundy and Bern, to 
 the disadvantage of Lcmis, which being dis- 
 covered, he was imprisoned in an iron 
 cage 1 1 years. On regaining his liberty he 
 went to 'Rome, and was sent to France as 
 legate by Sixtus V. He died in 1491. — 
 Ibid. 
 
 BaluZe (Stephen), a French writer, was 
 born in 1631, and educated at Thoulouse, 
 where he was patronized by the archbi- 
 shop, on .whose death he became librarian 
 to Colbert. The king made him professor 
 of the canon law in the royal college, and 
 granted him a pension, both, which places 
 he lost bv inserting some obnoxious remarks 
 in his Genealogical History or the House 
 of Auvergne. Fie died in i718. Besides 
 the above history he wrote the Lives of the 
 Popes of Avignon, and the History of 
 Tulles, liis native place Now. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Balzac (John Lewis Guez de), a noble 
 French writer, was born at Angouleme in 
 1594, Cardinal Richelieu granted him a 
 pension, and gave him the places of coun- 
 sellor of state, and historiographer royal. 
 He gained great popularity bv his Letters," 
 wh'ich'-werefirst published, fa 1624. His style 
 Is father bombastic, but his sentiments are 
 good. At the close of life, Balzac, who had 
 indulged in all the elegances of a dissipated 
 court, became v.ery devout, had apartments 
 fitted up for him in a convent, gpuf bestowed 
 considerable sums on the poor. He died in 
 1654. Besides his Letters, he 'wrote, 1. Le 
 Prince ; 2. Le Socrate Chretien ; 3. L’Aris- 
 tippe; 4. Ent retie ns; 5. Christ Victorieuxv 
 
 — Boyle. JHoirv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Bamboccjo; an eminent painter, whose 
 real name was Peter Van Laer ; but he is 
 better known by the ni.c.k-name of Eam- 
 bcccio, on account of his deformitv. He 
 was bom at Laerden hear Harden, in 1613. 
 He lived at Rome several years, and im- 
 proved himself by a close application to 
 his profession. He painted inns, farr ers* 
 shops, cattle, and conversations, .with 'great 
 effect. His style is sweet, and his touch de- 
 licate, with great transparency of colour- 
 ing. He died in 1673. — Dilb. 
 
 Bambridge (Christopher), archbi hop 
 of York, to which see he was translated 
 from Durham in 1508. He was a native of 
 Westmoreland, and educated at Queen’s 
 
 college, Oxford. Henry VIII. sent him arn-< 
 bassador to pope Julius (l. who gave him sF 
 cardinal’s hat. He was poisoned bv his 
 servant, in revenge for some blows he had 
 given him, in 1^14. — Bi.og. Br. 
 
 Bamtfield (Francis), a nonconformist, 
 divine, was born in Devonshire, and edu- 
 cated at Wadham college, Oxford, where 
 he took the degree of M. A. In 1641 he 
 obtained a prebend in Exeter cathedral, 
 and lie was also minister of Sherborne in 
 Dorsetshire, but was deprived at the Resto- 
 ration for nonconformity. He was impri- 
 soned in Newgate, for holding conventicles, 
 
 and died there in 1684. He wrote a book 
 in vindication of the observation of the 
 seventh-day sabbath, & c. — Calamy. 
 
 Banchi (Seraphin), a dominican of Flo- 
 rence, to whom, in 1593, Peter Barriere, a 
 fanatic, revealed his intention of murder- 
 ing the king; which the priest prudently 
 communicated to a nobleman, whereby the 
 horrid design was prevented. The king 
 gave him as a reward the archbishopric of 
 Angouleme, which he afterwards resigned, 
 and retired o a monastery at Paris, where 
 he died. — Moreri. 
 
 Banck (Lawrence), a Swedish lawyer, 
 was professor at Norkoping, his native 
 place. Fie wrote several books against the 
 
 p ft pal usurpations, and died in 1662. 
 
 Boyle. 
 
 Bancroft (Richard), archbishop of Can- 
 terbury, was born in Lancashire in 1544, 
 and educated at Jesus-coliege, Cambridge. 
 He distinguished himself with so much 
 learning against the puritans, that in 1.597 
 he was made bishop of London. He bore • 
 a principal part in the famous conference 
 at Hampton-cou'rt, and on the death of 
 archbishop Whitgift, in 1604, he was trans- 
 lated to Canterbury, where he exerted him- 
 self with great vigilance in behalf of the 
 Anglican church. He died in 1610. — Bio?. 
 Brit. 
 
 Bancroft (John),anephewof the above, 
 was born in Oxfordshire, and entered of 
 Christ-Church, Oxford, in 1592. In IF09 
 be was elected master Of University-college, 
 where he continued above twenty years ; 
 and was at great pains and expence to ire- 
 . cover- the ancient lands belonging to that 
 foundation. In 1622 he was. made bishop 
 of Oxford, for which see he built the pakuce 
 of Cuddesden. He died in '. 164d— -MDt>pd 
 A. 0. />’ ■>'. Brit. ' 
 
 Bax’!' ark a (Qonzales), a Portuguese fa- 
 natic, who set ilp for a prophet in the Tfiith 
 century, and narrowly escaped being'b'urnt 
 as a heretic by the'ihquisition. in" 15-4 L 
 He died in 1556’:-— NauyDDict. Hi t. 
 
 Band'ei.lo (Mathew), a 'dominican morale, 
 who wrote novels jn. the manner of -Bo>c- 
 ckce. He was born at Castlenovo-,'- in the - 
 Milanese, about the end of the 15th cen- 
 tury. On the invasion of that country Tby 
 the Spanirds, Bandello went to France, 
 where he obtained the bishopric of Agien 
 in 1550, but. he resigned it in. 1555, aind 
 
B.A N 
 
 died in 1561. The best edition of his no- 
 vets is that of London, 1740, 4 vois. 4to. — 
 Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Bandine'lli (Bacio), was born at Flo- 
 rence in 1487. He distinguished himself 
 by his skill in sculpture and painting; but 
 he excelled in the former line, and Ins 
 group of the Laocoon is greatly admired. 
 He died in 1559. — D'.Argenville’s Vies des 
 Scnlpteurs. . . 
 
 Ban dur i (Anselm), a learned benedictine, 
 
 was born at Ragilsa in Dalmatia, he stu- 
 died in France, where he applied chiefly to 
 antiquities, and published, 1. The Anti- 
 quities of Constantinople, 2 vols. folio ; 
 2. Numismata Imperatorum Romanorum a 
 Trajano Decio ad Paleologos Augustos, 
 1718. He died at Paris in 1743.' — Nairn. 
 Diet. Hist. 
 
 Bangjus (Peter), a Swedish divine, was 
 born at Helsingberg in 1633. He was pro- 
 fessor of theology at Abo 32 years, and in 
 I6'82 was made bishop of Wyburg. Fie 
 died in 169£, and left an ecclesiastical His- 
 tory of Sweden, a treatise on sacred Chro- 
 nology, and other works. — Moreri. ( 
 
 Bangui s (Thomas), professor of divinity, 
 philosophy, and Hebrew, at Copenhagen. 
 He died in 1661, aged 61. He wrote an 
 exercitation on the origin of diversity of 
 languages, a Hebrew lexicon, dec. — Bayle. 
 
 Banier (Anthony), a French writer, was 
 born in 1673. He studied at Paris, and then 
 became tutor to the sons of M. de Metz. 
 He wrote an historical Explanation of the 
 Fables of Antiquity, 2 vols. 12mo., which 
 was . afterwards published under the title 
 of Mythology,; or the Fables explained by 
 History. He died in 1741. He had a hand 
 in Picart’s Religious Ceremonies, and other 
 esteemed works. An English translation of 
 his Mythology was printed in 1741, in 4 
 volsj 8 VO. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Banister (John), an English physician 
 of the 16th century, was educated at Ox- 
 ford, where he then graduated in physic, 
 yic settled at Nottingham, and obtained 
 great practice, chiefly in surgery. His 
 works on chirurgical subjects were formerly 
 in considerable esteem. — There was an- 
 other physician named Richard Banister, 
 who wrote a treatise of diseases- of the eyes. 
 Fie resided at Stamford, and was accounted 
 a great oculist. He died about 1624. — 
 Blog. Brit. 
 
 Bankes (Sir John), an English judge, 
 was born at Keswick in Cumberland, and 
 educated at Queen’s-college, Oxford, from 
 whence he removed to Gray’s-inn, and in 
 due course, was called to the bar. In 1630 
 he was made. attorney-general to, the prince 
 of Wales, and in 1640 chief justice of the 
 common pleas. He displayed his loyalty 
 and courage at the beginning pf the rebel- 
 lion ; and. Ids lady defended Cortl castie, 
 the family seat, . against the parliament 
 forces, till it was relieved by the earl of 
 Caernarvon. Sir' John 'contmuea with the 
 
 B A R 
 
 king at Oxford, and died there, in 1644.— 
 Biog. Brit. 
 
 Banks (John), an English . writer, was 
 born at Sunning in Berkshire, in 1709, and 
 bred a weaver at Reading ; after which he 
 came to London, and turned bookseller ; 
 but not meeting with success, he had re- 
 course to his pen, and published several 
 works, one of which, a Critical Review of 
 the Life of Oliver Cromwell, was well re- 
 ceived. He died in 1751. — Gen. B. D. 
 
 'Banks (John), an English play-writer 
 of the 18th century, was bred a lawyer, but 
 quitted the practice of the courts for the 
 tragic muse. He produced several pieces 
 which were once popular, particularly the 
 Earl of Essex. When he died is uncertain ; 
 his remains were deposited in the church 
 of St. James, Westminster. — Biog. Dram. 
 
 Bannier (John), a Swedish general, was 
 born in 1601. Fie served under Gustavus 
 Adolphus, on whose death he became 
 commander-in-chief, and obtained several 
 victories, and took many important places. 
 Afterwards his good fortune failed, and the 
 imperialists succeeded in driving him into 
 Bohemia. Fie died in 1641. — Moreri. 
 
 Banquo or' Banc no, a Scotch general 
 of royal extraction, who obtained several 
 victories over the highlanders and the 
 Danes, in the reign of Donald VII. He 
 tarnished his glory by aiding Macbeth 
 in the conspiracy against , that monarch ; 
 but was afterwards put to death by the 
 usurper. — Buchanan. 
 
 Baptist (John), surnamed MInnoter, 
 "a Flemish painter, was' born at Lisle .in 
 1635. Fie was at first an historical painter, 
 but afterwards applied ter flower-painting. 
 King William employed him in decorating 
 Kensington-palace, . Montague -house, and 
 other edifices. Fie died in 1699. Flisson 
 Anthony shone in the same line with his 
 father. There was another painter of. this 
 name, whd came from Antwerp, and' dis- 
 tinguished himself in portraits. He died 
 in 1691. — Pilhington. 
 
 Baptistin (John Baptiste Stsruk), a mu- 
 sician, was born, at Florence, and died, 
 about 1740. Fie first .brought the violon- 
 cello into fashion in France. He was be- 
 sides a good composer. — Burney. , 
 
 Bar ac h, 4th judge of the Hebrews* after 
 delivering them front bondage, to J.abin, 
 king of Canaan, and defeating Sisera. \i-Je 
 ruled 33 years, and flourished about ld4i> 
 B. C. — SS: • 
 
 Bara cams also called Zanzalus Jaco- 
 r.'ji, a monk of the 6th century. He re- 
 vived the sect of the . monophysites, who 
 maintained that there is but one nature in 
 Christ. His party made him bishop of 
 EJe-sa. He died in 538, and from him the 
 sect took the name of Jacobites. — 'Moslem. 
 
 Baranzano (Redemptus), a.barnabite 
 monk, born in 1590, in Piedmont. lye was 
 professor of philosophy, and mathematics at 
 Annecti, and the correspondent o; lord 
 
BA ft 
 
 "Sacon, who had a great esteem for him. 
 He died in 1622. His works are: Urano- 
 scopia, sen Universa Doctrina de Coelo, 
 fbi. j Campus Philosophic us, 8vo. ; De novis 
 Opinionibus physicis, 8vo. — Bayie. 
 
 Baratuier (Barfhelemy), an Italian 
 lawyer of the 1.5th century. He was born 
 at Placentia, and became a professor at 
 Pavia and Ferrara. He published a New 
 Digest of the Feudal Law at Paris, in 1611. 
 
 • — IVIorcri. 
 
 Ha ratie R, (John Philip), an extraor- 
 dinary youth, born at Schwobach, near 
 Nuremburg, in 1721. At five years old he 
 understood Greek, Latin, German, and 
 French. He next studied Hebrew ; and at 
 nine years of age was able to translate any 
 part of the scripture into Latin. In 17:31, 
 he was entered in the university of Altdorf, 
 ar.dyhe same year wrote a letter to M. le 
 evlaitre, on a new edition of the Bible, He- 
 brew, Chaldaic, .and Rabbinical, which is 
 inserted in the Bibiiotheque Germanique. 
 The year following he published the Tra- 
 vels of Benjamin of Tudela, translated from 
 the Hebrew into French. In 1734 the 
 margrave of Anspach gave him a pension 
 of 50 florins a year, and the use of his 
 library. The year following- he submitted 
 a plan, for finding the longitude, to the 
 royal society, which, however, prpved to 
 be an old exploded scheme. He was the 
 «ame year admitted a member of the aca- 
 demy at Berlin, and created M. A. by the 
 university of Halle. He died in 1740. Be- 
 sides the above, he wrote critical disser- 
 tations upon points of ecclesiastial history, 
 and a treatise against the socinians, called 
 Anti-Artemonius. — Life by Dr. Johnson, 
 Barba (Alvarez Alonzo), curate of St. 
 Bernard de Potosi in the 17th century. 
 He wrote a curious book on metallurgy, 
 printed at Madrid in 1620, 4to. and abridg- 
 ed, ip French, 1 vol. 12mo. 1730. — Now. 
 Diet. Hist. 
 
 Barhadii.lo (Alphonsus Jerom de Salas), 
 a Spanish dramatic writer, born at Ma- 
 drid, died about 1630, He wrote several 
 comedies, and the Adventures of Don Diego 
 de Noche, 1624, Svo. — Ibid. 
 
 Barbadino, a learned Portuguese, who 
 published at Paris, in 1746, a piece in his 
 native language, on the present State of 
 Literature in Portugal, which was severely 
 attacked by a Portuguese jesuit, and de- 
 luded by Don Joseph de Maymo. — Gen. 
 
 Barba.ro (Francis), a learned Venetian, 
 "was born in 1398. He was governor of 
 several places ; but distinguished himself 
 chiefly by his literary works, particularly 
 translations of some of Plutarch’s Lives. 
 He wrote De Re Uxoria; oh the Choice of 
 a vvifs, and the Duties of Women, printed 
 at Paris in 1515, He died in 1554. His 
 letters were printed in 1743. — Baylc. Mor. 
 
 Barba no (Ermolao) the eider, nephew 
 «f the preceding, He was learned in the 
 
 B A R 
 
 Creek language, and translated some of 
 JEsop’s Fables into Latin at the age of 12, 
 tie became successively bishop of’Trevisa 
 
 and Verona, where he died in 1470. » 
 
 Tiraboschi. 
 
 Bar baro (Ermolao). grandson of Francis, 
 born in 1454. He gave lectures on the 
 Greek language gratuitously. The em- 
 peror Frederic, to whom he went ambas- 
 sador, conferred, on him the honour of 
 knighthood, and pope Innocent VIII. made 
 him patriarch of Aquileia, for which the 
 Venetians expelled him their republic. Ha 
 then went to Rome, where he died in 1493, 
 He translated the Rhetoric of Aristotle, and 
 other works; ancl published critical eluci- 
 dations of Pliny. — 2 iraboschi. 
 
 Bar baro (Daniel), nephew of the last- 
 mentioned. He was born in 1513, and be* 
 came joint patriarch of Aquileia. He died 
 in 1570. He wrote a Treatise of Elo- 
 quence, Venice, 1.557, 4to. ; Practice of 
 Perspective, 1568, folio; and a translation 
 of Vitruvius, in 1 584. — Hid. 
 
 Barbarossa (Aruch), a famous pirate. 
 Being called in to assist the prince of Al- 
 giers, against the Spaniards, he murdered 
 that monarch, and took possession of his 
 throne. He next defeated the king of 
 Tunis, and having taken the capital, caused 
 himself to be proclaimed king; after which 
 he marched to Tremecen, the inhabitants 
 of which put to death their own monarch. 
 
 T he heir to the kingdom of Tremecen ap- 
 plied to the marquis of Gomarez, governor 
 of Oran, who besieged Barbarossa in the 
 citadel, and reduced him to the greatest 
 distress. He escaped from thence by a sub- 
 terraneous passage, but was overtaken with 
 a small number of Turks, the whole of 
 whom died sword in hand, in 151B.—Univ. 
 Hist. 
 
 Barbarossa (Heyradin), succeeded his 
 brother in the kingdom of Algiers, and 
 became commander of the naval’ forces of 
 Selim II. emperor of the Turks. He made 
 himself master of Tunis, but was driveit 
 from it by Charles V. in 1536. After this, 
 he ravaged several parts of Italy, and re- 
 duced Yemen in Arabia Felix to the Tur- 
 kish government. He died in 1547, atred 
 80 .—Ibid. 
 
 Barbaroux ((7harles), a native of Mara 
 seilles, and member of the national assem- 
 bly. Hf was an enemy to Robespierrd 
 and I'allien, and repeatedly brought charges 
 against them. He also proposed the trial 
 of Louis XVI. dnd family. When the Gi- 
 rondists were overthrown he was ar- 
 rested, but made his escape. But he Wa< 
 afterwards taken and guillotined at Bour- 
 deaux, in \1M-~-Dut. <Ui Hotnmcs Marq. dt 
 In Fin du 18me SiSs/e. 
 
 Barbasan (Stephen), a French writer, 
 born in 1696, and died in 1770. He is 
 known as the editor of old French book*, 
 particularly of Tales and Fables of the 1 2th 
 and 13th centuries, I7G0, 3 vcl>, l&aav 
 
B A R 
 
 B A R 
 
 He also wrote Instructions from a Father to 
 a .Sorl, 1760, 8vO. — Noun. Diet. Hist. 
 
 BarEatelli (Bernardino), an Italian 
 painter, was the disciple of Ghirlandaio, at 
 Florence. He afterwards went to Rome, 
 where he studied with so much assiduity, 
 as frequently to forget the refreshments of 
 food and sleep. Fie excelled in painting 
 history, fruit, animals, and flowers. He 
 died in 1612, aged 70. — Pifbington. . 
 
 Barbeau de la Bruyere (John Lewis), 
 a French writer, was the son of a wood- 
 monger at Paris, and horn in 1710. He 
 published an historic map of the world, 
 which combines geography, chronology, 
 and history in one view. He edited, and 
 for the most part compiled, the Chronolo- 
 gical Tables of the Abbe Lenglet ; the 
 Modern Geography of La Croix ; and the 
 two last volumes of the Bibliotheaue de 
 France. He also translated into French, 
 Strahlemberg’s Description of Russia, &c. 
 He died in 1781. — Noun. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Barberino (Francis), an Italian poet, 
 was born at Barberino, in Tuscany, in 1264. 
 He wrote a poem, entitled, The Precepts of 
 Love, printed at Rome in 1610. He died 
 at Florence in 1348. — Tiraboschi. 
 
 Babberino (Francis), a Roman cardinal, 
 nephew of pope Urban VIII. and legate in 
 France and Spain. Fie was the father of 
 the poor, and patron of the learned. He 
 died in 1679. His brother Anthony was 
 also a -cardinal, but on the election of In- 
 nocent X. who was the enemy of his family, 
 he retired to France, where he was made 
 archbishop of Rheims, and died in 1671. — 
 Merest. 
 
 Barbeu Dubourg (James), a physician, 
 was born at Mayenne, in 1709. He pub- 
 lished, 1. A Journal of Medicine, in 1761 ; 
 2. A System of Botany, 2 vols. 1767 ; 3. 
 Aphorisms of Tvjedicine, 1770, 12mo. He 
 died in 1779. — Noun. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Barbeyrac (Charles), an eminent phy- 
 sician, was born at Cereste, in Provence, 
 and studied at Montpelier, where he settled. 
 Locke, who was intimate with him, com- 
 pared him to Sydenham. He died in 1699, 
 aged 70. He wrote only two works, Traite 
 nouveau de Medicine, &c. 1654, 12mo. ; and 
 Questiones Medicx Duodecim, 4to. 1658. — 
 Moreri. 
 
 Barbeyrac (John), nephew of the above, 
 was born in 1674, at Beziers. Fie was pro- 
 fessor of law and history, first at Lausanne, 
 and afterwards at Groningen. lie trans- 
 lated into French Puffendorf’s Law of Na- 
 ture and Nations, his treatise on the Du- 
 ties of Man, and Grotius’s book of the 
 Rights of War and Peace, with learned 
 notes of his own. Fie also wrote a trea- 
 tise on the Morality of the Fathers, 4to. 
 1728 ; another on Gaming, 2 vols. 8vo. 
 1709, &c. -Fie died about 1747.— — Noun. 
 Diet. Hist. 
 
 Barbier d’Aucour (John), a counsellor 
 In the parliament of Paris, born at Langres 
 La 1641, and educated at Dijon. Fie wa* 
 
 tutor to the son of the famous Colbert, and 
 in 16' *3 became member of the French 
 academy. On the death of his patron lie 
 returned to the bar, and died at Paris in 
 1684. He wrote Sentimens de Cleanthe 
 sur les Entretiens d’Ariste et d’Eugene, par 
 le Pere Bouhours, Jesuite, 12mo. 2 vols. 
 1671. He wrote besides several other 
 pieces against thejesuits. — Noun. Diet. Hist . 
 
 Barbieri (John Francis), an eminent his- 
 torical painter, born in 1590. He studied 
 under Caracci, but followed the manner of 
 Caravaggio. His taste was natural, but 
 not always elegant. Among artists, he 
 goes under the name of Guercino. He died 
 in 1666, aged 76. Flis brother Paulo An- 
 tonio excelled in painting still life and ani- 
 mals. He died m 1640. — D'Argennille. 
 
 Barbosa. (Arias), a learned Portuguese, 
 who was Greek professor at Salamanca 20 
 years. The king of Portugal appointed him 
 preceptor to his sons, Alpiionsus and 
 Henry. He wrote some Latin poems, and a 
 treatise on prosody. He died in 1540.- — - 
 Moreri. 
 
 Barbosa (Peter), born at Viana in Por- 
 tugal. Fie was first professor of law ar 
 Coimbra, and afterwards chancellor of the 
 kingdom, He died about 1596. His works 
 on the Digests were published in 3 vols. fed. 
 1613. — Ibid. 
 
 Barbosa (Augustin), son of the above. 
 Philip IV. of Spain gave him the bishopric 
 of Ugento, in the territory of Otranto, in 
 1648, but he died in a few months after. He 
 wrote De Officio Episcopi, and other learn- 
 ed works. — Ibid. 
 
 Barbour (John), a Scotch divine, was 
 born about 1320, and educated in the abbev 
 of Aberbrothick, King David Bruce made 
 him his chaplain, and sent him on several 
 embassies. He wrote in verse the Life and 
 Actions of King Robert Bruce, primed at 
 Glasgow in 1671. He died in 1878. — Gen. 
 Biog. Diet. 
 
 Barbud, a Persian musician in the ser- 
 vice of Kosru Patviz. Flis name was 
 adopted to express the master of music in 
 all succeeding rimes. The Persians also gave 
 
 the name of Barbud to a sort of lyre.- 
 
 D'Herbelot . 
 
 Bargiiusf.n, or Barkhausen (John Con- 
 rad), an eminent physician and chemist, 
 was borne at Herne, in Germany, in 1666. 
 After visiting several countries, he settled 
 at Utrecht, where he read lectures in che- 
 mistry till his death in 1717. He wrote 
 Element:! Chernies ; Historia Medicine, 
 and other esteemed works. — Moreri. 
 
 Barclay (Alexander), a writer of the 
 16th century, was according' to some, a 
 native of Scotland, but others maintain that 
 he was an Englishman, which Last is most 
 probable, since he received his education at 
 Oriel college, Oxford. He afterwards tra- 
 velled through most parts of Europe, and 
 on his return became a monk at Ely ; but 
 on the dissolution of his monastery he ob- 
 tained a living in Essex. Fie died in 15$2. 
 
 I 
 
B A R 
 
 BAR 
 
 Barclay was one of the first refiners of oar 
 language by his productions, which are 
 chiefly translations from foreign writers. 
 He rendered into English that curious 
 book entitled Navis Stultifera, or Ship of 
 Fools. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Barclay (William), a learned Scotch 
 writer, was born at Aberdeen, but edu- 
 cated in France, where he took his doctor’s 
 degree in law, and became professor in that 
 faculty, first at Pontamousson and after- 
 wards at Angers, where he died in 1605. 
 He published some books on the rights, of 
 kings and popes. — Bayle. Moreri. 
 
 Barclay (John), son of the above, was 
 born at Pontamousson in 1582, and received 
 his education among the jesuits, who want- 
 ed to engage him among them, but in this 
 they were frustrated by his father, which 
 occasioned their resentment against him. 
 On the death of his father he went to Lon- 
 don, where he lived ten years, and then 
 returned to Paris. He died at Rome in 
 1621. He wrote several ingenious works : 
 the chief of which are, Euphormio, a sa- 
 tire in Latin, and a romance, entitled Ar- 
 genis. This last has been translated into 
 several languages. — Ibid. 
 
 Barclay (Robert), a quaker, was born 
 at Edinburgh in 1648, and sent by his 
 father, colonel Barclay, to Paris, under the 
 care of his uncle, who was principal of the 
 Scots’ college. He was drawn over to the 
 Romish religion, on which his father sent 
 for him home, and having himself embraced 
 the opinions of the quakers, persuaded his 
 son to do the same. In 1670 he published a 
 defence of his new religion, at Aberdeen ; 
 and in 167.5 he printed a catechetical dis- 
 course, or system of faith, according to the 
 opinions of his sect. But his greatest work 
 is, An Apology for the true Christian Divi- 
 nity, as the same is held forth and preached 
 by the people called, in scorn, Quakers, 
 printed in Latin, at Amsterdam, in 1676, 
 and translated into English, in 1678. He 
 not only benefited his party by his writings, 
 but travelled through various countries, 
 particularly Germany and Holland, to ob- 
 tain converts. He spent the latter part of 
 his life on his paternal estate, and died in 
 1 . 690 . — Blog. Brit . 
 
 Barcochebas, or Barcochab, “ the son 
 of a star,” a famous impostor among the 
 jews, who pretended to be the star pre- 
 dicted by Balaam. He gained many fol- 
 lowers, who overran Judea, and. put a 
 number of Romans to the sword. Hit was 
 at last defeated and slain by Julius Severus, 
 who committed a dreadful massacre on the 
 jewish nation, by way of revenge, A. D. 
 1 34 . — Moreri. 
 
 Bardas, a nobleman of Constantinople, 
 was uncle and guardian to the emperor 
 Michael III. He endeavoured to assume 
 the supreme power, but after committing 
 several arbitrary acts, was put to death by 
 Basilius the Macedonian, in 866 . — Un. Hist, 
 
 Bardas, called Scderus, general of the 
 army utider the emperor John Zimisces, 
 after whose death he prevailed with his 
 troops to invest him with the purple. Bar- 
 das Phocas vanquished him in Persia, on 
 which he lied to the caliph of Bagdat, who- 
 made him prisoner in 979. After a year’s 
 confinement, he obtained his liberty, and 
 joined Phocas, who assumed the imperial 
 dignity. On his death, Bardas submitted 
 to the emperor Basil, who took him into 
 favour. — Ibid. 
 
 Bardesanes, a heretic in the 2d cen- 
 tury, was a native of Edessa, in Mesopota- 
 mia, and the disciple' of Valentinus, part of 
 whose opinions he adopted, with new er- 
 rors of his own. He held the existence of 
 scons, and denied the resurrection. He is 
 not to be confounded with another of the 
 same name who lived in the 3d century, 
 and wrote a curious- book on the Gymno- 
 sophists. — Mosheim. Moreri. 
 
 Bardin (Peter), a French writer. He 
 was born at Rouen, and became a member 
 of the French academy. He was drowned 
 in the humane act of endeavouring to save 
 another, in 1537. He wrote, 1. Le grand 
 Chambellan de France, 1"623, folio ; 2. Pen- 
 sees Morales sur l’Ecclesiate, 1629, 8vo.; 
 3. I.e Lycee, ou de l’honnete Homme, 2* 
 vols. 8vo. — Moreri. 
 
 Bardney (Richard), an English monk of 
 the benedictine order, was born at Bard- 
 ney, in Lincolnshire. He wrote the Life 
 of Robert Grostest, or Grosthead, bishop of 
 J.incoln, in Latin verse, and died in 1504. 
 —Wood. 
 
 Barebone (Praise God), a rebel and fa- 
 natic, was a leatherseller, and became in 
 1654 one of the most active members of 
 Cromwell’s parliament, which took its de- 
 nomination from his name. When Monk 
 came to London to restore the king, this 
 man appeared at the head of such a rabble 
 as alarmed even that intrepid general. A 
 petition was presented to the parliament 
 by their leader for the exclusion of the 
 king and royal family. Monk, in conse- 
 quence, wrote a letter of complaint to the 
 house for encouraging the furious zealot 
 and his adherents. Mr. Granger says, 
 there were three brothers of this family, 
 each of whom had a sentence to his name, 
 viz. Praise God, Barebone ; Christ came 
 into the world to save, Barebone ; and, If 
 Christ had not died thou hadst been 
 damned, Barebone: some are said to have 
 omitted the former part of the sentence, 
 and to have called him only “ Damned 
 Barebone.” — Granger’s Biog. Hist. 
 
 Barent (Dieterick), a Dutch painter of 
 history and portrait, born at Amsterdam 
 in 1534. Pie studied in the school of Titian, 
 with whom he continued several years, and 
 thqn returned to his own country, where 
 he died in 1582. — De Piles. 
 
 Bap.etti (Joseph), an ingenious writer, 
 was the son of an architect at Turin. Of. 
 
BAR 
 
 BAR 
 
 the early part of his life little is known, 
 only that he was a great traveller. In 
 1750 he came to England, and soon ac- 
 quired a knowledge of the language, which 
 he wrote with facility and correctness. 
 About 1753 he became acquainted with 
 Dr. Johnson, by whose means he was in- 
 troduced into Mr. Thrale’s family as teacher 
 of the Italian language. In 1760 he return- 
 ed to Italy, and began a periodical work 
 entitled Frusta Literaria, which was pub- 
 lished at Venice, but on account of the 
 freedom of its sentiments, he found it ex- 
 pedient to quit that country, and he once 
 more visited England. In 17G9 he was 
 tried at the Old Bailey for killing a man 
 who assaulted him in the Kaymarket, and 
 was acquitted. Next year he published his 
 Travels through France, Spain, Portugal, 
 and Italy, 4 vols. 8vo. On the establish- 
 ment of the royal academy, he was ap- 
 pointed foreign secretary, and in lord 
 North’s administration he obtained a pen- 
 sion. Ho died in 1789, aged about 73. He 
 was an ingenious, pleasant, and charitable 
 man. Fie wrote, A Dissertation on Ita- 
 lian Poetry ; An Introduction to the 
 Italian Language ; The Italian Library, 
 8vo.; A Dictionary, English and Italian, 2 
 vols. 4to; A Grammar of the Italian Lan- 
 guage, 8vo.; An Account of the Manners 
 and Customs of Italy, 2 vols. 8vo.; An In- 
 troduction to the most Useful European 
 Languages, 8vo.; A Dictionary, English 
 and Spanish, 4to.; Tolondron Speeches to 
 John Bowie, about his edition of Don 
 Quixote, 8vo. &c. — Europ. Mag. 
 
 Bargrave (Isaac), an English divine. Pie 
 was educated at Clare-hall, Cambridge, 
 and became chaplain to James I. and dean 
 of Canterbury, in 1625. At the commence- 
 ment of the civil war, he was thrown into 
 the Fleet by colonel Sandys, whom he had 
 saved from the gallows. He lay there three 
 weeks, and died soon after, in 1642, aged 56. 
 
 ■ — Todd s Lives of the Deans of Canterbury. 
 
 Barkham (John), an English antiquary, 
 was born at Exeter about 1572, and edu- 
 cated at Oxford. Ele was made dean of 
 Bocking in Essex, where he died in 1642. 
 He gave medals and coins to archbishop 
 Laud, who added them to the collection 
 which he had given to the university of 
 Oxford. Dr. Barkham is said to have been 
 the sole author of the Display of Heraldry, 
 which goes under the name of Guillim. — 
 Prince s Worthies of Devon. Biog.Br. 
 
 Barksdale (Clement), an English divine, 
 was born at Winchcombe, in Gloucester- 
 shire, in 1609, and educated first at Abing- 
 don-school, and next at Oxford. He be- 
 came master of the grammar-school at He- 
 reford ; but when that city was taken by 
 the rebels, he went and kept a school at 
 Hawling in Gloucestershire. At the resto- 
 ration, he was presented to the living of 
 Naunton, where he died in 1687. Lie pub- 
 lished, 1. Monumenta Literaria •• sive cbitus 
 
 et Elogia Doctorum virorum, ex Historic, 
 J. A. Thuani, 4to.; 2. Nympha Libethtis,. 
 or the Corswold Muse, 1651, 8vo.; 3. Life 
 of Hugo Grotius, 1652, 12mo. ; 4. Memo- 
 rials of worthy Persons, 1661, 12mo., be- 
 sides several sermons and tracts. — Wood. 
 
 Barlaam, a learned divine of the 14th 
 century, was a native of Calabria ; on vi- 
 siting Constantinople, to study the Greek 
 language, the emperor Andronicus the- 
 younger gave him the abbey of St. Sa- 
 viour, and employed him to negociate a 
 union between the two chnrches, and to 
 solicit succours from the Christian princes 
 against the infidels. Barlaam, on his re- . 
 turn, wrote against the Latin's; but on be- 
 ing made bishop of Gieraci, in Italy, he 
 changed his principles, and employed his 
 pen against the Greeks. He died in 1348. 
 His letters were printed in 1604. — Moreri., 
 
 BARLiEus (Gaspard), a modern Latin 
 poet, was born at Antwerp in 1584. .He 
 became professor of logic at Leyden, of 
 which place he was deprived for being an 
 arminian. He then taught philosophy at 
 Amsterdam, where he died in 1648. His 
 orations and letters have been printed, 
 but his Latin poems are most esteemed. — 
 Bayle. 
 
 Bari..?eus (Lambert), professor of Greek 
 at Leyden. He translated, in conjunction 
 with Rivius, the confession of tile reformed 
 churches into Greek, and published the 
 Timon of Lucian, with notes, also Anno- 
 tations on Plesiod’s Theogony. He died in 
 1655. — Moreri. 
 
 Barland (Adrian), a learned Dutch 
 critic, was professor of eloquence at Lou- 
 vain, where he died in 1542. He published 
 Noteson Terence, Virgil, Pliny the younger, 
 and Menander; An Abridgement of Uni- 
 versal History; The Chronicle of the 
 Dukes of Brabant ; De Literatis urbis 
 Roma: Principibus, &c. — Moreri. 
 
 Barletta (Gabriel), a whimsical cha- 
 racter in the 15th century, was a native of 
 Barletta in the kingdom of Naples. Lie 
 was born about 1400, and was a dominican. 
 His sermons exhibit such a mixture of re- 
 ligious and comic expressions, sublime arid 
 vulgar ideas, the serious and the ridiculous, 
 and, what is more remarkable, the whole 
 written in such a barbarous language, com- 
 pounded of Greek, Latin, and Italian, as 
 to have rendered them one of the most 
 extraordinary productions in literature. 
 Such, however, was his fame among his 
 contemporaries, as to have occasioned this 
 proverb : nescit predicare qui nescit Barlettare. 
 His sermons have passed through more 
 than 20 editions; the best is that of Venice, 
 in 1577, 2 vols. 8vo. — Tiraboschi. 
 
 Barlow (Thomas), an English bishop, 
 was born in 1607, at Orton in Westmoreland, 
 and educated at Queeiy’s college, Oxford, 
 of which society he successively became 
 fellow and provost. He was also chosen 
 keeper of the Bodleian library, and Mar- 
 I 2 
 
BAR 
 
 BAR 
 
 garet professor of divinity. In 1675 he was 
 made bishop of Lincoln, and distinguished 
 himself as a zealous writer against popery ; 
 but on the accession of James II. he paid 
 his court to him, and vindicated the royal 
 power to dispense with the penal laws. 
 Yet at the revolution he took the oaths, 
 and was forward in depriving the nonjur- 
 ing clergy in his diocese. Besides his tracts 
 against popery, he wrote Cases of Consci- 
 ence, and some other books. He died at 
 Buckden, in 1691, aged 35. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Barlow (Francis), an English painter, 
 was born in Lincolnshire, and studied under 
 Shepherd, a portrait painter. He died in 
 1702. Barlow excelled in painting birds, 
 beasts, and fish, which he imitated very ex- 
 actly. — Pilkington. 
 
 Barlowe (William), an English prelate, 
 was prior of a monastery at the dissolution 
 of the religious orders in the reign of Hen- 
 ry VIII., after which he was made bishop of 
 St. Asaph, from whence he was translated 
 to St. David’s. In 1547 he was made bishop 
 of Bath and Wells, but was deprived by 
 queen Mary for being married, on which he 
 went to Germany. At the accession of 
 Elizabeth to the throne, lie returned, and 
 was made bishop of Chichester. He died in 
 1658. He wrote several books. — Wood.B.Br. 
 
 Barlowe (William), son of the above, 
 was born in Pembrokeshire, and educated 
 at Baliol college, Oxford; after which, he 
 travelled abroad, and became well skilled 
 in navigation. On entering into orders, he 
 was made prebendary of Winchester, and 
 at last archdeacon of Sarum. He was the 
 first writer tin the properties of the load- 
 stone. He likewise discovered the differ- 
 ence between iron and steel, ^nd their tem- 
 pers for magnetical uses. To him also are 
 we indebted’ for the way of pointing mag- 
 netic needles, and of piecing and cement- 
 ing loadstones. He died in 1625. — Ibid. 
 
 Barnabas (St.), of the tribe of Levi, 
 born in the isle of Cyprus. On embracing 
 the gospel, he sold his estate, and gave the 
 produce to the apostles. He was sent to 
 Antioch to confirm the new disciples; and 
 was the companion of St. Paul. Pie was 
 stoned to death by the Jews in Cyprus. 
 There is an epistle extant under his name, 
 which was printed at Amsterdam, with 
 notes, in 1724, by Le Clerc. — Caves Lives 
 of the Apostles. 
 
 Barnard (Theodore), a Dutch painter, 
 was born at Amsterdam, and afterwards 
 settled in England, where it is said he 
 painted the figures of the kings and bishops 
 for Chichester cathedral. — Bhubrakcn. 
 
 Barnard, or Bernard (John), an Eng- 
 lish divine, was born in Lincolnshire, and 
 educated partly at Cambridge, and partly 
 at Oxford, where he became fellow of Lin- 
 coln college. At the restoration he was 
 made prebendary of I.incoln, and, in 1669, 
 took hie degree of D.D. He died in 1683. 
 Pie wrote the life of Dr. Heyiyn, and 
 ■i«mc other pieces. — Blog. Brit. 
 
 Barnard (sir John), an eminent patriot', 
 Was born at Reading in Berkshire, in 1685, 
 of parents who were quakers. His father 
 was a wine merchant, to whose business he 
 succeeded. In his 19th year he quitted the 
 quakers, and became a member of the es- 
 tablished church. He was first brought into 
 notice by being appointed by the body of 
 wine-mc-rchants to state before the house of 
 lords their objections to a Bill then pending 
 in that house, affecting their trade. In con- 
 sequence of the abilities* he displayed on 
 this occasion he yvas nominated in 1721 
 candidate for the city of London, and the 
 year following was elected. He continued 
 to represent the city in 1 parliament neat* 
 forty years, arid he discharged that trust 
 with such fidelity as to gain the veneration 
 of his fellow-citizens, who erected his sta- 
 tue in the exchange. In 1732 he received' 
 the honour of knighthood from George II. 
 whom he attended with an address. In, 
 1737 he served the office of lord mayor, in 
 which situation lie considerably reformed 
 the police. Pie died at Clapham in 1764, 
 leaving one son and two daughters. Sir 
 John Barnard was a worthy magistrate, an 
 upright senator, a good speaker, and a reli- 
 gious man. — Ibid. 
 
 Barkave (Anthony), one of the actor* 
 and victims of the French revolution. He 
 was a member of the national assembly,, 
 where he distinguished himself by his vehe- 
 mence. When the king was stopped at Va- 
 rennes he was nominated to conduct big 
 majesty and family to Paris, in which mis- 
 sion he behaved with great respect to his 
 illustrious captives. Pie was guillotined at 
 Paris as a royalist in 1794, aged 32. — Diet, 
 des Ho?nmer Marquans dc la Fin du 1 8 me Sieclc. 
 
 Barnes (Juliana), born at Roding in 
 Essex, at the beginning of the 15th century. 
 Her singular accomplishments procured her 
 the place of prioress of Sopewell nunnery , 
 a place belonging to St. Alban’s. She was 
 living in 1486. She wrote on heraldry, 
 hunting, and hawking, which treatise* 
 were printed atthe monastery of St. Alban V 
 — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Barnes (Robert), an English divine and 
 D.D. He was chaplain to Henry VIII. who 
 sent him to Germany to confer with the 
 divines of that country on the legality of 
 his divorce. Here he became a liitheran, 
 and on his return propagated his new opi- 
 nions with such zeal that he was taken up, 
 and in 1549 burnt in Smithfield. He wrote 
 a treatise on Justification, and some other 
 books. — Fox’s Martyrole^y. 
 
 Barnes (Joshua), a learned divine. He 
 was born in London in 1654, and educated 
 at Christ’s hospital, from whence he re- 
 moved to Emanuel college, Cambridge, of 
 which he was elected fellow in 1675. The 
 year following Le published a poem on the 
 History of Esther, and in 1688 the Life of 
 Edward III. In 1694 he printed his edition 
 of Euripides. In 1700 he married a widow 
 lady of fortune. 1« 1705 he published his 
 
BAR 
 
 BAR 
 
 Anacreon, and the next year his Homer. 
 Dr. Bentley used to say that lie understood 
 as much Greek as a Greek cobler; yet his 
 edition of Anacreon is deservedly in high 
 esteem. He died in 1712. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Barnf.vei.dt (John d’Olden), a cele- 
 brated Dutch statesman, who rose by his 
 merit to the first dignities in the govern- 
 ment. He was sent ambassador to queen 
 Elizabeth of England, and Henry IV. of 
 France. On his return to Holland he en- 
 deavoured to limit the authority of Mau- 
 rice prince of Orange, which, added to his 
 being the patron of .the Arminians, made 
 him obnoxious to the prince, who got him 
 tried on the absurd charge of plotting to 
 •deliver up his country to the Spanish 
 monarch. Of this he was found guilty, 
 and beheaded in 1619. Elis sons, William 
 and Rene, formed a conspiracy against 
 Maurice to revenge their father’s death, 
 which was discovered. William escaped, 
 "but Rene was taken prisoner. and executed. 
 
 • — Brandt ' j Hist. Re form, in tbe.Loio Countries. 
 
 Baro (Peter), a French protestant divine, 
 who came to England on account of his 
 religion, and in 1574was chosen lady Mar- 
 garet’s professor of divinity at Cambridge, 
 .where he brought himself into trouble by 
 ■opposing the calvinistical notion of predes- 
 tination. Ele died in London at the begin- 
 ning of the 17th century, and was buried 
 in the church of St. Olave, Hart-street. Ele 
 published some polemical books in Latin. — 
 Biog. Br. 
 
 Baroche (Frederic), an Italian painter, 
 was a native of Urbino, and died there in 
 1612, aged 84. He chiefly excelled on re- 
 ligious subjects, and his pictures are held in 
 ■high esteem. — De Piles. 
 
 i3AR,oN.(Bonaventure),aFranciEcanmonk, 
 whose true name was Fitzgerald, was- born 
 at Clonmell in Ireland. He died at Rome 
 in 1696. He wrote a body of divinity in 
 6 vols. and three books of Latin poetry. — 
 Biog. Br. 
 
 Baron (Michael), afamous French actor, 
 was the son of a merchant at Issoudun. Al- 
 though his merit in his profession was very 
 great, yet his vanity was insufferable ; this 
 will appear from a saying of his ; “ that 
 once in a century we might .see a Ccesar, 
 but that 2000 years were not sufficient to 
 produce a Baron.” He was about to refuse 
 the pension granted him by Louis XIV. be- 
 cause the order for it was worded thus, 
 “ Pay to the within-named Michael Boy- 
 run, called Barois," &c. He died at Paris in 
 1729, aged 77. Three volumes of his co- 
 medies were printed after his death. — Moreri. 
 
 Baron (Hyacinth Theodore), professor 
 of medicine at Paris, who had a consider- 
 able hand in tite Pharmacopoeia, printed 
 'there in 17:32, 4to. He also wrote a Dis- 
 course on Chocolate. He died in 1758, 
 .aged 72. — Noun. Diet. Hist. 
 
 "dURONi (Leonora), a famous .singer, was 
 
 born at Naples, but resided the greater part 
 of her life at Rome. She was the daughter 
 of the fair Adriana of Mantua, on whose 
 beauty and accomplishments numerous pa- 
 negyrics were printed. Leonora possessed 
 eminent talents, and a volume of poems in 
 different languages was printed in 16:39 in 
 her praise. She also wrote several poetical 
 pieces of merit. — Bayle. 
 
 Baronius (Ciesar), a learned cardinal, 
 was born in 1588 at Sora, in the kingdom 
 of Naples. In 1560 he entered into the 
 congregation of the Oratory, and was for 
 some time employed in the instruction of 
 youth. In 1583 he was elected superior 
 general of his order. Clement VIII. made 
 him his confessor, and in 1596 raised him 
 to the cardinalship. lie afterwards became 
 librarian of the Vatican, and on the death 
 of that pontiff would have been elected 
 pope if the Spanish party had not prevailed. 
 He died in 1607. His Ecclesiastical Annals, 
 in 12 vols. folio, have been often printed. — 
 Moreri. 
 
 Barozzi (James), a famous architect, 
 better known by the name of Vignola from 
 the place of his birth in the duchy of Mo- 
 dena, was born in 1507. He first studied 
 painting, which he quitted for architecture, 
 and became a member of the academy of 
 design at Rome. In 1537 he visited France, 
 where he resided two years. He built se- 
 veral palaces in and near Bologna, and con- 
 structed the famous eanal which goes from, 
 thence to Ferrara. He was aleo employed 
 to build some churches at Rome, and suc- 
 ceeded Michael Angelo as architect of St. 
 Peter’s. He died in 1577. He wrote a ce- 
 lebrated book, entitled Rules for the five 
 Orders of Architecture, which has gone 
 through sixteen editions; also a Treatise on 
 practical Perspective. — D' Argenville s Vies 
 des Archit. 
 
 Barral (Peter), a French abbd, born at 
 Grenoble, and who died in Paris in 1772 * 
 he compiled an historical Dictionary, 6 vols. 
 8vo. 1759, and a Dictionary of :Roman An- 
 tiquities, 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Barre (Lewis Francis Joseph de la), afl 
 ingenious writer, was born at Tournay in 
 1688. He was educated in the college of 
 St. Barbe, at Paris, where he assisted An- 
 selm Banduri in his Imperium Orientale, 
 and the collection of medals of Roman em- 
 perors from the emperor Decius, for which 
 he had a pension given him by the duke of 
 Tuscany, lie also published Memoirs for 
 the History of France and Burgundy, and 
 several other works. He died in 1738.— 
 Moreri. 
 
 Barre (Joseph), a .learned a<td indus- 
 trious* French writer, was born in 1692. 
 He was canon of St. Qenevieve, and chan- 
 cellor of the uniuessvty rOf Paris. His prin- 
 cipal works ar-e,-Vindici* librorum deutero- 
 canonicorpm veteris testament! ; a general 
 History of Germany, 11 vols. 4to.*, Life of 
 
BAR 
 
 BAR 
 
 Marshal deFabert, 2 vols. 12mo.; History of 
 the Laws and the Tribunals of Justice, 4to. 
 He died in 1764. — Noun. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Barrelier (James), an eminent botanist 
 of the order of preaching friars, who died 
 in 1673, aged 67. A posthumous work of 
 his, entitled Plants per Gallium, Hispa- 
 niam, et Italian! observatse, et Iconibus 
 aEneis exhibits, was printed at Paris, 1714, 
 folio. — Moreri. 
 
 _ Barrere (Peter), a physician of Per- 
 pignan, who died in 1735. He wrote Re- 
 ation et Essai sur l’PIistoire de la France 
 Equinoxiale, 1748, i2mo. Dissertation sur 
 la Couleur des Negres, 1741, 4to. Observa- 
 tions sur l’Origine des Pierres figurees, 
 1746, 4tO. — 'Nows. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Barrett (George), an eminent land- 
 scape painter, was 'born in Dublin about 
 1732. He was self-taught, and obtained 
 when young the premium of 50/. offered 
 by the Dublin society for the best landscape 
 in oil. In 1762 he came to London, and 
 the year after his arrival he gained the pre- 
 mium given by the society for the encou- 
 ragement of arts, & c. for the best land- 
 scape. He was one of the first who planned 
 the royal academy, of which he became a 
 member. His best pieces are in the pos- 
 session of the dukes of Portland and Buc- 
 cleugh, and Mr. Locke. He died in 1784, 
 —Pilkington. 
 
 Barrett (William), an English topo- 
 graphical author. He was born in Somer- 
 setshire, and settled in Bristol as a surgeon, 
 in which line he was very eminent. He 
 employed above twenty years in collecting 
 materials for a history of that city, which 
 he published in 1788, in 1 vol. 4t:o. He was 
 the earl.y patron of the eccentric Chatter- 
 ton. Mr. Barrett died in 1 789. — Gent. Mag. 
 
 BarringIon (John Shute lord viscount), 
 a learned English nobleman, was the son of 
 Mr. Shute, a merchant, and born at Theo- 
 bald s, in Hertfordshire, in 1678. He was 
 educated at Utrecht, and on his return to 
 England entered of the Inner Temple. In 
 1701 he published a tract on the toleration 
 «f protestant dissenters, wliich was followed 
 by another, entitled The Rights of Protes- 
 tant Dissenters, in two parts. In 1708 he 
 was made a commissioner of the customs, 
 but was dismissed in 1711. Mr. Wildman, 
 a gentleman of large fortune in Berkshire’ 
 left him his estate, as did Mr. Barrington, 
 who had married his first cousin ; in com- 
 pliment to whom he took his arms and 
 name. In 1720 he was created an Irish 
 peer, being then member for Berwick. In 
 1725 he published his Miscellanea Sacra, in 
 2 vols. 8vo. which was reprinted in 1770, 
 in 3 vols. He also wrote An Essay on the’ 
 several. Dispensations of God to Mankind, 
 and other works. He died in 1734. His 
 lordship married the daughter of sir Wil- 
 liam' Daines, by whom he left six sons and 
 three daughters.— Biog. Brit. 
 
 Barrington (Daines), fourth son oflord 
 Barrington, was brought up to the law, and 
 in 1757 was made a Welsh judge, after 
 which he was appointed second, justice of 
 Chester. He resigned these offices long be- 
 fore his death, and lived in a retired way in 
 . the Temple, amusing himself chiefly in an- 
 tiquarian pursuits. He wrote Observations 
 on the Statutes, 4to. ; Tracts on the Pro- 
 bability of reaching the North Pole, 4to. ; 
 and a number of curious papers in the 
 transactions of the royal and antiquarian 
 societies, of both which he was a member, 
 and of the latter vice-president.. He died 
 in 1800, and was buried m the K x einple 
 church. — Gent. Mag. Enrop. Mag. 
 
 Barrington (Samuel), fifth son of lord 
 Barrington, was born in 1729, and entering 
 into the navy, was made post capt - in iu 
 1747. In 1778 he was created rear-admi- 
 ral of the white, and sent to the West In- 
 dies, where his valour and prudence gained 
 him the highest reputation; he distinguish- 
 ed himself particularly in the taking of St. 
 Lucia. In 1782 he served under lord 
 Howe, and bore a part in the memorable 
 relief of Gibraltar. Fie died in 1800 .—Ibid. 
 
 Barros, or Dr. Barros (John), a learned 
 Portuguese, was born at Viseo in 1496. He 
 was preceptor to the sons of king Emanuel, 
 and when h;s pupil Don Juan came to the 
 throne he made him governor of a settle- 
 ment on the coast of Guinea, and after- 
 wards treasurer of the Indies. Fie died in 
 1^70. Fie wrote a History of Asia and the 
 Indies, in four decades; the last edition was 
 that of Lisbon, in 1736, .3 vols. folio.- — Mo- 
 reri. 
 
 Barrow (Isaac), an English prelate, was 
 born at Spiney abbey, in Cambridgeshire, 
 and educated at Peterhouse, Cambridge, of 
 which he became fellow, but was ejected bv 
 the presbyterians about 1643. He then 
 went to Oxford, and was appointed one of 
 the chaplains of New college. He suffered 
 considerably in the rebellion, and at the. 
 restoration was consecrated bishop of Sodor 
 and Man, from whence he was afterwards 
 translated to St. Asaph. He was a great 
 benefactor to both bishoprics, but parti- 
 cularly the former. He died in 1680, and 
 was buried in the cathedral of St. Asaph— 
 Wood s /l . 0. Biog. Brit. 
 
 Barrow (Isaac), a learned divine and 
 mathematician, was born in London in 
 1630. He was first placed in the Charter- 
 house, and afterwards removed to Felsted 
 school, in Essex, from whence he was sent 
 to I rmity college, Cambridge, of which he, 
 was chosen scholar in 1647, aiffi subscribed 
 the engagement ; but repenting of what he 
 had done, he went back and struck out his 
 name from tne list. In 1649 he was chosen ' 
 fellow of his college, and studied physic, 
 with a view of making it his profession ; 
 Out by the advice of his uncle, afterwards 
 bishop of St. Asaph, he forsook it, and de- 
 
B A R 
 
 BAR 
 
 :voted himself to theology". In 16.55 lie 
 went on his travels, and at Constantinople 
 read over all the works of St. Chrysostom. 
 On his return he was episcopally ordained, 
 and in 1660 was chosen Greek professor at 
 Cambridge. In 1662 he was appointed 
 j Gresham professor of geometry ; and the 
 i year following was elected fellow of the 
 royal society. In 1664 he gave up the 
 ! Gresham professorship, on being appointed 
 Lucasian professor of mathematics at Cam- 
 | bridge, which chair he resigned in 1669 
 to his pupil Mr. Isaac Newton. In 1670 
 I he was Created D. D. and two years after- 
 wards appointed master of Trinity college; 
 i -on which occasion the king said, “ that 
 he had given it to the most learned man 
 in England.” In 1675 he served the office 
 j xif vice-chancellor. He died in. 1677, and 
 was interred in Westminster-abbey. His 
 works are numerous. Those in English 
 were published by doctor Tillotson, in 
 3 vols. folio, 1682. King Charles II. used 
 to say that he was an unfair preacher, be- 
 cause he exhausted every subject on which 
 he discoursed. His sermons are inestimable. 
 His mathematical works are, Euclidis Ele- 
 menta; Euclidis Data; Lectiones Geometri- 
 cx ; Archimedis Opera ; Apollonii Conico- 
 rum,lib.iv.; Theodisii Sphericorum, lib. iff. 
 Nova Methodo illustrata, et succincte De- 
 monstrata. After his death appeared Lectio 
 in qua Theoremata Archimedis de Sphxra et 
 Cylindro, &c. Mathematicx Lectiones ha- 
 bitx in Scholis publicis Academix Cantab. 
 Dr. Barrow was a man of courage and 
 pleasantry, as appears by the following anec- 
 dotes. In his voyage between Leghorn and 
 Smyrna the ship was attacked by a corsair, 
 which, after a stout resistance, was obliged 
 to sheer off, Barrow standing to his gun to 
 the last. — Being on a visit at a gentleman’s 
 house in the country, where the necessary was 
 at the end of a garden, as he was going to it 
 before day, a fierce mastiff which used to 
 be chained up all day and let loose at night, 
 set on him with great fury. The doctor 
 caught him by the throat, and throwing 
 him down, lay upon him ; once he had a 
 mind to kill him, but he altered his resolu- 
 tion, on r ecoliec ti ng t hat this wouldbe unjust, 
 as the dog' only did his duty. At length he 
 was heard by some of the family, who came 
 out and freed both from their disagreeable 
 situation. — As a proof of his wit we are 
 told the following story : Meeting lord Ro- 
 chester at court, his lordship, by way of 
 banter, thus accosted him: “ Doctor, I am 
 vours to my shoe-tie.” Barrow, seeing his 
 aim, returned his salute obsequiously, with 
 “ My lord, I am yours to the ground.” Ro- 
 chester, improving his blow, quickly re- 
 turned it, with “ Doctor, I am yours to 
 the centre ;” which was as smartly fol- 
 lowed by Barrow, with “ My lord, I am 
 vours to the antipodes.” Upon which Ro- 
 chester, scorning to be foiled by a musty old 
 piece of divinity, as he used to call him, ex- 
 
 claimed, “ Doctor, I am yours to the lowest 
 pit of hell.” On which Barrow, turning on 
 his heel, answered, “ There, my lord, I leave 
 you.” — Biog. Brit. Hutton's Math. Diet. 
 
 -Barry (Girald), commonly called Giral- 
 dus Cambrensis, a writer of the 12th century, 
 was born in Pembrokeshire of a noble fa- 
 mily. He received a liberal education, and 
 obtained several ecclesiastical preferments. 
 He had the care of the church of St. Da- 
 vid’s for some time, and was chosen bishop 
 of that diocese by the chapter, but his elec- 
 tion was declared void by the pope. In 
 1215 he was offered the same bishopric, but 
 refused it. When he died is unknown. He 
 wrote the History of the Conquest of Ire- 
 land, and Topographia Hibernica, both 
 edited by Camden in 1602. His Itinera- 
 rium Cambrias was published by David 
 Powel. He also wrote a curious book 
 against the monks, entitled Ecclesix Specu- 
 lum. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Barry (Spranger), a celebrated actor, 
 was born at Dublin in 1719, and bred a 
 silversmith, which profession he abandoned 
 for the theatre, and made his first attempt 
 in the character of Othello in 1744. In 
 1747 he came to Englaud, and was engaged 
 at Drury-lame, which he soon quitted for 
 Covent-garden, and proved a formidable 
 rival to Garrick, who was the leader of the 
 other house. In 1758 he went to Ireland, 
 and was concerned in two play-houses, 
 one at Dublin and the other at Cork ; but 
 these failing, he returned to England, where 
 he and his wife were engaged by Mr. 
 Foote, at the Haymarket ; but in 1766 he 
 accepted the proposals of Garrick, and re- 
 moved to Drury-lane. About 1773 Barry 
 left Drury-lane for Covent-garden ; but he 
 did not live long after, being worn out by 
 an hereditary gout. He excelled in tra- 
 gedy. — Biog. Dram. 
 
 Barry (James), lord of Santry,and chief 
 justice of the king’s bench in Ireland, was 
 born in Dublin, which city his father re- 
 presented in parliament. He studied the 
 law, and in 1629 was made king’s serjeant, 
 and in 1634 one of the barons of the ex- 
 chequer, with the honour of knighthood. 
 He was a great friend to the earl of Straf- 
 ford, and at the restoration Was advanced 
 to the office of chief justice and the peer- 
 age. He died in 1673. He wrote The 
 Case of Tenures upon the Commission of 
 defective Titles, Dublin, 1637, folio, and in 
 1725, 12mo. — Biog, Br. 
 
 Barry (James), a celebrated painter, was 
 born at Cork in Ireland, where at the age 
 of nineteen, he painted an historical picture 
 on the legend of the baptism of the king of 
 Cashel, which was exhibited to the Dublin 
 society for the encouragement of arts, and 
 recommended the artist to the acquaintance 
 of Mr. Burke, who introduced him to sir 
 Joshua Reynolds, Dr. Johnson, and other 
 eminent men. Mr. Burke enabled him to 
 visit Italy, where he studied with ardour. 
 
B A R 
 
 BAR 
 
 On his return in 177.5, he published “ An 
 Inquiry into the real and imaginary Ob- 
 structions to the acquisition of the Arts in 
 England,” 8vo. a work of considerable me- 
 rit. Two years afterwards he was elected 
 Royal Academician, and in 1786 was ap- 
 pointed professor of painting to the royal 
 academy, where his lectures were greatly 
 admired. In 1799 he was removed from 
 his office ; and soon after expelled from the 
 royal academy, but for what cause has not 
 been clearly explained. He was employed 
 by the society for the encouragement of 
 arts to decorate their great room with 
 paintings, which are some of the most 
 beautiful in England, and from which he 
 engraved a set of prints. His Jupiter and 
 Juno was engraved by Smith, and Venus 
 rising from the sea bv Green, in mezzo- 
 tinto and facing in the dotted manner. 
 Mr. Barry was engaged some years in 
 painting a large picture of Pandora, eigh- 
 teen feet long and ten broad, but it was 
 not finished at his death in 1806. His re- 
 mains were interred in St. Paul’s cathedral. 
 
 ■ — Pub. Characters , vol. iv. 
 
 Bar it y (George), a presbyterian divine, 
 was born in Berwickshire, and educated in 
 the university of Edinburgh, after which he 
 became minister successively of the roval 
 burgh of Kirkwall, and of the island and 
 parish of Shapinhay in the Orkneys. Pie 
 died in the latter place in 180.5, aged 
 57. The university of Edinburgh con- 
 ferred on him the degree of D. D. and the 
 society for propagating Christian know- 
 ledge in Scotland appointed him super- 
 intendant of the schools in Scotland. He 
 wrote a statistical account of his two 
 parishes published by sir John Sinclair ; 
 and a History of the Orkney Islands in 
 1 vol. 4tO .—Monthly Alag. 
 
 Barsuma, cr Barsoma, metropolitan of 
 Nesibis, who revived the notions of Nesto- 
 rius in the time of the emperor Justin. 
 
 ' There are several discourses and letters of 
 his extant in the Syriac language. — Mo- 
 slem. 
 
 Bartas (William Sallust de), a French 
 poet, was born in 1544. He was sent by 
 Henry IV. on several embassies. Bartas was 
 of the protestant communion, and died 
 in 1599. He wrote a poem, entitled The 
 Week of the Creation, in 7 books, translated 
 into English by Sylvester.— Morcri. 
 
 Barth (John), a French naval com- 
 mander. He was born at Dunkirk, where 
 his father was a poor fisherman. Barth 
 distinguished himself by his daring exploits. 
 In 1692 he had the command of a squa- 
 dron of frigates and a fire-ship, with which 
 he destroyed 8 6 .sail of English merchant 
 ships, landed near Newcastle', where he 
 burnt 200 houses, and returned to Dunkirk 
 with prizes valued at 500,000 crowns. In 
 1694 he was sent with a squadron of six 
 ships to convoy a fleet laden with corn. 
 This fleet had been captured, when Barth 
 
 fell in with it, by a Dutch squadron of eight 
 men of war, but though he was so much 
 inferior, he retook the prizes and their cap- 
 tors. For this he obtained a patent of no- 
 bility. He died at Dunkirk in 1702, aved 
 SI. —Ibid. 
 
 Barthe (Nicholas Thomas), an inge- 
 nious French writer, was born at Mar- 
 seilles in 1733. He wrote several dramatic 
 pieces, and translated Ovid’s Art of Lova 
 into French verse. He died at Paris in 
 1785. — Noun. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Barthei.emi (Nicholas), a benedictine 
 monk of the 15th century, who wrote 
 some Latin poems on religious subjects, and 
 a book in prose on the Active and Contem- 
 plative Life, 1523. — Ibid. 
 
 Barthej.emY (John James), a learned 
 French writer, was born at Cassis, in Pro- 
 vence, in 1716. He received his education 
 first in the college of the oratory at Mar- 
 seilles, from whence he removed to that of 
 the jesuits. In 1744 he visited Paris, and 
 was nominated associate in the cape of the 
 cabinet of medals, and afterwards he be- 
 came secretary to the academy of inscrip- 
 tions. In 1753 he was appointed keeper of 
 the cabinet of medals. In 1755 he visited 
 Naples, then rendered interesting to an an- 
 tiquary by the discovery of the treasures 
 of Herculaneum. He wished much to have 
 a specimen of the ancient writing in the 
 Creek manuscripts ; but he was told by 
 those who had the care of the curiosities 
 that they could not grant his request. On 
 this lie only asked to see a manuscript page 
 for a few minutes. It contained twenty- 
 eight lines, which Barthelemy read atten- 
 tively, and going aside, transcribed the 
 whole, and sent the fac-simile to the aca- 
 demy of belles-lettres. In 1758 the duke 
 de Choiseul gave him a pension; to which, 
 hi 1765, he added the treasurership of St. 
 Martin de lours, and in 1768 the place of 
 secretary-general to the Swiss guards. In 
 H 88 he published his great work, entitled, 
 
 I lie Voyage of the younger Anacharsis in 
 Greece, upon which he had been employed 
 thirty years. In 1789 he was chosen a, 
 member of the French academy. In Au- 
 gust, 1 ,93, this respectable man was arrest- 
 ed on the charge of being an aristocrat, 
 and hurried to prison, from whence, how- 
 ever, he was released the same night by 
 order of the government. He died in 1 795, 
 
 I ire abbe was a member of the most dis- 
 tinguished foreign societies, as well as of 
 those in his own country. He united with 
 his profound learning, modesty, simplicity, 
 and good nature. Besides his Anacharsis 
 he wrote a number of papers, chiefly on 
 medallic subjects, in the collection of the 
 academy of inscriptions, and in the Jour- 
 nal des 'll vans.-, — T by the Duke d' Ui t verncis, 
 Baiithius (Gaspard), a learned writer, 
 was born at Custin, in Brandenburg, in 
 h587. At the age of 12 he translated Da- 
 vid’? Psalms into Latin verse. After finish-} 
 
BAR 
 
 BAS 
 
 ing his studies in his own country he went 
 through a principal part of Europe. On 
 his return he settled at Leipsic, where he 
 devoted himself entirely to literary pur- 
 suits, and pmblished several books, the chief 
 of which are his Adversaria; and his Com- 
 mentaries on Statius and Claudian. He 
 died in 1658. — Bay If. Moreri. 
 
 Bart ho line (Gaspard), a Danish phy- 
 sician and divine, was born at Malmoe, in 
 Schonen, 1585. He took his degree of 
 M.'D. at Basil in 1610. After filling the 
 medical chair at Copenhagen eleven years, 
 he applied to the study of divinity, and was 
 afterwards appointed professor of theology, 
 and had the canonry of Roschild. He died 
 in 1629. H e wrote Institution.es Anatomies, 
 and various other works. — Moreri. 
 
 Bartho line (Thomas), son of the pre- 
 ceding, was born at Copenhagen in 1616, 
 and studied physic at Leyden, but took his 
 doctor’s degree at Basil in 1645. The year 
 following he was appointed professor of 
 mathematics at Copenhagen, and in 1648 
 he obtained the anatomical chair. He died 
 in 1680. His anatomical and medical works 
 are universally known. His son Gaspard 
 succeeded him in the anatomical professor- 
 ship, and his other sons were all men of 
 learning and eminence. Thomas was coun- 
 sellor to the king, and professor in anti- 
 quities ; Christopher was professor of ma- 
 thematics; and John was professor in the- 
 ology. His daughter Margaret distinguish- 
 ed herself by several ingenious poems in the 
 Danish language. — Moreri. 
 
 Bartholomew (St.), one of the twelve 
 apostles. He preached the gospel in the 
 Indies, in Ethiopia, and Lycaonia, and is 
 said to have been flayed alive in Armenia, 
 but the assertion is not well founded — Cave. 
 
 Bartholomew (of the martyrs), arch- 
 bishop of Braga, was born at Lisbon in 
 1514. He assisted at the council of Trent, 
 where he strenuously urged the necessity 
 qf a reform among the clergy. He was the 
 father of his flock, and in a time when the 
 pestilence raged amongst them he remained 
 on his pos t doing good, l ie resigned the 
 archbishop ric, and retired to a monastery, 
 where he died in 1590. 'His works are in 
 it vols. folio. — Moreri. 
 
 Bartlett (John), a nonconformist divine, 
 lie was for many years minister of St. Tho- 
 mas, near Exeter; from whence he was 
 ejected in 1662, on which he removed to 
 that city, where he officiated to a small 
 congregation of dissenters, and died very 
 x»ld. He wrote a volume of meditations. 
 His brother William, a violent independent, 
 was ejected from the rectory of Bideford, 
 in Devonshire. He wrote aModel of Church 
 Government, and died in 1682. — Calamy. 
 
 Bartolt (Daniel), a learned jasuit, was 
 born at Ferrara in 1608. Me published a 
 great number of works, the chief of which 
 is the history of his society, in 6 vols. folio, 
 l ie died at Rome in 1685.— Kouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 JJaktoli (Coskno), an Italian writer of 
 
 the 16th century, was born at Florence. 
 He was sent by the great duke Cosmo as 
 his resident to Venice, where he lived five 
 years. He wrote the life of the emperor 
 Frederic BarSarossa in Italian, and other 
 wurk3. — Gen. Bier. 
 
 Bartolo, a lawyer of the 14th century, 
 was born in the marche of Ancona. He 
 took his doctor’s degree at Bologna, and 
 was appointed professor of laws at Pisa, 
 from whence he removed to Perugia. 
 Charles IV. conferred on him the title of 
 counsellor, and other marks of distinction. 
 He died in 1359. His works make 10 vols. 
 folio. — Moreri. 
 
 Bartolocci (Julius), a cistercian monk. 
 He was born at Celano in 1613, and died at 
 Rome in 1687. He published Bibliotheca 
 Rabbinica, in 4 vols. folio, which was con- 
 tinued by a disciple of his in another vo- 
 lume. — Moreri. 
 
 Barton (Elizabeth), commonly called 
 “ the Holy Maid of Kent,” a religious 
 impostor in the reign of Henry VII. She 
 was a servant at Altingdon, and under the 
 management of the priests was enabled to 
 distort her limbs and face in a surprising 
 manner. She pretended to be honoured 
 with divine illuminations, and delivered the 
 messages with which she was favoured to 
 the crowds who followed her, exhorting 
 them to a strict obedience of the Roman 
 Church, and to avoid all innovations. She 
 was executed, with her associates, in 1534, 
 at Tyburn, where she confessed the impos- 
 ture, and threw the blame upon her em- 
 ployers. — Biog. Br. Burnet' s Hist. Reform. 
 
 Baruch, the prophet, was of a noble 
 family, and attached himself to Jeremiah, 
 whom he followed into Egypt. The book 
 which bears his name is not received a* 
 canonical either by the Jews or protestants. 
 — Jeremiah, xxxiii. Is’c. Usher. 
 
 Barwick (John), an English divine, was 
 born at Witherslack, in Westmoreland, in 
 1612, and educated at St. John’s college, 
 Cambridge. Pie exerted himself with sin- 
 ular dexterity in behalf of the royal cause 
 tiring the civil war, for which he was 
 committed to the lower, where he remain- 
 ed a longtime. At the restoration, in pro- 
 ducing which he had a considerable con- 
 cern, he obtained the deanry of Durham, 
 which he afterwards exchanged for that of 
 St. Paul’s. He died in 1664- — Life toy Dr. 
 Peter Barivick , Bvo. 
 
 Barwick (Peter), an eminent physician. 
 Pie was brother to the dean, whose life he 
 wrote in elegant Latin. Pie also defended 
 the right of Xing Charles to the Biion Basi- 
 lihe, and doctor Harvey’s doctrine of the 
 circulation of the blood. He died in 1705. 
 — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Bas (le), a French engraver, whoseland- 
 scapcs and sea pieces are held in great 
 esteem. He died about 1765. — Nmtv. Did. 
 Hid. 
 
 Basedow (John Bernard), a modern au- 
 thor , was the soil of a barber at Hamburgh, 
 
BAS 
 
 B A S 
 
 where he was born in 1723. He studied 
 under Reimarus, and afterwards at Leipsic. 
 In 1753 he was chosen professor of moral 
 philosophy and the belles lettres at Soroe, 
 in Denmark, from whence he was removed 
 for expressing opinions in religion very 
 different from lutheranism. He next form- 
 ed a plan of reformed education, for the 
 perfecting of which he collected large 
 sums of money ; but the plan, after being 
 partially tried, came to nothing. He died 
 ■of intemperate living, in 1790. His works 
 are ingenious, but full of dogmatical asser- 
 tions and fanciful notions. — Scblichtcgroll’s 
 Necrology. 
 
 Basuuy sen (Henry James Van), alearned 
 divine, was born at Hanau in J 679- He 
 became professor of the oriental languages 
 and ecclesiastical history at Hanau ; after- 
 wards professor of divinity, and member of 
 the royal society at Berlin. He had a print- 
 ing-press in his house, from which he sent 
 out several curious works, chiefly on rabbi- 
 nical learning. He died in 1758. — Gen. 
 Blog. 
 
 Basil (St.), was born in 326, and ordain- 
 edby Eusebius, bishop of Csesarea, whom he 
 succeeded in 370. He was persecuted by 
 V.dens, because he would not embrace 
 arianism. He died in 379. His works are 
 in 3 vols. folio. — Dupin. 
 
 Basil, bishop of Ancyra', was placed in 
 that see by Eusebius and the as-ian party, 
 on the deposition of Marcellus in 336 ; but 
 he was excommunicated and deprived by 
 the council of Constantinople. — Mosheim. 
 
 Basil, a physician and heretic. He as- 
 serted that God had another son besides 
 Jesus Christ, called Sathanael, who having 
 revolted against his father, was cast down 
 fromheaven to earth, with the angels whom 
 he had drawn over to him, and that Jesus 
 Christ being sent to destroy his power, 
 shut him up in hell, and altered his name 
 by cutting off the last syllable. He per- 
 mitted his followers to have every thing, 
 even their wives, in common. The empe- 
 ror Alexins Comnenus caused him to be 
 burnt in 1118. — Moreri. 
 
 Ba silidcs, the founder of a sect at Alex, 
 andria in the second century. He enjoined 
 his disciples to observe a five vears silence. 
 
 ■ — Mosheim. 
 
 Basiliscus, emperor of the east, was 
 brother to Verina, wife of Leo the elder, 
 by whose means he was appointed to the 
 command of a fleet sent against Genseric. 
 By his mismanagement the greatest part of 
 the fleet and army perished, and he fell into 
 disgrace. At the instigation of his sister he 
 conspired against the emperor Zeno, and 
 having succeeded, placed himself on the 
 throne in 475; but his conduct proving of- 
 fensive, Zeno entered Constantinople, and 
 Basiliscus was obliged to resign the crown, 
 
 He died in confinement in 477. Unfa. 
 
 Hht. 
 
 Basilius I., called the Macedonian em- 
 
 peror of the east. He was born at Adria* 
 nople of poor parents, and became a com- 
 mon soldier. His conduct recommended 
 him to the emperor Michael, who made 
 him his equerry and chamberlain. In 867 
 he murdered that prince, and took posses- 
 sion of the throne. He defeated the Sara- 
 cens at Ctesarea, and was killed by a stag 
 in hunting in 836. — Unfa. Hht. 
 
 Basilius II. succeeded John Zimisces in 
 976. He was the son of Roman us the 
 younger, and was associated in the govern- 
 ment with his brother Constantine. He 
 turned his arms against the Bulgarians, over 
 whom he obtained a great victory in 1014: 
 but treated his prisoners with horrid bar- 
 barity, dividing them into hundreds, and 
 then putting out the eyes of 99, gave them 
 the hundredth for a leader. In this condi- 
 tion they were sent to their king, who took 
 two days to view them. He died in 1025, 
 aged 70. — Unfa. Hht. 
 
 Basilius, an impostor, was born in Ma- 
 cedonia, and excited a revolt in the eastern 
 empire in 934, by pretending to be Constan- 
 tine Ducas, who had been dead some years. 
 The emperor Romanus caused his "right 
 hand to be cut off; on which Basilius is said 
 to have contrived an artificial hand, the 
 use of which lie acquired to great perfec- 
 tion. He then collected his partizans, and 
 obtained several advantages over the im- 
 perial troops, but was at last taken pri- 
 soner, and burnt alive at Constantinople. — 
 Moreri. 
 
 Basilovitz (John), emperor of Russia, 
 which country he recovered from the do- 
 minion of the Tartars, and thus laid the 
 foundation of the Russian empire, He was 
 the first who assumedthe title of Czar, and 
 added Astracan to his territories. He died 
 ill 1584.- — Univ. Hist. 
 
 Basingstoke, or Basinge (John de), a 
 learned man of the 13tli century, was born 
 at Basingstoke, in Hampshire, and educated 
 at Oxford, from whence he went to Paris', 
 where he remained many years. He tra- 
 velled to Athens, and obtained a great 
 knowledge of the Greek language. On his 
 return he was made archdeacon of Leices- 
 ter. He died inj 252. He wrote some ser- 
 mons, and translated a few Greek books 
 into Latin.— Biog. Brit. 
 
 Basire (Isaac), a learned divine, was 
 born in the isle of Jersey, and educated at 
 Cambridge, where he took his degree of 
 D. D. In 1646 he travelled through Syria 
 and Palestine. On his return to Europe he 
 was made professor of divinity in Transvl- 
 vania ; but after the restoration he was re- 
 called by the king, and recovered the pre- 
 ferments he had lost, of which the prebend 
 of Durham was the principal. He died in 
 1676. He wrote some religious pieces, and 
 an account of his travels. — Ibid. 
 
 Baskkrville (Sir Simon), an English 
 physician, was born at Exeter in 1573, "and 
 educated at Exeter-college, Oxford. He 
 
B A S 
 
 BAS 
 
 became physician to lames I. and Charles 1. 
 the latter of whom conferred on him the 
 honour of knighthood. He died in 1641, 
 and left an immense fortune behind him, 
 which gained liim the name of “ Sir Simon 
 Baskerville the rich.” — Princes Worthies of 
 Devon. Biog. Br. 
 
 Baskerville (John), a celebrated prin- 
 ter, was born at Wolverlev, in Worcester- 
 shire, in 1706. In 1726 he kept a wiiting- 
 school in Birmingham. Butin 1745 he was 
 engaged in the japanning business, and 
 possessed of considerable property. In 
 1750 he turned printer and letter-founder, 
 in which lie was at first unsuccessful. At 
 length the productions of his press grew 
 into esteem. He printed in a superb, but 
 not very correct, manner. Paradise Lost, 
 several of the Latin classics, the New Tes- 
 tament in Greek, and other works. He 
 died in 1775, aged 69. His types were 
 purchased by a society at Paris in 1779, 
 who made use of them in printing an edi- 
 tion of Voltaire’s works. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Basnage (Benjamin), a French protes- 
 tant divine, was born in 15S0. He suc- 
 ceeded his father as minister of the church 
 of Carentan, and assisted at the national 
 synod of Charenton. He was also deputy 
 from the French national churches to James 
 VI. of Scotland. A work by him, entitled 
 A Treatise on the Church, has been much 
 esteemed. He died in 1652. — Bay!e. 
 
 Basnage (Anthony), eldest son of the 
 above, was minister of Bayeux, and im- 
 prisoned o:i account of his religion at 
 Havre de Grace. On being liberated he 
 went to Flolland, and died there in 1691, 
 aged 81. — Ibid. 
 
 Basnage (Henry du Fraquenay),your.jer 
 son of Benjamin, was bred a lawyer, and 
 became an advocate in the parliament of 
 Normandy. He published the Custom of 
 Normandy, and a Treatise on Mortgages. 
 He died in 1695, aged 80. — Ibid. 
 
 Basnage (Samuel de Flottemanville),the 
 son of Antony, was assistant to his father, 
 and a man of considerable learning, as ap- 
 pears from his continuation of Casaubon’s 
 Criticisms on the Annals of Baronins, and 
 Ids Annales Ecclesiastic), 3 fols. folio. Fie 
 died in 1721. — Ibid. 
 
 Basnage (James), a French protestant 
 divine, was born at Rouen in 1653, and 
 educated first at Saumur, and then_ at Ge- 
 neva, after which he became minister of 
 the reformed church at Rouen, but on the 
 revocation of the edict of Nantes he retired 
 to Rotterdam. In 1709 he was chosen one 
 of the pastors of the Walloon church at 
 the Hague ; and he was also employed in 
 state affairs, which he managed with great 
 address. The French ministers at the 
 Hague were directed to apply to him for 
 his counsel, and in return for his services 
 he obtained the restoration of all his pro- 
 perty in France. He was held in great 
 «steem by men of all parties. He died in 
 3 
 
 1723. He wrote several valuable" 'jaooks, 
 particularly the History of the Jews since 
 the time of Jesus Christ, 1716, 15 vols. 
 
 1 2mo. — Moreri. 
 
 Basnage (Henry), Sieur de Beauval. 
 He was brother of the last-mentioned, and 
 admitted advocate in the parliament of 
 Rouen in 1679. In 1687 he retired to Hol- 
 land, where he succeeded Bayle in writing 
 the History of the Works of the Learned, 
 He published several other works. — Ibid. 
 
 Basnet (Edward), dean of St. Patrick’s, 
 Dublin, was born in Denbighshire, in 
 Wales, and about 1537 he obtained the 
 above preferment. He was a friend of the 
 reformation, and in the rebellion of O’Neal 
 in 1539 laid aside the sacerdotal habit, and 
 served in a military capacity under the lord 
 deputy. On account of his good services 
 he was made a privy counsellor, and oh- 
 tained a grant from the crown of the lands 
 of Kilternan, near Dublin, and other fa- 
 vours. He died in the reign of Edward 
 VI. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Bassano (James), an Italian painter, was 
 born at Venice in 1510, and died in 1592. 
 He excelled in landscape, and hi» pieces are 
 held in high estimation. Three of his sons 
 were eminent artists. Francis put an end 
 to himself in 1594. Leandcr was knighted. 
 John Baptist imitated the manner of his fa- 
 ther. Jerome, another son, was bred a phy- 
 sician, but quitted that line, and became a 
 painter also. — De Piles. 
 
 Bassandyne (Thomas), a printer of the 
 I&th century. Fie learnt the art of print- 
 ing at London, and then returned to Edin- 
 burgh, where he produced several books, 
 which are now scarce. He died in 1591. — 
 Gen. B. D. 
 
 Bassanx (Giambattista), a musical com- 
 poser of the 17th century, and master to Co- 
 relli. His compositions are characterised 
 as pure and pathetic — Haiv Lins. Burney. 
 
 Bassantin (James), a Scotch astronomer 
 of the 16th century, who was educated first 
 at Glasgow, and afterwards at Paris, where 
 he became teacher of the mathematics. In 
 1562 he returned to his own country, and 
 died there in 1568. Flis works are, Astro- 
 nomia, See. 1599; a Treatise on the Astro- 
 labe, in French, 1555; Mathematica Ge- 
 nethliaca ; Arithmetica ; Musica secundum 
 Platonem ; De Mathesi in Genere. — Biog. 
 Brit. 
 
 Basset (Peter), an English historian. He 
 was chamberlain to king Henry V. whose 
 history he wrote, which is still extant in 
 MS. in the college of heralds. — Ibid. 
 
 Bassi (Laura), an ingenious Italian lady. 
 She was a native of Bologna, and received a 
 liberal education, not only in the accom- 
 plishments usual for those of her sex, blit in 
 the languages and sciences, Her singular 
 attainments procured her, in 1732, the title 
 of doctor of philosophy. In 1745 she read 
 lectures upon experimental philosophyj and 
 continued so to do till her death in 1778. 
 
B A T 
 
 B A T 
 
 •She married Dr. Vcrati, and preserved an 
 ^excellent character by the practice of every 
 virtue. — Noitv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Bassompierre (Francis), marshal of 
 France. He was born in Lor rain., of a 
 sioble family, in 1579. He was a prisoner 
 in theBastile twelve years, for some offence 
 .given to Richelieu. While there he wrote 
 •his Memoirs, printed at Cologne, in 3 vols, 
 16651 After his release he was employed 
 in several embassies, of which he wrote a 
 relation, printed in 1668, 2 vols. 12xno. 
 .Bassompierre was a man of wit and gal- 
 lantry. He died in 1646. — Morcri. 
 
 Bassuel (Peter), an eminent surgeon, 
 was born at Paris in 1706. He gained repu- 
 tation, not only by his practice, but by his 
 ’•dissertations communicated to the academy 
 of sciences, and that of surgery. He died 
 in 1757. — Noa-v. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Bast a (George), a celebralecl general of 
 the 16th century. He was born at K-occa, 
 near Tarentum, and served under the duke 
 of Parma, with great honour to himself, 
 and satisfaction to his master. Afterwards 
 he was engaged by the emperor, to whom 
 he rendered signal services in Hungary and 
 Transylvania. He died in 1607. There 
 are two treatises of his in print, on military 
 discipline, in Italian. — Mureri. 
 
 Easjard (Thomas), an English poet. 
 Fie was born at Blandford/in Dorsetshire, 
 and educated at New . college, Oxford, where 
 he took his degree of M. A. He became rec- 
 tor of .Hamer, in Iris native county, but 
 died ia Dorchester prison in 1618, where 
 he was confined for c^ebt. Pie wrote some 
 ingenious epigrams and sermons. — Biog.Br. 
 
 Easton (Robert), an English poet of 
 the 14th century, was born in Yorkshire, 
 and became prior of the carmelite monas- 
 tery at Scarborough, poet laureat, and 
 public orator at Oxford. His poetry is to- 
 lerable for the age in which he lived. He 
 died about 1310. — Ibid. 
 
 Bastwi.ck (John,), an English physician. 
 Fie was born at Writtle, in Essex, 1593, and 
 •educated at Emanuel college, Cambridge, 
 But took his degree of M.D. at Padua. He 
 wrote some flagitious libels against the 
 church of England, for which he lost his 
 •ears in the pillory, and was sentenced to per- 
 petual imprisonment ia the isles of Sciily. 
 In 1640 he was released by the parliament, 
 and had a reward of 5000/. allowed him 
 out of the archbishop of Canterbury’s es- 
 tates. He died ahout 1650. — Ibid. 
 
 Bate (John), :a divine of the 15th cen- 
 tury. He was a native of Northumberland, 
 and took his degree of D. D. at Oxford. He 
 bee?. me prior of the convent of Carmelites 
 at York, and died in 1429. He was skilled 
 xu Greek ; and wrote a compendium of lo- 
 gic, besides other works. — Ibid. 
 
 Bate (George), a physician, was born 
 near Buckingham, in 1608-.; -and ..took his 
 degree of M.D. at Oxford, in 16:17, soon 
 a.itjr which he became principal physician 
 
 to Charles I. During the rebellion he re- 
 sided in London, where he was highly es- 
 teemed, and appointed physician to Crom- 
 well. At the restoration he was made herd 
 physician to the king, and elected a fellow 
 of the royal society. He died in 1669. Dr. 
 Bate wrote a history of the civil wars, in 
 Latin, and some tracts on physical subjects. 
 — Bins.. Brit . 
 
 Bate .(Julius), a learned English divine. 
 Fie was the disciple of the celebrated John 
 Hutchinson, whose works he >edited, and 
 by whose interest he obtained the living of 
 Sutton in Sussex. Pie compiled a Hebrew 
 and English lexicon, and wrote some able 
 books in defence of the Hutchinsonian sys- 
 tem. He died in 1771. — Gen. B. D. 
 
 Batecumbe (William), an English ma- 
 thematician of the 15trh century. He was 
 •a teacher of mathematics at Oxford, and 
 wrote, 1. De Sphaar^e concavae fabrica at 
 usu. 2. De Sphsera solida. 3. Operations 
 Astrolabii. 4. Couclusione Sophise. — Bits 
 Bale. 
 
 Bateman (William), the founder of Tri- 
 nity-hall, Cambridge, was bishop of Nor- 
 wich, and a great master of the civil and 
 canon law. Pie died at Avignon, where 
 he was ambassador to (the pope, in 1354. — 
 Bing. Brit. 
 
 Bates (William), an English noncon- 
 formist divine. He was born in 1625, and 
 educated at Cambridge, where lie took the 
 degree of B.A. in 1647, and at the restoration 
 was admitted to that of D. D. by royal man- 
 date. l ie was one of the commissioners at 
 the Savoy confepence, for revising the li- 
 turgy, and was offeredthe deanry of Lich- 
 field, which he refused. He died at Hack- 
 ney in 1699. His theological works were 
 collected and published in one volume folio, 
 after liis death. Pie published the Lives of 
 learned and pious Men, in one volume, 4to. 
 168 1, Latin. — Calnmy. Biog. Brit. 
 
 Batiia i.Miusi, the name of an Arabian 
 author, who died in the year of the Hegira 
 421 . He wrote on the Qualities requisite iu 
 a Secretary and good Writer, and on Ge- 
 nealogies. — Morsri. 
 
 Bathe (Henryde),nn English judge, was 
 born of an antient family in Devonshire. 
 After studying the law he was advanced by 
 Henry III. in 1238, to be one of the justices 
 of the common pleas, and afterwards one 
 of the justices .itinerant,-; but in 1251 he 
 fell into disgrace, upon some malicious 
 charges which were alleged against him. 
 However he was at length restored to fa- 
 vour, and made chief justice ,of the king’s 
 bench. Pie died in 1261. — Prince's Worthies. 
 
 Bathe (William), an Irish.jesuit,who was 
 governor of the seminary belonging to thaf 
 nation at Salamanca in Spain, and died 
 there in 1614. He wrote, 1. An Intro- 
 duction to the Art .of Music, London, 
 1584, 4to. 2. Jaaua Linguarum, 161 1, and 
 some theological pieces. — Wood's si. 0. 
 Ba.tjiurst (Ralph), a learned physician 
 
B A U 
 
 B A T 
 
 and divine. He waS born in 1(520, and 
 educated at Trinity college, Oxford, where 
 he at first studied divinity, which he quitted 
 for that of physic. At the restoration he 
 entered into orders, was made chaplain to 
 the king, and elected a fellow of the royal 
 society. In 1664 he was chosen president 
 of Trinity college, and in 1670 appointed 
 dean of Wells. In 169-1 he refused the 
 bishopric of Bristol, chusing rather to re- 
 side in his college, the chapel of which he 
 rebuilt. He died in 1704, and was buried 
 in the chapel of Trinity college. His Latin 
 poems are very neat and elegant : they are 
 contained in the Musarum Anglicanarum 
 Analecta . — Life by IV arton, 8vo. 
 
 Bathurst (Allen), an eminent nobleman. 
 He was the son of sir Benjamin Bathurst, of 
 Pauls Perry, Northamptonshire, born in 
 Westminster in 1684, and educated at Tri- 
 nity college Oxford. In 1705 he was chosen 
 member for Cirencester in Gloucestershire, 
 which place he represented the two next 
 parliaments. He joined the tory party, by 
 whom he was brought into the house of 
 peers in 1711. He was a zealous opposer 
 of the measures of sir Robert Walpole. In 
 1 704 he married a daughter of sir Peter 
 Apsley, by whom he had four sons and five 
 daughters. In 1742 he was admitted of the 
 privy council : in 1757 he was appointed 
 treasurer to the prince of Wales ; at his 
 majesty’s accession he obtained a pension 
 of 2000/. a year, and in 1772 he was created 
 earl Bathurst. He died in 1775, aged 91. 
 His lordship lived on termsof greati'ntimacy 
 with Swift, Pope, Addison, and other shin- 
 ing characters. — Blog. Br. 
 
 Bathurst (Henry, earl), son of the 
 above, was born in 1714. Applying him- 
 self to the law, he was in 1746" made soli- 
 citor general to Frederick prince of Wales, 
 and afterwards attorney-general. In 1754 
 he was called to the degree of serjeant at 
 law, and appointed one of the judges of 
 the court of common pleas. In 1771 he 
 was createdHord Apsley, baron of Apsley 
 in Sussex, and elevated to the dignity of 
 lord chancellor of Great Britain. In 1776 he 
 acted as high steward at the trial- ot the 
 duchess of Kingston, and resigned the 
 great seal in 1778. Lord Bathurst wrote a 
 pamphlet called the “ Case of Miss Sword- 
 feger, 4to.” He also published the “Theory 
 of° Evidence,” 8vo. which is supposed to 
 have formed the basis on which judge 
 Buller erected his Law of Nisi Prius. Lord 
 Bathurst died in 1794. — Europe Mag. 
 
 Batoni (Pompeo), an eminent painter, 
 was bom in 1708, at Lucca in Italy. One 
 of his most admired pieces is the picture of 
 Simon the magician contending with St. 
 Peter, in the great church dedicated to 
 that apostle at Rome. Batoni’s fame was 
 so great that the highest personages were 
 anxious to obtain his productions. He ob 
 tained a profusion of riches, and received 
 
 1% 
 
 from the eiftperor Joseph a patent of nu- 
 bility. He died in 1787. — PiLhvtgtcn. 
 
 B a tori (Stephen), king of Poland. He 
 was born of a noble family in Transylva- 
 nia, of which country he was elected prince 
 in 1571 : and'his reputation was such, that, 
 when Henry, duke of Anjou, quitted the 
 throne of Poland, he -was chosen to succeed 
 him. He corrected many abuses, and re- 
 pulsed the Muscovites. He died in 1588.— 
 Univ. Hist. 
 
 Battaglxni (Mark), bishop of Cesena. 
 He died in 1717, aged 71. He wrote a 
 History of Councils, 1686, folio, and An- 
 nales du Sacerdoce & de l’Empire du xvii 
 Siecle, 1701 to 1711, 4- vols. folio. — Morcri. 
 
 Battf.lv (John), an English divine, was 
 born at Edmund’s Bury in Suffolk, in 1647, 
 and educated at Trinity-college Cambridge. 
 He beeame chaplain to archbishop Bancroft 
 who gave him the rectory of Adisham in 
 Kent, and the archdeaconry of Canterbury. 
 He died in 1708. Dr. Battely wrote Anti- 
 quitates Rutup-in-ce, and Antiquitates St. 
 Ednnmdburgi. — Gen. B. D. 
 
 Batteux (Charles), a French writer, 
 was born in the diocese of Rheims in 1713. 
 He became professor of philosophy in the 
 royal college, member of the French aca- 
 demy, and of that of inscriptions, and ho- 
 norary canon of Rheims. lie published a 
 number of books, particularly The four 
 Poetics of Aristotle, Horace, Vida, and 
 Boileau, with notes, in 2 vols. 8 vo. 1771- 
 He diedin 170. — Noud. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Battie (William), a physician, was born 
 in 'Devonshire in 1708, and educated at 
 Eton, from -whence he was removed ti> 
 King’s college, Cambridge. Having taken 
 his degrees in physiche settled atUxbridge, 
 from whence he removed to London, where 
 he obtained considerable practice. In the 
 dispute between the college and Dr. Schom- 
 berg in 1750, Dr. Battie took so active a 
 part, that he was mads- the subject of a 
 satirical poem, crdled the Battiad. tie wav 
 appointed physician to St. Luke’s hospital, 
 and kept a private madhouse at Islington. 
 In 1763 he was examined before the house 
 of commons on the state of the private 
 madhouses in England, and in the report 
 his name is mentioned in an honourable 
 manner. He died in 1776. Dr. Battie 
 wrote some medical tracts in Latin ; a 
 Treatise on Madness, which was answered 
 by Dr. Monro ; and he published an edi- 
 tion of Isocrates in 2 vols. Svo. — Gen. 3: D. 
 
 Baudf.lot de Dairval (Charles Caesar), 
 advocate of tl\e parliament of Paris. "He 
 was born in 1648 and died in 1722. He 
 wrote a learned work, Of the Utility of 
 Travelling, 2 vols. l'2mo.- — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Baudet (Stephen), a French engraver, 
 was born at Blois, and died in 1671, aged 
 73. His chief work is a print of Adam 
 and Five, from a painting by Dominichmu, 
 — Ibid. 
 
B A U 
 
 Baudier (Michael), historiographer to 
 Lewis XIII. He published a General His- 
 tory of the Religion of the Turks; The 
 Theology of Mahomet, 1636, 8vo.; His- 
 tory of the Cardinal D’Amboise, 1651, 
 8vo. ; History of Marshal de Toiras, 1644; 
 The Histories of huger, Ximenes, &c. — 
 Moreri. 
 
 Baudin (Peter CharHs), born at Sedan 
 in 1751. He became member of the na- 
 tional assembly and of the convention, in 
 which he behaved with moderation. He 
 died in 1799. Me wrote, 1. Anecdotes !»ur 
 la Constitution ; 2. Of the Liberty of the 
 Press, 8vo. — Nouv. Did. Hist. 
 
 Baudius (Dominic), professor of history - 
 at Leyden, was born at Lisle in 1561. He 
 attended the Dutch embassy to England, 
 where he became acquainted with several 
 eminentmen, particularly sir Philip Sidney. 
 He afterwards resided in Prance several 
 years. He became professor of eloquence 
 and of history at Leyden. In 1611 he was 
 appointed historiographer to the states, and 
 wrote the History of the Truce. Baudius 
 was an elegant writer, as appears from his 
 Letters, and his Latin poems, published in 
 1607. He died at Leyden in 1613. — Bayle. 
 
 Baudot de Juili.i (Nicholas), a French 
 historian, was born at Vendome in 1678, 
 and died in 1759. He wrote the History 
 of Catherine of France, Queen of England ; 
 Germaine de Foix, a novel ; The secret 
 History of the Constable de Bourbon ; An 
 Account of the Invasion of Spain by the 
 Moors, 4 vols. and other works of a like 
 kind. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Baudouin (Benedict), a French divine of 
 the 17th century. He was a native of 
 Amiens, and wrote a dissertation, De la 
 Chaussure des Anciens, published in 1685. 
 —Ibid. 
 
 Baudrand (Michael Anthony), a geo- 
 grapher, was born at Paris in 163S, and 
 died in 1700. Fie was prior of Rouvres, 
 and is the author of a geographical dic- 
 tionary, 2 vols. fol. in Latin and French. — . 
 Moreri. 
 
 Bauhinus (John), a physician, who quit- 
 ted France on account of his religion, and 
 settled at Basil, where he died in 1582. llis 
 son was born at Lyons in 1541. lie prac- 
 tised physic at Basil, and afterwards be- 
 came physician to the duke of Wirtemburg. 
 He applied principally to botany, on which 
 he wrote a great work, entitled Historia 
 Plantarum, 3 vols. folio. He also wrote an 
 account of medicinal waters throughout 
 Europe. He died in 1613. — Moreri. ° 
 
 Bauhinus (Gaspard), brother of the 
 last-mentioned, was born at Basil in 1560, 
 and died in 1624, He wrote Institutioncs 
 Anatomic® i Theatrum Botanicum : Trea- 
 tise on Hermaphrodites : Pinax Theatris 
 Bctanici. — Ibid. 
 
 Bauldri (Paul), professor of sacred his- 
 tory at Utrecht, He was born at Rouen in 
 1639, and died in 1706, He published an 
 
 B A U 
 
 edition of Lactantitis de Morte Persecu- 
 tor urn, with learned notes ; Chronological 
 Tables, and other works. — Moreri. 
 
 Bau-lot, or Beaulieu (James), a cele- 
 brated lithotomist, was born in 1651, of 
 poor parents. He was for some time a sol- 
 dier, after which he became acquainted 
 with an empirical surgeon, who pretended 
 to cure the stone. Having received .some 
 lessons from t^is man, he assumed a mo- 
 nastic aress, though he belonged to no re- 
 ligious order ; called himself brother James, 
 and after operating in various provinces 
 went to Paris, where his practice was not 
 approved of at first, but succeeding in the 
 cure of a boy, he soon acquired a great 
 number of patients. When lie had ex- 
 tracted the store he left the wound to heal 
 of itself. His method was adopted, with 
 improvements, by Cheselden. He died in 
 1720. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Baume (James Francis de la), a French 
 ecclesiastic, who wrote a bombastic piece, 
 entitled The Christiade,6 vols. 12mo. 1753 ; 
 and some other pieces. He died in 1757. — 
 Ibid. 
 
 Baumer (John William), a physician, was 
 born at Rheweiler in 1719, and educated 
 at Jena and Halle. He was at first a minis- 
 ter, which profession he quitted for physic, 
 and became professor in that faculty at Er- 
 furt. lie died in 1788. He wrote the Na- 
 tural History of the Mineral Kingdom, 2 
 vols.; A Natural History of Precious Stones; 
 and other esteemed works. — Gen. Biog. 
 
 Baumgarten (Alexander Gottlieb), a 
 Prussian writer, was born at Berlin in 1714. 
 He studied at Halle, and became professor 
 of philosophy there, and afterwards at 
 Franckfort on the Oder. He died in 1762. 
 I In wrote Metapliysica, 8vo.; Ethica Phi- 
 losqphica, 8vo. ; Aesthetica; Initia Philoso- 
 phic practice prim®. His brother Sigis- 
 mund was a distinguished divine of the Lu- 
 theran church, and professor of theology 
 at Halle. He died in 1757. — Ibid. 
 
 Baur (John William), a painter and 
 engraver, of Strasburg. He died in 1640, 
 aged 30. His pictures of buildings and 
 landscapes are very excellent.— De Piles. 
 
 Baur (Frederic William von), a Russian 
 general, was born in the county of Hessian 
 TIannau. He entered early on a military 
 life, and in 1755 was in the British service, 
 as an officer in the Hessian artillery. In 
 1757 he obtained the rank of general and 
 engineer. Frederic II. of Prussia ennobled 
 him. In 1769 he entered into the service 
 of Catherine II. empress of Russia, who 
 named him director of the saltworks in 
 Novogorod. He was also employed in two 
 great works : the supplying of Moscow 
 with water ; and in deepening the canal 
 near Petersburgh, at the end of which he 
 constructed a large harbour. He died in 
 1783. Fie published Memoires Historiques 
 et Geographiques sur laValachie, &c. 8vo.; 
 Carte de la Moklavie, pour sprvir de la 
 
B A X 
 
 BAY 
 
 Guerre entre les Russes et Ies Turcs, in 
 seven sheets. — Gen. Blog. 
 
 Bauscii, the author of a book, called 
 Eknaa sil corat Sebaa, or On the seven dif- 
 ferent ways of reading the Koran. He 
 
 died in the 546th year of the Hegira. 
 
 D’ Herbelot. 
 
 Baussuri, the author of a poem, enti- 
 tled Kaukab al Derriat, or the Brilliant 
 Star, in praisa of Mahomet. — -Ibid. 
 
 Bautru (William), member ofthe'French 
 academy. He was born at Paris in 1588, 
 and died therein 1661. He was a man of 
 wit, and many of his bon-mots are pre- 
 served. When in Spain, he went to see the 
 library of the Escurial, the keeper of which 
 was exceedingly ignorant. The king ask- 
 ing his opinion of the library, he answered 
 that “ it was a very fine one; but your 
 majesty,” adds he, “ ought to make the li- 
 brarian treasurer of your finances.” — “Why 
 so ?” said the king. “ Because,” says Bau- 
 tru, “ he never meddles with what he is 
 entrusted.” — -Nauv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Baxter (Richard), an English noncon- 
 formist divine. Hewas born in Shropshire 
 in 1615, and was rather unlucky in his 
 tutors; who were either men of little abili- 
 ty, or who paid little attention to their du- 
 ty. He was, therefore, left principally to 
 his owit diligence. In 1638 he was ordain- 
 ed, and in 1640 he became minister at Kid- 
 derminster, which he quitted on the com- 
 mencement of the troubles, being inclined 
 to the parliament side. Fie then went to 
 Coventry, where he officiated to the gar- 
 rison. Afterwards he was chaplain to the 
 army, which he left in 1657, and returned to 
 Kidderminster. In a conference with Crom- 
 well he had the-honesty to speak in defence 
 of monarch}''. At the restoration he was 
 appointed one of the king’s chaplains, and 
 was a leading man at the Savoy conference. 
 He was offered the bishopric of Hereford, 
 which he refused. In 1685 hewas committed 
 to the king’s bench, for some passages in his 
 paraphrase on the New Testament, and 
 being declared guilty, was sentenced to be 
 confined two years ; but soon obtained his 
 discharge. He died in 1691, and was 
 interred in Christ church, his funeral being- 
 attended by a number of persons, and 
 many dignitaries of the established church. 
 His works are numerous, and several of 
 them useful, particularly his Saint’s Ever- 
 lasting Rest. — Life by Calamy. 
 
 Baxter (William), nephew of the above, 
 was born in 1650, at Lanlugany, in Shrop- 
 shire. He published a grammar of the 
 Latin tongue in 1679; an edition of Ana- 
 creon in 1695 ; an edition of Florace in 
 1710; and a dictionary of British antiqui- 
 ties in 1719. His glossary of Roman anti- 
 quities was not printed till 1726. He kept 
 for several years a school at Tottenham 
 High-cross, and was afterwards appointed 
 master of the mercers’ school in London. 
 He died in 1723 . — Biog. Br , 
 
 Baxter (Andrew), an Ingenious writer, 
 was born in 1687, at Aberdeen, and edu- 
 cated in King’s-college there. He became 
 tutor to some young gentlemen, with whom 
 he travelled, and on his return settled at 
 Whittingham, in East Lothian, where he 
 died in 1750. Mr. Baxter is known by two- 
 good works ; 1. An Enquiry into the Na- 
 ture of the Human Soul, wherein its imma- 
 teriality is evinced from the Principles of 
 Reason and Philosophy, S vols. 8vo. 2- 
 Matho : sive Cosmotheoria puerilis, Dia- 
 logus, in quo prima Elementa de Mundi 
 online et ornatu Proponuntur, &c. This 
 book was translated into English, in 2 vols. 
 8vo. — Ibid. 
 
 Bayard (Peter chevalier de), a cele- 
 brated captain of the 16th century, was 
 born in Dauphin e, and slain, in an action 
 with the imperialists in Italy, in 1524. He 
 was at the taking of Brescia, where he per- 
 formed a noble act of generosity in return*, 
 ing to the daughter of his hostess 2000 pis- 
 toles, which the mother had given him to 
 save her house from plunder. When mor- 
 tally wounded, he turned himself towards 
 the enemy,, saying, “ As in life I always 
 faced the enemy, so in death I will not turn 
 my back upon them.” — Nauv. Did. Hist. 
 
 Bayer (John), a German astronomer, 
 who published, in 1603, an excellent work, 
 entitled, Uranometria, being a celestial at- 
 las, or folio charts of all the constellations 
 he first distinguished the stars by the letters, 
 of the Greek alphabet, and according to 
 the order of the magnitude of the stars in 
 each constellation. This work was repub- 
 lished, with great improvements by the au- 
 thor, in 1627, under a new title, viz. Cae- 
 lum Stellatum Christianum. — Hutton. 
 
 Bayer (Theophilus Sigfred), a learned 
 philologist, was born at Konigsberg in 
 1694. He acquired a great knowledge of the- 
 eastern languages, particularly the Chinese. 
 In 1717 he was appointed librarian at Ko— 
 nigsberg,and in 1726 was invited to Peters- 
 burg, where he was made professor of 
 Greek and Roman antiquities, and diedl 
 there in 1738. His Musseum Sinicum*, 
 printed in 1730 in 2 vols. 8vo. is a very- 
 curious and learned work. — Moreri. 
 
 Bayeux (N.), an advocate at Caen, who 
 obtained from the academy at Rouen the 
 prize for a poem on filial piety. He trans- 
 lated the Fasti of Ovid, to which he added 
 curious notes, printed in 4 vols. 8vo. He 
 wrote also, Reflections on the Reign of Tra- 
 jan, 4to. He was sent to prison at Orleans, 
 
 and fell in the massacre there in 1792. r 
 
 Notm. Did. Hist. > 
 
 Bayle (Peter), a celebrated French writ-, 
 er, was born at Carla, in the country of 
 Fo'ix, in 1647. Hewas educated for the 
 ministry among the protestahts, but while 
 attending the jesuits’ college turned Roman 
 catholic, to the great grief of his father, 
 who was a minister among the reformed. 
 However he did not long continue in than 
 
BAY 
 
 persuasion, but returned to his former com- 
 munion, and went to Geneva, where he 
 formed an intimacy with Basnage. He was 
 for some years 'professor of philosophy at 
 Sedan, but when that academy was sup- 
 pressed by the king- in 1681, he removed 
 to Rotterdam, and was chosen professor of 
 philosophy and history there. In 1634 he 
 began a literary journal, entitled Nouvelles 
 de la Republique des Lettres, which ob- 
 tained great celebrity. In 169:1 he was de- 
 prived of his professorship, on suspicion of 
 being in the pay of France. The first vo- 
 lume of his greatest work, The Historical 
 and Critical Dictionary, appeared in 1695, 
 and quickly reached a second edition. It 
 was, however, attacked by some writers, 
 particularly by M. Jurieu, with whom he 
 had before a bitter controversy, respect- 
 ing an anonymous book written against 
 Jurieu’s prophetical opinions, and which 
 was generally and truly attributed to Bayle. 
 He died in 1706. Besides the works already 
 mentioned, he wrote, Thoughts on Comets; 
 a Criticism on Maimbourg’s History of 
 Calvinism; a Philosophical comment on 
 the Words of Christ, ‘ Compel them to 
 come in,’ <5cc. It must be owned, however, 
 that his writings betray no small portion 
 of scepticism on religious subjects. — Life by 
 Des Maizeaux. 
 
 Bavley (Anselm), a divine of the 
 Church of England, was of Christ-church 
 College, Oxford, w.scre he proceeded to his 
 degree of doctor of laws in 1764. He 
 became minor canon of St. Paul’s and of 
 Westminster abbey; and also sub-dean of 
 the Chapel Royal. He died in 1791. Dr. 
 Bayley published, I. The Antiquity, Evi- 
 dence and Certainty of Christianity can- 
 vassed, on Dr. Middleton’s examination of 
 the Bishop of London’s discourses on Pro- 
 phecy. 2. A Practical Treatise on Singing 
 and Playing with just expression and real 
 elegance, -8vo. 3. A Plain and complete 
 Grammar of the English language, 8vo. 4. 
 A Grammar of the Hebrew language, with 
 and without points, 8vo. 5. The Old Tes- 
 tament, English and Hebrew, with remarks 
 Critical and Grammatical, 4 vols. 8vo. 6. 
 The Commandments of God, in Nature, 
 Institution and religious statutes in the Jew- 
 ish and Christian churches; Two Sermons, 
 fevo. 7. The alliance between Music and 
 Poetry, 8vo. — Earcp. Mag. Gent. Mag. 
 
 Bayly (Lewis), an eminent prelate, was 
 born at Caermarthen, in South Wales, and 
 educated at Oxford. In 1616 he was made 
 bishop of Bangor, and died in 1632. He 
 wrofe that well known book, The Practice 
 ef Piety. — IV oocf . s A. 0. 
 
 Bayly (Thomas), son of the preceTncr, 
 was educated at Cambridge, and became 
 subdean of Wells in 1638. He afterwards 
 turned Roman catholic, and published some 
 books in vindication of his new faith, for 
 which he was imprisoned in Newgate, but 
 edecicd his escape, and went abroad, where 
 
 / 
 
 B E A 
 
 he died about 1657. —Ibid. 
 
 Baynard (Anne!, an ingenious lady, 
 was the daughter of Dr. Edward Baynard, 
 an eminent physician, and born at Preston 
 in Lancashire in 1672. Pier father gave 
 her a very liberal education, and under 
 his instructions she acquired an extensive 
 knowledge of philosophy, astronomy, and 
 mathematics, as well as of the Latin and 
 Greek languages. She died in the prime of 
 life in 1697, and was buried at Barnes in 
 Surry. She wrote Latin with great fluency 
 and elegance.— Collier’s Hist. Diet. 
 
 Baynes (John), an English lawyer, was- 
 born in 1758, at Middleham, in Yorkshire, 
 and educated first at Richmond school, and 
 afterwards at 1 rinity college, Cambridge, 
 from whence he removed to Grays-inn. He 
 wrote a number of pieces in prose and 
 veise in the public papers; but being po- 
 litical, they are sunk into oblivion. He 
 intended to have published a correct edi- 
 tion of lord Coke's tracts, but was pre- 
 \ ented by death in 1787. — Europ. Mag. 
 
 . b.'.Y.VEs (sir Thomas), an English phy- 
 sician, and professor of music at Greshaur 
 college, was born about 1622, and educated 
 at Christ s college, Cambridge, where he 
 applied to the study of physic. He accom- 
 panied sir John Finch to Italy and Constan- 
 tinople, receiving at the same time the ho- 
 nour of knighthood. He died at Constan- 
 tinople in 1681, to the great grief of sir 
 john Pinch, who did not long survive him. 
 They left in conjunction 4000/. to Christ’s 
 college. — Biot*. Br. 
 
 Bazzaz, the author of the Adab al Mo- 
 fiedat, or a 1 reatise on the particular Con- 
 ditions and Properties of Traditions, and 
 some otner works on the mohammedan 
 theology. — D Hcrbe'ot. 
 
 Be (William le), a French engraver and 
 letter-founder, was born at Troyes in 1525, 
 and died at Paris in 1598. His sons and 
 grandsons were very famous as founders 
 and printers. — Moreri. 
 
 Beacon ( i nomas), an English divine of 
 the 16th century. On the accession of 
 queen Mary, he fled to Germany, where he 
 wrote several books against popery. In the 
 reign cf Elizabeth he returned to England, 
 and was made prebendary of Canterbury. 
 His works were printed in 3 vols. folio. 
 
 Beale (Mary), an English portrait pain- 
 ter. _ She was the daughter of Mr. Cradock, 
 minister of Walton-upon-Thames, and co- 
 ined with great exactness the works of sir 
 Peter Lely and Vandyke. Her colouring 
 was clear and strong, with a great look of 
 nature. She had also a poetical turn, and 
 paraphrased some of David’s psalms. Her 
 husband was an artist, as were two of 
 her sons, but one of them relinquished that 
 profession, and after studying under Syden- 
 ham, bee irne a physician at Coventry., 
 Mrs. Beale died in 1697, aged 66 .—Biag, 
 Brit. H al poles Anecdotes of Baintinrr. 
 
 B:.AK3 (John), an English actor and 
 
 
B E A 
 
 B E A 
 
 singer, was brought up in the king’s cha- 
 pel. His first appearance on the stage 
 was in the character of sir John Loverule, 
 in the Devil to Pay, in 1737, at Drury- 
 lane. In 1739 he married lady Henrietta 
 Herbert, daughter of the earl of Walde- . 
 grave, and widow of lord Edward Herbert, 
 who brought him little fortune. After 
 quitting the stage some years, he returned 
 to it in 1744, and continued engaged at 
 Covent Garden till 1758. He died in 
 1768, aged 74. — Biog. Dram. 
 
 Beaton (David), a cardinal, and arch- 
 bishop of St. Andrew’s in Scotland, was 
 born in 1494. In 15 19 he wa>. appointed resi- 
 dent at the court of France ; and in 1523 
 he obtaiued the rich abbey of Arbroath. 
 In 1528 he was made lord privy seal. He 
 negociated the marriage of James V. with 
 princess Magdalen of France, and after- 
 wards with princess Mary. Paul III. raised 
 him to the cardinalate in 1538, about which 
 time he was made primate of Scotland. On 
 the death of the king, the lords of the coun- 
 cil sent the cardinal to prison, from whence 
 he was released not long after by the re- 
 gent, and made chancellor. He persecuted 
 the protestants with great fury, and among 
 others caused the celebrated Wishart to 
 be burnt before his own palace. Shortly 
 afterwards he was assassinated in his house 
 by Lesley and other protestants, in 1545. — 
 Biog. Br. 
 
 Beaton (James), nephew of the cardinal, 
 was born at Balfour in 1530, and raised ts 
 the archbishopric of Glasgow at the age 
 of 25. In 1560 he collected the sacred 
 vessels and records of his cathedral, and 
 went to France, where he died in 1603. 
 He wrote a history of Scotland, which was 
 never printed. — Ibid. 
 
 Beatus Rhenanus, a learned man of 
 •the 15th century. His name was Bilde, 
 which he altered to Rhenanus, from the 
 place of his nativity, Rheinach. He was a 
 profound scholar, and was the first who 
 published the history of Velleius Patercu- 
 lus. He also edited the works of Tertullian, 
 to which he added valuable notes. He 
 died at Strasburg in 1547. He wrote an- 
 notations on several classical works, epis- 
 tles, and other learned pieces. — Gen. Biog. 
 
 Beattie (James), a distinguished wri- 
 ter, was born in Kincardineshire in Scot- 
 land, in 1735. His father was a farmer, 
 who sent him to the university of Aber- 
 deen, where he pursued his studies in such 
 A manner as to gain the esteem of his su- 
 periors, and he became a bursar, that is, 
 obtained what in the English universities 
 is called an exhibition or scholarship. He 
 wak afterwards a schoolmaster at Alloa in 
 Fifeshire, from whence he removed to 
 Aberdeen, where he became assistant in 
 the grammar-school, and married the mas- 
 ter’s daughter. In 1760 he published a 
 gmall volume of original poems and trans- 
 lations. In 1765 appeared his Judgment 
 
 of Paris. But his greatest performance 
 was a prose work, published in 1770, en- 
 titled, An Fissay on the Nature and Immu- 
 tability of Truth, in opposition to Sophistry 
 and Scepticism. This was an attack upon 
 the philosophy of Hume, who was so much 
 affected by it, as never to hear the name of 
 Beattie mentioned without betraying emo- 
 tions of uneasiness. In 1771 our author 
 brought out the first book of his beautiful 
 poem, the Minstrel, which was completed 
 in 1774, and soon ran through several edi- 
 tions. This production recommended him 
 to the friendship of the earl of Errol, by 
 whose interest he was elected professor of 
 moral philosophy and logic in the Maris- 
 chal college of Aberdeen, which situation 
 he filled with reputation till his death. Fie 
 also obtained a pension from the king of 
 200/. per annum. About this time he was 
 created I^L. D. and visited London, where 
 he was kindly received by the most emi- 
 nent literary characters, particularly Dr. 
 Johnson and Dr. Porteus, since bishop of 
 London. In 1783 he published Disserta- 
 tions moral and critical, 4to. In 1786, at 
 the recommendation of the bishop of Lon- 
 don, he printed two small volumes on the 
 FIvidences of the Christian Religion. Be- 
 sides these works he published the Elements 
 of Moral Science, being a summary of his 
 lectures. Dr. Beattie died in October 1803. 
 — Monib. Mag. 
 
 Beattie (James Hay), eldest son of the 
 above, was born at Aberdeen in 1768. His 
 mildness and docility were such, that his 
 father never had occasion to reprove him 
 above three or four times in his life. The 
 first rules of morality taught him by this 
 affectionate parent were to “speak truth 
 and keep a secret and “ I never found,” 
 savs he, “ that in a single instance he trans- 
 gressed either.” At the age of 13 he was 
 entered a student of the Marischal college, 
 and in 1786 took the degree of M.A. To 
 a young man so qualified and educated in 
 a great measure within its walls, the uni- 
 versity of Aberdeen was eager to exhibit 
 some mark of its regard, and accordingly 
 recommended him to his Majesty as a, pro- 
 per person to be assistant professor of 
 ral philosophy and logic to his father', 
 which was granted when he was not quite 
 nineteen. He was so impressed with the 
 importance of religion as always to carry 
 about with him a pocket Bible and tm? 
 Greek New Testament; he studied music 
 as a science, and performed well upon the 
 organ and violin; and contrived to build 
 an organ for himself. This amiable and 
 promising young man died Of a nervouk 
 atrophy, Nov. 1,9, 1790. His father pub- 
 lished a small volume of his son’s poetical 
 performances in 1799, with the life of the 
 author, from whence this is extracted. 
 
 Beau (John Lewis le), professor of rhe- 
 toric in the college of the Grassins, and 
 member of the academy of inscription#. 
 & 
 
B E A 
 
 B E A 
 
 He was born at Paris in 1721, and died in 
 1 7 Ide published an edition of Homer 
 in Greek and Latin, 2 vols. 1746, and the 
 Orations of Cicero, 3 vols. 1750. lie also 
 wrote a discourse on the poverty of the 
 learned. — Nouv. Did. Hist. 
 
 Beau (Charles le), brother of the pre* 
 ceding'. He was professor in the royal col- 
 lege, and secretary of the academy of in- 
 scriptions. He was born in 1701, and died 
 at Paris in 1778. His history of the Lower 
 Empire, in 22 vols. 12mo. is a judicious 
 performance. His Opera Latina were pub- 
 lished at Paris in 1783, 3 vols. 12mo . — -Ibid. 
 
 Beaucairk dk Peguillon (Francis), 
 archbishop of Metz, was at the council of 
 Trent, where he pleaded with great elo- 
 quence for a reformation; He resigned his 
 bishopric, and went into retirement, in which 
 he wrote his Rerum Gallicarum Commen- 
 tary, ab anno 1461 ad annum 1562) Lyons, 
 1625, fol. He died in 1591. — Moreri. 
 
 Beauciiam? (Richard), earl of Warwick, 
 was born in 1381, and died at Rouen 
 in Normandy, in 1439 ; he was at the 
 council of Constance, and obtained several 
 victories over the French. His remains 
 were conveyed to England and interred 
 with his ancestors at Warwick. — Biojr. Br. 
 
 Beauchamps (Peter Francis Godard), a 
 French writer, died at Paris in 1761, aged 
 72 ; he wrote Recherehes sur les Theatres 
 de France, 4to. and translated the Greek 
 romances of Ismene and Ismenias, bv Eu- 
 stathios; and Rhodantes and Doricles, bv 
 Theodorus Prodromus : he also gave a po- 
 etical version of the letters of Abelard and 
 Floisa.' — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Beauchai eau (Francis Matthew Chate- 
 let), a French poet. He was born at Paris 
 in 1645. While a child hir. poetical ta- 
 lents introduced him to court; at the age 
 of 1 2 lie published a collection of poems, 
 entitled Fa Lyre du jeune Apollon. He 
 was drowned in a voyage to the east in. 
 
 1 660. — Ibid. 
 
 Beaver (John), a benedietine monk of 
 •Westminster in the 14th century, who 
 wrote a Chronicle of British Affairs from 
 Brutus- to his own time, and a book de Re- 
 bus ceenobii Westmonasteriensis. — Pits. 
 
 Beauties (W illiam), a jesuit, was born 
 iti Auvergne in 16 74, and died at Tou- 
 louse in 1758. He published several fune- 
 ral discourses, and other works.-- — Nou-u. 
 Did. Hist. 
 
 Beaufort (Henry), brother of Henry 
 IV. khrg of England, was made bishop of 
 Lincoln, from whence he was translated to 
 Winchester:, he was also chancellor of the 
 kingdom, and sent ambassador to France. 
 In 1426 he was made cardinal and appoint- 
 ed legate in Germany. In 1431 he crowned. 
 Flenry VI. in the great church of Paris. ■ 
 He was a proud, turbulent prelate, and his 
 last scene, as described by Sjhakspeare, ap- 
 pears to have beeu not merely a poetical, 
 
 but a true picture of the man. He died at 
 ■Winchester in 1447. — Bio<r. Brit. 
 
 Beaufort (Margaret), countess of Rich- 
 mond and Derby, was the daughter and 
 heiress of John duke of Somerset, and born 
 in 1441 ; she married Edmund Tudor, earl 
 .of Richmond, by whom she had a son, af- 
 terwards Henry VII. Her first husband 
 dying in 1456, she married sir Henry Staf- 
 ford, by whom she had no issue, and on 
 his death she became the wife of Thomas 
 lord Stanley', afterwards earl of Derby'. 
 She founded the colleges of Christ and St., 
 John in Cambridge, and died in 2509. She 
 was buried in Westminster abbey . — Ibid. 
 
 Beaufort (Francis de Vendome, duke 
 of), was the son of Cxsar, duke of Ven- 
 dome, and born in 1616; he was impri- 
 soned on the charge of conspiring against 
 the life of cardinal Mazarin, but escaped, 
 and began a civil war, which soon subsided. 
 On making his peace he was made admiral 
 of France, and ini 665 defeated the Turkish 
 fleet near Tunis, He was killed at the 
 siege of Candia in 1669. — Nouy. Did. Ilis.t. 
 
 Beaufort (Louis d’), a learned writer, 
 who died at Maestricht in 1795; he was 
 chosen fellow of theroyalsociety of London, 
 and distinguished himself in the republic 
 of letters by some excellent works, as the 
 History of Germanicus ; Dissertation upon 
 the Uncertainty of the First Five Ages of 
 the Roman Republic; History of the Ro- 
 man Republic, or Plan of the ancient Go- 
 vernment of Rome. — Ibid. 
 
 Beaulieu (Lewis le Blanc), professor of 
 divinity at Sedan, was born in 1611 at 
 Plessis-Marli. His Theses Sedanenses were 
 published in 1683, folio. He died in 1675. 
 — Morcri. 
 
 Beaulieu (Sebastian Pontault de), a 
 French engineer, died in 1674. His views 
 and plans of the sieges and .battles • ** 
 Lewis XIV'. are in 2 vols. folio. — Nou-v. 
 Did. Hist. 
 
 Beaumarchais (Peter Augustin Caron 
 d’), was the son of a clockmaker at Paris, 
 and born in 1732. He applied with <i!-' 
 ligence to his father’s profession, and in- 
 vented a new escapement, the honour of 
 which was contested by another person, but 
 determined in favour of Beaumarchais by 
 the academy of sciences. Fie also dis- 
 tinguished himself by his musical skill, par- 
 ticularly by hjs tmite in playing on the 
 harp. This recommended him to the notice 
 of the sisters of Louis XV. who admitted 
 .him to their concerts. He was likewise 
 engaged in three public causes, on which 
 he exercised his literary talents to such ad- 
 vantage asfo-obtaiu a considerable post un- 
 der government. He was an active, intelli- 
 gent, and enter prising vrfan. He died .in pri- 
 son in 1799. His principal wanks are, I . Mr- 
 .moires coptre les Sieu.rs de Qoesman, la 
 Blache, Marin, de Arnaud, 1774.., 2. Me. 
 mqir in answer to William Kornmanu* 
 
 4 
 
B E A 
 
 B E A 
 
 1787. 3. Eugenie, a play in five acts. 4. 
 The Two Friends, a play. 6. The Barber 
 of Sevili?, a comedy. 6. The Marriage of 
 Figaro, a comedy, &c. — Ibid. 
 
 Beaumf.lle (Lawrence), a French writer, 
 was born in the diocese of Allais in 1727, 
 and died at Paris in 1773; lie was for some 
 time professor of belles-lettres in Denmark. 
 He was twice imprisoned in the bastille for 
 some libels and satires, but in 1772 he was 
 [ appointed librarian to the king. He wrote 
 a Defence of the Spirit of Laws, Letters 
 to Voltaire, Thoughts of Seneca, a Com- 
 mentary upon the Henriade,a Life of Mad. 
 Maintenon, See. — Ibid. 
 
 Beaumont (sir John), son of Francis 
 Beaumont, a judge of the common pleas, 
 Was born at Grace-Dieti, in Leicestershire, 
 in 1582, and educated at Oxford, from 
 whence he removed to one of the inns of 
 court. In 1626' he was knighted by king 
 p Charles I. and died in 1628. He wrote, 1. 
 The Crown of Thorns, a poem. 2. Bos- 
 w or th Field, a poem, and other pieces, 
 which were collected and published after 
 liis death by his son, sir John Beaumont, 
 — Wood's A. 0. 
 
 Beaumont (Francis), a relation of the 
 above, was educated at Cambridge, from 
 whence he removed to the Inner Temple. 
 He died in 1615, and was buried in West- 
 minster abbey. He wrote a number of 
 plays in conjunction with Fletcher, which 
 possess great merit.— Blog. Brit. 
 
 Beaumont (Joseph), an English divine, 
 j who was master of Peter-house, Cambridge, 
 'and regius professor of divinity. He died 
 in 1699, aged 84. He wrote a religious 
 poem, entitled Psyche, or Love’s Mystery. 
 
 | A collection of his poems was published in 
 1 1749, in 4tO.- — Gen. B. J). 
 
 Beaumont de Perefix (Hardouin), a 
 | French historian, who was preceptor to 
 , I amis XIV. by whom he was made arch- 
 ; bishop of Paris. He wrote the history of 
 | Henry IV. and' died in 1 670. — ^Moreri. 
 
 Beaumont (Elie d’), a French advocate, 
 j Was born at Carentan in 1732; he distin- 
 guished himself by his memoir in favour 
 nf the unfortunate family of Calas, which 
 [produced a powerful effect upon the na- 
 tion. He was alsft the author of several 
 [other esteemed pieces. He died in 1785. 
 His wife was the author of a novel, entitled 
 Letters of the Marquis de Roselle, 12mO. 
 iSiie died in 1783. — Nn.i>. l)icl. Hist. 
 
 \ Beaune (James de),bafcn of Sanlblangai, 
 rind superintendant of the finances under 
 Francis I. When I.aiitrec was sent to the 
 defence of the Milanese, he stipulated that 
 300,000 crowns should be sdnt to pay the 
 troops. This money, however, tile queen- 
 j mother obtained of the superintendant for 
 herself, with threats of ruining him if he 
 | did not comply. The expedition having 
 I failed for want of the promised supply, 
 complaints were laid before thekirig against 
 Bamblanuai, Who alleged the real cause in 
 
 justification of himself. The queen-mother 
 bribed his secretary to deliver to her the re-* 
 ceipts she had given, which being the only 
 testimonies poor Sarhblangai had, he was 
 accused of having applied the money to 
 his own use, and was hanged in 1527. 
 Geutil, his secretary, was afterwards exe- 
 cuted for another crime, — Moreri. 
 
 Beaune (Floriment d’),a French mathe- 
 matician, who discovered a method of de- 
 termining the nature of Curves by the pro- 
 perties of their triangles. He died in 1652. 
 
 Beaurain (Johnde),geographerto Louis 
 XV. was born at Aix in 1697, and died in 
 1771. He constructed a number of charts, 
 
 . and published a topographical and military 
 Description of the Campaigns of Luxem- 
 burg from 1690 to 1694, 3 vols. fol. — Nuuv. 
 Diet. Hist. 
 
 Beaurieu (Gaspard-Guillard de), an in- 
 genious French philosopher, and author of 
 the excellent work, /’ Eleve de la Nature, the 
 Pupil of Nature, 2 vols. and of many other 
 publications. He was born in the county 
 ol Artois in 1727. To the eternal disgrace 
 of the revolution,, this respectable man 
 died in an hospital in 1795. — Ibid. 
 
 Beausobre (Isaac de), a French pro- 
 testant divine, was born at Mort in 1659, 
 On leaving his own Country lie went to 
 Holland, and from thence to Berlin, where 
 he was made chaplain to the king of Prus- 
 sia; and died in 1738. His works are; 
 1. Defense de la Doctrine des Reformes ; 2. 
 A Translation of the New Testament, with 
 notes in conjunction with L’Enfant ; 3. 
 Dissertation sur les Adamites de Boheme J 
 4. Histoire critique de Manichee et du Ma- 
 nicheisme, 2 tom. which has been praised by 
 Gibbon; 5. Sermons. — Moreri. 
 
 Beausobre (Lewis), counsellor to the 
 king of Prussia, was bom at Berlin in 1730. 
 and died in 1783. He wrote Philosophical 
 Dissertations on the Nature of Fire Le 
 Pyrrhonisme du Sage; Les Songes d’Epi- 
 cure. — Nonv. Diet. Hid. 
 
 Beauvais (William), of the academy of 
 Cortina, and of the literary society of Or- 
 leans, born in 1<>98, and died in 1773. lie 
 wrote a History of the Roman Emperors 
 by Medals, 3 vols. 1 mo. J767.— Ibid. 
 
 Beauvais (Charles Nicholas), a physi- 
 cian, born at Orleans in 1745, and died at 
 Montpellier in 1794. He was a member 
 of the convention, and a man of turbulent 
 character. lie wrote Esshis Historiques sur 
 Orleans; Description mpographique du 
 Mont Olivet, &c.— fW. 
 
 BEAUViLr.iEus (Francis de), duke of St. 
 Aignan and member of the French ‘acade- 
 my. He was born in 1607; wrbte several 
 poems, and died in 1687. His eldest son 
 Paul, duke of Beauvilliers, was preceptor 
 to, the duke of Burgundy, father of Louis 
 XiV. The bishop of Beauvais, his bro- 
 ther, was an ornament to the mitre, and 
 died in 1732: lie wrote some religious 
 books, Paul Hippolylus, third son ui the 
 
B E C 
 
 B E C 
 
 duke of Beauvilliers; was born in 1684, and 
 died in 1770' : he wrote a book, entitled, 
 Amusemens litteraires. — Nom>. Did. Hist. 
 
 Beauze'e (Nicholas), a French writer and 
 member of the academy, professor of gram- 
 mar in the military school, was born at 
 Verdun in 1717, and died in 1780. He 
 wrote the articles on grammar in the En- 
 cvclopedie ; but though allied with infidels, 
 he was himself a sincere Christian. Beauzee 
 once asked Diderot how they came to elect 
 him a member of the academy, since he 
 was a Christian ? “ Because,” answered the 
 other, we had not a grammarian among 
 us, and we knew you to be an honest man.” 
 He wrote a Universal Grammar, or an Ex- 
 position of the Elements of Languages, 2 
 vols. 8vo. ; an Exposition of the Historical 
 Proofs of Religion, and other works. — Ibid. 
 
 Bebkle (Henry), professor of eloquence 
 in the university of Tubingen. He pub- 
 lished a collection of Latin poems at Stras- 
 blirg in 1512, 4tO. — Morcri. 
 
 Becan (Martin), a learned jesuit and 
 confessor to the emperor Ferdinand 11. ; he 
 was born in Brabant, and died at Vienna 
 in 1624. He wrote a Sum of Theology in 
 French. Some of his pieces were con- 
 demned by the parliament of Paris and by 
 the court of Rome. — Ibid. 
 
 BiiccADEr.Li (Lewis), an Italian ecclesias- 
 tic, was Mrn at Bologna; he assisted at 
 the council of Trent, and was rewarded 
 with the archbishopric of Ragusa, which 
 preferment he resigned on being appointed 
 preceptor to prince Ferdinand of Tuscany; 
 for this he only received the provostship 
 of the cathedral of Prato. He died in 
 1572. Lie wrote the lives of cardinals Pole 
 and Bernbo. — Nouv. Did. Hist. 
 
 Beccadeei.i (Antonio), commonly called 
 Antony of Palermo, where he was born in 
 1374; he was professor of belles-lettres 
 and rhetoric at Pavia, where he received 
 the poetic laurel from the emperor Sigis- 
 mund in 1432. Alphonso, king of Naples, 
 created him a nobleman, and gave him se- 
 veral honourable employments. He is said 
 to have sold a farm to buy a copy of Livy’. 
 He died at Naples in 1471. Rewrote a 
 book on the sayings and actions of Al- 
 phonso, king of Arragon ; and a collection 
 of his epistles and other pieces was printed 
 at Venice in 1453. But he is known chief- 
 ly as the author of an obscene work, en- 
 titled Hermaphroditus. — Moreri. 
 
 Beccafumi (Dominico), an historical 
 painter, was born at Sienna in 1484, and 
 studied the works of Raphael and Michael 
 
 Angelo Buonaroti. Ele died in 1549. 
 
 De Piles. 
 
 Beccari (Augustine), an Italian poet, 
 .was born at Ferrara : bis poems are wholly 
 pastoral. He died in 1520. — Tiraboschi. 
 
 Beccari (James Bartholomew), a physi- 
 cian of Bologna, born in 1682, and died in 
 1766 : he was professor of chemistry at his 
 native place many years, and published a 
 
 Dissertation -on the Impurity of the Air, 
 and Maladies which raged at Bologna in 
 1729 and 1730; a Treatise on the Motion 
 
 of Fluids, and other works. Nouv Did. 
 
 Hist. 
 
 Beccaria (John Baptist), a philosopher 
 and ecclesiastic, was a native of Mondovi 
 in Piedmont : lie was professor of philoso- 
 phy at Palermo, and afterwards at Rome, 
 from whence he removed to Turin. He 
 was greatly^ respected by the king of Sar- 
 dinia, to whose sons he was tutor. Pie 
 made several discoveries in electricity, and 
 published some valuable works on that 
 and other philosophical subjects. He 
 died in 1781. — I hid. 
 
 Beccaria (Caisar Bonesana, marquis), 
 was born about 1720, and discovered from 
 his childhood an inclination to philosophy, 
 which he studied under Genovesi at Na- 
 ples. His first performance was a Treatise 
 on Crimes and Punishments, for which ha 
 narrowly escaped a prosecution : his next 
 work was entitled Disquisitions on the Na- 
 ture of Style. He died in 1795. — Ibid. 
 
 Beccuti (Francis), an Italian poet, stir- 
 named il Cappita, was born at Perugia in 
 1509, and died at the age of 44. He was 
 professor of law, but is best known by his 
 burlesque poetry in the manner of Berni. — • 
 Nouv. Did. Hist. 
 
 Becerra (Gaspvrd), a celebrated Spanish 
 sculptor, was the pupil of Raphael: his 
 chief work is a statue of the Virgin, made 
 by order of the queen Isabella de Valois: 
 he also painted well in fresco. He died at 
 Madrid in 1570. — Nouv. Did. Hist. 
 
 Becher (John Joachim), an eminent 
 chemist, was born in 1645 at Spires, where 
 he became professor of medicine, and af- 
 terwards was appointed first physician to 
 the elector of Mentz and Bavaria. He re- 
 sided for some time at Vienna, and assist- 
 ed in a variety of manufactures. We next 
 find him at Haerlem, where he invented a 
 machine for throwing silk. He died in 
 England, in 1685. His principal works are 
 Physica Subterranea ; Insfitutiones Chy- 
 miea: ; and Epistolas Chymicte. — Moreri. 
 
 Becker (Daniel), physician to the elec- 
 tor of Brandenburg, was a native of Ko- 
 nigsburg, and died there in 1670, aged 43. 
 He published, 1. Commentarius de Theria- 
 ca, &c. London, 1660, 8vo. ; 2. De Culti- 
 voro Prussinio, Leyden, 8vo. — Ibid. 
 
 Becket (Thomas a), archbishop of Can- 
 terbury, was born in London in 1119, 
 and educated at Oxford and Paris. Henry 
 II. appointed him, in 1158, chancellor and 
 preceptor to the prince. The y ear fol- 
 lowing he attended the king to Thoulouse, 
 having, at his own charge, 1200 horse and 
 a train of 700 knights. In 1160 he was 
 sent to Paris to negociate a marriage be- 
 tween prince Henrv, and the king of 
 France’s eldest daughter, with whom here- 
 turned to England. In 1162 he was elected 
 archbishop of Canterbury, on which he re- 
 
BEC 
 
 B E D 
 
 signed the chancellorship, and assuming 
 the arrogance of a sovereign pontiff, came 
 to hostilities with the king, who endea- 
 voured to effect a reform among the clergy. 
 In a convention held at Clarendon, laws 
 were passed respecting the privileges of 
 the church, to which Becket assented at 
 first, but afterwards retracted, and endea- 
 voured to leave the kingdom to communi- 
 cate his grievances to the pope. This oc- 
 casioned a parliament to be called at 
 Northampton in 1 1 65, when the archbishop 
 was sentenced to forfeit all his goods to the 
 king. On this he left the kingdom, and 
 Henry seized upon the revenues of his see. 
 Becket resigned at Sens his archbishopric 
 into the hands of the pope, who returned 
 it to him with assurances of support. The 
 prelate now fulminated his anathemas 
 against several bishops and noblemen, 
 which so irritated the king, that he banish- 
 ed all his relations. In 1167 an interview 
 took place between Henry and Becket in 
 Champagne, which ended without pro- 
 ducing any effect. In 1169 another attempt 
 was made to bring about a reconciliation, 
 which also failed through the obstinacy of 
 the archbishop, and Henry was so exaspe- 
 rated, that he obliged his subjects to re- 
 nounce, by oath, all obedience to Becket 
 and the pope. He also caused his son to 
 be crowned at Westminster by the arch- 
 bishop of York; for which the pope sus- 
 pended that prelate, and excommunicated 
 those who assisted him. An accommoda- 
 tion was at last concluded, hut Becket re- 
 fusing to withdraw his excommunication 
 of the bishops, they laid their complaints 
 before Henry, who was in Normandy. In 
 a fit of passion the king exclaimed how 
 unhappy he was, that among so many at- 
 tendants, none had gratitude enough to rid 
 him of one who caused him so much dis- 
 turbance. On this, four knights set out for 
 Canterbury, and assassinated the archbishop 
 at the altar of his cathedral, Dec. 29, 1171. 
 For this the king was obliged by the pope 
 to do penance at Becket’s tomb, where he 
 was scourged by the monks, and passed the 
 whole day and night fasting upon the bare 
 stones. The murderers were sent on pe- 
 nance to the holy land, where they died. 
 Becket was canonized two years after, and 
 his pretended miracles were so numerous, 
 that his shrine became the richest in Eu- 
 rope. — Lyttleton s Hen. II. 
 
 Buckingham (Charles), an English dra- 
 matic writer, who wrote two plays of 
 merit, viz. Henry IV. of France, andScipio 
 Africanus. He also wrote some poems, and 
 died in 1730, aged 32. — Biog. Dram. 
 
 Bkckington (Thomas), bishop of Bath 
 and Wells in the 15th century. He was a 
 great benefactor to New college, Oxford, 
 m which he had been educated. He wrote 
 a Latin book on the claim of the kings of 
 England to France. — Wood's A. 0. 
 
 BtcijuiiT (Anthony), a celestine monk, 
 
 who wrote a history of the congregation of 
 his order in France, 4to. 1721. He died at 
 Paris in 1730, aged 76. — Moreri. 
 
 Bectasii (Culi), a mussulman writer of 
 the Persian sect, who wrote a book, called 
 Bostan al Khial, or the Garden of Thoughts. 
 —U He -helot. 
 
 Bectoz (Claude de), a learned French 
 lady, and abbess of St. I lonore de Taras- 
 con in the 16th century. She died in 1547, 
 and left several works in Latin and French. 
 —Moreri. 
 
 Bed a (Noel), a French divine, who at- 
 tacked Erasmus on account of his para- 
 phrases. Being of a persecuting spirit, he 
 reflected on the court for not exercising 
 more rigour against heretics, for which he 
 was banished to the Abbey of Mont St. Ivii- 
 chael, where he died in 1537. He wrote 
 several polemical treatises. — Moreri. 
 
 BEDA,orBKDE, called the Venerable, an 
 ancient English writer, was born in 672, 
 at Wearmouth in the bishopric of Dur- 
 ham, educated in the monastery of St. Peter, 
 and ordained by John of Beverly, bishop 
 of Hexham. His fame for learning was so 
 great, that pope Sergius wrote to his abbot 
 To send him to Rome, but Bede declined 
 the honour. He devoted the whole of his 
 life to the writing his ecclesiastical history 
 and other works, and in instructing the 
 young monks. The best edition of his his- 
 tory is that in 1722, folio. He died in 735. 
 An English council directed his works to 
 be publicly read in churches. — Bing. Br. 
 
 Bedell (William), an excellent prelate, 
 was born in 1570, at Black Notley in 
 Essex, and educated at Emanuel college, 
 Cambridge ; where he obtained a fellow- 
 ship. He was minister of St. Edmund’s 
 Bury some years, and in 1604 went with sir 
 Henry Wotton to Venice, as his chaplain. 
 There he became intimate with father 
 Paul Sarpi, who entrusted him with the 
 MS. of his history of the council of Trent. 
 He also became acquainted with Antonio 
 de Dominis, archbishop of Spalato, whom 
 he assisted in his book de Republica Eccle- 
 siastica. In 1627 he was elected provost of 
 Trinity-college in Dublin; and two years 
 afterwards was preferred to the united sees 
 of Kilmore and Ardagh,the latter of which 
 he resigned. He obtained a translation of 
 the common prayer into Irish, and had the 
 New Testament rendered into the same lan- 
 guage ; but, owing to the troubles, the last 
 was'not published in his time. It was after- 
 wards printed at the expence of Mr. Boyle. 
 So great was the reverence of the Irish lor 
 him, that when the rebellion in 1641 broke 
 out, he was unmolested, and was thus ena- 
 bled to shelter several protestants in his 
 house. At last orders were sent him to 
 dismiss those people, and on his refusal, he 
 was seized, with his family, and conveyed 
 to the castle of Cloughboughter. After re- 
 maining there some time, they were re- 
 moved to the house of a protestaut minister, 
 
BEG 
 
 B E H 
 
 where the hishop idled February 7, 1641. 
 * be Irish rebels attended his remains to 
 the church-yard of Kilmore, and fired a sa- 
 lute over his grave. — Life by Bp. Burnet. 
 
 Bederic (Henry), an Augustine monk of 
 the 14th century, who is called de Bury, 
 from his being born at St. Edmund’s Bury. 
 Fie studied at Paris, where he became a 
 doctor of Sorbonne. Fie wrote some reli- 
 gious pieces, and lived about 1380. — Pits. 
 Bale. 
 
 Bedford (John duke of), the third son 
 of Henry IV. king of England. In 1422 he 
 Commanded the English army in France, 
 tind the same year was named regent of 
 that kingdom for Henry VI. whom he 
 caused to be proclaimed at Paris. He de- 
 feated the French fleet near Southampton, 
 jnade himself master of Cotoi, entered Paris 
 with hi? troops, and beat the duke of Alen- 
 9 on ; thus making himself master of France. 
 He died at Rouen, in 1435, where a hand- 
 some monument was erected to his me- 
 mory, which one of the courtiers of 
 Charles VIII. advised him to destroy. “ Let 
 him rest in peace,” answered he, “ who, 
 when living, made all the French tremble.” 
 ► — Mot eri. 
 
 Bedford (Hilkiah), an English divine, 
 was bofn in London, in 1663, and educated 
 at St. John’s college, Cambridge, of which 
 he became fellow, and obtained a living in 
 Lincolnshire, but was deprived of it for 
 refusing tire oaths. In 1714 he was sen- 
 tenced to three years’ imprisonment and a 
 heavy fine fpr writing the Hereditary 
 Right of the Crown of England asserted, 
 folio ; the real author of which was George 
 I Iarbin. He translated an Answer to Fon- 
 tenelle’s Flistory of Grades, and Dr. Bar- 
 wicke’s Life, from the Eatin into English, 
 He died in 1724,— Gen. Bing. Diet. 
 
 Bedford (Thomas), son of the above, 
 was educated at Westminster-school, from 
 whence he removed to St. John’s college, 
 Cambridge. He took orders among the 
 non-jurors, and published, in 1732, gimt-- 
 onis monaclji DpneJmensis libellus tie ex- 
 ordio atque procursus Dunelmensis ecclesire. 
 He also wrote an historical Catechism. He 
 died after 1742. — Jbid. 
 
 Bedloe (Capt. William) an infamous 
 character, who pretended to give evidence 
 respecting the murder of -sir Edmundbury 
 Godfrey, for which he was rewarded by 
 the commons with 5 GO/. He died in 1680. 
 .« — Grang r s Biug. Hist. 
 
 , Bkdos «e Celx.es (Francis), a Benedic- 
 tine monk, and member of the academy at 
 Bourdeaux, born in 1726, and died in 1779. 
 He published an esteemed treatise on Dial- 
 's ng, ajjd another on the construction of 
 Organs. — Noun. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Bedrepdin (Baalbek!), a Syriac physi- 
 cian, why wrote a book called Mosarreh al 
 ness. He lived in the 7th century of the 
 i legit a .—-D'Herbdot. 
 
 $kca (Cornelius), a Dutch painter. He 
 
 was born at Haerlem in 1620, and died of 
 the plague in 1664. He excelled in land- 
 scape, cattle, and conversations, and his 
 pictures are held in great esteem. — Houbra~ 
 lot. 
 
 Beger (Lawrence), a German writer, 
 who was born at Heidleberg in 1653, and 
 died at Berlin in 1705. He wrote, 3. The- 
 saurus ex Thesauro Palatinus selectus, sen 
 Gemmae, folio ; 2. Spicilegium Antiquitafis, 
 folio; 3. Thesaurus, sive Gemmas, Numis- 
 mata, &c. 3 vols. folio ; and several other 
 learned works, one of Which is in defence 
 of Polygamy. — Mora l. 
 
 Bece'/n (Abraham), principal painter tq 
 the king of Prussia, was born in Hol- 
 land in 1650. He painted some fine land- 
 scapes for the royal palaces, and several 
 good pictures by him are at the Plague. — > 
 Pilkingion. 
 
 Beoon (Michael), born at Blois in 1638, 
 hecame intendant of the French West-Ind'ia 
 islands, and died in 1710. He collected a 
 noble library, and a cabinet of antiques and 
 curiosities, He also caused to be engraved, 
 portraits of the illustrious men of the 17th 
 century. — Moreri. 
 
 Beguii.llt (Edme), advocate in the par- 
 liament of Dijon, and correspondent of 
 the academy of Belles-I.ettres, died in 1786. 
 He wrote the Principles of Vegetation and 
 Architecture, 8vo. and several other works, 
 on similar subjects. — Noun. Diet. fist. 
 
 Behaim (Martin), a geographer and na- 
 vigator of the 15th century, was a native 
 of Nuremberg. FIc is said to have disco- 
 vered the isle of Faval and the Brazils, and 
 to have sailed as far as the straits of -Magel- 
 lan. John II. of Portugal created him. a 
 chevalier. There is at Nuremberg a globe 
 made by him, on which are traced his dis- 
 coveries. He died at Lisbon in 1506. « 
 
 American 1 Vans action s. 
 
 Bkun (Aphra), an English writer. Her 
 maiden-name \yas Johnson : and her fa- 
 ther was appointed lieutenant-general of 
 Surinam, but died on his passage. The fa- 
 mily, however, proceeded to that settle-, 
 mem, where our author became acquainted 
 with prince Oroonoko, whose story she 
 afterwards gave to the public. On her re-? 
 turn to England she, married Mr. Behn, a 
 merchant of London. In 1666. she was at 
 Antwerp, vyhere she was employed as a spy 
 by the English government ; and is said 
 to have discovered by pi cans of a lover, the 
 design of the Dutch to send a fleet up the 
 Thames, which she communicated to the 
 English court, but the intelligence was 
 treated with contempt. Not long after 
 this, she returned to London, and devoted 
 herself to pleasure and the muses. Her ad- 
 ventures in , he former pursuit we shall not 
 detail ; and her productions in the service 
 of the latter appeared in 3 vols. 8vo. She 
 wrote several plays, histories, and novels, 
 which evince a lively imagination, but 
 marked by licqupusness. She died in 1689, 
 
BEL 
 
 BEL 
 
 f anti was buried in the cloisters of Westmin- 
 ster-abbey. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Beich (Joachim Francis), an eminent 
 painter, was born at Ravemberg, in Swa- 
 1 bia, in 1665. He excelled in painting land- 
 scapes and battles. He died in 1748. 
 
 Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Beinascmi (John Baptist), an historical 
 . painter, was a native of Piedmont, and 
 studied at Rome under Lanfranc. He 
 | gained so great a reputation that the ho- 
 [ uour of knighthood was conferred on him. 
 
 | He died in 1688, aged 54 . — Pill:. 
 
 Beithar, an African botanist, who died 
 in the 646th of the Hegira, lie wrote a 
 history of plants, arranged alphabetically, 
 and ocher works. — D' Hcrbelot. 
 
 Bek (David), a Dutch portrait painter, 
 was born at Arnhcim in 1621, and became 
 a disciple of Vandyke. Fie was appointed 
 ' portrait painter to queen Christina of Swe- 
 den, by whose recommendation he. was 
 i employed to paint the most illustrious per- 
 j sons in .Europe, lje died in 1656.: — Houbra* 
 ken. P d1tin<rlan. 
 
 Bkkxkk (Bajtbasar), a Dutch divine ;• 
 was born in 16:14, at Warthuisen. in the 
 province of Groningen. Jn 1679 he was 
 1 chosen minister at Amsterdam, where he. 
 published a book entitled, The World be- 
 witched, in which he opposed the popular 
 superstitions respecting witchcraft, incan- 
 tations, &c. This work made a great noise, 
 and brought upon tire author the sentence 
 of suspension. The magistrates of Am- 
 sterdam, however, continued his salary. 
 Fie died in 1698, — Murer i. 
 
 Bel (John James), a native of Bourdeaux,. 
 !. and counsellor of that city. -Fie died at 
 Paris in 1 733, aged 45. Fie compiled the 
 j Dictionnaire Neologlque ; arid wrote cri- 
 j tical Tetters on the Mariaipne of Voltaire, 
 
 ; and some other pieces.— Nouv. Did. Hist. 
 
 Bel (Mathias), an Hungarian divine, 
 was born at Orsowa in 1684. He at first 
 1 studied physic at Halle, but quitted that 
 profession for theology, and became rector 
 ( of the school at Presburg, and minister of 
 a congregation. Fie died in 1749. He 
 j' wrote two works, Apparatus ad Historian! 
 IJungarije, & Natitix I lungarire nov.se; for 
 which the emperor Charles VI. made him 
 : imperial historiographer. Pope Clement' 
 Xll. sent him a present for his works, and 
 ’- the king of Prussia and the empress of Hus? 
 s si a distinguished him by marks of their es- 
 teem. Gen. Biog. 
 
 Bel (Charles Andrew), son of the above,- 
 | was born at Presburg in 1717. In 1741 lie 
 was appointed professor extraordinary of 
 philosophy at Leipsic, and in 1756 pro- 
 }• fessor of poetry and librarian to the univer- 
 sity, with the title of counsellor of state. 
 
 | lie died in 1782. He wroce De V era Ori- 
 | gjne et JEpocha Hunnorum, &c. 4to. Fie 
 | likewise conducted the Acta Eruditorum, 
 
 [ jfrom 1754 tu 1781. — Ibid. 
 
 Eelcamp (JoL^j Ya«)> aputch painter, 
 
 He was employed in copying pictures in 
 the royal collection of England, which he’ 
 executed with great exactness. He died in 
 1653. — Honbrnketi. 
 
 Bf. lchiir (John), an English surgeon, 
 was born in 1706, at Kingston in Surrey. 
 Fie served his apprenticeship to Mr. Che- 
 selden, under whom he made a great pro- 
 ficiency. In 1736 he became surgeon to 
 Guy’s hospital; and about the same time 
 was elected fellow of the royal society, 
 to whom lie communicated several papers 
 and cases, inserted in their Transactions. 
 He died in 1785. — F.urop. Map. 
 
 Bei.graoo (James), an Italian jesuit, was 
 born in 1704, at Udina, and died in 1789. 
 He was an eminent mathematician, anti- 
 quary, and poet. The work by which he 
 is best known is a treatise on the Existence 
 
 of God, demonstrated geometrically. 
 
 Nouv, Diet. Hist. 
 
 Belesis, a Chaldean, who raised Arbaces 
 to the throne of Media, for which he was 
 rewarded with the government of Babylon, 
 7.70, B. C. When Sardanapalus was burnt 
 in his palace with his gold- and silver, 
 Belesis obtained leave to take away the 
 ashes, from whence he extracted immense 
 treasures. — Univ. Hist. 
 
 Bei.idor (Bernard Forest de), a French 
 engineer, well known by his Dictionnaire 
 portatif dc l’lagenieur, his Course of Ma- 
 thematics, .Hydraulics,- Architecture, <Stc. 
 He died iu 1761. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Bei.ing (Richard), an Irish writer, was 
 born at Belinstown in the county of Qub- 
 lin, in 1613; he joined in the rebellion of 
 1641, and became an officer, and ambassa- 
 dor from the .council of Kilkenny to the 
 pope in 1645. On his return he went over 
 to the marquis of Ormond, to whom , he 
 Was of great service. At the Restoration he 
 recovered his estates, and died in Dublin in 
 16/7. ile wrote, in Latin, Vindieiarum 
 Catholicorum Hibernise. — Biop-. Br. 
 
 Belisakius, general of the armies of the 
 emperor Justinian. He ended the war in 
 which that prince was engaged with Ca- 
 bades, king of Persia, by a treaty of peace 
 j-u 531. • The year after he took Carthage, 
 and made prisoner Giiimer, who had 
 usurped the throne of the Vandals. Be- 
 lisarius entered Constantinople in triumph 
 in 533. He was next sent against the Goths 
 in Italy, and arriving on the coasts of Sicily, 
 lie took Catania, Syracuse, Palermo, and 
 other places. He then proceeded to Naples, 
 which he took, and marched to Rome. 
 After this he conquered Vitiges, king of the 
 Goths, and sent him to Constantinople, at 
 the same time refusing the crown, which 
 was offered him. For these great exploits 
 he was regarded as the saviour of the em- 
 pire, and medals are yet extant which bear 
 thiij inscription, Belisarius gloria Romajiorttm. 
 He was soon obliged to go into the east 
 against Chrosroes 1. ldng of Persia, and hav- 
 ing succeeded, he returned info Italy, from 
 
BEL 
 
 BEL 
 
 whence he expelled the Huns in 558. Three 
 grears afterwards this great man was ac- 
 cused, by the nobles about the emperor, of 
 a design upon the throne ; and Justinian, 
 with the jealousy of an old man, was per- 
 suaded to confiscate his estates. The story 
 of his being deprived of sight and obliged 
 to beg for bread, is a modern fiction.— — 
 limit. Hist. Gibbon. 
 
 BELL^(Beaupre), an English antiquary, 
 was educated at \Vestminster-school, from 
 whence he removed, in 172:3, to Trinity 
 college, Cambridge. He died young, and 
 left his library and medals to the college 
 where he had received his education. He 
 assisted Dr. Stukcly and other ingenious 
 men in their publications. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Bellarmin (Robert), a Roman cardinal, 
 was born in Tuscan v in 15-42, He entered 
 into the society of j'esuits. In 1599 pope 
 Sixtus V. in reward of his services and 
 learning, made him a cardinal. He died in 
 1C21. His. writings are numerous, but 
 chiefly polemical. — Moreri. 
 
 Bellay (William du), lord of Langev, a 
 celebrated French general, and negociator. 
 He wiote a history of his own times, in 
 Latin, the greatest 'part of which is lost. 
 He died in 1543. — Ibid. 
 
 Bellay (John du), archbishop of Paris, 
 was born in 1492; and employed as am- 
 bassador at Rome and in England. Paul 
 III. made him a cardinal. When Charles V. 
 entered Provence, in 1536, Francis I. left 
 du Bellay in charge of Paris, as lieutenant- 
 general. On the accession of Henry II. 
 he went to Rome, where he died in 1560. 
 lbs writings are: Harangues; Apology 
 for Francis I. ; Elegies, Epigrams, and Odes, 
 jn 1 vol. 8vq. 1549. His brother, Martin, 
 was a good general and statesman. His 
 memoirs were published with those of Wil- 
 liam. — Moreri. 
 
 Bellay (Joachim du), a French poet, 
 was born at Lire, near Angers, in 1524, 
 and died in 1560. His Latin poems were 
 printed at Paris in 1569, 4to. and those in 
 
 French in 1561. The last are elegant. 
 
 Ibid. 
 
 Belle (Stephen de la), aft Italian engra- 
 ver, born at Florence in 1610, and died in 
 1664. His pieces are in estimation. — Nouv. 
 Dirt. Hist. 
 
 Belle (Alexis Simon), a French portrait 
 painter. He was a disciple of Francis de 
 Troy, and died in 1734, aged 60. He 
 was employed by the king ti France and 
 various other sovereigns. — Ibid. 
 
 Belleau (Renis), a French poet, born 
 in 1528, and died in 1577. Ilis pastorals 
 are held in great esteem. — Ibid. 
 
 Belleforest (Francis de), a French his- 
 torian, was born in 1530, of poor parents; 
 but he received a good education at 
 Toulouse. He died in 1583. He wrote the 
 History of the World, and a universal 
 Cosmography ; but his chief work is, a Ge- 
 neral History of France. — Moreri. 
 
 Bri.lecarde (John Baptist Mrtrvan de), 
 a French writer. He becamea jesuit, from 
 which society he was expelled for being a 
 Cartesian. He died in 1734, aged 86. He! 
 translated St. Chrysostom, St. Basil, St. 
 Ambrose, Thomas a Kempis, See. He also 
 rendered into French, Las Casas, on the 
 destruction of the Indies, and wrote several 
 moral treatises. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Bellenden (William), a learned Scotch 
 writer of the 16th century. lie was hu- 
 manitv professor at Paris in 1602, where 
 he published his first work, entitled, Cice- 
 ronis Princeps, in 1608; his next was C’ice- 
 ronis Consul, 1612: both these pieces were 
 inscribed to Henry prince of Wales. In 
 1616 he published a second edition, with 
 the addition of Liber de Statu Prisci Orbis, 
 dedicated to prince Charles. These trea- 
 tises were edited at London, in 1787, by 
 Dr. Samuel Parr. — Preface to lies nvorks. 
 
 Bei.lenger (Francis), doctor of the Sor- 
 bonne ; was born in the diocese of Lisieux, 
 and died at Paris in 1749. He translated 
 Dionysius of Halicarnensis, 1723, 2 vols. 
 4to. and wrote a critical essay on the works 
 of Rollin. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Bellet (Charles), a French writer, who 
 died at Paris in 1771. He wrote, 1. I/Ado- 
 ration Chretienne, dans la Devotion du 
 Rosaire, 12mo. ; 2. Several pieces of elo- 
 quence ; 3. Les Droits de la Religion sur 
 le Cceur de l’Homme, 2 vols. 12mo. — Ibid. 
 
 Bellet, (Isaac), an ingenious physician, 
 who died at Paris in 1 778. He wrote on 
 the effects of imagination on pregnant wo- 
 men, history of tlie conspiracy of Cataline, 
 &c. — Ibid. 
 
 Bellievre (Pomponius de), a French 
 statesman, was born at Lyons in 1529. lie 
 was employed in several embassies, which 
 he discharged so well, that Flenry IV. made 
 him chancellor: but afterwards the seals 
 were taken from him, though he was suf- 
 fered to retain the title ; on which he said, 
 a chancellor without seals, is a body with- 
 out a soul. Fie died at Paris in 1607. — Mo- 
 reri. Nouv. Did. Hist. 
 
 Bei liv (James Nicholas), an ingenious 
 French geographer, who died at Paris in 
 1772, aged 69. He was member of the 
 royal society of I.ondon, and published the 
 Hydrographic Fran poise ; Essais geographi- 
 ques, sur les Isles Britanniques, and other 
 valuable works. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Bellini (Gentile), a Venetian painter, 
 was born in 1421. Hif was employed by 
 the republic in painting the pieces Which 
 adorn the council hajl. It is said that he 
 was engaged by Mahomet IF emperpr of 
 the Turks, for whom he painted the behead- 
 ing of St. John the Baptist 'The emperor 
 was greatly pleased with the picture, but 
 discovered a fault in the skin of the neck, 
 and to prove his observation caused the 
 head of a slave to be struck off in his pre- 
 sence. This sight so shocked the painter, 
 that he was uneasy till he got leave to re- 
 
BEL 
 
 BEN 
 
 turn to his own country, which he did, 
 after receiving considerable presents from 
 the grand seignior. He died in 1501. 
 
 Pilkingtdn. 
 
 Bellini (John), brother of the above, 
 whom he assisted in painting the pictures 
 in the council chamber at Venice. He died 
 in 1412, aged 90. — Ibid. 
 
 B ellin i (Laurence), an Italian physician, 
 was born at Florence in 1643, and gradu- 
 ated at Padua. He afterwards became pro- 
 fessor of philosophy at Pisa, which he ex- 
 changed for that of anatomy. He died in 
 1702. He wrote several anatomical and 
 medical works in the Latin language, of 
 great merit. — Now. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Belloc^ (Peter), a French writer, and 
 valet-de-chambre to Lewis XIV . He wrote 
 a poem on the Hotel ties Invalides, and sa- 
 tires on petit-maitres and novelists. He 
 died in 1704, aged 59. — Ibid. 
 
 Bel oi (Peter), advocate-general in the 
 parliament of Toulouse. He was a native 
 of Montauban, and flourished in the reigns 
 of Henry III. and Henry IV. of France. He 
 left several works which are now obsolete. 
 —Ibid. 
 
 Belloi (Peter Lawrence Buyrette du), 
 a French dramatist, was horn at St. Fleur, 
 in Auvergne, in 1727. He was for some 
 time an advocate, which profession he 
 quitted for the stage, and went to Russia, 
 where he exercised his talents in that line 
 with great applause. In 1758 he returned 
 to Paris, and produced his tragedy of Titus, 
 which was followed by Zelmira, the Siege 
 of Calais, and other pieces. The king 
 made him a present of a gold medal, and 
 the magistrates of Calais gave him the free- 
 dom of their town in a gold box. Ide died 
 in 1775. His works were printed in 6 vols. 
 8vo. in 1779. — Ibid. 
 
 Belloni (Jerome), a celebrated banker 
 at Rome, who was honoured for his pro- 
 bity and talents by pope Benedict XIV. 
 with the title of marquis. His F.ssay on 
 Commerce was printed first in 1750, and 
 several' times since. He died in 1760. — 
 Ibid. 
 
 Bellotu (John Peter), an Italian anti- 
 quary, born at Rome, and died in 1696. 
 He wrote, 1. Explication des Medallions les 
 plus rares du Cabinet du Cardinal Cam- 
 pegne, 4to. ; 2 Les Vies des Peintres, Ar- 
 chitectes, et Sculpteurs modernes, 1672, 
 4to. ; 3. Description des Tableaux peints 
 par Raphael au Vatican, 1695, folio, and 
 several other works, which shew learning 
 and taste. — Ibid. 
 
 Bhllotti (Peter), an Italian painter, 
 born at Venice in 1627, and died in 1700. 
 He sometimes painted historical, subjects, 
 but his portraits are best. — Pilkington. 
 
 Bellucci (Anthony), an Italian painter, 
 born at Venice in 1654. He became the 
 disciple of Dominica Definico, and was 
 afterwards appointed principal painter tc 
 
 the emperor Joseph, whose service he left 
 for that of the elector palatine. — Ibid. 
 
 Bei.on (Peter), a French physician, who 
 travelled into Palestine, Greece, and Arabia, 
 and published an account of those coun- 
 tries in 1555, 4to. He was assassinated 
 near Paris, in 1564. — Moreri. 
 
 P-elot (John), de Blois, advocate to the 
 privy council of Louis XIV. He is known 
 as the author of an Apologie de la Langue 
 Latine, Paris, 1637, 8vo. : his object in 
 this publication is to proscribe the use of 
 the French language in works of science. 
 —Moreri. 
 
 Bei.sunce (Henry Francis Xavier de), a 
 French prelate, was born in Guienne, of a 
 noble family, and made bishop of Mar- 
 seilles in 1709. Fie has gained immortality 
 by his conduct to his flock, when Mar- 
 seilles was visited by the plague in 1720. 
 He was magistrate, abnoner, physician, 
 and priest to his people when those whose 
 duty it was to attend them had fled. He 
 was" offered, in 1723, the bishopric of Laon, 
 but refused it ; saying, “ he would not 
 leave a church for which he had devoted 
 his life.” lie died in 1755. He wrote, 
 L’Histoire des Eveques de Marseilles ; Des 
 Instructions pastorales; and La Vie de Ma- 
 demoiselle de Foix Candale. He found- 
 ed a college at Marseilles. — Now. Diet. 
 Hist. 
 
 Belus, the founder of the Babylonian 
 empire, flourished 1322 yea^s B. C. His 
 son and successor, Ninas, ordered divine 
 honours to be paid to his memory. — Unks. 
 Hist. 
 
 Belyn son of Cynvelyn, a British 
 prince, and chief of one of the three splen- 
 did retinues of Britain, because they em- 
 bodied their troops at their own expence. 
 He served under Caradog or Caractacus, 
 till that king was delivered to the Romans- 
 — 0 -urn's Cambrian Biog. 
 
 Belyn o Leyn, another British chief, 
 and head of one of the golden-banded 
 tribes, a term which they received for 
 binding themselves together with the fetters 
 of their horses in resisting the attack of 
 Edwin about 620; in reward for which, 
 thev were distinguished with the golden 
 band, an emblem of sovereignty.- — Ibid. 
 
 Bembo (Peter), a cardinal, and poet, was 
 born at Venice in 1470. Leo X. appointed 
 him his secretary in 1513, and Paul III. 
 made him bishop of Bergamo, and a cardi- 
 nal. He died in 1547. Hisworks are in Latin 
 and Italian; the former are public and pri- 
 vate l.etters ; the Life of Gin Ubaldo de 
 Montefeltro, duke cfArobino; Speeches ; 
 and the History of Venice. His Italian 
 pieces are wholly poetical. — Moreri. 
 
 Ben AVinio (Marcus Mantua), an Italian 
 writer, was born at Padua, where he be- 
 came professor of jurisprudence, and was 
 created a chevalier. He died in 1582, aged 
 93. He wrote Collectanea super jus Ctesa- 
 
 5 
 
B E N 
 
 rum, Venice, 1583, folio,' Vita* virorum illus- 
 trium, Paris, 1534, 4to .—Morcri. 
 
 Benijow (John), a brave English admiral, 
 was ’born about 1650. l ie was brought up 
 in the merchant service, and in 1680 com- 
 manded a. ship in the Mediterranean trade, 
 with which he beat ofF a Sallee rover. The 
 gallantry of this action being reported to 
 Charles II. of Spain, he invited the cap- 
 . tain to court, and dismissed him with a 
 letter of recommendation to king James, 
 who gave him an appointment in the navy. 
 King William sent him to the West Indies, 
 where he relieved the British colonies. On 
 his return home the greatest respect was 
 paid to him, though the house of commons 
 passed severe censure upon those who sent 
 out the squadron. Pie was again dis- 
 patched to that quarter, and soon after bis 
 arrival fell in with the French admiral, du 
 Cassc, near St. Martha, on the Spanish 
 coast, when a skirmishing action com- 
 menced, which continued three or four 
 days. Ln the last the admiral was singly en- 
 gaged with the French, his other ships hav- 
 ing fallen astern. Though a chain shot 
 had shattered his leg, he would not he re- 
 moved from the quarter-deck, but con- 
 tinued the light till morning, when the 
 French bore away. The admiral made 
 signal for ht* ships to follow, hut his orders, 
 were disobeyed ; in consequence of which 
 he was obliged to return to Jamaica,, and 
 on his arrival ordered those officers, who 
 had behaved so ill, to be confined, and 
 brought to a court martial, when the most 
 culpable of them suffered according to their 
 deserts. This gallant man ditd soon after, 
 from the effects of his wound, and the dis- 
 appointment he had experienced, in 1 702. — . 
 Biog. Brit. 
 
 Ben-bow (John), son of the preceding. 
 He was bred to the sea, and the same year 
 that his father died in the West Indies, "suf- 
 fered shipwreck on the island of Madagas- 
 car, in which he resided many years, and 
 was at last brought away by a Dutch cap- 
 tain. — Ibid. 
 
 ' Benci or Bkncjo (Francis), a learned 
 Italian Jesuit, was a disciple of the cele- 
 brated Muretus. He died at Rome in 1594. 
 He wrote Latin poems and orations, and a 
 poem on the death of the five martyrs of 
 the society in India. — Merer!. 
 
 Be nba (George), a musician, was born 
 about 1721, in Bohemia. Ills three bro- 
 thers were all musicians; and his sister was 
 married to qne of that profession. In 1748 
 he was appointed master of the chapel of 
 the duke of Saxe Gotha, who sent him, in 
 1765, to Italy. His compositions for the 
 stage - possess great merit, particularly his 
 Ariadne in the Island of Naves. In 1778 he 
 retired to Hamburgh, from whence he re- 
 moved to Vienna. l ie afterwards returned 
 to Gotha, where he obtained a pension and 
 published some pieces for the harpsichord 
 
 B E N 
 
 bv subscription. He died at Gotha in 1 795 . 
 
 — Annual Necrology, 1798. 
 
 Bendish (Bridget), daughter of general 
 Ireton, and grand-daughter of Oliver Crom- 
 well, and the wife of Thomas Bendish, 
 esq. She resembled her grandfather, and 
 on some occasions would appear with the 
 dignity of a princess, and at others stoop 
 to the lowest drudgery. She lived at 
 Southtown in Norfolk, and, after a dev of 
 hard labour in the management of her salt- 
 works, would go in the evening to the 
 assembly at Yarmouth, where she was al- 
 ways treated with respect. She affected 
 uncommon piety, and pretended to reve- 
 lation, yet her word was not ahvavs to be 
 trusted. Though she was proud and arro- 
 gant, she could fawn, prevaricate, and de- 
 ceive. With such qualifications no wonder 
 that she revered the memory of her grand- 
 father as a hero and a saint, to whom her 
 own character .had so near a resemblance. 
 She uied about 1797. — Duncomb's Letters. 
 Granger. 
 
 Bkndlowes (Edward), an English writer, 
 was born in 16! 3, and educated in St. John’s 
 college, Cambridge; but he squandered away 
 a handsome fortune in a very indiscreet 
 manner, and died poor at Oxford in 1886. 
 He was looked upon by the needy poets as 
 the Maecenas of the age, and hence many 
 books were dedicated to hint with the most 
 fulsome compliments, lie wrote some po- 
 etical pieces of no merit. — Ibid. 
 
 Benedetto (le), or Benedict Castiglione, 
 an Italian painter, born at Genoa in 1616, 
 and died at Mantua in 1670. His chief 
 excellence lav in pastoral scenes, markets, 
 and animals. He was also a good engraver. 
 
 - — Nouv. Diet. Hi t. 
 
 Benedict (St.), the founder of a religi- 
 ous order, was born in Italy about 480, 
 and early embraced the ascetic life. lie 
 w. s followed by a number of persons to 
 whom he gave rules, and in a short time 
 had 19 monasteries under his direction. 
 About 528 he retired to Mount Cassino, 
 where he founded a monastery. He died 
 between 540 and 550. His Regula Mona* 
 chorum has been printed several times. — • 
 Mover}. 
 
 Ben edict, a famous English abbot, was 
 born in Northumberland, of a noble family. 
 
 1 ie made frequent tours to France and Italy, 
 and brought over several artists, who were 
 eminent in architecture, painting, and mu- 
 sic. He introduced chanting in choirs in 
 678, and founded two monasteries. He 
 died in 703, and was canonized. — Pits. 
 
 Benedict I. pope, surnamed Bonosus. 
 l ie' succeeded John III; in 574, and died in 
 578. — Benedict II. came to the pontifi- 
 cate on the death of Leo II. and died in 
 685. — Benedict III. was elected in 855, 
 and opposed by an antipope called Amir 
 stasius. He died in 858.— Benedict IV. 
 successor of John IX. came to the pan,- 
 
BEN 
 
 BEN 
 
 tffical chair in 900, and held It only 
 three years. — .Benedict V. was chosen in 
 964, and opposed by Leo VIII. who was 
 supported by the emperor Otho. The 
 Ronjap people were obliged to abandon 
 the cause of Benedict, who died in 965. — • 
 Benedict VI. was elected in 972, and was 
 murdered in prison by the antipope Boni- 
 face in 974. — -Benedict VII. succeeded 
 Donus II. in 975, and died in 983.— Ben e- 
 Dicr VIII. obtained the tiara in 1012. lie 
 crowned the emperor Henry II. and his 
 wife, in the/:hurch of St. Peter, on which 
 Occasion the pope presented the emperor 
 with an apple of gold, surrounded with 
 two circles of precious stones crossed, and 
 surmounted with a cross of gold. 1 his 
 pope united the warrior with the ecclesias- 
 tic, and defeated the Saracens and Greeks 
 who invaded his territories. He died in 
 1024. — Benedict IX. successor of Jolm 
 XIX. ascended the pontifical chair at the 
 age of 12 years, his father Alberie, count 
 Of Tusculum, having purchased his elec- 
 tion. The Roman people obliged him to 
 renounce the papal dignity, and retire to a 
 monastery, where he died in 1054. — Bene- 
 dict X. antipope. He was elected by 
 some factious persons in 1058, but was 
 driven out by the Romans, who elected 
 Nicholas II. in his room ; he died in 1059. 
 — Benedict XI. was the son of a shep- 
 herd; and in 1803 was raised to the pope- 
 dom, on the death of Boniface VIII. He 
 was poisoned by some ambitious cardinals a 
 short time after his election. — Benedict 
 XII. was the son of a baker, and became 
 doctor of thy university of Paris; and car- 
 dinal priest. In 1:334 he was elected to the 
 papal chair on the death of John XXII. 
 On this occasion he said to the cardinals, 
 “ You have chosen an ass.” He corrected 
 several abuses in the church, and died in 
 1842, at Agivnon. — Benedict XIII. was 
 born at Rome in 1649, of an illustrious fa- 
 mily, and took the religious habit among 
 the Dominicans at Venice. In 1672 he was 
 made cardinal, and obtained also the arch- 
 bishopric of Benevento ; where, in 1688, 
 his palace was shattered by an earthquake, 
 and the cardinal narrowly escaped with his 
 life. In .1724 he was 'chosen pope, and the 
 year after he called a council at Rome, in 
 which the bull Unige/titus was confirmed. 
 He died in 1730.— Benedict -XIV. was 
 born at Bologna in 1675, of the noble fa- 
 mily of Lambertini. In 1728 he received 
 a cardinal’s hat, and in 1731 wasnominated 
 archbishop of Bologna. On the death of 
 £Iement XII. the cardinals were a long- 
 time deliberating on the choice of a succes- 
 sor. Lambertini, by way of quickening 
 them, said, “ Why do you waste your time 
 in discussions ?- ’if you wish for a saint, 
 elect Gotti— a politician, choose Aldrovandu ^ 
 -—a good companion, take me.'' This sally 
 pleased them so much, that they elected 
 him at. once. 1 le reformed abuses, intro- 
 
 duced goad regulations, cnltivated letter^ 
 encouraged men of learning, and was a pa- 
 tron of the fine arts. He died ip 1758. His 
 works make 6 vols. folio. — Platina . Rycavt. 
 Boiver, Morerl. Houv. lYici. Hist. 
 
 Benedictus (Alexander), an Italian ana- 
 tomist of the 15th ceptury. l ie -is known 
 by his Historia Corporis numani, printed 
 at Basil, 1527, 8vo. ALl his works were 
 printed at Venice in 1535, 1 vol. folio, and 
 afterwards at Basil. — Mn-eri. 
 
 Benefield (Sebastiap), an English di- 
 vine, "Was born at Prestbury in Gloucester- 
 shire in 1559, and educated in Corpus 
 Christi college, Oxford. In 1608 he was 
 appointed Margaret professor of divinity, 
 which office he held 14 years, and then re- 
 tired to his living of Meysey Hampton, in 
 Gloucestershire, where he died in 1630. 
 
 He wrote several theological works. 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Benezet (Antony), an American phi- 
 lanthropist, was bred a cooper, which busi- 
 ness he forsook, and followed the occu- 
 pation of a schoolmaster. In 1767 he wrote 
 a Caution to Great Britain and her Colo- 
 nies, in a short representation of the cala- 
 mitous state of the enslaved negroes in the 
 British dominions, 8vo. in 1772 he pub- 
 lished Historical Accounts of Guinea; with, 
 an enquiry into the rise and progress of 
 the slave-trade, its nature, and lamentable 
 effects, 8vo. This amiable man seemed to 
 have nothing else at heart but the good of 
 his fellow-creatures, and the last act of lbs 
 life was to take from his desk six dollars for 
 a poor widow. A fine eulogium was pro- 
 nounced over his remains by an American 
 officer. “ I would rather,” says he, “ be 
 Anthony Benezet in that coffin, than. 
 George Washington with all his fame.” — • 
 Gen. B. D. 
 
 Beniiadad I. king of Syria 'or Damascus, 
 began his reign B. C. 940. At the instiga- 
 tion of Asa, king of Juda, he made war on 
 Israel, and took Dan and Napthali. — .95’ . 
 
 Beniiadad II. generally accounted the 
 son and successor of the above, began his 
 reign about 900. He laid siege to Samaria, 
 but was routed. The year following he re- 
 turned and was defeated, on which he sub- 
 mitted to the mercy of Ahab, who treated 
 him with liberality. The war, however, 
 was renewed, in which Ahab was slain. In 
 ]ys old age Beniiadad fell sick, and sent 
 Hazael,his minister, to the prophet Elisha, 
 to enquire whether he should recover. 
 The treacherous messenger on. his return 
 stifled his master, and ascentjed the throne. 
 —SB. 
 
 Beniiadad III. son of Hazael, succeeded 
 his father, B. C. 836. He was defeated by 
 Joash king of Israel, and lost ail his father’s 
 conquests. — SS. 
 
 Beni (Paul), a philologer of great merit, 
 \yas born in the isle of Candia when it was 
 under the power of the Venetian?. He be- 
 came professor of the belles-lettres in the 
 
B E N 
 
 BEN 
 
 trniversify of Padua, and died in 1627. He 
 wrote, LAnticrusca, tending - to shew the 
 inferiority of Petrarca as a writer. 2. Re- 
 marks on Ariosto and Tasso, ahd many 
 other works, collected in 5 vols. folio, 1622, 
 Venice. — ■! fouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Benjamin, the 12th son of Jacob and 
 Rachael, was born about the year 17:38, 
 B. C. His brother Joseph had a tender re- 
 gard for him, and the description of their 
 interview given by Moses is peculiarly 
 touching. Benjamin was head of the tribe 
 railed by his name, which was exterminat- 
 ed by the others out of revenge for a vio- 
 lence done to the wife of a Levite of the 
 city of Gihoah. — SS. 
 
 Benjamin of Tudela was bom at Tudela 
 in Navarre, and died in 117.3. He visited 
 the synagogues of the Jews in different 
 parts of the world, to observe their customs, 
 and wrote a lying account of his travels in 
 Hebrew, which was printed at Constanti- 
 nople in 1543, and translated into French 
 by John Philip Baratier, in 2 vols. 8vo, 
 17:34, and into English by Mr. Gerrans. — 
 jMnreri. 
 
 Benini (Vincent), a learned physician, 
 was. born at Cologne in 171:3, and died in 
 1764. He resided at Padua, where he had 
 a printing-press, from whence he issued 
 .some good editions of classical authors. He 
 wrote notes on Celsus ; Observations upon 
 the Poem of Alamanni, entitled Culture ; 
 and a Translation of the Sypldlis of Fracas- 
 tcrius. — Nou-v. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Benivieni (Jerome), an Italian poet, 
 bom at Florence, and died in 1.542, aged 
 S!>. His Canzone dell Amore celeste e 
 divino, is in great esteem. His works were 
 priuted at Florence, 1.5 19,8 vo. — Tiraboschi. 
 
 Bennet (Henry), earl of Arlington, and 
 an eminent statesman, was the son of sir 
 John Bennet, of Arlington in Middlesex, 
 where he was born in 1618. He was edu- 
 cated at Christ church, Oxford, and in the 
 rebellion served in the royal army. In 16.58 
 he received the honour of knighthood at 
 Bruges, from Charles II. who sent him as 
 his minister to Madrid. At the Restoration 
 he was made secretary of state, and created 
 lord Arlington. He was an acute politician, 
 and was one of the cabinet council known 
 by the name of the Cabal ; which word was 
 formed from the initials of the noblemen 
 who composed it, viz. Clifford, Ashley, 
 Buckingham, Arlington, Lauderdale. In 
 1672 he was created an earl, and about 
 the same time invested with the order of 
 the garter. In 1674 he resigned the office 
 of secretary, and was appointed lord cham- 
 berlain. He died in 168.5, and left one 
 daughter, who married Henry earl of Bos- 
 ton, son to Charles II. by the duchess of 
 Cleveland, and who was afterwards created 
 duke of Grafton. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Bennet (Christopher), an English phy- 
 sician, was born in Somersetshire about 
 IC17, and educated afLincoln-coliege, Ox- 
 
 ford. Tie was afterwards chosen a fellow 
 of the college of physicians in London, and 
 died in 16.5.5. He wrote Tabidorunt Thea- 
 tru'tn sen Phtliisicos, Atrophia;, et Hecticas 
 Xenodochium, which was translated into 
 English in 1 7 20. — Ibid. 
 
 Bennet (Robert), a nonconformist di- 
 vine, who was ejected* from the rectory of 
 Waddesden, in Buckinghamshire, in 1662, 
 and died at Reading in 1681. He com- 
 piled a concordance of the synonymous 
 words in scripture. — Cal urn y. 
 
 Bennet (Thomas), an English divine, 
 was born at Salisbury in 1673, and edu- 
 cated at St. John’s college, Cambridge, 
 where he took his degrees in arts, and be- 
 came fellow. In 1700 he obtained the rec- 
 tory of St. James, Colchester ; and about 
 1716 the vicarage of St. Giles, Cripp legate. 
 He died in 1728. Dr. Bennet was a man of 
 great learning, and an acute controversialist. 
 His books are chiefly polemical, against the 
 papists and dissenters. His esss-y on the 
 thirty-nine articles is a good book, and his 
 Hebrew grammar shews his knowledge of 
 that language to advantage. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Bench r (Elias), a prdtestant divine, was 
 born at Paris in 1640, and retired to Hol- 
 land on the revocation of the edict of 
 Nantes. He then became pastor of the 
 church of Delft, and died there in 1728. He 
 wrote a 1 Iistory of the Edict of Nantes, .5 
 vols. 4to. 1693, and some other pieces. Be- 
 noit was blessed with a wife, in comparison 
 of whom that of Socrates was an angel. — • 
 Noun. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Benoit (father), a learned maronite, was 
 born at Gusta, in Phenicia, in 1663. At 
 the age of nine years he was sent to Rome, 
 and was placed in the college of maronites, 
 where he applied to the learned languages 
 and sciences with great success. He re- 
 turned to his own country, but was recalled 
 by the grand duke of Tuscany, who made 
 him professor of Hebrew at Florence. Fie 
 became a jesuit, and died at Rome in 1742, 
 He edited the works of Ephrem Syrus in 
 3 vols. folio. — Ibid. 
 
 Benseradk (Isaac de), a French poet, 
 was born at Lyons, near Rouen His wit 
 and poetical talents introduced him to court, 
 where he obtained the patronage of cardi- 
 nal Richelieu. Fie died in 1690. — Morcri. 
 
 Benson (George), an eminent dissenting 
 minister, was born at Great Saikeld, in 
 Cumberland, in 1699, and educated first at 
 an academy in Whitehaven, and lastly at 
 Glasgow. About 1721 he was chosen pas- 
 tor of a congregation at Abingdon in Berk- 
 shire, from whence he removed in 1729 to 
 Southwark. In 1740 he succeeded Dr. Har- 
 ris at Crutched Friars. About this time he 
 received the degree of D. D. from one of 
 the universities in Scotland. He died in- 
 1762. His writings are: 1. A Defence of 
 the Reasonableness of Prayer. 2. An Illus- 
 tration of some of St. Paul’s Epistles. 3. 
 History of the first planting of Christianity* 
 
BEN 
 
 BEN 
 
 3 vols. 4to. 4. Tracts on Persecution. S. 
 
 '] he Life of Christ. 6. Sermons. 7. His 
 posthumous works were published in 17G4, 
 4to. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Bunt (John van der), a Dutch land- 
 scape painter, was born at Amsterdam in 
 1 650, and died in His masters were 
 
 Vandervelde and Wouvernaans. — Honbraken. 
 
 Bent ham (Thomas), an English prelate, 
 was born in Yorkshire, and admitted fel- 
 low of Magdalen-college, Oxford, in 1546. 
 
 In the reign of queen Mary he was de- 
 prived of his fellowship, on which he mi- 
 nistered privately to the protestants in 
 London till the accession of queen Eliza- 
 beth, when he was made bishop of Litch- 
 field and Coventry. He died in 1578. He 
 wrote An Exposition of the Acts of the 
 Apostles, and translated into English some 
 parts of the Old Testament.' — JEW, A. 0. 
 
 Be nt na m (Edward), an English divine, 
 was born at Ely in 1707, and educated at 
 the school of Christ church, Oxford, Irpm 
 whence, in 1723, he was removed to Cor- 
 pus Christi college. In 17;il he was chosen 
 fellow of Oriel college, and the year follow- 
 ing took his degree of M. A. In 1 7 43 he 
 obtained a prebend in the cathedral of 
 Hereford, of which church he was after- 
 wards treasurer. On the death of Dr. Fan- 
 fihaw he was nominated regius professor of 
 divinity. He died in 1776. Dr. Bentham 
 published some single sermons, and tracts 
 on religious subjects. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Bentham (James), an English divine, 
 was brother of the above, and. received his 
 education first at Ely, and next at Trinity 
 college, Cambridge. In 1774 he was pre- 
 sented to the rectory of North wold, which 
 he exchanged in 1779 for a prebend of Ely. 
 In 1783 he obtained the rectory of Bow- 
 brick-hill, and when the dean and chapter 
 of E.ly resolved on a general repair ol that 
 church, he was appointed clerk of the 
 works. He published the history and An- 
 tiquities of the Church of Ely, witli plates, 
 in L vol. 4to. 1771. Mr. Bentham died in 
 1794, aged 86. — Ibid. 
 
 Bemtinck (William), the first earl of 
 Portland, was horn in I lolland of a noble fa- 
 mily, and came to England with the prince 
 of Orange, to whom he had endeared him- 
 self by a singular act of affection and cou- 
 rage. When the prince was ill of the small 
 pox, it was deemed necessary by the physi- 
 cians that he should receive the natural 
 warmth of a young person in the same bed 
 with him. Bentinck, though he never had 
 the disorder, immediately proposed himself 
 for this hazardous service. He caught the 
 disease in a dangerous manner, but reco- 
 vered, and his master had an atfectionate 
 esteem for him ever after. On the prince’s 
 accession to the English crown he was 
 created earl of Portland, and obtained the 
 grant of several lordships in Denbighshire, 
 which occasioned some discontent in par- 
 
 liament, and the grant was revoked ; hut 
 the earl afterwards received a compensa- 
 tion elsewhere He was employed in seve- 
 ral high offices, military and civil, and 
 attended his master on hts death-bed.. He 
 died in 1709, and wSs buried in Westminster 
 abbey. — Biog. Br. Collins's Peerage. 
 
 Bentivogxio (Guy), a cardinal, was 
 born at Ferrara in 1579. Pope Paul Y. 
 made him a cardinal in 1621, at which 
 time lie was legate at the court of France. 
 His works are: l.A History of the Civil 
 Wars of Flanders. 2. An Account of Flan- 
 ders. 3. Letters and Memoirs. He died 
 in 1644, just as he was about to be elected 
 po p e.- - M oreri. 
 
 Bentjvoglio (Hercules), an Italian poet. 
 He was born in 1507 at Bologna, and died 
 at Venice in 1583. He was nephew to the 
 duke of Ferrara. — Ibid, 
 
 Be NT lev (Richard), a celebrated divine 
 and critic, was born at (Fulton, in York- 
 shire, in 166L From Wakefield school he 
 removed at the age of 15, to St. John’s 
 college, Cambridge ; but he took the de- 
 gree of M. A. at Oxford, where he accom- 
 panied the son of bishop Stilliugfieet a*s pri- 
 vate tutor. He was also chaplain to that 
 prelate, who gave him a prebend in his 
 cathedral. In 1691 he published a Latia 
 epistle to Dr. Mill, containing critical Ob- 
 servations on the Chronology of John Ma- 
 lala. He was the first who preached the lec- 
 ture founded by Mr. Boyle, on which oc- 
 casion he delivered eight admirable dis- 
 courses in confutation of atheism. In 1693 
 he was appointed keeper of the royal li- 
 brary. In 1697 commenced his famous 
 controversy with the honourable Mr. Boyle 
 on the genuineness of the epistles of Pka- 
 laris, in which much personal abuse passed 
 on both sides ; but though some of the 
 greatest wits of the age aided Boyle on this 
 occasion, impartial posterity have deter- 
 mined the case in favour of Bentley. About 
 this time he was presented to the mastership 
 of Trinity-college, Cambridge, with which 
 he held the archdeaconry of J^ly. But he 
 was soon brought into trouble ; for, in con- 
 sequence of some encroachments made by 
 him in the college for his own emolument, 
 a charge was laid against him, which never 
 came to a determination ; but afterward* 
 when he was regius professor of divinity, 
 having exacted an exorbitant fee from per- 
 sons who were admitted to the degree of 
 D. D. by mandate, he was suspended in the 
 vice-chancellor’s court. This arbitrary de- 
 cree was reversed by the court of kings 
 bench, and the doctor was restored to his 
 privileges. He died in 1742. Dr. Bentley 
 is advantageously known as a critic by his 
 editions of Horace, Terence, and Phaedrus. 
 His intended edition of the Greek Testa- 
 ment never appeared, owing to an attack 
 made on the prospectus by Dr. Middleton. 
 He was also the author of an excellent an- 
 
BEN 
 
 swer to Collins’s Discourse on Free-tnin'Sc- 
 ing, and published an edition of Milton’s 
 Paradise Dost. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Bentley (Richard), a dramatic writer, 
 was the son of the preceding, and died in 
 1782.^ He wrote a comedy, called The 
 Wishes, acted at Drury-lane in 1761 and 
 in 1782; also Philodamus, a tragedy; and 
 Patriotism, a satirical poem. — Biog 'Dram. 
 
 Benvenuti (Charles), a learned jesuit, 
 born at Le g f,orn in 1716, and died in 
 1789. He 'was professor of mathematics at 
 Rome, but on the extinction of his order 
 retired to Warsaw. He wrote, An Abriclg- 
 rneirt of Philosophy ; Dissertation upon 
 Dight ; Reflexions on Jesuitism, &c— AW. 
 Diet. Hist. 
 
 Bknyowsky (count Mauritius Augustus 
 tie), an adventurer, was born of a noble 
 family in Hungary in 1741. He served 
 with reputation in the imperial army, 
 ■which he quitted, and entered into the ser- 
 vice ot the Poles, who had formed a confe- 
 deracy against Russia. He was twice taken 
 prisoner; the first time he was ransomed, 
 but the second he was> sent prisoner to 
 Gazan, from whence he effected his escape, 
 but was retaken, and thrown into a dun- 
 geon at Petersburg. in 1769 he was sent 
 to Kamtschatka, where he was employed in 
 servile occupations, but after some time 
 his title and abilities recommended him to 
 the notice of the governor, who committed 
 to his care the education of his son and 
 three daughters. The youngest of the last 
 fell in love with him, and her parents con- 
 sented to the match. Benyowskv, however, 
 had other objects in view, and infamously 
 formed a conspiracy against the generous 
 governor, who in defending the fort when 
 attacked by the insurgents was slain. The 
 count and his companions then quitted 
 Kamtschatka in a small vessel, and after 
 traversing the Pacific Ocean arrived at 
 Macao, in China, where he entered into the 
 service ut the french Past India Company* 
 He afterwards formed a settlement in the 
 island of Madagascar, where he assumed 
 t he sovereignty, and was acknowledged by 
 the inhabitants. After a variety of adv-en- 
 tures ne was slain in an action with the 
 french, in 178 6.- — Preface to his Memoirs 
 *.nd Travels. 
 
 BenzeliuS (Eric), archbishop of Upsal, 
 end chancellor of the university there, was 
 born of mean parents in West Gothland. 
 Having received a liberal education he be- 
 came tutor to the s<oii of the chancellor of 
 Sweden, by whose means be was made 
 archbishop of Upsal. He wrote lives of 
 the patriarchs, and translated the Bible in- 
 to the Swedish language.—- Moreri. 
 
 Benzio (1 rilone), an Italian poet of the 
 16th century, who was secretary to several 
 popes. He was, very deformed in person, 
 but the pleasantness of his conversation 
 counterbalanced this defect; his disposition 
 to oblige gained him many friends, and his 
 
 BEE 
 
 pfobitr obtained him the name of the So- 
 crates of Rome. His Latin and Italian 
 poems are in the collections of Pallavacinf, 
 Gruter, and Vacchi.— AW. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Beolco (Angelo), sufnamed Ruzzante, 
 was born at Padua, and died in 1542. His 
 farces are greatly esteemed by the Italians, 
 They were printed in 158-1, in I2mo— 
 Mtireri. 
 
 Berault .(Nicholas), a French writer, 
 was born at Orleans, and died about DUO. 
 Pic compiled a Graeco-Latin Dictionary, 
 and published several learned books. His' 
 son Francis was a good Grecian ; and 
 turning protestant, became principal of 
 the colleges of Montargfs and Rochelle— 
 Moreri. 
 
 Bekchet (Peter), a French historical 
 painter, was born in 1659, and died in 
 ! 7 - a . He painted the ceiling of the chapel 
 in I rinity-college, Oxford, and pieces for 
 several of the nobility -Pilkington. 
 
 BERENGARius(Jacobus), an eminent ana- 
 tomist of Carpo, was the first who cured 
 the lues venerea with mercurial ointment, 
 which brought him great riches. He d : cd 
 about 1 527. — Tircthoschi. 
 
 Berencikr I. king of Italy, was the son of 
 Dberard duke of Friuli, and he assumed the 
 sovereignty on the death of Charles the first 
 in 888. He was opposed hy Guy, duke of 
 Spoleto, who twice defeated him; hut by 
 the assistance of Arnulph, king of Germany 
 
 uuiiJcuiv, 
 
 berenger recovered his throne, from whence 
 he was again driven by Lambert, son of 
 Guy, and restored by the Italian nobles iri 
 898. Lewis Boson, king of Arles, next op- 
 posed Berenger, but being made prisoner 
 was depi ived of his eyes. Berenger en- 
 joyed his kingdom peaceably twenty rears, 
 when it was ravaged by the Hungarians, 
 In 915 he was crowned emperor, but a 
 faction being raised in favour of Rodolph, 
 king of Burgundy, a battle was fought af 
 Placentia in 922,' in which Berenger was 
 defeated, and was afterwards assassinated. 
 — U/iiv. Hist. * i 
 
 Berenger If. was the son of Albert, 
 marquis of \ vre, by a daughter of the pre- 
 ceding. By means of Gtho, emperor of 
 Germany, he was crowned king of Italy iri 
 950, but his conduct was so arbitrary that 
 the same emperor deposed him, and' sen<? 
 
 him prisoner to Germany, where he died 
 
 Ibid. ' ' . 
 
 Berenger, a French divine of the 1 1th 
 century. He denied, transnfestamiation, ami 
 his. opinions were condefnned at the coun- 
 cil 1 of Paris in 1050, and' at Rome in 1079, 
 He died in 1088.. — JVtoreri. ' Mosheim. 
 
 Berenger (Peter), the disciple and ad- 
 vocate of Abelard, whom he defended with 
 great spirit in an apology inserted in the' 
 works of that celebrated man. — Bay!./. 
 
 Berenice, daughter of A'g.ippa the el- 
 der, king ot the jews. She was married to 
 Herod, her uncle, aft tv whose death she 
 became the wife of Polemon, king ot Ci~ 
 
B E R 
 
 B E R 
 
 licin; but she afterwards left her husband, 
 and lived in an incestuous manner with 
 her brother Agrippa. Titus fell in love 
 with her, and would have declared her em- 
 I press, but for fear of the Roman people. 
 There were several of the same name, who 
 were queens of Egypt, one of whom (the 
 wife of Ptolemy Euergetes) gave name to a 
 celestial constellation, in consequence of 
 consecrating her hair in the temple of Ve- 
 nus. — Uni’v. Hist. 
 
 Berenicius, a strange character, who 
 appeared in Holland m 16/0. lie was 
 conjectured to be an expelled jesuit, and 
 got his livelihood by sweeping chimneys 
 and grinding knives. It is reported of him 
 that '"he would turn into extempore verses 
 what was said to him in prose; translate 
 the gazettes from Flemish into Greek or 
 1 Latin verse, standing on one foot; that mo- 
 ! dern and ancient languages were quite fa- 
 1 miliar to him, and that he knew by heart 
 '■ Horace, Virgil, 1 loraer, Aristophanes, and 
 I several parts of Cicero and Pliny. He was 
 suffocated in a bqg, into which he fell in a 
 | lit of intoxication. The Georgarchonioma- 
 i chia is attributed to him. — Mvrcri. 
 
 Berettini (Peter), an eminent Italian 
 painter, was born at Cortona, in Tuscany, 
 in 1596, and died in 1669. His pictures 
 display wonderful grace and beauty. He 
 was also an excellent architect. — iff Argen- 
 tine's Hies des Peintres. 
 
 Berg (Mathias van den), a Flemish paint- 
 er, was born at Ypres in 1615, and be- 
 came a disciple of Rubens. He died in 
 1687 . — Pdkington. 
 
 Bergen (Dirk van den), a celebrated 
 landscape and portrait painter. He was 
 '\ born at Haerlem, and died in 1689. His 
 master was Adrian Vandervelde. — Houbra- 
 j ken. 
 
 Berchem (Nicholas), a Dutch painter. 
 
 I lie was born at Haerlem in 1694, and died 
 there about 1683. His landscapes are very 
 | beautiful. He engraved some with his own 
 hand. — D' Argenville. 
 
 BERGHXER (Nicholas), historiographer of 
 France. He wrote a learned and curious 
 history of the greatroads of the Roman em- 
 , pire, printed first in 1699, and again in 
 1799, 2 vols. 4to. 1 Jedied in \6‘23.-a-il\S>reri. 
 
 .Bkrgier (Nicholas Sylvester), a French 
 ! divine, was born at Darnay, in Franche 
 Comte, and died at Paris in 1790. He was 
 principal of the college of Besan^on, and 
 j canon of the cathedral of Paris. He might 
 have obtained several preferments, but con- 
 tented himself with a moderate pension. 
 When offered an abbey, he said, “ I am al- 
 | ready rich.” He wrote, 1. A Refutation of 
 j tlje System of Nature, 2 vols. 12mo. 9. Deism 
 self-confuted, 9 vols. 12mo. 8. Evidences 
 of Christianity, 9 vols..and other works full 
 of erudition, and in an excellent style. — 
 JSJouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Bergi.f.r (: tephen), a learned but ec- 
 centric man' of the 18th century, who spept 
 
 his life In rambling from one country' 
 to another, and at last went to Turkey, 
 where he abjured the christiarf religion, 
 and died miserably. He wrote several pa- 
 pers in the Journal of Leipsic, but he is 
 chiefly known by his versions of ancient 
 authors, and commentaries. His notes on 
 Aristophanes were inserted in an edition of 
 that poet at Leyden in 176'0. — Ibid. 
 
 Bergman (Torbern), a celebrated che- 
 mist, was born in 1735 at Catherinebetg, 
 in Sweden, and educated at Upsai, where 
 he devoted himself to medicine and the 
 sciences connected with it. litre he gained 
 the friendship of Linnaeus, to whom he 
 ■communicated a collection of noii-descripi' 
 insects, to one of which I, inmens gave the 
 name of Bergman. In 1761 he was ap- 
 pointed professor of mathematics and na- 
 tural philosophy at Upsal, and we find his 
 'name in the list of those who observed the 
 transit of Venus in 1761. In 1767 he ob- 
 tained the chemical professorship. We are 
 indebted to him for the knowledge of the 
 nature of fixed air, and he made a number 
 of experiments on the regulus of manganese, 
 terra magnesia, terra ponderosa, and other 
 substances. Before his death, which hap- 
 pened in 1784, he was appointed rector of 
 the university. Some of his last literary 
 employments were, :t Treatise on Elective 
 Attractions, and a Theory of the Earth. — 
 Acad. Paris. 
 
 - Berjgard (Claude), professor of philo- 
 sophy at Padua, was born at Moulins in 
 1578, and died in 1663. He was the au- 
 thor of, 1. Circulus Pisanus, Florence, 4to, 
 9. Dubitaticraes in Diaiogum Galihei pro 
 Terr® immobilitate, 4to . — Moreri. 
 
 Bering (Vitus), professor of poetry at 
 Copenhagen, and historiographer to the 
 king of Denmark ’n the middle of the 17th 
 century. He wrote -several Latin poems. — 
 Nuuv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Bering (Vitus), a Danish navigator of 
 the 18th century. He served in the Rus- 
 sian navy, and became a commodore. Pe- 
 ter I. entrusted to him in 1798 an expedi- 
 tion to explore the northern coast of Ame- 
 rica. He made no discovery in this vill - 
 age, nor in another, but in 1741, his ship 
 struck on an island on the coast of Katnt- 
 schatka, where he died. This island bears 
 his name. — Coxe's Account of Russian Disco- 
 veries. 
 
 Berkeley (George earl of), descended, 
 from Robert Fitzharding, of the royal house 
 of Denmark. He was one of the privy coun- 
 cil to Charles. II. and bestowed on Sion col- 
 lege a valuable library. He wa's the author 
 of a valuable little book, entitled Historical 
 Applications and occasional Meditations 
 upon several Subjects, written by a Person 
 of Honour, 12mo. 1670. He died in 1698, 
 — IV a foie’s royal and noble Authors. 
 
 Berkeley (sir William), o'f the same fa- 
 mily, was vice-admiral of the white, and 
 led the van i» the desperate engagement 
 
 lh 
 
EER 
 
 BER 
 
 with the Dutch, June I, 1666 . He steered 
 into the midst of the enemy’s fleet, where 
 he was overpowered by numbers, and was 
 found dead in his cabin, covered with blood. 
 ■ — Granger. 
 
 Berkeley (George), a celebrated divine, 
 was born at Kilcrin, in Ireland, in 1684. 
 He was educated first at Kilkenny, and next 
 at Trinity-college, Dublin, of which he was 
 chosen fellow in 1707. The same year he 
 published Arithmetica absque Algebra aut 
 Euclide demonstrata. In 1709 he published 
 his Theory of Vision. In 1710 appeared 
 the Principles of Human Knowledge, and 
 in 1713 the Dialogues between Hylas and 
 Philonus, the object of both being to dis- 
 prove the common notion of the existence 
 of matter, and to establish the hypothesis 
 that material objects have no other exist- 
 ence than in the mind. However singular 
 his opinions were, there was so much beauty 
 in his writings that the greatest men courted 
 his friendship, among whom were Steele 
 and Swift. For the former he wrote several 
 papers in the Guardian, and by his means 
 became intimate with Pope. Swift recom- 
 mended him to the earl of Peterborough, 
 who took him abroad in quality of his 
 chaplain. In 1714 he returned to England, 
 but soon afterwards set out again for the 
 continent, with a son of Dr. Ashe, bishop 
 of Clogher, and continued on his travels 
 four years; he returned in 1721, and be- 
 came chaplain to the duke of Grafton, lord 
 lieutenant of Ireland. At this time he took 
 his degree of D. D. and a fortune was be- 
 queathed to him by a lady of Dublin. In 
 J724 he was promoted to the deartry of 
 Derry, and the year following he printed a 
 proposal for converting the American In- 
 dians, by erecting a college in the Ber- 
 mudas: his mind was so intent on this 
 scheme, that he obtained a grant of 10,000/. 
 from the commons, and set sail for Ame- 
 rica, where he resided near two years; but 
 the project failed, owing to the minister’s 
 applying the money to other purposes. 
 In 1732 he published the Minute Philoso- 
 pher, in 2 vols. 8vo. which is a masterly at- 
 tack on infidelity. The next year he was 
 made bishop of Cloyne, and about this 
 time he published the Analyst, in which he 
 endeavoured to prove that the mathemati- 
 cians admitted mysteries, and even falsities 
 in science, particularly instancing the doc- 
 trine of fluxions. He was answered bv se- 
 veral writers, to whom he replied in 1739, 
 in a Defence of Freethinking in Mathema- 
 tics. In 1736 he published the Querist, ad- 
 dressed to magistrates, occasioned by the 
 licentiousness of the times. In 1744 ap- 
 peared his book on the virtues of tar- 
 water. He died suddenly, in 1753, at Ox- 
 ford, and was buried in Christ-church, 
 where there is a monument to his memory. 
 Pope said no less justly than beautifully of 
 him, “ lo Berkeley every virtue under 
 heaven.” He wrote that curious book, 
 
 The adventures of Gaudentio di Lucca, 
 and a Letter to Dr. Friend on the Tarantula. 
 
 — Biog. Br. 
 
 Berkeley (George), son of the above, 
 was horn in London in 1733 ; he received 
 his education under his father, and then 
 became student of Christ-church, Oxford. 
 After obtaining different livings he settled 
 in that of St. Clement Danes, in London, 
 with which he held the rectory of Tyle- 
 church, in Sussex, the chancellorship of 
 Brecon, and a prebend of Canterbury. He 
 died in 1795, and was interred in the same 
 vault with his father. He printed some oc- 
 casional sermons, and a volume has been 
 published by bis widow. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Berkkniiout (John), a miscellaneous 
 writer, was a native of Leeds, in Yorkshire, 
 and intended for the mercantile profession, 
 which he quitted, and entered first into the 
 military service of Prussia, and next in that 
 of England. In 1760 he went to Edin- 
 burgh, and studied physic, but took his 
 doctor’s degree at Leyden in 1765. While 
 at Edinburgh he published his Clavis An- 
 glica Lingua: Botanies:, a book of consider- 
 able merit. In 1778 he attended the Bri- 
 tish commissioners to America, and on his 
 return obtained a pension. He died in 1791, 
 aged 60. Some of his works possess consi- 
 derable merit ; among these are his Phar- 
 macopoeia Medici ; Outlines of a Natural 
 History of Great Britain and Ireland, 3 vols. 
 12mo; Symptomatology; Biographia Lite- 
 raria; Letters to his Son. — Europ. Ma °\ 
 
 Berkheyden (Job and Gerard), ^ two 
 Dutch painters ; the first excelled in land- 
 scapes, and died in 1698; the other painted 
 views and pieces of perspective. He was 
 drowned in a canal in 1693 Houbmien. 
 
 _ Berkley (sir William), governor of Vir- 
 ginia, was born of an ancient family near 
 London, and educated at Merton-college, 
 Oxford, of which he became fellow. He 
 governed Virginia from 1660 to 1676, when 
 he returned to England, and died the year 
 following. lie wrote The Lost Lady, a 
 tragi-comedy; The Description and Laws 
 of Virginia, folio. — Wood's Ath. 0 xon . 
 
 B k r n a f.r r ( Nicasius), an eminent painter, 
 was the disciple of Snyders, whose manner 
 he imitated with success. He died in 166.3, 
 aged 70. — Filbington. 
 
 Bernard of Menthon, the founder of a 
 religious order, was born in Savoy in 923. 
 He embraced the ecclesiastic life when 
 young, and became archdeacon of the 
 church of Aoust, at the foot of the Alps. 
 Here he employed himself chiefly in propa- 
 gating Christianity among the mountaineers, 
 and founded two monasteries in the pas- 
 sage of the Alps for the relief of pilgrims 
 and unfortunate travellers, which still sub- 
 sist under the names of the great and little 
 St. Bernard. — Moreri. 
 
 - Bernard (St.), a divine of the Roman 
 church, was born in 1091, in Burgundy, 
 aad in 1 1 15 was made abbot of the/monas- 
 
 Mg0 
 
B E ft B E R 
 
 tery of Clairvaux, in which situation ht' 
 acquired so great a name, that hardly any 
 ecclesiastical affair of consequence was 
 transacted without him. Under his direc- 
 tion no less than 160 monasteries were 
 founded. He died in 1153. His works 
 were printed in 2vols. folio, 1690. — Morcri. 
 
 Bernard (Edward), a learned astrono- 
 mer and critic, was born at Paul’s Perry, 
 in Northamptonshire, in 1638. After re- 
 ceiving his education at Merchant Taylors’ 
 school he was removed to St. J ahn’s-col- 
 Iege, Oxford, where he obtained a fellow- 
 ship. In 1669 he was appointed deputy to 
 sir Christopher Wren in the Savilian pro- 
 fessorship of astronomy, and in 1673 he suc- 
 ceeded that great man. A plan being form- 
 ed of publishing all the ancient mathema- 
 ticians at the university press, Mr. Bernard 
 was nominated to the care of it, and he 
 published part of Euclid as a specimen, 
 but the design was never completed. In 
 1684 he took his degree of D. D. and was 
 presented to the rectory of Brightwell, in 
 Berkshire. He died ill 1697. He wrote 
 some astronomical papers in the Philoso- 
 phical Transactions; A Treatise on ancient 
 Weights and Measures, appended to Po- 
 cocke’s Commentary on Hosea; Private 
 Devotions, & c. 1689; Orbis Eruditi Litera- 
 tura a, charactera Samaritico deducta; Ety- 
 mologicum Britannicum ; &c. &c. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Bernard (James), a French divine, was 
 born at Nions in Dauphine, in 1658, and 
 educated at Geneva; after which he be- 
 came minister of the church of Vinsobres, 
 but when the persecution commenced he 
 retired first to Switzerland and next to the 
 Hague. He wrote an I listorical and Poli- 
 tical State of Europe, and succeeded Le 
 Clerc in the management of the Biblio- 
 theque Universelle. In 1699 he began the 
 Nouvelles de la Republique des Lettres. 
 In 170 5 he was chosen one of the ministers 
 of the Walloon church at Leyden, and pro- 
 fessor of philosophy and mathematics in 
 that university. He died in 1718. — Moreri. 
 
 Bernard (Catharine), acelebratedFrench 
 lady, was born at Rouen, and died in 1712. 
 She wrote two tragedies, Brutus and Lao- 
 damia, and obtained three times the poetical 
 prize at the French academy. She was 
 admitted a member of the Academie des 
 Ricovrati at Padua. Two romances. The 
 Count d’Aniboise, and Inez de Cordova, 
 are ascribed to her.— Moreri. 
 
 Bernard of Thuringia, a hermit, who 
 announced at the close of the 10th century 
 that the end of the world was approaching. 
 A total eclipse of the sun happening at that 
 time, many people hid themselves in caves, 
 but the return of light dispelled their fears, 
 the hermit retired to his cell, and the world 
 resumed its tranquillity. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Bernard (Peter Joseph), a French poet, 
 was born at Grenoble, in Dauphine, in 1708, 
 and educated in the Jesuits’ college at Ly- 
 ons. He was patronized by the marshal 
 
 de Coignev, to whom he was secretary,. and 
 by whose interest he was appointed secre- 
 tary-general to the dragoons. He died in 
 1776. His light pieces of poetry and operas 
 possess merit. — Moreri. 
 
 Bernard (Francis), an English physi- 
 cian, was a man Of learning, and a curious 
 Collector of books. He died in 1697, and 
 the year following his library sold for 1600/. 
 
 - — Granger. 
 
 Bernard of Brussels, an eminent painter, 
 is known by his hunting pieces, in which 
 he introduced portraits of Charles V. and 
 the noblemen of his court. He flourished 
 in the middle of the 16th century. — Nouv. 
 Diet . Hist. 
 
 Bernard (Samuel), a French painter. 
 He died in 1687, aged 72. He was professor 
 in the royal academy of painting at Paris,, 
 and excelled in miniatures. He also painted, 
 some historical pieces, and engraved a fine 
 print of the history of Attila, after a paint- 
 ing by Raphael, in the Vatican. — Nouv. Diet. 
 Hist. 
 
 Bernardi (John), an Italian artist. He 
 excelled in cutting grand subjects in crys- 
 tals for jewellers, and his works are said to 
 rival those of the ancients. He died at 
 Faenza in 1555. — Ibid. 
 
 Bernardin, a Romish saint, was born in 
 Tuscany, in 1980, and died in 1444. He 
 was a franciSCari,and was sent by his order 
 to the Holy Land. On his -return to Italy he 
 founded above 300 monasteries, for which 
 he was canonized. His works have been 
 printed in folio and 4to. — Moreri. 
 
 Bernazzano, an Italian painter of the 
 16th century. He excelled in landscape.— 
 Nouv. Diet. Hi it. 
 
 Bernia, or Berni (Francis), an Italian 
 poet, was a native of Tuscany, and canon 
 of Florence. He died in 1543. He is called 
 the Scarron of the Italians. — Ibid. 
 
 Bernier (Ffancis), a French traveller and 
 physician, who resided twelve years in the 
 court of Aurengzebe as his physician, 
 whence on his return to France he obtain- 
 ed the name of the Mogul. He died in 
 1688. His travels were printed in 1699 
 and 1710. — Moreri. 
 
 Bernier (Nicholas), a French musician, 
 born in 1664, and died in 1734. He was 
 music-master of the chapel royal at Paris, 
 and published cantatas and other pieces of 
 great merit. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Bernier (John), aFrench physician, who 
 wrote, 1. A History of Blois, 1682, 4to. 
 2. Medical Essays, 4to. 3. Anti-Menagiana, 
 12mo. 4 . Critique on the Works of Rabe- 
 lais, 12mo. He died in 1698. — Ibid. 
 
 BernIni, or Bernin (John Laflrence), 
 a celebrated sculptor and architect, was a 
 native of Nftples, but resided chiefly at 
 Rome, which he adorned with several 
 master-pieces of h:S art. Gregory V. con- 
 ferred on him the honour of knighthood, 
 and his successor Urban VIII. employed 
 him in decorating the church of .Et. Pet^c 
 L 
 
BER- 
 
 BER 
 
 and other public works. He executed three 
 busts of Charles t. of England from a pic- 
 ture by Vandyke, on viewing which, he is 
 said to have observed, that it was the most 
 unfortunate face he ever behelJ. At the age of 
 68 he visited Paris, at the pressing invita- 
 tion of Louis XV. of whom he made a bust. 
 He died at Rome in 1680, aged 82. Bernini 
 had also a fine taste for painting, and seve- 
 ral of his pictures are in the Florentine gal- 
 lery. — D' Argenville. 
 
 Bernis (Francis Joachim de Pierre de), a 
 French cardinal, and archbishop of Albi, 
 was born in 1715, of a noble but reduced 
 family. He was indebted to the marchioness 
 of Pompadour for his preferments in church 
 and state. After having been employed as 
 * ambassador to different courts, he was made 
 minister of foreign affairs, and obtained from 
 Rome a cardinal’s hat. But the ill-success 
 of the French arms, and the derangement of 
 the finances, occasioned his disgrace and 
 temporary banishment from court. In 176'4 
 he was recalled and nominated archbishop 
 of Albi. He afterwards was appointed am- 
 bassador to the pope, and had a consider- 
 able share in procuring the destruction of 
 the jesnits. He had the additional title of 
 protector of the French church at Rome, 
 where he lived in splendour and hospitality 
 till the revolution disordered his finances, 
 on which he obtained a pension from the 
 court of Spain. He died at Rome in 1794. 
 Kis works, consisting chiefly of poems, are 
 in 3 vols. 4tO. — Nairn. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Bernouilli (James), a famous mathema- 
 tician, was born at Basil in 1654, where he 
 applied to the study of divinity, in com- 
 pliance with the wish of his father. His in- 
 clination, however, lav to the mathematics, 
 which he studied privately and without any 
 assistance but from books. In 1676 he set 
 out on his travels, and at Geneva devised a 
 method of teaching a blind girl to write. 
 He wrote a treatise on the comet which 
 appeared in 1680, and soon after went to 
 Holland, where he studied the new philo- 
 sophy. From thence he crossed over to 
 England, where he formed an intimacy 
 with Mr. Boyle and other great men. He 
 returned to Basil in 1682, and read lec- 
 tures on experimental philosophy and me- 
 chanics. About 1684, Leibnitz published, 
 in the Acta Eruditorum at Leipsic, some 
 essays on his new calculus differentialis, 
 but without discovering the method. Ber- 
 nouilli, however, and his brother, found 
 out the secret, for which they received the 
 applause of Leibnitz. In 1687 he was ap- 
 pointed professor of mathematics at Basil, 
 and in 1699 was chosen member of the 
 royal academy at Paris. He died in 1705. 
 His works were printed in 2 vols. 4to. at 
 Geneva, 1744. — Morcri. Huttons Math. Diet. 
 
 Bernouilli (John), brother to the above, 
 was born at Basil in 1667. He studied un- 
 der hi# brother, and in 1695 was chosen 
 professor of mathematics at Groningen. 
 
 On the death of his brother he returned t» ;| 
 his own country where he was appointed 
 to succeed him. In 1714 he published a 7 
 treatise on the management of ships; and 
 in 1730 his memoir on the elliptical figure | 
 of the planets gained the prize of the aca- 
 demy of sciences. Fie was elected member 
 of most of the learned societies in Europe, 
 and after a long life spent in the improve- 
 ment of the mathematics, he died in 1748. 
 His writings were published at Geneva in 
 1742, in 7 vols. 4to. — Moreri. 
 
 Bernouilli (Daniel), an eminent philo- 
 sopher, was son of the last-mentioned, and 
 born at Groningen in 1700. After travel- 
 ling through several parts of Europe, he 
 settled at Basil, where he became success- 
 ively professor of physic and philosophy. 
 
 He gained and divided ten prizes from the 
 academy of sciences, which were contended 
 for by the greatest mathematicians in Eu- 
 rope. In 1734 lie divided one with his 
 father, which occasioned a difference be- 
 tween them. In 1748 he succeeded his 
 father in the academy of sciences. He died 
 in 1782. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. Huttons Diet. 
 
 Ber vstorff (dohn Hartwig Ernest, 
 count), a celebrated statesman, was born of 
 a noble family at Hanover in 1712. After 
 a liberal education he travelled into several 
 parts of Europe, and on his return settled 
 in Denmark, at the desire, of Christian VI. 
 who sent him ambassador to different courts. 
 After receiving se vend marks of distinction 
 from his sovereign, lie became prime mi- 
 nister of Denmark, in which situation he 
 distinguished himself by forming excellent 
 institutions, encouraging manufactures and 
 commerce, patronizing men of letters, im- 
 proving agriculture, and other public work# 
 of the greatest utility. To him Denmark is 
 indebted for the society of Danish lan- 
 guage and fine arts, and the royal agricul- 
 tural and economical society, both which 
 have been of eminent service to the nation. 
 
 He also patronized a society, the object of 
 which was to send learned men into the 
 east, and which occasioned the publication 
 of the travels of Niebuhr. This excellent 
 statesman was created a count in 1767, and 
 the year following accompanied the king 
 to England. But in 1770 he was deprived 
 of all his employments, on which he retired 
 with a pension to Hamburgh, where he 
 died in 1772. — Gen. Biog. 
 
 Bernstorfe (Andrew Peter, count), ne- 
 phew of the preceding, was born at Gairtow, 
 in Luneburgh, 1735. He studied at Laipsic 
 and Gottingen, after which he travelled 
 through several parts of Europe, and on 
 his return to Denmark became assist ant to 
 his uncle. In 1769 he was made a privy 
 counsellor, but was dismissed the next year, 
 in 1772 he was recalled, and shortlv after 
 was appointed minister of state. Hiis first 
 public business in this office was a success- 
 ful negociation with Russia concerning the j 
 exchange of the Gottorf part of Holstein 
 
BER 
 
 1 for Oldenburg and Delmenhorst. During 
 the Ameri can war Bernstorff effected an 
 armed neutrality between Russia, Denmark, 
 Sweden, a nd Prussia, for the protection of 
 their trade from the belligerent powers. 
 In 1780 he resigned his employments and 
 retired to his estate ; but was recalled in 
 1784 by the prince of Denmark, and it was 
 wholly by his management that peace was 
 maintained when war broke out between 
 | Russia and Sweden in 1788. His public 
 conduct was so acceptable to the people of 
 ! Denmark that medals were struck to his 
 j honour. He died in 1797, and his funeral 
 was attended by a numerous concourse of 
 mourners. —Gen. Biog. 
 
 Beroaldus (Philip), an Italian writer, 
 was born at Bologna in 1453. He read lec- 
 tures on eloquence in different universities 
 with applause, and at length settled in his 
 native cit y, were he died in 1505. Plis 
 
 works wesre printed at Basil in 1513. 
 
 JVloreri. 
 
 Beroal.dus (Philip), an Italian poet, was 
 nephew off the above, and became librarian 
 of the Va tican, under Leo X. He died in 
 1518, aged 40. Plis poems were published 
 at Rome i n 1530. — Ibid. 
 
 Bkrosus, priest of the temple of Belus 
 at Babylon. He wrote a history of Chaldea, 
 of which some fragments are in Josephus; 
 buthe deadt much in fiction, with a view of 
 extolling liiis nation above all others. He 
 was cotennporary with Alexander the Great. 
 The antiquities published under his name 
 by Anniu;s in 1545, are a forgery.— Vossius 
 de Hist. G.>-&c. 
 
 Beroui n (Lewis de), a gentleman of Ar- 
 tois, who was burnt for being a protestant 
 at Paris, in 1529. He was a man of a noble 
 family, amd distinguished at the French 
 court, pie suffered death with great for- 
 titude. — JBayle. 
 
 Berquen (Arnauld),an ingenious French 
 writer, was born at Bourdeaux. He dis- 
 tinguished himself by his Idyls, which are 
 full of sensibility and sweetness, and have 
 been often printed. But his principal work 
 is his Ami des Enfans (the Children’s 
 Friend), im 6 vols. 12mo, presenting for the 
 instruction of the juvenile mind the most 
 important lessons, under the engaging form 
 pf dialogues and stories. It has passed 
 through a number of editions, and been 
 translated into several languages. He died 
 in 1791, a ged 42. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Bsrretoni (Nicholas), an eminent paint- 
 er, Was born at Macerata in 16T7, and died 
 in 1682. He was a disciple of Carlo Ma- 
 ratti, and excelled in painting historical 
 SU b j ec t s. Pilkington. 
 
 Berriman (William), an English divine, 
 was born in 1688, and received his educa- 
 tion at Merchant Taylors’ school, from 
 whence he removed to Oriel college, Oxford, 
 where he proceeded D. D. In 1720 he be- 
 came domestic chaplain to the bishop of 
 London, who gave him the living of St. 
 
 BER 
 
 Andrew Undershaft. In 1,727 he Was elect' 
 ed fellow of Eton-college. He died in 1750. 
 Dr. Berriman was the author of five volumes 
 of excellent sermons, of which the three 
 first were preached at Boyle’s and Moyer’s 
 lectures, and the two last . are posthumous* 
 — Gen. Biog. Did. 
 
 Berruyer (Joseph Isaac), a French jesuit, 
 was born at Rouen in 1682. His writings 
 were condemned by the pope, because they 
 were too liberal in their sentiments. He 
 wrote a History of the People of God, 14 
 vols. 4to. He died at Paris in 1758. — Nouv. 
 Diet. Hist. 
 
 Berry (sir John), a brave English com- 
 mander, was the son of a clergyman, and 
 born at Knowston, in Devonshire. He dis- 
 tinguished himself at the battle of South- 
 wold-bay, for which he was knighted. In 
 1682 he was captain of the Gloucester fri- 
 gate, in which he was conveying the dhke 
 of York to Scotland, but by the carelessness 
 of the pilot, the ship was lost at the en- 
 trance of the Iiumber. Sir John, however, 
 by his great presence of mind, saved the 
 duke, for which he was promoted to a flag, 
 and commanded under lord Dartmouth at 
 the demolition of Tangier. On his return 
 he was made a commissioner of the navy, 
 which he held with his other appointments 
 after the revolution. In 1691 he was poison- 
 ed on board of his ship at Portsmouth, aged 
 56. His remains were interred at Stepney. 
 — Campbell's Lives of the Admirals. 
 
 Bersmann (George), a learned German, 
 was born in 1538, at Annaberg, in Misnia; 
 he made a great progress in the languages 
 and sciences. He travelled through France 
 and Italy, and after his return taught with 
 reputation in different places, till his death, 
 which happened in 1611. He rendered 
 into Latin the psalms of David, and wrote 
 notes on several of the classics. — Moreri. 
 
 Bertaut (John), a French poet and di- 
 vine, was born at Caen in 1662. His wit 
 and talents introduced him to court, where 
 he became chaplain to Catharine de Medi- 
 cis, and secretary of the cabinet to Henry 
 III. He wits afterwards made bishop of 
 Seez, and died in 1611. His poems were 
 printed at Paris in 1620, 8vo. besides which 
 he wrote several theological pieces. — Moreru 
 
 Bertheau (Charles), a French protestant 
 divine, was born at Montpellier in 1660, 
 and in 1G81 was admitted a minister in the 
 synod of Vigan. On the revocation of the 
 edict of Nantes, he fled to England, and be- 
 came minister of the Walloon church. He 
 died in London in 1732. Two volumes of 
 his sermons are in print. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Berthier (William Francis), a learned 
 jesuit, was born at Issoudun, in Berry, in 
 1704. He was one of the editors of the 
 Journal dt Tremoux, which he continued till 
 the dissolution of his society. In 1762 he 
 was appointed keeper of the royal library, 
 and assisted in the education of Lewis XVI. 
 The affairs of his society obliged him to 
 
quit tho coilrt; and he went to OfFemburg, 
 where he translated the psalms into French, 
 with notes, 8 vols. 12mo. 1785. He died in 
 1782. — Now. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Berti (John Lawrence), an Augustine 
 monk, was horn in 1696, at Serravezza, in 
 Tuscany. Being called to Rome by his su- 
 periors, he was appointed assistant-general 
 of his order. He wrote De Disciplines 
 ’Theologicis, in 8 vols. 4to. This work being 
 attacked as favourable to the jansenists,the 
 author by the advice of pope Benedict XIV. 
 wrote a vindication of himself, in 2 vols. 
 4 to. lie also published an Ecclesiastical 
 History in Latin, in 7 vols. 4to. He died 
 at Pisa in 1766. — Now. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Berthier (Joseph Stephen), a French 
 philosopher, of the society of the oratory. 
 He wrote, 1. Physique des Cometes, 1760, 
 12mo. 2. Physique des Corps animes, 1755, 
 12mo. He died in 1783, aged 73. — Now. 
 Diet. Hist. 
 
 Bertiiolon (N.), a French writer, was a 
 native of Lyons, where he died in 1799. He 
 was professor of philosophy some time at 
 Montpellier, which place he quitted for the 
 history professorship in the central school 
 at Lyons. l ie published several works on 
 electricity, aerostation, and vegetation; but 
 his principal performance is a memoir on 
 the ancient history of the commerce of 
 Lyons, with judicious remarks on machines 
 and the arts, — Now. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Bertin (Exupere-Joseph), a French ana- 
 tomist and physician, was born at Tre- 
 molai, in the diocese of Rennes, in 1712. 
 He was for some time first physician to the 
 hospodar of Wallachia, but disliking- the 
 country he returned to France, where he 
 died in 1781. He was chosen associate ana- 
 tomist to the academy at Paris, and pub- 
 lished an Osteology in 1754, and several 
 memoirs on anatomy. — Now. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Bertin (Nicholas), an eminent painter, 
 was born at Paris in 1664, and obtained a 
 prize at the age - of eighteen, from the aca- 
 demy of painting, of which he afterwards 
 became a member. He died at Paris in 
 1736. — D’Argen-vilLe vies des Peintres. 
 
 Bertin (Antony), a French military of- 
 ficer and poet, was born in the isle of Bour- 
 bon in 1752. He finished his education in 
 the college Du Plessis, where he acquired a 
 taste for poetry: and published in 1773 a 
 volume of poems, and in 1782 a collection 
 of elegies, which obtained a great reputa- 
 tion. He died in 1790, at St. Domingo, 
 just as he was on the eve of marriage. His 
 Vorks have been printed in 2 vols. I2mo. 
 
 - — Nou-v. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Bertius (Peter), an eminent geographer, 
 was born in Flanders, and became professor 
 of philosophy at I.evden, which place he 
 lost for being an Arminian. He then went 
 to Paris* turned roman catholic, and was 
 made eesmegrapher to the king, and pro- 
 fessor of the mathematics. He ..died in 
 1629,„aged 64. His principal works are, 
 
 Theatfum Geographic Veterb, 2 voh. fol 
 lllustri virorum Epist. select. &c. 8vct 
 Commentariorum rerum Germamcarurrc, 
 12mo. — Moreri. 
 
 Bj.rtra m (Cornelius Bonaventure), pro- 
 fessor of Hebrew at Geneva and Lausanne, 
 was horn at Thouars, in Poitou, in 1531, 
 and died at Lausanne in 1594. He pub- 
 lished a Dissertation on the Republic of the 
 Hebrews, a Revision of the French Bible or 
 Geneva, anew edition of Pagnin’s Thesaurus 
 Lingux Sanctre, a Parallel of the Hebrew 
 and Syriac Languages, Lucubratioues Fran- 
 kendalenscs. — Moreri. 
 
 Bertrand (John Baptist), a French phy- 
 sician, was born at Martigues in 1670, and 
 died in 1752. He wrote, l.Ari historical 
 Account of the Plague at Marseilles, 12m<J. 
 2. Letters to M. Beider on the muscular 
 Motion, 12mo. 3. Dissertations on Sea-air, 
 4 to. — Nou-j. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Bertrand (Nicholas), a physician of 
 Paris, who died in 1780, wrote Elements of 
 Physiology and other works. — Ibid. 
 
 Beruljle (Peter de), a cardinal, and 
 founder of the congregation of the oratory, 
 was born in Champagne in 1575. llenry 
 IV. made him almoner, and after his death 
 he became chief of the council. Fie was 
 employed on several affairs of importance, 
 and accompanind Henrietta Maria wife of 
 Charles I. to England. In 1627 he was no- 
 minated cardinal, but refused several other 
 preferments. He died suddenly in 1629. 
 His works have been printed in 1 vok folio. 
 — Moreri. 
 
 Bervllus, an Arabian bishop of the 3d 
 century, who held that Jesus Christ had no 
 existence prior to his incarnation. Origen 
 had a conference with him on this subject, 
 and Beryllus, convinced by his arguments, 
 renounced his heresy. — Mosbeim. 
 
 Besler (Basil), an apothecary of Nurem- 
 burg, was born in 1561, and published,. 
 1. i lortus Eystettensis, fol. 2. leones Flo- 
 rum et Herbarum, 4to, His son Michael 
 Rupert Besler, who died in 1661, wrote the 
 Gazophylacium rerum Naturalium, Nurem- 
 berg, 1642, fol. — Now. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Bes'Lf.y (John), a French antiquary, was 
 king’s advocate, and published, 1. A His- 
 tory of Poitou, 1647. 2. The Bishops of 
 
 Poitiers, 1647. He died in 1644, aged 72. 
 — Moreri. 
 
 Bbsoigne (Jerome), doctor of the Sor- 
 bonne, who died in 176.3. He wrote the 
 History of the Port Royal, 6 vols. 12mo. 
 and other works. — Nouv. Did. Hist. 
 
 Bes-plas (Joseph), a French divine, was 
 horn in Languedoc in 1734, and died in 
 1783. By a pathetic discourse delivered at 
 court he procured some regulations tto be 
 adopted for the comfort of prisoners in 
 jails. He wrote a treatise on the Causes of 
 public Happiness, 1778, 2 vols. 12nto.. and 
 an Essay. op the. Eloquence of the Pulpit. — - 
 Now. Diet. Hist. J 
 
 Bessarion, titular patriarch tf Contstan- 
 
BEY 
 
 BEY 
 
 tinople, and archbishop of Nice. He en- 
 deavoured to reconcile the Greek and Latin 
 churches, for which he got the ill-will of 
 the former, amd settled in Italy, where F.u- 
 genius IV. raaide him a cardinal. Being sent 
 -legate to France, he inadvertently visited 
 the duke of Burgundy before he waited 
 on the king, which gave his majesty so much 
 offence that he took him by his beard, and 
 treated him with other marks of disrespect, 
 ’which occasioned his death in 1172. lie 
 wrote some works, besides translations. — lb. 
 
 Bessel (II enry de), secretary to the aca- 
 demy of inscriptions and medals at Paris. 
 He wrote an account of the campaigns of 
 Rocroi and Fribourg in 16'44 and 1645, 
 r 1 2mo. and died in 1693. — Nowv. Diet. Hist.' 
 
 Bethenco urt (Johnde, a Norman ba- 
 j ron to whonr Henry III. of Castile gave a 
 grant of the Canary islands, which were 
 erected into ar kingdom, and held by him as 
 ' a lief of the crown of Castile in 1102. — Ra- 
 ! : bertson s Hist.^vf America. 
 
 Betis, governor of Gaza, which he de- 
 fended with jgreat bravery against Alexan- 
 der the Greait, who, after taking it, basely 
 put him to death, and dragged his corpse at 
 his chariot wheels, B.C. 332. — Quintus Curtins. 
 
 Betterton (Thomas), a famous actor, 
 was born in Westminster, 1635, and served 
 his apprenticeship to a bookseller. In 1656 
 he made his Hirst appearance in sir William 
 Davetiant’s company. At the restoration 
 he belonged to the king’s company in 
 Drury-lane, and was sent by Charles II. to 
 Paris, to obsetrve the French stage. He ex- 
 celled in Shalkspeare’s principal characters, 
 as Hamlet, Othello, Brutus, and Hotspur. 
 In 1695 lie opened anew playhouse in Lin- 
 coln ’s-inn-fields, but this scheme did not an- 
 i swer. In 1709 he obtained a benefit, and 
 , also the year following, in which he per- 
 formed himself, but having taken impru- 
 dent means to repel the gout from his feet 
 for this purpose, it proved fatal to him in 
 1710. He was buried in Westminster-abbey. 
 He publishe d some dramatic pieces. — Bieg. 
 Brit. 
 
 BettInt (Dominico), an eminent Italian 
 painter, was born at Florence in 1644, and 
 died in 1705- I Ie excelled in painting still 
 life, animals, and fruit. — /)’ ArgmviUe. 
 
 Betts (John), an English physician, was 
 born at Winchester", and educated at Corpus 
 Christi college, Oxford, where lie took his 
 doctor’s degr ee in 1654. At the restoration 
 he became physician to Charles II. but 
 when he died is unknown. He published, 
 
 1. De Ortu est Natura Sanguinis, 1669, 8vo. 
 
 2. Anatomi'ar Thomas Parr, Stc.-r- Wood. 
 
 Betussi ( Joseph), an Italian poet, was 
 
 horn at Bass;auo, about 1520. Peter Aretin 
 was his great friend. He wrote some 
 amorous poems, and translated the Latin 
 works of Boccaccio into Italian. He also 
 wrote the life of that author — Nouv. Diet. 
 
 Beveridg e (William), an excellent pre- 
 late, was born at Barrow, in Leicestershire, 
 
 1638, and educated at St. John’s college, 
 Cambridge, where at the age of eighteen, 
 'he wrote a treatise Of the excellence and use 
 of the Hebrew, Chaldee, Syriac, Arabic, 
 and Samaritan, wit ha Syriac grammar. In 
 1661 he was ordained, and soon after pre- 
 sented to the vicarage of Ealing, in Mid- 
 dlesex, which he resigned on being chosen 
 rector of. St. Peter’s, Cornhill. He was 
 greatly fallowed as a preacher, and was 
 called “ the restorer and reviver of primi- 
 tive piety.” He was successively prebendary 
 of St. Paul’s, archdeacon of Colchester, ahd 
 prebendary of Canterbury. In 1704 he 
 was preferred to the see of St. Asaph, ip 
 which he behaved as an apostolical prelate. 
 He died in 1707, and was buried in St. 
 Paul’s cathedral. Besides the above work, 
 he wrote, 1, Institutionum Chronologicarum 
 Libri duo. 2. Synodicon, sive Pandectat 
 Canonum S S. Apostolorum et Coneiliorum 
 ab EcclesiaGraeca receptorum, 1672,2 vols. 
 fob 3. Codex Canonum Ecclesia; primi- 
 tive. 4. 'Flie Church Catechism explained. 
 5. Private Thoughts upon Religion. 6. 
 'Fhe great Necessity of frequent Commu- 
 nion. 7. Thesaurus Theologicus, or a com- 
 plete System of Divinity, 4 vols. 8vo.' 8. 
 A Defence of the old Version of Psalms. 
 9. An Exposition of the 39 Articles of Re- 
 ligion, folio. 10. 150 Sermons, 12 vols. 
 8vo. and 2 vols. folio.. — Bing. Brit. 
 
 Beveri.and (Adrian), a learned Dutch 
 civilian who prostituted his pen to the com- 
 position of obscene hooks. One of these was 
 an essay on original Sin, which was burnt 
 at the Hague, and the author imprisoned. 
 On being discharged he went to Utrecht, 
 from whence he removed first to Leyden, 
 and next to England, where he obtained 
 a pension. In J698 he published his treatise 
 De Fornicatione Cavenda. He died insane 
 about 1712. — Moreri. 
 
 Beverly (John of), an English divine, 
 Wfis born at Harpham in Northumberland, 
 but where educated is not certain. He em- 
 braced the monastic life and became abbot 
 of St. Hilda, till Alfred king of Northum- 
 berland made him bishop of Hexham, from 
 whence in 687 he was translated to York. 
 Fie founded a college for secular priests at 
 Beverlv, and was a great encourager of 
 learned men. Having filled the see with 
 honour thirty-four years, he retired to a cel) 
 ahd died in 1721. — Bing. Brit. 
 
 Beverningk (Jeromvan),aDutch states- 
 man, who was employed on several impor- 
 tant missions. In 1654 he was sept ambas- 
 sador to Cromwell, and effected a peace 
 between the two countries, After tliiPhe 
 was sent on several other embassies, but' the 
 most interesting negociation in whicl? 1 he 
 was engaged was at the treaty of Nimegnen, 
 which produced a general peace. He died 
 in 1690, aged 76. — Bayle. 
 
 Beverwick (Johnde), aDutch physician, 
 was borv't at Dort, in 1594, and took his de- 
 gree of JVL D. at Padua. He then returned 
 
B I A 
 
 B I C 
 
 to his own country, Syhere he practised with 
 great reputation. He died in 1647. His 
 
 works were printed in 4to. in 1651. 
 
 JUoreri. 
 
 Beuf (John Ie), a French antiquary, was 
 born at Auxerre, in 1687 ; embraced the 
 ecclesiastical life, became member of the 
 academy of belles-lettres and inscriptions, 
 and did in 1670. He published a collec- 
 tion of pieces on the History of France; 
 that of Paris; Memoirs of the History of 
 Auxerre ; andother works.r-*AW«/. Diet .Hist. 
 
 Beurs (William), a Dutch painter, was 
 born at Dordt, in 1656. He painted por- 
 trait, landscape, and flowers. — Hoybraken. 
 
 Beza (Theodore), a learned divine, was 
 born at Vezelai, in Burgundy, in 1519, and 
 educated for the bar at Orleans. Here he 
 imbibed the principles of the reformed re- 
 ligion, on which he retired to Geneva, and 
 shortly after was chosen to the Greek pro- 
 fessorship at Lausanne. After residing there 
 about ten years he became assistant to Cal- 
 vin in the church and university of Ge- 
 neva. Some time afterwards he went to 
 Navarre by desire of the king, to assist at a 
 conference held with the catholic divines, 
 where he displayed his eloquence to great 
 advantage. In the civil war, which hap- 
 pened not long after, he accompanied the 
 prince of Conde, and was present at the 
 battle of Dreux. In 1563 he returned to 
 Geneva; and in 1571 went to France to 
 assist at the synod of Rochelle, where he 
 was chosen moderator. He died in 1605. 
 His polemical pieces are forgotten, but his 
 Latin poems printed in 1548 are still read. 
 A Greek MS. of the New Testament, 
 which once belonged to Beza is now in the 
 university library at Cambridge, a copy of 
 which has been published by Dr. Kipling. 
 
 ■ — JBoyle. 
 
 Bezout (Stephen), a French mathema- 
 tician, was born at Nemours in 1730, and 
 died at Paris in 1783. He was a member 
 of the academy of sciences, and examiner of 
 the marines, and the pupils of artillery. He 
 wrote a course of Mathematics for the use 
 Of the marine, with a treatise on Naviga- 
 tion 6 vo}s. 8vo.; another course of NJathp- 
 matics for the corps of artillery, 4 vols, 
 8vo.; a general Theory of Algebraic Equa- 
 tions, and other esteemed works. — Hutton. 
 
 Biancani (Joseph), a jesuit and mathe- 
 matician, v^as born at Bologna, and died at 
 Parma in 1644. He published an edition of 
 the works of Aristotle; Cosmography de- 
 monstrated; a Chronology of eminent' Ma- 
 thematicians ; Dissertation on the Nature of 
 Mathematics ; and other works.— Not**. 
 Diet. Hist. 
 
 Bianchi (Francis), an Italian painter, 
 was a native of Modena, and the master of 
 Correggio. He died in 1520. — Depiles. 
 
 Bianchi (Peter), an Italian painter, born 
 at Rome ip 1694, and died in 1739. He 
 painted history, landscapes, portraits, sea- 
 pieegs, and animals. — D' Argcnvillc. 
 
 Bianciiini (Francis), an Italian mathe- 
 matician and ecclesiastic, was born at Ve- 
 rona, pf a noble family, in 1662, and when 
 young established a mathematical society 
 at his native place. Alexander VIU. made 
 him his librarian. He afterwards obtained 
 several ecclesiastical preferments, andabed 
 in 1729. He published Palazzo di Cesari, 
 1738, fob; Inscrizzioni Sepolcraii della 
 Casa di Augusto, 1727, folio ; Pieces of 
 Poetry and Eloquence ; An Universal His- 
 tory in Italian, 1697 ; but his principal per- 
 formance is entitled Hesperi et Phosphori 
 nova Phenomena sive Observationes circa 
 planetam Veneris, He is not to be con- 
 founded with John Foftunatis Bianchini, an 
 Italian physician, who died professor in that 
 faculty at Padua, in 1779, He wrote on 
 Medical Electricity; on the Force of ima- 
 gination on Pregnant Women ; Discourse 
 on Philosophy; and other pieces — Nouv. 
 Did, 
 
 Biard (Peter), a French sculptor, was 
 born at Paris, and died in 1609, aged 50. 
 He executed many excellent pieces, the 
 chief of which is the equestrian statue of 
 Henry IV. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Bias, one pf the seven wise men of 
 Greece, was a native of Caria, and flou- 
 rished about 680 B. C. His apophthegms 
 have been recorded by Diogenes Laertius. 
 .All tr i, 
 
 - Bibiena (Bernardo da), a Roman cardi- 
 nal, was born of an obscure family in 1470. 
 Fie entered into the service of the Medici 
 family, and by his address was instrumental 
 in securing the election of Leo X. who 
 made him a cardinal, and employed him on 
 several important missions. But he is said 
 to have excited the jealousy of Leo by his 
 ambition, and was poisoned in 1520. Bi- 
 biena wrote a famous comedy called Ca- 
 landra, which is still in repute among the 
 Italians. — T/raboscbi. 
 
 Bibiena (Ferdinand Galli), an eminent 
 painter and architect, was born at Bologna, 
 in 1657 and employed by the duke pf Par- 
 ma and the emperor as first painter. He 
 also built several magnificent structures, 
 which shew a great taste. He died in 1743. 
 
 • — D Argenville. 
 
 Bibi.iander (Theodore), aprotes^ant di- 
 vine, whose true name was Bouchman, was 
 born in Switzerland, and became professo* 
 of divinity at Zurich, where he died in 
 1564, aged 60. He published a version of 
 the Koran, with pieces in refutation of it ; 
 also Commentaries on the Scriptures , 
 
 Bayle. 
 
 Bichat (Marie Francis Xavier), pro- 
 fessor and physician in the Hotel Dieu at 
 Paris. He commenced his studies in the 
 hospital at Lyons, under Mr. Petit. When 
 that city was taken he retired to Paris, 
 where he obtained the patronage of De- 
 sault, by whose instructions he greatly pro- 
 fited. He died in 1802, aged 31. Bichat 
 published, 1. Memoirs in the Collection of 
 
B I G 
 
 the Medical Society. 2. A Treatise on the 
 .Membrane*. 3.Recnerches Physiologiques 
 sur la Vie eit la Mort, 179!), 8vo. 4. L’Eloge 
 de Desault, in the 4th vol. of the Journal 
 de Chirurgterie. — Noun. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Biddle ( John), a zealous socinian, was 
 born at Wotton Under Edge, in 1615. He 
 took his diegree of M. A. at Oxford, in 
 1641, after which he became master of the 
 grammar-scchool at Gloucester, but lost that 
 situation b y publishing objections to the 
 doctrine off the Trinity. He suffered also 
 imprisonment there for some time; and af- 
 ter his release, he was summoned before 
 the parliament, who ordered him into close 
 custody. IHis writings made so much noise 
 I as to be this cause of an ordinance of par- 
 | iiament, denouncing death to any who 
 should deinv the orthodox faith. During 
 the distractions of public affairs, Biddle es- 
 caped a ioing time, but at last he was sent 
 to St. Mar y’s Castle for life by Cromwell 
 From thenice he was recalled in 16'58; but 
 in 1662 he was taken up at a conventicle, 
 and on pnocess of common law fined 100/. 
 and ordered to be imprisoned till it should 
 be paid. He died in prison in 1662.—— 
 To dmi’K s li fe ef Biddle. 
 
 Bini.oo (Godfrey), acelelirated anatomist, 
 was born ;at Amsterdam in 1649. He was 
 successive!! v professor of anatomy at the 
 Hague and at Leyden ; but was called from 
 the latter jplace to be physician to king Wil- 
 liam, at whose death he returned to that 
 university., where he died in 1713. His great 
 work is entitled Anatomia Corporis Hu- 
 mani, piibdished at Amsterdam, fol. 1685. 
 He also wrote a Latin poem, printed after 
 his death iin 1 7 19.— Moreri. 
 
 Bie (Adrian de), a celebrated painter of 
 portraits a.nd architectural pieces, was born 
 at Liere in 1594, and settled at Rome, 
 where he met with considerable employ- 
 ment . — Die files . 
 
 Bielfield (James Frederic, baron de), a 
 celebrated! modern writer. He was born at 
 Hamburglh in 1717, and in 1745 was ap- 
 pointed by the king ot Prussia tutor to his 
 brother puince Ferdinand; in 1747 curator 
 of the universities; and the year following 
 a baron and privy counsellor. He died 
 in 1770. His works are, Political Institu- 
 tions, 3 vols. Hvo.; Progress of the Germans 
 in the belles-lettres, 8vo.; Dramatic Amuse- 
 ments; Familiar Letters; on Universal Eru- 
 dition. His Institutions and Letters have 
 been translated into English. — Nouv. Did. 
 Hist. 
 
 Biezf.l.ingen (Christian Jans Van), a 
 Dutch portrait painter, born at Delft in 
 1558, and died in 1600. — Houbraken. 
 
 Bigne (Gace de la), a French author. 
 He was chaplain to king John, whom he 
 accompanied to England after the battle of 
 Poitiers. He wrote a poem on the chace, 
 entitled L,e Roman des Oiseaux; and died 
 about 137 4. — Moreri. Nouv. Diet . Hist. 
 
 Bigne ((Marguerin de la), doctor of the 
 
 B I t 
 
 Sorbonne, and dean of Mans. He was born 
 in 1546, at Bayeux, and was alive in 1591. 
 He compiled the Bibliotheca Patrum, the 
 first edition of which appeared in 1575, in 
 3 vels. fol. but since it has been greatly en* 
 larged. — Moreri. 
 
 Bignicourt (Simon de), a French poet, 
 was born at Rheims, and became a coun- 
 sellor of that city. 1 Iis works are; a Col- 
 lection of Latin and French poems, 12mo. ; 
 Pensees et Reflections Philosophiques. He 
 died in 1775, aged 66. — Nouv ■ Did. Hist. 
 
 Bignon (Jerome), a French writer and 
 statesman, was born at Paris in 1 590. He 
 became page of honour to the dauphin, af- 
 terwards l ewis Xlll. He is said to have 
 written a description of the Ploly Land, at 
 ten vears of age; and another hook on the 
 election of popes at the age of 14. His 
 father procuredfor himthe post of advocate- 
 general in the grand council, and some Lime 
 after the king appointed him counsellor of 
 state, and advocate-general in the parlia- 
 ment. The next year he was made king s 
 librarian, l ie was engaged in several im- 
 portant negociations, and died in 1656. • 
 Life by Abbe Perault. 
 
 Bigot (Americ), an eminent encourager 
 of letters, was born at Rouen in 1626. He 
 collected a capital library, and cultivated 
 an acquaintance with learned men, parti- 
 cularly Menage and Nicholas Heinsius. 
 He also assisted in the publication of several 
 works, br.t printed only one with his own 
 name, which was the life of Chrysostom in 
 Greek, by Palladius, discovered by him in 
 the duke s library at Florence. '1 o this he 
 subjoined a Latin translation. He died at 
 Rouen in 1689. — Bayle. 
 
 Bileinger (George Bernard), a German 
 writer, was born in 1693, and became pro- 
 fessor of philosophy at St. Petersburgli, and 
 of theology at Tubingen. He died in 1750, 
 and is known bv several acute publications, 
 the chief of which is entitled Dilucidatio- 
 nes Phliosophicae de Deo, Anima Humana, 
 Mundo, et Generalibus rerum Affectioni- 
 bus. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Billi (James de), a French ecclesiastic, 
 was a native of Guise in Picardy, and died 
 at Paris in 1581, aged 46. He translated 
 several of the Greek fathers into Latin, 
 and wrote Observations on the Scripture, 
 lie is not to be confounded with another ot 
 both his names, who wrote, Opus Astrono- 
 micon, and some other mathematical woi ks, 
 and died in 1679. — Moreri. y 
 
 Billingsley (Henry), born at Canter- 
 bury and educated at Oxford, after which 
 he was bound apprentice to a haberdasher 
 in London, and sgtting up for himself ac- 
 quired great wealth ; and served the offices 
 of sheriff, alderman, and lord mayor of the 
 city. This last was in 1598, when he was 
 knighted. He received into his house 
 Whitehead, an expelled friar, from whom 
 he learned the mathematics, in which he 
 became remarkably skilled. Sir Henry was 
 
B I O 
 
 B 1 It 
 
 the first who published Euclid’s Elements 
 in English) with annotations drawn from 
 the MS', of his master, London, 1570, fol. 
 Dr. John Dee prefixed a learned preface 
 to this work. Sir Henry died in 1616. — 
 Wood's A.,0. 
 
 BixspN (Thomas), a learned prelate, was 
 born at Winchester in 1536, and educated 
 at the school there, from whence he re- 
 moved to New college, Oxford. His first 
 preferment was the mastership of Win- 
 ches ter school, after which he was made 
 warden of the college. In 1585 he pub- 
 lished a treatise of the difference between 
 Christian subjection and unchristian rebel- 
 lion, dedicated to queen Elizabeth; and in 
 1593 another on the perpetual Government 
 of Christ’s Church, which procured him 
 the bishopric of Worcester, in 1596; from 
 whence he was removed to Winchester. Ir> 
 1601 he published a famous book, on 
 Christ’s Descent into Hell; and in the 
 same year was one of the disputants at the 
 Hampton court conference. IJe had also 
 a share in the present translation of the 
 Bible, and died in 1616. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Bingham (Joseph), a learned divine, was 
 born at Wakefield in Yorkshire, in 1668, 
 and admitted of University college, Ox- 
 ford, yn 1684, of which he was elected fel- 
 low. Ip 1690 he was presented to the rec- 
 tory of Headbourneworthy, in Hampshire, 
 where he began his great work, the Ori- 
 gines Ecclegiasticas, which was completed 
 in 1772, in 10 vols. 8vo. and 2 vols. folio. 
 In 1712 bishop Trelawny gave him the rec- 
 tory of Havant, near Portsmouth. He died 
 in 1723, and was buried in the church-yard 
 of Headbourne. H e wrote also a Scholas- 
 tic Elistory of Lay Baptism, and other 
 works. His second son, Joseph, was edu- 
 cated at the Charter-house, from whence 
 he removed to Corpus C’hristi-college, Ox- 
 ford. He died at the age of 22; after 
 which was published an edition of the 
 Theban History, prepared by him for the 
 press. — Gen. B. B. 
 
 Binning (Hugh), a Scots divine, was 
 born in Ayrshire in 1625, and educated at 
 Glas 'ow, where he became professor of 
 moral philosophy. He died in 1654. Elis 
 sermons and tracts were published jn one 
 volume 4to at Edinburgh, 1735,— -Ibid. 
 
 Bion of Smyrna, a Greek poet, who flou- 
 rished B. C. 280. Moschus, his disciple, says 
 that he died of poison. His Idyls qre very 
 delicate and tender. They are generally 
 published with those of Moschus. — Bayle. 
 
 Bion, the philosopher, was a native of 
 Scythia, and the disciple of Crates, after- 
 wards turned cvnic, then atheist, and at last 
 he became a follower of Theophrastus. He 
 appears to have been an ostentatious fel- 
 low, poshest of more wit than wisdom. He 
 flourished 246 B. C. There was another 
 Bion who was a follower of Democritus. — 
 
 cian and engineer, who died at Paris In 
 1733, aged 81. He is chiefly known by a 
 good work on the Construction of Mathe-> 
 matical Instruments, which has been trans- 
 lated into English in 1 vol. folio. He also 
 wrote a treatise on the Use of the Globes, 
 4to. — Nou-v. Bid. Jli t. 
 
 Biondi (Francis), an elegant historian, 
 was a native of Liesena, an island in Dal- 
 matia, and was recommended by sir Henry 
 Wotton to king James I. who honoured him 
 with knighthood, and gave him an ap- 
 pointment about his person. He wrote 
 the history of the wars between the houses 
 of York and Lancaster in Italian, which 
 was translated into English by Henry earl, 
 of Monmouth. — .Gen. B. B. 
 
 Biondo (Flavio), in Latin Blond, is, an- 
 tiquary and historian of the fifteenth cen- 
 tury, was a native of Forli, and became se- 
 cretary to Eugeni us IV. He served three 
 succeeding popes in the same capacity, and 
 died in 1463, He wrote, Roma Instaurata, 
 a work of labour and learning; Italia Illns- 
 trata; De Origine et Gestis Venetorum, 
 and other works. — .Tiraboschi. 
 
 Biornstahl, a learned Swede, was born 
 at Rotarbo, in Sudermania, in 1731, and be- 
 came professor of the Oriental and Greek 
 languages at Lunden. He was sent to 
 Turkey by the king of Sweden, and died 
 at Salonica in 1772. His travels were pub-, 
 lished at Stockholm in 1778, 3 vols. 8vo, 
 and a continuation in 1781 ; a German 
 translation appeared in 1713, in 6 vols- 
 8 VO. — G,:n. Bog. 
 
 Birague (Rene de), a Milanese of a no- 
 ble family, who escaped to France to avoid 
 the vengeance of Lewis Sforza. Francis I. 
 made him counsellor to the parliament of 
 Paris, and Charles IV. appointed him keeper 
 ol the seals in 1570, and chancellor of 
 France in 1573. He was one of the au- 
 thors of the massacre of St. Bartholomew. 
 Gregory X l II. made him a cardinal at the 
 instance of Henry 111. who, however, de- 
 prived him of the seals. He died in 1.583, 
 aged 74. He was a time-serving and un- 
 principled character. — IVJoreri. 
 
 _ Birague (Clement), an engraver on pre- 
 cious stones, and said to have been the first 
 who discovered the means of engraving on 
 diamonds. The first work he executed of 
 this kind was a portrait of Don Carlos, 
 prince of Spain. . Birague was a Milanese, 
 
 and lived in the court of Philip II 
 
 N uv. Bid. Hist. 
 
 Birch (Thomas), a miscellaneous writer, 
 was horn in London in 1705. His parents, 
 who were quakers, intended him for trade, 
 but the lbve of learning prevailed, and he 
 was permitted to pursue his inclination on 
 condition that he should provide for him- 
 self. He was usher in three schools kept 
 by quakers, which sect, however, he quit- 
 ed, and in 1730 was ordained a minis ter 
 
 Ibid. 
 
 Bion (Nicholas), a French mathemati- 
 
 of the church of England; soon after 
 which he obtained the living of Ulting in 
 
BIR 
 
 B I S. 
 
 "Essex. In 1735 he was elected a fellow of 
 the royal and antiquarian societies. He was 
 presented to several church preferments in 
 succession, t he last of which was the rec- 
 tory of Depden in Essex, which lie held 
 with the uni ted rectories of St. Margaret 
 Patten and St. Gabriel, Fenchurch-street. 
 In 1752 he was elected one of the secreta- 
 ries of the royal society, and the year fol- 
 lowing the airchbishop of Canterbury con- 
 ferred on hinn the degree of D. D. l ie was 
 also appoint ed one cf the trustees of the Bri- 
 tish museum.. He was killed by a fall from 
 his horse in 11766. Dr. Birch had a consider- 
 able share ini the General Dictionary, histo- 
 rical and crit ical, 10 vols. folio : and publish- 
 ed the lives of Mr. Boyle, archbishop Til- 
 lotson, Henry, prince of Wales, and other 
 works of a Hike kind. He also wrote an 
 Enquiry into the share which Charles I. 
 had in the Transactions of the Earl of 
 Glamorgan, 8vo. 1747. A History of the 
 Royal Socieity, 4 vols. 4to. 1756, & c. Me- 
 moirs of the Reign of Queen Elizabeth, 2 
 vols. 4to. &c. He left his books, MSS. and 
 500/. to the British museum, the money to 
 go towards increasing the stipend of the 
 two assistant librarians. — Bio >g. Br. 
 
 Bird (WiMljam),anEnglishruusician,who 
 belonged to the chapel royal of Edward VI. 
 and in the r eign of Elizabeth was organist 
 of the queem’s chapel. He died in 1623, 
 aged 80. El is compositions were numerous 
 and excellen t. — Burney. Haiviitts. 
 
 Biren (John Ernest), duke of Courland, 
 was descendied from a mean family in that 
 country, and born in 1687. He ingratiated 
 himself into the good graces of Arine, 
 duchess dowager of Courland, who made 
 him her favourite, and when she became 
 empress of Russia, entrusted to him the 
 management of affairs, Elis conduct was 
 arbitrary! anid cruel. Several noble families 
 were rcducced to ruin, and above ■ 20,000 
 persons wer e exiled by him to Siberia. In 
 1737 the enripress compelled the nobles to 
 chuse him diuke of Courland, where he go- 
 verned in tbie same despotic manner. On 
 the death off Anne he assumed the regency 
 by virtue off her will, but in 1740 a conspi- 
 racy was fcorvned against him, and he was 
 condemned to death, which sentence was 
 changed to banishment. Peter III. recalled 
 him, and Catherine restored him to his 
 former digmity. He resigned the sove- 
 reignty of Courland to his son in 1769, and 
 died in 1772.. — Coxe’s Travels in Russia. 
 
 Biringcoiccio, or Biringcucci (Van- 
 muccio), am Italian mathematician of the 
 16th century, who wrote on the Art of 
 Fusing and Casting Metals, particularly for 
 making Camnon. His work entitled Pirq- 
 technia was printed at Venice in 1540, 4tq. 
 and several times reprinted. — Gen. Biog. 
 
 Birkenh ead (sir John), apolitical writer, 
 was born at Northwich, in Cheshire, in 
 161.5, and educated at Oriel college, Ox- 
 ford. In thie civil war he conducted a pe- 
 
 riodical work in favour of the court, called 
 Alercurius Aulicus. I Ie also wrote a number 
 of pamphlets against the men in power, 
 for which he was several times imprisoned. 
 At the restoration he was knighted and 
 made master of requests. He died in 1679. 
 — Woofs A. 0. 
 
 BiRoiy (Armand de Gontault, baron de), 
 a celebrated French general, was born of 
 an ancient family in Perigord. He was for 
 some time page to queen Margaret of Na- 
 varre; afterwards he entered into the ar- 
 my, and signalized himself in the wars of 
 Piedmont. Ele displayed great courage and 
 prudence in the civil war, and in 1577 he 
 was made a marshal of France. He saved 
 several of his friends in the massacre of St. 
 Bartholomew. Henry III. sent him irtto 
 the Low countries to succour the duke 
 d’Alengon, but he' was defeated by the duke 
 of Parma. Ele was slain at the siege of 
 Epernai,in Champagne, in 1592. He wrote 
 commentaries of his transactions, which are 
 lost. — Moreri. 
 
 Biron (Charles de Gontault, duke of), 
 son of the above, was admiral and marshal 
 of France. He became the favourite of 
 Henry IV, who raised in his favour the 
 barony of Biron to a dukedom, dnd sent 
 him ambassador to England and other 
 countries. Notwithstanding these favours, 
 Biron entered into a conspiracy with 
 Spain and Savoy against his sovereign, 
 which being discovered, lie was beheaded 
 in 1602. His love of gaming and pleasure 
 seems to have been the main cause of his 
 fall. — Ibid. 
 
 Biscaino (Bartholomew), an historical 
 painter, was born at Genoa in 1632, and 
 died in 1657. His designs were so admi- 
 rable as to give a promise of his becoming 
 one of the greatest painters of his country. 
 
 ■ — Pilbing/on. 
 
 Bisciiop (John de), a Dutch painter of 
 landscape and history, was born at the 
 Hague in 1646, and died in 1686. Elis 
 drawings are highly prized, as they are cor- 
 rect and in a line taste. He is not to be con- 
 founded with Cornelius Bischop, who paint- 
 ed also in landscape and history. He was 
 the principal of Dol, and died in 1674'. — • 
 Ibid. 
 
 Biswor (Samuel), an English divide and 
 poet, was born in London in 1781, and 
 educated first at Merchant Taylors’ school, 
 and next at St. John’s college, Oxford, 
 where he obtained a fellowship, and the 
 degree of M.A, Ele became master of Mer- 
 chant Taylors’ school, rector of St. A'lartin 
 Outwich, J.ondon, and of Ditton in Sur- 
 rey. He died in 1795. Elis poems have 
 been published in 2 vols. 4to. and 2 vols. 
 12mo. with his life prefixed. 
 
 Bisi (Bonaventure), an historical and mi- 
 niature painter, was born at Bologna, and 
 died in 1662. His works are highly valued. 
 — Pilk'mgton. 
 
 Bisset (Charles), a physician; after com- 
 
BLA 
 
 B L A 
 
 pleting Ms studies at Edinburgh, he became 
 surgeon in the army, and waj abroad some 
 years. On his return he settled at .Skelton 
 in Yorkshire, lie died in 1791, aged 75. 
 His writings are; 1. An F.ssay on the Theo- 
 ry and Construction of Fortifications, Rvo. 
 1753. 2. Trea.iseoh the Scurvy, 8vo. 1775. 
 3. F.ssay on the Medical Constitution of 
 Great Britain, 8vo. 1762. — Eurcp. Mag. 
 
 Bisset (Robert), a miscellaneous writer, 
 ■was born in Scotland and educated at 
 Edinburgh, where he obtained the degree 
 of doctor of laws, after which he removed 
 to London and opened a seminary at Chel- 
 sea. But he principally relied for support 
 on his literary labours. He died in 1805, 
 aged 46. His words are, l.A Sketch of 
 Democracy, Rvo. 2. Life of Burke, 2 vols. 
 3vo. 3 History of the Reign of George IIL, 
 and somenovefs. — Monthly Mag. 
 
 Bn oN,amathematician,who lived about 
 *he year 335 B. C. He wrote a treatise on 
 warlike machines, which is .extant in the 
 Mathematici Veteres, Paris, 1503, folio. — 
 Moreri. 
 
 Bizot (Peter), a French writer, who is 
 known by a curious book, entitled Histoire 
 Medalhque de la Republique deHollande: 
 the best edition of which is that of 1732, 
 5 vols. folio. He died in 1696, aged 66. — 
 Ibid. 
 
 Bjzzeli.i (John), an historical and por- 
 trait painter who died at Rome in 1612, 
 aged 56. l ie was the disciple of Bronzino. 
 —Edkington. 
 
 Bj.ack. (Joseph), an eminent chemist, 
 was born at Bordeaux in France, of British 
 parents, in 1728. He received his educa- 
 tion first at Belfast, and afterwards at Glas- 
 gow where he studied physic, and took his 
 doctor’s degree in 1754. Soon after he 
 was appointed professor of anatomy, and 
 lecturer on chemistry; but as he did not 
 deem himself qualified to discharge the 
 duties of the former station, he exchanged 
 it for the professorship of medicine. In 
 1766 he succeeded Dr. Cullen in the che- 
 mical chair at Edinburgh, and from that 
 time devoted himself wholly to that science, 
 and the improvement of his pupils. lie 
 died in 1799. He was the author of an 
 inaugural dissertation on taking his doctor’s 
 degree de acida a cihis orto\ “ Experiments on 
 Magnesia and Quick Lime ; Observations 
 on the Ready Freezing of Boiled Water;” 
 these are in the Philosophical Transac- 
 tions; An Analysis of some Boiling Water 
 in Iceland, in the Memoirs of the Royal 
 Society,, of F.dinburgh. His lectures on Che- 
 mistry were published in 2 vols. 4to. 1803, 
 by Dr. Robinson, who prefixed to them a 
 memoir of the author. 
 
 Blackali. (Offspring), an eminent Eng- 
 lish prelate, was born in London in 1 654, 
 and educated at Catherine-hall, Cambridge. 
 In 1694 he was preferred to the rectory of 
 St. Mary, Aldermanbury, London ; and ap- 
 pointed chaplain to king William. In 1700 
 . 6 
 
 he preached the Boyle’s lecture ; and in 1707 
 was advanced to the see of Exeter, where 
 he died in 1716. His works were printed 
 in 2 vols. folio, 1723. — Bing. Br. 
 
 Bi.ackbourn (William), an architect, 
 was born in Southwark in 1750. After 
 serving an apprenticeship to a surveyor, 
 he was admitted a student of the reyal 
 academy, and in 1773 obtained a prize 
 medal for a drawing of the inside of St. 
 Stephen’s church, Walbrook. In 1782 he 
 gained the premium of 100 guineas for the 
 best plan of penitentiary houses, which oc- 
 casioned him to be employed in various 
 parts of the kingdom to erect prisons. l ie 
 died on a journey to Scotland on the same 
 business in 1790 .—Gen. Blog. Diet. 
 
 Bi.ackbuu.\£ (Francis), an English di- 
 vine, was born at Richmond in Yorkshire 
 in 1705. lie received his education at the 
 schools of Hawkeshead, in Lancashire, and 
 Sedburgh in Yorkshire, and in 1722 was 
 entered of Catherine hall, Cambridge. In 
 1722 he entered into orders, and about 
 1739 obtained the rectory of Richmond. 
 He was some time chaplain to Dr. Hutton, 
 archbishop of Y'ork, who gave him the 
 archdeaconry of Cleveland, and a prebend 
 in the cathedral. Mr. Blackburn e sat very 
 loose to the doctrines and discipline of the 
 church of England, as appears from his 
 writings; the most noted of which is, “The 
 Confessional, or, A full and free Inquiry 
 into the Right, Utility, Edification, and 
 Success of establishing systematical Con- 
 fessions of Faith and Doctrine in protes- 
 tant Churches.’’ This work, which was 
 anonymous, appeared first in 1766, and 
 quickly reached a third edition. It is now 
 forgotten. The archdeacon was so partial 
 to the dissenters, in this performance, that 
 the congregation irr the Old Jewry, on the 
 deathof Dr. Chandler invited himtobetheir 
 minister. Besides the above performance, 
 he wrote a short historical View of the 
 Controversy concerning the intermediate 
 State, See.; in which he maintained the no- 
 tion of the soul’s sleeping in an inconscious 
 state during the interval between death, 
 and the resurrection. All his works have 
 been lately printed in a collected form, in 6 
 vols. 8vo. He died in 1787. — Encyclof. Brit . 
 
 Bi.acki.ock (Thomas), a Scotch divine 
 and poet, was the son of a poor tradesman 
 at Annan, where he was born in 1721. He 
 lost his sight by the small pox in his infancy. 
 In 1740he was deprived of his father, who 
 had been particularly attentive to his edu- 
 cation. Dr. Stephenson,’ a physician of 
 Edinburgh, then placed him in the univer- 
 sity, where he made a considerable profi- 
 ciency in the classics and sciences. In 1745 
 he retired into the country, and published 
 at Glasgow a small collection of his poems; 
 a second edition of which appeared at Edin- 
 burgh in 1754. In that year Mr, Spence 
 introduced him to public patronage, by a 
 memoir of him prefixed to a quarto edition 
 
BLA 
 
 BLA 
 
 of his poems : the profits of this publica- 
 tion placed the author in a desirable situa- 
 tion in the university. About 1760 he en- 
 tered into the ministry; and in 1766 re- 
 ceived the degree of 1). D. He died in 
 1791. Besides his' poems, he published, 
 Paraclesis, or Consolations deduced from 
 natural and revealed Religion, 8vo. ; Two 
 Discourses on the Spirit and Evidences of 
 Christianity, translated from the French, 
 Bvo. ; The Graham, an heroic ballad, in 4 
 cantos, 4 to.; Remarks on civil Liberty, 8vo., 
 ;yi d some other pieces. — Life in Anderson's 
 Collection of Poets. 
 
 Blackmore (Sir Richard), an English 
 physician and poet, was born in Wiltshire, 
 and educated at Westminster school, from 
 whence he removed to Edmund hall, Ox- 
 ford. On leaving the university he went 
 abroad, and took his degree of M. D. at 
 Padua. At - his return lie was chosen fellow 
 of the college of physicians, and entered on 
 a good line of practice. King WillLiam ap- 
 pointed him physician in ordinary, and 
 conferred on him the honour of knight- 
 hood. lie died in 1729. His works are 
 very numerous on medical, theological, 
 moral, and poetical subjects ; and though 
 it was once fashionable to treat his name 
 with ridicule, he is entitled to respect as a 
 worthy man and a good poet. His poem on 
 Creation, is deserving of great praise. — Biog. 
 Brit. 
 
 Blackstone (sir William), a learned 
 English judge, was born in London in 1798. 
 Being left an orphan at an early age, his 
 uncle sent him to the Charter-house. In 
 1738 he was entered of Pembroke college, 
 Oxford, and at the age 30, he composed a 
 treatise on the elements of architecture. 
 He also cultivated poetry, and obtained Mr. 
 Benson’s prize medal for the best verses on 
 Milton. These pursuits, however, were 
 abandoned for the'studyof the law; on 
 which occasion he wrote a copy of verses 
 called the Lawyer’s Farewell to his Muse. 
 In 1740 ho was entered of the Middle Tem- 
 ple ; and in 1744 chosen fellow of All-souls 
 pollegc. In 1749 he was chosen recorder 
 of Wallingford in Berkshire.- The year 
 following he became LL- D. and published 
 an Essay on collateral Consanguinity, occa- 
 sioned by the exclusive claim to fellowships 
 made by the founder’s kindred at All-souls. 
 Ini 758 he printed Considerations on Copy- 
 holders ; and the same year was appointed 
 Vinerian professor of the common law, his 
 lectures in which capacity gave rise to his 
 celebrated Commentaries. In 1759 he 
 published Reflections on the Opinions of 
 Messrs. Pratt, Moreton, and Wilbraham, 
 relating to lord Litchfield’s disqualification; 
 his lordship being then candidate for the 
 chancellorship. The same year appeared 
 his edition of the Great Charter, and Char- 
 ter of the Forest ; and about the same time, 
 a small treatise on the Law of Descents in 
 Fee-simple. In 1761 he was made king’s 
 
 counsel, and chosen member of parliament 
 for Hindon in Wilts. The same year he va- 
 cated his fellowship by marriage, and was 
 appointed principal of New-inn-hall. In 
 1762 he published 2 vols. under the title of 
 Law Tracts. In 1763 he was appointed 
 solicitor-general to the queen, and bencher 
 of the Middle Temple. The next year ap- 
 peared the first volume of his Commen- 
 taries, which was followed by three others. 
 In 1766 he resigned his places at Oxford, 
 and in 1768 was chosen member for West- 
 bury in Wiltshire. In 1770 he became one 
 of the judges in the court of king’s bench; 
 from whence he removed to the common 
 pleas. He now fixed his residence in Lon- 
 don, and attended to the duties of his office 
 with great application. He also employed 
 himself in projecting- various schemes for 
 the public good. He died in 1780. After 
 his death were published two vols. of his 
 Reports. — Life prefixed to his Reports. 
 
 Blackst-one (John), a botanical writer, 
 was an apothecary in London, and died in 
 1753. He wrote, 1. Fasciculus Plantarum 
 circa Harefield spnnte nascentium ; with an 
 Appendix containing some short Notes re- 
 lating to Harefield, 12mo. 1737; 2. Speci- 
 men Botanictifi quo Plantarum plurium 
 rariorum Angelise indigenarum Loci natales 
 illustrantur, 8vo. 1746. — Pultencys Sketches. 
 
 Brack-wall (Anthony), a learned di- 
 vine, was a native of Derbyshire, and 
 educated at Emanuel-college, Cambridge. 
 After taking the degree of A. M. he be- 
 came master of the tree-school at Derby, 
 from whence, in 1722, he removed to Mar- 
 ket-Bosworth in Leicestershire, on being 
 appointed master of the grammar-school 
 there. In 1726 he was presented to the 
 rectory of Clapham, in Surrey, which he 
 resigned in 1729, and died the year follow- 
 ing at Market-Bosworth. He published a 
 translation of Theqgnis, in Latin ; an In- 
 troduction to the Classics, 12mo. ; [a very- 
 excellent work] Sacred Classics defended, 
 2 vols.; a Latin Grammar.— Biog. Br. 
 
 Blackwell (Thomas), a learned writer, 
 was born in 1701 at Aberdeen, .and edu- 
 cated at the M.uischal-college, where he 
 took his degree of M. A. and was appointed 
 Greek professor. In 1737 he published, 
 anonymously, an Flnquiry into the Life 
 and Writings of Homer, 8vo., to which be 
 afterwards added a Supplement. His Let- 
 ters concerning Mythology were printed in 
 1748, but without his name. Thesameyear 
 he was made principal of the Marischal- 
 college. In 1752 he published the first vo- 
 lume of his Alemoirs of the Court of Au- 
 gustus, 4to. ; the second volume appeared 
 in 1755 ; but the last, was not published 
 till after his death, which happened at 
 Edinburgh in 1757. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Blackwell (Alexander), a physician, 
 was born at Aberdeen, and studied under 
 Boerhaave at Leyden. He settled at firs* 
 iu his native place ; but meeting with little 
 
B L A 
 
 B L A 
 
 encouragement, he went to London, and 
 •was employed for some time as corrector 
 of the press. Afterwards he set up as 
 printer, but failed. About 1740 he went 
 to Sweden, where he got considerable 
 practice, and was employed in some public 
 worVs pnrt'c darly in draining the fens 
 and marshes according to his own plan. 
 Being suspected of having a share in count 
 Tessin's plot, he was beheaded in 17 IS. — 
 Mlg. 
 
 Bi ackwell (Elizabeth), wife of the pre- 
 ceding, was the daughter of a merchant 
 near Aberdeen. When her husband was in 
 prison in London, she executed a number 
 of botanical plates, drawn, engraved, and 
 coloured by herself ; the profits of which 
 enabled her to procure the doctor’s liberty. 
 The "first volume was published in 1737, 
 with -the testimonial of the college of phy- 
 sicians, and is entitled, A curious Herbal ; 
 containing 500 of the most useful plants 
 which are now used in the practice of phy- 
 sic, &c. The second volume appeared in 
 1759 .-— Pulteneys Sketches of />' tuny. 
 
 Blackwood (Adam), a Scotch writer, 
 was born atDunfermline in 1539, and died 
 in 1513, In 1587 he published the Mar- 
 tyrdom of Mary Stuart, in French, written 
 with great asperity. His writings were 
 published at Paris in 1644. — Moreri. 
 
 Bladen (Martin), a lieutenant-colonel 
 under the duke of Marlborough, to whom 
 lie dedicated a translation of Cresar’s Com- 
 mentaries. He sat in five parliaments. In 
 1715 he was made comptroller of the mint, 
 and in 1717 a commissioner of trade and 
 plantations. He died in 1746. He wrote 
 Orpheus and Eurydice, a mascpie; and 
 Scion, a tragi-comedy. — Bio*. Dramat. 
 
 Blaeu or Janssen (Wijliam), a cele- 
 brated geographer, was the disciple of Ty- 
 cho Brahe ; and carried on a considerable 
 trade in Holland by his atlasses. He died 
 at Amsterdam in 1638, aged 67. His sons, 
 John and Cornelius published their father’s 
 atlas in 14 vols. folio, in 1663. — Moreri. 
 
 Blagravk (John), an English mathema- 
 tic! m, was born at Reading, in Berkshire, 
 and educated at St. John’s-college, Oxford; 
 ah or which he devoted himself to a re- 
 tired life at his family seat, and died there 
 in 161 1. His remains were interred in the 
 church of St. Lawrence, Reading; where 
 there is a handsome monument to his me- 
 mory. He wrote some books on practical 
 mathematics, i le is not to be confounded 
 with Joseph Blagrave, a noted astrologer, 
 who was also a native of Reading, and 
 probably a relation of the former. He 
 wrote a Supplement to Culpepper’s Herbal, 
 and an astrological Practice of Physic, &c. 
 He died about 1638 . — B log. Br. Granger. 
 
 Blair (John), a Scotch divine and poet 
 in the 14th century. He wrote an elegant 
 
 J.atin noem on the death of Wallace. 
 
 (y n . Biog. Bid. 
 
 ■ J3lair (James), an eminent divine of the 
 
 Scotch episcopal church, who was sent ta 
 Virginia in 1685 by Compton, bishop of 
 London, as missionary. 1 le was appointed 
 commissary for that province in 1689, and 
 was the first president of the college of 
 Williamsburg. He died in 1743. Four vo- 
 lumes of his sermons were printed at Lon- 
 don in 1743. — Gen. lilac . Did. 
 
 Blair (Patrick), a botanist and physi- 
 cian, was originally a surgeon at Dundee. 
 While there, he had an opportunity of dis- 
 secting an elephant, which had been car- 
 ried about for a show. His account of this 
 animal appeared in the PhilosophicalTrans- 
 actions, and was also printed separately. 
 Being attached to the Stuart family, Dr. 
 Blair was imprisoned in 1715, but was soon 
 released. He then visited London, where 
 he distinguished himself as a member of 
 the royal society by several valuable dis- 
 courses, the principal of which was On the 
 sexes of plants. This he afterwards pub- 
 lished under the title of Botanic Essays. 
 From London he removed to Boston, in 
 Lincolnshire, where he practised as a phy- 
 sician, and printed a work, entitled Phar- 
 macc-botanologia, or an alphabetical and 
 classical Dissertation on all the British in- 
 digenous and Garden Plants of the New 
 Dispensatory, 4to, This came down only 
 as far as letter H. Some other papers by 
 him are in the Philosophical Transactions, 
 i — Pulteney\s Sketches of Botany, 
 
 Blair (John), a learned chronologist. 
 He was a native of Edinburgh, and came to 
 Jjondon, where he was employed as an 
 usher in a small school. In 1754 he pub- 
 lished his ChronologicalTables,folio, which 
 were well received, and reached a second 
 edition in 1768. The author was then in 
 orders, doctor of laws, and felictv of the 
 royal society, and the reputation he ac- 
 quired by this work recommended him to 
 the princess dowager of Wales, who ap- 
 pointed him mathematical tutor tothe duke 
 of York, and in consequence he obtained 
 several church preferments, the principal of 
 which was a prebend of Westminster. He 
 died in 1782. After his death were pub- 
 lished his Lectures on the Canon of the 
 Old Testament. — Gen. Biog. Did. 
 
 Blair (Hugh), an eminent divine, was 
 the son of a merchant at Edinburgh, and 
 born there in 1718. He received his 
 grammatical education at the high school, 
 from which he removed to the university, 
 of Edinburgh in 1730. While a student 
 there he formed a comprehensive scheme of 
 chronological tables for his own use, which 
 being communicated to his learned friend, 
 afterwards Dr. John Blair, mentioned in 
 the preceding article, he improved and ex- 
 tended the plan into a work of great la- 
 bour and value. In 173!) he took the de- 
 gree of M. A. and in 1741 was licensed to 
 preach. The year following he was or- 
 dained to the parish of Colessie in Fife, 
 from whence he was recalled to the. second 
 
BLA 
 
 B L A 
 
 charge of the Canongate church, at Edin- 
 burgh, where lie officiated till 1758, when 
 he was removed to the high church, which 
 is the most important ecclesiastical charge 
 in Scotland. The university of St. An- 
 drews conferred on him the degree of D. D. 
 in 1757, a -circumstance rather unusual 
 from one university there to another. In 
 1759 he began a course of lectures on rhe- 
 toric and belles-lettres, which were so much 
 applauded that the king endowed, in 1762, 
 a professorship in favour' of Dr. Blair, at 
 Edinburgh, with a salary of 70/. a year. 
 In 1763 he wrote a Dissertation on the 
 Poems of Ossian, in which he urges many 
 ingenious observations in behalt of their 
 authenticity. In 1777 appeared a volume 
 of his sermons, which attained so rapid a 
 tale as to induce the author to publish an- 
 other volume in 1779, which was as well 
 received as the former, and these have been 
 followed by three volumes more. In 1780 
 he obtained a pension of 200/. a year by the 
 particular interest of her majesty. About 
 1763 he quitted his professorship through 
 Infirmities, but his salary was continued for 
 life, and an addition was made of 100/. a 
 year to his pension. In that year he pub- 
 lished his lectures, which have had a cir- 
 culation little short of his sermons, and 
 like them have been translated into various 
 languages. In 1796 he published a sermon 
 preached before the society instituted for 
 the benefit of the sons of the clergy in 
 Scotland. Dr. Blair died at Edinburgh, in 
 1800. — Lfe by Dr. Finlay son, appended to 
 Vol. V. of Dr. Blair s Sermons. 
 
 Blaik. (Robert), an ingenious poet, was 
 the eldest son of the rev. David Blair, one 
 of the ministers of Edinburgh, where he 
 was born. He received his education at the 
 school and university of his native city, 
 after which be became minister of Athel- 
 staneford, in East Lothian, where he spent 
 the remainder of his. life. He was a good 
 botanist and florist, andffiad an extensive ac- 
 quaintance with optical and microscopical 
 knowledge. He was very assiduous in the 
 discharge of his ministerial duties, and as a 
 preacher was serious and warm. l ie mar- 
 ried the daughter of Mr. Law, professor of 
 moral philosophy at Edinburgh, by whom 
 he had five sons and a daughter. He died 
 in 1746, in the 47th year of his age. Mr. 
 Blair is deservedly known by his admirable 
 poem, entitled The Grave. — Life by Dr. 
 Anderson. 
 
 Blake (Robert), a gallant admiral, was 
 born at Bridgewater, in Somersetshire, in 
 1599, and educated at Oxford, where he 
 took the degree of B. A. in 1617. Be- 
 ing of a grave and severe temper he joined 
 'with the puritans, by whose influence he 
 was chosen t<J represent his native town in 
 the parliament which met in 1 640, but lost 
 his election for the next. At the beginning 
 of the rebellion he took the part of the par- 
 liament, and served under colonel lienees, 
 
 at Bristol, when it was taken by prince 
 Rupert. He next assisted in taking Taun- 
 ton by surprize, of which place he was 
 made governor, and defended it against Go- 
 ring with such bravery that he was pub- 
 licly thanked and rewarded by parliament. 
 In 1649 he was appointed commander ot 
 the fleet, in conjunction with Deane and 
 Popham ; and soon afterwards sailed iiv 
 quest of prince Rupert, whom he blocked 
 up in Kinsale harbour. The prince after- 
 wards escaped to Lisbon, whither he was 
 followed by Blake, who demanded leave of 
 the king of Portugal to attack him, and 
 being refused he took several Brazil ships. 
 When he was gone, prince Rupert sailed 
 into the Mediteranenn, whither he was 
 followed by Blake, who attacked him in the 
 harbour of Malaga, and destroyed nearly 
 the whole of his fleet, lie then returned 
 to England with several prizes, and re- 
 ceived the thanks of parliament, by whom 
 he was made warden of the cinque ports. 
 Soon after this he reduced the Scilly isles 
 and Guernsey, for which he was made 
 one of the council of state. On the prospect 
 of a Dutch war in 1652 he Was Appointed 
 sole admiral, and was attacked in the Downs 
 byTromp, who had 45 sail, and Blake only 
 23. However, he fought so bravely, that 
 the Dutch admiral was glad to retreat. 
 In November following Tromp sailed into 
 the Downs, witli above 80 sail of men of 
 war, where, after an obstinate battle, he 
 obtained a partial victory at a dear rata. 
 But so elated was he with it that he passed 
 thrbugh the channel with a broom at his 
 maintop, signifying that he had swept the 
 sea of the English ships. In February 1655 
 Blake put to sea with 60 men of war, and 
 soon after met with the Dutch admiral, who 
 had 70 sail, and 300 merchantmen under 
 convoy. A most bloody engagement en- 
 sued, that lasted thr'ee d-avs, in which the 
 Dutch lost 1 1 men of war, and 30 merchant 
 vessels. The loss of the English was only- 
 one ship. In June following the fleets of 
 the two republics fought again oil tlws 
 Foreland ; and if the Dutch had ?iot saved 
 themselves on Calais sands all their ships 
 must have been taken. Jn 1654 he sailed 
 into the Mediterranean, where he demo- 
 lished the castle of Tunis because the dey 
 refused to deliver up the English captive#. 
 A squadron of his ships, under the command 
 of captain Stayner, intercepted a Spanish 
 plate fleet, and took the admiral, vice-ad- 
 miral, and two galleons. Blake having re- 
 ceived information that another plate fleet 
 lay at Santa Cruz, in Tenerife,. _ sailed 
 thither, and notwithstanding the strength 
 of the place he boldly. ‘went in, burnt 
 the ships, and came out without any loss. 
 Finding his health declining fast he re- 
 solved to return to England, but died as the 
 fleet was entering Plymouth, August 2-7, 
 1658. His body was interred in Henry the. 
 Vllth’s chapel, Westmi.nster-«Ll>,ey, from 
 
B L A 
 
 whence it was removed at the restoration, 
 and buried in St. Margaret’s church-yard, 
 —Campbell' s Lives of the Admirals. 
 
 Blake (John Bradley) . was born in Lon- 
 don in 1745, and educated at Westminster- 
 scnool. In 17 66 he was employed as one of 
 the supercargoes of the India company at 
 Canton, where he began to collect such 
 seeds and vegetables as are applied in China 
 to useful purposes, of which he sent home 
 a great variety. He died in 1773. — Biog. 
 jBrit. 
 
 Blampin (Thomas), a benedictine monk, 
 who published a splendid edition of the 
 works of St. Augustine. He died in 17 Id: 
 
 JMoreri. 
 
 Blanc (Thomas le), a French jesuit, was 
 provincial of his order, and died at Rheims 
 in 16'6'9. There are several works by him, 
 some on the Duties of persons in different 
 callings ; and a Commentary on the Psalms, 
 in 6 vols. folio. — Ibid. 
 
 Blanc (John Bernard le), a French wri- 
 ter, was born at Dijon in 1 707, and became 
 member of the academy Della Crusca, and 
 died in 1781. His best work is Letters on 
 the English Nation, in 3 vols. 12mo. — Nouv 
 Did. Hist. 
 
 Blanc (Antony de Guillet de), a French 
 dramatist, born at Marseilles in 1730, and 1 
 died at Paris in 1799. He was a member 
 of the congregation of the oratory, where 
 he was professor of rhetoric, but at last 
 quitted that society, and repaired to Paris, 
 where he was appointed professor of an- 
 cient languages in one of the central schools, 
 and member of the national institute. He 
 wrote, 1. Manco Capac, a tragedy: 2. The 
 Druids, a tragedy, for some free sentiments 
 in which the clergy procured it to be pro- 
 scribed. Besides these pieces he was the 
 author of some comedies and romances. — 
 Ibid. 
 
 Blanca -(Francis le), a French writer, 
 who was employed by Lewis XIV. to draw 
 up a general account of the moneys of 
 France. It was published, in 1690, 4to. with 
 figures. He also wrote a treatise on the 
 coins of Charlemagne and his successors 
 struck at Rome. He died in 1693. — Moreri. 
 
 Blanchard (John Baptist), a jesuit, was 
 born at Tourteron, in the Ardennes, in 
 1731, and died in 1797. Fie was professor 
 of rhetoric in the college of Jesuits at Metz 
 and Verdun, but after the destruction of 
 his order he resided near Namur. He 
 wrote, 1. The Temple of the Muses, a 
 collection of fables, with remarks. 2. The 
 School of Manners, consisting of moral re- 
 flections and historical facts. — Nouv. Did. 
 Hist. 
 
 Blanchard (James), an eminent painter, 
 born in 1600, and died in 1638. He ex- 
 celled on religious subjects. — Depiles. 
 
 Blanchard (William), a French lawyer 
 afid advocate in the parliament of Paris. 
 He published a Chronological Table of the 
 Ordnumces the French Kings of the third 
 
 B L E 
 
 Race, 2 vols. folio. 1717. It is held In great 
 esteem, and the author was preparing a 
 supplement to it when he died, in 1724. — 
 
 Moreri. * 
 
 Blanche of Castille, queen of France, 
 was the daughter of Alphonso IX. king of 
 Castille, and married Lewis VIII. of France 
 in 1200, by whom she had nine sons and 
 two daughters, whom she educated in the 
 principles of virtue and piety. On the 
 death of her husband in 1226 she became 
 regent, her son Lewis being only twelve 
 years old. In this station she behaved with 
 firmness and prudence, and kept down the 
 aspiring spirit of the great lords. She paid 
 particular attention to the education of the 
 young king, and married him early to the 
 daughter of the count of Provence. During 
 his expedition to the Holy I, and she governed 
 the kingdom with great discretion, but the 
 news of his defeat and imprisonment so 
 affected her spirits, that she died in '1252- 
 ——Moreri. 
 
 Blanchet (Thomas), professor of paint- 
 ing in the academy of Paris, was horn in 
 1617, and died in 1689. His manner was 
 good, his design correct, and his colouring 
 excellent. — D' Argehville. 
 
 Blan cuet (abbe), keeper of the books in 
 the French king’s cabinet. He is known 
 by his Varietes Morales et Amusantes, 1784 ; 
 and Apologues et Contes Orientaux, 1785, 
 8vo. which are sentimental and amusing. 
 He died in 1784. — Nouv. Did. Hist. 
 
 Bland (Elizabeth), eminent for her 
 knowledge of the Hebrew language, was 
 born in London, about 1660. Her maiden 
 name was Fisher, and in 1681 she married 
 Mr.Nathaniel Bland, of Boston, in Yorkshire. 
 She wrote the Hebrew language with great 
 elegance, and the royal society have pre- 
 served a phylactery of her writing among 
 their curiosities. She was living in 1712.-— 
 Ballard's Lives of British Ladies. 
 
 Blandrata (George), an Italian physi- 
 cian, who having broached the arian doc- 
 trine, the inquisition of Pavia was desirous 
 of burning him, to avoid which he fled to 
 Geneva, and from thence to Poland in 1558. 
 He became physician to Stephen Battori, 
 king of Poland, who also made him privy 
 counsellor. At first he wished to qiake 
 the king a proselyte to his notions, but find- 
 ing that he could not succeed he relaxed in 
 his zeal, and paid his court to the jesuits. 
 He was strangled by his nephew, whom he 
 had made his heir, about the year 1593.— 
 Boyle. 
 
 Blankof (John Teuniz), aDutch painter 
 of landscapes and 6ea pieces. He was bom 
 atAlkmaarin 1628, and died in 1670. — Hou- 
 braken. 
 
 Bleddyn a British prince, who reigned 
 in conjunction with his brother Rhiwallon 
 in North Wales till 1068, when he ruled 
 alone. He was slain in battle in 1072. Bled- 
 dyn was an active prince, and framed a 
 code of good laws. — Queen's Ca mb, Biog. 
 
BLO 
 
 BL O 
 
 Bt.eudyn, a British bard, who flourished 
 in the 1:5th century. Many pieces of his 
 Tare in the Welsh Archaiologv. — Owens C.B. 
 
 Blf.dai, bishop of Landaff, who died in 
 1023, and of whom an historian of that pe- 
 riod, says that he was the greatest scholar 
 among the Welsh, and thence called Bledri 
 the Wise. He greatly encouraged learning 
 in his diocese. — Ibid. 
 
 Blf.eck (PeterVan),an eminent painter, 
 who died in London in 17G4. The cele- 
 brated picture of Johnson and Griffin, two 
 famous comedians, in thecharacters of Ana- 
 nias and Tribulation in the Alchymist, was 
 done bv him. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Blegwryd, chancellor of I.andafF, under 
 his brother Morgan, prince of Glamorgan. 
 He was a learned man, and accompanied 
 Howe! the good to Rome, to consult about 
 the revision of the laws of Wales in 926. — 
 Given's Camb. Bing. 
 
 Blegny (Nicholas de), a French surgeon, 
 who established in his house at Paris a so- 
 ciety which he called an academy of new 
 discoveries. Here he gave lectures on Va- 
 rious branches of the medical profession. 
 He also conducted a periodical journal, en» 
 tilled. New Discoveries in all Jjepartments 
 of Medicine. Besides this, he published 
 various woks in physic and surgery. He 
 died at the close of the 17th century. — Hal- 
 ler Bibl. Med. Bract. 
 
 Bless (Henry), an historical and land- 
 scape painter, was born at Bovine, near 
 Dinant, in 1180, and died in 1550. His 
 pieces are called owl pictures, because he 
 placed that bird as a mark. — PUL 
 
 Blkterie (5ohn Philip Rene de la), an 
 ingenious French writer. He was professor 
 of eloquence in the royal college at Paris, 
 and a member of the academy of belles- 
 lettres. He died in 1772. His principal 
 works are, TheLife of the Emperor Julian, 
 12mo. The History of the Emperor Jovian, 
 2 vols. 12mo. Translation of part of Tacitus, 
 2 vols. 12mo. — Noun. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Block (Mari Eiliezer), an ingenious na- 
 turalist, was born at Anspach, of mean pa- 
 rentage. Entering into the service of a sur- 
 geon he studied anatomy, medicine, and 
 natural history. His first researches were 
 into the intestinal vermes, on which he 
 wrote a treatise. Many of his memoirs on 
 fishes are in the memoirs of the society of 
 the friends of nature at Berlin, and he pub- 
 lished a capifal work, entitled, A History 
 of Fishes, 6 vols. folio, with coloured plates. 
 He died in 1799. — Ibid. 
 
 Block (Daniel), a portrait painter, was 
 born in Pomerania in 1580, and died in 
 1661. There were two others of the same 
 name, Jacob and Benjamin ; the one paint- 
 ed architecture and perspective* and the 
 other portrait and history. — Houbraken. 
 
 Blocki.and (Anthony de Montfort), an 
 historical and portrait painter, was born in 
 1532, and died in 1583. His pictures are 
 very elegant. He had two brothers, Peter 
 
 and Herbert, who both studied under him. 
 'Phe first painted battles and markets, and 
 the other portraits and conversations.— 
 
 Bloemart (Abraham), a Dutch painter, 
 born in 1567, and died in 1647. Several 
 prints have been engraved after his works. 
 His sons Henry and Adrian followed his 
 profession, but not with equal reputation. 
 —Depiles. 
 
 Bloeman (John Francis), a Flemish 
 painter of eminence, who died at Rome in 
 1740, aged 84. His landscapes are in the 
 first style of excellence — Pilkingion. 
 
 Blond (James Christopher le), a minia- 
 ture painter, born at Frankfort on the 
 Maine in 1670, and died in 1741. lie in- 
 vented a method of engraving in colours, 
 on which he wrote a treatise. — Noun. Diet. 
 Hist. 
 
 Blondet. (David), a French protestant 
 divine, was born at Chalons in 1591. He 
 wrote a defence of the reformed churches 
 of France, in answer to the bishop ofl.u- 
 con, afterwards cardinal Richelieu, which 
 gained him great reputation. The national 
 synod of Charenton chose him honorary 
 professor in 1645. He succeeded Vossius 
 at Amsterdam as professor of history, and 
 died there in 1655. His principal works 
 are, Explications on tiie Eucharist ; of the 
 Primacy of xhe Church; on the Sybils; 
 and on Bishops and Presbyters. Blondel 
 offended many zealous protestants by re- 
 futing the story of pope Joan . — Bay Is. 
 
 Blondel (Francis), a French architect. 
 He obtained several distinguished situation* 
 -in the army and navy, and instructed the 
 dauphin in mathematics. l ie was a direc- 
 tor of the academy of architecture, mem- 
 ber of that of sciences, and died in 1680 . 
 He wrote some books on architecture; the 
 Art of throwing Bombs ; History of the 
 Roman Calendar ; a new Manner of forti- 
 fying Places — D' Argenn'dle. 
 
 Blondel (John Francis), of the sums 
 family with the above, was born at Roueq 
 in 1705, and became eminent in architec- 
 ture, of which he was elected professor at 
 Paris. He died in 1774. His works are, 
 A Course of Architecture, 6 vols, 8vo. ; Of 
 the Decoration of Edifices, 2 vols. 4to.; 
 Discourse on Architecture, 12mo. He also 
 wrote the articles on that science in the 
 Encyclopedic, — Noun, Did. Hist. 
 
 Blondin (Peter), a botanist, was born in 
 Picardy in 1682. He studied under Tour- 
 nefort, and in 1712 was admitted into 
 the French academy. He died in 171:4. 
 Though he left several valuable collec- 
 tions, none have been printed. — Eloge par 
 Fontenelle. 
 
 Blood (Thomas), an extraordinary cha- 
 racter, who rendered, himself famous by 
 two daring exploits. The first was, the 
 seizing the duke of Ormond with an intent 
 to hang him at Tyburn, from which his 
 grace Was delivered bv his servants -. the 
 other was that of s.tealnig the crown and 
 
boa 
 
 is l o 
 
 other regalia from the Tower. Blood was 
 taken in the last enterprise, 'disguised as a 
 clergyman. Charles . II. caused him to be 
 brought into his presence, where he con- 
 fessed that he had once formed a design 
 against his life, but that the sight of his 
 majesty awed him from the execution of it. 
 The king granted him a pardon, and gave 
 him an estate of 500/. a year in Ireland. l ie 
 died in 1680. — Biog; Br. 
 
 if loot (Peter), a Flemish painter of con- 
 versations in low life. l ie died in 1667. — 
 Pilkingtoiu 
 
 . Blosius, or be Blois (Lewis), a learned 
 benedictine and abbot of the monastery of 
 Liessies in Hainau.lt. He refused the arch- 
 bishopric of Cambray, and died in 1566. 
 lie wrote Speculum Religiosorum, which 
 has been translated into French. — Moreri. 
 
 Blount (Charles), lord Mountjoy and 
 earl of Devonshire, was the second son of 
 James lord Mountjoy, and -was born in 
 1563. His person and accomplishrhents 
 recommended him to the notice of queen 
 Elizabeth, who conferred on him the 
 honour of knighthood. In 1594 he was 
 made governor of Portsmouth, and the 
 same year succeeded his brother in the 
 peerage. Me formed a troop, with which 
 he served in the Low Countries and in 
 Brittany, but the queen was displeased at 
 his absence, and ordered him to remain at 
 court. She made him knight of the gar- 
 ter in 1597, and gave him a military ap- 
 pointment in Ireland, where he suppressed 
 a rebellion. In 1603 he returned to Eng- 
 land, bringing with him Tyrone, the rebel 
 chieftain. James I. created him earl of 
 Devonshire, and made him master of the 
 ordnance. At the close of life he fell into 
 disgrace by marrying the divorced lady 
 Rich, daughter of Essex. He died in 1606. 
 
 Blag. Brit. 
 
 Blount (Thomas), an English writer, 
 was borninWorcestershire in 1619, and died 
 in 1679. He wrote, Boscobel, or the His- 
 tory of the King’s Escape after the Battle 
 of Worcester, 1681, 8vo. ; Fragmenta Anti- 
 quitatis, or ancient Tenures of Land ; and 
 Jocular Custopis of some Manors, 1679. 
 The last is a curious book. — Blog. Brit. 
 
 Blount (sir Henry), an ingenious writer, 
 was born in 1602, in Hertfordshire, and 
 educated at Trinity-college, Oxford, from 
 whence he removed to Gray’s-inn, and 
 after some time spent tiiere, set out on his 
 travels in 1634. He went as far as Grand 
 Cairo, and returned to England, where in 
 16:56 he published his Voyage into the 
 Levant, which went through several edi- 
 tions. He was knighted by Charles I. and 
 served him some time, but at last went over 
 to the parliament, and was nominated a 
 commissioner of trade. lie died in 1682. — 
 Ibid. 
 
 Bi.ount (sir Thomas Pope), eldest son 
 «f the above, was born in 1649, and created 
 • baronet in 1679. He served in several 
 
 parliaments, and at the revolution wait ap- r » 
 pointed commissioner of accounts. He 
 died in 1697. He wrote, Censura Celc- 
 briorum Authorum, &c. 1690, folio ; Essays 
 on different Subjects, 8vo. ; a Natural His- 
 tory, 1693, 12mo. ; Remarks upon Poetry. 
 —Biog. Brit. 
 
 Blount (Charles), a deistical writer, 
 was the youngest son of sir Henry Blount, 
 and born in 1654. A pamphlet of his, in 
 which he grounded King William’s claim 
 on the right of conquest, was burnt by the 
 hangman ; and another, on the Life of 
 Apollonius Tyaneus, gave great offence as 
 an attack on Christianity. On the death 
 of Iris wife, he fell in love with her sister, 
 and because he could not marry her shot 
 himself in 1693. Ills miscellaneous works 
 were published by Gildon. — Ibid. 
 
 Blow (John), an English musician, was 
 born at Collingham in Nottinghamshire. 
 He became successively teacher of the chil- 
 dren of the chapel royal, composer to the 
 king, and master of the choristers in St. 
 Paul’s cathedral. Archbishop Sancroft gave 
 him the degree of doctor in music. He be- 
 came organist ofWestminster-abbey on the 
 death of Parcel, and died in 1708 Haw- 
 kins-. Burney. Biog. Brit. 
 
 Blum (Joachim Christian), a German 
 poet, was born at Rathenau in 1739. He 
 was educated at Brandenburg and Berlin, 
 and applied chiefly to the study of the 
 belles-lettres. Afterwards he removed to 
 Frankfort-on-the-Oder, where he studied 
 under Baumgarten, and then led a philo- 
 sophical life, and cultivated an intimacy 
 With the muses. He died in 1790. He 
 wrote, Lyric Poems and Idyls ; and a 
 drama called Rathenau Delivered. Fie was 
 also the author of orations, and a collec- 
 tion of German proverbs. — SchlichUgr oil's 
 Necrology. 
 
 Bluteau (Dom. Raphael), a Roman 
 catholic divine, was born in London of 
 French parents, and studied at Parts. He 
 afterwards went to Lisbon, where he pub- 
 iihed a dictionary, Portuguese and Latin, 
 in 10 vols. folio, of great merit. Fie -died 
 in 1734, aged 96; — Moreri. 
 
 Boadicka, orBoNoucA,a British heroine, 
 was the wife, of Prafatagds, king of the 1 
 Iccni who, for the security of "his family, 
 made the Roman emperor co-heir with his 
 daughters. The Roman officers on this 
 took possession of his palace, exposed the 
 princesses to the brutality of the soldiers, 
 and scourged the queen in public. Boa-' 
 dicea, roused to revenge by this abomi- 
 nable usage, assembled her countrymen and 
 stormed Camalodunum (now Colchester), 
 the garrison of which were put to the 
 sword, Suetonius Paulinas defeated the 
 Britons, and feoadicea fell among the slain 
 or poisoned herself, A. D. 60 ,—Biuv. Br. 
 Tacitus. 
 
 Boate (Gerhard), a Dutch physician, 
 who settled in Ireland, of which country 
 
BOC 
 
 B O C 
 
 lie wrote the natural history, published by 
 Samuel Hartlib in 1652, 12ino. Part of 
 this work treats on agriculture. — Pnltesiey's 
 
 Sketches on Botany. 
 
 Bobart (Jacob), a German gardener and 
 botanist, who had the care of the physic 
 garden at Oxford, where he died in 1679, 
 aged 81. He wrote Catalogus Plantarum 
 horti Medica Oxoniensis scil. Latino-An- 
 glicus et Anglico-Latinus, 1648, Svo. Of 
 his son Jacob, who also belonged to the 
 physic-garden, this story is told: Finding 
 a dead rat in the garden, he made it to re- 
 semble the common figure of a dragon, by 
 ! altering its head and tail, and thrusting in 
 taper sharp sticks, which distended the skin 
 on each side till it mimicked wings. He 
 let it dry as hard as possible. The learned 
 pronounced it a dragon, and one of them 
 gave an accurate description of it to Mngli- 
 abecchi, librarian to the grand duke of 
 | Tuscany; several fine copies of verses were 
 also written on so rare a subject; but at 
 last Mr.Bobart discovered the cheat; how- 
 ever it was looked upon as a masterpiece 
 of art ; and as such deposited in the mu- 
 seum. — Wood's A. 0. Grey's Notes to Hudi- 
 hras. 
 
 Boccage (Maria Anne le Page), an in- 
 genious lady, was born at Rouen in 1710, 
 and at the age of 16 married Peter Joseph 
 du Boccage. She displayed a taste for 
 poetry at an early period, and acquired the 
 friendship of several eminent literary cha- 
 racters, as Voltaire, I-Ieinault , Montesquieu, 
 and others. In 1746 she obtained a prize 
 from the academy at Rouen ; and contend- 
 ed for another given by the French aca- 
 demy for an eulogium on Lewis XV. Her 
 comprtitor on this occasion was Marmon- 
 tel, who succeeded. She published a poem 
 ; entitled Paradis Terrestre, taken from Mil- 
 ton, and translated the Death of Abel. She 
 died in 1802. Her works are in 3 vols. 8vo. 
 —Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Boccacio (John), a celebrated Italian 
 writer, was born at Certaldo in Tuscany, 
 in 1313, and, when young, became intimate 
 with Petrarcha. He resided a long time at 
 Naples, where he fell in love with a natural 
 daughter of the king. At the close of life 
 he returned to his native place, and died in 
 1375. His Decameron, or Collection of 
 Novels, is the most esteemed of his works ; 
 but the stories are licentious. — Tiraloschi. 
 
 Boccacci, or Boccaccino (Camillo), 
 an Italian painter of history and portrait, 
 born at Cremona, and died in 1546, aged 
 35. — Pilkington. 
 
 Boccalini (Trajan), an Italian satirist, 
 was born at Rome, and became famous for 
 his wit, which in the end proved his de- 
 j struction; for, making too free with the 
 court of Spain, he was murdered in his bed 
 by four assassins. This happened at V enice 
 in 1613. His writings are, News from Par- 
 nassus, which has been translated into many 
 
 languages; La Secretaria di Apollo; and 
 the Political Touchstone, written against 
 the Spaniards. — Tiraboschi. 
 
 Bocchu s,king of Mauritania, wholeagued 
 with Jugurtha,his father-in-law, against the 
 Romans, but being defeated by Marius, he 
 sought the favour of his conquerors by de- 
 livering Jugurtha into their hands. The 
 traitor then obtained part of the kingdom, 
 about 100 B. C. r CW Hist. 
 
 Bocciardi (Clemente), among painters 
 goes under the name of Clememone. He 
 was born at Genoa in 1620, and died in. 
 1 658. — D’ Argenville. 
 
 Boccold (John), commonly called John 
 of Leyden , a fanatic and taylor of that city, 
 in the beginning of the 16th century. He 
 associated himself with Mathias, a baker of 
 Haerlem ; aud these two, at the head of a 
 rabble of anabaptists, made themselves 
 masters of the city of Munster, The place 
 was besieged by the bishop, and Mathias, 
 in a frantic sally, being slain, Boccold sue 
 ceeded him, assuming tire regal and prophe- 
 tic character. He set up a government 
 modelled according to a perversion of scrip- 
 tural declarations, and called himself king 
 of Sion. He allowed a plurality of wives, 
 and had 14 himself: one of whom he put 
 to death for questioning his divine autho- 
 rity. When the city was taken, Boccold 
 was put to death, in the 26th year of his 
 age. — Mosheim. JMoreri. 
 
 Boccone (Paul), an Italian naturalist, 
 was born at Palermo in Sicily, in 1633. 
 He travelled through most parts of Europe, 
 to acquire a knowledge of their produc- 
 tions; but attached himself principally to 
 botany. He wrote, leones et Descriptiones 
 rariorum plantarum Sicilian, Melitaj, Gallire, 
 et Italise, Lyons and Oxford , 1674; but his 
 greatest work is entitled Musea di Plante 
 rare, Venice, 1691. He died at Palermo ia 
 17 04.— Haller Bill. Bot. 
 
 Boccoris, king of Egypt. Trogus Pom- 
 peius and Tacitus relate that this prince 
 having consulted the oracle of Ammon, re- 
 specting the leprosy which raged in his 
 country, was advised to drive out the Jews 
 as a people of no service, and odious to the 
 divinity. The history of Moses confutes 
 this fable. 
 
 Bochart (Samuel), a French protestant 
 divine, was born at Rouen in 1599, and 
 studied at different universities in his ovyn 
 country and abroad ; after which he was 
 chosen minister of Caen. In 1646 he pub- 
 lished Geographia Sacra, which added to 
 his reputation. In 1652 he went to Stock- 
 holm at the invitation of the queen of Swe- 
 den, who honoured him with several marks 
 of her esteem. At his return he became 
 member of the academy of Caen, where he 
 died in 1667. He wrote, besides the work 
 above mentioned, Hierozoicon, London, 
 folio, 1675, which treats of the animals 
 mentioned in scripture t a treatise on the, 
 M 
 
BOB 
 
 B O E 
 
 Terrestrial Paradise ; and some other curi- 
 ous* pieces. His works appeared at Leyden 
 in 1712, S vols. folio. — Bayle. 
 
 Bocinus (John), a modern Latin poet, 
 was born at Brussels in 1555, and studied 
 divinity under Bellarmin. Afterwards he 
 became secretary of Antwerp. He died in 
 16'0!). His poems were printed at Cologne 
 in 1655. — Moreri. 
 
 Bockhokst (John van), an historical and 
 portrait painter, was born about 1610, and 
 studied under Jordaeus. — Houbraken. 
 
 Bocquillot (Lazarus Andrew), a French 
 writer, was born at Avalon, became an 
 •advocate, and lastly an ecclesiastic. He 
 was made canon of Avalon, where he died 
 in 1728, aged 80. He wrote, Sermons ; a 
 Treatise on the Uturgy ; the Life of the 
 Chevalier Bayard, & c. — Moreri. 
 
 Bodin (John), a lawyer, was born at 
 Angers in 1530, and studied at Toulouse. 
 Not meeting with success at the bar, he 
 applied himself to writing. His treatise 
 De Republica was printed several times, 
 and lectures were read upon it at Cam- 
 bridge. Plis work on Demonology was a 
 text book for those who were employed in 
 , prosecuting sorcerers. He obtained several 
 employments in France, and died of the 
 plague at I^aon in 15967 Besides the above, 
 he wrote several other works. — Moreri. 
 
 ( Bodley (sir Thomas), a celebrated en- 
 courager of learning, was born at Exeter 
 in 1544. - He received the first part of his 
 education at Geneva, and on his return to 
 .England entered of Magdalen college, Ox- 
 ford. In 1564 he was chosen fellow of 
 Merton college, and the year following 
 read lectures in Greek, and served the 
 offices of public orator and proctor. Eliza- 
 beth employed him in several embassies ; 
 but in 1597 he determined to retire from 
 public life, and the same year began to re- 
 store the university library of Oxford. He 
 almost rebuilt that noble fabric, furnished 
 it with a great number of books collected 
 at a considerable expense, and at his death 
 he bequeathed nearly his whole property 
 for the support and augmentation of it. 
 Bv this means the' Bodleian library is the 
 first of its kind in the world. At the ac- 
 cession of James I. Mr. Bodley received the 
 honour of knighthood. He died in 1612, 
 and was buried in the chapel of Merton 
 College. — Princes Worthies of Devon. Biog. 
 Brit. 
 
 BrECLER (John Henry), historiographer 
 of Sweden, and professor of eloquence at 
 ■Strasburg, born in 1611, and died in 1692. 
 He wrote, Commentaries on Pliny ; a His- 
 tory of Tamerlane ; a Commentary upon 
 Grotius de Jure Belli et Pacis ; and other 
 works. — Moreri. 
 
 Boece, or Boethius I. (Hector), a Scotch 
 historian, was born at Dundee in 1470, and 
 studied at Aberdeen and Paris. On the 
 foundation of King « college, Aberdeen, by 
 
 archishop Elphinstone, he was appointed 
 the first principal; in gratitude for which, 
 at the death of that prelate, he wrote his 
 life, with an account of his predecessors in 
 that see. But his greatest work is the His- 
 tory of Scotland in Latin, of which the beat 
 edition is that of Paris in 1574, folio. It is 
 written in an elegant style, but full of le- 
 gendary tales and perverted facts. — Biog.Br. 
 
 Bcehnen (Jacob), a visionary, was born 
 near Goerlitz in 1575, and brought up a 
 shoemaker. Fie went on for some years in 
 a close application to business, and a devout 
 attention to religious exercises. At last he 
 began to be visited with spiritual illumina- 
 tions, which overpowered him with extasy. 
 These manifestations he put down in writ- 
 ing, and in 1612 communicated them to 
 the world in a book entitled Aurora. For 
 this he was persecuted bv a furious divine 
 named Richter, and forbidden to write by 
 the magistrates. After obeying the injunc- 
 tion some time, his illuminations became 
 too powerful to be withheld, and he sent 
 forth a number of books equally wonderful 
 and unintelligible with the former. Bcch- 
 men died in communion with the Lutheran 
 church, 1624. His writings have found 
 numerous admirers in many countries, par- 
 ticularly in England, where a translation 
 appeared some years ago in 3 vols. 4to. 
 Dr. More says that the Quakers took a 
 good part of their system from Boehmen. — ■ 
 Moreri. 
 
 Boehm (William Anthony), a pious divine, 
 was born in 1673 at Oestorf, in Germany, 
 where bis father was a minister. Fie was 
 educated at Halle under professor Franck. 
 Afterwards he came to England and became 
 chaplain to prince George of Denmark and 
 minister ol the German chapel, at St. James’s. 
 He died in 1732. Mr. Boehm published a 
 volume of Sermons, and translated into 
 
 English Arndt on True Christianity. 
 
 Wilford's Pious Memorials. 
 
 Boel (Peter), a Flemish painter of still 
 life and animals, born in 1625, and died in 
 1680. He studied under Cornelius de Waal, 
 and afterwards at Rome. — Pilkington. 
 
 Boeriiaave (Herman), a celebrated phy- 
 sician, was born in 1668, at Voorhoot, near 
 Leyden, and educated at that university 
 with a view to the ministry, but falling 
 under the false accusation of spinosism 
 while a student, he abandoned that , line, 
 and turned his attention to physic, and the 
 branches of science connected with it. In. 
 1701 he read lectures upon the institutes of 
 physic; and in 1709 was appointed pro- 
 fessor of medicine and botany. In 1714 he 
 was chosen rector of the university, and 
 displayed so much spirit against cartesianism 
 as to rouse the resentment of the friends of 
 that system against him ; particularly a 
 theological professor at Franeker, who 
 charged Boeriiaave with being a deist; for 
 which the lufioui divine was obliged,- b r 
 
B O H 
 
 B O I 
 
 Ms own university, to make an apology. 
 In 1713 he was nominated professor of che- 
 mistry, a science which he greatly improv- 
 ed. His fame was spread over the world : 
 he was chosen a member of the academy 
 of sciences at Paris, and of the royal so- 
 ciety of London ; and a Chinese mandarin 
 is said to have written him a letter with 
 this direction, “ to the illustrious Boerhaave, 
 physician in Europe.” He died after a lin- 
 gering illness, which he bore with Christian 
 fortitude and resignation, in 1738. His 
 writings are universally known ; we need 
 not, therefore, enumerate them. — Moreri. 
 
 Boethie bSceDhen de la), a French writer. 
 He was counsellor of the parliament at 
 Bourdeaux, and died in 1563, aged 32. He 
 translated some pieces of Plutarch and 
 Xenophon ; and wrote besides some poems 
 !' in Latin and French. — Ibid. 
 
 Boethius, or Boetius (Anitius Manlius 
 < Torquatus Severinus), a Roman philoso- 
 ; pher, was descended of a patrician family, 
 
 ;• and in 510 was advanced to the consulship, 
 j He was a profound scholar, and well versed 
 in mathematical learning. Fie also defend- 
 ed the catholic faith against the Arians, in 
 I a treatise de Unitate. For his zeal in de- 
 fending Albinus the senator, Theedoric, 
 king of Italy, sent him prisoner to the 
 tower of Pavia, where he wrote his immor- 
 tal book De Consolatione Pliilosophi®,. 
 which has passed through numerous edi- 
 tions, and was translated into Anglo Saxon 
 by the illustrious Alfred. Boethius was put 
 to death, but how is not clearly ascertained, 
 in 524. — Gibbon . IMoreri. 
 
 Bo r f p . a nd (Germain), a French architect, 
 
 : was born at Nantes in 1667. He built 
 several superb edifices, and constructed 
 a number of bridges, canals, and other 
 ? works. He died at Paris in 1755. He 
 j wrote a book on the principles of architec- 
 1 ture.— Z)’ Argctmille. 
 
 Bogan (Zachary), an English divine, wa* 
 born at Little Hempstone, in Devonshire, 
 
 [j and educated first at Alban hall, and af- 
 terwards at Corpus Christi college, Oxford. 
 He became noted for his skill in the lan- 
 | guages, and wrote additions to Rous’s Ar- 
 1 ch.eologias Attic® ; a View of the Threats 
 1 and Punishments recorded in Scripture, 8vo. 
 On the Worth of a ChristianLifeSvo.; Com- 
 paratio Homeri cum Scriptoribus Sacris 
 quoad Norraam loquendi, 8vo. ; Help to 
 Prayer, 12mo. He died in 1659, and was 
 buried in the chapel of his college. — Wood's 
 A. 0. 
 
 Bogoris, the first Christian king of Bul- 
 i garia. He declared war in 845 against 
 T. heodora the empress, who however con- 
 ciliated hie esteem by sending back his 
 sister, who had been taken prisoner on the 
 frontiers, and she was the means of convert- 
 ; ing him to Christianity. — Univ. Hist. 
 
 Bohadin, an Arabian historian of the 
 12th century, wrote the life of Saladin,with 
 f 'yhom he was a great favourite. An edition 
 I *1 it appeared at Leyden in 1 755, — Moreri, 
 
 Bohemond, the first prince of Antioch, 
 accompanied his father Robert Guiscard 
 duke of Apulia in his attempt on the eastern 
 empire in lOgi. On the return of Robert 
 to Italy he left the command to his son, who 
 defeated the emperor Alexius in two battles. 
 After his father’s death he became prince of 
 Tarentum, and distinguished himself in the 
 first crusade. In 1098 he took Antioch, of 
 which he became prince. He afterwards 
 took Loadicea, but was himself made pri- 
 soner, and on gaining his liberty he married 
 the daughter of Philip king of France. He 
 then returned to Greece with a large army, 
 but met with little success. He died in 
 1111. Six princes of his name succeeded 
 him in the sovereignty of Antioch. — Moreri. 
 
 Bohn (John), a learned physician and 
 professor in that faculty at Leipsic, waj 
 born there in 1640, and died in 1719. He 
 wrote several valuable works on medical 
 science and chemistry. One, on the duties 
 of a physician, was published at Leipsic in 
 1704, 4to. with this title, De Officio Medici 
 duplici, clinico & forensi. — Haller BM. Anat . 
 
 Boiardo (Mattheo Maria), count of Sean- 
 diano, and governor of Reggio, is known 
 by some Italian and Latin poems. The 
 principal is entitled Orlando Inamorato, in 
 imitation of the Iliad. This poem was com- 
 pleted by Ariosto, whose Orlando Furioso 
 is only a continuation of it. The best edi- 
 tion is that of Venice, 1544, 4to. — Tiraboschi. 
 
 Boileau (Giles), a member of the French 
 academy. He published a translation of 
 Epictetus, two disputations against Menage, 
 and Castor, and other works. He 1 died in 
 1669, aged 38. — Moreri. 
 
 Boileau (James), brother of the above, 
 and doctor of Sorbonne, was born at Paris 
 in 1635, and became dean of the faculty of 
 divinity, and canon of the holy chapel. He 
 died in 1716, and left some learned works 
 on ecclesiastical history. — Ibid. 
 
 Boileau (sieur Despreaux, Nicholas), a 
 famous French poet, was born at Pari* 
 in 1636, and was bred to the law, in which, 
 however, he made little progress. Ilis pro- 
 ductions, especially his satires, gained him 
 great reputation. Lewis XIV. was highly 
 pleased with his works, and distinguished 
 him by several marks of his favour. In 
 1684 he was chosen member of the French 
 academy, and in 1701 he was elected pen- 
 sionary of the academy of inscriptions and 
 medals, which he held till 1705, when his 
 growing infirmities obliged him to resign. 
 He died in 1711. The best edition of his 
 works is that of Durand in 1747, 5 vols*. 
 8vo. — Ho.uv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Boileau (John James), a French divine 
 was canon of the church of St. Honore at 
 Paris, and died there in 1735, aged 86. He 
 wrote, 1 . Letters oil Morality and Devotion, 
 2 vols. 12mo, 2. The Lives of the Duchess 
 of Liancourt and Madam Combe. — Ibid. 
 
 Boindin (Nicholas), a French dramatic 
 writer, was a soldier, which profession he 
 abandoned for that of literature, ffi 17Q€ 
 M 2 
 
B O I 
 
 B O L 
 
 he became member of the academy of in- 
 scriptions and belles lettres. He died in 
 1751, and was interred without any reli- 
 gious ceremony, owing to his avowal pf 
 atheism. His works, which are all comic, 
 tvere printed in 2 vols. 12mo. 1753. — Nouv. 
 Diet. Hist. 
 
 Bois (John du), or Johannes a Bosco, a 
 French monk of the celestine order. He 
 quitted his religious profession for some 
 time, and served with great credit in the 
 army of Henry III. who used to call him 
 the Emperor of Monks. He afterwards 
 returned to his order, and obtained the 
 abbey of Beaulieu. He hated the jesuits, 
 and accused them as privy to the death of 
 Henry IV. for which he was confined in 
 the castle of St. Angelo at Rome, where he 
 died in 1626. He printed a collection of 
 fragments of ancient ecclesiastical authors. 
 —Moreri. 
 
 Bois (Gerard du), a priest of the oratory, 
 was born at Orleans, and died in 1696, 
 aged 67. He completed the Ecclesiastical 
 Annals of France, of Pere le Comte; and 
 wrote a History of the Church of Paris, 2 
 Tols. folio, 1690, Latin. — Ibid. 
 
 Bois (Philip du), a French divine, and 
 doctor of the Sorbonne. He died in 1703, 
 and left, 1. An edition of Tibullus, Catullus 
 eft Propertius, ad Usum Delphini, 2 vols. 
 8vo. ; and an edition of the works of Mal- 
 donat the jesuit. — Ibid. 
 
 Boismorand (the abbe Chiron de), a 
 French satirist, who died in 1740. He was 
 bred under the jesuits, whom he afterwards 
 severely lashed, and then published a, refu- 
 tation of himself. He also wrote several 
 memoirs with elegance. — Nouv. Did. Hist. 
 
 Boisrobert (Francis le Metel de), a ce- 
 lebrated French wit, born at Caen in 1592, 
 and died in 1 662. He was greatly esteemed 
 by cardinal Richelieu, who made him abbot 
 of Chatillon-sur-Seine, He wrote several 
 Poems, Letters, Tragedies, Comedies, and 
 Tales, Nouvelles Heroiques, &c. — Moreri. 
 
 Boissard (John James), a French anti- 
 quary, was born at Besan5on in 1528, and 
 died in 1602: he travelled through Italy, 
 
 the Greek islands, the Morea, and Germany. 
 His great work is De Romanse urbis Topo- 
 graphic et Antiquitate, 4 vols. folio. He 
 also published a collection of lives .of emi- 
 nent persons, under the title of Theatrum 
 Vitae Humanae, 1599, Frankfort, 4to. After 
 his death appeared his Treatise de Divina- 
 tiones et Magicis Prsestigiis.— Bayle. Mor. 
 
 Boissat (Peter de), a native of Vienne in 
 Dauphiny,who took in succession the gown 
 and the sword, and at last quitted both. 
 Taking a fanatical turn, he let his hair and 
 beard grow, clothed himself wretchedly, 
 and went on pilgrimage. He died in 1662, 
 aged 68. He was a member of the academy, 
 and wrote 1’Histoire Negropontique, ou les 
 Amours d’Alexandre Castriot, 8vo. — Mor. 
 
 Boissy (Lewis de), a celebrated French 
 comic writer. While all Paris was delighted 
 with his performances, the poor author, 
 
 with his wife and child, were starving. In 
 this condition, without a morsel of bread, 
 and speechless through hunger, a friend 
 stepped in and found them. When this af» 
 fair became known the marchioness de Pom- 
 padour made him a liberal present, and got 
 him the place of complrolleur de Mercure 
 de France, with a pension for his family. 
 He was a member of the French academy, 
 and died in 1758. His works were printed 
 in 3 vols. 8vo. — Nouv. Did. Hist. 
 
 Boivin (Francis de), a French historian* 
 He was secretary to marshal de Brissac ; and 
 wrote the History of the Wars of Piedmont, 
 2 vols. 8vo. He died in 1618. — Moreri. 
 
 Boivin (Lewis), advocate in parliament, 
 and an eminent scholar, was born at Mon- 
 treuil in upper Normandy. He wrote soma 
 indifferent poetry, and learned dissertation! 
 on historical subjects. He died in 1724, 
 aged 75. — Nouv. Did. Hist. 
 
 Boivin (John), brother of the above, 
 became professor of Greek in the royal col- 
 lege at Paris, member of the French aca- 
 demy, of that of belles lettres, and keeper 
 of the king’s library. He died in 1726, 
 aged 64. He wrote, 1. The Apology for 
 Homer, and the Shield of Achilles, 12mo. 
 2. Translation of the Batrachomyomachia of 
 Homer. 3. The Oedipus of Sophocles, and 
 the Birds of Aristophanes, translated into 
 French. 4, An edition of the Mathematics 
 Veteres, 1693, folio. 5. A Life of Claude 
 la Peletier, in Latin, & c. — Ibid. 
 
 Bokh ari, a celebrated mussulman doctor, 
 who maintained absolute predestination, 
 and died at Bokharah, in the 256th year of 
 the Hegira. His great work is a collection 
 of traditions, called Tektirtch, or the Sin- 
 cere. — D' Herb el ot. 
 
 Bol (Ferdinand), a Dutch painter of his- 
 tory and portrait, born in 1611, and died in 
 1681. He studied under Rembrandt, and his 
 pictures have great merit. — Houbraken. 
 
 Bol (John), an admirablepainter of land- 
 scapes and towns; born at Mechlin in 1534, 
 and died in 1593. — Ibid. 
 
 Bolanger (John), a disciple of Guido, 
 whose manner he imitated. His subjects 
 were taken from sacred and profane history. 
 He died in 1660, aged 54. — D' Argenville. 
 
 Bolesi.aus I. king of Poland, who suc- 
 ceeded his father Micislaus in 999. The 
 emperor Otho III. gave him the title of 
 king, Poland being only a dukedom before 
 Boleslaus conquered Moravia, and made 
 that country tributary. He was a prince 
 of great qualities ; and died in 1025. — Univ. 
 Hist. 
 
 Boleslaus II. surnamed the bold and the 
 cruel , born in 1043, was elected king of Po- 
 land on the death of his father Casimir I. in 
 1059. He was a warlike prince, and re- 
 stored Bela to the throne of Hungary, and 
 afterwards invaded Russia, where he re- 
 mained so long that the wives of the Polish 
 soldiers in revenge took their slaves to their 
 beds. When the news reached the army, 
 the toldiers immediately hastened home 
 
 
 
BON 
 
 BOL 
 
 without leave, and the women persuaded 
 their paramours to take up arms in defence 
 of the fortresses. Bloody actions ensued, in 
 which the women took apart; in the mean 
 time Boleslaus arrived with a fresh army, 
 and falling upon both parties made an im- 
 mense slaughter, and treated the survivors 
 with great rigour. He had afterwards a 
 contest with the clergy : and being excom- 
 municated by the pope, was abandoned by 
 his subjects. On this he fled into Hungary, 
 where he died about 1080. — Univ. Hist. _ 
 Boleyn (Anne), wife of Henry VIII. king 
 of England, and mother of queen Elizabeth, 
 was the daughter of sir Thomas Boleyn, 
 and born in 1507. Her early years were 
 spent at the French court, where she at- 
 tended the wife of Lewis XII. on whose 
 death she returned to England, and be- 
 came maid of honour to queen Catharine, 
 which occasioning her to be often in the 
 company of Henry, the monarch became 
 jnamoured of her charms, but not being 
 able to succeed on other than honourable 
 terms, he resolved to procure a divorce 
 from his wife. This design he carried into 
 execution, and married Anne privately, 
 but when she proved with child, he pub- 
 licly acknewledged her as queen, and she 
 so continued till the tyrant conceived a pas- 
 sion for Jane Seymour. He then caused 
 her to be tried for high treason, in having 
 been unchaste with her brother, and four 
 other persons. She suffered with great re- 
 solution, May 19th, 1536. The Romanists 
 have taken pains to vilify the character of 
 this unfortunate woman, out of malice 
 against queen Elizabeth, and the reform- 
 ation, of which she was a great promoter. 
 She was doubtless gay and thoughtless, but 
 the charge of incontinence was never sub- 
 stantiated. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Boleyn (George), brother of the above, 
 was educated at Oxford, where he applied 
 to poetry. On leaving the university he 
 went to court, and was much admired for 
 his accomplishments. .In 1529 he became 
 viscount Rochfort, and on the marriage of 
 Henry VIII. to his sister he was employed 
 in several embassies, made constable of 
 Dover castle, and warden of the cinque 
 ports. But when that tyrant became jeal- 
 ous of his consort, the charge of incest was 
 brought against his lordship, and he was 
 beheaded on Tower-hill in 1536. He wrote 
 poems, songs, and sonnets. — Wood. 
 
 Bolognese (Francisco), an eminent 
 painter, was born at Bologna, but his true 
 name was Francis Grimaldi. He studied 
 under A nn ibal Caracci. His landscapes 
 are excellent. He died in 1680. His son 
 Alexander was also a good painter. — Bilk. 
 
 Bolsec (Jerom), a carmelite of Paris, 
 who having embraced some opinions not 
 approved of by his order, quitted it and 
 went to Ferrara, where he practised as a 
 physician. He next removed to Geneva, 
 
 and attached hipiself to Calvin, but avow- 
 
 ing the notions of Pelagius, he was banish- 
 ed the city. He then retired to Bern, from 
 whence also he was expelled. At last he 
 returned to France and his old religion, and 
 to shew the sincerity of his conversion, 
 wrote the lives of Theodore Beza and John 
 Calvin, filled with the blackest falsehoods. 
 He died about 1 582. — Bayle. Moreri. 
 
 Bolswerd (Scheldt), a celebrated en- 
 graver, who executed several good plates 
 after Rubens, Vandyke, and Jordano. There 
 were two others of the same name and pro- 
 fession, Adam and Bortius. Nouv. Diet. 
 
 Hist. 
 
 Bolton (Edmund), an English antiquary, 
 who flourished at the beginning of the 17th 
 century. His works are: Nero Ca:sar, or 
 Monarchic depraved, 1624, folio, 2. Ele- 
 ments of Armories, 1610, 4to. 3. Hyper- 
 critica, or a Rule of Judgment for writing 
 or reading our Histories. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Bolton (Robert), a puritan divine, wa*. 
 born in 1571, and died in 1631. He was 
 reader of natural philosophy at Oxford. H« 
 wrote treatises on Happiness, and the Four 
 last Things. — Wood's A. 0. 
 
 Bolton (Robert), an English divine, 
 was born in Northamptonshire, and edu- 
 cated at Wadham college, Oxford, after 
 which he became chaplain to sir Joseph Je- 
 kyl, master of the rolls, and in 1735 was 
 promoted to the deanry of Carlisle. In 1738 
 he was presented to the vicarage of St. 
 Mary’s, Reading. He died at London in 
 1763, and was buried in the church porch 
 of St. Mary, Reading, where there is a mo- 
 nument to his memory. Dr. Bolton wrote 
 some tracts on the prevailing follies of the 
 day, and a good piece on the Employment 
 of Time. — Europ. Mag. 
 
 Bolzani (Urbano Valeriano), a learned 
 monk of the 15th century, was born at Bel- 
 luno, and entered into the order of mino- 
 rites, after which he travelled into Greece, 
 Egypt, and Palestine. He also twice as- 
 cended Mount Etna for the purpose of sur* 
 veying its crater. He fixed his residence at 
 Venice, where he taught the Greek, and 
 was the first who composed a grammar of 
 that language in Latin. He died in 1524. 
 
 — Tiraboscbi. 
 
 Bombelli (Sebastian), an eminent histo- 
 rical and portrait painter ; born at Bologna 
 in 1635, and died in 1685. His works are 
 in great repute. — Pilkington. 
 
 Bomberg (Daniel), a celebrated printer, 
 who gained a great reputation by his He- 
 brew Bibles. He was a native of Antwerp, 
 and settled at Venice. His Bible in 4 vols. 
 folio, and the Talmud, in 1 1 vols. are greatly 
 esteemed. He died in 1 549. — Moreri, 
 
 Bon St. Hilary (Francis Xavier), a 
 learned Frenchman, honorary president of 
 the chamber of accounts at Montpellier, 
 member of the academy of inscriptions, Pa- 
 ris, and of the royal society of London. 
 He died in 1761, and left, 1. Memoire sur 
 les Marrones d’lude, 12pao. 2. Dissertatioa 
 
 2 
 
BON 
 
 surl’Ctilite de la Soie desarraignees. — AW. 
 Diet. Hist. 
 
 Bona (John), a cardinal, was born at 
 Mondovi in Piedmont in 1609. At the age 
 of 15 he entered among the friars mendi- 
 cant, and in 1651 was made general of the 
 order, which office he afterwards resigned. 
 Clement IX. gave him a cardinal’s hat, 
 which if ever man ado.rned he did. Bona 
 died in 1674. His works are devotional. 
 — Merer i. 
 
 Bonamy (Peter Nicholas), a French 
 writer, was born in 1694. He took the ec- 
 clesiastic habit, which he quitted for lite- 
 rature, and became under librarian to St. 
 Victor, and historiographer of Paris. He 
 was also a member of the academy of in- 
 scriptions, to the memoirs of which he large- 
 ly contributed. He conducted the Journal 
 of Verdun, a periodical work of merit. He 
 died at Paris in 1770.— AW. Diet. Hist. 
 
 , Bonanni (Philip), a learned jesuit, who 
 died at Rome in 1725, aged 87. He wrote, 
 
 1 . Recreatio Mentis et Oculi in Observatione 
 Animalium Testaceorum, Roms, 1 694, 4to. 
 
 2. History of the Church of the Vatican, 
 1696, fol. 3. Collection of the Medals of 
 the Popes, 1699, 2 vols. fol. 4. Catalogue 
 of the Orders military and equestrian, 4 
 yols. 4to. 5. Observationes circa Viventia 
 in non Viventibus, 1691, 4to. 6. Musamm 
 'Collegii Romani Kercherianum, 1709, fol. 
 &c. — Moreri. 
 
 Bonarelli (Guy Ubaldo), an Italian 
 poet, was born at Urbinoin 1653, and died 
 in 1608. I he duke of Ferrara employed 
 him on several embassies. His Filli de Sciro, 
 the best edition of which is that of Glasgow, 
 in 1763, 8vo. has been compared to the Pas- 
 tor-Fidc. — Tirabosehi. 
 
 Bonaventure (John Fidanza), a cardi- 
 nal and saint, was born in Tuscany in 1221, 
 and studied at Paris with reputation. In 
 1256 he was made general of the order of 
 Franciscans, 'So great was his character, 
 that on the death of Clement IV. the car- 
 dinals left the choice of a pope to him, 
 when he nominated Theobald, archdeacon 
 of Liege, who took the title of Gregory X. 
 and made Bonaventure a cardinal. He 
 died at Lyons in 1274, and was canonized 
 „ Jn 1482. His works were printed at Rome, 
 m 8 vols. fol. in 1588.— Moreri. 
 
 Bonaventure of Padua, another car- 
 dinal, was born in 1332, and studied at 
 Paris. Urban VI. made him cardinal in 
 1378. Fie was shot in 1386 by an assassin 
 employed by Francis de Carrario of Padua, 
 for defending the rights of the church 
 against him. He wrote several religious 
 pieces, and was the Friend of Petrarch.— 
 Moreri. 
 
 Bond (John), a famous critic, was born 
 in Somersetshire in 1550, and educated first 
 at Winchester-school, and lastly at New 
 college, Oxford, where he took the degree 
 pf M. A. J-Ie was master of the grammar- 
 
 B O N 
 
 school at Taunton many years, after which 
 he practised as a physician. He died in 
 1612. He published notes on several of the 
 Latin classics, particularly Horace and Per- 
 sius. — Wood's A. Or 
 
 Bonefacio (Venetiano), an Italian pain- 
 ter of eminence. He was the disciple of 
 Palma, and imitated his manner with great 
 exactness. He died in 1630, aged 62. 
 
 Bonet (Theophilus), a celebrated phy- 
 sician, was born at Geneva in 1620, and 
 died in 1689. He left a great number of 
 learned works. — Haller Bill Anat. 
 
 Bonfadius (James), an Italian writer, 
 and historiographer of Genoa, of which 
 republic he wrote the annals, but some free 
 remarks made in the work gave offence to 
 many noble families, who out of revenge 
 charged him with an unnatural crime, for 
 which he was beheaded in 1550. — Tirabosehi. 
 
 Bonfinius (Anthony), an historian of 
 the 15th century, was born at Ascoli in 
 Italy, but settled at the court of Hungary, 
 where he died in 1502. He wrote the his- 
 tory of that country, printed in 1568. 
 
 . Moreri. 
 
 Bonfrerius (James), a French jesuit, 
 born at Dinan in 1573, and died at Tour- 
 nay in 1643. He compiled an Onomasti- 
 con of the places mentioned in Scripture, 
 and a commentary on the Pentateuch. — Ibid. 
 
 Bongars (James), a learned Frenchman, 
 was born at Orleans in 1554, and studied at 
 Strasburg. He edited some ancient authors, 
 and published many learned pieces of his 
 own. His Letters, written while he was 
 engaged in state affairs, are greatly esteem- 
 ed. He died at Paris in 1612. — Bayle. 
 
 Boniface (St.), a saint of the Roman ca- 
 lendar, was a native of England, and sent 
 by Gregory II. to convert the Germans. 
 Gregory III. made him archbishop. He 
 was slain by some peasants in Friesland in 
 754. His Letters were printed in 1616. — - 
 Dupin. 
 
 Boniface I. pope and saint, succeeded 
 Zozimus in 418, and was maintained in the 
 pontifical chair by the emperor Flonorius", 
 against his rival Eulalius. He died in 422. 
 — Boniface II. succeeded Felix IV. in 530. 
 Fie was born at Rome, but his father was a 
 Goth. Fie compelled the bishops in acouncil 
 to allow him to nominate his successor, and 
 accordingly he pitched upon Vigil; but 
 another council disavowed the proceedings 
 of the first. Fie died in 1532. — Boniface 
 
 III. He succeeded Sabinen in 606, and died 
 a few months after his election. — Boniface 
 
 IV. was the son of a physician, and came to 
 the tiara in 607. He converted the pan- 
 theon into a church. He died in 614. — Bo- 
 niface V. He was a Neapolitan, and suc- 
 ceeded Adeodatus in 617, and died in 625. 
 — Boniface VI. came to the chair on the 
 death of Formogus in 896, but held it only 
 15 days; for being elected by a popular 
 faction, lie was deposed. — Boniface YTl. 
 
BON 
 
 BON 
 
 whose surname was Francon. He assumed 
 the chair after murdering Benedict VI. and 
 John XIV. He was acknowledged sove- 
 i reign pontiff, in 984, and died a few months 
 after. His corpse was exposed in the pub- 
 lic streets, and trodden under foot. — Boni- 
 face VIII. frightened his predecessor Ce- 
 ! lestin into a resignation, by denouncing to 
 him at midnight eternal damnation if he 
 did not quit the pontifical chair. The cre- 
 dulous pope, thinking this a supernatural 
 | voice, obeyed the command next day, and 
 I the crafty cardinal was elected. Tins was 
 I in 1294. He commenced his pontificate 
 E by imprisoning his predecessor, and laying 
 j Denmark under an interdict. He also be- 
 haved in a haughty manner against the Co- 
 | ionnas, who protested against his election, 
 
 | and called a council to examine the charge. 
 
 | Boniface excommunicated them as heretics, 
 J • and preached a crusade against them. He 
 I excited the princes of Germany to revolt 
 against Albert. He also issued a bull, in 
 j which he pretended that “ God had set him 
 over kings and kingdoms.” Philip the Fair 
 1 caused this bull to be burnt at Paris ; on 
 which Boniface laid France under an inter- 
 dict. Philip appealed to a general council, 
 and sent his army into Italy, which took 
 Boniface prisoner. The pontiffs behaviour 
 on this occasion was bold enough, for put- 
 ting on the tiara, and taking the keys and 
 the crosier in his hands, he said, “ 1 am a 
 pope, and a pope I will die.” He died at 
 Rome a few months afterwards. He wrote 
 several works. — Boniface IX. was a Nea- 
 politan by birth, and of a noble family. He 
 was made cardinal in 1381, and pope in 
 1386'. He died in 1404. — Platina. Boiucr. 
 
 Boniface, count of the Roman empire 
 in the 5th century, was the intimate friend 
 of St. Augustine, who dissuaded him from 
 ; embracing the monastic state, from the con- 
 viction that he could be of more service by 
 employing his talents in public life. He de- 
 ' fended Africa against the emperor John, 
 and obliged Ataulphus to raise the siege of 
 Marseilles. He revolted in Africa at the 
 instigation of Aetius, who plotted his ruin. 
 Boniface, however, discovered histreachery, 
 if and returned to his allegiance and the im- 
 perial favour. The armies of Aetius and 
 Boniface had a desperate contest, in which 
 the latter was slain in 432.' — Moreri. 
 
 Boniface (Hyacinth), a celebrated advo- 
 cate in the parliament of Aix, was born in 
 1612, and died in 1695. There is a work 
 by him, entitled, Arrets Notables du Par- 
 lement de Provence, Lyons, 1708, 8 yols. 
 fol . — Moreri. 
 
 Bonifacio (Balthazar), a learned Vene- 
 tian. From being professor of law at Padua, 
 ■: lie became bishop of Capo d’Istria, and 
 
 j died in 1659, aged 75. He wrote, 1. Latin 
 1 Poems, 1619. 2. Historia Trevigiana, 4to. 
 
 i 3. Historia Dlidicia, 1656, 4to .-—Moreri. 
 
 Bqnjour (William), a French monk of 
 
 the order of St. Augustine, was born at 
 Toulouse, in 1670. Pope Clement XI. sent 
 him as a missionary to China, where he died 
 in 1714. He published, 1. Dissertations on 
 the Scripture. 2. Dissertations on the Cop- 
 tic Monuments in the Library df the Vati- 
 can. — Moreri. 
 
 Bonnf.fons (John), a Latin poet, was 
 born in 1554 at Clermont in Auvergne, and 
 died in 1614. His poems are appended to 
 those of Eeza, printed by Barbou at Paris 
 in 1757, 12mo. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Bonnell (James), a man of eminent vir- 
 tue, was the son of an English merchant who 
 resided at Genoa, where this son was born 
 in 1653, and brought to England in 1655. 
 The fortune of the family having suffered 
 considerably by their attachment to the 
 royal cause", Mr. Bonnell at the Restora- 
 tion received a patent, to be accomptant- 
 genenil of Ireland, in which his son’s lite 
 was included with his own. 1 he subject ot 
 the present notice was educated first -at 
 Dublin and afterwards at Cambridge, where 
 he took his degrees in arts, and then became 
 tutor in a gentleman’s family. On his fa- 
 ther’s death he succeeded him as accompt- 
 ant-general for the sake of his family, 
 though his own inclination was to the 
 church. In the reign of James II. he re- 
 mained firm at his post, discharging the du- 
 ties of his office with remarkable firmness 
 and integrity. He was a man of amiable 
 manners, devout without enthusiasm, and 
 learned without ostentation. He died at 
 Dublin in 1699. Bishop Wettenhall preach- 
 ed his funeral sermon. Some of his medi- 
 tations are in his Life, written by arebdea* 
 con Hamilton, 12mo. 1703. 
 
 Bonner (Edmund), an English prelate, 
 was a peasant’s soil in Worcestershire, and 
 educated at Oxford. Pie afterwards entered 
 into the service of Wolsey, who bestowed 
 upon him several benefices. Henry VIII. 
 to whom he was chaplain, sent him to 
 Rome to get the sentence of divorce from 
 Catherine of Arragon confirmed, and his 
 behaviour was so bold, that the pope 
 threatened to throw him into a cauldron 
 of boiling lead. In 1538 he was nominated 
 bishop of Hereford, being then ambassador 
 at Paris; but before his consecration 
 he was translated to London. In the reign 
 of Edward VI. lie scrupled the oath of su- 
 premacy, for which he was sent to prison, 
 but on making his submission obtained his 
 discharge. His negligence, however, in 
 complying with the laws occasioned him a 
 second imprisonment, and the loss of his bi- 
 shopric. On the accession of Mary he was 
 restored to his episcopal function, and 
 through the whole of her reign shewed a 
 most sanguinary spirit, by bringing num- 
 bers of protestants to the stake. When 
 queen Elizabeth came to the throne he was 
 sent to the marshalsea prison, where he 
 died in 1569. His body was interred in St. 
 
BON 
 
 BOO 
 
 George’s church-yard, Southwark. Bonner 
 was a man of furious disposition, but well 
 versed in the canon law. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Bonnet (Charles), a naturalist and me- 
 taphysician, was born at Geneva in 1720. 
 He was intended for the law, but meeting 
 with the Spectacle de Nature of Le Pluche, 
 and Reaumur’s Memoirs on Insects, he 
 resolved to devote himself to the study of 
 nature. At the age of 20 he had made 
 several discoveries in entomology, and at 
 27 he formed his system of vegetable phy- 
 sics. About this time he appeared as a 
 writer in a treatise on psycology, which was 
 followed by his analytical essay on the men- 
 tal pow#rs. In 1762 and 1764 he published 
 Considerations on organized Bodies, and 
 Contemplations of Nature. His last work 
 was Pahngenesia, or Thoughts on the past 
 and future State of Animal Beings. He was 
 a member of the royal society of London, 
 and of several other learned bodies. Bonnet 
 was a firm believer in Christianity, and died 
 at Geneva, in 1793. — Life of Bonnet published 
 at Berne , 1794. 
 
 Bonneval (Claude Alexanderde, count), 
 known also by the name of Osman Bashaw, 
 was descended from an illustrious family in 
 France, and married the daughter of the 
 marshal de Biron. He left the French 
 army to serve under prince Eugene ; but 
 having a quarrel with that general, for 
 which he was imprisoned, he entered into 
 the service of the Turks. The grand seig- 
 nior gave him a military command, with 
 the rank of bashaw. He obtained a great 
 victory over the imperial army on the 
 banks of the Danube. He died in 1747, 
 and left memoirs of his life, printed at Lon- 
 don in 1755. — Nouv. Diet . Hist. 
 
 Bonosus, bishop of Naissus in Dacia, or 
 according to others of Sardica, was con- 
 demned in the council of Capua for heresv, 
 in maintaining that the Virgin Mary had 
 other children besides Jesus Christ. He died 
 in 410. — Mosheim. 
 
 Bontems (madame), an ingenious French 
 lady, born at Paris in 1718, and died in 
 1768. She translated into her native lan- 
 guage Thomson’s Seasons with great fide- 
 lity and elegance. — AW. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Bontempi (George Andrea Angelirii), 
 a musical writer, was born at Perugia, and 
 became master of the chapel to the elector 
 of Saxony. He wrote Nova quatuor vo- 
 cibus componendi Methodus, 1660; but 
 bis great work is the History of Music in 
 Italian, printed at Perugia in 1695, folio. — 
 Hawkins. Burney. 
 
 Bontius (James), a Dutch physician, 
 who lived at Batavia in the middle of the 
 17th century. He wrote some good works 
 on the diseases of India, and observations 
 on the botany and natural history of those 
 parts. The last is entitled De Medicina In- 
 dorum, printed at Leyden in 1642, and at 
 Amsterdam 4658. He is not to be con- 
 founded with Gerard Bontius , who invented 
 
 a nostrum called Pi hike tartarex Bontii, 
 and died at Leyden in 1599. — Halleri Bibl. 
 Med. Pro it, 
 
 Bonvincino (Alexander), an Italian 
 painter, born in 1514, and died in 1564. 
 He was the disciple of Titian, and his works 
 fetch a high price.— Pilhington. 
 
 Bonwicice (Ambrose), an English divine, 
 was born in 1652, and educated at Mer- 
 chant Taylors’ school, from whence he re- 
 moved' to St. John’s college, Oxford, where 
 he proceeded to the degree of B. D. In 
 1 686 he was appointed master of Merchant 
 Taylors’ school, but was dismissed in 1691 
 for refusing the oath of allegiance. He 
 afterwards kept a school at He idly in 
 Surrey, and brought up many excellent 
 scholars. — Anecdotes of Boivycr. 
 
 BoonT (Anselm von), physician, died 
 about 1660. He is known by a scarce piece, 
 entitled, The complete Jeweller, or the 
 History of Precious Stones, Leyden, 1646. 
 —Moreri. 
 
 Booker (John), an astrologer, who is 
 said by Lilly “ to have had a curious fanev 
 in judging of thefts, and as being successful 
 in resolving love questions.” Another 
 adept, George Warton, published a book 
 against him, entitled, Mercurioccelico Mas- 
 tix ; or an Anticaveat to all such as have 
 had the Misfortune to be cheated and de- 
 luded by that great and treacherous Impos- 
 tor , John Booker. He wrote some pieces; 
 in astrology, and was made licenser of ma- 
 thematical books. He died in 1667 
 
 Granger. 
 
 Boone (Daniel), a Dutch painter, who 
 died in England in 1698. His subjects 
 were low, but his characters express much 
 humour. — Pilkington. 
 
 Boonf.n (Arnold), an eminent Dutch 
 painter, was born at Dordtin 1669, and be- 
 came one of the best portrait painters of 
 his age. Fie was the disciple of Schalken, 
 and died in 1729. — Houbraken. 
 
 Boot (Arnold), a learned Dutch physiV 
 cian, who defended the integrity of the 
 Hebrew text of scripture against Morin 
 and Cappel, in a work, entitled Animad- 
 versiones ad textum Iiebraicum. He also 
 wrote medical observations, and died at 
 Paris in 1653. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Boom (Barton), an English actor, was 
 a native of Lancashire, and educated at 
 Westminster school, where he distinguished 
 himself in the plays which were occasionally 
 performed. At the age of 17 he entered 
 into a strolling company, with which he 
 went to Ireland. His reputation was so 
 great that Betterton engaged him for the 
 English stage, on which he gained uncom- 
 mon applause. When Cato was performed 
 he was selected to take upon him the prin- 
 cipal character, which he sustained so well 
 that one night a subscription of 50 guineas 
 was collected in the boxes and sent to him. 
 He afterwards became manager of the 
 house, but continued to perform nearly to his 
 
BOR 
 
 BOR 
 
 «eath, which happened in 1733, at the age 
 of 52. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Booth (Henry), earl of Warrington, was 
 born in the couuty of Chester, which he 
 represented in several parliaments, in the 
 reign of Charles II. He was zealous against 
 the papists and the duke of York, which 
 made him obnoxious at court. In 1684 he 
 succeeded to the title of lord Delamer, 
 and -was committed to the Tower, where lie 
 remained some time. At the accession of 
 James II. he was tried on a charge of high 
 treason, but acquitted. He assisted in the 
 revolution, for which king William made 
 him privy counsellor, and chancellor of the 
 exchequer. He lost the favour of that 
 prince afterwards by opposing some of his 
 measures ; however he was created earl of 
 Warrington, with a pension. He died in 
 1694. His works, consisting chiefly of 
 speeches in parliament, were printed in 1 
 vol. 8vo. His son George earl of War- 
 rington, who died in 1758, wrote apiece, 
 entitled, Considerations upon the Institu- 
 tion of the Marriage Contract, wherein is 
 considered how far Divorces may or ought 
 to be allowed, 1739. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Borbonius (Nicholas), a French Latin 
 poet of the 16th century. He was highly 
 esteemed by the most learned men of his 
 time. His poems were printed in 1540. — 
 Moreri. 
 
 Borda (John Charles), 'a French mathe- 
 matician, was born in 1733. He entered 
 early into the navy, and became lieutenant, 
 in which capacity he was employed on a 
 voyage of discovery on the coasts of Eu- 
 rope and Africa, with a view of improving 
 navigation and geography. The result of 
 this expedition was published in 2 vols. 4to. 
 J778. In the American war he served un- 
 der d’Estaing, with the rank of rear-ad- 
 miral. Before this he had introduced uni- 
 formity into the architecture of the French 
 ships of war. He contributed numerous 
 papers to the memoirs of the academy of 
 sciences, chiefly relating to the construction 
 of vessels and hydraulics. In 1787 he pub- 
 lished the Description and use of the Circle 
 of Reflection, in which he recommended 
 the use of the specular-circles invented by 
 Tobias Mayer. He also invented the men- 
 suration-rod for ascertaining the station 
 lines. One of his last labours was the ac- 
 curate determination of the length of the 
 pendulum vibrating seconds at Paris. He 
 died in 1799. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Borde (Andrew), an English physician, 
 was bora at Pevenseyin Sussex, about 1500, 
 and after studying at Oxford entered among 
 the Carthusians. He then travelled through 
 a great part of Europe and Africa. On his 
 return he settled at Winchester as a phy- 
 sician. He died in the Fleet, where he was 
 confined fordebt. He wrote the Breviary of 
 Health, and some other pieces. — Wood’ s' A. 0. 
 
 Borde (John Benjamin), a French wri- 
 ter, was born at Paris in 1734. He became 
 
 first valet to Lewis XV. and on the death 
 of that monarch was appointed farmer-ge- 
 neral. He employed his leisure hours in 
 studying music and the belles-lettres. Ilis 
 collection of airs in 4 vols. hvo. and essays 
 on music, ancient and modern, in 4 vols. 
 quarto, are proofs of his skill in the first, 
 and in the second he distinguished himself 
 by the Memoirs of Coucv, 2 vols. 8vo. ; In- 
 teresting Pieces towards a History of the 
 Reigns of Lewis XIII. and of Lewis XIV. , 
 Letters upon Swisserland; History of the 
 South Sea, and other works. He was guil- 
 lotined in 1794. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Bordelon (Lawrence), a French writer 
 of plays and romances, who died at Paris 
 in 1730, aged 77. He is chiefly known by 
 a work, entitled, The History of the Extra- 
 vagances of Mr. (Duffle, which has been 
 translated into English, 8vo. In this per- 
 formance he ridicules those persons who 
 are fond of reading books on witchcraft, 
 sorcery, magic, &c. — Ibid. 
 
 Borde nave (Toussaint), professor and 
 director of the academy of surgery at Paris, 
 born in 1728, and died in 1782., He wrote 
 Elements of Physiology, 2 vols. 1 2mo. — Ibid. 
 
 Bordes (Charles), a French writer, was 
 the son of a mechanic at Lyons, and distin- 
 guished himself by several ;; 'od poems, and 
 some dramatic pieces, printed at Lyons, in 
 4 vols. 8vo. Lie also defended the sciences 
 against Rousseau. He died ;n 1781 — Ibid. 
 
 Bordeu (Theophilus de), an eminent 
 physician, was the son of Antony de Bor- 
 deu, physician to the king, and born in 
 1722 at Iseste, in Bearn. He received his 
 education at Montpellier, and when young 
 settled at Paris, where he acquired great 
 reputation. He died in 1770. He wrote 
 severr.l works in the line of his profession. 
 —Ibid. 
 
 Bordin'gius (Andrew), a famous Danish 
 poet. His works were printed at Copen- 
 hagen in 1736, and are greatly valued in 
 Denmark. — Ibid. 
 
 Bordone (Paris), an Italian -painter, was 
 born at Trevisa in 1512, and became a dis- 
 ciple of Titian. Francis I. of France con- 
 ferred several favours on him. He died in 
 1587. — Depiles. 
 
 Borel (Peter), a physician to the king of 
 France, and member of the academy of sci- 
 ences, died in 1689, aged 69. He wrote the 
 Antiquities of Castres, his native town; a 
 Treasury of old Words and Phrases; a. 
 Treatise on the Inventor of the Telescope, 
 and other works. — Moreri. 
 
 Boreli.i (John Alphonsus), a mathemati- 
 cian, was born at Naples in 160S. He was 
 for some time professor of philosophy and 
 mathematics at Florence and Pisa; after 
 which he settled at Rome, and taught ma- 
 thematics. He died in 1679. He wrote 
 many valuable works on mathematical sub- 
 jects. — Tirabascbi. 
 
 BoRGARUTiris (Prosper)) an Italian phy- 
 sician of the 16>Ui century, tie is the au- 
 
B O R 
 
 BOR 
 
 thor of a treatise of anatomy, and some sib to Mr. Pope for his grotto. He died ia 
 other works. — Morcri . 1772. He wrote an essay on Cornish crystals 
 
 Borghese (Paul Guidotto), an Italian in the Philosophical Transactions; Anti- 
 painter and poet, was born at Lucca, and quities of the County of Cornwall, folio, 
 died through want in 1626, aged 60. His two editions; Observations on the Scilly 
 ■vanity led him to rival Tasso, and to write Islands, 4to.; The Natural History of Corn- 
 
 a piece entitled Jerusalem ruined , — Tiraboschi. wall, folio; all of them valuable Biog. 
 
 Borghi ni (Vincent), a benedictine monk, Brit. 
 born at Florence in 1515, and died at Pisa Born (Ignatius), a German baron, and 
 in 1580. He wrote a Discourse on the a mineralogist, was born at Carlsburg in 
 History of Florence, which possesses merit. 1742, and died in 1791. He resided chief! y 
 It was reprinted in 1 755. — Moreri. at F'rague, and devoted himself to the study 
 
 Borgia (Cassar), son of pope Alexander of natural history and mineralogy, on which 
 VI. on whose accession he was made he wrote several valuable works. He was 
 
 archbishop of Valenza and cardinal; but 
 being jealous that his brother Francis was 
 most in favour, he contrived to have him 
 drowned. He also dispatched a number 
 of other persons to gratify his avarice and 
 revenge. Having renounced the cardinal- 
 ship he was made a duke by I.ewis Xli. of 
 France, with whom he entered into a 
 league for the conquest of the Milanese. 
 On the death of his father he was sent pri- 
 soner to Spain, but made his escape, and 
 died fighting under the walls of Viana in 
 1507. — Gordon s L Ives of Alexander and Borgia. 
 
 Boroiani (Orazio), an historical and 
 portrait painter, was born at Rome in 
 1630, and died i;i 1681. — ‘ Pilkington . 
 
 Bo iii s Gudenou, great duke of Muscovy. 
 He obtained this dignity by murdering the 
 two princes, Demetrius and Feoder, while 
 he was regent. Afterwards a young monk, 
 called Griska, pretending to be Demetrius, 
 got himself acknowledged by the vaivode 
 of Sandomir, who declared war against 
 Boris, and entered Muscovy with his army. 
 Many of the officers of the usurper joined 
 the invaders, in consequence of which he 
 died in 1605. The Boyards then elected 
 Feodor Borisowitz, the son of*Boris, in his 
 room ; but the false Demetrius still con- 
 tinued his pretensions, and being joined 
 by a number of people took the young 
 grand duke prisoner with his mother. The 
 tin fortunate captives were put to death in 
 1605, and the pretended Demetrius at the 
 same time.- — Ur.i-o. Hist. 
 
 Bqulase (Edmund), a physician, and his- 
 torian, was the son of sir John Borlase, one 
 of the lords justices of Ireland, and edu- 
 cated in the university of Dublin, but took 
 his degree < ' M. D. at Leyden. Afterwards 
 he settled at Chester, where he died in 1682. 
 His principal work is a history of the Irish 
 rebellion, 1650, folio. — Gen. B. D. 
 
 BorLase (Wiiiiam), an ingenious anti- 
 quary, was born at St. Just in 'Cornwall, in 
 1696, arid educated at Exeter-college, Ox- 
 ford. In 1720 he entered into orders, and 
 in 1722 obtained the rectory of Ludgvan, 
 and afterwards that of St. Just. He was 
 elected a fellow of the royal society, and 
 having presented a variety of fossils and 
 pieces of antiquity to the university of Ox- 
 ford, lie received the thanks of that learned 
 body, and the degree of UL. D. He also 
 communicated many curious ores and fos- 
 
 also the author of a curious satire on the 
 monks, xvho are whimsically classed in tiie 
 manner of the Linnaean system. — l ozvi/son’s 
 Travels in Hungary. 
 
 Borri (Joseph Francis), a jesuit and en- 
 thusiast., or impostor, was a native cf Milan, 
 and studied at Rome, where he p.'omuigat- 
 ed revelations which he pretended to have 
 received, and for which he was expelled 
 the city. He then retired to Milan, and 
 gained some followers, to whom he minis- 
 tered an oath of secrecy. His designs be- 
 ing suspected, the inquisition began to pre- 
 pare its engines for him, on which he fled 
 to Smashing, and afterwards to Amsterdam, 
 where he turned quack, and obtained 
 riches by a universal medicine. His next 
 remove was to Hamburg, where he cheated 
 Christina, queen of Sweden, by pretending 
 to discover the philosopher’s stone. After 
 a variety of adventures, Borri was sent to 
 Rome, where he was sentenced to perpetual 
 imprisonment. He died in 1695. He wrote 
 some books on alchemy. — Moreri. 
 
 Boriuchius (Olaus), a Danish physician, 
 was born in 1626, and educated at Copen- 
 hagen, where, in 1666, he became professor 
 of medicine. He was also made counsellor 
 of the royal chancery. He died in 1690. 
 His principal works are, 1. De Poetis Gra:- 
 cis et Latinis ; 2. Antique Romas Imago ; 
 3. De Somno Somniferis, 1680; 4. De Usu 
 Plantarum indigenarum, 1688 .—Moreri. 
 
 Borromeo (Charles), a cardinal, was 
 born in 1538. His uncle, Pius IV. made 
 him archbishop of Milan. Notwithstand- 
 ing his youth, he governed his church with 
 great discretion, and liberally encouraged 
 learning. At the council of Trent, while 
 the other prelates were deliberating on the 
 reformation of the clergy, he set about it 
 in his own person and family, discharging 
 numerous servants, leaving off gaudy ap- 
 parel, and submitting to a weekly fast. He 
 also supported works of public utility, par- 
 ticularly such as had charity for their ob- 
 ject, and began to reform some of the 
 orders, for which an attempt was made to 
 assassinate him, but he escaped with a slight 
 wound. He died in 1594, and was ca- 
 nonized in 1610 by Paul V. His. works 
 were printed at Milan, in 5 vols. folio, 
 1747. — Moreri. 
 
 Borromf.o (Frederic), cardinal and arch- 
 bishop of Milan. He was cousin-german 
 
BOS 
 
 BOS 
 
 the preceding, and imitated him in his 
 good works. He founded the Ambrosian 
 library at Milan, and died in 1C32. His 
 writings are all theological.— Moreri. 
 
 Borromini (Francis), an eminent archi- 
 tect, was born in 1599. The reputation 
 and fame of Bernini turned his brain, and in 
 a fit of madness he stabbed himself in 1667. 
 He built a number of edifices at Rome, 
 which deviate from the rules of science, 
 but are noble and elegant. — Nouv. Diet. 
 Hist 
 
 Borzoni (Lucian), an Italian painter, 
 born at Genoa in 1590, and died in 164 5. 
 He painted history and portrait with grace 
 and elegance. He had three sons, John 
 Biptist, Charles, and Francis, all eminent 
 in the same line ; but the last excelled also 
 in landscape and sea views. — D'Argenville. 
 
 Bos (Jerome), a Flemish painter, who 
 delighted in representing spectres, devils, 
 and incantations'; so that his pictures, 
 though well executed, are calculated to ex- 
 cite horror. He died in 1500. — Ibid. 
 
 Bos (Lambert), professor of Greek in 
 the university of Francker, born in 1670, 
 and died in 1717. He published an edition, 
 of the Septuagint, Observations on the 
 New Testament, and the Antiquities of 
 Greece. — Moreri. 
 
 Bos (Lewis Janssen), a celebrated painter 
 of flowers, on the leaves of which he re- 
 presented drops of dew with uncommon 
 transparence. He died in 1507. — Pilkington. 
 
 Bose (Peter du), a French protestant 
 divine, was born at Bayeux in 162:3, and 
 became minister at Caen, in 1645. In 
 1 666 he waited on the king in behalf of the 
 persecuted churches of Normandy, and 
 gained some favour for them. On the re- 
 vocation of the edict of Nantes, be went to 
 Rotterdam, where he officiated till his 
 death in 1692. He wrote 4 vols. of sermons, 
 and some tracts in 2 vols. — Bayle. 
 
 Boscages (John), an eminent lawyer, 
 was born at Beziers in 1601. He studied at 
 Paris under his uncle La Foret, a celebrated 
 teacher of the law, whom he succeeded. 
 Fie wrote an Institute of the Roman and 
 French law, 4to.; and after his death was 
 published a work of his, De Justitia et 
 Jure, 12mo. FIc died at the age of 83. 
 
 Moreri. 
 
 Bo SCAN (John), a Spanish poet, who 
 died about 1.543. His pieces are, 1. Medina, 
 1544, 4to. ; 2. Salamanca, 1547, Svo. His 
 style is majestic, and his thoughts excellent. 
 — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Boscawf.n (Edward), a brave English 
 admiral, was the second son of Hugh, vis- 
 count Falmouth, and born at the family 
 seat in Cornwall. Having entered into the 
 navy, be was, in 1740, made captain of 
 the Shoreham. He particularly distin- 
 guished himself at the taking of Porto Bello, 
 and the siege of Carthagena. At the latter 
 place he took, with a party of seamen, a 
 Spanish battery, though exposed to a tre- 
 
 mendous fire. On his return to England, 
 he married the daughter of William Glan- 
 ville, esq. and was chosen member of par- 
 liament for Truro. In 1744 he was made 
 captain of the Dreadnought, of 60 guns, 
 and soon after took the Media, commanded 
 by M. Hoqaart, the first French ship of war 
 captured that year. In 1747 he signalized 
 himself under Anson, and was in an en- 
 gagement with the French fleet oft" Caps 
 Finisterre, on which occasion M. Hoquart 
 again became his prisoner. The same year 
 he was made rear-admiral of the blue, and 
 commander of the land and sea forces em- 
 ployed in an expedition to the East Indies. 
 On his arrival he laid siege to Pondicherry, 
 but was obliged to quit it on account of the 
 monsoon. However lie took Madras, and 
 peace being concluded, he returned to En- 
 gland, where he was appointed one of the 
 lords commissioners of the admiralty. In 
 17 55 he sailed to intercept a French squa- 
 dron bound to North America, of which he 
 took two ships, and Hoquart became his 
 prisoner a third time. In 1758 he took 
 Cape Breton and Louisburg iu conjunction 
 with general Amherst. The year following 
 he commanded in the Mediterranean, and 
 while lying' at Gibraltar, hearing that M. 
 De la Clue had passed the Straits, he refitt- 
 ed his ships, and came up with the French 
 fleet, of which he took three and burnt two 
 in I. ages bay. In 1760 he was appointed 
 general of the marines, with a salary of 
 3000/. a year. He died in 176'L — Lives of 
 the Admirals. 
 
 Bosch (Balthasar van den), a celebrated 
 Flemish painter, was born at Antwerp in 
 1675, arrd died in 1715. His conversation 
 pieces and portraits possess considerable 
 merit. Fie must not be confounded with 
 Jacob Bosch, a- Dutch painter, born at Am- 
 sterdam in 1636, and died in 1675. He ex- 
 celled in painting fruits. — Pilkington. Hon- 
 braken. 
 
 Boschaerts (Thomas Willeborts), a 
 Flemish painter, was horn in 1613, and be- 
 came painter to the prince of Orange : he 
 was fond of allegorical subjects. He died in 
 1 667. — Pilkington. 
 
 Boscoli (Andrew), an Italian painter, 
 was born at Florence in 1553, ?.nd became 
 the discipleofSantadiTiti: he distinguished 
 himself by the correctness of his designs 
 and the force of his colouring. — Ibid. 
 
 Boscovicii (Joseph Roger), a celebrated 
 mathematician, was born at Ragusa in 1711. 
 He entered among the jesuits, and became 
 professor of mathematics at Rome, Pavia, 
 and Milan. When his order was sup- 
 pressed he was invited to Paris, where he 
 was appointed director of the optical in- 
 struments of the marine ; which led him to 
 improve the theory of achromatic glasses. 
 In 1783 he retired to Milan, where he died 
 in 1787. He was employed by the em- 
 peror in measuring a degree in Italy. His 
 philosophical works are profound, and 
 
B O S 
 
 B O T 
 
 elegant, but particularly his Latin poem 
 urn eclipses, entitled be Solis ac Lund 
 Defect ibas. — Blogs by Dr. Bajamcnti, Naples, 
 1790. 
 
 Bosius (James), an Italian monk of the 
 17th century, who wrote a history of the 
 order of Malta, Rome, 3 vols. fulio/l 684. — 
 Lloreri. 
 
 Best es (Anthony), nephew of the above, 
 •nd agent of the order of Malta, tie wrote 
 a description of the Christian catacombs in 
 Italy, under the title of Roma Subterranea, 
 1613, fob o. — Moreri. 
 
 Bosquet (Francis), bishop of Montpellier, 
 was born at Narbonne in 1605, and died in 
 1676. He published the Lives of the Popes 
 of Avignon, and the History of the Galilean 
 church. — Ibid, 
 
 Bosse (Abraham), a French engraver, 
 who gave the first .lessons of perspective in 
 the academy of painting at Paris. He died 
 in 1660, and left tracts on Drawing the 
 Orders of Architecture, folio; on the Art 
 of Engraving, 8vo. ; on Perspective, 8vo. ; 
 Representations of divers Human Figures, 
 taken from the Antiques at Rome, 1656. — 
 Jjid. 
 
 Bossu (Rene le), a French writer, born 
 at Paris in 1631, and died in 1680. He 
 was a canon in the abbey of St. Genevieve, 
 and became a teacher of the belles-lettres. 
 His best piece is on epic poetry, which 
 Boileau commends in high terms ,—^Ibid. 
 
 Bossuet (James), a celebrated French 
 divine, was born at Dijon in 1627, and 
 having gone through his academical stu- 
 dies, entered into orders. He soon became 
 a famous preacher, and in 16£j9 was made 
 bishop of Condom, at which time he was 
 also appointed tutor to the dauphin, to 
 whom he addressed his Discourse on Uni- 
 versal History, which was printed in 1681. 
 The same year he was made bishop of 
 Means. In 1697 he was appointed coun- 
 sellor of state. Bossuet distinguished him- 
 self as ?. controversialist against the protes- 
 tants, and his Exposition of the Doctrine 
 of the Catholic Church upon Matters of 
 Controversy was written with such subtle- 
 ty as to draw many persons over to po- 
 pery. It was translated into several lan- 
 guages, and procured the author the thanks 
 pf the pope. Several able protestants at- 
 tacked the bishop, who answered them 
 with spirit, if not with strength. lie died 
 in 1704. Ilis funeral oration* are splendid, 
 affecting and eloquent. Iiis works were 
 •published at Paris in 1743, 12 vols. 4to. — 
 Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Boston (Thomas), a presbvterian divine, 
 was born at Duiise in Scotland, in 1676, 
 find educated at Edinburgh, where he took 
 the degree of M. A. In 1706 he became 
 minister of Etterick. He died in 1732. His 
 book on Human Nature in its fourfold 
 State, lias gone through several editions. 
 He also wrote some other pieces, — Life by 
 bimstj, 8 vo. 
 
 Boswell (James), an ingenious writer, 
 was the son of Alexander Boswell of Au- 
 chinleck, one of the justices of session, and 
 horn at Edinburgh in 1740. He received 
 his education at the school and university 
 of his native city ; and early distinguished 
 himself by his love of poetry and the belles 
 lettres. He was, however, rather fond of 
 pleasure and wished to enter into the army, 
 but his father, who designed him for his 
 own profession, kept him from a military 
 life. At his request he went to London, 
 where lie contracted an intimacy with 
 Dr. Johnson, and other men of Literary 
 eminence. From thence he went to Utrecht 
 and studied the civil law ; after which he 
 travelled through Germany and Switzer- 
 land. In the latter country he was intro- 
 duced to Rousseau, and at Ferney visited 
 Voltaire, which occasioned his friend John- 
 son, at his return, to make some sarcastic 
 remarks upon him for the company he 
 had kept. He next went to Italy, and pass- 
 ed over to Corsica, where he formed an 
 intimacy with general Paoli. On his re- 
 turn lie published an account of Cftrsica. 
 About this time he was admitted an advo- 
 cate at the Scotch bar, and distinguished 
 himself in the famous Douglas cause. But 
 his disposition was rather indolent, and he 
 was fond of pleasure, which were powerful 
 impediments to his progress in the legal 
 profession. In 1773 he accompanied Dr. 
 Johnson in a tour through the Highlands 
 and the western isles of Scotland, of which 
 tour he wrote an entertaining account, 
 published in 1784. On the death of his fa- 
 ther he removed to London, and was ad- 
 mitted at the English bar, but never at- 
 tained any considerable practice. Bv the 
 favour of lord Lonsdale, however, he was 
 chosen recorder of Carlisle. In 1790 he 
 published a hook of high value in biogra- 
 phical literature, The Memoirs of Dr. John- 
 son, in 2 vols. 4to. and since reprinted in 
 3 vols. 8vo. Mr. Boswell died in 1795, 
 leaving by his lady who died before him, 
 two sons and three daughters. He was a 
 man of amiable manners, and, though fond 
 of convivial society, virtuous in his princi- 
 ples, and a sincere Christian .™- Monthly Mag. 
 
 Botal (Leonard), physician to Henry 
 III. of France. He introduced frequent 
 bleeding in fevers, which was condemned 
 by the rest of the faculty. His works were 
 printed at Leyden in 1 660, 8vo. — rBayhe. 
 
 Botero (John), surnamed Benesius. He 
 was a native of Piedmont, secretary to car- 
 dinal St. Borromeo, apd preceptor to the 
 children of Charles Emanuel, duke of Sa- 
 voy. He died in 1608. He wrote, 1. Della 
 ragioae di Stato, 8vo. 2. Ii Principi, 8 vo. — . 
 Ibid. 
 
 Both (John), a landscape painter, was 
 born at Utrecht in 1610, and was the disci- 
 ple of Abraham Bloemart at the same time 
 with his brother Andrew. The two bro- 
 thers went to Rome, where John adopted 
 
B O U 
 
 B O T 
 
 the manner ©f Claude Lorraine, and attain- 
 ed an uncommon degree of excellence. He 
 Was drowned in a Canal at Venice in 1650. 
 Andrew returned to Utrecht, where he 
 died in 1656. — D' Argenville. 
 
 Bothlan, a Christian physician of Bag- 
 dad, and the rival of Ibn Rodhwan. Their 
 disputes were carried on with much abuse. 
 Rodhwan had an indifferent countenance, 
 on which Bothlan called him the crocodile 
 of the devil ; and Rodhwan wrote a book 
 to prove that it is not necessary a physician 
 should be handsome. Bothlan died at Con- 
 stantinople about 1084. He wrote some 
 medical tracts — D' Herbelot. 
 
 Bothweix (James Hepburn, earl), re- 
 markable in the history of Scotland for his 
 connexion with queen Mary, and his sup- 
 posed share, at least, in the murder of Hen- 
 ry Darnley, her husband. V hen t.iat un- 
 fortunate prince was blown up in the house 
 where he slept, suspicion fell stroaglv 
 upon Bothwell and the queen. Bothwell 
 was tried, but nothing could be fixed upon 
 him, and he was acquitted. After this he 
 seized Mary near Edinburgh, and carried 
 her prisoner to Dunbar castle, where he 
 first endeavoured, by soothing speeches, 
 and protestations of love, to prevail on her 
 to marry him. That she did so at uist is 
 certain -/but it is said, and seemingly with 
 justice, that she was forced to it, by the 
 worst of advantages being taken of her. 
 During these iniquitous proceedings Both- 
 well procured a divorce between him and 
 his wife. Mary soon after created him earl 
 of Orkney. But a confederacy among the 
 lords being formed against him, he retired 
 to the Orkneys, and from thence to Den- 
 mark, where he died in 1577, confessing 
 his own guilt and the queen’s innocence 
 of the king’s murder,— Robertsons Scotland. 
 Whitakers Vindication of Mary queen of Scots. 
 
 Buchanan. . 
 
 Boticelli (Alexander), an Italian paint- 
 er, born at Florence in 1437, and died in 
 1515. His Venus rising from the sea, and 
 Venus adored by the Graces, possess extia- 
 ordinary merit. — Depiles. 
 
 Bott (John de), an architect, was born 
 in France, but being a protestant he went 
 into the service of William prince of 
 Orange whom he accompanied to Eng- 
 land. After the death of that prince, he 
 went to Brandenburg, where the elector 
 made him captain of the guards ; he built 
 several structures, particularly the arsenal 
 of Berlin. He was also made major-gene- 
 ral, and shewed his military skill in tne 
 fortifications of Wesel. In 1728 he entered 
 into the service of the king of Poland, as 
 lieutenant-general, and chief of the engi- 
 neers. He died at Dresden in 174a. 
 
 Noun/. Diet. Hist. . , 
 
 Bott (Thomas), an English divine, was 
 born at Derby in 1688. He was at first a 
 dissenting teacher, but quitted that wav for 
 rhe church of England, in which he was 
 
 ordained, and obtained the rectories of 
 Winburg and Edgefield in Norfolk. Ha 
 died in 1754. He published some sermons 
 and religious tracts. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Bovadilla, or Bubadili.a (don Francis- 
 co de), a Spanish commander. In 1500 he 
 was appointed governor of St. Domingo, 
 where he put Columbus and his brothers 
 in irons, and sent them to Spain. This 
 conduct offended the court so much that 
 all the proceedings against the prisoners 
 were annulled, and Bovadilla recalled; in 
 his passage home, in 1502, himself and the 
 fleet richly laden foundered. — Nouns. Diet. 
 Hist. 
 
 BouCHAimoN (Edmund), a French sculp- 
 tor and architect, was born in 1698, and 
 died in 1762. He adorned Paris with se- 
 veral handsome structures, a list of which is 
 given in his Life by count de Caylus. — Ibid. 
 
 Bouchaud (Matthew-Antony), a French, 
 writer, born at Paris in 1719. He was ad- 
 vocate in the parliament of that city, but 
 quitted that profession for the professorship 
 of the law of naturein the college of France. 
 Fie wrote numerous articles in the Encyclo- 
 pedic, and translated the dramas ot Apos- 
 tolo Zeuo; the English novel of Juliet Man- 
 deville, and other works. He also wrote a 
 Commentary on the Law of the Twelve 
 Tables, with notes; poetical Antiquities, &c. 
 He died in 1804. — Ibid. 
 
 Boucher d’Argis (Anthony Gaspard),a 
 French writer, was born A Paris in 1708, 
 admitted advocate in 1727, and counsellor 
 of Dombes in 1753. He published some 
 pieces on jurisprudence, and wrote all the 
 articles on that subject In the Encyclope- 
 dic. — Nouns. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Boucher (Jonathan), an eminent divine, 
 was horn at Elencogo in Cumberland, and 
 educated at the grammar-school of Wigtou. 
 On entering into orders he obtained a si- 
 tuation in North America, where he con- 
 tinued to discharge the ministerial duty 
 till the breaking out of the revolution, 
 when he returned to England, and was, 
 presented to the vicarage of Epsom in. 
 Surry, where he died in 1804, aged 67. 
 Mr. Boucher was a member of the society 
 of antiquaries, and published in 1797,“ A 
 View of the causes and consequences of the 
 American Revolution in thirteen Discour- 
 ses, preached in North America between 
 the years 1763 and 1775.” He was also 
 the author of two assize sermons preached 
 in 1778 ; several biographical articles in 
 Hutchinson's History of Cumberland; and 
 a Letter to the Inhabitants of that County 
 suggesting objects of improvement. At 
 the time of his' death he was engaged 
 in A Glossary of Provincial and Arclueoio- 
 gical Words, intended as a Supplement 
 to Johnson’s Dictionary. Of this work he 
 published a prospectus and specimen which 
 makes us regret that it was never completed. 
 — Gent. Mag. 
 
 Boucher (Francis), a» eminent French 
 
BOU 
 
 BOB 
 
 painter. His landscapes are very rich and 
 natural, and his figures graceful and ele- 
 gant. He was called the Anacreon of 
 painting, and died in 1770.— Gent. Mag. 
 
 Boucher (John), a French divine and 
 uoctor -of the Sorbonne, who exerted him- 
 self at the time of the league on the side of 
 the insurgents, and recommended in his 
 preachings and writings, the deposition of 
 Henry III. and Henry IV. He obtained a 
 canonry at 1 ournay, and was dean of the 
 chapter. Fie died there very old. — Moreri. 
 
 Bouciiet (John), a French lawyer, was 
 born at Poitiers in 1476, and died in 1550. 
 His Annals of Aquitaine were printed at 
 Paris in 1644, folio. It is a verv curious 
 work. He also wrote some poems. He is 
 not to be confounded with one of both his 
 names, who was mail re d' hotel to th.e king 
 til a ranee, and died in 1684. Fie wrote 
 
 several genealogies of illustrious families. 
 
 Moreri. 
 
 Bouciiier (Thomas), archbishop of Can- 
 terbury, died in 1486. He introduced the 
 art of printing into England in 1464, by 
 bringing over a compositor from Haerlem 
 at his own expence. — Godwin de Frees. 
 
 Boucicant, or John le Meingle , marshal 
 tif France, and viscount Turenne, became a 
 soldier at the age of ten years. He was in 
 numerous battles, in which he distinguished 
 himself by his valour. In 1396 he^served 
 against Bajazet emperor of the Turks, but 
 was taken prisoner at the battle of Nico- 
 polis, and ransomed. He afterwards be- 
 came governor of Genoa, where he quelled 
 some commotions. Fie next seizecf upon 
 Milan, and in his absence all the French 
 in Genoa were massacred. On his march 
 from Milan he was defeated, and escaped 
 with difficulty across the Alps. In 1415 
 he w as taken prisoner at the battle of 
 Agincourt, and carried to England, where 
 he died in 1421. Boucicant was a man of 
 letters, and had a taste for music. Some of 
 his ballads are extant. — Moreri. 
 
 Boudewins (Michael), a physician of 
 Antwerp, who published a good work,, en- 
 titled Ventilabrum Medico Theologicum, 
 1666, 4to. He died in 1681. — Moreri. 
 
 Bovey (Catherine), anaccomplishedEng- 
 lish lady, whose maiden name was Riche's. 
 She w-as married at the age of 15 to William 
 Bovey, esq. a gentleman of large fortune in 
 Gloucestershire, who left her a widow. Her 
 person was handsome, and her talents va- 
 rious ; but she was particularly distinguish- 
 ed by the benevolence of her disposition 
 and her numerous charities. Sir Richard 
 Steele, in the dedication of his Ladies’ Li- 
 brary, speaks of her in the highest terms. 
 She died in 1726, aged 57. — Ballard's British 
 Ladies. 
 
 Boufflers (Lewis Francis de), marshal 
 of France, was born in 1644, and entered 
 early into the army. In 1669 he became 
 colonel of a regiment of dragoons, and dis- 
 tinguished himself 1# several astions. Ia 
 
 170S he defended Lisle against prince Eu- 
 gene, for which he was created a peer. At 
 the battle of Malplaquet, he effected his re- 
 treat without losing any of his artillery or 
 soldiers. When king William took Namur, 
 he kept Boufflers prisoner, contrary to the 
 capitulation ; the marshal asking the reason 
 of this conduct, was told it "was on account 
 of the Frer having kept the garrison of 
 Dixmude: “ Then,” said he, “ mine ought 
 to be detained rather than myself.” “ Sir,” 
 it was replied, “you are of more value than 
 10,000 men.” Fie died in 1711 —Moreri. 
 
 Bougainville (John Peter de),'a French 
 writer, was born at Paris in 1722, and died 
 m 1763. He was member of the academv, 
 and of several other learned societies. We 
 have by him, 1. A Translation of the Anti- 
 Lucretius of Polignac, 2 vols. 8vo. 2. Pa- 
 rallel between the expedition of Thamas 
 Kouli Khan and Alexander. — Nowv. Diet. 
 Hist. 
 
 . bouoEANT (WilliamHyacinth), a learned 
 jesuit, was born at Ouimper in 1690, and 
 died at l-’aris in 1743. He wrote several 
 books, the most noted of which is entitled 
 Philosophical •Amusements on the Lan- 
 guage of Brutes, in which lie holds that 
 they are animated by demons. Flis History 
 pi (he 1 reaty of Westphalia, however, is a 
 judicious work. — Noun. Did. Hist. 
 
 . bououER (Peter), a French mathema- 
 tician, was born at Croisie in 1698, and be- 
 came a member of the academy of sciences 
 m 1731. He went with Mess. Godin and la 
 Condamine to measure a degree in Peru for 
 the purpose of ascertaining the figure of the 
 earth. He died in 1758. His works are ; 
 La Construction du Navi re. 4to. La Figure 
 de la Terre, 4to. Traite d’Ootique, 4to. La 
 Manoeuvre des Veisseaux, 4io. — Ibid. 
 
 Bouhier (John), president of the parlia- 
 ment of Dijon, where he was born in 167.3. 
 IIis talents for literature were so eminent 
 that he obtained a seat in the French aca- 
 demy. He died in 1746. He translated 
 part of the works of Petror.ius, Ovid, and 
 Virgil, the Tusculan disputations of Cicero. 
 He likewise wrote some ingenious disser- 
 tations on classical subjects — Nouv. Diet. 
 Hist. 
 
 Bouiiours (Dominic), a learned jesuit, 
 was born at Paris in 1628. His Entretiens 
 d’Ariste et d’ Eugene, recommended him to 
 the great Colbert, who committed to his 
 instruction his son, the marquis of Seguelai. 
 Flis Remarks and Doubts on the French 
 Language is an excellent book. He wrote 
 also a number of biographical, religious, 
 and miscellaneous treatises. He died at 
 Paris in 1702. — Moreri. 
 
 Bouillaud (Ismael), a French mathe- 
 matician, was bred a protestant, but re- 
 nounced that religion, and took orders in 
 the Roman church. Fie died in 1694, agecl 
 80. He wrote Opus novum ad Arithmeti- 
 cum innnitorum, 1682, folio; A Discourse 
 the Reformation of some Religious Or- 
 
BOU 
 
 B O U 
 
 ders ; an edition of the History of Ducas, 
 in Greek and Latin, 1649, folio — Moreri. 
 
 Bouille (M. lc marquis de), a French 
 general, was descended from a noble fa- 
 mily. During the American war he served 
 in the West Indies, and was appointed com- 
 mandant of the French islands: he was 
 also advanced to the rank of lieutenant-ge- 
 neral, and received the order of knight- 
 hood called the Holy Ghost. On the 
 breaking out of the revolution he opposed 
 the projects of the innovators, with great 
 zeal. He was then governor of Metz, in 
 which station he acted with peculiar firm- 
 ness. In August 1790 the garrison of that 
 citv commenced a dangerous insurrection, 
 which was with difficulty, and not without 
 considerable slaughter, suppressed. For this 
 he was attacked by the jacobin faction, 
 which was increased by the part he bore 
 in the king’s attempt to escape from France. 
 On that occasion he wrote an energeticleiter 
 to the assembly, acknowledging himself the 
 sole adviser of that affair; for which his 
 estates were confiscated, and a reward of- 
 fered for his head. In 1791 he accepted a 
 commission in the Swedish service, which 
 he quitted, and became a volunteer under 
 the prince of Conde. In 1797 he published 
 Memoirs of the French Revolution, a work 
 of considerable interest. He died at Lon- 
 don, in 1800. — British Magazine. 
 
 Bouillet (John), a French physician, was 
 born at Servian in 1690, and died in 1777. 
 His works are, Elemens tie Medicine pra- 
 tique (Elements of practical Physic), 2 vols. 
 4to. ; Observations sur l’Anasarque, &c. 
 (Observations on the Dropsy), 4to. ; Me- 
 moires pour servir a l’Histoire del’Academie 
 des Sciences de Beziers, 4to. — Nouv. Did. Hist. 
 
 Boulai (Caesar Egasse du), a French 
 writer, who published a History of the uni- 
 versity of Paris, in 6 vols. folio, 1665, 
 which was censured by the theological 
 faculty, and defended by the author. He 
 died in 1678. — Moreri. 
 
 Boulainvillieks (Henry de), lord of 
 Saise, a celebrated French writer. He was 
 born in 1658. We have by him a great 
 number of books, the principal of which is 
 the Life of Mohammed. He died in 1722. 
 — Moreri. 
 
 Boulanger (Nicholas Anthony), a 
 French philosopher, was born at Paris in 
 1722, and died in 17.59. His progress in 
 the mathematics and architecture, though 
 without a tutor, was so great, that he be- 
 came engineer to the baron of Thiers : and 
 he was afterwards appointed superinten- 
 dant of the highways and bridges. He wrote, 
 Traiffi du Despotisme Orientale, 2 vols. 
 12mo. L’Antiquiffi devoile, par ses Usages, 
 3 vols. 12mo. A Dissertation qn Elisha 
 and Enoch. He also wrote some articles in 
 the Encyclopedic. — Nouv. Did. Hist. 
 
 Boulay (Edmund du), a French writer of 
 the 16th century. He was herald at. arms 
 %9 the dukes of Lorrain, He wrote the 
 
 Journey of Duke Anthony to Charles V. and 
 some other books. — Morari. 
 
 Boullenger (Claude Francis Felix), a 
 French writer and advocate, born in 1724, 
 and died in 1758. He wrote, 1. Trait e de 
 la Cause et des Phenomenesde l’Electricite, 
 8vo. 2.Recherehes I listoriques et Critiques, 
 sur quelques anciens Spectacles, 8c c. 12mo. 
 3. Fables et Contes Frangois. — Ilid. 
 
 Boullier (David Renauld), an eminent 
 protestant divine, was born in 1669, and 
 died in 1759. He wrote a Dissertation on 
 the Existence of God, 1716. Letters on the 
 True Principles of Religion, 1741, 2 vols. 
 
 1 2mo. A Translation of bishop Berkeley’s 
 book on Tar- water; and other pieces. — 
 — Nouv. Did. Hist. 
 
 Boullongne (Lewis), a French historical 
 painter of the 17th century. His picture of 
 Augustus shutting the temple of Janus is a 
 grand piece, and shews great judgment and 
 taste. He died in 1 674. His two sons Bon 
 and Lewis Boullongne were also esteemed 
 artists. The first from his various talent* 
 was called the Proteus of painters. He died 
 in 1697. The last became president of the- 
 academy ef painting and first painter to the 
 king. He died in 1733. — D' Argcnville. 
 
 Boulter (Hugh), an exemplary prelate, 
 was born i'l London in 1671, and educated 
 at Merchant Taylors’ school, from whence 
 he removed to Christ-church, Oxford, and 
 afterwards became fellow of Magdalen. 
 About 1700 he obtained the living of St. 
 Olave, Southwark, and the archdeaconry of 
 Surry. He became chaplain to Georye I. 
 and tutor to Prince Frederic, for which lie 
 was rewarded with the deanry of Christ- 
 church, and the bishopric of Bristol. The, 
 king nominated him unexpectedly to the see 
 of Armagh in Ireland, which he accepted 
 with reluctance. In this high station he 
 proved a blessing to that part of the king- 
 dom. He attended all public boards, pro- 
 moted every measure of public utility, and 
 his charities were extensive. By his ma- 
 nagement the scarcity of silver coin was 
 remedied, and he relieved Dublin from the 
 horrors of a famine : he maintained several 
 sons of poor clergymen at the university, 
 built and endowed hospitals, enlarged small 
 livings, and procured the royal charter at 
 his own expence for the incorporated so- 
 ciety for promoting the protestant schools 
 in Ireland. He died in London in 1742, and 
 lies in Westminster abbey. A collection 
 of his Letters was printed at Oxford in 
 1769, 2 vols. 3vo. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Bouquet (Dom Martin), a benedietine 
 of St. Maur, born in 1685 at Amiens, and 
 died at Paris in 1754. He assisted Mont- 
 faucon in his compilations, and published a 
 Collection of the Historians of France. — 
 Nouv. Did. Hist. 
 
 Bourbon (Charles duke of), constable of 
 France, was the son of Gilbert count of 
 Montpen»ier,and born in 14S9. He distin- 
 guished himself at the famous battle of M«- 
 
B O U 
 
 BOU 
 
 rtgnauo, but soon after 'fell into disgrace 
 through the enmity of the mother of Fran- 
 cis I. whose offer Of marriage he had reject- 
 ed. On this he associated with -Charles V. 
 and the king of England against his sove- 
 reign. The plot however was discovered, 
 and he escaped into Italy, where he became 
 lieutenant-general to the emperor, and af- 
 terwards commander in chief. He was 
 killed in an assault upon Rome, in 1527. — 
 Moreri.. 
 
 Bourron ("Nicholas), a modern Latin 
 poet, was born about 1574. He became 
 royal professor of Greek at Paris, canon of 
 Orleans and of Langres. He died in 1644. 
 His poems were printed at Paris in 1651, 
 12mo. — Moreri. 
 
 Bourchier (John), lord Berners, in the 
 reign of Edward IV. was equally famous for 
 his valour and learning. By his mother he 
 was nearly allied to the Plantagenets. On 
 leaving Oxford he travelled, and returned 
 to his own country master of several lan- 
 guages. That which first made him known 
 to the world was his valour in quelling 
 the Devonshire and Cornish rebels. Henry 
 VIII made him chancellor of the exche* 
 quer for life. He also became governor of 
 Calais, where he died in 1532. Fie wrote, 
 1. Of the Duties of the Inhabitants of Ca- 
 lais. 2. A Comedy called Ite in vinean meam, 
 acted in the great church at Calais. He 
 also translated some French romances, 
 and the Chronicle of Froissart into English. 
 •—Wood. 
 
 Bourda lou e (Lewis), a celebrated French 
 
 J ’esuit, was born at Bourges in 1632. He 
 >ecame the most celebrated preacher of his 
 time, and was greatly esteemed by Lewis 
 XIV. He died in 1704. His sermons in 
 16 vols. 8vo. are excellent. — Moreri. 
 
 Bourdeilles (Peter de), a singular 
 French character, who is better known by 
 the name of Brantome. He was an abbot 
 and chevalier, and held besides several 
 places at court. He died in 1614, aged 87. 
 His Memoirs printed at the Hague in 15 
 vols. 12mo. 1741, are very curious. He is 
 not to be confounded with his nephew 
 Claude 'de Bourdeilles, count de Montrefor, 
 who wrote Memoirs of his own time. He 
 died in 1663. — Ibid. 
 
 Bourdelot (John), a French critic of the 
 17th century. He was advocate in the par- 
 liament of Paris, and master of requests to 
 Mary of Medicis. We have by him anno- 
 tations upon several ancient authors, Greek 
 and Latin. lie died in 1638. — Moreri. 
 
 Bourdeeot (the abbfi), whose true name 
 was Peter Michon, a physician, born at 
 Geneva in 1610. He became physician to 
 the great Conde, and afterwards attended 
 Christina of Sweden, who obtained for him 
 the abbey of Massay. He died in 1685. 
 We have by him a treatise on the Viper, 
 1651, 12mo. another on Mount JEtna, &c.: 
 and he left iu MSS, a catalogue of medical 
 
 books, with lives of authors, and a critique 
 on their works. — Now. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Bourdon (Sebastian), a celebrated French 
 painter, and first president of the academy 
 of painting and sculpture at Paris, was born 
 at Montpellier in 1610. He left Fraace on 
 account of his religion, and entered into the 
 service of Christina queen of Sweden. His 
 pieces a^e numerous, but his landscapes are 
 the best. He died in 1662. — D' Argenvillc. 
 
 Bourdon (Ame),a French physician and 
 anatomist, was born at Cambray in 1638, 
 and died in 1706. He published Anatomi- 
 cal Tables, folio, and an Anatomical Descrip- 
 tion of the Human Body, Amo. — Nouvt, 
 Diet. Hist. 
 
 Bourdonnaye (Bernard Francis Mahe 
 de la), born at St. Malo in 1699, was a mer- 
 chant and a warrior. He made several 
 voyages in the service of the French East 
 India company, and was made governor of 
 the isles of France and Bourbon. In 1746 
 he took Madras from the English, and in 
 consideration of a large ransom saved the 
 place from pillage. The fortune he acquired 
 excited the jealousy of the company, by 
 whose means he was confined in theBastile. 
 An action was also commenced against him, 
 but though he was declared innocent and 
 restored to his honours, the chagrin put an 
 end to his life in 1754. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Bouro (du), a French protestant, was 
 descended of a noble family, and horn 
 in 1521. He was educated for the church 
 and tookorders,but embracing the reformed 
 religion, he studied the law and became 
 clerk in the parliament of Paris. He ap- 
 proved himself so zealous m defence of the 
 protestants that Henry II. caused him to be 
 tried for heresy, and though several princes 
 endeavoured to save his life, he was hanged 
 and burnt at Paris in 1559. — Moreri. 
 
 Boukgelat (Claude), a French farrier, 
 was one of the first who obtained the esta- 
 blishment of veterinary schools. His writ- 
 ings are wholly upon farriery. He died in 
 1779. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Bourges (Clemence de), an ingenious 
 lady, was born at Lyons. She acquired 
 considerable reputation by her poetical 
 compositions and musical skill ; and was ’ 
 presented to two monarchs who passed 
 through Lyons as the greatest ornament of 
 the city. She died of grief for the loss of 
 her lover John de Peyrat, who was killed 
 at the siege of Beaurepaire in 1561. — Ibid. 
 
 Bourget (Dom John), a French anti- 
 quary, was born in the diocese of Seez in 
 1724, and became superior of the abbey of 
 Bec< The society of antiquaries in London 
 chose him a member in 1765. Fie made 
 collections of the histories and antiquities 
 of the abbeys in Normandy, which still re- 
 main in MSS. He died in 1776. — Gen. Biosr . 
 Diet. 
 
 Eourguet (Lewis), an ingenious natu- 
 ralist, was boro at Nismes ia 1678. On the 
 
B O U 
 
 revocation of the edict of Nantes he retired 
 to Switzerland with his family. He became 
 professor of philosophy and mathematics at 
 Neufchatel, where he died in 1742. His 
 works are; On the Formation of Salts and 
 Crystals, 12mo. La Bibliotheque Italique, 
 i 16 vols. 8 vo.: this useful journal began to 
 be published at Geneva in 1728, and pos- 
 sessed great merit. — Moreri. 
 
 Bourignon (Antoinette), a celebrated 
 fanatic, was born in 1616 at Lisle. She in- 
 herited a fortune from her parents, which 
 she greatly improved. In 1658 she took 
 the habit of St. Augustine, and became the 
 head of a religious society at Lisle, but 
 some of her nuns being filled with enthu- 
 siasm, either believed or pretended that 
 they were possessed, which occasioned so 
 much noise that she removed to Amsterdam, 
 ^nd gained several proselytes, particularly 
 one de Cort, a man of considerable pro- 
 perty, who left her an estate. Here she 
 published her book, entitled, The Light of 
 the World, in which she maintained that 
 Christianity does not consist in faith or 
 practice, but in an inward feeling and su- 
 pernatural impulse. She wrote a number of 
 books in support of this pernicious notion, 
 and gained many followers. After ram- 
 bling from place to place, she died at Fra- 
 neker in 1 680. Her disciples in Scotland 
 were once numerous, and a few still exist 
 in that country.— Bayle. JVInshchn. 
 
 Bourn (Samuel), a dissenting divine, was 
 born at Birmingham, and educated at Glas- 
 gow. In 1742 he became pastor of a con- 
 gregation atRivington in Lancashire; from 
 whence he removed to Norwich, as assist- 
 ant to Dr. John Taylor; and died there in 
 1796, aged 83. He published some volumes 
 *>f Sermons, and had a dispute with Dr. 
 Chandler on the duration of future punish- 
 ments. — Monthly Mag. 
 
 Bourne (Vincent), an English poet. He 
 was fellow of Trinity college, Cambridge, 
 and usher of Westminster school. His vo- 
 lume of poems in 12mo. reprinted in 1772, 
 4to. shew a classical taste and a fertile ima- 
 gination. Mr. Bourne was in orders, and 
 died young.— Gen. B. D. 
 
 Boursaui.t (Edmund), a French writer, 
 was born in 1638 in Burgundy, and though 
 destitute of an education, attained to a good 
 style of writing, and produced some drama- 
 tic pieces, which are still held in esteem. 
 He also wrote romances, and a collection of 
 letters under the name of Babet, The 
 Theatre de Boursault was printed in S vols. 
 12mo. 1746. He died in 1701, aged 63.— 
 Moreri. 
 
 Boursier (Lawrence Francis), a doctor 
 pf the Sorbonne, was born in 1679, and died 
 in 1749. When Peter the Great was at 
 Paris, this divine recommended to him a 
 union between the two churches. He wrote 
 a famous book on the Action of the Deity 
 Upon the Creature®, 2 voLs. 4to. and 6 vols- 
 
 BOW 
 
 1 2mo. which was attacked by Malebranche. 
 He isnot to be confounded with Philip Bour- 
 sier, a divine at Paris who died in 1768, aged, 
 77. He was the author of Nouvelles Eccle- 
 siastiques. — Moreri. Now. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Bouvart (Michael Philip), a French 
 physician, was born in 1721 at Chartres, 
 where he learnt the elements of physic, and 
 had the charge of an hospital. Afterwards 
 he removed to Paris, and in 1743 became 
 professor of the royal college. An anec- 
 dote related of him does him honour. A 
 banker having experienced some losses 
 was taken ill. M. Bouvart suspected the 
 cause of his indisposition, but could not 
 get the secret from his patient. The bank- 
 er’s wife, however, told him that he want- 
 ed 20,000 livres against a particular day. 
 The doctor said nothing, but returned 
 home, and sent the sum to his patient, 
 which cured him. He died in 1787. He 
 wrote some medical tracts. — Nouv. Diet. 
 Hist. 
 
 Bower (Archibald), an historian, was 
 born at or near Dundee in 1686. He re- 
 ceived his education first at Douay, and 
 afterwards at Rome, where he became a 
 jesuit. He was counsellor to the inquisi- 
 tion at Macerata,from whence he removed 
 to Perugia in 1726. Shortly after this, 
 on some account, which was never ascer- 
 tained, he effected his escape from that 
 place, and after a variety of adventures 
 reached England, where he conformed to 
 the established church, and married. He 
 became tutor in the family of lord Aylmer, 
 and wrote for the booksellers, particularly 
 in correcting the Universal History. His 
 Lives of the Popes, which came out in suc- 
 cessive volumes, brought upon him some 
 severe attacks from the Roman catholics. 
 Bower defended himself with spirit, but his 
 veracity was questioned both by protestants 
 and papists, and he sunk into contempt. 
 Lord Lyttelton, however, patronb.ed him 
 to the last. He died in 1766. His wife 
 publicly announced his dying in the protes- 
 tant communion. — Europ. Mag. 
 
 Bowle (John), an English divine, was 
 educated at Oriel college, Oxford, where 
 he took the degree of M. A. in 1750. He 
 was one of the first who detected the for- 
 geries of Lauder. He published a letter to 
 bishop Percy, and a pompous edition of 
 Don Quixote, in Spanish; he also edited 
 Marstone’s Satires, and some old English 
 poetry. He died in 1788, aged 63. — Gen. 
 Biog. Diet. 
 
 BowyER (William), a learned printer, 
 was bom in London in 1699. He received 
 his education at Merchant Taylors’ school, 
 from whence he removed to St. John’s col- 
 lege, Cambridge. On leaving the university 
 he went into business with his father, and 
 their press acquired a great reputation 
 among the learned. In 1729 Mr. Bowver 
 was appointed printer of the votes of the 
 N 
 
BOY 
 
 BOY 
 
 house of commons. In 1736 he was elected 
 fellow of the society of antiquaries. In 
 1761 he was appointed printer to the royal 
 society; and in 1763he published the New 
 Testament in Greek, with conjectural 
 emendations, 2 vols. 12mo. The last have 
 been printed in a separate form. In 1766 
 he took Mr. John Nichols into partner- 
 ship, by which he was greatly relieved from 
 the weight of business. The year following 
 he was appointed printer of the journals of 
 the house of lords and rolls of parliament. 
 He died in 1777. Mr. Bowyer wrote se- 
 veral curious tracts, and published im- 
 proved editions of some valuable books, 
 die left to the company of stationers 1000/. 
 in the 3 per cents, reduced, the produce of 
 which they are to pay yearly to a journey- 
 man compositor, who is of sober life, and 
 versed in the Latin and Greek languages* 
 
 ° — Nichols s Anecdotes of Boii'yer. 
 
 Bo x h o r n i u s ( Marcus Zu erius) , professor 
 of eloquence, and afterwards of politics and 
 history, at Leyden. He was born at Ber- 
 gen-op-Zoom in 1612, and died in 1653. 
 His works are, Historia Universalis, 4to. 
 Obsidio Bredana, folio. Virorum illustrium 
 Elogia, folio. Chronologia Sacra, folio. 
 Poeroata, 12mo. Theatrum. u-rbum Hol- 
 landite, 4to. &c. — Bay’.e. 
 
 Boyce (William), an eminent musician, 
 was born in London in 1710, and served as 
 a, singing boy in St. Paul’s ; after which he 
 became apprentice to Dr. Green, organist 
 to that cathedral, who left him at his death 
 all his MSS. and entrusted to him the pub- 
 lication of his anthems. Boyce when young 
 Was seized with an incurable deafness, 
 which might be supposed as fatal a malady 
 fo a musician as blindness to a painter. 
 Notwithstanding this he continued his pro- 
 fession with surprising perseverance ; and 
 in 1749 the university of Cambridge con- 
 ferred on him the degree of Mus. D. In 
 1/757 he was appointed master of the king’s 
 band, which place was followed by those of 
 organist and composer to his majesty. He 
 died in 1779, and was interred in St. Paul’s 
 cathedral. Only a few of his compositions 
 have been published. His songs are, deli- 
 cate and lively, and his anthems, sympho- 
 nies, and oratorios, are very line. — Monthly 
 Mag. 
 
 Boyd (Robert, lord), a Scotch nobleman, 
 Was the son of sir Thomas Boyd, of Kilmar- 
 nock, who was killed in 1459, in revenge 
 for having murdered lord Darnley. The 
 •on acquired great popularity with the king 
 and the people. The former created him 
 peer by the title lord Boyd of Kilmar- 
 nock. On the death of James II. in 1460 he 
 was appointed justiciary of the kingdom, 
 and one of the lords of the regency during 
 the minority of James III, He and his fa- 
 mily engrossed almost all the public offices 
 to themselves; and went so far as to carry 
 *ff the young king from Linlithgow to 
 /Edinburgh, where lord Boyd got himself 
 
 declared sole regent. He also effected a 
 marriage between the king’s sister and his ; 
 son afterwards earl of Arran. In 1469 the- 
 king, at the instigation of some of his no- 
 bles, called a parliament to examine intef 
 the conduct of Boyd, who fled to England,, 
 and died at Alnwick in 1470. The earl of 
 Arran was divorced from his lady, and died 
 in exile at Antwerp irr 1474. The unfor- 
 tunate lord Kilmarnock, who suffered in 
 
 1746, was a descendant of this house. >• 
 
 Blog. Br. 
 
 Boyd (Mark Alexander), a- Scotch poet, 
 was born in Galloway, and educated under 
 his uncle, the archbishop of Glasgow, after 
 which he went abroad. He died in his na- 
 tive country, in 1601, aged 39. His Epis- 
 tolse Heroidum, and his Hymns, were 
 printed in the Delicias Poetarum Scotorum/ 
 Amsterdam, 1637, 2 vols, 12mo. — Ibid. 
 
 Boyd (Hugh), a political writer, was the 
 son of Alexander Macaulay, esq. of Glen- 
 ville, in the county of Antrim, in Ireland ; 
 a gentleman of considerable literary talents, 
 and the friend of Swift. He married the 
 eldest daughter of Hugh Boyd, esq. of Bal- 
 lvcastle, by whom he had two sons and 
 two daughters. The second was Hugh the 
 subject of this article, who was born in 1746. 
 He received his education at Trinity col- 
 lege, Dublin, and at the death of his mater- 
 nal grandfather, hesucceeded by will to the 
 estate, on which he assumed the name of 
 Boyd. In 1766 he was called to the bar in 
 Dublin, and soon after he entered of the 
 Temple, in London. •The year following 
 he married a lady of fortune; hut his at- 
 tachment to gay propensities dissipated 
 this property, and he was under the neces- 
 sity of leaving the kingdom He accord- 
 ingly went in the suite of lord Macartney 
 to India in. 1781. The next year he was 
 sent ambassador to the king of Candy irr 
 the island of Ceylon ; and of this embassy 
 he wrote a journal, which is printed in his 
 miscellaneous works. On his return to 
 Madras he began a periodical paper, called 
 the Indian Observer ; which has been re- 
 printed in England. Me died at Madras in- 
 1794. Mr. Boyd wrote a political paper* 
 called the Freeholder, published in 1776; 
 and another entitled the Whig in 1779 : 
 Letters of Democrates, and a Preface to 
 Lord Chatham’s Speeches. Mr. Almon 
 strenuously labours to prove that he was 
 the author of Junius’s celebrated letters.— 
 Preface 1o Almon s edition cf Junius. 
 
 Boydell (John), an iagenious artist, and 
 magistrate of London, was born at Dor- 
 rington, in Shropshire, in 1719. He was 
 brought up a land-surveyor under his fa- 
 ther, but happening to meet with some land- 
 scapes, he apprenticed himself to an engra- 
 ver. In 1745 he published some small 
 landscapes for the use of learners, and the 1 
 encouragement he received induced him ta 
 persevere in engraving and publishing. He 
 also sought out English artists,, to. y/ hom. 
 
BOY 
 
 BOY 
 
 he was a liberal patron, particularly Wool- 
 let. But Mr. Boydelldid not confine him- 
 self to prints ; he had the honour to esta- 
 blish an English school of historical painting; 
 we allude to the Shakspeare gallery. He 
 also presented to the corporation of Lon- 
 don some fine pictures for the Council 
 chamber in Guildhall. In 1791 he served 
 the office of lord mayor. By the French 
 revolution, and the consequent war, this 
 worthy mart experienced such losses as to 
 be under the necessity of procuring an act 
 of parliament for the disposal of the Shak- 
 speare gallery, and his pictures and prints, 
 by way of lottery. He died in 1804. — Gent. 
 Mag. 
 
 Boyer (Abel), a lexicographer and gram- 
 marian, was born at Castres in France, in 
 1664, but left that country on the revoca- 
 tion of the edict of Nantes. After finish- 
 ing his studies at Geneva and Franeker, he 
 visited England, where he subsisted by 
 teaching the French language, and died in 
 1739. His French and English grammar 
 and dictionary have gone through nume- 
 rous editions. He also compiled, The Po- 
 litical State of Europe, somewhat after the 
 manner of the Annual Registers ; The His- 
 tory of King William, 3 vols. 8vo ; and the 
 Annals of Queen Anne, 1 1 vols. 8vo. and 
 Other works. — Moreri. 
 
 Boyer (Claude), a member of the French 
 academy, born at Alby in 1618,, and died 
 in 1698. He was an ecclesiastic, which 
 profession he quitted for the stage. He 
 wrote several dramatic pieces, which were 
 condemned as fast as they were produced. 
 — Ibid. 
 
 Boyer (John Baptist du), physician to 
 Lewis XIV. was born at Marseilles in 1693, 
 and his conduct when his native city was 
 ravaged by the plague obtained him a place 
 at court, and a pension. He published a 
 corrected edition of the Codex Medica- 
 mentarius ; seu Pharmacopoeia Parisiensis, 
 4to. He died in 1768. — Noun. Diet. Hist'. 
 
 Boyle (Richard), earl of Cork, was 
 born at Canterbury in 1566, and educated 
 at Bene’t college, Cambridge, from whence 
 he removed to the Middle Temple. In 
 1588 he went to Ireland, where he married 
 a lady of fortune. He made several large 
 purchases of land in that kingdom, on 
 which he settled English protestants. In 
 1603 he married a second time, and the 
 same year was knighted. King James made 
 him privy counsellor of Ireland, and in 1616 
 raised him to the peerage by the title of 
 baron of Youghall, which he afterwards ex- 
 changed for the earldom of Cork. In 1631 
 he was constituted high treasurer of Ire- 
 land, which office was made hereditary in 
 •his family. When the rebellion broke out 
 in 1641 he made great exertions in behalf 
 of the government ; and in the battle of 
 I.iscarrol four of his sons were engaged, 
 the eldest of whom was slain. He died in 
 1643, aged 78, and caused this motto to be 
 
 engraved on his tomb, “ God’s Providence 
 is my inheritance.” By his second wife he 
 had seven sons and eight daughters. — B'wg. 
 Brit. 
 
 Boyle (Roger), earl of Orrery, fifth son 
 of the preceding, was born in Ireland in 
 1621, and at the age of seven was created 
 lord Broghill. Having finished his educa- 
 tion at Trinity college, Dublin, he went 
 abroad, and on his return married the 
 daughter of the earl of Suffolk. After the 
 murder of Charles I. he came to England, 
 and solicited leave to go to the Spa for his 
 health, but his real design was to visit the 
 exiled king, and to consult on the best means 
 of promoting his interests in Ireland. His 
 intention being suspected, the committeeof 
 safety were about to send him to the Tower, 
 but were prevented by Cromwell, who pre- 
 vailed upon him to accept a commission un- 
 der him in his Irish campaigns. Misconduct 
 gave Cromwell such satisfaction, that when 
 he became protector he made him one of 
 his privy council. After the death of 
 Cromwell he withdrew to Ireland, where 
 he took measures for the restoration of 
 monarchy. Charles II. on his accession, 
 created him earl of Orrery, and appointed 
 him one of his privy council. Soon after 
 this he was constituted one of the lords 
 justices of Ireland, and commissioned tocall 
 a parliament, before the meeting of which 
 hedrewup the celebrated act of settlement. 
 On the fall of lord Clarendon he was of- 
 fered the place of chancellor, but re- 
 fused it. He died in 1679, leaving two sons 
 and five daughters. He wrote several 
 poems and plays, and his state letters were 
 printed in folio in 1742. — Ibid. 
 
 Boyle (Robert), a celebrated philoso- 
 pher, was the seventh son of Richard, earl of 
 Cork, and was born at Lismore in Ireland, 
 in 1627. Two misfortunes happened to 
 him in his childhood ; the first was the loss 
 of his mother, and the second, an incurable 
 habit of stuttering, which he acquired by 
 mockingother children. In 1635hewas sent 
 to Eton school, and three years afterwards 
 accompanied his brother Francis in his 
 travels. They settled some time at Geneva • 
 where, among ether studies, Mr. Boyle 
 applied to the mathematics, of which he had 
 before acquired the rudiments. After a stay 
 of near two years at Geneva they visited 
 Italy, where Mr. Boyle paid particular at- 
 tention to the discoveries made by Galileo. 
 The rebellion in Ireland having embar- 
 rassed their father’s affairs, they were 
 straitened in their circumstances abroad 
 from the want of remittances. After ex- 
 periencing many difficulties in this respect 
 they returned to England in 1 644, and found 
 that their father was dead. To his son Rcu. 
 bert he had bequeathed the manor of Stal- 
 brfdge, where he chiefly resided ; but when 
 in London he lived with his sister, lady 
 Ranelagh. He now devoted himself to phi- 
 losophical pursuits, for which purpose h* 
 
BOY 
 
 BOY 
 
 made frequent excursions to Oxford, where 
 a philosophical society was held, which after- 
 wards became the famous royal society, of 
 which he was one of the earliest members. 
 In 1654 he fixed his residence at Oxford, 
 for the sake of enjoying the company of his 
 learned friends. Here he applied prin- 
 cipally to experimental philosophy, and 
 contrived a more perfect air-pump than 
 that which had been recently invented. 
 But natural philosophy was not the only 
 subject which engaged his attention at 
 Oxford. He cultivated an acquaintance 
 with the learned languages, and devoted 
 so much time to the study of theology and 
 sacred criticism, that at the restoration 
 he was pressed to enter into orders, with 
 a view of elevating him to episcopacy. 
 But a natural diffidence made him decline 
 this and every other offer of preferment. 
 He was also of opinion, that as a layman 
 what he should write in behalf of religion 
 would make more impression than if he 
 were an ecclesiastic. His labours were so 
 incessant that he continued to enrich the 
 papers of the royal society by the commu- 
 nications of experiments; and as he was one 
 of the first institutors, so he was the prin- 
 cipal support and ornament of that estab- 
 lishment. He also exerted himself in other 
 works, particularly in advancing designs 
 of charity, and schemes of improvements. 
 As a director of the East India company he 
 was the principal instrument in procuring 
 their charter; for which he only required 
 as a return, that they would do something 
 towards propagating Christianity in their 
 settlements, to which end he had print- 
 ed at Oxford 500 copies of the Gospels 
 and Acts of the Apostles, in the Malay 
 tongue. Hewasalsoat the expence of print- 
 ing in Arabic Grotius de Veritate. In 
 1678 he published an extraordinary piece, 
 entitled, An Historical Account of. a De- 
 gradation of Gold made by an Anti-elixir, 
 4to. In the same year the royal society 
 would have chosen him president, which 
 honour he declined. About 1681 we find 
 him engaged in promoting the propagation 
 of the gospel among the Indians of North 
 America. In 1689 he was obliged to have 
 recourse to an advertisement to prevent the 
 intrusion of visitors. By this means he 
 gained time to perfect some important 
 works, particularly those of chemistry. 
 He died in 1691, in a week after his 
 sister, lady Ranelagh. His remains were 
 interred in the church of St. Martin in 
 ■the Fields where a funeral sermon was 
 preached by Dr. Burnet, bishop of Salis- 
 bury. He founded a lecture at St. Paul's 
 in defence of the gospelagainst unbelievers, 
 without any regard to differences among 
 Christians. 'His works have been printed 
 in 5 vols. folio, and 6 vols. 4to. — Life by 
 Burnet. B'o<r. Brit. 
 
 Boyle (Charles), earl of Orrery, was the 
 son of Roger, the second earl, and born in 
 1676. lie received his education at Cnrist- 
 
 church, Oxford, under Dr. Atterbury, and 
 while there engaged in a famous dispute 
 with Dr. Bentley, on the epistles of Phalaris, 
 a new edition of which was published by 
 Mr. Boyle in 1695. In this, however, he 
 was materially assisted by his tutor. On 
 leaving the university he was chosen mem- 
 ber for Huntingdon ; and, on the death of 
 his brother, he succeeded to the earldom. 
 In 1709 he obtained the rank of major- 
 general, and was sworn of the privy coun- 
 cil. During the treaty of Utrecht, he wa» 
 envoy-extraordinary to tire states of Flan- 
 ders and Brabant, and on his return was 
 created a British peer, by the title of lord 
 Boyle, baron of Marston in Somersetshire. 
 At the accession of George !. he retired 
 from court, and in 1722 was sent to the 
 Tower on suspicion of treason. After six 
 months confinement he was discharged. He 
 died in 1731. The astronomical instrument 
 calleclan Orrery was named after him by the 
 inventor Graham, in gratitude for favours 
 received from his lordship. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Boyle (John), earl of Cork and Orrery, 
 and the only son of the last-mentioned, was 
 born in 1707, and educated at Westminster 
 school, from whence he removed to Christ- 
 church, Oxford. In 1728 he married the 
 earl of Orkney’s daughter, who died in 
 1782. The year following he returned to 
 England, and in 1738 he married an Irish 
 lady. The next year he published his 
 great-grandfather’s dramatic works in 2 
 vols. 8vo. ; and in 1742 his State Letters. 
 In 1751 appeared his translation of Pliny’s 
 Letters in 2 vols. 4to. addressed to his son. 
 This was followed by his Observations on 
 the Life of Swift, 8vo. In 1758 he lost his 
 lady, and the next year his eldest son. He 
 died in 1762. In 1774 appeared his Letters 
 from Italy, with his life by Mr. Dun- 
 combe. Ills lordship also furnished some 
 of the papers in the World and Connois- 
 seur. — Ibid. 
 
 Boylstone (Zabdiel), a physician, wa4 
 born at Brookline near Bosten in America 
 in 16S4. He studied under Dr. Cutler of 
 Boston, at which place he practised with 
 great reputation. In 1721 Dr. Boylstone 
 introduced inoculation with success at 
 Boston, though lie experienced much op- 
 position from the faculty. He died in 
 1766. — Rump. Mag. vol. xxvi. 
 
 Bovs (John), an English divine, was born 
 in Kent, and educated at Bene’t college, 
 Cambridge, where he took his degrees in 
 arts. In 1599 lie obtained the vicarage of 
 Tiimanstone, with which he held the rec- 
 tory of Bettishauger, both in Kent. After 
 possessing other preferments he was made 
 dean of Canterbury, where he died in 
 1625, aged 54. His works were published 
 in I vol. folio, 1629. — Todd's Deans of Can- 
 terbury. 
 
 Boyse, or Buis (John), an English di- 
 vine, born at Nettlestead in Suffolk, in 
 1-563, and educated at St. John’s college, 
 Cambridge. He was Greek lecturer lucre 
 
 jt 
 
B O Z 
 
 BRA 
 
 many years, and obtained a fellowship, 
 after which he received the college living 
 of Boxworth. He was one of the transla- 
 tors of the present version of the Bible, 
 and assisted sir Henry Saville in his edition 
 [of St. Chrysostom. All the preferment he 
 received in the church was a prebend of 
 lily, given hint by bishop Andrews. He 
 died in 1643.- — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Boyse (Joseph), a dissenting divine, was 
 born at Leeds in Yorkshire, in 1660, and 
 educated at Kendal in Westmoreland. In 
 1 083 he was at Amsterdam, where he offi- 
 ! dated among the brownists. At his return 
 he accepted a call from a congregation at 
 Dublin, where hedied in 1728. His works 
 were published the same year in 2 vols. 
 folio. — Ib'd. 
 
 Boyse (Samuel), an unfortunate poet, 
 was the son of the preceding, and born in 
 1708 at Dublin. After receiving a gram- 
 matical education he was sent to Glasgow, 
 where he married a tradesman’s daughter 
 before he was twenty. This imprudent 
 ! step, added to the extravagance of him- 
 self and wife, involved him in misery. He 
 published a volume of poems at Edinburgh, 
 addressed to lady Eglintoun, who liberally 
 rewarded him ; and an elegy on the coun- 
 tess of Stormont procured him from lord 
 Stormont a handsome present. Fron Edin- 
 burgh he came to London, with a recom- 
 mendatory letter, written by the duchess 
 of Gordon, to Mr. Pope, and another to 
 chancellor King, both of which he ne- 
 glected to deliver. He loved mean com- 
 pany, and indulged in the habits of low 
 life. His principal support was by writing 
 for periodical publications. The wretched 
 situation he was in at this time is thus de- 
 I scribed by one who knew him : “ He sat up 
 in bed with the blanket wrapped about 
 him, through which he had cut a hole large 
 enough to receive his arm, and placing 
 the paper on his knee scribbled in the best 
 manner he could the verses he was obliged 
 to make.” In 1745 he wrote an historical 
 Review of the Transactions of Europe. Ele 
 also published numerous poems, none of 
 which are now read, except the Deity, 
 which is admitted into many collections, 
 
 : and has been praised by two very different 
 writers, Fielding and Hervey. He died in 
 1749, in Shoe-Lane, and was buried at the 
 expence of the parish. — Biog. Brit. Cibber s 
 Lives of the Poets. 
 
 Boze (Claude Gros de), a French anti- 
 quary, was born at Lyon in 1680, and be- 
 came member of the French academy, and 
 of that of inscriptions and belles-lettres, to 
 the last of which lie was appointed per- 
 petual secretary, tie was also nominated 
 1 keeper of the royal cabinet of medals. He 
 died in 1754. Boze published the first 15 
 volumes of the academy of inscriptions ; 
 the Medallic History of Lewis XIV. and 
 other works pf a like kind. — Nmy. Hitt. 
 Hut. * 
 
 Bracciolini (Francis), an Italian poet, 
 was born at Pistoia in 1566, and at the age 
 of 40 entered into orders. He was secre- 
 tary to cardinal Anthony Barberini, as he 
 had been to his brother pope Urban VIII. 
 before his advancement to the pontificate. 
 That family had such an esteem for him 
 as to permit him to take a surname from 
 their arms, which were Bees, and hence 
 he is called Bracciolini dell’ A pi. His poem, 
 entitled, La Croee Riaquistrata, 1605, is 
 esteemed next to Tasso’s Jerusalem. He 
 also wrote some other pieces, and died in 
 1 645. — T iraboschi. 
 
 Bracton (Henry de), an English lawyer 
 of the 13th century, was born in Devon- 
 shire, and educated at Oxford. Henry III. 
 made him one of the itinerant judges. His 
 book, De Legibus et Consuetudinibus An- 
 glins, which was first printed in 156'9, folio, 
 is a complete and inestimable treatise on 
 
 the English law. Prince’s Worthies of 
 
 Devon. 
 
 Bradbury (Thomas^), a dissenting mi- 
 nister, was born in London in 1672, edu- 
 cated under a Mr. Row, at Clapham, after 
 which he became a very popular preacher 
 in the city. Bradbury was a high calvinist, 
 and a zealous whig. He was, however, a 
 man of abilities and of great humour. He 
 published two volumes of sermons, enti- 
 tled, The Mystery of Godliness, and after 
 his death three volumes more were printed. 
 Hedied in 1557,aged 5:3. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Bradford (John), an English martyr, 
 was born at Manchester, and was some 
 time a clerk under sir John Harrington, 
 treasurer of the fore - " * JJqjjlogne. While 
 in this post he yielded to . temptation of 
 overcharging some articles in t ,c ^count, 
 by which the king was a loser. Son. rpmae 
 after he was so affected with heari.. ' f R 
 sermon of Latimer’s upon restitution tnak 
 he restored the whole sum of which he had 
 defrauded the king. He now turned his 
 attention to divinity, took the degree of 
 A. M. at Cambridge, and became an emi- 
 nent preacher of the reformed doctrines. 
 He was imprisoned at the beginning of 
 Mary’s reign, and after a long confinement 
 was burnt in Smithfield, in 1555. Several 
 of his letters are extant. — Fox’s Acts and 
 Mon. Burnet's Hist. Ref. 
 
 Bradford (Samuel), a learned prelate, 
 was born in London, and educated at Bene’t 
 college, Cambridge. On entering into or- 
 ders he became chaplain to bishop Comp- 
 ton, and tutor to the children of archbishop 
 Tillotson. He obtained the rectory of St. 
 Mary le Bow, a prebend of Westminster, 
 apd the mastership of Bene’t college. In 
 1718 he was made bishop of Carlisle, from 
 whence he was translated to Rochester in 
 1723. He died in 1731. This bishop was 
 the editor of Tiljotson’s works, and the au- 
 thor of occasional sermons. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Bradford (John), a Welsh poet, who 
 was admitted a disciple of the bardic chair 
 
BRA 
 
 BRA 
 
 of Glamorgan in 1730, being then a boy ; 
 presided in the same chair in 1760, and 
 died in 1780. He wrote several moral 
 pieces of great merit, some of which are to 
 be found in the Evergreen, a magazine 
 published in the Welsh language. — Owens 
 Cambrian Biog. 
 
 Bradick (Walter), an English merchant, 
 who escaped from the earthquake at Lis- 
 bon, with the lost of all his property. He 
 afterwards was admitted a pensioner of 
 the Charter-house, and wrote a poem, en- 
 titled, Chohcleth, or the Royal Preacher, 
 4to. He died in 1794. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Bradley (Richard), F.R.S. and the well- 
 known author of various treatises on natu- 
 ral history, husbandry, <5tc. He was ap- 
 pointed professor of botany in the univer- 
 sity of Cambridge in 1724, by means of a 
 pretended verbal recommendation fromDr. 
 Sherard to Dr. Bentley, and pompous as- 
 surances that he would procure the univer- 
 sity a botanic garden. But his vanity was 
 soon seen, and his ignorance of the learned 
 languages known ; so that as the professor 
 neglected to read lectures himself, the uni- 
 versity permitted Mr. John Martyntodo 
 it. Mr. Bradley, however, read a course of 
 lectures on the materia medica, in 1729, at 
 the Bull inn. In 1731 he was grown so 
 scandalous that it was in agitation to turn 
 him out of his professorship, and he died in 
 the end of 1732. He was paid by the 
 booksellers to permit his name to be pre- 
 fixed to a translation of Xenophon’s (Eco- 
 nomics. — Life of Mr. Martin by bis Son, 
 12mo. 1770. 
 
 Bradley (J ), an eminent astrono- 
 mer, was bo -dht Shireborn in Gloucester- 
 shire, !-■ 1^92 and educated at Baliol col- 
 lee^ ^«ford, where he took his degrees in 
 
 v, :i and entered into orders. In 1749 he 
 obtained the vicarage of Bridstow, in He- 
 refordshire, which, with a small sinecure 
 in the diocese of St. David’s, was all the 
 church preferment lie ever received. In 
 1721 he became Savilian professor of astro- 
 nomy at Oxford, on which he resigned his 
 livings. In 1730 he was appointed lecturer 
 of experimental philosophy, which he re- 
 signed about two years afterwards. In 
 1741 he succeeded Dr. Halley as astronomer 
 royal, and, at the same time, the university of 
 Oxford presented him with the degree of 
 D. D. In 1747 he addressed, a letter to the 
 carl of Macclesfield, on the apparent mo- 
 tion of the fixed stars, for which he re- 
 ceived the gold medal of the royal society. 
 The year following the king granted him 
 1000/. to procure instruments for the ob- 
 servatory. He refused the living of Green- ' 
 wich, because he thought the charge of a 
 pastor too sacred to be held with his other 
 pursuits, on which he obtained a yearly 
 pension of 250'. He died in 1762, and was 
 buried at Minchinhampton in Gloucester- 
 shire. His observations are extant con- 
 
 tained in 13 vols. 4to. in MS. and several of 
 his papers are in the Philosophical Trans- 
 actions. — Diog. Brit. Hutton s Math. Diet. 
 
 Bradshaw (Henry), an English poet of 
 the 14th century. He was a benedietine 
 monk at Chester, and wrote the Life of 
 St. Werburg in verse. — Pits. Bayle. 
 
 Bradshaw (John), a noted English law- 
 yer, was born in Derbyshire in 1586, and 
 was brought up to the profession of a clerk; 
 but he must have afterwards entered at one 
 of the inns of court, as he rose to the rank 
 of serjeant at law. What gives him a place 
 in history is neither his talents nor his 
 virtue, but his having the assurance to sit 
 in judgment upon his sovereign, Charles I., 
 his reward for which was as extraordinary 
 as his crime ; the parliament soon after 
 making him a present of Summer Hill, a 
 seat of the earl of St. Alban’s. He is sup- 
 posedto have communicated somcevidences 
 to Marchmont Needham, for insertion in 
 his translation of Selden’s Mare Clausum. 
 Lie died in 1659, and at the restoration his 
 body after being hung at Tyburn with those 
 of Cromwell and Ireton, was buried under 
 the gallows. — Granger's Biog. Hist. 
 
 Bradwardin (Thomas), archbishop of 
 Canterbury, and called according to the 
 custom of that age, the profound doctor , was 
 born in Sussex, about 1290. He was of 
 Merton college, Oxford, and in 1325 was 
 proctor of the university. He was well 
 versed in the philosophy of Aristotle and 
 Plato, but his chief talent layin mathematics 
 and theology. Sir H. Savile had in his pos- 
 session a large MS. vol. of astronomical 
 tables, composed by him. That learned 
 man published in 1618 a work by the 
 archbishop, entitled De Causa Dei, in refu- 
 tation of pelagianism. Bradwardin was 
 divinity professor at Oxford, and accom- 
 panied Edward III. during his wars in 
 Prance, and it is said that he often preached 
 to the army with such power, as to restrain 
 them from those violences which too often 
 attend military success. ‘ He was conse- 
 crated to the archbishopric at Avignon in 
 1349,- but died at Lambeth a few months af- 
 ter. He lies buried in the cathedral of Can- 
 terbury. Besides the above work he wrote 
 Geometrica Speculativa ; Arithmetica Spe- 
 culativa, printed at Paris in 1512 ; Trac- 
 tatlis Proportionum, Venice, 1505. — Savilii 
 prerf. ad led. Bradvardini Oper. 
 
 Brady (Nicholas), a divine and poet, 
 was born at Bandon in Ireland, in 1659; 
 educated first at Westminster school, and 
 next at Christ-chureh, Oxford, of which 
 college he became student, but took his 
 degree of D. D. at Dublin, where he was 
 chaplain to Wettenhal, bishop of Cork, 
 who gave him a prebend in his cathedral. 
 He died rector of Richmondand Clapham, 
 in Surrey, in 1726. Dr. Brady translated 
 the TEneid of Virgil, and published 3 vols.- 
 of sermons, and some poems; but he is best 
 
BRA. 
 
 BRA 
 
 known b)y bis version of Psalms in con- 
 junction with Mr. Tate, and now generally 
 sung in churches. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Brady (Robert), an English physician 
 and histo rian, was born in Norfolk, and 
 educated at Caius college, Cambridge, of 
 which he was elected master in 1660. In 
 1670 he was appointed keeper of the re- 
 cords. Some time after he became regius 
 professor of physic at Cambridge. He died 
 in 1700. He wrote a letter to Dr. Syden- 
 ham ; but he is best known by his Complete 
 History o f England, S vols. folio, in which 
 he exalts the royal prerogative, and repre- 
 sents parl iaments as of modern date. He 
 also wrotie a Treatise on Burghs, folio. — 
 Biog. Brit . 
 
 Brahe (Tycho), a famous astronomer, 
 was descended from a noble Swedish fa- 
 mily, settled at Knudstorp in Denmark, 
 where hce was born in 1546. He studied 
 philosophy and rhetoric, with a view of 
 making tlhe law his profession, but the solar 
 eclipse, which happened in 1560, turned 
 his attention to astronomy, which he con- 
 sidered a;s a divine study, and he applied to 
 it with the greatest avidity. In 1565 he 
 returned home, and in a quarrel with a 
 Danish niobleman dost his nose, which he 
 supplied with an artificial one, so curiously 
 made tha t the defect was hardly to be per- 
 ceived. About this time he applied to the 
 study of «chemistry, in. hopes of finding the 
 philosopher’s stone. After this he travelled 
 for some years, and on his return to Den- 
 mark resiided with his uncle, who .furnished 
 him with the means of making celestial 
 observations ; and here it was, that in 1573 
 lie discovered a new star in the constella- 
 tion Cassiopeia. But shortly afterwards he 
 incurred the displeasure of his relations by 
 an imprudent marriage, and the quarrel 
 was so g'reat that the king was obliged to 
 interfere to effect a reconciliation. At the 
 royal counmand he Eead lectures on astro- 
 nomy at ^Copenhagen. The king also gave 
 himtheifsle of Huen, where lie laid the foun- 
 dation.off an observatory, to which he gave 
 the name of Uraniburg. The king added 
 to the donation a pension and some lucra- 
 tive places. In this situation he resided 
 about 20 years, but on the death of the 
 king he Host his pension, in consequence of 
 which hie left Uraniburg and went to Co- 
 .penhagein, from whence he removed to 
 Prague, where he died in 1601. He left a 
 widow, ttwo sons and four daughters. He 
 was a man of great genius, but excessively 
 Euperstit.ious, being addicted to judicial 
 astrology, and very attentive to omens. 
 His temper was also uncommonly irritable, 
 and his vanity disgusting. Of the last no 
 greater proof can be given than his invent- 
 ing a sysitem in opposition to the Coperni- 
 can, and more absurd than that of Ptolemy. 
 His works, however, shew him to have 
 iteeuan accurate observer. TheRudolphine 
 
 Tables, and the Historic Celestis, are the 
 best. — Lfe by Gassendi. 
 
 Braillier (Peter), an apothecary of 
 Lyons, who wrote a curious book on the 
 Abuses and Ignorance of Physicians, against 
 an anonymous author who had ridiculed 
 the apothecaries. He jived at the close of 
 the 16th century. — Morer'. 
 
 Braint Hir, nephew of 'Cadwallon, 
 king of North Wales, who distinguished 
 himself in the war between his uncle and 
 Edwin, about A. D. 620. The result was 
 disastrous to Cadwallon, who was obliged 
 to fly to Ireland, and Braint Hir went into 
 England, where he gained so many friends 
 as enabled him to recall Cadw-allon and 
 oppose Edwin, who was slain in the battle 
 of Hatfield in 6S3. — Given s Gamb. Biog. 
 
 Brakenburg (Reiner), an eminentpaint- 
 er of landscapes and conversations ; born 
 at Haerlem, and died in 1649. His com- 
 positions are lively, natural, and well 
 grouped ; but his subjects are always of a 
 low nature. — Houbraken. 
 
 Bramante d’Urrino (Lazarus), a cele- 
 brated architect, was born in 1444, and 
 died in 1514. He executed several great 
 works for the popes, particularly that of 
 joining the Belvedere to the Vatican. He 
 Iwgan the church of SL Peter, and left the 
 execution of it at his death to Michael 
 Angelo Buonaroti. He was also a musi- 
 cian and a man of letters. His poems were 
 printed at Milan as late as 1756. — Tira- 
 bosch'u 
 
 Bramer (Leonard), a Dutch painter^ 
 born at Delft in 1596, and a disciple of 
 Rembrandt. One of his best pieces is the 
 raising of Lazarus, which is with others of 
 his painting at Rome, and in great esteem. 
 — Hoitbraken , 
 
 Bramhall (John), an eminent prelate, 
 was born at Pontefract in Yorkshire, about 
 1598, and educated at Sidney college, Cam- 
 bridge. After taking his degrees he be- 
 came chaplain to Mathews, archbishop of 
 York, who gave him a prebend in his 
 church, and the deanery of Rippon. In 
 1 630 he went to Ireland, where he was em- 
 ployed by 'lord Wentworth in reforming 
 the abuses of the church, for which he was 
 made bishop of Londonderry. In 1641 ar- 
 ticles of high treason was exhibited against 
 him by the puritanical party, and he was 
 committed prisoner at Dublin, but king 
 Charles, at the request of archbishop Usher, 
 directed all proceedings to cease, and he was 
 set at liberty. During the civil war he re- 
 sided abroad, and at the restoration was 
 made archbishop of Armagh : he procured 
 several advantages for the Irish church, 
 and established some excellent regulations. 
 He died in 1663. He wrote several books 
 against the -rosnanists and sectaries, and had 
 a controversy with Hobbes on liberty and 
 necessity. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Bran, the son of Llyr, and father of 
 
BRA 
 
 BRA 
 
 Caradog, or Caractacus, king of Britain, is 
 classed with Prydain and Dynwall, as the 
 three who consolidated the f(5rm of elective 
 monarchy in Britain. When his son was 
 delivered up to the Romans, Bran and his 
 family were carried to Rome, where they 
 embraced the Christian religion, which at 
 their return they introduced among their 
 countrymen. Bran died about the year 
 80 . — Owen's Camb. Biog. 
 
 Brancas Villeneuve (Andrew Fran- 
 cis), a French abb£ and geographer, who 
 wrote several works of merit, though in a 
 jb id style. The principal are Letters upon 
 Cosmography; a System of Modern Cos- 
 mography, and Philosophy in General ; 
 Explanation of the Flux and Reflux of the 
 Sea ; Ephemericles Cosmographiques. He 
 died in 1758 — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Brancker (Thomas), a mathematician, 
 was born in Devonshire in 1636, and edu- 
 cated at Exeter college, Oxford, jvhere he 
 took his degrees in arts, and was elected 
 fellow. At the restoration he entered into 
 orders, and became rector of Tilston in 
 Cheshire, and master of the free-school at 
 Macclesfield. He died in 1676. Lie wrote, 
 1. The Doctrine of the Sphere, published 
 in Latin at Oxford in 1662, and, 2. an In- 
 troduction to Algebra, 1668. — Wood's A. 0. 
 
 Brandel (Peter), an eminent historical 
 and portrait painter, was born at Prague in 
 1660, brought up under Schroeter, and 
 died poor in that city in 1739. He gained 
 considerable sums hy his productions, but 
 squandered away the whole in an extrava- 
 gant manner. — Pilkington. 
 
 Brandi (Hyacinth), an Italian painter, 
 who was a pupil of Lanfranc, and executed 
 several fine paintings for the churches at 
 Rome, where he was knighted. Hp died 
 in 1691, aged 58w — D’ Argenville. 
 
 Brandmuli.ee (John), a protestant di- 
 vine, and professor of Hebrew at Basil, 
 where he died in 1596, aged 63. He wrote 
 sermons and other theological pieces. His 
 son James wroteAnaJysis Typica Librorum 
 veteris et Novi Testamenti, Basle, 3 vols. 
 4to. 1620. He had a son of his own name, 
 who was professor of law at Basil, where 
 he died in 1677. He wrate some books on 
 law, and Latin poems. — Moreri. 
 
 Brandmuller (Gregory), an historical 
 painter, was born at Baslein 1661, and died 
 »n 1691. He studied in the school of le 
 Brun, and obtained a prize in the royal 
 academy at Paris. He excelled in history 
 and portrait. — Pilkington. 
 
 Brandojant (Aurelio), an Italian poet, 
 was born at Florence, and died at Rome in 
 1497. He was blind, on which account 
 he had the surname of Lippo given him. 
 Notwithstanding this he was an elegant 
 scholar and an excellent writer, Matthias 
 Corvinus, king of Elungary, invited him to 
 his court, and gave him a place in his uni- 
 versity of Buda. On the death of that mo- 
 narch he returned to Italy, and entered 
 
 among the Augustines. His talents as a 
 preacher were also great. The most valu- 
 able of his works is entitled De Ratione 
 Scribendi, in which he lays down good 
 precepts for composition. — TiraboscLi. 
 
 Brandon (Charles), duke of Suffolk, and 
 the favourite of Henry VIII. He signalized 
 himself at the justs at Tournay in 1511, in- 
 stituted hy Margaret princess of Castile, 
 in compliment to his royal master. He 
 here won the heart of that princess, but 
 fortune reserved him for another. In 1514 
 he performed amazing deeds of arms at St. 
 Dennis, at the coronation of Mary, sister 
 to Henry, on her marriage with the aged 
 Lewis XII. “ The good king,” says Hai- 
 nault, “ met with his death in her arms in 
 less than three months. This opened the 
 way to the possession of the beautiful 
 dowager. Her heart was lost to him a* 
 the preceding tournament. The French, 
 envious of his prowess, introduced into 
 the lists a gigantic German, in hopes of 
 bringing the Fmglish hero into disgrace. 
 He treated his antagonist so roughly, that 
 the French interfered ; but in a second trial 
 Suffolk handled him so severely, that they 
 were obliged to convey the fellow away 
 secretly, who had been introduced in dis- 
 guise, merely on account of his great 
 strength.” Mary, on the death of her royal 
 consort, made proposals to Suffolk, which 
 with his master’s consent he accepted. Ke 
 married almost as many wives as his mas- 
 ter, leaving his fourth to survive him. He 
 died in 1545, and was buried by Henry 
 with great magnificence ; his loss being one 
 of the few things that touched bis hardened 
 heart. — Herbert's Henry VIII. 
 
 Brandt (John), secretary of Antwerp, 
 where he died in 1689, aged 80. We have 
 by him, Elogia Ciceronia Romanorum do- 
 nis Militiaque Illustrium. — Moreri. 
 
 Brandt (Gerard), a Dutch divine, was 
 the author of the History of the Reforma- 
 tion of die Low Countries, and a Life of 
 De Ruyter, the Dutch admiral. He died 
 in 1685, aged 59. — Ibid. 
 
 Brandt (Sebastian), professor of juris- 
 prudence and chancellor at Strasburjg, 
 born in 1454, and died in 1520. He wrote 
 the poem entitled Navis Stultifera Morta- 
 lium, 1488, 8vo. He is not to be corn- 
 founded with Sebastian Brandt , a German 
 chemist, who discovered phosphorus in seelc;- 
 ing for the philosopher’s stone. He dic;<d 
 in 1521. — Ibid. 
 
 Brantome, see Bourdeilles. 
 
 Brasavola (Antonius Musa), an Italiam 
 physician, was born at Ferrara in 1500, 
 and received several marks of favour from 
 different sovereigns. He died at his nativ e 
 place, where he was professor of medii- 
 cine, in 1555. He wrote Commentaries om 
 Hippocrates and Galen. — Moreri. Hallerr , 
 Freind. 
 
 Brasbridge (Thomas), an English phyr- 
 jjfian, was born in Northamptonshire, anuj 
 
BRA 
 
 B R E 
 
 educated at Magdalen college, Oxford, of 
 which he was elected fellow in 1562. He 
 was in orders though he practised physic ; 
 a circumstance not unusual in that age. 
 His works are, l.The Poor Man’s Jewel; 
 viz. a treatise of the pestilence : to which 
 is annexed, a Declaration of the Herbs Car- 
 duu: benedictus, and Angelica , &c. I.ondon, 
 
 1578, 8vo.; 2. Qutestiones in Oihcia M. T. 
 Ciceronis, Oxon. 1615. 8vo. — Wood's A. 0. 
 
 Brasidas, a Lacedemonian general, who 
 about 424 B. C. defeated the Athenians, 
 took from them several cities, and engaged 
 others in an alliance with Sparta. Being 
 blocked up in Amphipolis by Cleon, he 
 made a sortie, and obtained a complete 
 victory, but died soon after of a wound. 
 When the Spartans condoled his mother 
 on his death, she answered, “ My son was 
 brave, but Sparta has braver men left.” 
 The Lacedemonians rendered public ho- 
 nours to the mother and son. — Plutarch . 
 Univ. Hist. 
 
 Brathwayte (Richard), an English 
 poet, was born in Westmoreland, and en- 
 tered of Oriel college, Oxford) in 1604, 
 from whence he removed to Cambridge. 
 On leaving the university he became cap- 
 tain of a company of foot, deputy lieute- 
 nant for Westmoreland, and a justice of 
 peace. He died in 1673. He wrote, l.The 
 Golden Fleece, with other poems, 8vo. 
 1611.; 2. The Poet’s Willow, or the pas- 
 sionate Shepherd, 8vo. 1614; 3. The Pro- 
 digal’s Tears, or his Farewell to Vanity, 
 1614, 8vo.; 4. Essays upon the live Senses, 
 8vo. 1620; 5. The English Gentleman, 
 1630, 4to. this passed through several edi- 
 tions ; 6. The English Gentlewoman, 4to. 
 and several other pieces. — Wood's A. 0. 
 
 Brauwer (Adrian), a Dutch painter, 
 born at Haerlem in 1608, and died of in- 
 temperance in 1638. His pictures are 
 mostly representations of public houses, 
 scenes of merriment, and other droll sub- 
 jects, which he executed in a masterly 
 manner. — Houhraken. 
 
 Bray (sir Reginald), an eminent states- 
 man, who assisted in placing Henry VII. 
 upon the throne, and with whom he was in 
 great favour. Sir Reginald was not only a 
 politician, but an architect ; as Henry the 
 Vilth’s chapel at Westminster, built un- 
 der his direction, evidently proves. There 
 is another called by his name at Windsor, 
 where he was buried in 1501. — Gen. B. D. 
 
 Bray (Solomon de), a portrait painter, 
 born at Haerlem, and died in 1664, aged 
 67. His son Jacob was excellent in his- 
 torical painting; he was living in 1680. — - 
 Pilkington. 
 
 Bray (Thomas), an English divine, was 
 born in Shropshire, in 1656, and educated 
 at Hart-hall, Oxford. lie obtained the 
 rectory of Sheldon in Warwickshire, and 
 bishop Compton made him his commissary 
 at Virginia, where he rendered the poor 
 fl er SY important services, and established 
 
 several libraries for their use. At his re- 
 turn to England he formed the scheme of 
 parochial libraries, for which he obtained 
 an act of parliament. Ide laboured with 
 great zeal in his favourite object of propa- 
 gating the gospel among the Indians and 
 Negroes, and went to America several 
 times to promote it. In 1696 he took the 
 degree of D. D. and in 1706 accepted the 
 living of St. Botolph, ^Itlgate. By his 
 exertions he procured considerable relief 
 for poor prisoners, and to his assistance 
 numerous charitable institutions Were 
 greatly indebted. He died in 1730. Ho 
 wrote Catechetical Lectures ; Bibliotheca 
 Parochialis, and some other religious pieces; 
 — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Brebeuf (George dc), a French poet, 
 born at Thorigny in Normandy, in 1618, 
 and died in 1661. He is best known by 
 his Lucan Travestied. — Morcri. 
 
 Breda (Peter van), an eminent land- 
 scape painter of Antwerp, born in 1631, 
 and died in 1681. His performances are 
 ver y e xcelle n t . — Pilling/ on. 
 
 Breda (John van), a Flemish painter, 
 who excelled in painting landscapes and 
 fairs and markets ; he resided many rears 
 in England, where he acquired a good for- 
 tune, and then returned to his own coun- 
 try. He died in 1750. — Ibid. 
 
 Breenbero (Bartholomew), a Flemish 
 painter, who is better known by the name 
 of Bartolomeo ; his landscapes and views 
 of ruins are beautiful. He died in 1660, 
 aged 40. — Ibid. 
 
 Bregy (Charlotte, countess de), an inge- 
 nious French lady, who was niece to the 
 learned Salmasius, and one of the maids of 
 honour to queen Anne of Austria. She 
 died at Paris in 1693, aged 74. A collec- 
 tion of her letters and poems was published 
 in 1688, 12mo. — Moreri. 
 
 Bremont (Francis de), a French writer, 
 born at Paris in 1713, and died there in 
 1742. He was a member of the academy, 
 and of the royal society of London, lie 
 translated the Philosophical Transactions, 
 
 and other English works, into French. 
 
 Nouns. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Breitingkr (John James), a Swiss writ- 
 er, was horn at Zurich in 1701, and died 
 there in 1776. He was professor of He- 
 brew, and wrote some esteemed pieces on 
 poetry, painting, and antiquities. Heals® 
 published an edition of the Septuagint, 4 
 vols, 4 to. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Bkeitkopf (John Gottlieb Immanuel), 
 an ingenious printer and letter-founder, 
 was born at Leipsic in 1719. He studied the 
 languages, after which he succeeded his fa- 
 ther in the business of a printer and book- 
 seller ; and meeting with a book of Albert 
 Durer’s, in which the forms of the letters 
 of the alphabet are deduced from mathe- 
 matical principles, it induced him to im- 
 prove the shape of printing types, in which 
 succeeded to admiration. He also de- 
 
B R E 
 
 B R E 
 
 ■vised a method of printing musical notes 
 "without engraving. He likewise contrived 
 to print maps and charts with types. This 
 ingenious man wrote a Treatise on the Ori- 
 gin of Printing; and another on the His- 
 tory of Playing Cards, the Invention of 
 Paper made from Linen, and the Invention 
 of Engraving on Wood in Europe. His 
 last work was a Treatise on Bibliography. 
 He died in 1794 . — Scbiich I eg roll 's Necrology. 
 
 Brenner (Henry), a learned Swede, was 
 fiom at Kronoby in West Bothnia in 1669. 
 In 1697 he accompanied the Swedish am- 
 bassador Fabricitis to Persia, and on his 
 return was arrested at Moscow, by order of 
 Peter I. who was at war with Sweden. He 
 remained a prisoner till the peace ; and in 
 the interval he translated into Latin the 
 History of Armenia by Moses Armenius 
 Choronensis, printed at Stockholm in 1723. 
 He also wrote Observations on the Cause 
 flf the Expedition undertaken by Peter I. 
 against the Persians, in which he gives an 
 exact delineation of the Caspian sea and of 
 the river Daxia. He was appointed keeper 
 of the royal library at Stockholm, where he 
 died in 1732. — Gezeliu s’s Biography of learned 
 &icedes. * 
 
 Brennus, general of the Gauls, who 
 passed at the head of a prodigious army 
 into- the east, penetrated into Macedonia, 
 slew Sosthenes, general of that -country, ra- 
 vaged Thessaly and Greece, and advanced 
 towards the temple of Delphos, with an in- 
 tention to plunder it ; but he was repulsed 
 and his army routed, on which he put an 
 ■end to himself, B. C. 278. — Univ. Hist. 
 
 Brennus, another general of the Gauls, 
 who, after ravaging Lombardy and Tus- 
 cany, marched to Rome, which he gave 
 tip to be pillaged and burnt. The tribune 
 Sulpitius offered him a thousand pounds 
 weight of gold to spare the capital, and 
 to quit the territories of the republic. 
 Brennus threw into the scale which held 
 the weights his sword and helmet, and 
 when the Romans complained of the trick, 
 he haughtily exclaimed, ‘ Woe to the van- 
 quished!' Camillus, irritated at the insolence 
 of the barbarian, put an end to the treaty, 
 gave battle to the Gauls, and constrained 
 them to fly, about 388, B. C. — Ibid. 
 
 Brent (sir Nathaniel), an English civi- 
 lian. He was born in Warwickshire in 
 1575, and educated at Merton college, Ox- 
 ford. Archbishop Abbot sent him to Ve- 
 nice to procure a copy of father Paul’s 
 History of the Council of Trent, which he 
 published at his return in English and La- 
 tin. In 1621 he obtained the mastership 
 of Merton college, and the archbishop 
 made him vicar-general. In 1629 he was 
 knighted; and on the breaking out of the 
 civil wars sided wkh the puritans to pre- 
 serve his place and estate. He died in 
 1652. — Wood’s A. 0. 
 
 Brentjus (John), a Gerrpan divine who 
 at first joined with Luther, but afterwards 
 
 differed from him on the subject of the cu- 
 charist, and his followers were called u'm- 
 quitarians, because they held that the body 
 of Christ is every where. He died in 1570, 
 at Tubingen. His works are in 8 vols. in 
 folio. — Melch. Adaini Vit. Germ. Theol. 
 
 Brequigny (Louis-George Edward de), 
 member of the French academy and of that 
 of inscriptions, died in 1790, aged 80. He 
 came to London to search the records in 
 the Tower, for particulars to illustrate the 
 history of France. He published a Historv 
 of the Revolutions-of Genoa, 3 vols. I2mo. ; 
 an edition of Strabo ; Lives of the Ancient 
 Greek Orators, with a translation of several 
 of their discourses, 2 vols, 12mo. ; Diplo- 
 mata, Chart® ad res Franciscas Spectantia, 
 4to. ; Chronological Tables, Sac. 5 vols. 
 folio, See. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Brereivood (Edward), an English ma- 
 thematician, was born at Chester, and 
 brought up at Brasen-nose college, Oxford, 
 where he took his degrees in arts. In 1596 
 he was chosen Gresham professor of astro- 
 nomy. He died in London in 1613, aged 48. 
 His two principal works are; 1. De Pon- 
 deribus et Pretiis Veterum nummortim, eo- 
 rumquecumRecentiorihus Collatione, 1614, 
 4to. 2. Enquiries touching the Diversity of 
 Languages and Religion through the chief 
 Parts of the World, 1614, 4to. These were 
 published by Robert Brereivood, his nephew, 
 who became one of the justices of the 
 common pleas in the reign of Charles I. 
 and died in 1654. — Wood’s A. 0. Lives of 
 the Gresham Professors. 
 
 Bret (Antony), a French writer, born 
 at Dijon in 1717, and died at Paris in 1792. 
 He wrote l’Ecole amoureuse et la double 
 Extravagance, 2 vols, Svo.; life of Ninon 
 de L’Enclos, 12mo. ; the Four Seasons, a 
 poem; the New Cleopatra, a romance, 3 
 vols. , Eastern Fables ; Memoirs of Bussy 
 Rabutin, 2 vols. 12mo. ; and a Commentary 
 
 on the Works of Moliere, 1 vol. 8vo. 
 
 Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Breton (Nicholas), an English poet in 
 the reign of queen Elizabeth, who wrote 
 
 ballads and interludes of some merit. 
 
 Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Breughel (Peter), called the Old, a fa- 
 mous painter, born near Breda in 1516, 
 and died at Antwerp in 1570. He was fond 
 of painting droll subjects, but he excelled 
 in landscape. He had two sons, Peter, called 
 Hell Breughel, from his propensity to paint- 
 ing fires, devils, incantations, Sic. and John, 
 who from his peculiar mode of dress was 
 naned Velvet Breughel. Fie painted land- 
 scapes, fruits, flowers, and sea views, in an 
 admirable style. lie died about 1640. 
 There was another of the name, Abraham 
 Breughel, born at Antwerp in 1672. He 
 also excelled in fruit and flower painting. — 
 Ploubraken. D Argenville. Pilkingten. 
 
 Breui. (James du), a Benedictine monk, 
 born in 1528 and died in 1614. Fie wrote, 
 1. The Antiquities of Paris, 4to. 1612; 2. 
 
BRI 
 
 BRI 
 
 Supplementum Antiquitatum Parisiensium, 
 4to. 1714, 3. Les Fastes de Pierre Bonfons 
 augmentes, a curious work ; 4. The Life of 
 the Cardinal Charles de Bourbon, 4to ; 5. 
 A Chronicle of the Abbots of St. Germain. 
 
 • — Notro. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Breval (John Durant de), an English 
 writer, was educated at Trinity college, 
 Cambridge, of which he was elected fel- 
 low ; but in 1707 he quitted the university 
 and entered into the army under the duke 
 of Marlborough, who made him captain. 
 He died in 1739. His travels in 4 vols. are 
 in repute. — Gen. Blog. Diet. 
 
 Brevint (Daniel), a learned divine, was 
 born at Jersey in 1616, and educated first 
 at Saumur, and then at Oxford, where he 
 obtained a fellowship in Jesus college, and 
 proceeded M. A. In the rebellion he went 
 to France, and at the restoration returned 
 to England, and was made prebendary of 
 Durham. In 1681 he was promoted to the 
 deanerv of Lincoln, and died in 1695. He 
 wrote a Treatise on the Lord’s Supper, and 
 some polemical pieces. — Wood. 
 
 Brewer (Anthony), a dramatic poet 
 who flourished in the reign of Charles I., 
 but concerning whom we have no other 
 particulars than that he was held in great 
 esteem by the wits of that age. lie was 
 the author of a comedy called “ The Coun- 
 try Girl and a Tragedy entitled, “ The 
 Lovesick King.” The last abounds with 
 beauties. — Biog. Dram. 
 
 Bre ynius (James), a botanist of Dantzic 
 who published Plantarum Exoticarum 
 Centuria, 1678, folio, with plates ; and Fas- 
 ciculus Plantarum Rarior., 1689, 4to. He 
 died in 1697. — Gen. B. D. 
 
 Bridaine (N.), a celebrated French 
 preacher in the diocese of Uzes. He be- 
 came an itinerant missionary, and preach- 
 ed sometimes to numerous congregations 
 assembled in the open air. Mr. Mauri, in 
 his Principles of Eloquence, has given him 
 a high character, and ranks him even with 
 Bossuet and Demosthenes. He had so fine 
 a voice, savs he, as to render credible all 
 the wonders which history relates of the 
 declamation of the ancients, for he was as 
 easily heard by ten thousand people in the 
 qpep fields, as if lie had spoken under the 
 most resounding arch. He died in 1767. 
 
 He published Canliques Spirituels, 1 2mo. 
 
 Noiev. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Bridge (William), a puritan divine, was 
 born in 1600. He was for some time pas- 
 tor of an independent congregation at 
 Rotterdam; but in the civil wars here- 
 turned to England, and became a member 
 of the assembly of divines at Westminster, 
 and minister at Yarmouth. He died in 
 1670. His sermons have been several times 
 p ri n ted. — Calamv . 
 
 Bridgman (John) an English prelate, 
 was born at Exeter, and educated at Cam- 
 bridge, Where he became master of Mag- 
 dalen college, lie was made chaplain to 
 
 James I. who gavehim the rectory of Wigan 
 in Lancashire, and in 1618 preferred hinv 
 to the bishopric of Chester; of which he 
 was deprived in the rebellion, and other- 
 wise suffered much for the royal cause. 
 He died in 1642. — Wood !* s A. 0. Walker s 
 Sufferings of the Clergy. 
 
 Bridgman (sir Orlando), an English 
 lawyer, was the son of the above. At the 
 restoration he was made chief baron of fhe 
 exchequer, and afterwards lord keeper of 
 the great seal, of which he was deprived iji 
 1672. He wrote a Treatise on Conveyan- 
 cing. — Gra nger . 
 
 Bridgewater (Francis Egerton, duke 
 of), was born in 1736, and succeeded lus 
 brother in the title in 1748. He was the 
 first who countenanced the plan and sup- 
 ported the expence of cutting a navigable 
 canal in this kingdom. This great project 
 he had digested before he was of age, and 
 as soon as he came into possession of his for- 
 tune he put it in execution. For this pur- 
 pose he consulted the ingenious Brindley, 
 who having surveyed the estate at Worsley 
 in Lancashire, pronounced the design 
 practicable. Accordingly an act was 
 passed for making a navigable canal from 
 Salford near Manchester to Worsley. This 
 succeeded so well that his grace next ob- 
 tained another to enable him to extend the 
 line, and to pass from the river Worsley 
 over the Jrwell to Manchester. This canal 
 begins at Worsley mill about seven miles 
 from Manchester, where the duke cut a 
 bason capable of holding all his boats. The 
 canal enters a hill by a subterraneous pas- 
 sage large enough for the admission of flat- 
 bottomed boats, which are towed along 
 by hand-rails near a mile under ground 
 to his coal-works ; then the passage di- 
 vides into two, both of which may be 
 continued at pleasure. This passage is in 
 some places cut through the solid rock and 
 in others is arched with brick. Air-funnels 
 are cut in several places to the top of the 
 hill. The arch at the entrance is about six 
 feet in breadth, and widens in some places 
 for the boats to pass each other ; the boats 
 are loaden from waggons which run on 
 rail-ways. The canal in other places is car- 
 ried over public roads by arches. But one 
 of the most stupendous works on this canal 
 is the aqueduct over the river Irwell, where 
 the canal runs above forty feet above the 
 river, and where the barges are seen pass- 
 ing on the canal and the vessels in the 
 river in full sail under them. At Barton 
 bridge, three miles from Worsley, this 
 aqueduct begins, and is carried two hun- 
 dred yards over a valley. The duke after- 
 wards extended his canal to the Mersey. He 
 spent prodigious sums upon these projects, 
 bv which he realized an immense fortune, 
 which he left to his nephew the eari of 
 Bridgewater, to the marquis of Stafford, 
 and other relatives. He died in 1803. — » — 
 Monthly M.ug. 
 
 \ 
 
B R I 
 
 B R I 
 
 Brie n me (Walter de), an illustrious 
 Frenchrnan, who signalized himself in the 
 defence of Acre against the Saracens in 1 188. 
 He afterwards became king of Sicily and 
 duke of Pouille, by his marriage with Maria 
 Alberic, and died of a wound in 1205. 
 Walter the Great, his son, was count of Bri- 
 enne and of Jaffa ; he went to the holy land, 
 where he distinguished himself greatly, but 
 was taken prisoner, and put to a cruel death 
 in 1251. — Morey). 
 
 Brienne (John de), elected king of Jeru- 
 salem in 1210. The emperor Frederic II. 
 married his daughter, having the kingdom 
 of Jerusalem as a dowry. He was after- 
 wards elected emperor of Constantinople, 
 which he defended with great bravery 
 against the Greeks and Bulgarians, and died 
 in 12.87. His avarice disgraced his other 
 qualities, and hastened the ruin of the em- 
 pire. — Ibid. 
 
 Brietius (Philip), a French jesuit, who 
 -distinguished himself by his Parallcla Geo- 
 graphic Veteris et Novas, 3 vols. 4to. 1648; 
 besides which he published Annales Mundi, 
 7 vols. 12mo. — Ibid. 
 
 Briggs (Henry), an English mathema- 
 tician, was born at Halifax in Yorkshire, 
 in 1556, and educated at St. John’s college, 
 Cambridge, where he was elected fellow in 
 1588. In 1596 he was appointed Gresham 
 professor of geometry, which ’ e resigned 
 in 1615, 011 being made Savilian professor at 
 Oxford. Fie died there in 1680. He was 
 the first improver of logarithms after the 
 original inventor, whom he visited in Scot- 
 land, and be published in 1624 a work of 
 stupendous labour, entitled, Arithmetica 
 Logarithmice, containing logarithms of 
 30,000 natural numbers. He also wrote 
 some other valuable books on mathematical 
 subjects. — 3/VO-. Brit. 
 
 Briggs (William), an English physician, 
 was born at Norwich, and educated at 
 Bene’t college, Cambridge, of which he be- 
 came fellow. In 1677 he took his degree of 
 M. D. and in 1682 published his Theory of 
 Vision ; the year following he was ap- 
 pointed physician to St. Thomas’s hospital, 
 He died is 1704. — Ibid. 
 
 Brigham (Nicholas), a lawyer and poet, 
 was born in Oxfordshire, and educated at 
 Hart-hall, after which he removed to one 
 of the inns of court. Fie caused the re- 
 mains of Chaucer to be removed to the 
 south transept of Westminster abbey, where 
 he erected a monument to his memory, lie 
 died in. 1559- His works are, 1 Memoirs 
 of eminent Persons. 2. Memoirs by way of 
 Diary. 3. Miscellaneous Poems. — Wood. 
 
 Brightman (Thomas), an English di- 
 vine, was educated at Queen’s college, 
 Cambridge, and became rector of Hawnes 
 in Bedfordshire. He wrote Commentaries 
 in Latin on the Canticles and the Apo- 
 calypse, the latt.er of which was translated 
 into English, and made much noise in the 
 world. In this bool: he makes the church 
 
 of England to be the Laodicean church, 
 and the Angel that God loved is the church 
 of Geneva and the kirk of Scotland. He 
 died as he was travelling in a coach with a 
 book in his hand, 1607. — Granger's B. H. 
 
 Brill (Mathew and Paul), two Flemish 
 painters. The first was employed by pope 
 Gregory XIII. He excelled in landscape 
 and history, and died in 1 584. Paul painted 
 in conjunction with his brother at the 
 
 Vatican. He died in 1626, aged 72. 
 
 JD Argeni'ille, 
 
 Brindley (James), an eminent mechanic, 
 was born at Wormliill in Derbyshire, in 
 1716, and served his apprenticeship to a 
 millwright. After executing several mills 
 and engines, he was employed by the duke 
 of Bridgewater on his famous canal from 
 Worsley to Manchester, which he after- 
 wards extended to the Mersey [see Bridge- 
 water]. It is 98 miles long, and has five 
 tunnels, the most remarkable of which is 
 the subterraneous passage of Aircastle-hill. 
 I-Ic was next employed to construct a canal 
 from the Grand Trunk near Haywood in 
 StaffoFdshire, to the river Severn near 
 Bewdlev, by which means the port of Bris- 
 tol obtained a communication with Liver- 
 pool. Flis reputation now stood so high 
 that he was engaged in 4 variety of similar 
 plans in different parts of the kingdom. He 
 gave the corporation of Liverpool a plan 
 for clearing their docks from mud, and lie 
 invented a method of building walls as a 
 fence, against the sea without mortar. His 
 last i nvention was an improved engine for 
 raising water. Mr. Brindley was a man of 
 ordinary education with little or no read- 
 ing. When he had any difficult work in 
 hand he used to lie in bed for a day or two 
 to meditate upon it ; and so much was his 
 mind set upon the value cf inland naviga- 
 tion, that when he was asked of what use 
 rivers were, by a member of the committee 
 of the house of commons, he replied, “ to 
 feed navigable canals.” He died in 1772, 
 and was buried at New Chapel in Stafford- 
 shire. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Brinvilliers (Maria Margaret d’Au- 
 brai wife of the marquis de), a woman 
 rendered remarkable for her hypocrisy and 
 infamy. She fell in love with a young 
 officer belonging to her husband’s regi- 
 ment, which being discovered, her father 
 causedhim to be imprisoned in the Bastille, 
 where lie remained a year, after which he 
 used secretly to visit the marchioness who 
 affected uncommon sanctity, visiting the 
 hospitals and churches daily, to cover her 
 abominable design. Plaving learnt the art 
 of poisoning from an Italian named Exili, 
 she contrived to dispatch her father and 
 jwo brothers and a sister, but no one sus- 
 pected her of the fact. Some time after- 
 wards Exili died of the effects of a subtle 
 poison he was preparing, and no person 
 owning his property the seals were put up- 
 on it. Madame Brinvilliers had the iny. 
 
B R I 
 
 B R O 
 
 prudence to claim a casket in his posses- 
 sion, which was found full of poisons, and 
 this created a suspicion ol her crime. She 
 fled first to England, and next to Liege, 
 where sha was taken, and being conducted 
 to Paris was beheaded and burnt in 1676'. 
 Jphe confessed her guilt and died penitent. 
 
 . — Nouv. Diet. Hist. / 
 
 Brissqm (Barnabas), president of tbs 
 parliament of Paris, was born at Fontenay 
 in Poitou, and attained considerable emi- 
 nence. Henry III. employed him in several 
 embassies. He was put to death by the 
 fea oners in 1591* He wrote some learned 
 works on Jurisprudence. — Morcri. 
 
 Brissot (Peter), a French physician, was 
 born at Poitou in 1478, and educated at 
 Paris, where he taught philosophy. _ He 
 set himself to reform physic, which raising 
 the faculty- against him, he went to Portugal. 
 Brissot wrote in defence of phlebotomy, 
 which his brethren treated as a species of 
 murder. lie died in 1.322. — -Dfqreri. 
 
 Brissot (John Peter), a leading charac- 
 ter in the French revolution, was the son 
 of an innkeeper at Chartres, and born in 
 1754. Fie was bred to the law, which he 
 never followed. An acquaintance with 
 English books gave him a turn for politics, 
 and having a small estate left him, called tk 
 Ouarville, he chose to spell it de Warvi'Je , 
 after the English mode; and by this name 
 he was frequently denominated. Settling 
 at Paris he commenced writer for a news- 
 paper, and published his Theory of Crimi- 
 nal Laws, 2 vols. 8vo. He began also a 
 book, entitled, A Philosophical library of 
 Criminal Laws; and wrote a volume on 
 Truth; which performances were marked 
 -bv flippancy and dogmatism, and conveyed 
 a censure on the government. About this 
 
 time he married mademoiselle Dupont, who 
 
 was employed as reader to the daughter of 
 the duke of Orleans. Finding little en- 
 couragement in France he went to London, 
 where he conducted a periodical journal, 
 on the literature, arts, and politics of Eng- 
 land, which met with no success. On his 
 return to Paris in 1784 he was sent to the 
 Bastille on the charge of having assisted in 
 the publication of a libel. Me obtained his 
 release by the interest of the duke of Or- 
 leans, on condition of never residing in 
 England. He published several other works, 
 the" principal of which was entitled, The 
 Commerce of America with Europe, stated 
 and explained, translations of which ap- 
 peared in America and England. At this 
 time he was in the service and confidence 
 of the unprincipled Orleans, who made use 
 of his talents to further his ambitious pro- 
 jects, to which afterwards they both teil 
 victims. Brissot wrote several pamphlets, 
 tending to prejudice the minds of the peo- 
 ple against .the government, and on. account 
 of them found it expedient to leave France. 
 After residing some time in Holland he 
 
 went to America, with the romantic view 
 of establishing a republican colony of 
 Frenchmen. This scheme failing he re- 
 turned to his native country, and published 
 his Travels in America. The revolution 
 opened a desirable field for such a man as 
 Brissot. He engaged in Lt with ardour, and 
 to his writings most of the sanguinary pro- 
 ceedings which disgraced it may be attri- 
 buted. He openly supported the republican 
 cause, and became member of the legislative 
 assembly. By his exertions he created a 
 part i'’ called Bris , aline*, and Girondists , from 
 the members of the department of Gironde, 
 of which it chiefly consisted. Fie was, how- 
 ever, adverse to the execution of the king, 
 which he proposed to be deferred till the 
 perfection of the constitution. On the as- 
 cension of Robespierre to power, Jrissot 
 and his partisans were denounced and ar- 
 rested. He was guillotined in October 1 7 f);3. 
 
 - — Anecdotes of Founders of the French Republic . 
 Noun. D'ct. Hist. 
 
 Britannicus, son of the emperor Clau- 
 dius and Messalina. Irie was excluded from 
 the empire by the artifices of Agrippina, 
 second wife of Claudius, and mother of 
 Nero, who, caused Britannicus to be poi- 
 soned A. D. 55. — Uni v. Hist. 
 
 Britemnico (John), an Italian critic, 
 was born at Palazzuofo, and died in 1510 
 at Brescia. He was a man of great learn- 
 ing, and published annotations upon severs,! 
 of the Latin classics. — Baylc. 
 
 Brito (Bernard de), a Portuguese histo- 
 rian, was born at Almeyda in 150'9, and died 
 in 1 G 1 7. He wrote a History of Portugal 
 in Latin, 7 vols. folio, 1612, and some other 
 pieces on that kingdom. — Moreri. 
 
 Britton (Thomas), a noted musical 
 small-coal-man, was a native of Northamp- 
 tonshire, and came to London, where he 
 engaged in this line of business, to which he 
 added the practice of chemistry, and had a 
 moveable laboratory. Fie had a great taste 
 for music, and held a concert at his house, 
 which was frequented by persons of the 
 first rank. His death was extraordinary: 
 a gentleman, out of joke, brought with him 
 one evening to the concert a ventriloquist, 
 who predicted in a solemn manner the 
 death cf Britton in a few hours. This 
 frightened him so much that lte took to his 
 bed, and died in a few days in 1714. His- 
 collection of music and instruments was 
 sold for a considerable sum. — Haivkins. 
 
 Biuzio (Francisco), an Italian painter, 
 born at Bologna in 1574, and died in 162:3. 
 He excelled in painting landscapes and 
 buildings. — Pilhington. 
 
 Brocardus (James), a religious enthu- 
 siast of the loth century, was a native of 
 Venice, and having embraced protest ant- 
 ism retired to Flolland, where he studied the 
 prophecies, which turned his brain, and he 
 began to foretel future events. In 1.3S0 ap- 
 peared at Leyden hi> Commentary- on the 
 
B R O 
 
 Revelations, in which he foretold tha de- 
 struction of Antichrist as being near. He 
 died about 1600. — Noun. Diet. Hid. 
 
 Brocklesby (Richard), a physician, was 
 born at Minehead in Somersetshire in 1722. 
 He studied at Edinburgh, from whence he 
 removed to Leyden, where lie took his de- 
 gree of M. D. in 1745. He settled in Lon- 
 don, and in 1754 was admitted ad eundem at 
 Cambridge, by virtue of which he became 
 fellow of the college. In 1758 he was ap- 
 pointed physician to the army. He was 
 very intimate with Dr. Johnson, and when 
 the proposal of an enlargement of his pen- 
 sion failed, he generously offered him 100/. 
 a year for life, which he declined. To Mr. 
 Burke he bequeathed in his will 1000/. but 
 finding that his affairs were embarrassed he 
 gave it to him in his life-time. He died in 
 1797. He published an essay on the Mor- 
 tality of the Horned Cattle, 8vo. 1746. ; 
 CEconomical and medical Observations 
 from 1738 to 1763, tending to the improve- 
 ment of medical Hospitals, 8vo. 1764; and 
 some papers in the Philosophical Trans- 
 actions. — Europ. Mag. 
 
 Brodeau (John), a critic of the 16th 
 century, was a native of Tours, and edu- 
 cated under Alciat, the celebrated lawyer. 
 He died in 1563, leaving several works, 
 some printed and more in MS. chiefly 
 notes on classic authors. He is not to be 
 confounded with Julian Brodeau of Tours, 
 who published a Life of Charles du Moulin, 
 and died in 1543. — Moreri. 
 
 Broeckhuyse (John), in Latin Brouihu- 
 sitis, a learned writer of the 17th century, 
 was born at Amsterdam in 1649. He was 
 apprenticed to an apothecary, which pro- 
 fession he disliked, and went to sea, where 
 he rose to be master of a vessel. While in 
 this situation he cultivated a talent for 
 poetry, and learned the Latin language 
 He afterwards quitted the sea, and was ap- 
 pointed captain of the Amsterdam militia. 
 He died in 1707. His Latin poems were 
 printed at Amsterdam in 1711, 4to. He 
 published editions of Sannazarius, Proper- 
 tius, Tibullus, and Aonius Palearius. He 
 also translated into Latin Rapin’s Parallel 
 of Homer and Virgil. — Ibid. 
 
 Bkoek (EliasVanden), an eminent painter 
 of fruit and flowers, born at Antwerp in 
 1657, and died in 1711. He introduced into 
 his pictures the figures of reptiles — PM. 
 
 Broglio (Victor Maurice count de), a 
 famous French general, was born yf a good 
 family at Quercy. He served with glory 
 in the wars of Lewis XIV. and was made 
 a marshal of France in 1724. He died in 
 1727, aged about 80. His son Ft aticis- 
 Marie was also a marshal of France, and 
 distinguished himself greatly in Italy in the 
 campaigns of 1733 and 1734. Me died in 
 1745. His son, the celebrated marshal de 
 Broglio, commanded with great glory in the 
 seven-years’ war. He quitted France in 
 1794, and after residing is England some 
 
 BEO 
 
 time, went to Pviissia, where he obtained a 
 military rank equal to that which he had 
 held in France. His son Claude Victor, prince 
 "f Broglio , became active on the side of the 
 popular party at the commencement of the 
 revolution, and was made marshal de camp 
 He was guillotined in 1794, at the age of 
 37 —Nouv. Dirt. Hid. 
 
 Brokesby (Francis), an English divine, 
 was born in Leicestershire, and became rec- 
 tor of Rowley in Yorkshire. He wrote a 
 History of the Government of the Primi- 
 tive Church, 8vo. 1714; the Life of Henry 
 Dodwell ; and assisted Mr. Nelson in his 
 Feasts and Fasts of the Church of England. 
 He died about 1718. — Gen. .Hr, g. Diet. 
 
 Brome (Adam de), an English divine of 
 the 15th century. He was founder of 
 Oriel-college, Oxford, and died in 1332. — . 
 Pits . Bayle, W ood \ 
 
 Brome (Alexander), an English writer, 
 was an attorney in London in the time of 
 Charles I. and annoyed the republican 
 party by numerous satires in prose and 
 verse. He also published a translation of 
 Horace, and died in 1666. — Granger. 
 
 ^Brome (Richard), a comic writer of the 
 1 7th century, who was intimate with Ben 
 Jonson, and other wits of that age. He 
 died in \65%—Biog. Dram. 
 
 Brompton (John), an English monk and 
 about of Jorevall in Yorkshire, who wrote 
 a Chronicle from 588 to 1198. He lived 
 after the reign of Edward III.— Pits. Bayle. 
 
 Bronchorst (John v.an), a Flemish 
 painter of the 17th century. In the choir 
 of the new church at Amsterdam, are three 
 cn his paintings on glass; and three histo- 
 rical pieces in oil. — Houbraken. 
 
 Bronchorst (John), another eminent 
 painter, was born at Leyden in 1648, and 
 died in 1723. He excelled in painting birds 
 
 and animals of all kinds in water colours. 
 
 Ibid. 
 
 Bronchorst (Peter), a celebrated painter, 
 was born at Delft in 1588, and died in 1661. 
 There are, at his native .place, two fine 
 pictures by him, one representing the judg- 
 ment of Solomon, and the other Christ 
 driving the money-changers out of the 
 Temple. — Ibid. 
 
 Brongniart (Augustus-Lewis), a French, 
 chemist of eminence, who died at Pans in 
 1804. He published several papers in the 
 public journals, and an analytical table of 
 the combinations and decompositions of 
 different substances, 8vo. 1778— Noun. Diet 
 Hist. 
 
 Bronzino (Agnolo), an eminent Italian 
 painter, was born at Florence in 1511, and 
 died in 1580. Among a number of paint- 
 ings by him at Florence, a nativity is shewn 
 as his master-piece. — Pilkington. 
 
 Brooke. (Ralph), an English antiquary, 
 was born in 1552, and died in 1625. lie 
 was \ ork -herald, and having discovered 
 several errors in Mr. Camden’s Britannia, 
 seat them to him in a letter, for which he» 
 
BRO 
 
 B R O 
 
 Jog rudely treated, he published them. An 
 edition appeared in 1723, with a portrait 
 of the author. — Gen. Biog. Diet. _ ' - 
 
 Brooke (sir Robert), an English judge, 
 was born in Shropshire, and educated at 
 Oxford, from whence he removed to the 
 Middle Temple. In 1553 he was made 
 
 he was greatly inclined. He died at Dub- 
 lin in 1783 . — Life prefixed to his Works. 
 
 BrjdoSie (William), an English poet, was 
 born in Cheshire, and educated at Eton, 
 from whence he removed to St. John’s col- 
 lege, Cambridge, where he proceeded M.A.. 
 and entered into orders. He was employed 
 
 containing an Abstract of the \ ear Books 
 till the time of Queen Mary, folio. ". Cer- 
 tain Cases adjudged, from 6' Hen VIII. to 
 4 Queen Mary ; 3. Reading on the Statute 
 of Limitations, 32 Henry VIII. 3vo. He 
 lies buried in Claverly church, Shropshire, 
 where there is a monument to his memory. 
 There was another of the same name, who 
 was recorder of London, and wrote a book 
 entitled Reading upon the Statute of Magna 
 Charta, c. 1G, London, 16'4L — Wood. 
 
 Brooke (Frances), an ingenious lady, 
 whose maiden name was h/looie. She be- 
 came the wife of a clergyman, who died in 
 1789, and she survived him but a lew weeks. 
 She wrote, the Old Maid, a periodical papei ; 
 Virginia, a tragedy, with Poems ; the His- 
 tory of Lady °Julia Mandeville, a novel; 
 Letters froin Lady Juliet Catesby to Lady 
 Henrietta Campley, 12mo. ; Memoirs of 
 the Marquis of St. Forfaix, 4 vols. ; the 
 Excursion, 2 vols. 12mo. • Elements of the 
 History of England, translated from Millot, 
 4 yols. 12mo. ; the Siege of Sinope, a tra- 
 gedy, acted at Covent-garden in 1781 : and 
 Ros’ina, a popular entertainment. — Rurop. 
 
 Afterwards a difference happened between 
 them, on which Pope gave him a place in 
 the Lunciad. In 1728 he was created I.L. 
 D. Ele obtained the rectory of Pulham in 
 Norfolk, and the vicarage of Eye in Suffolk. 
 He died in 1745. A volume of his poems 
 has been printed. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Broschi (Carlo), better known by the 
 name of Farinelli, a celebrated singer, was 
 born in the kingdom of Naples, in 1705, 
 and suffered emasculation in consequence 
 of an accident. After obtaining great ap- 
 plause on the Italian theatres he came to 
 London, where he added to his fame and 
 fortune. He then went to Spain, and 
 gained the favour of Philip V. and his suc- 
 cessor Ferdinand, the latter of whom made 
 him a knight of Calatrava. His conduct 
 indeed rendered him deserving of the htv 
 nour, for iie never abused the interest he 
 had at court to an improper purpose ; re- 
 jected several places that were offered him; 
 refused bribes, and exerted himself in be>- 
 half of indigent merit. He died at Bologna 
 in 1782. — Gen . Bio?. Diet. 
 
 Brossard (Sebastian de), a French mu- 
 sical writer, was a canon of the church of 
 Brooks 'Henry), an excellent writer, Meaux, and died, in 1730, aged 70. H« 
 was born in 1706, at Rantavan in Ireland, wrote a Dictionary of Music, Svo. ami 
 and educated at Trinity college, Dublin, some other pieces on that science .— Moral 
 from whence he removed to the i emple, 
 w here he formed an intimacy with some of 
 the first wits of the age. He married his 
 cousin when he was but young, and she not 
 fourteen. His first piece was a poem, enti- 
 tled Universal Beauty, which obtained the 
 approbation of Pope. In 1737 he wrote his 
 tragedy of Gustavus Vasa, which the go- 
 vernment would not permit to be acted,, on 
 account of the boldness of its language. 
 
 This opposition increased his fame, and the 
 play had a great sale. The prince of Wales 
 was his friend, but though every prospect 
 of advancement was presented to him, he 
 relinquished all and returned to Ireland, 
 where he continued the remainder of his 
 days in privacy. He wrote some pieces for 
 the Irish stage, which were successful. 
 
 The death of his wife whom he tenderly 
 ktved, shook both his health and his reason ; 
 and he never thoroughly recovered either 
 afterwards. Still he continued to write, and 
 his subsequent pieces shew the vigour of 
 his genius, and the excellence of his heart. 
 
 Among these may be noticed, the novels of 
 the Fool of Quality, and Juliet Grenville, 
 though tinctured with mysticism; to which 
 
 some other pieces on that science.- 
 Hawkins. 
 
 Brosse (Guy de la), a French botanist, 
 and physician to Lewis XIII. Lie procured 
 the establishment of the royal physic-gar- 
 den, of which he was made first director. 
 He published, in 1628, a work entitled De 
 la Nature des Plantes, and Desseiti d’un Jar- 
 din Royal, 8vo. andin 1634 Avis Defensif du 
 Jardin Royal. He was also the author of a 
 Description of the Medical Plants in the 
 Royal Garden, and other works. When 
 he died is uncertain. — Moreri. 
 
 Bhosses (Charles de), a French writer, 
 was born at Dijon in 1709, and died at 
 Paris in 1777. He was president of the 
 parliament of Burgundy, and a member 
 of the academy of inscriptions and belles- 
 lettres. His works are, Letters on the Dis- 
 covery of Herculaneum ; History of Voy- 
 ages to the Southern Regions ; Parallel be- 
 tween the Worship of the Negroes and the 
 ancient Idolators; on the mechanical For- 
 mation of Languages' ; History of the Ro- 
 man Republic . — Nouv Diat. Hist. 
 
 Brossette (Claude), a French writer, 
 born at Lyons in 1671. He was an advo- 
 cate, and published the werk? of hsuileau, 
 a 
 
B R O 
 
 DEO 
 
 unci those of Regnier, with notes. He is 
 also the author of a History of Lyons, and 
 died there in 1746. — Norn-.' Diet. Hist. 
 
 Brossier (Martha), a noted impostor, 
 who pretended to be a demoniac, at the 
 end of the 16th century, and played her 
 part with great dexterity; but being dis- 
 covered, she went to Rome, and died in an 
 hospital. — Moifri. 
 
 Brotxer (Gabriel), alearnedFrench critic, 
 was born at Tournay in the Nivernois, in 
 1723, and entered into thesociety of jesuits, 
 where he acquired a great knowledge of 
 the learned languages. On the dissolution 
 of that order he went to live with M. de 
 la Tour, a celebrated printer, and pub- 
 lished elaborate editions of ancient authors, 
 as the fables of Phxdrus, Pliny’s works, 
 and above all Tacitus, in 4 vols. 4to. and 
 7 vols. 12ino. This last he enriched with 
 notes of inestimable value. He likewise 
 wrote an Examination of the Apology of 
 Prades; a treatise on Roman, Greek, ^and 
 Hebrew Moneys, compared with those of 
 France ; the Life of Abbe de la Caille; 
 Memoirs of the Levant, &c. He died in 
 1789. His nephew, Andrew Charles Brotier, 
 was a good botanist. He also conducted' 
 for a long time a journal called V Annie 
 Litt.rairc. He was banished to Guyana, 
 and died there in 1798. — Noun. Diet. Hist. ' 
 
 Broughton (Hugh), a learned divine, 
 was born at Oldbury in Shropshire in 1549, 
 and brought up at Cambridge by the libe- 
 rality of Bernard Gilpin. He distinguished 
 himself principally by his skill in the He- 
 brew language, and in rabbinical learning. 
 In 1.588 he published a system of scripture 
 chronology and genealogy, under the title 
 of the Consent of Scriptures, which made 
 much noise, and. was answered by Dr. John 
 Reynolds. Broughton was a popular 
 preacher, but inclined to puritanism, which 
 induced him to go abroad, and become mi- 
 nister of the English congregation at Mid- 
 dleburg. In 1611 he returned to England, 
 and died the year following. Besides the 
 above, he published a discourse on Christ’s 
 Descent into Hell, which was answered by 
 bishop Bilson and archbishop Whitglft. 
 His Works were published in one vol. folio, 
 1662. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Broughton (Thomas), an English di- 
 vine, was born at London in 1704, and edu- 
 cated first at Eton, and next at Cambridge, 
 where he took his degree of M.A. In 1739 
 he obtained the rectory of Sribington in 
 Huntingdonshire; after which he was pre- 
 seated to the vicarage of Bedminster, near 
 Bristol, with the church of St. Mary Red- 
 cliff in that city. He died at Bristol in 
 1774. He assisted in the General Histori- 
 cal Dictionary-, and the Biographia Britan- 
 nica ; and wrote an historical Dictionary of 
 ail Religions, in two vols. folio ; an Answer 
 to Tindal’s Christianity as old as the Crea- 
 tion, and other works. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 Brouwckkr (William viscount), of Cas- 
 io 
 
 tie Lyons in Ireland, was born about 1620. 
 He was the first president of the royal 
 society, of which he was one of the original 
 institutors, at Oxford. He was also master 
 of St. Catherine’s near the Tower. Some 
 of his papers on mathematical subjects are 
 tn the Philosophical Transactions. Several 
 letters by him, to archbishop Usher, are at 
 the end of that prelate’s Life by Dr. Parr. 
 A translation, by him, of Des Cartes ’s Com- 
 pendium of Music, was published without 
 his name. He died in 1684, and was bu- 
 riedin the church of St. Catherine’s.— Bior. 
 Brit. * 
 
 Brousson (Claude), a French protestant, 
 was born at Nismes in 1647. He was at 
 first an advocate, and distinguished himself 
 by his pleadings. But a zeal for the re- 
 formed religion induced him to commence 
 preacher. On the revocation of the edict 
 of Nantes he retired to Geneva, from 
 whence he went to Holland, and endea- 
 voured to excite several princes to espouse 
 the cause ot the persecuted protestants in 
 France. lie failed in this design; on which 
 he returned privately and ministered to 
 those of his religion in various provinces. 
 Being arrested he was broken on the wheel 
 in 1698. The protestants revered his me- 
 mory as that of a martyr, and the states of 
 Holland settled a pension on his widow. 
 He wrote Remarks on Amulets; Transla- 
 tion of the New Testament; and Letters 
 to the French Protestants. — Nouv. Diet. 
 Hist. 
 
 Brown (Robert), the founder of a sect 
 called by h:s name, was descended of a 
 good family, and educated at Cambridge, 
 i laving formed, about 1580, a religious so- 
 ciety at Norwich, he was imprisoned, but 
 by means of treasurer Burleigh, to whom 
 he was related, he obtained his liberty. 
 Brown then went to Zealand, and set up a 
 church of independents, having no commu- 
 nion with any other Christians. In 1585 
 he was in England, and under some trouble 
 for a book he had written against the 
 church. He afterwards made his submis- 
 sion, and was preferred to a living in 
 Northamptonshire, but never officiated, 
 leaving the care of his church to a curate. 
 Lie was sent to Northampton gaol for an 
 assault, at the age of 80, and died there in 
 1630. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Brown (Thomas), a lively English writer, 
 was born in Shropshire, and educated at 
 Christchurch, Oxford, which he was obli- 
 ged to quit on account of his irregular 
 conduct. He afterwards settled as a school- 
 master at Kingston -upon-Thames, where 
 he did not remain long, but removed to 
 London, and earned a livelihood by his pen. 
 He wrote a number of pieces, mostly hu- 
 morous. Fie died in 1704, and was interred 
 
 in the cloisters of Westminster abbey. 
 
 Go. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Brown. (Moses), an English divine and 
 pcet, was originally a pen-cutter, and iji 
 
BEO 
 
 B E 0 
 
 1723 published two dramatic pieces, called 
 Poiidus, or Distressed Love, a tragedy ; 
 and All-bedevilled, a farce. 1 le then took 
 a serious turn, and was patronized by Her- 
 vey, the author of Meditations, by whose 
 means he got into orders. Afterwards he 
 obtained the living of Olney, in Bucking- 
 hamshire, and the chaplainship of Morden 
 college ; and died in 1787. lie also pub- 
 lished Sunday Thoughts in blank verse ; 
 Piscatory Eclogues, and several sermons. — 
 Gent. Mag. 
 
 Brown (John), an ingenious writer, was 
 born at Rothbury, in Northumberland, in 
 1715, and educated at St. John’s college, 
 Cambridge, where he took his degree of 
 B. A. and entered into orders. He obtained 
 a canonry of Carlisle, and in the rebellion 
 of 1745 acted as a volunteer against the re- 
 bels. Dr. Osbaldiston, bishop of that dio- 
 cese, made him his chaplain, and the chap- 
 ter gave him the living of Moreland in 
 Westmoreland. In 17ol appeared his Es- 
 says on Shaftsbury’s Characteristics, written 
 with elegance. Not long after he obtained 
 the living of Great Horkesley in Essex. In 
 1755 his tragedy of Barbarossa was acted 
 with success, and the year after another, 
 entitled Athelstan. He had then taken his 
 doctor’s degree, and in 1757 he published 
 his Estimate of the Manners and Principles 
 of the Times, 8vo. of which seven editions 
 were soon printed. The year following 
 appeared a second volume. In that year 
 he was presented to the vicarage of St. 
 Nicholas, in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, on 
 which he resigned Great Horkesley. Pie 
 was also appointed chaplain in ordinary to 
 the king. In 1766 he published a letter to 
 Dr. Lowth, who had incidentally alluded 
 to him as one of Dr. Warburton’s syco- 
 phants. About this time he was engaged 
 to go to Petersburg to assist in the regula- 
 tion of schools ; but while preparations 
 were making for the voyage he cut his 
 throat in a fit of insanity, September 23, 
 1766. Besides the above works he wrote 
 the History of the Rise and Progress of 
 Poetry and Music; Thought's On Civil I.i- 
 berty, Licentiousness and Faction, 8vo. ; a 
 volume of sermons, several single discourses, 
 and an elegant poem, entitled, The Cure of 
 Saul. — Blog. Brit. 
 
 Brown (John), an ingenious painter, was 
 born in 1752 at Edinburgh, and travelled 
 through Italy to improve himself in the 
 fine arts. He afterwards returned to his 
 native place, where he resided till his death 
 in 1787. His Letters on the Poetry and 
 Music of the Italian Opera, 1 vol. 12mo. 
 were published by lord Monboddo,in 1789. 
 — Ear op. Mag. 
 
 Brown (John), a physician and head -of 
 a “medical sect, was born at Buncle, in Ber- 
 wickshire, about 1736. He was appren- 
 ticed to a weaver, but discovering consider- 
 able abilities he was sent to the gram- 
 mar-school of Dunse, with a view to the 
 
 ministry. Pie was for some time tutor in a 
 gentleman’s family, and in 1756 entered 
 as a student of divinity in the university of 
 Edinburgh; but a fondness for pleasure led 
 him to renounce the study of theology, and 
 he returned to Dunse where he served as 
 usher in the school about a year. He then 
 went to Edinburgh, and became a student 
 of physic, supporting himself by. teaching 
 Latin to those who were preparing for 
 their degree, and by writing their theses; 
 He was also employed by Dr. Cullen as 
 tutor in his family, and obtained his per- 
 mission to give evening lectures, by way of 
 illustrating his own which he had given in 
 the morning. At this time he married, 
 and set up a lodging house for students; 
 but though he had considerable success, by 
 mismanagement he became a bankrupt. 
 He now endeavoured to procure a medical 
 professorship which was vacant, but being 
 disappointed, his temper was soured, and 
 he became the enemy of his benefactor, Dr. 
 Cullen, and all the regular physicians. 
 About this time he devised a new theory of 
 medicine, intended to overthrow all other 
 systems. This appeared in his ilementa 
 Medicinte, a sort of text book, which he 
 explained in his lectures. Ele introduced a 
 new language in the science, as weil as new 
 ideas ; and though his manners were vul- 
 gar, and his disposition rude, he obtained 
 several followers. He took his doctor’s de- 
 gree at St. Andrew’s, but his circumstances 
 becoming more involved by his misconduct, 
 he removed to London in 1786, where he 
 published Observations on the old System 
 of Physic. He died of an apoplexy in. 
 1788, occasioned, it is supposed, by a dose 
 of laudanum, which he was in the habit of 
 taking when ordinary spirits would not 
 relieve him. His fundamental principle 
 is, that all things whatever acting on the 
 human body are stimulants, or possessed of 
 an exciting p.omer ; and that there is in every 
 animated being a correspondent principle, 
 which he calls excitability , and therefore he 
 places all curative means in such as increase 
 or lessen the excitement. This has occa- 
 sioned the adoption in medical practice of 
 many violent remedies, which the caution- 
 ary system of former times would have 
 reprobated. Brown’s system is more fa- 
 shionable abroad than in Britain. — Lfe by 
 Dr. Beddoes. 
 
 Browne (George), archbishop of Dublin 
 in the reign of Henry VIII. was an English- 
 man, and had been provincial of the order 
 of Augustin friars in London, tie was con- 
 secrated in 1535,and greatly promoted the 
 reformation in Ireland. Queen Mary de- 
 prived him of his see ill 1 554 lor being 
 married, and he died about two years after- 
 wards. A remarkable sermon of his may 
 be seen in sir James Ware’s History of 
 Ireland, and in the Phoenix, a collection of 
 tracts, vol. 1. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Bhowne (sir Authony),an English judge* 
 0 
 
 J 
 
BRO 
 
 BRO 
 
 was born in Essex, and educated at Oxford, 
 from whence he removed to the Middle 
 Temple. In the reign of Mary he was 
 made serjeant at law, and in 1558 chief 
 justice of the common pleas. He died in 
 1567. Sir Anthony was a zealous papist, 
 and wrote a piece, entitled. Argument for 
 Mary Queen of Scots, her Right of Succes- 
 sion to the Crown of England, which was 
 published by Le-ley bishop of Ross. — Wood. 
 
 Browne (William), an English poet, was 
 born at Tavistock in Devonshire, and edu- 
 cated at Exeter college, Oxford, from 
 whence he removed to the Inner Temple. 
 He t ied in 1615. His pastorals were 
 praised by Selden, and other authors, and 
 his whole works were reprinted in 3 vols. 
 12mo. 1772 . — Princes W rihies of Devon. 
 Blog. Br. 
 
 Browne (air Thomas), an eminent phy- 
 sician, was born in London in 1605, and 
 brought up first at Winchester school, and 
 afterwards at Oxford. Having taken his 
 degrees in arts he entered upon the medi- 
 cal line, and then went on his travels. At 
 Leyden he took his degree of M. D. and in 
 1642 published his famous book, the Re- 
 ligio Medici, which excited uncommon at- 
 tention at home and abroad. In 1636 he 
 settled at Norwich as a physician, and ac- 
 quired there a wife and good practice. In 
 It>46 appeared his book on Vulgar Errors, 
 in folio. Charles II. honoured him with 
 knighthood in 1671. tie died at Norwich 
 in 1682. His works were printed in one 
 Toiurne, folio, after his death, and Dr. John- 
 son has honoured his memory by writing 
 his life. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Browne (Edward), an eminent physician, 
 and son of the above, was born about 1642, 
 and educated first at Cambridge and then 
 at Oxford, where he proceeded M.D. In 
 1668 he set out upon his travels, a relation 
 of which he published at his return to Eng- 
 land ; and was made physician to Charles 
 II. and to St. Bartholomew’s hospital. Pie 
 became president of the college of physi- 
 cians, and died in 1708. He published a 
 translation of some of Plutarch’s lives. — 
 Ibid. 
 
 Browne (Simon), a nonconformist di- 
 vine, was born at Shepton Mallet in Somer- 
 setshire, in 1680, and educated at Bridge- 
 water, after which he became minister to a 
 congregation at Portsmouth, from whence 
 he removed to the Old Jewry; but on ac- 
 count of a disorder in his mental faculties, 
 he' was obliged to quit London, and retire 
 to his native towh, where he. died in 1732. 
 He wrote answers to Woolston and Tindal, 
 which shew him to great advantage as a 
 logician and divine. To his last book, en- 
 titled, A Defence of the Religion of Nature 
 and the Christian Revelation, he wrote a 
 dedication to queen. Caroline, in which lie 
 maintained that God had extinguished in 
 him the rational soul; but his friends would 
 •ot sud’er it to be printed. It was inserted 
 
 in No. 88 of the Adventurer. On every 
 other subject Mr. Browne was intelligent 
 and collected, but upon this he was always 
 determined, and no one could persuade him. 
 that he had a thinking principle. — Ibid. 
 
 Browne (Peter), a learned prelate of the 
 Irish church, was a native of that kingdom, 
 and from being provost of Trinity college, 
 Dublin, was preferred to the bishopric of 
 Cork, where he died in 1735. He .wrote, 
 A Defence of Christianity against Toland'; 
 The Progress, Extent, and Limits of the 
 Human Understanding; Tracts against the 
 custom of drinking to the memory of the 
 dead ; and 2 vols. of Sermons. — Ibid. 
 
 Brownf. (Isaac Hawkins), an English 
 poet, was the son of a clergyman at Burton- 
 upon-Trcnt in Staffordshire, and born in 
 1706. From Westminster school he removed 
 to Trinity coliege, Cambridge, where lie 
 took the degree of M. A. and then went to 
 Lincoln’s-inn. He paid, however, more at- 
 tention to the muses than to the law, and 
 wrote some poems, which possess great me- 
 rit. He was returned member to parliament 
 for Wenlock, Shropshire, first in 1744, and 
 again in 1748. He died in 1760. His son 
 published in 1768 an edition of his father’# 
 poems, the most esteemed of which is one 
 in Latin, de Animi Immortalitate, of which 
 two translations have appeared in English, 
 one by Mr. Jenyns, and the other by Mr. 
 Lettice. — Ibid. 
 
 Browne (Ulysses Maximilian de), a cele- 
 brated general, was the son of Ulysses ba- 
 ron Brewne, a native of Ireland, and a co- 
 lonel in the Austrian service. He was born 
 at Basil in 1705, and at the age of ten served 
 under his uncle count George Browne at 
 the siege of Belgrade. He became a lieute- 
 nant-colonel at the age of 20, and served in 
 Corsica in 1730. After seeing much service, 
 and distinguishing himself in \ T arious ac- 
 tions, he was appointed colonel in 1734. 
 In 17S9 the emperor made him field marshal, 
 and gave him a seat in the aulic council of, 
 war. The empress queen placed an im- 
 plicit confidence in him, and made him 
 privy-counsellor. In 1744 he went into Italy, 
 where he signalized himself by several gal- 
 lant exploits. The victory at Placentia in 
 1746 was principally owing to him; after 
 which he took possession of Genoa, from 
 which he effected a masterly retreat. For 
 these and subsequent services against the 
 king of Prussia, lie was loaded with ho- 
 nours. He died of his wounds received at 
 the battle of Potshenitz in 1757, aged 52. 
 He left two sons. — Nonv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Browne (sir William), an English physi- 
 cian, was educated at Cambridge, and 
 settledfirstatLynnin Norfolk, from whence 
 lie removed to the metropolis, where he 
 acquired an extensive practice, and died in 
 1 774 aged 82. lie left a sum for two prize 
 medals, to lie given annually at Cambridge 
 for the best odes. He wrote several inge« 
 nious poems, miscellaneous tracts, speeches* 
 
B R U 
 
 EEC 
 
 and a -work entitled Opuscula. He also 
 translated Dr. Gregory’s Elements of Catop- 
 trics and Dioptrics from the Latin into 
 English, with additions. — Gen Biog Diet. 
 
 Browne (Patrick), an eminent physician, 
 Was born at Crossboynein Ireland, in 1720. 
 When young he was sent to a relation in 
 the island of Antigua, but the climate not 
 agreeing with his constitution he returned 
 to Europe, in 1737. He resided at Paris 
 five years, and then removed to Leyden, 
 where he took his degree of M. D. He next 
 went to London, where he formed an inti- 
 macy with some of the most learned of the 
 faculty, and once more visited the West 
 Indies, and fixed his residence in Jamaica. 
 By his means Kingston was made the port 
 of clearance in 1750 instead of Spanishtown. 
 In the same year he published his Natural 
 and Civil History of Jamaica in folio, hav- 
 ing the year before published a correct map 
 of that isiand, drawn by himself. He died 
 at Rusbrook in Ireland in 1790. He left 
 some MSS. on the plants of Jamaica and 
 Ireland. — European Magazine. 
 
 BaowN»iG (Ralph), an English prelate, 
 Wat born at Ipswich, and educated af Cam- 
 bridge, where he became master of Cathe- 
 rine-hall, and in 1641 was promoted to the 
 see of Exeter. Being deprived of all his 
 preferments in £he rebellion, he led a re- 
 tired life, but in 1657 he was chosen 
 preacher at the Temple. He died in 1659. 
 His sermons were printed in 1674, 2 vols. 
 folio. — Life by Dr. Gauden. Biog. Brit. 
 
 Bruce (James), a celebrated traveller, 
 was born at Kinnaird in Stirlingshire in 
 1730. He was educated first at Harrow 
 school in Middlesex, and next at Edin- 
 burgh, where he studied the law, which 
 profession, however, he did not follow. On 
 leaving Edinburgh he went to London, and 
 entered into partnership with a wine mer- 
 chant, whose daughter he married. On 
 the death of his wife he went abroad, and 
 before his return his father died and left 
 him the patrimonial estate. In 1763 he 
 went to Algiers as consul. After staying 
 there about a year he travelled into Asih 
 Minor, and made drawings of the ruins 
 of Palmyra and Balbec, which are in the 
 king’s library at Kew. In 1768 he set out 
 on his tour to explore the source of the 
 Nile. From Alexandria he went to Cairo, 
 and crossed the Desert to the Red Sea, after 
 which he spent a considerable time in Ara- 
 bia Felix. In 1770 he arrived at Gondar, 
 in Abyssinia, and in that country rendered 
 himself a favourite by his skill in physic and 
 his address as a courtier. That year he dis- 
 covered the great object of his enquiries, in 
 which he prided himself not a little, though 
 it is certain that a Portuguese missionary 
 had described the source of the Nile before 
 him. He served in the Abyssinian army 
 under the reigning king, and it was with 
 difficulty he obtained leave to quit the 
 
 country, after residing there two years. 
 He was nearly thirteen months in travelling 
 to Cairo, during which he endured innume- 
 rable hardships. He returned to England 
 in 1773, and retired to his seat at Kinnaird, 
 where he married. In 1790 he published 
 the long expected History of his Travels, in 
 five quarto volumes, which contain much 
 curious information, though the veracity 
 of the author in several instances has been 
 sspected. He died in 1794, in consequence 
 of a fall down stairs .— — .S’ up p lew en t to the En - 
 cyclop. Britan. 
 
 Brucioli (Anthony), an Italian writer. 
 Was born at Florence. He engaged in a. 
 conspiracy against the Medici family, for 
 which he was obliged to fly to France ; but 
 in 1527 he returned to his own country, 
 from which he was againforced to withdraw 
 on suspicion of heresy. He settled at Ve- 
 nice, where he published an Italian trans- 
 lation of the Bible, accompanied with a 
 Commentary in 7 vols. folio. This version 
 js chiefly taken from Pagninus 5 Latin 
 1 ranslation. His works were prohibited 
 by the inquisition. — Tiraboschi. 
 
 Brucker (John James), a learned writer, 
 was born at Augsburg in 1696, and studied 
 at Jena, where he took his degrees in arts. 
 On entering into the ministry he became, 
 rector of Kaufbeueren, and the academy 
 of sciences at Berlin chose him a member. 
 He afterwards was appointed minister of 
 a church at Augsburg, where he died in 
 1770. He wrote several esteemed works, 
 the principal of which is his Historia Cri- 
 tica Philosophise, printed at Leipsic in 6 
 vols. 4to. An abridgment of it was pub- 
 lished by Dr. Enfield, in 2 vols. 4to. — Gen. 
 Biog. 
 
 Brueys (David Augustin), a French 
 writer, who from being a protestant was 
 converted to popery by Bossuet. Fie was 
 a volatile character, sometimes engaged in 
 polemical divinity, and at others in writing 
 farces. He died in 1723, aged 83. His 
 dramatic pieces were printed in 3 vols. 
 I2mo. 1735. — Nouv. Did. Hist. 
 
 Bruges (John de), a Flemish painter, to 
 whom some have attributed the invention 
 of oil painting, but which others ascribe 
 to Van Eyck. He flourished at the begin- 
 ningof the 15th century. — De Piles. 
 
 Bruguieres (John William), a French 
 naturalist and physician, was born at Mont- 
 pellier in 1750, and was brought up to sur- 
 gery by his father. But he early conceived 
 a strong propensity to the study of natural 
 history, which displeased his father, who 
 procured him a wife, thinking this would 
 settle his mind to the profession for which 
 he had been educated. Bruguieres, how- 
 ever, quitted his wife and his native place 
 about three months after being married, and 
 went to Paris, from whence lie set out on a 
 voyage for discoveries to the South Seas, in 
 the capacity of botanist. In the course af 
 
 0 2 ~ 
 
SRI) 
 
 BUD' 
 
 this voyage he collected many rare plants 
 and animals, particularly the genus Langaba , 
 since adopted by La Cepede in his history 
 of serpents. He was particularly attentive 
 to the class of vermes, molluscx, and zoo- 
 phyla, so common in the seas of the torrid 
 zone. Bruguieres drew up an account of 
 this voyage, but it has not been published. 
 On his return he settled at Montpellier, 
 where he resided seven years. The casual 
 discovery of a coal mine, jin d of several 
 fossils and petrifactions, kindled a desire to 
 explore the curiosities of the mineral king- 
 dom. He repaired again to Paris, where 
 he was engaged by Daubenton in compos- 
 ing the account of the class of animals 
 called vermes, for the Encyclopedie metbodique. 
 Tn conjunction with some others he under- 
 took a journal of natural history, which 
 failed for want of encouragement. In 1793, 
 though labouring under a bad state of 
 health, lie engaged with Olivier in a voyage 
 to the east. This ruined iiis constitution, 
 and he died', just after his return, at Ancona 
 in 1799. L’Fleretier has given his name to 
 a new pfant, discovered by Bruguieres at 
 Madagascar. — Life by Crevier. 
 
 Brother u’Ablaincourt (John James), 
 a French physician of Beauvais, who died 
 in 1756. He wrote, I. A Treatise on fe- 
 vers, 1746. 2. On the Cure of the Gout. 
 
 3. On the Uncertainty of the Signs of 
 
 .Death, 2 vols. I2mo. 1746, &c. Noun. 
 
 Diet. Hist. 
 
 Bruin (John de), professor of philosophy 
 and mathematics at Utrecht. He was born 
 in 1620, and died in 1675. He wrote some 
 learned and ingenious treatises, de jri Al- 
 trice, de Corporum gravitate et levitate, 
 de cognitione Dei Naturali, de lucis causa 
 et origine, <3cc. — Moreri. 
 
 Brumoy (Peter), a French jesuit, who 
 rendered himself famous by an acute and 
 entertaining work, entitled, the Theatre of 
 the Greeks, 3 vols. 4to. Fie was born in 
 1688, and died in 1742. — Noun. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Brun (Charles le), an eminent painter, 
 was born in France, but of Scotch extrac- 
 tion, in 1619. He was brought up under 
 his father, who was a statuary, and after- 
 wards under Simon Vouet. He then went 
 to Italy, where he formed an intimacy with 
 Poussin. At his return he was patronized 
 by cardinal Mazarine, and became first 
 painter to the king, who took great delight 
 in viewing him while he was painting the 
 family of Darius, and gave him the direc- 
 tion of his manufactory at the Gobelins. 
 He was also appointed chancellor and di- 
 rector of the royal academy. He died in 
 1690. Le Brun published a book on Phy- 
 siognomy, and another on the Characters 
 of the Passions; but his greatest works are 
 
 his paintings of Alexander’s battles. D’ 
 
 j}rg'envilU. 
 
 Brun (Lawrence le), a French writer, 
 Who published Virgil i us Christiaaus, and 
 
 Ovidius Christianus, which shew more pie- 
 ty than taste. He died in 1663, aged 56.— 
 Moreri. 
 
 Brun (Peter le), a learned French di- 
 vine, born in Provence in 1661, and died 
 in 1729. He wrote a curious work, enti- 
 tled a Critical History of the Superstitious 
 Practices which have seduced the Vulgar 
 and embarrassed the Learned, 8 vols, 12mo. 
 Another on the Unlawfulness of Dramatic 
 Entertainments in a Religious View, and 
 an elaborate one on Liturgies. — AEoreri. 
 
 B : un eh aud,otBru nechii.DE, thedaugh- 
 ter of Athanagild, king of the Visigoths- 
 in Spain, and the wife of Sigebert 1. king 
 of Australia, during whose life she bore an 
 excellent character. On his death she was 
 seized, and with her two daughters sent tu 
 Rouen, where Merovee, the son of Chil— 
 peric, king of Soissons, married her. The 
 king, however, being displeased, parted 
 them, and sent back Brunehaud and her 
 daughters to Australia, where she assumed 
 the regency during the minority of her son 
 Childebert. On the death of his successor 
 Theodebert she resumed the same autho- 
 rity, and to preserve it, is charged with com- 
 mitting great cruelties, for which sha was 
 banished. She retired to the court of her 
 grandson Thierry, king of Burgundy,, 
 whom she persuaded to take Paris from 
 Clotaire. Her behaviour, according to some 
 historians, was extremely licentious, and 
 she is said to have poisoned Thierry, soon 
 after which she was betrayed into the hands 
 of Clotaire, by whose orders she was tied 
 to the tail of a wild horse, which dragged 
 her about till her brains were beat out* 
 A. D. 614. — Moreri. 
 
 Brunck (Richard Philip Frederick), a 
 learned modern critic, was born in 1719, 
 and resided at Strasburg, where he had a 
 place in the military department. Flis great 
 knowledge of the Greek language, and the 
 superb editions which he gave of ancient 
 authors, besides his own learned works, ob- 
 tained for him a place in the academy of 
 inscriptions, and of the national institute 
 of France. He published editions of Ana- 
 creon, iEschylus, Apollonius Rhodius, 
 Aristophanes, Sophocles, and Virgil; care- 
 fully corrected by a collation of ancient 
 MSS. and enriched with notes of various 
 learned men. He alsy published, 1. Ana- 
 lecta Veterum Poetarum Grtecorum, 4 vols. 
 8vo. which went through several editions.. 
 2. Gnomiei Poetas Gnecas, 8vo. lie died 
 in 1803. — Noun. Diet- Hist. 
 
 Brunelleschi (Philip), an Italian archi- 
 tect, Wets born at Florence in 1377. l ie 
 was at first a goldsmith and clockmaker, 
 after which' he applied to the s.tudv of per- 
 spective and architecture, in which he 
 made a surprising progress. He erected 
 the dome of the cathedral at Florence, 
 which Michael Angelo has pronounced a 
 work of uncommon beauty. He was pa- 
 
B R U 
 
 B R U 
 
 cronized by the Medici family, for whom 
 he built some magnificent structures. Bru- 
 nelleschi was also skilled in military archi- 
 tecture, and an excellent engineer. He 
 died in 1445. Some of his verses have been 
 printed with those ofBurchiello. — Tiraboschi. 
 D ’ A rgtm'villt. • 
 
 Bruni (Anthony), an Italian poet, coun- 
 sellor and secretary of state to the duke 
 d’Urbino. He died in 1635. His heroic 
 epistles were printed at Venice in 1636. — 
 Tiraboschi. 
 
 Brunner (John Conrad), an eminent 
 physician, was born in Switzerland in 1653. 
 He" studied at Strasbnrg and Paris, after 
 which he went to Holland, England, and 
 Germany. 1 le was consulted by several 
 princes, and died at Manheim in 1727, 
 FI is principal works are, Experimenta nova 
 circa Pancreatis accedit diatribe de Iyympha 
 & genuino Pancreatis usu, 4to. 1683 •, De 
 Glandulis in duodeno intestino delectis,4to. 
 1087; De Glandula pituitaria Dissertatio, 
 4tO. 1688. — Haller Bill. Anat. 
 
 Bruno, a saint of the Roman calendar, 
 and founder of fhe monastery of the Char- 
 t-reuse. He was born at Cologne m 1060, 
 and adopted the solitary life in 1084. Pope 
 Urban il. sent for him that he might profit 
 by his advice. Afterwards he went to 
 Calabria, where he established a monastery, 
 and died in 1101. — Dupiu. Moreri. 
 
 Bruno (Giordano), a dominican -monk 
 i-n the 1 6'th century, was born at Nola in 
 the kingdom of Naples._ By reading reli- 
 gious books he became dissatisfied with the 
 Roman church, and fled to Geneva in 1 5 02 ; 
 but disliking the intolerant spirit of Calvin 
 and Beza, he went to Paris, where he at- 
 tracted notice by attacking the Aristotelian 
 philosophy. Pie next visited England, and 
 formed an acquaintance with sir Bulk Gr-e- 
 ville and sir Philip Sidney, In 1589 he was 
 at Helmstadt, where he pronounced a fu- 
 neral oration on the duke of Brunswick. 
 He afterwards imprudently ventured into 
 Italy, and was arrested at Venice, fiom 
 whence he was removed to Rome, where, 
 after two years imprisonment, he was burnt 
 in 1600. He was a man of talents, positive, 
 vain, and singularly obscure in his ideas. 
 'This has given occasion to call him an 
 atheist, because he opposed in a perplexed 
 stvle the philosophy of the schools, it must 
 be allowed, however, that if lie was not an 
 atheist, he had little or no regard to reli- 
 gion, as appears from his celebrated book, 
 Spaccio deRa Bestial riomphante, (the De- 
 molition of the Triumphant Beast). He 
 was also the author of an Italian comedy , 
 (Called il Candelajo, and of some Latin 
 poetry. — Bayle. 
 
 Brunsfkls (Otho), a physician and bo- 
 tanisc, was born at blentz, and became a 
 cart hr skin : but on turning Protestant be 
 quitted that order, and went about preach- 
 ing the lutherau doctrines wifh great ar- 
 
 dour. Having thereby injured His voice, 
 he settled at Strasbnrg, and was chosen re- 
 gent of the public school. Here he studied, 
 physic, and took his degree in that faculty 
 at Basil. The city of Bern appointed him 
 public physician, and he died there in 
 ] 584. He wrote several pieces on the me- 
 dicinal virtues of plants, published in 3 vols. 
 folio, at Strasbnrg. in 1537, He was also 
 the author of a Biographical Catalogue of 
 early Physicians, Strasburg, 1530, 4to. 
 
 Haller Bib. Botan. 
 
 Bruscbius (Gaspar), ia learned Bohe- 
 mian of the 15th century. His Latin po- 
 ems procured him marks of distinction 
 from several princes. He also wrote an 
 Ecclesiastical History of Bohemia. Brus- 
 chins was assassinated in a wood near Rot> 
 temberg in 1559. — Bnylc. 
 
 Brusoni (Jerome), a laborious writer^ 
 was born at Legnago in the Venetian terri- 
 tory in 1610, of a noble family. He en- 
 tered three times among the carthusians, 
 and as often quitted that fraternity. He 
 published fifty different works in prose and 
 verse : the best is the History of Italy, 
 from 1628 to 1679, fob and his Elucidano 
 Poetico,.12mo. He died about 1630.— — • 
 Tiraboschi . 
 
 Bruti:, or Brutus, a supposed king of 
 Britain, whom our monkish chroniclers 
 pretend to have been the son of Sylvius, 
 who was the brother of Ascanrus, and con- 
 sequently the son of BEneas. On the death 
 of his father lie is said to have taken re- 
 fuge in Greece, where he delivered several 
 Troians from slavery, with whom he passed 
 to Albion, and established a kingdom, 
 which he called Britain. This story is now 
 universally exploded as a fable. — < — Bede, 
 Bolydore Virgil. 
 
 Brutus (Lucius Junius), a celebrated 
 Roman. 1 le was the son of Marcus J unius, 
 by a daughter of Tarquin the elder. When 
 his father and brothers were beheaded by 
 Tarquin, Brutus pretended to he an idiot, 
 which saved his life. He continued this 
 appearance till the death of Lucretia af- 
 forded him an opportunity of rousing the 
 Roman people to action, and of shewing 
 the energy of his mind By his exertion 
 the Tarquins were expelled, and the mo- 
 narchy gave way to a republic. The con-' 
 sulship was then instituted, when Brutus 
 and Collatinus, the husband of Lucretia, 
 were chosen the first to hold that dignity. 
 The same year he was slain at the head of 
 his troops "fighting against one of the sons 
 of Tarquin, who aise fait upon the field. 
 This -happened B.£, F>W.—-l.ii>y. 
 
 Brutus {Marcus Junius), was the son 
 of Jiinjue Brutus by a sister of Cato. The 
 precepts and examples of his uncle inspire* 
 him with the loftiest sentiments of liberty* 
 and he resolved on the destruction of Cvsar, 
 as a tyrant who had enslaved kis country. 
 This "design he carried into execution, 
 
BRU 
 
 B R Y 
 
 March 15, 43 B. C. though that great man 
 was one of his best friends. Brutus put an 
 end _ to himself at the second battle of 
 Philippi, after performing prodigies of va- 
 lour. — Tacitus. 
 
 Brutus (Decimus Albinus), a relatiqn of 
 Marcus Brutus, and one of those who en- 
 gaged in the conspiracy against Caesar, with 
 whom he had served and lived on terms of 
 great friendship. Caesar appointed him go- 
 vernor of Cisalpine Gaul, and intended him 
 also for the consular dignity. What there- 
 fore could be his inducement to conspire 
 against him is a mystery. He actually 
 forced him by his entreaties to leave lus 
 house and repair to the senate on the day 
 of the murder, an instance of treachery 
 hardly to be paralleled. After that event 
 he hastened to his province, and put hint- 
 self at the head of his troops. Antony be- 
 sieged him in Mutina, but Brutus forced 
 him to withdraw, after which he drove 
 him out of Italy, and was honoured with a 
 triumph. Antony however returned, and 
 Brutus was forced to retire in his turn ; his 
 troops abandoned him, and in his passage 
 through Gaul he was put to death, and his 
 head sent to Antony. — Suetonius. Univ. Hist. 
 
 Brutus (John Michel), an historian, was 
 * native of Venice, which country he was 
 obliged to leave, but on what account docs 
 not appear. After wandering about from 
 place to place he settled at Cracow in 1574, 
 where he was employed by Stephen Batori 
 to write the history of that country. He 
 afterwards settled at Prague, and died about 
 1590. He also wrote a History of Florence, 
 and Letters. — Bayle. 
 
 Bruyere (John de la), a French writer 
 of eminence, was born at Pourdan in the 
 isle of France, in 1640. Bossuet employed 
 him as a teacher of history to the duke of 
 Burgundy. He was admitted a member of 
 the French academy; and died in 1696. 
 His Characters in the manner of Theophras- 
 tus, acquired uncommon popularity, as 
 they were drawn from real persons, and 
 exposed the prevailing follies in i bold 
 yet delicate style. The best editions are 
 those of Amsterdam 1741, and Paris 1765. 
 
 * — Mrtrer i. 
 
 Bruyn (Cornelius), a Dutch painter and 
 traveller of the 17th century. He went 
 through Russia, Persia, and the East-Indies. 
 The best edition of his Travels is that of 
 Rouen, in 2 vols. 4to. 1725.— Nouns. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Bruys (Francis), a French writer, who 
 From being a romanist turned calvinist, and 
 went to Geneva, then returned to France 
 and became a romanist again. He wrote a 
 History of the Popes, 5 vols. 4to. 1732, and 
 some other works. He died in 1738, aved 
 tO. —Ibid. ° 
 
 Bruys (Peter de), the founder of a re- 
 ligious sect called after him Pctrobrussians. 
 Pie lived in Languedoc about 1110. He 
 opposed infant baptism - maintained that 
 churches were unnecessary; that crucifixes 
 
 and other church ornaments should be de- 
 molished; that the body of Christ is not in 
 the sacrament and that prayers ought not 
 to be offered for the dead. He and his fol- 
 lowers commuted shameful excesses, pol- 
 luted churches, destroyed the altars, and 
 ill-used the clergy. Fie was burnt alive in 
 1 1 30. — Mosheim. Moreri. 
 
 Bruzen de ia Martinif.re (Anthony 
 Augustin), a French writer. He became 
 secretary to the king of the two Sicilies, 
 and died at the Hague in 1749, aged 83.' 
 He compiled several useful works, the prin- 
 cipal of which is the Great Geographical. 
 Historical, and Critical Dictionary, 10 vols. 
 folio, Hague 1730, but the Paris edition of 
 1768, which is the best, is in 6 vols. — Nuv. 
 Diet. Hist. 
 
 Bryan (Francis), or Briant, was born 
 of a genteel family, and educated at Ox- 
 ford. In 1522 he attended the earl of Sur- 
 ry, high admiral of England, in the expe- 
 dition against France, and for his services 
 there was knighted. He was afterward* 
 employed in several embassies, and became, 
 gentleman of the privy chamber to the 
 king. He wrote songs and sonnets, printed 
 with those of the earl of Surry and sir ' ho- 
 mas Wyatt. He also translated into English 
 from the French, A Dispraise of the Life of 
 a Courtier, &c. Fie died justiciary of Ire- 
 land in 1548. — Wood. 
 
 Bryant (Jacob), a profound scholar and 
 various writer, was educated at Eton, and 
 King’s-college, Cambridge, where he took 
 the degree of M. A. in 1744. He became 
 tutor to the sons of the late duke of Marl- 
 borough who made him his secretary and 
 gave him a lucrative place in the ordnance 
 office. Mr. Bryant led a retired life at 
 Cypenham in Berkshire, where he died of 
 a mortification in his leg occasioned by a 
 razure against a chair ih reaching a book 
 off a shelf in 1804, aged 89. His first pub- 
 lished work was, Observations and En- 
 quiries relating to various parts of ancient 
 History, 8vo. 1767. But that which will 
 perpetuate his name was “a new System, or 
 an Analysis of ancient Mythology; wherein 
 an attempt is made to divest Tradition of 
 Fable, and to reduce Truth to its original 
 Purity,” 3 vols. 4to. He was also engaged 
 in the Rowleian controversy, and wrote 
 against Priestley on Necessity. His dis- 
 sertations on Balaam, Samson, and Jonah, 
 are curious and admirable, also his Obser- 
 vations oh controverted passages in Jose- 
 phus and Justin Martyr. I-Iis Treatise on 
 the Authenticity of the Scriptures is truly 
 excellent but the Observations on the 
 Plagues of Egvpt, and his dissertation on 
 the War of Troy, are deerqed fanciful., 
 though abundantly learned and ingenious. 
 — Gent. Mag 
 
 Brychan, son of Aulach, the son of 
 Cormach, one of the kings of Ireland. He 
 was lord of Garthmarthein, which from hiny 
 was called Brycheiaiog, acd, by the Eng-~ 
 r 
 
B U C 
 
 BUC 
 
 UsTfi named Brecknock. lie is a distin- 
 guished character in the Welsh history ; 
 principally as being the father of one of 
 the three holy families of Britain; for 
 almost all his children embraced a religious 
 life, and were the founders of several 
 
 churches. He died about A. D. 450. 
 
 Owens Camb. Biog. 
 
 Bryennius (Nicephorus), the husband 
 of the princess Anna 'Comnena. On the 
 death of Alexis, his father-in-law, the throne 
 was offered to him, which he refused to ac- 
 cept. He died in 1137. He began the Life 
 of Alexis, which he never finished. The 
 fragment was published with a Latin ver- 
 sion at Paris, in 1661, and Du Cange added 
 annotations to it in 1670. — Moreri. 
 
 Buc (George), an English historian. He 
 was a native of Lincolnshire, and became 
 master of the revels to James I. who knight- 
 ed him. Sir George wrote the Life of 
 Richard III. which is an attempt to clear 
 the character of that prince from many of 
 the crimes with which he stands charged. 
 Horace Walpole, afterwards lord Orford, 
 has made the same attempt, and with about 
 the same success. Sir George also wrote 
 some Account of the Houses of Learning, 
 Schools, &c. in London. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Bucer (Martin), one of the reformers, 
 was born in Alsace in 1491, and took the 
 habit of St. Dominic, but the writings of 
 Erasmus and Luther gave him a dislike to 
 popery, and he’ became a zealous protestant. 
 At first he united with I.uther, but after- 
 wards he inclined to Zuinglius, though he 
 laboured much to bring the two parties to 
 a union. He came to England in 1549, and 
 was made divinity professor at Cambridge, 
 -where he died in 1551. In the reign of 
 Mary, his body was taken up and burnt. 
 Buccr was twice married: by his first wife, 
 who had been a nun, he had 13 children. 
 His writings are very numerous.— -Bayle. 
 
 Buchan (William), a physician, wa» 
 born at Ancram in Roxburghshire, in 1729. 
 He was educated at Edinburgh with a view 
 to the church, which however he quitted 
 for the study of medicine, and after re- 
 siding there several years he went and 
 settled in Yorkshire, where he became phy- 
 sician to the Foundling Hospital at Ack- 
 worth, lie continued there till the insti- 
 tution was dissolved, and then returned to 
 ^Edinburgh where he practised several 
 years with success. In 1770 he published 
 his popular book entitled, “ Domestic Me- 
 dicine ora Treatise on the cure and pre- 
 vention of Diseases, ’’which has gone through 
 
 numerous editions. He now removed to 
 London where also he obtained consider- 
 able practice, which was diminished by the 
 preference he gave to society rather than 
 to business. He published two other use- 
 ful books, a Treatise op the Venereal Dis- 
 ease which went through three editions, 
 and Advice to Mothers or? the Subject of 
 their own health, and oa the means of pro- 
 
 moting the health, strength, and beauty of 
 their offspring, both in 8vo. He died In 
 1 805. Dr. Buchan left a son who is also an 
 eminent physician and has written “ Prac- 
 tical Observations concerning Sea Bathing; 
 to which are added, Remarks on the Warm 
 Bath .” — Monthly Mag. 
 
 Buchan (Elizabeth!, a modern visionary 
 and fanatic. Her husband was one of the 
 proprietors of the delft-work manufactory 
 at Glasgow, by whom she had several 
 children. About 1779 she began to pro- 
 phesy that the end of the world was near, 
 and (hat all Christians must abandon worldly 
 connections, to be in readiness to meet 
 Christ. She gathered many followers, and 
 journeyed with them through several parts 
 of Scotland, encreasing as they went. On 
 her death in 1791, her disciples dispersed. 
 — Eurvp. Mag. 
 
 Buchanan (George), an eminent writer, 
 was horn in Dumbartonshire in Scotland, 
 in 1506; educated first at St. Andrew’s, 
 and then at Paris, where he embraced the 
 doctrines of the reformation. James \ . 
 employed him as a tutor to his natural son, 
 the earl of Moray ; and at the same king’s 
 command he attacked the franciseans in a 
 satirical poem, for which his life being 
 threatened he fled to England, and thence 
 to France, where he wrote four tragedies 
 in J.atin. He next went to Portugal, and 
 became a teacher of philosophy in the uni- 
 versity of Coimbra, but expressing some 
 free opinions, he was confined in a monas- 
 tery, in which he translated David’s Psalm# 
 into Latin. In 155 1 he obtained his liberty, 
 and after residing some time in trance and 
 England, returned to his native country, 
 where he was appointed principal of the 
 college of St. Leonard in the university of 
 St. Andrew’s. This favour he obtained 
 from queen Mary, which he ill requited 
 by writing a book called a Detection of 
 her Doings, designed to prejudice the 
 minds of°her subjects against her. He 
 was nominated tutor to James VI. tind 
 being afterwards reproached with making 
 him a pedant, he replied, that, “ it was the 
 best he could make of him.” He died at 
 Edinburgh in 1582. Besides what is above 
 mentioned he wrote Latin poems, some of 
 which are beautiful. Ilis History of Scot- 
 land is also elegantly written, but is not 
 faithful. In bis famous treatise De Jure 
 Regni apud Scotos, he defends the princi- 
 cles of democracy and republicanism. His 
 works were printed together at Edinburgh, 
 2 vols. folio, 1714. — Bayle. Biog. Brit. 
 
 Bucheldius.oi- Beucki.in (W ilbam), the 
 first who found out the method of curing 
 herrings with salt, for which his country- 
 men, the Dutch, erected a monument to 
 his memory. He died in 1449. — Nouns. Dict t 
 Hist. 
 
 Buckeridce (John), an English prelate 
 born at Draycot, near Marlborough, in 
 Wiltshire} made bishop of Rochester a 
 
B U D 
 
 BUG 
 
 1611, and translated to Ely in 1(128. Hi? 
 died in 1631. Bishop Buckeridge wrote a 
 learned work against Bellarmin, and some 
 other pieces of a polemical nature. — Wood. 
 
 Bucquet (John Michael Baptist), a 
 French physician, was born at Paris in 
 1746, and his merit obtained for him, when 
 young, a place in the academy of sciences, 
 and the professorship of chemistry to the 
 faculty of medicine at Paris. He was inde- 
 fatigable in his chemical pursuits, to which 
 he added the study of natural history. He 
 united the two subjects in his lectures, and 
 thus rendered them peculiarly interesting. 
 A close application to his studies, and to the 
 duties of his profession, laid the foundation 
 of a disorder, which carried him ofF in 
 1780. He presented several memoirs to the 
 academy of sciences. — Noun. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Budjeus (William), or Bude', a learned 
 Frenchman, was born at Paris in 1467, and 
 had every advantage of education, but he 
 dissipated his youth in idleness and extra- 
 vagance. At length he suddenly took 
 another turn, abandoned his gay pursuits, 
 and devoted himself to study. The king 
 sent him ambassador to Rome, and at his 
 request founded the royal college of France; 
 He died in 1540. His works were printed 
 at Basil, in 4 vols. folio, 1557. Erasmus 
 was his frequent correspondent, but they 
 appear to have been jealous of each other’s 
 abilities. — Boyle. Moreri. 
 
 BuDDiEus (John Francis), a learned Ger- 
 man, was born at Anclam in Pomerania, 
 in 1667, and died professor of theology at 
 Jena in 172!). Fie wrote a System of Divi- 
 nity; the Elements of Philosophy . both in 
 Latin : and an Historical Dictionary, in 
 German, 2 vols. folio. — Moreri. 
 
 Budgei.l (Eustace), an English writer, 
 was born in 1685 at Exeter, where his fa- 
 ther was a -clergyman. He received his 
 education at Christ-church, Oxford, from 
 whence he removed to the Inner Temple. 
 Mr. Addison, to whom he was related, took 
 him to Ireland as one of the clerks of his 
 office. He wrote several papers for the 
 Tatler, Spectator, and Guardian. While 
 in Ireland he was chosen member of par- 
 liament, and obtained some lucrative em- 
 ployments, which he lost for satirising the 
 duke of Bolton, when that nobleman was 
 lord lieutenant. On this he returned to 
 England, where he lost 20,000 1. by tire 
 South Sea bubble. He now turned party 
 writer, and conducted a popular paper 
 called the Bee. But while thus engaged 
 an affair happened -which totally ruined 
 the little reputation he had left. On the 
 death of Dr. Tindal the deist, a bequest was 
 found in his will of 2000/. to Budged, which 
 all who knew the doctor were sensible he 
 never intended. The will was contested 
 by his relations, and set aside. This and 
 other circumstances had such an effect upon 
 the mind of Budgell that he threw himself 
 
 into the Thames and wasdroxvned, in 17.37. 
 He wrote the Lives of the Family of the 
 Boyles, and translated Theophrastus’s Cha- 
 racters from the Greek. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 . Buffai.maco (Bonamico), an eminent 
 historical painter, born at Florence in 1262, 
 and died in 1340. — Pilkington. 
 
 Buffjfr (Claude), a learned jesuit, born 
 in Polandin 1661, and died at Paris in 1737. 
 Fie wrote a Course of Sciences, upon Prin- 
 ciples new and simple, 1732, folio, and other 
 Works. Moreri. 
 
 Buffon (George Lewis Le Clerc), an il- 
 lustrious French writer, was the son of a 
 counsellor ot the parliament of Dijon, and 
 born at Montbard in Burgundy, in 1707. 
 He studied at Dijon and was intended for 
 the law, but his inclination lay to the 
 sciences, particularly astronomy and geo- 
 metry, and it is said he was never without 
 Euclid’s Elements in his pocket. At the 
 age of twenty lie made the tour of Italy, 
 after which he visited England. On his 
 return he divided his time between Monr- 
 bard and Paris, and in 1735 published a 
 translation of Idales’s Vegetable Statics, 
 which was followed by another of Newton’s 
 Fluxions. In 1739 he was appointed super- 
 intendant of the royal garden and cabinet, 
 which by his care were considerablv en- 
 riched and improved. In 1749 appeared the 
 first part of his great work, “ Natural ITis- 
 tc.ry general and particular,” which was 
 not completed till 1767, when it amounted 
 to 15 vols. 4to. and 31 vols. 12mo. To it 
 were afterwards added several volumes 
 more by way of supplement. lie begins 
 this celebrated performance with a Theory 
 of the Earth, fanciful and fallacious, as is 
 also Ins I heyiry of Animal Generation. But 
 his Natural History of Animals is valuable, 
 though in the classification he is extrava- 
 gant. In 1771 appeared Lis History of 
 Birds; and in 1773 he began the History 
 of Minerals, which is charged with the 
 same faults as his Theory of the Earth. ( )n 
 the whole, however, the works of Buffijn, 
 as a mass of valuable facts and observations, 
 are of great worth. They make 35 vols. 
 4to. and 62 vols. 12mo. lie was a member 
 of the French academy, and treasurer of 
 that of sciences. In 1771 he was created a 
 count. . His private character was that of 
 a libertine, and be was extremely vain of 
 his person and his talents. “ The works of 
 eminent geniuses,” he would sav, “ are 
 few; they are those of Newton,” Bacon, 
 Leibnitz, Montesquieu, and my aim /” Fde 
 died in 1788. He left an onlv son, who 
 suffered under Robespierre in 1793. On the 
 scaffold he said to the people “.Citizens, nay 
 name is Buflon.’ — A T owo. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Bughenhagen (John), a learned divine, 
 was born in Pomerania in 1485. He re- 
 nounced popery and embraced the doctrines 
 of Luther, after having written against 
 them. C hristian III. king of Denmark sent 
 "l 
 
BUI 
 
 B U L 
 
 for him to settle the reformation in h:s 
 kingdom. lie died in 1558. He wrote 
 Commentaries on the Scriptures; the Har- 
 mony of 'the Gospels ; and a History of Po- 
 merania-. — Moreri. 
 
 Bugjardini (Giuliano), an Italian painter 
 of eminence in history and landscape, lie 
 was a native of Florence, and greatly 
 esteemed by Michael Angelo Buonarotti. 
 He died in 1556, aged 75. — PHkin^ton. 
 
 Bull (John), a famous musician, was 
 born in Somersetshire about 156:3, and in 
 1586 he was admitted bachelor of music at 
 Oxford. In 1591 he was created doctor, 
 and appointed organist of the royal chapel. 
 He was the first professor of music in 
 Gresham co'lege; and during the reign of 
 J ,mes 1. he went abroad, ar.d died at Lu- 
 beck in 16 t 2 l 2*~Ward's Lives of the Gresham 
 Pr-rfe sors. 
 
 Bull (George), a learned prelate, was 
 born at Wells in Somersetshire in 1634, and 
 educated at Tiverton-school in Devonshire, 
 from whence he removed to Exeter college, 
 Oxford ; but refusing the engagement he 
 retired to his native county. At the age 
 of ‘21 he was ordained privately by bishop 
 Skinner of Oxford, who exercised his office 
 at that critical period, though it was made 
 a capital offence by the parliament to do so. 
 After this hebecameminister of St. George’s, 
 near Bristol, where he read as much of the 
 liturgy as he safely con'd under the appear- 
 ance of extemporary devotion. In 1658 he 
 married, and was presented to the rectory 
 of Suddington in Gloucestershire. While 
 here he composed most of his learned works, 
 and in 1669 published his Harmonia Apusto- 
 lica ; the intent of which is to reconcile St. 
 Paul and St. James on the article of justifi- 
 cation. This performance gave great of- 
 fence to the calvinists, and several answers 
 were published to it, particularly by Dr. 
 'Fully. Mr. Bull, however, vindicated his 
 work in an admirable apology written also 
 in Latin. In 1678 the lord chancellor Finch 
 gave him a prebend in the cathedral of 
 Gloucester. In 1 665 appeared his principal 
 performance, the Defensio Fide: Nic.en.e , in 
 which he proves that the consubstantiahtv 
 and co-eternity Of the son of God was the 
 faith of the church before the council of 
 Nice. This great work gained the author 
 universal applause, and the university of 
 Oxford conferred on him the degree of 
 D. D. He also obtained the rectory of 
 Avening in Gloucestershire, and archbishop 
 Bancroft made him archdeacon of Landaff. 
 In 1694 he published his Judicium licclesice 
 Catbolica, for which he had the thanks of 
 Bossuet, bishop of Meaux, and other learn- 
 ed divines of the Galiican church. In 
 1704-5 he was consecrated bishop of St. 
 David’s. He died in 1709, and was buried 
 in the church of Brecknock. His sermons 
 were published by Mr. Nelson, in 4 vols. 
 Svo. aa-I ail his Latin works in 1 voi fobo, 
 
 bv Dr. Crabe. — Lfe of Bishop Bull by AVI* 
 
 son, 8 vo. 
 
 Bui-ler (Francis), an English judge, was 
 descended from an ancient family settled 
 both in Devon and Cornwall. After re- 
 ceiving his education at Winchester school 
 he entered of the Temple, and in 1763 was 
 called to the bar, about which time also he 
 became a member of parliament. In bis 
 profession he .was chiefly distinguished as 
 a special pleader, but his practice at the bar 
 was also considerable. In 1772 he pub- 
 lished a work, which is held in considerable 
 renute, called “An Introduction to the Law 
 of Nisi Prius.” Being related by marriage 
 to earl Bathurst he soon attained the ho- 
 nours of his profession, was made a Welsh 
 judge, and at length a justice of the king’s 
 bench, where he acquired hv^ his great 
 legal knowledge the particular friendship of 
 lord Mansfield. V\ hen that nobleman was 
 about to retire he earnestly wished that sir 
 Francis should be his successor, but superior 
 interest prevailed in favour of lord Kenyon, 
 on which lie removed to the court of com- 
 mon pleas. He was a man well skilled in 
 his profession, of pleasant and amiable 
 manners, andstrictly impartial. He died 
 
 suddenly in 1800. Public Characters, 
 
 Vol. I. 
 
 Bullet (John Baptist), a French divine, 
 who died in 1775 at Bgsangon, of which 
 university he was dean. He wrote a His- 
 tory of the Establishment of Christianity, 
 1764, 4to.; some works against unbelievers; 
 Memoifs on the Celtic' language, 3 vols. 
 folio; and a. Dissertation on the History of 
 France, 8vo — Not v. Diet. Hat. 
 
 Bulleyn (William) an English physi- 
 cian and botanist, was born in the Isle of 
 Ely, and educated partly at Cambridge and 
 partly at Oxford; after which he travelled 
 into Germany and other parts in o,uest of 
 natural knowledge. In 1550 he was insti- 
 tuted to the rectory of Bloxhall in Suffolk, 
 which he resigned in 1554, and about the 
 same time took his degree of M. D. and set- 
 tled as physician at Durham. From thence 
 he removed to London, and became mem- 
 ber of the college of physicians, He was 
 falsely accused of having murdered sir 
 Thomas Hilton, whom he attended as phy- 
 sician, but who died of a malignant fever ; 
 and though his innocence was clearly 
 proved, yet his persecutor found means to 
 throw him into prison for debt, where he 
 wrote a great part of his medical treatises. 
 
 I ie died in 1576. There is a portrait of him 
 prefixed to his Government of Health, and 
 another to the Bulwarke of Defence, which 
 is a collection of most of his works. — Biag. 
 Br. Pulteneys Sketches of Botany. 
 
 Bullialdus, or Boui.hau (Ismael), a 
 learned astronomer, w r as born at Houdun 
 in the Isle of France in 1605. His parents 
 were protestants, but he embraced the Ro- 
 man catholic religion and became a piitst. 
 
BUN 
 
 B U O 
 
 He studied with ardo,ur, and he became well 
 ■versed in mathematics, philosophy, theology, 
 sacred and profane history, and even the 
 civil law, on which last subject he wrote 
 some esteemed works. In 1649 he printed 
 the History of Ducas in Greek, with a Latin 
 version, and notes of his own. His ma- 
 thematical works are, A Treatise on the 
 Nature of Light; Astronomica Philolaica, 
 to which are added Tables of the Motions 
 of Saturn, Jupiter, and Mercury; a Treatise 
 pn Spiral Lines ; Opus Novum ad Arith- 
 meticam infinitorum. He died at Paris in 
 1694 . — Alordri. 
 
 Bulliard (N.), a French botanist, who 
 died at Paris in 1793, aged 41. He pub- 
 lished several useful works; as, 1. Flora Pa- 
 risiensis, 8vo. 2. The Herbal of France, 13 
 vols. folio; 3. Dictionnaire Elementaire de 
 Botanique, folio; 4. History of the Poison- 
 ous Plants of France, folio 5. On the Mush- 
 rooms of France. He was an accurate ob- 
 server. — ■Noii'v. Diet, liist. 
 
 Bollinger (Henry), one of the reform- 
 ers, was born at Zurich in 1504, and edu- 
 cated at Cologne. He intended to turn 
 monk, but the writings of Melancthon al- 
 tered his, resolution, and he became a pro- 
 testant. In 1599 he undertook the pastor- 
 ship of the reformed church in his native 
 place, and about the same time entered into 
 the matrimonial state. Being driven from 
 thence by the papists, he retired with his 
 family to Zurich, where he was chosen to 
 succeed Zuinglius. He died therein 1575. 
 Ills works are numerous, and were opce 
 held in high estimation. — Bayle. 
 
 Bui.teau (Lewis), a learned writer, was 
 born at Rouen in 1615. He succeeded his 
 lincle as king’s secretary, but afterwards 
 entered a3 a lay brother among the bene- 
 d'etines of St Maur. He died in 1693. He 
 wrote an Essay on the Monastic History of 
 the East • Abridgement of the History of 
 the Order of St Benedict. Fie also trans- 
 lated the Dialogues of St. Gregory. — Mo~ 
 rcri. 
 
 B.ulwer (John), an English physician of 
 the 17th century, who wrote a curious 
 book on physiognomy; another entitled, 
 Man transformed, or the artificial Change- 
 ling and one called Pathomyoanjia, or a 
 Dissection of the significative Muscles of 
 the Affections of the Mind, 1649, 1 9m o. — 
 Gr u,n ger. 
 
 Bunei. (Jacob), a French painter, born 
 at Blois in 1 55 S, and brought up under 
 Zucchero. In the church of the Augus- 
 tin es ar Rome is a fine piece by this master, 
 representing the descent of the Holy Ghost. 
 
 — — D' A rgen <: > ll: . 
 
 Bu nl . (Peter), a learned Frenchman pf 
 fhe 1 6th century, was a native of Toulouse, 
 j.nd died at Turin in 1546, aged 47. Some 
 plegant Lathi epistles by him were printed 
 in Hal, and a better edition in 1637 at 
 Toulouse. — JJayk, 
 
 Bunnick (John van), a Flemish painter 
 of history and portrait, born at Utrecht in 
 1654, and died in 1727. Hispieces are very 
 elegant and correct. His brother Jacob 
 was his disciple, and excelled in painting 
 battles. He died in 1725. — PHiington. 
 
 Bunyan (John), a pious writer, was 
 born at Elstow in Bedfordshire in 1 628. He 
 barely learnt to read and write, and fol- 
 lowed his father’s business, which was that 
 of a travelling tinker. For some years he 
 led a profane kind of life, and was much 
 addicted to swearing and sabbath-breaking. 
 At length he was converted by some poor 
 women, and began to study the scriptures, 
 in which he acquired a great knowledge. In 
 the civil war he entered into the parliament 
 army, and was present at the siege of 
 Leicester. About 1655 he became a mem- 
 ber of c baptist congregation at Bedford, 
 in which he used to exhort. For this at 
 the restoration he was taken up and con- 
 fined in Bedford gaol twelve years and a 
 half, supporting himself and family by tag- 
 ging laces. There also he wrote his fa- 
 mous Pilgrim’s Progress, a religious alle- 
 gory, admirably wrought up, and which 
 has gone through fifty editions, and been 
 translated into different languages. On his 
 release from prison, for which he was in- 
 debted to bishop Barlow of Lincoln, he be- 
 came teacher of the baptist congregation at 
 Bedford. Fie also travelled into different 
 parts of England to visit the people of that 
 persuasion, on which account lie was called 
 bishop Banyan. He died in London of a 
 fever in 1688. His works, which have 
 been often printed collectively and in a se- 
 parate form, make two volumes, folio. — « 
 Brag. Brit. 
 
 Buommattei (Benedict), a learned Ita- 
 lian, was born at Florence in 1521. He 
 was an ecclesiastic, and a member of seve- 
 ral literary societies. Fie is chiefly known 
 by his work on the Tuscan language, in 
 which he gives clear rules for writing Ita-, 
 ban. He died in 1647. — Tiraboscbi . 
 
 Buonaccorsi (Philip), an elegant writer, 
 was born in Tuscany in 1437. In con- 
 formity to a common custom of the learned 
 in his age he assumed another name, which 
 was that of Callimaco Esperiehte. Fie resided 
 at Rome till Pope Paul II. suspected him of 
 heing concerned in a conspiracy against his 
 life, on which he fled, and settled in Poland, 
 where he became tutor to prince Albert, 
 son of king Casimir. He was also employed 
 on several embassies, and possessed the office 
 of prime minister. He died in 1498 at Cra- 
 cqvv. He wrote the Life of King Ladislaug, 
 predecessorof Casimir ; a Ipfeof Attila,an4 
 other works, which have gone through se-, 
 veral editions. — Tiraboscbi. 
 
 BuonacBrsi, or Perrin del Vasa, ait 
 Italian painter, who is said to have been 
 suckled by a she-goat. He had a natural 
 turn, for painting, which was encouraged by 
 
B U O 
 
 BUP 
 
 Julio Romano. He excelled in painting 
 friezes and ornamental pieces, and died in 
 1 547 .- — If ArgenuilU. 
 
 Buonafede (Appiano), better known 
 under his assumed names Applo ameo de 
 Fubci and A rapisto' Cromazanio, was born at 
 Comachio, in the papal territory. He was 
 an abbot of the Celestines, and a writer of 
 considerable note, The best of his poetical 
 works is the Ritratti poetici degli Nomini 
 illustri (the poetical iconolqgy of great 
 men), of which there are several editions; 
 and the best of his prose works is, The 
 History and the Spirit of every Sort of 
 Philosophy, 6 vols. 4to. He died at Rome 
 in 1792. 
 
 Buon amici' (Bastruccio), an Italian writer, 
 was born at Lucca in 1710. He embraced 
 the ecclesiastical state, butbeing disappoint- 
 ed of preferment he became a soldier in the 
 service of the king of Naples. He after- 
 wards turned his attention to the belles- 
 lettres, and wrote a history of the war of 
 Velletri in 1745, for which he had a pen- 
 sion and the rank of commissary-general. 
 But his most considerable work is entitled 
 De Bello Ital'co Co?x#tentarii, 4to. 1751,3 vols. 
 The duke of Parma was so. pleased with it 
 that he conferred on the author the title of 
 count. He also wrote a treatise on military 
 science. He died in 1761. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Buonamici (Lazzaro), a celebrated Ita- 
 lian professor, was born at Bassano in 1479. 
 He was educated at Padua, after which he 
 became tutor in theCampeggi family, and 
 then went to Rome, where he was professor 
 of belles-lettres in the college of Sapienza. 
 ’VV'hen that city was sacked in 1527 he lost 
 all his property, knd narrowly escaped with 
 his life. In 1530 he was invited to the rhe- 
 torical professorship at Padua, which he 
 discharged with great applause. He died in 
 1552. Some of his letters and poems are 
 extant. The latter were printed at Venice 
 in 1572. — Tirabcschi. 
 
 BuoNARROTTijOr BaaNAROTA (Michael 
 Angelo), a man of various and wonderful 
 talents, whose genius in the fine arts places 
 him on a line, with Homer, Milton, and 
 Shakspeare, was descended of a ncble but 
 reduced family in Tuscany, and born in 
 1474. He early shewed an inclination to 
 painting, which his friends discountenanced 
 as degrading the dignity of their house. 
 However he studied with ardour, and co- 
 pied some of the designs, of Ghirlandajo 
 with great exactness. He next turned his 
 attention to sculpture, and at the age of 15 
 executed the head of a fawn, which still 
 exists, and may vie with the best pieces of 
 anticpiitv. This introduced him to that 
 munificent patron of the arts Lorenzo de 
 Medici, who took him to reside in his pa- 
 lace, and admitted him to his friendship. 
 Here he executed a fine bas-relief on the 
 subject of the battle of the centaurs. On 
 ^he death of his patron lie returned to his 
 
 father, but resided some time in the convent 
 of Santo Splrito, where hestudied anatomy. 
 Being invited to Rome he distinguished 
 himself by some beautiful works of sculp- 
 ture. Julius II. employed him to make hi* 
 monument, and a bronze statue in the act 
 of distributing alms. On the death of that 
 pontiff the latter was thrown down by tin 
 populace, and converted by the duke of 
 Ferraraintoa cannon calledrhe Julian. The 
 same pope set him to paint the dome of a 
 chapel, by which he gained new reputation. 
 Leo X. employed him in architectural 
 works, in which he shewed the same ele- 
 gance of taste- as in his other pursuits. He 
 was afterwards engaged in fortifying Flo- 
 rence : and when the place was taken he 
 repaired to Venice, where he gave a design 
 for the Rialto. On the death of the archi- 
 tect employed in building St. Peter’s at 
 Rome, the charge of conducting that mag- 
 nificent work was entrusted to Michael 
 Angelo, who devoted seventeen years to it 
 without sniafy. He restored the capitol to 
 its ancient Mory, and adorned it with a 
 rich front; he built several palaces and 
 other public structures at Rome, and died 
 crowned with glory in 1564. His body was 
 buried in the church of the apostles a': 
 Rome, but the grand duke of Tuscany had 
 it removed to Florence, .where it was in- 
 terred with princely honours. His most- 
 famous painting is the last judgment, 
 painted for Paul III. in which he indulged 
 a satirical vein by introducing among the 
 damned a cardinal who was his enemy. 
 Michael Angelo was also a good poet, and 
 so'.ne of his sonnets and canzonets were, 
 published by his great-nephew at Florence 
 in 1627. — D’ Argtn-viHe. Dipi'es. Roscoe s Lift, 
 of Lorenzo de ]\f edict. 
 
 BuoNFiGUo(Joseph Constant), an Italian 
 writer, who distinguished himself bv two 
 works; 1. The History of Sicily, printed at 
 Venice, 16Q4, 2 vols. 4 to. 2. The History 
 of Messina, 1506 , 4to. — Nouv. Did. Hist. 
 
 BeoNTAtE.vn (Bernard), a famous ar- 
 chitect and painter. In h : s infancy his 
 father’s house cn the banks of the Arno fell 
 down and crushed to pieces all the inhabi- 
 tants except this child, who saved himself 
 in a vault. The grand duke of Florence, 
 took pity on the orphan and provided for 
 his education, lie beparne eminent as an, 
 architect, and fortified many places in Tus- 
 cany, besides building several superb edi- 
 fices. Fie was also a good sculptor, and 
 painted m miniature ; he likewise invented’ 
 several hydraulic machines, and was wclL 
 skilled in mechanics. He died in 1608. — 
 Ibid. 
 
 Bupalus, a famous sculptor of antiquity, 
 was a native of the isle of Chios, and ffoti-’ - 
 lished B. C. 540. i He and jus brother Athe- 
 nis are said to have carved a statue exactly* 
 resembling Hippo mix, a meagre poet ; and^ 
 the bard, by way of revenge, wrote so. 
 
BUR 
 
 BUR 
 
 V.een a satire against them, that out of 
 vexation they hanged themselves. — Plin. 
 Aj/. Hist. 
 
 Burciiard, bishop of Worms in the 11th 
 century, was tutor to the emperor Conrad, 
 who made him a bishop in 1008. lie com- 
 piled a collection of canons, called decrees, 
 printed at Cologne in 1548. He died in 
 1026. — Moreri. 
 
 Burchieli.o, an Italian poet, born in 
 1380, and died at Rome in 1448. He was a 
 barber at Florence, and his shop was the 
 meeting-place of all the wits of the city. 
 His poems were printed at Florence in 
 1568, 8 vo. — 7 trahoschi. 
 
 Bure (Catherine), a learned Swedish 
 woman, who died in 1679, aged 77. She 
 wrote Latin with great purity; and her 
 correspondence with Vandela Skylte, a 
 learned countrywoman of hers, is in print. 
 — Houv. Hid. Hist. 
 
 Bure (William Francis de), an eminent 
 bookseller of Paris, who died in 1782. His 
 treatise of scarce and curious hooks, 7 vols. 
 8vo. 1766, and his Museum Typogra phi- 
 turn, 1775, shewhisindustry and knowledge 
 to great advantage. — 7 bid. 
 
 Burette (Peter John), a French physi- 
 cian, was born at Paris in 1665. His* fa- 
 ther was a musician, and young Burette, at 
 «he age of eight, played before Lewis XIV. 
 and in concerts. lie became a teacher of 
 music, and his spare hours he devoted to 
 literature. At the age of eighteen he re- 
 solved to follow a learned profession, and 
 ■entered the college of Harcourt, where, in 
 3690, he received a doctor’s degree. Pie 
 became emineut as a physician, and re *d 
 lectures on the materia medica. In 1703 he 
 was appointed Latin professor of surgery. 
 In 1710 he was nominated professor of me- 
 dicine in the royal college. He studied the 
 oriental languages, and wrote numerous 
 dissertations, chiefly oat ancient games. 
 That on the symphony of the ancients is 
 deemed a masterpiece. He died in 1747. 
 The catalogue of his library makes 3 vols. 
 12mo. — Ibid. 
 
 Burger (Godfred Augustus), a German 
 poet, was born at Wolmerswende, in Hel- 
 feierstadt, in 1748. Being designed for the 
 ■ministry he was sent to Halle, where he stu- 
 died divinity, but afterwards relinquished 
 this line for the law, and in 1768 went to 
 Gottingen for that purpose, where he paid 
 more attention to poetry and Bacchus than 
 to Justinian and Grotius. However lie 
 acquired a knowledge of the modern lan- 
 guages, and was particularly fond of Shak- 
 speare. Here he began the Almanac of the 
 .Muses, which was published with reputar 
 tion from 1770 to 1775. In 1772 he became 
 steward to baron Uslar; but still continued 
 his intercourse with the muses. The best 
 known of his works in England is his 
 Leonora, which is a hold stretch of the 
 imagination, but extremely disgusting. In 
 1774 'he married, and in 1776 he began the 
 
 German Museum, a magazine of merit, and 
 shortly after translated Macbeth, which 
 was performed at Hamburgh. In 1780 he 
 commenced farmer, and resigned his stew- 
 ardship; but on the death of his wife 
 -he gave up his farm, and went to live at 
 Gottingen ; where he obtained a profes- 
 sorship and another wife; on whose death 
 he married a poetess, from whom he was 
 divorced not long after. Burger died of a 
 consumption in 1794 / — Annual Necrology. 
 
 Burges (Cornelius), a puritan divine, 
 was a native of Somersetshire, and edu- 
 cated at Oxford, where he took his degree 
 of, D. D. He was chaplain to king Charles, 
 but on the breaking out of the civil war, 
 he joined the presbyterians, and had a large 
 share of the plunder of the church, which 
 at the restoration he was forced to give up 
 much against his will. He died in 1665- 
 Several of his sermons and tracts have been 
 printed. — Galamy. IVocd. 
 
 Burgh (Ulick du), marquis nf Clanri- 
 carde, a nobleman of great integrity and 
 loyalty, died in 1657. He wrote Memoirs 
 relative to the Irish Rebellion, 8vo. 1722, 
 and folio, 1757, with additions. — Granger. 
 
 Burgh (James), an ingenious writer. He 
 was born at Maddertv in the county of 
 Perth, in 1714, and educated at St. An- 
 drew’s, being intended for the ministry, 
 which he declined on account of his health. 
 Having lost his property by embarking in 
 the linen trade, he removed to London, 
 where he supported himself as corrector 
 to the press, after which he became assis- 
 tant in a grammar-school. In 1746 he 
 published a pamphlet to rouse the nation 
 against popery, called Britain’s Remem- 
 brancer, which ran through five editions. 
 The year following he opened a school at 
 Stoke-Newington, and conducted it with 
 reputation nineteen years. He then retired 
 from business, and settled at Islington, 
 where he died of the stone in 1775. He 
 wrote, 1. The Dignity of Human Nature, 
 or a brief Account of the certain and esta-r 
 Wished Means for attaining the true End 
 of our Existence, 2 vois, 8vo. 2. The Art of 
 Speaking, 8vo. 3. Crito, :or Essays, on va- 
 rious Subjects, 2 vols. 12mo. in which are 
 some . notion.-, respecting the nature and 
 origin of evil, similar to those of the M;l- 
 nichees. 4. Political Disquisitions, 3 vols. 
 8 vo. — Birg. Br. 
 
 Burgoyne (John), an English general 
 and dramatic writer, was the natural son of 
 lord Bingley. He entered earlv into the 
 army, and in 1762 had the command of a 
 body of troops sent to Portugal, for the 
 defence of that kingdom against the Spa- 
 niards. He distinguished himself in the 
 American war by his activity and the tak- 
 ing of Ticonderago ; but after two severe 
 engagements he was forced to surrender, 
 with his whole army, to general Gates, 
 in 1777, which event occasioned the al T 
 liance between America and France. Ot* 
 
BUS. 
 
 BUR 
 
 Ills retprn to England he appears to have 
 devoted himself to pleasure and the muses. 
 His Maid of the Oaks, an entertainment ; 
 Bon Ton, and the comedy of the Heiress, 
 were once very popular, and if not of the 
 superior class of dramatic compositions, are 
 respectable. He died in 1 792.— — G™/ . J\flag. 
 
 Buridan (John), a learned Frenchman 
 of the 14th century, who was rector of 
 the university of Paris, from whence he 
 was expelled by the realists, on which 
 he went to Germany, where he esta- 
 blished the university of Vienna. He 
 wrote a Comment on Aristotle’s Physics; 
 but his name has been rendered proverbial 
 by the story of “ Buridan’s Ass,” the occa- 
 sion of which it is difficult to discover, 
 though generally said to have arisen from 
 his illustrating the doctrine of necessity by 
 the absurd comparison of an ass placed 
 between two bundles of hay, one of which 
 
 he was necessarily bound to. choose. 
 
 Muyir. 
 
 Burigny (Levesque de), French writer, 
 who died at Paris in 1785, aged 94. lbs 
 works are ; 1. On the Authority of the 
 Popes, 1720. 2. History of the Pagan Phi- 
 losophy, 1724. 3. History of Sicily, 1745. 
 
 4. History of the Revolutions of Constan- 
 tinople, 1750. 5. Lives of Grotius, Eras- 
 
 mus, Bossuet, and Cardinal du Perron. — 
 Hfeuv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Burke (Edmund), an illustrious writer 
 and statesman, was born at Dublin, in 
 1730. His father was an attorney, and a 
 protestant. The son received his education 
 under Abraham Shackleton, a quaker, who 
 kept a school at Ballytore near Carlow, 
 and it is recorded to the honour of Mr. 
 Burke, that whenever he visited Ireland he 
 always paid his respects to his old tutor. 
 In 1746 he entered as a scholar at Trinity 
 college, which he left on taking his ba- 
 chelor's degree in 1749, and soon after 
 became candidate for the professorship of 
 logic at Glasgow, but did not succeed. In 
 1753 he entered of the Middle Temple, 
 where he applied more to general literature 
 than to the law, and supported himself by 
 writing for the booksellers. Falling ill, 
 through too close an application to his 
 studies, he removed to the house of doctor 
 Nugent, a physician, whose daughter ho 
 afterwards married. In 1756 he published 
 a pamphlet entitled, “ A Vindication of 
 Natural Society,” This piece was pur- 
 posely drawn up in die manner of lord 
 Bolingbroke, and for a time imposed upon 
 the friends of that writer as his real pro- 
 duction. His next performance was the 
 Essay pn the Sublime and Beautiful, pub- 
 lished in 1757. This philosophical piece 
 of criticism, written in a fine and elegant 
 style, procured the author a great reputa- 
 tion, and the esteem of the first literary 
 Characters of the age : the principal of 
 ■whom was doctor Johnson. In 1758 he 
 suggested to Mr.I^odsley,theboolc8fUer,the 
 
 plan of the " Annual Register,” the hlsto* 
 rical part of which he wrote for several* 
 years. In 176') he went to Ireland as the" 
 companion of his friend Mr. Hamilton 1 , 
 secretary to the earl of Halifax, then 
 lord lieutenant. That gentleman, who Was 
 generally known by the name of SingU- 
 .r/wZ/Hamilton, from the circumstance of 
 his making only one speech in parliament, 
 but one of uncommon eloquence, procured 
 him a pension of 300/. on the Irish establish- 
 ment. On his return from Ireland he was 
 made private secretary to the marquis of 
 Rockingham, first lord of the treasury, 
 who brought him into parliament for 
 Wendover. He was also enabled by the 
 marquis to purchase a villa near Beaeons- 
 field, which continued to be his principal! 
 residence the remainder of his life. The 
 Rockingham party continued in power but 
 a short time, and on going out of office 
 Mr. Burke. wrote a forcible pamphlet upon 
 ihe subject, entitled “ A Short Account of 
 a Short Administration,” after which her 
 became an active member of the opposi- 
 tion, as a senator and also as a writer. A 
 pamphlet of his,, entitled. “ Thoughts om 
 the Causes of the present Discontents,” 
 excited considerable interest as- a bold ex- 
 posure of court intrigues and favourites, 
 in controuling the operations of ministers., 
 hi the struggle between Great Britain anti, 
 the colonies, Mr. Burke bore a distinguish- 
 ed part as an opponent of the ministry. His 
 speeches were vehement, and had so power- 
 ful an influence upon the people, that the 
 citizens of Bristol in 1774 invited him tu 
 be one of their representatives, without 
 his being at the least expence. But at the 
 next election in 1780 he was rejected b\ r 
 them for having supported the Irish peti- 
 tion for a free trade, and the bill for re- 
 lieving the Roman catholics. He was then 
 returned for Malton in Yorkshire. At 
 this time he gained great popularity by his 
 introduction of a bill for a reform in the 
 national expenditure, on which he spent 
 prodigious labour, but it was unsuccessful, 
 When the marquis of Rockingham return- 
 ed to power on the resignation of lord 
 North in 1782, Mr. Burke obtained the 
 post of paymaster general of the forces, and 
 a seat in the privy council ; but this was of 
 short duration, for on the death of his pa- 
 tron, lord Shelburne became first lord of 
 the treasury, and Mr. Burke, with several 
 of his friends, resigned their places. In the 
 coalition, which for a little while succeed- 
 ed the Shelburne administration, Mr. Burke 
 had his share both of emolument and abuse. 
 The leading particulars of his poiiiical life, 
 after this, were his exertions against Mr, 
 Hastings, in which he manifested uncom- 
 mon industry to fasten guilt upon that gen- 
 tleman, with no small share of personal 
 asperity ; his vigorous opposition to Mr 
 Pitt’s design of forming a limited regency 
 on the king’s illness in 1788; and above all, 
 
BUR 
 
 Et'.j ardour against the actors and defenders 
 Of the French revolution. On the latter 
 subject lie evinced peculiar sagacity at the 
 outset, and when many worthy men were 
 rejoicing - at the prospect of rising liberty 
 rind happiness to the wo -Id, Mr. Burke 
 pi edicted, with remarkable precision, the 
 desolation, bloodshed, anarchy, and misery 
 which ensued. _ He displayed his detestation 
 of the revolutionists iu the house of com- 
 moas, and separated himself in consequence 
 from Mr. Fox and many other of his old 
 associates. In 1 790 lie published his famous 
 * Reflections on the Revolution in France,’* 
 which attracted wonderful attention, and 
 rod need a surprising effect upon the pub- 
 c mind. Many publications appeared in 
 answer to this book the most noted of 
 which was Paine’s pamphlet, entitled the 
 Rights of Mari ; wherein the principles of 
 republicanism were so artfully addressed to 
 the feelings of ordinary persons, as to excite 
 for a time no small alarm to the friends of 
 government. Mr. Burke, after this, pub- 
 lished a variety of pamphlets in support of 
 his positions: as, “ A Letter to a Member 
 of the National Assembly;” “ An Appeal 
 from the New Whigs to the Old “ Let- 
 ter to. a noble Lord on the Subject in 
 Discussion with the Duke of Bedford 
 “ Thoughts on a Regicide Peace,” &c. 
 His zeal on this occasion as well as his ex- 
 traordinary talents recommended him to 
 the royal favour, and he obtained a pen- 
 sion, which gave room for those who had 
 been galled by his arguments, to reproach 
 him, and some illiberal animadversions 
 were made upon him in the senate, which 
 drew from him that admirable defence, his 
 “ Tetter to a noble Lord,” in which he re- 
 taliates upon a celebrated duke in a strain of 
 keen irony and dignified remonstrance. Mr. 
 Burke withdrew from parliament in 1794, 
 leaving his seat for Mai ton to his son, an 
 accomplished young man, who died shortly 
 after. This melancholy event hastened his 
 death, which happened July 8, 1797. A 
 little before his death he caused to be read 
 to him Addison’s paper in the Spectator, 
 on the Immortality of the Soul . Mr. Burke 
 was very amiable in private life; of correct 
 deportment; faithful in his attachments; 
 charitable to the poor; and religious with- 
 cut being superstitious. He had a fine taste 
 for the arts, and was fond of gardening and 
 architecture — Gen. Biography. 
 
 _ Burkitt (William)/ u pious English di- 
 vine, was born at Hit chain in Suffolk, 1 650, 
 and educated at Cambridge, where lie took 
 the degree of M A. In 1692 he became 
 vicar of Dedham in Essex, where he died 
 to 1703. He wrote a Practical Exposition 
 of the New Testament, which lias gone 
 through numerous editions, and is exceed- 
 ingly useful. — Gen. Biog. l~)ict. 
 
 • Bup.lamaqui (John James), a learned 
 civilian, was descended from an ancient 
 noble family, originally of Lucca, buj; 
 
 BUR 
 
 settled at Geneva, where he -Was born i& 
 16'94, and became professor there but af- 
 terwards went to reside with prince Fre- 
 deric of Hesse-Cassel, who had been his 
 pupil. Alter an absence of some years 
 he returned to his native place, was ap- 
 pointed counsellor of state, and died in 1748. 
 lie is known by his Principles of Natural 
 and Political Law, 3 vols. l2mo. — Nouv . 
 Diet. Hist. 
 
 Burlky (W alter), an English priest, arid 
 commentator on Aristotle, of the 14th cen- 
 ^''7: He aIs0 wrote De Vita et Mori bus 
 
 fbMs^horuto, Cologne, 1472: a rare book. 
 — Bale. Pits. 
 
 Burmann (Francis), a learned divine, 
 was born at Leyden in 1628, and educated 
 at that university. He afterwards became 
 professor of divinity at Utrecht, where he 
 died m 1679. lie wrote Commentaries on 
 the Pentateuch, and the H.storical Books 
 ot the OldTestament, in Dutch; An Abridg- 
 ment of theology, and Exercitationes Aca- 
 demic®, 2 vols. 4to. — < Moreri. 
 
 Burmann (Peter), son of the above, was 
 born at Utrecht in 1668. He attended the 
 lectures of Grasvius, and took his degree of 
 doctor or laws at Leyden, at the age of 20. 
 in 1696 he was nominated professor of elo- 
 quence and history at Utrecht, and after- 
 wards of Greek and history. He published 
 valuable editions of several of the classics 
 as Veilems Paterculus, Quintilian, Vale- 
 rius Flaccus, Virgil, Ovid, Suetonius, Lu- 
 can, I hedrus, Petronius, and the minor 
 Latin poets. He also wrote a book on the 
 Roman taxes; but in his critical notes and 
 prefaces he was very severe upon other 
 learned men. He died in 1741. — Moreri. 
 
 Burmann (John), of the same family as 
 the preceding, was professor of medicine 
 and botany at Amsterdam. He is known 
 as the author of, 1. Rariorum Africanarum 
 Plantarum Decades x. Amst. 1738, 4to.; 2. 
 
 1 hesaurum Ceylanicum, 1737,4to. Ibid. 
 
 Burn (Richard), an English divine, and 
 celebrated law-writer, was born at Kurby 
 Stephen in vVestmoreland, and educated at 
 Queen s college, Oxford. On taking orders 
 he obtained the vicarage of Orton in his 
 native county, and became a justice of the 
 peace, which circumstance led him to form 
 a digest of the common law necessary to he 
 known by magistrates. This work was pub- 
 lished at first in 2 vols. 8vo.; but its suc- 
 cess has been such, that every new edition, 
 oy which lucre have been several, lias re- 
 ceived considerable additions, so that Burn’s 
 Justice is now a standard book. He also 
 compiled the Ecclesiastical Law, a book 
 of merit, for. which he was made chan- 
 cellor of Carlisle. Dr. Burn likewise wrote 
 pait of the history of his native county. 
 
 He was the most active and intelligent ma- 
 gistrate in the north of England, and died 
 at his vicarage, which he had greatly orna- 
 mented, in I 785. His only son, John Burn, 
 w*ts bred to the law, which he did not 
 
EUR 
 
 BUR 
 
 jfollov*', though calculated to shine in it, 
 as appears from the additions made by 
 him to his father’s Justice of the Peace. 
 His morals did not correspond with his 
 abilities. He died in 1802, aged 58. — Gent. 
 Mag. Monthly Mag. June, 1803. 
 
 Burnet (Gilbert), an eminent divine, 
 was born at Edinburgh in 1643, and edu- 
 cated at Aberdeen. In 1664 he went to 
 Holland, where he studied the Hebrew lan- 
 guage, and on his return was ordained and 
 presented to the living of Saltoun. In 1669 
 he was appointed divinity professor at 
 Glasgow, and soon after was employed in 
 writing the JVlemoirs of the Dukes of Ha- 
 milton ; about the same time he married 
 the daughter of the earl 6f Cassilis. In 
 1672 he published a Vindication of the 
 Church and State of Scotland, and received 
 the offer of a bishopric, which he declined. 
 In 1674 he resigned his professorship and 
 settled in London, where he became preach- 
 er at the Rolls and lecturer of St. Clement’s. 
 In 1679 appeared the iirst volume of his 
 History of the Reformation, for which 
 he received the thanks of parliament. 
 This work he afterwards completed in 3 
 vols. He also published a judicious abridg- 
 ment of it. Elis conduct at the trial and 
 execution of lord Russel was so displeasing 
 to the court, that he was dismissed from his 
 lecturership and from his situation at the 
 Rolls by royal mandate. At the accession 
 of king James he went abroad, and after 
 travelling through France, Switzerland, 
 Italy, and Germany, settled in Holland, 
 where he was in great favour with the 
 prince of Orange. King James sent to the 
 states to deliver him up; but Dr. Burnet 
 having married a Dutch lady, was consi- 
 dered as a citizen of Holland, and the de- 
 mand was refused. He accompanied the 
 prince of Orange to England, and in 1689 
 was made bishop of Salisbury. His first 
 astoral letter gave offence to both houses, 
 n account of the bishop’s asserting the title 
 of the king and queen to the crown on the 
 right of conquest, and it was ordered to be 
 burnt by the hangman. In 1698 he lost his 
 lady, and soon after married Mrs. Berkeley. 
 In 1699 appeared his Exposition of the 
 Thirty-nine Articles of the Church of Eng- 
 land, a work of considerable value. He 
 died in 1715, and was interred in the 
 church of St. James, Clerkenwell. Besides 
 the above, he published an excellent trea- 
 tise on Pastoral Care, and several Sermons. 
 The History of his own Times appeared in 
 1724, and is very entertaining, though far 
 from being impartial. I he bishop pos- 
 sessed many virtues, but he was vain, offi- 
 cious, and credulous. He had three sons. 
 William, the eldest, died governor of New 
 England, in 1729 ; Gilbert was chaplain to 
 the king, and defended Hoadley in the 
 Jlangorian controversy ; Thomas became .a 
 judge of the common pleas, and died in 
 1753. — Biog. BriU 
 
 Burnet (Elizabeth), the third wife of 
 the bishop, and daughter of sir Richard 
 Blake, knt. was born at London in 1661, 
 and married at the age of 18 to Robert 
 Berkeley, esq. with whom she visited Hol- 
 land, and resided there till the revolution. 
 In 1693 she became a widow with a con- 
 siderable fortune, which she disposed of to 
 the best purposes. She applied much to 
 the study of divinity, and wrote a book! 
 entitled A Method of Devotion. After re- 
 maining a widow seven years she married 
 the bishop of Salisbury ; to whose family 1 
 she behaved with great tenderness. A se- 
 cond edition of her book was published 
 after her death, which happened in 1709. 
 — Account of her Life p r. fixed to her boot, 8vo. 
 1713. 
 
 Burnet (Thomas), a learned divine, was 
 born at Croft, in Yorkshire, in 1635, and 
 educated at Clare-hall, Cambridge, from 
 whence he removed to Christ’s college, 
 where he was chosen fellow, and took hit 
 degree of M.A. in 1658. On leaving the 
 university he became travelling tutor to the 
 earl of Wiltshire, son of the marquis of 
 Winchester; and he discharged the same 
 office to the earl of Ossory,son of the duke 
 of Ormond. In 1680 appeared his Telluris 
 sacra Theoria, a work which gained him 
 high reputation on account of its elegance, 
 though its philosophical principles were 
 confuted by Dr. Keill and others. It was 
 afterwards translated into English, and 
 published in folio and octavo. It may 
 justly be pronounced a beautiful philoso- 
 phical rhapsody. In 1685 he was ap- 
 pointed master of the Charter-house ; in 
 which situation he opposed the attempt of 
 James II. to place a papist on the found- 
 ation of that house. At the revolution he 
 was made chaplain to the king, and clerk 
 of the closet, but lost the place for some 
 free opinions expressed in his Archteologia 
 Philosophica. He died in 1715. After his 
 death appeared two works of his, 1. De 
 Fide et officiis Christianorum ;-2. De Statu 
 Mortuorum et Resurgentium. Both these 
 have been published in English. In. the 
 latter he holds the millenary notion, and 
 denies the eternity of future punishment. 
 — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Burns (Robert), an extraordinary poet, 
 was the son of a farmer near the town of 
 Ayr in Scotland, and was born there in 
 1759. He received a common education, 
 during the progress of which he was em- 
 ployed in rustic labour. But by applica- 
 tion, he added to his mental acquirements 
 some knowledge of the French language^ 
 and the mathematics, besides cultivating 
 an acquaintance with a few of tfie English 
 poets. But as his understanding improved, 
 his habits became contaminated ; and a 
 love of company led him into idleness and 
 intemperance. Finding his conversation 
 courted, and his superiority acknowledged, 
 he associated with thoss whom he should 
 
 3 
 
E V R 
 
 BUR 
 
 Jiavs shunned On the death of his father 
 he went into partnership with his brother 
 in a small farm, in which he was unsuccess- 
 ful. An illicit amour at the same time ren- 
 dered his eircunfstanees still more per- 
 plexing', and he was about to emigrate to 
 the West Indies, when the publication of a 
 volume of poems was suggested to him. 
 This appeared in 1785, at Kilmarnock, and 
 had wonderful success. The poems were 
 in the popular language of the country, and 
 on subjects familiar to the common people. 
 Dr. Blacklock was charmed with the genius 
 exhibited in them, and invited Burns to 
 Edinburgh. I {is reception there was be- 
 yond his expectation ; and a new edition 
 of his poems produced him 500/. He 
 commenced farmer again, and obtained a 
 place in the excise, before which, however, 
 he married the young woman with whom 
 he had cohabited. The union of these pro- 
 fessions only served to embarrass him, and 
 at last he settled at Dumfries onlv as an 
 exciseman. Here he sunk into a habit of 
 drinking, and kept the worst company, but 
 occasionally wrote some admirable pieces of 
 poetry, and letters to correspondents, in a 
 style of energy, and full of sentiment. He 
 died in 1796, lea vingawidowand four chil- 
 dren. An edition of his poems and letters 
 appeared in 1800, in 4 vols. 8vo. under 
 the management of Dr. Carrie of Liver- 
 pool, and which produced above 1000/. 
 for the benefit of his family. — Life prefixed, 
 to his Works. 
 
 Burrhus (Afranius), an eminent Ro- 
 man, who commanded the prajtorian co- 
 horts under Claudius and Nero; to the 
 latter of whom he was tutor in conjunction 
 with. Seneca. He endeavoured, but in 
 vain, to cheek the vicious and cruel pro- 
 pensities of his pupil, and died regretted 
 by all good men, A. D. 62, not without 
 Suspicion of poison.— Tacitus. 
 
 ■ Burrouoh (Edward), a preacher among 
 the quakers, was born in Westmoreland, 
 in 1634. hi was at first a member of the 
 church of England, after which he became 
 a presbyterian, and lastly a quaker. He 
 Was a zealous preacher, for which he was 
 imprisoned. I le had the courage to remon- 
 strate with Cromwell ; and he obtained 
 from Charles II. an order for stopping the 
 persecution raging against the quakers in 
 New England. Burrough was thrown into 
 Newgate for preaching; and died there of 
 the gaol distemper in 1663. His tracts 
 have been collected into one volume, folio. 
 — Gen. IS iog. 
 
 Boa roughs (Jeremiah), a puritandivine, 
 was educated at Cambridge, which univer- 
 sity h« Was obliged to quit on account of 
 nonconformity. He then went to Hol- 
 land, and became teacher of a congregation 
 at Rotterdam. About the beginning of 
 the rebellion he returned to England, and 
 was chosen preacher to two congregations 
 btepaey, and Crippiegute, Lumkm, He 
 
 also occasionally displayed his talents before* 
 the parliament. l ie died in 1646. ] .'is 
 
 principal piece is a work on Patience and 
 Resignation, in a course of sermons, 4to. — 
 Granger. Neale. 
 
 Bukrow (James), an English lawyer, 
 and master of the crown office. In 1772 he 
 was appointed to' act as president of tho 
 royal society tiil the anniversary election in 
 1773, and the society addressing the ki'im- 
 at that time, his majesty conferred on him 
 the honour of knighthood. He published 
 4 vols. of Reports and one of Decisions in 
 the court of king’s bench. He also wrote 
 an Essay on Punctuation, and some Anec- 
 dote, of Oliver Cromwell and his family. 
 Pie died in 1782. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Burton (Henry), a puritan divine, was 
 born in 1579 at Birdsal in Yorkshire, and 
 educated at St. John’s college, Cambridge; 
 but took his degree of B. D. at Oxford, 
 lie was .afterwards clerk of the closet to 
 prince Henry, and to prince Charles ; but 
 was turned out for a libel against the 
 bishops. After this he obtained the rec- 
 tory of St. Matthew, Frklay-street; but got 
 into trouble by his seditious sermons, was 
 sentenced to pay a fine of 5000/. to be pil- 
 loried, and then imprisoned for life in Lan- 
 caster gaol. The place of his confinement 
 was afterwards altered to the castle of 
 Guernsey; where he remained till 1640 r 
 when the parliament recalled him. He 
 was also restored to his living : and died 
 in 1648. He wrote many pamphlets, 
 chiefiy controversial, and very abusive. — 
 Brag. Br. 
 
 Burton (William), an English antiquary, 
 was born in Leicestershire, in 1575, and 
 educated at Brasen-nose college, Oxford, 
 from whence he removed to the Inner Tem- 
 ple, and was called to the bar. In 1622 he 
 published the Description of Leicestershire, 
 folio, and died in 1615. He left several 
 curious MSS. behind him on antiquarian 
 subjects. His son. Cassihelan Burton was a 
 learned man, and translated Martial into 
 English. He died in 1681. — Wood. Bio<r. 
 Brit. 
 
 Burton (Robert), brother of tire above, 
 was born in 1576, and educated at the same 
 college; but afterwards he became student 
 of Christ-church He was presented first 
 to the vicarage of St. Thomas’s, Oxford, 
 and next to the rectory of Seagrave in Lei- 
 cestershire. He died in 1639. His Ana- 
 tomy of Melancholy is a treasure of wit 
 and learning. It has' been plundered by 
 more than one modern author of reputa- 
 tion; but the greatest plagiarist was the. 
 whimsical Sterne. — Wood. Granger. 
 
 Burton (Hezekiah), an English divine, 
 fellow of Magdalen-college, Cambridge, and 
 prebendary of Norwich. He died in 1681, 
 and his Sermons were published by Dr.Til- 
 lotson. He wrote the preface to bishop 
 Cumberland’s Laws of Nature . — B refuse its 
 his Sermons. 
 
B U R 
 
 BUS 
 
 Eurton (William), a learned Englishman 
 of the 17th century, was born in London, 
 and educated at Oxford; on leaving which 
 he became usher to Thomas Farnaby, and 
 afterwards master of the grammar-school 
 at Kingston in Surry. He died in 1657. 
 He wrote some learned works, the princi- 
 pal of which is, A Commentary on Anto- 
 ninus’s Itinerary, or Journeys of the Roman 
 Empire, as far as it concerneth Britain, 
 folio, 1658 .—Wood's A. 0 ./ 
 
 Burton (William), a physician and an- 
 tiquary, was born at Rippon in Yorkshire, 
 in 1697, and educated at Christ-church, 
 Oxford, where he was chosen student, and 
 took his degree of M. D. He wrote the 
 ecclesiastical History of York, 2 vols. folio, 
 and died in 1759. — Gen. Bicg. Diet. 
 
 Burton (John), a learned divine, was 
 born at Wemworthy in Devonshire, and 
 educated at Oakhampton in that county, 
 afterwards at Corpus Christi college, Ox- 
 ford, where he took his degrees in arts, and 
 read a Greek lecture. He also discharged 
 the office of college tutor with great repu- 
 tation. In 1733 he was elected fellow of 
 Eton college, and about the same time ob- 
 tained the vicarage of Maple Derham in 
 Oxfordshire, where lie married the widow 
 of his predecessor, though she was wholly 
 unprovidc-d for, and had three daughters, 
 whom he regarded as his own. In 1766 he 
 was presented to the rectory of Worples- 
 don in Surry, being then D. D. At the 
 close of life he collected his scattered pieces 
 under the title of Opuscula Miscellanea. 
 He died in 1771, and was buried in the 
 chapel of Eton college. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Bury (Arthur), an English divine, was 
 born in Devonshire, and educated at Exeter- 
 college, Oxford. In 1648 he was ejected 
 by the parliamentary visitors, on which he 
 retired to his native county. Alter the 
 restoration he was made prebendary of Ex- 
 eter, and in 1665 rector of Exeter college, 
 and king’s chaplain. But, he was afterwards 
 ejected from his rectorship for writing a 
 book, entitled, The naked Gospel, in which 
 he avowed the tenets of Soeinus. This work, 
 by sentence of the convocation of the uni- 
 versity, was publicly burnt. Dr. Bury en- 
 deavoured to vindicate his book in several 
 pamphlets. He died about the beginning 
 of the 18th century. — Wood. 
 
 Bury (Elizabeth), a pious and an ac- 
 complished woman, was the daughter of 
 captain Lawrence, of Linton, Cambridge- 
 shire, and born there in 1644. Her first 
 husband was a Mr. Lloyd, of Huntingdon- 
 shire ; after whose death she married Mr. 
 Bury, a dissenting minister of Bristol, where 
 she died in 1720. She had an extensive 
 knowledge in the mathematical sciences, and 
 in the languages, particularly Hebrew, and 
 in theology. Her Life and Diary were 
 published by her husband. 1 r. Watts ho- 
 noured her memory with an elegy. 
 
 Burzuie, a Persian physician who lived 
 
 under Chosroes, by whom he was sent to 
 India to procure a copy of the book ctiled 
 the Wisdom of all Ages; which he after- 
 wards translated into Persian. — D'RcrbAot. ■ 
 
 Bus (Catsar de), a French divine, and 
 promoter of a religious order called the fa- 
 thers of the Christian doctrine, was bo n at 
 Cavaillon in 1544. He was very gay in his 
 youth, but afterwards reformed, entered 
 into orders, and became a canon. His order, 
 which was designed to effect a reform among 
 the clergy, was approved by the pope, and 
 the author created general of it. Fie died 
 in 1607. His Familiar Instructions on tl»e 
 Christian Doctrine were much read. — I'vh.r. 
 
 Bu sb ec, in Latin Busbequius (Auger Gis- 
 len), a learned writer, was born at Clom'nes 
 in 1522. He was the natural son of the lord 
 of Busbec,and was employed in several em- 
 bassies, particularly to Constantinople. He 
 was a liberal patron of men of letters, t.nd 
 died in 1533. Ho made large collections of 
 inscriptions in the Levant, which he com- 
 municated to Sct.liger, Lipsius, and Gruter* 
 The account cf his Travels is an excellent 
 work; it was printed by Elzevir, in Latin, 
 at Leyden in 1633, and has been translated 
 into French. — Moreri. 
 
 Busby (Richard), a learned school-mas- 
 ter, was born at Lutton in Lincolnshire, in 
 1606, and educated at Westminster-school, 
 from whence he removed to Christ-church, 
 Oxford, where he was elected student. On 
 entering into orders he obtained a prebend 
 in the cathedral of Wells, and the rectory 
 of Cudworth in Somersetshire. In 1640 he 
 was appointed master of Westminster- 
 school, which office he discharged 55 years. 
 In 1660 he was made prebendary of West- 
 minster, and the same year took his doctor’s 
 degree. l ie died in 1695, and was interred 
 in Westminster-abbey, where a monument 
 was erected to his memory. He wrote 
 some grammatical works. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Busche (Herman Von dem), or Buschius t 
 a learned German, was born in Westphalia 
 in 1468. He was one of the principal re- 
 storers of letters, for which he was greatly 
 persecuted by the monks. He embraced 
 the doctrines of Luther, and assisted that 
 reformer in some of his works. He died 
 in 1534. He wrote Latin poems : and 
 scholia on ancient authors. — Gen. Biog. 
 
 Buscuetto (da Dulichio), a Greek ar- 
 chitect in the 11th century, was born in. 
 the isle of Dulichio. He built the cathe- 
 dral at Pisa, where he died, and had a mo- 
 nument erected to his memory. — Felibien 
 Vies des Architectes. 
 
 Busching (Anthony Frederic), an emi- 
 nent geographer, was born at Stadhagen in 
 Prussia, in 1724. On finishing his studies 
 at the university of Halle, he became pastor 
 of the Lutheran church at Petersburg. Pie 
 afterwards returned to Berlin, and was 
 named by Frederic II. director of the col- 
 lege. He died there in 1793. Pie wrote a 
 number of works, the principal of "which. 
 
 P 
 
B U T 
 
 B IT T 
 
 is his Geography, which went through eight 
 editions. — Now. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Bus he li, (Thomas), was born in Wor- 
 cestershire, and received part of his educa- 
 tion at Balioi college, Oxford, after which 
 he was taken into the service of lord Bacon: 
 on the fall of that great man he settled on 
 an estate which he had in Oxfordshire, 
 where he entertained Charles I. and his 
 queen, and by that monarch was appointed 
 master of the royal minesQn Wales, where 
 he set up a mint, and coined some silver. 
 At the restoration he procured an act of 
 parliament for working the lead mines at 
 Me,. dip in Somersetshire. Me died in 1674, 
 aged SO. He published, 1 . Several Speeches 
 and Songs at the Presentment of the Rock 
 at Huston to the Queen’s most excellent 
 Majesty in 1636, 4to. 2. A just and true 
 Remonstrance of his Majesty's Mines Royal 
 in the Principality of Wales, 4to. 1643. 3. 
 
 Extract of the Lord Chancellor Bacon’s 
 Philosophical Theory of mineral Prosecu- 
 tions, 1660, 4to. — Wood. 
 
 BhsLEiDEM (Jerom), a patron of litera- 
 ture and a statesman, was employed by the 
 emperor Charles V. in several embassies. 
 He was the intimate friend of Erasmus and 
 sir Thomas More; and founded in the uni- 
 versity of Louvain the college of the three 
 tongues, for teaching of Latin, Greek, and 
 Hebrew. He died in 1517. A letter of his 
 is prefixed to More’s Utopia. — Bayle. 
 
 Bussiere (John de), a learned jesnit, was 
 bo n in 1607, and died in 1678. His Latin 
 poems are elegant, particularly Seanderbeg, 
 an heroic poem in eight books. lie also 
 w rote a History of France, ‘2 vols. Ito.: and 
 an Abridgment of Universal I Iistory.— M,r. 
 
 Bussy (Roger Rabutin, count of), a 
 French writer, was born in 1618. 1 1 is 
 
 Amours des Gaul es gave such offence to the 
 court, that he was thrown into the Bastille. 
 1 le wrote several other works, which shew 
 great knowledge and ingenuity. He died 
 in 169,8. — Moreri. 
 
 Butl er (William), an English physician. 
 Was born at Ipswich, and educated at Clare- 
 hall, Cambridge. His reputation was very 
 high as a practitioner, but he was a strange 
 humourist. Mr. Aubrey savs it was usual 
 with him to sit aprongthe bo vs at St. Mary’s 
 church in Cambridge, and that when he 
 was sent for to king James at Newmarket, 
 hie suddenly turned back to go home, and 
 the messenger was obliged to drive him be- 
 fore him. Ele died at Cambridge in 1618, 
 aged 82 ; and was buried in St. Mary’s 
 chare h . — < 7 ranger. 
 
 Butler (Charles), an English divine, 
 was born in Buckinghamshire, and bred at 
 Oxford, after which he became master of 
 the free-school at Basingstoke, and vicar of 
 Lawrence Wotten. He died in 1647. He 
 wrote the Feminine Monarchy, or the His- 
 tory of Bees; and a Treatise on Music. — 
 Weed’s A. 0. 
 
 ttvrizx (Samuel), an English poet, was 
 
 the son of a farmer at Strensham in Wor- 
 cestershire, where he was born in 1600, or 
 according to others in 1612. He received 
 his education at Worcester school, from 
 whence he removed to Cambridge, where 
 he resided six or seven years, after which 
 he became clerk to a justice of peace in his 
 native county. He next went to live in 
 the family of the countess of Kent, and was 
 employed as amanuensis by the learned 
 Sclden. After this lie resided with sir .Sa- 
 muel Luke in Bedfordshire, a gentleman 
 very zealous in behalf of the covenant and 
 puritanic* principles. Here Butler became 
 acquainted with the characters of the lead- 
 ing men of that party, and formed the 
 plan of his poem, entituled Hudibras, the 
 principal person of which was, unquestion- 
 ably, sir Samuel. The idea of this exquisite 
 piece, which gives so faithful a picture of 
 the cant and hypocrisy of his times, was 
 taken generally from Don Quixote; but the 
 humour and the poetry are wholly Butler’s, 
 and in these he stands unrivalled. Some 
 have objected to the jingling double rliimes 
 in it, but these appear rather to add to the 
 drollery of the exhibition, and to excite 
 that ridicule which the author intended at 
 the expence of the gloomy fanatics of his 
 day. The learning and extensive reading 
 of Butler are shewn to great advantage in 
 this performance, a curious edition of, which 
 was published by Dr. Zachary Grey, in 2 
 vols. 8vo. After the restoration Butler be- 
 came secretary to the earl of Carberry, who 
 appointed him steward of the court held 
 at Ludlow castle. About this time also he 
 married Mrs. Herbert, a lady of family and 
 fortune. Much has been said about But- 
 ler's poverty, but either this is not well 
 founded, or he must have been extravagant, 
 for his employments and his ’marriage ought 
 to have placed him above indigence. He 
 died in London in 1680, and was buried in 
 the church of St. Paul's, Covent-garden. In 
 1721 alderman Barber, the printer, erected 
 a monument to his memory in Westminster- 
 abbev. After his death were published his 
 posthumous works, and in 1753 Mr.Thver 
 of Manchester published his genuine re- 
 mains, in 2 vols. 8vo. — Biog. Bril. 
 
 Butler (James), duke of Ormond, was 
 the son of Thomas Butler, of London, esq. 
 and born there in 1610. He succeeded to 
 the earldom of Ormond on the death of his 
 grandfather in 1632. He distinguished him- 
 self with such gallantry against the Irish 
 rebels that he was created marquis- of Or- 
 mond by Charles 1. When Cromwell landed 
 in Ireland, the marquis retired to France, 
 lie was instrumental in bringing about the 
 restoration; for which he was made a privy 
 counsellor, and created a duke. In 1662 he 
 was appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 
 and by his activity prevented Blood’s plot 
 of- seizing hi, person and the castle of Dub- 
 lin: for which, that daring conspirator, 
 some years alter, forced his grace out yi 
 
BUT 
 
 B U X 
 
 his coach in London with an intent to hang 
 him at Tyburn; but the duke was rescued 
 by his servants. He died in 1688, and was 
 buried in Westminster-abbey.- — Blog. Brit. 
 
 Butler (Thomas), earl of Ossory, was 
 the son of the above, and born at Kilkenny 
 in 1643. Cromwell sent him to the Tower; 
 from whence he was released after eight 
 months confinement, and then went to 
 Flanders. At the restoration he was ap- 
 pointed lieutenant-general of the army in 
 Ireland, and in 1066 created an English 
 peer, by the title of lord Butler. He was 
 a volunteer under lord Albemarle in the 
 great fight with the Dutch: for which, in 
 1073, he was made sole admiral of the fleet, 
 in the absence of prince Rupert. In 1677 
 he commanded the English forces at the 
 battle of Mons He died in 1680. — Ibid. 
 
 Butlf.r (Joseph), a learned prelate, was 
 born at Wantage in Berkshire in 1692. 
 His father, who was a dissenter, intended 
 him for the ministry amongst those of the 
 same persuasion ■ and placed him under 
 the learned Mr. Jones, who kept an aca- 
 demy at Tewksbury in Gloucestershire. 
 While there he wrote a letter to Dr. Clarke 
 containing remarks on, some of his argu- 
 ments in his Treatise on the Being and At- 
 tributes of God, with which that great man 
 was so pleased that he inserted them in his 
 next edition. During his residence at Tewks- 
 bury he studied the subject of nonconfor- 
 mity, the result of which was, a determi- 
 nation to enter into the communion of the 
 established church. Accordingly in 1714 
 he went to Oxford, and became a commoner 
 of Oriel college, where he formed an inti- 
 macy with Mr. Talbot, son of the bishop of 
 Durham; by whose interest he- was ap- 
 pointed preacher at the Rolls, and succes- 
 sively rector of Houghton and Stanhope in 
 the county of Durham. In 1736 he was made 
 clerk of the closet to queen Caroline, who 
 delighted much in his conversation. Two 
 vent's afterwards he was preferred to the 
 bishopric of Bristol, and in a short time made 
 dean of St. Paul’s, on which he resigned the 
 rectory of Stanhope. In 1740’ he was ap- 
 pointed clerk of the closet to the king, and 
 in 1 7 70 translated to the see of Durham. 
 He died at Bath in 1752, and his remains 
 were interred in Bristol cathedral. He 
 published a volume of Sermons; and a • 
 valuable work, entitled, The Analogy of 
 Religion, natural and revealed, to the Con- 
 stitution and Course of Nature, 1736, 8vo. 
 
 I fe also printed a charge on External Reli- 
 gion, which was the subject of much ani- 
 madversion, and brought upon him the ab- 
 surd imputation of being inclined to po- 
 pery. Archbishop Seeker published a re- 
 futation of this slander — Blog. Br. 
 
 Butler (Alban), a divine of the Roman 
 church, was horn at London, and educated 
 a: Don ay. He became director of the Eng- 
 lish college at St. Omer’s, and died hi 1782. 
 He wrote Livas of the Fathers, Martyrs, 
 
 and Saints, in English, with critical and 
 learned notes. — JVouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Butts (William), an eminent English 
 physician, was bred at Gonvile hall, Cam- 
 bridge, where he proceeded to his degrees 
 in physic, and afterwards became physician 
 and favourite to Henry VIII. who knighted 
 him. He was one of the founders of the 
 royal college of physician's at London, and 
 is mentioned in their records with great 
 honour. He favoured the reformation, and 
 lived on terms of intimacy with archbishop 
 Cranmer. Shakspeare introduces him into 
 his play of Henry VIII. as the friend of 
 that great prelate. He died in 154.7, and 
 was buried at Fulham. — Weed's A. 0. 
 
 Buxton (Jedediah), an instance of extra- 
 ordinary mental powers, was born at Eline- 
 ton, a village in Derbyshire, about (704; 
 but though his father was a schoolmaster, 
 Jedediah could neither read nor write. Not- 
 withstanding this he attained a power of 
 calculation-almost incredible. Even mixed 
 company, conversation, and confused noises 
 could not distract his mind when intent on 
 a 'problem. A person once proposed to him 
 this question: In a bodv the three sides of 
 which are 23,1 45,789 yards, 5,042,732 yards, 
 and 54,905 yards, how many cubic eighths^ 
 of an inch ? In about five hours Jedediah 
 accurately solved this intricate problem, 
 though in the midst of business, and sur- 
 rounded by more than a hundred labourers. 
 He would measure a piece of land by walk- 
 ing over it, as exactly as another could do 
 with a chain. In 1754 he walked to Lon- 
 don to see the royal family, blit returned 
 disappointed. Whilst in town he was in- 
 troduced to the royal society: he was also 
 taken to Drury-I:tne, when, instea d of mind- 
 ing toe play, or gazing with wonder, he 
 employed himself in counting the words ut- 
 tered by Mr. Garrick. H c lived to be above 
 70, and had several children. — Cent. Mj%. 
 
 Buxtorf (John), a learned Hebron, was 
 born in 16.54 at Camen in Westphalia. He 
 became professor of Chaldee and Hebrew 
 at Basil, where he died in 1629. H : s works- 
 which are of great value to student:: are 
 a Lexicon Chaldaicum, Thalnuidicum, et 
 Rabbinicum, folio; a small Hebrew and 
 ChaldaicLcx'oon, 12mo; Thesaurus LhigiuE 
 Hebraic®, 2 vols 8vo; a Hebrew Bible in 
 great esteem; another with a rabbinical 
 conunentarv, 4 vols. folio; Synngoge Ju- 
 daica, a curious book in the religious cere- 
 monies, of the Jews; Tnstilutio Epistolaris 
 1 lebraica, &c. — Moreri. 
 
 Buxtorf (John), son of the above, was 
 born at Basil in 1599. He pursued the 
 same course of studies as his father, and 
 succeeded him in the professorship. lie 
 defended the antiquity of i heHcbrcw vowel 
 points with great zeal against Cappellus, in 
 a book, entitled, Tractatus de punctorum 
 vocalium & accent urn in libris vete'-’s Tes- 
 tament! Hebraic!'; orig’ne antiqul: ate & 
 auctoritate, 1048. He was also the ceia* 
 
 P 2 
 
B Y N 
 
 B Y R 
 
 p'.ler of a Chaldaic and Syriac T cxieon, and 
 other works. He died in 1664. There were 
 two others of the same family, John- James 
 and John Buxtorf, successively professors at 
 Basil, and writers in the same line; but they 
 are all charged with being too partial to 
 the rabbins. — Merer i. 
 
 Buy de Mo it n'as (Claude), a French geo- 
 grapher, was a native of Lyons, and died at 
 Paris, where he was tutor to the royal 
 princes in his line, in 1783. He is princi- 
 pally known by an Atlas, methodical and 
 elementary, of Geography and History, 
 4 vols. 4to. He also wrote the Elements of 
 Cosmography, 8vo. — Nmrv. Diet. Hitt. 
 
 Buzanval (Nicholas Choart de), an ex- 
 cellent French prelate, was born at Paris in 
 1611. He was brought up to the law, and 
 attained some distinguished offices, which 
 he renounced for the church, and became 
 bishop of Beauvais in 1652. His conduct 
 was exemplary' and edifying; he resided 
 constantly' in his diocese, and performed 
 extensive acts of charity. He died in 1679. 
 
 • — Adorer/. 
 
 Bykif.ld (Nicholas), a puritan divine, 
 was born in Warwickshire, and educated 
 at Exeter college, Oxford. On entering 
 into orders he settled first at Chester, and 
 next at Isleworth in Middlesex, v/here he 
 died in lf>22. 1 Je W'as a rigid calvinist and 
 
 Sabbatarian, and published several ponder- 
 ous books in divinity. His son Adoniram 
 distinguished himself in the rebellion, and 
 was scribe to the assembly of divines at 
 Westminster. — Wood. 
 
 Byng (George), viscount Torrington, 
 and a brave English admiral, was born in 
 Kent in 1663. He entered young into the 
 navy, and after passing through different 
 ranks of the profession, became rear-admi- 
 ral in 1703, in which capacity he served 
 under sir Cloudesley Shovel in the Medi- 
 terranean. In 1706 he was sent to the re- 
 lief of Barcelona, then besieged by the 
 duke of Anjou, which service he perform- 
 ed with great reputation. On his return 
 he was made admiral of the blue, and in 
 1708 sent to oppose the invasion designed 
 against Scotland in favour of the pretender, 
 and by his activity he obliged the enemy 
 to return to France without effecting their 
 object, for which he received the freedom 
 of Edinburgh in a gold box. The same 
 y'ear he had the honour of conveying the 
 queen of Portugal to Lisbon, and her ma- 
 jesty presented him with her picture set in 
 diamonds. On his return to England he 
 was made one of the lords commissioners of 
 the admiralty. In 1715 George I. created, 
 him a baronet; and in 1717, an invasion 
 being intended from Sweden in favour of 
 the pretender, he was sent into the Baltic, 
 where he remained till that project was 
 abandoned. In 1718 he was appointed 
 commander in chief in the Mediterranean, 
 where he defeated the Spanish fleet, off 
 Sicily. For this victory lie had the honour 
 3 . 
 
 to receive letters of thanks from George I. 
 the emperor Charles, and the queen of 
 Denmark. It was owing to his exertions 
 that Sicily was saved from the Spaniards, 
 and he displayed as much skill as a politi- 
 cian and negcciator as he did valour and 
 prudence as a commander. In 1721 he was 
 created viscount Torrington, and knight of 
 the bath. He was afterwards appointed 
 first lord of the admiralty, in which station 
 he died in 1733. — B'wg. Br. 
 
 Byng (John), an English admiral, and son 
 of the above. He served under his father 
 in most of his expeditions, and was always 
 esteemed a good seaman and a brave man. 
 He was sent in 1 756 to relieve Minorca, then 
 besieged by the French under Galissoniere, 
 but after a partial action he was forced to 
 bear away, and the place was taken. The 
 public clamour was raised against the ad- 
 miral, and the ministry caused him to be 
 tried by a court martial: he was sentenced 
 to be shot, though the court recommended 
 him to mercy, which however was not 
 granted, and he suffered with great forti- 
 tude at Portsmouth, March 14, 1757. 
 
 Smollett's Hist, of England. 
 
 Bynkershoek (Cornelius Van), a learn- 
 ed Dutchman, was born at Middieburg in 
 1663, and after studying theology at Fra- 
 neker, he applied to the law. He became 
 president of the council in Holland, and 
 professor of law at Leyden-. He died in 
 1743. He wrote, Observations on the Ro- 
 man Laws ; a valuable treatise on the 
 Rights of Ambassadors, and other works. 
 — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Bynoeus (Antony), a protestant divine, 
 was born at Utrecht in 1654, and died at 
 Deventer in 1698. Ele was the pupil of 
 Graevius, and well versed in the languages, 
 history, and antiquities. Ide wrote, De Cal- 
 ceis Hebraeorum; Christus Crucifixus; Ex- 
 plicatio Historic, evangelic as de Nativitate 
 Cbristi. — Moreri. 
 
 Byrne (William), an engraver, was born 
 in London, and educated under an uncle 
 who engraved heraldry ou plate. But the 
 youth having succeeded in a landscape 
 after Wilson, so as to obtain a premium 
 from the society for the encouragement of 
 arts, it was regarded as the precursor of 
 talent of a superior order, and he was sent 
 to Paris for improvement. After studying 
 under Aliamet and Wille lie returned to 
 England where he engraved the Antiquities 
 of Britain, a set of views of the Lakes, and 
 Jui th's scenery of Italy, besides many other 
 valuable pieces. Elis chief excellence con- 
 sisted in his aerial perspective, and the 
 general effect of his chiaro oscuro. He 
 died in 1805, aged 62. — Monthly Mag. 
 
 Bykge (Justus), a French mathematical 
 instrument maker at the end of the 16th 
 century, who is said, but without proof, to 
 have discovered logarithms, and the com- 
 pass of proportion. — Ibid. 
 
 Bykgm (John), an English poet, wa.5 
 
CAB 
 
 CAB 
 
 born at Kersal, near Manchester, in 1 ^>9 T , 
 and educated first at Merchant Taylors’ 
 school, and next at Trinity-college, Cam- 
 bridge, where he was chosen fellow. He 
 wrote the beautiful pastoral to Phoebe in 
 the Spectator, and the letters in the same 
 work signed John Shadow. He supported 
 himself chiefly by teaching short-hand, of 
 which he wrote an improved system. In 
 1724 he was elected fellow of the royal 
 society, and soon after came to the posses- 
 sion of his paternal estate. He died at Man- 
 chester in 1763. Mr. Byrom was an inge- 
 nious man, but strongly tinctured with mys- 
 ticism. — Gen. B 'toa. Dirt. 
 
 Bythner (Victorinus), a learned man, 
 was born in Poland, but came young to 
 England, and was matriculated at Oxford, 
 
 where he read a Hebrew lecture several 
 years. He afterwards removed to Cam- 
 bridge, and lastly into Cornwall, where he 
 practised physic. He died in 1664. His 
 principal work is entitled Lyra prophetica 
 Davidis Regis, sive analysis Critico-prac- 
 tica Psalmorum, 4to. — Wood. 
 
 Bzovius (Abraham), a learned writer, 
 was born in Poland in 1567, and educated 
 at Cracow, from whence he travelled, to 
 Italy, and on his return to his own country 
 became professor of philosophy and theo- 
 logy. Afterwards he went to Rome, where 
 the pope gave him apartments in the Va- 
 tican. He died in 1637. He wrote Annals 
 of the Church, 12 vols. and Lives of the 
 Popes, 3 vols. — Moreri. 
 
 c. 
 
 AAB, or Cab Ben Zohair, a rabbin, 
 who wrote some satires against Mo- 
 hammed, but afterwards became the friend 
 of the impostor, and assisted him in com- 
 piling the koran. He died A. D. 622. 
 
 D’Herbelot. 
 
 Cabades, Cavades, or Cobad, king of 
 Persia, succeeded his brother Balasch about 
 the year 436. On account of his tyranny 
 his subjects deposed him, but he afterwards 
 recovered his throne by the assistance of 
 the Euthalites. He made war upon the 
 Romans with great success, and left his 
 crown to his son Chosroes in 531. — Univ. 
 Hi it. 
 
 Cabasilas (Nilus), archbishop of Thes- 
 salonica in the 14th century. He wrote 
 with great force against the papal claims 
 to supremacy and infallibility, which work 
 has been several times printed, llis ne- 
 phew Nicholas succeeded him in the arch- 
 bishopric. He was also a learned man, and 
 wrote an Exposition of the Liturgy, and 
 other works. — Moreri. 
 
 Cabassole (Philip du), a French bishop, 
 and chancellor to the queen of Sicily, whom 
 he assisted greatly in the government of 
 her kingdom. Urban V. made him a car- 
 dinal, and he was also nominated patriarch 
 of Constantinople. He died in 1372. Two 
 books are ascribed to him : a treatise De 
 Nugis Curialium, and the Life and Mira- 
 cles of St. Mary Magdalen. He was the 
 friend and correspondent of Petrarch. — 
 Dupin. Tiraboscbi. 
 
 Cabassut (John), a French divine, was 
 born at Aix in 1604. He became profes- 
 sor of canon law at Avignon, and died in 
 1685. He wrote, Juris Canonici theoria et 
 praxis, 1638, folio. Notitia ecclesiastica 
 consiiiorum, canonum, veterumque ecclesia 
 rituum, 1670, folio. — Moreri. 
 
 Cabex. (Adrian van der), an eminent 
 painter, was born at Ryswick in 1631, and 
 died in 1695. 1 1 is landscapes and cattle are 
 
 yerv fine. — Houbraken. 
 
 C a b f. s t a n , or C a b f. st a i n c. (Willi a m de), 
 a Provencal poet of the 13th century, whose 
 fate was remarkable. He served Tricline 
 Carbonal,wife of Raymond de Scillans, and 
 became so great a favourite of the lady as 
 to excite the jealousy of her husband, who 
 killed him, and tore out his heart. This he 
 caused to be dressed and served up to his 
 wife. After she had eaten it, the barbarian 
 informed her what it was, on which she 
 died of grief about 1213. — Moreri. 
 
 Cabot (Sebastian), a celebrated naviga- 
 tor, was born at Bristol in 1477, and before 
 he was 20 he made several voyages with 
 his father, who was an excellent mariner 
 and mathematician. They discovered part 
 of Newfoundland in one of their voyages 
 for a north-west passage; but Sebastian, after 
 the death of his father, completed that dis- 
 covery ; and also of the continent of Ame- 
 rica, long before Columbus or Vesputius. 
 In the early part of Henry the Eighth’s 
 reign he sailed again with a design of pro- 
 ceeding to the East Indies, but owing to 
 some disappointment he went no farther 
 than the Brasils, from whenee he shaped 
 liis course for Hispaniola and Porto Rico, 
 and returned. Soon afterwards vve find 
 him in the Spanish service, but after one 
 voyage to America he returned to England, 
 and settled in his native city. Edward VI. 
 delighted in his conversation, and allowed 
 him a pension. A new company, called 
 merchant adventurers, was erected, and Se- 
 hastian was placed at the head of it. By 
 his means a voyage was made to the north 
 in 1552, and a trade commenced with Rus- 
 sia, which gave rise to the Russian company. 
 He died about 1557,aged 80. In Hackluyt’s 
 Collection are his instructions for the direc- 
 tion of a voyage to Cathay. He was the 
 first who noticed the variation of the com- 
 pass, and wrote Navigatione nelle Parte 
 Settentrionale, Venice, 1583, folio. — Cawf* 
 bell's Lives of the Admirals. 
 
 Cabot (Vincent), a learned civilian of 
 
CAD 
 
 CAS 
 
 Toulouse in the 16th century. He pub- 
 lished four volumes, entitled Les Politique* 
 de Vincent Cabot, dedicated to cardinal Riche- 
 lieu. It was completed by Iris executor 
 Campistron the poet. — Morcri. 
 
 Cabral, or Cabrara (Pedro Alvares), 
 a Portuguese navigator, who commanded 
 the fleet sent to the East Indies by Emanuel 
 king of Portugal in 1,500. In this voyage 
 he was driven by a storm on that part of 
 the coast of America now called Brasil, 
 where he landed, and called the spot Santa 
 Cruz. From thence he crossed over to the 
 coast of Africa, and afterwards proceeded 
 to Calicut, where he engaged in a war with 
 the zamorin, whom he forced to comply 
 with his terms. In 1501 he returned to 
 Portugal richly laden. — Moreri. 
 
 Cadalous, bishop of Parma, who was 
 elected pope in 1061 by the imperial fac- 
 tion, and took the name of Honorius II. 
 He was deposed by the council of Mantua 
 in 1064, and died not long after, — Platina. 
 
 Cadf.mosto (Lewis), a Venetian naviga- 
 tor, was born about 1422, and engaged in 
 the service of the king of Portugal. In 
 1455 he sailed to the Canary islands, and 
 then to the coast of Africa. The year fol- 
 lowing he carried his discoveries as far as 
 the river St. Dominic. He died at Venice 
 in 1464, leaving an-.-account of his voyages, 
 
 which was afterwards published. Noun. 
 
 Did. Hist. [ 
 
 Cadmus, the founder of Thebe's, one of 
 those characters whose real history is blend- 
 ed with too much fable to be relied on. It 
 seems certain that he was either a native of 
 Egypt or Phoenicia; and that he was the 
 first -who introduced letters into Greece. 
 The alphabet cons sted at first of only six- 
 teen letters. Lie flourished according to 
 the Ar undelian marbles B.C. 1 5 1 9. — Moreri. 
 
 Cadmus, the Miiesian, was the first Gre- 
 cian who wrote history in prose. He com- 
 posed the history of Ionia, which is lost. 
 A nother Cadmus wrote the History ot Athens 
 mentioned by Stiidas. — Fossius de Hist. Greet. 
 
 Cadoo, son of Brychan,a saintand found- 
 er of some churches in Wales in the 5th cen- 
 tury. Lie died in France. — Given's Camb.Biog. 
 
 Cadog, commonly called the Wise, a bard 
 who flourished in the sixth century, lie 
 was the first who collected the British pro- 
 verbs together. There arc some churches 
 dedicated to him in South Wales. — Ibid. 
 
 Cadogan (William Bromley), a pious 
 divine, was the second son or lord Cadogan 
 By the daughter of lord Montfort, He 
 was born in 1751, and educated at West- 
 minster school, from whence he removed 
 to Christ-chureh, Oxford, where be took 
 the degree of M. A. On entering into 
 orders he obtained the livings of St. Giles, 
 Reading, and St. Luke, Chelsea, and might 
 have had considerable preferment it he 
 had sought it. But having embraced the 
 caivinistic doctrines, he preached them with 
 so much ardour as to draw upon luciscii 
 
 the appellation of a methodist, which hin- 
 dered his farther advancement in theehurch. 
 He died in 1797. A volume of Ins Sermons 
 was published in 1796, with an account of 
 his life prefixed. 
 
 CaiLvaladyr, son of Cadwallon ah Cad- 
 van, succeeded to the nominal sovereignty 
 of Britain in 660; but disheartened witL 
 the progress of the Saxons he went to P.ome 
 in 686, and died in 70S. With him ceased 
 the title of king of the Britons. He was 
 called one of the three blessed kings, on ac- 
 count of his charity to distressed Christians. 
 — Owen's Camb • Idiots. 
 
 Cadwaladyr Cesail, a Welsh poet of 
 some merit in the 16th century, many of 
 whose pieces vet remain in manuscript. — 
 There was another of the same name and 
 age, whose works are to be met with, but 
 un published. — Ibid. 
 
 Cadwai lon, son of Cadvan, was prince 
 of North Wales during the reign of his fa- 
 ther. Being defeated by Edwin king of 
 Northumberland he went to Ireland in 6'i'0, 
 and remained there several years. On his 
 return he assumed the title of king of the 
 Britons, which he supported through a 
 series of continual warfare against the 
 Saxons. He was a great patron of the 
 bards, and in his youth had been admitted 
 among them. — Ibid. 
 
 Cadwgan, son of Bleddvn ab Cynvyn, 
 became prince of a part of Powys in 1076, 
 and for some time had part of South Wales. 
 In 1107 h.e gave a banquet at Abcrtcivi, 
 which almost ruined him, as his son Owain 
 was captivated with the charms of Nest 
 the wife of Gerald, whom he carried ofT, 
 and in consequence both he and his father 
 were obliged to fly to Ireland. He return- 
 ed tfie year after; but was assassinated in 
 1110 by his nephew. — Ibid. 
 
 C-tcciLiANUs, archdeacon of Carthage, 
 was chosen bishop of that see in 311 by the 
 neighbouring bishops, which giving offence 
 to the bishops of Numidia, a council was 
 held in which the ordination of Casciiianus 
 was declared invalid. In a subsequent coun- 
 cil, at Rome, lie was absolved. Dupin. 
 
 Moskeim. 
 
 Ctecilius (Statius), a comic poet, who 
 was cotemporarv with Ennius. A fragment 
 by him is in the Corpus Feetarum of Mait- 
 taire. — Vos si us de Poet. Lat. 
 
 CiF.Lies Au u el) a n us, an ancient phy- 
 sician, was an African by birth, but when 
 he flourished is uncertain. 1 lis works were 
 printed at Amsterdam in 1722, 4to. — Halier. 
 
 C.T.SAI. riwus (Andrew), a physician of 
 the 16th century. He was born at Arezzo, 
 and became first physician to pope Clement 
 VIII. lie died at Rome in 1603. He is 
 supposed to have had some knowledge of 
 the circulation of the blood. He was also 
 a good botanist, and wrote a treatise De 
 Plantis. — Msreri. Preimi. 
 
 C-TtsAii (Cains Julius), was descended 
 frosn the Julian family, and lost Lis father 
 
c & s 
 
 C IE S 
 
 wlrert young. lie married the daughter ©f 
 Cornelias Cinna, and was designed for the 
 office of high priest to Jupiter, but was 
 deprived of it by Sylia, who was Cinna’s in- 
 veterate enemy. Sylia carried his revenge 
 so far as to confiscate the property of Ca;sar, 
 and even issued a proscription against him. 
 By the mediation of several of the patri- 
 cians, this decree was reversed: but Cxsar, 
 not thinking home a safe place, went to 
 reside with Nicomedes, king ofBithynia. I Ic 
 obtained a civic crown for his conduct at 
 the taking of Mitylene. On the death of 
 Sylia he was recalled to Rome, and distin- 
 guished himself as an orator, by impeach- 
 ing Dolabella for mal-administration in 
 Greece. He studied rhetoric at Rhodes 
 under Apollonius, and in his passage was 
 taken by pirates, from whom he gained his 
 liberty by paying a considerable ransom. 
 He afterwards fitted out some ships, and 
 having taken those plunderers caused them 
 to be crucified. On his return to Rome he 
 joined the party of Marius, and united with 
 Cicero in promoting the Manilian law, 
 which gained him the friendship of Pom- 
 pey. The first dignity he obtained was that 
 ■of military tribune, after which he served 
 the offices of quxstor and xdile. In the 
 latter station he gained popularity by his 
 liberal donations, which greatly embarrass- 
 ed his circumstances. He was suspected 
 of being concerned in Cataiine’s conspi- 
 racy, owing perhaps to his recom- 
 mending clemency to the culprits, in an 
 oration which was severely answered by 
 Cato. This conduct greatly lessened his 
 reputation. On the death of his wife Cor- 
 nelia he married Pompeia, from whom he 
 procured a divorce for receiving Clodius 
 into her house at the timp of celebrating 
 the rites of the bona Dea. He did not, how- 
 ever, persecute Clodius, and when asked 
 why he had dismissed Pompeia, his answer 
 was, that “ Cxsar’s wife should not even he 
 suspected.” On the expiration of his prx- 
 torship he was appointed governor of the 
 farther Spain: but finding it difficult to 
 settle with his creditors, Crassus became 
 his bondsman. On his way thither, passing 
 through a miserable village on the Alps, 
 his friends asking him whether he thought 
 there were any contentions for offices in 
 such a place? “No,” replied he, “but I 
 would rather be the first man here than 
 the second at Rome.” During his gover- 
 norship he realized sufficient property to 
 pay his debts, which are said to have 
 amounted to a million and a half sterling. 
 He next gained the consulship in conjunc- 
 tion with Bibulus, B.C. 59. At this time 
 he formed the first triumvirate with Pom- 
 pey and Crassus, the former of whom mar- 
 ried his daughter Julia, and he himself 
 married Calpurnia, daughter of L. Calpur- 
 n ins Pko. In the following year he went 
 into Gaul, where he distinguished himself 
 as a military commander, in reducing the 
 
 Belgians, Helvetians, and Nervians. In 
 the fourthyear of his government hecrossed 
 over to Britain, but did little more than 
 reconnoitre the coast; on his next e tpedi- 
 tion he entered the Thames, and ravaged a 
 great part of the country, taking sevtral of 
 the inhabitants as hostages. Having com- 
 pletely reduced Gaul to the condition of a 
 Roman province, and acquired prodigious 
 wealth, Pompey grew jealous of him, and 
 the senate deprived him of his government. 
 This being considered by him as a decla- 
 ration of war, he crossed the Rubicon, a 
 small river which parted Cisalpine Gaul 
 from Italy, with a determination of reven- 
 ging himself upon his enemies. His armv 
 was zealously attached to him, and success 
 attended him every where on his march. 
 Rome was filled with fear and confusion ; 
 and Pompey, with the magistrates, with- 
 drew on His approach. Cxsar entered the 
 metropolis without his troops in an affected 
 style ofmoderation. However, he seized upon 
 the public treasury, which enabled him to 
 complete the subjugation of the people. The 
 civil war now raged with fury throughout 
 the empire; but Cxsar, by himself or his 
 lieutenants, was every where triumphant, 
 except in his blockade of Dvrrachium, 
 where Pompey was encamped, who burst 
 through the barrier after slaying consider- 
 able part of Cxsar’s forces. Cxsar then re- 
 tired to Macedonia, whither he was fol- 
 lowed by Pompey, who was defeated on the 
 plains of Pharsalia. Cxsar next embarked 
 for Alexandria, where the head of Pompey 
 being brought to him, he burst into tears, 
 and caused it to he solemnly interred. 
 Here he entered into a war with Ptolemy, 
 in which the famous Alexandrian library, 
 containing 400,000 volumes, was accident- 
 ally burnt. This war was attended with 
 various success, but Cxsar's good fortune 
 prevailed ; the Egyptians were defeated, 
 and Ptolemy was drowned. On the news 
 of the death of Pompey the Roman senate 
 proclaimed Cxsar consul for five years, and 
 created him dictator, thus placing the exe- 
 cutive power in his hands. He next con- 
 quered Pharnaees, the son of Mithridates 
 the great, in Asia Minor, on which occasion 
 he wrote this laconic letter, “ Veni, Vidi, V'ui\ 
 
 1 came, I saw, I conquered.” After set- 
 tling the affairs of Greece he proceeded to 
 Rome, where he shewed his elemenev, by 
 pardoning all who had conspired against 
 him in his absence. He next made an ex- 
 pedition into Africa, in the course of 
 which he displayed great address and pru- 
 dence in quelling a mutiny which broke 
 out in his favourite legion. In this war he 
 defeated Scipio, l.abicnus, and Juba; and 
 drove Cato to the necessity of putting him- 
 self to death at Utica. At his return to 
 Rome he behaved with great liberality to 
 the people, and enacted several good laws. 
 Among other reforms which he introduced, 
 was that of the calendar, which bears the 
 
C A F 
 
 C A G 
 
 nami of the Julian calendar. The two sons 
 of Pompey having excited a revolt in Spain, 
 Cxs U' marched thither, and after a bloody 
 battle, succeeded in completing the sub- 
 jugation of that country. His return to 
 Rome was crowned with a triumph and 
 the assumption of the imperial dignity, 
 which roused the jealousy of several of his 
 friends, who joined with the republicans 
 in a conspiracy against his life. It is re- 
 corded of him, that a soothsayer bade him 
 beware of the ides of March, and that his 
 wife Calpurnia was so apprehensive that 
 danger awaited him, as to dissuade him 
 from going to meet the senate. The re- 
 monstrances, however, of Decimus Brutus, 
 one of the conspirators, overruled his re- 
 luctance, and Csesar went to the senate- 
 house, where he was assassinated, B.C. 43, 
 and in the 56th year of his age. Thus fell 
 Julius Caesar, who on all accounts may 
 justly be called a great man; for though he 
 aspired to and obtained the supreme power, 
 yet it does not appear that he abused it by 
 any acts of tyranny or cruelty. His am- 
 bition was inordinate, but he was liberal 
 and humane. His talents were of the first 
 rank; and he might have shone as an ora- 
 tor if he had devoted himself to that pro- 
 fession's Cicero himself acknowledges. His 
 literary powers appear to great advantage in 
 h s Commentaries written in the true spi- 
 rit of historical dignity and faithfulness. 
 The best editions are those of Elzevir, 1661 ; 
 Grasvius, 1697; Clarke, London, 1712; 
 Davis, Cambridge, 1727 ; and Barbou, Pa- 
 ris, 1755. This work has been translated 
 into English by Bladen. Some of his 
 epistles are extant among Cicero’s. — Pint. 
 Suetonius. 
 
 C at s a r (Julins),an eminent civilian, was 
 born at Tottenham in Middlesex, in 1557, 
 and educated at Magdalen hall, Oxford, 
 from whence he went to Paris, where he 
 took the degree of doctor of the civil law 
 in 1581. Two years after he proceeded 
 doctor of the canon law at Oxford, and was 
 made master of the requests, judge of the 
 admiralty, and master of St. Catherine’s 
 hospital near the Tower. He was knighted 
 by James I. and made chancellor of the 
 exchequer, which office heresigned in 1614, 
 on being appointed master of the rolls. He 
 died in 1636. His MSS. were sold by auc- 
 tion in 1757 for above 300/. — Blog. Brit. 
 
 Caffa (Melchior), an able sculptor and 
 designer, was born at Malta in 1631. He 
 adorned many churches at Rome with his 
 works, which occasioned him to be com- 
 pared to t He celebrated Bernini. He died 
 there in 1687. — DlArgenville. 
 
 Caffiaux (D. Joseph), a benedictine of 
 the congregation of St. Maur,born at Va- 
 lenciennes in 1712, and died at St. Germain 
 des Pres in 1777. He wrote in conjunction 
 with Grenier, the History of Picardy; and 
 we have also by him, an Essay towards a 
 History of Music, 4to.; but Iris principal 
 
 work is the Genealogical Treasure, full of 
 curious researches. Nou-a. Diet. Hi it. 
 
 Caffieri (Philip), a sculptor, born at 
 Rome in 16(14. He was invited to France 
 by Mazarine, and was employed by Col- 
 bert, who appointed him inspector of the 
 marine at Dunkirk in 1716. His son James 
 was also eminent in the same line ; he also 
 executed some fine busts in bronze. He 
 died in 1755. H ; s son John James pursued 
 the same profession. — Ibid. 
 
 Cagliari (Paul), an Italian painter, 
 better known by the name of Paul Ve ronese , 
 was born in 1532 at Verona. His most 
 esteemed pieces are at Venice, where he 
 died in 1588. H>ssons, Gabriel and Charles, 
 were also eminent artists; the first died in 
 1596, the latter in 1(531. His brother Bene- 
 dict was a good painter and sculptor, and 
 died at Venice in 1598. — D' Argen ille. 
 
 Cagliostro, a famous impostor, whose 
 name was Joseph Balsamo. He was born 
 at Palermo in 1743, and assumed the name 
 ol Cagliostro from his godmother. He left 
 his native country when young and went 
 to Rome, where he married a young woman 
 as full of intrigue as himself. His first ad- 
 venture was the cheating a goldsmith of 
 Palermo out of a considerable sum, under 
 the pretence of discovering to him some 
 hidden treasure. On this occasion he was 
 obliged to quit Sicily. At Messina he got 
 acquainted with a Greek, named Altotas, 
 who pretended to chemistry; with him he 
 visited the Archipelago and Egypt ; and on 
 their return touched at Malta, where they 
 worked in the laboratory of the grand 
 master Pintc. Here Altotas died, and Bal- 
 samo going to Naples, assumed the title 
 of marquis Pelligrini ; but being recog- 
 nized by his old friend the goldsmith, he 
 was sent to prison. He soon obtained his 
 release, on which he visited most countries 
 in Europe, taking different titles as suited 
 his various purposes. In France he called 
 himself the marquis Cagliostro, but even 
 under this appellation his imposture was 
 detected, and he was sent to the Bastille. 
 He played his tricks with greater success 
 in England, where he pretended to won- 
 derful skill in medicine, and to a knowledge 
 of the occult sciences. At last he returned 
 to Italy, and was seized at Rome, where he 
 was condemned to perpetual imprisonment 
 in the castle of St. Angelo, and died there 
 in 1795. Balsamo’s deceptions were mostly 
 played upon the opulent and noble, whose 
 credulity he excited by pretensions the most 
 extravagant, and in several cases the most 
 impious. He pretended to magical skill, 
 and to the power of raising the appear- 
 ances of departed spirits ; witli it he asso- 
 ciated the wisdom of foretelling things to 
 come; and above all, the knowledge of 
 such recondite treasures of nature as would 
 prolong life. A detail of his impostures 
 was published at Rome, from which this is 
 taken. 
 
C A I 
 
 CAL 
 
 Cacnacci, also called Gaulassi, on ac- 
 count of his deformity, an Italian painter 
 of the 18th century. He was the discipie 
 of Guido, and died at Vienna, aged 80. — 
 NoUV. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Cagnati (Marsilio), an eminent physi- 
 cian, was born at Verona. After studying 
 at Padua he was invited to Rome, where he 
 taught philosophy and medicine, and was 
 patronized by Clement VIII. and Paul V. 
 His works are, Variarum Observationum, 
 8vo. ; Do Sanitate tuenda, 4to.; De Aeris 
 Romani salubritate, & c. 4to.; Opuscula Va- 
 ria, 4t0. 1603. — Moreri. HaUtr. 
 
 Cahacnes (James), royal professor of 
 medicine in the university of Caen, born 
 in 1548, and died in 1612. l ie wrote, 1. 
 I, a Centurie des Eloges des Homines cele- 
 bres de Caen, 1608, 8vo. 2. A Treatise on 
 Fevers, and another on the Disorders of the 
 Head, both in Latin, 1618. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Cahusac (Lewis de), a French writer, 
 was born at Montauban, and became an 
 advocate. In 1786 he produced his tra- 
 gedy of Pharamond, which obtained great 
 success. On coming to Paris he was made 
 secretary to the count de Clermont, and 
 died in 1759. His operas possess consider- 
 able merit, besides which he wrote some 
 romances. — Ibid. 
 
 Caiaphas, high priest of the Jews, who 
 condemned Christ, and was after wardsturn- 
 ed out of office by Vitellius, on which he 
 put an end to himself. — ■Josephus. Moreri. 
 
 Caiet (Peter Victor Palma), a French 
 divine, was at first a protestantminister, but 
 turned Roman catholic, and became doctor 
 of the Sorbonne. He died at Paris in 1610, 
 aged 85. 14is Chronologic Septennaire, 
 1606, 8vo. is a curious work; besides winch 
 he wrote some pieces against the calvinists. 
 
 » — Moreri. 
 
 Caj eta nt, a cardinal, whose proper name 
 was Thomas de Vio. He was born at Ca- 
 jeta, in the kingdom of Naples, in 1469, 
 and became a dominican monk, of which 
 order he was chosen general. His book of 
 the Power of the Pope procured him the 
 archbishopric of Palermo, and the cardi- 
 nalship. In 1516 he was sent legate to 
 Germany, where he exerted himself against 
 Luther. He died in 1584. Besides Ins 
 book, the above, lie wrote Commentaries 
 on Aristotle and Aquinas, and translated 
 several parts of the Scriptures into Latin, 
 according to the literal order. He is not 
 to be confounded with Constantine Cajet.m, a 
 Benedictine, who died at Rome in 1650. 
 He wrote on the Imitation of Jesus Christ, 
 and other works. — Tiraboscbi. Moreri. 
 
 Caille (Nicholas Lewis de la), ail emi- 
 nent mathematician, was born at Rumigny 
 in 1718, and educated at the college of Li- 
 sieux, in Paris. He became the friend of 
 Cassini, and was associated with M. de 
 Thury in projecting the meridian line; and 
 in 1789 was appointed professor of mathe- 
 matics in the college of Mazarine, and in 
 
 1741 elected a member of the academy of 
 sciences. In 1750 he went to the Cape of 
 Good Hope, to examine the stars of the 
 southern hemisphere. He died at Paris in 
 1762. His writings amount to several vo- 
 lumes, and are greatly esteemed, particu- 
 larly his Elements of Astronomy. — Nouv. 
 Diet. Hid. 
 
 Cain, the eldest son of our first parents, 
 who slew his brother Abel in the 120th 
 year of the world. He travelled east of 
 Eden, built a city, and had a son named 
 Enoch. The jewish tradition is, that he 
 was slain by Lantech. There was a sect of 
 gnostics in the 2d century, called Cainites, 
 who entertained great respect for this 
 murderer, and for another of equal repu- 
 tation, Judas Iscariot. ‘ SS. Josephus. 
 Du pin. 
 
 Cario (Francisco), an Italian painter, 
 was horn at Milan in 1598, arid studied at 
 Rome and Venice. The dukeof.Savoy in- 
 vited him to his court, gave him a pension, 
 and knighted him. His pictures, chiefly 
 religious, are excellent. — P Minot on. 
 
 Caius, or Kay (John), a physician, was 
 born at Norwich, and educated at Gonvile- 
 hall, Cambridge, but took his degree of 
 M.D. at Padua in 1541, where he was Greek 
 lecturer, and reader in physic. On his re- 
 turn to England, he was appointed phy- 
 sician to Edward VI. and continued in the 
 same capacity to serve queen Mary and 
 queen Elizabeth, but in 1568 he was dis- 
 missed, being suspected of popery. He 
 died at Cambridge in 1573, and left his 
 estate for erecting Gonville-hall into a col- 
 lege, called after his name. He wrote the 
 History of Cambridge, and some medical 
 works which do honour to his learning. — 
 Filler. 
 
 Caius (Thomas), a learned man of the 
 16th century, was a native of Lincolnshire, - 
 and educated at All-souls college, Oxford. 
 He became prebendary of Salisbury, and 
 died at Oxford in 1572. He translated 
 Erasmus’s paraphrase on St. Mark into 
 English: and also some Greek and Latin 
 classics. — Wood's A. 0. 
 
 Calabar (Quintus), an ancient Greek 
 poet, who wrote a supplement to the Iliad 
 under the name Paraiipomena; which was 
 printed at Leyden in 1734, 8vo . — Ho > si us de 
 Poet. Grac. 
 
 Cai.abrois (Mathias Preti), a celebrated 
 painter, horn at Calabria in 1643, studied 
 under Lanfranc, and died at Malta in 1699. 
 
 — Moreri. 
 
 Calamy (Edmund), a nonconformist 
 divine, was born in London in 1609, and 
 educated at Cambridge, where he pro- 
 ceeded B. D. He became chaplain to the 
 bishop of Ely, and lecturer of St. Edmunds- 
 bury. In the civil war he sided with the 
 parliament, and distinguished himself as the 
 leading preacher among the presbyterians. 
 He was also a member of the Westminster 
 assembly. However, he protested against 
 
CAL 
 
 CAL 
 
 the trial and execution of the kin?. At 
 the restoration he was offered the bishop- 
 ric of Litchfield and Coventry, which he 
 refused after some hesitation. He was de- 
 prived of his living for nonconformity, in 
 1662, and died in 1666. He published some 
 single sermons and religious tracts. — Biojr. 
 Br. 
 
 Cal amy (Benjamin), an English divine, 
 and son of the preceding, was educated at 
 St. Paul's school, and at Catberine-haU, 
 Cambridge, where he took his degrees in 
 arts, and was elected fellow. In 1677 he 
 was chosen minister of St. Marv, Alder- 
 m anbury, and appointed chaplain to the 
 king. In 1080 he took his degree of D. D. 
 In 108S he resigned the living of Alder- 
 manbury for that of St. Laurence, Jewry; 
 and in 1085 he obtained a prebend in St. 
 Paul’s. The year following he died. His 
 sermons were printed after his death in one 
 volume, 8vo. — Ibid. 
 
 Calamv (Edmund), an eminent minister 
 among the dissenter,., was grandson of Mr. 
 Edmund Cal.rmy, above mentioned, by his 
 eldest son Edmund, who was also a non- 
 conformist, and born in 1071. After re- 
 ceiving a school education lie was sent to 
 Ut recht. In 1094 he was ordained among 
 the dissenters; and, after officiating to dif- 
 ferent congregations, succeeded Mr. Alsop 
 in Westminster. In 1702 he published an 
 abridgement of Baxter’s Life and Times, 
 with an account of the ejected ministers. 
 In a subsequent edition it was enlarged to 
 four volumes. This work occasioned a 
 temperate controversy between the author 
 and Mr. afterwards bishop, Hoadley. He 
 •was honoured with the degree of I). D. by 
 three universities in Scotland. He died in 
 1792. Besides the above, he wrote two 
 volumes of sermons and some tracts. — Ibid. 
 
 Calandrucci (Giacintho), a disciple of 
 Carlo Maratti, and a good painter; died 
 in 1707. He ornamented many churches 
 at Rome.. — Pillington . 
 
 Calamus, an Indian brachman who ac- 
 companied Alexander to India. At the age 
 of 83 he requested that prince to cause his 
 funeral pile to he erected, that he might 
 expire in the flames, which the conqueror 
 reluctantly consented to; and the philoso- 
 pher ascended the pile, with pleasure, in 
 the sight of the whole army, on the fron- 
 tiers of Susiana, B. C. 323.- Arrian. 0. 
 
 Cur tin.. 
 
 Galas (John), a protestant merchant of 
 Toulouse, who was accused, in 176.1, of 
 having strangled his eldest son, Mark An- 
 tony, on account of his secretly embracing 
 the Roman catholic religion. The voting 
 man was of an impatient and gloomy disposi- 
 tion, and in a lit of melancholy hmm him- 
 self. Biit the people were persuaded that 
 the father had perpetrated the fact, and he 
 was accused before the magistrates. The 
 unfortunate man was put to the torture to 
 ma s.c mm confess, -and iinllv, without a n v 
 
 evidence, broken on the wheel, declaring 
 his innocence in his last moments. The 
 widow and children found some friends, 
 and by order of the king, the proceedings 
 were considered in the council; by whom 
 Galas was pronounced innocent. This was 
 in 1765 . Lewis, the younger son, came to 
 London, where he practised surgery. In 
 1793 he returned to France. The widow 
 of John Calas died in 1792, at the age of 91 . 
 — Nouv. Diet, Hist., and private information. 
 
 Calasio (Marius), a learned franciscan, 
 who was professor of Hebrew at Rome, 
 and published there in 1621 'a Concordance 
 of the Bible, a new edition of which was 
 printed at London, in 4 vols. folio, 1747; 
 but the editor, Mr. Romaine, foisted in 
 some interpolations of his own, in the 
 words A! rim and V. titb. — Morcri. 
 
 Cai.cao.vini (Geiio), a learned Italian, 
 was born at Ferrara, in 1579. lie served 
 m the imperial army some time; end was 
 employed in several embassies and other 
 honourable commissions. At last lie be- 
 came professor of belles-lettres at Ferrara, 
 where he died in 1540. He wrote several 
 works which shew great erudition, parti- 
 cularly on the Roman antiquities. He also 
 asserted the motion of the earth before Co- 
 pernicus published his system — Moreri. 
 
 Calcar (John de), an eminent painter, 
 was born in the duchy of Cleves, and died 
 at Naples in 1546. lie was a disciple of 
 1 itian, and his pictures are hardly to be 
 distinguished from those of (jiat master. — 
 Depiles. 
 
 Calderini (Domizzio), a learned writer, 
 was born about 1446, at Toris, in the ter- 
 ritory of Verona, and died at Rome in 1478, 
 on which occasion his scholars attended his 
 funeral in mourning. lie was professor of 
 belles-lettres in that city, and published 
 numerous commentaries upon the Latiu 
 poets. He also wrote some Latin poems, 
 and published the two first books of Pausa- 
 n l a s. — T i rahosebi. 
 
 Calderon de la Barca (don Pedro), a 
 Spanish soldier, priest, and dramatic writer, 
 who flourished in the middle of the 17th 
 century. Elis plays were printed at Ma- 
 drid in 9 vols. 4to. 1689. — Moreri. 
 
 Caldkhwood (David), a Scotch presby- 
 terian divine. He opposed the design of 
 James VI. to bring the church of Scotland 
 to a conformity with that of England, and 
 for Ins violent conduct was banished for 
 lire, on which he went to Elolland, where 
 he published a celebrated book, entitled 
 A hare Damascenum, in which he attacked 
 t he English church with the asperity pecu- 
 liar to J i is party. He afterwards returned 
 to his own country, and employed his 'time 
 in writing an ecclesiastical History of Scot- 
 land ( of which a part has been printed. 
 He died about 1658. — B : -g. Brit. 
 
 Ca low all (Richard), an English phy- 
 sician, was born at Stafford- i fire about J 5 iff, 
 and educated at JBrasen - nose college, 
 
 * 
 
CAL 
 
 C A. L 
 
 Oxford, of which he was chosen fellow. 
 I Je was elected censor of the college of phy- 
 sicians, and founded therein a chemical lec- 
 ture. He died in 1585. — Wood's A. 0. 
 
 Caleb., oue of the Hebrews sent- by Jo- 
 shua to view the land of Canaan, of which 
 he gave a faithful description; and thereby 
 raised the spirits of the people. He pos- 
 sessed the country of Hebron, and died at 
 the age of 114 — .S' o'. 
 
 Caled, or Kii a i. f. n, one of Mohammed’s 
 warriors. He belonged to the tribe of Ko- 
 reish, and for his valour was honoured by 
 the impostor with the title of the Sword of 
 God. He conquered several of the Arabian 
 tribes, and was guilty of horrible cruelties, 
 particularly in putting to death the garrison 
 of Damascus, after allowing them to depart 
 that city. He died of the plague in 639. — 
 Mod. Univ . Hist. 
 
 Calendario (Philip), a famous archi- 
 tect and sculptor, who lived at Venice in 
 1354. He erected the. beautiful porticos 
 which surround the place of St. Mark. — 
 Mueri. 
 
 Cai.entius (Elisius), an Italian writer, 
 was born in the kingdom of Naples; be was 
 preceptor to the son of Ferdinand II. king 
 of that country, and died about 1503. His 
 poem of tire Battle between the Frogs and 
 Mice, in imitation of Homer, was printed 
 in 1738, at Rouen. — Tiraboschi. 
 
 Caleiuno, or daCalepio (Ambrose), a 
 learned writer of the 15th century. He 
 was a native of Bergamo, and descended 
 from a noble family. He embraced the 
 monastic life among the Augustins. His 
 Vocabulary of the Latin tongue, the first 
 edition of which appeared in 1503, was 
 very famous, and after passing through 
 various hands, swelled, in 1681, to two 
 volumes, folio. He died blind, in 1511. — 
 JVIoreri. Tiraboschi. 
 
 Caliaviki (Luca), an Italian painter of 
 landscapes and sea views, born at Udinoin 
 1665, and diedin 1715. — Filkington. 
 
 Qaligula (Caius Ccesar), a Roman em- 
 peror, was the son of Germanicus and 
 Agrippina. When he was twenty he 
 was adopted by Tiberius, to the great joy 
 of the Roman people, with whom his father 
 (iennanicus had been a favourite. His 
 first wife was Claudia, the daughter of a 
 senator, but even while a boy he disco- 
 vered the most abandoned deposition, 
 having been detected in an intrigue with 
 his own sister. On the death of Tiberius 
 he was proclaimed emperor by the praito- 
 rian soldiers, and the nomination was con- 
 firmed by the senate, A. D. 37. The com- 
 mencement of his reign was promising; he 
 set at liberty the state prisoners, caused ho- 
 nours to be shewn to his deceased relatives, 
 behaved with liberality to those who 
 were living, and distributed large donations 
 to the people. But this state was of short 
 duration. He fell dangerously ill, and so 
 gieatly was he esteemed, that all orders 
 
 were anxious in their supplications for his 
 recovery. When, however, his health was 
 restored, it was discovered that he was not 
 the same man. His mind was either 
 changed, or he had acted under the mask of 
 hypocrisy. He began his career of wick- 
 edness by murdering several of his rela- 
 tions, who were followed by a number of 
 senators, and other persons of high rank. 
 He openly married his sister Brasilia, and 
 on her death caused divine honours to 
 be paid her, in temples built to her ho- 
 nour. For his favourite horse he built 
 a palace with a marble stable, and an 
 ivory rack ; fed him with gilt barley, 
 and wine out of a golden cup. It was 
 even his intention at one time to make 
 him consul. He married several wives, 
 whom he put away one after the oilier. 
 At last he attached himself to Cornelia, 
 whose manners were as dissolute as his 
 own. Cruelty in him became au inor- 
 dinate habit, and he openly uttered the 
 detestable wish, “ that the Roman people 
 had but one neck, which he might sever in 
 two at a blow.” His public exhibitions 
 were extravagant and child'sh. He caused 
 a bridge of boats to be constructed from 
 Bai.x to Putesli, on which were erected 
 a number of castles, and after passing over 
 it twice at the head of his 1 troops, he caused 
 the whole to be destroyed. In an expedi- 
 tion into Gaul he shewed his folly and 
 cowardice on several occasions; hut one of 
 his most ridiculous exploits was in a pre- 
 tended expedition against Britain. 1 laving 
 drawn up his whole army opposite the 
 island, he commanded thetrumpetsto sound 
 a charge and every preparation to be made 
 for battle, when on a sudden the soldiers 
 were ordered to fill their helmets with 
 cockle-shells, and the farce ended with 
 giving a trifling donation to the troops. He 
 was about to follow this tip by the tragedy 
 of decimating all the legions of the Ger- 
 man army which had mutinied; but sus- 
 pecting Ins intentions, those troops took up 
 their arms, and stood on the defence. He 
 then lied to Rome, where he revenged 
 himself on the senate. At length a conspi- 
 racy was formed against him, headed by 
 Cassius Chterea, and the monster was assas- 
 sinated as lie was passing to tire baths, A.D. 
 41, in the 29th vear of his age. His wife 
 and infant daughter were also sacrificed to 
 the vengeance of the people, who caused 
 his statues to be demolished, and all his 
 public acts to be annulled. — Suetonius. Dio 
 Cassias. Crenier- 
 
 Cai.ixtus (George), a German protest- 
 ant divine, born at Middleburg, in Hol- 
 stein, in 1586% made professor of divinity 
 at Flelmstadt La 1614, and died in 1656. Ide 
 wrote, 1. Anti-moguntlnus, 1644, 4to. 2. 
 A treatise against the Celibacy of Priests, 
 1681, 4to. and other works. Fie endea- 
 voured to promote a union between the 
 Romish and protestant churches. — Mo-eri. 
 
CAL 
 
 C A L 
 
 Cai.i.ard (John Baptist), member of the 
 academy of Caen, and professor of physic 
 in that university, where he died in 1718. 
 He established a botanic garden at Caen, 
 and wrote a book entitled, Lexicon Me- 
 dicum Etymologicum, 12ino. 1693. — Ibid. 
 
 Calliciiatidas, a Spartan general, who 
 succeeded Lysander as commander of the 
 fleet in the Lesser Asia. He displayed great 
 disinterestedness and Valour ; defeated Co- 
 lton the Athenian general, and afterwards 
 blocked him up in Mitylene. The Athe- 
 nians fitted out a licet for the relief of 
 this place, and in the engagement the 
 Spartan commander’s ship was sunk, and 
 lie perished, B.C. 405. — Uni-v. Hist. 
 
 Callimachus, a Greek poet, who flou- 
 rished in the time of Ptolemy Euergetes. 
 He was the preceptor of Apollonius, the 
 author of the Argonautica, who used him 
 very ill. The works of Callimachus were 
 translated into English by Dodd. — Cassius de 
 Poet. Grose. 
 
 Callimachus, an architect, who in- 
 vented the Corinthian capital about 540 
 B.C. The occasion of this discovery is said 
 to have been this: A plant of acanthus 
 being placed upon the tomb of a Corinthian 
 lady, spread its leaves over the basket in 
 so graceful a manner, that the architect 
 adopted it as a suitable ornament for his 
 pi 11 ars . — Moreri. 
 
 C a llist k ene s,a Greek philosopher, and 
 the companion of Alexander in his expedi- 
 tions. That prince caused him, in conse- 
 quence of a charge of having conspired 
 against his life, to be put into an iron cage 
 with a dog, after having had his nose, lips, 
 and ears cut off. Lysimachus, a disciple of 
 the philosopher’s, out of compassion gave 
 him poison, B.C. 328; for this Alexander 
 ordered Lysimachus to be delivered to a 
 lion, which he conquered, and for his bra- 
 very recovered the monarch’s favour. 
 
 Arrian. Q. Curtins. 
 
 Callistus (Johannes Andronicus), a re- 
 viver of learning in the 15th century, was 
 a native of Thessalonica. He taught Greek 
 at Rome, after which he travelled to France, 
 and died there in a short time. Some MSS. 
 in Greek by him were in the royal library 
 at Paris. — Gen. Biog. Bid. 
 
 CaLlixtus I. pope and saint, succeeded 
 Zephyrinus in 219, and suffered martyr- 
 dom in 222. — Callixtus II. was the son 
 of the count of" Burgundy, and became 
 archbishop of Vienne in 1083, pope in 
 1119, and died in 1124. — Callixtus UI. 
 was a native of Xativa in Spain, elected 
 pope in 1455, and died in 1458. His cha- 
 racter was respectable for learning, mode- 
 ration and piety. — Platina. Bupin. 
 
 Callot (James), a celebrated engraver, 
 was born at Nancy, in 1593, of a noble fa- 
 mily. Pie learnt his art at Rome, and ac- 
 quired a great reputation ; he died at Flo- 
 rence in 1636. Plis engravings are highly 
 valued.— Moral. 
 
 Calmet (Augustin), a learned French 
 bencdictine ; he was born in 1672, and 
 died abbot of Senones in 1757. He wrote 
 a Literal Commentary upon all the books 
 of the Scripture, 23 vols. 4to ; a History 
 of the Old and New Testament, 4 vols. 4to.; 
 an Historical, Critical, and Chronological 
 Dictionary of the Bible ; a Universal His- 
 tory, 15 vols. 4to.; and other learned 
 works. — Moreri. 
 
 CALo-JonN,or JoHANNiTz,a Bulgarian 
 chief, who in the 13th century submitted 
 to pope Innocent III. and was invested by 
 him with the royal title. In 1205. he 
 marched against the emperor Baldwin, 
 whom he made prisoner and put to death. 
 After ravaging Greece, and committing 
 
 horrible cruelties, he was assassinated. 
 
 Moreri. Gibbon. 
 
 Calonne (Charles Alexander de), an 
 eminent statesman, was born of a noble fa- 
 mily at Douay in 1734. He was educated 
 at the university of I 5 aris, and became an 
 advocate. Alter attending the bar some 
 time, he became successively solicitor ge- 
 neral to the parliament of Douay, master 
 of requests, intendant of Mentz, and comp- 
 troller general of the finances, in which 
 last place he succeeded. Necker in 1783, at 
 which time he found not a single crown in. 
 the treasury. In this important office he 
 continued till 1787, and during the period 
 of hss administration maintained the pub- 
 lic credit by a punctuality till then un- 
 known in the payments of the royal trea- 
 sury, though he found it drained to the 
 lowest ebb. He laboured with unwearied 
 assiduity to restore the equipoise between 
 the annual income and expenditure, and to 
 provide a supply for the emergencies of 
 the state, without increasing the burthen of 
 the people. For this purpose he advised 
 the king to revive the ancient usage of con- 
 vening national assemblies of the notables, 
 to whom he proposed the bold project of 
 suppressing the pecuniary privileges andex- 
 emptions of the nobility, clergy, and ma- 
 gistracy. This measure alarmed "those pow- 
 erful bodies, and M. de Calonne found it 
 necessary to retire to England, where ho 
 wrote two elegant defences of himself, his 
 Requete an Roi, and Reponse a I Ecrit de M. 
 Ncckcr. At the end of the war he returned 
 to Paris, where he died in 1802. Besides 
 the above pieces he wrote an Essay on 
 Agriculture, 12mo; Observations sur plu- 
 sieurs matieres du droit civil et coutumier, 
 4to ; De l’Etat de la France present et a 
 venir, 1790, 8vo ; in this work he displayed 
 uncommon sagacity, and predicted the dis- 
 asters which afterwards fell on his unhappy 
 country ; Des Finances publiques de la 
 France, 8vo.; Lettre a l’auteur des Consi- 
 derations sur l’Etat des Affaires publiques, 
 1798, 8vo. — Nouv. Bid. Hid. Europ. Map. 
 <vol. XV. 
 
 Calovius (Abraham), a German di- 
 vine, was born in 1612, at Morupgtn, h\ 
 
C A T. 
 
 CAM 
 
 the duchy of Brunswick. He became pro- 
 fessor of divinity at Rostock, after which 
 he removed to Danizick, and lastly to Vi lt- 
 tenberg. Hie was a bigoted lutheran, and 
 strenuously opposed every project ol a 
 union between the reformed churches. So 
 zealous was he on this point, th^t all who 
 were of the same sentiments with him were 
 called Calevians. He died in 1086. His 
 writings were numerous, but mostly con- 
 troversial. — Moreri. 
 
 Calprenede (Walter de Costes, lord of), 
 a French romance-writer, was gentleman 
 of the bedchamber to the king, and in great 
 favour with the prince of Conde, who is 
 said to have assisted him in some of his 
 works. He died in 1663. Mis romances 
 are, Cassandra, Cleopatra, and Pharamond, 
 all very voluminous, but, though once po- 
 pular, they are now sunk into contempt, 
 having given way to novels^ of a lighter 
 and more probable cast. He also wrote 
 dramatic pieces. — Ihid. 
 
 Calpurnius, a Sicilian poet of the 3d 
 century, who WTOte seven eclogues, ad- 
 dressed to Nemisianus, another poet. They 
 possess considerable merit, and are to be 
 found in the Poetae Latini Minores, 4to. 
 1731. — Voss.de Poet. Lat. 
 
 Calvart (Denis), a Flemish painter, 
 was born in 1552. He kept a school at Bo- 
 logna, where he had for his disciples, Guido 
 and Dominichino. He died in 1619. — D 
 Argennille. 
 
 Calvert (George), the first lord Balti- 
 more, was born at Kipling, in Yorkshire, 
 in 1582, and educated at Trinity college, 
 Oxford, after which he went abroad, and 
 at his return entered into the service of 
 Robert Cecil, secretary of state to James I. 
 That monarch made him one ol the clerks 
 of the privy council, and in 1619 he was 
 appointed secretary of state. In 1625 he 
 was created lord Baltimore, and had a 
 grant of land in Newfoundland ; which 
 settlement being abandoned, he obtained 
 another in Virginia, where a colony was 
 afterwards formed called Baltimore. — He 
 died in 1632. — Bio*. Br. 
 
 Calvert (James), a nonconformist di- 
 vine, was born at York, and educated at 
 Clare-hall, Cambridge. He was ejected 
 from the living of TopclifF, in Yorkshire, 
 and died in 1698. He was the author of a 
 work entitled, Napthali, 4to. 1672. — Calamy. 
 
 Calvin (John), an eminent reformer, 
 was born at Noyon in Picardy, in 1509, and 
 educated at Paris under Corderius with a 
 view to the church. Two benefices were 
 procured for him, but having read the 
 scriptures with great attention, he became 
 dissatisfied with the tenets of the church of 
 Rome, and alte/ed his mind with respect to 
 the ecclesiastical state. This change in his 
 opinions induced him to study the law, in 
 which he made a considerable progress; but 
 his open avowal of the protestant faith 
 rendered his stay in France dangerous, and 
 
 he retired to Basil, where he published, in 
 1533, his Institution of the Christian Reli- 
 gion, to which he prefixed an elegant de- 
 dication to Francis I. This work rendered 
 his name famous among all the reformed, 
 and was translated into several languages. 
 The year following he settled at Geneva as 
 minister and professor of divinity, having 
 Farel for his colleague. But soon after he 
 was obliged to leave Geneva, together with 
 Farel, for refusing the sacrament indiscri- 
 minately to the people. Calvin then went 
 to Strasburg, where her officiated in a French 
 church of his own establishment, and was 
 also chosen professor of divinity. The di- 
 vines of Strasburg appointed Calvin to be 
 their deputy at the diet of Worms. In the 
 mean time the citizens of Geneva requested 
 his return to their city, and after repeated 
 solicitations he consented, and arrived there 
 in 1541. His first undertaking was to set 
 on foot a system of ecclesiastical discipline, 
 strictly presbyterian, and as rigorous and 
 assuming as that of Rome itself. He con- 
 tinued in this city, actively employed as a 
 preacher and a writer, till his death, which 
 happened in 1564. The moral character 
 of Calvin was irreproachable, and he ap- 
 pears to have acted from conscientious mo- 
 tives ; but he was proud and overbear- 
 ing. I lis creed was narrow, and the doc- 
 trine of predestination which he broached 
 and explained caused bitter heats and con- 
 fusions long after his death. His intole- 
 rance was manifested in his conduct to Ser- 
 vetus, but this was more the fault of the 
 age than of the man. In all respects, how- 
 ever, he was a great character. He left a 
 widow, by whom he had 'a son, who died 
 an infant. Calvin’s works make 9 vols. 
 folio. — Bayle. Mosheim. 
 
 Calvitius (Sethus), a learned chronolo- 
 ger.born at Thuringia in 1556, and died in 
 1615. His principal work is the Opus 
 Chronologicum, the last edition of which 
 was that of Franckfort in 1685. Scaliger 
 speaks highly of it. — Moreri. 
 
 Calza (Antonio), an Italian painter of 
 the 17th century. He was the disciple of 
 Carlo Cignani, and imitated the battle pie- 
 ces of that master with great success} he 
 also painted landscapes.— -D' Argenville. 
 
 Gamassei, or Gamace (Andrew), an Ita- 
 lian painter, born at Bevagna. He studied 
 under Dominichino and Andrew Sacchi. 
 He died in 1657. At Wilton there is a fine 
 painting by him, representing Venus and 
 the Graces. — Pilkington. 
 
 Camhaceres (N.),a French prelate, was 
 born at Montpellier in 1722. He became 
 preacher to the king, and distinguished 
 himself so much by his talents in the pulpit 
 as to obtain several ecclesiastical prefer- 
 ments, the last of which was the archbi- 
 shopric of Rouen. He died in 1802. — Nou-v. 
 Die: Hit. 
 
 Cambert, a French musician, who was 
 the first that exhibited operas i» France. 
 
C A M 
 
 but being rivalled tsyl.ulli.in 1672 he went 
 to England, where he became master of the 
 king’s band, and died in 1677. — Ibid. 
 
 Ca.mbis-Vki.i.kron (Joseph Lewis Domi- 
 nic, marquis de), a learned French noble- 
 man, was descended of an ancient family in 
 Venaissin, a captain of the dragoons, and 
 colonel in the army. He was born at 
 Avignon in 1706, and died in 1772. His li- 
 brary was one of the largest and most se- 
 lect m his country. He published, I. A Ca- 
 talogue raisonne of the MSS. in his cabi- 
 net, 2 vols. 8vo. a curious work ; 2. Me- 
 moires historiqucs de la Vie de Roger dc 
 Saint I.ary de Bellegrade, 17(17, 12mo. 
 
 He amassed large collections for a history 
 of his native province. He was a true 
 Christian philosopher, animated by the best 
 principles, which he evinced by a corre- 
 snondent example. — Ibid. 
 
 Cambridge (Richard Owen), was born 
 in London in 1714. He was sent early to 
 Eton school, and thence to Oxford. In 
 17 27 lie took chambers at Lincoln’s-inn, 
 and in 1741 married miss Trenchard, with 
 whom be resided at Whitminster in Glou- 
 cestershire. He was fond of the water, 
 and contrived a double boat, consisting of 
 two distinct boats fifty feet in length and 
 onlly eighteen inches wide, placed parallel 
 to each other at the distance of twelve feet, 
 and united by a deck. This double boat is 
 described as a swift and steady sailer, and 
 capable of carrying heavy weights. In 1744 
 Mr. Cambridge published the Seribleriad, 
 which is the most considerable of his poeti- 
 cal, and in 1 7 < > 1 A 1 listory of the War of 
 Coromandel, which is the most extensive of 
 his prose productions. He died in 1802. 
 He was temperate in his habits, and ex- 
 celled in conversation. He wrote some pa- 
 pers in the World. His works were pub- 
 lished in 2 vols. 4to. 180.8, with his Ui'c pre- 
 fixed, by George Owen Cambridge, A. M. 
 
 Cambyies, king of Persia, was the son 
 of Cyrus the great, whom he succeeded 
 B. C. 529. He was of a violent and bloody 
 disposition, and at the beginning of ins 
 reign invaded Egypt, to revenge himself 
 upon the king Amasis, who had broken his 
 promise of giving him his daughter in 
 marriage. That monarch, however, died 
 during the march of Cambvses, who de- 
 feated his son Psammenitus, and pur him 
 to death and all his family. He then made 
 an unsuccessful attempt upon Ethiopia, in 
 which he lost a great part of his arirtv by 
 famine. After committing the most wan- 
 ton cruelties upon his own subjects, as 
 well as upon his enemies, he died of a 
 
 wound in the eighth year of his reign. 
 
 Herodotus . Unit). Hist. 
 
 Camden (William), a learned antiquary, 
 was horn at London in 1551, and after re- 
 ceiving his education at Christ’s hospital 
 and St. Paul’s school, was sent to Magdalen 
 college, Oxford, from whence he removed 
 13roadga.te-ha.il, now Pembroke college. 
 
 C A III 
 
 fh 1578 he took his degree of B. A. arid in 
 L)75 he was appointed second master of 
 Westminster school. In 1586 he published 
 m Latin, the History of the ancient Inhabi- 
 tants of Britain, their Origin, Manners, and 
 Laws; a third edition of this work ap- 
 peared in 1590, at which time he had a pre- 
 bend in Salisbury cathedral,’ but without 
 being in orders. ' In 1593 he became head 
 master of Westminster school, and next year 
 published an enlarged edition of his Bri- 
 tannia. In 1597 he printed his Greek 
 Grammar for the use of Westminster school • 
 and the same year xvas made elareneieux 
 king at arms. In 1600 came out his Cata- 
 logue of the Monuments in Westminster 
 abbey, and a new impression of his Britan- 
 nia. In 1603 he published at Franckfort a 
 Collection of our Ancient Historians in La- 
 tin, and in the year following appeared his 
 Remains Concerning Britain, in 4to. In 
 16T5 he printed his Annals of Queen Eli- 
 zabeth. He died at Chiselhurst in Kent in 
 1623, and his remains were interred in 
 V estminster abbey.' He founded a historv 
 professorship at Oxford, and bequeathed all 
 his books and papers to sir Robert Cotton. 
 — J&'og. Brit. 
 
 Camerarius (Joachim), a learned Ger- 
 man writer, xvas born at Bamberg in 1500, 
 and educated at I.eipsic. He embraced the 
 reformation, and formed a friendship with 
 Melancthon, whose life he xvrote. On the 
 establishment of a college at Nuremberg, 
 Camerarius xvas made professor of belles- 
 lettres, and in 1527 married a woman of 
 good family, who brought him four sons 
 and five daughters. He afterwards re- 
 moved to I.eipsic to superintend that uni- 
 versity, xvhere lie died in 1574. He xvrote 
 many good books, and translated several of 
 the Greek authors. His son Joachim de- 
 voted himself chiefly to medicine and bo- 
 tany, on which last subject Jie wrote some 
 pieces. He died at Nuremberg in 1598, 
 aged 64. — Solmius de Bit. Gamer i 
 
 Cameron (John), a divine, xvas born 
 at Glasgow, about 1580. Fie received his 
 education at his native place, and after stu- 
 dy iny Greek in France, returned to Glas- 
 gow, xvhere he was appointed master of the 
 college, and professor of divinity. After 
 residing there about a year, he xverit to 
 Saumur, and thence to Montauban in 
 France, xvhere he obtained the divinity 
 cnair. At this time the disputes between 
 the Romanists and protestants in thatcoun- 
 ti v x\ ere carried to the most violent height. 
 Ccuinej on xvas inclined to peace, and ex- 
 pressed himself freely against those conten- 
 tions, tor xvhich one zealot gax r e him so 
 severe' a beating in the streets, that it oc- 
 casioned a disorder, of xvhich he died in 
 162.-).^ He endeavoured to reduce the 
 harsh' doctrine of predestination to more 
 reasonable ideas of the goodness and justice 
 ci God ; and fie also maintained that salva- 
 tion was attainable in the Roman church. 
 
C A M 
 
 0 A M 
 
 These points were warmly agitated after 
 his death, and caused his memory to be 
 treated with rudeness, by less liberal pro- 
 testants. His works were printed at Sau- 
 niur, in 3 vols. 4to. and at Geneva, in 1 
 vol. folio. His Remarks on the New '1 es- 
 tament, with the title of Myrothecium 
 Evangelicum, were printed at Geneva, in 
 1 672. — Bayle. 
 
 Camilla, the daughter of Metabus, 
 king of the Volsci, whom she succeeded, 
 and obtained great renown by her feats in 
 arms. She assisted Turnus against iEneas, 
 and fell in battle. — Virgil. Mover] . 
 
 Camii.lus (Marcus Furius), an illus- 
 trious Roman, who obtained four triumphs 
 and five times served the office of dictator. 
 This great man, whose virtues were equal 
 to his talents, was prosecuted on a charge 
 of peculation, on which he went into volun- 
 tary banishment; while he was absent, 
 Brennus, at the head of an army of Gauls, 
 took Rome and besieged the senate in 
 the capitol. Camillas, forgetting his wrongs, 
 flew to the relief of his country, defeated 
 the barbarian, and was created dictator. 
 He died of the pestilence, 365 B. C. — Livy, 
 flat arch. 
 
 CaKioexs (Lewis), a famous Portuguese 
 poet, was born at I isbon, about 1.527. 
 After studying afthe university of Coimbra, 
 he entered into the army, and served in 
 Africa against the Moors with great repu- 
 tation. Soon after his return to Portugal, 
 he engaged in an expedition to the Last 
 Indies ; where he wrote a great part of his 
 Lusiad. On his passage home he suffered 
 shipwreck, but preserved the MS. of his 
 poem, which was published in 1569. He 
 died very wretched at Lisbon in 1579. 
 The people of Macao are still proud of 
 shewing a cave where Camoens amused 
 himself in writing his Lusiad. This ex- 
 cellent poem lias been translated into 
 English by sir Richard Fanshaw and Mr. 
 Mickle, the last is the best. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Campaneli.a (Tfiomas), an Italian phi- 
 losopher, and monk of the dominican order. 
 He was born in Calabria, in 1568. His 
 sagacity enabled him to discover the fal- 
 sity of the peripatetic system; and he 
 formed one of his own which made a great 
 noise, and procured him many enemies. 
 In 1.599 he was seized at Naples, and com- 
 mitted to prison on suspicion of being en- 
 gaged in a conspiracy; and confined till 
 1626, when he was sentto Rome at the re- 
 quest of the pope. In 1634 he escaped and 
 went to France, where cardinal Richelieu 
 allowed him a pension. He died at Paris in 
 1 G39. His principal works are, De recta 
 Ratione Studendi, in which are some excel- 
 lent rules for philosophizing; Aphorismata 
 Politics ; and de Monarchia Hispanica. — 
 F rahoubi. 
 
 C.'MTANO (John Antonio), a learned 
 Italian, was born about 1429, in Campania, 
 of an obscure family. He was brought up 
 
 4 
 
 to the occupation of keeping sheep, in 
 which situation he was noticed by a priest, 
 who took him home, and gave him a 
 liberal education. He acquired a consider- 
 able knowledge of the Greek language at 
 Perugia, and was made professor of rheto- 
 ric there. Pius II. made him a bishop, 
 and sent him to the congress at Ratisbeu. 
 Sixtus IV. appointed him governor of Citta 
 da Gastello; but Campano having resisted 
 an arbitrary act of the pope against the in- 
 habitants, incurred his displeasure, an which 
 he withdrew to his bishopric of Terrano, 
 and died there in 1477. He wrote the His- 
 tory of Andrew Braccio, a famous com- 
 mander ; several moral and political trea- 
 tises, letters, orations, and Latin poems; 
 all of which were published together, in 
 1707 and 1734, at I.eipsic. lie is not to be 
 confounded with Ntmarese Ctwtpano, an Ita- 
 lian mathematician in the 13th century. 
 He was an ecclesiastic, and wrote com- 
 mentaries on Euclid, and several works on 
 astronomy, which still exist in MS. — Bayle. 
 Tiraboschi . 
 
 Campbell (Archibald), carl and mar- 
 quis of Agryle, was born in 1.598, and edu- 
 cated suitably to his birth and great intercut 
 in his country. He was a zealous par- 
 tizan of the covenanters. Charles I. created 
 him a marquis in 1641, notwithstanding the 
 opposition he had shown to his favourite 
 object of effecting a conformity between 
 the churches of Scotland and England. 
 It was by his persuasion that Charles II vi- 
 sited Scotland, and was crowned at Scone 
 in 16,51. After the defeat of the king at 
 Worcester he was made prisoner by one of 
 the parliamentary generals, and sent to 
 Edinburgh, where he signed a paper pro- 
 mising obedience to the established govern- 
 ment, and obtained his release. At the res- 
 toration he was committed to the (Power, 
 and after lying there five months was sent 
 to Scotland, where he was tried for high 
 treason, and beheaded in 1661. — Blog.Brit. 
 
 Campbell (Archibald), earl of Agryle, 
 was the son of the above, and served the 
 kingwith greatbravery at thebattleofDun- 
 bar, and was exempted out of the general 
 pardon by Cromwell in 16.54 for his exer- 
 tions in favour of the royal cause. The 
 men who brought his father to the block 
 laboured to do the same by him, and hav- 
 ing gained possession of a letter in which 
 he complained of the ill usage he had 
 experienced at court, they caused him to be 
 tried before the parliament of Scotland on 
 a charge of leasing-making, i. e. for creating 
 dissensions between the king and his sub- 
 jects, by giving the former lying informa- 
 tion. Though this accusation was false, he 
 was sentenced to lose his head ; but when 
 the news came to court, the earl of Claren- 
 don told the king, that if he suffered such 
 a precedent he would get out of his domi- 
 nions as fast as his gout would le him. On 
 tin’s the sentence was suspended, and he was 
 
CAM 
 
 CAM 
 
 restored to liberty and his estates. He was 
 afterwards made a privy counsellor and one 
 of tie lords of the treasury. When the 
 duke of York was in Holland, advantage 
 , was made of the earl of Argyle’s refusal to 
 take contradictory oaths, to try him again 
 for treason, and lie was once more con- 
 demned to suffer death by a most iniquitous 
 act. He however escaped to Holland, 
 from whence lie returned with several other 
 disaffected persons, and landed in the High- 
 lands, with a view of aiding the duke of 
 Monmouth. The plan, however, failed; 
 and he was taken by some country 
 people, who cornered him to Edinburgh, 
 where he was beheaded in 1685. — Biag. Brit. 
 - Campbell (John), the second duke of 
 Arr-yle, and duke of Greenwich, was the 
 son of Archibald duke of Argvle, by Eliza- 
 beth daughter of sir Lionel Talmash. He 
 was born in 1671. In 170G he served un- 
 der the duke uf Marlborough, and was bri- 
 gadier-general at the battle of Ramillies. 
 He also distinguished himself as a states- 
 man, and was a promoter of the union, 
 for which he incurred considerable odium 
 in his own country, He commanded at 
 the battles of Oudenarde and Malplaquet 
 wirh great honour, and assisted at the sieges 
 of Lisle and Ghent. For these services he 
 was made a knight of the garter in 1710, 
 and the year following was sent ambassa- 
 dor to Charles 111. of Spain. He was also 
 appointed commander in chief of the Eng- 
 lish forces^ there. In 1712 he had the mi- 
 litary command in Scotland, of which post 
 he was soon after deprived for opposing 
 the court measures ; but on the accession 
 of George I. he was restored, and received 
 additional honours. In 171.7 he engaged 
 the eari of Mar’s army at Dun Main, and 
 forced the pretender to quit the kingdom. 
 !n 171* he was created an English peer by 
 the title of duke of Greenwich. He 
 filled successively several high offices, of 
 winch he was deprived for his opposition 
 to sir Robert Walpole, but on the removal 
 of that minister he was replaced. He died 
 in 1743, and was buried in Westminster 
 abbey, where is a noble monument to his 
 memory. — Ibid. 
 
 Campbell (Archibald), of the same fa- 
 mily as the preceding, and a prelate of the 
 Scotch episcopal church. He resided prin- 
 cipally in London, and was intimate with 
 bishop Bull, doctor Hickes, doctor Grahe, 
 and Mr. Nelson. He was a nonjuror, and 
 in 1721 was elected bishop of Aberdeen, 
 which charge he resigned in 1724. He 
 died in 1744. Bishop Campbell published 
 a folio volume, entitled, The Doctrine of a 
 Middle State between Death and the Re- 
 surrection, 1721. This is a learned and 
 curious book on a profound subject, 
 which the author seems to have exhausted, 
 and to have set in a very important light. 
 
 It is now extremely scarce. — Bishop Skinner's 
 Primitive Order' restored, 1804, Appendix. 
 
 Campbell (Colin), a Scotch architect, 
 who wrote Vitruvius Britannicus, 3 vols. 
 folio; and built some elegant edifices in 
 Kent. He was surveyor of the works at 
 Greenwich; and died in 173 -a — Gen. Bim. 
 Diet. 
 
 Campbell (George), an eminent di- 
 vine of the church of Scotland was born 
 in -Ttgyleshire in 1696, educated at St. 
 Andrew’s where he took his degree of D.D, 
 and died in 1757. hie wrote a vindication 
 of the Christian Religion, 173 >, 8vo. — Ibid. 
 
 Campbell (John), an ingenious writer, 
 was born at Edinburgh in 1708, but was 
 brought by his mother to Windsor when he 
 was only five years old, and never after vi- 
 sited his native country. He was designed 
 for the law, but renounced that profession 
 on the expiration of his clerkship, and de- 
 voted himself to literary pursuits. The first 
 performance of his was the Military His- 
 tory of Prince Eugene and the Duke of 
 Marlborough, in 2 vols. folio, published 
 in 1736. This work was well received, 
 and occasioned the author to be employed 
 in writing the Universal History, of which 
 the cosmogony is known to be his. While 
 he was engaged in this work he published 
 several books, the principal of which was 
 the Lives of the Admirals, 4 vols. 8vo a per- 
 formance of great merit. In 1743 he pub- 
 lished a curious tract, entitled Hermippus 
 redivivus, ©r the Sage’s Triumph over Old 
 Age and the Grave. The year following 
 appeared his improved edition of Harris’s 
 Collection of Voyages and Travels, 2 vols. 
 folio. He next engaged in that great un- 
 dertaking the Biographia Britannica, which 
 began to be published in numbers in 1745, 
 and was completed in seven volumes folio. 
 In 1750 he published his Present State of 
 Europe, which went through six editions. 
 In 175 1 the university of Glasgow conferred 
 on him the degree of LL. D. lie wrote 
 a Vindication of the Peace in 1763, for 
 which he was appointed king’s agent for 
 the province of Georgia. His greatest 
 work, in the composition of which he spent 
 many years, is his Political Survey of Bri- 
 tain, which appeared in 2 vols. 4to 1774, 
 and abounds in speculative projects and po- 
 litical schemes. He wrote besides the pub- 
 lications here mentioned, a great number 
 of pamphlets and anonymous books, and 
 contributed to a variety of compilations, 
 liis moral character was truly amiable, he 
 had a constant attachment to the establish- 
 ed church, and in his politics he was a tory.. 
 He died in 1775 — Biog.Brit. 
 
 Campbell (George), a learned divine, 
 was born at Aberdeen in 1719, and edu- 
 cated at the Marischal college. In 17.50 
 he obtained the living of Branchary 
 Ternan, near Aberdeen; from whence 
 he removed to that city in 17.56. In 
 1759 he became principal of Marischal 
 college, and in 1771 was chosen professor 
 of divinity. lie diedia 1796, havingredgned 
 
C A M 
 
 CAM 
 
 Ills offices a short time before. Dr. Camp- 
 bell is advantageously known by his answer 
 i to I lume on the miracles, and by his trans- 
 lation of the Gospels, 2 vols. 4to, 4 vols. 8vo. 
 but in a posthumous work, entitled, Lec- 
 tures on Ecclesiastical History, he has 
 evinced no small degree of prejudice, par- 
 tiality, and bigotry on the side of presbyte- 
 rianism. — Lift 'ay Skene Keith. 
 
 Campeggio (Lorenzo), a cardinal, was 
 born at Milan in 1474. He was at first a 
 professor of civil law at Bologna, and mar- 
 ried, but on the death of his wife he en- 
 tered into the church, and was made a 
 bishop. Leo X. created him a cardinal 
 while he was nuncio at the imperial court. 
 In 1519 he was sent legate to England 
 to collect the tenths for the war against 
 the Turks, and while here was nominated 
 bishop of Salisbury. In 1524 he was again 
 in Germany, as the delegate of the pope, to 
 oppose the progress of lutheranism, in 
 which he met with no success. He was 
 again in England on the subject of the se- 
 paration between Henry Vill. and Cathe- 
 rine of Arragon, in which he gave satisfac- 
 tion to neither party. He was recalled in 
 1529, and the pope sent him once more to 
 Germany, where he attended the diet of 
 Augsburg. He died at Rome in 1539. lie 
 was a learned man, and the friend of Eras- 
 mus and other eminent scholars. Some of 
 his letters are in a collection printed at 
 Basil in 1.550. His brother Thomas was also 
 a bishop. He published several works on 
 the canon law, and died in 15G4. — Moreri. 
 Tiraboschi. 
 
 Camper (Peter), an eminent physician 
 and naturalist, was born at Leyden, in 1 722. 
 His father, who was a protestant divine, 
 gave him an excellent education. He 
 studied under Boerhaave, Muschenbroek, 
 Gravesande, and other great men in that 
 university. Having lost iris parents at the 
 age of twenty-six, he visited England, 
 France, and Germany, where he cultivated 
 the acquaintance of men of letters. At 
 Berlin he met with a flattering reception 
 from Frederic the Great. To the study of 
 medicine he joined that of many other sci- 
 ences, and a taste for the fine arts. He de- 
 signed, painted, and modelled, with exact- 
 ness and elegance : but his chief excellence 
 lay in philosophy and natural history. His 
 works on these subjects make 6 vols. 8vo. 
 enriched with above 100 folio plates on 
 the most curious subjects. He wrote also 
 on the physiognomies of men of different 
 countries, a work of ingenuity, though ra- 
 ther hypothetical. Fie died in 1789. — Noiev. 
 Diet. Hist. 
 
 Camthusen (Dirk), an eminent painter, 
 born at Gorcum in 1586. His landscapes 
 and moonlight pieces are extremely beau- 
 tifu 1. — Pilkington . 
 
 Campi (Bernardin), an Italian painter, 
 who published in 1580 an excellent book 
 
 on tlte principles of his art. He died in 
 1584, aged 62. — Ibid. 
 
 Campi (Galeazzo), an eminent Italian 
 painter of history and portrait; born at 
 Cremona. Fie died in 1536. — Ibid. 
 
 Campain (Edmund), an English jesuit, 
 was born in London, and educated in 
 Christ’s hospital. In 1553 he was elected 
 scholar of St. John’s college, Oxford, where 
 he took his degrees in arts ; and entered 
 into orders. In 1568 he went to Ireland, 
 where he turned papist, and in 1.5" l enter- 
 ed among the jesuits at Douay. He resided 
 at Vienna some time, and wrote a tragedy 
 called Nectar and Ambrosia, which was 
 performed with applause before the impe- 
 rial court. Gregory XIII. sent him as a mis- 
 sionary to England, where he was tried and 
 executed for high treason, in 1.581. His 
 principal work is the Chronologia Univer- 
 salis. — Wood. 
 
 Campistron (John Galbert de),a French 
 poet, and secretary to the duke of Ven- 
 dome; born at Toulouse in 1656, and died 
 in 1723. His plays were printed in 3 vols. 
 12mo. 1750. They possess many beauties, 
 and some of them are little inferior to those 
 of Racine. — JSfouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Campo (Antonio), an Italian historian" of 
 the 15th century. He wrote the History 
 of Cremona, 1585, folio. — Moreri. 
 
 Campra (Andrew), a French musician, 
 born at Aix in 1660, and died at Versailles 
 in 1744. He composed church music and 
 operas with great success. — Moreri. 
 
 Camps (Francis de), a French author, 
 born at Amiens in 1643, and died at Paris 
 in 1723. He was abbot of Lignv, and wrote. 
 Dissertations on Medals, a History of 
 France, and other works. — Ibid. 
 
 Campson-Gauri, sultan of Egypt, to 
 which dignity he was raised by the Mame- 
 lukes in 1 504. He governed with prudence 
 and moderation, and was slain in a battle 
 fought with Selim emperor of the Turks, 
 in 151 6, aged 7 O.r. — Ibid. 
 
 Camus (John Peter), a celebrated pre- 
 late, was born at Paris in 1582. Henry IV. 
 appointed him bishop of Bellay, and he 
 distinguished himself by his diligence in 
 the discharge of the episcopal function 
 But in Ins sermons, he indulged a vein of 
 raillery not very suitable to the pulpit, and 
 he was very severe on the monks, which 
 occasioned a complaint from them to car- 
 dinal Richelieu. After twenty years un- 
 wearied labour, he obtained leave to resign 
 his charge ; on which he retired to a mo- 
 nastery. He died in the hospital of incur- 
 ables at Paris, after refusing two bishoprics, 
 in 1652. His works are numerous, and 
 among them are several pious romances, 
 written with a view of checking the rage 
 for the reading ©f romances in his time. 
 
 Camus (Stephen la), another French bi- 
 shop, was born at Paris in 1632. He be- 
 came a doctor of the Sorbonne, and in 1671 
 
 Q 
 
CAN 
 
 CAN 
 
 Was appointed bishop of Grenoble. He 
 lived a mortified life, sleeping upon straw, 
 wearing a hair shirt, and eating the plainest 
 food. In his episcopal character he was 
 highly exemplary, visiting every part of his 
 diocese, and that chiefly on foot. He found- 
 ed several charitable institutions and 
 schools. Innocent XI. made him a cardinal 
 in 1686. He died in 1707, leaving his pro- 
 perty to the poor. He wrote Pastoral 
 Letters, and a Discourse on the perpetual 
 Virginity of the Virgin Mary. — Moreri. 
 
 Camus (Charles Stephen Lewis), a mem- 
 ber of the royal academy of sciences, Paris, 
 and of the royal society of London. He 
 died in 1768, aged 58. He wrote a Course 
 of Mathematics, 4 vols. 8vo.; also trea- 
 tises on Mechanics and Arithmetic. — Noun. 
 Diet. Hist. 
 
 Camus (Antony le), a French physician, 
 was born at Paris in 1722, and died there 
 in 1772.' He wrote, 1. Physic for the Mind, 
 
 2 vols. 12mo. ; 2. Abdeker, or the Art of 
 preserving Beauty, 4 vols. 12mo.; 3. Medi- 
 cal Miscellanies. — Ibid. 
 
 Camusat (Nicholas), a learned French- 
 man, was born at Troyes, of which city he 
 became canon ; and died in 1655, aged 80. 
 His works are, Promptuarium sacrarum 
 antiquitatumTricassinas diocesis, 1610, 8vo.; 
 Historia Albigensium, 1615 ; Melanges 
 I Iistoriques, 1619, 8vo. — Ibid. 
 
 Canani (John Baptist), an Italian anato- 
 mist, was born at Ferrara about 1515. lie 
 was professor of medicine and anatomy at 
 Ferrara, and chief physician to the duke. 
 He is said to have discovered the valves of 
 the veins. His work, intitled Musculorum 
 Humani Corporis Picturata Dissectio, is 
 extremely scarce. He died about 1590. — 
 Tiraboschi. 
 
 Canaye (Philip sieur duFresne), an emi- 
 nent statesman, was born at Paris in 1551. 
 He travelled as far as Constantinople, of 
 which journey he published an account. 
 On his return to Paris, he was called to the 
 bar, and became counsellor of state. Henry 
 IV. sent him on several embassies, memoirs 
 of which have been published in 3 vols. 
 folio. He was converted from Calvinism, 
 at the famous conference between Du Per- 
 ron and Du Plessis Mornay. He died in 
 1610. — Moreri. 
 
 Candaules, a king of Lydia, who im- 
 prudently exhibited his wife naked to his 
 favourite Gyges. The queen out of re- 
 venge directed Gyges to kill the king, after 
 which he put her also to death, and obtained 
 the crown, B.C. 718. — Ibid , 
 
 Candito (Peter), a Flemish painter, 
 whose real name was White. He was born 
 at Bruges in 1548, and excelled in painting 
 history! Several prints after his designs 
 have been engraved. — Noun. Diet. Hi t. 
 
 Cange (Charles du Fresne du), a learned 
 antiquary, was born at Amiens in 1510. 
 He was treasurer of France, and great- 
 ly esteemed for his amiable manners, 
 
 as well as for his great learning. Fie died 
 in 1688. His principal works are, A His- 
 tory of the Empire of Constantinople un- 
 der the French emperors, fol. ; Plistory of 
 St. Louis by Joinville, with Dissertations 
 folio ; Glossarium ad Scriptores mediae et 
 infimas Latinitatis, 3 vols. folio ; [This is a 
 collection of vast merit] Historia Byzan- 
 tina, fol. ; Glossarum ad Scriptores medi* 
 et infimaj Gra;citatis, 2 vols. fol. — Moreri. 
 
 Cangiago, or Cambisi (Ludovico), a 
 Genoese painter, was born in 1527. He 
 painted some admirable works in Italy and 
 Spain; but falling in love with the sister of 
 his deceased wife, and endeavouring in vain 
 to get a papal dispensation, he died in the 
 latter country in 1585. — D' Aryennille. 
 
 Canini (Angelo), a learned grammarian 
 of Italy, who died in 1557. Fie wrote, Ob- 
 servations on the Greek Language; and 
 Institutiones Linguae Syriacas Assvriacae at- 
 que Thalmudicas una cum iEthiopicce atque 
 Arabicae collatione. — Moreri. 
 
 Canisius (Henry), a German canonist, 
 who died at Ingoldstadt in 1610. Flewroto 
 some learned works in the line of his pro- 
 fession, and others on antiquities. — Ibid. 
 
 Canitz (the baron of), a Prussian poet, 
 was born at Berlin in 1654, and died there 
 in 1699. He was privy counsellor of state; 
 and wrote some elegant poems in the Ger- 
 man language. — Noun. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Cano (Alonzo), called the Michael An- 
 gelo of Spain, from the variety of his talents 
 in painting, statuary, and architecture, was 
 born in 1600 at Grenada. After studying 
 architecture under his father, he applied to 
 sculpture under Pacheco of Seville. H<? 
 next became the disciple of Jaun dell Cas- 
 tillo, the painter, practising sculpture at the 
 same time, in which line he executed two 
 colossal statues of St. Peter and St. Paul so 
 very fine that foreign artists came to copy 
 them. He wa's soon created first royal ar- 
 chitect, king's painter, and instructor to the 
 prince don Balthazar Carlos. He adorned 
 the palaces and churches with elegant pieces 
 of sculpture and beautiful paintings. But a 
 singular misfortune occurred while he was 
 in the career of glory. Coming home one 
 evening, he found his house robbed, his wife 
 murdered, and his Italian servant fled. Not- 
 withstanding the strong presumption that 
 this man was the criminal, the magistrates 
 fastened their suspicion on Cano, who was 
 known to be of a jealous temper. Fearful 
 of the consequences, he fled, but afterwards 
 returned to Madrid, where he was racked- 
 to extort confession. He endured the tor- 
 ture without uttering a word to criminate 
 himself, and the king caused him to be do 
 livered, and took him into favour. After 
 this he returned into the church as an asy- 
 lum from farther persecution, but still con- 
 tinued his professional pursuits. In his 
 last moments, when the priest held to him 
 a crucifix wretchedly executed, he told him 
 to take i-t away, for tlra^ it so badly 
 
CAN 
 
 CAN 
 
 done he could not bear the sight of it. He 
 died in 1670'. — Cumberland's Anecdotes of Spa- 
 nish Painters . 
 
 Cano, or Canus (Melchior), a Spanish 
 prelate, was born at Terancon, in the dio- 
 cese of Toledo, and entered into the order 
 of St. Dominic at Salamanca, where he be- 
 came theological professor in 1546'. In 
 1552 he was made bishop of the Canary- 
 islands, but resigned that he might live at 
 court, being a great favourite with Philip 
 II. He died at Toledo in 1560. He wrote 
 some books, the best of which is entitled 
 Tocoruni Theologicorum. — Moreri. 
 
 Cantacuzenus; see John. 
 
 Cantarini (Simon), called the Pezarcsc, 
 from the place of his nativity. He was 
 the disciple of Guido, and his paintings 
 are often taken for those of his master. 
 
 He died at Verona in 1648. No wo. Diet. 
 
 Hist. 
 
 Canter (Peter Joseph), a jesuit, was born 
 in 1645, and died at Paris in 1685. He 
 wrote, 1 . De Romana Republica, 1 2mo. 1 707. 
 2. Metropolitanarum urbium historia civilis 
 et ecclesiastica. lie also edited Justin and 
 Valerius Maximus. — Mo reri. 
 
 Cantemir (Demetrius), a Moldavian 
 prince of Tartarian extract, was born in 
 1673. Early in life he served the grand 
 seignior, who appointed him governor of 
 Moldavia, which he surrendered to Peter 
 the Great, and obtained from him the title 
 of prince. Pie died in 1723. He wrote a 
 History of the Rise and Fall of the Ottoman 
 Empire in Latin ; the System of the Mo- 
 hammedan religion ; the present State of 
 Moldavia, &c. — Moreri. 
 
 Cantemir (Antiochus), son of the pro- 
 ceeding, was born in 1710, and educated at 
 Petersburg; he was raised to several im- 
 portant offices, and sent ambassador to Paris 
 and London. He died in 1744. Pie wrote 
 poems in the Russian language, and trans- 
 lated Anacreon and other authors. — Ncu-v. 
 Diet. Hist. 
 
 Canter (William), a learned critic, was 
 born at Utrecht in 1542, and was educated 
 at Louvain. He died in 1575. Plis writings 
 are, Varis Lectiones, or Emendations of an- 
 cient Writers ; Notes on Euripides, Sopho- 
 cles, ASschylus, &e.; Latin Poems; the De- 
 licite Poetarum Belgarum. His brother 
 Theodore published critical remarks on va- 
 rious ancient authors. — Moreri. 
 
 Canton (John), an experimentalist, 
 was born at Stroud in Gloucestershire in 
 1718. He acquired a common education, 
 after which he Was put apprentice to a 
 broad-cloth weaver. His leisure hours were 
 devoted to mathematical studies, and he 
 succeeded so well as to make a dial upon 
 stone, which not only gave the hour of tie 
 day but the rising of the sun, his place in 
 tbs ecliptic, and other particulars. Thus 
 was placed against the front of his father’s 
 house, and so pleased many gentlemen of 
 thencighbourhood, that he found, by access 
 
 to their libraries, great helps in his fa 
 Vourite pursuits. In 1739 he went to Lon- 
 don, and was engaged as assistant to Mr. 
 Watkins, master of an academy in Spital- 
 fields, whom he afterwards succeeded. 
 About 1746 he made some improvements in 
 electricity, and in 1750 he presented to the 
 royal society a method of making artificial 
 magnets, for which he was elected a mem- 
 ber, and received the gold medal. In 1751 
 he was honoured with the degree of M. A. 
 by the university of Aberdeen, and chosen, 
 one of the council of the royal society. His 
 communications to that learned body upon 
 astronomical and philosophical subjects were 
 
 numerous and important, but he never pub- 
 lished any separate work. Mr. Canton died 
 in 1772, leaving a widow and seven chil- 
 dren. — Biag. Br. 
 
 Cantwell (Andrew), an Irish physician, 
 and F. R. S. who died in 1754. He wrote 
 Latin Dissertations on Medicine, Fever, and 
 Secretions; New Experiments on Mrs. Ste- 
 phens’s P,.emedies; History of a Remedy for 
 Weakness of the Eyes;' Account of the 
 Small-pox ; Dissertation on Inoculation. — 
 — Gen. B. D. 
 
 Canus, or Cano (Sebastian), the first per- 
 son who sailed round the globe, was a na- 
 tive of Biscay, and accompanied Magellan 
 to the East Indies, after whose death he sail- 
 ed to the Isles of Sunda, and doubled the 
 Cape of Good Hope. He returned to Spain 
 in 1522. He is not to be confounded with. 
 James Canus, a Portuguese navigator, who 
 discovered the kingdom of Congo in 1484. 
 —Moreri. 
 
 Canute, or Knud, the Great, king of 
 Denmark and of England, succeeded his fa- 
 ther Sweyn in the former kingdom about 
 the year 1014. He commenced his reign 
 by an expedition against England, but 
 hearing that the king of Norway had in- 
 vaded Denmark, he was obliged to make a 
 precipitate return. Having repulsed thejn- 
 vader, he resumed his enterprise, and landed 
 on the southern coast, where he committed 
 dreadful ravages. Edmund Ironside op- 
 posed him with such bravery that Canute 
 agreed to divide the kingdom between 
 them. On the murder of Edmund bv Edric 
 in 101 7, Canute obtained the whole kingdom 
 in an assembly of the states. Pie then put 
 to death Edric and several of the English 
 nobility who had basely deserted their sove- 
 reign. He likewise levied heavy taxes on 
 the people, and particularly the inhabitants of 
 London. However, he distributed justice 
 with an even hand, shewed n* partiality to 
 the Danes in preference to the English, and 
 instituted some good regulations. The king 
 of Sweden having attacked Denmark, he 
 embarked thither, and slew the Swedish 
 monarch in battle. But though he acquired 
 so large an accession of power and terri- 
 tory, his mind was superior to vanity, as 
 the following story evinces. Some of his 
 flatterers havingpraisedhim beyond bound* 
 
CAP 
 
 at Southampton, Canute caused a chair to 
 be placed on the sea-shore, and seating him- 
 self therein, commanded the waves not to 
 approach his feet. The tide, regardless of 
 the mandate, rolled onwards as before ; on 
 which, leaping up, he said, no one deserved 
 to be called sovereign but the Being whom 
 the winds and waves obey. After this he 
 made a pilgrimage to Rome, founded seve- 
 ral churches, and died at Shaftsbury in 
 1035. — Urtiv. Hist. Hume. 
 
 Canute IV. called the/>iWr,king of Den- 
 mark, succeeded his brother Harold in 
 1080. He undertook an expedition to Eng- 
 land, which failed. He was slain by one of 
 his subjects after an insurrection, owing to 
 the exorbitant grants which he had given 
 to the church in 1087. For this he was ca- 
 nonized by pope Alexander III. in 1164. 
 There were some other princes of the same 
 name, but their history is no way interest- 
 ing. — Mod. Uni-v. Hist. 
 
 Cataccio (Julio Csesare), a learned Ita- 
 lian of the 17th century. He was appoint- 
 ed secretary to the city of Naples, and tutor 
 to the prince of Urbino. He died in 1631. 
 We have by him a History of Naples, and 
 other works, in Italian. — Moreri. 
 
 C a tasso (Nicholas), a learned writer, 
 was born at Fratta in the kingdom of Na- 
 ples in 167'. He became a divine, and 
 professor of civil law in the university of 
 that metropolis. His works on divinity 
 and jurisprudence are fallen into oblivion ; 
 but his poetical performances in Latin and 
 Italian, the last edition of which was pub- 
 lished at Naples in 1780, in 1 vol. 4to. are 
 held in great esteem. He spent upwards 
 of two years in translating Homer’s Iliad 
 into the Neapolitan patois, which is highly 
 prized among his countrymen, but little 
 known elsewhere. He died at Naples in 
 1746, aged 75. 
 
 CarEdo (Scipio),aLatin poet of the 16th 
 century, was born at Naples, where he be- 
 came professor of law. He wrote a poem 
 on the Principles, of Things, in imitation of 
 Lucretius, printed first in 1542, and again 
 with notes at Venice in 1754. — Tiraboschi. 
 
 Capel (Arthur, lord), a loyal English no- 
 bleman, was the son of sir Henry Capel, 
 knt. In the parliament of 1640 he repre- 
 sented the county of Hertford, and dis- 
 tinguished himself by his moderation, 
 though he inclined to the popular side, and 
 voted for the attainder of the earl of Straf- 
 ford, a measure which he afterwards sin- 
 cerely repented. Finding that the parlia- 
 ment went farther against the king than 
 he -wished, he began to oppose their vio- 
 lent measures, for which he was created 
 lord Capel of Hadham. In the war which 
 followed he acted zealously for his majesty, 
 for which the house of commons confiscated 
 his estates. In 1648 he defended Colchester, 
 with the earl of Norwich and sir Charles 
 Lucas, against the parliament forces, but 
 obliged at last to surrender upon pro- 
 
 CAP 
 
 mise of quarter. Notwithstanding this, Kg’ 
 was committed to the Tower, from whence 
 he made his escape, but being soon taken-, 
 was tried, and condemned to be hanged, 
 drawn, and quartered, which sentence was 
 changed to beheading. This was executed 
 March 9, 1648. His conduct on the scaf- 
 fold was worthy of the cause for which he 
 suffered. While in the Tower he wrote 
 some tender and beautiful stanzas, which 
 have been frequently printed.— Biog. Brit. 
 
 Capel (Arthur), son of the preceding, 
 was created earl of Essex on account of his 
 father’s loyalty and his own merits. He 
 was also sent ambassador to Denmark, and 
 made lord lieutenant of Ireland. In 1679 
 he became first lord of the treasury, but 
 resigned that place in a few months. He 
 voted for the bill for excluding the duke of 
 York, on its second introduction, though 
 he had before been against it. For this, and 
 his correspondence with persons disaffected 
 against government, he was struck out of 
 the list of privy counsellors. In June 1683 
 he was accused by lord Howard ol Escric 
 of being concerned in the Rye-house plot, 
 on which lie was committed to the Tower, 
 where in July following he was found with 
 his throat cut with a razor, and the coro- 
 ner’s jury found a verdict of felo de jv, 
 though it was the general opinion that he 
 was murdered. — Ibid. 
 
 Capej.i. (Edward), editor of Shakspeare, 
 was born at Troston, near Bury, in Suffolk, 
 in 1713. He obtained the place of deputy- 
 inspector of plays, with a salary of 200/. a 
 year, which probably turned his attention 
 towards publishing an edition of Shak- 
 speare, on which he spent above twenty 
 years; but though it appeared in 10 vols. 
 8vo. it was without notes. In 1783 these 
 were published in 3 vols. 4to. and evince 
 a considerable research. He was also the 
 editor of a volume of poems, called Prolu- 
 sions, and the altered play of Antony and 
 Cleopatra, acted at Drury-lane in 1758. 
 He died in 1781. — Biog. Dram. 
 
 Capella (Marcianus Minseus Felix), a 
 Latin poet of the 5th century. There is 
 extant of his a poem, entitled, De Nuptiis 
 Philologite et Mercurii, et de septem ar- 
 tibus liberalibus, which was printed in 
 1599. There was an earlier poet of the 
 same name mentioned by Ovid. — V os si us de 
 Poet. Lat- 
 
 Capello (Bianca), an Italian lady, was 
 born at Venice about 1542. Born of a 
 noble family, she married a person of in- 
 ferior rank, with whom she left Venice and 
 went to Florence, where she captivated 
 Francis, the son of the grand duke Cosmo 
 de Medici, and became his mistress. Cn 
 the death of her husband and the grand 
 duchess he married Bianca, and sent an 
 embassy to Venice on the occasion. That 
 obsequious state returned the compliment, 
 bv acknowledging Bianca a daughter of 
 tHeir republic. She was a woman of con. 
 
CAP 
 
 C A R 
 
 siclerable talents, though numerous charges 
 of cruelty- are brought against her by the 
 Florentines, who detest her memory. She 
 and her husband died within a few days of 
 each other in 1587, not without strong sus- 
 picion of being poisoned by the cardinal 
 
 Ferdinand, the brother of Francis. Life 
 
 •written by J. P. Siebcniees. 
 
 Capilupi (Camillo), an Italian writer, 
 who rendered himself famous by a book, 
 entitled, The Stratagems of Charles IX. 
 against the Hugonots, 1572. He describes 
 ■Lie massacre of St. Bartholomew in glow- 
 ing colours, but not with a strict attention 
 to veracity. His brothers, Lelio , Julio , and 
 Ippolito, were also distinguished by their ta- 
 lents. The Latin poems of the two first 
 -were printed in the Delicise Poetarum Ita- 
 iorum. The last became bishop of Fano, 
 and died at Rome in 1580. — Moreri. Tiru- 
 boschi. 
 
 Capistran (John), a friar minor, and 
 saint of the Roman church, who laboured 
 with great zeal against Turks and heretics 
 in the 14th century. Fie headed a crusade 
 against the Hussites, and converted num- 
 bers of them, but probably more by terror 
 than argument. He died in 1456, and was 
 canonized in 1690. — Moreri. 
 
 Capisucchi (Blasius), marquis of Mon- 
 terio, and general of the papal forces. Tie 
 became famous for his exploits against the 
 Hugonots, particularly at Poitiers, which 
 was besieged by them .in 1569. The assail- 
 ants threw a bridge across the river to fa- 
 cilitate the capture of the place, when Ca- 
 pisucchi, with two others, plunged into the 
 river, and destroying the fastenings of the 
 bridge, thereby rendering it useless. — Ibid. 
 
 Capisucchi (Paul), a cation of the Va- 
 tican, bishop of Neocastro, and vice-legate 
 of Hungary. The pope appointed him to 
 examine the circumstances of the divorce 
 of Henry VIII. of England from Catherine 
 of Arragon, and his report was against that 
 proceeding. He died at Rome in 1539, 
 aged 60. — Ibid. 
 
 Capito (Wolfgang Fabricius), a German 
 protestant divine, was born at Haguenau 
 in 1478, and died there of the plague in 
 1542. He wrote a Hebrew Grammar, the 
 Life of CEcolampadius, and other works. — 
 Moreri. 
 
 Capitolinus (Julius), a Latin historian 
 of the 3d century, who wrote Lives of 
 some of the latter emperors, but neither 
 with purity nor exactness. — Voss. Hist Lat. 
 
 Caporali (Ciesar), an Italian poet, born 
 at Perugia in 1536, and died in 1601. He 
 wrote some burlesque pieces in a very po- 
 pular style ; also, the Life -of Maecenas, and 
 some comedies — Tiraboschi. 
 
 Cappe (Newcome), a dissenting divine, 
 was born at Leeds, and educated under Dr. 
 Doddridge at Northampton : but finished 
 his studies under Dr. Leechman at Glas- 
 gow. He afterwards became a dissenting 
 minister at York, where he died in 1791. 
 
 He published single sermons, and a volume 
 of Discourses on the Providence and Go- 
 vernment of God, 8vo. 1795. Since his 
 death have appeared his Illustrations of Se- 
 lect passages of Scripture. — Monthly Mag. 
 
 Cappel (Lewis), a learned French di- 
 vine, was born at Sedan in 1585. He be- 
 came Hebrew professor at Saumur, and dis- 
 tinguished himself by his writings against 
 the authority of the Hebrew vowel points. 
 He also published a profound work, enti- 
 tled, Critica Sacra, folio, 1658. It was at- 
 tacked by John Buxtorf, and approved by 
 Grotius. Flis Commentaries on the Scrip- 
 tures of the Old Testament were printed 
 after his death, in 1658. — Moreri. 
 
 Capeli.0 (Bernardo), an Italian poet of 
 the 16th century, was a native of Venice, 
 and the intimate friend of Bembo. Hav- 
 ing expressed some free political opinions, 
 he was banished by the senate, on which he 
 ■retired to the ecclesiastical state. He died 
 at Rome in 1559. His poems have been 
 often printed. — Tiraboschi. 
 
 Capperonier (Claude), alearned French- 
 man, was born in Picardy in 1671. He was 
 the son of a tanner, and though destitute 
 of a learned education, attained to him- 
 self a considerable knowledge of the Latin 
 language, after which he studied at Amiens 
 and Paris. Fie became professor of Greek 
 at the latter university in 1722, and died in 
 1744. He published a splendid edition of 
 Quintillian at Paris in 1725, folio. After 
 his death appeared, at Strasburgh, an edi- 
 tion of ancient Latin rhetoricians, collected 
 by him. — A relation of his, John Cappero- 
 nier, succeeded him in the professorship. 
 He published editions of Caesar and Plautus, 
 and died in 1774. — Nouv. Did. Hist. 
 
 Capranica (Nicholas), a Roman cardi- 
 nal, was born in 1400. His reputation in 
 the canon law was so great, that pope Mar- 
 tin V. made him his secretary and a bishop, 
 and employed him in several important 
 state affairs. He also gave him a cardinal- 
 .ship, but dying about the time, the conclave 
 refused his claim to a seat. Pope Eugenius 
 IV. went farther, and deprived him of his 
 .estate, but having appealed to the council 
 of Basil, his right was confirmed. He was 
 then reconciled to Eugenius, who made him 
 a legate and commander of the army 
 against Francis Sferza. But the cardinal 
 was defeated and wounded. He was a 
 great encourager of learning, and ordered 
 that his palace should bp converted into a 
 college. Fie died in 1458. — Moreri. 
 
 Capriata (Peter John), an Italian 
 historian, was born at Genoa, and died 
 there about 1660. Fie wrote a history of 
 the transactions in Italy during his time, 
 extending from the year 1613 to 1660.—— 
 Tiraboschi. 
 
 Caracalla (Marcus Aurelius Antoni- 
 nus), a Roman emperor, born in 183, and 
 succeeded his father Severus in 211, with 
 Geta his brother, whom he put to (death in 
 
C A R 
 
 C A R 
 
 the arms of his mother, who was covered 
 with his blood. This monster, after gain- 
 ing over the soldiers, wantoned in cruelty, 
 and married his mother-in-law. The peo- 
 ple of Alexandria having uttered some sar- 
 casms on the murder of Geta, he entered 
 it with his army, aud put all the inhabitants 
 to the sword. He was slain by one of his 
 guards at Edessa in 217. — Univ. Hist. 
 
 Cap.accio (Anthony), an Italian poet, 
 and nobleman of the 17th century. He 
 wrote some tragedies, of which 11 Corra- 
 dino is the best. His epic poem, entitled, 
 Imperio Vendicato, was printed at Rome 
 in 1690, and possesses great merit. — Tirabos- 
 cbi. Moreri. 
 
 Caraccioli (Robert), an Italian eccle- 
 siastic, famous for his eloquence, was born 
 in 1425, of a noble family in the kingdom 
 of Naples. He was employed by the popes 
 Callixtus III. and Sixtus V. and was made 
 first bishop of Aquino and afterwards of 
 Lecce, where he died in 1495. His sermons 
 
 were printed at Lyons in 1503. Tirabos- 
 
 cbi. 
 
 Caraccioli (Lewis Antony), an ingeni- 
 ous French writer, was born at Paris of a 
 noble family, and entered early into the 
 military profession in the service of the 
 king of Poland. On quitting that country 
 he went to Italy, and then returned to 
 France, where he devoted himself princi- 
 pally to letters. He died at the age of 80 
 in 1803. His writings are numerous, and 
 chiefly moral or historical, in a lively 
 and fascinating style; the most remarkable 
 are, the Letters pretended to be those of 
 Ganganelli, pope Clement XIV. in 4 vols. 
 12mo. These appeared so superior to 
 the other writings of Caraccioli, as to pass 
 for a time as genuine; but his refusing to 
 shew the originals induced a suspicion, 
 which was confirmed on examination of 
 the letters themselves, wherein Ganganelli 
 is made to mention the discovery of Her- 
 culaneum some years before it took place ; 
 and to quote the poems of Gesner before 
 they were published. These letters, how- 
 ever, may be read to advantage, as contain- 
 ing fine moral truths, conveyed in pleasing 
 language. — Nouv Diet. Hist. 
 
 Caractacus, a British king, whose true 
 name was Caradog, was the son of Bran 
 ab Llyr. He is celebrated for his magna- 
 nimous deportment when carried before 
 the emperor Claudius, through the treache- 
 ry of Cartismandua, in 52. Claudius was so 
 touched on the occasion as to take him in- 
 to his favour. There were some other Bri- 
 tish princes of the same name. Tacitus. 
 
 Oiuen s Gamb. Biog. 
 
 Caradog, a British historian, who wrote 
 the Chronicle of Wales from 686 to his own 
 time. Of this work several copies remain. 
 He died in 1156. One copy of his Chro- 
 nicle has been continued in J 196, and ano- 
 ther to 1280. They are all in MS — 0-zven. 
 Caramuel de Lobkowjtz (John), acis- 
 
 tercian monk, born at Madrid in 1606. He 
 was made bishop of Missi,and superintend- 
 ant of the fortifications in Bohemia. He 
 died in 16*2. His works were printed in 
 7 vols. folio, and are chiefly controversial. 
 — Moreri. 
 
 Caravaggio (Michael Angelo Amerigi 
 da) ; an eminent painter, was born in the 
 Milanese in 1569. He became a painter 
 without a master; but his quarrelsome 
 temper, and licentious conduct, always kept 
 him poor. He died in 1609. Being at an 
 alehouse, without any money to pay hut 
 reckoning, he painted a new sign, which 
 afterwards sold for a considerable sum. — — 
 D'Argen'uilie. 
 
 Carausius, emperor of Britain, was a 
 native of Flanders, and by his skill as a 
 pilot gained the confidence of the emperor 
 Prebus and his successors, who entrusted 
 to him several maritime commands. Max- 
 imian employed him to defend the coasts 
 of Gaul against the piratical Franks and 
 Saxons. In this situation he acquired so 
 much wealth by his prizes, as to excite the 
 jealousy of the emperor, who intended to 
 put him to death. Carausius, apprized of 
 his design, sailed for Britain, where hg as- 
 sumed the imperial title in 287. He kept 
 up a formidable fleet, and by retaining 
 possession of Boulogne, was enabled to re- 
 sist all the attempts of the Romans to ex- 
 pel him. They were obliged also to ac- 
 knowledge his independence by a treaty. 
 Carausius ruled in an arbitrary manner, 
 and was murdered by one of his domestics 
 in 293. Several of his coins are extant. — 
 Stukeley s Carausius. Moreri. 
 
 Cardan (Jerom), a celebrated physician, 
 was the illegitimate son of an advocate at 
 Milan, and born at Pavia in 1501. He 
 took his degree of M. D. at Padua in 1525, 
 and at the age of 33 was appointed pro- 
 fessor of mathematics at Milan, where he 
 read lectures upon medicine. In 1552 he 
 went to Scotland, and cured the archbishop 
 of St. Andrew’s of an asthma which had 
 baffled the skill of numerous physicians, 
 He was next at the court cf Edward VI. 
 and cast the nativity of that prince ; from 
 thence rambled through various countries, 
 and at Bologna was con-quitted to prison. 
 On recovering his liberty he went to Rome, 
 where he died in 1576. As a physician he 
 was empyrical, and in philosophy fanciful 
 and extravagant, but in mathematical 
 knowledge he was eminent. He was so 
 addicted to astrology, that having foretold 
 the time of his own death, he starved him- 
 self to prove the truth of his prediction. 
 His works were printed at Lyons in 1663. 
 in 10 vols. folio. — Bay/e. 
 
 Cardonne (Dionis Dominic de), secre- 
 tary and keeper of the manuscripts in the 
 royal library at Paris, and professor of the 
 Turkish and Persian languages in the roval 
 college. He died in 1783. He wrote q 
 History of Africa and Spain under the 
 
CAR 
 
 CAR 
 
 Dominion of the Arabs, 3 vo!s. I2rno.; Mis- 
 cellanies of Oriental Literature, 4 vols. 
 
 12mo.: Indian Tales and Fables, 8vo. 
 
 Notiv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Carew (George), a learned English no- 
 bleman, was born in Devonshire in 1557, 
 and educated at Oxford; but entered upon 
 a military life, and served with reputation 
 in Ireland and at Cadiz. James I. made 
 him governor of Guernsey, and created 
 him lord Carew of Clopton. He afterwards 
 became master-general of the ordnance, and 
 a privy counsellor. Charles I. made him 
 earl of Totness. He died in 162!). His 
 lordship wrote a History of the Wars in 
 Ireland, printed in 1633, folio. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Carew (Thomas), an English poet, was 
 born in Gloucestershire, and educated at 
 Corpus Christi college, Oxford. He was 
 appointed gentleman of the privy chamber, 
 and sewer in ordinary to Charles I. and died 
 in 1639. His masque, entitled Ccelum 
 Britannicum, was performed before the 
 
 king and nobility at Whitehall, 1633.-. 
 
 Ibid. 
 
 Carew (Richard), an English topogra- 
 pher, was born at Anthony in Cornwall, in 
 1555, and educated at Christ-church, Ox- 
 ford, from whence he removed to the Mid- 
 dle Temple, and afterwards went on his 
 travels. On his return he settled in his na- 
 tive county, of which he served the office 
 of high sheriff in 1586, He died in 1620. 
 Mr. Carew is best known by his Survey of 
 Cornwall, printed first in 1602, 4to. again 
 in 1723, and lastly in 1769. — Ibid. 
 
 Carew (George), brother of the above, 
 was educated at Oxford, and became secre- 
 tary to chancellor Hatton. Queen Eliza- 
 beth conferred on him the honour of 
 knighthood, and sent him ambassador to 
 Poland. In the next reign he was em- 
 ployed as one of the commissioners to treat 
 with the Scotch about a union of the two 
 kingdoms, after which he was sent to France, 
 where he formed an intimacy with Thu- 
 anus. On his return he was made master 
 of the court of wards, and died about 1613. 
 He wrote a Relation of the State of France, 
 with the characters of Henry IV. and the 
 principal persons of that court, which re- 
 mained in MS. till 1749, when it was pub- 
 lished by Dr. Birch. — 1 bid. 
 
 Carew (Sir Alexander), of the same 
 family as the preceding, was knight of the 
 shire for Cornwall in the parliament of 
 1640. He voted for the attainder of the 
 earl of Strafford, and accepted from the 
 parliament the post of governor of St. Ni- 
 cholas’s island and fort at Plymouth ; but 
 ■when the king s forces began to prevail in 
 the west, he was apprehensive that his 
 estates would be seized by them, and there- 
 fore solicited the royal pardon on condition 
 of delivering up the fort. While the treaty 
 was going on his design was discovered, 
 anff he was sent to London, where he was 
 
 tried by a court-martial, and beheaded in 
 
 1644. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Carew (Bampfylde Moore), an extraor- 
 dinary character, was the son of a clergy- 
 man at Bickley, in Devonshire, and edu- 
 cated at Tiverton school. Falling among 
 some gypsies near that town, he became so 
 pleased with their mode of) life, that he 
 abandoned the school and his friends. His 
 exploits in this course were wonderful. He 
 has imposed upon the same company three 
 or four times a day under different dis- 
 guises, and with new tales of distress. 
 Sometimes he was a distressed clergyman, 
 ruined because he could not take the oaths; 
 at others, a quaker who had met with se- 
 veral losses in trade. Now a shipwrecked 
 mariner; and the same day, a blacksmith 
 whose house and family had perished by 
 fire. Carew had a method of enticing 
 away people’s dogs, for which he was 
 twice transported from Exeter to America, 
 but made his escape. On one of these oc- 
 casions he travelled from Virginia through 
 the woods, and swam across the Delawar 
 upon a horse, with only a handkerchief 
 for a bridle. He was a man of strong 
 memory and pleasant address, and could 
 assume the manners, of the gentleman 
 with as much ease as any other character. 
 The fraternity to which he belonged, 
 elected him their king; and he remained 
 faithful to them to the last. It is sup- 
 posed he died about 1770,' aged 77. 
 
 Life by Goad by. 
 
 Carey (Harry), an English dramatist, 
 who wrote some good songs, particularly 
 God save great George our King, and seve- 
 ral farces. He put an end to his existence 
 in 1744. — Biog. Dram. 
 
 Caribert, or Charibert, king of Paris 
 in the 6th century, was the son of Clotaire 
 1. On the expulsion of his brother Chil— 
 dert, the kingdom of Paris became his 
 portion in 562. He was a learned man, 
 and governed with great prudence. But 
 his private character was immoral; for, 
 having put away his queen, he married 
 successively two of her servants, and a 
 third who was a shepherd’s daughter. For 
 this he was excommunicated, and died in 
 567. — Moreri. 
 
 Carinus (Marcus Aurelius), son of the 
 emperor Carus, who made him Ca;sar in 
 282, and sent him into Gaul, where he 
 plunged into debauchery. He was slain in 
 Mysia, in 285, by a tribune. — Creviers Ro- 
 man Emperors. 
 
 Carleton (Dudley), an eminent states- 
 man, born in Oxfordshire in 1573, and 
 educated at Christ-church. After visiting 
 different courts in a diplomatic character, 
 he was appointed ambassador to the United 
 Provinces, where he bore a distinguished 
 part in the synod of Dordt. Pie returned 
 to England in 1625, and was created a peer 
 the year following by the title of baron 
 
CAR 
 
 CAR 
 
 Carleton. He was soon after sent again to 
 the Hague, and was employed there in se- 
 veral important concerns. I !e was recalled 
 in 1628, created viscount Dorchester, and 
 made secretary of state. He died in 1631. 
 His letters, during his embassy, were print- 
 ed in 1757, and again in 1775. — Biog. Ur. 
 
 Carleton (George), a learned prelate, 
 born at Norham, in Northumberland, and 
 educated at Edmund-hall, Oxford. In 1580 
 he was chosen fellow of Merton; and in 
 1617 made bishop of Landaff. The year 
 following he was sent to the synod of 
 Dordt. At his return he was translated to 
 Chichester, and died in 1628, aged 69. He 
 wr-ote the Life of Bernard Gilpin an his- 
 torical Collection of the Deliverances of 
 the Church and State of England, and 
 other works — Ibid. 
 
 Carlini (Agostino), an Italian artist, 
 who came to England, and was made keeper 
 of the royal academy. His draperies are 
 elegant. He died in 1799. — Gen. Biog Did. 
 
 Carloman, the eldest son of Charles 
 Martel, whom he succeeded as king of 
 Austrasia in 741. He and his father Pepin 
 united in the defence of their dominions 
 from the encroachments of their neigh- 
 bours, and defeated the Germans in 743. 
 Carloman then entered Saxony, and took 
 the duke prisoner. After several successful 
 expeditions he retired from this kingdom, 
 and became a monk of the order of St. Be- 
 nedict. He assembled a famous council in 
 742, the acts of which bear his name. There 
 were three others of the same name ; the 
 first was the younger brother of Charle- 
 magne, with whom he had some conten- 
 tion about the kingdom, but on his death 
 in 771 left him in full possession. The se- 
 cond was the son of Lewis II. whom he suc- 
 ceeded in 879, in conjunction with his bro- 
 ther Lewis III. On the death of Lewis he 
 was declared king of France, and was 
 killed in hunting, by a wild boar, in 884. 
 1 he third Carloman was the eldest son of 
 Lewis I. king of Germany, whom he suc- 
 ceeded in 876, in the kingdom of Bavaria. 
 He made some partial conquests In Italy, 
 and died in 880. — Moreri. 
 
 Carlone (John), a Genoese painter, born 
 in 1590, and died in 1630. His paintings 
 are greatly admired. — D' Argenville. 
 
 Carlos (Don), son of Philip II. king of 
 Spain, was deformed in his person, and so 
 perverse in his temper, that he endeavoured 
 to kill his tutor for gently reproving him. 
 A match was negotiated between him and 
 the princess Elizabeth of France, but Philip 
 becoming a widower married her himself. 
 He was then desirous of marrying his cou- 
 sin Anne of Austria, but being crossed by 
 his father, he endeavoured to excite dis- 
 contents among the nobles, for which his 
 father caused him to be arrested, and he 
 was condemned to death. lie died shortly 
 after in prison, 1567, some say by violence, 
 
 but others attribute his death to an inflame 
 mation in the bowels. — Mod. (Jniv. Hid. 
 
 Carlyle (Joseph Dacres), a learned di-* 
 vine, was born at Carlisle in 1759. His fa-, 
 ther w-as a physician at that place, and prac- 
 tised with considerable reputation. The 
 son removed in 1775 from the grammar- 
 school at Carlisle to Christ’s college, Cam-- 
 bridge, and after a residence there of about 
 two years was admitted of Queen’s, where 
 he obtained a fellowship. About this time 
 he began to study the Arabic language, in 
 which he made a considerable progress, 
 and then proceeded to the other oriental 
 tongues, being assisted in these pursuits by 
 David Zabio, an Asiatic, born at Bagdad, 
 and then a resident at Cambridge: After 
 a residence of about ten years in college, 
 during which he proceeded to his degree 
 of B. D. he married and settled at Carlisle. 
 In 1794 he was chosen professor of Arabic, 
 on the resignation of Dr. Craven ; and the 
 year following was collated to the chancel- 
 lorship of Carlisle. In 1796 appeared the 
 “ Specimens of Arabian poetry,” with ele- 
 gant translations and brief biographies of 
 the authors. In 1799 Mr. Carlyle accom- 
 panied lord Elgin in his embassy to Con- 
 stantinople. While there he gained admit- 
 tance to the libraries, and made catalogues 
 of the -works contained in them. He also 
 made excursions into Asia Minor, and ex- 
 plored with interesting accuracy the site of 
 ancient Troy. After visiting Egypt, Syria, 
 and the Holy Land, where he gathered 
 considerable literary treasures, he returned 
 to Constantinople, from whence he travel- 
 led through Italy and Germany to England, 
 where he landed in 1801. Soon afterwards 
 he was presented, by the bishop of Car- 
 lisle, to the rich rectory of Newcastle-upon- 
 Tvne. His health, however, was under- 
 mined by his travels, and to the great loss 
 of letters, this worthy and ingenious man 
 died at Newcastle, in 1804. He was en- 
 gaged at the time of his death in super- 
 intending an edition of the Arabic Bible: 
 a Dissertation on the Troad ; and Obser- 
 vations made during his Tour in the East. 
 The two last are expected to be published. 
 — Gent. Mag. Month. Mag. 
 
 Carmatii, a celebrated Arabian impos- 
 tor, who in 891 attacked the primary doc- 
 trines of mohammedanism, and obtained 
 numerous disciples; but the sect is now ex- 
 tinct. — D'Herbelot. 
 
 Carmichael (Jerom), a Scotch divine, 
 and professor of moral philosophy at Glas- 
 gow, who wrote some notes on PuffendorfF 
 de Ofiiciis Hoininis. He died in 1738, 
 aged 56. His son Frederick Carmichael was 
 also a minister, and died at Edinburgh in 
 1751. A volume of his sermons has been 
 printed.^ — Gen. Biog. Did. 
 
 Carneades, of Cyrene in Africa, the 
 founder of the third academy at Athens. 
 His eloquence was dreaded by his adver- 
 
CAR 
 
 CAR 
 
 saries, and it is recorded that when the 
 Athenians sent him with other ambassadors 
 to Rome to get their fine mitigated, Cato 
 the elder pressed the senate to dismiss them, 
 lest the oratory of Carneades should corrupt 
 the PvOinan youth. He died at an advanced 
 age, B. C. 128. — Bayle. 
 
 Caro (Annibal), an Italian writer, was 
 born at Civitanuova, of poor parents, in 
 1507. He was employed by the duke Far- 
 nese in several important concerns, and in 
 1544 was sent by him on a particular bu- 
 siness to the emperor Charles V. He after- 
 wards became secretary to cardinal Farnese, 
 and died possessed of considerable riches 
 in 1 566. He was a good poet, well versed 
 in medals, and had a profound knowledge 
 of the ancient languages. He translated 
 the FEneid into Italian blank verse, printed 
 at Paris, 2 vols. 8vo. 1765. His Poems 
 were printed at Venice in 1584, 4to. ; and 
 his Letters at Padua in 1749, 3 vols. 8vo. 
 — Tiraboichi. 
 
 Caroline, wife of George II. king of 
 England, and the daughter of John Fre- 
 derick, marquis of Brandenburg Anspach, 
 and of Eleanor Louisa his second wife, was 
 born in 1682. She was sought in marriage 
 by Charles III. of Spain, afterwards em- 
 peror of Germany, but being a firm pro- 
 testant she rejected the offer. Her forti- 
 tude on this occasion induced the elector 
 of Hanover to make choice of her for the 
 wife of his son, and they were accordingly 
 married in 1705. She was crowned queen 
 consort of Britain in 1727. Four sons and 
 five daughters were the fruits of this mar- 
 riage. George I. her father-in-law, had the 
 sincerest regard for her, which she returned 
 with the greatest respect. When raised to 
 the dignity of queen, she studied to contri- 
 bute to the happiness , of the people. She 
 was entrusted with the affairs of state by 
 her husband, who in his absence left her 
 regent of the kingdom. She was a great 
 and enlightened princess, well acquainted 
 with philosophy, a patron of men of let- 
 ters, and unaffectedly pious and devout. 
 Dr. Clarke gives her a high character in 
 his dedication of the correspondence be- 
 tween him and Leibnitz. She died in 1737. 
 • — Biographium Fceminiurn. 
 
 Caroi.ostadt, or Carlostadius (An- 
 drew Bodenstein), a protestant divine, was 
 a native of Carlostadt in Franconia. He 
 became dean of Wittemberg in 1512, the 
 same year that Luther received his doctor’s 
 degree. Being zealous for the Reformation, 
 he carried it to an extreme by some violent 
 outrages in the churches. Luther was dis- 
 satisfied with his conduct, and the difference 
 was heightened by Carolostadt’s denial of 
 comubstantiation. He was the first protestant 
 divine who took a wife. He became pro- 
 fessor of divinity and minister at Basil, 
 where he died in 1541. — Morcri. 
 
 Cakoto (John Francis), an Italian pain- 
 
 ter, -was born at Verona in 1470, and died 
 in 1546. He was disciple of Andrea Man- 
 tegna. His brother and disciple John set- 
 tled at Venice, where he became eminent 
 in his profession, and had for his scholars 
 
 Paul Veronese and Ansclmo Canneri. 
 
 PilLington. 
 
 Carpenter (Nathaniel), a dean of the 
 Irish church, was born at Hatherleigh in 
 Devonshire, and educated at Oxford. He 
 was a man of learning, particularly in ma- 
 thematics. He died at Dublin in 1635. Dr. 
 Carpenter wrote a System of Geographv, 
 and a treatise, entitled Architophel, or the 
 Picture of a wicked Politician. — Wood's A. 0. 
 
 Carpentier (Peter), a French writer, 
 was born at Charleville in 1697, and die-d 
 at Paris in 1767. Fie was prior of Don- 
 cheri, and wrote a part of Du Cange's 
 Glossary, and the whole of the supplement 
 to that work; besides which he wrote AI- 
 phabetum tyronianum, folio, 1747. He is 
 not to be confounded with V. Carpentier, 
 born at Beauvais, and died in 1778. He 
 was an eminent calculator, and wrote some 
 esteemed works in the line of his profes- 
 sion. — Noirv. Biot. Hist. 
 
 Carpi (Ugo da), a painter, who disco- 
 vered the art of painting in chiaroscuro, 
 which he performed with two pieces of 
 box-wood, one of which marked the out- 
 lines and shadows, and the other impressed 
 any colour laid upon it. In this manner he 
 executed several prints after great pictures. 
 He died in 1500. — Pilkinglon. 
 
 Carpi (Girolamo), an Italian painter, 
 was born at Ferrary in 1501, and died in 
 1556. lie imitated Correggio’s style with 
 exactness, and many of his paintings were 
 taken for the pictures of that master. — Ibid. 
 
 Carpioni (Julio), a Venetian painter, 
 was born in 1611, and died in 1674. He 
 excelled in painting bacchanals, triumphs, 
 and sacrifices. — Ibid. 
 
 Carpocrates, a heretic, who flourished 
 at Alexandria about the year 130. He re- 
 vived the gnostic heresy, to which he added 
 the antinomian doctrine, that actions are 
 indifferent, as the passions are implanted in 
 human nature by God himself. His son 
 
 Epiphanius taught the same opinions. 
 
 Moshsim. Di/pin. 
 
 Carpzovius, the name of a family in 
 Germany; which produced several eminent 
 lawyers and divines, as Benedict the elder, 
 professor of law at Wittemberg, who died 
 in 1624. Benedict the younger, born in 1595, 
 and died in 1666. He quitted the study of 
 the law for that of divinity. Da-vid Benedict, 
 his brother, a lutheran minister, who wrote 
 a Dissertation on the sacred Vestments of 
 the Hebrews, 1655. John Benedict, also a lu- 
 theran minister, died at Leipsic in 1657, 
 where he was professor of theology, and 
 wrote De Ninivatarum Pxnitentia. John 
 Bene iict, his son, born at I.eipsic in 1639, and 
 died in 1699. He translated into Latin se- 
 
CAR 
 
 CAR 
 
 ver.il books of the rabbins, and wrote dis- 
 sertations on the scripture — Moreri. 
 
 Carra (John Lewis), one of the persons 
 who from an obscure station rose to notice 
 in the French revolution. He was born at 
 Pont de Vesles in 1743, and was bred to tire 
 law, which profession he quitted for that 
 of letters. Before the revolution he tra- 
 velled to Moldavia, where he became se- 
 cretary to the hospodar. On his return to 
 France the political ferment was begun, in 
 which he took a part, and published a jour- 
 nal, called Les Annales Politiques et Litteraires , 
 which had a considerable share in produc- 
 ing the sanguinary scenes which afterwards 
 raged in that country. For this work Carra 
 was appointed one of the keepers of the 
 national library, and nominated a member 
 cf the convention. He was also employed 
 as a commissioner to the army. He was, 
 however, charged with being in the pay of 
 England, occasioned by a ridiculous pro- 
 posal said to have been made by him, of 
 proscribing the Bourbonfamily,andplacing 
 the duke of York on the throne of France. 
 At last this restless man, who had always 
 sided with the Girondists, fell with the rest 
 of his party, and was guillotined in 1793. 
 He wrote a History of Moldavia and Wal- 
 lachia, 12mo New Principles of Philoso- 
 phy, 2 vols. 4to.; An Essay on Aerial Na- 
 vigation, in which he pretended to give di- 
 rections for guiding air balloons; An Ex- 
 amination of Animal Magnetism; Histo- 
 rical Memoirs of the Bastille, &c. &c. — 
 Noum. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Carracci (Lewis), the founder of a fa- 
 mous school of painting at Bologna, was 
 born there in 1555. He was the son of a 
 butcher, who gave him an indifferent edu- 
 cation. But Lewis having a taste for draw- 
 ing became a disciple of Prospero Fontana. 
 After this he studied in the academy of 
 Passignani, at Florence, and improved him- 
 self by visiting the principal cities in Italy. 
 On his return to Bologna his merits became 
 conspicuous, and he was considered as fu- 
 perior to his old master. He behaved very 
 liberally to his two cousins, Augustin and 
 Annibal, with whom he formed that school 
 and style of painting which has rendered 
 their names so celebrated. Lewis was great 
 in landscapes as well as in figures, and his 
 private character was estimable. He died 
 in 1619. Many of his pictures have been 
 engraved, and some by himself. — D' Argen- 
 'ville. 
 
 Carracci (Augustin), the elder of the 
 two cousins of Lewis, was the son of a 
 taylor at Cremona. He was placed in the 
 school of Fontana, and afterwards under 
 Passeroni. He applied with great success 
 also to engraving, which enfeebled his co- 
 louring as a painter. He and his brother 
 worked long together, but a jealousy on 
 the part of Annibal caused a separation. 
 Augustin for a time led a free course of life, 
 
 but at last the contemplation of a Madonna 
 of his own painting struck him with re- 
 morse, and he retired to a convent, where 
 he died in 1602, aged 45. — Ibid. 
 
 Carracci (Annibal), younger brother 
 of the above, studied under his cousin 
 Lewis, by whom he was sent to Rome, 
 where he worked for the pope. He in- 
 vented a manner so excellent, that both 
 Lewis and Augustin adopted it. The Far- 
 nese gallery immortalized his name, though 
 he received only the petty sum of CCO 
 crowns of gold (about 200/. sterling), for 
 the labour of eight years. Fie died in 1609, 
 aged 19. Ilis nephew Antony, a natural 
 son of Augustin, was a pupil of his, and 
 painted some fine pieces in fresco at Rome. 
 He died in 1618, at the age of 33. — Ibid. 
 
 Carranza (Bartholomew), a learned ec-i 
 clesiastic, was born at Miranda in Navarre, 
 in 1503. He became a dominican, and dis- 
 tinguished himself greatly at the council of 
 Trent, on the duty of the residence of the 
 clergy. He accompanied Philip, king of 
 Spain, to England, in the hope of proving 
 successful in converting the English t© 
 popery. He was made confessor to queen 
 Mary; and in 1557 was appointed arch- 
 bishop of Toledo. He attended the env. 
 peror Charles V. in his last moments ; but 
 in 1559 he fell under the suspicion of 
 heresy, and was imprisoned by the inquisi- 
 tion. After continuing in prison eight years, 
 he was on his appeal removed to Rome, 
 and it was nine years more before sentence 
 was pronounced against him, when he was 
 ordered to abjure errors which he had ne- 
 ver uttered. He submitted with patience, 
 and was sent to a convent of his order, in 
 which he died in 1574. He wrote a col- 
 lection of councils, and some religious 
 pieces. — Bayle. Moreri. 
 
 Carre (Lewis), a French mathematician, 
 was born in the province of Brie in 1663. 
 He was educated for the church, but af- 
 ter studying theology three years he refused 
 to enter into orders, on which his father 
 abandoned him. Fie then went to Paris, 
 where he was employed as an amanuensis, 
 by Malebranche, under whom he learned 
 mathematics and philosophy. After resid- 
 ing with him seven years he commenced 
 teacher, and it is remarkable that the great- 
 est number of his pupils consisted of fe- 
 males. In 1697 he became member of the 
 academy. He died in 171 1. He wrote, a 
 Method of measuring Surfaces and Solids, 
 and finding their Centres of Gravitation, 
 Percussion, and Oscillation ; and a number 
 of papers in the Memoirs of the Academy. 
 — Eloge par Fontenelle. 
 
 Carrera (Peter), a Sicilian priest, who 
 wrote a curious book on Chess in 1617, 
 4to.; and a History of Catana, 1641, 2 voli 
 folio; both in Italian. He died at Messina 
 in 1647, aged 76. — Moreri. 
 
 Carrier (John Baptist), a monster of fe* 
 
€ A R 
 
 CAR 
 
 roclty, gendered in the French revolution, 
 was born near Aurillac in 1756. He passed 
 through the inferior functions of the law, 
 and became deputy of the department of 
 Cantal in the national convention, an ho- 
 nour which he merited by his sanguinary 
 acts. He was sent with a band of cut-- 
 throats into La Vendee , where he extermi- 
 nated numbers, under the mere suspicion 
 of being affected to royalty. Nantes was 
 the grand theatre cf his butcheries. He 
 caused twenty-four to be put to death in 
 one day, four of whom were no more than 
 fourteen years of age. Here he devised a 
 new mode of murder, by forcing cargoes of 
 unhappy persons on board covered barges, 
 and sinking them in the stream which flows 
 by Nantes. To enumerate the savage cruel- 
 ties of this wretch and his myrmidons, 
 would be painfully disgusting. On the 
 fall of the party called the Mountain, he 
 was tried before the revolutionary tribunal, 
 which condemned him to the guillotine in 
 17-94. — Nouv. Did. Hist. 
 
 Carrier a (Rosa Alba), a female painter, 
 was born at Venice in 1679. She learnt 
 the rudiments of the art from her father ; 
 after which she was placed under an emi- 
 nent painter in oil, and her progress was 
 so great, that her full length portraits be- 
 came famous throughout Italy. She went 
 to Paris, and she was admitted a member 
 of the academy of painting in 1790. She 
 painted portraits of the royal family, and 
 then went to Vienna, where she received 
 distinguished honours. She died at Venice 
 in 1757. Her miniatures are very beau- 
 tiful. — D' Argenville. 
 
 Carrieres (Lewis de), a priest of the 
 oratory, who died at Paris in 1717, at an 
 advanced age. He published a Commen- 
 tary upon the Bible, in French, 94 vols. in 
 1 9mo. 171 6 . — Moreri. 
 
 Cabrouaces, a clockmaker of Pavia, 
 who made a clock for Alciat, the hammer 
 of which, on striking the bell, struck fire 
 from a flint, which kindled a match and 
 
 v-ave light to a lamp all at once. Nouv. 
 
 Did. Hist. 
 
 Carstares (William), a Scotch divine, 
 was born near Glasgow in 1649, and after 
 receiving a good education in his own 
 country was sent to Utrecht. The pen- 
 sionary Fagel presented him to the prince 
 of Orange, who made him his confident. 
 On his return to Scotland he entered into 
 the ministry, but a turn for politics induced 
 him to form the design of going back to 
 Holland. Flis intercourse with several no- 
 blemen, known to be disaffected to govern- 
 ment, in 1682, caused him to be taken up 
 at London, and after examination he was 
 sent to Scotland, where he was put to the 
 torture to make him confess ; though he 
 resisted the torture, he gave way to per- 
 suasion and promises, and made a sort of 
 confession, which was published. On his 
 release he went to Holland, and remained 
 
 there till 1688, when he accompanied the 
 prince of Orange to England, and was ap- 
 pointed royal chaplain for Scotland, with 
 the revenues of the chapel royal. But he 
 was still retained about the king’s person. 
 In 1701 he was made principal of the uni- 
 versity of Edinburgh, and the first divinity 
 professor. He was an active promoter of 
 the union between the two kingdoms. His 
 mind was liberal, and he endeavoured to 
 restrain the bigotted spirit of the presbyte- 
 rians, for which he incurred their jealousy. 
 To recover their good opinion, he acted as 
 their agent in opposing the bill for tolerat- 
 ing the episcopal clergy in Scotland. He 
 died in 1715. Flis letters and state papers 
 were printed in 1774, in 1 vol. 4to. — Biog. 
 Brit. 
 
 Carsughi (Reiner), a jesuit, born in 
 1647 at Citerna, in Tuscany, and died in 
 1709, provincial of his order. He is known 
 by a poem on the Art of writing well, 
 printed at Rome in 1709, 8 vo. — Nouv. Diet. 
 Hist. 
 
 Carte (Thomas), an historian, was born 
 in 1686, at Clifton in Warwickshire, and 
 educated at Oxford, but he took his degree 
 of M. A. at Cambridge, and entered into 
 orders. His first publication was a defence 
 of Charles I. from the charge of being 
 privy to the Irish massacre. At the acces- 
 sion of George I. he refused the oaths. He 
 was afterwards secretary o bishop Atter- 
 bury, and when that prelate was committed 
 to the Tower, a reward of 1000/. was offer- 
 ed for apprehending Mr. Carte, who es- 
 caped to France, where he remained till 
 queen Caroline obtained permission for 
 him to return to England. In 1736 ap- 
 peared his Life of James, Duke of Ormond, 
 in 3 vols. folio. Soon after this he issued 
 proposals for a History of England. Hemet 
 with great encouragement in this work, but 
 only published 3 volumes in his life-time ; 
 the 4th, which ends with 1654, appeared 
 after his death. Though much neglected, 
 it is a valuable performance, as a repository 
 of curious facts faithfully related. The 
 author died in 1754. 1 lis MSS. are in the 
 
 Bodleian library. Besides the above, he 
 published a Collection of original Letters 
 and Papers relating to the affairs of Eng- 
 land, in 9 vols.Svo.; a History of the Revo- 
 lutions of Portugal, and some other pieces. 
 — Biog. Brit. 
 
 CaIiteil (Christopher), an English offi- 
 cer, was born in Cornwall in 1550. He 
 entered into the service of the prince of 
 Orange, and commanded a fleet which 
 sailed from Holland to Muscovy. On his 
 return to England he had the command of 
 the troops sent out with sir Francis Drake 
 to the West Indies, where they took the 
 towns of St. Jago, Carthagena, and St. Au- 
 gustin. The liberality of Carteil gained 
 him the esteem even of his enemies. He 
 died at London in 1593. Moreri. 
 
 Carter (Francis), aoEnglish writer, who 
 
CAR 
 
 CAR 
 
 ts known by an Account of a Journey from 
 Malaga to Gibraltar, printed in 1776, in 3 
 •vols. 8vo. and again in 1778, He died in 
 J 783.— (?<■». Bio*. Diet. 
 
 Carter (Elizabeth), a learned lady, was 
 the daughter of the rev. Dr. Carter, rector 
 of Deal in Kent, where site was; born. Her 
 father taught her the Latin and Greek lan- 
 guages, of which sheacquireda considerable 
 knowledge, as appears by her excellent 
 translation of Epictetus into English, with, 
 a preliminary discourse and excellent notes. 
 She also wrote an Ode to Wisdom, inserted 
 in Richardson’s Clarissa, two papers in the 
 Rambler, one on Religion and Superstition 
 and ‘Ate other entitled, The Voyage of Life. 
 In 1761 she published a volume of poems, 
 many of which are elegant. Mrs, Carter, 
 who was never married, died at her lodg- 
 ings in Charges street, in good circumstances, 
 Feb. 19, 1809.— -Gent. Mag. 
 
 Cartes (Renedes); see Descartes. 
 
 Carteret (John), earl of Granville, was 
 the eldest son of George lord Carteret, and 
 succeeded to the title at the age of five 
 years. He received his education at West- 
 minster school and Christ-church college, 
 Oxford, He took his seat in the house of 
 lords in 1711, and distinguished himself by 
 his earnestness for the succession of the Ha- 
 nover family, which recommended him to 
 ■George I. who gave him several important 
 places. In 1719 he went ambassador to 
 Sweden, and mediated the treaty between 
 that power and Denmark. In 1721 he be- 
 came secretary of state; and in 1724 was 
 appointed viceroy of Ireland, where his 
 administration, in a trying season, was ge- 
 nerally applauded. He was again nomi- 
 nated to that high office, after the accession 
 of Gtrnrge II. and governed that kingdom 
 with great wisdom till 1730. He was the 
 enemy of Walpole’s administration, and 
 moved, in 1741, for the removal of that 
 minister. When that was effected, the 
 year following lord Carteret became secre- 
 tary of state, and in 1744, on the death of 
 his mother, he succeeded to the titles of 
 viscount Carteret and earl Granville. He 
 died in 1793. He was ft pleasant companion, 
 and a great encourager of learned men. — 
 Biog. Brit. 
 
 Carteromaco (Scipio), a learned Italian, 
 was born in 1467, at Pistoia. He studied 
 Greek under Politian, and was appointed 
 professor of that language at Venice. He 
 afterwards settled at Rome, where he was 
 in high reputation, and died in 1513. 
 Erasmus gives him a great character for 
 learning and modesty. He wrote a Latin 
 ©ration in praise of Greek learning, 1504; 
 a translation into Latin of the Greek oration 
 of Aristides, in praise of the city of Rome. 
 He was also the editor of Ptolemy’s Geo- 
 graphy and Other works. — Bayle. Tiraboschi. 
 
 C'ARTiER,orQu artier (James), a French 
 navigator, was a native of St. Malo, and 
 'became eminent as a pilot. Francis I. em- 
 
 ployed him in exploring the coast of North 
 America, where, in 1534, he completed the 
 discovery of Canada. — Moreri. 
 
 Cartismandua, queen of the Brigan- 
 tines in Britain, has gained a name by her 
 treachery, in betraying to the Romans the 
 unfortunate Caractacus. She put away her 
 lawful husband Venusius, and took in his 
 room his armour-bearer Vellocatus. On 
 this her subjects revolted, which induced 
 her to call to her assistance the Romans, 
 who made themselves thereby masters of 
 the country. — Tacitus. 
 
 Cartwright (Christopher), an English 
 divine, was born at York in 1602, and died 
 in 1652. He was an excellent Hebrew 
 scholar, and wrote Electa Targumico-Rab- 
 binnica in Genesim, et in Exodum, 1648 
 and 1653, 8 vo. — Wood. 
 
 Cartwright (Thomas), a puritan divine, 
 was born in Hertfordshire in 1555, and 
 educated at St. John’s college, Cambridge, 
 where he obtained a fellowship, which he 
 afterwards exchanged for one of Trinity, 
 In 1567 he proceeded B. D. and became a 
 popular preacher. His opinions were ad- 
 verse to the hierarchy, and he was com- 
 plained of by archbishop Grindal, in con- 
 sequence of which he was hindered of his 
 doctor’s degree, and deprived of bis fel- 
 lowship ; he then went abroad, and was 
 chosen minister to the English merchants 
 at Antwerp, and afterwards at Middleburg. 
 On his return to England he endeavoured 
 to subvert the ecclesiastic order, and to 
 establish the Genevan discipline. He also 
 wrote several pieces on that side, which 
 were answered by doctor Whitgift. Cart- 
 wright was imprisoned, but obtained his 
 liberty through lord Burleigh and the earl 
 of Leicester, the latter of whom appointed 
 him master of his hospital at Warwick, 
 where he died in 1603, aged 68. He wrote 
 a Harmony of the Gospels in Latin, printed 
 at Amsterdam in 1647 ; a Commentary on 
 the Proverbs; and other works — — Biog. 
 Brit. 
 
 Cartwright (William), an English di- 
 vine and poet, was born in Gloucestershire, 
 and educated at Oxford, where he took 
 his degrees in arts; and became a famops 
 preacher. He died in 1644. aged 38. Ben 
 Jonson, and the other wits of the time, 
 held him in great estimation. He wrote 
 some plays, poems, and sermons. — Wood’s 
 A. 0. 
 
 Cartwright (Thomas), an English pre- 
 late, was born at Northampton in 1634. 
 He received his education among the puri- 
 tans, and obtained a fellowship in Queen’s 
 college, Oxford, but was episcopally or- 
 dained. At the restoration he was madeD.D. 
 prebendary of St. Paul’s, and chaplain to 
 the king. On the death of bishop Pearson 
 he was nominated to the see of Chester, 
 but gave too much countenance to the ar- 
 bitrary proceedings of king James, whom 
 he followed to France, and afterwards to 
 
CAR 
 
 CAS 
 
 Ireland, where he died in 1689. His re- 
 mains were interred within Christ-church, 
 Dublin. This bishop has several sermons 
 in print. — M^oocl. 
 
 Carvalho d’Acost a (Anthony), an in- 
 genious Portuguese, who wrote a topogra- 
 phical survey of his native country with 
 great exactness, in 3 vols. folio; also a sys- 
 tem of Geography, and a treatise on Astro- 
 nomy. He died in 1715, aged 65. — Nouv. 
 Dirt. Hist. 
 
 Carver (Jonathan), was born at Connec- 
 ticut, North America, in 1732. He lost his 
 father, who was a justice of peace, when he 
 was only five years old. He was intended 
 for the profession of medicine, which he 
 quitted, for a military life, and served with 
 reputation till the peace of 1763. After 
 this he formed the resoluting of exploring 
 the interior part of America, and to pene- 
 trate as far as the Pacific Ocean. This pro- 
 ject he carried into execution amidst nume- 
 rous difficulties, and published an interest- 
 ing Account of his Travels in 1776. On 
 his return from this enterprize, he went to 
 England, but being disappointed of prefer- 
 ment, he became clerk of the lottery. He 
 died in poor circumstances in 1780. Cap- 
 tain Carver also wrote a piece on the Cul- 
 ture of Tobacco. — Gen. Bio;. Dirt. 
 
 Carus (Marcus Aurelius), a Roman em- 
 peror, was born at Narbonne, about the year 
 230. He rose to a military command by 
 his virtues ; and on the death of Probus 
 was elected emperor in 283. He defeated 
 the Sarmatians and Persians; arid was killed 
 the same year, as it i« said, by lightning, in 
 his tent, but others assert that it was set on 
 fire by his servants. — Crevisr. Gibbon. 
 
 Cary (Robert), a learned English divine, 
 was born at Cockington, in Devonshire, 
 about 1615; an educated at Oxford, where 
 he took his degree of I.L.D. in 1644. He 
 obtained the living of Portlemouth, in his 
 native countv; and complied with the 
 changes of the times. He died in 1688. He 
 is known by his Chronological Account of 
 Ancient Times, printed in folio, 1677. — 
 JVood'sA. 0. Prince s Worthies of Devon. 
 
 Cary (Lucius), lord Falkland, the eld- 
 est son of the first viscount of that title, 
 was born in Oxfordshire about 1610. He 
 was educated partly at Dublin, and partly 
 at Cambridge: after which he went abroad, 
 but soon returned, and settled near Oxford, 
 where he followed his studies with eager- 
 ness. In 1639 he served in the army against 
 the Scots; and was afterwards with the 
 earl of Essex. In 1 640 he sat in parliament 
 for Newport in the Isle of Wight; was for 
 some time an opposer of the prerogative of 
 the crown ; and voted against the right of 
 the bishops to a seat in the house of lords, 
 but he altered his mind on that subject. 
 When the war broke out, which he endea- 
 voured to prevent, he raised troops in de- 
 fence of the throne. It was observed of 
 him that he grew more pensive as the 
 
 breach between the king and parliament 
 widened ; and was frequently heard to ex- 
 press the word peace. He was slain at the* 
 battle of Newbury in the 34th year of hi? 
 age. I lis mind was enriched with learning, 
 and with the principles of virtue and re- 
 ligion. He wrote some poems ; a discourse 
 concerning Episcopacy ; another on the In- 
 fallibility of the Church of Rome; and 
 some otiier pieces. His saying was, he 
 pitied unlearned gentlemen on a rainy day. 
 — Bio*. Brit. 
 
 Cary (Felix), a French writer, and mem- 
 ber of the academy of Marseille? ; horn in- 
 1699, and died in 1754. He wrote the 
 Medallic Histories of Marseilles, Thrace, 
 and the Bosphorus. — Nouv. Bid. Hist. 
 
 Cary (Henry), earl of Monmouth, was 
 grandson to Henry lord Huusdon, cousin- 
 german to queen Elizabeth. He received 
 his education witii Charles I. and suffered 
 considerably by the civil wars. We have 
 by him numerous translations from foreign 
 writers, ancient and modern. He died in 
 1661, aged 65. — Walpoles Cat. of royal and 
 noble Authors. Granger. 
 
 Cary l (Joseph), a nonconformist divine, 
 was educated at Exeter college, Oxford;, 
 where he took the degree of M, A. He 
 was preacher to the society of Lincolr.Y,- 
 inn, a member of the assembly of divines, 
 and one of the triers for the approbation of 
 ministers. Besides his public sermons be- 
 fore the parliament lie published a large 
 commentary on Job, in 12 vols. 4to. and 2 
 vols. folio. He died in 1(573. — -Cahsmy. 
 
 Caryt.l (John), an English gentleman, 
 who followed James II. and was created 
 by him earl of Caryli, and baron Darrford. 
 In the reign of queen Anne he came to 
 England, and became intimate with Mr. 
 Pope. He wrote two plays, and translated 
 the Psalms of David from the Vulgate, Sic. 
 — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Casa (John de la), an Italian prelate-, 
 was born at Florence in 1503, and educated 
 at Bologna. In 1538 he- was appointed 
 clerk of the apostolic chamber. He culti- 
 vated his talents, but indulged himself in 
 sensual pleasures, and had a natural son, 
 whom he named Quirino. In 1544 be- was 
 made archbishop of Benevento, and the 
 same vear was sent nuncio to VeificS, where 
 he displayed great diplomatic abilities. He 
 was in disgrace under Julius III. on account 
 of his connection with cardinal Earnest-, 
 but was restored to favour by Paul IV. 
 who made him secretary of state. He die 1 
 in 1556. He is accounted one of the most 
 elegant of the Italian writers, and his Latin 
 poetry is very fine. His principal perform- 
 ance is the Galateo, or Art of living in tbs- 
 World; besides which he wrote some beau- 
 tiful Italian poems, the Lives of Cardinal 
 Contarini and Bembo, and otiier work 
 
 collected at Venice in 5 vols. -Ito. 1728. 
 
 Tiraboschi. 
 
 Casanova (Mark Antony), a modern 
 
C A S 
 
 CAS 
 
 Latin poet, was born at Rome, and died for 
 want, being reduced to the necessity of 
 begging his bread, in 1627. He imitated 
 Martial with great success. His poems are 
 in the Deliciae Poetarum Italorum. — Tir. 
 
 Casas (Bartholomew de las), a Spanish 
 divine, was born at Seville in 1474. At 
 the age of 19 he accompanied his father, 
 who sailed with Columbus to the West In- 
 dies. On his return he entered into or- 
 ders, and returned to Hispaniola with Co- 
 lumbus in his second voyage, where he set- 
 tled as a priest. On the conquest of Cuba 
 he went thither, and laboured to con- 
 vert the-Indians, and to protect th«m from 
 the oppressions of his countrymen. The 
 cruelties of the Spaniards induced him to 
 return to Europe for the purpose of laying 
 the case of the poor Indians before Charles 
 V. and in consequence of his representa- 
 tions, ordinances were passed for the regu- 
 lation of the conduct of the Spaniards in 
 America, which, however, were never exe- 
 cuted. One priest had the boldness to apo- 
 logize for the barbarities in a book, printed 
 at Rome, which wasanswered by Las Casas, 
 who was made bishop of Chiapn. tie resid- 
 ed in America above fifty t ears, labouring 
 to restrain the cruel spirit of his country- 
 men. The state of his health rendered it 
 necessary for him to return to Europe, and 
 he died at Madrid in 1566. His book on 
 the Destruction of the Indians has been 
 translated into several languages; besides 
 which, he was the author of another on the 
 Rights of Sovereigns and Subjects, printed 
 at .Tubingen in 1625, 4tO. — Morcri. Robert- 
 sons Hist, of America. 
 
 Casati (Paul), a learned jesuit, was born 
 at Placentia in 1617. By his persuasion, 
 queen Christina of Sweden embraced the 
 Roman catholic religion. He died at Parma 
 in 1707. His works are mostly mathema- 
 tical, and are very judicious, particularly 
 one on optics, which he composed at the 
 age of 88. — Moreri. 
 
 Casaubon (Isaac), a learned divine and 
 critic, was born at Geneva in 1559. At the 
 age of 23 he was chosen professor of Greek 
 at Geneva, and in 1586 he married a daugh- 
 ter of Henry Stephens, the learned printer, 
 by whom be had twenty children. After 
 residing at Geneva fourteen years he re- 
 moved to Montpellier, where he filled the 
 professor's chair; but being dissatisfied with 
 his situation, he went to Paris in 1592, 
 where he had the promise of a professor- 
 ship, which he never obtained, and had 
 the grant of a pension, which was badly 
 paid. He was one of the protestant judges 
 in the conference between Du Perron and 
 Du Plessis Mornay in 1600, and gave his 
 opinion against the latter, which occasioned 
 a belief that he was about to change his re- 
 ligion; and to effect it, cardinal du Perron 
 was directed to have some communications 
 with him on the subject, the result of which 
 
 was Casaubon’s inflexible resolution of 
 abiding by the protestant principles. He 
 had, however, an increase of his pension, 
 and the place of king’s librarian. On the 
 death of Henry IV. he removed to England, 
 where James I. settled upon him a consider- 
 able pension, and gave him a prebend of 
 Westminster, and another of Canterbury. 
 I ie died in 1614, and was buried in West- 
 minster abbey. He published editions of 
 Strabo, Gr. and Lat. Genev. folio, 1587 ; 
 Theophrastus, Leyd. 1592 and 1612, Pinto.; 
 Apuleii Apologia, 1 593, 4to.; Athenxi Deip- 
 nosophist, Gr. and Lat. 2 vols. folio, 1600, 
 1612; Persius, 1605, 8vo. ; Polybius, Gr. 
 et Lat. Par. 1609, folio. He was also the 
 author of De Libertate Ecclesiastica, which 
 was suppressed by Henry IV. as offensive 
 to the pope ; De Rebus Sacris et Ecclesias- 
 ticis ; which is a criticism on Baronins; 
 F.pistolx, the best edition of which is that 
 of Almeloveen at Rotterdam, 1709, fol. — 
 71 lor. Biog. Brit. 
 
 Casaubon (Meric), son of the above, 
 was born at Geneva in 1599, and educated 
 at Christ-church, Oxford, where he took his 
 degrees in arts, and entered into orders. 
 He obtained from archbishop Laud a pre- 
 bend in Canterbury cathedral, and two 
 livings in Kent, of which he was deprived 
 in the rebellion, also fined and imprisoned. 
 Cronrivell made him large offers to induce 
 him to write the history of the war, but 
 lie steadily refused them ; as he also did an 
 invitation from Christina, queen of Sweden 
 to superintend the universities in her king- 
 dom. At the Restoration he recovered his 
 preferments, and died in 1671. He edited 
 several ancient writers, to which he sub- 
 joined versions and learned notes. He also 
 wrote some pieces which shew great learn- 
 ing. The most remarkable are, a Defence 
 of the Existence of Witches, and a true and 
 faithful Relation of what passed many 
 Years between Dr. John Dee and some Spi- 
 rits, 1659, folio. — Ibid. 
 
 Case (Thomas), a nonconformist divine, 
 was born at Boxley in Kent, and bred at 
 Christ-church, Oxford, where he took the 
 degree of M. A.; after which he became 
 minister of Erpingham in Norfolk. He 
 next settled in the living of St. Mary Mag- 
 dalen, Milk-street, London, and was chosen 
 one of the assembly of divines. He was 
 turned out for refusing the engagement, 
 and suffered imprisonment for being con- 
 cerned in Love’s plot; but on making a 
 submission he was released. In 1660 he 
 was appointed one of the city ministers to 
 attend the king at the Hague, and he as- 
 sisted at the Savoy conference. He died 
 in 1 682, aged 84. He printed tome sermons. 
 — Galamy. 
 
 Case (John), a native of Lvmc Regis in 
 Dorsetshire and a noted empyric and astro- 
 loger, was looked upon as tne successor of 
 the famous Lilly, whose magical utensils he 
 
CAS 
 
 CAS 
 
 possessed. He is said to have got more by 
 this distich over his door than Dryden by 
 ail his poetry : 
 
 Within this place 
 “ Lives Doctor Case.” 
 
 And he was doubtless well paid for com- 
 posing that which he affixed to his pill- 
 boxes : 
 
 “ Here’s fourteen pills for thirteen pence, 
 
 “ Enough in any man’s own con-sci-ence,” 
 
 There is a story told of him and Dr. Rad- 
 cliffe : being together at a tavern, Radcliffe 
 said, “ Here, brother Case, I drink to all the 
 fools your patients.” “ Thank ye,” quoth 
 Case, “ let me have all the fools, and you 
 are welcome to the rest.” He wrote a 
 nonsensical rhapsody, called the Angelical 
 ©aide, shewing men and women their lot 
 and chance in this elementary life, 1697, 
 &VO. — Granger. Bing. Brit. 
 
 Case I. (John), a learned German, wasjborn 
 at Gottingen in 1533. He was the pupil of 
 Alelancthon and Camerarius, and took his 
 degree of doctor of laws at Pisa, He died 
 professor of philosophy and rhetoric at 
 Hclmstadtin 1613. He wrote several learn- 
 ed works, and a collection of his letters was 
 published at Franckfort in 1687, 8vo, — 
 Mbreri. 
 
 Caseneuve (Peter de), a French antiqua- 
 tv and ecclesiastic, was born at Toulouse in 
 1591, and died there in 1652. He wrote, 
 Le France Aleu de la Province de Lan- 
 guedoc, ctabli et defender, 4to ; L’Histoire 
 de la Vie des Miracles de St. Edmond, Roi 
 d’Angleterre, 8vo.; Origines sur Etymolo- 
 gies Francoises, &c. — Ibid. 
 
 Casimir I. king of Poland, son of Mi- 
 cilas, whom he succeeded in 1034; but the 
 Poles re% r olted under the regency of his 
 mother, on which he went to Paris, 
 where he became a monk. Seven years 
 afterwards the Poles having discovered his 
 retreat, obtained leave from the Pope for 
 him to return to his kingdom and marry. 
 He espoused a daughter of the grand duke 
 of Russia, governed with great wisdom, ci- 
 vilized his subjects, and promoted com- 
 merce. He died in 1201. — Univ. Hist. A'lor. 
 
 Casimir II. surnamed the Just , king of 
 Poland, was the younger son of Boleslaus 
 111. Ou coming of age he was made prince 
 of Sandomir. When his brother Mieczlaus, 
 was deposed for tyrannical conduct in 1 177, 
 the Poles conferred the crown on Casimir. 
 He was an upright, generous prince, and 
 adopted measures to relieve the peasants 
 from the oppression of their lords. He died 
 in 1194, aged 77. — Ibid. 
 
 Casimir III. the Great, was born in 1309, 
 and succeeded Ladislaus in 1333. He took 
 several places from John king of Bohemia, 
 and conquered Russia. He united to his 
 warlike qualities the virtues of a great 
 king ; maintained peace, founded several 
 ' churches and hospitals, and built numerous 
 fortresses. Yet he is said to have been a 
 
 lover of -wine and women. He died of a 
 fall from his horse in 1370. — Ibid. 
 
 Casimir IV. the son of Jagellon, was 
 grand duke of Lithuania, and called to the 
 throne of Poland in 1447. He humbled 
 the Teutonic knights, subdued the vaivode 
 of Wallachia, and by an edict enjoined the 
 study and use of the Latin language, which 
 has ever since continued to be the verna 
 cular tongue of the Poles. He died in 14<R> 
 Ibid. 
 
 Casimir V. (John), son of Sigismund III. 
 l ie was intended for the church, became a 
 a jesuit, and was made a cardinal; but on die 
 death of Lauislaus VII. he took the crown, 
 and obtained permission to marry his bro- 
 ther’s widow. He was defeated by Charles 
 Gustavus king of Sweden, but with the as- 
 sistance of the emperor Leopold, he ob- 
 tained a victory over that prince, and con- 
 cluded a peace with his successor in 1660. 
 The year after he defeated the Muscovites 
 in Lithuania, l'he cares of government, 
 and the discovery of a conspiracy which 
 had been formed against him, induced him 
 to resign the crown, and go to France, 
 where lie died in 1672. — Ibid. 
 
 Casimir Sarpif.vius ; see Sarpiewsxi. 
 
 Casi.on (William), an eminent letter- 
 founder, was born at Hales-Owen in Shrop- 
 shire iu 1692, and served his apprenticeship 
 to an engraver of ornaments on gun-bar- 
 rels, which business he afterwards" carried 
 on in London. Fie also made tools for 
 bookbinders, and the letters which lie ettt 
 for this purpose so pleased Mr. Bovver 
 the printer, that he encouraged him to 
 turn his attention to cutting types, and as- 
 sisted him in the undertaking". In a short 
 time his types were found superior to those 
 of other founders; and intsead of im- 
 porting from Holland, as had been custom- 
 ary, his types were sent abroad. Hi.- first 
 foundry was in Helmot-row, near Oio- 
 sreet, but afterwards he removed to Chis- 
 well-street, where he carried on a very ex- 
 tensive business. At the close of his life he 
 left the concerns of the foundry to his son, 
 and went to live at Bethnal-green, where he 
 died in 1766. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Casnodyn, an elegant Welsh, poet, who 
 flourished from about the year ] 290 t;» 
 1340. Several of his productions are in 
 the Archaiology of Wales. — 0-wens Cawb. 
 Biog. 
 
 Cassagnes (James alihe de), a French 
 poet and member of the academy. Colbert 
 procured him a pension, and the post of 
 king’s librarian. Having a desire to shine 
 as a preacher at court, he directed his at- 
 tention to pulpit eloquence, but was un- 
 fortunately impeded by a satirical line in. 
 a poem by Boileau, who associated his name 
 with that of father Cotin, one of the worst 
 preachers of his time. This had such an 
 effect upon his spirits that he died in a mad- 
 house in 1679. He translated Sallust and 
 
CAS 
 
 sAme of the works of Cicero into French. 
 His poems are now forgotten. — Morcri. 
 
 Cassan, king of Persia, to obtain which 
 dignity he renounced the Christian religion. 
 He subdued Syria, defeated the sultan of 
 Egypt, and died in 1304, after returning to 
 his former faith. — Univ. Hist. 
 
 Cassana (Nicolo), called among painters 
 Nicoletto, was born at Venice in 1659 and 
 died in London in 1713. At Florence he 
 painted an admirable picture of the conspi- 
 racy of Cataline, consisting of nine figures 
 as large asiife. Fie also painted the portrait 
 of queen Anne, by whom he was dis- 
 tinguished in a very honourable manner. 
 His brother John Augustine excelled in paint- 
 ing beasts, birds, fishes, and fruits. — PHI. 
 
 C as sander, king of Macedon after Alex- 
 ander the Great. He compelled the Athe- 
 nians to accept Demetrius Phalerius to be 
 governor of their citv, and after commit- 
 mg a number of murders died of a dropsy, 
 30-1 B. C. — Univ. Hist. 
 
 Cassander (George), a learned divine, 
 was born near Bruges in 1513, and died in 
 1566. He laboured to effect a union 
 between the catholics and protestants, and 
 thereby incurred the ill-will of both par- 
 ties. His works were printed at Paris in 
 I6IC, folio. — Thuuni. Hist. Morcri. 
 
 Cassander (Francis), a learned French- 
 man, who died in 1695. Pie translated 
 some books into French, particularly the 
 Rhetoric of Aristotle.— -Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Cassandra-fidele, a learned Venetian 
 ladv, who applied with success to the Greek 
 and Latin languages, history, philosophy, 
 and theology. Phillip Tomasini published 
 her letters and discourses at Padua, in 1636. 
 bhe died in 1567, aged 102.— Ibid. 
 
 Cassentino (Jacoppo di),so called from 
 the place of his birth, where he painted 
 manvfine pieces, as well as at Florence and 
 other cities of Italy. He was the founder 
 of the Florentine academy, and died in 1356, 
 aged 80. — Pilkington. 
 
 Casskrio (Julio), an eminent anatomist, 
 was born of poor parents in Placentia. Be- 
 coming a servant to Fabricius ab aqua-pen- 
 dente, he became his instructor, and at last 
 took for an assistant. He succeeded his 
 master in the professorship of anatomy and 
 medicine at Padua in 1609. Pie died there 
 in 1616. His anatomical tables are in con- 
 siderable repute. Pie also wrote De Vocis 
 auditesque organis, historia, fol. 1609; and 
 other works. — Haller. Bill. Anat. Gen. Biog. 
 
 Cassianus (John), a monk of the 5th 
 century, was a native of Scythia, and 
 brought up in the monastery of Bethlehem. 
 He settled in France, where he founded two 
 monasteries, and died about 430. Pie wrote 
 Institutio Monachorum, and some other 
 works, in which he maintained the semi- 
 pelagian motion on the subject of grace. — • 
 Dupin. Moreri. 
 
 Cassibelan, Cassiveli.au nus, or, ac- 
 cording to the British Caswallon, a cele- 
 
 C A S 
 
 b fated king of the Britons, who opposed 
 Caesar with great valour and prudence. Pie 
 is said to have taken a considerable army 
 into Gaul, where he fought the Romans 
 with so much bravery as to provoke Caesar 
 to invade Britain. Cassibelan was elected 
 to the Supreme command by the other 
 chiefs, and fixed his residence at Verulam, 
 now St. Albans. — Caesar's Commentaries. Ow- 
 en's Catnb. Biog. 
 
 Cassini (John Dominic), a celebrated 
 astronomer, was born in 1625 in Piedmont; 
 and educated dmong the jesuits at Genoa. 
 He had such a turn for Latin poetry, that 
 some of his compositions were printed when 
 he was only eleven years old. Pie afterwards 
 devtoed himself to mathematics, particu- 
 larly astronomy, and in 1 650 was appointed 
 professor of mathematics at Bologna. In 
 1652 he made an observation of a comet; 
 and determined the apogee and eccentricity 
 of a planet from its true and mean place; 
 a problem which Kepler had pronounced 
 impossible. Ih 1653 he drew a meridian 
 line in the great churchat Bologna, on which 
 Occasion a medal was struck. In 1663 he 
 was appointed inspector-general of the for- 
 tifications of the castle of Urblno, and 
 superintendant of the rivers in the eccle- 
 siastical state. In 1666 he printed at Rome a 
 collection of astronomical pieces, and a 
 Theory of Jupiter’s Satellites. Lewis XIV. 
 desired leave of the pope for Cassini to 
 come to Paris, which was granted, but the 
 time of absence was limited to six years, 
 at the expiration of which term he was 
 commanded to return, and on his refusal 
 his places were taken from him. Cassini 
 was the first professor of the royal observa- 
 tory, which was finished in 1670. Here he 
 made numerous observations, and in 1684 
 he discovered four satellites of Saturn. In 
 1695 he went to Italy to examine the me- 
 ridian line which he had settled in 1653, and 
 in 1700 he continued that through France 
 which Picard had begun. Pie died in 1712, 
 
 having lost his sight some years before. 
 
 Morcri. Martin's Biog Philosopbica. 
 
 Cassini (James), the son and successor 
 of the above, was born at Paris in 1677, 
 and educated at the Mazarine college, under 
 Varignon, professor of mathematics. At 
 the age of 17 he was admitted a member 
 of the academy, and in 1696 he visited Eng- 
 land, where he was chosen fellow of the 
 royal society. He succeeded his father in 
 1712, and enriched the stock of science 
 with many valuable discoveries. In 1720 
 he published a book on the figure of the 
 earth, in which he maintained, in opposi- 
 tion to Newton, that it was an oblong 
 spheroid. To determine this the French 
 king sent two companies of mathematicians, 
 one towards the polar circle, and the other 
 to the equator, to measure a degree, the re- 
 sult of which was, a decided refutation of 
 Cassini’s opinion. In 1723 he described a 
 perpendicular to the meridian of France; 
 
CAS 
 
 ^rOrrt Paris to St. Malo, and the year fol- 
 lowing from Paris to Strasburg. He pub- 
 lished Elements of Astronomy, with Astro- 
 nomical Tables, in 1740. He died in 1756, 
 •— Moreri . 
 
 ■Cassini de Thury (Ctfesar Frangois),the 
 on and successor of the preceding, was born 
 at Paris in 1714, and at tht age of ten he 
 calculated the phases of a solar eclipse. 
 He was employed many years, in per- 
 fecting a general chart of France, and in 
 continuing the perpendicular of the me- 
 ridian of Paris. He published a great 
 number of pieces in the Memoirs of the 
 Academy of Sciences, and died in 1784, 
 being succeeded by his only son, count John 
 Dominic Cassini — Ibid. 
 
 Cassiodorous (Marcus Aurelius), a man 
 of great talents in the- 5th century. He 
 was a native of Italy, and appointed by 
 Theodoric, king of the Goths, governor of 
 Sicily ; and in 490 the same prince made 
 him his secretary and privy counsellor. In 
 514 he was raised to the consular dignity, 
 in which he was continued by Theodosius 
 and Vitiges. The approaching fall of the 
 Gothic kingdom, and a disgust of public 
 business, made him form the resolution of 
 retiring from the world. He accordingly 
 went to his native place in Calabria, where 
 he built a hermitage and a monastery. 
 Here he devoted himself to his studies and 
 religion. He is said also to have amused 
 himself with mechanical pursuits, and to 
 have invented water-clocks, sun-dials, and 
 lamps. He died in 577, aged 96. He 
 wrote a Chronology from the beginning of 
 the world to the year 519 ; a History of the 
 Goths, of which an abridgment only re- 
 mains: but his Letters, written while se- 
 cretary, are extant and valuable. He also 
 composed Commentaries on some parts of 
 Scripture, and a book on Orthograghv. The 
 best edition of his works is that of Rouen in 
 679, 2 vols. folio. — Vossius Hist. Lat. Mar. 
 
 Cassius (Cains), one of the murderers 
 of Ccesar, who had saved his life after the 
 battle of Pharsalia. He married the sister 
 of Brutus, and in the participation of the 
 provinces obtained Africa as his share. 
 When Augustus and Antony prevailed 
 against the conspirators at Rome, he retired 
 to Phillippi. where he and his friends were 
 defeated. Afraid of falling into the enemy’s 
 hands, he caused one of his freedmen 
 to run him through the body, 42 B. C. 
 Some of his letters remain among Cicero’s 
 epistles — Suetonius. PLutar h. 
 
 Cassius (Longinus Lucius), a Roman 
 praetor, rendered remarkable by his in- 
 flexible administration of iustice. He had 
 the name given him of being the rock of 
 the accused ; and adopted first the practi- 
 cal maxim of cui bonol He lived B. C. 1 15, 
 
 Cassius (Avidius), a Reman command- 
 ed under Marcus Antoninus, is said by 
 some to have been a Scythian, and by 
 others the son of Avidius Severus, a person 
 
 CAS 
 
 of considerable rank in the empire. He 
 commanded in 164 against the Parthians, 
 whom he defeated, and after considerable 
 ravages put an end to the war. He next 
 commmaaided the army in Syria, where 
 he restored the troops, who had relaxed into 
 effeminacy and licentiousness, to .discipline 
 and good order. He then marched against 
 Egypt, which h e conquered. In 1 75 he took 
 advantage of the information of Aurelius’s 
 illness to spread a report of his death, and 
 was proclaimed emperor by his army. Au- 
 relius, on receiving intelligence. of his usur- 
 pation, immediately set out for liiycrium, 
 and the senate proclaimed Cassius a traitor. 
 Before the two armies met, Cassius was as- 
 sassinated and his hea,d was carried to the 
 emperor, who spared his family, but Corn- 
 modus afterwards caused them to be burnt 
 alive. — Uni-v. Hist. 
 
 Cassius (Parmensis), a Latin poet, and 
 one of the conspirators against Caisar, 
 He afterwards attached himself to An- 
 tony, and was put to death by Oetavi- 
 anus. Varus, who killed him, took away 
 his papers, and it is supposed that the play 
 of Thyestes, which goes under the name of 
 Varus, was in reality the production of Cas- 
 sius. — Voss, de Poet. Lat: 
 
 Cass’ius (Severus Titus), a Roman ora- 
 tor in the time of Augustus. He was so 
 much addicted to accusing as to become a 
 libeller and calumniator : and his writings 
 were the cause of a law passed by Augustus 
 against libels. That monarch also banished 
 Cassius, who died miserably. Seneca speak# 
 highly of his eloquence.— Tacitus. Quints 
 lian. Bayle. 
 
 Ca stag no (Andrew del), a wretch, wha 
 having learned the art of painting in oil 
 from Dominico de Venise, assassinated hirfq 
 that he might possess the secret alone. 
 This happened in the 15fh century.— -Akicv 
 Diet. Hip. 
 
 Castai.di (Cornelius), an Italian poet 
 of the 16th century. Fie endowed a col- 
 lege at Padua, and died in 1537, aged 57. 
 His poems were printed in 175?, 4to. and 
 are very elegant. — Moreri. 
 
 Castalio (Sebastian), a learned French- 
 man, was born in 1515, and died kt Basil, 
 where he was Greek professor, in 1563. He 
 wrote Colloquia Sacra, or Dialogues on Sa- 
 cred History, 'n elegant Latin, 4 vols. lfmp • 
 and translated the whole Bible into the same 
 language. His notions upon predestina- 
 tion and grace were condemned bv the 
 church of Basil, and Calvin and Bcza wrote 
 bitterly against h : m. Bayle. 
 
 Casteels (PeteH, a painter of Antwerp, 
 where he waas born in 1684, and died at 
 Richmond in Surry in 1749. In 1796 he 
 published 12 plates of birds, designed and 
 etched by himself. — Pilki/.gton. 
 
 Castel (Lewis Bertrand), a French, 
 jesuit, was born in 1688, and died in 1757 
 He was a great admirer of sir Isaac Newton, 
 and published in 1743 a work, entitled 
 R 
 
CAS 
 
 CAS 
 
 Vrai SyJteme de I hysique gdndrale de 
 Newton. 4to. He also wrote the Optics 
 of Colours ; lf-mo.; a T reatise of universal 
 Gravity, 2 vols: 12mo,; a System of Ma- 
 thematics, 4to. and other works. Nouv. 
 
 Did. Hist. 
 
 Castell (Edmund), a learned di ine , 
 was born at Hatley, in Cambridgeshire, 
 in 1606, and educated at Emanuel col- 
 lege, Cambridge, from whence he re- 
 moved to St. John’s college. While in the 
 university he laboured in compiling his 
 Lexicon Heptaglotton, which is a standing 
 proof of his industry, though he ruined his 
 circumstances by it. In 1663 he was pre- 
 sented to the rectory of Higham-Gobion 
 in Bedfordshire ; and in 1666, was ap- 
 pointed chaplain to the king, and Arabic 
 professor at Cambridge, to which was added 
 a prebend of Canterbury. He died in 1685. 
 — Biog Br. 
 
 Castelei (Benedict), an Italian mathe- 
 matician, was born at Brescia. He entered 
 into the order of Benedictines, and was for 
 some time a disciple of Galilelo, whom 
 he assisted in his observations. Ele became 
 professor of mathematics at Pisa, and after- 
 wards at Rome, where he died in 1644. 
 
 Castelei (Bernard), a Genoese painter, 
 was born in 1557, and died in 1629. He 
 painted portraits of the most eminent poets, 
 for which he received complimentary verses 
 in return. He also engraved the plates 
 for the Jerusalem of Tasso. Elis son V alerio , 
 who died 1659, was a good painter of battle 
 pieces. — D' Argenville. 
 
 Castelnau (Michael), an eminent French 
 writer and statesman. He was born of a 
 noble and ancient family) and was employ- 
 ed by Chatles IX. and Henry III. in many 
 difficult and important negociations. He 
 died in 1592, having been five times ambas- 
 sador to England. His memoirs of his 
 embassies were printed in 1669,2 vols. fol. 
 and again at Brussels in 1731, in 3 vols. 
 f 0 1 i o . — Mo reri . 
 
 Casteenau (Henriette Julie de), coun- 
 tess of Murat, an ingenious French lady, 
 and the wife of the count de Murat ; died in 
 1716, aged 45. — She wrote Tales of the 
 Fairies, and other ingenious romances. — 
 jViuv. Did. Hist. 
 
 Caste lvetro (Lewis), an Italian critic 
 of great learning, but very splenetic ; was 
 born at Modena, and died in 1571 at Basil, 
 whither he had fled to escape the inquisi- 
 tion. Hewrote a Commentary upon Aris- 
 totle’s Poetics, and some Latin poems. — 
 Baylc. 
 
 Casti (L’Abbe), an Italian poet of the 
 1 8th century, is known by a great number 
 of poems, and other productions, in his na- 
 tive language. His principal work is en- 
 titled Gli Animal) Parlanti , or the “ Speaking 
 Animals.” He died at Paris in 180:3. — Nouv. 
 Did. Hist. 
 
 C astiglione (Balthazar), an ingenious 
 nobleman of Mantua, was corn in 147& 
 
 After serving with great bravery in a mi- 
 litary capacity, he Was employed by the 
 duke of Urbino in state affairs, and sent 
 ambassador to several courts. He was also 
 engaged in the same service by pope Cle- 
 ment VII. Charles V. to whom he was sent 
 as nuncio, had a high esteem for him. 
 He died at Toledo in 1529. His greatest 
 work is “ 11 Cortigiano,” or the Courtier, 
 written in an elegant style, and abounding 
 with good rules and reflections. His letters 
 were published at Padua, in 2 vols. 1769. 
 His poems are in the Delicies Pod. Italor.um .■ — 
 Tirabaschi. 
 
 Castiglione (Joseph), a poet and critic , 
 was born at Ancona, and became governor 
 of Corneto in 1598. lie died in 1616. He 
 wrote in Latin verse a history of his own 
 time, and left several critical works under 
 the title of Varias Lectiones et Opuscula, 
 Rome, 1694, 4to. — Nouv. Die'. Hist. 
 
 Castillo (Ferdinand de), a Spanish di- 
 vine of the Dominican order, of which he 
 wrote the history in 2 vols. fol. 1584. He 
 died in 1593. — Moreri. 
 
 Castillo v Saavediia (Anthony del), a 
 Spanish painter, was born at Cordova, and 
 died there of despair, in consequence of 
 being outshone by Murillo, in 1667, aged 
 64. He painted history, portrait, and land- 
 scape, with equal success. — Cumberland’s 
 Anecdotes of Painters. 
 
 Castr acani (Castruccio), an Italian ge- 
 neral, was born at Lucca in 1281. At the 
 age of 20 he entered into the service of 
 Edward king of England, but was obliged 
 to leave this country for killing a courtier 
 in a duel. He then went to Flanders, and 
 entered into the army of Philip, king of 
 France, where he displayed high military 
 talents and courage. In 1313 lie return- 
 ed to Italy, which was then distracted 
 by the wars between the Guelphs and 
 GhibLeins. lie took the side of the latter, 
 and gained many battles over the Floren- 
 tines. The emperor Lewis V. made him 
 duke of Lucca and a Roman senator. He 
 died in 1328. — Moreri. 
 
 Castro (Alphonso de), a Spanish friar of 
 the Franciscan order, and a famous preach- 
 er. He accompanied Philip II. to England, 
 after which he retired to Flanders, *and died 
 at Brussels in 1558, just as he was appointed 
 archbishop of Compestella. lie wrote a 
 curious book against heresies. — Dupin. Hist. 
 
 Eccles. 
 
 Castro (John de), a Portuguese general, 
 was horn at Lisbon in 1500. He served 
 against the Moors, and accompanied de 
 Gama to the East. He there drew up a 
 description of the Red Sea. On his return 
 to Portugal he was appointed commander 
 of a fleet,’ and attended Charles V. in his 
 expedition against Tunis. He was next 
 made governor of the Portuguese set- 
 tlements in India, where he fortified Diu, 
 and died as that place in 1548. — Moreri . _ 
 
 Castro (Paul de), an Ulustriaus civilian 
 1G 
 
CAT 
 
 CAT 
 
 \vas born at Castro in the Roman state, and 
 Was successively professor of law at Flo- 
 rence, Bologna, Siena, and Padua. The 
 saying of Cujas concerning him became 
 proverbial : Qui non habet Paulem de Castro , 
 tunicam •, vendat ct emat. “ He who has not 
 Paul de Castro, let him sell his coat and buy 
 him. He died in 1437, His works went 
 through several editions, the last of which 
 is in 8 vols. folio. — Tiraboschi. 
 
 Cat (Claude Nicholas le), a celebrated 
 surgeon, was born at Blerancourt in 
 Picardy in 1700, and brought up to the 
 church, which he quitted for the study of 
 medicine aud Surgery. In 1725 he publish- 
 ed a letter on the aurora borealis. In 1731 
 he became chief surgeon of the Hotel Dieu 
 at Rouen, where he formed a school of ana- 
 tomy and surgery, and a literary society, 
 which was afterwards erected into an aca- 
 demy, of which lie was chosen perpetual 
 secretary. The king gave him in 1759 a 
 pension, and in 1766 letters of nobility. 
 He died in 1768. He wrote a Theory of 
 Hearing, 1758, 8vo.; a Treatise on the Ner- 
 vous Fluid, 1765, 8vo.; an Abridgment of 
 Osteology, 8vo. 1767; a Treatise on the 
 Senses, 2 vols. 12mo. 1767 .—{Jailer Bill .Anat. 
 
 Catel (William), a French lawyer, was 
 born at Toulouse, in 1569. He became 
 counsellor of that place, and wrote the His- 
 tory of the counts of Toulouse, folio ; and 
 Memoirs of the Province of Languedoc, 
 folio. He died in 1626. — Moreri. 
 
 Catellan (Maria Claire Priscille Mar- 
 guerite de), an ingenious French lady was 
 horn in 1662,anddiedToulousein 1745. She 
 wrote odes which possess merit, and were 
 crowned by the academy of Toulouse. — Ibid. 
 
 Catesbv (Mark), an English naturalist, 
 was born in 1680. He went to Virginia in 
 1712, and remained there seven years. 
 While in that country he collected various 
 productions in natural history, which he 
 sent to England. These gave so much 
 satisfaction to sir Hans Sloane, and other 
 naturalists, that by their persuasion he vi- 
 sited Carolina, from whence he extended 
 his enquiries into the neighbouring pro- 
 vinces, and to the Bahama islands. He re- 
 turned to England in 1726, and pulished 
 the Natural History of Carolina, Florida, 
 and the Bahama islands, in 2 vols. 
 folio. The plates were done from his own 
 drawings, and colouredunderhis inspection, 
 i his work was reprinted in 1754 and again 
 in 1771. The author was chosen a fellow 
 the royal society, and communicated to 
 their Transactions a paper on the Migra- 
 tion of Birds. He died in 1749 Rultney's 
 
 Sketches of Botany, 
 
 Catharine, the daughter of Charles VI. 
 of France, and the wife of Henry V. king 
 ot England. After the death of that prince 
 she married Owen Tudor, by whom she 
 had a son called Edmund, father of Henry 
 VII. She died in 1431. — Moreri. 
 
 Catharine of Arragon, daughter of 
 
 Ferdinand V. king of Castile and Arragon, 
 espoused in 1501 Arthur, son of Henry 
 VII. and on his death five months after, 
 she married Henry prince of Wales, after- 
 wards Henry VIII. by whom she had several 
 children, all of whom died young except 
 Mary, who became queen of England. 
 When Henry fell in love with Anne Bo- 
 leyn, he sought every means to procure a 
 divorce from Catharine, under the pretence 
 of religious scruples. The delays of the 
 pope induced the impatient monarch to 
 throw oil the papal yoke. The divorce 
 was pronounced by his divines, and Catha- 
 rine ceased to be treated as queen. Her 
 behaviour in this trying affair, was calm, 
 steady, prudent, anil pious; so that her 
 brutal husband could not help paying re- 
 spect to her virtues, while he pleaded con- 
 science for what he did. In her retreat she 
 wrote some religious pieces. She died at 
 at Ivimbolton castle in 1546. — Ilmne. JVIoreri . 
 
 Catharine de Medicis, queen of 
 France, was the only daughter of Lorenzo 
 de Medici, duke of Urbino, and was married 
 in 1534 to Henry duke of Orleans, son of 
 Francis I. She was married several years 
 without bearing children, but at last had 
 ten, three of whom were in succession kings 
 of France, and one was queen of Navarro. 
 In 1559 she became a widow, and her son 
 Francis succeeded to the throne, during 
 whose reign her influence was supplanted 
 by that of the Guises. On the accession, 
 ot her other son Charles IX. in his eleventh, 
 year, she acquired the chief authority 
 and brought eternal infamy on her name 
 by her horrible treachery to the Hui 
 guenots, and the massacre of St. Bartho- 
 lomew. She died in 1589. She was ad- 
 dicted to pleasure, and fond of judicial as- 
 trology. — Moreri. Mod. Univ. H st. 
 
 Catharine I. empress of Russia, was 
 born in 1683 in Livonia, of poor parents, 
 whom she lost in her youth, and then lived 
 with a clergyman, on whose death she 
 went to Marienbutg, where she married 
 a Swedish dragoon, who was killed when 
 the place was taken by the Russians. Ge- 
 neral Bauer then became enamoured of her 
 beauty, and took her to live with him. 
 Afterwards site obtained a situation in the 
 family of prince Menzikoff, who was also 
 smitten with her charms. Here she at- 
 tracted the attention of the czar, winy 
 made her his mistress, and in 1711 his wife. 
 She is supposed not to have been very faith- 
 ful to his bed ; and the emperor put u 
 Frenchman to death out of jealousy. How- 
 ever, at his death he left her the throne, and 
 she was proclaimed empress in 1725. She 
 carried into execution the great designs 
 which had been left unfinished by her hus- 
 band, and died ill 1727. — Coxe's Travels in 
 Russia. Gen. Bicg. Diet. 
 
 Catharine II. empress of Russia, was the 
 daughter of the prince of Anhalt Zerbst, 
 and born in 1729. Her original name was 
 
 R. a 
 
CAT 
 
 C A t 
 
 which terminated in 1774, after a series of 
 victories and conquests gained by the forces 
 
 cheff, who assumed the name of Peter III. 
 Peace being restored, the empress devoted 
 her attention to public improvements, and 
 to political engagements. In 1780 she 
 formed, with the other northern states, the 
 famed armed neutrality, the object of which 
 was to protect the Baltic trade from the 
 belligerent powers. In 1782 she founded a 
 Roman catholic archbishop lie in her do- 
 minions, for her subjects of that persuasion. 
 About the same time she created a new mi- 
 litary order by the title of St. Wolodimir. 
 The year following she seize d on the Crimea 
 and Cuban, which so alarmed the Porte, 
 that war became almost inevitable, but the 
 
 SOn'r.ia Augusta, but on her marriage wih 
 
 he o-rand duke of Russia, in 174.4, she was . ... . 
 
 baptized according to the formulary of the of Catharine About this time she quelled 
 < ireek church, and named Catharine Alex- a revolt which had broken out in the south- 
 ievna. She brought her husband two chil- ern provinces, headed by the cossac Pugat- 
 dfen, Patti, who succeeded her, and Anne, 
 who died aft infant. Catharine however, at 
 this period, was not clear of the charge of in- 
 fidelity, and her husband, by way ot reprisal, 
 attached himself to a daughter of count 
 Woronrof. On the death of the empress 
 Elizabeth in 1761, Peter came to the throne, 
 and soon discovered his intention of disin- 
 heriting his son, divorcing Catharine, ana 
 marrying the countess of Woronzof. At 
 this juncture he had offended the army and 
 the church, bv some innovations, and had 
 excited the jealousy of the Russian nobility 
 by his partiality to foreigners. These were 
 
 favourable circumstances for the project of . „ - R • 
 
 Catharine- a conspiracy was entered into, accession of Germany as an ally to Russia 
 the armv gained over, and, June 27, 1762, stopped the preparations, and the lurks 
 Peter after signing a renunciation of his yielded to the aggression. Catharine tra- 
 crown, was sent prisoner to the palace of veiled through her new territory with a 
 Robscha. Between the prisons and the — «.«««*■ «*■«»* r Kp '' s 
 
 graves of princes the distance is short. 
 
 On the 1 7 tlx of July, Alexius Orloff, the em- 
 press’s favourite, with some other conspira- 
 rators, assassinated Peter, by strangling 
 him , but that this was without the know- 
 of Catharine is at least to be supposed, 
 though she did not punish the peipetrators. 
 
 It was proclaimed to the nation that the 
 czar had died of the colic. Catharine be- 
 haved with magnanimity to the friends of 
 her deceased husband, and pardoned her 
 rival the countess Woronzof. In September 
 she was crowned at Moscow. The regula- 
 tions adopted at the beginning of her 
 reign were in the manner and spirit of 
 ■ Peter the Great. She affected to rule by 
 clemency, and to win the hearts of her sub- 
 jects by acts of liberality. She also avoided 
 foreign war till she had settled the tran- 
 quillity of the empire. Fond of literature 
 and arts, she gave unbounded encourage- 
 ment to the introduction of them into her 
 dominions; and held a correspondence with 
 the most eminent literary characters in 
 Europe. In 1764 she caused her favourite, 
 
 Poniatowski, to be crowned king of Poland, 
 and the same year was marked by the death 
 of prince Ivan, grand nephew to Peter the 
 Great, who had been a prisoner eighteen 
 years, and in a state of mental imbecility. 
 
 Notwithstanding these blots on her charac- 
 ter, Catharine shewed herself worthy of 
 sovereign power, by acts of the greatest im- 
 portance. She caused a liberal code of 
 laws to be enacted, in which the practice of 
 torture was abolished ; she attended to the 
 subject of education, and wished to diffuse 
 knowledge among all classes of her subjects, 
 
 . and she encouraged medical discovery 
 by submitting to the practice of ino- 
 culation, and persuading the duke to 
 follow her example. In 1768 the grand 
 seignor declared war against Russia, 
 
 magnificent retinue, and at Cherson had 
 an interview with the emperor Joseph. Im- 
 mediately after this, war broke out between 
 Russia and the Porte, in which the former 
 was assisted by Germany and the latter by- 
 Sweden. The war was carried on with 
 great fury ; Oczakoff was stormed by the 
 Russians, and a prodigious carnage ensued ; 
 Ismail was also taken by Su war row in the 
 same manner; the naval force of the 
 Turks In the Black Sea was destroyed ; 
 several engagements took place in the 
 Baltic between the Russian and Swedish 
 fleets, and generally in favour of the former. 
 Sweden was in consequence obliged t» 
 makepeace in 171)0; which was followed 
 in 171)2 by that of Yassi, in which the 
 Porte yielded to Russia the important 
 fortress of Oczakoff, which caused consi- 
 derable uneasiness to the British court ; 
 and if the parliament had not opposed it, 
 might have produced a new war. Shortly 
 after, the attention of Catharine was drawn 
 to the state of Poland, where a spirit of re- 
 volt had broken out, and the people seemed 
 determined to shake off a foreign yoke. 
 A Russian army was sent thither which 
 committed dreadful ravages, and decided 
 the fate of Poland, by the massacre of the 
 inhabitants of Warsaw. That kingdom was 
 then partitioned out between Russia, Ger- 
 many, and Prussia This ambitious woman', 
 who posessed great mental powers with 
 many gross propensities, died of an apo- 
 plexy, Nov. 9, 1796. — Coxe'i f Travels in Rus- 
 sia. Toole s History of Catharine 
 
 Catharine of Sienna a Romish saint, 
 was born in 1847, and vowed celibacy at 
 the age of eight years. She became cele- 
 brated for her pretended revelations, and 
 persuaded pope Gregory XI. f o remove the 
 sea of ecclesiastical government to Rome, 
 after it had been seventy-six years at Avig- 
 non. But. the pope was sorry for it af- 
 
CAT 
 
 CAT 
 
 terwards, and on his death-bed cautioned 
 those about him from hearkening to an 
 Enthusiast. She died in 1S80, and was ca- 
 nonized in 1,61. A volume of her Letters 
 is in print ; and some religious pieces of a 
 fanatical cast. There was another saint of 
 the same name, who was born at Bologna, 
 where she founded a convent, and died in 
 .1463. She also wrote revelations, and other 
 treatise-, Dupin. Moreri. 
 
 Catharinus (Ambrose), ap Italian di- 
 vine, was born at Sienna in 1487. He was 
 .at the council of Trent, and wrote against 
 Luther and Ochinus. lie was made bishop 
 ■of Minori, in the kingdom of Naples, from 
 whence lie was translated to the archbishop- 
 ric of Canza. He died in 1553. — Tiraboscbi. 
 Dupin. Moreri. 
 
 Catiline (Lucius Sergus Catilina), a fa- 
 mous Roman, was born of a noble family, 
 and became early in life remarkable for the 
 licentiousness of his manners. His abilities 
 were great, and in temper he was resolute, 
 but his heart was depraved, and he scru- 
 pled not any means to obtain the object on 
 which he was set. He delighted in scenes of 
 riot, confusion, intestine wars, and murders. 
 Such is the character given of him by Sallust, 
 which is confirmed by other historians. 
 Catiline was one of the most active minis- 
 ters of Sylla, who procured his advance- 
 ment to the qurestorship, and other high 
 and lucrative offices. In the year B. C. 65 
 he formed a conspiracy with several aban- 
 doned young men, to murder the consuls 
 and to overturn the government. This 
 plot was discovered by Cicero, who was 
 then consul, aud who delivered inthe senate 
 his famous oration against Catiline, in 
 w.hich he exposed all his abominable de- 
 signs before his face. Catiline then left 
 Rome, and put himself at the head of an 
 army, on which the senate declared him a 
 rebel. Those of his party which were left 
 at Rome endeavoured to gain over to their 
 side the ambassadors of the Allobrpges, 
 who were then at Rome. The ambassadors 
 disclosed the whole to Cicero, and the 
 conspirators were seized and punished. In 
 the mean time Catiline was about to inarch 
 into Transalpine Gaul, in hopes of being 
 joined by that nation, but in this he was 
 hindered by the proconsul Q. Metellus 
 Celer, whose army lay at the foot of the 
 Alps. An engagement ensued on the plains 
 of Tuscany, in which Caitiline was slain, 
 a her fighting desperately, B. C. 62. — Sallust. 
 Plutarch. Cicero. 
 
 Catin at (Nicholas), an illustrious French 
 .general, was born at Paris in 1637, and 
 brought up to the bar, which profession lie 
 renounced for that of arms. He rose to 
 the highest military honours, and distin- 
 guished himself in several battles and sieges. 
 In 1688 he defeated the duke of Savoy, aud 
 conquered alihis dominions. In 1697 he took 
 the fortress of Ath in Flanders ; and four 
 years afterwards was appointed commander 
 
 of the army in Italy against prince Eugene* 
 but his wonted success failed him, and he 
 was obliged to retreat. He died at his es- 
 tate of st. Gratian, in 1712, aged 74. He 
 was a man of great promptness, cool and 
 deliberate, modest an*i unassuming.— Nouv. 
 Diet. Hist. 
 
 Cato (Marcus Pnrtius), an illustrious 
 Roman, usually called the Censor. He was 
 born at Tusculum, u.C. 235, served in the 
 army ai the age of 17, and behaved with 
 great valour; his temperance was remark- 
 able, never drinking any thing but water, 
 and being always contented with tne plain- 
 est food. By the interest of his tricud Va- 
 lerius Flaccus he was enabled to gain con- 
 siderable preferment, and was appointed 
 military tribune in Sicily, and aiterwards 
 qmestor in Africa under Scipio, in winch 
 offices he displayed a strict economy in the 
 expenditure of the public money. After 
 going through other employments he was 
 chosen consul, B.C. 195, in which station 
 he had Valerius Flaccus for his colleague, 
 audbvhom he opposed in his attempt to re- 
 peal the Oppianlaw. He conducted the war 
 the further Spain with great success, and 
 took no part of the spoils to his own share. 
 On his arrival at Rome he was honoured 
 with a triumph. His next advance was to 
 the consulship, in which he shewed his dis- 
 like to luxury of every kind. He also dis- 
 tinguished himself by his hatred to Car- 
 thage, always concluding his speeches in 
 the senate with the expression, delenda est 
 Carthago ! Fie wrote a history of Roman 
 allairs, of which only a few fragments re- 
 main: but a treatise of his on husbandry is 
 extant in the Scriptures de re Rustica. He 
 died B.C. 150, aged 90. By his first wife 
 he had a son, who distinguished himself as 
 a soldier. On her death he kept a mistress 
 for some time, and in his old age married 
 another wife, by whom he had a son, who 
 
 was the grandfather of CLiO of Utica.- 
 
 Plutarch. Corn. JVepos. 
 
 Cato (Marcus Portius), surnamed of 
 Ui ico, from the place where he died. Was 
 the great-grandson of the preceding, and 
 born about 93,' B. C. His parents died 
 when he was a child, and left him in the care 
 of his uncle Livius Drusus, a person of dis- 
 tinction. He manifested at an early age 
 that inflexibility of disposition which mark- 
 ed the whole of his public conduct. His 
 habits of austerity and irugality led him 
 to embrace the doctrines of the Stoics. He 
 served in the army with his brother Cxpio 
 against J3pa„rt?.eus, and displayed so much 
 v,aiour and prudence, as to obtain the com- 
 mission of tribune in the army sent to 
 Macedonia. In his civil character he 
 served first t e office of quxstor, which de- 
 partment he reformed of many abuses that 
 had crept into it. His uprightness in ad- 
 ministering justice’ gained him great po- 
 pularity, and rendcied his name prover- 
 bial for integrity. He gave Lis' support to 
 
GAY 
 
 (JAV 
 
 Cicero, when that great man Was consul, 
 and publicly honoured him with the title of 
 father of his country. He saw through the 
 ambitious projects of Ccesar, and opposed 
 him with so much zeal that he sent him to 
 prison; though he thought itexpedient to re- 
 lease him almost immediately. He was 
 afterwards sent into Asia to announce to 
 Ptolemy 'king of Cyprus, the decree which 
 deprived him of his dominions. That un- 
 happy prince poisoned himself, and Cato 
 seized on the royal treasure for the repub- 
 lic. He supported Pompey against Caesar, 
 •whose designs he considered as dangerous 
 to the Roman liberty, yet the civil war 
 which ensued filled him with grief. After 
 the battle of Pharsalia,he retired to Africa, 
 thinking that Pompey had fled thither. 
 He and his troops endured great hardships 
 in their march across the deserts, and at 
 last joined Scipio at Utica, with whom he 
 had some contest about the mode of car- 
 rying on the war. Cato also gave offence 
 to that general by sparing those inhabi- 
 tants of Utica who were attached to Caesar. 
 When that conqueror came before the place, 
 and Cato retired to his chamber And after 
 reading Plato’s ' Phado, or Dialogue on 
 the Immortality of the Soul, fell upon his 
 sword B. C. 45. When Ca;sar arrived, he said 
 “ Cato, I envy thee thy death, since thou 
 didst envy me the gloryof saving thy life.” 
 > — Plutarch. Sallust. 
 
 Cato (Valerius), a Latin poet and Gram- 
 marian in the time of Sylia. The only 
 piece of his thathas reached us isa poem, en- 
 titled Dirte, to be found in the Corpus Poe- 
 tnrum, by Mattaire. Pie died B. C. 30. — 
 JVlcreri. _ 
 
 Catrou (Francis), a learned French je- 
 suit, who died at Paris 1737, aged 78. 
 He was engaged ip writing for the Journal 
 de Trevoux several years. He was also 
 The author of, 1. A history of the Empire 
 of Mogul; 2. A history of the Fanaticism 
 of Protestants, Anabaptists, Quakers, &c. ; 
 3. A Translation of Virgil ; 4. A Romani 
 Plistorv, with notes, in which he was assist- 
 ed by father Rouille, Moreri. 
 
 Catullus (Caius Valerius), a Roman poet 
 was born at Verona B. C. 86. His compo- 
 sitions though elegant, are tinctured with 
 licentiousness. He died B. C. 40. The best 
 editions of Catullus are those of Vossius, 
 Land. 1684; Vulpius, Patav. 1717; Grtevius, 
 Utr, 1680; and Barbou Paris, 1754. — Bayle. 
 Moreri. 
 
 Catz (James), a Dutch statesman and 
 poet, was born in Zealand in 1577. He -was 
 sent ambassador to England in the time of 
 Cromwell. Pie died in 1660. His poems are 
 in Dutch, and were printed in 1756, 2 vols. 
 polio. — Noun. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Cavalcanti (Bartholomew), a learned 
 Italian, was born in 1503. He served in a 
 military capacity with great reputation, 
 and was employed by pope Paul III. in 
 some iniportaht embassies. He died at 
 
 Padua in 1562.' He wrote on rhetoric, 
 a work of considerable merit; and on the 
 forms of republics. *There was another 
 of the same name in the 13th century; he 
 was also of Florence, and wrote poems 
 of merit, printed in 1527. — Tiraboschi. Mor. 
 
 Cavalier (John), a French protestant, 
 was the son of a peasant in the Cevennes. 
 He became the leader of the Camisards, 
 or protestants of that country, who were 
 provoked to rebellion against Lewis 
 XIV. by the persecutions which they en- 
 dured. His courage and skill were so great, 
 that the regular armies under the best ge- 
 nerals could not defeat him, and at last 
 marshal de Villars found it expedient to 
 make a treaty with him. He was then 
 taken into the king’s service as colonel of 
 a regiment ; but being apprehensive that 
 some design was formed against him, heen-i 
 tered into the service of England, and com- 
 manded a regiment of French refugees at 
 the battle of Almanza, where Cavalier and 
 his troop did wonders. He was after- 
 wards appointed governor of Guernsey 
 and Jersey, where it is supposed he died. — . 
 Voltaire's Ageof Lewis XIV. Noun. Diet .Hist. 
 
 Cavalieri (Bonaventure), an Italian ma- 
 thematician of the 17th century. He was. 
 afriar, and a disciple of Galileo, and after- 
 wards became professor of mathematics at 
 Bologna, where he died in 1647. Hewrote 
 on geometry, trigonometry, logarithms, co- 
 nic sections, See.- — Hutton's Math. Diet. 
 
 Cava'llini (Pietro), a celebrated painter, 
 was born at Rome in 1279, and became the 
 disciple of Giotto. He assisted his master 
 in the famous mosaic in the church of St. 
 Peter. He died in 1364, aged 85. — Pill. 
 
 Cave (William), an English divine, was 
 born in 1637, and educated at St. John’s 
 college, Cambridge. After the Restoration 
 he obtained the vicarage of Islington, and 
 was appointed chaplain to the king. In 
 1684 he was made canon of Windsor, and 
 in 1688 published his Historia Literaria, or 
 an account of the writers for and against 
 Christianity, down to the 14th century. Be- 
 sides this learned work, he published the 
 Lives of the Apostles and Martyrs of the 
 first three centuries; and an excellent book, 
 entitled Primitive Christianity, See. Dr. 
 Cave died in 1713, and was buried at Isling- 
 ton. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Cave (Edward), a bookseller, was bom 
 at. Newton in Warwickshire in 1691, and 
 educated at Rugby school, on leaving which 
 he became clerk in the excise, but soon left 
 that situation, and came to London, where 
 he put himself apprentice to a printer. On 
 the expiration of his time he obtained a 
 place in the post-office, though he still con- 
 tinued at intervals to follow his business 
 He corrected the Gradus ad Parnassum, 
 and wrote for the newspapers. On being 
 dismissed from his place for resisting abuses 
 in the privilege of franking, he set up the 
 Gentleman’s Magazine, which had great 
 
CAY 
 
 C A V 
 
 success. He died in 1754, and was buried 
 in the church of St. Janies, Clerkenwell. — 
 Gen. B. II. 
 
 Cavedone (Jacomo), an eminent Italian 
 painter, was born in 1580. He was edu- 
 cated in the school of the Carracci, and it is 
 said some of his pieces are equal to those of 
 his master’s, A scries of misfortunes disor- 
 dered his intellects, and he was reduced to 
 beggary, in which wretched state he died in 
 a stable at Bologna in 16'60. — D' Argenville. 
 
 Cavendish, or Candisii (Thomas), an 
 English navigator, was born in Suffolk, of a 
 good family, and having squandered away 
 his fortune, fitted out three ships to cruise 
 against the Spaniards. He sailed from Ply- 
 mouth in 1586, and on the coast of South 
 America took several good prizes, and 
 among the rest an Acapulco ship of rich 
 value. In 1588 he returned to Plymouth, 
 after having circumnavigated the globe, 
 and acquired a^princely fortune, which he 
 soon dissipated, and made another voyage, 
 but meeting with no success, he died of grief 
 on the coast of Brasil. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Cavendish (sir William), an English gen- 
 tleman, was born ir. Suffolk, and became 
 usher to cardinal Wolsey, who honoured 
 him with his confidence, and in return he 
 adhered faithfully to him in Iris fall. Hen- 
 ry VIII. was so pleased with his fidelity, that 
 he admitted him into his service, conferred 
 on him the honour of knighthood, and gave 
 him several places and grants. Edward VI. 
 added to these honours, and he enjoyed 
 them all undiminished in the reign of his 
 successor. Sir William died in 1557. By 
 his last wife he had Henry, William (the first 
 earl of Devonshire), Charles, and three 
 daughters. Pie wrote the Life of Wolsey, 
 printed in 1667, and again in 1706. — Ibid. 
 
 Cavendish (William), duke of New- 
 castle, son of sir Charles Cavendish, the 
 youngest son of the above, was born in 
 1592. James I. made him knight of the 
 bath, baron Ogle, and viscount Mansfield. 
 Charles I. created him carl of Newcastle, 
 and appointed him governor to the prince 
 of Wales. The earl contributed 10,0001. 
 towards the expedition of that monarch a- 
 against the Scotch, besides a troop of horse. 
 Pie behaved with great spirit and loyalty 
 during the civil wars, till the destruction of 
 the royal cause obliged him to go abroad. 
 In his exile he wrote a Treatise on Govern- 
 ment, and the Interest of Great Britain with 
 respect to the other Powers of Europe. Af- 
 ter the Restoration he was created duke of 
 Newcastle. He died in 1676. His grace 
 wrote several plays and poems, but his 
 treatise on Horsemanship is the best known 
 of his pieces. His second wife wrote a num- 
 ber of volumes and plays, amounting to 
 thirteen folio volumes, now sunk into ob- 
 livion; she was tiie daughter of sir Charles 
 Lucas, who suffered death at Colchester 
 from the rebels. She died in 167S. The 
 
 duke's title descended to his son Henry, who 
 died without issue, 1691 — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Cavendish (William), the first duke of 
 Devonshire, was born in 1640. In 1661 he 
 represented the county of Derby in parlia- 
 ment, and four years afterwards attended 
 the duke of York as a volunteer against the 
 Dutch. He distinguished himself in the 
 house of commons against the court, and 
 was a witness in favour of Lord Russel ; he 
 offered also to exchange clothes with that 
 nobleman to enable him to effect his escape, 
 which he gallantly refused. In 1684 he suc- 
 ceeded to the title of earl of Devonshire, 
 and about the same time was fined 30,0001. 
 and imprisoned in the king’s bench, for as- 
 saulting colonel Culpepper in the presence- 
 chamber. He g-ave bond for the payment 
 of the fine, which, however, he saved by the 
 arrival of the prince of Orange. In 1689 he 
 was made a privy-counsellor, and at the 
 coronation he served as lord high steward. 
 Jn 1694 he was created duke of Devonshire, 
 and during the king’s absence was one of 
 the regenev, after the death of the queen. 
 He died in 1707. He wrote an Ode on the 
 death of Queen Mary; and an Allusion to 
 the bishop of Cambray’s Supplement to Ho- 
 mer. — Ibid. 
 
 Cavendish (lord John), son of the fourth, 
 duke of Devonshire. In the administration 
 under the marquis of Rockingham, in 1765, 
 he was appointed one of the lords of the 
 treasury, and during the American war he 
 constantly opposed lord North. On the re- 
 signation of that nobleman he became chan- 
 cellor of the exchequer, but on the death of 
 the marquis of Rockingham soon after, and 
 the appointment of the earl of Shelburne, 
 lie and his friends resigned their places. In 
 the coalition administration he was again 
 chancellor of the exchequer; but the minis- 
 try were soon dismissed, and from that time 
 he continued in opposition to his death, in 
 1796 .— Monthly Mug. 
 
 Cavendish (lord Frederick), field mar- 
 shal of his majesty’s forces, was born in 
 1729. Frederick prince of Wales was his 
 godfather. He entered early on a military 
 life, and in 1758 was appointed aid-du- 
 camp to the king. In .’.761 he was advan- 
 ced to the rank of major-general ; in 1770, 
 lieutenant-general; then general, and lastly 
 field-marshal. When the late duke of De- 
 vonshire was called to the house of lords 
 in 1751, lord Frederick succeeded him as 
 representative of the county of Derby. 
 At the general election in 1774, he was cho- 
 sen for the town of Derby, which he con- 
 tinued to represent till 1784, when he re- 
 tired from parliament. He was in the ac- 
 tion at St.Cas on fhe coast of France, in!758, 
 and was taken prisoner. The duke d’Ai- 
 guillon, who commanded the French army, 
 politely offered the British officers permis- 
 sion to return to England’on their paroies. 
 All of them accepted the offer except lord 
 
CAW 
 
 CEB 
 
 Frederick, which surprised the duke, who 
 asked his reason, to which he answered, 
 “ that being a member of parliament, he 
 should in England attend his parliamentary- 
 duty, and consequently vote for the sup- 
 plies for harrying on the war, which might 
 be considered as a breach of his parole.” 
 
 Poh, poh,” said the duke, “ we should as 
 soon think of restraining you from getting 
 a child, lest when it came to maturity it 
 should conquer France.” He was one of 
 the six English officers who at the begin- 
 ning of the seven years war entered into an 
 agreement with each other not to marry 
 until peace was restored; that no domestic 
 relations might influence their conduct. 
 Generals Wolfe, Monkton, andKeppel, were 
 among the number. His lqrdship died at 
 Twickenham in 1803. — Monthly Mag. 
 
 Caulet (brands Stephen de), a French 
 bishop, famous for his opposition to the 
 court on the regale , or the assumed right of 
 the crown to dispose of ecclesiastical bene- 
 fices during the vacancy of a see. For this 
 he was deposed, and died in 1680. He ef- 
 fected a considerable reform in his diocese. 
 — - Moreri . 
 
 Cauliac (Guy de), a French anatomist, 
 and physician to the popes Clement VI. 
 and Urban V. He published, in 1363, Chi- 
 rurgiae tractatus septem cum Antidotario. 
 He also wrote a Compendium of Surgery, 
 of which art he is called the restorer. — Ibid. 
 
 Caussin (Nicholas), a French jesffit and 
 confessor to Lewis XIII. Cardinal Riche- 
 lieu caused him to be banished from court 
 for opposing his measures. He died at Pa- 
 ris in 1651, aged 71. The most esteemed 
 of his works is entitled, the Holy Court, 
 which has been translated into English ; be- 
 sides which he wrote an excellent work, 
 De Flloquentia Sacra et Humana, 1619, 4to. 
 —Ibid, 
 
 Cawdrey (Daniel), a nonconformist di- 
 vine, was educated at Peter-house, Cam- 
 bridge, where he took the degree ofM. A. 
 He settled atDilling, in Northamptonshire, 
 from whence he was ejected in 1669. He 
 was a noted member of the assembly at 
 Westminster, and a considerable disputant. 
 He died in 1664. He wrote some polemical 
 pieces against the established church, prac- 
 tical treatises, aid sermons. — Cahmy. 
 
 Cawton (Thomas), a nonconformist di- 
 vine, was minister of St. Bartholomew’s be- 
 hind the F.xchange, and being implicated in 
 Love’s plot against Cromwell was obliged 
 jo fly to Holland, where he became pastor 
 of the English church at Rotterdam, and 
 died there in 1659. He was learned in the 
 oriental tongues, aucj assisted in the Polyglot 
 Bible, and Dr. Castell’s Polyglot Lexicon. 
 — Life by his Son , 8vo. 
 
 Cawton (Thomas), a puritan divine, was 
 educated at Rotterdam, and afterwards at 
 Utrecht, where he acquired a knowledge 
 of the oriental tongues. On his return to 
 England he was entered of Merton college, 
 
 Oxford, and was episcopally ordained. In 
 1662 he left the university on account e»f 
 nonconformity, after which he officiated to 
 a dissenting congregation in Westminster, 
 where he died in 1677, aged about 40. He 
 wrote the Life of his Father, 8vo. ; Disser,- 
 tatio de Usu Linguae Hebraic® in Philoso- 
 phy Theoretica ; Disputatio de Versione 
 byriaca \ et. et Novi Testament!, 4to. Ba- 
 laam s \V ish, 8vo. — Calamy. 
 
 Caxton (William), the first English 
 printer, was born in Kent about 1410. At 
 the age of 15 he was apprenticed to a mer- 
 cer, and on the death of his master he went 
 abroad as agent of the mercer’s company. 
 He was afterwards in the service of lady 
 Margaret of York, wife of the duke of Bur- 
 gundy. During his residence in Flanders 
 lie acquired a knowledge, of the new inven- 
 tion of printing, and the first book he print- 
 ed was the Recuyell of the .History of Troy,, 
 translated by himself from the French, 1471 . 
 But the first book printed in England wav 
 tne Game of Chess, which he executed in 
 \* estminster Abbe^ in 1474. His next per* 
 formance was the'Dictes and Sayengis of 
 the Philosophers, translated out of French 
 by Antone erle Ryvyres lord Seerles,' em- 
 prvnteu by Wyllyam Caxton at WestuiPs- 
 tre, 1477.^ He died 1491— Lewis's Life 'of 
 Caxton. Biog. Brit. 
 
 Caylus (Ann-Claude-Philip de, count 
 of), a French writer, was born at Paris in 
 1692 He eutered into the army, which he 
 quitted after the peace of Rastadt, and then 
 travelled through a great part of Europe 
 and Asia. He had a fine taste for the arts, 
 to which he added a considerable classical 
 knowledge. To him the world is indebted 
 for the publication of that magnificent work, 
 the Description of the Gems in the Royal 
 Cabinet. In 1731 he became a member of 
 the academy of painting, in which he found- 
 ed a prize lor drawing. He discovered the 
 ancient art for encaustic painting, and of 
 tinging marble, from hints in the works of 
 Pliny, the elder. He wrote dissertations on 
 the arts ; a Collection of Etruscan, Greek, 
 Roman, and Gaulish Antiquities, 7 vols. 
 4to. ; a Discourse on Ancient Pictures ; and 
 °ther works of merit. He died in 1765— 
 Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Cazes (Peter James), a French painter, 
 was born at Paris in 1676. His masters 
 were 1 louasse the elder, and Boullogne, and 
 he gained several prizes given by the aca- 
 demy. Pie was received a member of that 
 buoy in 1703. His reputation was establish- 
 ed by a noble picture painted for the church 
 of Notre Dame, representing the woman 
 with an issue of blood, fie died in 1754.—. 
 L)' Argetvville. 
 
 Ceba (Anfoldo),an Italian poet, was born 
 at Genoa in 1565, and died in 1 628. Fie 
 wrote two heroic poems, entitled, “ Esther,” 
 and“ II Furio Ckmillo. v The first was pro- 
 hibited by the court of Rome for blending 
 mythology with sacred history'. He wrote 
 
C E C 
 
 CEL 
 
 also two tragedies, the Gemalle Capoane, 
 and the Alcippo. He was likewise the 
 author of a History of Rome, and other 
 works. — firaboscbi. 
 
 ■ Ceb.es, a Greek philosopher, was a na- 
 tive of Thebes, and the disciple of Socra- 
 tes. The Pinax, or Tablature of Human 
 Life, attributed to him, is questioned by 
 some critics. It is usually printed with 
 the Enchiridion of Epictetus. — Moreri. 
 
 Cecco de Ascoli, whose real name was 
 Francis dc gli Stabili, was born at Ascoli; He 
 was a poet and physician, and well skilled 
 in mechanics. In 1322 he was made pro- 
 fessor of astrology and philosophy at Bo- 
 logna, but fell under the censure of the in- 
 quisition for magical pretensions. Lie re- 
 moved from Bologna to Florence on being 
 appointed physician and astrologer to the 
 duke of Calabria. He was burnt as a ma- 
 gician in 1327. He wrote a poem called 
 L’Acerta— Tiraboschi. 
 
 Cecil (William), lord Burleigh, a cele- 
 brated statesman, was the son of Richard 
 Cecil, master of the robes to Henry VIII. 
 and born at Bourn in Lancashire in 1521. 
 He was educated at St. John’s college, 
 Cambridge, from whence he removed to 
 Gray’s-inn. He married a sister of sir John 
 Cheke, who introduced him to the duke of 
 Somerset, by whom he was appointed mas- 
 ter of requests, and secretary of state. He 
 also received the honour of knighthood, and 
 had a seat in the privy council. When 
 Mary came to the throne he was dismissed 
 from his employments; but he was respected, 
 and often consulted, by the queen and her 
 ministers. At the accession of Elizabeth he 
 was appointed privy counsellor, secretary 
 of state, and master of the court of wards. 
 Soon afterwards he was chosen chancellor 
 of Cambridge ; and in 1571 advanced to 
 the peerage. He died in 1598<deuvingtwo 
 sons. He was an acute, steady minister, 
 well acquainted with mankind, indefatiga- 
 ble in business, correct in his private de- 
 portment, of unimpeachable integrity ; and 
 so disinterested, that though he held the 
 office of high treasurer 27 years, l>e left 
 but a moderate estate to his family. He 
 wrote some tracts in answer to libels on 
 the queen and government : and his state 
 papers were published by Haynes in 1740; 
 and a continuation by Murdin in 1 70'0. His 
 second wife was the daughter of sir An- 
 thony Cook. She was well acquainted with 
 the Greek and Latin languages, and wrote 
 a letter in the former to the university of 
 Cambridge, where she founded an exhibi- 
 tion for two poor scholars. She also dis- 
 tinguished herself by several other charita- 
 ble institutions. She died in 1689; and lord 
 Burleigh was greatly affected by her death, 
 as appears by some meditations which he 
 wrote on the occasion. — Flog. Br. Ballard's 
 British Ladies. 
 
 Cecil (Robert), earl of Salisbury, was 
 Second son of the above, and born in 1563. 
 
 He was of a weak constitution, and deform- 
 ed in person, but his understanding com- 
 pensated for his bodily defect, and it was 
 greatly improved by a liberal education. 
 His father took pains to instil into him the 
 knowledge necessary for a courtier and 
 statesman. He was at first assistant to se- 
 cretary Walsingham, and on his death be- 
 came his successor. He was instrumental 
 in the destruction of the earl of Essex, and 
 cultivated the friendship of James king of 
 'Scots, by which means he became a fa- 
 vourite with that monarch on his accession 
 to the English throne. In 1605 he was cre- 
 ated earl of Salisbury, and made knight of 
 the garter. In 1608 he was appointed high 
 treasurer, in which office he behaved with, 
 a faithful regard to the interests of the peo- 
 ple ; but the concern he had in bringingsir 
 Walter Raleigh to the scaffold is an eternal 
 disgrace to his memory, though he was in 
 other respects the best minister of that pe- 
 riod. He died in 16'12. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Cecrobs, an Egyptian, who founded 
 Athens about 1556' years B.C. He married 
 the daughter of Actxus, a Grecian prince, 
 and gave his name of Ceerops to the coun- 
 try over which he reigned. After a long 
 reign of 50 years he died, and left three 
 daughters. — Univ. Hist. 
 
 Cedrenus (George), a Greek monk of 
 the 11th century, who wrote a History 
 from the Creation to the year 1057. It was 
 printed with a Latin versidn at Paris in 
 1 647. — Lupin. 
 
 Celesti (Andrea), a Venetian painter of 
 great merit, who died in 1706, aged 69. 
 He painted several beautiful views in Italy; 
 also some fine pictures for churches. — -Fil~ 
 
 kington. 
 
 Celestine I. a pope and saint, succeeded 
 Boniface I. in 422. He condemned the doc- 
 trine of Nestorius in a council held at Rome 
 in 430. He died in 432, with the repu- 
 tation of wisdom and sanctity. — Cells- 
 tine II. was elected in 1143, on the death 
 of Innocent 11. and sat in the chair onlv 
 five months. — Celestine III. the successor 
 of Clement III. in 1191. He claimed the 
 kingdoms 'of Naples and Sicily, and gave 
 the latter to Frederic, the son of the 
 emperor Henry VI. on condition of his 
 paying a tribute to the holy see. He died 
 in 1198. — Celestine IV". This pope died 
 in 1241, eighteen days after his election. 
 — Ce lestin e V. a pope and saint. He was 
 a benedictine monk, and founded a new or- 
 der, called the Celestines, which was sup- 
 pressed in France in 1 778. Celestine con- 
 fined himself to his cell, where lie led a life 
 of constant devotion. The fame of his 
 sanctity caused him to be elected pope in 
 1294. Cardinal Cajetan by an artifice pre- 
 vailed upon him to resign the chair, after 
 which he got himself elected in his stead by 
 the name of Boniface VIII. He then caused 
 the credulous Celestine to be imprisoned in 
 a castle, where ; id 1296. Clement V. 
 
CEE 
 
 CEL 
 
 (Canonized him in 1313. — Dupin. Platintt. 
 ■Bower. 
 
 Cei.larius (Christopher), a learned wri- 
 ter, was horn in 1631 at Smalcalde in Fran- 
 conia. Fie became professor of Hebrew 
 and moral philosophy at Weissenfcls, and 
 in 1673 rector of the college at Weymar, 
 which place he quitted afterwards for the 
 same office at Zerts. In 1678 he removed 
 to Mersbourg, and in 1693 accepted the 
 professorship of history at Halle, where he 
 died in 1707. He edited several Latin and 
 Greek authors ; but he is best known by 
 his Notitia Orbis Antiqua, 2 vols. 4to. ; At- 
 las Coelestis, folio ; His'coria Antiqua, 1 698, 
 12mo.; and De Latinitate medix et infimre 
 retatis. His Letters were published aftcr 
 his death. — Moreri. 
 
 Cellier (Remi), a learned bcnedictine, 
 was born at Bar-le-Duc in 1688, and died in 
 1761, He compiled a General History of 
 sacred and ecclesiastical Authors, 23 vols. 
 4to. He also wrote an Apology for the 
 Morality of the Fathers against Barbeyrac. 
 — Nouns. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Cellini (Benvenuto), a famous artist, 
 was born at Florence in 1500, and served 
 his apprenticeship to a jeweller and gold- 
 smith. He also learnt drawing, engraving, 
 and music ; and Clement VII. appointed 
 him his goldsmith and musician. He was a 
 man of a turbulent spirit, but of an un- 
 daunted courage ; and when Rome was be- 
 sieged by the duke of Bourbon, the charge 
 of the castle of St. Angelo was committed to 
 Cellini. He was also employed to make 
 stamps for the mint, and the coins and me- 
 dals which he executed are very beautiful. 
 On the death of Clement he returned to 
 Florence, from whence he went to France, 
 where he was patronized by Francis I. but 
 he soon left that country and revisited 
 Rome, where he was confined a long time in 
 the castle of St. Angelo, on the charge of 
 having robbed the fortress of a considerable 
 treasure when he had the care of it. Fie 
 escaped, but was retaken, and suffered great 
 hardships till he was released hv the media- 
 tion of cardinal Ferrara. He then went to 
 France, where he executed some fine works 
 of sculpture, and particularly cast large fi- 
 gures of metal, which gained him a high 
 reputation. After staying there five years 
 he returned to his own country, and was 
 employed by' the grand cluke Cosmo. Fie 
 worked equally well in marble and metal. 
 Fie died at Florence in 1570. Cellini wrote 
 a treads* on the goldsmith’s act, and ano- 
 ther on sculpture and the casting of me- 
 tals.— Z?/7 written by himself, and translated 
 into English by Dr, Nugent, 2 vols. 8 VO. 
 
 Celsus (Aurelius Cornelius), a celebrated 
 physician, who flourished at Rome in the 
 reign of Tiberius; and wrote eight books 
 on^racdic'ne, the best edition of which is 
 that of Leyden, 1730, in two vols. 8vo. or 
 Paris, 1722, 12mo. Fie also wrote treatises 
 
 on Agriculture, Rhetoric, and Military 
 Affairs, which are first. — Hiller. Bibl. Med, 
 Freind's Hist., of Physic. 
 
 Celsus, an epicurean philosopher of the 
 2d century, who wrote a book against the 
 Christian religion, which was answered by 
 Origen. That of Celsus is lost ; but he ap- 
 pears to have been a subtle disputant. 
 
 Dupin. Moreri. 
 
 Cei.tes (Conrad), a modern Latin poet, 
 born in 1459, and died at Vienna in 1508. 
 Besides his Odes, Epigrams, and Amatory 
 Verses, he wrote a History of the City of 
 Nuremberg, 1513. — Moreri. 
 
 Censorinus (Appius Claudius), a Ro- 
 man senator, and twice consul, who in 
 270 was compelled to accept the purple 
 by his soldiers, who murdered him seven 
 days afterwards. Fie is nol to be confound- 
 ed with the consul of that name, to whom 
 Horace addressed an ode. He lived in the 
 time of Augustus. — Moreri , 
 
 Censorinus, a grammarian of the third 
 century. He flourished at Rome, and wrote 
 a book entitled De die Natali, printed at 
 Cambridge in 1659. It treats of- the birth 
 of man, of years, months, and days. — Voss. 
 De Hist. Lat. 
 
 Centlivre (Susannah), a dramatic wri- 
 ter, was the daughter of a Lincolnshire gen- 
 tleman named Freeman, hut she is supposed 
 to have been born in Ireland about 1 667. 
 Being ill-used bv her relations, she came to 
 England, and became the mistress of An- 
 thony Hammond, esq. then a student at 
 Cambridge, where she passed as his ser- 
 vant, being dressed in man’s clothes. From 
 Camhridge she removed to London, and 
 married a nephew of sir Stephen Fox, 
 but becoming a widow shortly after, she 
 took a second husband, who was an officer 
 in the army. In less than two years after, 
 her husband was killed in a duel. She then 
 turned dramatic author for a subsistence, 
 and she also ventured to perform, but her 
 success as an actress did not equal her re- 
 putation as a writer. Some of her come- 
 dies possess considerable merit, particularly 
 the Busy Body, and A Bold Stroke for a 
 Wife. In 1706 site married Mr. Centlivre, 
 yeoman of the mouth to queen Anne. Be- 
 sides her dramatic pieces, in 3 vols. 12mo. 
 she wrote poems and letters. She died in 
 1 723. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Centorio (Ascanius), a celebrated Ita- 
 lian, who was not only a soldier, but a 
 scholar; and wrote Military Annals of his 
 Time, printed at Venice in 1 565, and 1569, 
 in 2 vols. 4tO. — Tiraboschi. 
 
 Ceratinus (Janies), a learned Dutch- 
 man, whose true name was Teyng, which 
 he changed to one of Greek derivation, the 
 translation of Hoorn or Horn, of which 
 place he was a native. On the recom- 
 mendation of Erasmus, he became Greek 
 professor at Leipsic. FIc died at Louvain 
 in 1530. He translated Chrysostom on the 
 
C E R 
 
 C E S 
 
 priesthood into Latin : and published a 
 Gneco Latin lexicon, and a book de Sono 
 Grsecarum Literarum. — Br.yle. 
 
 Cerceau (John Anthony du), a French 
 poet, was born at Paris in 1670, and at the 
 age of eighteen entered among the jesuits. 
 Jn 1705 he published a collection of Latin 
 poems, which gained him considerable re- 
 putation : but his French poetry was little 
 esteemed. Fie wrote also some comedies 
 
 and critical pieces. He died in 1730. 
 
 Morcri. 
 
 Cerda (John Lewis de la), a learned 
 Spanish jesuit, who wrote Commentaries 
 upon Virgil, Ccesar, and Tertullian. He 
 died in 1643. — Moreri. 
 
 ' Cerdon, a heretic of the 2d century, 
 who maintained two principles ; one good, 
 the creator of heaven ; the other evil, who 
 created the earth. Fie rejected the Old 
 Testament, and allowed only a part of the 
 New ; he also held that Christ had not a 
 real body. — Mosheim. 
 
 Ceketa (Laura), an ingenious Italian la- 
 dv, was born at Brescia in 1469. She ac- 
 quired a considerable knowledge of the 
 learned languages and philosophy. Being 
 left a widow very young, sire devoted her- 
 self wholly to literary pursuits, and died 
 about 1498. A collection of her Latin let- 
 ters was published at Padua in 1680. — 77- 
 raboschi. 
 
 Cerini (Giovanni Dominico), an Italian 
 painter, was born at Perugia in 1606, and 
 died in 1681. Fie was the disciple of Guido 
 and Domenichino. His historical subjects 
 are happily executed. — Pilkington. 
 
 Cerinthus, an herisiarch, and the disci- 
 ple of Simon Magus. Fie lived A. D. 54; 
 and attacked the divinity of Jesus Christ. It 
 is said that as St- John was going into the 
 public baths, and seeing Cerinthus, he re- 
 tired with indignation, not enduring the 
 company of an enemy to his Saviour. — Eu- 
 sebius. Mosheim. 
 
 Cerisantes (Mark Duncan de), an inge- 
 nious writer, was the son of a Scotch phy- 
 sician at Saumur, in France. Fie acquired 
 considerable reputation by his literary ta- 
 lents : but he was excessively vain and quar- 
 relsome. Cardinal Richelieu sent him en- 
 voy to Constantinople, of which journey he 
 wrote an account in Latin ; he was after- 
 wards envoy to the court of Sweden ; but 
 was deprived for challenging a French no- 
 bleman. Fie was killed while serving un- 
 der the duke of Guise in Italy, in 1648. 
 Two Latin odes by him are in the Menagi- 
 ana. — Bayle. 
 
 Cermenati (John de), an Italian histo- 
 rian, who flourished about 1330, Flewrote 
 in elegant Latin, and with great accuracy, 
 the history of his native city, Milan, from 
 1307 to 1313. It was printed by Muratori 
 in his Collection of Italian Historians, 1726. 
 
 . — Tiraboschi. 
 
 Cerxato (Paul), a Latin poet, was born 
 
 at Alba in Montferrat, in 1435. His p run 
 cipal production is a poem in 3 books, De 
 Virginitate, All his works are in the De- 
 liciffi Poet arum Italorum. — •Ibid. 
 
 Ceruti (Frederic), a learned Italian was 
 born at' Verona in 1541. He was brought 
 up in France by the charity of the bishop 
 of Agen, who intended him for the church; 
 but Ceruti disliking that profession returned 
 to Verona, married, and opened an aca- 
 demy He died in 1579. He published 
 an edition of Horace with a paraphrase, 
 which was followed by similar ones of Per- 
 sius and Juvenal. He was the author of a 
 Dialogue on Comedy, in Latin ; and ano- 
 ther, De Recta Adolescentulorum Institu- 
 tione ; and some poems and letters in the 
 same language. — Ibid. 
 
 Cerutti (Joseph Antony Joachim), bom 
 at Turin in 1738. He was educated 'among 
 the jesuits, tfnd was made professor in their 
 college at Lyons. He gained two prizes 
 from the academy at Toulouse and Dijon 
 when young. On the abolition of his order, 
 he wrote an apology for that institution, 
 which he was obliged to recant by the 
 parliament of Paris. When the revolution 
 commenced, he entered into it with ardor, 
 and became a member of the legislative as- 
 sembly. He died in 1792. He conducted 
 a revolutionary paper, entitled, Feuille 
 Villagcoise. His miscellaneous pieces were 
 published the year after his death. — Ncuv •. 
 Diet. Hist. 
 
 Cervantes; see Saavedra. 
 
 Cervetto, an Italian wnts'cian, who 
 came to England about 1740, being then 
 an old man ; and was engaged at the thea- 
 atre in Drurv-lane to play the bass. FIc died 
 in 1783, aged 103. The following anecdote 
 is told of this performer and Mr. Garrick- 
 One night, when the house was in profound 
 silence during one of Garrick’s solemn 
 pauses, poor Cervetto, being half asleep, 
 stretched wide his jaws, and uttered aloud 
 yawn, which set the audience in a roar of 
 laughter. This was very mortifying to 
 the English Roscius, who attacked the mu- 
 sician with violence in the green-room. 
 Oh, Mr Garrick! (cried the humble scra- 
 per), I beg ten tousarid pardons — but it is 
 alvay the vay ven 1 be ver much pleased. 
 This flattery immediately disarmed Garrick 
 of his anger. — Gen. B. 1). 
 
 Cesarini (Julian), a cardinal, was born 
 at Rome in the 14th century. Martin V. 
 employed him as nuncio, made him cardi- 
 nal in 1426, and sent him to Bohemia to 
 oppose the I Jussites. Eugenins IV. appoint- 
 ed him president of the council of Basil, 
 where he displayed considerable eloquence. 
 He was also attlie council of Ferrara. Eu- 
 genius after this sent him to Hungary, to 
 persuade king l.adislaus to break his treatv 
 with the Turks. The consequence of this 
 was the battle of Varna in 1444, in which 
 the Christians were defeated, and Ladislaus 
 
e h a 
 
 € H A 
 
 and the cardinal slain. His letters and ora- 
 tion? are in print.- — Moreri. 
 
 Cesarini (Virgiqio), a l earned Italian, 
 was born at Rome in 1505. So highly was 
 Jxe esteemed for his knowledge, that a me- 
 dal was struck to his honour, on which his 
 head was joined with that of the famous 
 Rico de Mirandula, crowned with laurek 
 He was chamberlain to Urban VIII. and 
 would have been made cardinal, but was 
 faken off' by death in 1624. He published 
 Latin and Italian poems; which are very 
 eleg'ant. — Tirabascbi. 
 
 Cespedes (Paul), an eminent Spanish 
 painter ; his picture of the last supper, in 
 the cathedral of Cordova, is greatly ad- 
 mired. He wrote a learned book on an- 
 cient and modern painting. He died in 
 J60S, aged above 70. — Cumberland’s Anit. of 
 Spanish Painters. 
 
 Chabanqn (N. de), a French writer, and 
 member of the academy of sciences and 
 of that of belles lettres, who died at Paris in 
 *792, aged about 00. Ide wrote some dra- 
 matic pieces of indifferent merit, but his 
 translation of Pindar obtained the praise of 
 Voltaire. He also translated Theocritus, 
 and wrote a dissertation on Homer; the 
 Eulogies of P-amsau, &c. the Life of Dante ; 
 a Treatise on Music, 2 vols. 8vo. ; and 
 his own life. His brother Cjiabanon de 
 Irlangrh , who died in 1780, was also an 
 ingenious writer. He had a taste for poetry 
 and music, and wrote an opera, called 
 Alexis and Daphne, and some other dra- 
 matic performances. — Noun. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Chabot (Francis), one of the actors 
 and victims of the French revolution, was 
 originally a capuchin, but threw off his 
 religious dress for the political, and became 
 a violent Jacobin. As a member of the 
 convention he proposed several san- 
 guinary measures, but was at last executed 
 for being concerned with Danton, in 1794, 
 aged 35. — Noun. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Chabrias, an Athenian general, who 
 distinguished himself by assisting the Boeo- 
 tians against Agesilaus, for which a statue 
 was erected to his honour. He conquered 
 Cyprus for the king of Egypt, but was slain 
 shortly after at Ohio B. C. 355. — Cornelius 
 Nep os. 
 
 CnABRiT(Peter),a French advocate, who 
 is known by a book in 2 vols. entitled, 
 Of the French Monarch* i nd its Laws, 
 printed in 1785, the year of the author’s 
 death. Diderot recommended him to the 
 empress of Russia, to assist in the formation 
 of a new legislative system in her domi- 
 nions; but Chabrit died before the em- 
 press’s answer was received. — Noun. Diet. 
 Hitt. 
 
 Ciiabry (Mark), a painter and sculptor, 
 who died at Lyons in 1727, aged 67. Se- 
 veral of his works ornamented Lyons, par- 
 ticularly a fine equestrain statue of Lewis 
 XIV. but all of them were destroyed in the 
 revolution. He was appointed sculptor to 
 
 that monarch. His son Mark followed hi? 
 father's profession, but his works were most- 
 ly destroyed by the revolutionary fanatics, 
 
 — Ibid. 
 
 Chais (Charles), a protestant divine, 
 was born at Geneva in 1701, and in 1728 
 was chosen pastor of the French congrega- 
 tion at the blague, where he died in 1785. 
 He was a good preacher, and a benevolent 
 and pious man. He translated the Bible 
 into French, C vols. 4to. and wrote an Apo- 
 logy for inoculation, and several theologi- 
 cal pieces.' — Ibid. 
 
 Chaise (Francis de la), a French jesuit, - 
 was born in 1524, and educated in the col- 
 lege at Rouen. After teaching the belles 
 lettres and tlreology with reputation, he 
 became provincial of Lyons, which office 
 he quitted in 1675, on being appointed con- 
 fessor to Lewis XIV. He acquired a great 
 influence over that monarch, and was con- 
 sulted by him on all important occasions; 
 and when he was grown old and deaf, and 
 Iris mental faculties were decayed, the king, 
 to use the expression of a French author, 
 would have the carcase of his confessor 
 brought to him that he might seem to con- 
 sult him. lie died in 1 709. — Moreri. Noun . 
 Diet. Hist. 
 
 Chalcidius, a platonic philosopher of 
 tire third century, who wrote a commen- 
 tary upon the Timseus of Plato, which was. 
 translated from the Greek into Latin, and 
 printed at Leyden in 1617, 4to. — Moreri. 
 
 Chai.condyles (Demetrius), a learned 
 Greek, who came into Italy when Constan- 
 tinople was taken, and settled in 1479 at 
 Florence, from whence he removed to Mi- 
 lan, and taught Greek till his death in 1518, 
 at the age of 80. He wrotea Greek gram- 
 mar, and published the lexicon of SuitLasin 
 1 499. — Tiraboscbi . Moreri. 
 
 CaALCONpYi.Es (Laonicas), an Athenian 
 of the 15th century, who wrote a history 
 of the Turks from 1298 to 1462, which 
 has been translated into Latin, and pub- 
 lished in 1650. A French translation ap- 
 peared in 1662,in 2 vols. folio.- — Noun. Did. 
 Hist. 
 
 Chaj.es (Claudius Francis de), a jesuit 
 and mathematician, was born at Chamberi 
 in 1621. He was nominated royal pro- 
 fessor of hydrography at Marseilles, and 
 taught mathematics for many years in the 
 Jesuit's college at Lyons. His superiors ap- 
 pointed him professor of theology, a de- 
 partment which he was indifferently cal- 
 culated to fill. Emanuel duke of Savoy 
 saw the impropriety of this, and by his ad- 
 vice the society named father Chales to the 
 mathematical chair, lie died at Turin in 
 1678. He wrote a Course of Mathematics, 
 4 vols. Svo. ; A Treatise of Navigation and 
 Researches on the Centre of Gravity; and 
 A History of Mathematics. — Moreri. 
 
 Cuai lk (Charles Michael Angelo), pro- 
 fessor in the academy of painting at Pari*, 
 where he was born in 1718 and died in 
 
CHA 
 
 C H A 
 
 l???. He was honoured with letters of 
 nobility, and the order of St. Michael. 
 The king' of Prussia, the empress of Russia, 
 and other princes, invited him into their 
 service, but he preferred residing in his 
 own country. He imitated with success 
 Guido' and Salvator Rosa, and left in manu- 
 script a translation of the works of Pira- 
 nese, and Travels in Italy. — Nux-o. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Chaloner (sir Thomas), a statesman, 
 was born at London about 1516. He was 
 educated at Cambridge, and afterwards at- 
 tended the English embassy to the emperor 
 Charles V. into whose service he entered 
 as a volunteer in the expedition to Algiers. 
 On his return to England he was made clerk 
 to the privy council, and distinguished 
 himself at the battle of Musselburgh, for 
 which the duke of Somerset knighted him 
 on the field. Queen Elizabeth sent him 
 ambassador to Germany and Spain, in 
 •which capacity he behaved with great ad- 
 dress. He died in 1565. Sir ihomas 
 translated Erasmus’s Morite Encomium, and 
 wrote a book, entitled De Republica An- 
 glorum instauranda, libri decern, and other 
 pieces. — Biog. Brit . 
 
 Chaloner (sir Thomas), son of the 
 above, was born in 1 559, and educated at 
 Magdalen college, Oxford, after which he 
 went abroad, and acquired in his travels a 
 considerable knowledge of natural philoso- 
 phy and chemistry. In 1591 he was knight- 
 ed, and about that time discovered alum 
 mines on his estate near Gisborough in 
 Yorkshire, which were, however, seized by 
 the crown, but in the long parliament re- 
 stored to his family. He was tutor to 
 H enry prince of Wales, and died in 1615. 
 Ilis eldest son was created a baronet in 
 1690, and the title became extinct in 1681. 
 
 ■ — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Chaloner (Edward), an English divine, 
 was educated at All-souls college, Oxford ; 
 became chaplain to James I. and principal 
 of Alban-hall. His sermons were much 
 valued at that period. He died of the 
 plague at Oxford in 1625, aged 34. — Wood's 
 A. 0 
 
 Chaloner (James'), son of sir Thomas 
 Chaloner, was born in London in 1603, and 
 educated at Brasen-ose college, Oxford, from 
 whence he removed to one of the inns of 
 court. In the rebellion ke sided with the 
 parliament, and was returned for Aldbo- 
 rough in Yorkshire, and acted so zealously 
 as to be appointed one of the king’s judges. 
 Fairfax made him governor of Peel castle 
 in the isle ®f Man. At the restoration mes- 
 sengers were sent to apprehend him, on 
 which he poisoned himself. He wrote a 
 Short Treatise of the Isle of Man, appended 
 to King’s Vale Royal of Cheshire, fol. 1656. 
 His brother Thomas was one of the king’s 
 judges. At the restoration he went to Mid- 
 dleburgh in Zealand, where he died in 
 1661. He wrote, among other things, a 
 pretended discovery of the Tomb of Moses 
 
 on the top of Mount Nebo, 1657, 8v0» 
 which book made a great noise for the time, 
 and extremely puzzled (says Wood) the 
 presbyteriah rabbies, till it was found to be 
 a sham. — Wood. 
 
 Cuai.qtais (Lewis Rene Caradeuc dela), 
 solicitor-general to the parliament of Rennes, 
 distinguished himself by his zeal in th* 
 affair of the jesuits, on which subject he 
 wrote an energetic work in 2 vols. 1762, 
 He was imprisoned for opposing the pro- 
 ceedings of the commandant of his pro- 
 vince. Ele died in 1715. He wrote an 
 Essay on National Education, 8vo. His son, 
 who succeeded him in his office, was guil- 
 lotined at Paris in 1794. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Chamberlaine (Robert), an English 
 poet, was born in Lancashire, and became 
 a member of Exeter college, Oxford, in 
 1637, at which time he was thirty years of 
 age. He wrote, 1. Nocturnal Lucubrations, 
 or Meditations divine and Moral, to which, 
 are added Epigrams and Epitaphs, 1631, 
 12mo. 2. The Swaggering Damsel, a, 
 
 comedy, 1640, 4to. 3. Sicelides, a pastoral. 
 —Wood. 
 
 Cuamberlayne (Edward), an English 
 writer, was born at Odington in Glouces- 
 tershire, in 1616, and educated at Oxford, 
 where he took his degrees in arts. After 
 the restoration he was elected F.R.S. and 
 went to Sweden as secretary to the em- 
 bassy. in 1670 he received the degree of 
 LI,.D. from the university of Cambridge, 
 He was appointed tutor to Henrv duke o i 
 Grafton, natural son of Charles 11.; and he 
 instructed prince George of Denmark in 
 the English language. He died at Chelsea 
 in 1703. He ordered that some of his 
 books should be covered with wax and bu- 
 ried with him, that they might be service- 
 able to future ages. The work by which 
 he is best known is the Present State of 
 England, which passed through many edi- 
 tions. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Cuamberlayne (John), son of the pre- 
 ceding, was educated at Oxford, and died in 
 1724, aged about 60. l ie continued his fa- 
 ther’s Present State of England, - analated 
 Nieuwentyt’s Religious Philosopher, and 
 other books ; and communicated three pa- 
 pers to the royal society, of which he was 
 a member. — Ibid. 
 
 Chambers (Ephraim), the compiler of 
 the Cyclopaedia, was a native of Kendal in 
 the county of Westmoreland. He was pla- 
 ced under Mr. Senex, a globe maker, and 
 while an apprentice formed the plan of 
 his dictionary- This design occupied his 
 whole attention, and the first edition of it 
 appeared in 1728, in 2 vols. folio. Tho 
 next year he was chosen F.R 5. Ip 175§ 
 a new edition was published, with additions, 
 and which is extraordinary, a third in 
 the very next year : a fourth in 1741 ; and 
 a fifth in 1746. It was afterwards conti- 
 nued bv Mr. Scot and Dr. Hill ; but the 
 best edition is that of Dr Pees, in 4io. Be- 
 
C H A CHI 
 
 toIus this work he was engaged in translat- 
 ing and abridging the History of the Aca- 
 demy of Sciences of Paris. lie also trans- 
 lated the Jesuit’s Perspective. He died in 
 1740, and was buried in Westminster abbey. 
 ■ — Blog. Brit. 
 
 Chambers (sir William), surveyor-gene- 
 ral of the board of works, fellow of the 
 royal and antiquarian societies, treasurer 
 of the royal academy, and knight of the 
 polar star in Sweden, was descended of an 
 ancient Scotch family, but born at Stock- 
 holm, where his father resided some years. 
 At the age of eighteen he was appointed 
 supercargo to the Swedish East India 
 Company, and he brought from China the 
 Asiatic stile of ornament, which became so 
 fashionable in England at one time, under 
 the patronage of the king, as generally 
 to be adopted. Mr. Chambers settled in 
 England, obtained considerable business as 
 an architect, and was appointed surveyor- 
 general. The building of Somerset- house 
 will prove a lasting monument of his taste; 
 but his principal works are his stair-cases, 
 and designs for interior ornaments. His 
 treatise on civil architecture is a valuable 
 
 work. He died in 1796'. Eurup. Mag. 
 
 JMonthly Mag. 
 
 Chambers (sir Robert), an eminent 
 judge, was born at Newcastle-upon-Tyne 
 in 1737. He was educated under Mr. 
 Moyses in that town, with lord Eldon and 
 sir William Scott, whose attachment to him 
 continued through life. In 17.71 he entered 
 of Lincoln college, Oxford, and afterwards 
 became fellow of University college, where 
 he formed an intimacy with sir William 
 Jones. In 1766 he was elected vinerian 
 professor in the room of sir William Black- 
 stone. At the same time he was appointed 
 principal of New Inn hall. In 1773 he 
 accepted the place' of second judge in 
 the supreme court of judicature at Bengal, 
 on which occasion the university con- 
 tinued to him the professorship three years, 
 in case he should think proper to re- 
 turn. Before he went to India he married 
 the daughter of Mr. Wilton the statuary. 
 
 In 1778 the honour of knighthood was con- 
 ferred on him, as a proof of the royal ap- 
 probation of his conduct. Sir Robert suc- 
 ceeded to the office of chief justice on the 
 resignation of sir Elijah Impcy, in .1791 ; 
 and in 1797 he became president of the 
 Asiatic society. In 1799 he returned to 
 England, but his constitution being delicate, 
 he soon felt the effects of a northern cli- 
 mate, and in the autumn of 1802 he went to 
 France for the benefit of his health. He 
 died at Paris on the 9th of May following, 
 and his remains being brought to England, 
 were interred in the Temple church. Sir 
 Robert was an excellent scholar, and united 
 to a sense of religion the strictest integrity 
 of life, hie wrote an elegant epitaph in 
 Latin, inscribed on the monument of sir 
 William Jones, at Oxford, Jli? collection 
 
 of oriental books was very valuable . — Gaik 
 Mag. Monthly Ma^i 
 
 Ciiamier (Daniel), a French protestant 
 divine ; born at Montelimar in Dauphiny, 
 and professor of divinity at Montauban, 
 where he was killed when that place was 
 besieged in 1621. He was a profound poli- 
 tician, and drew up the edict of Nantes. 
 He wrote a learned book against Bellar- 
 mine, in 4 vols. folio. But his Treatise de 
 CEcumenico Pontifice, and Jesuits Letters, 
 are most estetmed. — Bayle. 
 
 Ciiamillard (Stephen), a learned jesuit, 
 was born at Bourges in 1656, and died at 
 Paris in 1730. He published, 1. an edition 
 of Prudentius ad usum Delphini, 1687. 2. 
 
 Dissertations on Medals, Gems, and other 
 Monuments of Antiquity, 4to. 1711. He 
 was a profound antiquary, but very credu - 
 lous. — Moreri. 
 
 Chamillart (Michael de), a statesman, 
 was born at Caen in 1651. His father was 
 a master of requests, and Michael, who was 
 brought up to the same profession, became 
 counsellor of the parliament of Paris. He 
 was particularly skilful as a player at bil- 
 liards, and Lewis XIV. being fond of that 
 game, Chamillart so ingratiated himself with 
 him that he was made comptroller general 
 of the finances, and minister of war, for 
 which offices he was ill qualified, though 
 otherwise an excellent man. He died in 
 1721. Many pleasing stories are told of 
 his generosity. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Chamousset (Charles Humbert Piarron 
 de), a benevolent Frenchman, was born at 
 Paris in 1717. He was a judge in the par- 
 liament of that city, and studied medicine 
 to relieve the poor. Me reformed the Hotel 
 Dieu, and was intendnnt general of the mi- 
 litary hospitals. He died in 1773 — I hid. 
 
 Champagne (Philip de), a painter, was 
 born at Brussels in 1602, and died in 1642. 
 He was appointed painter to the queen of 
 France, and was member of the academy of 
 painting at Paris. Many of his pictures 
 have been engraved. His nephew, John 
 Baptist Champagne , was a good artist, and a' 
 member of the academy. He died in 1688. 
 D' Argenville Vies des Peintres. 
 
 Champeaux (William de), in I.atin Cam- 
 pellensis, a scholastic divine in the ,1 1th cen- 
 tury, was born at Champeaux, in the pro- 
 vince of Brie. He taught philosophy with 
 reputation at Paris, and had Abelard for a 
 pupil, who afterwards became his rival. 
 Champeaux, in 1113, was appointed bishop 
 of Chalons, and died in 1121. A treatise of 
 his, on the Origin of the Soul, is in print. — 
 Moreri. 
 
 Champfort (N.), a French writer, who 
 commenced his career as clerk to an attor- 
 ney, and was afterwards tutor to a rich 
 heir of Lyons. He next settled at Paris, 
 where he conducted the Journal Encyclope- 
 dique. He published the F.logies of Moliere 
 and Fontenelle, which gained him tpe prizes 
 from the French academy and that of Mar- 
 
C H A 
 
 C H A 
 
 Seilles. These procured him considerable 
 reputation, and the patronage of the duke 
 de Choiseuil and madame Hciyetius, who 
 engaged him in compiling a French voca- 
 bulary, and a dictionary of the theatres. 
 The latter work led him to dramatic com- 
 position, and he wrote some pieces which 
 were praised by Voltaire, particularly the 
 tragedy of Mustapha. Champfort published 
 also several poetical pieces and translations. 
 He was the intimate friend of Mirabeau, 
 and they assisted each other in their writ- 
 ings, particularly in the piece published by 
 the latter on the order of Cincinnatus. At 
 first he was a friend to the revolution, but 
 afterwards grew disgusted with its outrages, 
 lie suffered imprisonment under Robes- 
 pierre, and the horrors he witnessed had 
 such an effect on his mind that he put an 
 end to himself in 1794. His works have 
 
 been printed in 4 vols. 8vo. Noun. Diet. 
 
 Hist. 
 
 Champier (Symphorien), in Latin Cam- 
 per'nis and Campegnis, a learned physician, 
 was born at Lvons and educated at Pavia, 
 lie served the .duke of Lorraine as a physi- 
 cian and soldier in the wars of Italy, for which 
 he was knighted. He founded the college 
 of physicians at Lyons, and wrote several 
 learned works. He died about 1540. His 
 son Claude wrote a book on the singularities 
 of the Gauls. — Afore ri. 
 
 Champlain (Samuel de), a French naval 
 officer, who founded Quebec in Canada, of 
 which he was governor-general. He wrote 
 Travels in New France or Canada, 4to. 
 There is a lake in that country which 
 still bears his name. He died in 1634. — 
 Ibid. 
 
 Champmesi.e (Mary-Desmares de), a 
 French actress, was born at Rouen in 
 1644. She was at first a strolling player, 
 and afterwards appeared at Paris, where 
 she had uncommon success. R^icine had 
 a great respect for her, and gave her in- 
 structions in the performance of tragedy. 
 She died in 1698. Her husband was also 
 an actor and a dramatic writer. He died 
 in 1701, and his works were published in 
 1742,2 vols. 12mo. — Noth). Diet. Hist. 
 
 Chancellor (Richard), an English ad- 
 venturer, who commanded under sir Hugh 
 Willoughby in his unfortunate voyage to 
 discover a north-east passage to China in 
 1553. This expedition was undertaken by 
 the interest and under the direction of Se- 
 bastian Cabot, who obtained from Edward 
 VI. letters of recommendation written in 
 Latin, Greek, and other languages, to the 
 sovereigns in the north-east parts of the 
 world. In this voyage sir Hugh Willough- 
 by was parted from his company, and 
 perished with his crew on the coast of Lap- 
 land, where they stopped to winter. Cap- 
 tain Chancellor had better fortune, and 
 discovered Russia, where he was introduced 
 to the grand duke John Basilovitz, who 
 received him graciously, and gave permis- 
 
 sion to the English to trade on his domi- 
 nions, which was the foundation of the 
 Russian company. On Chancellor’s arrival 
 in England, a company of adventurers was 
 incorporated, by whom he was sent again 
 to Russia. On his return to England he 
 was accompanied by a Russian ambassador 
 and suite, but was unfortunately lost on 
 the coast of Norway, where Chancellor 
 perished, after exerting himself to save the 
 Russians who were with him, and who ar- 
 rived in London in 1557. — Hackluyl's Voy- 
 ages. 
 
 Chandler (Mary), an English poetess, 
 was born at Malmsbury in Wiltshire, in 
 1687. She resided at Bath as amiliuer, and 
 one of her poems met with the approbation, 
 of Mr. Pope. She was never married, and 
 died in 1 745. — Biographinm Fsemincum. 
 
 Chandler (Samuel), a dissenting divine, 
 was horn at Hungerford in Berkshire in 
 3 693, and educated for the ministry. In 
 1716 he was chosen minister of the congre- 
 gation at Peckham, and the income being 
 slender, he set up as a bookseller in tho 
 Poultry; which business lie continued till 
 he was appointed minister of the Old Jury- 
 meeting. In 1725 he printed a Vindication 
 of the Christian Religion, which gained 
 him considerable reputation. This work 
 was followed by several others, particularly 
 a Paraphrase and Commentary on Joel ; a 
 History of Persecution • and a Vindication 
 of the History of the Old Testament for 
 which he was complimented by the univer- 
 sities of Glasgow and Edinburgh with the 
 degree of D.D. He was also elected a mem- 
 ber of the royal and antiquarian societies. 
 His sermon on the death of George IL 
 occasioned Annet’s pamphlet. The History 
 of the Man after God’s own Heart ; upon 
 which the doctor wrote his History of the 
 Life of David, in 2 vols. 8vo. l ie died in 
 1766. His sermons have been printed in 4 
 vols. 8vo. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Chandler (Edward), a learned prelate, 
 was educated at Emanuel college, Cam- 
 bridge, and in 1693 became chaplain to 
 Dr Lloyd, bishop of Litchfield and Coven- 
 try. In 173 7 he was made bishop of that 
 diocese, from whence, in 1730, he was 
 translated to Durham. He died in 1750, 
 aged about 80. He published several single 
 sermons, but he is best known by his “De- 
 fence of Christianity from the Prophecies 
 of the Old Testament,” of which three edi- 
 tions were printed. He was also the au- 
 thor of a Chronological Dissertation pre- 
 fixed to Arnold’s Commentary on Ecclesi- 
 asticus : and he wrote a curious biographi- 
 cal Preface to Dr. Cudworth’s Treatise 
 on Morality. Monthly Mag. March 1803. 
 
 Chantereau - La - Fevre (Lewis), a 
 learned French antiquary, was born at 
 Paris in 1588, and became intendant of the 
 duchies of Bar and Lorraine, of which 
 countries he wrote the history. He died in 
 1658 . — Merer i, 
 
C II A 
 
 Gkanht (Peter), ambassador of France 
 to Christina queen of Sweden, and after- 
 wards to Holland. He died in 1662. His 
 memoirs were published after his death. — 
 Moreri. 
 
 Chafelain (John), a French poet, was 
 born in 1595, and died in 1674. He was a 
 miser although a poet, and amassed great 
 riches. He wrote La Pucelle and other 
 poems. — It’d. 
 
 Chapelle (Claude Emanuel L’Huillier), 
 a French poet, was born in 1621, and edu- 
 cated under Gassendi. He was the inti- 
 mate friend of Moliere, who consulted him 
 in the composition of his comedies. He 
 died in 1686. His works we.re printed at 
 Amsterdam in 1708, — Ibid 
 
 Chafelle (John de la), a French writer, 
 was born at Bourges in 1655. He was se- 
 cretary to the prince of Conti, and a mem- 
 ber of the academy. He died in 1720. 
 He wrote several plays, the Life of the 
 Prince Conti, and other works. — Ibid. 
 
 Chapman (George), an English poet. 
 He received a university education, and 
 was well versed in the Latin and Greek 
 languages, and translated Homer's Iliad and 
 Odyssey into English ; of which Mr. Pope 
 is said to have made more use than he has 
 acknowleged. He also wrote 17 dramatic 
 pieces, but his genius was indifferent. He 
 died in 1604, aged 77. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Chapman (John), a learned divine, was 
 educated at Eton and at King’s college, 
 Cambridge. Archbishop Potter gave him 
 the livings of Mersham and Aldington in 
 Kent ; and the university of Oxford con- 
 ferred on him the degree of D.D. As ex- 
 ecutor to the archbishop he presented him- 
 self to the precentorship of Lincoln, for 
 which he was attacked in chancery, and ob- 
 tained a decree in his favour from the chan- 
 cellor, which was reversed by the house of 
 lords. He died 1784, aged 80. He wrote 
 Eusebius, or a defence of Christianity, 2 
 vols. 8vo. 1749; also two tracts relating to 
 Phi egon, in answer to Dr. Sykes; and he 
 assisted bishop Pearce in his edition of Ci- 
 cero de Officiis. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Chappe d’Auteroche (John), a French 
 astronomer, was born of a noble family in 
 Upper Auvergne, in 1728, and studied in 
 the college of Louis le Grand, where lie 
 made a rapid progress in the mathematics. 
 Cassini employed him in delineating his ge- 
 neral map of France. In 1752 he translated 
 into French the works of Dr. Halley; and 
 soon after was appointed superintendant of 
 gome public works in I.orraine. On his 
 return to Paris he was chosen member of 
 the academy of sciences, and appointed as- 
 sistant astronomer. He went to Tobolsk in 
 Siberia in 1760, to observe the transit of 
 Venus, the year following. In 1768 he 
 published an account of his journey in 8 
 vols, 4to. and the same year went to Cali- 
 fornia, to observe the transit, of Venus, of 
 
 C II A 
 
 1769. He died there the same year.' — A "oath 
 D ct. Ilist. * 
 
 Chappel (William), a learned prelate, 
 was born of poor parents in Nottingham- 
 shire, and educated at Christ’s college, Cam- 
 bridge, of which he was elected fellow. He 
 was made dean of Cashel ih Ireland in 1638, 
 and soon after was preferred to the provost- 
 ship of Trinity college, Dublin. In 1 638 he 
 war raised to the see of Cork. At the be- 
 ginning of the rebellion he retired to Eng- 
 land. and died in 1649. He printed Me- 
 thodus Concionadi, translated into English 
 in 1656. He also wrote an account of 
 his own life.' — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Chapone (Hester), an ingenious English 
 lady, was born of a respectable family in 
 Northamptonshire, named Mulso. Her 
 marriage appears to have been far from 
 happy. Among her first productions were 
 the interesting story of Fidelia, in the Ad- 
 venturer, and a poem prefixed to the trans- 
 lation of Epictetus, by Mrs Carter. Her 
 •literary reputation, however, rests upon her 
 Letters on the Improvement of the Mind, 
 addressed to a young lady, and printed in 
 1775. This is an excellent work. She also 
 wrote a volume of Miscellanies, containing 
 moral essays and poems. Mrs. Chapone 
 died at Hadley in Middlesex, in 1891, aged 
 75. Monthly Mag. 
 
 Chapuzeau (Samuel), preceptor to Wil- 
 liam III. king of England, was a native of 
 Geneva. He died in 1701, at Zell, where 
 he was governor of the pages belonging to 
 the duke of Brunswick Lunenburg. He 
 wrote a Description of Lyons; an Account 
 of Savoy ; the political State of Europe^ 
 and arranged and published the travels of 
 Tavernier. — Moreri. 
 
 Char as (Moses) a French physician, 
 who left his native country on the revoca- 
 tion of the edict of Nantes; and was in- 
 vited to Spain to attend Charles II. : but 
 the Spanish physicians, out of jealousy , had 
 him imprisoned in the inquisition, from 
 whence lie was released on abjuring the pro- 
 testant religion. He died in France in 1698, 
 aged 80. His Pharmacopoeia was translated 
 into Chinese for the use of the emperor. 
 Charas distinguished himself by experiments 
 on poisons. Ibid. 
 
 Chardin (sir John), a celebrated tra- 
 veller, was born at Paris in 1643, but came 
 to London on the revocation of the edict 
 of Nantes in 1685. Charles II. conferred 
 on him the honour of knighthood. He 
 died in 1713. His travels into Persia 
 and the East Indies are very valuable. — 
 Moreri. 
 
 Charenton (Joseph Nicholas), a French 
 jesuit, was born in 1659. He was a mis-; 
 sionary in Persia -fisteen years, and died at 
 Paris, in 1735. He translated Mariana’s 
 History of Spain into French, with curious 
 notes. — Ibid. 
 
 Chares, a famous statuary, who made 
 
 4 
 
C II A 
 
 C H A 
 
 made the celebrated colossus of the sun at 
 khodes, which was destroyed by the Sara- 
 cens in 667, ar.d the brass loaded 9C0 
 camels. It was purchased by a jew. — Pli- 
 nii Alls. 
 
 Chaeette de la Cointre (Francis 
 Athanasius de), a celebrated French roy- 
 alist, and leader of that party in la Vendee, 
 was born in 1763, and bred in the navy, 
 where he rose to the rank of lieutenant. 
 Enflamed against the atrocities of the revo- 
 lutionists, he headed an army of Bretons, 
 and forced the republicans to the neces- 
 sity of entering into a treaty with him, 
 which they basely violated, and the war 
 was renewed with additional horrors and 
 various success. At last numbers prevailed 
 and he was defeated in 1796. In that bat- 
 tle he received a wound in his head, and 
 had three fingers of his left hand cut off 
 with a sabre. However he made his es- 
 cape, but was taken in a wood, and conveyed 
 to Nantes, where he was shot. He refused 
 to kneel, 'Ait bared his breast, and gave tile 
 soldiers the signal to fire — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Chariton, the author of a romance in 
 Greek, entitled the Loves, of Ch.vreis anti 
 Callirhoc, printed at Amsterdam by Reiske, 
 in 2 vols. 4to. 17,50. He was a native of 
 Cyprus, and flourished in the 4th century. 
 
 Charke (Charlotte), the youngest daugh- 
 ter of Colley Cibber. She was of a mas- 
 culine turn ; and when young married one 
 Charke a musician, who used her ill in con- 
 sequence of which she went on the stage, 
 and died in extreme wretchedness in 3 759. 
 She published a narrative of her own life. — 
 Cat. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Charlemagne, or Charles the Great, 
 king of France, and 4th emperor; born in 
 'J'42. He was the son of Pepin, and suc- 
 ceeded his brother Carloman, king of 
 France, in 771. After defeating the Saxons, 
 and putting an end to the monarchy of the 
 Lombards, he was crowned emperor in 
 800. He was an encourager of learning; 
 and founded several universities. He died 
 at Aix la Chapelle in 814 . — Univ Hlsi.MHlat. 
 
 Ch a iu.e s II. called the Bald, kingof France; 
 born in 823, crowned in 840, and elected em- 
 peror by thepeopleof Rome in 875. Hedied, 
 as it is supposed, of poison, in 877. — Ibid. 
 
 Charles III. or the Simple, born in 879, 
 and ascended the throne in 893. On the 
 death of Lewis IV. he was elected emperor; 
 but he was reduced to a small dominion by 
 the usurpations of his nobles, and the en- 
 croachments of the Normans. His minis- 
 ter Haganon gave such offence to the no- 
 bles, that they revolted, and chose Robert, 
 
 ©r the blood royal, who was crowned by 
 the archbishop of Rheims in 922. The 
 same year a battle was fought between the 
 two monarchs, in which Robert was 
 slain ; but his son, Hugh, the Great, defeat- 
 ed Charles, who fled for shelter to the count 
 of Vermandois; at whose castle he died 
 S29, aged 50. — Nouv. Diet, Hitt. 
 
 Charles IV.the third son of Philip tile 
 Fair, obtained the crown of France in 
 1322. In his reign a fierce war raged between 
 France and England which ended in the ces- 
 sion of the province ofGuienne to the latter 
 country. He died in 1328, aged 34. — Ibid. 
 
 Cbari.es V. called the Wise, was the 
 eldest son of John, and the first prince who 
 bore the title of dauphin. ITe succeeded to 
 the crown on the death of his brother in 
 1364. He restored the.commerce and agri- 
 culture of his country, and gained several 
 advantages over the English. His maxim, 
 that “ kings were happy only in propor- 
 tion as they had the power of doing good,” 
 sufficiently entitles him to the character of 
 the •wise. He died in 1380, in the 43d year 
 of his age. He founded the library of Paris. 
 — Unhv. Hist. Mareri. 
 
 Charles VI. the Well-beloved, son of 
 the above; was born in 1368, and crowned 
 in 1380. His reign was unfortunate, 
 owing to the bad management of his mi- 
 nisters, and the contentions of the dukes of 
 Orleans and Burgundy for the succession. 
 Henry V. king of England, took advan- 
 tage of these disputes to invade France, 
 which he conquered, and. disinherited the 
 dauphin. Charles died in 1422. — Ibid. 
 
 Charles VII. called the Victorious, be- 
 cause he regained his kingdom from the 
 English. He was crowned in 1422, and by 
 his activity drove out the invaders from all 
 their possessions, except Calais. He died 
 in 1461. — Ibid. 
 
 Charles VIII the Affable, son of Lewis 
 XI. ascended the throne in 1483, aged 13. 
 lie conquered Naples, and in 1495 obtained 
 a great victory over the Italians, though 
 their army was five times as large as his own. 
 He died in 1498. — Ibid. 
 
 Charles IX. was born in 1550, and suc- 
 ceeded to the throne in 1650, under his 
 mother, Catharine of Medicis, who abused 
 her trust in a shameful manner, insomuch 
 that the protestants irritated at the op- 
 pressions which they endured, revolted, 
 and a civil war ensued, in which the insur- 
 gents were unsuccessful. The massacre 
 of Paris will remain an eternal blot on the 
 memory of this prince. It is said, however, 
 that he repented of this horrid crime on 
 his deatii bed, in 1574. — Ibid. 
 
 Charles the Gross, emperor of Ger- 
 many. He was elected inJSSl, and being de- 
 posed by Arnoul died of grief and poverty 
 at Constance in 888. — Univ Hist. Merer, . 
 
 Charles IV. emperor of Germany, was 
 the son of John of Imxemburg, and grand- 
 son of the emperor Henry VII. He as- 
 cended the throne in 1347. His reign was 
 rendered remarkable by the golden bull 
 given at the diet of Nuremberg in 1356, 
 and which established the Germanic con- 
 stitution. Charles died in 1378. He was a 
 learned man, and a great encourager of let- 
 ters.— Ilid. 
 
 Charles V, emperor of Germany, and 
 
C II A 
 
 C II A 
 
 king of Spain, was born at Ghent in 1500. 
 He succeeded his grandfather Ferdinand in 
 the kingdom of Spain in 1516, and to the 
 empire on the death of Maximilian in 1519. 
 Francis I. of France disputed with him the 
 latter title, which occasioned a violent war 
 in 1521. Charles made a league with Hen- 
 ry VII!. of England, and after several im- 
 ortant actions took Francis prisoner at the 
 attle of Pavia. A peace was concluded 
 in 1529, and Charles turned his arms 
 against Africa, where he took Goletta, van- 
 quished Barbarossa, entered Tunis, and re- 
 established Muly-Hassan on the throne. 
 Soon after this he recommenced hostilities 
 against France and ravaged Champagne 
 and Picardy, but was at length obliged to 
 retire, and peace was restored in 1538. In 
 1 541 he attempted the conquest of Algiers, 
 but his fleet was dispersed in a hurricane, 
 and the emperor was obliged to return in 
 disgrace. He then leagued with England 
 against France, but fortune was not so fa- 
 vourable to him as she had formerly been, 
 and he was glad to enter into a treaty in 
 1545. The protestant princes of Germany 
 confederated against him, and obtained li- 
 berty of conscience for those of their reli- 
 gion. In 1556 he resigned the crown to 
 his son Philip, and went into a monastery 
 in Estramadura, where he employed the 
 remainder of his days in religious exercises, 
 mechanical pursuits, and gardening. He 
 died in 1558. — Robertson s Hist, of Charles V. 
 
 Charles VI. the fifth son of the emperor 
 Leopold, was born in 1685, declared kiug 
 of Spain, by his father in 1708; and crowned 
 emperor in 1711. He made peace with 
 France in 1714, and the year following de- 
 clared war against the Turks, in which his 
 general, prince Eugene, obtained several 
 victories, and took Belgrade. This forced 
 the Turks to make peace. An alliance was 
 entered into between the emperor, France, 
 Great Britain, and Holland, against Spain ; 
 the consequence of which was the wresting 
 Sardinia and Sicily from that power, and 
 erecting the former into a monarchy in the 
 person of the duke of Savoy. He after- 
 wards entered into a war with his allies, and 
 thereby lost Naples and Sicily, and the close 
 of his reign was disturbed by an unfortu- 
 nate war with Turkey. Charles died in 
 1740 . — Ibid. 
 
 Charles VII. emperor of Germany. Me 
 was elector of Bavaria, and owed his crown 
 to France and Prussia in 1742; but he had 
 a powerful rival in Maria Theresa, queen 
 of Hungary, whose right was supported by 
 Great Britain and Sardinia. He died in 
 4745 .— Ibid. 
 
 Charles I. king of England, was the 
 second son of James I. by Anne daughter of 
 the king of Denmark. He was born in 
 Scotland in 1600, and on the accession of 
 his father to the English throne was 
 m'ft-ed duke of York. The death of his 
 toother prince Henry made him prince of 
 
 Wales. In 1623 he took a romantic jour- 
 ney to Spain, accompanied by the duke ot 
 Buckingham, for the purpose of paying his 
 personal addresses to the infanta ; but with- 
 out success ; and the prince was betrothed 
 soon after to Henrietta Maria of France, 
 daughter of Henry the great. In 1625 he 
 succeeded his father, and found his king- 
 dom not only engaged in a Spanish war, 
 but filled with dissensions, owing in a great 
 measure to the mal-administration of Buck- 
 ingham, and the predominating spirit and in- 
 fluence of the puritan faction. The first 
 parliament called in this inauspicious reign, 
 instead of granting supplies began to mur- 
 mur about grievances, and therefore was 
 quickly dissolved. The new parliament, 
 instead of being more compliable proceeded 
 to greater lengths of opposition, and im- 
 peached the minister, and therefore was 
 soon dissolved and Charles began to raise 
 supplies by loans, benevolences, and ship- 
 money. These measures only served to 
 heighten the public discontents, w)iich wera 
 aided by the lectures of puritans, who in 
 attacking the hierarchy and the cere- 
 monies of worship, made the people be- 
 lieve that popery and arbitrary power 
 were about to be introduced by the king 
 and the bishops. An unsuccessful expedi- 
 tion, commanded by the duke of Bucking- 
 ham, to relieve the French protestants at 
 Rochelle in 1627, embarrassed the king’s 
 affairs still more, and he was under the ne- 
 cessity of calling another parliament, which 
 after Voting the supplies, passed a bill called 
 the petition of right, in which the rights of 
 the subject were ascertained. This famous 
 act, after some opposition, was confirmed 
 by the king, and became a law. The im- 
 peachment was continued against Bucking- 
 ham, but that favourite was assassinated at 
 Portsmouth by a fanatic. The parliament 
 was again dissolved, and Charles havingmade 
 peace with France and Spain began to go- 
 vern with firmness, and to rely more upon 
 his own judgment than he had hitherto 
 done. Strong measures were adopted to 
 raise supplies, the most offensive of which 
 was the tax called ship-money for the pur- 
 pose of providing men of war for the de- 
 fence of the nation. It must be observed, 
 however, that the king did not adopt this 
 mode of raising money without legal ad- 
 vice and precedent ; but the times were 
 altered, and that which had been complied 
 with in the reign of Elizabeth was now re- 
 presented as an act of tyranny. The fa- 
 mous Hampden resisted the payment of this 
 tax, and though he lost his cause in the 
 exchequer, yet his trial excited a general 
 interest in the country, and served to irri- 
 tate the public mind against the court. In 
 the mean time a storm was gathering in the 
 north, owing to the king’s resolution of forc- 
 ing upon tire Scotch the English liturgy and 
 church ceremonies, which the greatest part 
 pi them abhorred. 'Plus occasioned the so- 
 
CHA 
 
 lemn league and ccvenaht, by which all the 
 people bound themselves to the defence of 
 fhe psotestant religion. The covenanters 
 as they were called, took up arms under this 
 specious pretence, and were told by their 
 preachers that it was the cause of Christ. 
 i hough the king marched northwards with 
 an army, he found it necessary to enter into 
 a negociation, and the troops were dis- 
 banded. In 1640 his affairs were so dis- 
 turbed that he called a parliament, which 
 began to consider the public grievances ;and 
 the king, driven out of patience by their 
 proceedings, hastily dissolved them. The 
 insolences of the covenanters compelled 
 him to raise another army, which meeting 
 with a cheek near the I'yne, retreated 
 into Yorkshire, where the king called a 
 council at Rippon, the result of which 
 was the calling a new parliament. This 
 assembly, known by the name of the long 
 parliament, met in ' November 1640, and 
 proved the ruin of tiie king and constitu- 
 tion. The first measure of the house of 
 commons vras the impeachment of the 
 earl of Strafford, who was committed to 
 the I ower, and so violently persecuted by 
 Tym and his associates at the bar of the 
 house of lords as to be declared guilty. 
 Charles determined to save the life of 
 this virtuous servant, but being pressed 
 by entreaties apd casuistry he waj pre- 
 vailed on to give his consent to the bill 
 of attainder against him, in consequence 
 of which he suffered. Archbishop Land 
 was the next victim to fanatical rage. 
 
 1 his parliament declared ship-money ille- 
 gal, abolished the courts of high commission 
 and star-chamber, and passed several other 
 acts which retrenched the royal prerogative. 
 In the mean time the Irish papists taking 
 advantage of the confusion in England, 
 committed dreadful outrages and massacres. 
 They also pretended to act under the king’s 
 authority, and to that effect shewed a 
 commission, bearing the king’s name and 
 seal, f hough this was a forgery, it had a 
 fatal effect in prejudicing the minds of the 
 people against their sovereign. The house 
 of commons, 'where the puritans and re- 
 publicans prevailed, voted ordinances 
 .against superstitious ceremonies, and for 
 the exclusion of bishops from parliament. 
 Mobs were gathered to besiege the house 
 of lords, to compel their passing these acts, 
 and the prelates in attempting to go to their 
 seats were so rudely treated as to be in 
 danger of their lives, on which thirteen 
 of them assembled at the house of the arch- 
 bishop of York, and signed a protest 
 against alkproceedings during their absence, 
 for this impolitic measure they were im- 
 peached for high treason, and sent to the 
 i ower. T he public ferment was heightened 
 by the king’s going to the house of com- 
 mons and taking possession of the speaker’s 
 chair, demanded the persons of five mem- 
 bers whwn he had accused of high trea- 
 
 CHA 
 
 son. The house broke up in mdigna® 
 tion at this breach of their privileges ; the 
 city militia was mustered for theif^protec- 
 uon, and the king retired to Elampton 
 court, from whence he went northwards 
 and erected the royal standard at Notting- 
 ham, August 25, 1 642. The first battle was' 
 at Edgehill, in which neither party had 
 cause to claim the victory. Charles march- 
 ed towards the capital, but instead of en- 
 tering itashemig'hthavedone, he removed to 
 Oxford, where he set up his head quarters, 
 and thus enabled the parliament to reco- 
 ver from its alarm, and to concentrate its 
 strength. For some time the roval arms 
 were successful, particularly in the west ; 
 but the battle of Martson moor in 1644* 
 and that of Newbury, were runious to the 
 king’s cause. A treaty was entered into at 
 Uxbridge, but the parliament insisting upon 
 the abolition of episcopacy, which Charley 
 would not yield, hostilities were renewed. 
 June 4, J 645, was fought the battle of 
 Naseby, in which the king displayed un- 
 common valour; but the arms of the rebels 
 prevailed, and he lost his artillery, baggage, 
 and cabinet, the letters found in which the 
 parliament basely published with interpola- 
 tions, to render- Iris majesty odious. l ie 
 then retired jo Oxford; but on the ap- 
 proach of Fairfax he threw himself under 
 the protection of the Scots who basely sold 
 him to the parliament, and he was kept in 
 close confinement at Holmby-house, in Nor- 
 thamptonshire. A detachment of the army 
 forcibly conveyed him away to the head 
 quarters, and then to Hampton court, 
 where he was trea.ted with some respect, as 
 the parliament and army were at variance, 
 the former being mostly presbyterians .and 
 the latter independents. The king effected 
 an oscape from Hampton court with an 
 intent to quit the kingdom, but was de- 
 tained is the Isle of Wight by colonel 
 Hammond. Here a new negociation was 
 entered into, and the king conceded every 
 point except the abolition of episcopacv, 
 which he adhered to with inflexible inte- 
 grity, as being bound to its support by his 
 coronation oath. Ehearmy, how-ever, was 
 determined to bring him to trial, to which 
 the house of commons concurred, and he 
 was accordingly arraigned before a pre- 
 tended high court of justice. Charles' be- 
 haved with a noble dignity of mind blended 
 with Christian pacience and meekness. He 
 refused to acknowledge the authority of his 
 judges, and to the most brutal' beha- 
 viour of them and the soldiers he submitted 
 with calm composure and Christian resign*, 
 ation. At last he was condemned to suffer 
 as a traitor, and only threG days were al- 
 lowed him to prepare for death. That 
 time he spent in affectionate interviews 
 with his children, exhorting them to sted- 
 fastr.ess in the proestantreligion as reformed 
 in the church of England, and recommend- 
 ing his successor to. forgive his enemies. 
 
C H A 
 
 C H A 
 
 Cn the scaffold before his palace of White- 
 hall he displayed the true heroism of a 
 Christian martyr ; being attended by Dr. 
 Juxon, bishop of London, and having given 
 the signal he had his head struck offbv amask- 
 ed executioner, January 80, 16-18. His body 
 ■was interred in the royal vault at Windsor, 
 bmt the Barbarians would not suffer the 
 burial service to be read over his remains. 
 He left six children, of whom two, Charles 
 and James, were kings of England ; and of 
 the daughters one was married to the prince 
 of Orange, and the other to the duke of 
 Orleans, brother of Lewis XIV. In his 
 domestic character few sovereigns have 
 equalled Charles I and even as a monarch 
 the faults of his reign were to be attributed 
 more to circumstances, bad advisers, and 
 the virulent usage which he met with, than 
 to any wrong intentions of his own. Had 
 he relied more upon his oven judgment 
 than upon that of others, may fatal mis- 
 takes would have been prevented ; but tak- 
 ing the whole of his character and conduct 
 into view, his conscientious firmness and 
 his Christian deportment under suffering, 
 he merits the appellation of a martyr. He 
 had naturally a fine genius, was a liberal 
 cncourager of the arts and of a solid un- 
 derstanding, as his lbtters and papers stiffi- 
 ciently prove, especially those which givean 
 account of his conferences with Henderson 
 on the episcopal form of government. The 
 Jeon Baslltle published soon after his death 
 was eagerly read, and had so powerful an 
 effect that Milton was hired to write a 
 libel in its refutation. Great efforts have 
 been made to deprive Charles of the ho- 
 nour of being the author of this book, and 
 to give it to Dr. Gauden.a vain bombastic 
 writer who was never able to compose a 
 page of it. — Hume. Clarendon. 
 
 Charles II. king of England, eldest son 
 of the preceding, was born in 1680. He 
 was at the Hague when hie father was mur- 
 dered. The Scots who had betrayed the 
 father sent an invitation to the son, which 
 he accepted and was crowned in Scone 
 in 1651, where he was obliged to take the 
 covenant. However, Cromwell defeated 
 the Scotch at Dunbar, and when Charles 
 went to Worcester that enterprizing ge- 
 neral obtained a decisive victory over him 
 there. His escape after this battle was al- 
 most miraculous. Hid in the thick branches 
 of a large oak in Boscobel wood, he avoided 
 his pursuers, who came under the tree 
 where he was. After going from one place 
 to another in various disguises he reached 
 Brighthelmstone,and then escaped to France . 
 In *1660, by the management of general 
 Monk, he was restored ; and so overjoyed 
 Was the nation at being delivered from re- 
 publican tyranny and fanaticism, that licen- 
 tiousness and infidelity broke in with a full 
 tide under a monarch whose affability and 
 good-nature were admitted as a sufficient 
 apology for his errors and vices. In 1662 
 te married the princess of Portugal, by 
 
 whom he hadno children, but by his various 
 mistresses he had a numerous offspring, who 
 were ennobled. One of Ins first acts, and 
 the most unpopular, was the sale of Dunkirk 
 to supply his extravagances. In 1663 he 
 declared war against Holland, which pro- 
 duced a confederacy between that country 
 France and Denmark. A Dutch fleet sailed 
 up the Medway, and destroy'ed several 
 ships. To add to the national calamities, 
 a plague broke out in London in 1665 
 which swept off a prodigious number of in- 
 habitants, and the next year a fire de- 
 stroyed a great part of that city. In 1667 
 peace was concluded with the Dutch, and 
 soon after the great lord Clarendon was 
 sent into exile. About 1670 was formed the 
 famous ministry called the cabal, from the 
 five persons who composed it. At this 
 time Charles became apensionary of France, 
 and entered into a new war against Hol- 
 land, which terminated in 1674. In 1678 
 the peace of Nimeguen was established : the 
 same year was remarkable by the pretended 
 discovery of a popish plot , an odious impos- 
 ture contrived by Oates and Bedloe, on 
 whose evidence several eminent persons 
 were put to death. The parliament, jealous 
 of the dukeof York, passed a bill for his 
 exclusion. The famous habeas corpus act 
 was also passed in this assembly. T he con- 
 test between the court and popular party 
 crave rise to the famous distinctions of 
 whig and tory in 1680. A new parliament 
 met at Oxford in 1681, but it was soon dis- 
 solved. The charters of the corporations 
 were called in, and altered so as to make 
 them dependent on the crown. A conspi- 
 racy, called the Rye-house plot, was dis- 
 covered, and lord Russel and Algernon 
 Sydney were executed for their supposed 
 concern in it. Charlesdied of an apoplectic 
 fit, February 6, 1685. In his last moments 
 he received the sacrament from a popish 
 priest, which proved that he had been a hy- 
 pocrite as well as a libertine. — Hume's Hist, 
 of England. Rapin. 
 
 Charles I. of Spain; see the emperor 
 Charles V. 
 
 Charles II. the son and successor of 
 Philip IV. in 1665. He married twice, but 
 never had any issue. By his first will he 
 named for successor the prince of Ba- 
 varia, nephew of his second wife; but by 
 another made in 1700 he constituted Philip 
 of France, duke of Anjou, his heir, which 
 after his death caused some contentions. 
 That event happened in November of the 
 same year, in the 39th year of his age. — 
 Uniat. Hist. 
 
 Charles GustavusX. kingof Sweden, 
 the son of John Castmir, count palatine 
 of tire Rhine, was born at Upsal in 1622, 
 and ascended the throne of Sweden, on 
 the abdication of Christiana in 1654 He 
 turned his arms with success against the 
 Poles and. obtained the famous victory of 
 Warsaw, besides taking a great number ©f 
 important places. The Poles called to theip 
 
C H A 
 
 C H A 
 
 assistance Muscovy, Holland and Denmark, 
 which obliged the king of Sweden to con- 
 clude a peace; but the war soon broke 
 out again, and after taking Cronenburg, 
 Charles laid siege to Copenhagen, but his 
 navy being defeated he was obliged to re- 
 turn home, and died in 1660. — Univ. Hi t. 
 
 Charles XI. of Sweden, son and suc- 
 cessor of the above, was born in 1655. On 
 his accession a peace was concluded with 
 Denmark, but in 1674 the latter power de- 
 clared war against the king of Sweden, 
 who lost several places, which were re- 
 stored at the peace of Nimeguen. He mar- 
 ried the sister of the king of Denmark, and 
 died in 1697. He reformed the abuses 
 which had crept into the government, par- 
 ticularly those which disgraced the courts 
 of judicature, so that more causes were 
 dispatched in one year than usually had 
 been done in twenty. He also paid off a 
 considerable part of the public debts, and 
 increased his army. — Ibid. 
 
 Charles XII. son and successor of the 
 preceding, was born in 1682, and from his 
 childhood he had an ambition to imitate 
 Alexander the great. He came to the throne 
 at the age of fifteen, and at his coronation 
 matched the crown from the hands of the 
 archbishop of Upsal, and put it on his own 
 head. His youth presented a favourable op- 
 portunity to Russia, Denmark, and Poland, to 
 form a confederacy against him. The young 
 hero, undaunted at this alliance, attacked 
 each in turn, beginning with Denmark, 
 which produced a peace with that power. 
 In 1709 he obtained an astonishing victory 
 over the Russians at Narva, and though his 
 force consisted o'.ily of 8000 he attacked 
 them in their entrenchments, slew 39,090, 
 and^ook 20,000 prisoners. His next enter- 
 prise was against Poland, and after several 
 battles he dethroned Augustus and placed 
 Stanislaus upon the throne. Charles would 
 have done prudently in contenting himself 
 with the glory of these actions after the 
 peace of 1706 ; but a portion of madness 
 entered into his character and he formed 
 the romantic resolution of humbling Peter 
 the great. He at first obtained some signal 
 advantages, but at length experienced a 
 terrible defeat at Pultowa in 1709. Almost 
 all his troops were either slain or taken 
 prisoners ; he was wounded himself in the 
 leg, and was carried off in a litter. Charles 
 sought an asylum in Turkey, where he was 
 entertained by the grand seignior, who pro- 
 vided for him a residence at Bender, where 
 his conduct was so violent that he was or- 
 dered to leave the Turkish territories, 
 which he refused. On this the grand seig- 
 nior directed that he should be forced 
 away, but Charles with his retinue formed 
 an encampment, and resisted the attack of 
 the janizaries till superiority of numbers 
 obliged him to take shelter in his house, 
 winch he defended with great spirit, and 
 did not yield till fire was set to the pre- 
 
 mises. He then sallied out sword in hand, 
 but being entangled by his long spurs he 
 fell, and was taken prisoner. He was treat- 
 ed with more respect than he deserved, and 
 after being kept as a prisoner ten months^ 
 requested leave to return to his dominions, 
 which was readily granted. His arrival 
 diffused universal joy in his kingdom, 
 though he found it in a wretched condi- 
 tion. In 1716 he invaded Norway, but 
 after penetrating to Christiana was obliged 
 to return to Sweden He resumed the 
 attack in the winter of 1718, but was 
 killed by a cannon shot at the siege of 
 Frederickshall, December 11, aged SG 
 years, having reigned 21. Charles was 
 liberal, active, and firm, but rash, obstinate, 
 and cruel. Pie was never intimidated even 
 in the midst of the greatest dangers. At 
 the battle of Narva he had several horses 
 shot under him, and as he was mounting 
 upon a fresh one, he said, “ These people 
 find me exercise.” When he was besieged 
 at Stralsund, a bomb fell into the house 
 while he was dictating to his secretary , 
 who immediately drooped the pen in a 
 fright. “ What is the matter?” said Charles. 
 “ Oh, the bomb !” answered he. “ The 
 bomb,” savs the king, “ what have we to 
 do with the bomb ? go on.” — History of 
 Charles XII. by Holtajre. 
 
 Charles I. king of Naples and Sicily, 
 born in 1220, was the son of Lewis VIII. 
 of France. He married the daughter of the 
 count of Provence, and thereby became 
 his successor, adding also the countries of 
 Anjou and Maine. He was with his bro- 
 ther Lewis in Egypt in 1248, and was 
 taken prisoner at the same time. On his 
 return he defeated Manfred, the usurper of 
 the Sicilian crown, and assumed the title of 
 king of Naples. He had a rival in Conra- 
 din, duke of Suabia, whom he also defeated,' 
 and took him and the duke of Austria pri- 
 soners. Charles on this occasion brought 
 endless infamy upon his name, by causing 
 his royal captives to be put to death at Na- 
 ples on a public scaffold. After this he 
 laid the prince of Tunis under tribute, and 
 destroytdthe Ghibelines. In I276he gained 
 the title of king of Jerusalem, and medi- 
 tated an expedition against Constantinople. 
 But his arbitrary conduct occasioned a ge- 
 neral insurrection in Sicily, where eight 
 thousand of the French were massacred on 
 Easter Monday, 1282. This massacre is 
 known by the name of the Sicilian vespers, 
 the bell for evening prayers being the sig- 
 nal of revolt. The Sicilians then chose 
 Peter of Arragon for their king. Charles 
 died in 1285. — Mod. Univ. Hist. 
 
 Charles II. the son and successor of 
 the above, was, at the time of his father’s 
 death, a prisoner in the hands of the Sici- 
 lians who would have put him to death 
 but he was saved at the intercession of 
 Constantia, queen of Peter of Arragon. 
 He recovered his liberty in 1238, on con- 
 
C II A 
 
 C II A 
 
 .dition Of renouncing his claim to the Sicilian 
 crown ; but being absolved from his treaty 
 by the pope, he made several attempts to 
 get possession of Sicily, which failed. He 
 governed Naples with wisdom and mildness, 
 and died in 1:509, being succeeded by his 
 son Robert. — Mod. Uni-v. Hist. 
 
 Charles III. king of Naples, was the 
 great grandson of the preceding, and in con- 
 sequence of his marriage with Margaret, 
 niece of Joan queen of Naples, obtained 
 that kingdom from the pope, on the ex- 
 communication of Joan in 1380. He put 
 Joan to death and afterwards quarrelled 
 with the pope, who excommunicated him 
 in his turn- Charles next claimed the 
 crown of Hungary, but was slain in the 
 attempt, in 1386, aged 41. — 3d. 
 
 Charles II. king of Navarre, called the 
 Lad, was the son of Philip count of Evreux, 
 who became king of Navarre by hjs mar- 
 riage with the daughter of Lewis Hutin, 
 king of France. At the age of eighteen 
 Charles succeeded his mother, who reigned 
 alone after her husband’s death. He mur- 
 dered the constable, Charles of Angouleme, 
 for which, John, king of France, caused 
 him to be arrested, but soon after gave 
 him his liberty. He seduced the dauphin, 
 afterwards Charles V. to rebel against his 
 father, but fhe plot was discovered, and 
 the dauphin gained his pardon by betrav- 
 ing the king of Navarre into the hands of 
 his father, who confined him in the castle 
 of Arleux. Charles escaped from prison 
 and joined the English on their invasion of 
 France, hut in I35S he made peace with 
 the dauphin who had succeeded his father, 
 John. He entered into a fresh alliance 
 .with the English, and was accused of em- 
 ploying a person to poison Charles VI. 
 His death was remarkable. Being ill of a 
 leprosy, the physicians caused him to be 
 wrapped in sheets, dipped in spirits of 
 wine, and covered with brimstone. These 
 were sown about his body, and his page, 
 endeavouring to loosen the bandage one 
 day, set fire to it with a taper which he 
 He’d in his hand, by which the king 
 died in great agonies in 1387. — Ibid. 
 
 Chari.es Martel, mayor of the palace 
 under Chilperic arid Thierry IV. kings of 
 France. He possessed the whole regal 
 power, which he managed with great ad- 
 dress, and gained many victories, the prin- 
 cipal of which was over the Saracen gene- 
 ral Abdalrahman, in 732. On the death 
 of Thierry, in 737, no successor was ap- 
 pointed, and _ Charles conducted the go- 
 vernment as duke of the Franks. He died 
 in 741, and left his dominions between his 
 sons Carloman and Pepin ; the latter of 
 whom became the first, king of France of 
 the Carlovingian race, which name was 
 taken from the founder Charles Martel. — 
 Ibid. ' 
 
 Charles duke of Burgundy, surnamed 
 the « :b l was the son of Philip the Good, 
 
 and born in 1433. There were constant 
 wars between him and Lewis XI. king of 
 France who instigated Charles's subjects, 
 the Liegois, to revolt against him. The 
 duke made the king prisoner, and com- 
 pelled him to enter into a treaty on the 
 terms that were dictated to him. Charles 
 then seized on Guelderland and Zutphen. 
 He afterwards invaded Switzerland, where 
 he committed the most inhuman outrages; 
 but the Swiss at length collected their for- 
 ces, and the duke’s army was put to the 
 rout and his baggage taken. He collected 
 another army, but was again defeated. He 
 was slain while besieging Nanci, in 1477. 
 He married four wives, one of whom was 
 Margaret of York, sister to Edward IV. — 
 Philippi Comines. U:dv. Hist. 
 
 Charles IV. duke of Lorraine, was' the 
 son of Francis count of Vaudcmont, and 
 born in 1603. He was twice deprived of 
 his territories by Lewis XIII. of France, 
 but recovered them again, lie afterwards 
 leagued with the Spaniards btit was impri- 
 soned by the prince of Condo at Antwerp, 
 and not released tilt the Pyrenean treaty. 
 In 1662 he surrendered his states to Lewis 
 XIV. on condition of being acknowledged 
 prince of the blood. I le afterwards broke 
 this agreement, and in 1570 lost his domi- 
 nions again, on which he went to Germany. 
 He was defeated by Turcnne in 1674, but 
 afterwards took Treves, where he made 
 orisoner the marshal de Crequi. He died 
 in 1075. While his first wife was alive he 
 married another, and before her death he 
 contracted himself to a French lady, but 
 Lewis XI v . caused her to be confined in a 
 convent. — 2Jv. v. Li t . Hist. 
 
 Charles V. dime of Lorraine, and a 
 famous general, was the son of the grand 
 duke Francis, and born at Vienna in 1643. 
 He became an officer in the Imperial ser- 
 vice, and at the age of twenty made a cam- 
 paign in Hungary against the Turks. Two 
 attempts were made to procure hia election 
 to the throne of Poland, but without suc- 
 cess. On the death of his uncle in 1675, 
 he succeeded to the title of duke of Lor- 
 raine, and about the same time was ap- 
 pointed to the command of the Imperial 
 army. 11c gained several great victories, 
 which inspired him with the idea of reco- 
 vering his hereditary dominions, but with- 
 out success, fit 1677 he married the queen 
 dowager of Poland, and sister to the empe- 
 ror. After the peace of Niinegueu lie ser- 
 ved against the Turks, but was forced to 
 retreat to Vienna, which was then besieged 
 by, 'them. John Sobiesky coming to the 
 assistance of the duke, they attacked the 
 Turks who were completely defeated. 
 This victory was followed by the reduction 
 of a considerable part of Hungary, and 
 the siege of Bud i, which, however, was 
 raised in consequence of the duke’s being 
 taken ill of a fever. That place was taken 
 the next campaign, and the Turks ezperi-* 
 
€ H A 
 
 G H A 
 
 enced a terrible defeat at Mohatz. The 
 duke next took possession of Transylvania, 
 and in 1682 commanded against the French 
 in Flanders. He died in 1690. — Moreri. 
 
 Charles (Emanuel), duke of Savoy, 
 surnamed the Great , was born in 1562. 
 Though of a weak constitution he was of 
 an enterprising spirit, and, taking advan- 
 tage of the internal commotions in France 
 in the reign of Henry III. he seized part of 
 Dauphine and Provence ; and on the death 
 of that monarch he aspired to the crown, 
 but was disappointed. A war broke out, 
 and the French troops took possession of 
 part of Savoy. By the mediation of the 
 pope, however, peace was concluded. The 
 duke made a treacherous attempt to seize 
 Geneva, but his troops were repulsed, and 
 the few prisoners taken were hung up by 
 the Genevans as robbers. On the death 
 of Francis, duke of Mantua, in 1613, this 
 restless prince laid claim to the succession, 
 but was obliged to relinquish it. The 
 French persuaded him to turn his arms 
 against Genoa, and he gained some advan- 
 tages, but the interference of Spain effected 
 a peace. He aspired to the imperial crown, 
 and made an attempt bn the duchy of 
 Montferrat, which involved him in a war 
 with France and Spain. The loss of Pig- 
 rierol in 1630, is supposed to have occasion- 
 ed his death. — Moreri. 
 
 Charles (Emanuel II.), duke of Savoy, 
 was the son of Victor Amadeus I. and suc- 
 ceeded his brother Francis in 1638, being 
 only four years old. During his minority 
 the Spaniards invaded his territories, and 
 took several places, but the interference of 
 I.ewis XIII. obliged them to make restitu- 
 tion. This duke cultivated the arts of 
 peace. He penetrated the Monte Viso 
 with an arched road 500 geometrical paces 
 long, and built several fine structures at 
 Turin. He was at last involved in a civil war 
 with his protestant subjects of the Vau- 
 dois who revolted through the prosecutions 
 which they endured. Fie died in 1675. — Ibid. 
 
 Charles (Emanuel III.), duke of Savoy, 
 and king of Sardinia, succeeded his father 
 Victor Amadeus II. in 1730. He joined 
 France and Spain against Austria, and 
 gained a great victory at Guastalla, by 
 which he considerably enlarged his domi- 
 nions. In 1742, however, he assisted the 
 queen of Hungary, and obtained several 
 advantages. On the restoration of peace 
 he devoted himself to acts of public good, 
 promoted the happiness of his subjects, 
 whom he relieved from the heavy taxes 
 which his wars had occasioned. He also 
 corrected the abuses of the law by enacting 
 a new code, and died in 1773. — Ibid. 
 
 Charles (Edward), of the Stuart family, 
 commonly called the pretender , was the 
 grandson” of James II. and born at Rome 
 in 1720. In 1745 he landed in Scotland, 
 and published a manifesto exhibiting the 
 claims of his father to the English throne. 
 
 He was joined by several of the high^a- 
 ders, and entering Edinburgh, he caused his 
 father to be proclaimed, on which general 
 Cope hastened towards the capital, but was 
 attacked by the pretender, at Preston Pans, 
 and defeated. Instead of making a proper 
 use of this victory, by pushing into England, 
 Charles returned to Edinburgh wasting his 
 time in an idle parade of royalty. But 
 being joined by lords Kilmarnock, Cromar- 
 ty, Baimerino, and other discontented chiefs, 
 he marched as far as Manchester, but hear- 
 ing that the king was about to take the field, 
 he returned to Scotland, where he defeated 
 the English forces under Hawley at Fal- 
 kirk. In the mean time the duke of Cum- 
 berland advanced to Edinburgh, and from 
 thence to Aberdeen, the pretender retreat- 
 ing before him. At last the two armies 
 met at Culloden, when, after an obstinate 
 conflict in which the Highlanders dis- 
 played signal courage, the royal army was 
 successful, and the others fled, leaving three 
 thousand of their number dead on the field. 
 Charles, after wandering about in different 
 disguises, chiefly among the Hebrides, ef- 
 fected his escape to France, and thus ended 
 all hopes of this unfortunate family. He 
 died at Florence in 1788. He married the 
 princess Stolberg Guendern. His brother, 
 Henry Benedict cardinal York, suffered so 
 muchfrom the ravages of the French in Italy, 
 as to excite the compassion of the English, 
 and his case being made known to king 
 George III. he settled upon the venerable 
 representative of an illustrious house a con- 
 siderable pension. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. Bos~ 
 lueli's Tour in the Hebrides Monthly Mag. 
 Oct. 1803. 
 
 Charleton (Walter), an English phy- 
 sician, was born at Shepton Mallet, in So- 
 mersetshire, in 1619, and educated at Mag- 
 dalen hall, Oxford, where he took his doc- 
 tor’s degree in 1642, and became physician 
 to the king. He was one of the first mem- 
 bers of the royal society, and president of 
 the college of physicians. He died at Jersey 
 in 1707. Dr. Charleton wrote several me- 
 dical books, but he is best known by a 
 volume entitled Chorea Gigantum, or the 
 most famous Antiquity of Great Britain, 
 Stonehenge, restored to tire Danes, 16'f>Sj 
 4to. — Blog. Brit. 
 
 Charleval (Charles Faucon de Ry, lord 
 of), a French writer of great merit and 
 liberality. He died m 1693, aged 80. A 
 small collection of his poems was printed in 
 1759, 12nio. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Charlevoix (Peter), a French jesuit, 
 who died in 1761, aged 72. He was se- 
 veral years a missionary, in America: and 
 published a History of St. Domingo, 2 vols. 
 4to.; History and description of Japan, 2 vols. 
 4to. and 6 vols. 12mo.; History of Paraguay, 
 6 vols. 18mo. ; a General History of New 
 France, 3 vols. 4to. The last is a valuable 
 performance — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Chau mis, a physician at Rome iu the 
 
C H A 
 
 C II A 
 
 time of Nerct. He went contrary to all his 
 brethren in his practice ; and Seneca ac- 
 knowledges that he had been weak enough 
 to follow his prescriptions. This quack, 
 like all of his kind, was very extravagant 
 in his fees. — Moreri. 
 
 Charnace (Hercules Girard, baron de), 
 a French ambassador was born in Brittany. 
 He served with reputation in the army, and 
 cardinal Richelieu sent him ambassador to 
 Sweden, where he concluded a treaty with 
 Gustavus Adolphus, who thereby engaged 
 in a war with Germany. He was after- 
 wards ambassador to several other courts. 
 He had the command of a troop of horse, 
 and was killed at the siege of Breda, in 1637. 
 -i—Bayle. Moreri. 
 
 Charnbck (Stephen), a nonconformist 
 divine was born in London, and educated at 
 Emanuel college, Cambridge, from whence 
 lie removed to New college, Oxford, of 
 which he became fellow He was for some 
 time chaplain to Henry Cromwell, and af- 
 terwards officiated to a congregation in 
 London, where he died in 1680, aged 52. 
 His works were collected into two vols. 
 folio ; the best is a Discourse on Providence. 
 « — Cclamy. 
 
 Charondas, a Sicilian legislator and 
 philosopher, who died about 400 years B. 
 C. He formed a code of laws for the inha- 
 bitants of Thorium in Grxcia Magna, one 
 of which inflicted death upon any who 
 should appear armed at a public assemblv. 
 Hearing that a tumult had arisen in a po- 
 pular meeting, he hastened thither to quell 
 it, without laying aside his sword. Being 
 reminded of his own law, he said that he 
 would seal it with his blood, and instantly 
 
 stabbed himself, ~.Diog. La'irt. Valerius 
 
 Maximus . 
 
 Charpentier (Francis),r.learned French- 
 man, was born at Paris ffi 1620, and died in 
 1702. He was dean of the French academy, 
 and member of that of inscriptions and 
 medals He published several works of 
 antiquities, and some poems — Moreri. 
 
 Char row (Peter), a French divine, was 
 born at Paris in 1541, and brought up to the 
 law, which profession he quilted for that of 
 divinity, ana became a popular preacher. 
 Queen Margaret appointed him her chap- 
 lain. He was the friend of Montaigne, and 
 resided with him at Bourde ux, where he 
 printed his book entitled The Three Truths, 
 1594. The bishop of Cahors was so pleased 
 with it, that he made him his vicar-gene- 
 ral. Afterwards he obtained some dignities 
 in the church of Condom. In 1601 he 
 printed his famous work Of Wisdom, which 
 has been translated into English. He died 
 fn 1603. — Moreri. 
 
 Chartier (Alain), an eloquent French 
 writer of the 15th century. He was a na- 
 tive of Bayeux, and secretary to the Icings 
 Charles Vf. and VII. who employed him in 
 several embassies. He was famous for his 
 ^yit 3fi well as his cojnoositions, Jiis works 
 
 were published in 1617, and consist of 
 pieces in prose and verse. He died in 14 19, 
 His brother, Juhn Chartier, was a benedic- 
 tine monk, and wrote the gieat chronicles 
 of France from Pharamond to the death of 
 Charles VII. 3 vols. folio, 1493. His His- 
 tory of Charles V.I. was printed in 1661, 
 fol — Moreri Ishouv. D'(t. Hist. 
 
 Chartier (Rend), a physician to the 
 French king, and royal professor of medi- 
 cine- He distinguished himself by editing 
 the works of Hippocrates and Galen in 
 Greek and Latin, 14 vols. folio ; the first 
 volume appealed in 1619, and the last in 
 1679.- — IbiJ. 
 
 Chasseneux (Bartholomew de), a French 
 lawyer, who has obtained celebrity more 
 by his humanity than by his literary pro- 
 due, ions. As president of the parliament 
 of Provence he opposed the persecution of 
 the Vaudois, a religious sect, who rejected 
 the papal authority and the superstitions of 
 the church of Rome; for which he was 
 poisoned in 1541. He wrote on the cus- 
 toms of France, and other works. — More; 7, 
 
 Chastel (John), a fanatic,. \»ho at: em.pt- 
 ed, in 15.94, to assassinate Henry IV. of 
 France, at the instigation of the jesuits; for 
 which the flesh was torn off his bones with 
 red-hot pincers, afterwards he was tied to 
 four wild horses, and his wretched remains 
 were burnt to ashes. The jesuits were ba- 
 nished the kingdom — 1 bid. 
 
 Chaste lain (Claude), an ecclesiastical 
 writer was born at Paris In 1639. Pie was 
 employed by the archbishop of Paris in 
 drawing up formularies for the use of his 
 diocese. He published the Roman Mar- 
 tyrology and a Universal Martvrology, 
 and left a MS. Journal of his own Life, 
 abounding with anecdotes. Pie died in 
 1712. — Ibid. 
 
 ChastelEt (Gabrielle Emilie de Bre- 
 teuil, marehiqness of), an ingenious lauy, 
 was the daugher of the baron de Breteuil, 
 and the wife of the marquis de Chastelet. 
 She had a liberal education’, which she im- 
 proved by studying the best writers, an- 
 cient and modern. She published the Insti- 
 tutes of the Philosophy of Leibnitz, in 
 French, but becoming acquainted with the 
 Prineipia of. Newton, she renounced the 
 system of the German philosopher. She 
 also translated that immortal work into her 
 native language, and added a commentary 
 to it, which was not published til! after her 
 deatli in 1749. Voltaire wrote an eulogy 
 to her memory. — How. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Chastellux (Francis John, marquis de), 
 an ingenious French nobleman, was de- 
 scended of a family eminent for military ta- 
 lon's. He was a field marshal, and a mem- 
 ber of the French academy and of several 
 other literary societies, He died at Paris . 
 in 1738. Pie wrote a treatise On Public 
 Happiness, 8vo. This performance was 
 translated into English, and also his Travels 
 in North America, 8vo. The marquis had 
 
G II A 
 
 C II A 
 
 seryed in that country in a military capa- 
 city, but the Americans complain that he 
 has nor done justice to it. — Xouv. Did. Hi t . 
 
 Chats uia cm (John Baptist Vivien de), 
 a French dramatic writer, born at Angou- 
 leme, in 1634, He was a member of the 
 French academy, and died in 1775. His 
 best play is entitled Les Tr-.yennes, which he 
 kept by him forty years before it was acted: 
 he also wrote the tragedies of Philoctetes, 
 Astyanax, and Mahomet II. — Ibid. 
 
 Chateahrenand (t-rancis Lewis Rous- 
 selet, count of), a French naval comman- 
 der, was born inTouraine in 1635. He dis- 
 tinguished himself against the Sallee rovers, 
 defeated the Dutch fleet in 1675, and ren- 
 dered other eminent services to his countrv, 
 for which he was made an admiral and a 
 marshal of France. He died in 1716, — Ibid. 
 
 CuAi EL (Tanneguy du), a French gene- 
 ra!, was born of a good family of Brittany. 
 He distinguished himself early by an expe- 
 dition against England where he gained 
 considerable ' booty. In 1410 he defeated 
 Ladisbius the usurper of the two Sicilies, 
 and in 1414 was made marshal of Guienne. 
 
 was at the battle of Agincourt, and 
 when Paris was surprised by the Burgun- 
 dian faction, he saved the dauphin, and af- 
 terwards effected a peace between the two 
 princes. Bat he blasted his laurels by ad- 
 vising the dauphin to assassinate the duke 
 of Burgundy in 1419. When the dauphin 
 ascended the throne, he made du Chatel 
 grand master of his household, and em- 
 ployed him in several honourable missions. 
 He died in 1449. Ilis nephew was remark- 
 able far his fidelity to Charles VII. whom 
 he attended in his last moments, and buried 
 at lvis own expeace. — Moreri. 
 
 Ciiatei. (Peter du), in Latin Castellano , 
 a learned French divine, was born at Arc, 
 and educated at Dijon. He assisted Eras- 
 mus, in Ids translations from the Greek, and 
 became corrector of the press in Frobenius’s 
 oilice at Basil. After traveliing as far as 
 Egypt and Palestine, he returned to his na- 
 tive country, where he becaihe reader to 
 Francis I. who gave him the bishopric of 
 T idle, and afterwards that of Ma$on. Hen- 
 ry II. translated him to Orleans, where he 
 died in 1559. He was a. man of universal 
 learning, of great eloquence, and a strenu- 
 ous defender of the liberties of the Galilean 
 church. He wrote two funeral orations 
 for Francis, and a Latin letter for that king 
 against the emperor Charles V. — Bayle. 
 
 Chatel (Francis du), an eminent painter, 
 of Brussels, in the middle of the 16th cen- 
 tury. The most capital picture by this 
 master is one in the town-hall at Ghent, 
 representing the king of Spain receiving 
 the oath of fidelity from the states of Flan- 
 ders and Brabant — Pilkington. 
 
 Ciiatelet (Paul du Hay, lord of), was 
 born of a noble family in Brittany, derived 
 from the Scotch house of Hay. He served 
 several important offices, and became pre- 
 
 sident in the court of justice in the royal 
 army under Lewis Xlil. He snoke his 
 mind very freely to the king, especially' in 
 favour of the duke of Montmorency, when 
 that nobleman was condemned for high 
 treason. Chatelet was one of the first 
 members of the academy, and wrote seve- 
 ral pieces in prose and verse ; the principal 
 is the History of Bertrand du Guc-sciin, 
 constable of France, folio. He died in 1696, 
 aged 44. — Nouv. Diet. Hi\t. 
 
 Chatterton (Thomas), ah extraordi- 
 nary youth, was born at Bristol, in 1752, 
 and educated in writing and arithmetic ax 
 Colston’s charity school; after which he 
 was articled to an attorney, with whom Iv? 
 continued til 1 he was 17, ancj soon after 
 went to London, where he earned a scanty 
 maintenance by writing for periodical pub- 
 lications, but being reduced to great dis- 
 tress, he poisoned himself in 1770, and was 
 buried in the parish of St. Andrew, Hol- 
 born. In 1778 were published, in one vo- 
 lume fivo. Miscellanies in prose and verse, 
 by i lioraas Chatterton But what has given 
 celebrity to his name is the real or pre- 
 tended discovery of poems, iesuid to he writ- 
 ten in the L;tn centum , by Thomas Rowley, 
 a priest or Bristol, and lound in Rcdcliffe 
 church, of which Chatterton ’s ancestors had 
 been sextons near a century and a half. 
 His father certainly removed . 3 , number of 
 parchments from an old chest in that 
 church, most <n which were used in cover- 
 ing, books. \oung Chatterton, from the 
 perusal of some of them, is supposed to have 
 formed the design of a forgery. In 176S 
 appeared in a Bristol newspaper, in arti- 
 cle entitled l: A Description of the Friars 
 first passing over the old bridge, taken from 
 an ancient manuscript.” this attracted 
 the notice of AT r Barrett, who was engaged 
 m writing the history of Bristol; and h® 
 obtained from Chatterton several pieces in 
 p-nse and verse, purporting to he written 
 b/Canynge, feu der of Redcliffe church, 
 and Thomas Rowley. The year following 
 he began a correspondence with Horace 
 Walpole, well kno.vn as an antiquary and 
 connoisseur, hut on his communicating the 
 papers to liis friends Mason and Grav, 
 they pronounced them forgeries. Chat- 
 terton had formed great expectations from 
 the patronage of Mr. Walpole, but find- 
 ing himself neglected, he wrote him an 
 impertinent letter and their intercourse 
 ended. Rowley’s poems were first collected 
 by Mr. Tyrwhit, in one volume Svo, and 
 afterwards in one vol. 4to by dean Milles, 
 but the former gentleman gave up the 
 question of their genuineness. A sharp 
 controversy was carried on for some time 
 on the point, between Mr. AVarton, Mr. 
 Bryant, Mr. Mathias, and others; but the 
 poems are now generally considered as 
 Chatterton’s own productions. A new 
 edition of his works was recently pub- 
 lished in 3 vols. 8 vo, — Biog. Brit. 
 
€ H A 
 
 C II E 
 
 CitArcER (Geoffrey), the father of Eng- 
 lish poetry, was born in London in 1328. 
 His father appears to have been a wealthy 
 merchant, who gave him a liberal educa- 
 tion. 1 le was for some time at Cambridge, 
 and afterwards studied at Oxford. Ke 
 next improved himself by tr. ve ling into 
 foreign countries, and on his return stu- 
 died the law in the Inner Temple, which 
 he soon quitted for the codrt, and became 
 yeoman to Edward III. who gave him a 
 pension cut of the exchequer. In 1 370 he 
 v/as appointed his majesty’s shield-bearer, 
 lie was sent to Genoa some time after to 
 hire ships for the king’s service, and at his 
 return obtained a grant of a pitcher of 
 wine a day, to be delivered by the butler 
 of England; and the place of comptroller 
 of the customs of London, for wool, &c. 
 In the succeeding reign he was obliged to 
 go abroad to avoid the resentment of the 
 clergy for having embraced the doctrines 
 of W'ickliffe. Ke returned privately, but 
 was taken and committed to prison, from 
 whence he was not released till he had 
 made his submission. On this he retired to 
 Woodstock, -\vhcre he employed himself in 
 correcting his works. Mere he published 
 his treatise on the Astrolabe, Henry IV. 
 in the first year of his reign gave him an 
 annuity of forty marks for his life. He 
 died in 1400, and was buried in Westmin- 
 ster abbey. Chaucer married Philippa de 
 Rouet, a lady of good family, by which 
 means he became allied to John of Gaunt, 
 duke of Lancaster, who was his great 
 patron while he was himself in power. 
 Chaucer left two 9Cns, one of whom was 
 speaker of the house of commons, and am- 
 bassador to France. Of his poems, the 
 Canterbury Tales are by far the best. There 
 have been several editions of his works, 
 the best is that of Air. Urry, in folio : but 
 the Canterbury Tales have been published 
 separately by Air. Tyrwhit, 5 vols. 8vo. 
 They have been modernized by Dryden, 
 Pope, and others. — Biog. Br. Life of Chau- 
 cer by Godwin. 
 
 Chaulieu (William'), a French poet, 
 called the Anacreon of France, was born 
 in Normandy, and educated in the college 
 of Navarre at Paris. The duke of Ven- 
 dome gave him a priory in the isle of 
 Oleron. He died in 1726’, aged 81. The 
 best edition of his poems is that of Paris, 
 in 2 vols. 8vo. 1774. — Noun. Did. Hist. 
 
 Chauncey (Isaac), a puritan divine, and 
 physician, was the son of Air. Charles 
 Chauncey, a nonconformist minister, who 
 removed from Ware in Hertfordshire to 
 New England, where he became president 
 of Harvard college, and died In 1671. His 
 son was for some time a dissenting minister 
 at Andover, but quitted that profession for 
 physic, which he practised in London, 
 where he died about 1700. He wrote, the 
 I)ivine Institution of Congregational 
 Churches, 8vo. ; an Lssay on Daniel’s Pro- 
 
 phecy, and other things. He is not to be 
 confounded with Dr. Ichabod Chauncey, who 
 was ejected from a living at Bristol, and af- 
 terwards practised physic there. He died 
 iu 1691. — Calamy. 
 
 Chauncey (Henry), an English anti- 
 quary, was born in Hertfordshire, and 
 educated at Cambridge, from whence he 
 removed to the Middle Temple, and in 
 1656 was called to the bar. In 1681 he 
 was knighted, and in 1688 was made a 
 Welsh judge. He died in 1700. He wrote 
 the Historical Antiquities of Hertfordshire, 
 in 1 vol. fol. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Chausse (Alichael Angelo de la), a 
 French antiquary, who published at Rome, 
 in 1690, his Musdeum Romanum, which 
 was reprinted in 1746, in 2 vols. folio. He 
 also published, in 1707, a Collection of an- 
 cient Gems, 4to.; and in 1733, Pieturaj 
 Anti qua: Gryptarum Romanorum et Sepui- 
 chri Nasonum, fob — Nowo. Did. Hist. 
 
 Chauveau (Francis), a French engraver, 
 born at Paris in 1613, and died there in 
 1676. His engravings are mostly after his 
 own designs, in a very excellent taste. His 
 son Rene was an ingenious sculptor. He 
 resided many years in Sweden, and also ex- 
 ecuted some considerable works at Berlin. 
 He died at Paris in 1722, aged 59. — Mor. 
 
 Chauvin (Stephep), a protestant divine, 
 who left France on the revocation of the 
 edict of Nantes, and settled at Berlin, 
 where he was chosen professor of philoso- 
 phy, and died in 1725, aged 85. Fie wrote 
 a philosophical Lexicon in Latin, fol. L692. 
 —Ibid. 
 
 Chazzkli.es (John AFatthew), a French 
 mathematician, was born at Lyons in 1657. 
 Fie assisted Cassini in drawing the meridian 
 line, and in 1685 was made hydrographical 
 professor at Marseilles, in which situation 
 he drew a number of maps of the coast. 
 He afterwards visited Egypt, where he 
 measured the pyramids, and discovered 
 that the four sides of the largest answer to 
 the cardinal points of the compass. He was 
 elected a member of the academy of sciences 
 in 1695, and died in 1710. — Eloge par Fon- 
 tenelle. 
 
 Ch efonta inks (Christopher de),a French 
 theologian, was a native of Brittany, and 
 entered among the cordeliers, of which 
 order he became provincial, and lastly ge- 
 neral. In 1579 pope Gregory XIII. made 
 him archbishop of Caesarea. He went into 
 Flanders, where he was successful in draw- 
 inn- over many protestants to the Roman 
 church. Fie was himself, however, accused 
 of holding some heretical tenets. He died 
 in 1595, aged 63. He was a man of pro- 
 found learning. The most curious of his 
 works is on Transubstantiation. — Moreri. 
 
 Cheke (John), a Darned Englishman, 
 was born at Cambridge in 1514, and edu- 
 cated at St. John’s college, where he took 
 his degrees in arts, and was appointed pro- 
 fessor of Greek, in which station he laboured 
 
C H E 
 
 C H E 
 
 with great success in reforming the mode 
 of pronouncing that language. But Gardi- 
 ner, bishop of Winchester, thinking the in- 
 novation was allied to heresy, prohibited 
 any deviation from the old corruption. In 
 1544Cheke became tutor to prince Edward, 
 at whose accession he was rewarded with a 
 pension, and a grant of lands. He was also 
 made provost of King’s cellege, and re- 
 ceived the honour of knighthood. Queen 
 Mary sent him to the Tower, for being con- 
 cerned in the plan of raising Jane Grey to 
 the throne. In 1554 lie was set at liberty 
 and went abroad, but his estate was confis- 
 cated. In 1556 he was seized at Brussels 
 and conveyed to Antwerp, from whence he 
 was sent to London, and committed again 
 to the Tower, where he was attended by 
 the Romish priests, who told him that he 
 must recant, or burn. Cheke had not re- 
 solution enough to endure martyrdom, and 
 made a solemn submission in the presence 
 ®f # the queen and epurt. The shame of 
 this preyed upon his, spirits, and he died of 
 gi iet in 1557. He wrote “ The Hurt of Se- 
 dition” against the Insurgents in 1549 ; 
 Epistles on the death of Buccr; De Pronun- 
 tiatioue Graces: potissimum Lingnx Dispu- 
 tationes, Basil 1555 ; l)e Superstitione ad 
 regem Henricum: and other learned works. 
 — L'Jeby Strype. 
 
 CftKroNis, the daughter of Leonidas, and 
 wife of Cleombrotus, kings of Sparta, was 
 an illustrious example of filial and conjugal 
 duty. When Leonidas was deposed by 
 Cleombrotus, she accompanied him in his 
 exile ; and afterwards, on the restoration 
 of her father and the banishment of her 
 husband, she voluntarily went with him, 
 though earnestly entreated by Leonidas to 
 stay with him. This was about the year 
 B C. 484. — Plutarch. 
 
 Ciiemin (Catherine du), an ingenious 
 French lady. She was the wife of Girar- 
 don, and excelled in painting flowers. She 
 died at Paris in 1698, and her husband 
 erected to her memory a noble monument 
 in the church of St. Landry. — Moreri. 
 
 Ch emin ai s (Timoleon), a French jesuit, 
 was born at Paris in 1652. He was cele- 
 brated as a preacher, and was reckoned 
 little inferior to Massillon. When his health 
 prevented feim from preaching he used to 
 go into the country to instruct the poor. 
 He died at the age of 38. five volumes 
 of his sermons have been printed, and he 
 was also the author of a book, entitled. 
 Sentiments of Piety.— ‘■Moreri. 
 
 Chemnitz (Martin), a German divine, 
 was born at Brandenburg, in 1522. He was 
 educated under Melancthon, after whose 
 death he became the most esteemed divine 
 of the aijgustan confession. He was ■well 
 versed in mathematics and astronomy, and 
 was thirty years a professor at Brunswick, 
 where he died in 1566. He wrote an Har- 
 mony of the Gospels, and some controver- 
 
 sial pieces against popery. — Moreri. M.fL 
 Adam. 
 
 Chemnitz (Bozeslaus Philip), grandson 
 of the above, was born at Strettin in 1605. 
 He served first in the armies of Holland, 
 and afterwards in those of Sweden. Oueea 
 Christina made him a counsellor of state 
 and historiographer. Fie died in 1673. He 
 wrote a History of the Swedish Wars in 
 Germany, 2 vols. fol. — Moreri. 
 
 Cherilus, a Greek poet, and the friend 
 of Herodotus, l ie celebrated the triumphs 
 of. the Athenians over Xerxes, for which 
 poem his countrymen rewarded him with a 
 piece of gold for each verse. — Ibid. 
 
 Cher on (Elizabeth Sophia), an inge- 
 nious painter. She was the daughter of an 
 eminent artist, and was born at Paris in 
 1643. In 1672 she was admitted a member 
 of the academy of painting, and the aca- 
 demy of Ricovrati at Padua did her the 
 same houour. She excelled in painting 
 portraits .in miniature, but painted also his- 
 torical subjects in a fine style. She was 
 likewise a good poetess, and had a taste for 
 music. She died in 1711. — D'Argenvi/le. 
 
 Cheron (Lewis), brother of the above ; 
 was born at Paris, and died in London in 
 1713, aged 53. He came to England on ac- 
 count of his religion, being a pirotestant, 
 and was employed by several of the nobi- 
 lity, particularly the duke of Montague. — 
 Ibid. Walpole. 
 
 Ciierubin, Father, a mathematician of 
 Orleans, was a capuchin friar, and lived 
 about the year 1650. He wrote a book on 
 the theory of telescopes, entitled Ocular 
 Dioptrics, and another in 2 vols. folio under 
 the title of La Vision parfaite.— -Moreri. 
 
 Cheselden (William), a celebrated sur- 
 geon, was born at Borough-on-the-hill, 
 in Leicestershire, in 1688, and brought up 
 first under Mr. Cowper the anatomist, and 
 then under Mr. Feme, at St. Thomas’s 
 hospital. In 1711 he was elected F. R. S. 
 I lis Anatomy of the I human Body appeared 
 first in 1713, and went through numerous 
 editions. In 1733 he published his Osteo- 
 graphy, in folia. Mr. Cheselden obtained 
 great celebrity by his practice of cutting 
 for the stone, and couching the eye, in 
 both of which he had wonderful success. 
 He was elected member of the French aca- 
 demy of sciences, and of that of surgery. 
 He became principal surgeon to queen 
 Caroline, and head surgeon of Chelsea hos- 
 pital. Ife died in 1752. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Chesne (Joseph du), a French physician, 
 was of a noble family in Armagnac, and 
 obtained considerable eminence in his pro- 
 fession, particularly in chemistry. He died 
 at Paris in 1609. He wrote two poems in 
 French ; one entitled, the Folly of the 
 World; and the other, the Mirror of the 
 World, He also wrote some b .oics on chc- 
 n is try. — Moreri. 
 
 Ciiesneu (Andre du), a French historian* 
 
CUE 
 
 C II I 
 
 born in 1584, and died in 1640. He wrote 
 Histories of the Popes and Cardinals : a 
 Collection of the Ancient Historians of 
 France, in 24 vcls. folio; and a History of 
 England. — •Mortri. 
 
 Chetwode (Knightly), an English di- 
 vine, was fellow of King’s college, Cam- 
 bridge, and nominated by king James bi- 
 shop of Bristol, just as he abdicated the 
 crown, but as the con re d'ciire had not 
 passed the seals, he missed the preferment. 
 In 1707 he was made dean of Gloucester, 
 and died in 1720. He wrote the Life of Lord 
 Roscommon, which was never printed, and 
 some poems. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Chevalier (Anthony Rodolph le), a 
 learned Frenchman, was born in Normandy, 
 in 1507. Being a protestant, he sought an 
 asylum in England, where he taught the 
 French language to princess, afterwards 
 queen Elizabeth. On the death of Edward 
 Vi. he retired to Germany and married 
 the daughter-in-law of Tremellius, and 
 studied under him the Oriental languages. 
 He taught Hebrew at Strasburg and Ge- 
 neva, from whence he removed to his own 
 country, but in consequence of the massacre 
 of St Bartholomew, he went to Guernsey, 
 where he died in 1572. He published 
 in Latin the Fulfilments of the Hebrew 
 Language, 4to. 1574. He also translated 
 from Syriac the Jerusalem Targum. — -De 
 Thou. 
 
 Chevalier (Lewis), a French advocate, 
 was born at Touraine about 1663. When 
 young he embraced a religious life in the 
 rigid order of La Trappe ; but the austeri- 
 ties he underwent bringing on a dangerous 
 complaint, he quitted it and adopted ano- 
 ther profession, in which he obtained the 
 highest reputation. He died in 1744. His 
 pleadings for the canons of Rheims were 
 printed in 1716. — Mr, mi. 
 
 Culvert (Francis de), a French general, 
 who rose from the ranks to the highest ho- 
 nours of his profession, was born of mean 
 parents of Verdun, in 1695. He was dis- 
 tinguished for his great skill in tactics. Af- 
 ter the retreat of marshal de Beltisle from 
 Prague in 1742, Chevert defended the 
 place with uncommon firmness and lira- 
 very, till famine compelled him to surren- 
 der on honourable terms. The victorv at 
 Hastembeck in 1557, as well as that at L;ur- 
 terbnrg, were principally owing to him. 
 He died in 1769. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Chevii.iikr (Andrew), a French anti- 
 quary and ecclesiastic, who wrote the Ori- 
 gin- of Printing in Paris; a Dissertation on 
 the Council of Chalcedon, and other works 
 of merit. lie was librarian of the Sor- 
 bonne, and died in 1700, aged 64. — Moreri. 
 
 Chevreau (Urban), a native of Loudun, 
 who served Christina, queen of Sweden, as 
 secretary, and afterwards the king of Den- 
 mark, and cither princes. On his return 
 sa Paris he- became preceptor and secretary 
 
 to the duke of Maine. He died, aged 88, 
 in 1701. He wrote a “ History of the 
 World.,” and a romance, entitled the Ef- 
 fects of Fortune, and some other works. — 
 Moreri. 
 
 Chetne (George), an eminent physician, 
 was born in Scotland in 1671 and educated 
 at Edinburgh. At the age of 30 he came 
 to London, and led a free life; in conse- 
 quence of which he became immoderately 
 corpulent and asthmatic. He then had re- 
 course to a vegetable diet, which removed 
 his complaints, and he died at Bath, in 
 1742, aged 73. He published Philosophical 
 Principles of Religion, natural and revealed; 
 the English Malady, or a treatise of Nervous 
 Diseases; Fluxionum Methodus Inversa, 
 sive qirantitatum fiuentium leges Genera- 
 tionis, & c. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Cheynf.ll (Francis), a puritan divine, 
 was the son of a physician at Oxford, where 
 he was born in 1608, and educated at Mag- 
 dalen college of which he became fellow. 
 In the rebellion he joined the presbvterians,- 
 and was chosen orie of the assembly of di- 
 vines at Westminster. lie was also pre- 
 sented to the rectory of Petworth, and 
 made a commissioner for reforming the uni- 
 versity of Oxford, where he usurped the 
 offices of Margaret professor of divinity, 
 and the presidentship of St. John’s college, 
 but at the restoration he was ejected, and 
 died in 1665 He wrote several fanatical 
 books, and distinguished himself by his ri- 
 diculous behaviour at the funeral of Mr. 
 Chillingworth, of whose illness he wrote an 
 account . — IV o d. Galamy. 
 
 Ciiiabrera (Gabriel), an Italian poet, 
 born at Savona n 1552, and died there in 
 1637. His poems were printed at Rome in 
 1718, in 8vo. — Tiraboschi. 
 
 Ciiiarj (Joseph), an historical painter, 
 born at Rome in 1654. He was a disciple 
 of Carlo Maratti, by whom he was greatly 
 esteemed. He executed several historical 
 pieces for churches and persons of rank, 
 and died in 1727. — Piikington. 
 
 Chiavistelli (Jacob), a painter of Flo- 
 rence, horn in 1621, and died in 1628. He 
 painted in perspective with great accuracy 
 and elegance. — -I bid. 
 
 Chichele, or Chichley (Henry), arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury, was born at Highain 
 Ferrers in Northamptonshire; educated first 
 at Winchester school, and then at New col- 
 lege, Oxford. In 1407 he was sent ambas- 
 sador to the pope, who gave him the 
 bishopric of St. David’s. In 1414 he wa 3 
 raised to the see of Canterbury, which sta- 
 tion he maintained with great spirit, and 
 obtained many privileges for the clergy. 
 Fie also resisted encroachments of the papal 
 see. Thisarchbishopwasa liberal encourager 
 of learning; and his foundation of All-soul* 
 college, Oxford, will eternize his memory. 
 He died in 1443 . — Life by Dr. Duel:, 8 vo. 
 
 Ckicoyneau (Francis), physician and 
 
C H I 
 
 C II I 
 
 counsellor of state to the king of France, 
 was a native of Marseilles, which place he 
 visited when it wa3 ravaged by the plague. 
 He died in 17 52, aged 80. He published a 
 treatise on the Plague, in which he denies 
 that it is contagious. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Ciiicoynead (Francis), son of the above, 
 was an eminent botanist, and wrote several 
 esteemed memoirs on his favourite science. 
 He became professor and chancellor of the 
 university of Montpellier, and died in 
 1740, aged 38. — Moreri. 
 
 Chifflet (John James), a French physi- 
 cian, born in 1588. He was physician to 
 Philip IV. of Spain, and died in 1660. He 
 wrote the antiquities of his native city Be- 
 sancon, in elegant Latin, 4to. ; and Vindicire 
 Hispanicse, Antwerp, 1G43, 4to. and other 
 works. He had three sons, who were all 
 men of literary abilities. — Ibid. 
 
 Childebert I. king of France, the son 
 of Clovis, commenced his reign in 511. He 
 joined his brothers Clodomir and Clotaire, 
 against Sigismundkingof Burgundy, whom 
 they defeated. Afterwards Childebert and 
 Clotaire turned their arms against Spain, 
 wherein they were unsuccessful. He died 
 at Paris in558. — Mi Hot's Hid. of France. Mor. 
 
 Childebert II. the son of Sigebert and 
 Brunehaut, succeeded his father in 575. On 
 the death of his uncle Chilperic, king of 
 Soissons, he obtained the kingdoms of Or- 
 leans and Burgundy, and died of poison in 
 396, aged 26. — -Ibid. 
 
 Chilrebert III. called the Just, came 
 to the crown in G75, aged 12, and was go- 
 verned by Pepin, mayor of the palace, 
 who took upon him all the state of royalty. 
 Childebert died in 711. — Ibid. 
 
 C hi i . d eric I. king of France, succeeded 
 his father Merovxus in 456, and was de- 
 posed the year following for his bad con- 
 duct, and constrained to retire to Thurin- 
 gia; but he was recalled in 463, and died 
 in 481. — Moreri. 
 
 Childeric II. son of Clovis II. ascended 
 the throne in 1670, by the death of Clotaire 
 III. his brother. He disgraced himself by 
 his debaucheries and cruelties, and was 
 assassinated with his queen and son, in 673. 
 —Ibid, 
 
 Chii-deric III. called the Idiot, was pro- 
 claimed in 742, and deposed in 752, by Pe- 
 pin, who confined him in a monastery, 
 
 where he died. Ibid. _ 
 
 Ciiillincworth (William), an eminent 
 divine, was born at' Oxford in 1602, and 
 educated at Trinity-coliege, where he took 
 his degrees in arts; after which he was 
 ersuaded by Fisher, the jesuit, to em- 
 race the Romish faith. He went to 
 Douay for that purpose, but the letters of 
 bishop Laud, who was his godfather, made 
 him repent of his hastiness, and he return- 
 ed to England and the protestant commu- 
 nion in 1631. The Romanists, hurt at 
 losing so valuable an acquisition, attacked 
 him with great severity*, which occasioned 
 
 him to write his famous book, entitled. 
 The Religion of Protestants a safe Wav to 
 Salvation; printed in 1638, in folio. The 
 same year he was made prebendary of Salis- 
 bury, to which was afterwards added the 
 mastership of Wigston’s hospital in Lecies- 
 tershire. In the civil wars he adhered to 
 the royal cause, and was at the siege of Glou- 
 cester as an engineer, in 1643. But the 
 same year he was taken prisoner in Arun- 
 del castle, Sussex, and conveyed to Chiches- 
 ter, where he died at the bishop’s palace in 
 1 644. _ He was buried in the cathedral of 
 that city, by the furious zealot, Cheynel, 
 who had attended him in his sicknes 3 ,and at 
 the grave made a frantic speech, after throw- 
 ing in the book above mentioned with all 
 the terms of execrations his fanatical imagi- 
 nation could invent. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Chilmead (Edmund), an English divine, 
 was born in Gloucestershire, and educated 
 at Christ-ehurch, Oxford. Being ejected 
 from his preferment by the republicans, 
 he went to London, where he subsisted by 
 teaching music, and died in 1654, He wrote 
 a treatise on the Use of the Globes, and 
 
 translated several books fr©m the Greek 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Chilo, a philosopher of Sparta, who 
 has been dignified with the title of one of 
 the seven wise men. He died of joy in the 
 arms of his son, who had been victor 
 at the Olympic games, B.C. 597. — Diog.Laert . 
 
 Chilperic I. king of France, was die 
 youngest son of Clotaire I. on whose death 
 he seized the throne, but was deposed ia 
 562, and contented himself with the king- 
 dom of Soissons. On the death of Chari- 
 bet he succeeded to the kingdom of Paris. 
 He attached himself to a woman named 
 Fredegonde, who murdered queer} Gals- 
 wintha, which produced a war between 
 Chilperic and Siegebert, icing of Austrasia. 
 Chilperic put to death his son Merovmus, 
 Fredegonde caused his other son Clovis 
 to be murdered. These domestic evils 
 at length made a considerable impression 
 on the king’s mind, and he became religious. 
 He was assassinated in 534. — Moreri. Univ. 
 Hist. 
 
 Chilperic II. the supposed son of Chii- 
 deric II. On the death of Dagobert he was 
 taken to a monastery, where he acted in a 
 menial capacity, and was placed by the 
 mayor of Paris at the head of an "army 
 against Charles'Martel. .He was for sopie 
 time successful, but was at last obliged to 
 fly for shelter to the duke of Aquitaine, who 
 delivered him to Charles. He died at Noyon 
 in 720 . — Ibid. 
 
 China. The antiquity of this Wonderful 
 empire is doubtless very great. It carries 
 all the appearance ®f originality; having no 
 mixture of foreign usages, or those marks of 
 corruption which are the result of conquest 
 or of commercial intercourse. Still the 
 pretensions of the Chinese are fabulous ■ 
 and their chronology is not to be depended 
 
e h o 
 
 c II o 
 
 &n. The founder of their monarchy was 
 Fehi, whom some take to have been Noah. 
 The first foreign invasion of China was by 
 the Kitans in 1046. In 1117 the Kin Tar- 
 tars invaded and destroyed the dominion of 
 the Kitans. In 1211 Jenghis Khan invaded 
 China r his son Oktay destroyed the dynas- 
 ty of the Kin. He attacked the Song, or 
 native princes, in 1235, but they were 
 not finally subdued till 1279. In 1356 Chu, 
 a Chinese, recovered Nanking from the 
 Tartars, and in 1368 he put an end to the 
 authority of the Monguls, whose dynasty 
 is called Iwen. In 1645 the Mantchew 
 Tartars obtained a complete conquest of 
 China. — Dub aide s Hist, of China. Unit* Hist. 
 
 Chine noting, emperor of China about 
 5337 years B.C. according to the historians 
 <if that country. He is said to have taught 
 his subjects agriculture, and the making of 
 wine from rice. He was skilled in physic, 
 mathematics, music, and poetry. — Ibid. 
 
 Cuing, or Xi-Hoam-Ti, emperor of 
 China about 240 B.C. He rendered his 
 name illustrious by a number of victories ; 
 and disgraced it, by causing all books to be 
 burnt. He built tli e. great avail after having 
 expelled the Tartars. — Ibid. 
 
 Chirac (Peter), physician to the king 
 ef France and to the army of Roussillon 
 In 1692; in the last capacity he did great 
 service, when the soldiers were attacked 
 by a dysentery. He died in 1732, aged 
 82. He wrote on the use of the rust of 
 iron in the incubus ; on the healing of 
 wounds; on malignant fevers ; and a col- 
 lection of medical dissertations. — Moreri. 
 
 Chishull (Edmund), an English divine, 
 born in Bedfordshire, and educated at Cor- 
 us Christi college, Oxford, where he took 
 is degree of B.D. He went as travelling 
 fellow, into the East, and was appointed 
 chaplainto the factory at Smyrna. In 1708 
 he was presented to the living of Waltham- 
 stow in Essex, and died in 1733. He wrote 
 against Dodwell on the mortality of the 
 soul, and after his death Dr. Mead published 
 -his travels in Turkey. — Biog. B> . 
 
 Choiseul (Stephen Francis duke of), a 
 French statesman was born in 1719, and 
 after being minister for foreign affairs, and 
 discharging other high offices, he fell into 
 disgrace, and went into retirement, where 
 he died in 1785. He was a liberal patron 
 of literature and the arts. — Nouv. Diet. 
 Hist. 
 
 Chois v (Francis Timoleon de), a French 
 ecclesiastic. In the early part of his life 
 he was distinguished by the effeminacy of 
 his manners and his gallantries. At last he 
 embraced the ecclesiastical state; and was 
 sent out with others on an embassy to Siam, 
 for the purpose of converting the king of 
 that country. But the attempt proved 
 fruitless, and the abbe returned to France 
 where he was admitted a member of the 
 academy, and in 1597 made dean of Bayeux. 
 He died in 1724, aged 61. He wrote a 
 
 Journal of his Voyage to Siam ; a History 
 of France; an Ecclesiastical History; anti 
 other works. Moreri. 
 
 Chomel (Peter John Baptist), physician 
 to the French king, was born at Pans, and 
 died in 1740. He applied with great suc- 
 cess to botany, and wrote a History of com- 
 mon Plants, 3 vols. 1761. His son John 
 Chomel, was a doctor in physic, and died 
 in 1765. He wrote the history of Medi- 
 cine in France; the Life of Molinus; the 
 Eulogy of Buret; on the Malady among 
 the Cattle, &c. — Nouv. Did Hist. 
 
 Chopin (Rend), an eminent lawyer, was 
 born at Brilleul in Anjou in 1537. He 
 wrote the Customs of Anjou ; a Treatise de 
 Dominio; De Sacra Politica Monastica ; 
 the Custom of Paris, &c.; the whole con- 
 sisting, of six volumes folio. He died under 
 the operation for the stone, in 1606. — Mor. 
 
 Cuolier (Nicholas), an advocate of the 
 parliament of Grenoble, where lie died in 
 1692, aged 83. He wrote the Philosphy 
 of an Honest Man; the History of Dau- 
 phiny; a volume of Latin poems; but he 
 is rendered remarkable by an indecent 
 work, entitled Aloisix Sigeae Toletante, 
 Satyra Soladica de Arcanis Amoris & Ve- 
 neris. — Ibid. 
 
 Chosroes I. or Khosrou the Great, king 
 of Persia, succeeded Cabades i n 1531. He 
 concluded a peace with the Romans, 
 but afterwards invaded their territories, 
 and was repulsed by Belisarius. In the 
 reign of Justin II. he attacked the Romans 
 again, but was defeatedby Tiberius. He died 
 of vexation in 579. He was fierce, cruel, 
 and rash; but he possessed many great qua- 
 lities, and liberally encouraged the arts and 
 sciences. — Univ. Hist. 
 
 Chosroes II. ascended the throne on the 
 deposition of his father Hormidas, in 590, 
 Pie is accused, on plausible grounds, of 
 murdering his father. His nobility con- 
 spired against him on account of his cruel- 
 ties, and obliged him to fly to the Romans, 
 who set him again upon the throne. He- 
 carried his arms into Judea, Lybia, and 
 Egypt, and made himself master of Car^ 
 thage. He was defeated by the emperor 
 Heraclius, and thrown into prison by his 
 son, where he died, in 627 .—-Ibid. 
 
 _ Chouet (John Robert), a learned ma- 
 gistrate of Geneva, was born in 1642. At 
 the age of 22 he obt ained the professorship 
 of philosophy at Saumer, where he sub- 
 stituted the system of Descartes for that of 
 Aristotle. In 1 669 he rempved to his native 
 city, where he occupied the same station, 
 and had a seat in the council. He was se- 
 veral times syndic, and conducted himself 
 with great honour. He died in 1731. He 
 wrote an Introduction of Logic ; Theses 
 Physiex de Varia Astrorum Luce; Dis- 
 courses on the History of Geneva; and 
 other works. — Sembicr Hist, de la Geneve. - 
 
 Ciioul (William du), a French antiqua-, 
 ry, who wrote a,. curious book on the Re~ 
 
C H R 
 
 C H R 
 
 Egjon and Castrametation of the ancient 
 Romans: printed in French at Lyons in 
 1 556, and again in 1580. — Moreri. 
 
 Christiern I. king of Denmark, was 
 the son of Tbeodoric, count of Oldenburg; 
 and elected to the Danish throne in 1448. 
 Me became popular by his prudence, mo- 
 deration, and liberality ; and died in 1481. 
 He instituted the order of the Elephant. — 
 Uni^i. Hiit. 
 
 ChRISTIERN II. called the Northern Nero, 
 succeeded his father John, in lolS. He 
 laid claim to the throne of Sweden, and 
 was crowned at Stockholm in 1520, when 
 he caused all the Swedish nobility to be 
 massacred. This rendered him so odious 
 to the Swedes, that they forced him to re- 
 turn to Denmark, where he was deposed, 
 on which he fled into Flanders. He after- 
 wards attempted to recover his crown, 
 but was taken prisoner, and died in 1559. — 
 ibid. 
 
 Christiern III. the nephew and succes- 
 sor of Frederic I. He came to the throne 
 in 1534, and embraced lutherar.ism, which 
 he made the established religion. He died 
 in 1558, aged 56. — Ibid. 
 
 Christikkn IV. succeeded his father 
 Frederic II. in 1588. He made war against 
 Sweden, and was elected chief of the pro- 
 testant league against the emperor, for the 
 re-escablishment of the prince palatine in 
 1625. He died in 1648, aged 71. — Ibid. 
 
 Christiern V. ascended to the throne in 
 1670, on the death of his father Frederic III. 
 He united with the princes, of Germany; 
 and declared war against the Swedes, in 
 which he was unsuccessful. He died in 
 1 699, aged 54. — Uniu. Hist. 
 
 Christina, queen of Sweden, was the 
 only child of Gustavus Adolphus, whom 
 she succeeded at the age of six years, in 
 1632. Her education was liberal, and her 
 understanding elevated. But her manners, 
 dress and occupations, weFe masculine. She 
 invited to her court the most learned men 
 in Europe, particularly Grotius, whom she 
 sent ambassador to Fran.ee; Salmasius, Des- 
 cartes, Bochart, Hitet, Vossius, and ?/Ieibo- 
 mius. It is a question, however, whether os- 
 tentation was not more the cause of this en- 
 couragement of celebrated men than real de- 
 sign to promote the interests of learning 
 or the improvement of her subjects. In 
 ] 654 she resigned the .crown to her cousin 
 Charles Gustavus, the principal occasion 
 of which act was her having embraced 
 the Roman catholic religion. From Swe- 
 den she removed’ to Rome, but, after re- 
 siding there some time, she went to France, 
 where she was well received by Lewis 
 XIV. But the unaccountable murder of 
 her master of the horse Monaldeschi, whom 
 she caused to be put to death in her own 
 house, for having betrayed some confiden- 
 tial secrets, gave general disgust, and she 
 applied to Cromwell for leave to visit Eng- 
 land which was refused. On this she re- 
 
 turned to Roms, where she amused herself 
 with antiquities and chemical experiments. 
 -On the death of Charles Gustavus, in 1660, 
 she returned to Sweden, with a view of re- 
 gaining the throne, but her subjects were 
 disgusted with the change of her religion; 
 and to preserve her income she was obliged 
 to make a second renunciation of the 
 crown. _ She returned to Rome, where 
 she died in 1689. She left a collection of 
 maxims, and reflexions on the life of 
 Alexander the great of whom she was a 
 great admirer. Christina was a woman of 
 strong mind, learned, and versed in the 
 sciences; but her character was far from 
 amiable, and her manners were not irra* 
 proachable. — A'i uv. Diet Hist. 
 
 Christopiierson (John), an English 
 prelate, was a native of Lancashire, and 
 educated at St. John’s college, Cambridge. 
 Ke was a zealous Roman catholic, and in 
 the reign of Edward VI. went abroad; but 
 returned on the accession of Mary who 
 made him bishop of Chichester in 1558. 
 He translated Eusebius, and other ecclesias- 
 tical historians, but not with fidelity. — AIq~ 
 rcri . 
 
 Ciirysjp pus, a stoic philosopher of Tar- 
 sus, who wrote above 700 books, chieflv 
 upon logic. He was a conceited pedant, 
 and as licentious as he was vain. He died 
 B.C. 207. — Bayle. 
 
 Chry so loras (Manuel), a learned 
 Greek ol the 14th century, who came to 
 England in the reign of Richard II. as am- 
 bassador from John Paleologus, to solicit 
 succour against the Turks. He afterwards 
 taught Greek at Florence, Milan, and Rome 
 Pope Martin V. sent him on an embassy to 
 Germany, about settling the general coun- 
 cil of Constance; where lie died in 1415. 
 He wrote a Greek grammar, and a parallel 
 between ancient and modern Rome. — Tir. 
 
 Chrysostom (St. John), an eloquent fa- 
 ther of the church, and bishop of Constanti- 
 nople, was born at Antioch in 354. Hlf 
 father’s name was Secundus, but the son is 
 known only by the surname of Chryso- 
 stom, or galdcn-jnoutbe d. He was bred to the; 
 bar, which he quitted for a religious life 
 and lived as a hermit in a cavo six years 
 after which he returned to Antioch and 
 was ordained. He became so famous for 
 his eloquence, that, on the death of Neeta- 
 rius, patriarch of Constantinople, he was 
 elected his successor in 397. He built 
 veral hospitals in that city, gave most of 
 his income to the poor, but in his endea- 
 vours to enlarge his episcopal jurisdiction, 
 he was involvedin a dispute withTheophiitis 
 bishop of Alexandria, who gained the em- 
 press Eudoxia to his side, and tiie conse- 
 quence.was, that Chrysostom was deposed 
 in a pretended synod at Chalcedoji, in 403. 
 The patriarch was then seized by' the em- 
 peror's orders, and sent into Bitbiynia, which 
 occasioned an insurrection at Constanti- 
 nople; and to appease the people Chr/s^s- 
 
€ II U 
 
 C II u 
 
 rrrm was restored in triumph. But he 
 was once more sent into exiiefor opposing 
 the empress in placing her statue near the 
 church, and died at Pityus, on the Buxine 
 Sea, in 407. His works were edited by Se- 
 ville, at Eton in X vols folio, 16)3; and by 
 Montfaucon in 13 vols. 1718. Paris. His 
 book on ,the priesthood is a valuable work 
 and has been translated into English — Ca<ve. 
 
 Di pin. Moshcim. Moreri. 
 
 Chubb (Thomas), a deistical writer, was 
 born near Salisbury, in 1679. He received 
 a common education, and served hisappren- 
 ticeship to a glover, but was never, as hath 
 been said) a chandler. Mis leisure hours he 
 devoted to study, especially divinity; and in 
 1715 he wrote a tract or. the supremacy 
 of God the father, with which Whiston was 
 so well pleased, that he published it with 
 some observations of his own. This per- 
 formance brought him into notice, and in 
 1730 he printed tracts on theological 
 subjects, in 4to. which excited attention at 
 the time. This work was followed 
 by several others, in which C hubb made a 
 regular progress towards deism; the prin- 
 cipal of these are 14 The true Gospel of 
 Jesus Christ asserted;” “an Inquiry into 
 the Ground and Foundation of Religion ;” 
 and“ Four Dissertations on Subjects in the 
 Old Testament.” He lived some time 
 with sir Joseph Jekyll, where however, he 
 was occasionally required to wait at table 
 as a servant out of livery. But heat last 
 quitted this degrading situation, and re- 
 turned to Salisbury, where he died in 1747. 
 His posthumous works in 2 vols. were print- 
 ed in 1748. — Biocr. Brit. 
 
 Chudleigh (Mary), an ingenious Eng- 
 lish lady, was born : n 1 556. at Winsland, in 
 Devonshire. She married sir George Chud- 
 leigh, bart. by whom she had several chil- 
 dren. Lady Chudleigh wrote a volume of 
 poems, and another of essays; both of 
 which possess merit. She died in 1710. — 
 Birllarcl s Memoirs of Learned Ladies. 
 
 Churchill (sir Winston), an English 
 historian, was born in Dorsetshire in 1620, 
 and educated at St. John’s college, Oxford. 
 He married the daughter of sir John Drake, 
 of Ashe, in Devonshire; at whose house he 
 resided during the civil war, having lost 
 his estate in the service of the king. At 
 the restoration he recovered his lands, ob- 
 tained a seat in parliament*and the ho- 
 nour of knighthood. He wrote a Chro- 
 nicle of the Kings of England, published in 
 1675, folio. He died in 1688. Besides his 
 eldest son, the subject of the next article, 
 he had several other children, particularly 
 Arabella, who became mistress to James 
 duke of York, by whom she had two sons 
 and two daughters. — IVood’s A. 0. 
 
 Churchill (John), duke of Marlbo- 
 rough, and prince of the Roman empire, 
 was the son of the above, and born at Ashe, 
 in Devonshire, in 1650. He received but 
 aa indifferent education, for his father took 
 
 him to court at the age of twelve years, 
 where he became page to the duke of 
 York, and in 1666 obtained a pair of co- 
 lours in the guards. Lis first service was 
 at the siege of Tangier; and, af his return ter 
 England, he became the favourite of 'die 
 duchess of Cleveland, who gave him 50004 
 with which lie purchased an annuity for life. 
 Fie served afterwards under the great Tu- 
 renne,whow 2 seo pleased with his person and 
 bravery, as to call him the handsome hlng- 
 lishman. He distinguished himself so gal- 
 lantly at the siege of Maestricht, that the 
 king of France publicly thanked him at the 
 head of the regiment. On his return to 
 England he was made lieutenant colonel, 
 gentleman of the bed-chamber, and master 
 of the robes to the duke of York. He at- 
 tended that prince to Holland and Scotland, 
 and about this time married Miss Jennings, 
 maid of honour to princess, afterwards 
 queen Anne. In 1632 he was shipwrecked 
 with the duke of York, in their passage to 
 Scotland, on which occasion his royal high- 
 ness expressed the utmost anxiety to save 
 his favourite. The same year he was made 
 a peer, by the title of baron Eymouth in 
 Scotland ; and when James came to the 
 crown, he was sent to France to notify the 
 event. In 1685 he was created lord Churchill 
 of Sandridge. The same year he suppres- 
 cd Monmouth’s rebellion, and took him 
 prisoner. He continued to serve king 
 James with great fidelity, till the arrival of 
 the prince of Orange, and then left him, 
 for which he has been stigmatized by se- 
 veral writers, and perhaps not unjustly, with 
 base ingratitude. His own apology was a 
 regard for the religion and constitution of 
 his country. Is.iiig William created him 
 earl of Marlborough in 2689, and appoint- 
 ed him commander in chief of the English, 
 army in the Low Couutries. I-Je next served 
 in Ireland and reduced Cork, with other 
 strong places, But in 1 692 he was suddenly 
 dismissed from his employments, and com- 
 mitted to the Tower ; from whence, how- 
 ever, he was soon released. The cause of 
 this disgrace has never been clearly ex- 
 plained. After the death of queen Mary 
 he was restored to favour ; and at the close 
 of that reign he had the command of the 
 English forces in Holland, and was ap- 
 pointed ambassador extraordinary to the 
 states, who chose him gyp tain -general of 
 their forces. On the commencement of 
 queen Anne’s reign he recommended a war 
 with France and Spain, which advice was 
 adopted. In the first campaign of 1702 he 
 took a number of strong towns, particu- 
 larly Liege. He reiurned to England the 
 following winter, and received the thanks 
 of both houses, and the honour of a duke- 
 dom from the queen. In 1701 he joined 
 prince Eugene, with whom he fought the 
 French and Bavarians at Hochstedt, and 
 obtained a complete victory, taking mar- 
 shal Tallard prisoner. Just before this Le 
 
CHU 
 
 CIB 
 
 had been created a prince of the empire. 
 In the winter he returned to England, 
 bringing whh him the marshal Tallard, and 
 26 other officers of rank, 121 standards, 
 and 179 colours. He again received the 
 thanks of parliament, and the grant of the 
 manor of Woodstock, with the hundred of 
 Wotton. May 12, in 1706', he fought the 
 famous battle of Ramilies, in which his life 
 was frequently in the most imminent dan- 
 ger, a cannon-shot taking off the head of 
 colonel Bingiy, as he was helping the duke 
 to remount. This victory accelerated the 
 fall of Louvain, Brussels, and other im- 
 portant places. He arrived in England in 
 November, and received fresh honours and 
 grants from the queen and parliament. A 
 bill was passed to settle the titles upon the 
 male and female issue of his daughters; and 
 Blenheim house was ordered to be built to 
 perpetuate his gallant actions. He had also 
 a pension of 5000/. a year granted him out 
 of the post office. The following campaign 
 presented nothing worth recording ; but 
 the ensuing one was pushed with such vi- 
 gour, that the French king was glad to 
 enter into a negociation for peace, which, 
 however, had no effect. In 1709 he de- 
 feated marshal Villars at Malplaquet; for 
 which victory a general thanksgiving was 
 solemnized. In the winter of 1711 he re- 
 turned to England, having added consider- 
 ably to his laurels ; but soon after was dis- 
 missed from his employments. To add to 
 this unjust treatment, a prosecution was 
 commenced against him for applying the 
 public money to his private purposes. 
 Stung at this, ingratitude, he went into vo- 
 luntary banishment, accompanied by his 
 duchess, and remained abroad till 1714, 
 when he landed at Dover, amidst the accla- 
 mations of the people. Queen Anne was 
 just dead, and her successor restored the 
 duke to his military appointments; but 
 his infirmities increasing, he retired from 
 public employment ; and died at Windsor 
 lodge, having survived his intellectual fa- 
 culties, in 1722. His remains were in- 
 terred with great pomp in Westminster 
 abbey. ’1 he duke had four daughters, who 
 married into the first families of the king- 
 dom. His duchess outlived him several 
 years. She was a woman of strong mind, 
 but of overbearing passions. Her letters 
 have been printed, which shew uncommon 
 sagacity blended with as great a share of 
 vanity. — Biog. Br. Lediard's History of the 
 Hide of Marlborough. 
 
 Churchill (Charles), an English poet, 
 was the son of a curate of St. John’s, West- 
 minster, where he was born in 1731. He 
 received his education at Westminster-school, 
 but was reiused matriculation at Oxford, 
 on account of his insufficiency in classical 
 knowledge ; he then returned to Westmin- 
 ster, and married. At the age of 23 he 
 was ordained, and served a curacy in Wales, 
 where he turned dealer in cyder ; but be- 
 
 coming bankrupt he returned to London 
 and succeeded his father he also taught 
 young ladies to read and write. His first 
 literary performance was the Rosciad, 
 which had so great a success that it stimu- 
 lated him to further exertions in the satiri- 
 cal line. He now gave himself up to a dis- 
 sipated course, renounced his clerical pro- 
 fession, discarded his wife, kept a mistress, 
 and joined Wilkes the patriot of the day. 
 His satires were wholly adapted to the fleet- 
 ing circumstances of the moment, and 
 though strong, and oftentimes highly 
 wrought, are now sunk into oblivion. He 
 died in 1764, at Boulogne. Besides his po- 
 ems he was the author of a volume of dull 
 sermons. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Churchyard (Thomas), an English poet 
 of the 16th century. He was born at 
 Shrewsbury, and wrote a poem entitled 
 The Worthiness of Wales. He died in 
 1604, and was buried in St. Margarets 
 church, Westminster. — Wood's A. 0. 
 
 _ Chytrjhus (David), a learned German 
 divine, born in Suabiain 1530, and died in 
 1600. He was divinity professor in Ros- 
 tock, and wrote a commentary on the Re- 
 velations ; a History of the Confession of 
 Augsburg, and other works. — Melch. Adam, 
 Vit. Tklol. Germ. 
 
 Ciaconius (Alphonsus),a Spanish writer, 
 who died at Rome in 1599, aged 59. He 
 wrote, 1. Vita et Gesta Romanorum Pon- 
 tificumet Cardinalium, 4 vols.folio 2. His- 
 toria Utriusque Belli Dacici; 3 Bibliotheca 
 Scriptorum ad ann. 1583; 4. An Explication 
 of Trajan’s Pillar, 1576, folio. — Moreri. 
 
 Ciaconius (Peter), a Spanish critic, was 
 born at Toledo in 1525, and died at Rome 
 in 1581. He was employed by Gregory 
 XIII. in correcting the calendar, and he 
 published some of the Latin classics. — Ibid. 
 
 Ciamtelli (Augustine), an eminent his- 
 torical painter of Florence, was born in 
 1578, and died in 1640. He was the disci* 
 pie of Sand di Titi, and performed many 
 great works at Rome. — Pilkington. 
 
 Ci am pi n i (John Justin), a learned Italian, 
 was born at Rome in 1633, and died in 
 1698. He instituted the academy of eccle- 
 siastical history, and anotherof mathematics, 
 at Rome. Pie wrote some pieces on anti- 
 quarian subjects. — Tr abas chi. 
 
 Cibber (Colley), the son of Gabriel Cib- 
 ber, a celebrated sculptor, by the daughter 
 of William Colley, of the county of Rut- 
 land, Esq. was born in London in 1671, 
 and educated at Grantham school. He 
 served in the prince of Orange’s army at the 
 revolution, and after that went on the stage; 
 hut never obtained any considerable repu- 
 tation as an actor, on which he became 
 dramatic writer to help his finances. His 
 first play was Love’s Last Shift, which was 
 performed in 1695, and met with great ap- 
 plause; after which he wrote a number 
 of others. His best play is the Careless 
 Husband, performed in 1704; but the 
 
C I c 
 
 C I c 
 
 Nonjuror brought him the most fame and 
 profit ; George I. to whom it was dedi- 
 cated, gave him 2001. with the office of 
 poet laureat. 1 !e left the stage in 1730, and 
 died in 1757. Hi:; comedies are light, airy, 
 and pleasant, but his royal odes are ex- 
 tremely ridiculous His apology for his 
 aw i life is very amusing. — Biog. Br. 
 
 CiaajR (Theophilus), son ®f the preced- 
 ing, .vas born in 1705, and entered early 
 upon the stage, in which he might have 
 shone if lie had not given way to dissipa- 
 tion. He was drowned on his passage to 
 Ireland in 1757. He wrote a ballad opera, 
 called Patc’e and Peggy, and his name was 
 affixed to the Lives of the Poets, in 5 vols. 
 
 1 2mo. 1753, but the work was written by 
 Robert Shields. — Ibid. 
 
 Cibber (Susanna Maria), a celebrated 
 actress. She was sister to Dr. Arne, the 
 musician, and wife of Theophilus Cibber 
 last mentioned, who literally sold her ho- 
 nour and his own to a gentleman, against 
 whom he afterwards commenced a suit in 
 the king’s bench, and received 10/. da- 
 mages: she continued to live with that 
 gentleman till her death in 1766. Mrs. 
 Cibber was excellent in tragedy. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Cicero (Marcus Tullius), an illustrious 
 Roman prator and philosopher, was born at 
 Arpim/m, B. C. 105. He was honourably 
 descended both by his father and mother’s 
 side, and his education was answerable 
 to his birth and expectations. He was 
 taught philosophy by Philo, and law by 
 Mutius Sccevola ; and military knowlege 
 he acquired under Sylla, in the Marsian 
 war. When young he translated the Greek 
 poem of A rains on the celestial phenomena 
 into Latin, of which some fragments re- 
 main. At the age of 26 he appeared at 
 the bar, and pleaded the cause of P. Quin- 
 tilius, and defended Roscius of Ameria 
 in such a manner as charmed the Romans. 
 Soon afterwards he traveled into Greece 
 and Asia, and spent some time at Athens 
 with his friend T. Pomponius Atticus. On 
 his return to Rome he became distinguished 
 above all the pleaders; and his conduct in 
 Sicily, whither he was sent as quaestor, pro- 
 cured him the applause of the inhabitants 
 of that island. After passing through the 
 offices of aedile and prxtor, he offered 
 himself candidate for the consulship ; and 
 though powerfully opposed, he succeeded, 
 and had for his associate C. Antony. One 
 of his competitors was the famous Cati- 
 line, who formed the design of murdering 
 him, but the conspiracy being discovered, 
 and Catiline accused to the senate, he 
 quitted the city and raised an army in Gaul, 
 which was defeated by C. Antony. The 
 conspirators at Rome were put to death by 
 Cicero, who was called by the citizens, 
 “ the father of his country, and the second 
 founder of the republic.” His vehemence 
 against Clodius, who was accused of hav- 
 
 ing violated the mysteries of the Bcna Dt/r, 
 brought upon him a train of evils ; and 
 when Clodius became tribune he under- 
 mined his enemy so effectually, that Cicero 
 found it expedient to go into voluntary ex- 
 ile. His banishment did not last long, for 
 the Clodian faction became so odious that 
 the senate and people unanimously recalLed 
 him. In the disputes between Ciesar and 
 Pompey he sided with the latter, and fol- 
 lowed him into Greece ; but after the battle 
 of Pharsalia he returned into Italy, and 
 obtained the friendship of Caesar. He now 
 led a retired life, and left political "conten- 
 tions for literary amusements. But when 
 Caesar was slain he came once more upon 
 the public stage, and advised the senate to 
 grant a general amnesty. When Antony 
 began to get the ascendency, Cicero, know- 
 ing that he was hated by him, removed to 
 Athens . from whence, however, he soon 
 returned, though he lived in the constant 
 expectation erf being assassinated. Augustus 
 at first courted his friendship, and affected 
 a wish to be guided by his counsels; but 
 this was all artifice, and when he joined 
 Antony and formed the triumvirate, he 
 readily sacrificed this great man to the re- 
 sentment of Antony. Cicero was at Tus- 
 culum when he received the news of the 
 proscription in which he was included, and 
 immediately set out in a litter for the sea- 
 coast, to avoid his enemies. But he was 
 overtaken by Popilius Lamas, a tribune, 
 whose life he had formerly saved by his 
 eloquence. When the assassins came up he 
 stretched his head out of the litter, and was 
 beheaded. Popilius carried the head and 
 hands in triumph to Antony, who had the 
 baseness to place them on the rostra, where 
 Cicero had so often defended the lives, for- 
 tunes, and liberties of the Roman people. 
 This happened, B. C. 42. The talents of 
 this great man have been the subject of 
 universal admiration, and his virtues were 
 also eminent, both public and private, but 
 they were in some degree obscured by ex- 
 cessive vanity. The best editions of hi3 
 works are those of Oxford, in 10 vols. 4to. 
 1782; Geneva, by Olivet, in 9 vois. 4to. 
 1758; and Paris, by Barbou, 14 vols; 1768. 
 Cicero married Terentia, whom he after- 
 wards divorced, and by whom he had a 
 son and a daughter. His second wife was 
 a young woman to whom he was guardian. 
 His son Marcus served under Pompey, 
 with great reputation, and Augustus made 
 him augur; but his conduct was licentious, 
 and Pliny says that he was the greatest 
 drunkard in the empire. — Life of Cicero by 
 Middleton. 
 
 Cicero (Quintus Tullius), brother of the 
 orator. He served the office of praetor, and 
 was also governor of Asia. The triumvirs 
 proscribed him; and Iris soldiers entering his 
 house in search of him, put his son to the 
 torture to make him confess where his fa- 
 
 4 
 
C I N 
 
 CIR 
 
 ther was. Cicero hearing his groans, came 
 forth to save his son, and the assassins put 
 them both to death. — Plutarch. 
 
 Cm (the), a celebrated hero in the Spa- 
 nish history, whose narrative is blended 
 with a considerable share of romance. Thus 
 much appears to be truth. Mis real name 
 was Don Roderigo Dias dc Bivar, and he 
 was reared in the court of the kings of 
 Castile. On account of his early prowess 
 he received the honour of knighthood, and 
 in 1063 went with Don Sancho of Castile 
 against Ramiro king of Arragon, who was 
 slain in battle. On the accession of Sancho, 
 he accompanied him to the seige of Zamora, 
 where the king being killed by treachery, 
 Roderigo led the troops back to Castile, 
 carrying with him the dead body of his 
 master. Alfonso, the brother of Sancho, 
 was then placed on the throne, after purg- 
 ing himself by oath from all concern in the 
 murder of Sancho. In 1074 Roderigo mar- 
 ried donna Ximena Dias, daughter of count 
 Diego Alvarez of the Asturias; soon after 
 which, he revolted against Alfonso, and 
 committed great ravages throughout Ar- 
 ragon, and penetrating near Saragossa, 
 fixed his residence in a fortress still called 
 Pena de el Cid (the rock of the Cid), where 
 he became an independant chief. In 1094 
 he took Valentia, and held it to his death in 
 1099. The word Cid in the Arabic signi- 
 fies Lord. Corneille has written a famous 
 tragedy on this subject. — Noun. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Cionani (Carlo), an Italian painter; 
 born at Boulogne in 1628, and brought up 
 in the school of Albano. His pictures are 
 held in high estimation. He died in 1719. 
 — T)'A rgenville. 
 
 Cjmabue (John), a celebrated painter, 
 was born at Florence in 1240, and revived 
 the art of painting in Italy, in which he 
 was instructed by some Grecian artists. He 
 painted in fresco and distemper, and many 
 of his pieces exist in the Franciscan church 
 at Asceci. He was also a good architect, 
 and died at the age of 60. — Pilkington. 
 
 Cimon, an Athenian general, the son of 
 Miltiades, who signalized himself at the 
 battle of Salamis. He defeated the Persians 
 bv sea and land on the same day, and ap- 
 plied the money which he took te public 
 use. Some time after he lost his popularity, 
 and was sent into exile, from whence he 
 was recalled when Athens declared war 
 against Sparta. By his address he restored 
 peace, and then turned his arms against the 
 Persians, whose fleet he ruined. He died 
 while besieging Citium in Cyprus B.C. 449, 
 in the 5 1 st year of his age .- — Nepo Plutarch. 
 
 Cincinnatus (Lucius Quintius), a fa- 
 mous Roman, who was called from the 
 plough to be dictator, at the time when 
 the city was besieged by the Volsci and 
 AEqui. Having defeated the enemies of his 
 country, he resigned his office and retired 
 to his farm. At the age of SO he was again 
 
 called upon to act against Praeneste, where 
 he had equal success. He lived about 460 
 B. C. — Livy. Floras. 
 
 Cincius Alimentus (Lucius), an old 
 Roman historian who is frequently quoted 
 by Livy as a writer of integrity, fie wrote 
 the history of the Wars of Hannibal in 
 Greek : but his history of Gorgias Leon- 
 tius was in Latin ; as also a work by 
 him on military affairs ; but they are all 
 lost. — Vossius de Hist. Let. 
 
 Cinn a (Lucius Cornelius), a P oman con- 
 sul, 87 B. C.. He and Marius filled Rome 
 with blood, and Cinna procured the con- 
 sulate four times. He was assassinated at 
 Ancona. — Plutarch. Livy. 
 
 Cinnamus (John), a Greek writer of 
 the 12th century, and notary to the em- 
 peror Manuel Comnenus, whose history 
 he wrote, and likewise that of his father 
 John. This work was printed in Greek 
 and Latin, at Utrecht, in 1652, 4to. and bv 
 Du Cange, at Paris, 1670, folio. — Cave. 
 Hist. Lat. 
 
 Cino du Pistoia, an Italian poet, so 
 called from the place of his birth, but his 
 real name was De Sigibuldi. He studied 
 law, and acquired considerable reputation. 
 In 1310 he was chosen senator of Rome, 
 and afterwards became professor in several 
 universities. He died in IS36. He wrote 
 a commentary on the Digest, but he is best 
 known by h;s poetical works. The best 
 edition is that of Venice in 1589. — Tirabos- 
 chi. 
 
 Cinq-Mars (Henry Coiffier, marquis of), 
 a celebrated favourite of Lewis XIII., was 
 the son of the marquis d’Effiat, marshal of 
 France, and born in 1620. Cardinal Riche- 
 lieu became his friend and introduced 
 him to the king, who conferred on him 
 several marks of his favour. Cinq-Mars, 
 however, had no regard either for the 
 card nal or the monarch, and was so impru*- 
 dent and ungrateful as to instigate Gaston, 
 duke of Orleans, the king’s brother, to re- 
 bellion; between them a secret treaty was 
 set on foot with Spain for its assistance, but 
 the plot being discovered by Richelieu, the 
 marquis was seized and beheaded, in Sep- 
 tember 1642, aged 22. — New. Diet. His!. 
 
 Ciofani (Hercules), an Italian critic, 
 who published annotations upon the works 
 of Ovid, and the life of that poet, in 1578. 
 
 • — Moreri. 
 
 Circignano (Nicolo), an historical pain- 
 ter, called Pomerancio from the place of 
 his birth. Several of his paintings are in 
 the churches at Rome and I.oretto. He 
 died in 1538, aged 72. His son Antonio 
 was also an eminent painter. He died in 
 1 620, aged 60. — Pilkington. 
 
 CiRii.t .0 (Dominic), an Italian botanist, 
 was born near Naples in 1730. Fits uncle 
 was professor of medicine in the university 
 of that capital, and pres : dent of the aca- 
 demy in the same place, Dominic received 
 
 t a 
 
C L A 
 
 a liberal education, with a view to the me- 
 dical profession, but he devoted himseu to 
 the study of natural history, and at the age 
 of thirty was elected professor of botatiy 
 at Naples. In 1761 he published his Intro- 
 duetto ad Botailicam . As he spoke the I'.ng .si 
 language, he was the exclusive physician to 
 those of that nation who visited Naples; 
 and lady Walpole persuaded him to accom- 
 pany her to England, where he profited by 
 the lectures of Dr. William Hunter. In 
 1780 he published his Nosologias Metho- 
 dic® Rudimenta. In 1784 he printed his 
 De Essentialibus Nonnullarum Plantain in 
 Characteribus, which was followed by se- 
 veral othe,r performances of merit, the 
 
 principal of which were, his Neapolitan 
 Flora, 1793, and his Cypreus Papyrus, 
 printed at Parma. This last closed the 
 literary career of Cirillo; and it would 
 have been fortunate for his reputation it he 
 had with it closed his life. But unhappily 
 he had imbibed the new philosophy, and 
 when the French entered Naples he not 
 only sided with them against his sovereign, 
 but accepted a place under them during 
 their usurpation. When the government 
 was restored at the end of 1795, lie was 
 executed as a traitor . — Monthly Mag. Aug . 
 
 Cisner (Nicholas), a learned German, 
 was born at Mosbach on the Necker, in 
 1529. He studied at Strasburg under his 
 relation Bucer, after which he became pro- 
 fessor of moral philosophy at Wittemberg, 
 which place he left in 1553, and went to 
 France and Italy. After taking the degree 
 of doctor of laws, at Pisa, he settled at 
 Heidelberg, where he was nominated pro- 
 fessor and counsellor to the elector-palatine. 
 He died in 1583. His works were publish- 
 ed at Frankfort in 1611, under this title, 
 Opuscula historica et politico-Philologica, 
 8vo. — Moreri. 
 
 Civilis (Claudius), a famous Batavian 
 general, who commanded a body of his 
 countrvmen in the Roman service. Being 
 accused of treachery, he was sent in chains 
 to Rome, but was pardoned by Galba. He 
 was afterwards brought into danger on the 
 same charge under Vitellius, and escaped 
 with difficulty. This inflamed him with 
 resentment against the Romans, and haying 
 roused his countrymen, he expelled them 
 from Batavia: but after various changes of 
 fortune, he was obliged to enter into a 
 treaty and to submit to Vespasian —Tacitus 
 
 Civoli (Lewis), an eminent painter 
 whose real name was, Card!, was a native of 
 Cigoli in Tuscany. He studied the man- 
 ner of Correggio with success, and excelled 
 also in poetry and music, but abandoned 
 the latter that it .might not impede his 
 progress in painting. His best pictures 
 are at Florence. — D' Argenwlle. 
 
 Ci.ac.ett (William), an English divine, 
 was born at St. Edmund’s Bury, in Suffolk, 
 in 1616, and educated at Emanuel college, 
 Cambridge, where he took his degree of 
 
 C L A 
 
 D. D. in 1683. He became preacher to the 
 society of Grav’s-inn, rector of Farn- 
 ham-Royal, in Bucks, and lecturer of St. 
 Michael Bassishaw, London. He died in 
 1688. Four volumes of his sermons were 
 published after his death ; besides which he 
 wrote some controversial pieces against the 
 romanists and dissenters. His brother Ni- 
 cholas was also D. D. and rector of Hitcham, 
 in Suffolk. He died in 1727. His son Ni- 
 cholas became bishop of Exeter. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Clairaut (Alexis), a French mathema- 
 tician, was born at Paris in 1713. At the 
 age of four years he could read and write ; 
 at nine he made some progress in algebra 
 and geometry, and solved several difficult 
 problems. In his eleventh year a memoir 
 of his on curves appeared in the Miscel- 
 lanea Berolinensia, with an honourable cer- 
 tificate of the academy of sciences. That 
 learned body admitted him an associate at 
 the age of eighteen, and he was one of the 
 academicans who went to the north to 
 measure a degeee, for ascertaining the figure 
 of the earth. He died in 1765. He wrote, 
 Elements of Geometry, and of Algebra ; a 
 treatise on the Figure of the Earth ; Tables 
 of the Moon, <Scc. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Clairfait (count de), a famous Aus- 
 trian general, was a Walloon by birth 
 and entering into the imperial service dis- 
 tinguished himselfgreatly against the Turks. 
 In 1792 he commanded the Austrian troops 
 against France, and evinced the most bril- 
 liant military talents, though not with 
 etpial success. After taking Longwy and 
 Stenay, he retired into the Low Countries, 
 where he lost the famous battle of Je- 
 mappe, owing to the superior numbers and 
 impetuosity of the French. But his retreat 
 across the Rhine, was a masterly stroke 
 of military skill. Clairfait was next under 
 the command of the prince of Cobourg, 
 and achieved considerable advantages at 
 Altenhoven, Quievrain, Hansen and Famars. 
 He commanded the left wing at the battle 
 of Nerwinde, and decided the victory. He 
 was afterwards opposed in Flanders to ge- 
 neral Pichegru, with whom he disputed 
 every foot of ground, till the inferiority of 
 his forces obliged him to abandon the 
 country. In 1795 he took the command of 
 the army of Mayence, and attacked the 
 camp which the French had formed before 
 that city. This he forced, and took a num- 
 ber of prisoners. He was following this 
 victory, with ardour, when he received 
 at Manheim an order to desist. On 
 this he gave in his resignation, and retiredr 
 to Vienna, where he was well received by 
 the emperor. Some time afterwards he 
 was made a counsellor of war, and died at 
 Vienna in 1798. Clairfait was a strict dis- 
 ciplinarian, but 'greatly beloved by his sol- 
 diers. Cool and intrepid, he formed his 
 own plans, and saw them executed under 
 his own eye. He was reckoned by the 
 French the ablest general opposed to them 
 during the war. — ibid. 
 
C L A 
 
 C L A 
 
 C'tAiRON (Clara - Joseph- Hyppolita - 
 Lewis Delatude), a celebrated actress, was 
 born at Paris in 1724, of poor parents. She 
 early displayed talents for the stage, which 
 being cultivated by mademoiselle Dange- 
 vilie, an actress of note, she made so great 
 a progress as to appear with applause in a 
 piece entitled The Isle of Slaves, in 1736. 
 The year following she engaged in a com- 
 pany at Rouen, in which she played comic 
 parts and sung. Not long afterwards she 
 returned to Paris, and made her entrance on 
 the French theatre with great applause. 
 She excelled in tragedy; and a few months 
 before her death recited a scene of Phsedra 
 before Mr. Kemble, the principal tragic 
 performer in England, who admired the 
 expression, force, and dignity with which 
 this great actress recited, at the age of 
 eighty, the finest verses of Racine. She died 
 at Paris, 1803. — JVouv. Did. Hist. 
 
 Clancy (Michael), a physician and dra- 
 matic writer, was a native of Ireland, and 
 settled in Dublin, but having lost his sight 
 in consequence of a cold, he was disabled 
 from following his profession. He then 
 kept a school, and obtained a small pension. 
 He wrote a tragedy entitled CEdipus, acted 
 for his benefit at Drury-lane, in which he 
 played the part of blind Tiresias with ap- 
 plause. He also wrote memoirs of his own 
 Life, 2 vols. 12mo. 1746. 
 
 Clara, a Roman catholic saint and the 
 foundress of a religious order, was born at 
 Assisi, in 1193, of a good family. At an 
 early age she embraced a religious life, and 
 prevailed on her sister Agnes and other 
 young ladies to follow her example. St. 
 Francis d’Assisi gave them the church of St. 
 Damian, whose rule Clara followed and be- 
 came abbess of her order. She died in 
 1293, and was canonized by Alexander IV. 
 — Moreri. 
 
 Clario (Isidore), an Italian bishop, fa- 
 mous for his learning, zeal, and charity. 
 He distinguished himself at the council of 
 Trent, and died at Foligno in 1555. He 
 published Annotations on the Vulgate with 
 corrections of the text in numerous places, 
 which work obtained a place in the Index 
 Eyp u rgat o ri u s . — T iraboschi. 
 
 Clarke (Samuel), a learned orientalist, 
 was born at Brackley, in Northampton- 
 shire, and educated at Merton college, Ox- 
 ford. In 1650 he kept a school at Islington, 
 and in 1658 became beadle of the civil 
 law at Oxford, where he died in 1669. He 
 assisted bishop Walton in his Polyglot 
 Bible, and published some learned books. — 
 Wood. 
 
 Clarke (Samuel), a nonconformist divine, 
 was born at Woolston, in Warwickshire, 
 where his father was minister. He received 
 his education first at Coventry, and next at 
 Emanuel college, Cambridge. On entering 
 into orders he settled at Coventry, from 
 whence he removed to Warwick, but after- 
 wards obtained the living of Ben’t Fink, 
 
 London, fr®m which he was ejected for 
 nonconformity, in 1662. He died in 1682 , 
 aged 83. He compiled several volumes, 
 which were once esteemed ; the best known 
 are, the Lives of eminent Persons, in folio ; 
 and his Martyrology. A son of both his 
 names published a good commentary on 
 the Bible. — Calamy Granger. 
 
 Cla ke (Samuel), a learned divine, was 
 born in 1675, at Norwich, of which city 
 his father was alderman, and member of 
 parliament. He received his education at 
 the grammar school of Norwich, from 
 whence he went to Caius college, Cam- 
 bridge. Rohault’s Physics was then the 
 text book in natural philosophy at Cam- 
 bridge ; this Mr. Clarke translated into bet- 
 ter Latin, with Notes, agreeable to the 
 Newtonian system, at the age of twenty- 
 two. When ordained, he became chap- 
 lain to bishop Moore of Norwich, wlto 
 gave him the rectory of Draycot, in Nor- 
 folk. In 1701 he published his Paraphrase 
 of the Gospel of St. Matthew, which was 
 afterwards extended to the remaining Gos- 
 pels. In 1704 he preached the Boyle’s 
 lecture, and gave such satisfaction that he 
 was appointed to preach the year following. 
 In 1 706 he printed a letter to Dodwell on 
 the Immortality of the Soul, a philosophi- 
 cal and learned discourse. This contro- 
 versy lasted for some time. The same year 
 appeared his Latin translation of Newton’s 
 Optics, for which sir Isaac complimented 
 him with 500/. About this time he was 
 presented to the rectory of St. Bennet’s, 
 Paul’s Wharf, London, and appointed 
 chaplain to queen Anne. In 1709 he ob- 
 tained the rectory of St. James’s, Westmin- 
 ster, and took his degree of D.D.at Cam- 
 bridge. In 1712 he published an elegant 
 edition of Ctesar’s Commentaries, and the 
 same year hi* celebrated book, entitled 
 The Scripture Doctrine of the Trinity, 
 which made a great noise, and was not only 
 written against by numerous writers, but 
 complained of by the lower house of con- 
 vocation. In 1715, and the following year, 
 he had a dispute with Leibnitz, on the 
 principles of natural philosophy and reli- 
 gion. In 1717 he printed remarks upon 
 Collin’s Enquiry concerning Human Li- 
 berty. About a year afterwards he made 
 an innovation in the doxology in the 
 singing Psalms according to the arian doc- 
 trine, which gave such offence to doctor 
 Robinson, bishop of London, that he sent 
 a circular letter to his clergy, warning them 
 against the use of these forms. At this time 
 Dr. Clarke was presented to the mastership 
 of Wigston’s hospital, in Leicester. In 1724 
 he published seventeen sermons, preached 
 on several occasions. In 1727 he was of- 
 fered the place of master of the mint, va- 
 cant by the death of sir Isaac Newton, but 
 refused it. In 1729 he published the first 
 twelve books of Homer’s Iliad, with a 
 Latin version and annotations. The re- 
 
C L A 
 
 maining books were published by his son 
 in 1732. This great man was seized with a 
 pain in his side, Sunday, May 11, 1729, as 
 he was going- to preach before the judges at 
 Serjeant’s-inn and being rendered incapa- 
 ble of discharging the duty, he was carried 
 home, and died the Saturday following. 
 The same year aoosared his Exposition of 
 the Church Catechism, and 19 volumes of 
 his sermons. Dr. Clarke was a profound 
 Scholar, a close retsoner, an acute critic; 
 well versed in mathematics, philosophy, 
 and metaphysics. He was also a man of 
 unaffected manners ; mild, amiable and 
 charitable to those who differed from him. 
 ■—Blog. Brit. 
 
 Clakke (Wili'am), an English divine, 
 was born at Haghmon abbey in Shropshire, 
 in 1596, and educated at St. John’s college, 
 Cambridge. Archbishop Wake gave hint 
 the rectory of Buxted, in Sussex, and in 
 1738 he was made prebendary of Chi- 
 chester. He died in 1771. His greatest 
 literary performance is the Connection ot 
 the Roman, Saxon, and English Coins, 4to. 
 1767. His son Edward was fellow of St. 
 John's college, Cambridge; and attended 
 the earl of Bristol to Spain as his chaplain. 
 In 1763 he published letters concerning 
 that nation, in 4to. In 1768 he succeeded 
 to the rectory of Buxted, on the resignation 
 of his father, and died in 1786. — Ibid. 
 
 Cr.ARKsoN (David , a nonconformist di- 
 vine, was born at Bradford, in Yorkshire, 
 in 1622, and educated at Clare hall Cam- 
 bridge, of which he became fellow. He 
 was afterwards minister of Mortlake, in 
 Surry, bat was dispossessed in 1662 fc r non- 
 conformity. He was a pious man, and had 
 the honour when at college, of having Mr. 
 afterwards archbishop Tillotson, for his 
 pupil. He wrote some controversial pieces, 
 the principal of which is enti led No Evi- 
 dence for Diocesan Episcopacy in the pri- 
 mitive Times, 4to, 1681. T iiis was com- 
 pletely refuted by doctor Henry Maurice. 
 A volume of his sermons was printed in 
 .folio, after his death in 1686. — Calamy. 
 
 Claude, a French monk of the celestine 
 order, who lived at the beginning of the 
 15th century He wrote a very valuable 
 work on the errors of our sensations, which 
 was published by Oronce Fine, in 1542. 
 
 Claude of Lorraine, a famous painter, 
 born in 1609, of poor parents. IJe was 
 bred a pastry-cook, which business he 
 quitted, and applied to drawing. Going to 
 Rome, he became labou. er to a painter, 
 who taught him some principles of his art. 
 He soon proved an admirable landscape 
 painter; and painted in fresco, as well as 
 in oil. He died at Rome in 1682. His 
 
 works are numerous and inestimable. 
 
 Pilkington. 
 
 C i. auu e (John), a French protestant 
 minister, was born in the province of An 
 geuois in 1619, and was ■ rdained at Mon- 
 tauban in 1645. He rendered himself fa 
 
 C L A 
 
 mous by his treatise on the eucharist, which 
 occasioned a controversy between him, the 
 gentlemen of the Port Royal, Arnauld and 
 other learned men. He was suspended 
 from preaching by order of the court, and 
 obliged to quit the kingdom, on which he 
 went to Holland, where he obtained a pen- 
 sion from the prince of Orange, and preach- 
 ed at the Hague. He died in 1687. His 
 son Isaac, who became minister of the 
 Walloon church at the Hague, and died in 
 1695, published his father’s posthumous 
 works in 5 vols. 12mo. 1688. That on the 
 composition of a sermon has been trans- 
 lated into English. — Bayle. 
 
 Claudia n, a Latin poet of the 4th cen- 
 tury. His country has been disputed. He 
 visited Rome in 395, and was patronized 
 by Slil!co,in whose misfortunes he became 
 involved. But afterwards he rose into fa- 
 vour at court, and was chosen tribune. 
 The best edii.cn of his poems is that of 
 Ciesner, 2 vols. 8vo. Leipsic, 1758. — Loss. 
 Poet Lat. 
 
 Claudius I. emperor of Rome, was the 
 son of Drusus,and succeeded Caligula. His 
 reign was popular at the beginning; he ob- 
 tained some conquests in Britain, and built 
 several noble structures in Rome but at 
 last he gave up the government to his crea- 
 tures, who committed shameful excesses. 
 He was poisoned by his wife Agrippina, 
 who wanted to place her son Nero on the 
 throne, A. D. 54. He was then 63.— — - — 
 Tacitus. Suetonius. 
 
 Claudius H. was a Dalmatian by birth, 
 and succeeded Gallicnus. ’1 his emperor 
 obtained some great victories over the 
 Goths, and other nations, and died generally 
 
 regretted, after a reign of two years. 
 
 U/iiv. Hist. 
 
 Claudius (Appius), the founder of the 
 Claudian family, was a Sabine, but on ac-. 
 count of some differences with his country- 
 mien, e tied at Rome, with several of his 
 kindred and vassals, B. C. 504. lie was 
 well received, obtained several grants, 
 and became consul, in which he behaved 
 with firmness and integrity. The time of 
 his death is not known. — Liny. 
 
 Claudius (Appius), son of the above, 
 was chosen consul B. C. 471, soon after 
 which a war broke out between Rome and 
 the iEqui and VcLci. Claudius marched 
 against the latter, but his troops threw 
 down their arms and fled, on which Clau= 
 dius, after his arrival on the Roman ter- 
 ritory, caused all his officers to he put to 
 death and decimated the rest of the army. 
 This rendered him odious at Rome ; and 
 he increased his unpopularity by heading 
 the opposition to an agrarian law. For 
 this he was imp< ached before the people; 
 but he diedbefore the trial couldbe brought 
 on. — Ibid. 
 
 Claudius (Appius), the Decemvir, said 
 by some to have been the son of the above, 
 was the first person elected to that office. 
 
CLA 
 
 C L E 
 
 iti which for a considerable time, he be- 
 haved with great reputation. Falling in 
 love with Virginia, daughter of Virginius, 
 an officer in the army employed against 
 the EEqui, he endeavoured by every base 
 means in his power to prevail over her 
 virtue, but being constantly baffled, he had 
 recourse to the extraordinary expedient of 
 suborning a man named Claudius to de- 
 mand her under the pretence that she was 
 the. child of his slave, and brought up by 
 the wife of Virginius, as her own. The 
 claim was brought before the tribunal of 
 Appius, who decreed, that till all the wit- 
 nesses should appear, Virginia should be 
 delivered to the claimant. The people op- 
 posed this decree ; and Virginius being pri- 
 vily sent for, appeared before the tribunal, 
 but being unable to get the sentence re- 
 voked, he snatched up a butcher’s knife 
 and stabbed his daughter to the heart. An 
 insurrection ensued ; the army joined Vir- 
 ginius, and the senate being unable to resist 
 them, dissolved the decemvirate, and sent 
 Appius to prison, where he died. — Univ. 
 Hist. 
 
 Claudius (Appius), surnamed Cants, or 
 the blind, was a descendant of the last- 
 mentioned, and became celebrated for his 
 knowledge in the civil law. He served the 
 office of censor B. C. 313, in which he ren- 
 dered great service to Rome, by bringing a 
 supply of water by an aqueduct seven 
 miles long; and by making a noble road 
 from the city to Capua, called the Appian 
 way. He was made consul B. C. 307, and 
 the year following praetor. In his old age 
 he lost his sight. Cicero mentions him with 
 respect. — Livy. Cicero dc Seneot te. 
 
 Clavius (Christopher), a learned mathe- 
 matician and jesuit, was born at Bamberg 
 in Germany, 1537, and was employed by 
 Gregory XIII. in the reformation of the 
 calendar. He died in 1612. His works 
 
 were printed in 5 vols. folio. Morert. 
 
 Hut tor. 
 
 Clayton (Robert), an Irish prelate, was 
 the son of Dr. Clayton, dean of Kildare, 
 and born at Dublin in 1695. He received 
 his education at Westminster school ; from 
 whence he removed to T rinity college, Dub- 
 lin, of which he became fellow. On con- 
 tracting an acquaintance with Dr. Clarke' 
 jn London, he embraced arianism; notwith- 
 standing which, he accepted preferment in 
 the church of Ireland, and was successively 
 promoted to the sees of Killala, Cork, and 
 Clogher ; to the last of which he was trans- 
 lated in 1745. His first performance was 
 an Introduction to the History of the Jews, 
 which was followed by the Chronology of 
 the Hebrew Bible vindicated, 1747, 4to.; a 
 Dissertation on Prophecy, in 1749; and, an 
 impartial Enquiry into the Time of the 
 Coming of the Messiah, 8vo. In 1751 he 
 attracted considerable notice by a dedica- 
 tion to a piece entitled an Essay on Spirit, 
 in which the doctrine of the Trinity was 
 
 controverted. The Essay was attributed to 
 the bishop, but he was only the author of 
 the preliminary discourse. After this he 
 published a Vindication of the Histories of 
 the Old and New Testament, against Bo- 
 lingbroke. In 1756 he made a motion in 
 the house of lords for expunging the Atha- 
 nasian and Nicene creeds from the liturgy, 
 but it was not seconded. In consequence 
 of this and some other attempts to overturn 
 the orthodox faith, a mandate was sent from 
 the king for a prosecution to be commenced 
 against the bishop, which had such an ef- 
 fect on his spirits that he died of a nervous 
 fever in 1758. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Ci.eanthes, a Grecian philosopher, and 
 a disciple of Zeno. He maintained himself 
 while pursuing his studies by hard labour. 
 He succeeded his master in the school, and 
 had for pupils king Antigonus and Chry- 
 sippus. He starved himself to death at the 
 age of 90, B. C. 240. — Diog. La'crt. Morcri. 
 
 Cleeve (Joseph),- a Flemish painter, 
 whose subjects are generally bankers and 
 misers counting money. He died in 1536. 
 There were other painters of the same 
 name and family. — Pilkington. 
 
 Cleghorn (George), a Scotch physician, 
 was born near Edinburgh and educated at 
 that university under Alexander Monro. 
 In 1736 he was appointed surgeon of the 22d 
 regiment of foot, with which he went to 
 Minorca, and remained there IS years. In 
 1750 he published a book on the diseases of 
 Minorca. In 1751 he settled in Dublin, 
 where he read lectures on anatomy. He 
 died in 1789. — Europ. Mag. 
 
 Cleland (John), an English writer, was 
 consul at Smyrna, and afterwards went to 
 the East Indies, but returned without any 
 addition to his fortune. He wrote a well- 
 known immoral romance, for which he re- 
 ceived only twenty guineas, though the 
 sale of the book has produced as many 
 thousands. He was called before the privy- 
 council for it, and having pleaded poverty 
 as the cause, the earl of Granville procured 
 him a pension of 100/. a year, on condition 
 that he should abstain from such kind' of 
 writing for the future. He died in 1789. 
 aged 82. — Ibid. 
 
 Ci emangis (Nicholas), a French divine, 
 was born in the diocese of Chalons, and 
 studied at Paris. In 1393 he became rec- 
 tor of that university. He wrote a letter 
 to Charles VI. of France, to put an end to 
 the papal schism ; and being suspected of 
 writing the bull of excommunication issued 
 by Benedict XIII. against that monarch, he 
 was obliged to retiie into a convent. He 
 afterwards recovered the royal favour, and 
 obtained some preferment. He died in 1440. 
 He wrote a work on the corrupt State of 
 the Church, which is a remarkable expo- 
 sure of the abuses of popery. It was pub- 
 lished by Lydius, in Holland, in 1613. His 
 treatise against simony is also a strong piece, 
 — Morcri, 
 
CLE 
 
 C L E 
 
 Clemencet_ (Charles), a French bene- 
 dietine, who died in 1778, at a very ad- 
 vanced age. He wrote, 1. l’Art de verifier 
 les Dates, 1750, 4to. this very curious and 
 useful work was reprinted in 1770, and 
 again in 1786 ; 2. General History of Port- 
 Royal, 10 vols. 12mo. and other works. — 
 Noun. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Clemens (Titus Flavius), a father of the 
 church, usually called Clemens Alexandri- 
 ne, from the place of his residence if not 
 of his birth; he succeeded, in 191, Paiitte- 
 nus, in the catechetical school at Alexan- 
 dria, which offie’e he discharged with great 
 reputation. He was in priest’s orders in 
 195, and in the persecution of £ events he 
 lied to Jerusalem, from whence he removed 
 to Antioch, and afterwards returned to 
 Alexandria, where he died. The best edi- 
 tion of his works is that of Potter, 2 vols. 
 folio, Oxford, 1 ~ 15. — Cane. Du fin. 
 
 Clemens (Romanus), a father of the 
 church and the companion of St. Paul. 
 He became bishop of Rome, but at what 
 time is uncertain. His Epistle to the 
 Church at Corinth is inserted in Le Clerc’s 
 Patres Apostolici, Amsterdam, 1698, and 
 was translated into English by archbishop 
 Wake, 1705. He died in 100.' — Cane.Dupin. 
 
 Clement II. (pope), was a Saxon, and 
 bishop of Bamberg, elected pope by the 
 council of Sutri in 1046, and died in’l047. 
 He distinguished himself by his zeal against 
 simony. — Clement III. bishop of Preneste, 
 obtained the chair after Gregory VIII. in 
 1187, and died in 1191, having published 
 a crusade against the Saracens. — Clement 
 IV. was a Frenchman, had borne arms, 
 afterwards became a civilian, and lastly en- 
 tered into orders, on which he was made 
 archbishop of Marbonne, and a cardinal. 
 Pope Urban IV. sent him legate to Eng- 
 land. He succeeded that pontilF in 1265, 
 and died in 1268. He was remarkable for 
 his liberality and impartiality, and shewed 
 no particular marks of favour to his rela- 
 tions. — Clement V. called before his elec- 
 tion Bertrand the Goth, was born in the 
 diocese of Bourdeaux, of which see he was 
 made archbishop in 1300. He succeeded 
 Benedict XI. in 1305, and removed the 
 papal seat from Rome to Avignon in 1309. 
 He was the tool of Philip °the Fair of 
 France, at whose desire he suppressed the 
 order of Knights Templars. This pontiff 
 is accused of incontinence and avarice. He 
 died in 1314. — Clement VI. a doctor of 
 Paris, mounted the pontifical throne in 
 134: , on the death of Benedict XII. and 
 died in 1352. Writers have differed widely 
 in their characters of this pope; some have 
 charged him with pride, gluttony, and in- 
 continence, while Petrarch represents him 
 as learned, generous, and virtuous, but 
 then he was under obligations to him.— 
 Clement VII. (Julius de Medici), suc- 
 ceeded Adrian VI. in 1523. He was a na- 
 tural son of Julian de Medici, but Leo X. 
 
 his relation declared him legitimate on the 
 testimony of several persons, that his father 
 and mother were married. That pope 
 made him a cardinal. He joined the kings 
 of France and England against the emperor 
 Charles V. which was called the holy league . 
 Rome was in consequence besieged and 
 taken and the pope retired to the castle of 
 St. Angelo, where he was obliged to sub- 
 mit to the conditions imposed upon him by 
 the emperor. He excommunicated Henry 
 VIII. of England, on account of his mar- 
 riage with Anne Boleyn, which occasioned 
 the separation of England from the Roman 
 see.. Fie died in 1534. — Clement VIII. a 
 native of Fano, was elected in 1592. lie 
 absolved Henry IV. of France, but was 
 greatly offended at the expulsion of the 
 jesuits from that kingdom. He died in 
 1605, aged 69. He was a , learned and 
 liberal-minded prelate. — Clement IX. was 
 of a noble family in Tuscany, and succeeded 
 Alexander VII. in 1667. His pontificate 
 was disturbed by the affair of Jansenius, in 
 which he conducted himself with modera- 
 tion. He died in 1669 of grief for the loss 
 of Candia.— -Clement X. (John Baptist 
 Emile Altieri), was made cardinal by Cle- 
 ment IX. whom he succeeded in 1670, and 
 died in 1676, aged 86. All business was 
 done by his nephew, whence it was said, 
 “ that there were two popes, one in fact , 
 the other in name ." — Clement XI. (John 
 Francis Albani), born at Pesaro in 1649, 
 made cardinal in 1690, and elected pope 
 in 1700. He took three days to delibe- 
 rate whether he should accept the tiara. 
 His pontificate was disturbed by the dis- 
 putes between the jesuits and jansenists, to 
 put an end to which, he issued a famous 
 bull in 1705 against the five propositions. 
 In 1713 he issued the celebrated bull un i ere- 
 nitus against Quesnel’s Paraphrase on the 
 New Testament, a book which the pope 
 himself had before highly praised. He died 
 in 172) , aged 72. His works were printed 
 at Rome in 1729, 2 vols. folio. — Clement 
 XII. a Florentine, succeeded Benedict XIII. 
 in 1730, and died in 1710, aged 88. He 
 reformed the abuses which had crept in 
 under his predecessor, and said to some of 
 the cardinals, who wanted to recommend 
 certain persons to compose his ministry, 
 
 “ It is for the cardinals to elect a pope, blit 
 it is for the pope to choose his ministers .” 
 The Romans erected a statue to his me- 
 mory. — Clement XIII. (Charles Rezzo- 
 nico), was born at Venice in 1693, and 
 made cardinal by plement XII. in 1737. 
 In 1743 he obtained the bishopric of Padua, 
 in which station he distinguished himself by 
 his piety and liberality. He was elected 
 pope in 1758, and died suddenly in 1769. 
 — Clement XIV. This great man, whose 
 name was John Vincent Antonio Gafiga- 
 nelli, was the son of a physician at St. Ar- 
 cangelo, near Rimini, where he was born 
 in 1 705. At the age of 1 8 he entered among 
 
C L E 
 
 C L E 
 
 the Franciscans, and studied philosophy and 
 theology at different universities ; at the 
 age of 35 he was called to Rome by his su- 
 perior, to teach divinity in the college of 
 St. Bonaventure. Benedict XIV. apprized 
 of his merit, appointed him one of the 
 council of the holy office, and Clement 
 XIII. raised him to the purple, but he still 
 continued to wear the dress of his order, 
 and observed all the mortifications of a 
 friar. On the death of the pope, the choice 
 of a successor was a matter of difficulty, as 
 at that time most of the catholic kings 
 seemed ready to separate from the Roman 
 see if the jesuits were not suppressed. The 
 cardinals in the French interest knowing 
 that Ganganelli was not particularly at- 
 tached to that order, procured his election, 
 and the suppression of the jesuits was the 
 consequence. His conduct after his elec- 
 tion was still the same, familiar and lowly. 
 When he was told that the papal dignity 
 required a more sumptuous table, he an- 
 swered, “ That neither St. Peter nor St. 
 Francis had taught him to dine splendidly.” 
 His liberality appeared by saying, “ We 
 too often lay aside charity to maintain faith; 
 without reflecting, that if it is not allowed 
 to tolerate error, it is forbidden to hate and 
 persecute those who have embraced it.” 
 ITe reformed several abuses, particularly 
 quackery, which had risen to a shameful 
 height in the ecclesiastical state. He died 
 in 1775. M. Caraccioli published his Life, 
 and a Collection of Letters said to be Gan- 
 ganelli’s, in 4 vols. 12mo. 1776, but these are 
 admitted to be spurious. — Bower. Platina. 
 JVLosheim. Morcri. Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Clement, or Clemens (David), a learned 
 German, was born at Hof Geismar, where 
 his father was pastor of a French congre- 
 gation, and whom he succeeded. In 1736, 
 he removed to Brunswick, and afterwards 
 to Hanover, where he died, in 1760. His 
 principal works are, 1. Bibliotheque ctui- 
 euse Historique de Livres difficiles a trou- 
 ver, 9 vols. 4to. ; 2. Specimen Bibliotheca: 
 Hispano-Majansia:, sive klea novi Catologi 
 critic! Operum Scriptorum Hispanorum 
 quse habet in sua Bibliotheca Gregor. Ma- 
 jansilis, Hanover 1753. — Gen. Biov. 
 
 Clement (Francis), the last writer of 
 the congregation of St. Maur, in France, 
 was born at Beze, in Burgundy, in 1714. 
 He was called by his superiors to Paris, to 
 continue the Literary History of France, 
 begun by Rivet. He composed the 11th 
 and 12th volumes of that compilation, and 
 was afterwards charged with the continua- 
 tion of the Collection of the French Histo- 
 rians, begun by Bouquet ; of which he pub- 
 lished the 12th and the 1 3th volumes. The 
 greatest service, however, he' rendered to 
 the republic of letters was the improvement 
 of the capital work L’Art de verifier les 
 Dates, contrived by Dantine, and after- 
 wards publi shed by Durand and Clemencet, 
 in one large volume 4to. After thirteen 
 years labour, lie raised it to three large vols, 
 
 folio, which appeared from 1733 to 1792 1 
 He was writing a similar work on the sub- 
 ject of ancient chronology, with the title 
 L’Art de verifier les Dates avant J. C., when 
 he died in 1793. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Clement (Peter), a miscellaneous writer, 
 was born at Geneva, in 1707, and brought 
 up to the ministry, but his conduct giving 
 offence, he removed to England and be- 
 came travelling tutor to Lord Waldegrave. 
 He afterwards settled at Paris, where he 
 conducted a literary journal entitled Nou- 
 velles Litteraires de France. In this work 
 he blended much licentiousness with his 
 satire. He affected indeed to unite the two 
 characters of the man of letters and 'die 
 man of pleasure. He also published a col- 
 lection of poems; and produced some plays, 
 particularly Merope, a tragedy, . and the 
 London Merchant or George^ Barnwell, 
 translated from the English. He died in 
 1767.— Ibid. 
 
 Cleobulus, one of the seven wise sages 
 of Greece. lie went into Egypt to study- 
 philosophy, and was the intimate friend of 
 Solon, to whom he wrote an epistle, which 
 is extant. He died about 560 B. C. Ills 
 daughter Cleobulina was distinguished by 
 her talents and personal charms. She com- 
 posed enigmas. — Diog. Laertius. 
 
 Cleombrotus, the name of two kings of 
 Lacedemonia. The first made war against 
 the Boeotians, and was slain in a battle fought 
 with Epaminondas at Leuctra, B. C. 371. 
 The second was son-in-law of Leonidas, 
 and for some time usurped the throne du- 
 ring the expulsion of that great man, but 
 when Leonidas was recalled, Cleombrotus 
 was banished, and was attended by his 
 wife, who had accompanied her father in 
 his exile. A philosopher of the same name 
 slew himself after reading Plato’s book on 
 the immortality of the soul. — Morcri. 
 
 Cleomenes I. king of Sparta, contpiered 
 the Argives, and delivered Athens from 
 the tyranny of the Pisistratida. He slew 
 himself in a fit of insanity, B. C. 491. — 
 Cleomenes II. succeeded his.brothcr Age- 
 sipolis II. and reigned 61 years in the great- 
 est tranquillity. — Cleomenes III. the son of 
 Leonidas, whom he succeeded, B. C. 230. 
 He poisoned his colleague Eurydamides, 
 and took for an associate in the govern- 
 ment his brother Euclidas against the laws. 
 Engaging in a war with the Achasans, he 
 was defeated, and obliged to fly into Egypt, 
 where he put an end to himself, B. cfiilsj! 
 Polybius. Plutarch. Univ. Hist. 
 
 Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, was the 
 daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, and the sister 
 of Ptolemy Dionysius, who deprived Iter of 
 her share of the kingdom, on which she ad- 
 mitted Caesar to her arms to gain his inte- 
 rest in her behalf, and by him had a son 
 called Cassarion. Ptolemy was defeated 
 and accidentally drowned, thus leaving the 
 throne to his sister, who put away” her 
 younger brother by poison. She after, 
 wards resided with Cttsar, and was at Rome 
 
€ L K 
 
 C L I 
 
 when he was killed, on which she fled from 
 the city, and after the battle of Philippi 
 she was summoned by Antony to answer 
 the charge alleged against her of having 
 assisted Brutus. When she made her ap- 
 pearance before Antony the charms of her 
 person ensnared hint, and he married her, 
 regardless of his connection with Octavia, 
 the sister of Augustus. At the battle of 
 Actium she fled, and her paramour was 
 defeated. He afterwards died in her arms. 
 Cleopatra to prevent being led captive to 
 grace the triumph of Augustus, applied an 
 asp to her breast, and died of the wound, 
 B. C. 30, and of her age 39. She was a 
 woman of genius, and versed in several 
 languages, but of a most ambitious and ex- 
 travagant spirit, and is ^aid to have dis- 
 solved costly pearls in vinegar, to render 
 her entertainments more expensive. — Plu- 
 tarch. Un'in. Hist. 
 
 Cleostratus, an ancient astronomer of 
 Greece, who is said to have invented the 
 signs of the zodiac, and to have reformed 
 the Greek calendar. He flourished 536' 
 Tears B. C. — V oss. de Math. 
 
 Clerc (Daniel le), a learned physician, 
 was the son of Stephen le Clerc, Greek 
 professor at Geneva, where he was born 
 id 1652. He studied physic at Paris and 
 Montpellier, and on his return to his native 
 pla.ee, exercised his profession with reputa- 
 tion. He was also versed in Greek and 
 .Latin antiquities, and particularly in me- 
 dals. On becoming a member of the coun- 
 cil of state in 1704, he quitted practice. 
 He died in 1728. His works are, Biblio- 
 theca Anatomiea, seu recens in Anatomia 
 inventor um index locupletissimus, 2 vols. 
 folio; Histoire de la Medicine, Geneva, 
 1696, 8vo. This has been translated into 
 English. Plistoria Naturalis & Medica la- 
 torum lumbricorum intra hominem, &c. 
 ■ — Moreri. 
 
 Clerc (John le), an eminent writer and 
 critic, was brother of the last-mentioned, 
 and born at Geneva in 1657. After going 
 through a proper course of study he was 
 ordained a minister ; but having embraced 
 the arminian doctrines he left his native 
 country, and in 1682 came to London, 
 where he officiated for some time in two 
 French congregations. The climate of 
 England not agreeingwith his constitution, 
 he went to Amsterdam and became pro- 
 fesssor of philosophy, hebrew, and belles 
 leltres in the Remonstrant college. In 
 1691 he married the daughter of the cele- 
 brated Gregorio Leti, by whom he had 
 children who all died young. He survived 
 his mental faculties, and died in 1736. In 
 his theological writings, Le Clerc v/as too 
 apt to run into conjecture and hypothesis, 
 vet they may be used with great advantage. 
 It is impossible here to enumerate his works, 
 or any considerable part or them. In 1686 
 lie commenced a literary journal, which 
 gained great celebrity, entitled Bibliothe- 
 tue Universelie et Elistorique, continued to 
 
 1693, in 25 vols. 12mo. From 1703 to 
 1713 he conducted another, entitled Bib- 
 liotbeque Choisie, 128 vols. 12mo. which 
 were followed by his Bibliotheqtic Ancienne 
 et Moderne, from 1714 to 1729, 29 vols. 
 12mo. He also published systems of Logic, 
 Ontology, and Pneumatology. His Ars 
 Critica is an admirable work, 3 vols. 12mo. 
 Besides these he published several miscella- 
 neous pieces; editions of ancient and mo- 
 dern authors ; a translation of the Bible 
 into French, &c. He was, with all his 
 learning and industry, a man of excessive 
 vanity. — Moreri. Life of Lc Clerc by himself 
 8 vo. 1711. 
 
 Clerc (John le), a French painter, who 
 resided at Venice, and there obtained the 
 honour of knighthood. He died in 1633, 
 aged 46.—Piliiiiglen. 
 
 Clerc (Sebastian le), a French artist of 
 eminence, was bqrn in 1637, and died in 
 1714. Pope Clement XI. knighted him, and 
 Lewis XIV. appointed him his engraver in 
 ordinary. He engraved above three thou- 
 sand pieces, and was the author of, 1. a trea- 
 tise of Geometry, 8vo.; 2. A treatise on Ar- 
 chitecture, 2 vols. 4to.; 3. another on Per- 
 spective. — Moreri. 
 
 Clerke (Gilbert), a socinian writer, was 
 born at Dppington in Rutlandshire, and 
 admitted of Sidney college, Cambridge, in 
 1641, being then about 15. Of this col- 
 lege he became fellow, and was- ordained in 
 the presbyterian way. He was a good ma- 
 thematician and Grecian, but having em- 
 braced socinianism, he quitted the univer- 
 sity and retired to a small estate in North- 
 amptonshire. He wrote a book on Mr. 
 Oughtred’s Clavis Mathematica, and an 
 answer to bishop Bull's book on the Nicene 
 Faith, in Latin. He died about I69u.-— — 
 Nelson's Life of Bishop Bull. 
 
 Cleveland, or rather Clkiveland 
 (John), an English poet, was the son of a 
 clergyman, and born at Loughborough in 
 1613, find educated at Christ’s 'College, 
 Cambridge, where he took his degrees in 
 arts, and became a college tutor. He joined 
 the royal army, and published some satires 
 which did service to the cause in which he 
 was engaged, particularly one, entitled, 
 The Rebel Scot. In 1655 he was taken 
 prisoner, but was released by Cromwell, to 
 whom he sent a moving petition. He died 
 in London in 1659, and his funeral sermon 
 was preached by Dr. Pearson, afterwards 
 bishop of Chester. The best edition of his 
 works is that of 1687. — Blog. Brit. 
 
 Clifford (George), earl of Cumberland, 
 a nobleman distinguished by his naval en- 
 terprizes, was born in Westmoreland in 
 1558, and educated at Peter-house in Cam- 
 bridge. He applied diligently to the ma- 
 thematics, and was distinguished for his 
 martial spirit. This he manifested at seve- 
 ral tournaments before queen Elizabeth, 
 who on one occasion took off her glove and 
 gave it to him; which mark of royal favour 
 lie was proud, on public festivals., of we;u> 
 
C L I 
 
 C L I 
 
 ing in his hat. In 1536 he fitted cut a 
 squadron, with which he sailed for South 
 America, and after taking several vessels 
 from the Portuguese, returned to England. 
 In 1588 he took the command of a ship 
 and contributed towards the destruction of 
 the Spanish armada. In reward for his 
 gallant conduct the queen granted him a 
 commission to make another voyage to the 
 South Sea ; but after proceeding as far as 
 the Azores, tempestuous weather obliged 
 him to return. In 1591 he made an unsuc- 
 cessful expedition to the coast of Spain ; 
 but not disheartened by these disappoint- 
 ments, he engaged the next year in another 
 adventure, and sailing to the Azores, took 
 Santa Cruz, and a rich galleon, valued at 
 150,000/. In 1593 he sailed again, but ill- 
 ness obliged him to return to England, after 
 dispatching the rest of his squadron to the 
 West indies, where they plundered several 
 Spanish settlements. In 1595 the earl fitted 
 out the largest ship that had ever been sent 
 to sea by an English subject, being 900 tons 
 burthen, but he was prevented from going 
 in her himself by an order from the queen. 
 In 1598 he sailed with a squadron to the 
 West Indies, where he captured the island 
 of Porto Rico, but lost a great number of 
 his men by sickness. He died in 1605, and 
 lies buried at Skipton in Yorkshire. He 
 left a daughter, Anne, countess of Dorset, 
 
 Pembroke, and Montgomery. Campbell's 
 
 Admiral;. Bio jr, Brit. 
 
 C 14 : f 0 r is (Martin), an English writer, 
 was educated at Westminster school, and 
 afterwards at T iuity college, Cambridge. 
 After the restoration he was made master 
 of the Charter-house. He wrote a book, 
 entitled a Treatise on Human Reason, 1675, 
 12 mo. in which he makes every man’s pri- 
 vate fancy the judge of religion. 1 'his 
 piece was anonymous, and soon after its 
 appearance, Dr. Laney, bishop of Ely, din- 
 ing with many persons of quality at the 
 Charter-house, was asked what he thought 
 of the book ? to which his lordship replied, 
 that it was no matter if all the copies were 
 burnt and the author with them. He is 
 said also to have had a hand in the Rehear- 
 sal. Dr. Sprat dedicated to him his Life 
 of Cowley. Clifford died in 1677, and was 
 buried in the chapel belonging to the Char- 
 ter-house. — Wood's A. 0. Granger. 
 
 Clinton (Henry), an English general, 
 and knight of the bath, was the grandson 
 of brands earl of Lincoln, and became a 
 captain in the guards in 1758. In 1778 he 
 was appointed general in North America, 
 and returned to England in 1782. Soon 
 after, he published a narrative of his con- 
 duct, which was replied to by earl Corn- 
 wallis, and vindicated by sir Henry. In 
 1784 he published a farther defence of him- 
 self. In 1795 he was made governor (Y 
 Gibraltar, and died soon after. — Gen. B. D. 
 
 Clisson (Oliver do), constable of France, 
 was a native of Brittany. He became 
 attached to John count of Mountfort, by 
 
 whose side he fought at the battle of Au- 
 rai in 1364, and lost an eye, but still kept 
 the field. He served afterwards under Du 
 Gucsclin, who made him his brother in 
 arms. Ele succeeded that brave man as 
 con-stable of France in 1380. He com- 
 manded at the battle of Rosebec in 1382, 
 and defeated the revolted Flemings. The 
 duke of Brittany, in 1387, committed him 
 to prison, and sentenced him to death, but 
 his orders were disobeyed. Clisson after- 
 wards obtained his liberty by paying a 
 large ransom, and the duke became so 
 much his friend as to leave him guardian 
 of his children. On the derangement of 
 Charles VI. he was deprived of his honours, 
 and retired to his estate in Brittany, where 
 he died in 1407, leading a high character 
 for valour and integrity. — Morer'i. 
 
 Clistilenes, an Athenian who contri- 
 buted to the expulsion of the family of 
 P’. .’.stratus from the sovereign power, B. C. 
 5il. He is also said to have introduced 
 the mode of banishment by the ostracism. 
 By the influence of Cleomenes, king of 
 Sparta, he was banished from Athens, but 
 was afterwards restored by the citizens. He 
 was the great-uncle of Pericles, and the 
 friend of Aristides. — Plutarch . 
 
 Clitomachus, an academic philosopher, 
 was a Carthaginian, and lived about 140 
 B. C. His real name was Asdrubal, which 
 he changed for one more philosophical and 
 attic. He was the disciple and successor of 
 Carneades, and is said to have written 
 above 4C»0 volumes. At a very advanced 
 age he put an end to himself. He held that 
 there is no rule of judging of the truth by 
 the senses; and in morals he maintained a 
 relationship between pleasure and virtue. 
 — Diogenes Laertius in Vit. Phil. 
 
 Clive (Robert), lord of Plassey, was 
 born at the family seat in Shropshire in 
 1725, and educated at several schools, but 
 with so little success, that his father de- 
 spairing of his becoming eminent in any 
 profession, obtained him a place as a writer 
 in the India company’s service. But he 
 quitted the desk for the army in 1747, and 
 distinguished himself with so much braver'-, 
 at the taking of a fort belonging to the ra- 
 jah of Tanjore, as to obtain the post of 
 commissary general. On his return to Ma- 
 dras be was seized with a nervous fever, 
 and though be recovered, yet the effects 
 ever after remained on his mind. About 
 this time the French, under Lupleix, be- 
 gan to display their ambitious views in 
 India, in procuring Chundashel) to be cho- 
 sen nabob of Arcot, and by that mean* 
 gaining the grant of a large territory for 
 themselves. This roused the jealousy of 
 the English, and the war was renewed. 
 The Frenoh and their allies, however, gain- 
 ed numerous advantages, and the affairs of 
 the English and of their allv Mohammed 
 Ali Khan, son of the late nabob, appeared 
 to be nearly hopeless, when Clive resumed 
 his military character as a captain in 1751 
 
CLO 
 
 C L O 
 
 Tritchinopoly, the seat of Ali Khan, was 
 then besieged by the French and Chunda- 
 sheb, on which Clive’s superior genius sug- 
 gested the advantage of attacking the city 
 of Arcot, and the attempt succeeded be- 
 yond expectation. This unexpected cir- 
 cumstance drew off the enemy from Trit- 
 chinopoly to retake Arcot, which Clive de- 
 fended in such a manner that the siege was 
 raised. 1'his success was followed by a se- 
 ries of victories, and the overthrow of the 
 enemy. In 1753 Clive embarked for Eng- 
 land where he was presented by the court 
 of directors with a sword set with diamonds, 
 lie returned to India as governor of fort 
 St. David, with the rank of lieutenant-colo- 
 nel j and shortly after he assisted admiral 
 Watson in reducing Angria the pirate. 
 When Calcutta was taken, Clive went to 
 Bengal and took Fort William. He defeat- 
 ed Surajah Dowla at Plassey ; and the day 
 following entered Muxadabad, where ,he 
 placed Jaffier Ali Cawn on the throne. The 
 mogul conferred on him the title of omrah 
 of the empire, with a grant of lands, in 
 1760 he returned to England, and was 
 made an Irish peer. In 1764 he went to 
 Bengal as president, where he soon restored 
 tranquillity, and returned home in 1767. 
 In 1769 he was made knight of the bath. 
 In 1773 a motion was made in the house 
 of commons to resolve, that, “ in the acqui- 
 sition of his wealth, lord Clive had abused 
 the powers with which he had been entrust- 
 ed.” He defended himself with spirit and 
 modesty, and the motion was not only re- 
 jected, but the house resolved, that “ lord 
 Clive had rendered great and meritorious 
 services to his country.” This treatment, 
 however, had an ill effect on his mind, 
 and in a fit of gloom he put an end to 
 himself in 1774. Lord Chatham called 
 him “ a heaven-born general, who, without 
 experience, surpassed all the officers of his 
 time.” He represented Shrewsbury in 
 parliament, from 1760 to his death. He 
 left 70,000/. to the invalids in the company’s 
 service. His lordship married a sister of 
 Dr. Maskelyne, astronomer-royal, by whom 
 he had five children. — Biog.Br. 
 
 Clive (Catherine), a celebrated actress, 
 was born in 1711. She entered young 
 upon the stage at Drury-lane, and became 
 eminent in the comic line. In 1732 she 
 married a gentleman of the law, and bro- 
 ther to Lord Clive, from whom, however, 
 she was separated soon after. In 1769 she 
 quitted the stage, and lived a retired life, 
 upon a competency, at Twickenham where 
 she died in 1785. Her private deportment 
 was exemplary. — Gen. B. D. 
 
 C'lodius (Publius), a Reman senator of an 
 infamous character, who committed incest 
 with his sisters and entered the house of 
 Csesar, disguised in female apparel, while 
 the women were celebrating the rites of 
 Ceres. For this he was tried, but escaped 
 punishment by bribing the judges He was 
 a bitter enemy to Cato and Cicero, and alter 
 
 committing numerous offences was killed 
 by Milo, 53 33. C .——Plutarch. Uniu. Hist. 
 
 Clootz (John-Baptist de), a Prussian ba- 
 ron of fortune, who at the beginning of the 
 French revolution distinguished himself by 
 his impiety and extravagances. He changed 
 his name to Anacharsh , and assumed the ri- 
 diculous epithet of Orator of the Human Race , 
 in which capacity he appeared before the 
 national assembly, accompanied by a mot- 
 ley crew in masquerade, dressed according 
 to the costume of various nations. He gave 
 a large sum to the assembly to make war 
 against all kings, and demanded that a 
 price should be put on the king of Prussia. 
 He also professed open war against Jesus 
 Christ ; and in a pamphlet, entitled Le Re- 
 publique Universelle, avowed himself an 
 atheist. He adhered to the same sentiments 
 on the scaffold in 1794. He was nephew to 
 the learned Cornelius Pauw of Berlin. — 
 Now. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Clopinel (or John de Meun), a French 
 poet born in 1280, and died about 1364. 
 He continued the Romance of the Rose, and 
 wrote some other pieces. — Morer't. 
 
 Closterman (N.), a painter who came 
 from Planover to London in 1681, and ac- 
 quired considerable reputation as a portrait 
 painter. In 1696 he went to Spain on an 
 invitation from the king, and returned from 
 thence very rich. He died in 1713 of grief 
 at being abandoned and robbed by a girl 
 whom he kept. — Filhinglon. 
 
 Clotaire I. king of France, was the 
 son of Clovis and Clotilda. He began to 
 reign in 511, and died at Compiegue in 
 561, aged 44. — Clotaire II. son and suc- 
 cessor to Chilperic I. at the age of four 
 months. His mother maintained the king- 
 dom for him against the efforts of Childe- 
 bert, but after her death he was defeated 
 by Theodebert and Thierri : he afterwards 
 reunited the different kingdoms of France 
 under himself. He died in 628. — Clotaire 
 III. king of Burgundy after the death of 
 Clovis II. his father, in 655. Batilda, hjs 
 mother, governed during his minority with 
 great wisdom. Clotaire died in 670. — Mo- 
 reri. 
 
 Clovio (George), a Sclavonian painter 
 of history and portrait, whose works are 
 held in high esteem. He excelled in paint- 
 ing figures in u iniature. He died in 1578, 
 aged 80. — Pilington. 
 
 Clovis I. the founder of the French mo- 
 narchy was born in 467, and succeeded Chil- 
 deiichis father in 481. His wife Clotilda 
 prepared him for the reception of Christia- 
 nity, which however he did not embrace 
 till after a victory obtained over the Ger- 
 mans, which he attributed to the effect of 
 his prayer to the God of the Christians. 
 He was soon after publicly baptized with 
 three thousand of his subjects, by St. Remi, 
 archbishop of Rheims. He was a warlike 
 prince, defeated the Goths, and subdued 
 several provinces. He fixed his royal resi- 
 dence at Paris, which ever after became the 
 
c o c 
 
 c o c 
 
 scat of the French ~monarchs. He died in 
 511 .—Moreri. Univ. Hist. 
 
 Clovis II the son of Dagobert, whom 
 he succeeded in 638. He died in 656, aged 
 23. He was a mild and benevolent prince, 
 but weak and pusillanimous. — Ibid. 
 
 Clovis III. the son of Thierri III. king 
 of France, whom he succeeded in 691. 
 He reigned five years under the guardian- 
 ship of Pepin Hereistel, master of the palace, 
 and died in 695, aged 14. — Ibid. 
 
 Ci.owes (William,) an English surgeon 
 of the 16th century. He was surgeon to 
 Bartholomew’s and Christ’s hospitals and 
 also to queen Elizabeth. His book on the 
 Venereal Disease was printed in 1596, 
 and again in 1637. — Aikins Biog.of Medicine. 
 Cluentius, a Roman, who was accused 
 
 vine, was born at Bremen, in 1608, and 
 became Hebrew professor. He afterwards 
 removed to Franeker, and lastly to Leyden, 
 where he held the theological chair. He ren- 
 dered himself remarkable by turning the 
 Old Testament history into a mystical re- 
 presentation of Christ and his church, and 
 by interpreting every word and phrase of 
 scripture in an enigmatical sense. The 
 apocalypse was his favourite study, and he 
 maintained the notion of the millenary reign 
 of Christ upon earth. His notions excited 
 a warm controversy; and he had many 
 followers, who were called Cocceians. He 
 died at Leyden in 1669. His works make 
 10 vols. folio. — Moreri. Mosheim. 
 
 Coccm (Anthony), im Italian physician, 
 was born at Mugellano in Tuscany, in 1 695, 
 
 by his mother of having murdered his fa- and studied at Pisa. He came to England 
 
 ther.B.C. 54, and was defended by Cicero in ~ uu 1 J “ 
 
 that beautiful oration pro Cluentio. — Moreri. 
 
 Cluverius, or Cluver (Philip), an emi- 
 nent greographer, was born at Dantzic, in 
 1580, and educated at Leyden, where in- 
 stead of the law, for which he was designed, 
 he studied geography, and was encouraged 
 therein by Joseph Scaliger. He travelled 
 through England, France, Germany, and 
 Italy, and acquired the knowledge of ten 
 languages. He died at Leyden in 1623. 
 
 He wrote De Tribus Rheni Aiveis ; Ger- 
 mania Antiqua; Italia Antiqua; Sicilia, 
 
 Sardinia, & Corsica; Introductio ad Univer- 
 sam Geographiam. — Moreri. 
 
 Cobb (Samuel), an English poet. He 
 was master of the grammar school of 
 Christ’s hospital, and died in 1713. He 
 published a collection of poems in 1700. — 
 
 Gen. -Bioar. Diet. 
 
 Cobden (Edward), an ingenious divine 
 and poet, was rector of St. Austin in Lon- 
 don, and of Acton in Middlesex, preben- 
 dary of St. Paul’s, and archdeacon of Lon- 
 don. Dr. Cobden was also chaplain in or- 
 dinary to king George II. but resigned that 
 situation some years before his death, which 
 happened in 1764,. aged 80. He published 
 a volume of poems, for the benefit of his 
 curate’s widow ; and in 1757 a volume of 
 sermons. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Cocceius (Henry), a German civilian, 
 was born at Bremen in 1614. He received 
 his education at Leyden, and afterwards be- 
 came professor of the law of nature and na- 
 tions at Heidelberg; on the taking of which 
 place he removed to Utrecht, and lastly to 
 Frankfort on the Oder. In 1713 he was cre- 
 ated a baron of the empire. He died in 1 7 1 9. 
 
 His principal works are, Juris Publici Pru- 
 dentia Compendiosa'.exhibita ; Prodromus 
 Justitiae Gentium; Deductiones, Consilia, 
 
 &c.; Theses, 4 vols. 4to. — His son, Samuel 
 Cocceius, was employed by Frederic the'Great 
 of Prussia, in drawing up his famous code, 
 and was appointed grand chancellor. He 
 published an improved edition of Grotius 
 on war and peace. He died in 1755. — 
 
 Moreri. Nowj. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Cocceius, or Cock (John), a Dutch di- 
 
 with the earl of Huntingdon, on purpose 
 to see sir Isaac Newton, Dr. Mead, and 
 other learned men. While here he pub- 
 lished an edition of Xenophon’s Ephesius 
 Amoribus An thin & , Abrocomx, trans- 
 lated from the Greek into Latin, 17.26. He 
 settled as professor of anatomy at Florence, 
 and u r as appointed antiquary to the em- 
 peror. He died in 1758. He published se- 
 veral medical pieces, particularly one on 
 the Advantages of the Pythagorean Mode 
 of Life. — Fabronii Vita Italior. Doct. 
 
 Cochin (Henry), a French lawyer, was 
 born at Paris in 1687. He pleaded his first 
 cause before the great council when he was 
 twenty-two, and is said to have been at the 
 bar, what Bourdaloue was in the pulpit. 
 He died in 1747. His works consisting of 
 memorials, pleadings, &c. were published at 
 Paris, in 6 vols. 4to. 1751. — Moreri. Nouv. 
 Diet. Hist. 
 
 Cochin (Charles Nicholas), a celebrated 
 engraver, was a native of Paris. In his 
 youth he practised painting, which he 
 quitted for the burin. His works are highly 
 esteemed for their sweetness, exactness, and 
 spirit. The best are those after Watteau 
 and Le Moine. He died in 1754, aved 
 66. His son Charles Nicholas, "who died in 
 1790, aged 75, was also an excellent 
 artist and a man of letters. He was keeper 
 of the designs in the I. ouvre, chevalier of 
 the order of St. Michael, and secretary 
 to the academy of painting. He wrote 
 Letters on the Pictures of Herculaneum; 
 Dissertation on the Effect of Light and 
 Shade; Travels in Italy, or a Collection of 
 Observations on works of Architecture, 
 Sculpture, and Painting ; Letters on the 
 Lives of Slodz and Deshays, &c — Nouv. 
 Diet. Hist. 
 
 , Coen r.a; us (John), a Roman catholic 
 divine in Germany, who wrote with great 
 bitterness against the protestants in the 16th 
 century. His best work is HistoriaHussita- 
 
 rum, folio. He died in 1552, ao-ed 72. 
 
 Moreri. 
 
 Cochran (Robert), an architect in Scot- 
 land, who was employed by James III. in 
 building several great structures. That 
 
coc 
 
 COE 
 
 monarch created him earl of Mar, and dis- 
 tinguished him by so many marks of his 
 favour, that the other nobles rose, seized 
 the favourite in the royal presence, and 
 banged him on the bridge of Lauder in 
 1484. — Gen. Blog. Diet. 
 
 Coc nit an (William)', a Scotch painter, 
 was born at Strathaven in 1788, and stu- 
 died at Rome under Gavin Hamilton. He 
 then returned to his own country, where 
 he painted portraits and historical pieces 
 with great success. He died at Glasgow, in 
 .1785.— Ibid. 
 
 Co gk ain e (sir Aston), an English poet, 
 was born at Ashbourn in Derbyshire, in 
 1608, and educated at Trinity college, Cam- 
 bridge, of which he became fellow, but 
 took his degree of M. A. at Oxford. He 
 suffered much for bis loyalty in the civil 
 wars, and died in 1684. He wrote a chain 
 of golden poems, and some plays of no merit. 
 —Wood's A. 0. 
 
 Cockburn (Catharine), an ingenious 
 lady, was the daughter of captain David 
 Trotter, of the navy, and born in London, 
 in 1679. She taught herself writing and 
 French, and acquired some knowledge of the 
 Latin. Logic was also her favourite study, 
 and this disposition to reasoning led her to 
 consider the arguments in favour' of the 
 Roman catholic religion, which appeared 
 so plausible that she embraced popery. 
 At the age of fourteen she wrote verses; 
 and in her seventeenth year produced a 
 tragedy entitled Agnes de Castro. In 1698 
 another of hers, called Fatal Friendship, 
 was acted with applause at the theatre in 
 Lincoln’s-Inn-fields. Metaphysics, how- 
 ever, became her favourite ; and she de- 
 voted herself assiduously to Locke’s Essay 
 on the Human Understanding, which she 
 defended against doctor Thomas Burnet, at 
 the age of twenty-two. This brought her 
 acquainted with Mr. Locke, who made 
 her a present of some books. In 1707 she 
 returned to the protestant communion, and 
 the year following married Mr. Cockhurn, a 
 nonjuring clergyman. For some years she 
 laid aside her pen, hut took it up again 
 in 1726, in defence of Locke, against doctor 
 Holdsworth. This piece, however, was 
 not printed till after her death. In 1747 
 appeared “ Remarks upon the Principles 
 and Reasonings in Dr. Rutherford’s Essay 
 on the Nature and Obligations of Virtue,” 
 to which Warburton wrote an elaborate 
 preface. Her husband having obtained the 
 living of Long Horsley in Cumberland, 
 Mrs. Cockhurn died therein 1749. In 1 751 
 Dr. Birch published a collection of her 
 works, with her life prefixed. 
 
 Cocker (Edward), an industrious school- 
 master and penman. He published four- 
 teen copy-books, a small English dictionary, 
 a book for writing, called Cocker’s Mo- 
 rals, and a useful treatise on arithmetic. 
 He died in 1677. — Granger. 
 
 Cocr.Es (Publius Horatius), a valiant 
 Roman who was descended from one of 
 
 the Horatii, who fought the Cunatu, 
 When Rome was besieged by Porsenna, 
 king of the Etruscans, he defended a 
 wooden bridge across the Tiber, with tw® 
 others, and when they retired he maintained 
 his post till the bridge falling, he leapt into 
 the water, and swam amidst a shower of 
 arrows, to the city. He was rewarded with 
 a grant of land, and a statue was erected to 
 his honour. — Livy. 
 
 Codkington (Christopher), a liberal en- 
 courager of learning and religion, was born, 
 at Barbadoes, in 1668; and brought up 
 first at Christ-church, Oxford, but after- 
 wards he obtained a fellowship at All Souls. 
 On leaving the university he entered into 
 the army, and having distinguished himself 
 in the West Indies, was made cantain- 
 general of the Leeward islands. He' died 
 at Barbadoes in 1701. His remains were 
 brought to England, and deposited in the 
 chapel of All Souls, to which college he 
 bequeathed his books, and 10,000/.° Elis 
 estates in the West Indies, he left to the so- 
 ciety for propagating the gospel. He wrote 
 four poems in the Musse Anglicanse. — Bio?. 
 Brit. 
 
 Codrus, the last king of Athens, and the 
 son of Melanthus, who rushed disguised 
 into the midst of the army of the Hcraclidre 
 and was slain, B. C. 1070, because the 
 oracle is said to have pronounced that the 
 leader of the conquering party must perish. 
 After this the Athenians changed their 
 
 form of government into a republic.— 
 
 Justin. Univ. Hist. 
 
 Coeffetf.au (Nicholas), a French bishop, 
 was of the dominican order, and died in 
 1623, just after he had been nominated to 
 the see of Marseilles, aged 49. He wrote 
 a Roman History from Augustus to Con- 
 stantine, and other pieces. — Moreri. 
 
 Coen (John Peterson), governor of the 
 Dutch settlements in the East Indies, and 
 founder of the city of Batavia, was born at 
 Hoorn, in 1587. Hewas educated for com- 
 merce, after which he went to India, where 
 he introduced the Italian mode of book- 
 keeping. In 1617 he succeeded to the go- 
 vernorship of Bantam, from whence he 
 removed the factory in 1619 to Batavia, 
 which city was laid out and built bv C'oeD. 
 In 1623 he returned to Europe ; but in 
 1627 he returned to Batavia, which he 
 defended with great bravery against the 
 emperor of Java, who lost such a number 
 of men before the place, that their dead bo- 
 dies produced a pestilence, of which Coca 
 died in 1629. — XJnin). Hist. 
 
 Co EUR (James), a wealthy French mer- 
 chant of the 15th century who carried on 
 a greater trade than had ever been in the 
 hands of any person in Europe. He had 
 300 agents in the Mediterranean, and lent 
 200,000 crowns to Charles VII. which en- 
 abled him to conquer Normandy. He was, 
 however, unjustly condemned on a false 
 charge of peculation in his office as adrni,( 
 nistrator of the finances. On obtaining his 
 
C O I 
 
 COL 
 
 pardon he removed to Rome, and after- 
 wards to Cyprus. He died in the isle of 
 Chio, in 1456. — Moreri. 
 
 Coffey (Charles), a dramatic writer, was 
 a native of Ireland. He wrote nine dra- 
 matic pieces, the principal of which was the 
 farce of the Devil to pay, still frequently 
 performed. He was deformed in his person 
 and once performed the part of iEsop for 
 his own benefit at Dublin. He died in 1745 
 and was buried in the parish of St. Clement 
 Danes. Besides his plays, he wrote some 
 poems, and superintended an edition of 
 Drayton’s works.' — Biog. Dram. 
 
 Cogan (Thomas) an English physician, 
 was born in Somersetshire, and bred at 
 Oriel college, Oxford, of which lie became 
 fellow. He took his degree of bachelor in 
 physic in 1574, and the year after was 
 chosen master of the school at Manchester, 
 where also he practised physic. He died in 
 1607. He wrote, 1. The Haven of Health, 
 made for the Comfort of Students, 1.58.6, 
 4to.; 2. A Preservative from the Pestilence; 
 .‘5. Epistolarum Familiarum Ciceronis Epi- 
 tome, & c. — Wood's Atb. Oxoti. 
 
 Cog G-E siialle (Ralph), an English cis- 
 tercian monk of the 1:3th century. He be- 
 longed to the abbey of the same name, and 
 was at Jerusalem when that placfe was be- 
 sieged by Saladin. lie died about 1228. 
 He wrote a Chronicle of the Holy-land, 
 printed in 1725 in a collection published at 
 Paris. — Pitstcus. Moreri. 
 
 Cohapsen (John Henry), a German 
 physician, and the author of a •singular 
 work entitled Rermippus redivivus, sive 
 exercitatio physico-medica curiosa de me- 
 thodo rara ad CXV. Annos prorogandte 
 senectutis per anhelitum puellarum, ex ve- 
 teri monumento Romano deprompta hunc 
 Artis Medicte fundamentis stabilita. This 
 piece was translated into English by Dr. 
 John Campbell, under the title of Hermip- 
 pus redivivus, or the Sage’s Triumph over 
 Old Age and the Grave. Cohausen died 
 at Munster in 1750, aged 85. — Gen. Biog. 
 
 Cohorn (Memnon), a Dutch engineer, 
 was born in 1632, and entered early on the 
 military line. He fortified Nmur and 
 several other places, and died at the Hague 
 in 1704. He wrote a treatise on Fortifica- 
 tion.— 77/d. 
 
 Coignet (Giles), called Giles of Antwerp, 
 from the place of his birth, a painter of 
 eminence. He is accused of employing his 
 disciples in copying his works, and after 
 retouching them, selling the pictures as 
 originals of his own. He died in 1600, aged 
 70 —Pilt. 
 
 Cointe (Charles le), a French historian, 
 was born at Troyes ha 1611, and became 
 a priest of the oratory. Colbert granted 
 him a pension for writing the Annaies Ec- 
 clesiastic! Francorum,in S vols folio. He 
 died in 1681. — Moreri. 
 
 Goiter (Volchard), a German anatomist, 
 was born at Groningen m 1584. and died 
 
 in 1600. He published, 1. De Cartilagmi- 
 bus Tabulx, 1566, fob; 2. Externarum &, 
 Internarum Principalium Humani Cor- 
 poris partiumTabuke, &c. 1573,fofio. — Mer. 
 
 Coke (Edward), an English judge, was 
 born at Mileham, in Norfolk, in 1550, and 
 educated at Trinity college, Cambridge, 
 from whence he removed to Ciiftord’s-ion, 
 and afterwards to the Inner Temple. 
 About 1578, he was chosen reader at Lyons 
 inn. Soon after his admission at the bar 
 he married a lady of fortune, who brought 
 him ten children. In 1502 he was ap- 
 pointed solicitor-general ; and, on losing 
 his wife, he married, in 1598, the widow of 
 sir Christopher Hatton and sister of Tho- 
 mas lord Burleigh, afterwards earl of Ex- 
 eter. In 1600 he prosecuted, as attorney- 
 general, the earl of Essex, in which he be- 
 haved with uncommon asperity. Three 
 years afterwards he received the honour 
 of knighthood ; and conducted the prose- 
 cution of sir Walter Raleigh, in a brutal 
 manner. His speeches at the trial of father 
 Garnett, and the other conspirators in the 
 gunpowder plot, are deemed his masterpieces 
 in that way. In 1606 he was appointed 
 chief justice of the common-pleas; and in 
 1613 removed to theking’s-bench, at which 
 time he was sworn of the privy council. 
 In the affair of sir Thomas Over'bury’s mur- 
 der, he conducted himself with such spirit 
 as to raise him many enemies, and soon af- 
 terwards he fell into disgrace for opposing 
 the king’s prerogative, and contending with 
 the chancellor Egerton. In 1616 he was 
 removed from his office, and to get into fa- 
 vour he projected a match between sir John 
 Vjlliers, brother of the favourite, and his 
 youngest daughter, which occasioned a 
 quarrel between him and his wife. The 
 lady left his house with her daughter, 
 and sir Edward fetched back the latter by 
 force, which occasioned his wife to com- 
 plain of him to the privy-council. The af- 
 fair was at last made up, and the marriage 
 concluded. In the parliament of 1621 he 
 joined the popular side; for which he was 
 committed to the Tower, where he lav 
 only a short time, but never recovered the 
 good opinion of king James. In 1628 lie 
 was chosen knight of the shire for Bucking 
 ham, and distinguished himself by Ids zeal 
 against the duke of Buckingham as the au- 
 thor of all the calamities of the nation. On 
 the dissolution of that parliament he re- 
 tired to his seat in Buckinghamshire, where 
 he died in 1634. The first part of his re- 
 ports appeared about 1CQO, and the last, or 
 thirteenth, about 1655. His Institutes of 
 the Laws of England are invaluable ; the 
 first is a translation and comment on sir 
 Thomas Littleton’s Tenures. There are 
 also other iaw pieces of his in print. — . — — 
 Biog. Brit. 
 
 Colahdeau (Charles Peter), a French 
 poet, was horn in 1735,and died hi 1776. 
 He translated Pope’s Elojsa to Abelard, and 
 
COL 
 
 COL 
 
 part ®f Youngs Night Thoughts, into 
 French with Spirit and fidelity. He also 
 ■ wrote two tragedies of no particular’tnerit. 
 His works -were printed in 2 vols. 8vo. 1779. 
 — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Colbert (John Baptist), marquis of Se- 
 guelai,and an excellent statesman. He was 
 horn at Paris in 1619. His father was a 
 silk-merchant. In 16-48 young Colbert be- 
 came clerk to Le Tellier, secretary of state, 
 whose daughter he married. He next en- 
 tered into the service of cardinal Mazarine, 
 who sent him to Rome on some important 
 business, which he managed with great dex- 
 terity. The cardinal at his death, recom- 
 mended him to his master, as the most pro- 
 per person for intendant of the finances ; 
 which post he obtained. In 1664 he was 
 appointed superintendant of the buildings; 
 and he greatly improved Paris, by erecting 
 elegant structures. But architectural pur- 
 suits did not engross the whole of his atten- 
 tion. He laboured to improve the state of 
 the arts and to increase the French com- 
 merce and manufactures. He instituted 
 the academy of painting and sculpture, 
 and the academy of sciences, and by his 
 recommendation the royal observatory was 
 built. In 1669 he was made secretary of 
 state, and marine minister, which offices 
 he discharged to the satisfaction of his 
 sovereign, and the benefit of the people. 
 He died in 1683, leaving six sons and three 
 daughters. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Colbert (John Baptist), marquis of 
 Torcy, and son of the above, was born in 
 1665." In 1686 he was appointed secretary of 
 state for the foreign department; and in 
 1699, director-general of the posts. He 
 died in 1746. He wrote Memoirs of the 
 negotiations from the treaty of Ryswick 
 to the Peace of Utrecht, 3 vols. 12mo. 1756. 
 —Ibid. 
 
 Cole (William,) an English herbalist, 
 was born in Oxfordshire, and educated at 
 Merton college. Fie became secretary to 
 Dr. Duppa, bishop of Winchester, and died 
 in 1662, aged 36. Fie wrote, 1. The Art of 
 Simpling, or an Introduction to the Know- 
 ledge of the gathering Plants, & c. ; 2. Adam 
 in Eden, or Nature’s Paradise, containing 
 a History of Plants, &c - — IV ood. 
 
 Cole (Thomas), a dissenting minister, 
 Was educated at Westminster school, from 
 whence he was elected student of Christ- 
 church, Oxford. In 1 656 he became prin- 
 cipal of St. Mary Hall, where he was tutor 
 to the great Mr. Locke. At the restoration 
 he was ejected for nonconformity, on which 
 he kept an academy at Nettlebed, and af- 
 terwards settled in London, and became 
 one of the Lecturers at Pinner’s hall. Fie 
 died in 1607. His works are, a Discourse 
 of Regeneration, Faith, and Repentance, 
 8vo.; a Discourse of the Christian Religion 
 in sundry points 8vo. ; the incomprehen- 
 sibleness of imputed Righteousness for 
 Justification by human Reason, See. 8vo. 
 5 
 
 Dr. Pulteney relates an anecdote of a Mr. 
 Thomas Cole, a dissenting minister of Glou- 
 cester, who had collected an Herbarium , 
 which, in a. flight of religious repentance 
 at having mis-spent his time in accumulat- 
 ing, he committed to the flames; an in- 
 stance of enthusiasm the most absurd, for 
 what can be more conducive to useful- 
 ness and piety than the contemplation of 
 the works of God in the creation ? — Palmers 
 Nonconformist’s Memorial. Pulteney s Sketches 
 on Botany. 
 
 Coles (Elisha), an English lexicogra- 
 pher, born in Northamptonshire, and 
 brought up at Oxford. He afterwards be- 
 came usher of Merchant Taylors’ school, 
 but died in Ireland about 1680. He wrote 
 several useful books, particularly an Eng- 
 lish-Latin Dictionary, in 8vo. His uncle, 
 Elisha Coles, clerk to the East India company, 
 wrote a famous book, entitled, a practical 
 Discourse of God’s Sovereignty- which 
 is in great repute among the rigid calvinists. 
 He was a zealous dissenter, and died in 
 1688. — Wood’s A. 0. 
 
 Coiet (John), an English divine, was 
 born in London in 1466, and educated at 
 Magdalen college, Oxford, where he pro- 
 ceeded to the degree of D. D. In 1502 he 
 obtained the deanry of St. Paul’s, where, 
 by his preaching and other labours, he 
 greatly advanced the reformation, for which 
 he was complained of by the bishop of 
 London to the archbishop of Canterbury; 
 but the accusation was dismissed without a 
 hearing. He was a great encourager of 
 learning, particularly the Greek language. 
 Erasmus, who did him the honour to call 
 him his master, gives us a hint of his reli- 
 gious opinions in his colloquy entitled Pere- 
 grinatio Religionis ergo, in which Colet is 
 introduced under the name of Gratiar.us 
 PuUus. He founded St. Paul’s school, and 
 died in 1519. Fie was buried in St. Paul’s 
 cathedral, where a monument was erected to 
 his memory, which was destroyed in the 
 fire of 1666. lde wrote some grammatical 
 pieces for the use of his school, and was the 
 author of religious tracts of a practical na- 
 ture. — Life of Colet, by Knight. 
 
 Coi.ey (Henry), an astrological writer, 
 was born at Oxford, in 1633. Fie was 
 bred a taylor, but became an assistant to 
 the celebrated Lilly, who made him a pre- 
 sent of the 36th impression of his Epheme- 
 ris, which Coley continued many years. 
 Fie lived in Gray’s-inn-lane, and was much 
 followed as an astrologer, and a caster of 
 urine, cr a water doctor. He died about 
 1690. He wrote a Key to the whole Art 
 of Astrology, in much request among the 
 adepts. — Lije of Lilly. Granger’s Biog. Hist. 
 
 Coligni (Gaspard de), admiral of France, 
 was born in 1516, at Chatillon sur Loing; 
 and for his gallant services in several ac- 
 tions, -was made admiral in 1552. On the 
 death of Henry II. he became the chief of 
 the calvinists against the Guises, and con- 
 
c o t 
 
 COL 
 
 tinned formidable even after repeated de- 
 feats. When peace was restored in 1571, 
 he appeared at court, and was graciously 
 received ; but this generosity was a mask 
 put on to deceive him and his party. He 
 was the first who fell in the infamous mas- 
 sacre at Paris, on St. Bartholomew’s day in 
 1572. Catherine de Medicis ordered his 
 head to be brought to her, and sent it to the 
 pope. Coligni possessed all the qualities 
 necessary to constitute a hero, being brave, 
 generous, and humane. His brother, Odet, 
 was archbishop of Toulouse, and a cardi- 
 nal, but having embraced the protestant 
 religion, he was deposed, on which he re- 
 tired to England, where he was poisoned 
 by a domestic in 1571. — Moreri. 
 
 Coligni (Henrietta) countess de la Suze ; 
 an ingenious French writer. She married 
 first Thomas lord Hamilton of Scotland, 
 and next the count de la Suze ; from whom 
 she was afterwards separated, and died in 
 1673. Her songs and odes are printed 
 with the poems of Pelisson. — Diet, desFemtnes. 
 jelebres. 
 
 Collado (Diego), a Spanish dominican, 
 who was superintendant of the convents in 
 the Philippines, lie was shipwrecked in his 
 voyage to Europe in 16S8. He wrote Ars 
 Grammatica Japonic.-e Lingua:; a Diction- 
 ary of the Japanese Language, &c. — Gen. 
 Biography. 
 
 Collange (Gabriel de), a French writer, 
 who, though a catholic, was murdered in 
 the massacre at Paris by mistake. He was 
 the author of a work entitled “ Poly- 
 graphy, or Universal Cabalistical Writing, 
 by J. M. Trithemius,’ Paris, 1561. This 
 book being very mysterious, subjected the 
 author to the charge of magic. — Moreri. 
 
 Collatinus (L. Tarquinius), a nephew 
 of Tarquin the Proud, and husband of Lit- 
 cretia. He assisted Brutus in expelling the 
 Tarquins, but finding that the people had 
 conceived an antipathy to all of that fa- 
 mily, he went into voluntary exile.— Livy. 
 
 CoLLe (Charles), a French dramatist, and 
 secretary to the duke of Orleans; born in 
 1709, and died in 1783. His comedies are 
 lively, but indelicate. His songs are in 
 good esteem. His works make 3 vols. 
 12mo. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Collece (Stephen), commonly called 
 the protestant joiner, was accused of being 
 concerned in a conspiracy against Charles 
 II. and brought to trial at Oxford, upon 
 the testimony of the most infamous im- 
 postors. lie defended himself with great 
 spirit, and at the place cf execution per- 
 sisted in maintaining his innocence. He 
 suffered in 1681. He was an excellent me- 
 chanic, and for his superior talents much 
 respected by persons of rank, His daugh- 
 ter was appointed seamstress to king Wil- 
 liam. — Granger. 
 
 Col leone (Bartholomew), an Italian ad- 
 venturer, was born of a noble family at 
 Bergamo in 1403. He first served under 
 
 de Moritone, and then entered into the 
 army of Joan queen of Naples. After this 
 he was in the Venetian service, for whom 
 he destroyed, in an uncommon manner, the 
 army of Nicholas Piccinino. Beingdisgusied 
 at the treatment which he received, he 
 with his troops joined Philip Visconti, and 
 next served under Francis Sforza, for whom 
 he gained the battle of Frascati over the 
 French. The Venetians, anxiou3 to regain 
 him, gave him the appointment of genera- 
 lissimo i find he struck terror into all the 
 enemies of the republic. He was a liberal 
 patron of learning, and very religious. He 
 died in 1475, and the senate honoured his 
 memory by an equestrian statue. — Mor. 
 
 Collet (Peter), a learned French eccle- 
 siastic, was born atTernay in 1693, and died 
 in 1770. He wrote lheologia Moralis 
 Universalis, in 17 vols. 8vo.; Institutiones 
 Theologicre ad usum Seminiarorum, 7 vols. 
 12mo. ; the Life of Vincent de St. Paul, 
 2 vols. 4to. ; Lives of M. Boudon and John 
 de la Croix, &c. He is not to be con- 
 founded with Philibert Collet , an advocate, 
 who died in 1718. He wrote a treatise on 
 Excommunications ; on Usury ; on Alms ; 
 on Tythes; and a volume on the Statutes 
 and Customs of Bresse. He was also a bota- 
 nist, and wrote two Letters on Tournefort’s 
 History of Plants, and a Catalogue of the 
 
 Plants in the neighbourhood of Dijon. 
 
 Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Colletet (William), a French acade- 
 mician, and dramatic writer, born at Paris 
 in 1598, and died the.e in 1659. His 
 works were printed in 1653, in 12mo. 
 
 Ibid. 
 
 Collier (Jeremiah), a learned divine, 
 was the son of a clergyman at Stow Oui 
 in Cambridgeshire, where he was born in 
 1650. He was educated by his father, 
 and then removed to Caius college, Cam- 
 bridge, where he took his degree of M. A. 
 in 1676, at which time he entered into or- 
 ders. In 1679 he was instituted to the 
 rectory of Ampton, in Suffolk, which he 
 afterwards resigned, on being chosfcn lec- 
 turer at Gray’s-inn. At the revolution he 
 refused the oaths, and wrote in vindication 
 of the abdicated monarch, for which he was 
 imprisoned in Newgate, but was discharged 
 without being brought to trial. When sir 
 John Friend and sir William Perkins were 
 executed for what was called the assassina- 
 tion plot, Mr. Collier and two other nbn- 
 juring clergymen attended them to the 
 place of execution, where all three joined 
 in absolving them by the imposition of 
 hands. This circumstance made a great 
 noise, and two of the ministers were taken 
 up, but Mr. Collier absconded, and was 
 declared an outlaw. When this storm sub- 
 sided he published three volumes of ex- 
 cellent Essays upon Miscellaneous Sub- 
 jects. He next directed his attention to the 
 immorality of the stage, which was very 
 licentious. This drew him into a contre- 
 V 
 
e o i 
 
 COL 
 
 versy with several eminent poets ; but Dry- 
 den made a honest confession of his fault. 
 Mr. Collier came oft' in this laudable con- 
 test completely victorious; the town was 
 on his side, and the dramatic writers be- 
 gan to write with more regard to decency. 
 Our author’s next work was a translation 
 and continuation of Moreri’s Dictionary, 
 
 A vols. folio. At the accession of queen 
 Anne he had great offers of preferment, 
 which he steadily refused. In 17 14 he pub- 
 lished, in 2 vols. folio, “ The Ecclesiastical 
 History of Great Britain,’ brought down 
 to the death of Charles II. In 1713 he was 
 consecrated a bishop by Dr. George Hickes, 
 who was himself consecrated suffragan of 
 Thetford, by the deprived bishops of Nor- 
 wich, Elly, and Peterborough, in 1694. Mr. 
 Collier suffered severely by attacks of 
 the stone, which brought him to the grave 
 in 1 726. Besides the above works, he pub- 
 lished a volume of Sermons, a translation 
 of Marcus Antoninus, and numerous pam- 
 phlets. — Biog, Brit. 
 
 Co llings (John), a nonconformist divine, 
 was born in Essex, and brought up at Ema- 
 nuel college Cambridge, where he pro- 
 ceeded D. D. lie settled at Norwich, and 
 at the restoration was one of the presby- 
 terian divines in the famous Savoy confer- 
 ence. hie died in 1690, aged 67. Ilis 
 works are numerous, but now obsolete, ex- 
 cept one entitled The Weaver’s Pocket 
 Book, or Weaving Spiritualized. — Calamy. 
 
 Collins (John), an English mathema- 
 tician, was born at Wood-Eaton, in Ox- 
 fordshire, in 1624, and became a clerk to 
 Mr. Mar, an officer in the household of 
 prince Charles. This gentleman was fond 
 of the mathematics, and under him Mr. 
 
 * Collins made some progress in that study. 
 He afterwards went to sea ; and was en- 
 gaged in the Venetian service against the 
 Turks. At the restoration he was ap- 
 pointed accountant to the excise-office, and 
 in 1667 chosen a fellow of the royal society, 
 to whose Transactions he was a liberal con- 
 tributor. He was also accountant to the 
 royal fishery company, and was employed 
 in settling accounts for the court of chan- 
 cery. He died in 1683. Air. Collins 
 kept up a correspondence with the most 
 celebrated mathematicians at home and 
 abroad; as Barrow, Newton, Wallis, Leib- 
 nitz, &c. This correspondence appeared 
 in 1712, in a 4to. volume, under the title of 
 Commercium Epistolicum. Besides h s pa- 
 pers in the Philosophical Transactions, he 
 wrote, an Introduction to Merchants’ Ac- 
 counts, 4to.; the Sector on a Quadrant, or 
 a Treatise concerning the Description of 
 four different Quadrants, 4to. ; the Mari- 
 ner’s Plane Scale new planed ; a Treatise 
 of Geometrical Dialling; the Doctrine of 
 Decimal Arithmetic, Simple Interest, &c. ; 
 a Discourse on Salt and Fishery, & c. — Biog. 
 Brit. 
 
 Collins (Anthony), an English writer 
 
 of note. He was born near Hounslow, lvt 
 Aliddlesex, 1676; educated first at Eton, 
 and then at ICing’s college, Cambridge. 
 On leaving the university, he became a 
 student in the Temple, but did not make 
 the law his profession. He cultivated the 
 acquaintance of Locke and other ingenious 
 men. Locke left a letter to be delivered 
 after his decease to Collins, which is full of 
 affection and good advice. He rendered 
 himself famous by some books against Chris- 
 tianity, particularly one, entitled A Dis- 
 course on Free-thinking, 1713, 8vo.; and 
 a Discourse of the Grounds and Reasons of 
 the Christian Religion, 8vo. 1724; which 
 occasioned a considerable controversy. In 
 1726 appeared his Scheme of Literal Pro- 
 phecy, considered in 8vo. which was at- 
 tacked by several able writers, and defend- 
 ed by the author, who died of the stone in 
 1729. Besides these works, he published 
 Priestcraft in Perfection, 1709; an histori- 
 cal Essay upon the 39 Articles of Religion, 
 1724; and a philosophical Enquiry con- 
 cerning human Liberty, 1717, which was 
 answered by Dr. Samuel Clarke. — Biog. 
 Brit. 
 
 Collins (Samuel), an English physician, 
 who studied at Padua, and took his degree 
 at Oxford in 1659. He wrote the Present 
 State of Russia, 1671, 8vo. and a book of 
 anatomy, in folio. lie was censor of the 
 college in 1707. — Wood. Granger. 
 
 Collins (William), an English poet, was 
 born at Chichester about 1720, and edu- 
 cated at Winchester school, from whence 
 he removed to Queen’s college, Oxford. In 
 1741 he was chosen demy of Alagdalen 
 college, where he took his degree of B.A. 
 and, while there, published his Oriental 
 Eclogues. About 1744 he went to London, 
 where he suffered extreme poverty. Hi? 
 uncle left him 2000/. which saved him from 
 wretchedness, but he did not live to enjoy 
 it. He died at Chichester in 1756, having 
 been reduced to a state of mental imbeci- 
 lity some time. Dr. Johnson paying him a 
 visit at Islington, found him with a book in 
 his hand, which proved to be the New Tes- 
 tament, on which the poet said, “ I have 
 but one book, but that is the best.” His 
 odes are sublime, particularly that on the 
 Passions, but they are frequently obscure. 
 — Bing. Brit. Johnson s Limes of the Poets. 
 
 Collin son (Peter), an ingenious botan- 
 ist, was born near Kendal, in Westmoreland, 
 iu 1694. In his youth he discovered a 
 strong inclination to the study of natural 
 history ; and, in 1728, was elected a fellow 
 of the royal society. He was the friend of 
 Benjamin Franklin., and received from hinj 
 his first essays oil electricity. He kept up 
 a correspondence with ingenious men in 
 every part of the world, and thereby ob- 
 tained a noble collection of plants. When 
 Linnaeus \n liEngland, he formed an in- 
 timacy witk Mr. Collinson, and gave hil 
 name to a.i American plant of the diau- 
 3 
 
COL 
 
 e o l 
 
 broils class. He died in 1763.- Lcilsom s 
 
 Ivlemoirs of Fothergill. Biscr. Br. 
 
 Collius (Francis), doctor of the Am- 
 brosian college at Milan, who wrote de 
 Animabus Paganorum, 2 vcls. 4to. 1622, in 
 which he holds the salvation of certain il- 
 lustrious heathens, and condemns others. 
 He also wrote De Sanguine Christi, a work 
 of considerable erudition, but as singular 
 as the former. lie died in lCrVd.—Moreri. 
 
 Collot-d’Herbojs (J. M.), a strolling 
 player, and a ferocious actor in the French 
 revolution, on the breaking out of which 
 he became a member of the jacobin club, 
 and also of the convention. He was the 
 first who moved for the abolition of royalty, 
 and on the trial of the king sat next to 
 Robespierre, to whom he was a lit assistant, 
 but when that monster was on the point 
 of falling, Collot, as president of the con- 
 vention, joined in impeaching him. Being 
 sent to punish the royalists at Lyons, he 
 committed unparalleled barbarities, for 
 which he obtained the name of Tigef. In 
 1795 he was transported to Cayenne, where 
 he closed his infamous career the year fol* 
 lowing. He wrote the almanack of Father 
 Gerard, and some dramatic pieces, the best 
 •of which is an imitation from the Spanish 
 ol Calderon, entitled Le Paysan Mr.gistrat. 
 — Naim. Diet. Hist. 
 
 CoLtUTiius, priest of Alexandria, who 
 held in the 4th century, the heresy, that 
 God was not the author of the wicked; and 
 that he had nothing to do with the evils or 
 calamities of life. He assumed the episco- 
 pal function without any authority, and 
 was condemned by a council held at Alex- 
 andria in 324. — Case Hist. Lit. 
 
 Colman (George), an English writer, 
 was the son of Thomas Colman, esq. resi- 
 dent at the court of the grand duke of Tus- 
 cany, and born at Florence about 1733. 
 His mother was sister to the countess of 
 Bath. Fie received his education at West- 
 minster school, and Christ-church, Oxford, 
 where he engaged with Bonnel Thornton in 
 writing a periodical paper, called the Con- 
 noisseur. On leaving the university, he en- 
 tered at Lincoln’s-inn,and was called to the 
 bar, but never followed that profession. 
 His first dramatic piece, Polly Honeycomb, 
 was performed at Drurv-lane theatre, in 
 1760, with success; and the next year his 
 comedy of the Jealous Wife was acted with 
 applause. In 1764, lord Bath died, and left 
 him an annuity, which was enlarged by 
 general Pulteney. In 1768 he became a 
 patentee of Covent-garden theatre, but 
 soon after sold his share, and purchased 
 Foote’s theatre in the Hay-market, which 
 he held to his death in 1794. Besides the 
 above pieces, he wrote the Clandestine 
 Marriage, and some other dramatic per- 
 formances, and translated Terence and 
 Horace’s Art of Poetry, with elegance and 
 fidelity- — Europ. Meg. ' 
 
 Coloccj (Angelo), a learned Italian, who, 
 
 according to a common custom among 
 scholars of his time, assumed the Latin 
 name of Angelin Colotius Bassns. He Was 
 born at Jesi, in 1467, of a noble family. 
 After a liberal education he settled at 
 Rome, where he collected a magnificent 
 library, and revived the Roman Academy. 
 Leo X. made him bishop of Nocera, and 
 Clement VII. appointed him governor of 
 Ascoli. He died in 1549. His Latin po- 
 ems are elegant and classical ; but his Ita- 
 lian poetry is of inferior merit. — Tiraboscbi. 
 
 Cologne (Peter de), a protestant divine, 
 was born at Ghent, and educated at Paris 
 and Geneva. At the latter place he gained 
 the friendship of Calvin and Eeza. He set- 
 tled first at Metz, from whence he removed 
 to Heidelberg, where he died in the prime 
 of his life. He wrote on the Eucharist, and 
 in vindication of the protestant doctrines, 
 against the bishop of Metz. — Beyle. 
 
 Colombiere (Claude de la), a French 
 jesuit, who instituted a new rite, called 
 the service to be performed to the heart of 
 Jesus, which he is said to have stolen from 
 the works of Thomas Goodwin, chaplain 
 to Oliver Cromwell. He died in 1682, aged 
 41. Idis sermons were printed at Lyons, in. 
 6 vols. 1 2iho. 1757.- — Moral. 
 
 Colomesjus (Paul), a learned French 
 protestant, was born at Rochelle in 1638. 
 He followed Isaac Vossius to England, and 
 took episcopal orders, after which he was 
 appointed librarian at the palace of Lam- 
 beth. Fie died in 1692. Re wrote Thec- 
 logorum Presbyterianorum Icon; Biblio- 
 theque Cl.oisie, &c. Fie also edited the 
 
 Epistles to and from the elder Vossius. 
 
 Moreri. Bayle. 
 
 Colonna (Prospero), a military com- 
 mander of high reputation, was the son of 
 Anthony prince of Salerno, and born in 
 1452. He and his relation Fa brick) entered 
 into the service of Charles VIII. king of 
 France, and assisted him in the conquest cf 
 Naples ; but they afterwards left him and 
 contributed to the recovery of that king- 
 dom for the house of Arragon. Prospero 
 distinguished himself in many battles, but 
 at last was made prisoner at Villa Franca, 
 in 1515. On regaining his liberty he at- 
 tacked the French with vigour, and having 
 defeated them at the battle of la Bicoqne, 
 relieved Milan in 1522. He died the year 
 following/ — Guicciardini s His), of the Ildars in 
 Italy. 
 
 Colonna (Pompeo), a Roman cardinal, 
 was brought up by his uncle Prospero for 
 the church, though his inclination lay to a 
 military life. After he was bishop of Rieti, 
 he had a quarrel with a Spaniard, and be- 
 ing prevented from fighting him on account 
 of his profession he tore his episcopal dress 
 to pieces. On a false rumour of the death 
 of Pope Julius II. in 1512, Colonna with 
 Savill-o, a young nobleman, excited the 
 Roman people to a revolt, and seized the 
 caoitol, for which he was deprived of. his 
 
 ‘ U2 
 
COL 
 
 C O L 
 
 preferments. He recovered the pope’s fa* 
 vour afterwards, and Leo X. made him a car- 
 dinal. In 1 5'26 he engaged in another conspi- 
 racy to surprise Rome, and to put the pope 
 to death, which, however, was defeated, and 
 the cardinal suffered deprivation. But tins 
 affair occasioned the sack ot Rome by the 
 constable Bourbon. Colonna obtained the 
 pope his liberty, for which he was restored 
 to ‘ his rank. He also became viceroy of 
 Naples, and died in 1532. He wrote a 
 poem De Laudib is lVluliebrum. — Guicciardi- 
 ni's Hist, of the Wars in Italy. 
 
 Colonna (Francisco), a Venetian, who 
 wrote a strange book, entitled Hypnerotoma- 
 thia it Polypbilo , in which there is a mixture 
 of all sciences and all languages, upon the 
 subject of his disappointed passion for a 
 lady named Lucretia Lelia. It was first 
 printed by Aldus in 1499; and a French 
 version appeared in 1546, but both are 
 scarce. Colonna became a dominican 
 monk, and died in 1527. — Tirahoschi. 
 
 Colonna (Victoria), an ingenious Ita- 
 lian lady, was the daughter of Fabricio 
 Colonna, duke of Paliano, and born at 
 Mariano in 1490. At the age of 17 she was 
 married to the marquis of Piscara, after 
 whose death, in 1525, she went into a mo- 
 nastery, but without taking the veil. She 
 died at Rome in 1547. Fler poems have 
 been several times printe^&nd are much 
 admired. — Tirahoschi. 
 
 Colonna (Fabio), of the same family as 
 the preceding, was born at Naples about 
 1.567. He made a great progress in phi- 
 losophy, the languages, mathematics, law, 
 and the fine arts; but applied principally 
 to physic and botany. At the age of 24 
 he published an elegant work, the plates of 
 which he executed himself. It was enti- 
 tled Phytobasanios, seu plantarum aliquot 
 historia, in qua describuntur Plants rario- 
 res antiquorum dehneationibus responden- 
 tes, Naples, 1592, 4to. In 1610 appeared 
 his “ Minus cognitarum rariorumque nos- 
 tro ccelo orientium stirpium txppaan qua 
 non paucae ab antiquioribus descnpt'c djs- 
 auiruntur et declarantur, 4to. ;” it was not, 
 however, completed till 1616. He was the 
 first who distinguished the petals of flowers 
 bv names distinct from tue leaves, and the 
 method of arrangement afterwards adopt- 
 ed by Tournefort. He was also the invent- 
 or of a musical instrument called a Penta- 
 chordon. He died at the age of 80 .—Ibid. 
 ' Halle ri Biblioth. Bo! an. 
 
 Colonna (Marc Antonio), duke of Pa- 
 liano, served with such reputation in the 
 famous battle of Lepanto, gained over the 
 Turks in 1571, as to be honoured with a 
 triumphal entry into Rome bv the pope. 
 He was constable of Naples and viceroy of 
 Sicily He died in 1 584 —Moreri. 
 
 Colonna (Ascanio), son of the above, 
 2R d a cardinal, was distinguished for his 
 tkiil in the canon law. He defended the 
 jbops is his famous dispute with the repub- 
 
 lic of Venice, and died at Rome in 1608.— 
 
 JVloreri. 
 
 Colonna (Francis), an ingenious philo- 
 sopher, who wrote the Natural Flistory of 
 the Universe, 1794, 4vols. 12mo. He was 
 burnt, with his house at Paris, in 1726. — 
 Nowv, Did. Hist. 
 
 Coloni (Adam and Adrian), called the 
 Old and the Toung, two Dutch painters of 
 history and landscape. The father died in 
 London in 1685, and Adrian in 1701, aged 
 33 . — Piilington. 
 
 Colrane (Henry Hare, lord), was 
 born at Blcchingly, in Surry, in j 6:->3, and 
 educated at Christ-church, Oxford, where 
 he wrote a lyric poem inserted in the Musa 
 Anglican*. His lordship died in 1749. His 
 collection of books and prints, pictures and 
 curiosities, were sold alter his death. — Gen. 
 Biog. Diet. 
 
 Colston (Edward), an eminent philan- 
 thropist, was born at Bristol in 16SG, and 
 carried on his father’s business of a Spanish 
 merchant, by which he acquired a large 
 fortune, and disposed the greatest part of it 
 in acts of charity. He built several alms- 
 houses and charity schools in his native 
 city, and gave large sums in his life-time 
 and by will to hospitals and other benefi- 
 cent institutions. Fie died on his birth-day 
 in 1721,audwas buried in All Saints church, 
 Bristol, where a sermon is yearly preached 
 in honour of his memory. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Columbus (Christopher), a celebrated 
 navigator, was born at Genoa about 1447. 
 His origin was humble, and it is asserted 
 that he was bred to his father’s business, 
 of a weaver, but quitted it for the sea. Af- 
 ter making some trading voyages in the 
 Mediterranean, he engaged in the service 
 of a corsair, but the ship was blown up in 
 an engagement, and he saved himself by 
 swimming. Fie then went to Lisbon, where 
 his brother Bartholomew was settled as a 
 maker of charts. Here Christopher mar- 
 ried the daughter of a naval commander, 
 who had been employed in voyages of dis- 
 covery. From bis father-in-law’s journals 
 and charts he acquired a considerable 
 share of nautical knowledge, and traded se- 
 veral years to the Canary islands and the 
 coast of Africa. By application to the 
 study of cosmography he began to enter- 
 tain the idea, that there must be a new 
 continent beyond the Atlantic ocean. The 
 more he considered this subject he became 
 confirmed in the persuasion, and after cor- 
 responding with a learned Florentine, 
 named Paul Foscanelli, famous for his geo- 
 graphical skill, he communicated his plan 
 to the republic of Genoa, but his proposals 
 were rejected as extravagant. He next ap- 
 plied to John II. king of Portugal, but with- 
 out success. He then sent his brother Bar- 
 tholomew to Henry VII. of England, but 
 on the voyage he was taken by pirates. In 
 the mean" time Columbus obtained an au- 
 dience of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, 
 
COL 
 
 COL 
 
 who received him favourably, and in 14912 
 granted him three vessels to prosecute dis- 
 coveries. Tha conditions stipulated be- 
 tween him and his royal employers were, 
 “ that if he made no discoveries he should 
 have no reward ; that if he did he should 
 be viceroy by land, and admiral by sea, and 
 have the tenths of the profits of all the 
 countries discovered by him, and that these 
 privileges should descend to his family.” 
 August 2d of that year, Columbus and his 
 little squadron launched into the deep and 
 touched at the Canaries on the 11th, from 
 whence they sailed the 6th of September. 
 When they were out of sight of land the 
 crews began to be uneasy, and it required 
 no ordinary share of prudence to prevent 
 them from breaking into mutiny. Colum- 
 bus, however, succeeded in stilling the 
 fears and keeping alive the hopes of his 
 men, and on the 11th of October he per- 
 ceived a light from his cabin. The next 
 morning he landed in Guana bay, and 
 erected the royal standard. This island, 
 which is one of the Luccas or Bahamas, 
 he called St. Salvador. From hence he 
 sailed to Cuba, and afterwards to Hispa- 
 niola. Having discovered other islands, 
 and taken possession in the name of their 
 catholic majesties, Columbus returned to 
 Europe, bringing with him some of the na- 
 tives. January 24th he arrived' at Lisbon, 
 and was well received by the king of Por- 
 tugal, who however, seemed to think that 
 the conquests appertained to him, as Co- 
 lumbus had been in his service. Columbus 
 replied, “ that he knew of no such agree- 
 ment, and had carefully abstained from vi- 
 siting any of the Portuguese settlements.” 
 The king was satisfied, and would have 
 sent him to Spain over-land, but the admi- 
 ral chose rather to go with his ships. On 
 the 15th of March he arrived at Seville, 
 and immediately went to Barcelona to 
 their majesties, who received him under a 
 canopy of cloth of gold, made him sit be- 
 side them, and conferred on him several 
 marks of favour. Having obtained letters 
 patent, a larger fleet was fitted out under 
 his command, and people were sent out 
 to colonize Hispaniola. Columbus sailed 
 from Cadiz Sept. 25, 149:3, and in this 
 voyage visited the islands of Dominica, 
 St. Mary’s, Guadaloupe, Montserrat, An- 
 tigua, Hispaniola, Cuba, and Jamaica. In 
 his voyage home his men suffered much 
 from want of provisions and sickness, and 
 a difference among the pilots occasioned 
 much disaffection. But Columbus pre- 
 served his temper, and by admirable pru- 
 dence maintained order among his crews. 
 Jn this voyage he confirmed the result of 
 former observations on the variation of the 
 compass. In 1 498 he made a third voyage, 
 in which he discovered the island of Trini- 
 dad, and on his arrival at Hispaniola found 
 the colony in a state bordering on a civil 
 
 y/ar. He succeeded in restoring peace, but 
 some of the settlers, out of envy against 
 him and his brother Bartholomew, whom 
 he had left there as his lieutenant, sent 
 home such accusations, that queen Isabella 
 revoked the appointment of Columbus and 
 appointed Francis de Bovaddla governor 
 in his room. This man, on his arrival, 
 caused the brothers to be ironed, and in 
 that condition sent them to Europe. The 
 captain of the ship would have taken off 
 the fetters, but Columbus refused to be li- 
 berated except in the presence of his sove- 
 reigns. All Spain felt with indignation 
 the insult offered to so great a man. Lie 
 was instantly set at liberty, and rewarded 
 with a considerable grant. Columbus, 
 however, always kept the fetters, and or- 
 dered that they should be buried with him. 
 In 1502 he made another voyage, in which 
 he traced the coast of Darien, thinking to 
 find a passage to the East Indies. He re- 
 turned to Spain in 1504, and found queen 
 Isabella dead, and the king prejudiced 
 against him. This great man died at Val- 
 ladolid, in 1506. Ilis remains were interred 
 in the cathedral of Seville, where a monu- 
 ment was erected to his memory, bearing 
 this inscription : “To Castile and Leon Co- 
 lumbus lias given a new world.” Yet this 
 brave adventurer hadnot the honour of giv- 
 ing his name to the world he discovered, but 
 was robbed of it by Amerigo, or Americus 
 Vesputius, a Florentine. Of Columbus’s 
 singular sagacity and prudence the follow- 
 ing anecdote is related. While he lay off 
 Hispaniola, the Indians neglected to bring 
 him the provisions which he had agreed 
 for: on this Columbus sent for the chiefs, 
 and told them that the God of the Chris- 
 tians was angry at their breach of faith, 
 and as a proof of it, the ensuing night the 
 moon would rise with a threatening and 
 bloody aspect. He knew that there would 
 be an eclipse that night, but the Indians 
 made light of the prediction, till they saw 
 it verified, on which, in great agony, they 
 supplicated his forgiveness, and ever after 
 continued to bring in the stipulated sup- 
 plies. Bartholomew Columbus died ID 1514. 
 Diego, the son of Christopher, was enno- 
 bled and obtained his father’s honours and 
 grants. Ferdinand , another son, embraced 
 the ecclesiastical state, and formed a rich 
 library, which he left to the cathedral of 
 Seville. Ele wrote the life of his father, 
 and died about 1530 Moreri. Life of Co- 
 
 lumbus in Churchill' s Voyages . 
 
 Columbus (Realdus), an Italian anatom- 
 ist, was a native of Cremona, and a disci- 
 ple of Vesalius, whom he succeeded as 
 anatomical professor at Padua in 1542. He 
 afterwards settled at Rome, where he died 
 in 1577. He published in 1559 a work, 
 entitled, De Re Anatomica, in which are 
 excellent observations and some discoveries. 
 He approached very near to the true doc- 
 
 11 
 
C O M 
 
 C O M 
 
 trine on the circulation of the blond, after- 
 wards found out by Harvey. — Tiruboschi. 
 Hcdler Bib'. Anat. 
 
 Columella, a Latin writer of the first 
 century. He was a native of Spain, and 
 resided at Rome under Claudius, He wrote 
 some books on agriculture and trees, which 
 are extant, and were published by Gesner, 
 
 1 735. — Moreri. 
 
 Columma (Guy), a Sicilian, who accom- 
 panied Edward I. to England, on his return 
 from Palestine, and wrote a history of the 
 siege of Troy, printed first at Cologne in 
 J477, in 4to.; and several times since. — lb. 
 
 Colutiius, a Greek poet of the 6th cen- 
 tury, whose poem on the Rape of Helen is 
 still extant. — Vossius de Poet. Crete. 
 
 CoLvrus (Andrew), a Dutch divine, was 
 born at Dort in 1594, and died in 1671. 
 He accompanied the embassy from the 
 states general to Venice, where he con- 
 tracted an intimacy with father Paul, and 
 translated his treatise on the Inquisition into 
 Latin. Colvius was a good astronomer 
 and a Latin poet. He collected a museum 
 of curiosities, of which a catalogue was 
 printed in 1655. His son Nicholas was a 
 learned divine, and died in 1717. — Moreri. 
 
 Colwil (Alexander), a Scotch episcopa- 
 lian divine, and principal of the university 
 at Edinburgh, who wrote the Scotch Hu- 
 dibras, to ridicule the presbyterians. He 
 died in 167 6, aged 58. — Gen. Biog. Did. 
 
 Combefis (Francis), a French domini- 
 can, who distinguished himself by publish- 
 ing editions of some of the Greek fathers, 
 and died in 1679, aged 74. — Moreri. 
 
 Comber (Thomas), a learned divine, was 
 born at Shermanbury in Sussex, of an an- 
 cient family, in 1575. He was the twelfth 
 child, and surviving all his elder brothers, 
 inherited the estate. He was educated at 
 Horsham school, from whence he removed 
 to Trinity college, Cambridge, where he 
 made a great progress in learning, but es- 
 pecially in the Oriental languages. In 1596 
 he became fellow of his college, and in 1598 
 took his master’s degree. He took his doc- 
 tor’s degree in 1616, and about the same 
 time became chaplain to the king. Charles 
 I. sent him to Scotland to confer with 
 the presbyterian divines about the form of 
 church government; and though nothing 
 was done, the Scotch admired him for his 
 .learning. In 1630 he was promoted to the 
 deanry of Carlisle, and the year following 
 appointed master of Trinity college; at 
 which time he served the office of vice- 
 chancellor. As master of his college he ac- 
 quired a great reputation ; but in the rebel- 
 lion he was deprived of that and his deanry. 
 He was also imprisoned for his loyalty, and 
 otherwise ill-treated, but bore all his suffer- 
 ings with resignation. He died in 1654, 
 and was buried in the church of St. Botolph, 
 Cambridge. — MS. Memoirs of Dr. Comber , 
 tnmm unseated by the Rev. JT. Comber , his desetnd- 
 
 Comber (Thomas), a learned divine, was 
 of the same family as the preceding, but 
 born at Wesierham in Kent, in 1645. After 
 receiving a grammatical education, he was 
 sent to Sidney college, Cambridge, where 
 he took his degrees in arts, but received 
 that of doctor in divinity from the arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury. After obtaining dif- 
 ferent preferments in the church of York, 
 he was promoted to the deanry of Durham 
 in 1691, He wrote several esteemed works, 
 the principal of which are, A Scholastics! 
 History of the Use of Liturgies; a Compa- 
 nion to the Temple, 2 vols. 8vo. ; a Com- 
 panion to the Altar; Discourses upon the 
 whole Common Prayer, 8vo. ; Roman For- 
 geries in the Councils during the first four 
 centuries, 4to. He died in 1699. — Life of 
 Dean Comber by the Rev. Thomas Comber , 8 V O, 
 Bior. Brit. 
 
 Comf.nius (John Amos), a grammarian 
 and divine, was born in Moravia in 1592; 
 arid ordained pastor in 1616, at Fulnec, 
 where also he superintended the school. 
 When the persecution broke out against the 
 protestants he fled to Lesna, in Poland, 
 where he wrote his Janua Linguarum. Af- 
 ter visiting England and .Sweden, he re- 
 turned to Lesna, which he left when it was 
 burnt by the Poles. After rambling from 
 place to place, he settled at Amsterdam, 
 where he printed his New Method of 
 Teaching. Here he applied to the study 
 of the Revelations, and began to prophesy 
 the destruction of Antichrist and the com- 
 mencement of the millennium, which he 
 fixed for the year 1672, but luckily he died 
 the year preceding. He had the highest 
 regard for the famous enthusiast madame 
 Bourignon. — Bayle. Moreri. 
 
 Comes (Natalis), an Italian writer, whose 
 real name was Natal Conti. He was born 
 at Milan, and died about 1590. His Greek 
 and Latin poems were printed at Venice in 
 1550: but his principal work is a system of 
 mythology, entitled “ Mythologiaj sive Ex- 
 plications Fabularum,” 1564, — Tiruboschi. 
 
 Comiers (Claude), canon of Embnin, 
 and professor of mathematics at Paris, died 
 in 1693. He wrote two treatises on the 
 Nature of Comets, another on Spectacles, 
 and some other curious pieces. — Moreri. 
 
 Commandine (Frederic), an Italian ma- 
 thematician of a noble family, was born at 
 Urbino in 1509, and died in 1575. He trans- 
 lated several of the ancient mathematicians 
 into Latin, with notes, particularly Archi- 
 medes, Apollonius, Ptolemy, and Euclid ; 
 besides which, he published some books of 
 his own composition. — Ibid. 
 
 Cqmmeun (Jerome), a French printer, 
 born at Douay, and settled first at Geneva, 
 and next at Heidelberg, where he died in 
 1598. He printed several of the Greek 
 and Latin fathers, with learned notes of his 
 own. — Ibid. 
 
 Commendone (John Francis), a cardinal, 
 was born at Venice in 1524. He wrot^ 
 
COM 
 
 CON 
 
 Latin verses at the age of ten. Pope Julius 
 III. made him his chamberlain, and employ- 
 ed him in several important embassies. 
 Paul IV. gave him a bishopric, and Pius IV. 
 made him a cardinal in 1565, when he was 
 nuncio in Poland. He was legate at the 
 diet at Augsburg, where he was zealous 
 against the Lutherans. He died in 1584. 
 Some of his Latin poems and letters are in 
 print. — Moreri. 
 
 Commerson (Philibert), physician and 
 botanist to the king of France, was born at 
 Chatillon les Dombes, in Bresse, in 17^7 , 
 and educated at Montpellier. He died at 
 the isle of France, whither he accompanied 
 Bougainville in his voyage round the world 
 in 1773. His botanical collections were 
 immense, and his application prodigious. 
 Hepublished Ichthyology in 2vols.4to.;’and 
 a treatise entitled the Martyrology of Bo- 
 tany, giving accounts of those who have 
 lost their lives in their botanical researches, 
 in which his own name was intended to be 
 placed, and to which doubtless it is entitled. 
 His botanical collections, amounting to 
 •thirty-two large cases, he left to the king’s 
 cabinet. — Elogede Commerson par la Lande. 
 
 Com mines (Philip de), an historian, was 
 born in Flanders, of a noble family, in 
 1445, and became eminent as a statesman 
 at the court of Lewis XI. of France. On 
 the death of that monarch he was sent 
 to prison, and was treated with great seve- 
 rity. He was at last liberated, and died 
 in 1509. His Memoirs of his own Times 
 shew a great knowledge of men and things, 
 an acuteness of judgment in tracing cir- 
 cumstances to their causes, and are enriched 
 with a variety of excellent observations. 
 The best edition of the original is that of 
 Fresnoy, 1747, 4 vols. 4to. ; and in English 
 the translation of Uvedale, with curious 
 notes, in 2 vols. 8vo. — Moreri. 
 
 Commire (John), a French jesuit, and 
 distinguished for his Latin poetry, was born 
 at Amboise in 1625, and died at Paris in 
 1702. His fables are accounted equal to 
 Phxdrus. An edition of all his poems was 
 published in 2 vols. 12mo. 1754. — Moreri. 
 
 Commodi (Andrea), an historical painter 
 cf Florence. He painted a fine picture for 
 pope Paul V. of the angels falling from 
 heaven. He died in 1638, aged 73. — -777- 
 
 Mnfton. 
 
 Commodus (Lucius Aurelius Antoninus), 
 a Roman emperor, was the son of Anto- 
 ninus the philosopher, whom he succeedad 
 in ISO. His disposition was naturally cru- 
 el and vicious. He seduced his own sisters, 
 and kept a number of concubines and ca- 
 tamites. He used also to fight as a com- 
 mon gladiator in the amphitheatre. Having 
 resolved to put his concubine Marcia to 
 death, she poisoned him A. D. 192.- — Hero~ 
 dian. Grenier. Gibbon. 
 
 Comptf. (l.ewis le),a French jesuit, who 
 was sent to China as a missionary and ma- 
 thematician, in 10S5, and published on 
 
 his return to Europe, his Memoirs of that 
 country, which is a respectable book. He 
 
 died at Bourdeaux, in 1729. Noun. Diet. 
 
 Hist. 
 
 Compton (Spencer), the gallant earl of 
 Northampton, who was slain at the battle 
 of Ilopton-heath, in Staffordshire, March 
 19, 1643, aged 42. His lordship was of- 
 fered quarter, but he indignantly replied, 
 
 “ that he scorned to accept quarter from 
 such base rogues and rebels as they were 
 on which he was basely slain with a halbert. 
 He left six sons and two daughters. — Cla- 
 r endin' . Hid. of the Rebellion. 
 
 Compton (Henry), an English prelate, 
 was the son of the above, and born in 
 1632. Fie received his education a r ; Queen’s 
 college, Oxford; and at the restoration, 
 had a cornetcy in the horse; but he quit- 
 ted the military life, entered into orders, 
 and was appointed canon of Christ church, 
 Oxford, with the rectory of Cottenham, in 
 Cambridgeshire. In 1674*Tie was preferred 
 to the bishopric of Oxford, and the year 
 following translated to London. At this 
 time he was sworn of the privy council, 
 and had the charge of educating the prin- 
 cesses Mary and Anne, afterwards queens 
 of England. He resisted popery with 
 great spirit in the reign of James II and 
 when that monarch ordered him to suspend 
 Dr. Sharpe, rector of St. Giles’s in the 
 Fields, he refused, for which he was sus- 
 pended from his episcopal functions; but 
 a little before the revolution, he was restor- 
 ed. On the landing of the prince of Orange, 
 he conveyed the princess Anne from Lon- 
 don to Nottingham. He was zealous in 
 placing William and Mary on the throne, 
 and performed the office of coronation in- 
 stead of archbishop Sancroft. He died at 
 Fulham in 1713, and was buried in the 
 church-yard of that parish. Fie translated 
 the Life of Donna Olympia Maldachini 
 from the Italian ; and wrote a treatise on 
 the Holy Communion, besides sermons and 
 letters. ^ He was fond of botany, and had 
 the finest garden of exotics in England. Fie 
 was also a great encourager of Mr. Ray, 
 Plukenet, and other naturalists. — Biog. Br. 
 Pulieney's .Sketches on Botany. 
 
 C’onant (John), an English divine, was 
 born in 1608, at Heanton in Devonshire, 
 and educated at Exeter college, Oxford ; 
 where he was chosen fellow, aud proceed- 
 ed to the degree of D. D. Fie was one 
 of the assembly of divines ; and in 1647 
 was chosen rector of his college ; and 
 shortly after, professor of divinity, lie 
 was one of the commissioners on the side 
 of the nonconformists at the Savoy con- 
 ference; but in 1670 he conformed,' and 
 became minister of St. Mary Aldermanbu- 
 rv, London, which he exchanged for that 
 of All Saints, Northampton, to which was 
 added the arch-deaconry of Norwich, and 
 in 1681, a prebend of Worcester. He died 
 in 1693, and was buried in the church of 
 
CON 
 
 CON 
 
 All Saints, Northampton. Six volumes of 
 his sermons have been published. — Biog. Br. 
 Brine:' s Worthies of Devon. 
 
 Conca (Sebastian), an eminent historical 
 painter, was born at Gaeta in 1679, and 
 died in 1761. He painted several fine pic- 
 tures for the king of Naples. — Pilkington. 
 
 Concanen (Matthew), a writer who is 
 chiefly noted by he place he occupies in 
 Pope's Dunciad, and by a letter to him 
 from bishop Warbu-ton. He was born in 
 Ireland, and bred to the law. On settling 
 in London, lie became a party writer, in 
 defence of the ministry, for which he was 
 rewarded with the post of attorney-general 
 of Jamaica, where he acquired a good for- 
 tune. He died in London in 1749. Some 
 of his poems have merit. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Concina (Daniel), a dominican monk, 
 was born in the territory of Venice, about 
 1636. His fame as a preacher was so great 
 that he drew hearers from all parts of Italy. 
 Pope Benedict XIV. consulted him fre- 
 quently on difficult cases of the canon law. 
 He died at Venice in 1756. He wrote a 
 system of Christian Theology, in 12 vols. 
 4to. ; and numerous pieces on casuistical 
 and pract cal subjects. — Mo'-eri. 
 
 Concino Cqncini, more celebrated by 
 the title of marshal d’Ancre, was a Floren- 
 tine by birth, and went to France with 
 Miry de Medicis, wife of Henry IV. He 
 afterwards obtained a marqirsate, and some 
 considerable places , which favours he abus- 
 ed, and was assassinated by the king’s di- 
 rections in 1617, and his body was infa- 
 mously treated by the mob. His wife Ga- 
 ligai was also made a sharer of his mis- 
 fortunes, and was accused of witchcraft. 
 When the judges asked her by what arts 
 she had gained an ascendancy over the 
 queen, she replied, “ My sorcery has only 
 been the influence of a strong mind over 
 a weak one.” She was burnt to death the 
 same year her husband was murdered. — 
 Nlorer't. 
 
 Condamine (Charles Marie de la), a 
 French mathematician, and chevalier of 
 the order of St. Hazard, was born at Paris 
 in 1701. He was sent in 1736 with Godin 
 and Bouguer to Peru, to measure a degree 
 at the equator, where he suffered great 
 hardships On his return to Europe he 
 married his niece, by dispensation from the 
 pope. He died in 1774. He wrote a jour- 
 nal of the abovemen tioned voyage ; Tra- 
 vels in Italy, and other works. — Now. Diet. 
 Hist. 
 
 Conde (Lewis, the first prince of), was 
 the son of Charles of Bourbon, duke of 
 Vendome, and born in 1530. He signa- 
 lized himself when young, at the battle of 
 St. Ouin tin, and behaved with great gal- 
 lantry till the death, of Henry II. when he 
 became a leader of the discontented hugo- 
 nots. He was wounued at the battle of 
 Dreux, in 1562, and slain in that of Jarnac, 
 in 1569. His Memoirs of his own 'l imes 
 
 were printed after his death. The last edi- 
 tion is that of 1743, in 6 vols. — Moreri. 
 
 Conde (Henry, prince of), was born in 
 15S8. He turned catholic at the request of 
 Henry IV. In 1616 he was committed to 
 the Bastille, and remained there three years. 
 After the death of Lewis XIII. he recover- 
 ed favour at court, and was minister of 
 state under the regent. He served his coun- 
 try with fidelity, and died at Paris in 1646. 
 —Ibid. 
 
 Conde (Lewis, prince of), duke of Eng- 
 hien, the illustrious son of the preceding, 
 and commonly called the great, was born at 
 Paris in 1621. Cardinal Richelieu entering 
 into conversation with him when he was 
 a boy, said, “ that he certainly would 
 be the first general in Europe, and che 
 greatest man of his time.” At the age of 
 22 he gained the battle of Rocroi against 
 the Spaniards, which victory was followed 
 by the capture of Thionville, and other 
 places. He next entered Germany, where 
 he gathered innumerable laurels. Being 
 recalled from thence, he was sent into Ca- 
 talonia, but failed in his attempt to take 
 Lerida. In 1641 he defeated the Imperial- 
 ists in Flanders with prodigious slaughter. 
 In the civil war, occasioned by the mal- 
 administration of Cardinal Mazarine, and 
 the conduct of the queen mother, Conde 
 adhered to the court, and effected a recon- 
 ciliation. lie afterwards joined the mal- 
 contents, in consequence of the ungrateful 
 treatment he experienced from the cardinal, 
 and in 1652 a civil war broke out, in which 
 Conde opposed the court, but without suc- 
 cess. Peace was concluded, but the prince 
 refusing to accede to it, entered into the 
 service of the Spaniards in the Low Coun- 
 tries; and though his military exploits were 
 uncommonly splendid in this new region, 
 yet the circumstance of his joining the ene- 
 mies of his country is a stain on liis memory. 
 At the peace of the Pyrennees, in 1659, he 
 obtained his pardon, and he served his coun- 
 try with his wonted activity and success. 
 He contended with the prince of Orange 
 in the Netherlands, and was wounded at 
 the famous passage of the Rhine. The 
 conquest of Franche Comptd was also 
 chiefly owing to him. After the death of 
 Tureane, he carried on the war against 
 Germany with advantage. At last the 
 gout obliged him to retire to Chantilly, 
 where he died in 1686, leaving by his wife, 
 
 niece of Richelieu, two sons. Moreri. 
 
 Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Conder (John), a dissenting minister, 
 and D. D was born in Cambridgeshire in 
 1714. In 1755 he became principal of the 
 academy at Miie-end; and in 1761, pastor 
 of the congregation in Moorfields. He died 
 in 1781. Dr. Conder wrote an essay 
 on the Ministerial Character, and some ser- 
 mons. — Gent. Mag. 
 
 Condillac (Stephen), a French meta- 
 physician, member of thy academy, and 
 
CON 
 
 CON 
 
 tutor to Ferdinand, prince of Parma. He 
 died in 1 780. He wrote, 1 . an Essay on the 
 Origin of Human Knowledge- 2. a Treatise 
 on the Sensations, 2 vols. 12mo.; 3. a Trea- 
 tise on Animals, 12mo. ; 4. a Course of Stu- 
 dy drawn up for the Instruction of the 
 Prince of Parma, 16 vols. 12mo. ; 5. Com- 
 merce and Government considered relative- 
 ly to each other, 12mo. — Notiv. D/ct. Hist. 
 
 Condorcet (John Anthony Nicholas Ca- 
 ritat, marquis of), a French philosopher, 
 was born at Ribemont, in Picardy, in 1743. 
 He was educated at the college of Navarre, 
 where he studied mathematics, and soon 
 distinguished himself among the geometri- 
 cians. In 1765 appeared his first work On 
 Integral Calculations, which was received 
 with approbation by the academy. In 1767 
 he published a treatise, Of the Problem of 
 the 1 hree Bodies; and the year following, 
 his analytical Essays. In 1769 he was cho- 
 sen member of the academy, and in 1773 
 secretary, in which capacity he distinguish- 
 ed himself by the elegance of his eulogies. 
 His Life of Turgot is reckoned an admira- 
 ble piece of biography; but mat of Voltaire 
 is bombastic and flattering beyond bounds. 
 In 1791 he became a member of the na- 
 tional assembly, and of the Jacob. n club. 
 He offered many gross insults to the king, 
 though he was against his being brought to 
 trial. When Robespierre established his 
 authority, Condorcet was marked as a vic- 
 tim, and concealed iiimself in Paris for some 
 days. He then went to an acquaintance in 
 Fontenai,but his friend was not at home. 
 In this state of suspense, he spent one night 
 in a quarry, and another in an open iield. 
 On the third day he was seized and commit- 
 ted to prison, as a suspicious person, but 
 was found dead in his bed the next morn- 
 ing, March 28, 1794. He left, a Sketch of 
 the Progress of the Human Mind; a Tract 
 on Calculation ; and an Elementary 1 rea- 
 lise on Arithmetic. Condorcet was a good 
 analyst, and an ingenious man, but weak 
 and indecisive, and, what was worse, lie 
 had neither feelings of humanity, nor re- 
 spect for religioni — Life by La Lands. Anecd. 
 of the Founders of the French Rcpub. JVoiru. 
 'Diet. Hist. 
 
 Condrkn (Charles do), a priest of the 
 congregation of the oratory and doctor of 
 the Sorbonne, was confessor to the duke of 
 Orleans, in which capacity he did essential 
 service, by effecting a reconciliation be- 
 tween that prince and the king. He was 
 offered an archbishopric and a cardinalship, 
 both wliich lie refused, and accepted only 
 the dignity of general of his order. He 
 died in 1641. He wrote Discourses and 
 fetters, 2 vols. 12mo. — Moreri. 
 
 Confucius, or Cong-fu-tse, a Chinese 
 philosopher, was born in the province of 
 Ciian-Iong, about 551 years B. C. Won-, 
 derful things are told of the precocity of 
 his talents, and of his extraordinary virtue, 
 particularly his dutifulness to his ancestors, 
 
 a point of the highest consequence in the 
 moral system of the Chinese. He lost his 
 father, who was a mandarin, at the age of 
 three years ; but his grandfather, a learned 
 and holy man, lived long enough to impart 
 his instructions to his grandson. When he 
 was nineteen he took a wife, by whom he 
 had a son, who died at the age of 50, and 
 left a son called Tson-tse, whose character 
 stood high for wisdom and virtue. Con- 
 fucius never kept any concubines, though 
 it was the custom of his country. At tiie 
 age of 23 he formed the project of a gene- 
 ral reformation, and with success, being 
 equally respected by king and people. A 
 great change was brought about in the 
 kingdom of Lu, where he lived, which 
 alarmed the neighbouring princes, who 
 sent the king several tempting girls to 
 allure him from virtue and Confucius. The 
 scheme succeeded, and the philosopher 
 withdrew from court in disgust, lie then 
 travelled in search of a country disposed to 
 attend to his maxims. He went through 
 several countries spreading his doctrines, 
 and endeavouring to make men wise and 
 happy. Mis followers became numerous; 
 out of whom he selected ten as his cho- 
 sen disciples, to whom he imparted the 
 treasures of wisdom. He died in the 73d 
 year of his age. The king of Lu, when he 
 heard of his death, burst into tears, and 
 said, “ that heaven being displeased with 
 him, had taken away Confucius.” From 
 that time his memory was cherished as 
 that of a saint, and several magnificent 
 structures were raised to his honour. His 
 books are regarded by the Chinese as the 
 fountain of w.sdom, and they appear to 
 deserve the praise bestowed upon them, as 
 far as they regard pure morality. His de- 
 scendants enjoy the title of mandarins of 
 the first order to this day. — Du Halde's Hist, 
 of China. Moreri. 
 
 Congreve (William), a dramatic poet, 
 was born in Staffordshire in 1672, but 
 brought up iii Ireland, first at Kilkenny 
 school, and next at Trinity college, Dublin; 
 after which, he entered of the Middle Tem- 
 ple, but never followed the law. His tirst 
 literary production was a romance called 
 Incognita, or Love and Duty reconciled, 
 written at the age of seventeen. In 1693 
 appeared his comedy of the Old Batchelor, 
 which was received with applause, and re- 
 commended to the earl of Halifax, who 
 made him a commissioner of the Hackney- 
 coach office. His next performance was 
 the Double Dealer; and in 1695 he brouo-ht 
 out his Love for Love. About this time 
 he was engaged in a controversy with 
 Collier respecting the immorality of his 
 pieces, in which Congreve was complete- 
 ly foiled. He died in 1729. His remains 
 were interred in Westminster abbey. Be- 
 sides the above pieces, he wrote the Mourn- 
 ing Bride, a tragedy ; the Way of the World, 
 a comedy , and poems-. He left his fortune 
 
C O N 
 
 CON 
 
 to Henrietta, duchess of Marlborough. — . 
 Blog. Brit. Johnson s Limes of the Pods. 
 
 Connor (Eerrtard), an Irish physician, 
 was horn in the county of Iverrv about 
 1666, 'and brought up at Montpellier and 
 Paris. He resided some time at Warsaw, 
 which enabled him to write the History of 
 Poland, in 2 vols. Bvo. In 1695 he came to 
 England, and became a fellow of the roval 
 society. In 1607 he printed a book in La- 
 tin, on the Miracles of our Saviour, which 
 made a great noise, as being unfavourable 
 to Christianity. But he died the rear fol- 
 lowing in the communion of the church of 
 England. — Funeral Sermon for Lh. Connor, by 
 Hr. Havley. Biog. Br. 
 
 Conon, an Athenian general, who was 
 defeated in a naval engagement by Lysan- 
 der. He then went into exile, and put 
 himself under the protection of Artaxerxes, 
 king of Persia, by whose aid he was enabled 
 to defeat the Spartans near Guidos, where 
 their commander was slain. After having 
 fortified Athens, and restored its liberty, he 
 was betrayed to Tiribazus, a Persian, who 
 
 put him to death, B. C. 393. Plutarch. 
 
 Xenophon. 
 
 Conon, an astronomer of Samos, who to 
 gain the favour of Ptolemy Ernegctcs af- 
 firmed that his queen Berenice’s locks were 
 formed into a constellation, l ie was the 
 friend of Archimedes, and flourished 247 
 35. C . — Passim de Malhern. 
 
 Conrad I. count of Franconia, elected 
 king of Germany in 912. His title was ac- 
 knowledged by all, except Arnoul duke of 
 Bavaria, who engaged the Huns to ravage 
 Germany. Conrad got rid of the invaders 
 by the promise of a yearly tribute, and 
 died in 918. — Unim. Hist. 
 
 Conrad II. son of Herman duke of Fran- 
 conia, was elected king of Germany in 
 1024. Several of the princes revolted 
 against him but were defeated. In 1027 
 Conrad went to Rome, where he was 
 crowned emperor. He also obtained the 
 kingdom of Burgundy by the will of king 
 Rodolphus, in 1033. lie died in 1039. — 
 Ibid. 
 
 Conrad III. emperor, was before his 
 election dnke of Franconia, and the sen of 
 Frederick duke of Suabia. IJis election 
 was attended with civil wars, which raged 
 a long time. When peace was restored, 
 Conrad made an expedition to the Holy 
 Land, where he nearly lost the whole of 
 his array, through the Greeks poisoning 
 the fountains. He returned to Germany, 
 gold died in 1152. — Ibid. 
 
 Conrad IV. duke of Suabia, was elected 
 emperor of Germany after the death of 
 his- father Frederick II. in 1250. Pope In- 
 nocent IV. who claimed the right of dis- 
 posing of the crown preached a crusade 
 against him. Conrad marched into Italy, 
 took Naples, Capua, and other places, but 
 died soon after, not without suspicion of 
 poison, in 1254. — Hid. 
 
 Conradin, or Conrad the Younger, 
 the son of the last-mentioned, was but thre<; 
 years old at the death of his father, who 
 left the regency of the kingdom of Naples 
 to Mainfroi his uncle. Urban IV. gave 
 that crown to Charles of Anjou, who de- 
 feated Conradin in 1268, and caused hires 
 to be beheaded at the age of 16 years. — 
 Ibid. 
 
 Conrart (Valentin), oneof the founders 
 of the French academy, was born at Paris 
 in 1603, and died in 1675. He was a liberal 
 man, and an encourages- of letters, though 
 not learned himself. He printed some let- 
 ters and tracts. — Moreri. 
 
 Conri (Florence), a franciscan, was bom 
 in the province of Connaught in Ireland in 
 1560. He was educated in Spain, and 
 when Philip HI. attempted the conquest of 
 Ireland, Conri was sent thither, and to give 
 him the greater influence, the pope made 
 him titular archbishop of Tuarn. The de- 
 sign however failed, and he returned to 
 Madrid, where he died in 1629. He wrote, 
 the Mirror of the Christian Life : an Isjjsh 
 Catechism, printed at Louvain in 1626; 
 and some pieces in Latin, on the works of 
 A ugu st i n e. — Moreri. 
 
 Coniungius (Hermannns), a learned 
 physician and antiquary, was born in East 
 Friesland, in 1 606, and studied at Leyden, 
 lie was professor of physic and politics at 
 Helmstadt, and died senior of that univer- 
 sity in 1631. FIc wrote treatises or. the 
 Aristotelian System ; others on Law, and 
 German Antiquities; all of which were col- 
 lected in 7 vols folio, 1730. — Ibid. 
 
 Constant (David), a learned divine, 
 was born at Lausanne in Switzerland in 
 1638, and after studying at various univer- 
 sities, settled at his native place, as pro- 
 fessor of moral philosophy and Greek, and 
 afterwards of theology. He died in 1733. 
 He published an Abridgment of Politics : 
 on the Passage through the Red Sea ; De 
 Uxore Lothi, rubo Mosis & Serpentosereo; 
 Systema Ethico-Theologicum, and some 
 editions of ancient authors. — Ibid. 
 
 Constantine the great, emperor of 
 the Romans was the son of Constantins 
 Chlorus, by Helena, and born about the 
 year 274. On the death of his father, in 
 306, he was proclaimed emperor by the 
 army. He defeated the Franks, after which 
 lie crossed the Rhine and committed great 
 ravages in Belgium. Fie married Fausta, 
 the daughter of Maximum, in 307. Flis 
 father-in-law taking advantage of his ab- 
 sence from Arles, where lie held his court, 
 seized the treasury and assumed the impe- 
 rial title, but shortly after he was taken 
 prisoner by Constantine, and strangled him- 
 self. A war now broke out between Con- 
 stantine and Maxentius, the son of Maximi- 
 an, on which the former marched into 
 Italy, which he completely reduced, and 
 in a battle near Rome, Maxentius was de- 
 feated and drowned in the Tiber. It is at 
 
 
CON 
 
 CON 
 
 this period that the tera of Constantine’s 
 conversion to Christianity hy the superna- 
 tural appearance of a luminous cross in the 
 heavens is fixed. But though the emperor 
 himself related the circumstance to Euse- 
 bius, it stands on a weak foundation. After 
 the death of Maxentius, he entered Rome 
 in triumph, and received from the senate 
 the rank of Augustus, in conjunction with 
 Licinius and Maxintin, the former ol whom 
 married his sister, Constantia. A civil war 
 shortly after broke out between Licinius 
 and Maximin, in which the latter was slain, 
 l icinius then formed a conspiracy against 
 Constantine, -which being discovered, war 
 ensued between them, in which Constantine 
 was successful, and peace was concluded. A 
 second war broke out in .‘323, and terminat- 
 ed the defeat of Licinius, and his resignation 
 of the Imperial dignity. Not long after- 
 wards he was strangled. Having obtained 
 possession of the empire, Constantine began 
 to shew his regard for the religion which 
 he had adopted, by building- numerous 
 churches, and taking a journey to Jerusa- 
 lem to visit the holy sepulchre. While in 
 the Holy Land lie erected a magnificent 
 church at Bethlehem. At this time the 
 Christian world was disturbed by the dis- 
 putes between the orthodox and the arians. 
 At the head of the first stood Athanasius, to 
 whom Constantine shewed but little favour, 
 and consented to his banishment ; but af- 
 terwards he condemned the doctrines of 
 Arms, and adhered to the Nicene confes- 
 sion. With this zeal for religion he blend- 
 ed courage and justice. He conquered the 
 Goths, and gave an asylum in his domini- 
 ons to a number of Samaritans who had 
 been driven from their own country. He 
 founded Constantinople and performed 
 many actions that entitle him to the name 
 of Great, Yet he sullied his character by 
 the murder of bis son Crispus. He died in 
 537, aged 66. — Grenier. Ur.iv. Hist. 
 
 Constantine II. son of the above, was 
 born at Arles in 316. On the death of 
 his father he obtained Gaul, Spain, and 
 Britain, for his share ; but envying- the 
 part possessed by his brother Constans, he 
 marched against him, and was slain at 
 Aquilaiia, in 340. — Ibid. 
 
 Constantine IV. surnamed Poganatus, 
 or the bearded , was the son of Constans II. 
 and succeeded him in 668. His first act was 
 an expedition to Sicily, to avenge the mur- 
 der of his father, and to depose the usurper, 
 in which he succeeded The army having 
 set up his two brothers as coadjutors with 
 him in the empire, lie caused their noses to 
 be cut off. He defeated thy Saracens, and 
 called a council at Constantinople in 680, 
 in which the heresy of the monothelites 
 vvas condemned. ITe died in 685. — Ibid. 
 
 Constantine V. was the son of the 
 emperor Leo the Isaurian, whom he suc- 
 ceeded in 752. He was a great enemy, to 
 jan^ge- worship, for which his memory has 
 
 been ill treated by the Romanists. He de- 
 feated the Saracens, and his brother-in- 
 law, Artavasdes, who assumed the title of 
 emperor. Constantine was afterwards de- 
 feated bv the Bulgarians, whom, in another 
 battle, he completely routed. He died in 
 775. — Grenier. Unin. Hist. 
 
 Constantine VI. son of Leo IV. by 
 Irene, was born in 770, and succeeded his 
 father in 780, under the guardianship of 
 his mother. Irene was ambitious, and 
 wished to keep the power from, her son 
 who struggled hard to assume the reins of 
 government. After many contests, she was 
 obliged to vicld, and retired to a private 
 station; still however intriguing in secret 
 for the resumption of authority. An in- 
 vasion »f the empire by the Bulgarians 
 aided her views., and she caused her sou to 
 be deprived of his eyes in 702. He lived 
 in obscurity some years after this, leaving 
 the throne to his unnatural mother. — Ibid. 
 
 Constantine VII. (Porphyrogenitus), 
 son of Leo the Wise, was born in 905, and 
 came to the throne, at the age of seven 
 years, under the guardianship of his mo- 
 ther Zoe. He defeated the Lombards, and 
 obliged the Turks to quit Italy, lie was 
 poisoned by his son Romanus in 959. Con- 
 stantine wrote the Life of the Emperor 
 Basilius the Macedonian; the Geography 
 of the empire; on State Affairs, Sic. — Ibid. 
 
 Constantine IX. was the son of the 
 emperor Romanus, and succeeded to the 
 imperial title, with his brother Basil II. on 
 the death of John Rimisces in 976. The 
 power, however, was principally possessed 
 by Constantine, who died in 1023. — Ibid. 
 
 Constantine X. surnamed MonomacJ}u a 
 or the gladiator, was a noble Greek, and 
 the husband of Zoe, daughter of Constan- 
 tine IX. He ascended the throne in 1 012. 
 His reign was disturbed by insurrections, 
 which he quelled ; but the Turks took from 
 him several places. 1 xe died in 1054. — Ibid. 
 
 Constantine XI. surnamed Ducas , was 
 adopted by . Isaac Comneaus as his successor 
 in 1059. The ’Scythians ravaged the em- 
 pire in his reign, and several cities were 
 destroyed by an earthquake, tie died in 
 1 067. — Ibid. 
 
 Constantine XIII. was the son of the 
 emperor John Paleologus, and succeeded his 
 brother John in 1448. He was killed in 
 bravely defending Constantinople against 
 the Turks in 1453, and with him ended 
 the Greek empire. — Ibid. 
 
 Constantine (Flavius Julius), a pri- 
 vate soldier, who was raised by the army 
 in Britain to the imperial dignity in 407, 
 on which he crossed over to Gaul and con- 
 quered that country and Spain. He fixed 
 his court at Arles, where he was besieged 
 by Constantins, the general of the emperor 
 Hsnorius. Constantine surrendered on the 
 promise that his life should'be spared, which, 
 however, was basely violated, and he and 
 his son were put to death A. D. 411. — Ibid. 
 
CON 
 
 COO 
 
 Constantine, pope, was born in Syria, 
 and elected to the papal chair in 708. He 
 made a voyage into the east, where he was 
 received with great splendour, and died in 
 71.7. There was an antipope of the same 
 name, who opposed Stephen III. but being 
 driven front Rome, retired into a mona- 
 stery. — Btnver. P Latina. 
 
 Constantine, cMc'¥th$.Africar>, a phy- 
 sician, was a native of Carthage, and well 
 versed in the oriental languages. He set- 
 tled at Salerno, where he entered into a 
 monastery, and composed several medical 
 pieces, chiefly translations from the Arabic 
 writers. He died in 1087. His works 
 
 were printed at Basil in 1582, folio. 
 
 M.reri. 
 
 Constantine (Robert), alearned French 
 physician,and professor of the belles iettres 
 at Caen, was bom in 1502, and died in 
 1605. He wrote a Greek and Latin Lexi- 
 con, and some books on Grecian Antiqui- 
 ties. — Ibid. 
 
 Constantius (Chlorus), the son of Eu- 
 trbpius, and the father of Constantine the 
 Great. He obtained the title of Caesar, from 
 his victories in Germany and Britain ; and 
 on the abdication ofDioclesian was chosen 
 the colleague of Galerius. He died at 
 York in 306. — Uni-v. Hist. 
 
 Consta ntius (Flavius Julius), the se- 
 cond son of Constantine the Great, was horn 
 iu 317, made Cassar in 323, and elected 
 emperor in S37. The soldiers, to secure 
 the throne to the three sons of Constan- 
 tine, massacred the uncles and cousins of 
 those princes, with the exception of Julian 
 the apostate, and his brother Gallus. After 
 .this the sons of Constantine divided the 
 empire, Constantins taking the east to his 
 share. Magnentius, governor of Rhratia, 
 murdered Constans, who had reigned over 
 Italy thirteen years, on which Constantins 
 marched against the murderer, whom he 
 defeated, and his elder brother being also 
 dead, he became sole emperor. He died 
 cn his march against Julian, who had as- 
 sumed the purple in 361. — Uni-v. Hist. 
 
 Co NT a RTNt (Gaspard), a cardinal, was 
 
 rn at Venice, the senate of which em- 
 ployed him in several embassies. He ob- 
 tained the cardinalship in 1538, and in 
 5541 was appointed legate to the council 
 of Trent. He died in 1542. He wrote lie 
 immortalit'ite Amin®; De Septem Ecclesias 
 Sacramentis ; De opfimi antistiris officio; 
 Confutaiio Articulorum Lutheri, <!kc. His 
 “works are written with elegance. — Moreri. 
 
 C o n tvv r i n i ( G i o va nni ) , a Ven eti an ji a i n t- 
 er of great merit, who died in 1605, aged 
 
 56. He imitated Titian with success — 
 
 Pilhingt ,n. 
 
 Comtarini (Vincent), professor of elo- 
 quence at Padua. He died in 1617, aged 
 40. His works are, 1. De re Frumentaria ; 
 2, De Miiitari Romano rum Stipendio; 3. 
 Variac Lectior.es ; all in 4fo. — Moreri. 
 
 Co nt t. (Jacopiuo dal), a painter of Flo- 
 
 rence, who was patronized by pope Paul- 
 Ill. He excelled in portraits, and died in 
 1.598, aged 88. — Pilkington. 
 
 Conti (Armand de Bourbon, prince of). 
 He was born in 1629, and brought up to 
 the church, but cn the death of liis father 
 he quitted the ecclesiastical state, for a mili- 
 tary life ; and in the dissensions which 
 broke out in France he sided with the mal- 
 contents, in opposition to his brother the 
 great Cotide. Afterwards these two princes 
 were sent to the prison of Vincennes, by 
 Mazarine. In 1654 Conti ve ts made go- 
 vernor of Guienne, general of the armies in 
 Catalonia, and in 1662 governor of Lan- 
 guedoc. He died in 1663. He wrote, 
 Traite de la Comedie K des Spectacles se- 
 lon la Tradition de l’Eglise; Devoirs des 
 Grands, avec un Testament ; Devoirs des 
 Gouveroeurs de Provence, Paris 1667, 3 
 vols. 12mo. — Moreri. 
 
 Conti (Giusto di), an Italian poet of 
 the 16th century, whose poems were print- 
 ed by Salvini at Florence, in 1715, and in 
 1753 at Verona. — Tiraboishi. 
 
 Conti (Anthony), a Venetian writer, 
 who died in 1749, aged T. He was per- 
 sonally acquainted with sir Isaac Newton, 
 and ever retained a profound admiration 
 for that great man. His works in verse and 
 prose were printed at Venice in 2 vols. 4to. 
 1739 and hi posthumous pieces in 1756. 
 — Nowv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Conto-Per tana (don Joseph), a Por- 
 tuguese poet, who died at Lisbon in 1735. 
 He ranks next to Camoens. — Ibid. 
 
 Conybrark (John), a learned bishop, 
 was born at Pinhoe, in Devonshire, in 1692, 
 and educated at Exeter college, Oxford, 
 where he took his degrees, obtained a fel- 
 lowship, and in 1730 was chosen rector. 
 In 1732 he published an answer to Tindal s 
 Christianity as old as the Creation, for 
 which he was rewarded the same year 
 with the deanry of Christ-church, Oxford. 
 In 1750 he was made bishop of Bris-ol, 
 and died in 1755. His remains were in- 
 terred at Bristol cathedral. Two volumes 
 of his sermons wore published after his 
 death. — Bio : . Br. 
 
 Cook (James), a celebrated navigator, 
 was born at Marton in Yorkshire, in 1728. 
 His parents were in humble circumstances 
 and at an early age he was apprenticed to 
 a shopkeeper at Snaith, but having an in- 
 clination to the sea his master gave up his 
 indentures, and he bound himself to Mr. 
 Walker, a ship-owner in the coal trade 
 at Whitbv. He served near seven years in 
 this line, after which he became mate in 
 the same employ. On the breaking out of 
 ihe war in 17 55 he entered on board the 
 Eagle man of war, and distinguishing 
 himself by his sobriety and diligence, ob- 
 tained, in 1759, a warrant as master. He 
 served in that capacity at the reduction of 
 Quebec, and while on that station was em- 
 ployed in taking the soundings of the river 
 
coo 
 
 coo 
 
 St Lawrence ; afterwards he was engaged 
 in making a chart of the same river, which 
 he executed with great accurac)\ Me was 
 next with lord Colvil, in the Northumber- 
 land, at the retaking of Newfoundland, of 
 which coast he made a survey. On his re- 
 turn to England in 1762 he married a re- 
 spectable young woman at Barking, in Es- 
 sex, for whom he had always the tenderest 
 regard. The year following he accompa- 
 nied captain Graves, governor of New- 
 foundland, where he made many curious 
 researches, and observed a solar eclipse, an 
 account of which he transmitted to the 
 royal society. It being resolved to send 
 out persons to Otaheite, in the South sea, 
 for the purpose of observing the transit of 
 Venus, in 176'), Mr. Cook was selected for 
 the command, and raised to the rank of 
 lieutenant. In August 1768, he sailed in 
 tire Endeavour, accompanicdby Mr. Green, 
 as astronomer, Mr. now sir Joseph Banks, 
 and doctor Solander. The transit was ac- 
 curately observed, and July 13th our navi- 
 gator left Otaheite on a voyage of disco- 
 very, in which he discovered a number of 
 islands, to which he gave the name of So- 
 ciety islands, October 6th he anchored at 
 New Zealand, which he circumnavigated. 
 From thence he sailed to New Holland, 
 his account of which occasioned a settle- 
 ment there, named by him Botany Bay, 
 and which colony will, in all probability, 
 be attended with vast effects in those re- 
 gions. lie arrived, after many dangers, 
 June 12, 1771, and in August following 
 was appointed a commander in the navy. 
 An account of this voyage was published 
 from the captain's journals and those of Mr. 
 Banks by lir. Hawkesworth. The existence 
 of a southern continent being still an un- 
 decided question, captain Cook was em- 
 ployed in another voyage to ascertain the 
 poiat, and be accordingly sailed with two 
 ships, the Resolution, commanded by him- 
 self, and the Adventure, by captain Fur- 
 neaux, July 13, 1772. In this voyage they 
 explored the southern hemisphere as high 
 as latitude 71° 10', amidst immense fields 
 and mountains of ice, where a ship had 
 never beeu; hut in the course of it the tw'O 
 vessels parted, and never joined each other 
 again. Captain Cook, after refreshing at 
 Otaheite, sailed to the westward, and disco- 
 vered a groupe, which he called the Friend- 
 ly isles. He next fell in with the islands 
 discovered by Quiros, and having surveyed 
 them all, denominated them the New He- 
 brides. He next discovered a large island, 
 which he called New Caledonia; and ano- 
 ther, named by him Norfolk island, which 
 lias since been colonized. After many 
 other additions to our geographical know- 
 ledge, but without attaining the main ob- 
 ject, he arrived safe at Spithead, July ‘30, 
 1775, during which perilous vovage, only 
 one man had died out of 118 on hoard the 
 Resolution, owing to ti?e excellent means 
 
 adopted by him for preserving the health 
 of his crew. Of these he gave an account 
 in a paper transmitted to the royal society, 
 of which body he was chosen a member, 
 and had the gold medal awarded him in 1 77S. 
 Fie was now raised to tire rank of post cap- 
 tain, and appointed to a post in Green- 
 wich hospital. The admiralty having re- 
 solved to determine the disputed question, 
 whether there be a northern communication 
 between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. 
 Captain Cook willingly volunteered his ser- 
 vices on the occasion, and July 12, 1776 sail- 
 ed from Plymouth in the Resolution, accom- 
 panied by another vessel called the Disco- 
 very. He carried out with him a native of 
 the Society islands, named Omai, whom 
 he had brought to England at his own re- 
 quest. After touching at Otaheite, the cap- 
 tain’s favourite spot, he sailed to Huaheine, 
 where Omai was landed with his presents, 
 which he had received in England. Sailing- 
 from thence our navigators fell in with a. 
 groupe of islands, to which, out of com- 
 pliment to the first lord of the admiralty, 
 was given the appellation of t he Sandwich 
 islands. Then steering for the north-west 
 coast of America, they arrived at a place 
 called Nootka Sound. On this coast they 
 discovered a vast inlet, which at first seem- 
 ed toindicate theopeningof communication 
 they were in search of, but it proved to be 
 only a large river, which was called Cook's 
 river. After sailing as high as lat. 74° 44 ' N. 
 and being opposed by an impenetrable mass 
 of ice, the ships were obliged to shift their 
 course to the south, and November 26, 
 1778, reached the Sandwich islands. Here 
 they met at first with a kind reception from 
 the natives, but the daring thefts commit- 
 ted by the savages produced quarrels, and 
 threatened hostilities. At length the island- 
 ers proceeded so far as to steal the cutter 
 belonging to the Resolution, which being 
 a serious object, captain Cook armed two 
 boats, and went on shore with a design of 
 seizing the person of the king, which had 
 been his custom on these occasions. But 
 in the present instance it proved fatal, for 
 the natives armed themselves, and gathered 
 in such numbers, that the captain renoun- 
 ced his purpose, and hastened to his beats. 
 The savages, however, pressed on, throw- 
 ing stones; the marines then fired, but four 
 of them were knocked down and killed. In 
 (his scene of confusion captain Cook pre- 
 served his wonted coolness, and remained 
 the last man on shore ; but just as lie reach- 
 ed the water-side he received a blow from 
 a club, which brought him down on one 
 knee, and as he was rising he received a stab 
 with a dagger and fell prostrate. He was 
 soon dispatched by the, savages, who carried 
 off his body in triumph. Some of his bones 
 were afterwards recovered, the flesh in all 
 probability having been feasted on by the 
 savages who are known to eat the dead 
 bodies of their enemies. Such was the me- 
 
coo 
 
 coo 
 
 larlehoTy fate of this great rrtan, February 
 .14, 1779. He left a widow and several 
 children who were provided for by the 
 royal bounty. Captain Cook was a tall 
 robust man of placid temper ; modest, affa- 
 ble, and persevering; and a father to Inis 
 crew, by whom he was regarded with ve- 
 neration. His name is revered far having 
 enlarged the stock of Valuable knowledge, 
 and he will ever be regarded as a honour 
 to his country. — Bicg. Brit. 
 
 Coo ic (sir Anthony), tutor to Edward 
 VI. was a native of Essex, and supposed to 
 have been educated at Cambridge. In Ma- 
 ry’s reign he lived abroad, but returned on 
 the accession of Elizabeth, and died full of 
 age and honour at his seat in 1576. His 
 daughters were eminently learned. One 
 was united to lord Burleigh, a second to sir 
 Nicholas Bacon, a third to sir John Russel, 
 and a fourth to sir Henry Killegrew. — Blog. 
 Brit. 
 
 Cooke (Thomas), an English poet, was 
 born at Braintree in Essex, about 1707. lie 
 was patronized by the earl of Pembroke, 
 who assisted him in his translation of He- 
 siod. Cook also translated Cicero de Na- 
 turaDeorsim; and Terence, with part of 
 Plautus. Pie wrote the life of Andrew Mar- 
 vel, and was honoured l>y Pope with a 
 place in the Dunciad. He died very indi- 
 gent, about 1750. — Gen. Biogr. Diet. 
 
 Cooper (Anthony Ashley), earl of Shaf- 
 tesbury, was born at Winborne m Dorset- 
 shire, 1621, and educated at Exeter collage, 
 Oxford. In 1640 he was elected into par- 
 liament for Tewkesbury. At the begin- 
 ning of the troubles he inclined to the side 
 of royalty, but quitted it for the other 
 party, and accepted a commission in its 
 service. When Cromwell assumed the 
 government, he opposed him with warmth, 
 and contributed much to the restoration 
 of the king. Soon after that event he 
 was sworn of the privy-council, and created 
 lord Ashley; appointed chancellor of the 
 exchequer, and one of the commissioners of 
 the treasury. In 167 2 he was created earl 
 of Shaftesbury, and tine same year was 
 made lord chancellor, which office he re- 
 signed the year following. He opposed the 
 Test Bill, brought into the house of lords 
 bv the earl of l)anby, oa which account the 
 parliament was prorogued. The earl con- 
 tended in the next session that the par- 
 liament ought to be considered as dissolv- 
 ed, for which he was sent to the Tower, 
 where he continued thirteen months. On 
 the change of ministry, in 1679, he was 
 made president of the council, but re- 
 signed the place shortly after. In 1681 
 he was tried for high treason, and ac- 
 quitted. On this he went to Holland, 
 where he died in 1683. Elis private life 
 did not answer his great talents, and 
 Charles II. once said to him, “ I believe, 
 Shaftesbury, thou art the wickedest fellow 
 ip jjjy dominions tq which his lordship 
 
 gravely replied, “ May it please your rrn- 
 jestv, of a subject, I believe I am;” at which 
 the king laughed heartily. — ■ Biog . Br. 
 
 Cooper. (Anthony Ashley), earl of Shaf- 
 tesbury, grandson of the above, was born in 
 1671. He was educated under the inspec- 
 tion of his grandfather, and then went on 
 his travels. In 1693 he was elected mem- 
 ber of parliament for Poole, in which ca- 
 pacity he distinguished himself by a memo- 
 rable speech for granting counsel to pri- 
 soners in cases of treason. The ill-state of 
 his health obliged him to decline the ho- 
 nour of a seat in the ensuing parliament. 
 He then went to Holland, where he pur- 
 sued his studies under a borrowed name. 
 Shortly after his return he succeeded to 
 the family title, but rarely attended the 
 house of lords. In 1704, the French 
 prophets occasioned so much disturbance, 
 that steps were proposed for suppressing 
 them, which occasioned his lordship, who 
 was an enemy to persecution, £o write his 
 letter concerning Enthusiasm. In 1709 
 appeared his Moralists, a philosophical 
 rhapsody. The year following he married, 
 and in 1711 he went to Italy for the reco- 
 very of his health, but died the year fol- 
 lowing at Naples, in the 42d year of his 
 age. Elis lordship left one son. The com- 
 plete edition of his Characteristics, which 
 appeared after his death, comprizes all that 
 he intended for the press; but in 1716 
 came out his Letters written to a young 
 Man at the university ; and in 1721, To- 
 land published Letters from the Earl of 
 Shaftesbury to Robert Molesworth, Esq. 
 llis style is in general clear and strong; 
 but though he professed himself a believer 
 of Christianity, lie was a sceptic, and endea- 
 voured to undermine revealed religion by 
 the most insidious means. Elis brother 
 Maurice Ashley Cooper translated Xeno- 
 phon’s Cvropaedia into English. — Ibid. 
 
 Cooper (Thomas), an English prelate, 
 was born at Oxford, and educated at Mer- 
 ton college, of which he was elected fel- 
 low in 1.540. In 1546 he quitted his fel- 
 lowship, and in the reign of Mary prac- 
 tised physic; but on the accession of Eli- 
 zabeth, he returned to his former profes- 
 sion, and was made bishop of Lincoln, 
 from whence he was translated to Winches- 
 ter, where he died in 1594. Tie wrote a 
 Chronicle from the 1 7th year after Christ 
 to 1540, and thence to 1560; Thesaurus 
 Lingua; Romance Britannic®; sermons, and 
 controversial pieces against the puritans.— 
 Biog. Brit. 
 
 Cooper (Samuel), a celebrated English 
 painter, who excelled in miniature portraits, 
 insomuch that the French king offered 150/. 
 for his picture of Oliver Cromwell. He 
 was called Van Dyck in little ; and died in 
 London, 1672, aged 73. His brother Alex- 
 ander Cooper became painter to queen 
 Christina ol Sweden. — Walpole s Anecdotes of 
 Fainting. 
 
COR 
 
 € G Q 
 
 Cooper (John Gilbert), an English writ- 
 er, was born in Nottinghamshire, in 1723, 
 »nd educated at Westminster-school, from 
 whence he removed to Trinity college 
 Cambridge. On leaving the university he 
 went to reside at his country seat, and died 
 in 1769. He wrote a Life of Socrates, 
 printed in 1759; some papers in the World; 
 Letters on Taste; and poems. — Blog. Brit. 
 
 Cooper (Miles), an ingenious divine, was 
 brought up at Queen’s college, Oxford, 
 where he took his degree of LL. D. l ie 
 became president of the college at New 
 York, which place he quitted on the break- 
 ing out of the disturbances, and settled at 
 Edinburgh as minister of the episcopal cha- 
 pel. He died in 1785. He printed a vo- 
 lume of poems in 175S, and some sermons. 
 — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Coote (sir Eyre), an eminent general, 
 was Born in 1726'. lie served against the 
 rebels in 1745; and in 1754 went to the 
 East Indies, where he distinguished himself 
 in many important actions, particularly at 
 the siege of Pondicherry, for which the 
 directors presented him with a diamond- 
 hiked sword. In 1769 he was made com- 
 mander-in-chief of the company's forces ; 
 but he quitted Madras at the end of the 
 following year, and returned to England, 
 where he was appointed governor of fort 
 St. George, and made knight of the bath. 
 He went again to India as commander-in- 
 chief in 1781, and defeated Hyder Ally 
 with 10,000 men, though Hyder’s forces 
 amounted to 150,000. He died at Madras 
 in 1783, and his body was brought to Eng- 
 land, and interred at Rockwood in Hamp- 
 shire. There is a hue monument to his 
 memory in Westminster abbey, erected by 
 the India company. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Copernicus (Nicholas), a famous astro- 
 nomer, was born at Thorn in Prussia, in 
 1472. At the age of twenty-three he went 
 to Italy, where he improved himself in astro- 
 nomy and painting ; and at Rome he ob- 
 tained the professorship of mathematics. 
 He returned to his own country after an 
 absence of some years, and then set about 
 reforming the system of astronomy, and tire 
 result was, that he completely overthrew 
 the Ptolemaic system. His great work is 
 entitled De Revolutionibus Orbium Cseles- 
 tium. He died soon after its publication 
 in 1543, aged 70. Copernicus was a canon 
 ef Worms, and well versed in the Greek 
 and X.atin languages, and in mathematics 
 and philosophy. — Life by Gassendi. 
 
 Coo (Peter le), a French ecclesiastic. 
 Was born in 1728, and died in 1 777, leaving 
 ji respectable character for humility, 
 learning, and industry. Pie wrote on the 
 Usury of commercial Loans, 12mo.; Let- 
 ters on ecclesiastical Discipline, 12mo. ; a 
 Treatise on different Kinds of Property ; 
 another on Funds, Be. — Noire. Diet. Hist. 
 
 C oquEs (Gonaalo), a Flemish painter of 
 
 portraits and conversations, was born ia 
 1618, and died in 1634. Fie imitated Van- 
 dyck with great success, and he acquired 
 both riches and fame. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Co ram (Thomas), an English philan- 
 thropist. He was born about 1618, and 
 was bred to the sea in the merchants’ ser- 
 vice. The foundling hospital owes its in- 
 stitution to his exertions, besides which he 
 procured an establishment to be formed in 
 North America, for the education of Indian 
 girls. Captain Coram spent all that he had 
 on these and other benevolent schemes, so 
 that in his old age he was obliged to be 
 supported by the contribution of several 
 noble patrons, among whom was Frederic 
 prince of Wales. He died in 1751, and 
 
 was buried in the foundling hospital. 
 
 Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Coras (John de), a French lawyer, was 
 bom in 1513. He studied at Toulouse, where 
 he read lectures at the age of eighteen ; and 
 afterwards became professor. The queea 
 of Navarre appointed him her chancellor, 
 and he was also made a counsellor of the 
 parliament of Toulouse. On the breaking 
 out of the war of religion, he and some 
 other protestant counsellors were thrown 
 into prison. The king’s orders were, to put 
 them to death ; but while the parliament 
 were deliberating upon the Inhuman decree, 
 a band of assassins broke open the prison 
 and put all the protestants to death, 
 amounting to above two hundred. His 
 works on the Civil Law were printed at 
 Lyons in 1553, in 2 vols. fol. — Mores i. 
 
 Cokbet (Pochard), an English divine, 
 and poet, was born in Surrey, and educated 
 at Christchurch, Oxford. James I. made 
 him one of his chaplains, and in 1620 gave 
 him the deanry of Christchurch. In 1629 
 he obtained the bishopric of Oxford, from 
 whence in 1632 he was translated to Nor- 
 wich, where he died in 1632. A collection 
 of his poems were printed in 1648, 8vo. and 
 again in 1672 in 12mo. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Corbet (John), a nonconformist divine, 
 was born at Gloucester, and educated at 
 Magdalen hall, Oxford, after which he 
 settled in his native country. Fie next ob- 
 tained the living of Eramshot in Hamp- 
 shire, from whence he was ejected in 1662. 
 He had a conference with bishop Cun- 
 ning at Chichester, on the terms of con- 
 formity, which ended without affording sa- 
 tisfaction to either side. Fie died at London, 
 in 1680. He wrote an Historical Relation 
 of the Military Government of Gloucester, 
 in the Time of the Rebellion, 4!o. : but 
 his principal performance is entitled Self- 
 Employment in Secret, 12mo. 1681. It is a 
 good practical book. — Calarny. 
 
 Corbulo (Domitius), a Roman general, 
 who took several places from the” Arme- 
 nians, destroyed Artaxata their capital, and 
 set Tigranes on the throne of Armenia. 
 He also subdued the Parthians. Nero, 
 
COR 
 
 COR 
 
 jealous of his reputation, directed him to 
 be murdered ; Corbulo hearing of it, feil 
 upon his own sword, A.D. 0’7. — Tacitus. 
 
 Cordemoi (Gerard de), a French aca- 
 demician, and-reader to the dauphin: died 
 in 1684 at an advanced age. He wrote 
 the General History of France, in 2 vols. 
 folio. Ilis son, Lewis Gerard , was abbot of 
 the cistercian monastery at Femieres, in 
 the diocese of Clermont in Auvergne. He 
 was a zealous defender of the Romish te- 
 nets, and wrote a great number of contro- 
 versial pieces. Fie also assisted his father 
 in the History of France. He died in 1722. 
 Afor. ri. 
 
 Gordev (Charlotte), an extraordinary 
 young woman, was born of a good family 
 near Sez in Normandy in 1768, and lived 
 chiefly at Caen, where she was greatly ad- 
 mired for her beauty and spirit. She had 
 a lover named Belsunce, a major in the 
 army, who being massacred by the soldiers, 
 h's fate animated Charlotte with sentiments 
 of vengeance against Marat, whom she re- 
 garded as the oppressor of her country. 
 She hastened to Paris, and on being intro- 
 duced to his presence, while he was reading 
 a paper she had given to him, stabbed him 
 to the heart with a dagger, July 12, 1 7 ‘>3. 
 Far from attempting to escape, she confes- 
 sed thefact,was condemned and guillotined. 
 This circumstance was attended by another 
 equally extraordinary, for as she was con- 
 ducting to the scaffold, a deputy of the city 
 of Mayence, named Adam Lux, was so 
 transported with admiration of her beauty, 
 that he hastened to the tribunal and de- 
 manded to suffer death under the same in- 
 strument, and he was accordingly con- 
 demned and executed. — Nouv. Did. Hist. 
 
 Cord us (Aldus Cremutius), a Roman 
 senator and historian, who lived under Au- 
 gustus and Tiberius. He wrote the History 
 of the Civil Wars of Rome ; for some free 
 opinions in which, he was accused to Tibe- 
 rius, by Sejanus, and finding his condemna- 
 tion certain, he starved nimsHf to death. 
 The senate caused his books to be burnt. 
 He is highly spoken of by Tacitus and Se- 
 neca. — Toss, de Hist. Lat 
 
 Cordus (Euricius), a German physician 
 and botanist, was born at Simmershuys, in 
 Hesse. He took his doctor’s degree at Fer- 
 rara, and*settled at Bremen, where he died 
 about 1536. He wrote, a Bot.nologia, 
 Cologne, 1534, 8vo. and Paris, 15.71, 12mo. 
 He was also the author of some medical 
 pieces and Latin poems. His son Valerius 
 devoted himself to the study of physic and 
 botqny, on which he wrote several valu- 
 able works, as Dispcnsatorium, seu Phar- 
 macorum Confkiendorum ratio; Adnota- 
 tionum in Dioscoriden; Historia Plantarum, 
 &c. He died in 1544, aged 29. — Mareri. 
 
 Corelli (Arcangelo), a celebrated musi- 
 cian, was born at Fusignano, a town of Bo- 
 logna, in 1653, His principal instrument 
 
 was the violin, on which he was supposed 
 to be the first player in the world. After 
 visiting several places he settled at Rome, 
 where he was patronized by cardinal Otto- 
 boni. He died in 1713. He left his pictures, 
 and about 6000/. in money, to his patron, 
 who kept the collection, but distributed 
 the cash to Corelli’s relations. His solos 
 and concertos are in high esteem among 
 the lovers of music. — Burney. Hamlins. 
 
 Corinna, a Grecian poetess, was born 
 in Boeotia, and called by the 'reeks the 
 lyric muse. She gained the’ prize of lyric 
 poetry five tirhes from Pindar. Only some 
 fragments have come down to us, to be 
 found in Fabricii Bill. Grcec. 
 
 Co rio (Bernardine), an Italian historian, 
 born at Milan, of which country he wrote 
 the history, and died in 500. The best 
 edition of that work is that of Milan in 
 1503, folio. — Tiraboschi. 
 
 Coriolanus (Caius Martins), an illus- 
 trious Roman, who obtained that name 
 from his valour at Corioli, where from a 
 private soldier he was raised to military 
 honour. When Gclo king of Sicily sent a 
 quantity of grain to Rome as a present, 
 Coriolanus imprudently advised that it 
 should be sold, and not distributed gratis. 
 For this lie was tried and banished. He 
 then went to Tullus king of the Volsci, 
 whom he advised to make war upon the 
 Romans. He became the general of the 
 Volscian army, and upon his march was 
 met by several ambassadors from Rome, 
 who offered him liberal terms if he would 
 return to his country; but he was inex- 
 orable, till his mother and wife, attended 
 by the matrons of Rome, came to him in 
 deep mourning. Their tears and entrea- 
 ties prevailed, and he marched from the 
 neighbourhood of Rome for which Tullus 
 
 caused him to be murdered, B. C. 438. 
 
 Plutarch. 
 
 Cirnarius, or I Iagu enijOT (John), a 
 German physician, bom at Zwickow in 
 Saxony. He employed himself in restor- 
 ing the Greek physicians, and translating 
 them into Latin. He also practised physic 
 with great successjand died in 15J8, aged 
 58. — Moreri. 
 
 Cornaro (Lewis), a noble Venetian, 
 who rendered nimself remarkable by pro- 
 tracting his life to a cous ; derabIe length, 
 by a course of regimen. He was born 
 in 1467, and in his youth lived freely, 
 which brought him into a bad state of 
 health. On this, he formed the resolution 
 of confining himself to twelve ounces of 
 food and : mrtecn of wine daily, by which 
 means and exercise he acquired a vigo- 
 rous constitution. At an advanced age he 
 wrote his popular book oh Health and 
 Lohg life, which has been translated into 
 most languages ; he also wrote a treatise on 
 Waters, particularly the Lagunes about 
 Venice. He died <ft Padua, in 1563, aged 
 
COR 
 
 ^ His wife, who survived him, Jived to 
 about the same age. — Tiraboschi. 
 
 Cornaro (Helena Lucretia), a learned 
 lady of the same family, was educated at 
 Padua, where slie obtained the degree 
 of doctor. She divided Iter time between 
 intense study and the most mortified devo- 
 tion ; and died in 1685, aged 38. A funeral 
 solemnity was celebrated in honour of her 
 at Rome, of which a pompous description 
 was printed at Padua in 1 686. Her works 
 
 were printed at Parma in 16S3, 8vo, 
 
 BToreri. 
 
 Co'bnazzani (Antony), an Italian poet, 
 was born at Placentia in the 15th century. 
 Me died at Ferrara, but the time is not as- 
 certained. He wrote the Lives of the Vir- 
 gin Mary and Jesus Christ, in verse; but 
 his sonnets are most valued. — Tiraboschi. 
 
 Corneille (Peter), a French poet of 
 eminence, was born at Rouen in 1606, and 
 brought up to the bar, which he quitted. 
 His first dramatic piece was called Melite, 
 after which he produced several celebrated 
 performances, the most famous of which 
 is the Cid, in 1687. In 1647 he was chosen 
 member of the French academy. He died 
 ill If) 84. — Ivloreri. 
 
 Corneille (Thomas), brother of the 
 above, and also a poet, a member of the 
 French academy, and of that of inscrip- 
 tions. I-Ie wrote several plays which were 
 well received. They were published with 
 those of his brother in 1783, in 11 vols-. 
 12mo, He died in 1709, aged 84. He 
 likewise wrote a D’etionary of Arts, in 2 
 vols. folic, and a Geographical and Histo- 
 ric;!! Dictionary, in 5 vols. folio. — Hid. 
 
 Corn Eli le (Michael), a French painter, 
 was born at Paris in 1642. Fie had the 
 king's pension, and went to Rome, where 
 he studied with success. On his return he 
 was /chosen professor in the academy at Pa- 
 ris, and was employed in the great works 
 at Versailles and Trianon. He died in 
 -1708. His brother, John Baptist, was also a 
 good painter, and a member of the aca- 
 demy.- — 1)' A rgen’itille. 
 
 Cornelia, a celebrated Roman lady, 
 was the daughter of Seipio Africamis the 
 eider, and the wife of Tiberius -Sempronius 
 Gracchus, who was consul E. G. 177. On 
 being left a widow, with twelve children, 
 she devoted herself solely to their educa- 
 tion, and rejected the most splendid offers 
 of marriage. All her children died young 
 except the two famous tribunes Tiberius and 
 Cains Gracchus, and a daughter, who mar- 
 ried Seipio the younger. A pleasing anec- 
 dote is related of her; on being visited by 
 a lady of high rank, the stranger displayed 
 to her with much ostentation her jewels 
 and other ornaments, expecting that Cor- 
 nelia would do the same, but the Roman 
 matron brought out her children as her 
 brightest jewels. She bore the death of 
 her sons with heroic. fortitude, and said that 
 the wemau who was mother of the Gracchi 
 
 Cor 
 
 could not be called unfortunate. The Ro- 
 man people erected a statue to her honour 
 
 Plutarch. 
 
 C o r ne li s z (Lucas), an cm in en t pain ter 
 of Leyden in.the I6th century. He came 
 to England in the reign of Henry VIII. 
 and was appointed principal painter to 
 tnat monarch. At Penshufst in Rent are 
 • te portraits of the constables of Cueenbo- 
 rough castle, from the reign of 'Edward 
 LI. to Henry VIII. painted by him. — PM~ 
 
 CoRNELtsz (James), a Dutch painter of 
 .he 16th century. In the old church at 
 Amsterdam is a picture of his, represent- 
 ing the descent from the cross, admirably 
 executed. — Pilbingion. 
 
 Cornel isz (Cornelius), a native of 
 - aerletn. His colouring in portraits as 
 well as in history was verv fine. lbtd. 
 
 Cornelius, bishop or' pope of Rome, 
 who [succeeded Fabian, in 251, was op- 
 pmeu oy Novatian, which gave rise to a 
 schism which long disturbed the peace of 
 the church. On the persecution of the 
 cnnstians by Callus, Cornelius was ba- 
 nished, but died soon after in 252.— Evse* 
 bias.' Mcshc'm. Bo-wer. 
 
 Corneto (Adrian),- a Roman cardinal, 
 who was sent by Innocent VII. in the cua- 
 fity of nuncio to England, where he be- 
 came so great a favourite with Henry VII 
 as to be promoted by him to the bishopricks 
 of Hereford and Bath and Wells. He was 
 
 •met wards nuncio at the court of France. 
 
 , ' !1S Return to Rome he was raised to 
 
 ti'.c cardinalate by Alexander VI. who, 
 however, in a few months, laid a scheme 
 lor poisoning him at supper, in which the 
 pope himself fell a victim. On the advance- 
 ment of Julius II. Corneto retired from 
 Rome, but was recalled by Leo X. ag-finss 
 
 whom he intrigued, and was sent into exile, 
 v faen lie d!cd 13 unknown. He was one of 
 the restorers of the Latin language to its 
 purity, on which subject he wrote an ela- 
 borate work, entitled De Sermone Latino 
 l ie was also the author of another, De vera 
 
 1 fidosophia, a poem on the chace, &c 
 
 JVIoreri. 
 
 Cornutus, a stoic philosopher, who 
 was put. to death by Nero, A. D. 44 He 
 was the tutor of the poet Persius, and "is 
 mmseli ranked among the poets and cram- 
 man a ns. — JVLoveri . ° 
 
 Cornwallis (sir Charles), an ingenious 
 
 'Vi-n- SCnt Cman , was the second son of 
 sir William Cornwallis, and a man of dis- 
 tinguished abilities. He was sent by J ames 
 I. ambassador to Spain, where he reisded 
 several years. lie was afterwards trea- 
 surer to Henry, prince of Wales, whose 
 l.te he wrote with elegance. He died 
 about 1630. His son, sir William Corn- 
 V..IH 1 S, was the author of a small volume of 
 Essays, 1632, 8vo. — Granger. 
 
 • CoRnw A i. lis (Charles marquis), was born 
 
 in 1 ,51 and from his infancy was designed 
 
G G R 
 
 COR 
 
 for the military life. He accordingly 
 entered into the army at a very early 
 age, and was made a captain in toe light 
 infantry in 1758. Three years afterwards 
 he was aid-du-camp to the marquis of 
 Granby, whom he acccm'ianied in Germany 
 till the end of the war. In 1761 he was pro- 
 moted to the rank of lieutenant-colonel, 
 and the year following succeeded, on the 
 death of his father, to the title of Earl Corn- 
 wallis. In 1765 he was appointed one of 
 the lords of the bedchamber, and aid-du- 
 camp to the king. The year following he 
 obtained the command of the 33d regiment 
 of foot; and in 1768 he married miss Jones, 
 a lady of considerable fortune, who brought 
 him a son and a daughter. On the break- 
 ing out of the war in America he was 
 called upon to embark for that country ; 
 and his lady not heing able to prevail with 
 him to relinquish the service, died of grief. 
 
 In that contest his lordslhp displayed great 
 military talents, took possession of Phi- 
 ladelphia, contributed to the reduction 
 of South Carolina, and defeated general 
 Gates with an inferior forfie. But in 1781 
 he was under die necessity of surrendering 
 at York town, to the united America^ and 
 French army, soon after which he returned 
 to England. ' The affairs of British India 
 wearing a critical aspect, he was appointed 
 governor-general at Bengal, where in De- 
 cember J 790 he took Bangalore, which was 
 followed by the defeat of Tippoo Saib, 
 who delivered to his lordship his two sons 
 as hostages. This important war being 
 thus honourably ended, he returned 
 to England, and was created a marquis, 
 aud appointed master-general of the ord- 
 nance. The next service in which he was 
 CTig-aged was as lord-lieutenant oi Ireland, 
 where he quelled an insurrection, defeated 
 an invading army, and succeeded in effect- 
 ing the important measure of a union be- 
 twen the two kingdoms. In 1801 he was 
 employed as minister plenipotentiary in 
 France, in which capacity he signed the 
 preliminary-treaty of peace at Aimeus. J .is 
 lordship again accepted the governorship 
 of India in the summer of 1805, but soon 
 after his arrival he died of a fever on his 
 march to join the army at Ghazeepore, in 
 the province of Benares - -Monthly tying, _ 
 
 Coronel (Paul), a learned Spanish di- 
 vine, was born at Segovia, and became 
 professor at Salaqianca. He was employed 
 bv cardinal Ximenes in publishing his fa- 
 mous Polyglot Bible. Hedied in 1524.— 
 Moreri. 
 
 Coronflli (Vincent), a Venetian geo- 
 grapher, who acquired. a great reputation 
 by making globes, in 1685 he became c'os- 
 mographer to Lewis XIV. of France; and 
 died at Venice in 1718. He published 
 many geographical booits and ,. h*.rts. 
 Tiraboscfji. 
 
 CoRRaci.vi de SJ5Z7.A . (Peter Marccl- 
 * cardinal, was bona is Sezaa in 1658, 
 
 and died at Rome in 1745. He wrote a 
 book entitled Vetus Latium profanum et 
 sacrum, 2 vols. folio; and a History of 
 Sezza, 4tO. — Moreri. 
 
 Corradus (Sebastian), a grammarian of 
 the 16th century. He was professor of 
 belles-lettres at Bologna, and died in 1556. 
 He wrote, 1. Quaestura in qua Ciceroni* 
 vita refercur ; 2.De Lingua Latina — Ibid. 
 
 Correggio (Antonio Allegri da), a fa- 
 mous painter, so called from the place of 
 his birth in the Modenese, 1494. His real 
 name was Allegri. It is not known unuer 
 whom he studied, and it is supposed that 
 he was principally self-taught. He lived 
 in obscure circumstances, and never visited 
 Rome or Venice; yet his manner is beauti- 
 ful, and his ideas uncommonly grand. No 
 one ever excelled him in expressing the de- 
 licacv of flesh, and his knowledge of the 
 clair-obseure was surprising. The occa- 
 sion of his death was remarkable. Haying 
 received at Parma a payment of sixty 
 crowns in copper money, he carried it 
 home on his back, about twelve miles, in the 
 heat of the day, which, with drinking cold 
 water, threw him into a fever, of which he 
 died in 1 534 . — If Argemhlle. 
 
 Corsini (Edward), an Italian monk,wa» 
 born at Fanano in 1702, and died in 1765, 
 at Pisa, where he was professor of philoso- 
 phy. He wrote, 1. Philosophical and Ma- 
 thematical Institutions, 6 vols. 8vo. ; 2. Ele- 
 ments of Practical Geometry, 2 vols. 8vo.; 
 3. Fas(;i of the Archons of Athens ; 4. A' 
 Course of Metaphysics ; 5. Some tracts on 
 Grecian Antiquities. — Noun. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Co rt e s (Ferdinand), u celebrated Spanish 
 adventurer, was born in Estremadura, 
 in 1485. His family was respectable but 
 not opulent, and he was bred at Sala- 
 manca to the law, which he renounced for 
 the military life. The governor of Iljs- 
 paniola was his relation ; and Cortes in 
 1504 went to St. Domingo, yvhere he was 
 appointed to several valuable posts. In 
 1511 he accompanied Velasquez in his ex- 
 pedition to Cuba, and displayed so much 
 skill and bravery as to be rewarded with 
 the grant of a quantity of land. The con- 
 quest of Mexico being resolved upon, Cor- 
 tes was chosen to conduct the enterprise, 
 and he embraced it with ardour. He left 
 Cuba on this great design in 1519, with a 
 fleet 1 of eleven small vessels, and 617 men, 
 soldiers and sailors. Thirteen soldiers only 
 were armed with firelocks, but they had ten 
 small field-pieces, and sixteen horses ; such 
 was the army for the conquest of an exten- 
 sive and populous empire. The Spaniards 
 first landed at Tabasco, where, after several 
 bloody battles, they compelled the natives 
 to submit to their yoke. From thence they 
 sailed to St. Juan de Ulva,. in the bay of 
 Mexico, where Cortes was feet by several 
 messenger? from the governors of the pro- 
 vince; bu* he assumed to himself the title 
 ambassador ef the Hag of Cattily and in* 
 
C OR 
 
 COR 
 
 »Ssted on being introduced to Montezuma, appear upon the battlements, in hopes that 
 the emperor, for which purpose he intend- the assailants, out of reverence to their mo- 
 ed to march to the capital. The gover- narch, would yield or retire. But thi* 
 nors, alarmed, endeavoured to dissuade sight served the more to encourage them, 
 him from this purpose, but in vain, and the and they renewed the attack with addi- 
 present sent by the emperor only served to tional fury, in which Montezuma received 
 inflame the avarice of the Spaniards still a mortal wound. In the night Gortes re- 
 more. After several negotiations, Mon- treated from Mexico, but the Mexicans sal- 
 tezuma perceiving their treacherous de- lied after the Spaniards, and committed a 
 signs broke off all intercourse with them, dreadful slaughter. Reduced to half his 
 Cortes in the mean time had erected a set- men, and having lost most of his baggage, 
 dement on the coast, to which was given Cortes retreated to Tlascala, but by theway 
 the name of V era Cruz. Here he formed a met with a prodigious army, which he 
 civil government, and declared himself in- charged with impetuosity, and completely 
 dependent of the governor of Cuba. The routed. This is called the battle of Otum- 
 Zempoallans and other tribes of Indians ba. The disasters he bad experienced did 
 being dissatisfied with the government of not clamp the ardent spirit of Cortes, who 
 Montezuma, courted an alliance with the having collected 550 infantry and 'forty 
 strangers.. Thus strengthened, Cortes de- horse, with a large body of Tlascalans, be- 
 stroyed his ships, thereby compelling his gan his inarch towards Mexico ih December 
 men to e-xercise their fortitude and valour, 1520 . Montezuma wassucceeded byGua- 
 as well as confidence in the skill and cou- timozin, his son-in-law, a brave youmr 
 rage of their leader. At the head of five prince, who made every preparation against 
 hundred Spaniards indifFerentlyarmed, with the expected return of the Spaniards* Af- 
 fifteen horses, Cortes marched up the coun- ter taking Texeuco, the second city of the 
 try, where he was opposed by the Tlasca- empire, Cortes sat down before Mexico 
 ians, a warlike nation, who were the ene- and proceeded by a regular siege; during 
 mies of Montezuma, but resolved to defend which, lie received a considerable reia- 
 their country against these invaders. Af- forcement from Vera Cruz. The Mexi- 
 ter several battles, in which the Spaniards cans were driven to a hopeless state, and 
 met with no loss, peace was concluded, by Guatimozin was taken in a canoe, in the 
 which the Tlascalans acknowledged them- act of making an escape. On this the ca- 
 selves vassals to Spain. Cortes, flushed pital surrendered, and the empire of Mexico 
 with this success, proceeded to Cholula, jn ended. Though the plunder was immense 
 the Mexican empire, where he was received the avarice of the Spaniards was not satis- 
 with hospitality, which lie rewarded by fied, and Cortes put the unhappy emoeror 
 massacring the inhabitants. From thence to the torture, to make him confess where 
 the Spaniards pushed on to Mexico, and at he had concealed his treasures. Guatimo- 
 the gates were met by Montezuma himself zin, however, endured his sufferings with 
 splendidly arrayed, who gave them an ami- fortitude, and nothing could wrest from 
 cable reception. Soon after, Cortes adopt- him a complaint or a discovery. He was 
 ,j ed the plan of seizing t he emperor, and ac- afterwards hung with two of his officers on 
 family carried it into effect. For five months a pretended charge of a conspiracy. While 
 Montezuma was kept prisoner in his capi- Cortes was thus engaged, a commission 
 | tf d> by a handful of men, who compelled came from Spain to deprive him of his com- 
 him to acknowledge himself a vassal of the mand, but this he contrived to elude, and 
 king of Castile. While Cortes was at Mexi- afterwards obtained from Charles V.' the 
 co, Velasquez sent out an armament under appointment of governor of New Spain. 
 
 , Narvaez, with orders to send him prisoner His conduct to the natives was infamous* 
 
 I to Cuba. When Cortes heard that Nar- and in one execution he committed sixty 
 I vaez was landed he left a small force under caciques and 400 other principal persons to 
 ; Alvarado, to take charge of the emperor, tn. flames. A new commission at last ar- 
 | and hastened to Vera Cruz, where, by a rn ed against him, on which he returned to 
 I stratagem, he took the army sent against Spain to vindicate himself in 1528. Hav- 
 lum prisoners. By his lenient conduct on ing made his defence to the satisfaction of 
 this occasion he prevailed upon these men Charles, he was created a marquis, and ob- 
 to enter into his service, and thus acquired tained a large grant of land in New Spain 
 a great accession of strength. During his whither he made a new voyage in 153o! 
 absence from Mexico, Alvarado massacred He returned to his own country iii 1540 and 
 a number of Mexicans, at a religious festi- died in 1547, leaving several legitimate chii- 
 val, which occasioned hostilities, and several dren,and some by his two Indian mistresses 
 
 of the Spaniards were killed. Cortes has- Marina, and a daughter of Montezuma. ■ 
 
 tened to his old quarters, and the war raged D' Herreras Hist, of the Conquest of Mexico 
 with the greatest fury. Though the artil- Moreri. Robertsons Hist, of America. 
 lery swept off prodigidus .numbers, the Mexi- Cortesi (William), a French painter 
 
 cans attacked the Spaniards with so much was born in Franche Comte in 1528 and 
 fury, that Cortes began to be alarmed, and died in 1679. He composed liistorical'sub- 
 caused the emperor in his royal robes to jects in an excellent style. Pope Alexander 
 
C O S' 
 
 cos 
 
 "VITT. employed him in painting tlie gallery 
 of his palace.— Pilkington. _ 
 
 Cortesi (Gioxranna), a pamtress ot Flo- 
 rence, was born in 1670, amd .died in It 36. 
 She was very excellent in painting portraits 
 in miniature. — Po’d _ . . 
 
 Corti (Matthew), an Italian' physician, 
 was born at Pavia in 1475. He was pro- 
 fessor of physic at his native place many 
 years' after which, he removed to i isa, 
 and lastly to Padua, where he gained so 
 o T eat a reputation, that Clement VII. in- 
 cited him to Rome to be his physician. Af- 
 ter the death of that pontiff he went to 
 Polo mi a, and finally became professor at 
 Pisa, where he died in 1544. He wrote, De 
 CurandisFebribus ;De Verne Sectione, turn 
 in alias AfFectibus,tum vel maxime in Pleu- 
 ritide, and other works —Tiraboschi. 
 
 CaRTicEX.i.T (Salvatore), an eminent phi- 
 lologer of the last century. He was a Bo- 
 lognese and a Barnabitc monk. He was 
 also professor of belles lettres in the col- 
 lege of St. Paul in Bologna, member of the 
 academy at Crusca, and provincial of lus 
 order, "hr 1745 he published his Italian 
 Grammar, accounted the best work of the 
 kind in Italy, for which Benedict XIV., his 
 townsman, alluding to the bad pronunciation 
 of the inhabitants of Bologna, said in abet- 
 ter to him, It is strange that cur country should 
 speak Italian soill and teach it so no ell. Corti- 
 relli published some other valuable works 
 in the same line, and died about H"70. 
 j Sfuovo Giarnale. cl Litterati, Modena, 1783. 
 
 Cop. tatf. (Thomas), an English traveller, 
 was born' stOdcombe in Somersetshire, in 
 ] 577, and educated- at Gloucester-hall, Ox- 
 ford. He became' a servant to the prince 
 of Wales, and in 1608 went on- his travels* 
 an account of which he printed aff gr his re- 
 turn under the title of Cory-ate’s Crudities* 
 reprinted in 1776, in three vols. Svo. In- 
 161 a he set out again with a design ot 
 spending ten years in the east. He ram- 
 bled through Greece, Turkey, Syria, Egypt, 
 Persia, and died at Surat in 1617.- — Wood. 
 
 G CosTers (John), an historical painter, 
 was born at Antwerp in 1603. Mis com- 
 positions are in a masterly style, and his 
 figures well designed and grouped.— Pilk- 
 
 ’ °CosiMO (Andrew and Peter), two Italian 
 painters. The first excelled in elara ob- 
 scure, and the other in whimsical composi- 
 tions. Peter had for a disciple Andrea 
 del Sarto, and died in 1521, aged 80. — De 
 
 U Cosin (John), a- learned prelate, was born 
 at Norwich in 1594, and educated at Cams 
 college, Cambridge; In 1627 he became 
 prebendary of Durham, and soon after fell 
 under the displeasure of the puritan party, 
 for publishing a collection of devotions, 
 which they said favoured popery. In 1634 
 he was chosen master of Peterhouse, Cam- 
 bridge, and in 1640 became dean of Peter- 
 
 borough ; but in 1642 he was sequestered' 
 by the house of commons, and ejected front 
 the mastership of Peterhouse, on which he 
 went to Paris, where he remained during 
 the civil wars, and had liberty to officiate 
 to the protestants of the queen' of England’s 
 household. At the Restoration he was made 
 bishop of Durham, in which sec he behaved- 
 with* great, liberality, and spent yearly 
 above 2000/. in, pious and charitable uses. 
 
 He died in 1672. He wrote a scholastic?.! 
 history of the Canon of the Holy Scripture, 
 
 4 to. ; History of Tranrubstantiation ; and ; 
 other learned works. — Blog. Brit. 
 
 Cosm e (Frere),a feuillant friar, whose 'fa- 
 mily name was- John Basel Jlac. lie was the 
 son of a surgeon, and though he embraced' 
 a religious life, distinguished himself by liis- 
 skill in lithotomy. He invented the litbotm/} 
 cache for dividing the neck of the. bladder in. 
 the lateral operation, which instrument was 
 first described in the Journal dcs Savana i 
 for 1718 ; it is now laid aside. Pie also in- 
 vented a forceps for breaking 3tones ins 
 the bladder. The surgeons, out of envy, 
 solicited the king to banish him. He died 
 at Paris in 1786.. — Now. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Cosmo I. grand duke of Tuscany, was- 
 the son of John de Medici, and born in- 
 1519. On the murder of Alexander, head 
 of the house of Medici, Cosmo hastened to- j 
 Elorence, where, with the aid of the soldiers* 
 he procured himself to be elected chief of j 
 the republic. In 1553 he assisted the em- 
 peror in reducing Sienna, which country- 
 Philip II. annexed to Cosmo’s territories, j 
 Several conspiracies were fofmed against j 
 him, which bv his prudence and bravery lie- 1 
 suppressed. He revived the university of j 
 Pisa, and encouraged letters and the ar;?* | 
 In 1569 Pius V. created him grand duke of 1 
 Tuscany. But though he was- fortunate in j 
 public life, he was not so in his family. Ha- 
 had two sons, John, and Garcia; the for- [ 
 mer was a cardinal, and remarkable for' ; 
 his attachment to learning ; the other was- 
 violent and revengeful; One day, in hunt- j 
 ing, and separated from their.' attendants, 
 Garcia stabbed his brother to the heart, and 
 afterwards rejoined his company. The ■ 
 dead body being found was taken go the 
 palace; and the father suspecting the truth, 
 charged Garcia with the murder, which for ^ 
 some time he denied, but at last confessed 
 it ; Cosmo then stabbed him with the same 
 dagger. The mother- of the youths sur- 
 vived this tragic scene but a few daysJ 
 Cosmo died in 1574, leaving several chil- 
 dren .-—Mod. V hiv. Hist. Moreri. 
 
 Cosmo II. grand duke of Tuscany, was- 
 the grandson of the above, and succeeded, 
 liis father Ferdinand in 1609. He was a. 
 mild and benevolent prince, and expended, 
 large sums in the encouragement of the fine- 
 arts. He died in 1621. — Ibid. 
 
 Cosmo III grand duke of Tuscany, was 
 the son of Ferdinand II. whom he succeed-- ; 
 cd in 1073, at the age of 32. He married 
 
cos 
 
 COT 
 
 “trie daughter of the duke of Orleans, from 
 whom he was afterwards separated. lie 
 obtained from the emperor the title of 
 royal highness, which was confirmed by 
 the pope. He was very superstitious, and 
 •when at the jubilee at Rome, entered into 
 ■orders for the sake of saluting the pretend- 
 red handkerchief which our Saviour gave to 
 Veronica, impressed with his image. Cosmo 
 was one of the richest princes in Europe, 
 and very 'fond of chemistry. He died in 
 .1 7 23 . — ABureri. 
 
 Cosse (Charles de), marshal de Brissac, 
 a celebrated French commander, was born 
 of a noble family in Anjou in 1506. He 
 greatly distinguished himself at the siege of 
 Perpignan in 1541, and acquired so high a 
 reputation, that nobles .and princes vo- 
 lunteered themselves under him to learn 
 ■the art of war. For his exploits he was 
 made grand master of the artillery, gover- 
 nor of Piedmont, and marshal of France. 
 He died in 1563. He was as generous as 
 brave; and when the tradesmen who had 
 advanced supplies for the army were re- 
 fused payment by the government, Brissac 
 sold a great part of his property to dis- 
 charge the debt. Moreri. 
 
 Costanzo (Angelo di), an Italian noble- 
 man, who Hvrote the history of Naples, 
 which was printed in -1582, folio. He was 
 the author of some elegant sonnets in Ita- 
 lian, printed in 1572. He died in 1591. -- 
 A'lvreri, 
 
 Costard (George), a learned English 
 divine, wasborn about 1710, and educated 
 at Wadham college, Oxford, of which he 
 became fellow. In 1733jae took his degree 
 of M. A and the same year published Cri- 
 tical Observations on the Psalms, 8vo. In 
 1 746 appeared his Letter to Martin Folkes, 
 esq. president of the royal society, con- 
 -cerningthe rise and progress of astronomy 
 among tire ancients, 4to ; to this work he 
 added a Supplement, in three letters to 
 the same gentleman 'in 1748. About the 
 same time he also published Observations 
 to illustrate the book of Job, which he 
 snakes to be no older than the Babylonish 
 ..captivity. This was also the hypothesis of 
 the learned "Warburton. Plis other works 
 are, Two Dissertations, 1. on the word 
 Kesitah , 2. on the signification of the word 
 Hermes, 8vo. ; Dissertationes II. Critico- 
 -Sacrse quarum prinia explicatur Ezek. xiii. 
 18. altera vero, 2 Reg. x. 22, 8vo. ; an edi- 
 tion of Hyde’s Historia Religionis Veterum 
 Persarum, 4to. ; the Use of Astronomy, 
 History, and Chronology, 4to. ; Philologi- 
 cal Conjectures on a Passage in Homer, 4tOj; 
 a Letter to Mr. Haihed, containing Re- 
 marks on his Preface to the Code of Gen- 
 loo Laws, 8vd. Mr. Costard was presented 
 to the vicarage of Twickenham in Mid- 
 dlesex in 1764, and died therein 1782. He 
 was a man of learning and benevolence. — 
 jtiiotr. Br. 
 
 Cps i E (Peter), a learned French protest- 
 
 ant, who resided many years in England, 
 and translated into French Locke on the 
 Human Understanding, on the Reasona- 
 bleness of Christianity, and Newton’s Optics. 
 He also wrote the Life of the great Conde 
 and ot'aer works. He died at Paris in 1747. 
 —Ibid. 
 
 Coster (Lawrence), a Dutch printer, was 
 born at Haaerlem, and died about 1440. 
 The Dutch pretend that he discovered 
 printing ten years before his death, but 
 
 this is controverted by the Germans. 
 
 IVIoreri. 
 
 Cota (Rodriguez), a Spanish poet, who 
 flourished about 1540. He was a native of 
 Toledo, and wrote an esteemed work en- 
 titled Tragicomedia de Calisto & Meliboea, 
 which has been translated into Latin and 
 French. — Hid. 
 
 Cotelerius (John Baptist), a learned 
 Frenchman, and professor of Greek at Paris, 
 was born at Nismes in 1627, and honoured 
 with the degree of M. A. at the age of 16, 
 in consideration of his uncommon talents. 
 In 1649 he became a member of the Sor- 
 borme. He published the works of the 
 Greek fathers who lived in the apostolic age 
 in 2 vols. folio, 1672. In 1675 appeared the 
 first volume of a Greek work, entitled 
 Monumenta E'cclesia: Grxcs ; but he did 
 not live to finish it, being carried off by an 
 inflammatory disease in 1686, — Ibid. 
 
 Cotes (R.oger), a mathematician, was 
 'born in 1682 at Burbage in Leicestershire. 
 After receiving a preparatory education, he 
 was removed to Trinity college, Cambridge, 
 of which society he became fellow in 1705, 
 and at the same time was tutor to the sons 
 of the marquis of Kent, to which family he 
 was allied. The next year he was chosen 
 Plumian Professor of astronomy and ex- 
 perimental philosophy. In 1706 he took 
 his degree of M. A. and in 1713 en- 
 tered into orders. The same year he pub- 
 dished a new edition of Newton’s Princi- 
 pia, with a learned Preface. Pie died in 
 1716, and was buried in the chapel of Tri- 
 nity college. His Harmonia Mensurarum 
 was printed at Cambridge in 1722, 4to. ; 
 and his Hvdrostatical and Pneumatical 
 Lectures in 1737. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Cotes (Francis), an English painter, was 
 the scholar of Knapton, and painted por- 
 traits in a good style, both in oil and cray- 
 ons. He died in 1770, aged 45 Bilk- 
 
 in (ft on. 
 
 Cotin (Charles) a French divine, and 
 member of the .academy, who wrote some 
 tolerable pieces in prose and verse; but 
 he was severely satirised by Boileau and 
 Moliere. Me died at Paris in 1682. — I/In- 
 
 rer't. 
 
 CoTOr.F.NDi (Charles), a French author 
 at the beginning of tlie 18th century, who 
 wrote the Lite of St- Francis de Sales, 4r«i.; 
 the Life of the Duchess of Montmorenci ; 
 and other works of merit. — Ibid. 
 
 -Cotta (John), a modern Latin poet 
 
COT 
 
 C O U 
 
 born near Verona, and died at Viterbo in 
 1311, aged 28. Some of his effusions are 
 in a collection, entitled Carmina quin- 
 que Poetarum, Venice, 1548, 8vo. — 77V. 
 
 Cotte (Robert de), a French architect, was 
 born at Paris in 1656. He wasvice-president 
 of the academy of painting and architect 
 to the king. He built a number of superb 
 edifices, the chief of which are, the grand 
 altar of the cathedral of Paris ; the Ionic 
 colonnade of Trianon ; and the chapel of 
 Versailles. He died in 1785, and was suc- 
 ceeded by his son Jules Robert. — D'Argen- 
 i ville Vies des Archit. 
 
 Cotteree (Sir Charles), an ingenious 
 English gentleman, who was master of the 
 ceremonies to Charles II. which he resigned 
 in 1686 to his son Charles Lodowick Cot- 
 terel. Fie translated the romance of Cas- 
 sandra into English, and other books, and 
 died about 1687. — Granger. Wood. 
 
 Cottincton (Francis, lord), chancellor 
 of the exchequer, and high treasurer in 
 the reign of Charles I. Fie was for several 
 years minister at the court of Spain, where 
 he acquired the Spanish solemnity with no 
 small degree of political dissimulation. On 
 the breaking out of the rebellion he retired 
 to that country, and died at Valladolid 
 in 1651 aged 77. — Birch' 's Lives of Illustrious 
 Versons. 
 
 Cotton, or Coton (Peter), a French 
 Jesuit, born in 1564. He became Confessor 
 to Henry IV. who put so much confidence 
 in him that it became a saying among the 
 courtiers, “ Our king is good, but he has 
 Cotton in his ears.” He died in 1626. Fie 
 wrote some controversial ’books, and a vo- 
 lume of sermons. — Moreri. 
 
 Cotton (sir Robert Bruce), a famous 
 antiquary, was born at Denton in Hunting- 
 donshire in 1570, and educated at Trinity 
 college, Cambridge, from whence he re- 
 moved to London, and became a mem- 
 ber of the society of antiquaries, then just 
 formed. James I. honoured him with 
 knighthood ; and in 1608 he was made one 
 of the commissioners to enquire into the 
 state of the navy. In 1611 he was created 
 a baronet. Fie was a member of the first 
 parliament of Charles I. and joined the op- 
 position party. In ! 629 he was brought 
 before the privy council on a charge of 
 having lent a dangerous manuscript, in 
 which a method was laid down how the 
 kings of England might oppress the liber- 
 ties of their subjects. This MS. was, in 
 fact, in his library, and had been lent by 
 his librarian without his knowledge. His 
 library, however, was sealed up, and he was 
 sent to the Toeyer; but soon released. He 
 died in 1621. His inestimable library is 
 now in the British Museum. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Cotton (Charles), an English writer, 
 was born in Staffordshire of a good family 
 in 1630. He rendered himself remarkable 
 bv a Travesty of Virgil; a Burlesque ' of 
 Lucian; a Poem on the Wonders of the 
 
 Peak in Derbyshire ; and a Translation of 
 Montaign’s Essays. He died about 1637.— 
 Ibid. 
 
 Cotton (Nathaniel"), an eminent physi- 
 cian and poet, who kept an asylum for lu- 
 natics many years at St. Albans, where he 
 died at a very advanced age in 1788. He 
 wrote Visions in verse for younger minds; 
 which have been frequently printed. He 
 was also the author of Poems in Dodsley’s 
 collection ; and observations upon a par- 
 ticular kind of scarlet fever which lately 
 prevailed at St. Albans, 4to. 1749. — Europ. 
 Mag. 
 
 Cotv s, the name of four kings of Thrace • 
 The first, contemporary with Philip father 
 of Alexander, was slain for his cruelties 
 about 356 B. C. The second sent his son 
 with 500 horse to the assistance of Pompey. 
 The third lived in the time of Augustus, 
 and was murdered by his uncle Rescuporis. 
 Ovid addressedto himoneofhis elegies. The 
 fourth was the son of the last-mentioned, 
 and ceded the kingdom to his cousin Rhoe- 
 talces by order of Caligula, and had in ex- 
 change Little Armenia, and part of Arabia, 
 A. D. 38. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Coudrette (Christopher), a French ec- 
 clesiastic, who defended the fathers of the 
 Port Royal against the Jesuits, for which 
 he was thrown into the Bastille in 1788. 
 He wrote, Memoirs relating to the For- 
 mulary, 2 vols. 12mo.; Plistory and Ana- 
 lysis of the Action of God on the Crea- 
 tures, &c. ; but his greatest work is a ge- 
 neral Plistory of the Jesuits, 6 vols. 12mo. — 
 JVoiev. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Cove i. (John), an English divine, was 
 born in Suffolk, in 1638, and educated at 
 Christ’s college, Cambridge, of which he 
 was chosen fellow. In 1670 he went to 
 Constantinople as chaplain to the embassy. 
 On his return in 1679 he became D. D. 
 and lady Margaret’s professor of divinity 
 at Cambridge. He also obtained the rec- 
 tory of Littlebury, in Essex : and the chan- 
 cellorship of York. He died master of 
 Christ’s college in 1722. He wrote the 
 Antient and Present State of the Greek 
 Church, folio.' — Biog. Br. 
 
 Coverdale (Miles), an English prelate, 
 was born in Yorkshire, and educated at 
 Cambridge. Edward VI. made him bishop 
 of Exeter, but in the reign of Mary be 
 went abroad. At the accession of Eliza- 
 beth he returned to England, but refused 
 the bishopric. However he accepted the 
 living of St. Magnus, London, but was at 
 last deprived of it for nonconformity. He 
 died in 1667, aged 81. He assisted Tindal 
 in his translation of the Bible, and the edi- 
 tion of 1540 goes under his name. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Coulon (Lewis), a French priest, who 
 left the society of jesuits in 1640, and died 
 in 1664. He wrote an Historical Treatise 
 of all the Rivers in France, 2 vols. 8vo. 
 lG44,and several other books. — Moreri. 
 
 CourmuN (Francis), a French musician, 
 
COB 
 
 c o u 
 
 who excelled on the organ and harpsichord. 
 He became organist in the chapel of Lewis 
 XIV. and died in 1733. He composed 
 pieces for the harpsichord, 4 vols. folio. 
 His brothers, Lewis and Charles, were also 
 good performers ; and his two daughters 
 were proficients in music. — Nou-v. Did. Hist. 
 
 Couplet (Philip), a French jesuit, who 
 went to China as a missionary in 1659, and 
 returned in 1680. lie died on a second 
 voyage in 1693. lie wrote a curious 
 book entitled Confucius Sinarum Philoso- 
 phus; sive Scientia Sinica Latine exposita, 
 16S7, folio; and some other works. — Mo- 
 reri. 
 
 Courayer (Peter Francis.), a French 
 divine, was born at Vernon in Normandy, in 
 1631. He became canon regular and libra- 
 rian of the abbey of St. Genevieve, at Paris; 
 and in 1727 published a Defence of English 
 Ordinations, which made a great noise, and 
 brought upon him a severe persecution, in 
 consequence of which he fled to England, 
 where he was well received, honoured 
 with a doctor’s degree by the university of 
 Oxford, and obtained a pension from the 
 crown. He died in 1776. This learned 
 and amiable man did not absolutely re- 
 nounce the Roman church, though he ap- 
 proved the liturgy and principles of that of 
 England, and used to attend her service oc- 
 casionally. He translated father Paul’s 
 History of the Council of Trent into French, 
 2 vols. folio ; and after his death was pub- 
 lished, in the- same language, Declaration 
 de mes dernieres Sentimens sur les differens 
 Dogmes de la Religion ; which sentiments 
 are not very orthodox. — Bing. Er. 
 
 Courcei.les (Stephen de), a protestant 
 divine, born at Geneva in 1536. Fie suc- 
 ceeded Episcopius in the theological pro- 
 fessorship at Amsterdam, and published his 
 works with his life prefixed. Fie was also 
 the author of several pieces of divinitv, 
 printed by Daniel Elzevir in 1675, in one 
 rol. folio. He died in 1653. — Moreri. 
 
 Court de Gebelin (N.),a French pro- 
 testant divine, was born at Nismes in 1725. 
 lie was for some time a minister at Lau- 
 sanne, but quitted that place for Paris, 
 where he became superintvndant of oue of 
 the museums, and'diedin 1 784; He is known 
 as the author of a singular work entitled 
 the Primitiye'Wprld analized and compared 
 with the Modern World, 9 vols. He was 
 an enthusiast for the imposture of animal 
 magnetism. — Nou-v. Did. Hist. 
 
 Courten (William), an eminent mer- 
 chant of the 16th century, who fled from 
 the Netherlands with his family at the time 
 of Alva’s tyranny, and settled in London, 
 where lie carried on an extensive trade, 
 and died at the beginning of the reign of 
 James I. leaving two sons, William and 
 Peter, who carried on the concern in part- 
 nership with such success, as to receive the 
 honour of knighthood. Sir William expe- 
 rienced considerable losses by the murder 
 
 of his factors at Amboyna, and by the sei- 
 zure of his plantations in the West Indies, 
 and died in distressed circumstances in 1626. 
 — Gen. Biog. Did. 
 
 Courten (William), an ingenious natu- 
 rnlist,was the last male descendant of the 
 above family, and was born in London in 
 1642. His father was obliged to go abroad, 
 and died at Florence in 1655. This son, 
 when he came of age, returned to London, 
 where lie had a long lawsuit ; after settling 
 which, he altered his name to Charleton,and 
 then went to Montp,ellier, where he studied 
 natural history, and collected a cabinet of 
 curiosities. He returned to England, and 
 died in 1702. Flis collection was pur- 
 chased for 20,000/. and added to the British 
 museum — Ibid. Biog. Br. 
 
 Court ii. z (Garieo de), a French soldier 
 and author, of a noble family, who wrote 
 the Life of Coligni, 12mo. Memoirs of 
 Rochfort, 1 2mo.; History of the Dutch War; 
 and other works. Fie was confined in the 
 Bastille nine years, and died in 1712, aged 
 1)3. — Moreri . 
 
 Courtivron (Gaspard), a French mar- 
 quis, who distinguished himself as a sol- 
 dier and mathematician. He wrote a trea- 
 tise on Optics in 1752,4to.and other works; 
 and died in 1785, aged 70. — Nouv. Did. 
 Hist. 
 
 Courtney (William), arehbishopof Can- 
 terbury, was the fourth son of Hugh Court- 
 ney, earl ofDevonshire, by Margaret, grand- 
 daughter of Edward I. and born 1341. He 
 received his education at Oxford, and on 
 entering into orders obtained several va- 
 luable preferments. At the age of twenty- 
 eight he was promoted to the bishoprick of 
 Hereford, from whence he was translated 
 to London, in which see he distinguished 
 himself by his zeal for the papal authority, 
 and in opposition to some court measures: 
 but was particularly noticed by citing Wick- 
 lifFe before him in St. Paul’s cathedral in 
 1377. That divine appeared, supported by 
 John of Gaunt duke of Lancaster, and lord 
 Percy, who behaved with such rudeness to 
 the bishop, that the citizens of London were 
 exasperated, and a tumult ensued. In 1381, 
 he was made lord chancellor, and raised to the 
 archiepiseopal chair, in which he conducted 
 himself with severity. Fie caused Wickliffe’s 
 tenets to be condemned in a synod, and per- 
 secuted his followers. lie "died in 1396. 
 — Bicg. Brit. 
 
 Courtois (James), a celebrated painter, 
 commonly known bv the name of lc Baur- 
 guignon , was born in Franche Comte in 1621. 
 He studied under his father; after which 
 he followed the French army in Italy, and 
 painted battle-pieces from designs taken 
 by him when the actions happened. After 
 this Guido took him to Bologna, and 
 introduced him to Albano, and both those 
 great artists readily gave him instructions. 
 Fie next settled at Florence, where he mar- 
 ried the daughter of a painter, of wheat- 
 
cow 
 
 cow 
 
 lie was very jealous. On her death he fell 
 under a suspicion of having poisoned her, 
 which induced him t» enter among the je- 
 suits at Rome. He died in 1S7G. — D'Ar- 
 genviUe. 
 
 Couktois (William), brother of the 
 above, was .born in 16'dS, and on going to 
 Rome became the disciple of Pietro di 
 Cortona, whose manner he equalled. He 
 painted some line pictures for pope Alex- 
 ander VIL, particularly one of the battles 
 of Joshua. He died by taking a quack 
 medicine for the gout in 1673. — Ibid. 
 
 Cousin (John), an eminent French 
 painter of history, who excelled chiefly in 
 painting on glass. He was also a good 
 sculptor and mathematician, and wrote 
 treatises on Geometry and Optics. He died 
 about 1593. — Ibid. 
 
 Coustou (Nicholas), a French sculptor, 
 born at Lyons in 1658, and died at Paris 
 in 1733. He executed several great works, 
 particularly a marble groupe in the sanc- 
 tuary of Notre Dame, representing the 
 Virgin with the infant Jesus, and a number 
 of angels. — D' Argenville Vies des Archiiecies. 
 
 Coustou (William), brother of the 
 above, 'and director of the roy.;d academy 
 of painting and sculpture, died at Paris 
 in 1746, aged 69. Several capital pieces 
 by him abound in France, the finest of 
 which are, two horses on the terrace of 
 Marti. His son William succeeded him in 
 his honours in the academy, and gained a 
 great reputation in the same line. He died 
 in 1777. — Ibid. 
 
 Couvreur (Adrienne le), a Frenchactress, 
 was born at Frismes in Champagne in 1700. 
 She made her first appearance on the stage 
 at Paris in 1715, in the character ofElecira, 
 arid distinguished herself by her uncommon 
 force of expression. She was the mistress 
 of marshal Saxe, whom she orce relieved 
 from embarrassment by pawning her jewels. 
 She died in \7's>Q.—~Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Co wa ii d (William), an English physi- 
 cian, was born at Winchester about 1657. 
 After taking his degree at Oxford, he settled 
 in London. lie brought himself into note 
 by a book entitled Second Thoughts on 
 the Human Soul, in which he denied its 
 immateriality. This work was ordered, by 
 the house of commons, to be burnt by the 
 hangman. Coward also wrote Ophthal- 
 miatia, or a treatise on the Organs of Vi- 
 sion. He died about 1725. — Gen. Blog. Diet. 
 
 Cowell (John), an English civilian, was 
 born in Devonshire about 1554, and 
 brought up at Cambridge, where he be- 
 came professor of civil law, and master- of 
 Trinity hall. In 1607 he published his In- 
 terpreter, or an Explanation of Law Terms. 
 The house of commons caused this book to 
 be burnt on account of its being too fa- 
 vourable to the regal prerogative. He 
 .died in 1611. He also wrote Institutes of 
 the Laws of England, 1605 , — Prime s Wor- 
 thies of Devon. 
 
 Cowley (Abraham), an English poet, 
 was born in London in 1618, and educated 
 at Westminster school. At the age of 15 he 
 published a small collection of poems, en- 
 titled Poetical Blossoms. From Westmin- 
 ster he removed to Trinity college, Cam- 
 bridge, where he wrote several of h:s 
 pieces. In 1643 he was ejected from the 
 college for his loyalty, and then went to 
 Oxford, where he materially served the 
 royal cause. He afterwards removed to 
 France in the family of the earl of St. 
 Albans. In 1656 he returned to England, 
 and was soon after committed to prison, 
 front whence he was bailed by Dr. Scar- 
 borough. Next year he went to Oxford, 
 and obtained the degree of M.D. On the 
 death of Cromweli he again visited France, 
 but returned at the Restoration, and obtain- 
 ed a lease of a farm at Chertsey, valued 
 about 300/. a year, where he died in 1667. 
 PL’s remains were deposited in Westminster 
 abbeyq where is a monument to his memory. 
 Dr. Johnson places Cowley at the head of 
 those whom he calls metaphysical poets ; 
 but though he is sometimes sublime, al- 
 ways moral, and frequently witty, yet his 
 poems are tedious and affected. The ana- 
 creontics are reckoned the best. He also 
 wrote a comedy called the Cutter of Col, 
 man-street, and some pieces in prose, par- 
 ticularly a Discourse on the Government of 
 Cromwell, and a Proposition for the Ad- 
 vancement of Experimental Philosophy. — . 
 Johnson s Lives of the Poets. Blog. Br. 
 
 Cowper (William), a Scotch divine, who. 
 after being a violent presbyterian, became 
 bishop of Galloway. He died in 1617, aged 
 53. — Life prefixed to his Works, in folio. 
 
 Cowper (Spencer), an English divine, 
 was the son of earl Cowper, and educated 
 at Exeter college, Oxford, where he pro- 
 ceeded D.D. After obtaining several be- 
 nefices, he became dean of Durham, anfl 
 died in 1774. He was a good astronomer, 
 and compiled lunar tables ; he was also the 
 author of some sermons. — Gent. Mag. 
 
 Cowper (William), an English physician, 
 who made some collections towards a His- 
 tory of Chester, his native city, and pub- 
 lished a few tracts on the subject. I le died 
 ijl 1767. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 .Cowper (William), an excellent English 
 poet, was the son of Dr. Cowper, chaplain 
 to George II. rector of Berkhamstead in 
 Herefordshire, and nephew to lord chan- 
 cellor Cowper. He was born in 1731, 
 at Berkhamstead, and lost his mother when 
 he was only six y^ears old. Elis constitu- 
 tion was remarkably delicate from his 
 infancy, and his mind was so tender as to 
 be easily depressed into melancholy. He 
 received the rudiments of learning at Mar- 
 ket-street, Hertfordshire, from whence he 
 was removed to Westminster school, which 
 he quitted at the age of eighteen. Being 
 designed for the law, he was placed under 
 an eminent attorney: on quitting whqna 
 
cox 
 
 c o w 
 
 lie entered of the Inner Temple, where he 
 renewed an intimacy with his school- 
 fellows, Colnian, Thornton, and Lloyd, and 
 contributed three papers to the Connois- 
 seur, conducted by the two former. At 
 the age of thirty-one he was nominated a 
 c;erk in the house of lords; but an un- 
 conquerable timidity prevented him from 
 taking it. He was next appointed clerk of 
 the journals, a situation which, it was sup- 
 posed, would require no personal attend- 
 ance ; but an occasion occurring which 
 rendered it necessary for the clerk to ap- 
 pear at the bar of the house, it had such 
 an effect on his nerves, that he was obliged 
 to resign the place. A morbid melancholy 
 seized him, and it was found necessary to 
 place him under the care of Dr. Cotton, at 
 St. Albans.. By the care of that benevo- 
 lent. physician he recovered his mental fa- 
 culties; apd from this time his ideas of re- 
 ligion were changed to a system of serenity. 
 In 176.’> he settled at Huntingdon, where he 
 formed an acquaintance with a clergyman 
 ot the name, of Unwin, in whose family he 
 became an inmate. That gentleman being 
 killed by a fall from his horse in 1767, 
 Cowper and Mrs. Unwin went and settled 
 at Olney in Buckinghamshire, where they 
 contracted an intimacy with JVXr. Newton, 
 then curate of that parish, and well known 
 i.s a popular preacher and caivinistic 
 writer. To a eollectiou of hymns publish- 
 ed by that gentleman, our poet contributed 
 si.xty-eight. In 1782 appeared a volume of 
 nis poems, which did not excite much at- 
 tention; but the second volume, in 1785, 
 stamped his reputation as a first-rate poet, 
 particularly by that exquisite piece “ the 
 Task.” Lady Austin, for whom the poet 
 liud a tender regard, being a great admirer 
 of Milton, requested him to try his powers 
 in blank verse ; and, on his asking her for 
 a subject, she said, “ Oh, you can wfite 
 upon any ; let it be this sofa.” Thus ori- 
 ginated one of the finest poems in our 
 language. The same lady was also the oc- 
 casion of the popular ballad of John Gil- 
 pm, which story she related to amuse 
 Cowper iti one of Ins gloomy moments ; 
 and it had such an effect upon him, that he 
 turned it into verse. About this time he 
 engaged in translating Hoiper into Mil- 
 tonic verse ; and though the version is not 
 so pleasing as. that of Pope, it exhibits 
 more of the original. In 1786 he removed 
 to Weston in Northamptonshire, with Mrs. 
 Unwin, whom he regarded as a mother. 
 After the publication of his Homer he was 
 persuaded to undertake the life of Milton, 
 and a complete edition of his poetical 
 works. Mr. Hayley was engaged in a 
 similar design, which produced an intimacy 
 between them, which continued till Cow- 
 per’s death. In consequence of this con- 
 nection and increased infirmities our au- 
 thor abandoned this project. In 1794 his 
 majesty granted him a pension of 300/. per 
 
 annum, but the. royal bounty yielded plea- 
 sure only to his friends, for lie was now 
 sunk into a state of complete dejection, 
 from which he never fully emerged. He* 
 continued, however, occasional!y°to write, 
 and .also finished a revisal of his Homer] 
 which has since been printed. T his ami- 
 able man and extraordinary genius died at 
 Dereham in Norfolk, April 25, 1800, and 
 lies buried in the parish church, where a 
 monument is about to be erected to his 
 memory. — Life vf Couoper by Hayley. 
 
 Cox (Richard), an English prelate, was 
 born at Whaddon in Buckinghamshire, 
 about 1500. fie was educated at Eton, 
 from whence he was elected to King’s col- 
 lege, Cambridge, of which he was chosen 
 fellow, but afterwards he removed to Woi- 
 sey’s new college at Oxford. Here he em- 
 braced the principles of the Reformation, 
 for which he was thrown into prison, but 
 obtained his release by means of Cranmer. 
 He was then chosen master of Eton school, 
 and in 1545 obtained the deanry of Christ- 
 church, Oxford. On the accession of Ed- 
 ward VI. to whom he had been tutor, he 
 was made privy counsellor, and dean of 
 Westminster ; but when Mary came to the 
 throne he was deprived of his preferments, 
 and imprisoned. How he obtained his re- 
 lease does not appear; but he immediately 
 went abroad and settled at Strasburgh„ 
 
 I here was another English congregation 
 at Frankfort, where Knox prevailed in 
 setting aside the liturgy, on which Doctor 
 Cox went thither, and by his spirited exer- 
 tions restored conformity. At the acces- 
 sion of queen Elizabeth he returned home, 
 and was made bishop of Ely, in which sta- 
 tion he conducted himself in a most exem- 
 plary manner. He died in 1581. He as- 
 sisted in forming the first liturgy, and in 
 the review of it in 1559. He also had a 
 considerable share in the Bishops Bible— 
 Biop. Br. 
 
 Cox (sir Richard), chancellor of Ireland, 
 was born at Bandon, in the countv of 
 Cork, in 1650. He was at first an attornev, 
 which profession he quitted for the bar! 
 
 In 1690 he was made a judge of the Irish 
 court of common pleas, and about the 
 same time was appointed by king William 
 governor of Cork. In 1703 he was raised 
 to the chancellorship, and in 1706 created 
 a baronet. . The year following lie was de- 
 prived of his office, on which he retired to 
 private life, but afterwards accepted the 
 place of chief justice of the queen’s bench. 
 On the accession of George I. he was dis- 
 missed from his post, and from the privy 
 council. He died in 1733. He wrote Hi- 
 bernia Anglicana, or the History of Ireland, 
 folio ; An Address to those of the Roman 
 Communion in England, 12mo. ; An En- 
 quiry into Religion, and the Use of Rea- 
 son in reference to it, 8vo. — Ibid. 
 
 Cox (Leonard), a grammarian of the 16th 
 century, was a native of Wales, and edu- 
 
C O Y 
 
 C R A 
 
 <*ated at Cambridge, after whiah he be- 
 came schoolmaster at Reading. He died 
 in 1549. He wrote a Commentary on Lil- 
 ly’s Grammar. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 CoxF.TtR (Thomas), an English critic, 
 was born at Lechlade in Gloucestershire, 
 in 1682, and educated at Trinity college, 
 Oxford, but never adopted any profession, 
 lie was a great collector of old books, and 
 in 1739 published a new edition of Bailey’s 
 Life of Bishop Fisher. He engaged in pub- 
 lishing a collection of old plays, which 
 scheme was adopted by Dodsley. He died 
 in 1747. — Ibid. 
 
 Cox is (Michael), an historical and por- 
 trait painter of Mechlin, born in 1497, and 
 died in 1592. tie studied under Raphael, 
 whose manner he imitated with success.— 
 
 JPilkington. 
 
 Coyer (Gabriel Francis), a French writer, 
 was born in 1707. He was a jesuit, but 
 quitted the society in 1736, and became 
 tutor to the prince" of Turenne, afterwards 
 duke of Bouillon. His principal works are 
 the History of John Sobieski, 3 vols. 12mo. ; 
 Travels into Italy and Holland, 2 vols. 
 
 Treatise of Public Education, 
 j2mo. ; he also translated Blackstone’s 
 Commentaries into French. He died at 
 Paris in 1782. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Coyfel, a celebrated family of painters 
 m France. 1. Noel Coyrni. was born in 
 1628, and became the disciple of Quilletier. 
 In 1663 he was admitted into the academy, 
 of which he was chosen professor. The 
 ping gave him apartments in the Louvre, 
 and' nominated him director of the French 
 a cade mv at Rome, which institution flou- 
 rished greatly under his care. He exe- 
 cuted a number of great works, and died 
 in 1707. 2. Anthony Coypel, eldest son of 
 
 the above, was born at Paris in 1661. He 
 accompanied his father to Rome, where he 
 «rreatiy improved himself. He succeeded 
 his father in his honours, and in 1715 was 
 appointed first painter to the king. Be- 
 sides his professional talents he had a taste 
 for literature, and wrote a poetical epistle 
 on painting in a style of elegance. He died 
 La 1 722. 3\ His son Charles was an eminent 
 
 artist, and a dramatic poet. He died in 
 1752, aged 58. 4. Nod Nicholas Coypel, 
 another son of Noel Coypel, and brother of 
 Antony, was born at Paris in 1692. He 
 had not the same advantages of instruction 
 as his brother, owing to his father’s dying 
 while he was young; but he acquired great 
 knowledge by his own application, and pro- 
 duced a picture for a royal prize, which 
 was highly admired. Fie also painted some 
 foie church pieces. In 1733 he was ap- 
 pointed a professor in the academy, and 
 died in 1735. — D' Argenville. 
 
 Coysevox (Anthony), a French sculptor, 
 was born at Lyons in 1640, and died in 
 1720. There were many of his works at 
 Versailles ; besides which he executed the 
 femb of the great Colbert. — Ibid. 
 
 Coytier (James), physician to Lewis XI. 
 king of France. Fie acquired a great as- 
 cendancy over the mind of that weak mo- 
 narch, who was alraid of dying; and this 
 timidity Coytier turned to his own advan- 
 tage, by procuring several grants for him- 
 self. — Moreri. 
 
 Cozza (Francesco), a disciple of Domt- 
 nichino. He was a native of Palermo in 
 Sicily, and was employed in several great 
 works at Rome, as well in oil painting as 
 in fresco, and died there in 1664. — Phi. 
 
 Craasbeck (Joseph van), a Flemish 
 painter, was born at Brussels in 1608, and 
 died in 1668. He was the disciple of Brou- 
 wer, and painted scenes in public houses, 
 which he executed very happily. — Bad. 
 
 Crabb (I Iabakkuk),a dissenting minister, 
 was born at Wattisfield in Suffolk, and edu- 
 cated under Dr. Ashworth at Daventiy. 
 After officiating at different places, he 
 settled in his native village ; from whence 
 lie removed to Royston. He died in 1 1 95. 
 His sermons were published after his death. 
 — Gent. Mac;. 
 
 Cradock (Samuel), a nonconformist di- 
 vine, who was ejected from the living of 
 North Cadburv, in Somersetshire, in 1662. 
 He died in 1706, aged 86. He wrote a 
 History of the Old and New Testament ; a 
 Harmony of the Four Evangelists, and 
 other works. — Calamy. 
 
 Craddock (Luke), an English painter, 
 whose pictures once sold for a good price. 
 His birds were much valued. He died in 
 171 7. — Pilkington. 
 
 Craig (Nicholas), a learned Dane, was 
 born in 1541, and died in 1602- He wrote 
 an esteemed book on the Republic of the 
 
 Lacedemonians, in Latin, reprinted at Ley- 
 den, in 1670, 8 vo. ; also the Annals of Den- 
 mark, reprinted at Copenhagen in 1737, 
 folio. — Moreri. 
 
 Craig (sir Thomas), an eminent Scotch 
 lawyer. He was born at Edinburgh in 
 1548, and died there in 1608. Flis book 
 on the feudal law has been often printed, 
 and is still held in high repute.— Gen. B. I). 
 
 Craig (James), a Scotch divine, born at 
 Clifford in East Lothian, 1682, and edu- 
 cated at Edinburgh, where he became a 
 popular preacher. He published 3 vols. of 
 Sermons, and died in 1744. — Ibid. 
 
 Craig (John), a Scotch mathematician, 
 who settled at Cambridge about 1680, and 
 in 1685 had a dispute with John Bernouilli 
 on the method of the quadrature of curved 
 lines, and curvilinear figures. Fie had ano- 
 ther difference with that great mathema- 
 tician on an algebraic question, but finding 
 himself wrong he candidly acknowledged 
 it in the Philosophical Transactions. lie 
 wrote several able pieces on mathematical 
 subjects; but the most extraordinary one 
 is entitled, Theologise Christian* principia 
 Mathematica, first printetPin 1699, at 1. 011 - 
 don, and at Leipsic, with a learned pre- 
 face, ill 1755, 4t«. The *bject of this CUp 
 
€ R A 
 
 € R A 
 
 rious tract I 3 to apply mathematical calcu- 
 lation to the credibility of the gospel his- 
 tory ; and he maintains on this principle 
 that the Christian religion must end, ac- 
 cording to the doctrine of chances, A. D. 
 3150, at which time our 'Lord will make 
 his second appearance. This work was 
 answered by the abbe Hauteville in a work 
 entitled, the Christian Religion proved by 
 Facts. It is not known when Craig died. — 
 Noun. Diet. Hist. Gen. Biog. 
 
 Craig (William), a Scotch divine, was 
 horn at Glasgow in 1709, and educated in 
 the university there. In 1734 he com- 
 menced preacher, and in 1737 settled as 
 minister of Cambusnethan, from whence 
 he afterwards removed to Glasgow, where 
 he officiated as minister of St. Andrew’s 
 church. He died in 1783. Dr. Craig wrote 
 an Essay on the Life of Jesus Christ ; and a 
 volume of sermons. — Bin*. Br. 
 
 Crakanthorpe (Richard), an English 
 divine of considerable learning, was born 
 in Westmoreland, and educated in Queen’s 
 college, Oxford. He died at his rectory of 
 Black Notley in Essex, in 16' '-'4. He wrote 
 some able pieces against the Romanists, par- 
 ticularly Baronius. — Wood's A. 0. 
 
 Cramer (Daniel), a learned German di- 
 vine, was born at Retz, in Brandenlnirgh, 
 in 1.568. He was professor of eloquence 
 at Wittemberg, and afterwards dean and 
 consistorial professor at Stettin, where he 
 died in 1598. He wrote on the logic and 
 metaphysics of Aristotle . S choke Propheti- 
 cal; Arbor Hereticx Consanguinitatis, &c. 
 
 > — Merer i. 
 
 Cramer (John James), a Swiss divine, 
 and professor of the Oriental languages at 
 Zurich, from whence he removed to Her- 
 born, where he held the professorships of 
 theology and ecclesiastical history. He 
 died in 1702. His principal works are, 
 JExercitationes de Ara Exteriori Templi 
 
 secundi, 4to.; Theologia Israelis, 4to. 
 
 His brother John Rodolpbus was professor of 
 Hebrew and divinity at Zurich, and dean 
 of the college of Canons. He wrote some 
 works on Hebrew antiquities, and died at 
 Zurich in 1737. — Moreri. 
 
 Cramer (John Andrew), a famous me- 
 tallurgist, was born at Quedlinburg in 1710, 
 and died near Dresden in 1777. He was the 
 first who formed the art of assaying into 
 a system : on which subject he wrote an 
 esteemed work, entitled, Elementa Artis 
 Docimastiese, 1 739, 8vo. Fie was also the 
 author of an Introduction to the Care and 
 Management of Forests, with a Description 
 of the Method of burning Charcoal, 1766, 
 fob ; the Elements of Metallurgy, 2 parts, 
 folio.— Gen. Biog. 
 
 Cramer (John Andrew), a German 
 writer, was horn in 1723. He studied at 
 Leipsic, where he gave lectures, and pub- 
 lished a weekly paper, called the “Guar- 
 dian Spirit.” In 1754, he removed to Co- 
 penhagen as chaplain to the court, and in 
 
 1765 was appointed professor of theology ; 
 but when Struensee fell into disgrace, Cra- 
 mer was deprived of his places, on which 
 he retired to Lubec ; but in 1774 he was 
 re-established in Denmark, and appointed 
 divinity professor at Kell. He died there 
 in 1788. He translated some of the works 
 of Chrysostom into German ; and Bossuet’s 
 Universal History, with Dissertations. ILa 
 also published an animated poetic version 
 of the Psalms sermons ; odes ; the Life of 
 Gellert, and a number of miscellaneous 
 pieces. His poems are much admired. — 
 Ibid. 
 
 Cramer (N.), a Flemish painter, was 
 born in 1670, and died in 1710. He bad a. 
 good taste for design, and his portraits have 
 a great resemblance to nature. — Pilkington. 
 
 Crame" (John Frederic), a learned man, 
 who was professor at Duisbourg, and resi- 
 dent for the king of Prussia at the Hague, 
 where he died in 1717. lie wrote Vindi- 
 cix nomiuis Germaniei contra quosdam ob- 
 trectatores Gallon. — Moreri. 
 
 Cramer (Gabriel), a mathematician of 
 Geneva, was horn in 1694. He became 
 professor of mathematics, and a member of 
 most of the learned societies in Europe. 
 He died in 1752. Fie wrote some pieces, 
 and edited the works of James and John 
 Bernouilli. — Noun. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Crane (Thomas), a nonconformist di- 
 vine, was born at Plymouth, and educated 
 at Exeter college, Oxford, after which he 
 had a living in Dorsetshire, from which he 
 was ejected in 1662. He died in 1714 , 
 There is by him a treatise on Divine Pro- 
 vidence. — Calamy. 
 
 Cranius (Luca), a painter, was born in 
 Bamberg in 1470, and died in 1553. He 
 painted historical subjects and portraits, 
 but his pieces are not held in high esteem. 
 He had a son who painted in the same 
 manner. He died in 1586, aged 76. — Pilh- 
 ington. 
 
 Cranmer (Thomas), archbishop of Can- 
 terbury, was born at Aslacton, in Notting- 
 hamshire, in 1489, and educated at Jesus 
 college, Cambridge, where he proceeded to 
 the degree of D.D. The opinion which he 
 gave on the question of Henry VTIth’s 
 divorce recommended him to that monarch, 
 who employed him to vindicate the mea- 
 sure, and sent him to the foreign universi- 
 ties to obtain their opinion upon the point. 
 At Rome he presented his book on the di- 
 vorce to the pope, and offered to justify 
 it in a public disputation, hut none was 
 appointed. In Germany he married a niece 
 of Osiander: and during his abode there, 
 archbishop Warham died, on which the 
 king nominated Cranmer to that dignity, 
 which he endeavoured to decline. In 1533 
 he was consecrated, arid though he received 
 the customary bulls from the pope, he pro- 
 tested against submission to his authority. 
 The first service in which he was employed 
 was to pronounce the divorce between the 
 
C R A 
 
 € R A 
 
 kmgand Catherine. He furthered the Re- 
 formation with zeal, tempered with judg- 
 ment and moderation. That valuable 
 work, the Erudition of a Christian Man, 
 •was set forth by him, and by his means the 
 Bible was translated and read in churches. 
 Though he was esteemed by the king for 
 •his piety and integrity,' he occasionally of- 
 fended him by his opposition to the six 
 bloody articles, and to the alienation of the 
 abbey lands' to secular uses. The arch- 
 bishop wished to appropriate them to the 
 advancement of learning and religion. Bi- 
 shop Gardiner, and others, accused him to 
 the* privy council of heresy and faction, 
 and after being ignominiously suffered to 
 remain among the footmen for some time, 
 he was called in, and the lords were about 
 to send him to the Tower, when the arch- 
 bishop confounded them, by producing the 
 king’s own ring, given him for that pur- 
 pose. By Henry’s wall he was appointed 
 one of the regency, and as Edward VI. 
 was brought up chiefly under the arch- 
 bishop’s care, the Reformation in his reign 
 assumed a consistent form ; the liturgy, 
 homilies, and articles of religion, were 
 framed; in all of which Cranmer had a 
 principal hand. He also published an ex- 
 cellent work, entitled, “The true and Ca- 
 tholic Doctrine of the Sacrament of the 
 Body of our Lord Jesus Christ.” When 
 J'ldward was prevailed on to alter the suc- 
 cession in favour of lady Jane Grey, the 
 archbishop opposed it for a considerable 
 time, and* it was not till the judges had 
 given their opinion in favour of its legality, 
 that he subscribed his name, with the other 
 members of the council, to the deed. On 
 the accession of Mary, our prelate was 
 ■condemned first for treason, and pardon- 
 ed ; but another charge was brought 
 against him of heresy, and he was sent to 
 the Tower, from whence, with Fridley and 
 Latimer, he was removed to Oxford, to 
 hold a public disputation. This was a so- 
 lemn mockery, for the .fate of these holy 
 men was already fixed. The archbishop 
 was tried by the pope’s commissioners, and 
 convicted, after which he was degraded by 
 Bonner and Thirlby with insolent rude- 
 ness. He was kept in prison three years, 
 and after the most rigorcius measures had 
 been made use of to prevail upon him to 
 abjure his errors, more lenient ones were 
 adopted. These were again changed, and 
 he was removed to a filthy prison, where 
 be suffered such uncommon hardships, that 
 he was induced to sign the instrument of 
 abjuration on the promise of life. But this 
 was an act of treachery, to procure the pa- 
 pists a momentary triumph, which turned 
 to their own disgrace. The archbishop 
 was brought into St. Mary’s church to 
 read his recantation in public, where, after 
 a ionV sermon preached by Dr. Cole, a 
 noted°persecutor of that reign, Cranmer, 
 instead of doing what was required, with 
 
 many tears beseeched God’s forgiveness For 
 the apostacy of which he had been guilty, 
 and exhorted the people against the errors 
 of Rome. This greatly enraged his adver- 
 saries ; who, after vilifying him as a. -hy- 
 pocrite and heretic, dragged him to the 
 stake, opposite Baiiol college, which he ap- 
 proached with a cheerful countenance, 
 and endured the fire with patience and for- 
 titude, holding his hand in the flame, and 
 often exclaiming-, “ This unworthy hand!” 
 and raising his eyes to heaven, expired with 
 the dying prayer of the first martyr of the 
 Christian church, “ Lord Jesus, receive my 
 spirit,” March 21, 1 555. He was a man of 
 great learning, deeply read in the canpn 
 law, of unimpeachable integrity, and of so 
 meek and generous a temper, that it was a 
 common saying, “ Do my lord of Canter- 
 burv an ill turn, and he will be your friend 
 ever after.” — Strype's Memorials of Cranmer. 
 Life of Cranmer by Gilpin. 
 
 Crashaw (Richard), an English poet, 
 was born in London, and educated at Cam- 
 bridge ; but being inveigled to popery he 
 went to Paris, where he was in great dis- 
 tress when Cowley met with him, in 1645, 
 and relieved his necessities. He afterwards 
 became secretary to a cardinal, and a canon 
 of the church at Lorette, where he died 
 about 1650. hie wrote several poems, 
 chiefly religious, which were much esteem- 
 edp and sometimes imitated by Pope. They 
 were reprinted in 1785. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Crassus (Lucius Licinius), a famous Ro- 
 man orator, was born of a noble family, 
 about B. C. 140. He distinguished himself 
 by his eloquence in the impeachment of 
 the consul Papinius Carbo; but his modes- 
 ty was so great, that he always turned pale 
 and trembled at the commencement of his 
 speeches. Cicero gives him a noble cha- 
 racter. He was consul B. C. 95, and lastly 
 censor. lie died at the age of 48. — Cicero 
 de Oratore. Uni’v. Hist. 
 
 Crassus (Marcus Lieiuius), of the same 
 family with the preceding. He acquired 
 immense riches by dealing in slaves. When 
 China filled Rome with his cruelties, he 
 went to Spain, and from thence to Africa, 
 where he served under Sylla. l ie was sent 
 against the revolted gladiators, who were 
 headed by Spartacus. In this battle 12,000 
 of the slaves were killed, and Crassus was 
 honoured with an ovation. He served as 
 consul with Pompey, and entertained the 
 Roman populace at 10,000 tables. lie ac- 
 cepted the government of Syria, where he 
 was slain by the Partfiians, B. C. 53 ;— — 
 Plutarch. 
 
 Crates, the disciple of Diogenes the 
 cynic. He is said to have sold his estate, 
 the produce of which he gave to the poor, 
 that* he might study philosophy without 
 disturbance. 0 Though excessively ugly and 
 filthy, a lady of family, named Hipparcina, 
 fell in love with him, and oecame his wife. 
 Some of Ids apophthegms and letters arc 
 
C R E 
 
 CUE 
 
 extant. He flourished B. C. 328. — Stanley's 
 Hist. Phil. 
 
 Crates, an academic philosopher, who 
 flourished 272 B. C. He was greatly es- 
 teemed bv the Athenians, who sent him on 
 severs l embassies. — Ibid. 
 
 Cratesipolis, queen of Sicyon, who 
 signalized herself by her valour after the 
 death of her husband Alexander. She 
 marched with an army against her revolted 
 subjects, and restored subjection after se- 
 verely punishing the leaders. This was 
 B. C. 314, — Moreri. 
 
 Crattnus, a poet of Athens, who in- 
 vented or improved comic poetry. lie 
 wrote 21 plays, and was very satirical on 
 public characters. Though intemperate in 
 Iris life, he attained the age of 97, raid died 
 P>. C. 431. — Foss, de Poet. Grac. 
 
 Cratippus', a peripatetic philosopher, 
 and tutor to the younger Cicero at Athens, 
 where his lectures were attended by the 
 most eminent persons. He wrote some 
 treatises, which are lost. — Bayle. 
 
 Crato, or he Crafthf.im (John), phy- 
 sician to the emperor Ferdinand I. He was 
 a native of Bredaw, where he died in 1585, 
 aged 66. He wrote some medical works 
 and Latin poems. From his notes was col- 
 lected the work entitled, Luther’s Table 
 Talk; he having been an inmate in the. fa- 
 mily of that reformer. — Moreri. 
 
 Crawford (David), a Scotch .lawyer, 
 and historiographer royal of Scotland. He 
 wrote Memoirs of that "kingdom under the 
 four regents; the History of the Stuart 
 Family; a Topographical Description of 
 Renfrew: and a Peerage of Scotland. He 
 died in 1726, aged 61. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Crawford (William), a Scotch divine, 
 was horn at Kelso in 1 676, and educated at 
 Edinburgh, after which he became a mi- 
 nister. He died in 1742. His sermons have 
 been printed in 2 vols. 12mo. — Ibid. 
 
 Crayer (Gaspard de), a Flemish painter, 
 was born at Antwerp in 1535. lie was the 
 disciple of Coxis the Younger, whom he 
 surpassed. The king of Spain gave him a 
 pension ; and Rubens held his talents in 
 high esteem. He painted a number of fine 
 pictures for churches, and he was also ex- 
 cellent in portraits. .He died in 1669. — 
 D'Argenvilk. 
 
 Crebillon (Prosper Jol rot de), a French 
 dramatic poet, was born at Dijon in 1674. 
 He was placed under a solicitor, but being 
 fond of attending theatrical exhibitions, Ins 
 master advised him to commence dramatic 
 writer. He did so, and succeeded, rank- 
 , ;,ig, till Voltaire distinguished himself, next 
 to Corneille and Racine. His first popular 
 performance was Atreus, which had a pro- 
 digious success : as also had his Electra and 
 Ruadamistus. Ide died in 1762, having led 
 for several years a secluded life. Id s works 
 have been published in 12 vols. 4 o. His 
 son, Claude Prosper Joliot DE C .EB1LLON, 
 
 horn in 1707, and died in 1771, wm also a 
 
 man of letters, and wrote several esteemed 
 novels, the principal of which is entitled, 
 Les Egaremens du Cosur et de l’Esprit. — • 
 Honor. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Credi (Lorenzo Hi), an Italian painter, 
 born at Florence in 1452, and died in 
 1530. He had for a fellow-pupil, under 
 V eroccliio, the celebrated da Vinci, whose 
 manner he adopted with great success. — 
 Piliington. 
 
 Creecii (Thomas), an English poet, was 
 born at Blandford, in Dorsetshire, in 1659, 
 and educated at Wadharn college, Oxford, 
 where he took the degree of M. A. and in 
 1696 that of B. D. In 1699 he obtained the 
 living of Welwyn in Hertfordshire, but the 
 following year he put an end to himself at 
 Oxford, the cause of which is not known. 
 He translated Lucretius into English verse, 
 1682; Horace, in 1684; Theocritus, in the 
 same year ; and various other authors. — - 
 Biog. Brit. 
 
 Creli. (Lewis Christian), a German di- 
 vine, was born at Neustadt in 1671. He 
 studied at Leipslc, and became rector of 
 the school of St. Nicholas, and professor of 
 philosophy. He died in 1735. He wrote 
 De Civis Innocentis in manus liostium ad 
 nerviun traditione; De Scytala Racomca; 
 De Providentia Dei circa lieges Constitu- 
 endos, &c. — Moreri. 
 
 Crellius (John), a soeinian writer, was 
 born in Franconia in 1590. He received 
 his education at Nuremberg and Altdorf, 
 but having embraced notions different 
 from Lutheranism, he withdrew to Cra- 
 cow in Poland, where he became professor 
 of Greek, and wrote a number of books in 
 defence of Socinianism, which make 2 vols. 
 folio. He died in 1633. — Moreri. 
 
 Cremonini (Ctesar), an Italian philoso- 
 pher and professor at Ferrara and Padua, 
 was born at Cento in the Modenese in 
 1550, and died at Padua in 1630. Flewrote 
 some philosophical treatises on the Aristo- 
 telian system. — Moreri, 
 
 Crenxds (Thomas), a voluminous writer 
 of Brandenburg, who died at Leyden in 
 1728, aged 89. He wrote chiefly on philo- 
 logical subjects. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Crequi (Charles de), prince of Foix! 
 and duke de Lesdiguieres, He rendered 
 himself remarkable by his exploits in Sr- 
 vov and against the Spaniards. He vers 
 killed at the siege of Bremen in 1638, air d 
 60. — Moreri. 
 
 Crequi (Francis, marquis of), great 
 grandson of the above, was a man of cou- 
 rage and activity. He defeated Charles 
 V. duke of Lorrain, in A’sace; took Lux- 
 emburgh, and several other important 
 places. He died in 1687, aged 63. — Ibid. 
 
 Cuescembeni (John Mario), an Italian 
 poet, was born at Mecerata" in Ancona, 
 1663. He was the founder of the Arcadian 
 society. Having entered into orders, he 
 obtained some ecclesiastical preferments, 
 and died i.i 1728. He wrote a number of 
 
CRE 
 
 CRT 
 
 Works, the principal of which are, 1. fsfo- 
 ria della Volgar Po.esia, 7 vols. 4 to., which 
 contains much interesting and curious bi- 
 ographical matter • 2. History of the Aca- 
 demy of Arcadi, with the Lives of its prin- 
 cipal members, 7 vols. 4to. His principal 
 work is a History of Italian Poetry, Ve- 
 nice, 1781, 6 Vols. 4to. — Men ri. Thaboschi. 
 
 Crescens, a cynic philosopher of the 
 second century, who wrote some infamous 
 calumnies against the Christians, and was 
 answered by Justin, for which Crescens 
 prevailed with the magistrates to put him 
 to death. — Eusebius Esc!. Hist . 
 
 Crescentius (Peter de), a French ad- 
 vocate, who at the age of 70 retired from 
 , his profession for a country life. He wrote 
 a work on Agriculture, entitled Opus Ru- 
 ralium Commodorum, printed at Louvain 
 in 1474, at Florence 1481, fob It is also 
 in the Rei Rustics Scriptores, by Gesner, 
 in 2 vols. 4to. The author lived in the 
 14th century.— TV u-v. Diet. H st. 
 
 Cresi-i (Daniel), an Italian painter, was 
 born at Bologna in 1592, and died in 1630. 
 His portraits are painted in an admirable 
 style; and there are several church paint- 
 ings by him of great merit. — Pilkington. 
 
 Crespi (Joseph Maria), a painter of 
 Bologna, born in 1665, and died in 1747. 
 He accustomed himself to paint in a cham- 
 ber, so contrived as to admit only a ray of 
 the sun, or the light of a flambeau, to en- 
 able him to give greater roundness and re- 
 lief to his paintings, by a nice observation 
 of the force of light and shadow. — Ibid. 
 
 Cressy (Hugh Talin, or Serenus), a ca- 
 tholic divine, was born at Wakefield in 
 Yorkshire, in 1605, and educated at Mer- 
 ton college, Oxford, where he took his de- 
 grees in arts, and became fellow. After- 
 wards he was chaplain to lord Falkland, 
 whom he attended to Ireland, and obtained 
 the deanry of Leiglilin, to which was added 
 a canonry of Windsor. In 1644 he went 
 to Rome, where he renounced the pro- 
 testant religion. He entered among the 
 benedictines at Douav, on which occasion 
 he changed his Christian name to Serenus . 
 At the Restoration he returned to England, 
 and became chaplain to the queen of 
 Charles II. Fie died at East Grinstead in 
 Sussex in 1674. Fie wrote controversial 
 pieces in defence of the Romish faith, one 
 #f which was answered by lord Clarendon. 
 He was also the author of “ The Church 
 History of Brittany,” folio, 1668. It ex- 
 hibits great labour and learning, but is lull 
 <?f legendary fables. — Wood. Biog.Brit. 
 
 Cresti (Domlnico), a painter who re- 
 ceived the name of Passignano, from the 
 
 f lace of his birth, a village near Florence. 
 
 le was a disciple of Zucchero, and painted 
 history and portrait. Fie died in 1638, 
 aged 80. — Pilkington. 
 
 Crevier (John Baptist Lewis), a French 
 historian, was born at Paris in 1693. l ie 
 ftudied under Rollin, whose Roman his- 
 
 tory he completed ; but his principal work: 
 is the History of the Roman Emperors to 
 Constantine, 12 vols. 12mo. He was also 
 the author of a History of the University 
 of Paris, 7 vols. 12mo.; French Rhetoric, 2 
 vols. 1 2;ho. : and he published an edition 
 of Livy. He died in 1 765. — Noun. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Crew (Nathaniel), an English prelate, 
 was the son of John lord Crew, and born 
 in Northamptonshire in 1633. He re- 
 ceived his education at Lincoln college, 
 Oxford, where he took his degrees in arts, 
 and complied with the presbyterian party; 
 but at the Restoration he entered into or- 
 ders, and in 1669 was made dean of Chi- 
 chester. In 1671 he was advanced to the 
 bishopric of Oxford, from whence he was 
 translated to Durham, for which prefer- 
 ment lie was indebted to James duke of 
 York, all of whose measures, after his ac- 
 cession to the throne, he supported, and 
 sat in the ecclesiastical commission in 1686. 
 But when the bishop saw that his master’s- 
 ruin was approaching, he began to alter his 
 conduct, and m the convention parliament 
 was one of those who voted that James 
 had abdicated the throne. Notwithstand- 
 ing this he was excepted out of the pardon 
 granted by William and Mary. On this 
 he absconded for some time; at last he ob- 
 tained his pardon, and was suiTcred to re- 
 tain his dignity. In 1691 he succeeded to 
 the family title by the death of his brother. 
 Fie died in 1721. With all his faults he 
 was liberal and munificent, and bestowed 
 considerable sums in works of charity, 
 — Wood. Biog. Br. 
 
 Crichton (James), a celebrated Scotch- 
 man, of whom so many wonderful things 
 are related as to have procured him the 
 name of “ the admirable Crichton.” He 
 was born about 1550, in the countv of 
 Perth, of a good family, a;id educated at 
 St. Andrews, where he made a rapid pro- 
 gress in the languages and sciences. At the 
 age of twenty he visited Paris, and ac- 
 quired uncommon reputation as a dispu- 
 tant, and for his skiil and activity in games 
 of all sorts, as well as martial exercises. 
 Fie next went to Rome, and displayed his 
 talents in the presence of the pope and car- 
 dinals. From thence he travelled to Ve- 
 nice, where he became intimate with the 
 learned Aldus Manutius, who dedicated to 
 him the paradoxes of Cicero, in a strain of 
 panegyric which borders on the ridicu- 
 lous. At Padua he held disputations with 
 the most learned professors, on a number 
 of subjects, but particularly on the Aristo- 
 telian philosophy. V e next find him at 
 Mantua, where he is reported to have slain 
 a famous fencing master in a duel. The 
 duke of Mantua was so pleased with 
 Crichton as to appoint him tutor to hia 
 son, who was a very licentious young man. 
 This appointment, however, proved fatal 
 to him ; for one night, as he was walking 
 through t t streets in carnival time, he 
 
e r t 
 
 C R O' 
 
 4vas attacked by six assassins, and after a 
 gallant defence lost his life. It is said that 
 the person who gave him the fatal stroke 
 was the prince, his pupil. This event is 
 placed in the year 1583. Four of his Latin 
 poems are extant, but so very wretched as 
 to stamp the marvellous character of him, 
 given by some biographers, with the 
 charge of imposture. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Ciullon (Lewis de Berthon de), a cele- 
 brated French general, and knight of Mal- 
 ta, was born in 1541. Me was present at 
 several battles, particularly that of I.epanto, 
 where he was wounded. Henry IV. called 
 him the brave Crillon. I lis generosity was 
 equal to his courage. He died in 1615.- — ■ 
 Moreri. 
 
 Crili.on-Maiion (the duke de), a cele- 
 brated general, who distinguished himself 
 in the seven years war, and afterwards 
 quitted the French service for that of Spain, 
 where he was made a grandee of the first 
 rank. He was general in chief of the Spa- 
 nish armies in 1780, and commanded at 
 the famous siege of Gibraltar, where after 
 all his formidable exertions and skill, he was 
 defeated by the superior talents of general 
 Elliot. In 1782 he took Minorca, and 
 from thence assumed the surname of Ma- 
 hon, the name of the capital of that island, 
 fie died at Madrid in 1796, aged 80. — 
 X'fnU'V. Diet. Ph^t. 
 
 Crinesius (Christopher), a Bohemian di- 
 vine, was born in 1584, and died in 1626. 
 Me wrote on the Confusion of Tongues; 
 Exercitationes Mebraicx; Gymnasium, & 
 Lexicon Syriacum; Lingua Samaritica, &c. 
 —Ibid. 
 
 CftiNiTus (Peter), professor of the belles- 
 lettres at Florence, was born in 1465. He 
 was a learned man, but very profligate, 
 -and died in 1505. Fie wrote the Lives of 
 the Latin Poets, and a piece entitled De 
 Honesta Discipiina. — Moreri. 
 
 Crisp (Tobias), an English divine, was 
 born in London in 1600, and educated first 
 at Eton, and next at Cambridge, from 
 whence, after taking the degree of B. A. 
 be removed to Baliol college, Oxford, where 
 he proceeded to his degree of D.D. In 
 ■ 1627 be obtained the rectory of Brink- 
 worth in Wiltshire. On the breaking out 
 of the rebellion he went to London, where 
 he died in 1648. The name of this divine 
 is famous, by his being the leader of a sect 
 of antinomians, who adhexc to the danger- 
 ous tenet laid down by him in his sermons, 
 entitled Christ alone exalted, that the work 
 of salvation was completed for the elect 
 upon tire cross, and that they have nothing 
 therefore to do but simply to believe. 
 These sermons have been often printed 
 .and occasioned frequent controversies. — 
 Wood’s A. 0. 
 
 Crispus (JohnBaptist),an Italian divine, 
 who died in the kingdom of Naples in 1595. 
 Ha wrote the Life of Sannazarius, and De 
 
 Ethnicis Philosophis eaute legendis, fob*, 
 
 1 594 . — Moreri. 
 
 Critias, one of the thirty tyrants of 
 Athens. Me was an eloquent and spirited 
 man, but insidious and cruel. Me had been, 
 the disciple of Socrates, whom, however, 
 be persecuted and prohibited from teach- 
 ing. He was slain in battle 400 B. C.— ■ 
 Ibid. 
 
 Ckito, one of the disciples of Socrates, 
 who was with that great man at his death, 
 and composed Dialogues, which are now 
 lost. — Diog. Laerl. Xenophon. 
 
 Critohulus, an ancient physician, who 
 drew an arrow so dextrously out of the eve 
 of Philip of Macedon, that the wound 
 could not be perceived. — Pliny Nat. Hist. 
 
 Critolaus, a Greek historian, who 
 wrote a treatise on the Epirots, mentioned 
 by Plutarch ; also one on astronomy. — 
 Moreri. 
 
 Critolaus, a citizen of Tegea, in Ar- 
 cadia, who with his two brothers fought 
 against an equal number of Pheneans, to 
 put an end to the war between the two 
 nations. His brothers were slain, and vet 
 he vanquished his antagonists. On his re- 
 turn from the combat, he was met by hi* 
 sister, who lamented the death of one of 
 the persons whom he had slain, as he was 
 her lover. This provoked Critolaus, and 
 he killed her : for this offence he was par- 
 doned. He afterwards became general of 
 the Achatans, but being defeated by the 
 Romans, he poisoned himself, 146 B. C. — • 
 Plutarch. Livy. 
 
 Croese (Gerard), a putch divine, who 
 wrote the History of the Quakers, and 
 other works. He died in 1710, aged 68. 
 — Moreri. 
 
 Crcesus, king, of Lydia, who brought 
 the Greeks into subjection to the Lydians. 
 He was a great patron of learned men, and 
 entertained iEsop the fabulist. Fie amassed 
 prodigious wealth, and thereby rendered 
 his name proverbial. Cyrus, king of Per- 
 sia, defeated him, B. C. 548, and command- 
 ed him to be burnt alive. When on the 
 pile, the unfortunate monarch thrice re- 
 peated the name of Solon, on which Cyrus 
 had the curiosity to ask him the meaning. 
 He told the conqueror, that Solon had 
 maintained that poverty was a happier 
 state than riches, and that he found now 
 his words were true. Cyrus gave him his 
 life, and made him his friend. — Plutarch „ 
 Herodotus. 
 
 Croft (Herbert), an English bishop, 
 was born in Oxfordshire, of a good family, 
 in 1603. Mis father turned papist, and 
 took his son with him to St. Omers, where 
 he placed him in the English college of 
 jesuits. A little before his death he was 
 sent to England, to settle some affairs, and 
 becoming acquainted with Dr. Morton, 
 bishop of Durham, was brought back t« 
 the piotestant communion. . Fie then went 
 
 11 
 
C R O 
 
 10 Oxford, and was admitted of Christ- 
 church. On entering- into orders, he ob- 
 tained a living in Gloucestershire, and in 
 1639 was presented to a prebend in the ca- 
 thedral of Salisbury. In 1644 he was made 
 dean of Hereford; but the troubles coming 
 on he suffered much for his loyalty. At 
 the Restoration he was made bishop of He- 
 reford ; and in 1667 dean of the chapel 
 royal, jvhich place he resigned, and retired 
 to his diocese. In 1675 he printed, but 
 without his name, a tract entitled Naked 
 Truth pleading for Toleration of Protes- 
 tant Dissenters ; which was* answered by se- 
 veral writers. In 1685 he wrote Animad- 
 versions on Dr. Burnet’s Theory of the 
 Earth. He died at Hereford in 1691, and 
 was buried in the cathedral. Besides the 
 above pieces he printed some sermons and 
 religious tracts. Plis son Herbert was cre- 
 ated a baronet in 1671, and died in 1710, 
 - — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Ckoft (William), an English musician* 
 was horn at Nether-Eatington in Warwick- 
 shire, in 1677, and educated under Dr. 
 Blow, whom he succeeded as' master of the 
 children, composer to the chapel royal, and 
 organist of Westminster abbey. In 1 7 1 2 h e 
 published his Divine Harmony; and in 
 1715 was created Dr. in music by the uni- 
 versity of Oxford. In 1724 appeared his 
 Musica Sacra, in 2 vols. Pie died in 1727, 
 
 and was buried in Westminster abbey. 
 
 Burney. Hair kins. 
 
 Croftqn (Zachary), a nonconformist 
 divine, was horn in Ireland, and educated 
 at Dublin. In the Irish rebellion lie remov- 
 ed to England, and obtained the living of 
 Wrensbury in Cheshire, of which he was 
 afterwards deprived for refusing to sub- 
 scribe the engagement. Pie then went to 
 .London and had the living of St. Botolph, 
 Alagate, from whence he was ejected by 
 the act of conformity. After the Restora- 
 tion he wrote in defence of the solemn 
 league and covenant, for which he was sent 
 to the Tower, but recovered his liberty by 
 petitioning the king. In 1667 lie set up 
 a school in Aldgate, and died about 1672. 
 He printed several controversial pieces.— 
 Calamy. 
 
 Croius, or de Croi (John), a learned 
 French protestant, was born at Usez, where 
 he became a minister, and died in 1659. 
 He wrote, Specimen Conjecturarum & Ob- 
 servationum in quxdam Originis, Iremti & 
 Tertulliani loca, 1632; Observationes sa- 
 erse & historic* in Novum Testameutum, 
 
 1 644 ; and other works. — Bayle. 
 
 Croix du Maine (Francis Grude de la), 
 a French writer, who published, in J583, 
 the French Library, or an Account of all 
 the Authors in that language. He was 
 assassinated at 'Fours, in 1592. — Moreri. 
 
 Croix (Francis Petit de la), a learned 
 Frenchman, who prepared for the press 
 
 hevenot’s Voyages to the East Indies. He 
 
 C R O 
 
 also wrote a Catalogue of the Turkish ar J ? 
 Persian books in the king’s library,, and 
 two Dictionaries of the French and Turk-* 
 
 i?h languages. Pie died in 1713. Nouvs 
 
 Bid. Hist. 
 
 Choice (sir George), an English judge, 
 was horn at Chilton, in Buckinghamshire, 
 about 1561, and educated at Oxford, from 
 whence lie removed to the Inner Temple, 
 and was called to the bar. He rose to the 
 rank of chief justice of the king’s bench, 
 and died at his seat in Oxfordshire in 1641. 
 Ilis reports were published by his son-in- 1 
 law, sir Harbottle Grimston, in 3 vols. fob 
 • — Wood. Granger. 
 
 _ Crompton (William), a nonconformist- 
 divine, was born at Barnstaple, in Devon- 
 shire, and educated at Oxford, where lie 
 took the degree of M. A. He obtained the 
 living of Columpton in his native county, 
 from which he was ejected in 1662for non- 
 conformity, but continued to preach till 
 his death in 1695. He wrote a Remedy 
 
 against Superstition, and other pieces -■ 
 
 Calamy. 
 
 Cromwell (Thomas), earl of Essex, was 
 the son of a blacksmith at Putney, i.n Surrey, 
 and born about 1490. Early iii life he be- 
 came clerk to the English factory at Ant- 
 werp, . which situation he soon" left, and 
 went into several countries as the secret 
 agent of his sovereign. On his return to 
 England, he was taken into the service of 
 cardinal Wolsey, who obtained him a scat 
 in the house of commons, where be de- 
 fended his master with great spirit. On the 
 fall of the cardinal, the king took Crom- 
 well into his service, and gave him several 
 important places. Pie was very instrufr.cn- 
 tal in the dissolution of the monasteries, and 
 greatly promoted the Reformation. Fur 
 these services he obtained the title of earl 
 of Essex, with many manors and estates, 
 chiefly the spoils of the church. At length 
 his affairs took an adverse turn. l ie had 
 the imprudence to advise the marriage of 
 the king with Anne of Cleves, which 
 not proving agreeable to the tyrant, he 
 wreaked his vengeance on the adviser of 
 the marriage, and caused him to be tried for 
 high treason and heresy. To be so accus- 
 ed was certain death; and he accordingly 
 suffered . decapitation on Tower-hill in 
 ] 540. He was a man of a grateful and liberal 
 mind, and promoted more men of merit while 
 he was in power than any of his predeces- 
 sors. He left a son who xvas created lord 
 Cromwell, which title continued in the fa- 
 mily many years. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Cromwell (Oliver), acharacterofcon- 
 s derail le note in the English history, was 
 born of a good family at Huntingdon, in 
 1599, and educated first at the grammar 
 school in that town, and then at Sidney 
 college, Cambridge, where his conduct was 
 very dissipated. Prom the university he 
 removed to Lincoln's inn, where he adw 
 
CRO 
 
 CRO 
 
 dieted himself to gaming 1 and pleasure. At cornet Joyce in 1647. The same year he 
 the age of 21 he married Elizabeth, daugh- purged the house of commons, that is, he 
 ter of sir James Bouchier of Essex, and turned out those members who were not 
 
 about the same time turned puritan. That 
 this change was merely hypocritical ap- 
 pears from an attempt of his to get into 
 his hands the estate of his maternal uncle 
 sir Thomas Stuart, by soliciting a com- 
 mission of lunacy against him. The pro- 
 ject, however, failed; and though sir Tho- 
 mas was justly provoked at such infamous 
 conduct, he left his nephew, at his death, 
 an estate of about 500/. a year. In 1 625 he 
 was elected into parliament, and in that 
 which met in 1628, where he distinguished 
 himself by his zeal against the bishops. 
 When the parliament was dissolved, he re- 
 tired into the country, and took a farm, 
 which did not answer. His circumstances 
 becoming indifferent, he resolved to go to 
 New England, from t he execution of which 
 he was prevented by a proclamation re- 
 straining those migrations. Afterwards he 
 removed toElv, where he acquired celebrity 
 by his gifts in prayer and preaching. In 
 1640 he was returned to parliament for the 
 borough of Cambridge by the puritan in- 
 terest. in the house he was a frequent 
 speaker, vulgar and vehement, always op- 
 posing the court, and attacking the church. 
 He was in a great measure ihe cause of the 
 war, as he was continually by his plots and 
 . contrivances urging matters to that extre- 
 mity. In 1642, when parliament determin- 
 ed upon hostilities, Cromwell went to Cam- 
 bridge, where he raised his troop of horse, 
 and behaved with great inhumanity to the 
 loyal members of the university. He soon 
 acquired the rank of colonel, and a great 
 reputation for military skill and valour. 
 His men were well disciplined, and ani- 
 mated with a strong portion or religious 
 fanaticism, which their commander encou- 
 raged in such a manner that they acquired 
 at the battle of Marston Moor, in 1644, 
 the name of Ironsides. At the second bat- 
 tle of Newbury, Cromwell’s behaviour ob- 
 tained for him from his party the title of 
 Sav : ourofthe Nation. This party consisted of 
 the independents, who had gained so great 
 an influence in parliament as to pass the fa- 
 mous self -denying’ ordinance, by which all mem- 
 bers of either house were excluded from 
 commands in the army, with the particular 
 exception of Cromwell, who, by this mas- 
 terpiece of policy, acquired an ascendancy 
 over the army, and thus paved the way for 
 his future advancement. He was now 
 constituted lieutenant-general, and by his 
 Management the battle of Naseby was gain- 
 ed in 1645, which decided the fate of the 
 royalists. This victory was followed by a 
 series of successes, for which he was voted 
 a pension of 2500/. per annum, and the 
 thanks of the house. When the king was 
 betrayed by the Scotch to the parliament, 
 Cromwell determined to get him into his 
 own power. Tins he effected by means of 
 
 likely to be gained over to his purpose. 
 The share he had in the murder <?f the 
 king is too plain to need detail. He acted 
 in it with his wonted hypocrisy, was'pre- 
 sent at the trial, and signed the warrant of 
 execution. Soon after this a mutiny broke 
 out in the army, which threatened dan- 
 gerous consequences ; but Cromwell, by 
 punishing the ringleaders, put an end to it. 
 In 1649 he went to Ireland, which he sub- 
 dued, and, leaving Ireton as deputy, return- 
 ed to England in 1650 ; but his cruelties are 
 regarded with horror and detestation ia 
 that kingdom to this clay. He was now 
 appointed eommander-in-chief against the 
 Scots, who had armed to restore Charles 11. 
 September 3, 1650, he gained the battle of 
 Dunbar ; and that day twelvemonth he de- 
 feated the king at Worcester. From this 
 time be kept his eye on the sovereign pow- 
 er. He began this favourite project by- 
 moulding the army to his will ; and having 
 a party subservient to his wishes, he struek 
 a bold stroke by dismissing the parliament 
 and locking the door of the bouse. He 
 then dissolved the council of state; after 
 which, he called a council, composed of his 
 officers. He next convened a mock repre- 
 sentation of the nation, consisting of 142 
 persons, called, from one of the members, 
 Barebone s parliament. This assemblage being 
 a motley crew of ignorant fanatics, and tin* 
 creatmres of Cromwell, agreed to resign 
 their authority ; on which the council of 
 officers assembled, and drew up an instru- 
 ment declaring him protector of the com- 
 monwealth of England, Scotland, and Ire- 
 land; accordingly, Dec. 16, 1653, he was 
 invested with this dignity in the court of 
 chancery. The following year he called a 
 parliament, but finding that the members 
 began with questioning his authority, he 
 placed a guard at their door, and then made 
 each member as he entered take an oath of 
 allegiance to him. This parliament stilL 
 continuing refractory, he dissolved them 
 after sitting five months. A war broke 
 out between England and Spain in 1655, in 
 which Jamaica was taken, and Blake gain- 
 ed several splendid victories, and caused the 
 English flag to be respected in the Medi- 
 terranean One consequence was an alli- 
 ance between the protector and France, 
 and the delivery of Dunkirk to England, 
 after its being taken by the united forces of 
 the two countries. In 1 656 he called ano- 
 ther parliament, which gratified the protec- 
 tor by confirming his title and sanctioning 
 his proceedings Me wanted now the title 
 of ling, but this was rejected by his most 
 zealous friends ; and finding the object un- 
 attainable, he abandoned it. However, he 
 had the privilege granted him to make a 
 sort of lords ; and the title of protector be- 
 ing recognized, he was inaugurated witff 
 
CRO 
 
 C R U 
 
 the pomp of a coronation in Westminster- 
 hall. In 1658 he convened the two houses, 
 and addressed them in the language usual 
 for the king's of England ; but none of the 
 hereditary nobles would attend his mock 
 parliament. Finding that he could not 
 form any thing like a regular establishment, 
 he dissolved the assembly. In August of 
 that year his favourite daughter, Mrs. 
 Cl ayppte, died, bitterly reproach’ ng him 
 for his conduct, which, with the publica- 
 tion of a pamphlet, by colonel Titus, enti- 
 tled Killing no Murder, tending to prove 
 the assassination of the tyrant a public 
 duty, produced a slow fever, of which he 
 died September 3, 1658. Uis corpse was 
 interred in Henry VITth's chapel, from_ 
 whence at the Restoration it was taken and 
 exposed on, and afterwards buried under, 
 the gallows at Tyburn. He had six chil- 
 dren, viz. Richard, Henry, Bridget, Eli- 
 zabeth, Mary, and Frances. Richard suc- 
 ceeded him In the protectorate, but when 
 affairs turned, and he found his post no 
 longer tenable, he resigned, and went 
 abroad. He died at Cheshunt in Hert- 
 fordshire, in 1712. Henry went to Ireland 
 as lord-lieutenant, and bore a good cha- 
 racter : he died in 1674. Bridget married 
 first Ireton, and afterwards Fleetwood. 
 Elizabeth, his favourite daughter, married 
 John Claypole, esq. of Northamptonshire. 
 Mary married lord Fauconberg, and is 
 supposed t® have assisted in the restoration 
 of Charles II. She died in 1712. Frances 
 married first a grandson of the earl of War- 
 wick, and secondly sir John Russel of Cam- 
 bridgeshire. Elizabeth the wife of Crom- 
 well, was a woman of strong mind, and a 
 constant spur to her husband in the career 
 of his ambition. She also governed her 
 household with great address. She died in 
 1672. — Biog. Brit. Nobles Memoirs of the 
 House of Cromnvcll. 
 
 C’ronegk (John Frederic baron de), a 
 German poet, was born at Anspach in 17:31, 
 and died in 1758. His works were printed 
 at Leipsic in 1760. — Gen. Biog. Bid. 
 
 Cronstjjdt (Axel Frederic), a Swedish 
 mineralogist, was born in Sudermania in 
 1722, and educated at Upsal, where he 
 principally studied natural history. In 
 1742 he entered into the college of Mines, 
 and in 1744 was employed to inspect the 
 mines of Sweden. In 1753 he was admitted 
 a member of the royal academy of sciences 
 at Stockholm, and in 1758 was appointed 
 inspector of the western mines of the king- 
 dom. He died in 1765. He published an 
 attempt towards an arrangement of mine- 
 rals, or of the different substances of the 
 mineral kingdom, and other works on that 
 subject . — Gen. Biog. 
 
 Crosby (Brass), lord-mayor of London, 
 was born at Stockton-upon-Tees in 1725, 
 and bred to the layv, which profession he 
 practised in London with success. In 1758 
 be bscarae a cqmmoa-council-inan. Ia 
 
 1764 he served the office of sheriff, and the 
 year following was elected alderman. In 
 1770 he was chosen mayor, in which office 
 he distinguished himself by his opposition 
 to the court in the affair of Wheble and 
 other printers, for which he was sent to 
 the Tower. After his release he was com- 
 plimented by the corporation with a vote 
 of thanks, and a cup of 100/. value. He 
 died in 1703.— Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Cross (Michael), an English painter, 
 who is said to have been sent by Charles I. 
 to copy several pieces in Italy, and that 
 having obtained leave from the doge of 
 Venice to copy Raphael’s madonna in St. 
 Mark’s church, he left his own piece be- 
 hind him, and carried off thf original, 
 which was bought when the king’s furni- 
 ture was sold by the Spanish ambassador, 
 and is now in the Escurial. J^ewis Cross 
 was also a good copyist, and died in 1724. 
 — Walpole's Anecdotes of Painters. 
 
 Crousaz (John Peter de), a Swiss phi- 
 losopher and divine, was born at Lausanne 
 in 166:3. He received an excellent educa- 
 tion in Iiis own country, and then went on 
 his travels. In 1706 he became rector of 
 the academy of Lausanne ; and was after- 
 wards appointed tutor to prince Frederic 
 of Hesse Cassel. He died in 1748. He 
 wrote a treatise on logic ; another on edu- 
 cation ; a Commentary on Pope’s Essay on 
 Man ; and several pieegs on philosophy 
 and mathematics. — Nouv. Did. Hist. 
 
 Crown e (John), an American poet, was 
 born in Nova Scotia, and came to England 
 in the reign of Charles II. He wrote 
 several comedies, particularly Sir Courtly 
 Nice, the plot of which was dictated to 
 him by that monarch ; but just as the piece 
 was ready for performance, the king died, 
 and Crowne was ruined. His death hap- 
 pened at the beginning of the 18th cen- 
 tury. — Biog. Dram. 
 
 Croxall (Samuel), an English divine, 
 was born at Walton-npon-Thames, in Sur- 
 rey, and educated at St. John’s college, 
 Cambridge. At the university he wrote 
 the Fair Circassian, a poem, which is a 
 licentious imitation of Solomon’s Song. 
 On entering into orders he obtained the 
 living of Hampton, in Middlesex, several 
 preferments in Hereford cathedral, and the 
 united livings of St. Mary Somerset and 
 St. Mary Mountshaw, London. He died 
 in 1752. Dr. Croxall was a strenuous whig, 
 and wrote a book called Scripture Politics. 
 He also translated iEsop’s Fables, and wrote 
 some poems. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Croze (Mathurin Veyssiere la), a French 
 benedictine, which order he renounced, 
 and became a protestant in 1696. The 
 king of Prussia made him his librarian, and 
 professor of philosophy at Berlin, where he 
 died in 1739, aged 78. He wrote an Ar- 
 menian Dictionary, and several other 
 learned works. — Nouv. Did. Hist. 
 
 Cuuciger (Gaspard), a protestant divine 
 
C T E 
 
 C U F 
 
 of Leipsic, who died in 1548 at Wirtem- 
 berg, aged 45. He wrote commentaries 
 »n several books of the scripture. — Moreri. 
 
 Cruden (Alexander), an industrious 
 compiler, was educated at Aberdeen, where 
 he obtained the degree of M. A. In 1728 
 he came to London, and settled as a book- 
 seller. In 1737 he published his Concord- 
 ance to the Bible, a book of great merit. 
 Cruden was a very pious man, but at times 
 deranged in his' mind. He died in the act 
 of prayer in 1774, aged 70 -—Biog. Brit. 
 
 Cruikshanks (William), a celebrated 
 surgeon, was born at Glasgow in 1745. He 
 was educated at Edinburgh, 4nd was design- 
 ed for the* church, but his inclination led 
 him to the study of medicine and surgery. 
 In his twenty-sixth year he repaired to Lon- 
 don, and was patronized by Dr. Pitcairne. 
 He also became librarian, pupil, and final- 
 ly partner with John Hunter. Pie practis- 
 ed and read lectures with Dr. Baillie, in 
 Windmill-street, with the greatest reputa- 
 tion till his death in 1800. Mr. Cruik- 
 shanks published Experiments on the In- 
 sensible Perspiration of the Human Body, 
 8vo. ; the Anatomy of the absorbent vessels 
 in the Human Body, 4to.; and several papers 
 in the Philosophical Transactions. — Gent. 
 Mag. Europ. Blag. 
 
 Crusius, or Khaus (Martin), a learned 
 German, was born in the diocese of Bam- 
 berg in 1526; chosen professor of belles- 
 lettres at Tubingen, and died at Eslingen 
 in 1607. He wrote, l.Turco Gra;cia libri 
 octo, Basil, 1584; 2. Annales Sueveci ab 
 initio rerum ad annum, 1549; 3. Germano 
 Gracia libri vi., 1585. — Moreri. 
 
 Cruz (Juana Inez de la), an ingenious 
 lady, was born in Mexico in 1651. She 
 displayed, when young, an uncommon 
 taste for learning, and studied, with avi- 
 dity, philosophy, mathematics, history, and 
 poetry. She was also remarkably modest 
 and devout, and died at the age of 44, in 
 the convent of St. Geronimo, where she 
 had lived twenty-seven years. Her poetic 
 compositions are highly spoken of by the 
 Spanish critic, father Peyjoo. — Sketches on 
 the Genius of Women. 
 
 Crytopylus (Metrophanes), a Greek, 
 who came to England, and was entered of 
 Baliol college, Oxford, where he studied 
 divinity and the Latin and English lan- 
 guages. About 1622 he returned to his 
 own country, and became chancellor to 
 the patriarch of Constantinople. On the 
 translation of Cyril Lucar he was made 
 patriarch of Alexandria, and is supposed 
 to have written The Confession oj Faith which 
 goes under Cyril’s name, published in 
 Greek in 1629. He was living in 1640. — 
 Wood. 6 
 
 Ctesias, a Greek physician, who ac- 
 companied Cyrus, the son of Darius, in his 
 expedition against Artaxerxes, by whom 
 he was taken prisoner, and who treated 
 him with great respect, He wrote the 
 
 History of Persia, and the History of the In- 
 dies, of which we have only an abridgment 
 remaining, by Photius. — Vossii Hist. Grac. 
 
 Ctesibius, a mathematician of Alexan- 
 dria, who flourished 135 B. C. He in- 
 vented the pump, and a clepsydra, or 
 water-clock. He is not to be confounded 
 with Ctesibius of Chaleis, a cynic philoso- 
 pher. — Vossius de Mathem. 
 
 Ctesiphon, an Athenian, who proposed 
 that a golden crown should be given to 
 Demosthenes for his public conduct. This 
 was opposed by ^Sschines, who charged 
 Ctesiphon with seditious motives. De- 
 mosthenes vindicated his friend, and iEs- 
 chines was banished. There was an archi- 
 tect of the same name, who drew the plan, 
 of Diana’s temple at Ephesus. — Moreri. 
 
 Cud worth (Ralph), a learned divine, 
 was born at Aller in Somersetshire, iu 1617, 
 and educated at Emanuel college, Cam- 
 bridge. About 1641 he obtained the rec- 
 tory of North Cadbury, in his native coun- 
 ty, and in 1742 appeared his Discourse on 
 the Lord’s Supper. Two years afterwards 
 he was appointed master of Clare hall, 
 Cambridge, to which was added the He- 
 brew professorship. In 1651 he took the 
 degree of D. D. and in 1654 was chosen 
 master of Christ’s college. At the Restora- 
 tion he was presented to the vicarage of 
 Ash well in Hertfordshire ; and in 1678 he 
 obtained a prebend in the cathedral of 
 Gloucester. The same year came out his 
 famous book entitled The true Intellectual 
 System of the Universe, in which he has 
 completely overthrown atheism. He died 
 at Cambridge in 1683. In 1731 bishop 
 Chandler published Dr. Cudworth’s treatise 
 concerning Eternal and Immutable Mora- 
 lity; and in 1743 appeared a complete edi- 
 tion of his Intellectual System, with some 
 additional pieces, edited by Dr. Birch. Elis 
 daughter married sir Francis Masham, and 
 died in 1708. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Cuerenkert (Theodore van), a Dutch 
 engraver of great merit. He fell into some 
 strange notions concerning religion, and 
 maintained it unlawful to attend public 
 worship, for which he was sent to prison, 
 and afterwards banished from Haerlem. He 
 died at Tergout in 1590, aged 68. — Gen. 
 Biog. Diet. 
 
 Cueva (Alphonsus de la), commonly 
 called Bedmar, ambassador of Philip III. of 
 Spain to the state of Venice. In 1618 a 
 conspiracy was discovered to seize on that 
 city for the Spaniards, and Bedmar being 
 suspected of it, was forced to quit Venice 
 secretly, for fear of being torn in pieces by 
 the populace. He became president of the 
 council in Flanders, and obtained a cardi- 
 nalshap. He died in 1 665.~Moreri. 
 
 Cuff (Henry), an unfortunate gentle- 
 man, was born in Somersetshire in 1560, 
 and educated at Oxford, where he was 
 chosen fellow of Merton college. After- 
 wards he obtained the Greek professor* 
 
CUL 
 
 ship, and served the office of proctor, hut 
 quitted tire universitv, and became secre- 
 tary to Robert earl of Fssex; and when his 
 patron was condemned, Cuff was appre- 
 hended and executed at Tyburn in 1601. 
 He wrote a book entitled the Ditferences 
 of the Ages of Man’s Life, together with 
 the Original Causes, Progress, and End 
 thereof, 1607, 8v6. — Wood. 
 
 Cujacius, or Cujas (James), a French 
 lawyer, was born at Toulouse in 1520. He 
 became professor at Bourges, where his lec- 
 tures were attended by students from all 
 parts. He was called tire father of his 
 scholars, because be treated them with kind- 
 ness and Familiarity. He died in 1590. Ilis 
 works were printed at Paris in 1659, in 10 
 Vols. folio. — Moreri. 
 
 Cullen (William), an eminent physician, 
 was born in the county of Lanark in Scot- 
 land in 1712, and served his apprentice- 
 ship to a surgeon at Glasgow. On the ex- 
 piration of his time he went surgeon in a 
 merchant-ship to the West Indies, and on 
 liis return, he established himself in business, 
 *urd had Dr. William Hunter for a partner. 
 In 1740 he took his degree of M. D. and in 
 1746 he was chosen lecturer in chemistry 
 at Glasgow. In 1761 he was appointed 
 Icing’s professor of medicine in the same uni- 
 versity. In 1756 he was elected professor 
 of chemistry at Edinburgh, where, in 1766, 
 he was chosen to the medical chair, in 
 which he raised the reputation of that 
 university to an unequalled height in phy- 
 sical science. He died in 1790. His First 
 X.ines of Physic, 4 vois. 8vo. are too well 
 Known to need praise in this place; besides 
 which, he was the author of Synopsis No- 
 sologix Methodic®, 2 vols. Svo., a class 
 book for medical students; Lectures on 
 Materia Mediea, 2 vols. 4to.; and a pam- 
 phlet on the recovery of persons drowned 
 and seemingly dead, 8vo. — F.ncyclop. Brit. 
 
 Cullum fJobn), an English baronet and 
 divine, was born at Bury in Suffolk in 1 < 55, 
 and educated at Catharine hall, Cambridge, 
 where he took bis degrees in arts, and was 
 chosen fellow. In 1774 he was instituted 
 to the living of Great Thurlow in Suffolk. 
 He died in 1785. He was the author of 
 the History and Antiquities of Hawsted in 
 Suffolk. — Gent. -Mag. . . 
 
 Culmer (Richard), a fanatical divine, 
 was of Magdalen college, Cambridge, 
 where he proceeded to the degree of M. A. 
 after which he became minister of Good- 
 neston in Kent, from whence he was ejected 
 for refusing to read the Book of Sports. 
 He was afterwards a lecturer at Canter- 
 bury, and on the breaking out of the rebel- 
 lion was appointed to purge the churches 
 of idolatrous images and pictures, which 
 commission he discharged with the fury of 
 a zealot. He broke in pieces the fine paint- 
 ed window in Canterbury cathedral, of 
 which proceedings he published an account. 
 F#r these services he obtained the living 
 
 CUM 
 
 of Minster in Kent, of which he was de- 
 prived in 1660. When he died does not 
 appear. He was a quarrelsome fellow, and 
 much given to fighting, on which account 
 the country people called him hlueslin 
 Did. — Calamy. Grey's Answer to Neale. 
 
 Cui.fepper (Nicholas), an English astro- 
 loger and herbalist, was the son ot a cler- 
 gyman, and bred an apothecary ; after 
 which he settled in SpitaHielda, where he 
 practised physic and astrology with great 
 success. He died in I6.>4. He wioteseve— 
 ral books, the most celebrated of which is 
 a Herbal, wherein he describes the good 
 and bad qualities of plants according to the 
 sidereal influence. — Granger. 
 
 Cumberland (Richard), a learned Eng- 
 lish prelate, was born in London in 1622* 
 and educated at St. Paul » school, from 
 whence he was removed to Magdalen col- 
 lege, Cambridge, where lie took his de- 
 grees in arts, and entered into orders. In 
 1658 he obtained the rectory of Brampton 
 in Northamptonshire,, and in 1667 was 
 presented to the living ot Allhallows, 
 Stamford. In 1672 he published a work 
 entitled De Legibus Naturx Disquisitio 1 hi— 
 losophica, &lc. of which two translations 
 have appeared in English. In 1680 he took 
 his degree of D. D. "in 1686 appeared his 
 Essay on Jewish Weights and Measures. 
 In 1691 he was made bishop of Peterbo- 
 rough. He discharged the duties of the 
 episcopal function in the most exemplary 
 manner ; and when he was desired to re- 
 lax a little from his labours on account of 
 his infirmities, he made this reply, “ it is 
 better to iucar out than to rust out. He 
 died in 1718, and lies buried in the cathe- 
 dral of Peterborough. After liis death 
 were published two books by him, one 
 entitled Sanchoniathon’s Phoenician His- 
 tory, translated from the first book of Eu- 
 sebius de Preparation Eyangelica, &c. and. 
 the other, Origines gentium antiquissiinaj, 
 or Attempts for discovering the Times of 
 the first Planting of Nations. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Cumberland (William duke of), second 
 son of George II. was born in 1721. He 
 was with his father at the battle of Dettin- 
 gen, where he was wounded in the leg. 
 When young, some officers, as he passed, 
 said, “ What a charming boy t” The young 
 hero, thinking they said a German boy, ex- 
 claimed, “ I am not a German but an Eng- 
 lish boy; and 1 desire, gentlemen, that you 
 will never call me so any more. He com- 
 manded the British army at the battle of 
 Fontenoy, where he would have gained a 
 victory if^tbe Dutch troops had behaved as 
 they ou ,T ht to have done. He put an ends 
 to the rebellion in 1746, by defeating the 
 pretender at Culloden, for which hc^ re- 
 ceived the thanks of both houses. 1 he 
 year following he lost the battle of Val, 
 owing to the treachery of the Dutch. He 
 died in the year 1765. — Annual Register. 
 Cumberland (Henry Frederick duke 
 
CUP 
 
 CUR 
 
 of), the son of Frederick prince of Wales, 
 was born, in 1745, and created duke in 
 1766. In 1771 he married the hon. Anne 
 Horton, widow of Mr. Horton, and daugh- 
 ter of the earl of Carhampton. He became 
 grand-master of freemasons, and died in 
 1790. — Euro]>. Mag. Gent. Mag. 
 
 Cuming (William), a learned physician, 
 was born at Edinburgh in 1714. On taking 
 his degree, lie removed to London, and 
 from thence went to Dorchester, where he 
 continued to his death in 1788. Dr. Cum- 
 ing was a man of learning and integrity, 
 andj assisted Hutchins in compiling the 
 History of Dorsetshire. — Gent. Mag. 
 
 Cu Nail's (Peter), professor of law in the 
 university of Leyden, was born at Flush- 
 ing in 1585, and died in 1638. He wrote, 
 1. De Republics llebrasorum; 2. Satyra 
 Menippoea in sui Seculi homines inepte 
 eruditos ; 8. Remarks on Nonius’s Diony- 
 siacs. — Moreri. 
 
 Cuningjiam (William), an English phy- 
 sician. In 1559 he resided at Norwich, but 
 in 1563 he read lectures in Surgeons’ hall, 
 London. He was a man of eminence in his 
 profession, and also ingenious in engraving 
 upon copper. — Gen. Biog. Did. 
 
 Cunitia (Maria), an extraordinary fe- 
 male of the 17th century, was born in 
 Silesia, and attained great eminence in 
 astronomy. In 1650 she published astrono- 
 mical tables under the title of Urania Pro- 
 pitia. She was also well acquainted with 
 the learned languages, and several of the 
 modern. She married a Dr. Lewen, and 
 died in 1664. — Martin's Bing. Philosophica. 
 
 Cunningham (Alexander), a Scotch 
 writer, was born at Ettrick, near Selkirk, 
 in 1654, and educated in Holland, from 
 whence he came to England with the 
 prince of Orange. He became travelling- 
 tutor to several noblemen and gentlemen; 
 by which means he obtained the appoint- 
 ment of resident envoy at Venice, where 
 j he continued five years. He died in Lon- 
 don in 1737. In 1787 appeared his His- 
 tory of Great Britain, from the Revolution 
 to the Accession of George I. two vols. 
 translated from the Latin MS. by Dr. Wil- 
 liam Thompson. There was one Alexan- 
 der Cunningham who published an edition 
 of Horace at the Hague, in 2 vols, 8vo. 
 1721, which is held in great esteem. It is 
 not certain whether he be the same per- 
 son with the preceding or not but the 
 particulars in the character of the one 
 comport with those of the other. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Cunningham (John), an Irish poet, was 
 born in Dublin, and became a strolling 
 player. He died at Newcastle-upon-Tyne 
 in 1773, aged 42, He wrote a farce cafled 
 I.ove in a Mist, from which Garrick made 
 his Lying Valet. — Bing. Dram. 
 
 Cuper (Gilbert), a learned burgomaster 
 [ ofDaventer, and professor of histon*, who 
 wrote a History of the three Gwrdians; 
 
 Apotheosis of Homer; and other works. 
 He died in 1716, aged 72. — Moreri. 
 
 Curjeus (Joachim), a German physician, 
 born in Silesia. He visited most parts of 
 Europe, and on his return to his own coun- 
 try practised physic with reputation. He 
 died in 1573, aged 41. He wrote in Latin 
 the Annals of Silesia and Breslaw, in folio. 
 — Melch. Adami Fit. Med. 
 
 Curcelljeus (Stephen), a learned divine 
 of Geneva, was born in 1586, and died at 
 Amsterdam in 1658. Being an Armenian, 
 he succeeded Episcopius in the divinity pro- 
 fessorship. He published an edition of the 
 New Testament in Greek, with various 
 readings from ancient MSS. He also wrote 
 several theological pieces. — Moreri. 
 
 Curio, a Roman orator, who called 
 Cassar, in the senate, “the man of all the 
 women, and the woman of all the men.” 
 His son Cains Scribonius Curio was tribune 
 of Rome, and likewise an eminent orator. 
 He courted the favour of the pebple by 
 public shows. He was the intimate friend 
 of Caisar, whom he defended against the 
 senate. Being sent to command in Africa, 
 he defeated Varus, but afterwards fell in 
 an ambuscade B. C. 48. — Plutarch. Moreri. 
 
 Curio (Cselius Secundus), a learned man 
 of the 16th century, was born at San Chi- 
 rico in Piedmont, and having’ embraced 
 lutheranism, underwent considerable per- 
 secution on that account. He escaped from 
 the inquisition at Turin, and settled at Basle, 
 where he died in 1 569, aged 67. He 
 wrote, De Amplitudine Beati regni Dei, 
 1550, 8vo. and other works. — Moreri. 
 
 Curius Dentatus Marcus Annius, a 
 Roman consul famous for his fortitude and 
 frugality. He gained several victories, 
 and defeated Pyrrhus. The Sanmites sent 
 ambassadors to tempt him into their ser- 
 vice. When they came to his cottage they 
 found him boiling some vegetables for lus 
 dinner, yet he refused all theirofFers, choos- 
 ing poverty and honesty rather than wealth 
 and infamy. He lived 272 B. C. — Livy. 
 Plutarch. 
 
 Curi, (Edmund), a noted bookseller, ren- 
 dered memorable by Mr. Pope. He kept 
 a shop in the purlieus of Covent garden, 
 and had his ears cut off in the pillory for 
 publishing some obscene hooks . 1 He died 
 in 1748 . — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Cu no pa i . ate (John), a Greek author, 
 who was a domestic in the imperial palace. 
 He wrote a History of the Empire from 813 
 to 1081, which has been pillaged by Ce- 
 denus, Syncellus, and Thcophanes, with- 
 o u t acknowl edgm en t . — Moreri. 
 
 Curradi (Francesco), an historical and 
 portrait paintef of Italy, born in 1570, and 
 died in 1660. lie had a delightful manner, 
 great correctness of design, and a complete 
 knowledge of the chiaro-obscuro. — Pill. 
 
 .Currie (James), a physician, was born 
 at Kirkpatrick-Fleming, in Dumfriesshire, 
 
C Y N 
 
 c u s 
 
 in 17 56. He received his education at the 
 school of Dumfries, and being destined for 
 a commercial life, was sent to Virginia in a 
 mercantile station. Disliking this profes- 
 sion, he returned to his native country, and 
 commenced his medical studies at Edin- 
 burgh which he ardently pursued three 
 ears. After taking his doctor’s degree, 
 e settled at Liverpool, where he obtained 
 extensive practice, and was universally re- 
 spected. Notwithstanding his professional 
 engagements, he devoted some of his time 
 to literary, and even political studies. He 
 contributed papers to the Manchester trans- 
 actions, the collections of the London me- 
 dical society, and the philosopical transac- 
 tions. A pamphlet published by him un- 
 der the fictitious name of Jasper Wilson in 
 1793, entitled, “ A Letter Commercial and 
 Political to Mr. Pitt,” went through several 
 editions, and was answered from various 
 quarters. In his proper character, Dr. Cur- 
 rie acquired reputation by his IVJedical Re- 
 ports on the Effects of Water, cold and 
 warm, as a remedy in Febrile Diseases, 8vo. 
 1797. A new volume was added in 1804, 
 consisting of much interesting matter on 
 different topics. In 1800 Dr. Currie pub- 
 lished the Works of Robert Burns, with an 
 account of his Life, and a criticism on his 
 writings. He died at Sidmouth in Devon- 
 shire, Aug. 13, 180.5. — Monthly Magr . Oct. 
 ISO 5. 
 
 Curson, or Corceone (Robert), a car- 
 dinal, was an Englishman by birth, and 
 studied at Oxford and Paris, of winch last 
 university he became chancellor. Inno- 
 cent III. created him a cardinal in 1212. 
 He was very zealous in promoting the 
 crusades, and died at Daniietta in 1218. 
 Lie wrote a book, now lost, on the ques- 
 tion, Whether Origen be saved or not ? — 
 JVhartri, 
 
 .Curt iu s (M.), a famous Roman, who is 
 Said th have sacrificed his life for his coun- 
 try, B, C .362, The ground in the forum 
 being opened, as it is to be supposed, by an 
 'earthquake, the oracle declared that the 
 Roman state would be immortal if that was 
 thrown into thegulph in which the Roman 
 strength consisted. While the people were 
 consulting on this mysterious response, Cur- 
 tins, completely armed, mounted his horse 
 and leaped into the chasm, which imme- 
 diately closed upon him.— Livy. 
 
 Curtius (Quintus Rufus), a Latin histo- 
 rian, who wrote the History of Alexander 
 the Great, in ten books, of which the two 
 first are lost. His age is very uncertain ; 
 some authors placing him under Vespasian, 
 and others under Trajan. His style is ex- 
 cellent, and he writes with impartiality. 
 Freinshemius has supplied the two books 
 that were wanting, in an admirable man- 
 ner. — Vossius Hist. Lat. 
 
 Cusa (Nicholas de), a Roman cardinal, 
 who rose from a mcmi condition by his me- 
 
 rit. Nicholas V. made him a cardinal in 
 1448, and in 1451 he was sent legate into 
 Germany to preach up a crusade against 
 the Turks. He died atTodi in Umbria, in 
 1464,. aged 63. His works were printed 
 at Basil in 1565, in 8 vols folio. — Moreri. 
 
 Cuspinian (John), a German physician, 
 who was employed by the emperor Maxi- 
 milian I. in several important negociations. 
 He died at Vienna in 1529, aged 56. He 
 wrote a History of the Roman emperors 
 from Julius Cassar to the death of Maxi- 
 milian I. and other able works. — Ibid. 
 
 Cuthbert (St ), an English saint. H« 
 was born in the north and brought up 
 under the Scottish monks at Icolmkill, after 
 which he went to Lindisfarn, or Holy-island, 
 near Berwick, from whence he removed to 
 the court of Egfred, king of Northumber- 
 land, whom he baptised ; and was made 
 bishop of that district. He returned to 
 Lindisfarn, where he founded a monastery, 
 and died in 686. — Beda Vit. St. Guthherti. 
 
 Cutts (John lord), an English general, 
 was born at Matching in Essex, and entered 
 early into the army under the duke of 
 Monmouth. He afterwards went into the 
 service of the duke of Lorraine in Hungary, 
 and was at the taking of Buda. He re- 
 turned to England soon after the Restora- 
 tion, and was created an Irish peer. On 
 the accession of queen Anne he was made 
 lieutenant-general of the forces in Holland. 
 In 1705 he served in Ireland, but soon after 
 he was deprived of his military command, 
 which broke his heart, and he died in 
 1707. His lordship had also a genius for 
 poetry, and wrote Poetical Exercises, print- 
 ed in 1687. — Grander. Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Cyaxares I. king of the Medes, suc- 
 ceeded his father Phraortes, 635 B. C. He 
 became very powerful, and subdued ajj. 
 Asia beyond the river Halys. He died 
 B. C. 585. — -Herodotus. 
 
 Cyaxeres II. is supposed to have been 
 
 Darius the Mede, and died B. C. 536. 
 
 Xenophon. 
 
 Cynjegiras, an Athenian soldier, who 
 distinguished himself at the battle of Mara- 
 thon by an act of madness, which some 
 may call courage. He followed the fugi- 
 tive Persians to their ships, and seized one 
 of their vessels with his right hand, which 
 was instantly cut off ; he then seized her 
 with his left-hand, which was also severed 
 in two. He lastly laid hold of the vessel 
 with his teeth, on which a Persian soldier 
 cut off his head. He was brother to TEs- 
 phylus the poet. — Justin. Valerius Maximus. 
 
 ' Cyneas, an eminent philosopher and 
 orator of Thessaly. He was the disciple of 
 Demosthenes,' and minister of Pyrrhus. 
 Extraordinary things are told of his me- 
 morv, and it is said that the day after 
 his arrival at Rome as ambassador from 
 Pyrrhus, he saluted all the senators and 
 knights by their names. He abridged th* 
 
CYR 
 
 e y r 
 
 book of iEneas on the Defence of Places, 
 published by Casaubon in his edition of 
 Polybius. — Plutarch. Moreri. 
 
 Cyp ian (Thascius Csccilius), a learned 
 father of the church, was born at Carthage, 
 and embraced Christianity in 246, on which 
 he wrote his book,de Gratia Dei, addressed 
 to Donatus. The bishop of Carthage con- 
 ferred on hjm the order of priesthood, and 
 when that prelate died he was chosen to 
 succeed him: soon after which, the Decian 
 persecution commenced, and Cyprian, to 
 avoid its fury, fled, on which his property 
 was confiscated. He was not inactive in 
 his concealment, but wrote a great number 
 of pastoral letters to his clergy, full of ex- 
 cellent instructions. When the storm was 
 over, he returned to Carthage, but another 
 persecution broke out in ‘258, in which he 
 was beheaded. His works were edited 
 by bishop Fell, at Oxford, in 1682; and 
 rendered into F.nglish by Dr. Marshal, in 
 one vol. folio. — E:t chins. Cave. Dupin. 
 
 Cypiuani, a celebrated Italian painter, 
 who died at Loudon in 1785. His pieces 
 though small are very elegant. They are 
 universally known and admired by hav- 
 ing been engraved by Bartolozzi. — Gent. 
 Ma^r. 
 
 Cyrano (de Bergerac), a French writer 
 and soldier, born in Gascony about 1620. 
 He served at several sieges, and received 
 some severe wounds. At length he aban- 
 doned the army in disgust, and commenced 
 author. His pieces are mostly humorous 
 and satirical. I lis History of the States and 
 Empires of the Sun has been translated into 
 English. He died in 1655. — Moreri. 
 
 Cyril, of Jerusalem, a Christian father, 
 succeeded Rdaximus bishop of Jerusalem 
 about 850, by the interest of Acacius 
 of Cesarea ; but afterwards these two pre- 
 lates fell out about their prerogatives, and 
 Acacius called a svnod, which deposed 
 Cyril for having sold the treasures of his 
 church, and applied the money to support 
 the poor in the time of famine, After 
 several disputes he regained his situation, 
 and died in 386. Some of his works are 
 extant, printed at Paris in Greek and Latin, 
 fol. 1720. — Cave. Dupin. 
 
 Cyril, of Alexandria, bishop of that see 
 in 412. He commenced his episcopate by 
 banishing the Novatians and Jews from 
 Alexandria, which occasioned fierce con- 
 tentions between Orestes the governor and 
 the bishop. The people, who were in 
 general attached to the bishop, seized Hy- 
 patia, a pagan lady of great accomplish- 
 ments, who was very intimate with the 
 governor, and tore her in pieces; but it 
 does not appear that Cyril was accessary to 
 this horrid act. Violent disputes next 
 
 broke out between Cyril and Nestorius, 
 which occasioned the council of Ephesus, 
 by which the bishop was deposed and sent 
 to prison. But he recovered his liberty 
 and his see, and died in 444. His works 
 were printed at Paris, in 7 vols. fol. Greek 
 and Latin, 1638. — Cave. Dupin. 
 
 Cyr-il-Lucar, patriarch of Constantino- 
 ple, was born in the isle of Candia in 1572. 
 He went to Germany, after having studied 
 at Padua. On his return to the east he 
 was elevated to the see of Alexandria, and 
 in 1621 to the patriarchate of Constantino- 
 ple. Fie held a correspondence with the 
 protestant churches, particularly that of 
 England, and having endeavoured to re- 
 form his clergy, was banished to Rhodes. 
 But he was re-established, and still conti- 
 nued the work of reformation, for which 
 he was again deposed, and in 1638 stran- 
 gled by order of the graaid seignior, who 
 was prejudiced against him bv the artifices 
 of his enemies. His Confession of Faith 
 and Letters were printed at Amsterdam in 
 1718. — Smith’s Account of the Greek Church. 
 1680. 
 
 Cyrus, king of Persia, the son of Cam- 
 byses and Mandane, daughter of Astyages, 
 king of Media. It is said that Astyages 
 gave his daughter to an obscure Persian on 
 account of a dream, in which he was told, 
 that he should be dethroned by his grand- 
 son. Cyrus was, therefore, exposed at 
 soon as born, but a shepherdess preserved 
 him, and brought him up as her own son. 
 His birth being discovered, Cyrus levied 
 troops, and deposed his grandfather. He 
 then extended his conquests on all sides, 
 and took the city of Babylon by drying 
 the channel of the Euphrates ; but march- 
 ing against Tomyris, queen of the Scythi- 
 ans, he was defeated and put to death, B. 
 C. 630. — Herodotus. Xenophon. 
 
 Cyrus the Younger, was the son of Da- 
 rius Nothus, and brother of Artaxerxes. 
 On the death of his father he attempted 
 the life of his brother, to obtain the throne. 
 He would have been put to death by Ar- 
 taxerxes, had not his mother Parysatis in- 
 terceded for him. He then obtained the 
 governorship of Lydia, where he mustered 
 an army, and marched against his brother. 
 The battle was obstinately fought, but it 
 ended with the death of Cyrus, B. C. 400. 
 The 10,000 Greeks who came with Cyrus 
 effected their retreat, and returned safe to 
 their own country. — Plutarch. Xenophon. 
 
 Cyrus of Panapolis, a Latin poet, and 
 soldier, in the time of Theodosius the 
 Younger. He was made consul and pre- 
 fect of Constantinople. He afterwards em- 
 braced Christianity, and was made a bishop 
 in Phrygia, where he died.—- -Moreri. 
 
 * 
 
DAG 
 
 DAL 
 
 D. 
 
 T\AC (John), a German painter, was born 
 •"*' at Cologne in 1556. He was employed 
 by the emperor Rodolphus. who bestowed 
 upon him honours and riches. I lis pieces 
 are very excellent. — De Piles Hies des Feint. 
 
 Dacier (Andrew), a learned Frenchman, 
 was born of protestant parents at Castres, 
 in 1651, and educated at Saumur under 
 Tanaquil Faber, or Le Fevre, whose learn- 
 ed daughter he married. He published at 
 Paris, in 1681* an edition of Pompeius 
 Festus, for the use of the dauphin. His 
 translation of Horace came out the same 
 year. In 1691 he published his translation 
 of the reflections of Marcus Antoninus; 
 and the next year Aristotle's Poetics. For 
 his services to* literature he was appointed 
 perpetual secretary to the academy, re- 
 warded with a pension of 2000 livres, and 
 made keeper of the cabinet of the Louvre. 
 He died in 1722. Dacier and his wife re- 
 nounced the protestant religion in 1685. 
 Besides the worksabovementioned, he trans- 
 lated the works of Plato into French ; the 
 Lives of Plutarch ; the Manual of Epicte- 
 tus ; &c. — Moreri. 
 
 Dacier (Anne), wife of the preceding, 
 anddaughter of Le Fevre, professor of Greek 
 nt Saumur, where she was born in 1651. 
 Her father discovering her turn for learn- 
 ing, gave her a liberal education. In 167-1 
 she published an edition of Callimachus, 
 whicli gave so much satisfaction, that she 
 was employed to prepare editions of Latin 
 authors for the dauphin, the first of which 
 was Flo r us. In 1681 she published a trans- 
 lation of Anacreon and Sappho, which was 
 followed by versions of some of Plautus’s 
 comedies, and of the Flatus and Clouds of 
 Aristophanes. In 1683 she married M. 
 Lacier, and soon after they renounced the 
 protestant religion. In 1711 appeared her 
 translation of the Iliad; and in 1714 she 
 defended Homer against M. de la Motte,in 
 a book, entitled The Causes of the Cor- 
 ruption of Taste; this was followed in 1716 
 by another against father Hardouin. The 
 same year was printed her version of the 
 Odyssey, which closed her literary labours. 
 She died in 1720. She had two daughters 
 and a son. One o , the daughters became 
 a nun, the other died at. the age of 18, and 
 the son when he was a child. M-adame Da- 
 cier was as remarkable for her modesty as 
 her erudition. A learned German having 
 paid her a visit, begged that, she would 
 write her name and a sentence in h:s book. 
 She excused herself as long as she could, 
 but being strongly importuned she com- 
 plied, and added to her signature a verse 
 from Sophocles, importing that silence is 
 the ornament of the female sex.— Moreri. 
 
 P’Agar (Jacobo), a French painter, was 
 
 born at Paris in 1640, and died in 1 715. He 
 was the disciple of Vouet, from whom he 
 learned to paint history and portrait, but 
 be excelled in the latter. He resided a long 
 time in Denmark at the court of Christian 
 V. after which he came to London, where 
 he was well received. Fie went hack to 
 Denmark, and died there. — PiUington. 
 
 Darobert I. king of France, the son of 
 Clotaire II. whom he succeeded in 1628, 
 obliging his younger brother, Caribert, to 
 accept of Aquitain. The first part of his 
 reign was popular and praiseworthy, hut 
 at last he gave way to dissolute habits, di- 
 vorced his first wife, and took two more, 
 besides a number of concubines. He also 
 greatly oppressed his subjects by taxes, and 
 caused 9000 Bulgarians, who had put 
 themselves under his protection, to he mas- 
 sacred. He was very successful in his fo- 
 reign wars, conquered the Gascons, and 
 compelled the count of Brittany to he his 
 vassal. He died in 1638, and was the first 
 king of France interred in the abbey of St. 
 Denis. The other princes of this name 
 are not worth noticing. — Moreri. 
 
 Dagoumed (William), rector of the uni- 
 versity of Paris, died in 1745. He was the 
 author of, 1. A Course of Philosophy in 
 Latin; 2. A Tract against the Advertise- 
 ments of Languet, Archbishop of Sens. — ■ 
 Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Dahl (Michael), a Danish portrait paint- 
 er, who died in England in 1743. He was 
 in great repute, and had the honour to 
 paint the portrait of queen Anne. — Wal- 
 poles Alice J. of Painters. 
 
 Dahi.uerg (Eric), a Swedish general, was 
 bora in 1625. He lost his parents when 
 young, and in consequence had a very nar- 
 row education, which he supplied by his 
 perseverance and genius. He studied for- 
 tification, and in 1648 was appointed an en- 
 gineer. Gustavns Adolphus sent him to 
 superintend the works for the defence of 
 Thorn, and he attended that monarch in the 
 war of Poland. I!v his advice the king 
 undertook the enterprize of marching his 
 army over the Great Belt, when frozen over, 
 in 1657, whereby lie extended his conquests 
 to Copenhagen. In i 660 Dahlberg was en- 
 nobled, and in 1669 appointed comman- 
 dant of Mahno, and superintendant of the 
 fortifications. He so greatly improved 
 these as to he called the Vaub.an of Sweden. 
 In 1690 he was made governor of Livonia, 
 and died at Stockholm in 17.03. He pub- 
 lished Suecia antiqua & hodierna, 3 vols, 
 folio, 1700. — Gezelius’s Biography of eminent. 
 Studies. 
 
 Daili.e (John), a learned French divine, 
 bora at Chatellerault in 1594,and educated 
 at Saumur, In 1612 lie was appointed 
 
DAL 
 
 DAL 
 
 tutor to the grandsons of du Mornay, with 
 whom in 16 1 9 he went to Italy where one 
 of them died. He continued on his travels 
 with the other, and after passing through 
 Germany and England, returned to France 
 in 1621.” He became a minister in 1623, but 
 still remained in the family of Du Mornay, 
 who died in his arms, in 1625 he was ap- 
 pointed minister of the church of Saumur, 
 and the year following he removed to that 
 of Paris. In 1631 appeared his famous 
 book on the Use of the Fathers. In 1633 
 he published an Apology for the reformed 
 Churches. These books excited consider- 
 able controversy. He died in 1670. H's 
 son became a minister in 1653, and was 
 chosen colleague with his father. At the 
 revocation of the edict of Nantes he went to 
 Zurich, where he died in' 1690. — Daille 
 wrote several other books besides the above. 
 • — Bayle. A'loreri. 
 
 Dale (Samuel), an - English physician, 
 was born in 1569. lie was originally an 
 apothecary at Braintree, in Essex, and in 
 1730 became a licentiate of the college of 
 physicians, and a fellow of the royal socie- 
 ty. He then settled as a physician at Bock- 
 ing, where he died in 1739. Ele wrote 
 Pharmacologia, sen Manuduetio ad Mate- 
 riam Medicam, several times printed; he 
 also published The Antiquities of Harwich 
 and Dover Court, 4to. written by Silas 
 Taylor, but greatly enlarged and improved 
 uy Dr. Dale. He has some papers in the 
 
 Philosophical Transactions. Pulte. /ey’s 
 
 Sketches on Botany. 
 
 Dalechamps (James), a French physi- 
 cian was born at Caen in Normandy in 1513, 
 and died at Lyons in 1588. He wrote a 
 general History of Plants, and some other 
 books. He also published Pliny’s Natural 
 Ii istory, with notes. — Moreri. 
 
 Dai.en (Cornelius van), a Dutch engrav- 
 er, was born about 1640. He engraved a 
 great variety of portraits, and a set of anti- 
 que statues, in a masterly style. — Gen. Biog. 
 Diet. 
 
 Dalens, (Theodore), a landscape painter 
 of Amsterdam, was born in 1659, and died 
 in 1638. His pieces are faithful and spi- 
 rited copies of nature. — Houbraken. 
 
 Da UN (Olaus), a Swedish historian and 
 poet, was born at Winsberg in 1708. He 
 wrote a poem entitled The Liberty of 
 Sweden, and a tragedy entitled Brunhilda. 
 Lie was also the author of the General Histo- 
 ry of Sweden, and other works. He became 
 preceptor to prince Gustavos, and chan- 
 cellor of the court, 'and died in 1763. 
 
 AJoim. Diet Hist, 
 
 Dallinoton (sir Robert), an English 
 author, was born in-Northamptonshire, and 
 educated at- Pembroke hall, Cambridge, 
 where he proceeded Ivi. A. Afterwards be 
 became secretary to the carl of Rutland, 
 and master of the Charter-house. Charles 1 
 conferred on him the honour of knight- 
 hood. Ho died in 1637. He wrote a bur- 
 
 vey of the Great Duke’s state in Tuscany 
 4.o. ; a Method for Travel, or a State of 
 Fra. ice as it stood in 1598, 4to ; Aphorisms 
 civil and military, amplified with authori- 
 ties, folio. — iVood. 
 
 Dalmatin (George), a lutheran divine, 
 who wnislaiea the Abie into the Sclavo- 
 nic language in loa f, tie obtained a bc- 
 neiice at .way bach in Carqiola, but being 
 persecuted by the Humanists, sentence of 
 banishment was pronounced against him in 
 lo98. 1 ne baton of ^Ausperg, however, 
 
 alforded him a.i asylum injtns house, where 
 it is supposed be then. — Bayle. 
 
 Dalmatius, bisnop of Cyzicum, who 
 wrote the Acts of the Council of Nice, and 
 assisted at tne council of Ephesus. — Mor . 
 
 Dalrv mple (sir David), a Scotch judge, 
 was born at Edinburg n in 1726 His father 
 was auditor of the exchequer, andliis’mother 
 tne dauguter of euri of Haddington. He was 
 educated at Eton and at Utrecht. In 1748 
 he was called to the Scotch bar, and in 1766 
 appointed a judge, on which occasion he 
 look die tide of lord Hailes. He died in 
 H 92, leaving two daughters. He published 
 a number ot books, a3 Memoirs and Let- 
 ters relating to the History of Britain in 
 me Reigns ut James Land Charles I. in 2 
 vois. ; Remarks on the History of Scotland 
 1 2mo. ; affinals of Scotland, 4to. 2 vols.' Re- 
 mains oi Gnnsdan Antiquity, 3 vols.; seve- 
 ral Ivle.murs intended for a Biographia Sco- 
 tica ; Papers m the World and Mirror, Ac. 
 — Rncyciojs. Brit. 
 
 Dalton (Michael), an English lawyer, 
 wlu wrote a ouok on the office of a Jus- 
 tice ot me peace ; and another on the du- 
 ties ox Sheriffs. He died about 1620.- 
 
 Granger. 
 
 Dalton (John), an English divine, was 
 born at Dean in Cumberland in 1709, and 
 educated at Ljueen s college, Oxford, where 
 he proceeded to the degree of D.D. and be- 
 came tutor to lord Beauchamp. He adapted 
 Milton s Comus for the stage and wrote 
 some song;> in it, which piece was performed 
 for the uciUtfit of a grand-daughter of 
 MiIlOu. He obtained the rectory of St. 
 Mm y-at-riill, London, and a prebend of 
 Worcester, where lie died in 1763. He 
 published a volume of sermons, and some 
 poems His brother Richard was librarian 
 to the king, and published prints from 
 drawings made by himself of the procession 
 to Mecca, Re. Hutchinson s Hist, of Cumber- 
 land , UiCtg. Dram . 
 
 Dalzill (Ihomas), a Scotch general, 
 wuo was with Charles II. at the battle of 
 Worcester, after wnich he entered into the 
 
 service oi the czar of Russia, but was re- 
 called at the Restoration, and made com- 
 mander-in-chief of the forces in Scotland. 
 •Titter the murder of Charles I. he never 
 would shave his beard, but suffered it to. 
 grow «iowa to liis girdle, and he wore a 
 beaver hat, the brim of which was about 
 Uuee inches broad, His dress was so sin- 
 6 
 
D A M 
 
 I) A N 
 
 giffar that he never appeared in publie 
 without a crowd of boys after him. He 
 was in great favour with Charles II. When 
 he died is uncertain. — Granger. 
 
 Damascenes (John), a learned father of 
 the church, and so called from the place of 
 his birth. He succeeded his father as coun- 
 sellor of state to the caliph, and at the 
 close of life was ordained priest, on which 
 he went into a monastery. He died about 
 750. His works were printed at Paris in 
 2 vols. folio, 1712. — Cave Dupin. 
 
 Damascius, a philosopher of the stoic 
 sect, or according to others of the peripa- 
 tetic. He wrote the life of his master and 
 predecessor Isidorus, the logician of Athens, 
 of which only a few fragments remain. Pie 
 flourished A. D. 54 0. — Cave Hist. Lit. 
 
 Damasds I., pope, was a native of Spain, 
 and placed in the pontifical chair in S66. 
 He was opposed by an antipope called Ur- 
 sin, but was acknowledged by the bishops 
 'of Italy, and the council of Aquiheia con- 
 demned Ursin to banishment. Damasus 
 opposed the arians, and died in 384, aged 
 80. His letters are extant. — Lpnuer. Pla- 
 tinez. 
 
 Damasus II., pope, was elected the same 
 day that Benedict IX. abdicated the chair, 
 and died 23 days after his being chosen, in 
 Palestine, in 10-18. — ILid. 
 
 Damiano (Peter), a cardinal, was born 
 at Ravenna, of a noble family. In 1057 he 
 was raised to the cardinalate,and appointed 
 bishop of Ostia. He endeavoured to effect 
 a reform in the manners of the monks and 
 priests, and remonstrated against the pope’s 
 interfering in the temporal concerns of 
 princes ; but finding his efforts fruitless, 
 he resigned his preferments, and retired to 
 a monastery, from whence he was recalled, 
 and employed as legate in France and Ger- 
 many. He died in 1073. His works were 
 printed at Paris in 1663. — Morcri. 
 
 Damiens (Robert Francis), a French 
 assassin, who was executed in 1757, ‘‘or an 
 attempt upon the life of Lewis XV. He 
 had been a domestic in the college of jesuits. 
 — Noun,. Diet. Hrst. 
 
 Damo, the daughter of Pythagoras, at 
 whose desire she devoted herself to a life 
 of celibacy, ‘and may therefore be called 
 the first of nuns. Her father imparted to 
 her the secrets of his philosophy, on con- 
 dition that she should never divluge them. 
 — Stanley's Hist. Phil. 
 
 Damon, a Pythagorean philosopher, ren- 
 dered memorable for his friendship with 
 Pythias. Dionysius the tyrant having con- 
 demned him te death, he obtained leave 
 of absence to go home and settle his af- 
 fairs; Pythias pledging himself to endure 
 the punishment in his stead if he did not 
 return at the appointed time. Damon 
 was punctual, and this instance of friendship 
 so pleased the king that he pardoned Da- 
 mon, and requested to become one of their 
 friends. — Valerius Maximus. 
 
 Damon, a musician of Athens, the in- 
 structor of Pericles, and friend of Socrates. 
 He formed a system of music, and wonder- 
 ful things are related of his harmonic pow- 
 ers. — Mureri. Burney. 
 
 Damoci.es, a sycophant at the court of 
 Dionysius, the tyrant of Syracuse. He was 
 one day admiring the happy condi tien of 
 princes, on which the tyrant invited him 
 to an entertainment, and caused a naked 
 sword to be hung over his head by a hair. 
 Damocles, frightened at the perilous condi- 
 tion in' which he sat, begged the king to 
 dismiss him into a safe though mean station 
 of life. — Morcri. 
 
 Damocritus, a Greek historian of an 
 unknown age ; who wrote two books, one 
 on tactics, and the other on the Jews, in 
 which he accuses them of worshipping the 
 head of an ass, and offering human sacri- 
 fices. — Vossius Hist. Grace. 
 
 Dampier (John), a French poet, was a 
 native of Blois, and after being an advocate 
 in the great council, became a cordelier, 
 and died in 1550. His Latin poems are 
 
 in the Deliciae Poetarum Gallorum. 
 
 Moreri. 
 
 Dampier (William), an English navi- 
 gator, was born at East Coker, in Somerset- 
 shire, in 1652, and went to sea early in life. 
 He sailed with captain Cook, who com- 
 manded a Bristol privateer. After cruising 
 a considerable time on the American coast, 
 and taking several prizes, captain Cook 
 died, and was succeeded by Mr. Davis, 
 whom Dampier left, and went aboard an- 
 other buccaneering ship, commanded by 
 captain Swan. Not meeting with success, 
 they sailed for the East Indies, where Dam- 
 pier left Swan, and proceeded to the Eng- 
 lish factory at Achem. He then engaged 
 with a captain Weldon, and afterwards be- 
 came gunner to the factory at Bencoolen. 
 In 1691 he embarked for England, and 
 arrived there the same year. He afterwards 
 went out from Bristol, with captain Woodes 
 Rogers, to the South sea, and returned in 
 1791. When he died is unknown : his voy- 
 ages are very accurate. There is a portrait 
 of him in the Trinity-house — Dampier a 
 Voyages. 
 
 Dampierre (N.), a distinguished officer 
 in the service of the French Republic. He 
 had been a captain in the regiment of 
 Chartres; but when the revolution broke 
 out he joined the popular standard, and 
 was major-general at the battle of Jemappe. 
 He was shot by the English gunners, as he 
 was reconnoitring at the battle, or retreat of 
 Faniars, May 8, 1793. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Dan, the son of Jacob by the servant of 
 Rachael, and the father of a warlike tribe, 
 whose portion was on the coast of the Me- 
 diterranean sea, from Joppa on the north 
 toAscalon on .the south. — SS. 
 
 Dancer (Daniel), an extraordinary mi- 
 ser, was born in 1716 near Harrow, in 
 Middlesex. In 1736 he succeeded t« his 
 11 
 
DAN 
 
 Dan 
 
 family estate, which was considerable ; but 
 as his fathers before him were too great 
 lovers of money to lay out in ar.y improve- 
 ments, Daniel followed their example, and 
 the farm went worse and vvorse. He led 
 the life of a hermit for above half a 
 century; his only dealing with mankind 
 arose from the sale of his hay; and he was 
 seldom seen, except when he was out ga- 
 thering logs of wood from the common, or 
 old iron, or sheep’s dung under the hedges. 
 He was frequently robbed, to prevent 
 which, he fastened the door up, and got 
 into his house through the upper window, 
 to ascend which he made use of a ladder, 
 which he drew up after him. His sister, 
 who lived with him many vea.FS, left him at 
 her death a considerable increase to his 
 wealth, on which he bought a second-hand 
 pair of black stockings to put himself in 
 decent mourning. ■This was an article of 
 luxury, for at other times Daniel wore hay- 
 bands on his legs. He died in 1 7 94, and 
 left his estates to lady Tempest, who had 
 been very charitable to the poor man and 
 his sister . — Annual Necrology, 1798. 
 
 DancH'ET (Anthony), a French poet, 
 born in 1671, and died at Paris in 1748. 
 He wrote for the theatre with great success, 
 and his works were published in 1751, in 4 
 vols. 12mo. He was a member of the French 
 academy. — Nouv.Dict, Hid. 
 
 Dandini (Jerome), an Italian jesuit, 
 was born at Cesena in 1554. He was a 
 celebrated professor of philosophy, and rec- 
 tor of several colleges. Clement VIII. sent 
 him as nuncio to the Maronites of Libanus. 
 Of this journey he wrote an accovint, trans- 
 lated into French in 1 675. He died in 1 6:54. 
 He wrote a Commentary on Aristotle’s 
 three books de Anima. — Ibid. 
 
 Dandini (Pietro), a painter of Florence, 
 was born in 1646, and died in 1712. Fie was 
 in the service of the grand-duke, so that few 
 of his pictures are to be found out of his 
 own country. He was very successful in 
 imitating great masters. — Gen. B. D. 
 
 Dandini (Caesare),an historical painter 
 of Florence. Fie was uncle to the preced- 
 ing. There are several noble pictures of 
 his in the churches of Florence. — Ibid. 
 
 Dandini (Hercules Francis), an Italian 
 count, and professor of law at Padua : born 
 in 1691, and died in 1747. Fie wrote, 1. 
 De I’orensi scribendi 'ratione. 2. De servi- 
 rutibus prsediorum interpretationes per 
 epistolas, &c. — Nouv. Bid. Hist. 
 
 Dandolo (Henry), doge of Venice, to 
 which office he was elected in 1 102, being 
 then 84 years old. He raised the Venetian 
 state to a considerable height, by the vigour 
 and wisdom of his government. In 1 201 
 he engaged in the crusade, and conquered 
 >(.ara, which had revolted against the Ve- 
 netians. He greatly distinguished himself 
 at the siege of Constantinople, on the tak- 
 ing of which he was created despot of Ro- 
 mania, lie died in 1205.- — Moreri . 
 
 Dandoi.o (Andrew), doge of Venice, 
 was bom about 1310. He extended the 
 commerce of the republic by a union with 
 Egypt, which produced a war between the 
 Venetians and the Genoese, which laBted 
 several years. He was a man of letters, 
 and wrote the History of Venice; and cor- 
 responded with Petrarch. Fie died in 1 354. 
 — Tiraboschi. 
 
 Dandre Bardon (Michael Francis), a 
 French writer and painter, born at Aix, in 
 Provence, in 1700, and died in 1747. He 
 was a member of the academy of painting, 
 and wrote, l^The Fife of C^rlo Vanloo. 
 2. A treatise on Painting, and another on 
 Sculpture, &c. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Dandrieu (John Francis), a French mu- 
 sician, who died at Paris iil 1740, aged 
 56. He excelled on the organ and harpsi- 
 chord. He also had great merit as a com- 
 poser, particularly of church music. — Ibid. 
 
 Daneau (Lambert), called in Latin Ba- 
 tueus , a French protestant divine, born 
 about 1530, and died at Castres in 1596. 
 He wrote Commentaries on the Gospels of 
 Matthew and Mark; A Poetical System of 
 Geography ; Aphorism! Politici et Milita- 
 res. — Moreri. 
 
 Danes (Peter), a French prelate of con- 
 siderable piety and learning. He was pre- 
 sent at the council of Trent, where he 
 made an eloquent speech on the abuses of 
 the court of Rome. While there lie was 
 made bishop of Lavaur. He died at Paris 
 in 1577, aged 80. His works were printed 
 ill 1731. — Moreri 
 
 Danet (Peter), a French abbe, who 
 published an edition of Phzedrus, for the 
 use of the dauphin, also a Dictionary, and 
 other works. He died at Paris in 1709. — 
 Ibid. 
 
 Dangeau (LewisCourcillowde),a French 
 abbot, who died at Paris in 1733, aged 80. 
 He invented several games for teaching 
 young persons geography, history, and 
 grammar. He also wrote Dialogues on the 
 Immortality of the Soul. — Ibid. 
 
 Dangeau (Philip de Courcillon, marquis 
 de), brother of the above, born in 1638, 
 and died at Paris full of honours in 1720. 
 He wrote Memoirs in MS. from which 
 Voltaire, and other authors, have gleaned 
 many curious particulars. — Ibid. 
 
 Daniiawer (John Conrad), a German 
 divine of the lutheran persuasion, was born 
 in the Brisgaw in 1603. He became 
 professor of eloquence at Strasburgh, where 
 he died in 1666. He zealously opposed a 
 projected union between the lutherans and 
 calvinists, and wrote some theological trea- 
 tises. — Ibid. 
 
 Danician (Andre), better known by the 
 name of Philidor, a celebrated player on 
 chess, was born at Paris, and resided seve- 
 ral years in England, where he published 
 his Analysis du jeu des Echees, in 1749. 
 l ie also composed music with good success. 
 Ije died in 1795. — £uroj>. Mag. 
 
D All 
 
 D A N 
 
 Da n’ikt., the fourth of the greater pro- 
 phets. lie was of the blood royal of Ju- 
 dah, and carried captive to Babylon 606 
 B. C. He obtained a situation at the court 
 of Nebuchadnezzar, and had “his name 
 changed to that of Beltoshazzar. I lis pro- 
 gress in learning, and his sagacity of mind, 
 rendered him a favourite with the monarch, 
 and he was appointed governor of Babylon. 
 In the reign of Belteshaz^zar he explained the 
 famous writing upon the wall, and the event 
 confirmed the truth of his prediction. Da- 
 rius made him his prime minister ; but the 
 courtiers, out of envy, contrived to have 
 him thrown into a den of lions for refusing 
 divine honours to Darius. He escaped 
 the beasts by a miracle, and regained the 
 favour of his master. His prophecy is writ- 
 ten partly in Hebrew and partly in Chaldee. 
 
 • — SS. Univ. Hist. 
 
 Daniel (Arnold), a Provengal poet in 
 the twelfth century, whose poems were 
 imitated by Petrarch. He died about 1 189. 
 
 - — Moreri. 
 
 Daniel (Peter), a learned Frenchman, 
 who died at Paris in 1603. He published, 
 1. An edition of the Aularia of Plautus. 
 S. Commentaries of Servics on Virgil, &c. 
 —1 lid. 
 
 Daniel (Samuel), an English poet and 
 historian, was born in Somersetshire, in 
 1362, and educated at Magdaien college, 
 Oxford ; on leaving which he became 
 groom of the privv chamber to the queen 
 of James I. At tfie close of his life he re- 
 tired to a farm in his native county, where 
 he died in 1619. His poems were collected, 
 and printed in 2 vols. 12mo. 1718. He 
 wrote the History of England to the end 
 of the reign of Edward III. which, accord- 
 ing to some authors, is the best of all his 
 works. — Bioar. Br. 
 
 Daniel (Gabriel), a French historian, 
 was born at Rouen in 1649, and entered 
 among the jesuits at the age of 18. One of 
 his first productions was a Voyage to the 
 World of Dcs Cartes, which has been trans- 
 lated into several languages. His greatest 
 performance, however, is, The History of 
 France, published at Paris in 3 vols, folio, 
 1713; but afterwards enlarged to 7 vols. 
 4to. 1722. He also wrote several miscel- 
 laneous and theological treatises. He died 
 at Paris in 1728. — Moreri. 
 
 Dante (Alighieri), an Italian poet, born 
 at Florence in 1265. He was of an ambi- 
 tious turn, and joined one of the factions 
 which then disturbed Florence ; but the 
 party to which he belonged proving the 
 weakest, he was banished. He then pre- 
 vailed on the prince of Verona to make 
 war on the Florentines, which did not an- 
 swer his expectations; neither could he get 
 himself recalled. He died at Ravenna in 
 1321. He wrote a satirical poem on Para- 
 dise, Purgatory, and Hell, to which he gave 
 the singular title of Commedia. It is in the 
 form of a vision, and full of extravagances, 
 though oftentimes sublime, The be«t edi- 
 
 tion is that of Venice, 1757, 3 vols. 4tr>. 
 He also wrote some works in Latin, par- 
 ticularly one on Monai chy ; and another 
 De Vulgari Eloquentia. — liraboschi. 
 
 Dante (Peter Vincent), a native of Pe- 
 rouse, who imitated the style of the pre- 
 ceding poet with so much success, that his 
 erformances have frequently gone under 
 is name. He was also a good mathemati- 
 cian, and died in 1512. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Dantf. (Vincent), grandson of the abox'e, 
 was a mathematician, sculptor, and paint- 
 er. His statue of Julius I I. is esteemed a 
 master-piece. He died in 1576, aged 46. 
 He wrote the lives of men eminent in de- 
 signing for statues. — Ibid. 
 
 Dante (Ignatius), a dominican of the 
 same family as the poet. He was a cele- 
 brated mathematician, and drew several 
 maps for Gregory XIII. who gave him the 
 bishoprick of Alatri. He drew the meri- 
 dian line in the church of St. Petronius at 
 Bologna, which was afterwards perfected 
 by Cassini. He died in 1586. l ie wrote a 
 treatise on the Astrolabe, and some other 
 WO r ks . — T irabi. sth i . 
 
 Dante (John Baptist), a mathematician 
 of the same family, who is said to have 
 made a pair of wings, with which he flew 
 over the lake Trasimenus ; but on exhi- 
 biting himself over the city of Perugia, he 
 fell on a church and broke his thigh. He 
 afterwards became professor of mathema- 
 tics at Venice; and died at the end of the 
 15tll century. — Bayle. Moreri. 
 
 Danton (George James), a leading man 
 in the French revolution. He was a law- 
 yer, and rose to notice in that storm which 
 produced a number of extraordinary per- 
 sons, who would otherwise have passed 
 their days in obscurity. Fie displayed ta- 
 lents in the national convention, and was a 
 powerful speaker. Robespierre supplanted 
 him, and he fell under the guillotine m 
 1794, aged 34. — Nouv. Diet, Hist. 
 
 Dantz (John Andrew), a lutheran di- 
 vine, was horn at Sandhusen, near Gotha, in 
 1654. l ie became profes'or of theology at 
 Jena, where he died in 1727. Fie wrote 
 a Hebrew and Chaldee Grammar, and Dis- 
 sertations on the Hebrew Scripture and the 
 rabbinical wri t i n gs. — Moreri. 
 
 Daran (James), a celebrated French sur- 
 geon, was horn at St. Frajon, in Gascony, 
 in 1701. He became surgeon-major in the 
 imperial army, and practised with reputa- 
 tion at Milan and Turin, where the king of 
 Sardinia, Victor Amadasus, made him con- 
 siderable offers to remain in his service. 
 He died at Paris in 1784. Daran was fa- 
 mous for his operations in diseases of the 
 bladder and urethra. He wrote a treatise 
 on the virulent Gonorrhoea ; Surgical Ob- 
 servations on the Diseases of the Urethra; 
 and other pieces. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Darcet (N.),a French chemist and phy- 
 sician, who published several papers on the 
 management of potteries, and the nature of 
 earths fit to be used in those manufactories. 
 
D A R 
 
 He also gave analyses of several minerals; 
 and published the State of the Pyrenees, 
 and of the causes of their wasting. He was 
 professor of chemistry in the national insti- 
 tute, and died in 1801. — N’ouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Darci (count), an eminent engineer, 
 was born in Ireland in 1725, of a family at- 
 tached to the Stuarts, in consequence . of 
 which he entered into the French service. 
 In 1780 he published an essay on Artillery. 
 In 1765 appeared his Memoir on the Dura- 
 tion of the Sensation of Sight; which 
 is very ingenious. He d>ed in 1779. Be- 
 sides the above, he wrote a number of ma- 
 thematical memoirs of merit. — Gen. Bio g. 
 Diet. 
 
 Dai.gonne (Dom Bonaventure), a Car- 
 thusian monk, was born at Paris in 1640, and 
 died in 1704. He wrote Un Traite de la 
 Lecture des Peres de l’Eglise,jand some other 
 works. — Morerj. 
 
 Darius, surnamed the Mede, is the same 
 according to some, as Cyaxeres, son of 
 Astyages, and maternal uncle to Cyrus. 
 He died at Babylon about S48 B. C. — Univ. 
 Hht. 
 
 Darius I. king of Persia, the son of 
 Hystaspes. He entered into a conspiracy 
 with six others against the usurper Smerdis, 
 and having slain him, they agreed that he 
 should have the crown whose horse should 
 neigh first in the morning. I he groom of Da- 
 rius on the night preceding, brought his mas- 
 ter’s horse to a mare on the spot fixed Upon. 
 The next morning, when the candidates 
 came to the place, the horse of Darius sud- 
 denly neighed, in consequence of which he 
 was saluted king. He took Babylon after 
 a siege of ten months, rebuilt the temple of 
 Jerusalem, and sent the captive Jews to 
 their own country. His forces suffered a 
 defeat from the Greeks at Marathon ; on 
 which he resolved to carry on the war in per- 
 son ; but died in the midst of his prepara- 
 tion, B. C.485. — Herodotus. Univ. Hist. 
 
 Darius II. surnamed Ochus,or Nothus, 
 because he was the bastardson of Artaxerxes 
 bvaconcubine. After the murder of Xerxes 
 he ascended the Persian throne, and espous- 
 ed Parisatis, his sister, a cruel princess, by 
 whom he had Artaxerxes Mnemon, Ames- 
 teris, and Cyrus the younger. He died af- 
 ter a reign" of 19 years, B. C. 404. — Univ. 
 Hist. 
 
 Darius III. or Codomannus, the last 
 king of Persia of that name, was the son of 
 Arsanes and Svsigambis, and descended 
 from Darius Nothus. Bagoas, the eunuch, 
 placed him on the throne ; and afterwards 
 attempted to poison him, but Darius made 
 him swallow the deadly draught himself. 
 Alexander the Great defeated him near the 
 Granicus.and a second time near the hsus, 
 where his family were taken prisoners, but 
 Darius escaped in disguise. I laving ga- 
 thered another army, he marched against 
 Alexander, and experienced a third over- 
 throw at Arbcla on which Us fled to Me- 
 
 D A R 
 
 dela. Bessas, governor of Baetriana, s j eW 
 him in his chariot, B, C. 331. — Hit. 
 
 Darouier (Augustin), a French astrono- 
 mer, was born s.i Toulouse in 17 18, and died 
 in 1802. Ide evinced very early a strong 
 inclination to astronomy, which he culti- 
 vated with ardour; purchasing instruments, 
 and establishing an observatory in his own 
 house. He also printed at his Sole expence 
 two volumes of observations. At Utrecht 
 was published his translation of Lambert’s 
 Cosmolotical Letters. Fie educated pupils; 
 paid the expence of calculations, nor ever 
 sought for pecuniary aid from government. 
 His last observations were printed in J.a- 
 lande’s Histoire Celeste , and are brought 
 down to March 1798. He was a member 
 of the' national institute. — Lalandes Hist, of 
 Astronomy. 
 
 Darwin (Erasmus), an English physician 
 and poet, was born at Newark, in Notting- 
 hamshire, in 1732. After receiving a pre- 
 paratory education, he was sent toSt. John’s 
 college Cambridge, where he took his ba- 
 chelor's degree in medicine in 1755, and 
 in his thesis on that occasion maintained 
 that the movements of the heart and arteries 
 are immediately produced by the stimulus 
 of the blood. In the Cambridge Collec- 
 tion of Verses on the death of Frederic 
 Prince of Wales, in 1751, is a poem by him, 
 which does not rise above mediocrity. 
 From Cambridge he removed to Edinburgh, 
 where he took his doctor’s degree, after 
 which he practised at Litchfield with 
 reputation, and in 1757 married miss FIow- 
 ard of that citv, who died in 1770, leaving 
 three sons. His second wife was the widow 
 of colonel Pole, who brought him a good for- 
 tune, on which he removed to Derby in 1 781, 
 where he passed the remainder of Lis life. 
 He died suddenly in 1802. Dr. Dar win’s li- 
 terary fame rests upon the Botanic Garden, 
 with philosophical notes, in two parts ; 1. 
 The Economy of Vegetation ; 2. '1 he Loves 
 of the Plants, 2 vols. 8vo. : Zoonomia, or 
 the Laws of Organic Fife, 8vo.; Phytologia, 
 or the Philosophy of Agriculture and Gar- 
 dening, 1 vol. 4to. In these works the poet, 
 botanist, and philosopher, appear to advan- 
 tage, though in many respects the author 
 sacrifices too much to imagination, and he 
 evinces a contempt for religion. Besides 
 these works, he was the author of papers in 
 the Philosophical Transactions, and a tract 
 on Female Education, 4to. He bad also a 
 share in the formation of the System of Ve- 
 getables of Linnaius, published in the name 
 of the Botanical Society at Litchfield. — Life 
 of Darwin by Anna Seward. Enrols. Mag. 
 vol. xxvii. Monthly Mag. vol. xiii. 
 
 Darwin (Charles), son of the preceding, 
 was born at Litchfield in 1758. After re- 
 ceiving a preparatory education, he went to 
 Christ-church college, Oxford, from whence 
 he removed to Edinburgh, where he ap- 
 plied to the study of medicine, and obtained 
 the first prixe medal offered by the E»cu ? 
 
 / 
 
DAU 
 
 lapian society for the best essay on the 
 means of distinguishing - pus from mucus, 
 lie died in 1778. Me left behind him an 
 Account of the retrograde Motions of the 
 absorbent Vessels of animal Bodies in some 
 Diseases, in Latin ; a translation of which 
 was published by his father. — Monthly 
 Mag. _ J 
 
 .Dassier (John), medalist to the repub- 
 lic of Geneva, who struck a series of the 
 English kings, in order to obtain a situation 
 in the mint, but was disappointed. His 
 nephew, however, was employed in that 
 office as engraver, and returned to Geneva 
 in 17 45. — Gen, jBiog. Diet . 
 
 Dassouci, a French poet and musician 
 the 17th century, who wrote his own 
 life in a ludicrous style ; in which he says, 
 that his father was an impostor by pretend- 
 ing to be a magician. He had a happy ta- 
 lent at song-writing, in the humorous style. 
 — Nouir. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Datames, a general of the army of 
 Artaxerxes, king of Persia, to which sta- 
 tion he was raised from the ranks. Some 
 persons out of envy accused him to the 
 king as a traitor, on which he fled. After- 
 wards he raised an army and defeated Ar- 
 tabazes, general of Artaxerxes, but was as- 
 sassinated by Mithridates 361 B. C.— Cor- 
 nelius Nepos. 
 
 Dati (Augustine), a learned Italian, was 
 born at Sienna in 1420. He became teacher 
 of rhetoric and the classics in that citv,and 
 attained the office of first magistrate^ He 
 died in 1478. His works, consisting of a 
 treatise on the Immortality of the'" Soul ; 
 Orations ; Epistles ; and the History of Si- 
 enna, were printed in one volume folio, 
 1.503. — Tiraboschi. 
 
 Dati (Charles), professor of belles-lettres 
 at Florence, his native city. He wrote 
 Italian poems, and essays, particularly one 
 on the discoveries of Galileo and Torricelli; 
 but his Lives of the ancient Fathers are 
 most known. He died in 1675. — Ibid. 
 
 Davanzati (Bernard), a learned Italian, 
 was born at Florence in 1529, and died in 
 1606. He translated Tacitus into Italian, 
 and wrote on Tuscan Agriculture ; History 
 of the English Schism ; and an Account of 
 Exchanges. — Tiraboschi. 
 
 Daubenton (M.), a French anatomist 
 and naturalist, was born at Montbard in 
 Burgundy in 1716. He became assistant 
 to BufFon in the royal garden, and keeper 
 of the king’s museum. In 1744 he was 
 admitted a member of the academy of sci- 
 ences, and contributed several valuable 
 papers to their memoirs. He had also a 
 considerable concern in Buffon’s Natural 
 History. Flis Instructions to Shepherds, 
 1784, 8vo. is an excellent w'ork. He was 
 likewise the author of a Methodical View 
 of Minerals. In 1799 he was elected a 
 member of the conservative senate, and 
 died the same year. — Account of Daubenton by 
 
 Fourcroy. 
 
 Daubenton (William), a French. Jesuit, 
 
 d a y 
 
 who was appointed confessor to Philip V. 
 king of Spain, but meddling too much in 
 political concerns, he was dismissed, and 
 returned to France in 1706. Ten year* 
 afterwards, he was recalled, but again fell 
 into disgrace, by betraying the king’s se- 
 crets to the French court. He died ia 
 1723. I Jis works, principally sermons, were 
 printed in 2 vols. folio, one of which con- 
 tains an account of the miracles of John 
 Francis Regis, a jesuit. — Morcri. 
 
 Davenant (John), an English prelate, 
 was born in London, and educated at 
 Queen’s college, Cambridge, where he took 
 the degree of D.D. and became fellow. He 
 was afterwards elected master of that col- 
 lege, and in 1618 was sent to the synod of 
 Dort. In 1621 he was made bishop of 
 Salisbury, and died in 1641. His remains 
 were interred in Salisbury cathedral. He 
 wrote an Exposition of the Epistle to the 
 Colossians; in Latin ; and Animadversions 
 upon Hoard’s treatise, entitled, God’s Love 
 to Mankind, 1641, &c. He was a strong 
 calvinist. — Biog. Bn 
 
 Davenant (sir William), an English 
 poet, was born in 1605 at Oxford, where 
 his father kept an inn. The first part of 
 his education he received at the grammar- 
 school of that city, and was then entered 
 of Lincoln college. He did not remain 
 long at the university, but became page 
 to the duchess of Richmond, and after- 
 wards to lord Brook. In 1637 he suc- 
 ceeded Ben Jonson as poet-Iaureat, and 
 in 1643 was knighted. On the decline of 
 the royal cause, he went to France, and 
 changed his religion, which recommended 
 him to the patronage of the queen, who 
 sent him to England on a mission to the 
 king. He was next engaged to convey a 
 number of artificers from France to Virgi- 
 nia, but the ship was taken and carried to 
 England, where he would have been exe- 
 cuted, if Milton and some others had not 
 interceded for his life. He now set up a 
 sort of operas, to support himself, plays- 
 being forbidden ; but at the Restoration he 
 obtained a patent for erecting a playhouse 
 in Lin coin Vi nn-fields. He died in 1668, 
 and was interred in Westminster abbey. 
 His works, consisting of plays and poems, 
 were published together in 1675. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Davenant (Charles), a political writer, 
 the son of the preceding, was horn in 1656, 
 and educated at Oxford. At the age of 19 
 he wrote Circe, a tragedy, which was per- 
 formed with applause. He afterwards 
 applied to the civil law, and took his doc- 
 tor’s degree in that faculty at Cambridge. 
 He sat in the parliament of 1685, and be- 
 came a commissioner of excise. He was also 
 appointed inspector-general of the exports 
 and imports, and died in 1714. He was 
 well versed in politics and affairs of finance. 
 His works were published in 5 vols. Svo. 
 1771. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Davenant (William), fourth son of sir 
 V dJiam, was brought up to the churckj 
 
DAY 
 
 DAY 
 
 and obtained a living in Surrey. He went 
 abroad with an English gentleman, and 
 was drowned near Paris, as he was swim- 
 ming, in 1681. lie translated I.e Vayer’s 
 Animadversions on the Greek and Latin 
 Historians, from the French. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Davenport (Christopher), a priest of 
 the Romish communion, was born at Co- 
 ventry about 1598, and educated at Ox- 
 ford, but turning catholic, he went to 
 Douay, and entered among the Francis- 
 cans. He returned to England as a mis- 
 sionary under the name of Sancta Clara, 
 and became chaplain to the queen of 
 Charles I, He wrote a book called Deus, 
 Natura, Gratia, &c. the object of which 
 was to shew, that the English liturgy is re- 
 concileable to the tenets of his church. At 
 the Restoration he became chaplain to the 
 queen, and died in 1680. — Wood. Moreri. 
 
 Davenport (John), the elder brother of 
 the preceding, was born at Coventry in 
 1597, and educated at Merton college, Ox- 
 ford. He entered into orders, and became 
 a zealous puritan : after serving a church 
 in London he went to Amsterdam, and 
 from thence to New England, where he 
 died in 1669. He wrote 10 sermons and 
 religious tracts. — Wood’s A. 0. Neal's Hist. 
 Puritans. 
 
 David, king of Israel, was born at Bethle- 
 hem, 1085 B.C. He was anointed while a 
 youth and a shepherd, by the prophet Sa- 
 muel. His valour in killing Goliath, a gi- 
 gantic Philistine, procured him a place at 
 the court of Saul, who afterwards endea- 
 voured to take away his life, on which Da- 
 vid fled. When that prince fell, David 
 was acknowledged king by the tribe of 
 Judah ; but the other tribes, at the instiga- 
 tion of Abner, placed Ishbosheth, the. 
 youngest son of Saul, on the throne, which 
 occasioned a civil war ; but on the death 
 of Ishbosheth, the contending parties united 
 in submission to David, who reigned thirty 
 years with great glory. He took Jerusa- 
 lem from the Jebu6ites, with the fortress of 
 Zion, to which he gave the name of the city 
 of David. He also gained considerable vic- 
 tories over the Philistines, and other neigh- 
 bouring nations, thereby extending his do- 
 minions and enriching his subjects; but 
 his glory was tarnished by taking Bath- 
 shebah from Uriah, her husband, and 
 putting him to death. Fie also suffered by 
 causing the people to be numbered. A re- 
 bellion was excited against him by his son 
 Absalom, which was quelled, and Absalom 
 slain. When the new r s of this was brought 
 to David, he lamented the untimely fall of 
 his son in affecting terms. At the close of 
 life he resigned the throne to his son Solo- 
 mon, and died B.C. 1015, at the age of 70. 
 A considerable part of the book of l 3 salms 
 having been composed by him, occasions 
 thq whole to be called by his name. It is 
 an exquisite collection of devotional poetry. 
 
 Stit also Chandler s Life of David. 
 
 David 1. king of Scotland, succeeded his 
 brother Alexander the Fierce, in 1124. He 
 was bred in England, and married Maud, 
 grand-niece of William the Conqueror. 
 He was earl of Northumberland and Hunt- 
 ingdon, when called to the Scottish throne. 
 On the death of Henry 1. king of England, 
 he maintained the claim of his daughter 
 Maud, against Stephen, and seized Carlisle, 
 but was defeated at the battle of North 
 Allerton in 1138. A negociation was en- 
 tered into the following year, by which 
 Carlisle was suffered to remain in the pos- 
 session of David. He died there in 1 153.— 
 Buchanan. 
 
 David II. king of Scotland, was the son 
 of Robert Bruce, at whose death lie was 
 only five years, old. On the invasion of 
 Scotland by Baliol, he was sent to France, 
 but his party prevailing, after a bloody 
 contest, he returned home in 1342. He 
 made several inroads on England, but was 
 taken prisoner after a stout resistance, and 
 conveyed to the Tower, and did not re- 
 cover his libertv till 1357, on paving a. 
 heavy ransom. He died in 1371, aged°47. 
 
 — Ibid. 
 
 David (St.), a British saint, was in the 
 5th century bishop of Caerleon Ln Mon- 
 mouthshire, then the metropolitan of the 
 W elsh church. But he removed his see 
 to Mynyw, Which afterwards came to be 
 called Ty Dewi, or the house of St. David. 
 There are many churches dedicated to him 
 in Wales : but the notion of his being the 
 patron saint of that country is treated as a 
 modern invention, and so is the symbol of 
 the leeic attributed to him. The wearing 
 of this on St. David’s day probably origi- 
 nated from the custom of Gyrnhorsha, or the 
 friendly aid, practised among farmers: in 
 some districts of South Wales all the neigh- 
 bours of a small farmer appoint a day 
 when they attend to plough his land, and 
 the like ; and at such time it is the custom 
 for each to bring his portion of leeks with 
 him for making pottage. — Owen’s Camb . 
 Biog. 
 
 David of Hirazug, surnamed the Black, 
 a Welsh divine, poet, and grammarian, 
 who flourished about 1350. He modified 
 the grammar and system of prosody of 
 Edeyrn, agreeable to ‘the regulations which 
 took place on the conquest of Wales by 
 Edward I., for that event affected even the 
 literary compositions of the Welsh. There 
 are several copies of a Missal in Welsh, or 
 the Office of the Virgin, translated by him. 
 
 — Owen > Camb. Biog. 
 
 David, an armenian philosopher of the 
 5tli century, who translated into his native 
 language several of the Greek philosophers. 
 — Moreri. 
 
 David el David, a pretended Messiah, 
 was a Persian Jew in the 12th century, and 
 being a roan of great abilities, persuaded a 
 number of his countrymen to acknowledge 
 his pretensions. After resisting the Per- 
 
DAY 
 
 DAY 
 
 Sian forces, he was defeated, and beheaded 
 in the king’s presence, on which an inhu- 
 man massacre of the Jews took place. — 
 Moreri. 
 
 David ab Gwilym, a celebrated Welsh 
 poet, who died at the close of the 14th cen- 
 tury. He composed a variety of beautiful 
 poetry, under the patronage of Ivor, sur- 
 named the Generous. The subject of the 
 greater part of his poems is love : and he 
 dedicated one hundred and forty-seven to 
 the fair Morvid, his mistress ; but his suit 
 was unsuccessful, as she was married, 
 through the influence of her relations, to 
 Rhys Gwgan,a captain in the English army 
 at the battle of Cressy. His works were 
 printed at London in 1789 . — Owens Gamb. 
 Jiioir. 
 
 David, of the imperial family of Com- 
 nenes, the last emperor of Trebisonde, suc- 
 ceeded John his brother. He was dethron- 
 ed by Mahomet; II. emperor of the Turks, 
 who gave him his choice either to turn Ma- 
 hometan, or to suffer death. He preferred 
 the latter, and endured dreadful torments. 
 This was in 1461. — Moreri. 
 
 David (ab Edmund), a Welsh poet, in 
 the 15th century. He was a native of Han- 
 mer in Flintshire, and presided at a con- 
 gress of bards at Caermarthen, assembled 
 by a commission from Edward IV. At this 
 meeting a body of canons of Welsh poetry 
 was formed, which was opposed by the 
 bards of another province. — Owens Ca?nb. 
 ■B'og. « 
 
 David (George), a fanatic of Ghent, who 
 about 1525 pretended to be the Messiah, 
 and nephew of God. He obtained fol- 
 lofvers, but was forced to quit his own 
 country, on which he went to Basil, where 
 he died in 1556. I lis corpse was taken up 
 and burnt with his writings. — Mnsheim . 
 
 David (Gantz), a jewish historian of the 
 16th century, who wrote a chronicle in 
 Hebrew, printed at Prague, 1542, 4to. 
 Vorstius translated part of it into Latin 
 with notes, Leyden, 1644. — Moreri. 
 
 David (Francis), a socinian of Hungary, 
 who was first a Roman catholic, next a lu- 
 theran, afterwards a calvinist, and lastly a 
 Unitarian. He differed from Socinus and 
 Blandrata on the subject of worshipping 
 Jesus Christ, which he condemned. For 
 this and some other notions they caused 
 him to be thrown into prison, where he 
 died in 1579. He wrote on the millennium 
 and other subjects, — Moreri. Moshrim. 
 
 David (de Pomis), a jewish physician of 
 the 16th century, who pretended to be a 
 descendant of the tribe of Judah. He 
 wrote, 1. De-Senum Affectibus, 15$8. 2. A 
 Hebrew and Rabbinical Dictionary, He- 
 brew and Italian, 1587. — Moreri. 
 
 Davies (sir John), an English poet and 
 judge, was horn at Chjsgrove in Wiltshire 
 in 1570, and educated at Queen’s college, 
 Oxford, from whence he removed to the 
 Middle Temple, and was cabled to the bar, 
 
 James T. conferred on him the honour Of 
 knighthood, and made him attorney-gene- 
 ra! in Ireland. He afterwards returned, 
 and became an English judge. In 1626 he 
 was appointed chief justic e of the king’s 
 bench, hut died shortly after of an apo- 
 plexy. lie married Eleanor Tpuchet, 
 daughter of lord Audley, by whom he had 
 a son, who died young, and a daughter who 
 married the earl of Huntingdon. Lady 
 Davies pretended to be a prophetess, and 
 printed sever..! pamphlets filled with pre- 
 dictions and revelations. She died in 1652. 
 Sir John wrote a valuable, book on the 
 State of Ireland, 1612, and several times 
 reprinted : his poetical works, of which 
 that entitled Nosce Teipsum is the principal, 
 were collected and published in 1778, l2mo. 
 Elis prose works were printed in one vol. 
 8vo, 1786. — Blog. Br. 
 
 Davies (Dr. John), a learned Welsh di- 
 vine, was born at i.lanveres in Denbigh- 
 shire, and educated at Ruthin school, from 
 whence he went first to Jesus college, and 
 afterwards to Lincoln college, Oxford. He 
 obtained the living of Mallwyd in Meri- 
 onethshire, took his doctor’s degree in 1616, 
 and died in 1644. Ide published a curious 
 grammar of the Welsh language in Latin, 
 1621 ; a dictionary, Welsh and Latin, 1632, 
 See . — IV', rid. Owens Camb. B iov. 
 
 Davies (John), a learned divine, was 
 born in London in 1679, and educated at 
 Queen’s college, Cambridge. In 1711 he 
 obtained a living in Cambridgeshire, and a 
 prebend of Ely. In 1717 he was chosen 
 master of his college, and took the degree 
 of D.D. Fie died in 1732. He edited 
 Maximus Tyrius, Julius Ctesar, Minutius 
 Felix, and some of Cicero’s works. — Biog, 
 Brit. 
 
 Davies (Samuel), an American divine, 
 born in 1724, in the county of Newcastle, 
 in Delaware. In 1759 he became president 
 of the college of New Jersey. He died in 
 4761. Three volumes o: excellent sermons 
 by him have been several times printed. — • 
 J-. fe by Dr. Gibbons. 
 
 Davies (Thomas), a bookseller and writer, 
 was brought up at Edinburgh, and in 1736 
 became an actor at the Haymarkct theatre. 
 He afterwards turned bookseller, but not 
 succeeding in that line, turned strolling 
 player. About 1762 he commenced book- 
 selling again in Russel -street, Covent-gar- 
 den, but in 1778 he became a bankrupt, 
 and was relieved by the exertions of Dr 
 Johnson. In 1780 lie published the Life of 
 Garrick, which had a good sale. He also 
 wrote Dramatic Miscellanies; the Life of 
 Henderson the Player : and several fugitive 
 pieces. He died in 1785. — GV.->. Bicg. Diet. 
 
 Davila (Henry Catherine), an eminent 
 historian, was bora in the territory of Pa- 
 dua, in 1576. His father was constable of 
 Cyprus, when that island was taken by the 
 Turks, in consequence of which he lost 
 all liis property. The son was taken 
 
D A U 
 
 DAY 
 
 France, and brought up by the marshal 
 d’Hemery, who married his aunt. At the 
 age of 18 he entered into the military ser- 
 vice, and gave proofs of his bravery. In 
 15.99 he went to Padua, and soon* after 
 engaged in the service of the Venetians, 
 and was employed in several honourable 
 stations. In 1631 he was appointed to 
 command the garrison of Crema ; but in 
 going thither was shot by a man whose bu- 
 siness it was to provide carriages ; but the 
 murderer was instantly killed by Davila’s 
 son. The year preceding he published his 
 “ History of the Civil Wars of France,” in 
 the Italian language, a work of high repu- 
 tation. The best edition is that of London, 
 2 vols. 4tO. 1755. — More-ri. Tiraboschi. 
 
 Davila (Peter Francis), a Spanish natu- 
 ralist, who died at Madrid in 1785. The 
 catalogue of his cabinet was published in 3 
 vols. and is held in great request. — N. D. H. 
 
 Davis (John), an English navigator, was 
 born at Sandridge in Devonshire. In 1585 
 he had the command of an expedition to dis- 
 cover a north-west passage to the East 
 Indies, in which voyage he discovered a 
 strait called by his name. The year fol- 
 lowing he sailed again on the same design, 
 and having explored the coasts of Green- 
 land and Iceland, proceeded as far as lati- 
 tude 73 N. In 1591 he went second in 
 •command to Mr. Cavendish, in his unfor- 
 tunate voyage to the South Seas. After 
 this he made five voyages to the East Indies, 
 but was killed in an engagement with the 
 Japanese on the coast of Malacca in 1605. 
 He wrote an account of his voyages. — Biog. 
 Br. Prince's W oribies. 
 
 Davis (1 lenry Edward), an English divine, 
 was ho an at Windsor in T7 56, and educated 
 at Baliol college, Oxford, where he took his 
 degree of B. A. and wa3 elected fellow. He 
 died in 1784. Mr. Davis wrote an Exami- 
 nation of Gibbon’s History of the Decline 
 and Fall of the Roman Empire, and he was 
 the only antagonist whom the historian 
 chose to answer. — Gent. Mag. 
 
 Davison (Jeremiah), an English por- 
 trait painter. Fie was a disciple of sir Peter 
 Lely, and died in 1745. — Walpole. 
 
 Daumius (Christian), a learned man of 
 the 17th century. He was regent of the 
 college of Zwickau, and died there in 
 1685, aged 75. Fie wrote, 1. Tractates de 
 causis amissarum quarumdam Lingual La- 
 tina; radicum, 8vo. ; 2. lndagator & resti- 
 tutor Gratcaj Linguae radicum ; 3. Epistolx, 
 & C. — Moreri. 
 
 Daun (Leopold count), a celebrated ge- 
 neral, was born in 1705. He was a colonel 
 in 1740, and served the empress queen 
 Maria Theresa with the greatest zeal and 
 glory. The next war he added new laurels 
 to tliose which he had already acquired. 
 In 1757 he obtained a great victory over 
 the king of Prussia at Chotchemitch ; after 
 a series of good fortune, however, the 
 marshal met with a defeat at Torgau, in 
 
 1760. He died at Vienna in 1766. — Noi/v, 
 Diet. Hist. 
 
 Daurat (John), a French poet, was born 
 in 1507. He made so great a progress in his 
 studies at Paris, that he was appointed one 
 ot the Greek professors in that university. 
 Charles IX. made him poet-laureat, and 
 took great pleasure in his conversation. At 
 the age of 80 he married a young girl, who 
 brought him a son. His poems in Greek, 
 Latin, and French, are numerous. He died 
 at Paris in 1588. — MoreYi. 
 
 Dawes (sir William), an English prelate, 
 was born at the seat of his father, sir John 
 Dawes, near Braintree in Essex, in 1671. 
 He was educated at Merchant Taylors’ 
 school, from whence he went to St. John’s 
 college, Oxford, but after a stay of two 
 years he removed to Catherine hall, Cam- 
 bridge. In 1696 he took the degree ofD. D. 
 and obtained the mastership of Ills col- 
 lege, to which he was a great benefactor. 
 The same year he was made chaplain to 
 the king, and prebendary of Worcester. In 
 1698 ho obtained the deanry of Bocking. 
 In 1707 he was promoted to. the bishopric 
 of Chester, from whence in 1714 he was 
 translated to York. He died in 1724, and 
 was buried in the chapel of Catherine hall. 
 His works were collected in 3 vols. 8vol 
 1733. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Dawes (Richard), a learned critic, was 
 born in Leicestershire in 1708, and educated 
 at Market Bosworth, under Anthony Black- 
 well, after which he was removed to Bhn- 
 nuel college, Cambridge, where he became 
 fellow, and in 1733 M. A. In 1736' lie pub- 
 lished proposals for a Greek translation of 
 Paradise Lost, which was never completed. 
 In 1738 he was appointed master of the 
 grammar school at Newcastle-upon-Tvne. 
 In 1745 he published his Miscellanea C'riti- 
 ca, or a Collection of Remarks on various 
 ancient aut hors, a work of high value, a new 
 edition of which was printed at Oxford in 
 1781, by Mr. Burgess, since bishop of St. 
 David’s. In 1749 Dawes resigned his school, 
 and died at Heworth, near Newcastle, in 
 1766. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Day (John), an English printer. He 
 had a shop under Aldersgate, and another 
 at the west door of St Paul’s. Me>printed 
 the Bilile, Fox’s Martyrs, Latimer’s Ser- 
 mons, Tyndal’s Works, and many other 
 books. He died in good circumstances in 
 1585. He deserves a place here by having 
 been a considerable promoter of the Re- 
 formation. — Gen. Biog. Did. 
 
 Day (Thomas), an English writer, was 
 born in Wellclose-square, London, in 1748. 
 His father, who was a collector of the cus- 
 toms, died while he was an infant, and left 
 him a fortune of twelve hundred a year. 
 He received his education at the Charter- 
 house, from whence he was removed to 
 Corpus Christi college. Oxford, after which 
 he entered of the Middle Temple, but ne- 
 ver followed the law as a profession. His 
 
D E D 
 
 DEC 
 
 manners were eccentric, and his opinions 
 romantic. He and his triend Mr. Bicknel 
 took two orphan children from the work- 
 house at Shrewsbury to educate them in 
 the ancient Roman manner, and afterwards 
 to marry them. The project, however, 
 failed, and Mr. Day married, in 1778, a 
 Miss Mills of Derbyshire. He wrote 
 against the American war and the slave 
 trade ; and was a strenuous advocate tor 
 parliamentary reform ; but the only work 
 by which his name will be perpetuated is 
 the History of Sandford and Merton, a ro- 
 mantic tale, for y ung persons, pleasing, 
 but fanciful, and of much the same stamp 
 as Rousseau’s Emilius. Mr. Day’s notions 
 were theoretical, and though marked with 
 sentiment, had little of experience or reli- 
 gion. His death was occasioned by his 
 disregard of common customs. Having a 
 favourite foal, lie would not suffer it to be 
 broke in because cruel, but undertook the 
 management of it himself, he consequence 
 of which was, that the animal threw him 
 and gave him a violent kick on the skull, of 
 which he died September 8, 1789. — Biog. 
 JBr. Life of Darzuin by Mss Seivard. 
 
 Dka on James), an English gentleman, 
 who h id a great skill in music, and drew 
 portraits in miniature in an admirable style. 
 He died in 1750. — Walpole. 
 
 Deageant de St. Marcei.t.tn (Gui- 
 chard), a French politician. He was an 
 aide negociator. but a bitter enemy to the 
 calvinists. After enjoying the sunshine of 
 court favour many years, he was disgraced 
 and banished to Dauphiny, where he died 
 in 1639. He published Memoirs down to 
 1624, which contain many curious facts. — 
 Moreri. 
 
 Deborah, a Elebrew prophetess, who 
 by her exhortations prevailed on Barak to 
 march against Sisera, general of the troops 
 of Jabin. In consequence of this victory 
 she composed a sublime ode, B. C. 1285. 
 —Bool of 'fudges. 
 
 Decbbalus, king of the Dacians, who 
 resis ed the Romans in the reign of Domi- 
 tian. lie entered the province of Mcesia, 
 defeated and slew Oppius Sabinus, the Ro- 
 man commander, and took a number of 
 places. Afterwards he was defeated him- 
 self, but still resisted till Domitian agreed 
 to pay him a tribute yearly, which was 
 continued by Nero, but refused by Trajan, 
 who subdued Dacia, on which Decebalus 
 put an end to himself A D. 105. — Un. Hist. 
 
 Decemsrio (Peter Candido), an Italian 
 writer, was born at Pavia, in 1399. He be- 
 came secretary to the pope and to Alphon- 
 sus king of Arragon, and died at Milan in 
 1477. . e wrote the lives of Philip Maria 
 
 Visconti, and i rancls Sforza, dukes of 
 Milan and translated into Italian, Quintus 
 Curtius and Livy, and into Latin, Appian’s 
 History, Diodorus Siculus, and part of 
 Hemet' — T 1 ra !, o chi , 
 
 Dtcio (Philip), an Italian lawyer, was 
 
 born at Milan in 1453. He became lecturer 
 at Pisa and Pistoia, and was so eminent 
 a disputant, that at last no one would enter 
 the lists with him. After being professor 
 at several places, he settled in France, 
 where he was honourably entertained, lie 
 died in 1535. — T raboschi 
 
 Decius, a celebrated Roman, who served 
 as military tribune under the consul Cor- 
 nelius Cossus, B. C. 343 . and when the 
 army was in danger of being cut off by the 
 Samnites, he volunteered his services with 
 his party, and completely routed them, 
 for which a crown of gold was awarded 
 him by the consul, an obsidional crown of 
 grass t>y the army, and a civic crown of 
 oak by his detachment. Two years af- 
 terwards he was chosen consul with Man- 
 lius Torquatus, at which time the Romans 
 were at war with the Latins. On this oc- 
 casion it was agreed between the two con- 
 suls, that he whose army first receded 
 from the enemy should devote himself for 
 the good of his country The division un- 
 der Decius being hard pressed, gave way, 
 on which he stripped himself of his milita- 
 ry habit, and having devoted himself to the 
 infernal deities, rushed into the midst of 
 the enemy, and was slain. The army under 
 Manlius then gained a terrible victory, and 
 the body of Decius was buried with mili- 
 tary honours. — Livy. 
 
 Decius, the son of the above, was con- 
 sul three times, and also censor. Being 
 engaged against the Gauls and Samnites, 
 and victory dubious, he imitated his father, 
 by devoting himself, and was slain, after 
 which the Romans defeated the enemy, 
 with great slaughter. — Ibid. 
 
 Decius, a Roman emperor, was born in 
 Pannonia. The emperor Philip sent him 
 to quell a sedition in Mcesia, but instead of 
 obeying his directions, he turned his arms 
 against him, and on his death assumed the 
 imperial diadem. 1 ie distinguished himself 
 by an expedition against the Persians, and 
 by persecuting the Christians. In his march 
 against the Goths he entered a morass, 
 where he and his army perished by the at- 
 tack of the enemy. A. D 251. — Uni-v Hi t. 
 
 Deckf. :, or Dckiier (John), a learned 
 jesuit, and chancellor of the university of 
 Gratz in Stiria, where he died in 1619, 
 aged 69., He wrote, 1. Velilicatio, seu 
 theoremata de anno ortus ac mortis Do- 
 mini, &c 1616. — Moreri. 
 
 Decker (Thomas), an English dramatist 
 of the 17th century. He was cotemporary 
 with Ben Jonson, who satirized him in Ins 
 Poetaster under the name of Crispanus, but 
 Decker retorted in his Satyromastix, or un- 
 trussing of a humorous poet. He wrote 
 several plays, some of wh'ch possess merit. 
 He died after 1638. — Blog. Dram. 
 
 Dedekind (Frederick), a German writer 
 of the 16th century, who wrote a piece of 
 irony in praise of ill-manners, under the 
 title of Grobianus, sive de incultis moribua 
 
D E F 
 
 *t inurbanis gestibus, Frankfort, 1558, Svo. 
 — Moreri. 
 
 I)ee (John), a mathematician, was born 
 at London in 1527, and educated at St. 
 J ohn’s college, Cambridge. On the fouwd- 
 ing of 1 rinity college he was chosen one 
 of the fellows. Falling under the suspi- 
 cion of magical practices, he went to Lou- 
 vain, where he took his doctor’s degree in 
 civil law. He read lectures in the ma- 
 thematics there, and at other universities, 
 vvith applause. In 155 1 he returned to 
 -England, and obtained the rectory of Up- 
 ton-upon-Severn. His application to the 
 mathematics brought upon him the accu- 
 sation of magic, and in the reign of Mary 
 he was imprisoned -on a suspicion of trea- 
 sonable practices. He was in great favour 
 with queen Elizabeth, who visited him at 
 Mortlake, where he collected a library. 
 In 1581 he and Edward Kellv began their 
 magical operations, which lasted two years, 
 and in which they were joined by a Polish 
 nobleman called Laski, who persuaded 
 tnem to go to Poland, where they remain- 
 ed some time. Their adventures abroad 
 macie so much noise that the queen ordered 
 Dee home. In 1596 he was made warden 
 ef Manchester college, and died at Mort- 
 lake in 1608. H e published several mathe- 
 matical works in Latin and English, and 
 wrote many more which were never print- 
 ed, but in 1659 Dr. Casaubon published, A 
 true and faithful Relation of what passed 
 lor many years between Dr. John Dee and 
 some Spirits, &c.-%. Br. 
 
 Defesch (William), a German musician, 
 who came to England, and was leader of 
 the band at Marybone gardens; he also 
 composed for Vauxhall. He excelled on 
 the violin. He died about 116 Q.~Haivkius. 
 Burney. 
 
 De Foe (Daniel), an English writer, was 
 the son of James Foe, a butcher of London, 
 and born in 1660. How he came to alter 
 liis name does not appear, nor what was 
 his original occupation. In 1688 he kept 
 a hosier s shop in Cornhill, but becoming 
 a bankrupt, he had recourse to his pen for 
 a subsistence. In 1695 he was made ac- 
 comptant to the commissioners of the glass 
 duty, which office he held till that impost 
 was taken off. In 1701 he produced his 
 True-born Englishman, a satire, coarse but 
 characteristic. The year following appear- 
 ed his Shortest Way with the Dissenters, 
 for which he was sentenced to the pillory, 
 lined, and imprisoned. On regaining his 
 liberty, he retired to St. Edmund’s Bury, 
 where he continued to exercise his pen. 
 Dewas instrumental in promoting the union 
 of England and Scotland. In 1713 he was 
 again committed to prison for some politi- 
 cal pamphlets, but lord Oxford procured 
 his pardon. In 1715 he published the Fa- 
 mily Instructor, a religious performance of 
 merit ; and in 1719 his greatest work, the 
 romance .of Robinson Crusoe, supposed to 
 
 DEL 
 
 have been founded on the story of Alexan- 
 der Selkirk’s being left on the island of 
 Juan 1 ernandez. De Foe wrote a number 
 of other books, and died in 1781, leaving a 
 daughter, who married Mr. Baker the na- 
 turalist. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Dejotarus, a tetrarch of Galatia, who 
 was created by the Romans king of that 
 country, with the addition of Lesser Ar- 
 menia. H e joined Pompey, but on his de- 
 feat he submitted himself to Ctesar, who 
 deprived him of Armenia, and afterward* 
 entirely dethroned him. — Units. Hist. 
 
 Delamet (Adrian Augustin de Bnssy), a 
 learned ecclesiastic, was born of a noble 
 family in Picardy, about 1621. Fie was re j 
 lated to cardinal de Retz, whom he accom- 
 panied in his travels. On his return to 
 Paris he settled in the college of the Sor- 
 bonne, where he died in 1631. His prin- 
 cipal work is “ a Resolution of Cases of 
 Conscience,” 1714, which was republished 
 by M. Treuve, under the title of a Diction- 
 ary of Cases of Conscience, 2 vols. folio. — 
 Moreri. 
 
 Delany (Patrick), a learned divine, was 
 the son of a farmer in Ireland, and born 
 about 1686. He became first a sizer, and 
 afterwards fellow of Trinity college, Dub- 
 lin. He obtained some church preferment 
 from lord Carteret; and in 1732 published 
 in London his work entitled Revelation ex- 
 amined with Candour; and the same year 
 he married a widow of fortune. In 1738 
 appeared his Reflections upon Polygamy. 
 
 H is next publication was the Life of David 
 king of Israel, which is an ingenious per- 
 formance. In 1743 he married a second 
 wife, who was the widow of a Cornish gen- 
 tleman, and the year following he obtained 
 the deanry of Downe. In 1754 he pub- 
 lished Observations on Lord Orrery’s Re- 
 marks on the Life and Writings of Swift, 
 in which are many curious anecdotes of 
 that singular genius. He continued pub- 
 lishing something or other nearly till his 
 death, which happened at Bath in 1768. 
 His sermons on Social Duties are very ex- 
 cellent. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Delany (Mary), the second wife of the 
 above, was the "daughter of lord Lans- 
 downe. At the age of 17 she was married 
 to a Cornish gentleman, who died in 1724, 
 from which time she continued a widow 
 till 1743, when she became the wife of 
 Dr. Delany. On his decease she went to 
 live with her friend the duchess dowager of 
 Portland; and when that lady died the king 
 gave her a house at Windsor, with a pen- 
 sion of 300/. a year. She died in 1788. 
 Mrs. E>elany was a very ingenious woman, 
 and painted several pictures of great merit. 
 She also completed a Flora consisting of 980 
 plants.' — Biog. Br. 
 
 Delaune (Thomas), a nonconformist 
 who in 1683 published a reply to Dr. FenJ 
 jamin Calamy’s discourse concerning a 
 scrupulous conscience. Deiauue’s book was 
 Z 2 
 
D E M 
 
 railed a Plea for the Nonconformists, and 
 pave so much offence that the author was 
 sent to Newgate He was sentenced to pay 
 a heavy fine, which being unable to dis- 
 charge he remained in prison till his ueath. 
 Neale's Puritans. 
 
 Deleyne (Alexander), an ingenious 
 French writer, was born at Bourdeaux. h e 
 acquired reputation by an analysis of the 
 
 ■works of lord Bacon, in S ! v°U. 12mo. 
 
 He also wrote the Genius of Montesquieu ; 
 the Spirit of St. Evremond; several articles 
 in the Encyclopedic ; and assisted Raynal 
 in his History of the Commerce of the In- 
 dies. He died in 1797 .—Noun. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Delft (Jacob), a portrait painter of the 
 city of Delft, was born in 1619, and died 
 in 1661 He was the grandson of Mirevclt, 
 and equalled him in the force and delicacy 
 of his productions. — Houhraken. 
 
 Delius (Christopher Traugott), a mine- 
 ralogical writer, was born at Walhausen 
 in Turingia. He served in the army, and 
 on leaving it was appointed to a place m 
 the establishment of the Hungarian mines. 
 Afterwards he was called to Vienna in the 
 department of the names and mint. He 
 Sin Italy in 1799, aged 51. He wrote, 
 a Dissertation on Mountains, 8vo. an n 
 troduction to the Art of Mining, 4to. ; both 
 highly esteemed. — Gen. Biog. 
 
 Delmont (Deodat), a painter of history, 
 was born at St. Tron in 1581, and a disciple 
 of Rubens, who highly valued him .or hi 
 genius. He died in 1634 .-More,,. 
 
 * Delrio (Martin Antony), a learned Je- 
 suit, w«.s born at Antwerp m lool. He 
 took his doctor’s degree at Salamanca, and 
 became professor of divinity at several uni- 
 versities. He died at Louvain in 1608 . He 
 wrote, 1. Disquisitiones Magic®; Com- 
 mentaries on some Books of the Old Tes- 
 tament ; 3. Explanations of difficult Pas- 
 sages of Scripture. — Ibid. 
 
 Demades, an Athenian orator, was at 
 first a mariner, and taken prisoner by 
 Philip of Macedon, who was greatly 
 pleased with his conversation. He was put 
 to death by Cassander 322 B. C. An ora- 
 tion of his may be found in the Rhetorum 
 Collectio, Venice, 1 513 .^-Plutarch. 
 
 Dem akatus, king of Sparta, who ac- 
 cused Clemens before the ephori as the dis- 
 turber of Greece, for which he retorted 
 upon Demaratus the charge of illegitimacy, 
 a£d having bribed the priests of Delphos, 
 the oracle, when consulted, confirmed the 
 charge. Demaratus then resigned the 
 crown, and entered into the Persian ser- 
 vice, where he was entertained by Darius 
 Hystanes and Xerxes as a king .—HeMs. 
 
 Lmeste (John), a divine and physician. 
 Pic was chaplain and surgeon-major to the 
 
 L, of the prince bishop of Liege, m 
 
 S city h/died in 178.1 aged 38 Hi. 
 Letters on Chemistry were printed at 
 .Paris in 1779. — Noun. But. Hist. 
 
 * DgJiSTKiUSjkipg of Macedon, and sur- 
 
 D E M 
 
 named Polbrcetes on account of the many 
 places which lie destroyed, was the son ot 
 Antigonus. At the age of twenty-two his 
 father entrusted him with an army against 
 Ptolemy, by whom he was defeated near 
 Gaza. But he soon repaired the loss, and 
 with a fleet of 250 ships sailed to Athens, 
 which he delivered from Demetrius Phale- 
 reus. He afterwards defeated Cassander 
 at Thermopylae. For these exploits the 
 Athenians raised statues to Ins honour, and 
 even deified him. The successors of Alex- 
 ander, alarmed at his progress, collected 
 their forces, and marched against him, 
 They met at Ipsus, B. C. 301 • and after an 
 obstinate battle, the army of Demetrius was 
 defeated, and his father slain, but he him- 
 self fled to Ephesus, the ungrateful Atheni- 
 ans having refused him an asylum. How-, 
 ever he mustered a new army, and .eenc- 
 rously relieved Athens from the tyranny 
 under which it groaned. He then slew- 
 Alexander, the son of Cassander, and seated 
 himself on the throne of Macedonia. At 
 the end of seven years he was obliged to 
 quit his dominion and retire into Asia, 
 where he was reduced to great distress ; op 
 which he went to the court cf "eleueus, 
 his son-in-law, but a difference breaking 
 out between them, war ensued, m which 
 Demetrius was defeated. Seleucus confin- 
 ed him in a castle, but allowed him to take 
 the diversion of hunting. Fie died of ex- 
 cessive drinking, B. C. 286. His posterity 
 reigned till the time of Perseus, who was 
 vanquished by the Romans. — Plutarch. 
 
 Demetrius I, king of Syria, surnamed 
 Soter, was the son of Seleucus Plniopator. 
 He was sent hostage to Rome by his father, 
 on whose death Antiochus Epiphanes, and 
 after him his son Antiochus Eupator, the 
 one the uncle, and the other the cousin of 
 Demetrius, usurped the throne of Syria. 
 He applied to the Roman senate for assist-, 
 ance to recover his right, but in vam. 
 The Syrians, however, recognised him tor 
 their lawful prince, and at last he obtained 
 the throne. l ie then declared war against 
 the Jews, in which Judas Maccabeus lost 
 his life bravely fighting for the liberties of 
 his country. A confederacy of the neigh- 
 bouring kings was formed against Deme- 
 trius, who was slain, B. C. \50.-r-Unin. Hist. 
 
 Demetrius 11 called Nicatior, the son 
 of the preceding. Ptolemy Philomator, 
 king of Egypt, placed him on the throne 
 of his father, after expelling the usurper 
 Alexander Balas, B C. 146. He married 
 Cleopatra, the wife of the same Alexander, 
 and daughter to Ptolemy. After this he 
 abandoned himself to dissipation, and left 
 the reins of government to the manage-, 
 ment of his flatterers. He formed an alli- 
 ance with the Jews, when he was taken 
 prisoner by the king of Parthia, who gave 
 him his daughter in marriage, which so in- 
 censed Cleopatra, that she married Antio- 
 chus Sidetes her brother-in-law. Siuetes, 
 
DEM 
 
 however, fell in battle, and Demetrius re- 
 covered his throne. His reign became so 
 intolerable, that his subjects solicited the 
 king of Egypt to grant them another sove- 
 reign, Demetrius fled, and was ki!!eu by 
 the governor of Tvre, B. C. 12 t. — -Un. Hist. 
 
 Demetrius (Phalereus), a philosopher 
 of the peripatetic sect, and disciple of 
 Theophrastus. The Athenians were so 
 charmed with his eloquence, as to erect 
 statues to his honour. He afterwards fell 
 into disgrace, and his life being threatened, 
 he fled to the court of Ptolemy Lagus.king 
 of Egypt, whose son banished him from his 
 dominions, and he died by the bite of an 
 asp, 284 B. C. He wrote several books, and 
 furnished the library of Alexandria with 
 200,000 volumes. Tire treatise on Rhetoric 
 attributed to him is of more modern date. 
 
 • — Vossius lie Hist. Gr.ec. 
 
 Demetrius, a cvnic philosopher, in the 
 time of Caligula, who sent him a large pre- 
 sent to gain him to his interest, but the 
 sage refused it, saying, “ If Caligula wishes 
 to bribe me, let him give his. crown.” Ves- 
 pasian banished him for his insolence. Se- 
 neca, however, gives him a high encomi- 
 um. — Moreri. 
 
 Demetrius, czar of Russia, commonly 
 called the false Demetrius, was, according to 
 most historians, a native of Jarowslaw, and 
 a novice in a monastery, where he was 
 tutored by a monk to personate Demetrius, 
 son of the czar John Basilowitz, and 
 which prince had been murdered by Boris 
 Gudenow. Having learnt his tale, he 
 went into Lithuania, where he was taken 
 into the service of a nobleman who espous- 
 ed his cause. Boris hearing of this, rival, 
 sent assassins to dispatch him ; of which his 
 patron being informed, he conveyed him to 
 Mnieski, palatine of Sendomir, who pro- 
 mised to assist him in his design on the 
 Russian throne, on condition of his em- 
 bracing the Roman catholic religion, which 
 terms were accepted, and he was married 
 to the palatine’s daughter. In 1604 Deme- 
 trius entered Russia at the head of a small 
 army, and was joined by a number of Rus- 
 sians and Cossacs. He defeated an armv 
 sent against him, and an insurrection took 
 place in lfis favour. O 11 the death of Boris 
 the people strangled his son, and placed 
 Demetrius on the throne; but his partiality 
 to the Poles, and contempt of the Greek, 
 religion, occasioned an insurrection, and lie 
 was assassinated in 1606, after reigning about 
 eleven months. Though the greater num- 
 ber of historians account him an impostor, 
 there are some writers, among whom is 
 Mr. Coxe, who reckon him to have been 
 the real Demetrius — Ci/xe’s Travels in Russia. 
 
 Demissv (Caisar), a Prussian divine, was 
 born at Berlin in 1703. After living some 
 years in Holland, he came to London, and 
 was appointed preacher at the French cha- 
 pel in the Savoy, and chaplain to the king. 
 He died i» 1775. He assisted Wetstein i» 
 
 DEM 
 
 his edition of the Greek Testament, and Dr. 
 Jortin in his life of Erasmus. — Gen. Bicg. 
 Diet. 
 
 DEM 0 CF.bEs, a Grecian physician, was a 
 native of Crotcna.and the son of Galiplion. 
 Being displeased with his father’s rigour, he 
 went to Athens, where he had a public sa- 
 lary, and lastly he served Polydrates, tyrant 
 of Samos. On the death of that prince, De- 
 mocedes and his family became captives to 
 the Persians, and was carried to Susa, where 
 he worked with the other slaves. But hap- 
 pening to cure Darius, he was liberally re- 
 warded, and admitted to the royal table. 
 He returned to his own country, and mar- 
 ried the daughter of Milo the wrestler. — 
 Herodotus . Jhlian V or. Hist. 
 
 Democritus, a famous philosopher, was 
 born at Abdera in Thrace, about 460 B. C. 
 His father was a man of wealth, but Demo- 
 critus preferred philosophy to riches, and 
 spent his patrimony in travelling to acquire 
 knowledge. There was a law in his coun- 
 try, that whoever reduced himself to poverty 
 should be deprived of sepulture. Demo- 
 critus had incurred this rigid sentence, but 
 his talents were such, that the magistrate* 
 decreed he should be buried at the public 
 expence. Some, however, charged him 
 with insanity, and Hippocrates was sent 
 for to cure him, but the physician declared 
 that they who had sent for him were mor? 
 mad than the patient. Pie was constantly 
 laughing at the follies of mankind, and 
 therein was more to be commended than 
 Heraclitus, who was always weeping on the 
 same pretence. He died at the age of 109. 
 None of his writings have come down to us. 
 He was the author of the atomical philoso- 
 phy, and the precursor of Epicurus. — Stan- 
 ley's Hist. Pbil. Moreri. 
 
 Demon ax, a philosopher of Crete, ift 
 the reign of Adrian. He paid no regard 
 to riches, nor to any particular sect, but 
 gathered what he thought good from all 
 of them. When hungry he used to go 
 into the first house he came to without ce- 
 remony, and take what it afforded. He died 
 g.t the age of 100. — Moreri. 
 
 Demosthenes, the greatest orator of 
 antiquity, was the son of an Athenian, 
 who acquired great wealth by manufactur- 
 ing sword-blades, and was born about 330 
 B. C. Having lost his father when a child* 
 his education was neglected, but at the age 
 of seventeen he determined to study elo- 
 quence, though his lungs were weak, bis 
 pronunciation inarticulate, and his gestures 
 aukward. But these impedients he con- 
 quered by perseverance, by declaiming 
 as he walked up the side of steep hills, also 
 on the sea-shore, when the weather was 
 rough, and by putting pebbles in his mouth. 
 To acquire a good gesture he used to prac- 
 tise before a mirror; and to correct a bad 
 habit of shrugging up one of his shoulders, 
 he placed a sharp pointed sword just over 
 it hi the place where he stood. The pri$- 
 
D E M 
 
 DEN 
 
 C*iplcs of his art he acquired under Isjeus, 
 and lie attended also the lectures of Plato. 
 Not being ready at first in making ex- 
 temporaneous harangues, he studied his 
 orations with great care in a cave, on 
 which account his enemies used to say, 
 they smelt of the lamp. When he came 
 into public life, the encroachments of Phi- 
 lip of Macedon alarmed all the Grecian 
 states, particularly Athens. Demosthenes 
 was forward in rousing his countrymen 
 to a sense of their danger. He depicted 
 the ambitious designs of Philip in glowing 
 colours, and with so much effect, that si- 
 milar orations are to this day called Philip- 
 pics. When' that monarch was about to 
 invade Attica, Demosthenes was sent as am- 
 bassador to prevail on the Boeotians to assist 
 them, in which mission he succeeded. He 
 was also at the battle of Cheronea, where 
 the orator played the coward and fled, for 
 which severed accusations were preferred 
 against him, but he was acquitted. On the 
 death of Philip, he appeared in public with 
 a garland on his head, though he had but 
 just lost his daughter. Demosthenes thought 
 this a favourable opportunity to destroy the 
 Macedonian power, and by his exertions a 
 new confederacy was formed among the 
 Grecian states; which was then broken by 
 the activity of Alexander. The influence 
 ©f Demosthenes being on the decline, JEs- 
 chines took advantage of it to bring an 
 accusation against him on the subject of 
 his conduct at Cheronea, and his having had 
 a crown of gold awarded him; but the ora- 
 tor so well defended himself in his cele- 
 brated oration De Corona; that he was 
 honourably acquitted, and his adversary 
 sent into exile. Shortly after, however, 
 Demosthenes was convicted of receiving a 
 golden cup and twenty talents from Har- 
 palus, one of Alexander's generals, who 
 had retired to Athens with a quantity 
 of plunder, which he had gathered in Asia. 
 To avoid punishment, he fled to vEgina, 
 where he remained till the death of Alex- 
 ander, when he was recalled by his country- 
 men, and brought home in triumph. But 
 this change of fortune was of short dura- 
 tion. The victor}’- of Antipater was fol- 
 lowed by an order to the Athenians to deliver 
 up Demosthenes, who fled to the temple of 
 Neptune, at Calurina, where he poisoned 
 himself, B. C- 322. The Athenians erected a 
 statue to his memory, and maintained his 
 eldest child at the public expence. Out of 
 sixty-five orations only a few have reached 
 us ; the best edition of which is that of 
 Beiske, 8vo. 1720. Plutarch in Pit. De - 
 
 mosthenis . 
 
 Dempster (Thomas), a Scotch writer, 
 who studied at Cambridge, from whence 
 he removed to Paris. He was afterwards pro- 
 fessor of philology at Pisa, where his wife 
 eloped from him w't'.i one of his scholars" 
 He died at Bologna iu 1625. Pie wrote se- 
 
 veral books, the most curious of wh r ch ar a 
 a Martyrology of Scotland ; a List of Scot- 
 tish Writers; and a History of the Etrus- 
 cans, but all deficient in veracity. — Bayle. 
 
 Denham (sir John),a poet, was born iri 
 1 615, at Dublin, where his father was chief 
 baron of the exchequer, but afterwards be- 
 came a judge in England. In 1631 he was 
 sent to Trinity college, Oxford, from whence 
 he went to Lincoln’s-inn, but he made little 
 or no progress in the law. In 164 1 appeared 
 his tragedy of Sophy, and soon after he was 
 made governor of Fareham castle for the 
 king. In 1643 he published his Cooper’s 
 Hill, the best of all his works. He attended 
 Charles II. in his exile, and was sent by him 
 ambassador to Poland. At the Restora- 
 tion he was appointed surveyor-general 
 of the royal buildings, and created knight 
 of the Bath. He died in 1668, and was 
 buried in Westminster abbey. His Cooper’s 
 Plill is a descriptive poem., and gave rise to 
 a new species of composition, which, says 
 Johnson, may be denominated local poetry. 
 Pope has bestowed on him the compliment 
 of the majestic Denham. — Biog. Brit. Johnson s 
 Lives of the Poets. 
 
 Denmark: the peninsula which forms 
 the principal part of this kingdom, and 
 which is now called Jutland, was the an- 
 cient seat of the Cimbri, and in the follow- 
 ing ages was named Chersonesus Cimbrica. 
 We have no accounts of this country prior 
 to 714, when Gormo is said to have been 
 king of it. It has never been conquered or 
 made tributary. — Uni-o. Hist. 
 
 Denner (Balthasar), a portrait painter, 
 was born at Hamburgh in 1685, and died 
 in 1747. He painted the portrait of an old 
 woman, for which he was offered 500 guineas 
 and refused it. — Pilhington. 
 
 Dennis (John), an English critic, was 
 horn in London in 1657. He received h's 
 education at Cambridge, where he took his 
 degree of B. A. In 1692 he wrote a pindaric 
 ode on king William, after which he 
 published several other poems, two of 
 which, on the battles of Blenheim and Ra- 
 mi Hies, procured him the favour of the 
 duke of Marlborough, who gave him 10(0/. 
 and procured him a place in the custom- 
 house. Iu 1704 appeared his tragedy of 
 Liberty asserted, which, being an in- 
 vective against the French nation, be- 
 came popular. When the treaty of Utrecht 
 was ncgociating, the author thought h m- 
 self of so much consequence, that he went 
 to the duke of Marlborough, and begged 
 he would use his interest that he might not 
 be delivered up to the French king. The, 
 duke gravely told him, that “ he had made 
 no provision for himself, though he could 
 not help thinking that he had done the 
 French almost as much mischief as Mr. 
 Dennis.” In 1712 he attacked Mr. Addi- 
 son’s Cato, which occasioned a whimsical 
 pamphlet, called „ The Narrative of Dr. 
 
DEE 
 
 D E S 
 
 Robert Norris, concerning the strange and 
 deplorable Frenzy of Mr. John Dennis.” 
 He died in 1734. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Denny (sir Anthony), a favourite of 
 Henry VIII. was born of a gord family in 
 Hertfordshire, and received his education 
 at St. John’s college, Cambridge At an 
 early age he became a courtier, and was ho- 
 noured with the rank of privy counsellor, 
 and knighted. He also had a large share 
 of the church lands. Henry constituted 
 him one of his executors, and left him 
 
 a legacy of 300/. He died in 1550. 
 
 Granger. 
 
 Denton (John), an English divine, was 
 educated at Clare-hall, Cambridge, where 
 he contracted an intimacy with Mr. Til- 
 lotson, afterwards archbishop of Canter- 
 bury. He was ejected in 1662 from the 
 living of Oswaldkirk, in Yorkshire; but he 
 conformed afterwards, and obtained the 
 living of Stonegrave, in Yorkshire, and a 
 prebend in York cathedral. He died in 
 1703, agad 83. He wrote some religious 
 tracts. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Dentrecolles (Francis Xavier), a French 
 jesuit, who went to China as a missionary, 
 and died there in 1741, aged 77. He wrote 
 
 several books in the Chinese language. 
 
 Nou-J. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Denys (James), a painter of Antwerp, 
 was born in 1645. He studied in Italy, where 
 he improved himself by copying the works 
 of the greatest masters. He afterwards 
 returned to his native city, where he died. 
 He painted history and portrait.— Fitting* 
 ton. 
 
 Deparcieux (Anthony), a French ma- 
 thematician, was born in the diocese of 
 Usez, in 1703. He constructed sun-dials 
 on a new plan, and meridian lines ; and 
 wrote a Treatise on Trigonometry, 4to.; Es- 
 says on the Probabilities of the Duration of 
 Human Life, 4to which gained him admit- 
 tance into the academy of sciences. He 
 also wrote a memoir on the Inundations of 
 the Seine, and other works. He died in 
 G8 . — Dio gepar M Francois. 
 
 De by (James Stanley, earl of), a gal- 
 lant English nobleman, who gave many 
 signal proofs of his courage and loyalty in 
 the civil war, particularly in the action at 
 Wigan in Lancashire, where with 600 
 horse he bravely withstood a body of 3000 
 horse and foot, commanded by colonel Lil- 
 burne. He was taken prisoner at the bat- 
 tle of Worcester, and beheaded, in violation 
 of a promise of quarter which had been 
 given him, in 1651. "1 hehemine, his count- 
 
 ess, who so bravely defended Latham house, 
 with no less valour maintained the Isle of 
 Man, where she regarded herself as queen, 
 and defied the regicides and usurpers, bhe 
 was the last person in the British domi- 
 nions who yielded to the rebels.— Granger. 
 Clarendon. 
 
 Dercyelidas, a Lacedemonian general, 
 
 who about 404 B C. took several cities from 
 the Persians. He recovered the liberties of 
 Greece, and delivered C'hersonesus from 
 the incursions of the Thracians, by builuing 
 a wall across the country — Moreri. 
 
 Dereing (Edward), an English divine 
 of the 16th century. He was anariveof 
 Kent, and educated at Christ's college, 
 Cambridge. Afterwards he became preach- 
 er at St. Paul’s, and died in 1576. He 
 wrote l ectures on the Hebrews, and ser- 
 mons. — Granger. 
 
 Dekham (William), an English divine 
 and philosopher, was born at Stowton,near 
 Worcester, in 1617, and educated at Tri- 
 nity college, Oxford. On entering into 
 orders he obtained the vicarage of War- 
 grave, in Berkshire. In 1689 he was pre- 
 sented to the rectory of Upminster, in 
 Essex. He devoted himself to philoso- 
 phical pursuits, became a member of the 
 royal society, and contributed largely to 
 the Philosophical Transactions. In 1713 
 he published his Physico-Theology, being 
 the substance of his Boyle’s Lectures, with 
 curious notes- and in 1714 appeared his 
 Astro-Theologv. which was also delivered 
 at the same lecture. In 17.16 he was made 
 canon of Windsor, and in 1730 the univer- 
 sity of Oxford conferred on him the degree 
 of D. D. He assisted various writers, ami 
 published some pieces of Mr. Ray. The 
 last thing he printed of his own was Christo- 
 Theology, or a Demonstration of the di- 
 vine authority of the Christian Religion, 
 1730. In his younger days he published a 
 treatise, entitled The Artificial Clockmaker, 
 in 12mo. which has been several times 
 reprinted. He died at Upminster in 1735. 
 — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Dering (sir Edward), a native of Kent, 
 who distinguished himself in the reign of 
 Charles I. by his zeal for the reform of 
 abuses, as he called them, particularly in the 
 church, for which purpose he. brought in a 
 bill to abolish bishops, deans, and chapters. 
 However, he afterwards joined the king 
 with a regiment of horse, at his own ex- 
 pence, and was a considerable, sufferer for 
 the royal cause. He died before the Re- 
 storation. His speeches in parliament are 
 in one volume, 4tO. — Granger. Clarendon. 
 
 Deryck, or Derick (Peter Cornelius), a 
 painter of Delft, born in 1568, and died in 
 1630. He was the disciple of Hubert Ja- 
 cobs, after which he went to Italy, where 
 he studied with great success. Lie excelled 
 in landscape painting; — Pilkington. 
 
 Deryke (William), a painter of Ant- 
 werp, who died in 1697. He painted’ his- 
 torical subjects in a bold manner. — Ibid. 
 
 Desacui.iers (John Tbeophilus), an in- 
 genious philosopher, was born in 1683 at 
 Rochelle, from whence his father, who was 
 a minister, brought him to London, on the 
 revocation of the edict of Nantes He was 
 educated at Christchurch, Oxford, white 
 
DES 
 
 t) E S 
 
 he proceeded to the degree of LL. D. and 
 entered into holy orders. In 1710 he suc- 
 ceeded Dr. Keil as lecturer in experimental 
 philosophy at Oxford. He afterwards prac- 
 tised that profession in London, and con- 
 tinued it with great reputation to his death. 
 He had the honour of delivering a course 
 before George Land the royal family, but 
 never received any other preferment than 
 the living of Edgeware, given to him by the 
 duke of Chandos, and a small one in Essex 
 by the king. He published, a Course of 
 Experimental Philosophy ; a Dissertation 
 on Electricity; Fires improved, being a 
 new Method of building Chimneys, so as to 
 prevent their smoking; he also translated 
 into English, Gravesande’s Mathematical 
 Elements of Natural Philosophy. He was 
 a useful member of the royal society, and 
 contributed several papers to their Trans- 
 actions. He died in 1749. — Biog. Brit, 
 
 Dksaix (Louis Charles Anthony), a 
 French general, was born near Biom, in 
 J768. He entered early into the army, and 
 rose to the rank of lieutenant. In the early 
 part of the revolution he became aid-du- 
 camp to general Custine. He was severely 
 wounded at the battle of Lauterburg, but 
 kept the field, and rallied the battalions 
 which werein disorder. Named sucessiveiy 
 general of brigade and of division, he con- 
 tributed greatly, by his talents, to the fa- 
 mous retreat of Moreau. In the battle of 
 Rastadt he commanded the left wing, and 
 forced the arch-duke Charles to retire. 
 He afterwards defended the bridge of Kelil 
 with great bravery, and was wounded. He 
 served with Buonaparte in Egypt, where 
 he distinguished himself greatly, and was 
 appointed governor of the upper part of 
 the country. Pie signed the treaty of El- 
 Arishwith the Turks and English ; and on 
 his return to Leghorn, was detained by lord 
 Keith as prisoner of war. He afterwards 
 obtained his parole, and went to France. 
 He accompanied Buonaparte to Italy, and 
 Was killed at the battle of Marengo, to which 
 victory he principally contributed, June 14, 
 1800. — .Noun'. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Desault (Peter), a French physician, 
 was born at Arsac, in 1675, and died at 
 Bourdeaux in 1737. He published an es- 
 teemed treatise on the venereal disease, 
 and a method of curing it without saliva- 
 tion, and another on the stone in the kid- 
 neys and the bladder, with an answer to 
 a critique by Astruc on the above-men- 
 tioned treatise. — Noum. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Desault (Peter Joseph), a French sur- 
 geon, was born in 1744, near Macon, and' 
 educated at the Jesuits’ college, with a view 
 to the priesthood, which profession he de- 
 clined, and became an apprentice in the 
 military hospital at Befort. At the age of 
 twenty he removed to Paris, where he ap- 
 plied with assiduity to the study of anatomy 
 and surgery, and had three hundred pupils. 
 JaJ77C he v/as admitted a member of the 
 
 corporation of surgeons, and in 1782 Wag 
 appointed surgeon-major to the hospital of 
 Charity, after which he became head sur- 
 geon of the Hotel Dieu. In 1791 he com- 
 menced his Journal de Chirurgie, a work of 
 reputation. During the violence of the re- 
 volution he was confined some time in the 
 Luxemburg prison, but his usefulness saved 
 his life. He died while attending the dau- 
 phin, June 1, 1795, which induced a sus- 
 picion that he was dispatched because he 
 would not poison that unfortunate prince. 
 Heleft a work entitled Traite des Maladies 
 chirurgicales, &c. 2 vol. Svo.—Nouv. Diet. 
 Hist. 
 
 Des Bakrf.aux (James de Vallec, lord), 
 an ingenious French nobleman, was born at 
 Paris in 1602. He was counsellor in the 
 parliament of Paris, of which place he was 
 deprived by cardinal Richelieu. Des Bar- 
 reaux was a great libertine, but in the lat- 
 ter part of his life he devoted himself to re- 
 ligious studies, and composed that beautiful 
 sonnet, Grand Dieu, tes judgmens, &c. He 
 died iu 1647. — Ibid. 
 
 Desbillons (Francis Joseph), a French 
 Jesuit, was born at Chateauneuf in 1711, and 
 died at Manheim in 1788. He wrote 
 2 vols. of Fables, and some Latin poems; 
 he also published an edition of Phaedrus, 
 with notes. — Ibid. 
 
 Desbois (Francis Alexander), a French 
 writer, was born rn 1699, and died in 1784, 
 in the hospital at Paris. He published a 
 Military Dictionary, 3 vols 8vo.; a Dictio- 
 nary of Agriculture, 2 vols. 8vo. ■ a Dic- 
 tionary of Animals 4 volsSvo. ; and several 
 others. — Ibid. 
 
 Des Cartes (Rene - ), a celebrated French 
 philosopher, was born of a noble family at 
 La Haye, in Touraine, in 1596. He re- 
 ceived his education at the Jesuits’ college at 
 La Fleche, where he acquired a consider- 
 able knowledge of the Greek and Latin lan- 
 guages. On leaving that seminary he re- 
 moved to Paris, and contracted an acquaint- 
 ance with the celebrated father Mersenne, 
 at whose instance he applied to the study 
 of mathematics. In 1616 he entered into 
 the army of the prince of Orange ; and, 
 while serving in the garrison at Breda, 
 solved a difficult mathematical problem 
 which had been posted in the public streets. 
 
 1 his introduced him to the acquaintance, 
 of the learned Beckman, principal of the 
 college of Dort. While at Breda, he wrote 
 in Latin, a treatise on music, and projected 
 some other works. He next served in the 
 army of the duke of Bavaria, but soon after 
 quitted the military life, and travelled into 
 Italy, where he saw the famous Galileo, 
 at Florence. In 1629 he settled at Amster- 
 dam, and applied assiduously to the mathe- 
 matical sciences, particularly dioptrics, in 
 which he made some important discoveries. 
 About this time he visited England, and 
 during his stay made observations on the 
 declination of the magnetic needle. His 
 
D E S 
 
 DES 
 
 philosophy now became the subject of 
 much discussion, and met with an extensive 
 reception, though with considerable oppo- 
 sition. Gilbert Voet, rector of the univer- 
 sity of Utrecht, wrote against it, and Des 
 Cartes replied with a virulence unbecom- 
 ing a philosopher. At the invitation of 
 Christina, queen of Sweden, he went to 
 Stockholm, where he obtained a pension and 
 an estate. He died in that city in 1650, and 
 in 16'66his remains were conveyed to Paris, 
 and interred with great p( mp in the church 
 of St. Genevieve. The philosophy of Des 
 Cartes has long since sunk into contempt, 
 as a visionary hypothesis. But he was un- 
 questionably a mau of great parts, and of 
 a vigorous imagination. His principal 
 works are, 1. Principia Philosophise ; 2. 
 Dissertatio de Methodo recte regende Ra- 
 tionis, &c. ; 3. Dioptrical ; 4. Mcditationes; 
 5. Geometry; 6. Letters. — Moreri. 
 
 Dkseericius, or Deseritz (Joseph Inno- 
 cent), an Hungarian divine, was born at 
 Nitra, in 1702. Being called to Rome, he 
 was created a cardinal, and appointed by 
 Benedict XIV. ambassador to the hospodar 
 ofWallachia. He died in I76'5. Pie wrote, 
 1. Pro cultu I.itterarum in Hungaria, ac 
 speciatim civitate Dioecesique Vindicatio, 
 4to. ; 2. De Initiis ac majoribus Hungarorum 
 Commentaria, 5 vols. fol.; 3. Historia Epis- 
 copatus Diocesis et civitatis Vaciensis, fol. 
 — Nouv. Did. Hist. 
 
 Desgodets (Anthony), a French archi- 
 tect, was born in Paris in 1653. On his 
 passage to Rome in 1674, he was taken by 
 the Algerines, and kept in sl avery sixteen 
 months. On being exchanged he repaired 
 to Rome, where he composed a work en- 
 titled “ The antient Edifices of Rome 
 drawn and measured with the greatest ex- 
 actness,” folio. A new edition appeared in 
 1779. At his return to Paris he was con- 
 stituted comptroller of the royal buildings, 
 and architect to the king. He died in 1728. 
 Two works of his on architecture were pub- 
 lished after his death. — Ibid. 
 
 Desuavs (John Baptist Henry), a cele- 
 brated painter, was born at Rouen in Nor- 
 mandy, in 1729. In .’751 he gained a prize 
 of the academy, and became a pupil in the 
 king’s school, under Carlo Vanloo. After 
 studying there and at Rome, he was elected 
 into the academy. He died in 1765. — 
 Ibid. 
 
 Debiderius, or Didier, the last king of 
 Lombardy, succeeded Astolphus in 7 56. 
 His daughters were married to the two 
 sons of Pepin, king of France, Carloman 
 and Charlenjagne. Desidenus invaded the 
 papal territories, on which the pope called 
 in Charlemagne to his aid, who marched into 
 Lombardy, took his father-in-law prisoner, 
 and sent him with his family to France, 
 IVvhere they died. — Moreri. 
 
 Desmahis (Joseph), a French dramatic 
 writer, born at Sully-sur-Loire in 1722, 
 died in 1762, His comedy of the Imper- 
 
 tinent was received with apnlause. A com- 
 plete edition of his works appeared in 1777, 
 in 2 vols 12mo — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Desmaizeaux (Pe;er), a biographical 
 writer, was the son of a protestant minis- 
 ter at Auvergne in France, where he was 
 born in 1666'. On the revocation of the 
 edict of Nantes he took refuge in England, 
 and became fellow of the royal society. 
 Pie died in London in 1745. He translated 
 into English Bayle’s Dictionary, and wrote 
 the Lives of Chillingworth and John Hales. 
 He had also a concern in the great histori- 
 cal Dictionary, 10 vols. folio. — Moreri. 
 
 Desmares (Toussaint), a French priest, 
 of the jansenist persuasion, who was sent 
 by his partizans to defend their opinions 
 before Innocent X. The duke de Liancourt 
 took him to be his chaplain at his country 
 seat, where he died in 1687, aged 87. He 
 composed the Necrologe de Port Royal, 
 printed in 1723, and some other works. — 
 Ibid. 
 
 Desmartis (Nicholas), a French states- 
 man. He was nephew of the great Col- 
 bert, and had the place of comptroller- 
 general of the finances. He died in 1721. 
 There was published aft erhis death an ac- 
 count of his administration, which is very 
 curious. — Moreri. 
 
 Desmoi.ets (Peter Nicholas), a French 
 ecclesiastic, born at Paris in 1677, and 
 died in 1760. He continued Sallengre’s 
 “ Memoirs of Literature,” 11 vols. 12mo, 
 and edited Lamy’s Treatise “ De Taberna- 
 culo Fcederis Sancta Civitate Jerusalem et 
 Templo ejus,” folio : and Fougel’s “ Jnsti- 
 tutiones.Catholicse in modum Calechesos,* 
 2 vols fol — Na:tv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Desmond (the countess of), a remarkable 
 instance of longevity, but of whom there are 
 different accounts. Some say she was one 
 hundred and sixty-two or three years old, 
 but Mr. Walpole, who made the most en- 
 quiry concerning her, reduces her age to 
 one hundred and forty-five. She was of 
 the family of the Fitzgeralds, in the county 
 of Waterford, and married Thomas, the 
 thirteenth earl of Desmond, who left her a 
 widow in 1534. She died about 1612. — - 
 Smith's Hist, of Cork. Kuntf. Mug. vol. viii. 
 
 Despard (Edward Marcus), a character 
 of some notoriety, was a native of Oueen’s 
 county in Ireland, where his family lived 
 in repute. He early embraced a military 
 life as an ensign, and became an excellent 
 engineer. At the close of the American 
 war he served in the West Indies, where he 
 distinguished himself by an expedition on 
 the Spanish main, in which he had l'or a 
 coadjutor, captain, afterwards lord, Nel- 
 son. For his services there he was made 
 lieutenapt-colonel, and in 1784 appoint ed 
 superintendant of the English affairs at 
 Honduras but his conduct giving offerffe 
 to the settlers, complaints were sent hon e 
 against him, and he was suspended. Pie 
 applied to government for an inv cstigatkn 
 
DES 
 
 DEV 
 
 of bis conduct, which was rejected, as were 
 also his claims, on which lie became a vio- 
 lent democrat, and for his inflammatory 
 conduct was sent to Cold Bath Fields prison, 
 from whence he was removed to the House 
 of Industry at Shrewsbury, and next to 
 Tothill-fields bridewell. Afterwards he was 
 liberated on his own recognizance. His 
 long confinement, however, had not the 
 proper etFect in making him prudent. He 
 endeavoured to seduce the soldiery, and 
 having collected some followers, held secret 
 meetings at alehouses, to which no persons 
 were admitted without taking a treasonable 
 oath. At these assemblies various plans 
 were devised for the murder of the king; 
 and at last it was determined to make the 
 attack when his majesty went to the par- 
 liament house. The plot being discovered, 
 the colonel and several others were taken 
 up, and brought to trial by a special ec.vi- 
 mission at the sessions house in Southwark, 
 February 5, 1803. The charges being 
 proved, Despard and nine others were 
 found guilty, and on Monday tfie 21st 
 were executed on a scaffold on the top of 
 the prison gate, and after their heads were 
 cut off, the remains were delivered to their 
 friends for interment. The colonel betray- 
 ed no repentance for the misery which he 
 had brought upon himself and his misled 
 companions, but gloried in the cause to the 
 last . — Public Characters, vol. iv. Monthly Mag. 
 
 Desrautere (John), a grammarian, was 
 born at Ninove in Flanders, and died at 
 Comines in 1520. He wrote several gram- 
 matical treatises, which were once very po- 
 pular on the continent. — Moreri. 
 
 Desiuerres (John), a benedictine monk, 
 and superior of the college of that order at 
 Douav, where he died in 1664, aged 67. 
 He was distinguished for his mathematical 
 and mechanical talents, and constructed an 
 iron sphere which exhibited the planetary 
 motions. He wrote, on the Roman Calen- 
 dar ; a Commentary on the Psalms ; a De- 
 fence of the Vulgate Translation of the 
 Bible, and other works. — Moreri. 
 
 Despi.aces, a French engraver, who 
 died in 1749. He executed several fine 
 pieces after the paintings of Jouvenet, 
 Guido, and other great masters. — Noun. 
 Diet. Hist. 
 
 Desportes (Francis), a French painter, 
 was born at Champagne in 1G6'1, and died 
 at Paris in 1743. He excelled in painting 
 animals and hunting pieces. — D’ Argenville. 
 
 Destouciies (Andre), a French musi- 
 cian, was horn at Paris in 1G72. The king 
 was so pleased with his opera of Isse, that 
 he gave him 200 louis-d’ors. He died in 
 1749. — Noun. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Df.stouckes (Philip Nericault), a French 
 dramatic writer, was born at Tours in 1680. 
 He was sent to London in 1717, to aid the 
 negociations then carrying on. He con- 
 tinued here seven years, and married. On 
 hi* return to his own country he refused 
 
 the offer of being sent ambassador to Russia’ 
 but retired into the country, where he de- 
 voted himself to agriculture and the belles- 
 lettres. He died in 1754. His principal 
 pieces are “ Le Philosophe Marie,” and 
 “ Le Giorieux:” the last of which is es- 
 teemed one of the best comedies in the 
 French language. His works were printed 
 at the Louvre in 4 vols. 4to. 1757, and since 
 in JO vols. 12m0. — D'Alembert Plages Ac a if. 
 
 Devaox (John), a French surgeon, was 
 horn at Paris in 1649, and died in 1729. He 
 wrote several esteemed works, particularly 
 one on Preserving Health by Instinct, and 
 another on making Reports in Surgery. 
 He also translated several medical books 
 into French. — Noun. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Devereux (Robert), enrl of Essex, was 
 the son of Walter earl of Essex, and horn 
 in 1567, at Netherwood in Herefordshire. 
 Lord Burleigh was his guardian, and Dr. 
 Whitgift his tutor at Cambridge. In 1585 
 he accompanied the earl of Leicester to 
 Holland, where he behaved with bravery at 
 the battle of Zutphen. On his return to 
 England he was made master of the horse, 
 and rose rapidly in the royal favour. In 
 1589 he went with sir Francis Drake and 
 sir John Norris, in an expedition to Portu- 
 gal, which gave great displeasure to the 
 queen, it being without her consent. Her 
 majesty was also offended with him for 
 marrying a daughter of sir Francis Wal- 
 singham, and the widow of sir Philip Sid- 
 ney. In 1591 he commanded the forces 
 sent to the assistance of Henry IV. of 
 France, which expedition was unsuccessful. 
 In 1596 he was appointed joint-commander 
 with lord Howard in an expedition against 
 Spain, where he contributed to the capture 
 of Cadiz. After this he had the command 
 of a fleet sent out to intercept the Spanish 
 plate fleet, but nothing was done except the 
 taking of Fayal by a separate division of 
 the squadron, commanded by sir Walter 
 Raleigh, which produced a dispute between 
 him and the earl. In 1597 Essex was made 
 earl marshal of England, and the following 
 year spoke vehemently against a peace with 
 Spain, which measure was supported by 
 Burleigh, who keenly rebuked his oppo- 
 nent, by quoting the verse in the Psalms 
 which says, “ men of blood shall not live 
 out half their days.” On the death of that 
 great statesman Essex succeeded him as 
 chancellor of Cambridge. About this time 
 he incurred the queen’s displeasure in a re- 
 markable manner : at a private council held 
 respecting the appointment of a proper per- 
 son to govern Ireland, he had the impru- 
 dence to oppose her majesty with rudeness, 
 on which she gave him a box on the ear. 
 The violent earl instantly laid his hand on 
 his sword, and swore he would not have 
 taken such treatment even from her father. 
 He then withdrew, and instead of making 
 his submission, continued to complain of 
 the treatment he had received. At length 
 
DEW 
 
 D I C 
 
 a reconciliation was effected, and the earl 
 went to Ireland, where he met with bad 
 success. Ilis enemies in the mean time gave 
 it out that he meant to invade England, and 
 an army was in consequence raised under 
 the earl of Nottingham. Hearing of these 
 proceedings he returned to England, and 
 waited on the queen, who gave him a bet- 
 ter reception than could have been expect- 
 ed. However he soon fell into disgrace, 
 and was imprisoned. In 1600 he regained 
 his liberty, but instead of conducting him- 
 self with caution, he began to vent his in- 
 dignation in virulent terms, and said, that 
 “ the queen grew old and cankered, and 
 that her mind was become as crooked as 
 her carcase.” His enemies having intelli- 
 gence of his actions and speeches, sent for 
 him to attend the council, which he re- 
 fused, and began to arm in his own de- 
 fence. Some blood was shed before he sur- 
 rendered, on which he was made close pri- 
 soner, tried, and beheaded, in 1601. A 
 popular story is told of the queen’s having 
 given him a ring as a pledge of security, on 
 his sending of which, at any time, he should 
 receive his pardon. This ring, it is said, 
 he gave to the countess of Nottingham, his 
 relation, and the wife of his inveterate 
 enemy the admiral, in obedience to whose 
 orders the countess kept it, and the un- 
 happy Essex suffered. On her death-bed 
 she is stated to have confessed the fact to 
 Elizabeth, who said, that “ God might for-* 
 give her, hut she never could.” The foun- 
 dation of this story is uncertain; but it has 
 served to embellish a tragedy called the 
 Earl of Essex. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Devereux (Robert), earl of Essex, and 
 son of the above, was born in 1592. He 
 was educated under sir Henry Savile, at 
 Merton college, Oxford, and James I. re- 
 stored him to his family honours. He mar- 
 ried’lady Frances Howard, daughter of the 
 earl of Suffolk ; but she contracting an af- 
 fection for the royal favourite, Robert Car, 
 afterwards earl of Somerset, instituted a 
 shameful suit against her husband for impo- 
 tency, and obtained a divorce. In 1620 
 Essex served under sir Horatio Vere in the 
 Palatinate, and afterwards under prince 
 Maurice in Holland. On his return to 
 England he appeared as a member of the 
 opposition against the court; and on the 
 breaking out of the rebellion had the com- 
 mand of the parliamentary army. He 
 fought the king at Edge-hill, after which 
 he took Reading, raised the siege of Glou- 
 cester, and fought the first battle of New- 
 bury. In 1644 he marched into the west, 
 but was so completely hemmed in in Corn- 
 wall, that he and his principal officers were 
 glad to escape by sea. By the self-denying 
 ordinance in 1645 he was deprived of his 
 command, and died the year following. — 
 Ibid. Clarendon. 
 
 D’Ewes (sir Symonds), an English anti- 
 quary, was horis in 1602 at Coxden, ia 
 
 Dorsetshire, and educated at Cambridge. 
 He employed a considerable part of his time 
 in collecting materials for a history of Great 
 Britain. He received the honour of 'knight- 
 hood from Charles I. and in 1641 was cre- 
 ated a baronet. On the breaking out of the 
 civil war he took the solemn league and co- 
 venant. He died in 1650. He compiled 
 the Journals of all the Parliaments during- 
 the Reign of Queen Elizabeth, published 
 in 1662, folio, and wrote his own .Life, 
 which is in Peck’s Desiderata Curiosa. — 
 Bioar. Brit. 
 
 Detnum (John Baptist van), a painter 
 of Antwerp, who excelled in painting por- 
 traits in miniature. He was horn in 1620. 
 
 — Moreri. 
 
 Deyster (Lewis), a painter and engraver 
 of eminence at Bruges, who died in 1711, 
 aged 55. His pictures are excellent. His 
 daughter was also a good artist, and died in 
 1746. She excelled in landscape, but died 
 in poverty by quitting painting for con- 
 structing organs and harpsichords. — Nou-j. 
 Diet. Hist. 
 
 Diaconius (Paulus),a monkish historian 
 of the 8th century. He resided in the mo- 
 nastery of Monte Casno, where he wrote 
 the History of the Lombards, in six books, 
 which is very accurate. He died in 770. — 
 Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Diac.oras, surnamed the Atheist. He 
 was bom in the isle of Melos, one of the 
 Cyclades, but resided at Athens, where he 
 taught philosophy with reputation, till his 
 avowal of atheism occasioned him to be 
 summoned before the council. Diagoras, 
 fearing he should be put to death, fled ; 
 on which a proclamation was issued for 
 taking him. He perished by shipwreck, 
 about 412 B. C. — Suidas. Boyle. 
 
 Diaz (Bartholomew), a Portuguese na- 
 vigator, who discovered the Cape of Good 
 Elope, to which he gave the name of the 
 Stormy Cape; hut on his reporting it to 
 John II. king of Portugal, he altered it to 
 Capo del Bueno Esperanza, or the Cape of 
 Good Hope. This was in 1466'. — Robertson's 
 America. 
 
 Diaz (John), a young Spaniard, who was 
 murdered on account of his religion in an 
 extraordinary manner. He studied at Paris, 
 where, by reading the works of Luther, he 
 became a protestant. He then quitted 
 France, and visited Calvin at Geneva ; af- 
 terwards he went to Strasbourg, and lastlv 
 to Neubcrg, whither he was followed by his 
 brother, Alphonsus, a zealous catholic. Al- 
 phonsus, finding his exhortations could not 
 reclaim him, got into his room in the morn- 
 ing with a companion, and murdered him 
 with an axe. The assassins were pursued 
 and taken, but as they were about to be 
 brought to trial, Charles V. took the affair 
 into his own hands. This horrid deed was 
 perpetrated in 1546. — Boyle. 
 
 Dicearciius, a peripatetic philosopher 
 of Messina iu Sicily. His treatise ou the 
 
D I C 
 
 D I D 
 
 Geography of Greece was published by 
 H. Stephens in 1589, and by Hudson in 
 his collection of writers on geography, in 
 J709. — Voss. Hist. Greec. 
 
 Diceneus, an Egyptian philosopher who 
 travelled into Scythia, where he was greatly 
 in favour with the king, and by his instruc- 
 tions promoted civilization among the peo- 
 ple. So great was the change, that the 
 Scythians destroyed their vines to prevent 
 intemperance; a vice to which they had 
 been remarkably addicted. He lived in the 
 time of Augustus. — Merer:. 
 
 Diceto (Ralph de), dean of St. Paul’s 
 London about 1210. He wrote Abbrevia- 
 tions Chronicorum, being an epitome of 
 the English history down to the Conquest; 
 also, Imagines Historiarum, or the Lives of 
 some of our Kings. — Pits. 
 
 Dick (sir Alexander), a physician of Scot- 
 land. He was the son of sir William Cunn- 
 ingham of Capington, by the daughter and 
 heiress of sir James Dick, of Prestonfield, 
 and born in 1703. He studied at Edinburgh, 
 and at Leyden under Boerhaave ; and hav- 
 ing taken his degreeof'M. D. returned to his 
 own country. He afterwards made the tour 
 of Europe, and on his return to Britain settled 
 in Pembrokeshire, where he practised with 
 success. On the death of his brother, he suc- 
 ceeded to the title, estate, and name of Dick. 
 He then went to his family seat of Preston- 
 held, where he resided the remainder of his 
 days. In 1756 he was chosen president of the 
 college of physicians at Edinburgh, to which 
 he was a benefactor. He died in 1785. He 
 was the first who paid attention to the cul- 
 ture of the true rhubarb in Britain ; for 
 which he received, in 1774, the gold medal 
 from the London society for promoting arts 
 and commerce — Hutchin.cu' s Biog. Med. 
 
 Dickinson (Edmund), an English phy- 
 sician, was born at Appleton, in Berkshire, 
 1624, and educated at Merton college, Ox- 
 ford, where he took his degrees. In 1655 
 he published a curious book, called Delphi 
 Phoenicizantes, St c. to which were added 
 some other tracts. His chief design in this 
 work is to prove that the heathen mytholo- 
 gical stories were corruptions of the his- 
 tories of the Old Testament. In 1684 he 
 was appointed physician to the king. In 
 1702 he published his Physica Vetus et 
 Vera, sive 1’ractatus de Naturali veritate 
 hextemeri Mosaici, &c. in which is proved 
 that the method of the creation of the uni- 
 verse, according to the principles of true 
 philosophy, is, in a concise way, laid down 
 by Moses." He died in 1707, and was bu- 
 ried in the church of St. Martin-in-the- 
 fields. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Dickson (David), a Scotch divine, was 
 born at Paisley in 1591, and educated at 
 Glasgow. His zeal for presbytery occa- 
 sioned his being imprisoned several times. 
 About 1640 he became professor of divinity 
 at Edinburgh, and in 1643 he was sent to 
 the assembly at WesuJWftster. l ie died iu 
 
 1664. He wrote Commentaries on the Old 
 and New Testament, and theological pieces* 
 — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Dictys Cretensis, an ancient historian, 
 who served under IdomeneuS, king of Crete, 
 at the siege of Troy ; of which expedition 
 he wrote an account. This work is said to 
 have been the foundation of Homer’s Iliad. 
 The book which is extant under his name is 
 a forgery. — Hess. Hist. Grtc. 
 
 Diderot (Denys), a French writer, wa3 
 born at Langres in 1713. In 1740 he pub- 
 lished Pensees Philosophiques, which hook 
 was afterwards reprinted under the title of 
 Extrennes aux Esprits forts. In 1746 he 
 was concerned in a Medical Dictionary, 
 which suggested to him the idea of a Dic- 
 tionnaire Encyclopedique ; wdiich, with the 
 assistance of others, he completed. Ills 
 share in tin’s work was large, and the whole 
 of the articles on arts and trade were fur- 
 nished by him. While engaged in the En- 
 cyclopedic he wrote some other books, as 
 a licentious novel, called Bijoux Indiscrets, 
 and two comedies, the Fils Naturehand the 
 Pere de Famille. In 1749 appeared his 
 Letters to the Blind, the free sentiments in 
 which occasioned his being imprisoned six 
 months at Vincennes. On recovering his 
 liberty he wrote a Letter on the Deaf and 
 Dumb. His other works are : 1. Principles 
 of Moral Philosophy. 2. Reflections on 
 the Interpretation of Nature. 3. The Code 
 of Nature. 4. The sixth Sense. 5. Of pub- 
 lic Education. 6. Panegyric on Richard- 
 son. 7. Life of Seneca. Pie died in 1784. 
 Diderot was an ingenious, rather than a 
 useful writer. His works are fanciful, and 
 full of prejudices against religion. — Nouv. 
 Diet. Hist. 
 
 Didius Julianus (M. Salvius Severus), 
 a Roman emperor, was born at Milan of 
 an illustrious family. He was consul in 
 179. Covetousness was his prevailing pas- 
 sion, and this enabled him to purchase the 
 imperial diadem of the soldiers at an enor- 
 mous rate in 193. But shortly afterwards 
 Severus was declared emperor by the prae- 
 torian bands, and Didius was slain, having 
 reigned only sixty-six days. — Crevier. 
 
 Dido or Ei.issa, queen and founder of 
 Carthage, was the daughter of Belus, king 
 of Tyre. She married Sichasus, priest of 
 Hercules, who was murdered by Pygma- 
 lion, the successor of Belus, for the sake of 
 his riches. Dido, disconsolate at the loss of 
 her husband, sailed with a number of Ty- 
 rians, and settled on the coast of Africa, 
 where she purchased a tract of land, on 
 which she built a citadel called Byrsa. This, 
 place soon increased, and her dominions 
 extended. larbas, king of Mauritania, 
 courted her, and on her refusal threatened 
 to, invade her territories. She took three 
 months to consider of it, and in the inter-, 
 val caused a funeral pile to be erected, on, 
 which she stabbed herself in the presence 
 of her subjects,. Virgil and Ovid have re*, 
 
DIG 
 
 DIE 
 
 presented this action as the effect of grief 
 occasioned by the departure of -Aineas, 
 with whom she was enamoured. 1 his 
 was about 953 B. C .—Justin. Herodian. Veil, 
 
 Didot (Francis Ambrose), a celebrated 
 printer, was born in 1730. Ide invented 
 stereotype printing, and executed several 
 works with accuracy and beauty, fle/alsu 
 improved the construction of paper-mills : 
 and invented many curious and useful ma- 
 chines relative to the art of printing. The 
 fine editions of the classics, published by 
 order of Louis XVI. for the education of 
 the dauphin, were the productions of his 
 press. At the age of 73 he read over live 
 times, and carefully corrected, every sheet 
 of the stereotvpe edition <rf. Montaigne, 
 printed by his sons. He had likewise pro- 
 jected, and partly executed, an index to that 
 writer. lie died at Paris in 1604.-— Gait. 
 
 Mag. . , . 
 
 Didymus of Alexandria, surnamed Lhal- 
 centraius, an antient grammarian, who lived 
 in the reign ol Augustus, and composed 4000 
 books, none ct which have reached us. 
 Voss. Hist. Graf. _ . 
 
 Didymus of Alexandria, an ecclesiastical 
 writer of the 4th century. Though blind 
 from the age of five years, he acquired an 
 extensive knowledge of the sciences and 
 theology. Nothing of his remains but a 
 Latin translation of his treatise on the Holy 
 Spirit, Remarks on the Canonical Epistles, 
 and a book against the Manichees. He 
 died in 395, aged 8 5. — Dupin. Cave. 
 
 Diecmann (John), a Lutheran divine, 
 was born at Stade in 1 G-i 7. He became su- 
 perintendant of the duchies ol Bremen and 
 Verdun, and rector of the university of 
 Stade, where he died in 1720. He pub- 
 lished an improved edition of Luther’s 
 Bible, and several works, theological, phi- 
 losophical, and metaphysical. Mcreri. 
 
 Diemen (Anthony van), governor of the 
 Dutch East India possessions, was born at 
 Kuilcnberg, of winch place his father was a 
 burgomaster. He went to India, where ne 
 was employed as accountant to the govern- 
 ment. In '162.5 he became a member of 
 the supreme council. In 1631 he returned 
 to Holland as commander <yf the India 
 fleet, but the year following went out again 
 as director general. Not long after he be- 
 came governor general and greatly extend- 
 ed the Dutch interest in the east. In 1612 
 he sent Abel Tasman on a voyage to the 
 south, the consequence of which was the 
 discovery of that part of New Holland, 
 called Van Diemen’s land. He died in 
 1645. — Luiscus' Gen. Hist. Diet. 
 
 Diemerbroek (Isbrand), professor of 
 physic at Utrecht, where he died in 1674, 
 aged 65. He wrote several esteemed books 
 upon medical subjects, the principal of 
 which is that on the plague.— Mcreri. _ 
 
 JDiefe.nbeck (Abraham), a Dutch paint- 
 
 er, was born in 1607, and brought up un- 
 der Rubens. He died at Antwerp in 1675, 
 His cl r u ings are held in great estimation, 
 and r ai y engravings have been published 
 from his designs. — Houbrahen. 
 
 ITest (Adrian van), a painter of land- 
 sc; p?s, was born at the Hague in 1655 and 
 died in 1704, He lived the greatest part of 
 his life in England, and formed his taste by 
 drawing views in the western part oi the 
 island. — PUtington. * 
 
 Dietric (John Conrad), a Lutheran di- 
 vine, was born at But?, bach, in Wetteravia, 
 in 1612, After studying at various univer- 
 sities, he became professor of Greek and 
 history in his own country, and in 1653 re- 
 moved to Giessen, where he died in 1667. 
 He wrote, 1. De Peregrination e Studiorumj 
 2. Antiquitates Romans ; 3 Lexicon Ety- 
 mologico-Graecum ; 4. Antiquitates Biblicaej 
 5. Antiquitates Novi Testamenti, &c. — - 
 Moreri. 
 
 Dietricii (John William Ernest), an ex- 
 cellent painter, was born in 1712 at Wei- 
 mar, where his father was painter to the 
 court, and celebrated for his portraits and 
 Iv.ttles. After studying under his father, he 
 went to Dresden, and was instructed in 
 landscape painting by Alexander Thiele. 
 He next visited Italy, and in 1763 became 
 professor in the academy of Dresden, and 
 director of tie school of painting at Meis- 
 sen. He died in 1774. He painted land- 
 scapes, scripture pieces, portraits, rustics, 
 and conversations, with great force and life. 
 He also engraved in a good style. — Gen. B. 
 
 Dietry, an eminent landscape painter, 
 was born at Dresden in 1730, and died there 
 in 1775. His views near Rome are very 
 beautiful. — Pilhingten . 
 
 Died (Lewis de) a learned divine, was 
 born at Flushing in 1590. He became mi 
 nister of Leyden, and professor in the Wal • 
 loan college He died there in 1642. He 
 published, l.A Commentary on the Gos- 
 pels and the Acts; 2- The Apocalypse in 
 Hebrew and Syriac, with a Latin version; 
 3. The History of Jesus Christ, written in 
 the Persian language by Xavier, with a La- 
 tin translation. — Moreri 
 
 Dic.by (sir Everard), an English gentle- 
 man, was horn of protestant parents in 
 1581 ; but his father dying when he was 
 young, he fell into the hands of Romanists, 
 who b rough, him up in their religion Soon 
 after the accession of James i. he received 
 the honour of knighthood. But though he 
 was in favour at court, he became a par- 
 tisan in the gunpowder plot, for which he 
 was executed in 1607. He pleaded guilty 
 at his trial, and endeavoured to extenuate 
 his crime bv alleging conscience as his mo- 
 tive. — Blog. Brit. 
 
 Digby (sir Kenelm), son of the preced- 
 ing, was horn at Gothurst, in Bucking- 
 hamshire, in 160 S. He was brought up in 
 the protestant religion, and educated at 
 
D I G 
 
 D I L 
 
 doncester-hall, Oxford, where he studied 
 • philosophy ; after which he made the 
 tour of Europe, and on his return re- 
 ceived the honour of knighthood About 
 this time he distinguished himself by a nos- 
 trum, called the sympathetic powder. In 
 the reign of Charles I. he received several 
 places, and on occasion of some difference 
 between England and the Venetians, was 
 sent with a fleet into the Mediterranean, 
 where he attacked the fleet of the republic 
 in the bay of Scanderoon. About 163(3 he 
 quitted the church of England for that of 
 Rome, and vindicated this change in a 
 piece, entitled, a Conference with a Lady 
 about the Choice of Religion. At the 
 commencement of the civil war he was 
 imprisoned by the parliament in Winches- 
 ter-house, but in 1643 he regained his li- 
 berty, and went to France, and soon after 
 travelled into Holland to visit Descartes, 
 when a close friendship was established 
 between them. When Cromwell assumed 
 t'iie government, he ventured to visit his 
 native country, and paid great court to 
 that usurper. He also became a member 
 of the royal society, and was one of 'the 
 council. He died in 1 665, and was buried 
 in Christ-church, Newgate-street. With 
 his son the males of that branch of- the 
 Digby family became extinct. He wrote, 
 
 1. A Treatise on the Nature of Bodies; 
 
 2. On the Operations and Nature of Man’s 
 Soul : 3. Institutionum Peripateticarum Li- 
 bri quinque, cum Appendice Theologica de 
 Origin? Mundi, &c. — Bicg. Brit. 
 
 Digbv (John), earl of Bristol, an English 
 noblemen, was born at Coleshill, in War- 
 wickshire, in 1580, and educated at Oxford 
 On his return from his travels lie was ap- 
 pointed gentleman of the bedchamber to 
 James I. who sent him ambassador to 
 Spain. In 1618 he was made lord Digby, 
 and in 1621 sent ambassador to the em- 
 peror of Germany. In 1622 he was again 
 sent to Spain to negociate a marriage be- 
 tween prince Charles and the infanta, and 
 the same year he was created earl of Bristol. 
 On his return to England, he and Bucking- 
 ham preferred charges against each other 
 in parliament, which ended without trial. 
 When the civil wars broke out he went 
 abroad, and died at Paris in 1653. He wrote 
 some poems. — Ibid. 
 
 Digbv (lord George), an eminent Eng- 
 lish nobleman, was the son of the above, 
 and born at Madrid in 1612. He received 
 his sducation at Oxford, and became a 
 member of the long parliament, wherein 
 he at first opposed the court, but after- 
 wards joined the royal party, and was ex- 
 pelled. He exerted himself in the service 
 of Charles I. ; and when that monarch was 
 put to death, his lordship was exempted 
 from pardon, on which he went abroad. 
 At the Restoration he was made knight of 
 the garter. He died in 1676. — Ibid. 
 
 Digges (Leonard), an English mathe- 
 
 matician, was born at Barham, in Kent, and 
 educated at University college, Oxford. 
 He wrote a treatise on Surveying, another 
 on Geometry, and one entitled, Prognosti- 
 cation everlasting of right good Effect ; 
 or, Choice Rules to judge the Weather by 
 Sun, Moon, and Stars, &c. Fie died about 
 1574. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Digges ( 1 homas), son of the preceding, 
 was educated at Oxford, after which he be- 
 came muster'-master-general of the forces 
 sent to the Netherlands. ' He wrote, 1. Ate 
 sive Scate Mathematics, containing De- 
 monstrations for finding the Parallax of any 
 Comet, Or other celestial Body, 4to. ; 2. An 
 Arithmetical 1 reatise, named Stmtiolicos, re- 
 quisite for the Perfec -on of Soldiers, 4to.; 
 3. Perfect Descriptions of the Celestial Orbs, 
 4to.; 4. Humble Motives for Associations 
 to maintain the Religion established, fevo. ; 
 5. England’s Defence, a Treatise concern- 
 ing Invasion, fob He died in 1595. — Ibid, 
 
 Digges (sir Dudley), the eldest son of the 
 last mentioned, wag horn in 1583, and edu- 
 cated at University college, Oxford. He was 
 knighted by James 1. who scut him ambas- 
 sador to Russia ; bat in the parliament of 
 1621 he resisted the court measures, and 
 so continued to do in the next reign, for 
 which he was sent to the Tower ; but in 
 1636 he was bought over by the grant of 
 the mastership ot the rolls. Lie died in 
 1639. He wrote, 1. A Defence of Trade, 
 1615, 4to. ; 2 . A Discourse concerning the 
 Rights and Privileges of the Subject, 4to. ; 
 
 3. Speeches in Rushworth’s Collections , . 
 His son Dudley, who died in 1643, was a 
 loyal and learned man, and wrotG some 
 tracts against rebellion.— Ibid. 
 
 ■ Dillenius (John James), an eminent bo- 
 tanist, was born at Darmstadt, in Germany, 
 in 1687, and educated at the university of 
 Giessen. He contributed several curious 
 papers to the Miscellanea Curiosa, and, in 
 1721, accompanied Dr. Sberrard to Eng- 
 land, where he spent the remainder of his 
 days. Soon after his arrival he undertook 
 a new edition of Ray’s Synopsis Stirpium 
 Britannicarum. He was appointed the first 
 botanical professor at Oxford on Dr. Slier- 
 rarcl s foundation, and in 1735 the univer- 
 sity admitted him to the degree of M. D. 
 He died in 1/4/. He published a work, 
 entitled Hortus Elthamensis, and a History 
 -Of Mosses. — Pultncy s Sketches on Botany. 
 
 Dili.on (Wentworth), earl of Roscom- 
 mon, was horn in Ireland about 1633, and 
 received his first education at his uncle the 
 great earl of Strafford’s seat in Yorkshire, 
 after which lie was sent to Caen, in Nor- 
 mandy, where he had for a tutor the fa- 
 mous Bochart. At the Restoration he was 
 made captain of the band of pensioners, 
 which post he afterwards resigned and 
 went to Ireland, where he was appointed a 
 captain in the guards: but dissipating his 
 property by gaming, he returned to court, 
 and was made master of the horse to the 
 2 
 
D I N 
 
 duchess of York. He now altered his con- 
 duct, married a daughter of the earl of 
 Burlington, and applied to poetry. He 
 died in 1684. His poems are of the minor 
 class, but neat and correct. — Johnson s Lives 
 of the Pods. 
 
 Dilwo.uth (Thomas), an industrious 
 schoolmaster, who served his apprentice- 
 ship to Mr. Dyche, at Stratford-le-Bow, 
 and then set up for himself at Wapping, 
 where he had great success. He died in 
 1781. He published a Spelling-book, a 
 Treatise on Aritmetic, another on Book- 
 keeping, and one on the Use of the Globes. 
 - — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Dimsdale (Thomas), a celebrated phy- 
 sician, was the son of a surgeon and apo- 
 thecary at Thoydon Garnon, in Essex, 
 where he was born in 1712. The family 
 were quakers, and his grandfather went 
 with William Penn to America. He was 
 brought up under his father, and after stu- 
 dying at St. Thomas’s Hospital, settled at 
 Hertford. In 1745, to divert his mind on 
 the loss of his wife, he accompanied the 
 duke of Cumberland’s army as assistant sur- 
 geon, and continued in that capacity till 
 the surrender of Carlisle, when he returned 
 to Plertford, and married again the year 
 following. In 176'1 he commenced physi- 
 cian, and became celebrated by his success- 
 ful mode of inoculating for the small-pox. 
 In 1768 he went, accompanied by his son, 
 to Russia, and inoculated the empress and 
 grand duke, for which Dr. Dimsdale was 
 created a baron of the empire, physician 
 to her majeety, and counsellor of state. 
 A gratuity of 12,000/. was given him for his 
 journey, and a pension of oOOl. a year. On 
 his son was also conferred the rank of ba- 
 ron, ancl a present made him of a gold 
 snuff-box, set with diamonds. In 1781 the 
 baron again visted Russia, to inoculate the 
 two sons of the grand duke. The year 
 preceding he was elected into parliament 
 for Hertford, and again in 1784, on which 
 he quirted practice About this time he had 
 the misfortune to lose the sight of both eyes 
 by cataracts, from which he was relieved by 
 baron Wenzell. In 1790 he retired from 
 parliament. He died in 1800. Baron Dims- 
 dale wrote Tracts on .Inoculation, 8vo. 
 1781, in which is an Account of his First 
 Journey to Russia. — Gen. Biog. 
 
 Dinarchus, an orator of Greece, the 
 son of Sostratus, and the pupil of Theo- 
 phrastus. l ie was accused of taking bribes 
 from the enemies of Athens, on which he 
 went into voluntary exile about 340 B. C. 
 Three of his orations are in Stephens’s Col- 
 lection, 1575. — Plutarch. Moreri. 
 
 Dino, a law professor at Bologna, who 
 compiled the Sixth Book of Decretals, for 
 which he expected to be made a cardinal, 
 but was disappointed, after taking priest’s 
 orders for the purpose, and divorcing his 
 wife. He died about 1307. Jrlis Com- 
 
 D I O 
 
 mentary on the Rules of Law Is esteemed. 
 
 — Moreri. 
 
 Dinocrates, an architect of Macedonia, 
 who made a proposal to Alexander the 
 Great, to convert Mount Athos into the 
 figure of a man, the left hand of which 
 should contain a great city, and all the ri- 
 vers of the mount should flow into the right, 
 and from thence into the sea. But Alex- 
 ander was too intent upon other projects to 
 attend to this romantic scheme. However 
 he employed him in building the city of 
 Alexandria, in Egypt. He also rebuilt the 
 temple of Diana at Ephesus. — Pliny. Vi- 
 truvius. 
 
 Dinostrates, a mathematician, who 
 lived in the time of Plato, and attended his 
 academy. He invented the quadratrice or 
 curve which is called by his name. — Moreri. 
 
 Dinouart (Anthony Joseph Toussaint), 
 a French writer, born at Amiens in 1715, 
 and died at Paris in 1786. He was canon 
 of the chapter of St. Benedict, in the latter 
 city, and wrote an Ecclesiastical Journal, or 
 Library of Ecclesiastical Knowledge; also 
 Embryologia Sacra, 12mo. ; the Manual 
 for Pastors, 3 vols. 12mo. ; the Rhetoric of 
 Preachers, & c. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Dio Chrysostom, a famous orator, born 
 at Prusa, in Bithynia. He fell under the 
 displeasure of Domitian in 94, for defend- 
 ing a person whom that tyrant had put to 
 death, and to avoid a similar fate he went 
 into exile. Trajan had a great regard for 
 him, and treated him as a friend. Eighty 
 of his orations and discourses are extant. 
 — Moreri. 
 
 Diocles, an antient mathematician of the 
 fifth century, who invented a curve line, 
 called the dissoid of Diocles, which Newton 
 places among the defective hyberbolas. — 
 Hutton's Math. Did. 
 
 Diocletian (Caius Valerius), a Roman 
 emperor, was born of an obscure family in 
 Dalmatia. He rose from being a common 
 soldier to the rank of general, and on the 
 death of Numerian in 284 was chosen em- 
 peror. He took Maximinian to be his col- 
 league, and created two subordinate em- 
 perors, Constantius and Galerius, whom he 
 styled Caesars. He was a great commander, 
 and a patron of learning; but his reign 
 was stained by a bloody persecution of the 
 Christians. He renounced the crown in 
 304, and retired to Salona, where he died in 
 3 1 3 . — Crevier. Gibbon. 
 
 Diodati (John), a protestant divine, was 
 born at Lucca in 1589. He became profess- 
 or of divinity at Geneva, where he died in 
 1 G52. He translated the Bible into Italian, 
 1607, 4to. and into French, 1044. He also 
 gave a version of father Paul’s History of 
 the Council of Trent. — Moreri. 
 
 Diodorus (Siculus), a native of Argy- 
 rium, in Sicily, who wrote an Historic 
 Library, or a Universal History, of which 
 only 15 books and a few fragments remain. 
 
D I O 
 
 D I O 
 
 Though his chronology is erroneous, and 
 he is too superstitious, his collection is va- 
 iuable. He flourished about 44 B. C. The 
 best edition of his work is that of Wesse- 
 ling, in 2 vols. folio, Amsterdam, 1746. 
 
 jDiodo u s, bishop of Tarsus in the 4th 
 century, was a native of Antioch, where 
 he distinguished himself as an instructor 
 of youth, and had the famous John Chry- 
 sostom for a pupil. He was one of the 
 first, who, in explaining scripture, adhered 
 to the literal sense, in opposition to the al- 
 legorical. There are only a few fragments 
 ol his remaining in the Catena Patrnm 
 Grascoru m . — Cave. Dupin. 
 
 Diocenes, a cynic philosopher, was 
 born at Sinope, a city of Pontus, B. C. 414 
 Being forced to leave his native country 
 for coining false money, he went to Athens, 
 where he applied to the study of philoso- 
 phy under Antisthenes, the founder of the 
 cynics, pie carried the austerities of his 
 sect to a great extreme, wearing a coarse 
 ragged cloak, living on the meanest food, 
 and lodging under porticoes and other pub- 
 lic places. It is said that he also took up his 
 residence in a tub, and that this became his 
 favourite place of abode. He distinguish- 
 ed himself by the excessive rudeness of his 
 manners, with which was blended a great 
 knowledge of human nature, and a zeal for 
 the interests of virtue, on which account 
 Plato called him the “ mad Socrates.” Being 
 on a voyage to fEgina the vessel was taken 
 by pirates, who sold Diogenes at Crete to a 
 rich Corinthian citizen named Xeniades, 
 who entrusted to him the care of his sons. 
 At Corinth he used to harangue in the 
 Craneum, where he was visited by Alexan- 
 der, who, on approaching him, said, “ I am 
 Alexander the king,” to which the other 
 replied, “ and I am Diogenes the cynic.” 
 The monarch then asked him if he could 
 render him any service: “Yes,” said he, 
 “ not to stand between me and the sun.” 
 The independence of mind shewn by the 
 philosopher struck the king, and he said, 
 “ If I was not Alexander, I would he lii- 
 ogenes.” lie is supposed to have died at 
 Corinth, and a public funeral was decreed 
 him by the Athenians, and the people of 
 Sinope erected statues to his memory. — 
 Stanley’s Hist Phil. 
 
 Diogenes, surnamed the Babylonian, a 
 stoic philosopher, who flourished about 200 
 B. C. He was a disciple of Chrysippus,and 
 succeeded Zeno as teacher of philosophy. 
 He accompanied Carneades and Critolaus 
 on the embassy from Athens to Rome. His 
 works are lost. — Bayle. 
 
 Diogenes Laertius, a Greek historian, 
 was born in Cilicia., He wrote the laves of 
 the Philosophers, in ten books. He died 
 A. D. 222. The best edition of Laertius is 
 that of Amsterdam, 1632, 2 vols. 4to. — Boss. 
 Hist. Grose. 
 
 Diogenes, a Cretan philosopher, who 
 
 succeeded his master Anaximenes in his 
 school of Ionia, about 56 0 B. C. — Moreri. 
 
 DiooNETus,a philosopher and preceptor 
 to Marcus Aurelius. It is supposed that he 
 is the same to whom St. Justin addressed a 
 letter, to be found in his works. — Cave Hist* 
 Lit. 
 
 Dion, a celebrated patriot of Syracuse, 
 who was the c ciple and friend of Plato 
 when that philosopher was at the court of 
 Dionysius, whose daughter Arete he mar- 
 ried. The courtiers, out of envy, accused 
 him of treason, on wh ch he was banished 
 by Dionysius, and went to Athens, where 
 he acquired considcrabe popularity; which 
 so provoked the tyran', that he confiscated 
 his estates, and comp led his wife to marry 
 another man. Dior, irritated at this treat- 
 ment, resolved to attempt the deliverance of 
 his country. With a small force he landed 
 in Sicdy during the absence of Dionysius, 
 aftd entered Syracuse in triumph. The. 
 tyrant, informed of this, hastened to Sicily, 
 and made a violent assault on the citadel, in 
 defending which Lion was wounded. Being 
 supplanted by Hei aclides, the commander 
 of the Syracusan fleet, who had defeated 
 that of Dionysius, D : on retreated to Leon- 
 tium, from whence he was recalled when 
 the city was besieged by another force sent 
 by the tvrant. He relieved the place, par- 
 doned Ins enemies, and retired to a private 
 station. Heraclides, putting himself at the 
 head of a democratic faction, was assassi- 
 nated by the directions of Dion, who was 
 himself the victim of a conspiracy, headed 
 by one Calippus, an Athenian. His wife 
 and sister, with his infant child, were also 
 murdered. This was B. C. 354. — Plutarch 
 Hit Dion. Core. Nep. 
 
 Dion CassiUS, an historian of the 3d 
 century, was l orn in Bithynia. Plis father 
 was proconstd of Cilicia, from whence Dion 
 went to Ron e, where his pleadings recom- 
 mended him to notice, and he at length 
 obtained the consulship. He wrote in Greek 
 the History of Rome, from the building of 
 the city to the reign of Alexander Severus, 
 the greatest part of which is lost ; that 
 which remains was printed by P.obert 
 Stephens at Paris in 1548, and afterwards 
 by Xylander, with adLatin translation. He 
 died in his native country at the age of 70, 
 — Hvssius Hist. Gr.cc. 
 
 Dionis (Peter), a French surgeon, who 
 died in 1718. He wrote the Anatomy of 
 the Human Body, and some ether valuable 
 works in the line of his profession. — Moreri. 
 
 Dionysius 1. king or tyrant of Syracuse, 
 who, from being a plain citizen, became 
 commander of the forces, and by ingra- 
 tiating himself -with the soldiers, overthrew 
 the government, and assm ed the title of 
 king, B. C. 404. While he was engaged in 
 an expedition against Car hage, a body of 
 his forces deserted, and returning home, 
 took possession of the citadel, plundered 
 
D I O 
 
 D I P 
 
 his. riches, and violated his wife. Diony- 
 sius hastened thither with his mercenaries, 
 and having- defeated his enemies, took 
 upon them a severe revenge. Me now 
 concluded a peace with the Carthaginians, 
 and employed himself in defending the 
 city; and having defeated another insur- 
 rection, disarmed all his subjects. He 
 conquered several cities, and after a long 
 war with the Carthaginians, succeeded in 
 driving them from Sicily. Dionysius af- 
 fected a taste for polite literature, and stood 
 candidate repeatedly for the poetical prize 
 at the Olympic games, but without success. 
 To raise money for his expeditions he plun- 
 dered the temples, and committed dreadful 
 cruelties. Being ever suspicious, he caused 
 a subterraneous prison to be constructed, all 
 the sounds produced in which were con- 
 v'eyed to his private apartment by tubes, so 
 that he was enabled to hear what the pri- 
 soners said to each other. He invited Plato 
 to his court, but being displeased with his 
 moral discourses, he sent him away in dis- 
 grace, and ordered the master of the ship 
 to sell him for a slave. He ,died of exces- 
 sive drinking, B. C. 366'. — Plutarch. Univ. 
 Hist. 
 
 Dionysius II. the Younger, the son 
 and successor of the above, whom he ex- 
 ceeded in cruelty, but not in policy. He 
 sent for Plato to his court, though he pro- 
 fited little by the conversation of that phi- 
 losopher. l ie banished his brother-in-law, 
 Dion, and obliged his wife to marry again, 
 which so enraged him, that he gathered an 
 army, and drove the tyrant from Syracuse, 
 B. C. 343. Dionysius returned about ten 
 years afterwards, and was expelled by Ti- 
 moleon,on which he fled to Corinth, where 
 he supported himself as a schoolmaster. — 
 Ibid. 
 
 Dionysius (Periegetes), an ancient geo- 
 grapher, who was sent by Augustus to sur- 
 vey the Eastern part of the world. His Pe- 
 riegesis, or Survey of the World, in Greek 
 verse, was printed by Henry Stephens, 4to. 
 1377, and at Oxford in 1710. — Voss. Hist, et 
 Poet. Gras. 
 
 Dionysius, an historian and critic of 
 Halicarnassus, in Caria, who was invited 
 to Rome about 30 years B. C. and there 
 wrote his Roman Antiquities, only eleven 
 books of which are extant. He is esteemed 
 for his impartiality, and particularly for his 
 chronological accuracy. Besides this work, 
 we have one of his entitled a Companion 
 of some ancient Historians, and another on 
 the Structure of l.anguage. The best edi- 
 tion of his works is that of Oxford, in 1704, 
 c 2 Vols. folio. — Moreri. 
 
 Dionysius, called the Tyrant of Hera- 
 clea, in Pontus, who married the niece-of 
 Darius, and greatly enlarged his territo- 
 ries. He Was of a most corpulent habit. 
 It was impossible to awake him without 
 piercing his flesh with pins. He died 304 
 B. G. aged $5* 
 
 Dionysius (the Areopagite), a native of 
 Athens, and a member of the Areopagus, 
 where he sat when St. Paul was brought be- 
 fore it, and made his famous speech respect- 
 ing the “ unknown God," which was the 
 means of his conversion. According to 
 some accounts, he was consecrated bishop 
 of Athens, and suffered martyrdom. There 
 were printed at Antwerp, in 1634, 2 vols: 
 purporting to be his works, but their au- 
 thenticity is questionable.— Cave. Fabric. 
 Bib. Eccl. 
 
 Dionysius, bishop of Corinth, who suf- 
 fered martyrdom about 178. He wrote 
 several epistles, some account of which may 
 be found in Eusebius. — Ibid. 
 
 Dionysius, bishop of Alexandria, who 
 from being a heathen was converted to 
 Christianity, and became the disciple of 
 Origen. On the death of Heraclius, bishop 
 of Alexandria, in 248, he was elected his 
 successor. In the Valerian persecution he 
 was banished to Lybia, where he remained 
 three years, and then returned to his dio- 
 cese. He opposed the Novatians and Sa- 
 bellians, and died in 267. Some fragments 
 of his are preserved by Eusebius. — Ibid. 
 
 Dionysius, bishop of Rome, and the 
 successor of Sixtus in 299. He summoned 
 a synod to condemn the heresy of Sabellius, 
 and died in 269. — Bower. Platina . . 
 
 Dionysius, surnamedtheZitl/c, a Romish 
 monk in the 5th century, who drew up a 
 body of canons, called Collectio sive Codex 
 Canonum Ecclesiasticorum, translated from 
 the Greek : he also compiled a body of 
 decretals. To him is attributed the inven- 
 tion of the Victorian period, or chronolo- 
 gical mode of computing the time of Easter. 
 — Fabric ins. Cane. 
 
 Diophantus, a mathematician of Alex- 
 andria, to whom is attributed the inven- 
 tion of algebra. Six books of his on arith- 
 metic were published in Greek and Matin at 
 Paris in 1621. When he lived is not settled, 
 some placing him before the Christian sera, 
 and others afterwards. — Maori. 
 
 Dioscorides (Pedacus), a physician and 
 botanist in the time of Nero, who wrote 
 five books on the Materia Medica, contain- 
 ing the medical virtues of plants; the best 
 edition of which is that of SaracenuS, folio. 
 Franc. 1598. — Moreri. 
 
 Dippei. (John Conrad), a German ptiy- 
 sician, was born near Darmstad, in 1672. 
 He studied theology at Giessen, and after- 
 wards read medical lectures at Strasburg: 
 but took his doctor’s degree at Leyden in 
 1711. He pretended to have discovered 
 the philosopher’s stone, and other Wonder- 
 ful secrets. After rambling from place to 
 place, he settled at Hamburgh, but was 
 given up to the Danish government, and 
 sentenced to perpetual imprisonment in the 
 island of Bornholm, for the freedom he 
 had taken with the administration of lhat 
 country. After seven years confinement 
 ke was sfct at liberty, and *ibout the same 
 
r> i v 
 
 DO D 
 
 time was invited to Sweden, to attend the telescopes. Tie contended with Huygeust 
 king, who was dangerously ill ; but the in- the merit of discovering Saturn’s .ring, and 
 fluence of the clergy, whom he had ridi- died somewhat about 1663 — Moreri. 
 culed, procured his expulsion in 1727. .He Di.ugi.oss (John), archbishop of Leo- 
 then went to Germany, and in 1733 gave pold, in Poland, who died in 1180, aged 
 out thftth.e would not die till 1808, but the 65. He wrote a history of his native coun- 
 vear following he was found dead in his trv in Latin, printed at Frankfurt in 1711, 
 bed. He denied the inspiration of the folio. — Ibid. 
 
 scriptures, and wrote a number of enthu- Dohson (William), an English painter, 
 siastlc boo'ks under the name of Christianus born in 1G13. He imitated the manner of 
 Democritus. — Gen. Biog. Van dye k; who introduced him to Charles I. 
 
 Dirois (Francis), a French priest and He died poor in 1647. He painted both in 
 doctor of the SorboEne, who wrote a fa- history and portrait with great excellence, 
 mous book entitled “Preuves & Prejuges — Walpole s Anecdotes, of Painters. 
 pour la Religion Chretienne & Catholique, Dod (John), a pious nonconformist, was 
 contre les fausses Religions & 1’Atheisise,” educated at Jesus college, Cambridge. He 
 and another on ecclesiastical history. He was a man of learning, particularly in the 
 died about 1700. — Noun. Diet. Hist. Hebrew language., which lie taught the 
 
 Disney (John), an English divine and famous Mr. John Gregory, of Oxford. He 
 magistrate, was born in 1677 at Lincoln, died in 1645. He was, from his Exposition 
 and educated first at the grammar school in of the Ten Commandments written in con- 
 that city, and afterwards at an academy junction with Robert Cleaver, called the 
 among the dissenters, his father being of decalogist. His sayings or pious observa- 
 that persuasion. He next removed to the tions have been printed in several forms. 
 Middle Temple, where he studied the law, and were once of great repute among the 
 but did not follow it as a profession. lower classes of the people, being well 
 Retiring to his paternal estate, he distin- adapted for the instruction of the poor.- — 
 guished himself as an active magistrate, Neale. Granger. 
 
 especially in the suppression of immorality, Dodart (Denys), a French physician, 
 for which he repeatedly received the thanks was born at Paris in 1 648, and died in 1707. 
 of the judges on the circuits. At the age of He followed the notions of Sanctorius on 
 42 ke took orders, and was presented to the insensible perspiration, and made a number 
 vicarage of Croft, and the rectorv of of curious experiments on the subject. He 
 Kirkby-su-per-Baine, in Lincolnshire. In had a principal concern in the Memoires 
 1722 he obtained the living of St. Mary in pour servir al’Histoire des Plantes, Paris, 
 Nottingham, where he died in 1730. He 1676, folio. His son, John Baptist Claude, 
 wrote, l.Two Essays upon the Execution was physician to the king, and died at 
 of the Laws against Immorality and Pro- Paris in 1720. — Moreri. 
 
 4 faneness, 8vo.; 2. Primitive Sac he, the R.e- Dodd (William), an unfortunate divine, 
 flections of a devout Solitude, 8vo.: 3. Flo- wasborn in 1729, at Bourne, in Lincolnshire, 
 ra, prefixed to a translation of Rapin’s poem of which parish his father was vicar. In 
 on Gardens; 4. Remarks upon a Sermon 1745 he went to Clare hall, Cambridge, 
 preached by Dr. Sacheverell ; 5. The Ge- where lie proceeded to his degrees in arts, 
 nealogy of the most serene and most illus- In 1753 he entered into orders, and be- 
 trious House of Brunswick Lunenberg; 6. came a popular preacher in the metro- 
 A view of ancient Laws against Immorality polis, where he obtained a considerable re- 
 and Profaneitess, folio. — Biog. Br. ' putation by his zeal in promoting chnrit- 
 
 Dithmar, bishop of Mersburg, who able institutions, particularly the Magdalen 
 died in 1028. He wrote a chronicle of the hospital. Dr. Squire, bishop of St. David’s, 
 emperors Henry I. and II. and Otho I. II. made him his chaplain, and gave him a 
 and III. — Moreri. prebend in the church of Brecon. In 1766 
 
 Dithmar (Justus Christopher), professor he took the decree of LL.D. at which time 
 of history at Frankfort, who died in 1737. he was chaplain to the king. In 1771 he 
 Fie wrote some books on the history of published Sermons to Young Men. The 
 Germany, which possess great merit. — -Ibid, year following he obtained the living of 
 Ditto n (Humphrey), a learned matlie- Hockloff in Buckinghamshire. The rectory 
 tnatician, was born at Salisbury, in 1675. of St. George, Hanover-square, becoming 
 He was brought up to the ministry among vacant in 1774, he sent an anonymous let- 
 the dissenters, which profession he quitted, ter to the chancellor’s lady, offering 30007. 
 and became master of the mathematical for the presentation. 1 he -writer of the 
 school at Christ’s hospital. He died in letter being discovered, his majesty caused 
 1715. He wrote several papers in the Phi- him to be struck out of the list of chap- 
 losochical Transactions, but he is best lains. . On this he went abroad, ant! meet- 
 known by a treatise on the Law of Fluids, mg his pu-pil,.the present earl of Chester- 
 and another on the resurrection, of Jesus ' field, at Geneva, he gave him the living of 
 Christ. — Biog. Br. Winge in Buckinghamshire. But the shame 
 
 Djvini (Eustachius), an Italian who dis- lie had suffered did not cure him ot his ex- 
 tinguished himself by his skill in making travagance, and Ins difficulties increasing, 
 
D O D 
 
 D O D 
 
 he forced lord Chesterfield’s name to a 
 bond, for 4200/., in hopes of being’ able to 
 take it up before it was due, but the fraud 
 was discovered, and he was tried and con- 
 demned, February 24, 1777. Great exer- 
 tious were m ade' to save his life, but in 
 va;n, and he was executed at Tyburn, June 
 27th following. He expressed deep con- 
 trition for his crimes, and for the scandal 
 which he had brought on his profession. 
 I le published a translation of the poems of 
 Callimachus ; four volumes of sermons on 
 the Miracles and Parables ; a collection of 
 Poems ; Reflections on Death, 12mo.; Com- 
 fort for the Afflicted, Svo. ; and after his 
 death appeared his Thoughts in Prison, 
 with his life prefixed. 
 
 Doddridge, or Doderidge (sir John), 
 an English judge, was born at Barnstaple 
 in Devonshire, and educated at Exeter col- 
 lege, Oxford, where he took his degree of 
 B.A about 1 57-7.' Fie then entered of the 
 Middle 1 emple, and in 1603 was made ser- 
 vant at law. The year following lie be- 
 came solicitor-general. In 1612 he was ap- 
 pointed .one of the justices of the common 
 pleas, and afterwards of the king’s bench. 
 He died in 1G28, and was interred in Exeter 
 cathedral, where there is a monument to 
 his memory. He wrote, 1. The Lawyer’s 
 .Light, or due Direction for the Study of 
 the Law, 4to. 1629; 2. Complete Tarson, 
 or Inscription cf Advowsons and Church 
 Livings, &c. 4to. 1670; 3. History of the 
 ancient and modern Estate of the Princi- 
 pality of Wales, Duchy of Cornwall, and 
 Earldom of Chester, 4to. 1630; 4. The En- 
 glish Lawyer, 4to. 1G31 ■ 5. Opinion touch- 
 ing the Antiquity, Power,* Order, &c. 
 of the high Court of Parliament in Eng- 
 land, 1658, Pvo. [This w;»s published by 
 John Doddridge, esq. recorder of Barnsta- 
 ple, and a relation of the judge.] — Wood's 
 A. 0. Prince's Worthies of D evon. 
 
 Doddridge (Philip), an eminent divine 
 among the protestant dissenters, was born 
 in London in 1702, and educated under Mr. 
 Jennings, who kept an academy at Kib- 
 \vorth in Leicestershire. In 1723 he be- 
 came minister at that place, from whence 
 in 1725 he removed to Market Harbo- 
 rough, wlie.re he opened an academy in 
 1729; but shortly after he settled at 
 Northampton as minister and tutor, and 
 acquired a great and deserved reputation 
 by his learning, candour, and piety. Many 
 eminent persons were educated under him, 
 and he was in habits of friendship and cor- 
 rt?spendence with the greatest dignitaries 
 of the established church. Though tender 
 in his constitution, he published a number 
 of excellent works, the principal of which 
 arc, his Family Expositor on tire New Tes- 
 tament, 6 vols. 4to.; the Rise and Progress 
 of Religion in the Soul, of which numerous 
 editions have been printed; the Life of 
 Colonel Gardiner ; and sermons on the 
 Evidences of Christianity. His single sal- 
 
 mons and tracts were collected in 3 vols. 
 12mo. after his death-, also his Hymns ; 
 Lectures on Pneumatology, Ethics, and 
 Divinity ; and a volume of his- Letters, by 
 Mr. Stcdman of Shrewsbury. A pulmo- 
 nary complaint brought on a consumption, 
 for which he was advised to try the Bris- 
 tol waters, and these nroving ineffectual, 
 he went to Lisbon, where he died in 1751. 
 — P’.f e °f -Doddridge by Mr. Orton. Biog. Br. 
 
 Dodoens, or Dodonseus . (Rcmbert), a. 
 physician and botanist of Malinss, born in 
 1518. He became physician to the em- 
 perors Maximilian II. and Rodolph II. and 
 died professor at Leyden in 1585. He 
 wrote the History of Plants, and other bo- 
 tanical works. — Morrri. 
 
 Dodsley (Robert), an author and book- 
 seller, was born at Mansfield in 1703. His 
 parents being of mean condition, he re- 
 ceived but a scanty education, and became 
 footman to a lady. While in this station, 
 he published a volume of poems by sub- 
 scription, entitled “The Muse in Livery.” 
 His next piece was a dramatic trifle called 
 “ The Toyshop,” which had the approba- 
 tion of Mr. Pope, and was brought upon 
 the stage with so much success, that the au- 
 thor was enabled to commence bookseller 
 in Pall-Mall, where he carried on an ex- 
 tensive business many years, and then left 
 it to his brother. Fie wrote a popular en 
 tertainment called the King and Miller of 
 Mansfield, which was followed by a sequel 
 to it, named Sir John Cockle at Court. 
 But his greatest dramatic effort was the tra- 
 gedy of Cleone, which was acted with suc- 
 cess at Covent-garden theatre. His little 
 book, for youth, entitled the Economy of 
 Human Life, had a great sale, owing to a 
 notion that prevailed, that it was the pro- 
 duction of the earl of Chesterfield. In 1 76Q 
 he published select fables of Esop and other 
 fabulists; to which he prefixed an essay 
 on fable. He also edited a valuable collec- 
 tion of poems by different authors- 6 vols.; 
 and a collection of old plavs, 12 vcls. 
 Mr. Dodsley was likewise the projector of 
 the Preceptor, a useful book for youth, 
 
 2 vols. 8vr,; and the Annual Register, a 
 work of high and deserved reputation His 
 own miscellaneous pieces were collected 
 and published in 2 vols. Svo. Fie died at 
 Durham in 3 764. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Dodson (Michael), a learned English 
 writer, was the son of a dissenting minister 
 at Marlborough, in Wiltshire, where he 
 was born in 17/52. He was brought up to 
 the law under hismaternal uncle sirMichael 
 Foster, one of the justices of tjhe court cf 
 king’s bench, but was not called to the bar 
 till 1783. In 1770 be was appointed a 
 commissioner cf bankrupts. Mr. Dodson 
 was versed in theological studies, and pub- 
 lished, in 1790, a translation of Isaiah, with 
 notes and remarks, and a pamphlet In de- 
 fence of it, in answer to Dr. Sturges. FIs 
 also wrote a .Life of Judge I oster, for the 
 A a 2 
 
D O D 
 
 D O L 
 
 sixth volume of the Biographia Britannica; 
 another of the rev. Hugh Farmer, lately 
 published and some papers in a collection 
 of Commentaries and Essays, printed by a 
 society for promoting the knowledge of 
 the scriptures. He died in 1799. — Gcn.B. 
 
 Dodsworth (Roger), an English topo- 
 grapher, was born in Yorkshire in 1585, 
 and died in 1654. Fie collected the anti- 
 tiquities of his native country, in 162 tolio 
 volumes, whicli are in the Bodleian library 
 at Oxford. — Gen. Bing. Diet. 
 
 Dodweli (Henry), a learned and pious 
 writer, was born in Dublin in 1641. His 
 father having suffered the loss of h:s pro- 
 perty in the Irish rebellion, came to Eng- 
 land in 1641, with his wife and child, and 
 settled at York, where their son was edu- 
 cated. His father going back to Ireland, 
 to recover his effects, died of the plague, 
 and his mother was soon after carried off 
 in a decline. Being thus left destitute, the or- 
 phan was maintained iirst by sir H.Slingsby, 
 his mother’s brother, and next by Mr. H. 
 Dodweli, his paternal uncle, rector of New- 
 bourn and Henley, in Suffolk, who sent 
 him to Trinity college, Dublin, where he 
 became fellow, but quitted it in 1666, on 
 account of the statute compelling all fel- 
 lows to take orders. Soon after this he vi- 
 sited England, and resided some time at 
 Oxford, but went back to Dublin, and in 
 1672 wrote a preface to a posthumous trea- 
 tise left by his tutor Dr. Stearne. His next 
 publication was two Letters on taking FIo- 
 ly Orders, and on Theological Study. In 
 1674 he returned to England, and settled in 
 London, where he employed himself in 
 writing against the Romanists and dissent- 
 ers. In 1688 he was appointed Camden’s 
 professor of history at Oxford, but was de- 
 prived of that place in 1691, for refusing 
 the oaths to king William, on which he re- 
 tired to Cookham, and afterwards to Shot- 
 tesbrooke in Berkshire. In 1634 he mar- 
 ried, and became the father of ten children. 
 Ift 1701 he published an account of the an- 
 cient Greek and Roman cycles, a quarto 
 volume of which Dr. Halley had a high 
 opinion. To follow him through his nu- 
 merous publications would exceed our 
 limits. Fie wrote against occasional com- 
 munion, and opposed the nonjurors, in 
 continuing the separation after the deaths 
 of the deprived bishops; but his most fa- 
 mous book was on the Natural Mortality 
 of the Soul, in which he endeavoured to 
 prove, from scripture and the fathers, that 
 “ it is immortalized actually by the plea- 
 sure of God, to punishment or reward, by 
 its union with the divine baptismal spirit: 
 this book made a great noise, and was an- 
 swered by several writers, particularly Dr, 
 Samuel Clarke. He wrote and edited se- 
 veral other works, and died at Shottes- 
 brooke in 171 1. Two of his sons attained to 
 eminence. Henry, the eldest, was bred to 
 the law, and was an active promoter of the 
 
 society for the encouragement of arts, ma- 
 nufactures, and commerce. Fie wrote an 
 insidious pamphlet, without his name, en- 
 titled “ Christianity not founded on Ar- 
 gument,” in which, under the pretence of 
 friendship, he endeavoured to undermine 
 the Christian religion. It was answered by 
 Dr. Lei and, Dr. Doddriclge, and the au- 
 thor’s brother, William , who was educated 
 at Trinity college, Oxford, and became 
 D. D. rector of Shottesbrooke, prebendary 
 of Salisbury, and archdeacon of Berkshire. 
 He wrote an answer to Dr. Middleton s 
 Free Enquiry, and a Defence of the Answer 
 against Mr. Toll, both in 1751 ; a Disser- 
 tation on Jephtha’s Vow; and Practical 
 Discourses, in 2 vols. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Does (Jacob vander), a Dutch painter, 
 was born at Amsterdam in 1623, and died 
 in 1673. He studied at Rome, where he 
 adopted the manner of Bamboccio. His 
 pictures are dark, but in the composition of 
 his landscapes his taste was noble, and the 
 figures executed with justness and delicacy, 
 l ie had two sons, Jacob and Simon, both 
 good artists ; the first, in historical pieces, 
 died in 1613, the latter excelled in land- 
 scapes and cattle. Fie died in 1717. — hoti- 
 braken. 
 
 Dogget (Thomas), an actor and dra- 
 matic poet. He performed comic charac- 
 ters at Drury-lane, with applause, and be- 
 came joint manager of that house. Fie died 
 in 1721. He left a legacy to provide a 
 coat and badge to be rowed for, from I,on- 
 don bridge to Chelsea, by six watermen, 
 yearly on the first of August, the day of 
 the accession of George I. He wrote a co- 
 medy called the Country Wake, since al- 
 tered to a farce entitled Flora, or Hob in 
 the Well. — Biog. Drum. 
 
 Doissin (Louis), a French jesuit, who 
 wrote two elegant Latin poems on the Art 
 of Sculpture, and on Engraving, printed in 
 one vol. 12nio, 1752. He died the year 
 following, aged 32 .—Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Dolabrlla (P. Cornelius), the son-in- 
 law of Cicero, who attached himself zea- 
 lously to Julius Caisar, by whom he was 
 made consul. On the death of Ciesar ne 
 obtained the government of Syria, hut 
 having slain Treboniiis, he was declared an 
 enemy of the republic. Cassius besieged 
 him in Laodicea, where he killed himself 
 in the 27th year of his age. — Merer:. 
 
 Dolben (John), an English prelate, was 
 born at Stanwick, in Northamptonshire, 
 in 1625, and educated at Christchurch Ox- 
 ford. He served as a volunteer in the 
 royal army, and at the Restoration was re- 
 warded with a canonry of Christchurch, 
 and the dcanry of Westminster. In 1666 he 
 was preferred to the see of Rochester, from 
 whence in 1683 he was removed to York. 
 He died in 1686. Some of his sermons on 
 public occasions are in print. — W am/. Biog. 
 Brit. 
 
 Dolce (Carlo), a painter' of Florence, 
 
D O M 
 
 DON 
 
 was born in 161(5, and died in 1686, He 
 rose to a great height in his profession, and 
 his pictures fetch a considerable price. He 
 excelled in religious subjects. — Pi/iington. 
 
 Doj.ce (Lewis), a Venetian writer, was 
 born in 1608, and died in 1568. He trans- 
 lated into Italian the Satires of Horace, 
 Ovid’s Metamorphoses, the tragedies of 
 Seneca and Euripides, &c. ; and he was the 
 author of a popular tragedy entitled Mari- 
 anna ; but his most curious performance is 
 a collection of heroic poems, under the 
 title of L’Achille e 1’Enea, taken from the 
 Iliad and Eneid. His dialogue on painting 
 is esteemed. He also wrote the Life of 
 Charles V. — Moreri. Tiraboschi. 
 
 Doi.et (Stephen), a learned Frenchman, 
 was born at Orleans in 1508. He received 
 his education at Paris, from whence he 
 went to Padua, where he made a great 
 progress in literature. Me became secre- 
 tary to the French ambassador at Venice, 
 and on his return to France settled at Tou- 
 louse, where he was imprisoned for some 
 reflections on the parliament of that place, 
 after which he was banished the city, 
 lie then retired to Lyons, where his 
 proud and disputatious spirit engaged him 
 in several contests, one of which ended 
 seriously, by Dolet’s killing his antagonist. 
 However, he obtained the king’s pardon, 
 and commenced printer and bookseller. 
 He greatly improved the study of the Latin 
 language, and restored it to Ciceronian pu- 
 rity, by several valuable publications. He 
 was burnt for atheism in '546. Notwith- 
 standing his suffering death for infidelity, 
 he wrote some books on theology. — Moreri. 
 
 Dolomieu (Deoda.t), commander of the 
 order of Malta, and member of the aca- 
 demy of sciences at Paris, and of the na- 
 tional institute. He served with Bonaparte 
 in Egypt, but on his return was taken pri- 
 soner, and confined at Messina. Sir Joseph 
 Banks, president of the royal society, inter- 
 ested himself successfully for his release. 
 He died in 1802. Dolomieu was an able 
 mineralogist. His principal works are, 1. 
 Voyage to the Isles of Lipari in 1781 ; 2. 
 Memoir on the Earthquake of Calabria in 
 1783 ; 3. On the Origin of the Basaltes ; 4. 
 A mineralogical Dictionary. — Nouv. Did. 
 Hht. 
 
 Dohat (John), a French advocate, was 
 born at Clermont, in Auvergne, in 1625. 
 He reduced the principles of Law to a na- 
 tural order, in 3 vols. 4to. for which Lewis 
 XIV. allowed him a pension. He died at 
 Paris in 1596. After his death appeared 
 three volumes more on public law, and a 
 new edition of the whole was published in 
 1 757, folio. — Moreri. 
 
 Domenichino, an Italian pointer, was 
 born at Bologna in 1681, lie studied in 
 the school of the Caracci, where his fellow- 
 pupils, from his slowness, called him the 
 “ Ox;” but one of his masters told them, that 
 “ this ox would in time make his ground so 
 
 fruitful, that painting would be fed by 
 what it produced.” He was also skilled in 
 architecture, and Gregory XV. appointed 
 him his architect. He died in 1631. — 
 1) Ar^enville. 
 
 Dominic (de Guzman), a Spanish priest, 
 who is memorable for having founded the 
 order of the preaching friars, called Domi- 
 nicans, and the abominable inquisition. He 
 was born in 1170, and died at Bologna in : 
 1221. He was canonized by pope Gre- 
 gory IX. — Moreri. 
 
 Dominis (Mark Antony de), archbishop 
 of Spalato, in Dalmatia, who procured a 
 name by his unsettledness in religion. He 
 was at Venice when sir Henry Wotton 
 was ambassador there, and becoming ac- 
 quainted with Mr. Bedell, sir Henry’s chap- 
 lain, he gave him a copy of his books, De 
 Republica Ecclesiastics, that they might 
 be printed in London. When Bedell re- 
 turned to England, De Dominis came with 
 him, and was received with great respect. 
 James I. gave him the mastership of the 
 Savoy, and deanry of Windsor, but being 
 disappointed of higher preferment, he ac- 
 cepted an invitation from pope Gregorv 
 XV. and went to Rome, where he abjured 
 his errors, and expected a cardinal’s hat, 
 instead of which he was sent to the castle 
 of St. Angelo, where he died in 1625. His 
 body was burnt with his books in Flora’s 
 fields. Besides the above, he wrote “ De 
 Radiisvisus et lucis in vitris perspeciivis et 
 Iride Tractatus,” in which he was the first 
 who gave a true explanation of the colours 
 of the rainbow. — Moreri 
 
 Domitian ( Titus Flavius), a Roman em- 
 peror, was the son of Vespasian. He ob- 
 tained the imperial dignity on the death of 
 his brother Titus, A. D. 81 , and the com- 
 mencement of his reign seemed auspicious 
 to the happiness of the Romans; but he 
 soon shewed the wickedness of his disposi- 
 tion, and gave way to incestuous and 
 unnatural indulgences. He assumed the 
 title of deity, and at the same time amused 
 himself in catching flies, and sticking 
 them on a bodkin. His cruelties ren- 
 dered him so odious, that he was afraid of 
 his own shadow, and took a number of 
 precautions to secure himself from assassi- 
 nation, which fate, however, he could not 
 avoid, A. D. 96, in the 45th year ofhisage. 
 
 He was the last of the twelve Ctesars. 
 
 Crevier. Univ. Hist. 
 
 Domitjanus Domitius, general of Dio- 
 cletian’s army in Egypt. He caused him- 
 self to be proclaimed emperor at Alexan- 
 dria, and died, in 288, a violent death, two 
 years afterwards. — Ibid. 
 
 Donato, an architect and sculptor of 
 Florence of the 15th century. He exe- 
 cuted some fine statues and elegant works 
 for Cosmo de Medicis, and some of the 
 Italian states. He died in 1466, aged 83. 
 — RoScoe s Lorenzo tie Medici. 
 
 Donato (Alexander), an Italian jesuit. 
 
DON 
 
 DON 
 
 who wrote a description of ancient and 
 modern Rome, 1 639, 4to. ; also poems 
 printed at Bolognat 1S30, Svo. He died 
 at Rome in 1 C40. — Mcreri. 
 
 Donato (Jerome), ajjVenetian nobleman, 
 of the 16th century, who was famous as a 
 statesman and a man of letters, tie was 
 sent by the republic to effect a reconcilia- 
 tion between them and pope Julius II. 
 That pontiff asked him for the title to the 
 claims of Venice to the sovereignty of the 
 Adriatic. “ Your holiness,” said the am- 
 bassador, “ will find it on the back of the 
 record of Constantine’s donation of the city 
 of Rome, and its territories, to the pope.” 
 His epistles are extant. He died in 1511. 
 • — Morer't. 
 
 Donato (Marcellos), an Italian noble- 
 man of Mantua, who died at the beginning 
 of the 17th century. He wrote Scholia on 
 the Latin writers of the Roman history, 
 Frankfort, 1607, Svo. — Nouv. Did. Hist. 
 
 Donato (Bernardino), a learned Italian, 
 who was Greek professor at Padua and 
 other universities. He died about 1550. 
 He translated into Latin the Demonstrate 
 Evangelica of Eusebius ; some of the works 
 of Galen, Xenophon, and Aristotle; and 
 wrote a Latin Dialogue on the difference 
 between the Aristotelian and Platonic phi- 
 losophy. — Tirahoschi. 
 
 Donatus, bishop of Casa Nigra, in 
 Numidia, and a founder of a sect called 
 by his name, in 311. He aided Majcriniis, 
 the candidate for the see of Carthage, in 
 opposition to Cecilianus, who had been 
 duly elected, for which Donatus was de- 
 posed, and excommunicatedin several coun- 
 cils . — Merer i. Lupin. Moskeim. 
 
 Donatus, bishop of Carthage in the 
 same century as the above. He held that 
 the three pe'rsons of the Trinity were of 
 the same substance, and yet that there was 
 an inequality between them. Me was ba- 
 nished about 356. — Hid. 
 
 Donatus (iElius), a grammarian of the 
 4th century, who was the preceptor of St. 
 Jerome. He wrote a grammar, and com- 
 mentaries upon Virgil and Terence. — Voss, 
 de Hist. Lat. 
 
 Doncker (Peter), a painter of Gouda, 
 and the disciple of Jordaens. He improv- 
 ed himself at Rome, and attained great ex- 
 cellence in his profession. He died’ in 1668. 
 There was also a John Doncker of the same 
 place, who premised to have been a good 
 painter, but he died young. — Pilkingtou. 
 
 Dondus, or Condi (James), a physician 
 of Padua, who acquired the name of ag- 
 gregator, on . account of the numerous me- 
 dicines he made, l ie was also well skilled 
 in mechanics, particularly in horology-. 
 He died in -1350. He wrote, I. Prcmptu- 
 arium Medians, Venice; 2 De Fontibus 
 calidis Patavini agri ; 3. De Fluxis et Re- 
 fill i'n nmris &.C. — Tirahoschi. 
 
 Donk’U (Hugh), professor of law at 
 Bourges and Orleans. He was a calvinist, 
 
 on which account he fled to Antwerp, 
 where he died in 1591, aged 64. He 
 wrote, Commentaria de Jure civili, in 
 5 vols. folio ; 2. Opera Postliuma, Bvo.— 
 Moreri. 
 
 Doni (Anthony Francis), an ecclesiastic 
 of Florence, who wrote seme humorous 
 pieces ; as, 1. Letters, 8vo. ; 2. La Libraria, 
 8 vo. ; 3. La Ziicca, 1565, 8yo.; 4. I Mondi 
 Celesti, Terrestri, ed Infernali, 4to. ; 5.1 
 Marnri cive llaggionamenti Patti a i Marmi 
 di Fiorenza, 4to. He died in 1574, aged 
 6 1 . — Ibid. 
 
 Doni (John Baptist), a learned Italian, 
 was born at Florence in 1594, and died 
 in 1647. He was professor of eloquence, 
 and member of the Florentine academy and. 
 of that of Della Crusca. He wrote a cele- 
 brated treatise on Music, in. Latin, and 
 some otliers on the same subject in Italian. 
 He also invented a musical instrument called 
 the bra bar birini. — Tirahoschi. Burmy. 
 
 Doni u’Attichi (Lewis), bishop of Au- 
 tun, in France, where he died in 1664, 
 aged 68. He wrote, 1. A History of the 
 Minims, 4to.; 2. The Life of Oueen Joan, 
 founder of the Annonciades 3. The Life 
 of Cardinal de Berulie ; 4. The History of 
 the Cardinals, 1660, 2. vols. folio. — Ibid. 
 
 Donne (John), an English divine and 
 poet, was born in I^ondon in 1573. Ile- 
 received his education both at Oxford and 
 Cambridge, and then removed to Lincoln’s 
 inn. He was bred in the Roman catholic 
 religion, but at tire age of nineteen he em- 
 braced the protestant religion. Soon after- 
 wards he went abroad, and on his return 
 became secretary to lord keeper Egerton. 
 About the same time he married a daugh- 
 ter of sir George Moore, who was so irri- 
 tated at the match, that he not only pre- 
 vailed upon the lord keeper to turn him 
 out of his service, but got him imprisoned 
 with the minister who performed the mar- 
 riage, and the person who gave Mrs. Donne 
 away. Their confinement, however, was 
 short, and a reconciliation was effected. 
 At the desire of king James he entered in- 
 to orders, was made chaplain to the king, 
 and about the same time created D. D. by 
 the university of Cambridge. In 1617 be 
 was chosen preacher at I.incoln’s-inn. In 
 1621 he was made dean of St. Paul’s, and 
 soon after vicar of St. Dunstan’s in the West. 
 He died in 1631, and was buried in St. 
 Paul’s cathedral. Dr. Donne was a man of 
 great wit, learning, and gravity. Iiis sa- 
 tires are highly praised by Drydcn, and 
 have been rendered into modern English by 
 Pope. Three volumes of his sermons were 
 published after his death, and some miscel- 
 laneous essays. His son, John Donne,- 
 was educated at Oxford, but took the de- 
 gree of LI.. D. at Padua. He died in 1662.- 
 He wrote some ludicrous trifles. — Walton's 
 Lift of Donne. Bhg. Brit. 
 
 Donne (Benjamin), an English mathe- 
 matician, was born at Bideford in Devon- 
 
DOR 
 
 D O R 
 
 iiure in 1729. He made a survey of his 
 native countv in 1761, for which he re- 
 ceived a premium of 100/. from the soci- 
 ety for promoting arts and commerce. 
 About the same time he published Mathe- 
 matical Essays in 8vo. which had a favour- 
 able reception, and procured him the office 
 of keeper of the library at Bristol, where 
 he kept an academy many years. In 1771 
 he printed an Epitome of Natural and 
 Experimental Philosophy, 12mo. and in 
 1774 a work entitled the British Mariner’s 
 Assistant. In 1796 he was appointed master 
 of mechanics to the king. lie died in 1798, 
 leaving behind him the character of an 
 ingenious and worthy man. Besides the 
 books above mentioned, he wrote treatises 
 on Geometry, Book-keeping, and Trigo- 
 nom etrv. — Private Information. 
 
 Doolittle (Thomas), a nonconformist 
 minister, was born at Kidderminster in 
 1630, and ejected from the living of St. Al- 
 phage, London, in 1662. He then kept 
 an academy, and officiated to a dissenting 
 congregation till his death in 1707. He 
 wrote a treatise on the Sacrament ; and 
 after his death was published a System of 
 Divinity, in folio, with his Life prefixed. — 
 Galamy. 
 
 Doppelmajer (John Gabriel), professor 
 ■of mathematics at Nuremberg, where he 
 died in 1750, aged 83. He was fellow of 
 the English royal society, member of the 
 academy of sciences of Berlin, and of the 
 imperial academy of Petersburg. He 
 translated several mathematical works from 
 the English and French into Latin and' 
 German, and wrote some ingenious pieces 
 cm geography, dialling, and astronomy, 
 besides an historical account of mathema- 
 ticians of Nttremburg. — Gen. Biog. 
 
 Dorbay (Francis), a -French architect, 
 who designed several great works at the 
 Louvre and the Thuilleries. He died at 
 Paris in 1697. — Now. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Do fling, a Prussian general. He was 
 originally a taylor, and after his advance- 
 ment some officers were observing that he 
 still carried the marks of his origin, which 
 Barfling overhearing, said, “ Gentlemen, I 
 was once a taylor, arid cut out cloth, but 
 now,” clapping his hand upon his sword, 
 “ I wear an instrument with which I cut 
 off the ears of those who insult me.” He 
 ■distinguished himself with great bravery 
 against the Swedes in 1666, and became at 
 last field-marshal. — Ibid. 
 
 Doria (Andrew), a naval commander of 
 Genoa, was born in 1468 of a noble family. 
 -He entered early on the profession of arms, 
 and distinguished himself in the service of 
 different Italian states. At length his own 
 country required him against the rebels of 
 Corsica, whom he defeated. He was then 
 appointed commander-in-chief of the gal- 
 leys, and obtained great success against the 
 «*Mri can pirates. On the revolution break- 
 ing out in Genoa, he entered into the ser- 
 
 vice of Francis I. of France, which he 
 quitted for that of pope Clement VII. 
 When Rome was taken he returned to the 
 service of Francis. But not long after, he 
 entered into the service of the emperor, 
 which changed the French affairs in Italy. 
 His new master offered lo invest him with 
 the sovereignty of Genoa, which he nobly 
 refused, and only stipulated that the re- 
 public should continue under the imperial 
 protection. In 1528 he delivered ‘ Genoa 
 from the oppression of the French yoke, 
 for which he was honoured by the senate 
 with the title of the father and sa viour of his 
 country, and had a statue erected to his ho- 
 nour, and a palace built for him. He made 
 his name famous through the Mediterra- 
 nean by his naval exploits, particularly 
 against Barbarossa and the African cor- 
 sairs. He died in 1560. — Now. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Doricny (Michael), a French painter, 
 and engraver in aqua fords, born in 1617, 
 and died in 1665. He was professor in the 
 academy of painting at Paris. His paint- 
 ings are excellent; but he only engraved 
 after his own pictures. His son Lewis was 
 a good painter, and died at Verona in 1742, 
 aged 88. Nicholas, the younger son of Mi- 
 chael, was an engraver, and engraved the 
 Cartoons at Hampton-court, for which 
 George I. knighted him. He died at Paris 
 in 1746, aged 90. — D' Argenville. 
 
 Doring, or Dorink (Matthias), a fran- 
 ciscan monk, was born at Kiritz, in Germa- 
 ny, and died in 1494. He is said to be the 
 author of the Miroir Historial of De Beau- 
 vais, or the Chronicle of Nuremberg. 
 
 Moreri. 
 
 Dorislaus (Isaac), a Dutchman, and 
 doctor of civil law at Leyden, from whence 
 he came to England, and was appointed to 
 read lectures on history- at Cambridge; but 
 avowing- republican principles, be was si- 
 lenced. He next became judge advocate 
 in the king’s army in the expedition against 
 the Scots, but quitted his majesty’s service 
 for that of the parliament, and assisted in 
 drawing up the charge against that mo- 
 narch. In 1649 he was sent ambassador to 
 the Hague, where he was stabbed by some 
 exiled royalists, who entered the house 
 where he resided while he was at supper. 
 The parliament Caused his body to be 
 brought to England and interred it in West- 
 minster abbey, from whence it was taken at 
 the Restoration, and buried in St. Marga- 
 ret’s church-yard.- — Wood's A. 0. 
 
 Dornavius (Gaspard), an ingenious Ger- 
 man physician, who died inl631. He wrote 
 some whimsical pieces ; as, 1. Amphithea- 
 trum Sapientiie Bocraticai, 2 voR. folio ; 2. 
 Homo Diabolus, etc 1618, 4to. — Moreri. 
 
 • B&rsch (Ever-ard), -a famous engraver cm 
 gerns, was born at Nuremburg in 1 649. lie 
 excelled all the artists' of his time, and died 
 in- 1712. — Gen. Biog. 
 
 Dorscii (Christopher), son of the above, 
 was born a i Nuremburg in 1676. lie had 
 
DOU 
 
 a good knowledge of painting, but devoted 
 himself to the same pursuit as his father, 
 and executed portraits on gems from the 
 life, without taking drawings. He died in 
 173 2 . — Gen Biog. 
 
 Dosith.’eus, an heresiarch of Samaria, 
 who pretended to be the Messiah, and had 
 a woman with him whom he called the 
 moon. He went into a cave, where he 
 starved himself, that his disciples might be- 
 lieve he was ascended to heaven. This 
 sec lasted till the 6th century. They ab- 
 stained from animal food, and observed 
 the sabbath with excessive rigour. — Lupin. 
 
 Doucxn (Lewis), a French jesuit, who 
 was born at Vernon, in Normandy, and 
 died at Orleans in 1726. He wrote against 
 the Jansenists, also a History of Nestorian- 
 ism. and other works. — Nou-v Lid. Hist. 
 
 Dova (Nathaniel), an English penman, 
 V/ho wrote the Progress of Time, or Verses 
 upon the Seasons and Months, in 16 plates. 
 He died in 1754, aged 44. — Gen. Biog. Lid. 
 
 Douglas (Gawin) a Scotch poet and bi- 
 shop, was the younger son of the Gtli earl 
 of Angus, and was born at Brechin in 1471. 
 He obtained the bishopric of Dunkeld, to 
 which was added the rich abbey of Aber- 
 larothic. He died in 1522. His works are: 
 1. A Translation of Virgil’s aEneis; 2. The 
 Palace of Honour, a poem ; 3. Aure.x Nar- 
 rations, Comedire aliquot Sacrae ; 4.De Re- 
 bus Scoticis Liber. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Douglas (V^illiam), a Scotch nobleman 
 of the 14th century. Robert Bruce having 
 made a vow to go against the infidels, and 
 not being able to fulfil it, ordered that his 
 heart should be carried to Palestine after his 
 death, and deposited in the holy sepulchre. 
 On the king’s death in 13 7, Douglas and 
 some others set out on this adventure, but 
 were all killed by the way. — Froissart's Chro- 
 nicle. Hector Bocce 
 
 Dougla s (James), an eminent anatomist, 
 was born in Scotland in 1675. He settled 
 in London as a practitioner in midwifery, 
 and teacher of anatomy. 1 ie patronised tKe 
 celebrated John Hunter, and died in 1742. 
 He wrote Myographits comparatae Speci- 
 men, or, a comparative Description of all the 
 Muscles, 12mo.; Bibliographix Anatomical 
 Specimen, 8vo. ; A Description of the Peri- 
 tonxum, 4to. ; A History of the Lateral 
 Operation for the Stone, 8vo. ; and several 
 papers in the Philosophical Transactions. 
 His brother John was surgeon to the West- 
 minster Hospital. — Mem. of William Hunter. 
 Gen. Biog. 
 
 Douglas (admiral sir Charles), born in 
 Scotland, and entered into the Dutch ser- 
 vice, which he quitted for the English 
 navy. When the American war commen- 
 ced, he was appointed commodo; e of apqua- 
 iiroii in the gulf of St. Lawrence, where he 
 obtained a great reputation. In 1787 he 
 was made rear-admiral, and died in 1789. 
 
 Douglas (James), earl of Morton and 
 Aberdeen, was born at Edinburghin 1707. 
 
 D O W 
 
 At the age of 26 he established a philoso- 
 phical society at Edinburgh ; a society which 
 has since made a considerable figure in al- 
 most every branch of knowledge. The 
 royal society of London elected him their 
 president in 1733, and by the death of the 
 earl of Macclesfield he was chosen an asso- 
 ciate in the academy of sciences at Paris. 
 He evinced an ardent zeal for the sciences, 
 and was an eminent patron of merit. He 
 was well versed in natural and experimental 
 philosophy, but more particularly devoted 
 to astronomical observations. lie died In 
 1768, leaving a son and a daughter. — Europ. 
 Mag. 
 
 Dousa (Janus), a learned Dutchman, 
 whose real name was Vander Lees, was born 
 in 1545. He became eminent as a scho- 
 lar and as a soldier, and obtained in 1574 
 the government of Leyden, and on the 
 establishment of a university there he was 
 appointed first curator. Fie died in 1604 
 of the plague. He wrote Latin poems, 
 among which is one on the History of Hol- 
 land. His son Janus , born in 1572, distin- 
 guished himself in his childhood by his 
 Latin poems. He was an eminent critic, 
 mathematician, ,and philosopher, but died 
 in the 26th year of his age. His poems 
 were published at Leyden in 1607 — Moreri. 
 
 Douvrk (Thomas de), archbishop of 
 York, in which station he was placed bv 
 William the Conqueror, whom he attended 
 from Normandy. He was a great benefac- 
 tor to his clergy, and rebuilt his cathedral. 
 He died in 1100. His nephew, Thomas, was 
 made archbishop of York in 1 108. Fie had 
 some disputes with Anselm, archbishop of 
 Canterbury, relating to the primacy. He 
 died in 1 1 14. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Douvre (Isabella dej, of the same family 
 as the preceding. She was mistress to Ro- 
 bert earl of Gloucester, bastard of Henry I. 
 by whom she had a son, who was made bi- 
 shop of Bayeux in 1 133. She died in a re- 
 ligious retirement about 1166. — Ibid. 
 
 Douw (Gerard), an eminent painter, born 
 at Leyden in 1613. Fie was the disciple of 
 Rembrandt ; and acquired uncommon ex- 
 cellence in painting in miniature. Fie died 
 in 1674. — Houbrahen. 
 
 Downham (John), an English divinq, 
 and author of an excellent book, entitled 
 The Christian Warfare, and other pious 
 works. Fie was the son of the bishop of 
 Chester, and was born in that city. He died 
 about 1644. — Gen. Biog. Lid. 
 
 Downing (Calibut), an Flnglish divine., 
 who, being disappointed in his ambitious 
 views, joined the parliament-party in I64y, 
 and preached some violent sermons against 
 the king. He died in 1644. His son, 
 George Downing, was, at the Restoration, 
 made secretary to the treasury, and a com- 
 missioner of the customs, though he had 
 been active in the rebellion, and a fanati- 
 cal preacher. Fie was created a baronet 
 in 1663. — Wood’s A. 0. 
 
I) It A 
 
 D R A 
 
 I) rats nidus (Nicholas), a German fanatic, 
 born in 1587. In 1616 he was admitted a 
 minister, but being driven from his own 
 country by the persecution against the pro- 
 testants, he went to Hungary, and turned 
 woollen-draper. At the age of 50 he set -up 
 for a prophet, and in conjunction with Co- 
 menius, wrote the book, entitled Lux in 
 Tenebris, printed at Amsterdam in 1657. 
 What became of Drabricius does not ap- 
 pear ; some say he was put to death, and 
 others that he died in Turkey. — Moreri. 
 Beiyle. 
 
 Draco, an Athenian judge, famous for 
 his rigid administration of justice, B. C. 623. 
 He inr tit ted laws of such severity, that 
 they were said to be written in blood. So- 
 lon repealed all of them, except that which 
 related to murder. His death was remark- 
 able . for beingat the theatre of iEgina, the 
 people, accordingto the custom of the coun- 
 try, covered him with their garments, by 
 which he was stilled. — Univ. Hist. 
 
 Draconites (John), a learned German 
 Lutheran divine, born at Carlstadt, in Fran- 
 conia, in 1 494. He became a bishop in Prus- 
 sia, and died in 1566. He wrote Commen- 
 taries on the Prophets and Gospels, and be- 
 gan a Polyglot Bible. — Moreri. 
 
 D 'Acut, the favourite and successor of 
 Barbarossa, whom he equalled in skill and 
 valour. After a scries of daring exploits, 
 
 he was killed before Malta in 1565. 
 
 Moreri. 
 
 Drake (Francis), a celebrated command- 
 er, was born at Tavistock, in Devonshire, 
 in 1545, and went to sea with his relation, 
 sir John Hawkins. In 1570, he went to the 
 West Indies with two ships; and in 1572 
 made another expedition, which proved 
 very successful. He next served under the 
 earl of Jissex, in Ireland, where he distin- 
 guished himself so much by his bravery, 
 that sir Christopher Hatton introduced 
 him to queen Elizabeth. In 1577 he made 
 another voyage to the Spanish settlements 
 in America, and sailed as far as 48 de- 
 grees north latitude, calling the country 
 which he discoveredNew Albion. He then 
 went to the East Indies, and having doubled 
 the Cape of Good Hope, returned to Ply- 
 mouth in 1580; which voyage round the 
 world took up two years and nearly ten 
 months. Queen Elizabeth went on board 
 his ship at Deptford, and after dinner con- 
 ferred on him the honour of knighthood. 
 In 1585 he sailed again for the West Indies, 
 where he took several places from the Spa- 
 niards, and returned laden with wealth. In 
 1587 he commanded a fleet of SO sail, with 
 which he entered Cadiz, and destroyed a 
 quantity of shipping. The year following, 
 he commanded as vice-admiral, under lord 
 Howard, and was instrumental in the de- 
 struction of the Spanish armada. After this 
 he went to the West Indies with sir John 
 Hawkins, but the two commanders dis- 
 agreeing in their plans, little was done by 
 
 them. Drake died olF Nombre de Dios in 
 1596. He was representative for the town 
 of Plymouth, to which he was a great be- 
 nefactor, by causing water to be conveyed 
 to it from springs at eight miles distance. — 
 Biog. Brit. Campbell' s Lives oj the Admirals . 
 
 Drake (James), an English physician and 
 political writer, was born at Cambridge in 
 1667, and educated at that university, where 
 he took his degrees. In 1704 he published 
 a pamphlet, entitled The Memorial of the 
 Church of England, which gave such of- 
 fence, that a proclamation was issued for 
 discovering the author, who kept concealed. 
 He was afterwards prosecuted for the pub- 
 lication of a newspaper, called Mercurius 
 Politicus ; but though he was acquitted, it 
 is supposed that the vexation threw him into 
 a fever, of which he died in 1707. Besides 
 the above, he published a System of Ana- 
 tomy, 3 vols. 8vo. ; a Translation of Hero- 
 dotus ; a Play, called The Sham Lawyer, 
 &C. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Drake (Samuel), a learned antiquary, 
 and fellow of St. John’s college, Cambridge, 
 who published in 1729 archbishop Parker 
 Dc Antiquitate Britannicse licclesise. — Ibid. 
 
 Drake (Francis), an eminent antiquary 
 and surgeon at York, who published iir 
 1736, Eboracum, or the History and Anti- 
 quities of that City, in one volume folio. 
 He died in 1770, aged 75. 
 
 Drake (Roger), a nonconformist divine, 
 and D. D. He was a commissioner at the 
 Savoy conference, and died some time after 
 the Restoration. He published a Sacred 
 Chronology, and some sermons. — CaLnny. 
 
 Drakenberg (Christian Jacob), a cele- 
 brated Norwegian centenary, born at Stra- 
 venger in 1624, and died at Aarhuys in 
 1770. He led a single life till he was 113, 
 and then married a widow of 60. Fie re- 
 tained his mental faculties, and a vigorous 
 health, to the last. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 D it a ke Kim ac n (Arnold !, professor of his- 
 tory and eloquence at Utrecht, who pub- 
 lished editions of Livy and Silius Italicus, 
 with learned notes. He died in 1748, aged 
 64. — Ibid. 
 
 Dran (Henry Francis le), a famous sur- 
 geon, who died at Paris in 1770, aged 85. 
 He wrote Observations on Surgery, 2 vols. 
 12mo.; on Gun-Tot Wounds; on the Ope- 
 rations of Surgery, which was translated 
 into English by . Gataker ; on the various 
 Modes of Lithotomy; and other valuable 
 works. — Ibid. 
 
 Draper (sir William), an English general, 
 was born at Bristol, where his father was 
 collector of the customs. He received his 
 education at Eton, and king’s college, Cam- 
 bridge, after which he went to the East 
 Indies, where he rose to the rank of colo- 
 nel. In 1763 he took Manilla, in conjunc- 
 tion with admiral Cornish ; but the place 
 was preserved from plunder, on condition 
 of paying a ransom of four millions of dol- 
 lars, which was never discharged, l low- 
 
DEE 
 
 D R U 
 
 ever, The commapder was created a knight 
 of the Bath. In 1769 he was engaged in a 
 controversy with Junius, in defence of his 
 friend the marquis of Granby. In 1779 he 
 was appointed lieutenant-governor of Mi- 
 norca, and when that place surrendered to 
 fhe enemy, he brought an accusation against 
 general Murray, the governor, after whose 
 trial general Draper was commanded bv the 
 court to make an apology to him. He died 
 at Bath in 1787.- — Gent. Mag. 
 
 Drayton (Michael), an English poet, was 
 born in Warwickshire in 1563. He received 
 Jiis education at Oxford, but never (ook a 
 degree. In 1593 he published a collection 
 of pastorals, entitled The Shepherd’s Gar- 
 land, which was followed by his poems of 
 The Baron’s Wars, and England’s Heroical 
 Epistles. In 1613 he published his Poly- 
 Aihion, or a Description of England, to 
 which Mr. Seklen wrote notes. He died in 
 1631, and was buried in W estrninster-abbey. 
 His works were reprinted in 1748 in one 
 volume folio, and in 1753 in lO.vols. 8vo. 
 — Bier. Brit. 
 
 DREBEL(Cornelius), a Dutch philosopher, 
 was born at Alkraaer in 1579, and died at 
 London in 1634. His principal work is De 
 Natura Elementorum, Svo. and he is sup- 
 posed to have been the inventor of the mi- 
 croscope and thermometer. Noun. But. 
 
 Mist . 
 
 Drelincourt (Charles), a French pro- 
 testant divine, was born at Sedan in 1595, 
 and died at Paris in 1669. He wrote a 
 number of excellent books, the best-known 
 of which is that entitled Consolationsagainst 
 the Fears of Death, which has gone through 
 numerous editions. Of his sons, Laurence, 
 the eldest, was bred to the ministry, and 
 died in 1581, aged 50. He published Chris- 
 tian Sonnets and Sermons. Charles was a 
 physician, and was professor at Leyden, 
 where he died in 1 697. He' wrote Apologia 
 Mediea ; De Arthritide, and other works. 
 Meter came to England and was made dean 
 of Ardagh, in Ireland. — Bayle. 
 
 Dress Eiius (Matthew), professor of belles 
 lettres at Leipsic, was a native of Erfurt, in 
 Thuringia, and died in 1607, aged 71. He 
 wrote several books, which are now sunk 
 into oblivion. — Merest. 
 
 Dreyet (Peter), the name of two French 
 engravers, father and son, whose works are 
 held in great esteem. They both died at 
 Paris in 1739, the elder aged 75, and the 
 younger 42. Claud Drevet, a relation of 
 theirs, was also eminent in the same line. 
 —Ncuv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Dreux du Radier (John Francis), a 
 French advocate, born in 171 4,, and died in 
 1780. He wrote several books, the princi- 
 pal of which are, 1. Bibliothcqu'e HistoriSue 
 & Politique de Poitou, 5 vols. I2nu). ; 2. 
 I . ’Europe Piastre; 3. Tablef.tes Anecdotes 
 des Roisde France, 8 vole 12mo. See. — Ibid. 
 
 Drkxet.tus (Jeremiah), a jesuit of Augs- 
 burg, and chaplain to the elector of Bava- 
 
 ria, died at Munich in 1638, aged 57. He 
 left several pious works printed at Ant- 
 werp, 2 vols. folio. The best-knownof hi» 
 pieces is that on Hell Torments, in -which 
 he calculates how many souls cau be con- 
 tained in a narrow coinpass. — Moreri. 
 
 Driedo (John), a Flemish divine, and 
 a distinguished professor at Louvain, 
 where lie died in 1535. He wrote several 
 works against the Calvinists, in 4 vols. fol. 
 
 • — Ibid. 
 
 Drinker (Edward), an American cente- 
 nary, was born in 1680, on the banks of the 
 Delaware, where Philadelphia now stands. 
 He served his apprenticeship to a cabinet- 
 maker at Boston, from whence, in 1745, he 
 returned to his native place, where he re- 
 mained till his death In 1782. He was four 
 times married, and had eighteen children.-^ 
 American Museum. 
 
 Dholinoek (Charles Frederic), a Ger- 
 man poet, and librarian to the margrave of 
 Baden, died in 1742. His poetical works 
 were printed at Basil in 1743. — IIou-v. Diet, 
 
 Hist. 
 
 Drouais (Hubert), a French painter, 
 was born in Normandy in 1699, and died 
 at Paris in 1 7<>7. I lis son, Germain John, 
 was a student in the academy of painting 
 at Paris, and promised to be an excellent 
 artist. He died at Rome in 1790, aged 27. 
 --Ibid. 
 
 Drummond (William), a Scotch poet, 
 was the son of sir John Drummond, of 
 Hawthornden, and born there in 1585. He 
 was destined for the law, but Parnassus had 
 more charms for him than the courts. In 
 his retirement at Hawthornden he wrote se- 
 veral beautiful poems; but the death of a 
 lady, to whom he was about to be married, 
 affected him so much, that he went abroad, 
 where be remained some years, and then 
 returned to his own country. He wrote his 
 History of the Seven Kings of the Name of 
 James, and several pieces to promote peace 
 and union in that turbulent time. He died 
 in 1649, leaving a widow and three chil- 
 dren. His works were printed in folio at 
 Edinburgh in 1711. — Blog. Br. 
 
 Drummond (Robert Hay), a prelate of 
 the English church, was the second son of 
 George Henry, the reventh earl of Kinnoul, 
 by a daughter of Robert Harley, earl of Ox- 
 ford. He was born in London in 1711, and 
 educated at Westminster, from whence he 
 removed to Christ-cln rch, Oxford, ofwhich 
 college lie became student. About 1736 
 he entered into ordcis, and was appointed 
 chaplain to the king. In 1743 he attended 
 his majesty abroad, ai d preached a thanks- 
 giving sermon before him on the victory 
 at Dettingen. On his return he was in- 
 stalled prebendary of Westminster; and in. 
 1748 made bishop of St. Asaph. In 1761 
 he was translated to Salisbury, and preach- 
 ed the coronation sermon before their ma- 
 jesties ; soon .after which lie was removed 
 'to the see of York, lie died in 1776. lit*,,. 
 
D II V 
 
 DRY 
 
 grace married the daughter of Peter Aur- 
 riol, of London, merchant, who died in 
 ■I 773. lie had several children, of whom 
 three only survived him. His grace pub- 
 lished six occasional sermons, which were 
 collected; with an excellent I.etter on 
 Theological Study, in one voL 8vo. 1803, 
 \vith his Life prefixed. 
 
 Drury (Robert), an English seaman, who 
 in 1702 was shipwrecked on the coast of 
 Madagascar, where he remained 15 years. 
 After his return to England, he published a 
 very exact and curious account of that 
 island, 8vo. 1729. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 .Drury (Dru), an English naturalist, sup- 
 posed to have been descended from sir Dru 
 Drury, in the reign of Elizabeth. Id e was 
 for several years a jeweller in the Strand, 
 London, and a fellow of the Linn tea n so- 
 ciety. He was a great collector of subjects 
 of natural history, and wrote three vo- 
 lumes on insects. After his death, three 
 large stones, upwards of two inches long, 
 and an inch deep, weighing each near two 
 Ounces, were found in the neck of his 
 bladder. He died in 1804. — Monthly Mag. 
 
 Drusilla (Livia), the daughter of Ger- 
 manicus and Agrippina. She was guilty of 
 incest with her brother Caligula, who de- 
 clared her his heiress and successor. She 
 died A. D. 38, aged 29. — Suetonius. 
 
 Drusjus (John), a learned divine, was 
 born at Oudenard in 1555. lie was edu- 
 cated at Ghent and Louvain, and learnt 1 le- 
 brew at Cambridge. He became professor 
 of the Oriental languages at Oxford, from 
 whence he went to Eranekec, where lie be- 
 came professor of Hebrew, and died in 1616. 
 He wrote several learned works. Elis son 
 John, who died in England at the age of 
 21, was versed in the learned languages, par- 
 ticularly the Hebrew. — Be\!e. Wood's A. 0. 
 
 Drusus, the son of Germanicus and 
 Agrippina. He was in great favour with 
 Tiberius for some time, and held several 
 great ofiices; but by the misrepresentations 
 of Sejanus, that emperor ordered him to be 
 starved to death, A. D. 93. 
 
 Drusus (M. Livius), a famous Roman, 
 who revived the Agrarian law in a time of 
 discontent. He also proposed that the Latins 
 shou'd he made Roman citizens. He was 
 murdered as he was entering Lis own house 
 by the adverse faction, B. C. 190. — Un'vv. 
 Hist. 
 
 Drusus (Nero Claudius), the son of Ti- 
 berius Nero and Livia. He was adopted by 
 Augustus, and was brother to Tiberius, who 
 became emperor. He behaved with great 
 bravery in the wars in Germany and Gaul, 
 and received the honour of a triumph. He 
 died B. C. 9, aged 30. — I hid. 
 
 Drusus, the son of Tiberius and Vipsa- 
 nia. He distinguished himself by his cou- 
 rage in Illyricum and Pannonia, and tilled 
 some of the highest offices of the state ; but 
 having struck Sejanus, he caused him to be 
 banished, A. D. 23. — Ibid . 
 
 DryandeR (Join), a mathematician am| 
 physician of Wetteren, in the county of 
 Hesse. He was a professor at Marpurg, 
 where he died in 1560. He wrote several 
 books on physic and mathematics, which, 
 were once held in great esteem. — Moreri. 
 
 Bryden (John), an English poet, was 
 horn at Aldwinclc, in Northamptonshire 
 of an ancient family, in 1631, and educated 
 at Westminster school under Dr. Busby, 
 from whence he was elected to Trinity col- 
 lege, Cambridge, in 1650. He proeeede4 
 to the degree of M. A. and in 1657 removed 
 to London, where he wrote the year fol- 
 lowing an elegy on the death of Cromwell; 
 and at the Restoration he complimented the 
 king by a poem, entitled Astrea Redux. In 
 1665 he married lady Elizabeth Howard, 
 daughter of the earl of Berkshire. On the 
 establishment of the royal society, he was 
 chosen one of the first members. In 1662 
 appeared his first play, called The Wild 
 Gallant. Soon after the fire of London he 
 engaged with the king’s theatre for an an- 
 nual stipend, on condition of furnishing a 
 certain number of plays in each year. On 
 the death of sir William Davenant he was 
 nominated poet laureat ; and about the 
 same time he obtained the place of histo- 
 riographer royal, with a salary of £00/. a 
 year, and a butt of wine, lhs eminence 
 as a dramatic writer exposed him to the 
 envy of several rival wits : the duke of 
 Buckingham held him up to ridicule in the 
 character of Bays in j he Rehearsal: and 
 the earl of Rochester being offended at 
 some things in an Essay on Satire, written 
 jointly by our poet and lord Mulgrave* 
 caused the former to he cudgelled by some 
 hired ruffians as he came home from a cof- 
 fee-house. At the accession of James II. 
 Dryden turned Roman catholic, and, like 
 most converts, endeavoured to defend his 
 new faith at the expence of the c Id one, in 
 a poem, called The Hind and Panther, 
 which was admirably answered by Prior 
 and Montague in The Country Mouse and 
 the City Mouse. At the Revolution he lost 
 his posts, and was succeeded by Shadwell, 
 whom Dryden satirised under the name of 
 Mac Flecknoe. In 1695 appeared his Trans- 
 lation of Virgil which alone would immor- 
 talize his memory. He died in 1700, and 
 was buried in Westminster abbey, where is 
 a monument to Ins memory, erected by Shef- 
 field, duke of Buckingham. His works are 
 too numerous to be particularly distin- 
 guished. His critical prefaces are admir- 
 able : and his poetry is correct, harmonious, 
 and strong, particularly his satires. As a 
 dramatic writer I c chiefly excelled in tra- 
 gedy. He had three sous: Charles became 
 usher of the palace to pope Clement XI. 
 and was drowned in 1704 ; John wrote a 
 comedy, called The Eiusband his own 
 Cuckold; and Henry entered into a reli- 
 gious order abroad. Though Dryden was 
 aiaicied to astrology, yet the story of his 
 
DUB 
 
 DUG 
 
 predicting' the fate of bis eldest son is un- 
 true .— Johnson s Poets. M.alonc s Lfe of Dry- 
 den. 
 
 Duaren (Francis), a learned Frenchman, 
 who was professor of civil law at Bourges, 
 where he died in 15 >0, aged 59. His works 
 were printed complete at Lyons in 1579. — 
 Jvlorcri . 
 
 Dubocagh (Marie Anne le Page), an in- 
 genious French lady, who was a member of 
 the academies of Rome, Bologna, Padua, 
 Lyons, and Rouen, and horn in the last- 
 meirtioned city in 1710. She early distin- 
 guished herself by a taste for poetry, and 
 translated Pope’s Temple of Fame into 
 French. In 1 74 6 she obtained the prize 
 given by the academy at Rouen, and not 
 long after translated Milton’s Paradise Lost 
 into her native language, which was fol- 
 lowed by the Death of Abel. In 1749 she 
 produced a tragedy, called The Amazons, 
 which was well received. The Columbiad, 
 an epic poem on the discovery of America, 
 is, however, her greatest work. She also 
 published Travels through England, Hol- 
 land, and Italy, in the epistolary form. 
 She died in 1802. — FTuuv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Duuois (Simon), a painter, was born at 
 Antwerp. He settled in England, and paint- 
 ed portraits, battles, and cattle, in a good 
 style. He died in 1703. — Pilkington. 
 
 Dudois (William du), archbishop of Cam- 
 bray, cardinal, and prime minister of France, 
 was born in the Limosin country, where 
 his father was an apothecary. He became 
 valet to the superior of the college of St. 
 Alichael at Paris, where he studied, and 
 •entered into orders. Being ap minted pri- 
 vate reader to the duke of Chartres, after- 
 wards regent duke of Orleans, he ingra- 
 tiated himself into his favour by aiding him 
 in his pleasures, and was rewarded with 
 the rich abbey of St. Just. Afterwards he 
 became counsellor of state, and in 1717 was 
 sent to England as plenipotentiary to sign 
 the triple alliance. On his return he was. 
 made minister and secretary of state, and 
 obtained the archbishopric of Cambray, 
 which gave offence to all who venerated re- 
 ligion. This offence was heightened in 1721, 
 when the pope advanced him to the car- 
 ♦linalate. The next year he was appointed 
 first minister of state. He died in 1723, aged 
 67. He was a debauched character, and 
 a consummate hypocrite. — Moreri. Nouv. 
 Diet. Hist. 
 
 Dubois (Dorothea), the wife of a musi- 
 cian, was the daughter of Richard earl of 
 Anglesea, by Anne Sympson, to whom lie 
 was married when only Mr. Annesley, in 
 Devonshire, but on coming to his title he 
 disowned both her and her daughter. Many 
 ineffectual attempts were made to recover 
 her right, and she has published her story 
 in a novel, entitled Theodora, 2 vols. 1770. 
 She also wrote a musical entertainment, 
 called The Divorce, !to. She died at Dub- 
 lin in 1774. — Hays's Female .Biography » 
 
 Dubos (Charles Francis), a French di- 
 vine, was horn in 1661, and became dean 
 of St. Li^on, where he died in 1724. He 
 wrote the life of M. Barillon, bishop of Lu- 
 con, and continued the celebrated Lu$on 
 conferences in 17 vols. 12mo. — Moreri. 
 
 Dubos (John Baptist), a French writer, 
 and abbot of Resons, was born in 1670, 
 and died in 1742. He is principally known 
 by his Critical Reflections on Poetry and 
 Painting, 2 vols. 12mo. a work of consider- 
 able taste. He also wrote some political 
 pieces, and a Critical History of the Estab- 
 lishment of the French Monarchy in Gaul. 
 — Ibid. 
 
 Dubraw, or Dubravius Scala (John), 
 bishop of Olrnutz, in Moravia, born in Bo- 
 hemia, and died in 1553. He xvrote a his- 
 tory of Bohemia with fidelity and accuracy, 
 printed at Frankfort in 1688. — Moreri. 
 
 Due (Fronton du), a French Jesuit, born 
 in 1558, and died at Paris in 1624. He 
 published an edition of St. Chrysostome, 
 and a tragedy on the Maid of Orleans — lb. 
 
 Due (John le), a Dutch painter, horn in 
 1636 at the Hague, where he became direc- 
 tor of the academy of painting. He was 
 the disciple of Paul Potter, and equalled 
 him in painting animals — PilLington. 
 
 Dbcarkl (Andrew Coltec), an eminent 
 antiquary and civilian, was horn at Caen, 
 in Normandy, in 1713, and educated first at 
 Eton, and next at St. John’s college, Ox- 
 ford, where he took his degree of EL. D. 
 In 1757 lie was appointed keeper of the 
 Lambeth library: he also obtained the si- 
 tuations of commissary and official of Can- 
 terbury, and of peculiar of St Catherine’s. 
 He published Anglo-Norman Antiquities, 
 folio; History of St. Catherine’s, near the 
 Tower; a History of Croydon; History of 
 Lambeth J'alacc, &c. He died in 1785. — 
 Bing. Brit. 
 
 Ducart (Isaac), an eminent flower-paint- 
 er, was born at Amsterdam in 1630, and 
 died in 1697. He generally painted on 
 satin. — Pilling* on. 
 
 Ducas (Michael), the author of a his- 
 tory of the Grecian empire, from the reign 
 of Andronicus the elder, to the fall of that 
 empire, printed at the Louvre in 1649. — 
 Moreri. 
 
 Duchal (James), an eminent dissenting 
 minister, was horn in Ireland in 1697, and 
 educated at Glasgow, where he obtained the 
 degree of D. D. He became pastor of a 
 congregation at Cambridge, from whence 
 he removed to Ireland, and succeeded Mr. 
 Abernethy, first at Antrim, and lastly at 
 Dublin. He died there in 1761. Three 
 volumes of his sermons were printed in 
 1764. — Blog. Brit. 
 
 Ducuange (Gnspard),a French engraver, 
 born in 16’60, and died in 1757. He exe- 
 cuted many fine pieces, which are held in 
 high estimation among collectors. — N.IJ.H. 
 
 Duchat (Jacob le), a learned French- 
 man, was born at Metz in 1658. He was a 
 
DUD 
 
 D U D 
 
 protestant, and at the revocation of tile Lisle, and knight of the garter. lie also 
 edict of Nantes fled to Berlin, where he obtained several grarts or church lands. 
 
 died in 1735. He published editions of the 
 Menippean Satires, Rabelais’s works, and 
 assisted Bayle in compiling his dictionary. — 
 
 Morcri. 
 
 Duchf. or Vancy (Joseph Francis), a 
 French writer, born at Paris in 1668, and 
 died in 1704. He wrote the sacred dramas 
 of Jonathan, Absalom, and Deborah, and 
 
 some tragedies, also religious sonnets. 
 
 Nairn. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Duce (Arthur), a learned civilian, was 
 born in Devonshire in 15-0, and educated 
 iit Exeter college, Oxford, after which he 
 was elected fellow of All Souls. He was 
 made chancellor of London, and master of 
 the requests. He died in 1649. He wrote, 
 
 1. Vita Ilenrici Chichele; 2. De Usu & Au- 
 thoritate Juris civilis R'omanorum in Domi- 
 
 nis principum Christianorum. Princes 
 
 Worthies of Devon. Wood. 
 
 Duck (Stephen), an English poet, was 
 originally a thrasher. Some of his poetical 
 essays being shewn to queen Caroline, she 
 took him under her patronage, allowed 
 him a small pension, and had him ordained. 
 Duck obtained the living of Byfleet in 
 Surry, but in a fit of melancholy drowned 
 himself in 1756. Ho printed a volume of 
 poems, 8 vo. — Gen. Blog. Diet. 
 
 Dnci.os (Charles Dineau), historiogra- 
 pher of France, born at Dinant, in Britta- 
 ny, in 1705. He became perpetual secre- 
 tary to the French academy, and died in 
 1772. His principal works are, 1. Me- 
 moirs on the Manners of the 18th Century, 
 
 1 vol. 12mo. ; 2. The History of Lewis .XI. 
 3 vols. 12mo. ; 3. The Confessions of 
 Count ***.- — Ncuv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Dudith (Andrew), a learned divine, was 
 born at Buda, in Hungary, in 1533. His 
 merit procured him a bishopric, and he 
 was sent to the council of Trent. He af- 
 terwards turned protestant, resigned his bi- 
 shopric, and married. He died in 1589. 
 He wrote several books on polemical divi- 
 nity, physics, and poetry. — Morcri. 
 
 Dviiley (Edmund), a celebrated states- 
 man, was born in 1462, of an ancient fa- 
 mily in Staffordshire, and educated at Ox- 
 ford, from whence he removed to Cray’s 
 inn. He was introduced when young to 
 the court of Henry VII. with whom he be- 
 came a favourite. In 1494 he married Eli- 
 zabeth, daughter of Edward Grey, lord 
 Lisle. In the parliament of 1504 he was 
 speaker of the house of commons, and 
 two years afterwards obtained the stew- 
 ardship of Hastings. On the king’s death 
 he and. Flmpson were sent to the Tower, 
 and in 1510 beheaded on Tower-hill. While 
 in confinement, Dudley wrote a piece en- 
 titled The Tree of( the Commonwealth, 
 which is still in MS, — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Dudley (John), son of the above, and 
 duke of Nortlmmberla '.d, was born in 
 J502. Henry VIII. crea.od him. viscount 
 
 In the next reign be was made earl of War- 
 wick. On the execution of sir Thomas 
 Seymour, he was appointed lord high ad- 
 miral, and in 1551 he was created duke of 
 Northumberland. He effected a marriage 
 between his son, lord Guildford Dudley, 
 and lady Jane Grey, eldest daughter of the 
 duke of Suffolk, and a branch of the royal 
 family. On the decline of the king’s health 
 he prevailed upon him to set aside his sis- 
 ters, Mary and Elizabeth, from the succes- 
 sion, in favour of lady Jane: and on the 
 death of Edward, he caused his daughter- 
 in-law to be proclaimed. But an insurrec- 
 tion being raised in favour of Mary, she 
 was proclaimed in London, and the duke 
 was executed August 22, 1553. — B jog. Brit. 
 
 Dudley (Ambrose), son of the above, was 
 born about 1530. Fie was condemned with 
 his father, but received a pardon. In 1557 
 he went with his two brothers to the Low 
 Countries, and served in the Spanish army 
 before St. Quintin. In the next reign he 
 was created earl of Warwick. He died of 
 a wound in defending New-Haven against 
 the French, in 1589. — Ibid. 
 
 Dudley (Robert), earl of Leicester, an- 
 other son of the duke of Northumberland, 
 was born about 1532. On the accession 
 of queen Elizabeth he rose rapidly into 
 favour, and had numerous honours and 
 places heaped upon him. Her majesty pro- 
 posed him to Mary queen of Scots for a 
 husband, but she rejected him with dis- 
 dain. Dudley appears to have indulged 
 the ambitious idea of sharing his sovereign’s 
 bed; and to effect it, he is said to have 
 murdered his own wife. In 1564 he was 
 created earl of Leicester. About 1572 lie 
 married privately lady Douglas, but never 
 acknowledged her as l»is wife. However, he-, 
 had by her a son called Robert, whom he 
 used to call his base son. He afterwards 
 married the countess dowager of Essex, and 
 finding lady Douglas intractable to bis pro- 
 posals of a separation, is said to have taken 
 her off by poison. In 1584 a book was 
 printed, entitled Leicester’s Commonwealth, 
 which was a severe attack upon his public 
 and private character. The year following 
 he was appointed governor of the protest-* 
 ant Low Countries, at the request of the 
 inhabitants; however, his proceedings there 
 did not satisfy the queen, and Ire returned 
 to England the same year. In 1588 he was 
 made lieutenant-general of the army assem- 
 bled at Tilbury. He died the same year, 
 and was buried at Warwick. — Ibid. 
 
 Dudley (sir Robert), the son of the earl 
 of Leicester, by the lady Douglas Sheffield, 
 was born at Sheen in Surrey, in 1573. His 
 father, though he treated him as illegiti- 
 mate, left him the bulk of his estate after 
 the deatl^ of his uncle Ambrose. In 1594 
 lie made a voyage to the South Seas. In 
 1635 he commenced a suit to prove h# 
 
D U H 
 
 icy, but the countess dowager of 
 Leicester filed an information against him 
 for a conspiracy, bn which he went to Flo- 
 rence, where' the grand duke appointed 
 him chamberlain to his wife, the arch- 
 duchess of Austria, sister to Ferdinand II, 
 That emperor created him a duke of the 
 holy Roman empire, on which he assumed 
 the title of duke of Northumberland. He 
 drained the morass between Pisa and the 
 
 sea, by which Leghorn became one of the 
 first ports in the world. Ha died at Flo- 
 rence in 1639. lie wrote several things, 
 the chief of which is, Del Arcano del Mare, 
 sXC. 1650. — Biosr. Brit, 
 
 Dufresny (Charles), a French comic 
 writer, was born at Paris in 1638, and on 
 account of his resemblance to Henry IV. 
 was said to have been his grandson. He 
 had a place at court, and was ingenious in 
 laying out gardens. On losing his place he 
 turned dramatic writer. He died in 1724. 
 His works make six vols. 12mo —Moreri. 
 
 Duoard (William), a schoolmaster, was 
 horn at Bromsgrove, in Worcestershire, in 
 1606, and educated at Sidney college, Cam- 
 bridge. He was master of Merchant Tay- 
 lors’ school, and wrote several useful school 
 books. He d-ed in 1662. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Dugdale (sir William), an English anti- 
 quary, was born in Warwickshire in 1605, 
 and educated at St. John’s college, Oxford. 
 In 1638 he was made a pursuivant at arms. 
 He was with Charles I. in several engage- 
 ments, and in 1642 was created M. A. by 
 the university of Oxford. On the ruin of 
 the royal cause he compounded for his 
 estate, and settled in I.ondon, where lie 
 completed his Monasticon Anglicanum, in 
 3 vols. folio. At the Restoration he was 
 made norroy, and afterwards garter king 
 of arms, on which occasion he received the 
 honour of knighthood. He died in 1686. 
 He also wrote, the History of Warwick- 
 shire, of which an enlarged edition appear- 
 ed in 2 vols. folio; the History of St. Paul’s 
 Cathedral ; the History of embanking arid 
 draining of pens and Marshes; Origines 
 Juridciales, or historical Memoirs of the 
 English Laws, &c.; the Baronage of Eng- 
 land, 3 vols. ; a short View of the late 
 Troubles in England; the ancient Usage in 
 bearing of Arms, &c. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Duguet (James Joseph), a French writer 
 and ecclesiastic, was born in 1649, and 
 died at Paris in 1733. He wrote, Exposi- 
 tions on Genesis, and several other parts of 
 scripture; Ecclesiastical Conferences; on 
 the Education of a Prince ; and other works 
 of merit. — Moreri. 
 
 Duhalde (John Baptist), a French .Jesuit, 
 was born at Paris in 1674, and died in that 
 city in 1743. He compiled, from the ac- 
 counts of the missionaries, an historical and 
 geographical Description of the Empire of 
 China and Chinese Tartary, 4 vols. folio, 
 a work of great authority and well com- 
 posed. He also wrote Letters edifying and 
 
 DUN 
 
 curious, Latin poems, &c. N'owv. jbief. 
 
 Hist. 
 
 Duillius, surnamed Nepos, the first Ro- 
 man who gained a great naval victory. He 
 defeated the Carthaginian fleet, by grap- 
 pling, and took and destroyed ninety-three 
 ships, for which a naval column was erect- 
 ed to his honour, B. C. 260. — Livy. Floras. 
 
 Duisburg (Peter de), so called from the 
 place of his birth in the duchy of Cleves. 
 
 I le wrote a Chronicle of Prussia, from 122(> 
 to 1325. — Moreri. 
 
 Dujardin (Charles), a Dutch painter,- 
 born at Amsterdam in 1640, and died at 
 Venice in 1674. He painted market scenes, 
 mountebanks, and robbers. lie also en^ 
 graved in aqua fortis. — Houbraken. 
 
 Duke (Richard), an English poet and 
 divine, was educated first at Westminster 
 and next at Trinity college, Cambridge, 
 where he took the degree of M. A. He 
 obtained a prebend in the cathedr.-.l of 
 Gloucester, and the living of Witney, in 
 Oxfordshire. He died in 1711. He pub- 
 lished a volume of poems, and another of 
 sermons. — Gen. Biog. Did. 
 
 Dullaert (Heyman), a Dutch painter 
 arid poet, was born at Rotterdam in 1636, 
 and died in 1684. He was a disciplv of 
 Rembrandt, whose manner he imitated. 
 He wrote some poetical pieces, and had a 
 taste for music., — Pilkingtetn. 
 
 Dumas (Lewis), an ingenious French- 
 man, was the natural son of Montcalm, 
 lord of Candiac, and born at Nismes in 
 1676. He was bred to the law, but applied 
 himself to mathematical and mechanical 
 studies. Fie invented an instrument called 
 the bureau typogrupbique, to teach children 
 reading and writing mechanically. Fie also 
 devised another for instructing them in mu- 
 sic. On those subjects he wrote explana- 
 tory books, and also a history of Mary 
 queen of Scots. He died in 1744. — Nouv. 
 Did. Hist. 
 
 Dumee (Jane), a learned French lady, 
 born at Paris. She published in 1680 a 
 work entitled Discourses of Copernicus oh 
 the Mobility of the Earth. — Natm. Did. Hist, 
 Dumont (John), baron of Carlscroon, 
 and historiographer to the emperor. He 
 wrote, Travels in France, Italy, Germany,, 
 Malta, and Turkey, 4 vols. 12mo. 1699, 
 and other works. He died in 1726. — Mor. 
 
 Dumont (George), born at Psris in 1725, 
 and died in 1738. He was secretary to the 
 French embassy at Petersburg]!, and wrote’, 
 among other things, History of the Com- 
 merce of the English Colonies; present 
 State of the Commerce of England ; Trea- 
 tise on the Circulation of Credit, & c. 
 
 Noud. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Dun (David Erskine, lord), an ingenious 
 Scotch nobleman, was horn in the county 
 of Angus, in 1670. In 1696 he was called 
 to the bar, and became eminent as an advo- 
 cate. In 1711 he rose to. the bench, and 
 took the title of lord Dim. He died in 
 
D U N 
 
 DUN 
 
 1755. He wrote an excellent little book 
 called Advices, 12mo. 1752. — Got. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Ddnbar (William), a Scotch poet, was 
 born at Salton,in East Lothian, about 1465. 
 He wrote several good poems for that age ; 
 as the Thistle and Rose, in 1503 ; the Friers 
 of Berwick, &c. He died about 1530. His 
 poems were published with notes by sir 
 David Dalrymple. — Bing. Brit. 
 
 Duncan (Martin), a zealous Romanist, 
 was born at Kempcn, in the diocese of Co- 
 logne, in 1505, and died at Amersfort in 
 1590. He laboured to recover protestants 
 to the Roman catholic church, and it is 
 said with considerable success. He wrote, 
 de V era Christ! Ecclesia ; De Sacrificio 
 Misste, &c. — Moreri. 
 
 Duncan (Mark), a Scotch physician, who 
 became professor of philosophy at Saumur, 
 in France, and afterwards principal of the 
 college. He also practised as a physician 
 with reputation, and died in 1640. He 
 wrote several books. — B.r;!e. Moreri. 
 
 Duncan (Daniel), a physician of the 
 same, family, was born at Montauban, in 
 Languedoc, in 1649, He received his me- 
 dical education at Montpellier, where he 
 took his degree. He resided at Paris till 
 the death, of Colbert, his patron, and then 
 he went to reside at Montauban; but in the 
 persecution against the protestants in 1690, 
 he went to Geneva. He was afterwards 
 successively physician to the prince of PIes6e 
 Cassel and the king of Prussia. He died 
 in London in 1735. He wrote, an Expla- 
 nation of the Animal Functions; Natural 
 Chemistry; Salutary Advice against the 
 Abuse of hot Liquors, particularly Coffee, 
 Chocolate, and Tea. — Neuv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Duncan (William), a learned writer, was 
 born at Aberdeen in 1717. He received 
 his education in his native city, and after- 
 wards became professor of philosophy in 
 the Marischal college. He died in 1760. 
 Mr. Duncan Wrote an excellent treatise on 
 logic, and translated several of the orations 
 of Cicero,- and Ctesar’s Commentaries. — 
 Biog. Brit. 
 
 Duncan (Adam lord), a gallant admiral, 
 was born at Dundee, in Scotland, in 1731, 
 of an ancient and respectable family. Be- 
 ing a younger son, he was bred to the sea, 
 and in 1761 attained the rank' of post cap- 
 tain. He was very intimate with admiral 
 ICeDpel, who chose him to be his captain. 
 Lie was also on the court-martial at the 
 trial of that distinguished veteran. In 1787 
 he became rear-admiral.; in 1793 viee-ad- 
 ptiral ; and in 1 795 admiral of the blue. In 
 the late war he vlae appointed to the North 
 Rea station, where lie blocked up the Dutch 
 fleet in the Texel, till the summer of 1797, 
 when an alarming mutiny broke out in his 
 squadron. His conduct on that occasion 
 was firm, and his speech to the crew of 
 his ship, the Veteran, remarkably affecting. 
 The enemy taking advantage of his ab- 
 sence, slipped out ; of which tliq English 
 
 admiral soon gained intelligence, and by a 
 masterly manoeuvre placed himself between 
 them and the Texel. An engagement en- 
 sued, October 11, off Camperdown, within 
 five miles of the coast ; and the Dutch ad- 
 miral, f)e Winter, after a brave resistance, 
 was obliged to strike. Eight ships were 
 • taken, two of which carried flags. On this 
 the gallant admiral was created viscount 
 Duncan of Camperdown, and baron Dun- 
 can of Lundie, in the shire of Perth. A 
 pension, also, of 2000/. per annum was 
 granted to him, and the two next heirs of 
 the peerage. Lord Duncan Was of a manly, 
 athletic form, six feet three inches high. 
 His character was very amiable, and he 
 united to his other great qualities, that of 
 being a sincere Christian. He died in 1 804. 
 
 Duncomke (Wiiliam), an English writer, 
 was born in Hertfordshire. He married the 
 sister of John Hughes, the poet, whose 
 works he edited, as he did some others. 
 In 1734 lie produced, at Drury -lane, the 
 tragedy of Lucius Junius Brutus. He also 
 published with his son a translation of Ho- 
 race, with notes, 4 vols. I2mo. He died 
 in 1769, aged 80. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Buncombe (John), the son of tire pre- 
 ceding, was born in 1730 He was enter-.-! 
 of Bene’t college, Cambridge, where he 
 took his degrees in arts, and in 3 750 was 
 chosen fellow. In 1757 archbishop Her- 
 ring gave him the united livings of St. An- 
 drew and St. Mary, Canterbury. He mar- 
 ried a daughter of Mr. Highmore, the 
 painter. Archbishop Seeker appointed Lira 
 one of the preachers in Canterbury cathe- 
 dral, and his successor. Dr. Cornwallis, gave 
 him the living of Herne, near Canterbury. 
 He died in 1785. Mr. Buncombe wrote se- 
 veral fugitive poems, three sermons, and 
 some papers in the Bibliotheca Topogra- 
 phica Britannica. He also edited the Cor- 
 respondence of Mr. Hughes, the Letter* 
 of the earl of Cork from Italy, and the. 
 Letters of archbishop Herring. — Ibid. 
 
 Dun gal, an Irish monk of the 9th cen- 
 tury, who was consulted by Charlemagne 
 about two eclipses of the sun in 810, and 
 his answer is in the Spicilegium of d’Acheri, 
 Fie also wrote a tract in defence of the 
 worship of images. — Moreri. 
 
 Dunlop (William), a Scotch divine, was 
 born at Glasgow in 1592. He was regius 
 professor of divinity at Edinburgh, where 
 he died in 1720. He wrote two volumes of 
 sermons, and an essay on Confessions of 
 Faith. His brother, Alexander , was Greek 
 professor at Glasgow, and died in 1 752. H * 
 wrote a Greek grammar. — Gen. B ; og. Diet. 
 
 Dunn (Samuel), a mathematician, was 
 born at Crediton in Devonshire, where he 
 kept a school some years. He afterwards 
 removed to Chelsea, where he kept an aca- 
 demy, and was mathematical . examiner for 
 tine East India service. He published an 
 Atlas, folio; treatises on Book-keeping, Na- 
 vigation, ike. He died in 1792, and left 
 
B U N 
 
 1) U P 
 
 bis property towards founding a mathema- 
 tical school at his native town. — Monthly 
 Mug. 
 
 Dunning (John), an eminent lawver, 
 was the son of an attorney :tt Ashburton in 
 Devonshire, where he was born in 17:51. 
 After studying under his father some time, 
 he entered of the Temple, and was called 
 to the bar. He soon rose to distinction in 
 in’s profession as an able lawyer and a pow- 
 erful orator. He also obtained a seat in 
 parliament, and distinguished himself on 
 the side of opposition. Afterwards lie be- 
 came solicitor-general, recorder of Bristol, 
 and chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster. 
 In 1782 he was created lord Ashburton, but 
 died the year following, leaving an infant 
 son to inherit the title. His lordship was 
 an upright lawyer, and often pleaded the 
 cause of the poor unsolicited and without 
 a fee. — Gent. Meig. English Peerage. 
 
 Dunod de Charnage (Francis Ignatius), 
 professor of law at Besancon, where he died 
 in 1751. He wrote, l.A History of the 
 Sequani, or Memoirs of the Count of Bur- 
 gundy, 3 vols. 4to.; 2. History of Besancon, 
 2 vols. ‘llo. and some law treatises. Peter 
 Dunod, a jesuit, of the same family, pub- 
 lished in 1697, The Discovery of the Town 
 of Antrd inFrancheComte.- — Noun. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Dunois (John), count of Orleans and 
 Longueville, natural son of Louis duke of 
 Orleans, was born in 1407. He defended 
 Orleans against the English, over whom he 
 gained many signal advantages, for which 
 he was legitimated, and obtained several 
 grants from the crown. He died in 1648. 
 — Moreri. 
 
 Duns (John), commonly called Duns 
 Scotus, a famous Franciscan divine, was 
 born at Diinstance in Northumberland. He 
 was educated at Oxford, from whence he 
 went to Paris, where he acquired a great 
 reputation as a disputant, and was called 
 the “ subtle doctor.” He opposed the no- 
 tions of Aquinas, which produced two 
 parties, the Thomists and the Scotists. Ide 
 died at Cologne in 1308. His works were 
 printed at Lyons in 10 vols. folio, 1639.' — • 
 Cave Hist. Lit. Moreri. 
 
 Dunstan (St.), archbishop of Canterbury, 
 was born in 925, in the reign of Athelstan, 
 who gave him lands at Glastonbury, where 
 he founded a monastery. King Edgar made 
 him bishop of Worcester, and in 959 arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury. The pope confirm- 
 ed the appointment, and made him his le- 
 gate. Dunstan extended the papal power 
 in a most arbitrary manner, though opposed 
 by the English clergy, for which he de- 
 prived many of their benefices, and placed 
 monks in their room. On the death of Ed- 
 gar in 975, he placed his son Edward on 
 the throne, who being a minor, Dunstan 
 assumed the regency. Under his ’successor 
 Ethelred, however, he lost his influence, 
 and died of grief in 933. — Collier's Led. Hist. 
 Moreri. 
 
 Dunton (John), a noted bookseller, 
 was horn in Huntingdonshire in 1659. He 
 published the Athenian Mercury, which 
 was reprinted in 4 vols. 8vo. under the title 
 of 'I 'lie Athenian Oracle. In 1710 appear- 
 ed the Projects of Mr. John Dunton. He 
 also wrote a book called Dunton’? Life and 
 Errors. He died about 1725. — Gen. Biov. 
 Diet. 
 
 Du Paty, president in the parliament 
 of Bourdeaux, died at Paris in 1788. He 
 wrote Historical Reflections on Penal Laws, 
 a work of great merit ; also, Academical 
 Discourses, and Letters on Italy, in 2 vols. 
 8vo. — UVowj. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Du pin (Lewis Ellis), a French writer, 
 was born at Paris in 1657, and after going 
 through a regular education, was received 
 a doctor of the Sorbonne in 1684. About 
 this time he commenced his great and valu- 
 able work entitled Bibliotheque Universelle 
 dcs Auteurs Ecclesiastiques, &c. or History' 
 of Ecclesiastical Writers, which has gone 
 through numerous editions, and been trans- 
 lated into several languages. It was, how- 
 ever, much censured by zealous Romanists 
 for the freedom of sentiment expressed in 
 many parts; which the author was com- 
 pelled to retract. He was afterwards in 
 trouble on account of a correspondence be- 
 tween him and Dr. Wake, archbishop of 
 Canterbury, on a projected union between 
 the English and Gallican churches. He 
 died at Paris in 1719. Besides the above 
 work, he wrote several others on the scrip- 
 tures, church government, and practical 
 divinity. — Moreri. 
 
 Dupi.eix (Scipio), historiographer of 
 France, was born at Condom in 15661 
 He wrote a work on the liberties of the 
 Gallican church, which he took to the 
 chancellor Seguier to be licensed, but that 
 magistrate threw it into the fire. This so 
 preyed upon his mind, that he died in 166L 
 He wrote, 1. Memoirs of the Gauls ; 2. His- 
 tory of France, 6 vols. folio ; 3. Roman His- 
 tory, 3 vols. fol. ; 4. A Course of Philosophy 
 Hc.—IluJ. 
 
 Dupleix (Joseph), a celebrated French 
 merchant, who in 1730 was sent as director 
 of the colony of Chandernagore, which was 
 in a declining way, but by his exertions 
 was brought to a flourishing state, and he 
 carried on an extensive commerce through 
 all parts of the Indies. Fie was made, in 
 1742, governor of Pondicherry, which he 
 defended against two English admirals i* 
 1748, and for which he was created a mar- 
 quis by the French Icing, and a nabob by 
 the mogul. However he was recalled in 
 1753, and died soon after. — Nouv. Diet. Hist . 
 
 Duport (James), an English divine, 
 Greek professor at Cambridge, and master 
 of Magdalen college. He was made dean 
 of Peterborough, and died in 1680. Some 
 Of his lectures on Theophrastus’s characters 
 were printed by Needham in his edition oF 
 that work in 1712. — Gen. Biog. Diet., 
 
 4 
 
D U R 
 
 Durrs (Brian), a pious prelate, was born 
 at .Lewisham, in Kent, in 1589, and edu- 
 cated at Christchurch, Oxford, of which 
 he was afterwards dean. In 1638 he was 
 appointed tutor to the prince of Wales, 
 afterwards Charles II. and about the same 
 time made bishop of Chichester, from 
 whence, in 1641, he was removed to Salis- 
 bury. He attended Charles I. in the isle of 
 Wight, and is supposed to have assisted him 
 in his Eikon Basilike. At the Restoration 
 he was made bishop of Winchester and 
 lord almoner. l ie died in 1662. A little 
 before his death Charles 11. visited him, and 
 kneeling down by his bedside, craved his 
 blessing, which the expiring bishop gave 
 him with great solemnity. lie published 
 a few devotional pieces, but his greatest 
 works were those of charity. — Bio <g. Brit. 
 
 Dupkat (Anthony), a French statesman. 
 He became president of the parliament of 
 Paris in 1507, and chancellor of France in 
 1515. He was also appointed tutor to the 
 count of Angouleme, afterwards Francis 1. 
 He was the author of the famous Con- 
 cordat, which rendered him so acceptable 
 to the court of Rome, that he obtained se- 
 veral ecclesiastical preferments, and a car- 
 dinalship. He died full of crimes and dis- 
 eases in 1585. — Merer! . 
 
 Dupre (Mary), a learned French lady of 
 the 17th century,' was born at Paris, and 
 educated in the Latin and Greek languages, 
 rhetoric and philosophy. She wrote some 
 
 poetical pieces of considerable merit 
 
 Houv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Dupre d’Aunay (Lewis), a French au- 
 thor, who died in 1758. He wrote, Let- 
 ters on the Generation of Animals; Reflec- 
 tions on the Transfusion of Blood, See. — lb. 
 
 Dupre de Gruyer (John), a hermit of 
 Switzerland, who is said, with the help 
 only of his servant, to have built the her- 
 mitage of Fribourg, the chimney of which 
 runs to the height of 90 feet. — Ibid. 
 
 Dupre de Sr. Maur (Nicholas Francis), 
 a French writer, who died at Paris in 1775, 
 aged 80. Lie was a member of the aca- 
 demy, and translated into French, Milton’s 
 Paradise Lost. He also wrote an essay on 
 the Coins of France ; Enquiries concerning 
 the Value of Moneys, See. — Ibid. 
 
 Durand (William), an eminent lawyer, 
 was horn in Provence in 1237. He was 
 honourably employed by several popes, 
 and at length made a bishop, and ennobled. 
 He died at Rome in 1296. He is known 
 by a famous work entitled Speculum Juris, 
 Sec. His nephew, who was also a bishop, 
 wrote on General Councils. Neither of 
 these is to be confounded with William 
 D urand de St. PouitCAiN,a French bishop, 
 who was so famous for his acuteness and 
 firmness as to be called the resolute doctor. 
 He wrote Commentaries on the Sentences, 
 See. and died in 1332. — Moreri. 
 
 Duuanti (John Stephen), first president 
 of the parliament of Thoujpuse in 1531. 
 
 D U R 
 
 He was murdered by the leaguers in 15$9. 
 He wrote De Ritibus Ecclesiae, printed at 
 Rome in 1591. — Moreri. 
 
 Dukbacii (Anne Louisa), a German po- 
 etess, was born in 1722. Her birth was 
 mean, and her occupation that of keeping 
 cattle ; yet she found means to cultivate 
 her mind by reading, and composed some 
 poerns which attracted notice, and procured 
 her frieuds, who took her to Berlin, where 
 she was encouraged in her poetical pursuits. 
 She died about 1780. — Gen. Bing. Diet. 
 
 Durel (John),aneminent divine, was born 
 at Jersey in 1626, and educated at Mertou 
 college, Oxford. He was ordained by a 
 Scotch bishop, and at the Restoration ob- 
 tained some considerable church prefer- 
 ment. In 1677 he was made dean of Wind- 
 sor, and died in 1683. He translated the 
 Liturgy into French and Latin; and wrote 
 A View of the Government and Public 
 Worship of God in the Reformed Church 
 of England, 4to.; and a Vindication of the 
 Church of England against Schismatics. — - 
 Wood's A. 0. Biorr. Brit. 
 
 Dureli. (David), a learned divine, was 
 horn in the island of Jersey in 1728, and 
 bred at Pembroke college, Oxford ; but after 
 taking his degrees in arts he became fellow 
 was appointed principal. In 1764 he 
 of Hertford college, of which, in 1757, he 
 took his doctor’s degree, and in 1767 ob- 
 tained a prebenaal stall in the church of 
 Canterbury. He died in 1775. He wrote, 
 1. The Hebrew Texts of the I’arallel Pro- 
 phecies of Jacob and Moses, relating to the 
 Twelve Tribes, with a Translation and 
 Notes, Sec. 4to. 2. Critical Remarks on the 
 Books of Job, Psalms, Ecclesiastes, and Can- 
 ticles, 4to. — Biojr. Brit. 
 
 Dur-er (Albert), an eminent painter and 
 engraver, was born at Nuremberg in 1471. 
 He engraved more than he painted, so that 
 his pictures arc wonderfully scarce, and 
 highly valued. The people of Nuremberg 
 still shew with pride, in the senators’ haU, 
 his portraits of Charlemagne and some other 
 emperors. But he has gained the greatest 
 name by his engravings. He was the first 
 who engraved upon wood. The emperor 
 Maximilian conferred on him a pension 
 and patents of nobility. He died at Nu- 
 remberg ih 1528. Durer wrotea book on the 
 rules of painting, and some other works— Dili. 
 
 Duret (Lewis), an eminent physician of 
 the 16th century. He became physician 
 to Ilenry III. and royal professor. He died 
 in 1586, aged 59. Lie wrote a comment on 
 one of the works of Hippocrates, printed 
 at Paris in 1621. His son followed his fa- 
 ther’s profession with success, i d died in 
 1629, aged 66. — Moreri. 
 
 D’Ukfey (Thomas), a facetious English 
 poet, was born at Exeter in 1 628. He wrote 
 a number oh plays and songs, which are 
 very licentious. He resided frequently with 
 the earl of Dorset at Knowle, where is a 
 portrait of him painted when he wu* 
 
 J3 b F 
 
EAC 
 
 E A G 
 
 after dinner, for he had such an ordinary 
 visage, that he could not bear to have his 
 likeness taken. His ballads, &c. were print- 
 ed in 6 vols. 1 2mo. under the title of Pills to 
 purge Melancholy. He died in 1723. — 
 Biog. Dram. 
 
 Durham (James), a Scotch divine, born 
 in 1620, and educated at St. Andrews. He 
 settled at Glasgow, and was greatly fol- 
 lowed as a preacher. He died in 1 658. He 
 wrote a Commentary on Solomon’s Song, 
 another on the Revelations, and several ser- 
 mons. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Dury (John), in Latin Durans, a Scotch 
 divine, who laboured all his life to bring 
 about a union between the lutherans and 
 calvinists, but in vain. He wrote several 
 pieces in behalf of his project and was in 
 all points an amiable and pious man. He 
 died about 1674. — -Bayle. 
 
 Dusa&t (Cornelius), a painter, who ex- 
 celled in representing conversations, dan- 
 cings, and taverns. He was a native of PLi- 
 erlem, and the disciple of Adrian Ostade; 
 born in 1065, and died in 1704. — Pilk- 
 mgtjn. 
 
 Duval (Peter), geographer-royal of 
 France, was born at Abbeville, and died at 
 Paris in 1683, aged 65 The best-known 
 Qf his works is La Geographic Francoise, &c. 
 • — Merer!. 
 
 Duval (Nicholas), a Dutch painter, was 
 born in 1644, and died in 1732. He stu- 
 died in Italy under Pietro da Cortona, whose 
 manner he adopted. King William Ilf. 
 appointed him director of the academy at 
 the plague. — Pifkington, 
 
 . Duval (Valentine Jamerai), an extraor- 
 dinary person, was born in 1.695, in the pro- 
 vince of Champagne. After serving a farm- 
 er and shepherd some years, at the age of 
 18 he became keeper of the cattle belong- 
 ing to the hermits of St. Anne, near Imne- 
 ville. Under these brothers he made a 
 rapid progress in his studies, and whatever 
 money he got he laid out in books. Being 
 discovered by two noblemen while he was 
 studying geography under a tree, they were 
 so pleased with his conversation as to in- 
 troduce him to the Auke of Lorraine, who 
 placed him in the college of Pont a Mous- 
 son. The duke afterwards made him his li- 
 brarian, and professor of history in the aca- 
 demy of Luneville. Out of gratitude to his 
 original benefactors, he rebuilt the hermit- 
 age of St. Anne’s ; adding a chapel, and some 
 
 ground to it. In 173S he followed the grand 
 duke Francis to Florence, and on the mar- 
 riage of that prince with the heiress of the 
 house of Austria, he accompanied him to Vi- 
 enna, where the emperor took a great de- 
 light in his conversation, and appointed him 
 keeper of his cabinet of medals. He died 
 in 1775 . — JSfouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Duvenedk (Marc van), an eminent his- 
 torical painter, was horn at Bruges in 1674, 
 and died in 1729. He was the disciple of 
 Carlo Maratti. Several of his works are 
 to he seen at Bruges. — Pilhington. 
 
 Dyche (Thomas), an English divine and 
 schoolmaster, at Stratford-le-Bow, in Mid- 
 dlesex. Fie published an English dictionary, 
 a spelling-book, and several school books 
 of considerable utility. He died about 
 1750. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Dyer (sir James), an English judge, was 
 born at Roundhill, in Somersetshire, about 
 151 1, and educated at Broadgate-hall, Ox- 
 ford, from whence he removed to the Mid- 
 dle Temple. In 1556 Ire was made one of 
 the justices of the common pleas, of which 
 court in 1.559' lie was appointed chief- 
 justice. He died in 1581. His reports 
 are still in great -request.— Wood's A. 0. 
 
 Dyer (John), an English poet, was horn 
 in 1700 at Aberglasney, in Caermarthen- 
 shire, and educated at Westminster school. 
 He was bred to the law, which profession 
 he abandoned for painting, and went to 
 Italy, where lie wrote his poem, entitled 
 The Ruins of Rome, which he published in 
 1740. He had before favoured the public 
 with a descriptive piece, called Grongar 
 Hill. Not long after bis return he entered 
 into orders, and obtained the living of Cal- 
 thorp,in Leicestershire, which he exchanged 
 in 1757, for Belchford in Lincolnshire. He 
 also had the rectory of Coningsby, in the 
 same county, to which was added that of 
 Kirby. In 1757 appeared the Fleece, a 
 poem, which possesses great merit. He 
 died the vear following. A print engrav- 
 ed' for hirn, inserted in Johnson’s and 
 Bell’s editions of the poets, in reality is the 
 portrait of Samuel Dyer, who was educated 
 for the ministry among the dissenters, but 
 never followed that or any other profession. 
 He translated “ Les Moeurs” from the 
 French ; and revised the old translation of 
 Plutarch’s J.ives by several hands. In this 
 edition he translated anew the Lives of Pe- 
 ricles, Demc trius andPoliorcetes. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 E. 
 
 "PACHARD (John), an eminent divine, was the Clergy and Religion inquired into.” 
 born in Suffolk about 1636. He became • This he. attributes to the improper educa- 
 feliow and afterwards master, of Catharine- tion of young men for the ministry, and to 
 hall, Cambridge. In 1670 he published, the absurd style of preaching too generally' 
 without his name, a piece entitled “ The adopted, He blended much humour with 
 Grounds and Reasons of the Contempt of his remarks, which occasioned considerable 
 
ECU 
 
 E D G 
 
 controversy. T)r. Eachard also wrote some 
 tracts on Mr. Hobbes’s notions. He died 
 in 1697. His works were published in 3 
 vols. 1 2mo. in 1779. — Blog. Br. 
 
 Eames (John), an ingenious mathema- 
 tician, was born in London, and educated at 
 Merchant Taylors’ school. He was bred 
 to the ministry among the dissenters, but a 
 defect in the organs of speech incapacitated 
 him for a proper discharge of that calling, 
 and he devoted himself to the instruction 
 of young men for the ministry in a semi- 
 nary^uppnrted by the independent fund. 
 His first department was that of the lan- 
 guages, mathematics, and natural philoso- 
 phy, but afterwards he occupied the chair of 
 divinity. He was a member of the royal 
 society, and was employed in abridging 
 their 1 ransaettons. He was esteemed by 
 sir Isaac Newton, and other eminent men. 
 He died in 1744. — -Jk Tontbly J['Iaer. A ■ . 
 1803. J * 1 
 
 Earle (John), an English prelate, was 
 horn at York, and entered of Merton col- 
 lege, Oxford, in 1620. He became chap- 
 lain and tutor to Charles prince of Wales, 
 and suffered much in the rebellion : at the 
 Restoration he was made dean of Westmin- 
 ster, and bishop of Worcester, from whence 
 he was translated to Salisbury in 1663. He 
 died in 1665. Bishop Earle wrote an Elegv 
 on Francis Beaumont, the poet; and an in- 
 genious little work, entitled Micro-Cosmo- 
 graphy^ or, a Piece of the World charac- 
 terised, in Essays and Characters, 12mo. He 
 also translated King Charles’s Icon Basilike 
 into Latin. — Wood's A. 0 
 
 Ebertus (Theodore), professor of He- 
 brew at Frankfort-on-the Oder in the 17th 
 century, who wrote several profound 
 works; as, 1. Chronologia sanct. Ling. Doc- 
 torum; 2. Poetica Hebraica, 1628, &c, — 
 Moreri. 
 
 Ebion, the founder cf a sect called after 
 his name in the first century. St. John is said 
 to have written his gospel against the errors 
 or Ebion, who demed the divinity of 
 Christ, and received only a mutilated copy 
 of the gospel of St. Matthew.— JEusebius. Mo- 
 sheim. , 
 
 ' Eccaud (John George), a German his- 
 torian and antiquary, was born in 16"Q. He 
 succeeded Leibnitz in his professorship at 
 Hanover, which, htnyever, he quitted in 
 1723, and embraced the Roman catholic 
 religion. He then settled at Wurtzburg, 
 where he died in 1730. He wrote some 
 learned works on the history of Germany in 
 Latin. — Mover i. 
 
 Eccles (Solomon), an English musician, 
 who turned quaker, and destroyed his in- 
 struments. He pretended' to the gift of 
 prophecy, and the power of working mi- 
 racles, but at last became a deist, and died 
 at the close of the leventeenth century. — 
 Gen. Blog. Diet. 
 
 Eciiard (James), a French dominienn, 
 Jftdio died at Paris iu 1724, aged SO. He 
 
 Wrote an account of the learned men of hi? 
 order, printed in 2 vols. folio, 1719. — Mor. 
 
 Echard (Lawrence), an English divine 
 and historian, was born in Suffolk about 
 1671, and brought up at Christ college, 
 Cambridge, where he took the degree of 
 M. A. in 1695. On entering into orders, he 
 obtained two livings in Lincolnshire. In 
 1699 he published the Roman History, 3 
 vols. hvo. In 1702 appeared his General 
 Ecclesiastical History, 2 vols. 8vo. His prin- 
 cipal work is the History of England, 3 
 vols. folio. His Gazetteer, or Newsman’s 
 Interpreter, was once a popular book, and 
 the foundation of allofthat class. In I712he 
 was made archdeacon of Stowe, and some 
 time after he obtained three livings in Suf- 
 folk. He died in 1730 — Blog. Brit. 
 
 Eciiellensis (Abraham), a Maronite, 
 who was professor of the Oriental languages 
 at Rome in the 17th century. He translated 
 Apollonius’s conics from the Arabic into 
 Latin, and assisted le Jay in his Polyglot 
 Bible. He died in 1654. — Moreri. 
 
 Eckius (John), a divine of the Roman 
 church, who was professor at Ingoidstadt, 
 and greatly opposed Luther, with whom he 
 disputed in 1518 at Leipsic, and afterwards 
 with other protest ants. He wrote several 
 polemical treatises, and died in 1543, aged 
 60. — Da pin. Moreri. 
 
 Ecluse (Charles del’), a physician of Ar- 
 ras, and professor of botany at Leyden, who 
 died in 1609, aged 84. His works on bo- 
 tany were published at Antwerp; in 2 vols. 
 folio, 1601 — Moreri. 
 
 Edelinck (Gerard), an eminent engraver 
 was born at Antwerp, in 1641. He resided’ 
 in France, where he executed some fine 
 pieces, as the picture of the holy family by 
 Raphael, and the tent of Darius by le Brun. 
 He died in 1707. — Moreri. 
 
 Edema (Gerard), a Dutch landscape 
 painter, who went to Norway and New- 
 foundland to delineate the plants and insects 
 of those countries. He came to 1, on don in 
 1670, and became famous for painting land- 
 scapes. He died about 1700. — Granger. 
 
 Edgar, king of England, succeeded his 
 brother Edwy in 959, at the age of 1 6. 4 lie 
 moderation of his reign procured him the 
 name of Peaceable. He vanquished the 
 Scots, and laid Wales under a yearly tribute 
 of a certain number of wolves’ heads, which 
 cleared the country of those animals. He 
 subdued part of Ireland, and maintained a 
 large fleet, which secured his kingdom from 
 invasion. On the death of his queen Egel- 
 flida, he sent earl Athelwold to see whether 
 the report of the beauty of Elfrida, daugh- 
 ter of the earl of Devon, was true. The 
 earl fell in love with the lady, gave his mas- 
 ter a false report, and married her. He was 
 afterwards slain in hunting, and Elfrida be- 
 'came the wife of Edgar, who died in 975, 
 aged 33. — Rapin. 
 
 Edgar, the 89th king of Sootland, and 
 son of iyialco|jo (II, Henry, king of £ng-. 
 jab 2 
 
E D W 
 
 land, married his sister, which produced a 
 peace between the two cG'untries. He died 
 in J 107. — Buchanan. 
 
 Ed Mint, or Kadmkr, an English, monk, 
 w ho became bishop of St. Andrew s, in Scot- 
 land', about 1 1 20. 1 1 e- wrote the History of 
 
 his own time in six books, from 10GG to 
 1122 ; also the lives of St. Anselm, St. Uun- 
 stan, and other pieces-. — Fits. Moral. 
 
 Ed-mo.vd.ks (Sir ’I ho mas), an* English 
 statesman, was a native of ldymouth, nv 
 Devonshire. In the reign of Elizabeth its 
 was employed on several embassies, and in 
 that of James he received the honour of 
 knighthood, and was made a privy-counsel- 
 lor. He died in Kid!). Some of his letters are 
 in several collections of state papers- Gen. 
 Jdiwr. Did . 
 
 Edmondrs (Clement), son of the pre- 
 ceding, was horn m Shropshire, anu. edu- 
 cated at All Souls college, Oxford. About 
 Tb'01 he was made remembrancer of Lon- 
 don, master of requests, and one of the 
 clerks of the council. He was knighted m 
 
 KG 17. He wrote observations on the Com- 
 mentaries of Caesar, folio. He died in 
 lt>22. — Woo,!. 
 
 Edmund (St.), king of the East Angles, 
 was so illustrious for his piety as to obtain a 
 place in the Roman calendar. In 870 he 
 was defeated and taken prisoner by the 
 Danes under Ivar, who caused him to he 
 fastened to a tree, and to be shot to death 
 with arrows. Hi'S remains weie interied at 
 St. Edmund’s Bury. — Rnjiin. 
 
 Edmund (St.), archbishop of Canterbury, 
 was born at Abingdon, and studied at Paris. 
 On bis return to- England he became an 
 eminent preacher. Pope Innocent I II. ap- 
 pointed him to the archbishopric, but in- 
 curring the resentment of king Henry III. 
 he was obliged to retire to France, where 
 he died in 1240. Innocent IV'. canonized 
 him in 12-19 .’ — PHD Moreri. 
 
 Edmund I. ki'ug" ' of ishng'Uind, soil of J’-ci- 
 ward the Elder, succeeded hisbrother Athel- 
 stan in 941. lie subdued Mercia, North- 
 umberland, and Cumberland. He was 
 .tabbed at a feast 'in Gloucester bv I.eolf, 
 a robber, whom; he' had caused to be 
 banished, in 9 18.— Hume. , 
 
 Fdmltnd II. or Iron Side , son of Ethelred 
 whom he succeeded in- 1CM G ; but being op- 
 posed .bv Canute, he agreed to a participa- 
 tion of the kingdom. He was murdered in 
 i'Ol 7 at Oxford by two of his chamberlains. 
 
 ~£dward the Elder, son of Alfred tire 
 Great, succeeded his father in 901. He sub- 
 dued Northumbria and East Anglia, and 
 extended his dominions as far as Scotland. 
 1 died in 92 5.~-JDaxt. Raping 
 
 Edward the Martyr, son oi Eugar the 
 Great, king of England, born in 982, and 
 Kwned in 975. He was murdered by o r- 
 ,f his stepmother Elfrida, at Corfe 
 -> ;r a reign of three years . — Ibid 
 Vixw'oi Eijghmd, called the Con- 
 
 E D W 
 
 fessnr, was the son of Ethelred'. He suc- 
 ceeded Hardicanute in 1 0+1 . Having been 
 bred in Normandy, he brought over many 
 of the natives of that country, whom he 
 preferred at his court, which gave great dis- 
 gust to his subjects. He restored Malcolm’ 
 to the throne of Scotland, which had keen 
 usurped try- Macbeth. Me consulted Wil- 
 liam of Normandy about the choice of a 
 successor, which furnished that prince with 
 a plea for invading the kingdom alter the 
 death of Edward, which happened- m 10GG- 
 — Hume- Rapin'. 
 
 Edward I. king of England, called Long- 
 shanks, succeeded his father Henry III., in 
 1272. Me made his eldest son prince of 
 Wales, and brought Scotland into subjec- 
 tion. Edward died at Carlisle in 1307, aged 
 G8. His laws entitle him to the name of the 
 English Justinian, l ie had two wives, Ele- 
 anor, daughter of Ferdinand III. king of 
 Castile, and Margaret, daughter of Phil!)? 
 the Hardy, king of France: — Ibid- 
 
 Edward II. was-the son of the preceding, 
 and born at Caernarvon. He was governed 
 bv his favourites, Gaveston. and the Spen- 
 cers, which occasioned the barons to rise 
 against him . After resigning his crown, he 
 was confined in Berkeley castle, Gloucester- 
 shire, where he was murdered: in a shock- 
 ing manner, in 1327, aged 42. — Ibid. 
 
 Edward III. the son and successor of the 
 above. 1 lis reign was. active and glorious,, 
 l ie obliged the Scots to acknowledge Ed- 
 ward Baliol for their king, who did him 
 homage for his crown. Lie also laid claim 
 to the crown of France, and gained the bat- 
 tles of Cressv and Poictiers, the first in the 
 reign of Philip, and the last in that of John,, 
 whom he took prisoner and sent to Eng- 
 land. Edward! also about the same time de- 
 feated David Bruce king, of Scotland, and 
 took him prisoner. He died in 1377. The 
 order of the garter was instituted in this 
 reign. As his gallant son Edward the Black 
 Prince died before him, he was succeeded 
 by his grandson Richard II. — Ibid. 
 
 Edward IV. son of Richard duke of 
 York, succeeded Henry VI. in 4461. He 
 obtained the crown bv six battles fought by 
 his father, and maintained it by seven of Ins 
 own. He married lady Elizabeth Grey, 
 which so disgusted the earl of Warwick, 
 commonly called the king-maker, that lie 
 joined the Lancastrian party, and defeated 
 Edward’s forcesnear Banbury in 14G9. Soore 
 afterwards he took Edward prisoner, who 
 effected his escape, and obtained a victory 
 over Warwick at Stamford Wells. That no- 
 bleman fled to France, from whence he re- 
 turned with a supply of troops, and pro- 
 claimed Henry; Edward on this escaped 
 beyond sea, and Warwick released Henry 
 from the Tower, and set him on the throne - 
 but Edward returned •with succours, and 
 marched to London, where he took Henry 
 prisoner. Pie shortly after defeated War- 
 wick, who was slain. Another victory at 
 
E D W 
 
 Tewkesbury secured Jo him tire quiet pos- 
 session of the throne. He died iu 1483, 
 aged 41. — Hume. Rapin. 
 
 Pin ward V. king of England, son of the 
 •preceding, whom he succeeded at the age of 
 twelve years. Richard dtikeof Gloucester, 
 his uncle, took the guardianship of him and 
 his brother into his own hands, and placed 
 them in the Tower, where thev were smo- 
 thered in their beds, in 1488. Their bodies 
 were discovered in 1678, and removed to 
 IV estmins ten-abbey. — Ibid. 
 
 Edward VI. the son of Henry VIII. by 
 Jane Seymour. He ascended the throne in 
 Id 17, at the age of ten years. I le was a 
 prince of promising talents, virtue, and pi- 
 ety. The reformation begun by his father 
 went on vigorously in his reign, through 
 archbishop Cranmer. His aversion to po- 
 pery was so great, that he signed a will, in 
 which lie set aside his sisters, Mary and Eli- 
 zabeth, from the succession, and settled the 
 •crown on lady Jane Grey, lie died of a 
 consumption in 1.553, aged only lb". lie 
 founded the hospitals of Christ-charck , 
 ,Bridewell, and St. Thomas. — /bid. 
 
 Edward, prince of Wales, commonly 
 called the Black Prince, from the colour of 
 Jiis armour. He was the eldest son of Ed- 
 ward III. and born in 1330. He accom- 
 panied his father to France when he was 
 but 1(1 years old, and distinguished himself 
 there above all the warriors of his age, par- 
 ticularly at the battle of Crcssv, where he 
 took the standard of the king of Bohemia, 
 *mbroidered with three ostrich feathers, 
 and having this rfi'ottOj Ich Die®, 1 serve. 
 This he always wore, audit has continued 
 to be the crest of the princes of Wales ever 
 since. He also gained the victory at Poic- 
 tiers, where he took John king of France 
 and his son prisoners, and brought them to 
 London. This prince married the daugh- 
 ter of Edmond, carl of ICent, brother to 
 r Edward II. a widow, bv whom he had a 
 son, who was afterwards Richard II. By 
 the peace of JJretigny, he obtained the 
 principality of Aquitaine, where he gave 
 an asvlum to Peter the Cruel, king of Castile, 
 who "had been driven from Ids throne by his 
 brother Henry, count of Trastamare, Ed- 
 ward restored Peter to his scat, who be- 
 haved to him with the basest ingratitude, 
 and refused to pay the English troops, lie 
 died in 1376", aged 46, — Ibid. 
 
 Edwards (l)r. Jonathan), an English di- 
 vine of the 17th century, who wrote several 
 pieces against the ariaus andsocinians. He 
 was of Jesus college, Oxford, of which he 
 was elected principal in 1686; hut the time 
 ©f his death is not recorded. — Gen. U. I), 
 
 Edwards (George), an eminent natu- 
 ralist, was born in 1693 at West Ham, m 
 Essex. He was bred to trade, but on the 
 expiration of hisapprenticeship he renoun- 
 ced the shop, and went abroad. On his re- 
 turn to England he wys appointed Librarian 
 .of the college of physicians, lie publish- 
 
 -E D W 
 
 ed the History of Birds, in -7 vols. 4tc.‘; 
 Gleanings of Natural History, in 3 vols. 
 4to, ; and a volume of Essays, in Svo. l ie 
 died iu 1773. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Edwards ^Thomas), -an ingenious writer, 
 was born in Lonckm in 1699, and bred to 
 the bar ; but though he was a member of 
 the society at Lincoln’s-inn, he scarcely 
 ever practised. In 1711 he attacked War- 
 burton t Edition of Shakspeare, which was 
 followed by a humorous publication, en- 
 titled Canons of Criticism, with a Glossary, 
 which passed through several editions. 
 To this work he added some poor sonnets, 
 and an account of the trial of the Letter Y. 
 A tract of his on Predestination was pub- 
 lished after his death in 1757. — JBiojr, Brit. 
 
 Edwards (Thomas), an English divine, 
 was born at Coventry in 1729, and edu- 
 cated at Clare-hall, Cambridge, of which he 
 became fellow. In 175.5 Imprinted a transla- 
 tion of the Psalms. In 1758 Lie was chosen 
 master of tlve grammar school at Coventry, 
 and pre-ented to the rectory of St. John 
 Baptist in that city, 'lhe year following he 
 published the Doctrine of irresistible Grace 
 proved to have no Foundation in the New 
 Testament. In Jl 762 he defended bishop 
 Harels system of the Hebrew metre against 
 Dr. Lowth, in which he failed. In 1 766 Ire 
 took his doctor’s degree, and in 17 70 he ob- 
 tained the living of Nuneaton, in War- 
 wickshire, where lie died in 178.5. Besides 
 the above works, lie published selections 
 from Theocritus, with notes, and some 
 Other pieces. — Ibid. 
 
 Edwards (Jonathan), an American di- 
 vine, was born at Windsor, in Connecticut, 
 in 1703, and educated at Yale college, 
 where be took his degrees in arts. In 1722 
 he became a preacher at New York to a 
 presbyterian congregation; and in 1724 
 was chosen tutor of Yale college. In 1726 
 he resigned that station, an’d became as- 
 sistant to his grandfather, who was a mi- 
 nister at Northampton. Here he con- 
 tinued till 1750, when he was dismissed for 
 refusing to administer the sacrament to 
 those who could not give proofs of their 
 being converted. The year following he 
 went missionary among the Indians, apd 
 in 17.57 was chosen president of the col- 
 lege of New Jersey, where he died in 1758 
 of the small-pox. Mr. Edwards was an 
 acute metaphysician, but a rigid calvinist. 
 He wrote a Treatise concerning religious 
 Affections; the life of David brainerd, a 
 Missionary; Narrative of the Work of 
 God in the Conversion of many Hundred 
 Souls in Northampton; an Enquiry into 
 the modern prevailing Notion of that 
 Freedom of Will, which is supposed to lie 
 essential to moral Agency ; The great Doc- 
 trine of original Sin defended; Sermons, 
 Ac. Ac . — His Life prefixed tv bis post humous 
 Sermotif. 
 
 Edwards (William), a remarkable bridge- 
 builder. He was unly a common mason, 
 
E D W 
 
 KGB 
 
 but by the forte of genius he acquired an 
 uncommon skill in building bridges, the 
 principal of which is that on the river 
 Taafe. It is the segment of a circle, the 
 chord of whjch at the surface of the water 
 is 147 feet. He also exercised the calling 
 of a methodist preacher, and died in 1789, 
 aged 71. — Ear op. Mag. 
 
 Edwards (Bryan), an ingenious writer, 
 was born in Jamaica. He became a mem- 
 ber of the assembly of his native island, 
 where he delivered a speech against Mr. 
 Wilberforee’s propositions concerning the 
 slave trade in 1789. He afterwards settled 
 in England, and was returned member of 
 parliament for Grampound in Cornwall. 
 He made his first speech in defence of his 
 „ countrymen against the advocates for the 
 abolition of slavery, and distinguished 
 himself by a blunt roughness of manner, 
 blended with sound sense and judgment. 
 Mr, Edwards wrote The History Civil and 
 Commercial of the British Colonies in the 
 West Indies, 2 vols. 4to. ; The Proceedings 
 of the Governor and Assembly of Jamaica 
 in regard to the Maroon Negroes ; and An 
 Historical Survey of the French Colony in 
 the Island of St. Domingo, 8vo. He died 
 in 1 800 . — British Mag. 
 
 Edwards (Richard), an English writer, 
 born in Somersetshire, in 1.523, and edu- 
 cated at Oxford. Queen Elizabeth made 
 him gentleman of her chapel, and teacher 
 of music to the children of the choir. He 
 wrote several poems, to be found in a col- 
 lection, called A Paradise of dainty Devises, 
 1578. He died in 1566. — Wood. - 
 
 Edwards (Thomas), an English divine, 
 was educated at Cambridge, where he took 
 his degree of M. A. in 1609. He was a fu- 
 rious presbyterian, and wrote with equal 
 zeal against the episcopalians and inde- 
 pendents. When the latter party gained 
 the ascendancy, he withdrew to Holland, 
 where he died in 1647. His Gangrsena 
 exhibits a curious picture of the religious 
 divisions of that period. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 En wards (John), a divine of the church 
 of England, was the son of the preceding, 
 and born at Hertford in 1637. He received 
 his education first at Merchant Taylors’ 
 school, London, and next at St.John’s col- 
 lege, Cambridge, where he was chosen fel- 
 low. In 1676 he married, and soon after 
 Was presented to the living of St. Peter’s, 
 Colchester. He did not continue there 
 above three years, but removed to Cam- 
 bridge, where he took his degree of D. D. 
 and employed himself in writing. He pub- 
 lished a prodigious number of books, many 
 practical, but most of them controversial. 
 His opinions were calviuistic. The. most 
 esteemed -of -his works is his Preacher, in 
 three vols. He died in 1716 — Ibid. 
 
 Edwy, king of England, son of Ed- 
 mund I. succeeded his uncle Edred in 955. 
 He married Elgiva^ his relation within the 
 prohibited degrees of kindred, which proved 
 
 the ruin of both. Archbishop Odo seized 
 the queen, and having branded her in the 
 face with a hot iron, sent her to Ireland^ 
 after which she was put to a cruel death. 
 Edwy was driven from the throne, and 
 died under excommunication, in 959. — 
 Rapin. Hume. 
 
 Eeckuout (Gerbrant van den), an emi- 
 nent painter, was born at Amsterdam in 
 1621. He was a disciple of Rembrandt, 
 whose manner he imitated, and. excelled in 
 the power of expression. He died in 1674. 
 — Pilkington. 
 
 Eecrhout (Anthony van den), a painter, 
 was born at Brussels in 1656, He painted 
 fruit and flowers in a fine taste. He settled 
 at Lisbon, where he was murdered in 1695, 
 
 — Piib'ngton. 
 
 Egbert, the first who was king of all 
 England, and last of the Saxon heptarchy. 
 He was proclaimed king of Wessex in 800, 
 and in 828 he united all the other king- 
 doms under him. He distinguished him- 
 self against the Danes, and died in 838. — . 
 Rapin. 
 
 Egedf. (John), superintendant of the 
 Danish missionaries in Greenland, was born 
 in 1686. He went to Greenland to con- 
 vert the inhabitants in 1721, and resided 
 there fifteen years. He died in 1758. Egede 
 wrote a description of Greenland, published 
 first in 1729. Tl is son, Paul Egede, was 
 born in 1708. He became assistant to his 
 father, and afterwards bishop of Green- 
 land. He published a new edition of his 
 father’s book, and a journal respecting 
 Greenland. He died in 1789. — Gen. Biog. 
 
 Egerton (Thomas), lord chancellor of 
 England in the reign of James I. He was 
 the natural son of sir Richard Egerton 
 in Cheshire, and born about 15-iO. lie 
 received his education at Oxford, from 
 whence he removed to Lincoln ’s-inn la, 
 
 1592 he received the honour of knight- 
 hood, and was made attorney-general ; 
 and soon after master of the rolls, which was 
 followed by the office of lord-keeper. In 
 1603 he was made baron Ellesmere, and 
 lord chancellor. In 1616 he was created 
 viscount Bracldey, and died the year fol- 
 lowing. After his death were published, 
 his “ Privileges and Prerogatives of the 
 High Court of Chancery,” and his “ Ob- 
 servations concerning the Office of Lord 
 Chancellor.” — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Egerton (John), an eminent prelate, was 
 the son of Henry Egerton, bishop of 
 Hereford, and born in London in 1721, 
 He received his education first at Eton, and 
 next at Oriel college, Oxford. In 1745 he 
 obtained the living of Ross in Hereford- 
 shire, and the year following a prebend in 
 Hereford cathedral. In 1750 he obtained 
 the deanry of Hereford, and afterwards . 
 was successively bishop of Bangor, Litch- 
 field, and Durham. His charities were 
 large, and lie contributed to several im- 
 portant public works in his diocese. He 
 
E G Y 
 
 E L E 
 
 died in 1787. He published] some sermons 
 on public occasions. — Hutchinson' s History of 
 Hut ham , 
 
 Eggeling (John Henry), a learned man, 
 was born in 1639, at Bremen, of which 
 place he became secretary. He died in 
 1713. He published some pieces on me- 
 dal lie history, and other antiquarian sub- 
 jects. — Moreri. 
 
 Egini-iart, a German historian, was 
 bred up at the court of Charlemagne, who 
 appointed him his secretary, and gave him 
 his daughter Imma in marriage. He after- 
 wards embraced a religious life, and be- 
 came superintendant of several monasteries. 
 He died in 839. Eginhart wrote a curious 
 Life of Charlemagne in elegant Latin ; also 
 the Annals of France from 741 to 829. — 
 Mayle. Moreri. 
 
 ' Eg'mont (Lamoral count of), a distin- 
 guished nobleman in Flanders, wasborn in 
 ld‘2_, and served in the armies of Charles 
 V with great reputation. He was made 
 general of horse by Philip II. and distin- 
 guished himself at the battle of St. Quintiii 
 in 1557. But the duke of Alva, fearing his 
 power, and that his designs were in favour 
 of the prince of Orange, caused him to be 
 beheaded at Brussels in 1568, together with 
 count Horn. — Moreri. 
 
 Egmont (Justus van), an eminent painter, 
 burn at Leyden in 1602. He became 
 painter to the king of France, and one of 
 the directors of the academy of painting. 
 He died in 1674. — Hwbraben. 
 
 Egnatio (John Baptist), a learned Ve- 
 netian, was born in 1473; He was so dis- 
 tinguished as a teacher, that the republic 
 conferred several marks of distinction on 
 him, and exempted him from taxes. He 
 obtained some ecclesiastical preferment, 
 and the professorship «f eloquence at Ve- 
 nice. He died in 1553. Fie wrote Ora- 
 tions; Epistles; a Panegyric in verse, on 
 Francis I. of France ; De 'Romanis Princi- 
 pibus vel Ctesaribus . on the Origin of the 
 Turks ; De ExempLis Virorum illustri- 
 um, &C. — ■ Moreri . 
 
 Egypt, is one of the most ancient king- 
 doms in the world. In 1445 B. C. Lower 
 Egypt was conquered by the Canaanites. 
 Upper Egypt at that time was divided into 
 numerous kingdoms, which were united 
 aboutll57,andthe Canaanites, orjshepherd 
 kings, were driven out in 107®. In 947 
 the Ethiopians conquered Egypt. In 671 
 it was conquered by Asserhaddon, king of 
 Assyria, but in 668 it revolted from the 
 Assyrian yoke. Nebuchadnezzar king of 
 Babylon, subdued it in 566. About 534 
 Egypt was subject to Cyrus. In 30 B. C. 
 itWas reduced to a Roman province, and 
 continued to be so till the Saracens con- 
 quered it, A. D. 640. In 868 Al Tolun, be- 
 ing entrusted by the caliph of Bagdad 
 with the government of Egypt and Syria, 
 set up for himself, and maintained his au- 
 thority notwithstanding all attempts to de- 
 
 pose him • but in 904, Mahomet, generai 
 of the caliph Al Mocrafi, recovered Egypt 
 to the caliphate. In 933 Mahomet, the 
 son of Tagri, seized Syria and Egypt, and 
 retained the whole, except a small part 
 which Obeidallah Al Mohdi had conquered 
 in 910. His successor, Abu Temin Mahud, 
 conquered the rest of Egypt about 970. 
 He built Grand Cairo. In 1176 the domi- 
 nion was usurped by Saladin, In 1245 the 
 Mamelukes, who were Tartar soldiers em- 
 ployed by the princes of this family, seized 
 the kingdom, and held it till they were 
 subdued by Selim I. emperor of the Turks. 
 — Univ. Hist. 
 
 Ehret (George Dionysius), a-botanical 
 painter, was born in Germany in 1710. 
 At an earlv age he applied himself to draw- 
 ing and painting flowers. In 1736 he was 
 employed by Mr. Clifford, in Flolland, for 
 whom he illustrated with beautiful figures 
 the Hortus ClifFortianus. From thence he 
 came to England, where he met with libe- 
 ral encouragement. FIc painted a number of 
 figures in the English botanical gardens, of 
 which one hundred were engraved under 
 the title of Plant® Select®. lie was chosen 
 a fellow of the royal society, and died in 
 1770 . — Pulteney s Sketches of Botany. 
 
 Eisenschmidt (John Gaspar), a Ger- 
 man physician and mathematician, born 
 at Strasburg in 1656, and died in 1712. 
 Fie wrote, 1. A Treatise on the Weights and 
 Measures of various Countries, and of the 
 Coins of the Ancients ; 2. A Treatise of the 
 Figure of the Earth. — Moreri. 
 
 Ekins (Jeffery), a learned divine, was 
 educated at Eton, and king’s college, Cam- 
 bridge, of which he became fellow. He ob- 
 tained successively the rectory of Quainton, 
 and those of Sedgefield and Morpeth, in 
 Durham. He was also appointed dean of 
 Carlisle. Lie died in 1791. Dr. Ekins 
 published. The Loves of Medea and Jason, 
 a poem in three books, translated from the 
 Greek of Apollonius Rhodius, 4to. 1771.-— 
 Europ. Mag. 
 
 Flbosuf (Rene de Lorraine, marquis of), 
 the 7th son of Claude duke of Guise, died 
 in 1566. Charles, his grandson, who died 
 in 1657, married first Catharine Henriette, 
 daughter of Henry IV. and 2dly, Gabrielle 
 d’Estrees. His posterity in the male line 
 ceased in the person of Emanuel Maurice, 
 who died in France, aged 86, in 1763. To 
 this nobleman is attributed the discoverv of 
 the city of Herculaneum. — Nowv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Ei.bruciit (John van), a Dutch painter, 
 born about 1500. He settled at Antwerp, 
 and drew landscapes and sea pieces with 
 great force and beauty. — Houbraien. 
 
 Eleanor, duchess of Guienne, suc- 
 ceeded her father William IX. in 1137, at 
 the age of 15, and the same year marned 
 Lewis VII. king of France, whom sire ac- 
 companied to the Holy Land, where she is 
 said to have intrigued with her unde, 
 Raymond prince of Antioch, and a young 
 
E L I 
 
 ELI 
 
 Turk named Saladin. A separation ensued 
 between her and Lewis, and in 1153 she 
 married the duke of Normandy afterwards 
 Henry )I. kiyg of England, which occa- 
 sioned a succession of wars between the 
 two kingdoms. Her jealousy of Henrv, 
 and conduct to Fair Rosamond, have af- 
 forded a copious subject to poets and ro- 
 mance-writers. She excited her sons to 
 rebel against their father, for which she 
 was imprisoned sixteen years. On the ac- 
 cession of Richard I. she was released-, and 
 in his absence to the Holy Land she was 
 made regent. She died in 1204, having, as 
 it is said, turned nun in the abbey of Fon- 
 tevrault. — Morcri. 
 
 Eleazar, high priest of the Jews, suc- 
 ceeded his brother, Simon the Just, about 
 292 B. C. He is said to have given a copy 
 of the Hebrew scriptures to Ptolemy Phi- 
 ladelphus, who caused the same to be trans- 
 lated into Greek by seventy interpreters, 
 which version is now known by the name 
 of the Septuagint. — Dupiii. Morcri. 
 
 Eli, high priest and judge of Israel, 
 who attained that olFice about 1156 B. C. 
 Though a good man, he was timid, and 
 did npt exert himself in correcting the im- 
 moralities of his family. His two sons, 
 Hophni and Phineas, were most abandoned 
 characters, on which account the Lord ap- 
 peared to Samuel, and denounced judg- 
 ment upon the house of Eli, who received 
 the tidings with pious resignation. Shortly 
 after the Israelites were defeated by the 
 Philistines, the ark taken, and the sons of 
 Eli slain. When the news reached him he 
 fell from his seat and broke his neck, aged 
 £)8. — 1 Sam. c. i. 'Josephus. 
 
 Elias (Matthew }, an eminent painter, 
 was born at Cassel in 1658. Pie was origi- 
 nally employed in tending cattle, but his 
 genius being discovered by Corbcen, he 
 took him under his cares Elias soup gained 
 the esteem of his master, hv evincing supe- 
 rior talents to his feilow-students. He set* 
 tied at Dunkirk, where he painted a grand 
 altar-piece. His, portraits are in high esti- 
 mation. He died in 1741. — Piilington. 
 
 Elias (l.evita), a rabbi of the Kith cen- 
 tury, who taught Hebrew with great repu- 
 tation at Rome and Venice. He wrote, 
 1. I, exicon Chnldaicum; 2. Traditio doc- 
 trinal; 3. Collcctio locorum in q in bus 
 ChaM.-eus paraphrastes interjeclt nomen 
 Christi ; 4. Several Hebrew grammars ; 5. 
 Nomenclatnra 1 Iebraica. — Morcri. 
 
 Eliciiman (John), a physician of Silesia, 
 who wrote a letter in Arabic, De'usu J.in- 
 gu:e Arabicas in Medicina, 1636. He aUo 
 published a Dissertation, De termino virus 
 secundum mentem orientalium, 1639-. i lis 
 Latin translation of the Tablature of Cebes 
 appeared with the Arabic version and the 
 ordinal Greek, at. Leyden, in lfJ4 Q.-<—Mor. 
 
 Eliezf.r, a Jewish rabbi, said bv some 
 jo have been cotemporary with Christ, but 
 placed by others in the 7th century. He 
 
 wrote chapters on sacred history, translated 
 by Vorstius into Latiu, 1644, 4to. — Ibid. 
 
 Elijah, an eminent prophet of Israel, in 
 the reigns of Ahab ifnd Ahazirrh. He was 
 greatly persecuted by the wife of Ahab, 
 but escaped all her machinations, and was 
 taken into heaven in a chariot of fire, 
 about 895 B. C. — 55. 
 
 Eliot (Thomas), an English writer iit 
 the reign of Henry VHI. He was a native 
 of Suffolk, but resided chiefly at Cam- 
 bridge, of which he was sheriff. He com- 
 piled a Latin and English Dictionary, and 
 d'.cd ;n 1546. — Gen Biog. Diet. 
 
 Eliot (John), a pious divine, was born 
 in 1604, as it is supposed, either in Devon 
 or Cornwall. I lis education seems to have 
 been received at Cambridge, but on embra- 
 cing puriianism he withdrew to New E-ng- 
 land in 1631, and became pastor of a con- 
 gregation of independants at Roxbury, 
 where he established a grammar-school. 
 In 1646 he began to learn the Indian lan- 
 guage, that he might devote himself to the 
 conversion of the natives. In this he met 
 with great success, and obtained ri consider- 
 able influence over the various tribes. He 
 translated the Bible into their language, 
 and several pieces of practical divinity. 
 He died at Roxbury in 1689. — Mather and 
 Neale’s History of Neiv England. 
 
 Eliott (sir John), a Scotch physician, 
 was horn at Peebles, of humble parentage. 
 He was bred a surgeon, in which capacity 
 he went out in a private ship of war, which 
 took a valuable prize, and thereby enabled 
 Eliott to commence physician, and so great 
 was his practice, that he realized 50001. a 
 year by his profession, and obtained the 
 rank of baronet. He died in 1787. — Europ. 
 Mag. 
 
 E'liott (George Augustus, lord Heath- 
 field), was the son of sir Gilbert Eliott, of 
 Stubbs, in Roxburgsbire, and born about 
 1718. When young he was sent to Leyden, 
 and from thence to the militari school in 
 Picardy. He afterwards entered into the 
 Prussian service as a volunteer, and re- 
 turned to Scotland in 1 735. Not long after 
 this he entered into the engineer corps at 
 Woolwich. I le obtained an adjutancy in the 
 2d troop of horse grenadiers, with w hich 
 he went to Germany, and was wounded at 
 the battle of Dettingen. In 1759 he was 
 appointed to raise the 1st regiment of light 
 horse, with which he served on the con- 
 tinent with great reputation. Oil his 
 recal from Germany he was sent to the 
 Havannah, in the reduction of which he 
 had an eminent share. At the peace the 
 king conferred on this regiment the title 
 of royal,. In 1775 general Eliott was ap- 
 pointed commander in chief i:i Ireland, 
 from whence he returned soon after, and 
 was made governor of Gibraltar, for w hich 
 important post no man could be better 
 fitted. He was very abstemious, his con- 
 stant food being vegetables, and his drink 
 
E L I 
 
 E L I 
 
 water. 1 le never allowed himself but four 
 hours’ sleep at a time ; and was so accus- 
 tomed to hardiness that it was become 
 habitual. Thus he was enabled to defend 
 that important fortress against formidable 
 operations which attracted the attention 
 of all Europe, and the siege of Gibraltar 
 will be found one of the most glorious 
 incidents in military history. On his re- 
 turn to England he was raised to the peer- 
 age bv the title of lord I Icathfield, ba- 
 ron Gibraltar, He married Anne, daugh- 
 ter of sir Francis Drake of Devonshire, who 
 died in 1769, leaving one son and a daugh- 
 ter. This gallant veteran died at Aix la 
 Chapelle, in 1790, of a stroke of the palsy. 
 His remains were brought to England, and 
 burled at Heathfield in Sussex, whore a 
 monument is erected to bis memory. — Ann. 
 Reg. Gen. Riog. Diet. 
 
 Eliott (Richard), an English divine, 
 was born at Kingsbridge, in Devonshire, 
 and educated at Bene’t college, Cambridge, 
 lie became chaplain to St. George's hos- 
 pital, Hyde-park-corner, from whence he 
 was dismissed in 1759, for preaching anti- 
 nomianism. He afterwards turned arian, 
 and took a meeting-house in Aldcrsgate- 
 street, where he officiated till his death, 
 which happened suddenly in the pulpit, in 
 1789. He published some controversial 
 tracts, a volume of discourses, and many 
 single sermons. — F.urop. JVLig. 
 
 Elisha, a Hebrew prophet, and the suc- 
 cessor of Elijah, who called him from the 
 plough. He performed numerous miracles, 
 and was held in great respect by the king's 
 of Israel and Syria. He died about; 830 
 B. C.—SS. 
 
 Elizabeth, cpteen of England, was the 
 daughter of Henry VIII. by Anne Boleyn, 
 and born in 1538. She was educated in 
 the protestant religion, and in the reign 
 of Mary was sent to the Tower, from 
 whence she was afterwards removed to 
 Woodstock. On the death of her sister in 
 1558 she was proclaimed queen, to the 
 great joy of the nation. Philip of Spain 
 made her an offer of marriage, which she 
 civilly declined. In restoring the reform- 
 ation she conducted herself with great 
 prudence and moderation. One of the first 
 measures of her reign was to send succours 
 to the reformed party in Scotland, which 
 produced the treaty of Edinburgh, and the 
 departure of the French from that country. 
 Elizabeth was now considered as the head of 
 the" protestant interest, and she gave her 
 assistance to the French bugonots, who put 
 Havre de Grace into her hands. At home 
 rigorous measures were adopted against the 
 Roman catholics and puritans. Dudley, 
 earl of Eeicester, became the queen's favou- 
 rite, and had the ambition to aspire to her 
 hand. She, however, made an ineffectual 
 effort to unite him to Mary queen of Scots, 
 ’('hat unfortunate princess took refuge* in 
 England from her subjects in 1568, and 
 
 was kept In confinement till 1586, when 
 she was basely tried and executed. Flliza- 
 beth endeavoured to clear herself of the 
 odium Of this transaction, by causing her 
 secretary, Davison, to be prosecuted for 
 issuing a warrant for the execution with- 
 out her knowledge. The French and Spa- 
 niards having formed a league for the ex- 
 tirpation of heresy, induced Elizabeth to 
 protect the protestants, and this she did so 
 effectually as to separate the United Pro- 
 vinces from the dominion of the latter 
 power. The king of Spain, in return, 
 sent a body of troops to invade Ireland, but 
 they were all cut off by lord Grey, the de- 
 puty. In the mean time various offers of 
 marriage were made to the queen, the most 
 remarkable of which was that of the duke 
 of Anjou, who came to England for the 
 purpose, but after staying some time, the 
 affair was broken off. * In 1588 Philip sent 
 against England his famous armada, to 
 which the pope gave the appellation of 
 invincible. Ou this occasion the queen dis- 
 tinguished herself by her great presence of 
 mind and inflexible courage. She rode on 
 horseback in the camp at Tilbury, and in- 
 spired her people with heroism by her de- 
 portment and her speeches. The English 
 fleet, however, assisted by the winds, pre- 
 vented the Spaniards from landing, and 
 their boasted armada was destroyed. On 
 the death of Leicester, Robert Dexmreu'x, 
 earl of Flssex, became the queen’s favourite, 
 who was, however, executed for treason 
 in 1401, {see bis article.) Elizabeth kept up 
 ;i close connection with Henry IV. of 
 France, whom she assisted with men and 
 money. She was endeared to her subject* 
 by the glory of her reign, by the wisdom 
 of her measures, and by the frugality of 
 her administration, which rendered public 
 impositions few and light. She had, how- 
 ever, much vanity, thought herself the 
 most beautiful and accomplished of women, 
 and was besides violent and haughty in her 
 temper She understock! the learned lan- 
 guages, and some of her letters and prayers 
 written with her own hand are extant. 
 This truly great princess died in 1609. — - 
 Rapin. Hume. 
 
 Elizabeth of Austria, daughter of the 
 emperor Maximilian II. and married to 
 Charles IX. of France, in 1570. She sent 
 to Margaret, queen of Navarre, two books 
 of her writing, one on the Word of God, 
 and the other a relation of the chief events 
 in France, during the time she resided 
 there. She died in a convent in 1598, aged 
 38. — Morcri. 
 
 Elizabeth Petrovna, daughter of the 
 czar Peter the Great, was l>orn in 1 709. 
 In 1741 she usurped the imperial throne, 
 by dethroning the infant Ivan, which revo- 
 lution was effected without shedding of 
 blood. At her accession she made a vow 
 that no capital punishments should take 
 place in her reign. But her humanity was 
 
ELL 
 
 ELS 
 
 equivocal, as is instanced in the shocking 
 punishment which she inflicted upon the 
 countesses Bestuchef and Lapookin, who 
 were publicly knouted, and had their 
 tongues cut out, for betraying some of the 
 empress’s amorous secrets. Though she 
 was very dissolute in her manners, she was 
 at the same time extremely superstitious, 
 and performed her devotions with rigorous 
 exactness. In 1756 sh.e joined Austria and 
 France against Prussia. Kite died in 1761. — 
 Coxe s Tra vels in Russia Toots' S Hist, of Rust. 
 
 Eller de Brookhusf.n (John Theddore), 
 physician to the king of Prussia, burn in 
 1 689, and died at Berlin in 1760. lie 
 wrote a treatise on the Knowledge and 
 Treatment of Diseases.-— iVo.-ts-. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Elligf.r (Ottoraar). an eminent painter, 
 born at Gottenburg, in 1083. He excelled 
 in painting fruit and flowers. Mis son Ot- 
 tomar was a d-sciple of I.airesse, arid was 
 distinguished as an historical painter. He 
 died in 1782, aged 66 . — Pilkington. 
 
 Ei.lis (Clement), an English divine, was 
 born in Cumberland in 1680, and educated 
 at Queen’s college, Oxford, where he took 
 his degrees in arts. In 1680 he obtained 
 the living of Kirkbv in Nottinghamshire, 
 and in 1698 a prebendary in the collegiate 
 church of Southwell. He died in i 7 00. 
 Me wrote the Scripture Catechist, and 
 other books on practical divinity i — Wood's 
 A. 0. 
 
 Ellis (John), an English poet, was born 
 in London in 1698, and brought up a scri- 
 vener. He was for many years deputy of 
 his ward, and master of the scriveners’ 
 company. Mr. Ellis was .the intimate 
 friend of Dr. Johnson, and wrote several 
 pieces in Dodsiey’s Collection. He also 
 published separately, 1 . 1 he Surprize, or 
 Gentleman turned Apothecary, a tale in 
 Uudibrastic verse; 2. A Travesty of the 
 Canto added by Maphteus to tbc_ JEneid, 
 in Uudibrastic. He died in 1791. — Europ. 
 
 Mag. ■ 
 
 Ellwood (Thomas), an English quaker, 
 was born at Crowell in Oxfordshire, in 
 1639. Me was bred in the church of Eng- 
 land, but was converted to quakerism by 
 Isaac Pennington, by which means lie lost 
 the favour of his father. He became reader 
 to Milton, which tended greatly to his im- 
 provement in learning. Ellwood sutTered 
 imprisonment for his profession, and wrote 
 a number of books in its defence. He also 
 edited George Fox’s Journal, and published 
 a History of the Old and New Testament; 
 a sacred poem on the Life of David, &c. 
 He died in 1713. — Gen. Biog. 
 
 • Ellys (Anthony), an English prelate, 
 was born in 1698, and educated at Clare 
 hall, Cambridge. In 1724 he became vicar 
 of St. Oiave Jewry, with the united rec- 
 tory of St. Martin. In 1725 he obtained a 
 prebend of Gloucester, and in 1752 the 
 bishopric of St. David’s. He died in 17 61. 
 -lie published some single Sermons; an An- 
 
 swer to Hume on the Miracles; a Plea for 
 the Sacramental Test ; and after his death 
 appeared his Tracts or. the Libertv, spiri- 
 tual and temporal, of the Protestants in 
 England, 1 765, 4to. — Blog. Brit. 
 
 El-Macin (George), an Egyptian author 
 .of the 13th century. He Wrote a Historv of 
 the Saracens^ from Mohammed to A. D. 
 1118, which was printed in Arabic and 
 Latin at Leyden in 1625. — Bayle. 
 
 Elphinstone (William), a Scotch pre- 
 late, was born at Glasgow in 1431. He ob- 
 tained successively the bishoprics of Ross 
 and .Aberdeen, and in 1495 he was made 
 chancellor of Scotland. Fie died about 
 1.5! 3. He was a man of great learning, 
 and a liberal benefactor to the university of 
 Aberdeen. He wrote a History of Scotland, 
 which was never printed. — Ear. Mas. vol. 
 xxvii. 
 
 Elsheimap. (Adam), an eminent painter, 
 born at Frankfort-upon-the-Maine in 1574. 
 His landscapes are very beautiful, but ex- 
 tremely scarce. Fie died poor at Rome in 
 1 620. — Piikingjon. 
 
 Elsjjf.r (James), a learned Prussian di- 
 vine, was born in 1692. He became professor 
 of theology and the Oriental languages at 
 Lingen, afterwards rector of Joachim’s 
 school at Berlin, which place he quitted in 
 1730 for the pastorship of a church in that 
 city. He was made a counsellor of the con- 
 sistory to the king of Prussia, and member 
 of the academy of sciences at Berlin. He 
 died in 1750. IP's chief works are, Obser- 
 vationes Sacrtc in Novi Testament! Libros, 
 IJtr. 1720, 1728 . State of the Greek Chris- 
 tians in Turkey, 8vo. 1737 ; Explanation of 
 the Epistle to the Philippians, &c. — Fof- 
 trey s Eloges of the Acetiem’cmns of Berlin. 
 
 Elstois (William), a learned divine, was 
 born at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, in 1673. 
 He received his education at Eton, from 
 whence he removed to Catherinc-hall, Cam- 
 bridge; but the air of that place not agree- 
 ing with him, he went to Queen’s coileg-e, 
 Oxford, where he proceeded to his degree 
 of M. A. In 1702 he obtained the rectory 
 of the united parishes of St. Swithin and 
 St. Mary Bothaw, London. He died in 
 1714. Mr. Elstob was profoundly skilled 
 in the Saxon language and antiquities, and 
 published a Latin translation of the Saxon 
 Flomily of Lupus; and the Homily on St. 
 Gregory’s Day, in Saxon and J^atin. He 
 also wrote An Essay on the Affinity and 
 Agreement between the two Professions of 
 Law and Divinity; Sermons, &c. — Biog. Br. 
 
 FIlstob (Elizabeth), sister of the above, 
 was a very learned woman, and born at 
 Newcastle in 1633. She resided with her 
 brother at Oxford, and became the partner 
 of his studies. She accompanied his Ho- 
 mily on St. Gregory with an English ver- 
 sion, and a preface. In 1713 she printed 
 Testimonies of learned Men in favour of 
 the ini ended edition of the Saxon Homilies. 
 This intended edition she undertook by 
 
E L X 
 
 E M L 
 
 the advice of Dr. Ilickes, and received a 
 bounty from queen Anne to prosecute it, 
 but it never appeared. In 1715 she pub- 
 lished a Saxon Grammar. On her bro- 
 ther’s death, she kent a school at Evesham. 
 Queen Caroline allowed her a small pen- 
 sion, and in 1739 the duchess dowager of 
 Portland took her into her family, to in- 
 struct her children. She died in 1756. — 
 Ibid. 
 
 Elswich (John Herman d’), a lutheran 
 divine born at Rensburg, in Holstein, in 
 16'84, and died at Stade in 1711. He pub- 
 lished some learned books of other scholars, 
 with notes by himself. — Moreri. 
 
 Ei.synge (Henry), an English writer, 
 was born at Battersea, in Surrey, in 1598, 
 and educated at Westminster school, from 
 whence he removed to Ghrist-ehurch, Ox- 
 ford. Archbishop i.aud procured him the 
 place of clerk of the house of commons, 
 which he resigned in 1648. He died in 
 1 654. He wrote an excellent book, entitled 
 The ancient Method and Manner of hold- 
 ing Parliaments in England, reprinted in 
 1768, with additions — JSUg. Brit. 
 
 Elvius (Peter), a Swedish mathematician, 
 and secretary of the royal academy of sci- 
 ences at Stockholm, was born at Upsal, in 
 1710, He was an able mechanic, and ex- 
 celled in the construction of machines 
 driven by water He also made accurate 
 surveys of the maritime coast and the 
 Swedish lakes. He likewise made celestial 
 observations at Uraniburg, once the re- 
 sidence of Tycho Brahe. He died in 1 749. 
 A Journal of his Tour in Sweden w^as pub- 
 lished at Stockholm in 1751. — Gen. Biot*. 
 
 Elwes (John), an extraordinary miser. 
 His family name was Meggot, which he al- 
 tered in pursuance of the will of sir Harvey 
 F.lwes, his uncle, who left him at least 
 25 0,080/. and he was possessed of nearly as 
 much of his own. At this time he attended 
 the most noted gaming-houses, and after 
 sitting up a whole night at play for thou- 
 sands, he would proceed to Smithfield to 
 meet his cattle, which were coming to 
 market from his seat in Essex, and there 
 would he stand disputing with a cattle-but- 
 cher for a shilling. If the cattle did not 
 arrive, he would walk on to meet them-; 
 and more than once he has gone the whole 
 way to his farm without stopping, which 
 was seventeen miles from London. He 
 would walk in the rain in London sooner 
 than pay a shilling for a coach sit in wet 
 clothes to save the expence of a fire , ate 
 his provisions in the last stage of putrefac- 
 tion ; and lie wore a wig a fortnight- which 
 he picked up in a lane. In 1774 he was 
 chosen knight of the shire for Berkshire, 
 and hisconduct in parliament was perfectly 
 independent. He died in 1 789, aged about 
 77, leaving a fortune of 500,000/. besides 
 entailed estates. — - Life of Elwes by Tnpham. 
 
 Ei.XAi, ajew in the second century, who 
 founded a sect which acknowledged that 
 
 Jesus Christ was divinely commissioned. 
 The Ebionites were derived from them.— 
 
 Eusebius 
 
 Levs (Edmund), an English divine and 
 poet, was born in Devonshire, and edu- 
 cated at Babul college, Oxford. He pub- 
 lished Divine Poems, and Miscellanies, in 
 Latin and English verse. Ele became rector 
 of East Allington in Devonshire, but at the 
 revolution' turned a nonjuror, and died 
 abou t , 1 6 93 . — K'ocd. 
 
 Elzevirs, famous printers at Amster- 
 dam and I.eyden. There were five. of this 
 name, Lewis, Bonaventure, Abraham, Lewis, 
 and Daniel. Lewis began to be bown at. 
 Leyden in 1595, and was the first who 
 made the distinction between the v conso- 
 nant and the u vowel. Daniel died in 
 lfiSO. He published, at Amsterdam, in 
 1-mo. 1674, a catalogue of books printed 
 by his family. — Moreri. 
 
 Emanuel, king of Portugal, succeeded 
 John II. in 1495. He restored the-nobility 
 to their privileges, and greatly encouraged 
 maritime adventures, by which means a 
 new passage to India was discovered by 
 Gama, and toBrazilin 1501, by Cabral. Ema- 
 nuel also sent an expedition to Africa, and 
 established a commercial intercourse with 
 the kingdom of Congo. He died in 1521, 
 aged 53. — Mod. Uvi-v. Hist. 
 
 x merson (William), a mathematician, 
 was born in 1701, at ilurworth, in the 
 county of Durham. He kept a school some 
 time, but quitted that employment, and 
 contented himself with a small paternal es- 
 tate, He was a profound mathematician, 
 but of singular habits, vulgar in his man- 
 ners, fond of low company, and extremely 
 shabby in his dress. He always walked to 
 I.ondoh when lie had any thing to publish, 
 and carefully revised every sheet uimself. 
 He died at his nati ve village, in 1782. He 
 wrote treatises on Fluxions, Mechanics, Al- 
 gebra, Optics, Astronomy, Navigation, 
 Arithmetic; a Commentary on the Frinci- 
 pia of Newton, and several other esteemed 
 works. — Hutton s Math. Diet. Europ. Mug. 
 
 F.mlvn (Thomas), a nonconformist minis- 
 ter, was born at Stamiord, in Lincolnshire, 
 in 1663. After receiving a preparatory 
 education, he was.admitted a preacher, and 
 became chaplain to the countess of Donegal, 
 a dissenter, whom lie accompanied te Ire- 
 land. In 1683 he returned to England, and 
 was chosen minister of a congregation at 
 LowestofF, where he turned arian. In 1691 
 he removed to Dublin,' by an invitation of 
 Mr. Boyce, to be his assistant, but his re- 
 ligious sentiments being discovered, the 
 synod suspended him from the ministry; 
 on which he wrote a book entitled., An 
 humble Enquiry into the Scripture Account 
 oi Jesus Christ, for which he was prose- 
 cuted by the dissenters, and the jury having 
 found him guilty of blasphemy, he was 
 sentenced to pay a fine of 1000/. and to 
 suffer a year’s imprisonment. The fine 
 
E N F 
 
 E N G 
 
 vrn afterwards commuted for 70/., but be re- 
 mained in confinement two years. On re- 
 covering bis liberty, he came to London, 
 ■where he served a small congregation a few 
 years. He died in 1743. Besides the above 
 work, he wrote several others on the side 
 of ariaaism, and some sermons, all collected 
 in 2 vols. 8vo. by his son, Sollom Kmlyn, 
 es:{. a counsellor, who edited Hales on the 
 Pleas of the Crown. — Blog. Br. 
 
 Emma, daughter of Richard II. duke of 
 Normandy, and mother of Edward the 
 Confessor, king of England. She was first 
 married to Ethelred, who was obliged to 
 go to Normandy with his sons Alfred and 
 Edward, when the Danes invaded the 
 kingdom. After his death she married 
 Canui e. In the reign of her son, the earl of 
 .Kent accused her of an improper inter- 
 course with her relation, tire bishop of 
 Winchester ; on which to prove her inno- 
 cence, she is said to have walked barefoot 
 over burning ploughshares, without being 
 hurt. —Moreri. 
 
 Emmius (Ubbo), a learned historian, was 
 ■born in East Friesland, in 1547. He was 
 rector of the college at Norden, and after- 
 wards of that of Groningen. He died in 
 2G25. He wrote Decades rerum Frisica- 
 rum ; Vetus Graecia illustrata, &c. — Ibid. 
 
 Empedocles, a philosopher and poet of 
 Sicily, who lived 444 B. C. He was a fol- 
 lower of Pythagoras, on whose system be 
 ■wrote a poem. He refused the sovereignty 
 of his country, and was a great enemy to 
 tyranny. 1 hs eloquence was powerful, and 
 of the effects of his musical skill extraor- 
 dinary things are related. He was also 
 ■well acquainted with philosophy and me- 
 dicine, and wrote some tragedies. Of his 
 death contradictory accounts are given; 
 some say that he fell into the crater ofmount 
 ./Etna accidentally, while others assert that 
 he purposely cast himself into it, hut nei- 
 ther is to be relied on. — Stanley's Hist. Phil. 
 
 Emfereur (Constantine 1’), Hebrew pro- 
 fessor at Leyden, died in 1648. His prin- 
 cipal works are, Clavis Talmudicx; Mid- 
 dot, or de Tcmplo Hierosolymitano et de 
 Mensuris Tempii. — Moreri. 
 
 Emfson (sir Richard), the son of a sieve- 
 Viaker at Towcester, in the county of 
 Korthampton, who became a favourite 
 with Henry VII. and on account of his op- 
 pressions rendered himself odious to the 
 nation. He was beheaded with his coad- 
 jutor Dudley, in 1510. — Rabin. 
 
 Eneield (William), a dissenting mini- 
 ster, was born at Sudbury, in 1741. He 
 was educated under Dr. Ashworth, at Da- 
 ventry, and in 1763 became minister of a 
 congregation at Liverpool. While here he 
 published two volumes of sermons, which 
 met with a good reception. About 1770 
 lie removed to Warrington, as tutor in the 
 belles-lettres in the academy there. During 
 his stay at Warrington, he published seve- 
 ral works, as the History of Liverpool, In- 
 
 stitutes of Natural Philosophy, See. f# 
 1785 he undertook the pastoral care of ,v 
 congregation at Norwich, and continued 
 there till his death in 1797. Besides the 
 hooks above mentioned, he published, The 
 Speaker, a school book of general use ; a 
 volume of Prayers and Hymns ; biogra- 
 phical Sermons ; and a History of Philoso- 
 phy, in 2 vols. 4to. Since his death have 
 appeared his Sermons, in 3 vols. with his 
 Life prefixed, written by Dr. Aikin. 
 
 Engel ureciitsen (Cornelius), a painter, 
 was born at Levden in 1468. Several pic- 
 tures by him are in the churches of Leyden 
 and Utrecht. ITc died in 15:53 .-—Houbraben, 
 
 Engelrams (Cornelius), a painter in 
 water colours, was horn at Malines in 1527. 
 His paintings are all on religious subjects. 
 He died in 1583. — Pilbington. 
 
 Enghien (the duke de), son of the duke 
 of Bourbon, and grandson of the prince of 
 Condc. This amiable young prince resided 
 at a seat which had been left him by his- 
 great uncle, the cardinal prince de Rohan, 
 in the principality of Ettenbeim, belonging 
 to the elector of Baden. Here he devoted, 
 himself under the misfortunes of his family, 
 in a peaceful retirement, to the cultivation 
 of his estate ; when Buonaparte's agent* 
 came by night, and having seized hiqi in 
 his bed, hurried him to France, where he 
 was tried by a mock tribunal for taking 
 up arms against France in the time of 
 Robespierre, and condemned. In the night 
 of the 22d of March 1804, he was shot in 
 the wood of Vincennes, by some of the 
 body-guard belonging to the Corsican 
 usurper, meeting his fate as became the de- 
 scendant of an illustrious house. — Revolu - 
 tionary Plutarch. Gent. Mag. 
 
 England. The aboriginal inhabitants 
 of the British islands were called Britons, 
 and sprung from the same stock as the 
 Gauls, that is, Celtic. Cxsar invaded it in 
 54 B.C. In A. D. 43, the Romans subdued! 
 part, and the whole was conquered by 
 them in 78. In 410 they abandoned the 
 country, and the old inhabitants being ha- 
 rassed by the Scots and Piets, called in the 
 Saxons, who conquered the whole except 
 Wales. The Saxons formed seven king- 
 doms, called the heptarchy, each of which 
 had its separate chief, till 827, when Eg- 
 bert completed the conquest of the whole. 
 About 866 the Danes made a descent on 
 England, and conquered Northumberland, 
 East Anglia, and Mercia. About 877 they 
 were possessed of the whole kingdom, but 
 soon after king Alfred totally defeated 
 them. About 1003 Swcin, king of Den- 
 mark, conquered all the northern parts of 
 England, and on Ethelred’s retiring to 
 Normandy, the whole kingdom submitted 
 to the invader. On his death the Danes 
 proclaimed his son Canute. The Saxon 
 line was restored in the person of Edward 
 the Confessor in 1041 ; but the Normans, 
 under William the Conqueror, subdued 
 
ENT 
 
 EPH 
 
 &e kingdom in 1066. In 128:3 Wales was 
 subdued by Edward I. Llewellyn, their 
 last king, being slain. — Papin. Hume. 
 
 English (Esther), a remarkable pen- 
 woman. Some of her performances are 
 extant. One of them is entitled Octena- 
 ries upon the Vanitie and Inconstancie of 
 the World; written bv Esther Inglis, the 
 first of January, 1600. It is in French and 
 English verse, ornamented with flowers 
 and fruits, painted in water colours, and 
 on the first leaf is her own picture. She 
 married a Mr. Kello, by whom she had a 
 son who was in orders. — Bal'ard. 
 
 Enjedim (George), a learned socinian of 
 Hungary, who wrote, Explicatio locorum 
 Scriptural veteris & novi Testamenti ex 
 quibus dogma Trinitatis stabiliri solet, lto. 
 He died in 1597. — Moreri. 
 
 Ennius (Quintus), a Latin poet, was 
 born in Calabria, 13. C. 237. He resided at 
 Rome, and was universally esteemed by all. 
 men of letters, though his' life does not ap- 
 pear to have been very temperate. He was 
 the first who wrote heroic verses in Latin. 
 Fragments only of his writings have reached 
 us, which may be found in the Corpus Poet a - 
 rum of Maittaire, and in other collections. 
 
 . — Voss. Poet. Pat. 
 
 Ennodius (Magnus Felix), a learned pre- 
 kite, was born about 47:3. Fie became bish- 
 op of Pavia where he died in 521. His 
 works, which illustrate the history of that 
 period, were printed at Paris, in Svo. in 
 1611 . — Moreri. 
 
 Enoch, the son of Jared, and the seventh 
 from Adam, is celebrated in scripture for 
 his pious and upright life in an evil gene- 
 ration, and being translated into heaven 
 without passing through death, 13. C. 3017, 
 and of his age 365. St. Jude has cited a 
 prediction of Enoch respecting the last 
 judgment. There is a book extant, called 
 the Prophecies of Enoch, which, though 
 verv antient, is apocryphal. — S'. S. Moreri. 
 
 Ensenada (Zeno Somo de Silva, marquis 
 de la), a Spanish statesman, who rose fr»m 
 obscurity to the first offices in the govern- 
 ment, and the rank of nobility. Elis mo- 
 desty appears from the title which he took 
 of Ensenada, or “ Nothing in itself.” He 
 was disgraced by the intrigues of the duke 
 of Huescar. l ie died in 1755. — Now. Diet. 
 Hist. 
 
 Ent (George), an English physician, was 
 born at Sandwich in 1604. He was edu- 
 cated at Cambridge, but took his doctor’s 
 degree at Padua. He was knighted by 
 Charles II. and became president in the col- 
 lege of physicians. He died in 1689. Elis 
 works are, Apologia pro Circulatione san- 
 guinis contra Emilio Parisano, 8vo. : \ni- 
 madversiones in Malachite 1 hrustoni dia- 
 
 tribam de Respirationis usu primario.- 
 
 Woofs A. 0. 
 
 Entick (John), au English divine, who 
 published a History o( the War which ended 
 ri» \Viit 6. vfcls t 8vo. i a History of London, 
 
 4* veils. Svo.; a Latin and English Diction* 
 a'rv ; An English Spelling Dictionary, and 
 other works. He died in 1780, — Gen. Eiog. 
 Hid. 
 
 EJntinopf., of Candia, an architect of 
 the 5th centurv, who was one of the chief 
 founders of the city of Venice. When the 
 Goths invaded Italy in 405, Entinope fled 
 into the marshes on the borders of the Adri- 
 atic, where he built a house, and his exam- 
 ple was followed by other fugitives. — Mor.. 
 
 F.n/.inas (Francis), or Dryander , the 
 Greek word for his name, was- born at Bur- 
 gos, in Spain, about 1515. He renounced 
 popery at W r ittemberg, anil translated the 
 New Testament into Spanish, for which 
 he was thrown into prison at Antwerp, 
 but contrived to make his escape, and went 
 to Geneva, where he died. He. wrote 
 the History of the I.ow Countries, and of 
 the Religion of Spain, Svo. — His brother 
 John was also a convert from popery, for 
 
 which he was burnt at Rome in 1545. 
 
 Earle. Mo rerL 
 
 Eobanus (Elias), professor of the belles- 
 lettres at Erfurt, at Nuremberg, and Mars- 
 burg. He died in the latter place in 15.40, 
 aged 52. Me was a good poet and an he- 
 nest man, but a hard drinker. His Latin 
 Poems and Epistles have been published. — 
 Moreri. 
 
 F.on (de l’Etoile),a French fanatic of the 
 12th century, who pretended to be the soii 
 of God. He died in prison, and some of hi-# 
 followers were burnt. — Moreri. 
 
 Kpamixondas, a Theban general, illus- 
 trious for his talents and his virtues. He 
 was the friend of Pelopidas, who by hi* 
 advice delivered Thebes from the Lacede- 
 monians. This produced a war, in which 
 Epaminondas was appointed head of the 
 Theban armies. He defeated the Spartans 
 at the battle of Lcuctra, about 371 B. C. 
 ar.d on his return to Thebes he was seized, 
 for violating the law, which ordered every 
 public officer to resign his appointment 
 within a limited period on pain of death. 
 When brought before the senate, he calmly 
 requested that after execution they would 
 inscribe these words on his tomb : “ Elete 
 lies Epaminondas, who suffered death for 
 saving his country.” This reproof so af- 
 fected his judges, that he was pardoned. He 
 was again placed at the head of the troops, 
 and assisted the Eleans against the Spartans. 
 But in the moment of victory over the lat- 
 ter at Man tinea,, he was wounded by a ja- 
 velin, and expired in triumph on hearing 
 that the Thebans, were the victors, B. C. 
 363 • — Corn. Nep. Unit'. Hist. 
 
 E r a mi roiDitu bishop of Philippi in 
 
 cedonia. Ele was the bearer of the contri- 
 butions sent by the Christians of Philippi to 
 St. Paul at Rome, who returned them an 
 epistle by him, A.D. 62.' — Philip, ii. 
 
 I'.'i'hokus, an orator and historian of Ou- 
 Mamse,in JEolia. He was the disciple of Iso* 
 crates, by whose advice wiot« a histeiy 
 
from the return of the Heraclide to Pelo- 
 ponnesus, to the 20th year of Philip of Ma- 
 ced on. He also wrote oilier pieces, but they 
 are lost. — Voss. Hist. Gras. 
 
 Ephraim, the son of Joseph, Was born 
 in. Egypt about 1710 11. C. He was adopted, 
 together with his brother Manasseh, by Ja- 
 cob among the tribes. — SS. 
 
 Epiirem (St.), a Christian father of the 
 4th ceatury, was born at Nisibis, in Meso- 
 potamia. He settled at Edessa, was ordained 
 deacon, and became superior of a society of 
 monks. He wrote several religious dis- 
 courses in the Syriac language, which have 
 been translated into Greek and Latin. The 
 best edition of his works is that of Rome, 
 in 1747, in 6 vols. folio. He died in 778. 
 
 Epicharmus, a poet and philosopher, 
 was a native of Cos, but carried when a 
 child to Sicily. He was of the Pythago- 
 rean school, and is mentioned as being the 
 first writer of comedy. Aristotle attributes 
 to him the invention of the letters 0 and 
 X. He died, aged 97, ill the 5th century 
 B. C. — Voss. Poet. Gras. 
 
 Epictetus, a stoic philosopher, was a 
 nativfe of Hlerapolis, in Phrygia. He was 
 the slave of Epaphroditus, the freedman of 
 Kero. When Domitian banished the phi- 
 losophers from Rome, he went to Nicopo- 
 Ji .r, but returned on the death of that ty- 
 rant, and was in great esteem with Adrian 
 and Marcus Aurelius. He resided in a 
 cottage with no furniture but an earthen 
 lamp, which sold after his death for 3000 
 drachmas, near 100/. of our money. Here 
 he wrote his Enchiridion, or Compendium 
 of the Stoic Philosophy. It abounds in pure 
 maxims of morality. The best edition is 
 that of Upton, in 9 vols.4to. London, 1742. 
 Mrs. Carter translated it into English, 1758, 
 4to. with notes. — il forsrs. 
 
 Epicurus, the founder of a celebrated 
 sect of philosophers, was born at Gargettus, 
 near Athens, about 342 B.C. He studied 
 at Samos and Athens, from whence he re- 
 moved in consequence of cne war with 
 Perdiccas, and opened a school, first at 
 Mitylene, and next at Lampsacus. He 
 finally settled at Athens, where he obtained 
 a number of disciples, owing to the plea- 
 santness of his system and his deportment. 
 They lived together and had all things 
 in common. Epicurus died in the 73d 
 year of his age, and was succeeded by his 
 friend Hermachus. His system had a ten- 
 dency to atheism, by ascribing too little 
 to the Deity, and extravagant powers to 
 nature. His doctrine of pleasure being the 
 supreme good, has been much misrepre- 
 sented and abused, for the life of Epicurus 
 was irreproachable, and ire inculcated vir- 
 tue as the essence of pleasure. It must be 
 admitted, however, that his system was af- 
 terwards grossly perverted from the au- 
 thor’s original meaning. Jtlis notion of the 
 eternity of matter is peculiarly dangerous 
 and absui'4 ’ — Stanley, ficiyk. 
 
 EpiMknides, a Cretan poet and philo- 
 sopher, of whom marvellous tales are re- 
 lated, as that he slept fifty years, and lived 
 to be above one hundred and fifty years old. 
 He was sent for by the Athenians to per- 
 form a solemn lustration when their citv 
 was visited by the plague. St. Paul is said 
 to have quoted him in Titus i. 12. — 'Stanleys 
 Hist. Phil. 
 
 Epipkan ms, a father of the church, who 
 displayed great zeal against the writings of 
 Ongcn, He was chosen bishop of Salamis, 
 and died in 40;'-. His works were published 
 by Petavius, in 2 vols. folio, 1622. — Caw. 
 
 Epipiianius, the scholastic, who translated, 
 at the request of his friend Cassiodorus, the 
 Ecclesiastical Histories of Socrates, Sozo- 
 men, and Theodoret. 11c lived in the 6th 
 century. — Ibid. 
 
 Epipiianius, an hcresiarch, was the son 
 of Carpocrates. He allowed his followers a 
 community of, wives. After his death ho 
 was worshipped by them as a deity. — Mor. 
 
 Episcopius (Simon), a learned divine, 
 born at Amsterdam in 1.583. In 1612 he 
 tvas chosen divinity professor at Leyden, 
 but met with considerable trouble on ac- 
 count of h;s being an Arminian. He was 
 the principal of the remonstrants, or Ar- 
 minians, at the synod of Dort, which ar- 
 bitrary assembly deposed him and the other 
 deputies from their ministerial functions, 
 and banished them the republic. He then 
 went to Antwerp, but in 1626 he returned 
 to Holland, and became minister to the re- 
 monstrants at Rotterdam. In 1634 he re- 
 moved to Amsterdam, and was chosen rec- 
 tor of the remonstrants’ college. He died 
 in 1643. His works make 2 vols. folio.— 
 Baylc. JVJrjrer!. 
 
 Erasistratus, a celebrated Greek phy- 
 sician, who is said to have discovered the 
 passion of Antiocbus Soter for his mother- 
 in-law Stratonice, by the agitation of his 
 pulse. He and Herophilus of Chalcedon 
 are mentioned as the first who dissected hu- 
 man bodies, to improve themselves in ana- 
 tomy. — Pin.. Hit. Hist. Aforeri. 
 
 Erasmus (Desidenus), an illustrious wri- 
 ter, wa : > born at Rotterdam in 1467. He 
 was the illegitimate son of one Gerard, a 
 native of Tcrgou,by the daughter of a phy- 
 sician. It was the intention of Gerard to 
 have married his mistress, but being de- 
 ceived by a false report of her death while 
 he Avas in Italy, lie entered "into orders, 
 which completely destroyed his good design. 
 Erasmus Avas called Gerard,, which he after- 
 wards altered to the Latin name Desiderius, 
 and the Greek Era- mas, all' signifying ami- 
 able. At nine years of age he was sent to 
 Deventer, in .Geiderland, where he made a 
 great progress in his studies. While he was 
 at Deventer his mother died there of the 
 plague, and his father soon followed her^ 
 leaving our orphan to the care of three 
 guardians, who determined on bringing hi nv 
 up to a religious life that they might epjoy- 
 
ERA 
 
 E R I 
 
 his patrimony ; for which purpose they re- 
 moved him from one convent to another, 
 till at last, in I486', he took the habit among 
 the canons-regular at Stein, near Tergou,' 
 The monastic life being disagreeable to him, 
 he accepted an invitation from the archbi- 
 shop of Cambray to reside with him. Dur- 
 ing his abode with this prelate he was or- 
 dained priest; but in 1 466 he went to Paris, 
 and supported himself by giving private 
 lectures. In 1497 he visited England, and 
 met with a liberal reception from the most 
 eminent scholars, and applied to the study 
 of the Greek language, of which he was 
 before ignqrant. His first literary works 
 were philological, as his Adagia ; De Copia 
 Verborum; and De ratione Gonscribendi 
 Kpistolas. In 1503 we find him at Louvain, 
 where he studied divinity under Dr. Adrian 
 Florent, afterwards Adrian VI. The next 
 year came out his Enchiridion Militis Chris- 
 tian!, a book of practical religion. Not 
 long after this he was again in England, for 
 which country he had always a great regard. 
 In 1506' he took his doctor’s degree at Tu- 
 rin, and went to Bologna, where he conti- 
 nued some time; thence he removed to Ve- 
 nice, and resided with the famous Aldus 
 Manutius. From Venice he went to Padua 
 and Rome, where many offers were made 
 him to settle; but haying received an invi- 
 tation from Henry. VIII. he set out for Eng- 
 land, and arrived in 1510. He at first 
 lodged with sir Thomas More, and while 
 there, wrote his Praise of Folly. Fisher, 
 bishop of Rochester, invited him to Cam- 
 bridge, where he was made lady Margaret’s 
 professor of divinity, and Greek professor. 
 In 1514 we find him at Basil, preparingiiis 
 New Testament, and Epistles of Jerome, for 
 the press, which came out in 1516. This 
 was the first time the New Testament was 
 printed in Greek. The reformation now 
 began under Luther, and though Erasmus 
 approved of his principles and object, he 
 was afraid to irritate the court of Rome. 
 A friendly correspondence passed between 
 these two great men, hut afterwards a con- 
 troversy ensued on the subject of free-will, 
 and Luther treated Erasmus as a hypocrite. 
 It is certain that Erasmus approved the re- 
 formation in his heart, but he had not cou- 
 rage to express himself openly; and the con- 
 sequence was, that he was disliked by both 
 parties. In 1522 appeared his Colloquies, 
 which gave great o fence to the monks, 
 who used to say that “Erasmus Lid the 
 egg which Luther hatched.” His next con- 
 troversy was with Seal iger, and others, who, 
 in their zeal for the purity of Latin compo- 
 sition, objected to the use of words not in 
 the works of Cicero, whence thev were call- 
 ed Ciceronian s. Against these pedants Eras- 
 mus wrote an admirable dialogue, entitled 
 Ciceronlanus, printed in 1528. The same 
 year appeared his learned work, “ De recta 
 Latinis Graicique Sermonis pronuntiatione.” 
 His last publication was his Ecclesiastes, or 
 
 the Manner of Preaching, 1535. Pie died 
 at Basil in 1536, and was buried in the ca- 
 thedral of that city. The inhabitants of 
 Rotterdam still shew the house where he 
 was born, and there is a statue erected to 
 his memory in the great square of that city. 
 His works were edited at Leyden in 1706, 
 in ten volumes, folio, by Le Clerc. — Jor- 
 tin s Life of Erasmus . 
 
 Erastus (Thomas), a physician and di- 
 vine, horn at Baden about 1524, and died 
 at Basil in 1582. He wrote some books on 
 physic, but he is best known by a treatise, 
 entitledDe Excommunicatione Lcclesiastica, 
 in which he denies that tire church has 
 power to inflict censures. — Moreri. 
 
 Eratosthenes, a Greek of Cvrene, 
 who was keeper of the famous library at 
 Alexandria. He died 194 B. C. He was 
 the first who discovered the method of mea- 
 suring the circumference of the earth. His 
 Fragments were printed at Oxford in 1672, 
 8vo. — Voss, de Hist. Grace. Moreri. 
 
 Ekchembert of Lombardy, was at first 
 a soldier, and afterwards a benedictine 
 monk.. He wrote a Chronicle of the Lom- 
 bards, of which an abridgment was pub- 
 lished at Naples in 1620, 4to. He flourished 
 in the 9th century. — Voss.de Hist.Lat. 
 
 Ercill-y-Zuniga (don Alonzo d’)* a 
 Spanish soldier and poei, was born at Ma- 
 drid in 1533. He was at the battle of St. 
 Quintin in 1557, and afterwards went to 
 South America, where he distinguished him 
 self against the revolted Indians of Peru and 
 Chili. He died at Madrid about 1600. Pie 
 wrote a poem on the subject of this war, 
 called Araucana. — Nouv. Did. Hist. 
 
 Er.ckf.rn (Lazarus), a German writer 
 on metallurgy. He was superititendnnC 
 of the mines of Hungary, Germany, and 
 the Tyrol. His book was printed at Frank- 
 fort in 1694, in Latin. — Ibid. 
 
 "Eremita (Daniel), a writer of the 17th 
 century, was a native of Antwerp, and be- 
 came secretary to the duke of Florence. He 
 turned Roman catholic, but afterwards be- 
 came a deist, and died at Leghorn in 1613. 
 His Opera Varia appeared at Utrecht in 
 1702. in 8vo. The best part of the collec- 
 tion is that entitledDe Aulica Vita ac civili. 
 — Moreri. 
 
 E ic IX. king of Sweden, Denmark, and 
 Norway, succeeded Margaret in 1412. He 
 married the daughter of Henry IV. of Eng- 
 land. Pie made a pilgrimage to the Holy 
 Land, but was made prisoner in Syria, and 
 paid a large ransom for his liberty. Soon 
 after his return the Swedes revolted, and 
 were followed by the Danes, on which he 
 withdrew to the isle of Gothland. In 1439 
 he was formally deposed. He afterwards 
 settled in Pomerania, where he died in 
 1459 He compiled a History of Denmark 
 to the Year 1288. — Mod. Un. Hist. Moreri. 
 
 Eric XIV. son and successor of Gustavus I, 
 king of Sweden. Pie courted princess Eli- 
 sabeth, afterward* queen of England, but 
 
ESA 
 
 ERN 
 
 being refused, lie married the daughter of a 
 peasant. This alienated from him the hearts 
 of his subjects, and, together with his cru- 
 elties, occasioned a revolt. Eric was com- 
 pelled to renounce his throne in I, %'S. He 
 died in prison in 1578. — Mod. Ua. Hist. Mar. 
 
 Ep.jgena (John Scotus), a learned man 
 of the 9th century, was born in Scotland, 
 though others make him a native of Eng- 
 land. He is said to have travelled to Athens, 
 where he acquired the Greek and Oriental 
 languages. He resided many years at the 
 court of Charles the Bald, king of France, 
 with whom he lived on terms of the great- 
 est familiarity. At the request of his patron 
 he translated the works of Dionysius into 
 Latin, which drew upon him the resent- 
 ment of the pope, to avoid whose fury he 
 went to England. His greatest work was 
 the Division of Nature, or the Nature of 
 Things, printed at Oxford in 1681. Some 
 say that he was employed by Alfred in re- 
 storing learning at Oxford, and that lie 
 taught school at Malmsbury, where he was 
 murdered by his pupils on account of his 
 severity. Others say that he died a natural 
 death in France about 874. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Erin n a, a Grecian poetess, who was co- 
 temporary with Sappho, and wrote several 
 pieces, fragments of which are extant. — 
 Voss. Poet. Grxc. 
 
 Erizzo (Lewis and Marc Antony), two 
 'brothers of Venice, who caused their uncle, 
 a senator of Ravenna, to be murdered in 
 1546, that they might gain possession of his 
 wealth. Lewis was beheaded, but the other 
 died in prison. Paul Erizzo, of the same 
 family, was governor of Negropont, which 
 he defended against the Turks, and at last 
 surrendered on condition that his life should 
 be spared. Eut the sultan ordered him to 
 be sawn in two ; and with his own hands 
 cut otT the head of his daughter, because 
 the would not yield to his desires, A. D. 
 1469. — Morer'i. 
 
 Erizzo (Sebastian), a learned Venetian 
 nobleman, who died in 1585. He wrote, A 
 Treatise am Medals; another on Logic; and 
 one entitled Sei Giornate. He also trans- 
 lated some of Plato's works into Italian. — 
 Piraboschi. 
 
 Erlach (John Lewis), a noble Swiss-, 
 borti at Berne. 1 le distinguished himself in 
 the service of France, and obtained several 
 victories, for which he was made com- 
 mander in chief of the army by Lewis XIV. 
 on the defection of Turenne. lie died at 
 Brjsac the year following, aged 55. — Nouv. 
 Piet. Hist. 
 
 Ernesti (John Augustus), professor of 
 theology at Leipsic, was born at Tennstadt 
 in 1707. In 1742 lie was chosen extraordi- 
 nary professor of antient literature, and in 
 1756 professor of eloquence. Two years 
 afterwards he took his doctor’s degree, and 
 obtained the divinity chair, which he held 
 with great reputation to his death in 1781. 
 Pie. published several valuable editions of. 
 
 Latin and Greek authors, as Xenophon, 
 Cicero, Suetonius, Tacitus, Homier, and 
 Callimachus, accompanied with learned 
 notes. His Jnstitutio interpretis Novi Tes- 
 tamenti, Leipsic, 1761, is a very excellent 
 work ; as also are his Opuscula Oratoria, 
 Orationes, Prolusiones et Elogia, 8vo. ; and 
 Opusculorum Oratorum Novum Votumen, 
 8 vo. 1791 ; Opuscula Critica, 8vo. — Life by 
 W. Aug. Ernesti. 
 
 FIkostratus, or Eratostrattjs, an ob- 
 scure Ephesian, who, to acquire a name, 
 set fire to the temple of Diana, 356 B. C. 
 The magistrates of Ephesus passed an edict, 
 prohibiting any to pronounce his name. — 
 Moreri. 
 
 Expenius, or Erpen (Thomas), a learned 
 Dutchman, born in 1584. He was edu- 
 cated at Leyden, after which he travelled 
 into several countries to perfect himself in 
 the Oriental languages. He returned to 
 Leyden in 1612, and was chosen professor 
 of the Oriental tongues. He died in 1624. 
 He wrote Grammatica Arabica ; Rudimenta 
 Lingua; Arabic®; Prccepta de Lingua Gne- 
 corunt Communi ; Grammatica Hebraea ; 
 Orationes de Linguarum Hebrre® atque 
 Arabic® dignitate. He also translated se- 
 veral Arabic works into Latin, with anno- 
 tations ; and the New Testament and Pen- 
 tateuch into Arabic. — Moreri. 
 
 Erskine (Ebenezer and Ralph), two 
 Scotch divines, of the class of secedefs, or 
 those who adhere to the solemn league and 
 covenant. The first died at Stirling in 1755, 
 and Ralph in 1751 Their sermons have 
 been often printed, and are held in great 
 request by high calvinists. — Lives prefixed to 
 their vvorks. 
 
 Erxleben (John Christian Polvcnrp), a 
 German naturalist, born at (Juedhnburg in 
 1744. He studied physic at Gottingen, and 
 gave lectures there on the veterinary art 
 and natural history. He also wrote on those 
 subjects. His Principles of Natural His- 
 tory, 8vo. 1768, is particularly valuable. lie 
 died in 1777. — Gen. Bing. 
 
 Eryceira (Ferdinand de Menescs count), 
 a Portuguese historian, born at I.isbon in 
 1614. He devoied himself to military ser- 
 vice, and distinguished hims-elf as an able 
 general at Tangier. He wrote The History 
 of Tangier, folio, 1723: History of Por- 
 tugal, 2 vols. folio; The Life of John I. 
 King of Portugal. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 FIryceira (Francis Xavier, Menescs, 
 count), great-grandson of the above, was 
 born at Lisbon in 1673. He was also a sol- 
 dier and a writer, and died in 1743. He 
 wrote on the Value of the Coins of Portu- 
 gal Reflections on academical Studies ; 
 Parallels of illustrious Men and Women ; 
 A Translation of the Henriade. — Ibid. 
 
 Esau, the son of Isaac and' Rebecca, born 
 about 1836 B. C. He sold his primogeni- 
 tureship to his brother Jacob, who by de- 
 ceit afterwards procured from him lus fa- 
 ther’s blessing. Enraged at this, he would . 
 
 * X 
 
ESP 
 
 have slain Jacob had he not fled into Meso- 
 potamia. On his return Esau met him, and 
 behaved very generously to him. Esau died 
 1710 B. C. He was the father of the Edo- 
 mites. — Genes: f. 
 
 Escobar (Bartholomew)," a le'afned Spa- 
 nish jesuit, who went to the Indies, and 
 died at Lima in 1624, aged 66. He wrote 
 several religious pieces. Anthcny Escobat, 
 another Spanish jesuit, died in 1669, aged 
 80. He wrote a Commentary on the Bible, 
 in 9 vols. folio ; and a work, entitled The- 
 ologia Moralis, 7 vols. folio. — Moreri. 
 
 Espagnac (John Baptist, baron d’), a 
 gallant French general, born in 1713, and 
 died at Paris in 1783. He served with great 
 glory under marshal Saxe, and wrote a' 
 number of books on the military art, and' a 
 
 History of the Marshal, in 3' vols. 4to. 
 
 Hoirv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 E s pa'gn f. (John d), a French protestant 
 minister, born in Datiphine. He came to 
 London in' the reign of James I. and offi- 
 ciated to a French congregation there till 
 about the Restoration. His Treatise on Po- 
 pular Errors in Religion, dedicated to 
 Charles I. has been praised by Bay Id. lie 
 Criticised therein some of Calvin’s princi- 
 ples. His works were pointed at the Hague, 
 ill 2 vols. 12ofO. 1674.— Bay/e. 
 
 Espagnet (John d’), a learned French- 
 man of the 17th century. He was president 
 ot the parliament of Bourdeaux, and pub- 
 lished two books, one entitled Enchiridion 
 Physic* Restitute ; and another called Ar- 
 canum Hermetic* Philosophic Opus, which 
 is appended' to the former. — Ibid. 
 
 _ EsPAGNcr.KT (Joseph Ribeira P), a Spa- 
 nish painter, born at Xativa, in Valencia, 
 in 1580. He imitated the manner of Cara- 
 vaggio, whom in some points he surpassed. 
 He died at Naples in 1656. He also en- 
 graved iu aquafortis. — -No,:<v. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Esi'en (Zeger Bernard van), a learned 
 professor at Louvain, who opposed the for- 
 j mulary end the bull Unigenitus, by which 
 I he brought himself into trouble, and went 
 to Amersfort to avoid his enemies, where 
 j he died in 1728, aged 83. His works on 
 the canon law were printed at Paris, 4 vols. 
 folio, 1753. — Moreri. 
 
 Espence (Claude d’),a Frelrch divine and ' 
 doctor of the Sorbonne, born in 1511. tie 
 accompanied cardinal Lorraine to Rome, 
 and distinguished himself at the council of 
 Trent, and in many important negociations. 
 lie died in 1571. His theological works 
 Were printed at Paris in 1619, folio. — lb. 
 
 Espek (John Frederic), a naturalist and 
 astronomer, was born at Drossenfeld, in 
 Bayreuth, in 1732. He studied theology at 
 Erlangen, but devoted himself chiefly to 
 botany and natural history, lie died in 
 f 1781. 1 le published, an accurate Descrip- 
 
 tion of the lately discovered ZooliteS of un- 
 | fcnown Animals, and of several Caverns, 
 Ac. Nuremburg, 1774, folio; A Method 
 •£ determining the--. Orbits of Comets, and- 
 
 E S T 
 
 other celestial Bodies, without astronomical 
 Instruments, or mathematical Calculations' 
 
 8 VO. — Qcn. JBrog. 
 
 Esperiente '('Philip), a learned Italian, 
 who formed a society at Rome, the mem- 
 bers of which adopted Greek names, and 
 that which he assumed was Callimachus. 
 T his giving offence to pope Pius II he re- 
 nted to Poland, where he was employed by 
 king Casimir to educate his children. He 
 died in 1496. H? wrote, 1 Cofnmehtarii- 
 rerum Persicarum ; 2. Ilistoria de iis quad a 
 Veuetis tentata sunt, Persis & Tartar's con- 
 tra Turcas movendis, &e — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Espremenil (James Duval o’), a French 
 advocate, was born at Pondichefrv i,n JA-iff, 
 He was the nephew and heir of Duval de 
 l.eyril, governor of that city, and the ac- 
 cuser of the unfortunate count Daily. D'Es- 
 premCnil became counsellor of the parlia- 
 ment of Psfr;'s, and wa - a very eloquent 
 orator. He distinguished himself’by his vio- 
 lence in the French revolution, But perished 
 on the scaffold with his old antagonist Cha- 
 peher,_in 1794.. Ingoing to the place of 
 execution, he said to his companion ; “ We 
 have at this moment a terrible prohlemTo 
 solve ; to which of ns two the shoutings of 
 the mob are addressed ?"' He was the author 
 of Remonstrances, published by parliament, 
 1788 ; Nullity and Despotism of the As- 
 sembly, 8vo. ; Actual State of France, 1790, 
 
 8 VO. — Nowv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Eh pr it (James), a member of the French 
 academy, was born in 1611, and died in 
 1678. His works are, 1. Paraphrases on 
 some of the Psalms ; 2. The Fallacy of hu- 
 man Virtues, 2 vols. 12mo. — Moreri. 
 
 Essex (James), an English architect, was 
 born in 1723. He distinguished himself by 
 the repairs and improvements of King's 
 College chapel, Cambridge, and Ely and 
 Lincoln cathedrals. He wrote gome pa- 
 pers in the Archaiologia, and the Biblio- 
 theca Topographiea Britannica. He died 
 at Cambridge in 1784. — Gen. Bwr. Diet. 
 
 Estajng (Charles Henry, count d’), a 
 French commander, was born of a noble fa- 
 mily in Auvergne. He served under count 
 Dally in India, and was made prisoner bv 
 the English ; but was released on his parole, 
 which he broke, in the American war he' 
 was employed as vice-admiral and general 
 of the French armies on that station,' "where 
 he took the island of Grenada. In 1777 ha 
 became member of the assembly of notables,- 
 and commandant of the national guards aV 
 Versailles at the commencement of the re- 
 volution. He was guillotined in 1793 . " 
 
 Nowv. Diet. Hist.. 
 
 Estampes (Anne of Pisseleu. duchess of), 
 wife of the duke of Estampes, and mistress 
 of Francis 1. king of France! She carried 
 on a correspondence with Charles V. and ' 
 informed him of the state of the armies and 
 the country, by which means he ...lined the 
 greatest advantages, ana nearly ruined 
 France. Alter the death e* Francis she re* 
 
 Q ' c 
 
E T II 
 
 E S T 
 
 fired to Tier country seat, where she died in 
 i ,57 6. — JilorerU 
 
 Estcourt {Richard), an actor and dra- 
 matic writer, born at Tewkesbury, in Glou- 
 cestershire. He was a second rate perform- 
 er at Drury -lane, and died in 1713. He 
 wrote two dramatic pieces: 1. The Fair 
 Example, a comedy-; 2 . Prunella, an inter- 
 lude .' — lit a 7 , Dram. 
 
 Esther, a Jewess of the tribe of Ben- 
 jamin, and cousin to Mordecai. Ahasuerus, 
 Icing .of Persia, married her after divorcing 
 bis queen Vashti. His favourite minister, 
 Hainan, out of resentment against Morde- 
 cai, plotted the destruction of all the Jews 
 in the empire, which being communicated 
 to Esther, she applied to the king, who 
 revoked the decree, and ordered Hainan to 
 be hanged on the gallows which he had pre- 
 pared for Mordecai. In memory of the 
 deliverance, the Jews celebrate the yearly 
 feast of Purim. Historians are not agreed 
 as to the king who is called Ahasuerus in 
 scripture, but be seems to have been Da- 
 rius, son of Hyslaspes. — SS. Slackhouses Hist, 
 rj' the Bible. 
 
 Estius (William), a learned Roman-ca- 
 t Folic divine, was born at Gore am, in Hol- 
 land, in 1542. He became professor of 
 theology, and afterwards chancellor of the 
 university of Douay, where he died in 1613. 
 He wrote Commentaries on the Epistles, _ 2 
 vols.; and Annotaliones in prsecipua ac dif- 
 bcioliora S. Scriptura loca, fol. ; Martyri 
 Edmundi Campiani, <Scc. — Moreri. 
 
 Estoile (Pierre del’), a French writer, 
 and grand-auditor of the chancery of Paris, 
 died in 1611. After his death were pub- 
 lished, 1. His Journal of Henry II L 5 vols. 
 Svo. ; 2. Journal of Henry IV. 4 vols. 8vo. 
 His son, Claude, was a member of the French 
 academy, and wrote some plays and poems. 
 He died in 1 652. — Ibid. 
 
 Estrades (Godfrey, count of), a French 
 general and statesman. In 1661 he was sent 
 ambassador to England, and again in 1666, 
 where he strenuously maintained his right 
 of precedence over the Spanish ambassador. 
 The year following he went to Holland, and 
 concluded the -treaty of Breda. In 1673 he 
 was at the- conference at Nimeguen. He 
 died in 1636, aged 79. The negociations of 
 the count d’Estrades were printed at the 
 Hague in 1472, in 9 vols. 12mo.* — Nouv.Dict. 
 kilt. 
 
 Estskes (Francis Annibal d’), duke and 
 marshal of France. He was t he son of An- 
 thony d'Estree.-. grand master of the artil- 
 lery/. tad horn in 1573. He was educated 
 for the church, and was appointed bishop of 
 Laou, which he quitted for a military life. 
 He died at Paris in 1370. He wrote Me- 
 moirs of the Regency of Mary de Media's ; 
 Relation of the Siege of Mantua. His sis- 
 ter Gabrielle became the favourite mistress 
 of rietyvIV. by whom she had three chil- 
 dren. She' died, us it is said, by poison, in 
 4.5&S1,— Afwvri. 
 
 Estrf.es (Catsar d’), cardinal and abbot 
 of St. Germain des Pres, born in 1628. He 
 was the son of the preceding, and raised to 
 the see of Laon in 1653. Lewis XIV. em- 
 ployed him in several negociations, parti- 
 cularly at Rome. He died in 1714.- -Mar. 
 
 Estrees (Victor Marie d’), vice-admiral 
 of France, born in 1660. ! Ie bombarded 
 
 Barcelona and Alicant in 1691. In 1701 he 
 was appointed lieutenant-general of the na- 
 val forces of Spain by Philip V. He was 
 made marshal of France, and created a 
 grandee of Spain. He died in 1737. — Ibid. 
 
 Estp.kes (Louis Catsar, duke d’), marshal 
 of France and minister of state, was born 
 in 1695. He distinguished himself in Flan- 
 ders under marshal Saxe, and in the war in 
 1756 had the command of the army in Ger- 
 many, where he obtained signal advantages. 
 He was afterwards recalled, and made a 
 
 duke in 1763. He died in 1771. Nou-v. 
 
 Diet. Hist. 
 
 Ethelbert, king of Kent in 560. He 
 married Bertha, daughter of Caribert, king 
 of France, by whose means he embraced 
 Christianity, which he had permitted to be 
 preached to his subjects by Austin the monk. 
 Ethelbert enacted a code of laws, and died 
 in 616. — Rap'm. Hume. 
 
 Ethelbert, king' of England, the second 
 son of Ethelwolf, succeeded his brother 
 Ethelbald in 860. He was a virtuous 
 prince, and beloved by his subjects. — Ibid. 
 
 EtHielred, king of England, the son of 
 Edgar, succeeded his brother Fldward the 
 Martyr in 978. He paid a tribute to the 
 Danes by a tax levied on his subjects called 
 Dancgelt. To free himself from this op- 
 pression, he caused the Danes to be trea- 
 cherously massacred in one day. On this, 
 Swein, king of Denmark, entered his king- 
 dom, and compelled him to fly to Nor- 
 mandy, but Swein dying soon after, Ethel- 
 recl returned, and died in 1016. — Ibid. 
 
 Ethelwolf, king of England, came to 
 the crown in 838. He was a mild and re- 
 ligious prince, and went to Rome with his 
 youngest son Alfred. He died in 857, and 
 was buried at Winchester. — Ibid. 
 
 Etherege (George), an English drama- 
 tic writer, was born about 1636, of an an- 
 cient family in Oxfordshire. In 1664 he 
 produced a comedy, called The Comical 
 Revenge, or Love in a Tub ; encouraged 
 by the favourable reception of which, he 
 brought out another in 1668, entitled She 
 Would if She Could. In 1676 appeared- 
 his Man of Mode, or Sir Eopling Flutter. 
 He received the honour of knighthood 
 about 1683. He died at Ratisbon by a fall 
 down stairs when drunk. Ilis songs are 
 sprightly. — Biog. Dram. 
 
 Ethryg (George), or Etheridge, an Eng- 
 lish physician, was born at Thame, in Ox- 
 fordshire, and educated at Corpus Christi 
 college, Oxford, of which lie was elected 
 fellow. About 1553 he was appointed 
 king’s professor of Greek; after which he 
 
EVA 
 
 E V A 
 
 practised as a physician at Oxford. He was 
 also a good mathematician, and skilled in 
 frntsic, but being a zealous Roman-catholic, 
 he lost his professorship, He died about 
 1538. He wrote Hypomnemata quredam in 
 aliquot libros Pauli ./Eginetaq sen Observa- 
 tiones Medicamentol'um quae hac aitate in 
 usu sunt, 8vo. 1588. Some musical compo- 
 sitions and Latin poems of his are extant in 
 MS. — Woofs A. 0. 
 
 Ethiopia and Abyssinia. Sesostris, king 
 of Egypt, conquered this country about 
 1008 B. C. In 956 the Ethiopians regained 
 their liberties, and in 947 invaded Egypt, 
 and drowned Icing Or us. In 671 Ethiopia 
 was subdued by Asserhaddon, king of As- 
 ; Syria, but it revolted on his death in 668. 
 
 ; Cvriis obtained a great part of the coun- 
 try about 534, but at the time of his death 
 5 the Ethiopians were in a state of independ- 
 ence, since Cambyses made an unsuccessful 
 |i expedition against them in 525. A. D. 960, 
 
 | a woman called Fredda Gabey put to death 
 I del Noad of the Solomonic race, and placed 
 j her son on the throne. This race, how- 
 :1 ever, was restored by Icon Anilac in 1300. 
 — Ustiv. Hist. Bruce's Travels. 
 
 Et muller (Michael), a physician, was 
 born in 1644, at Leipsic, in which univer- 
 1 si ty he became professor of botany, ana- 
 tomy, and chemistry. He died in 1683. 
 He wrote several esteemed books on medi- 
 cal subjects, most part of which were pub- 
 lished after his death, by his son, Michael 
 Ernest Etmulter, in 3 vols. folio. The son, 
 who was born in 1673, was chosen in 1702 
 ; extraordinary professor of physic at Leipsic. 
 
 1 —Haller Bill. Med. Moreri. 
 
 Evagoras I. king of Cyprus, recovered 
 Salamis from the Persians, but afterwards 
 he was defeated and deprived of the greatest 
 1 part of his territories. He was assassinated 
 I 374 B. C. — Evagoras II. grandson of the 
 s' preceding-, and son of Nicocles. He was 
 j' dethroned by his uncle Protagoras, on 
 jj which he fled to Artaxerxes Ochus, who 
 | made him governor of a province, but at 
 |; last put him to death. — Maui. 
 
 Evagoras, a Greek writer in the time 
 . of Augustus, who wrote, a History of 
 | Egypt ; the Life of Timagenes ; De artificio 
 Thucydidis Oratorio; Lexicon in Thucy- 
 didem. — Moreri. 
 
 Evaoiuus, a monk of the 5th century, 
 who wrote- a book called Altercatio Simonis 
 Judxi & Theopholi Christiani, which is 
 •Still extant. — Moreri. 
 
 Evagrius, bishop of Antioch in 389. 
 His election was disputed by Flavianus, and 
 confirmed by the council of Capua, in 390. 
 
 I le died in .392. — Moreri. Dupin. 
 
 Evagrius (Scholasticus), an ecclesiastical 
 jhistorian of Epiphania in Syria. He flou- 
 rished in the 6th century, and wrote six 
 books of ecclesiastical history, from 431 to 
 594, printed by Stephens at Paris, in 1544. 
 An edition appeared at Cambridge in 1720, 
 in' folio. — Moreri . 
 
 Evagrius (Ponticus or Hyperborita), a 
 monk of the 4th century, who was born 
 near the Euxine sea. He embraced' the 
 monastic life at Jerusalem, from whence he 
 removed to Syria. He zealously defended 
 the opinions of Origen. Fragments only 
 of his writings remain, — Cave Hist. Lit. 
 
 Evans (Arise), an astrologer, was a na- 
 tive of Wales, and educated at Oxford, 
 On entering into orders he obtained a cu- 
 racy in Staffordshire, but was dismissed on 
 account of his irregularities. He then re- 
 moved to London, where he taught the ma- 
 thematics, and practised astrology. He also 
 obtained fame as a necromancer. He died 
 in the great rebellion. The noted Lilly was 
 Lir. pupii. — Gen. Bicg Diet. 
 
 Evans (Cornelius), an impostor, was 
 born at Marseilles, but his father was a 
 Welshman. In 1648 he came to England, 
 and pretended to be the prince of Wales, to 
 whom he bore a great resemblance. After 
 carrying on this farce a few weeks, he was 
 sent to Newgate, from whence he effected 
 his escape, but what became^of him after- 
 wards is not known. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Evans (Abel), commonly called Dr. 
 Evans the epigrammatist, was one of the 
 Oxford wits, and intimate with the most 
 eminent poets of the age. He was a mem- 
 ber of St. John’s college, and took his de- 
 gree of D. D. in 1711. He was vicar of 
 St. Giles, Oxford. Some of his poems are 
 in Mr. Nichols’s collection. — Gen. Bio%. Diet. 
 
 Evans (John), a dissenting minister, was 
 born in 1680, at Wrexham in Denbighshire, 
 and educated at some academies in London 
 and \ orkshire, after which he resided with 
 a private family in Shropshire. In 1704 he 
 became assistant to Dr. Daniel Williams, 
 pastor of a congregation in London, and 
 succeeded him in the sole charge in 1716. 
 He obtained the degree of D. D. from the 
 universities of Edinburgh and Aberdeen. 
 He died in 1730. Dr. Evans is known as 
 the author of two volumes of excellent 
 sermons on the Christian Temper, and a 
 volume of sermons to Young Persons.— 
 Dr. Harris's Fun. Sermon for Dr, Evans. 
 
 Evans (Caleb), an eminent baptist mi- 
 nister, was born at Bristol, where his fa- 
 ther officiated to a respectable congrega- 
 tion. The son was educated at a dissenting 
 academy in London, and afterwards became 
 assistant and successor to his father, lie 
 also conducted a seminary for bringing up 
 young men to the pastoral office with rreat 
 reputation. In 1789 King’s college, Aber- . 
 deco, conferred on him the degree of D.D. 
 lie died in 1791, aged 54. Dr. Evans pub- 
 lished sermons on the Scripture Doctrine 
 of the Son and Holy Spirit; a collection of 
 Hymns adapted to public worship; Ad- 
 dress to the serious and candid Professors 
 of Christianity ; Christ crucified, or the 
 Scripture Doctrine of the Atonement, Sec. 
 
 •— Funeral Sermon by Dr. Sfennet. 
 
 Evans (Evan), a divine and poet, was 
 tcS 
 
EUC 
 
 E U D 
 
 born in Cardiganshire about 1730, and en- 
 tered of Jesus college, Oxford, in 1751. 
 He jiever obtained any preferment in the 
 church, which disappointment is supposed 
 to be tli-e cause of his addicting himself to 
 drinking. He died in 1790 T !e published 
 a quarto volume entitled Dissc-rtatio de 
 Bardis, with specimens of Welsh poetry ; 
 an English poem called ,the Love of our 
 Country; and two volumes of Sermons by 
 Tillotson and others, translated into Welsh. 
 — Ozuea’s Camb. Blov. 
 
 Evan son (Edward), a divine, was born 
 at Warrington, in Lancashire, in 1731. He 
 received his education at Emanuel college, 
 Cambridge, where he took his degrees in 
 arts, and entering into orders, became cu- 
 rate to his uncle at Mitcham in Surrey. In 
 1763 he obtained the living of South Mims, 
 where he resided about two years, and was 
 then presented to the living of Tewkesbury 
 in Gloucestershire, to which was added 
 that of Longdon, a village in Worcester- 
 shire Here he altered his sentiments on 
 the Trinitarian doctrine, and ventured to 
 make alterations in the Common Prayer, 
 which gave such offence to the parishioners 
 that a prosecution was instituted against 
 him, which failed on account of some irre- 
 gularity in the proceedings. In 1778 he 
 resigned his livings and returned to Mitch- 
 am, where he undertook the education of 
 some pupils, lie died in 1805. He wrote 
 the Dissonance of the four generally re- 
 ceived Evangelists; A Letter to Bishop 
 Hurd on the Grand Apostacy ; Reflections 
 on the State of Religion in Christendom, 
 and some other works, — Monthly Mag. 
 
 Evaristus, bishop of Rome, was elected 
 A. D. 100, and martyred in 109. He pre- 
 sented to the emperor a book or apology 
 on the excellence of the Christian religion. 
 '—P latino. Boaver. 
 
 Eubui.ides, a philosopher and dramatic 
 writer of Miletus, was a disciple of Euclid, 
 and preceptor to Demosthenes and Alex- 
 inus. He wrote comdies,. and a book 
 against Aristotle. There was another of 
 
 the same name, but of the cynic sect. 
 
 Moreri. 
 
 Eucharius, or Houciiar (Eligius), a 
 divine and poet of Ghent" of the 16th cen- 
 tury. He wrote, 1. The Lives of St. Le- 
 vinus, St. Cotera, and Bertulsius ; 9. a Co- 
 medy of the Patience of Chryselleis, and 
 Other works. — Moreri. 
 
 Eucherius, archbishop of Lyons. He 
 obtained so great a name for his piety as to 
 be canonized. He died about 454. He 
 wro^e several devotional pieces. — Moreri. 
 
 Euclid, an eminent philosopher of Me- 
 gara, and the disciple of Socrates, from 
 whom he differed in the manner of teach- 
 ing; for, instead of instructing his pupils 
 in morals, he confined theirattention wholly 
 to the subtleties of logic. Hence his fol- 
 lowers became noted wranglers.- Bsyle. 
 
 Moreri. 
 
 >' 
 
 Euclid, a celebrated mathematician of 
 Alexandria, who flourished B. C 300. Hff 
 immortalized his name by his books- on 
 geometry, in which lie digested all the 
 propositions of the eminent geometrici- 
 ans who preceded him, as Thales, Pytha- 
 goras, and others. Ptolemy became his 
 pupil, and his school was so famous, that 
 Alexandria continued for ages the great" 
 university for mathematicians. The best 
 edition of his whole works is that of Gre- 
 gory, Oxford, folio, 1704. His Elements 
 have gone through innumerable editions. — 
 Martin’s Biotr. Phil. Hutton’s Mathematical 
 Diet. 
 
 Eudjemon (John Andrew), or John the 
 happy, a learned jesuit, who died at Rome 
 in 1625. He was a native of Candia, and 
 wrote a book entitled Admonitio ad regem 
 Ludovicum XII. 1625, 4to. in which he 
 attacked the authority of the kings of 
 France in church matters, which occasioned' 
 his order to Be severely treated in that 
 country . — Moreri. 
 
 Eubf.s (John), founder of a religious so- 
 ciety called after his name. He was an 
 eloquent preacher, and died at Caen in 
 1680, aged IQ.— Ibid. 
 
 Eudocia, a learned Athenian lady, whose 
 original name was Athenais, was the daugh- 
 ter of I.eontius the philosopher, who left 
 her only a small legacy, bequeathing the 
 rest of his property to his two sons. On 
 this she went to Constantinople to lay her 
 complaint before Theodosius the younger. 
 Here she became the favourite of Pulcheria, 
 sister of that emperor, and embraced the 
 Christian religion. In 421 she was married 
 to the emperor, who afterwards divorced 
 her in a fit of jealousy. She then went to 
 Jerusalem, where she built churches, and- 
 led a life of great devotion. She died in 
 460. This empress wrote some Greek 
 poems, and paraphrases on some of the pro- 
 phets. — Moreri-. 
 
 Eudocia, or Eudoxia, widow of the em- 
 peror Constantine Duetts, on whose death, 
 in 10G7, she assumed the imperial diadem, 
 and married the general Rom anus Dio- 
 genes. When her son Michael ascended 
 the throne, he shut her in a convent, where 
 she amused herself in writing on the pagan 
 mythology. — Moreri. 
 
 Eudocia (Feodorevna), first wife of Pe- 
 ter I. C'ar of Russia, and daughter of the- 
 boyard Feodor Lapookin. Peter married' 
 her in 1689, but a few years afterwards ha, 
 sent her to a nunnery on account of her 
 complaints of his infidelity. She died in 
 1731, aged 59.— Co-ve-b Russia. Toole’s Hist, 
 of Rv.ssid. 
 
 Eudoxius, patriarch of Constantinople, 
 to which see he was preferred by the em- 
 peror Constantins, after having been de- 
 posed from the bishopric of Antioch for 
 arianism. He died in 379. — Moreri. 
 
 Eudoxus of Cnidus, an eminent astro- 
 nomer of Caria, in Asia Minor. He st-u«- 
 
E U O 
 
 E U G 
 
 Jdied in Egypt with Pinto, and afterwards 
 opened a mathematical school at Athens. 
 It is said that he passed a great part of his 
 time on a high mountain, where he made 
 celestial observations. — Stanley's Hist. Phil, 
 
 Evelyn (John), an ingenious writer, was 
 born at Wotton, in Surrey, in 16120, and 
 educated at Baliol college, Oxford. By his 
 marriage with the daughter of sir Richard 
 Brown, in 1647, he became possessed of 
 .Sayes court, a manor in Kent, where he 
 led a retired life till the Restoration, to 
 which he in some measure contributed. 
 At the establishment of the royal society 
 he became one of the first members. In 
 1-66? appeared his Sculptura, or the His- 
 tory and Art ot Chalcography and En- 
 graving in Copper. This curious and va- 
 luable work was reprinted in 17 55. In 
 1664 came out iiis-Sylva, or a Discourse of 
 Forest I'r.ees, folio, which has gone through 
 several editions. He was appointed a 
 commissioner for the sick and wounded 
 spamen, one of the commissioners for re- 
 building St... Paul’s, and afterwards had a 
 place at the board of trade. In the reign 
 of James II. he was made one of the .com- 
 missioners for executing the office of lord 
 privy seal, and after the Revolution was 
 appointed treasurer of Greenwich hospital. 
 In 1697 appeared his N umismata, or Dis- 
 course of Medals, folio, Mr. Evelyn has 
 the honour of being one of the lirst who 
 improved horticulture, and introduced 
 exotics into this country. Of his garden 
 al Saves court a curious account may be 
 seen in the Philosophical Transactions. 
 Hedied in 1706', and was buriedat Wotton. 
 He wrote several books besides the above. 
 IT is son, John Evelyn, wrote a Greek poem, 
 prefixed to Ijis father’s Sylva; and trans- 
 lated Rap in’s poem on Gardens into En- 
 glish ; and the Life of Alexander from 
 Plutarch. He was also the author of a 
 few poems in Dryden’s collection, and died 
 in 1698, aged 44. — Blog, Brit. 
 
 EvE : tpiNC§N (Cffisar van), an eminent 
 Dutch painter, ryas b,ojm ?t Alkmaer in 
 1606, and died iu 1679, One of his linest 
 performances is the victory of David over 
 Gpliah, painted on the folding-doors of the 
 organ in the great church of Alkmaer. His 
 nephew, Albert, excelled as a landscape 
 painter. He died in 1675. — Hoithraken. 
 
 Eugene (Francis), prince of Savoy, was 
 born in 166.1. His father was the count of 
 Soissons; ajad his mother niece to cardinal 
 Mazarine. He was intended for the 
 church, but the death of his father altered 
 the design, and he resolved to follow a mi- 
 litary life. His mother being banished to 
 the Netherlands, he went to Vienna, where 
 the emperor gave him a regiment of dra- 
 goons, and he served with great reputation 
 against the Turks in Hungary. In 1691 he 
 was sent to Piedmont, where he relieved 
 Cpni, which was besieged by the French, 
 and took Carmagnole. In 1597 he obtained 
 the chief command of the Imperial army, 
 
 and the same vear defeated the Turks at 
 the battle of lluda. On the death of thu 
 king of Spain, the emperor laid claim to 
 that throne, and a new war breaking out, 
 prince Eugene was sent to Italy, where he 
 defeated Catinat the French general, who 
 was succeeded by Villeroi ; but whilethis ge» 
 nnral lay secure, as he thought, at Cremona, 
 the prince entered .the place by stratagem, 
 and took him prisoner. Soon after this he 
 returned to Vienna, and was made presi- 
 dent of the council, and associated in the 
 command of the allied army with the great 
 duke of M Thorough. In 1704 he had a 
 principal share in the famous battle of 
 Blenheim. In 1707 he was repulsed at 
 CasSano by Vendome, but. he soon reeo* 
 vered h:s reputation by a bloody action 
 near Turin, which was. then besieged by 
 the French, whose trenches he forced, and 
 gained a complete victory. The same year 
 he entered France, and laid siege to Toulon, 
 but was unsuccessful. The next year he 
 commanded the Imperial army in Flanders, 
 and shared in the victoryof Oudcnardas he 
 afterwards did that of Malplaquet.In this last 
 battle he was severely wounded, but would 
 not quit the scene of action. In 1712 he 
 was at London, to induce the English mi- 
 nisters not to make a separate peace, but 
 his arguments were ineffectual: and he 
 was left to lmish the war alone. After this 
 detection his progress was weak, and he 
 was successfully opposed by marshal Villa rs, 
 witlr whom he entered into a negotiation 
 which produced the peaqe of Radstadt in 
 1714. Shortly after this a war broke out 
 between the emperor and the Turks, on. 
 which the prince was again entrusted with 
 the command in Hungary, where, in 1716, 
 he defeated the grand vizier at Pet erwaradin, 
 which was followed by the capture of Bel- 
 grade. After the peace of 1718 he retired 
 to a private life: but in 1733, when the 
 election for the crown of Poland was dis- 
 puted, he was again employed. His ser- 
 vice, however, was short, and unproduc- 
 tive of any remarkable action. He died at 
 Vienna in 1736. The prince was very 
 amiable in his private deportment, correct 
 in his manners, serious, sincere, and devout. 
 — Moreri. Univ- Hist. 
 
 EuoeRius I. a pope and saint, succeeded 
 Martin in 654. He is praised for his libe- 
 rality and piety, and died in 657. — Euge- 
 nius 11. succeeded Paschal I. in 824, and 
 died in 827. He defended image-worship, 
 though the practice was condemned by 
 the council of Paris in 825. — Eugenius III. 
 pope, ascended the papal chair ip 1145. 
 The Romans were at that time in a tuibu- 
 lent state, and finding that he could do little 
 good with them, Eugenius retired to Pisa, 
 and from thence to Paris. He died at Ti- 
 voli, in 1133. — Eugenius IV. (Gabriel 
 Condolmeve.) He was a Venetian bv birth, 
 and succeeded Martin V.in 1431, in which 
 year the council of Basil assembled. This 
 pope and the numbers of that assembly 
 
E U I 
 
 E U P 
 
 <1 flfered in their judgment. Eugenius issued 
 a bull against them, whichthey disregarded, 
 am; at last he was under the necessity of 
 confirming the decrees. He afterwards 
 called a council at Ferrara, to endeavour a 
 reconciliation between the Greek and Latin 
 churches. At this council appeared the 
 emperor Paleolpgus, with several Greek 
 bishops ; but the plague breaking out at 
 Ferrara, the council was removed to Flo- 
 r- nce, where a sort of union was agreed to, 
 which was soon broken. Another council 
 at Basil deposed Eugenius, and elected 
 Amadeus VIII. duke of Savoy, who took 
 the name of Felix. V. Eugenius, however, 
 triumphed over his adversaries, and died 
 at Rome in 1447. — Cave Hist. Lit. Platina, 
 Bonner. 
 
 Eugenius, an obscure man, who from 
 being a grammarian, was proclaimed em- 
 peror in Dauphine by count Arbogastus, 
 niter the death of Valentinian the Younger, 
 in 392- He crossed the Alps, and made 
 himself master of Milan. But in 394 he was 
 defeated and slain by the emperor Theodo- 
 sius. — Moreri. 
 
 Euler (Leonard), a celebrated mathe- 
 matician, was the son of a protestant minis- 
 ter, and born .at Basil in 1707. He re- 
 ceived his education in the university of 
 that city with a view to the church, but 
 he devoted himself principally to mathe- 
 matical studies under the famous John Ber- 
 nouillii In 1727 he followed his friends 
 Hermann and Daniel Bernouilli to Peters- 
 burg!!, and was associated with them in 
 the mathematical professorship. In 1730 
 he was appointed professor of natural phi- 
 losophy, and on the departure of Daniel 
 Bernouilli he succeeded him in the mathe- 
 matical chair. In 1735 he lost the sight of 
 one eye by intense application to the solu- 
 tion of a difficult problem. A memoir of 
 his on “ Fire” obtained the prize from the 
 French academy of sciences in 1738, and in 
 1740 he divided another on the Flux and 
 Reflux of the Sea, with Maclaurin and Da- 
 niel Bernouilli. In 1741 he went to Berlin, 
 at the invitation of the king, to assist in es- 
 tablish ng the academy there. He conti- 
 nued at Berlin twenty-live years, and then 
 returned to Petersburgh, where he soon 
 after entirely lost his sight. Blit still he con- 
 tinued his favourite pursuits, and his Ele- 
 ments of Algebra. He also received ano- 
 ther prize from the French academy, for 
 three Memoirs on the Inequalities in the 
 Motious of the Planets : which was fol- 
 lowed by two others for solutions of ques- 
 tions oii the Theory of the Moor, In 
 1772 appeared his Lunar Tables. He died 
 pf a fit of apoplexy in 1783. Besides the 
 above works he wrote a great number of 
 papers in the Memoirs of several Acade- 
 mies; Opuscu’a Analytica ; Introduction 
 to the Analysis of Infinitesimals, See. — Ency- 
 tlopadia Brit, 
 
 Eulogius, patriarch of Alexandria in 
 58 1. lie wrote some books against here- 
 
 tics, fragments of which only remain. He. 
 died in 608. — Moreri. 
 
 Eui.ogius, the martyr of Cordova, was 
 elected archbishop of Toledo, but before 
 his consecration he was put to death by 
 the Saracens, in 859. Some of his works 
 are extant. — Ibid. 
 
 Eumenes, an eminent general under 
 Alexander the Great, after whose death he 
 . became very powerful, but was conquered 
 at last by Anti gonus, and put to death 316 
 B. C. He was a man of strict probity, 
 mild, and generous. — Plutarch. Corn. Hep.. 
 
 Eumenes I. king of Pergamus, succeeded 
 his uncle Philsetserus, R. C. 203, and reigned 
 22 years. — Eumenes Il.nephew of the pre- 
 ceding, succeeded his father, Attains, 197 
 B. C. He assisted the Romans against An- 
 tiochus the Great, and reigned 38 years. — , 
 Univ. Hist. 
 
 Eumeniu s, a celebrated orator, who flou- 
 rished about 3 10. Some of his orations are 
 in Panegyrici Veteres .-—Moreri. 
 
 Eunapius, a writer and physician of the 
 4th century, who wrote a book of the 
 Lives of the Philosophers and Sophists, in 
 which he speaks rancorously of Christianity, 
 He also composed the history of the Cresars, 
 which is lost, but the substance of it may 
 be seen in Zoslmus. — Boss. Hist. Grac , 
 
 Eunomius, an heresiarch of the 4th cen- 
 tury. Ide was a native of Cappadocia, and 
 the secretary of iEtius, whose errors he 
 embraced and enlarged, which produced 
 a sect called Eunomians. In 360 he was 
 made bishop of Cyzicum by Eudosius 
 bishop of Antioch, who afterwards deposed 
 him by order of Constantius, He died in 
 exile in 394. Some of his works are ex- 
 tant. — Cave Hist. Lit. Moreri. 
 
 Euphemius, patriarch of Constantinople 
 in 490. Ide had some disputes with the 
 pope about admitting certain names into 
 the calendar of saints, and the pope being 
 supported by the emperor Anastasius, he 
 was sent into exile, and died at Ancyra, in 
 515. — Ibid. 
 
 Eupiiorion, a Greek poet and historian, 
 born atChaicisin Euboea, 3- C. 274. Only 
 a few fragments of his poems are extant. 
 There were two others of the same name; 
 the first was a son of iEschylus, and wrote 
 some tragedies ; the other was the author 
 of epigrams in the Anthologia. — Moreri. 
 
 Euphrates, a heretic of the 2d century, 
 who held that the serpent which deceived 
 our first parents was Christ himself under 
 that form, and therefore he and his fol- 
 lowers paid reverence to serpents, on which 
 account they were called ophites. There 
 were besides two philosophers of this name, 
 one a platonist, under Perdicas; and the 
 other a stoic, under Adrian. — Ibid. 
 
 Euphranor, an Athenian painter and 
 sculptor, who lived about 352 years B. C, 
 He wrote some books on the arts which he 
 professed, but they are lost. — Ibid. 
 
 Eupolis, a comic poet of Athens, who 
 lived about 435 B. C. Alcibiades is said to 
 
BUS 
 
 have caused him to be cast into the sea for 
 writing’ a play against him, but iEiian says 
 that he died at Egina. Some fragments of 
 his remain. — Voss. Pod G'rac. 
 
 Evhemond, S-t. (Charles de St. Dennis, 
 W.d of), a French writer, was born in Nor- 
 mandy, in ] 6'23, and being a younger son 
 was designed for the law, which profession 
 he quitted for the military life. He served 
 under the duke- of Enghien, as lieutenant 
 of the guards, and in the civil wars of 
 France was major-general. lie attended 
 Mazarine in the negotiation with Spain, 
 but having betrayed some confidential 
 secrets, in a correspondence with the mar- 
 quis de Crequi, he was obliged to quit 
 France. On this he went to England, 
 where he was in great esteem with king 
 Charles II. He died in 1703, and was bu- 
 ried in Westminster abbey. He was a 
 man of wit and ingenuity. His works were 
 printed in 1728, in 3 vols. 8vo. — Life by 
 i)cs JVIaizeausr . 
 
 Euripides, a Grecian tragic poet, was 
 born in the island of Salami's, B. C. 480. 
 He studied at Athens under Anaxagoras 
 the philosopher, and Prodicus the rhetori- 
 cian. Euripides was twice married, but was 
 unfortunate in both his wives. Fie left 
 Athens in disgust, on account of the rivai- 
 ship of Sophocles, and the raillery of Ari- 
 stophanes, and went to the court of Arche- 
 laus, king of Macedon. As he was walk- 
 ing one evening in a wood, he wasassaulted 
 by tire king’s hounds and torn in pieces. 
 
 I le was then in his 75th year. The Athe- 
 nians, out of respect for his talents, went 
 into mourning. Only IP of his tragedies 
 are extant : and the best editions aret hose ol 
 Barnes, Cambridge, H>94, folio ; and Mns- 
 gravej Oxford 1778, 4to. Euripides has 
 been well translated into English by Wood- 
 hull and Potter. — Moreri. 
 
 F'ukydice, wife of Amyntas, king of 
 Macedon, and mother of Alexander, Perdic- 
 cas, and of Philip, father of Alexanderthe 
 Great. She conspired against her husband, 
 from a criminal love she had for her daugh- 
 ter’s husband. The plot, however, was dis- 
 covered by Amyntas, who forgave her. 
 On his death Alexander ascended the 
 throne, but he perished through his mo- 
 ther’s ambition, as did Perdiccas. But 
 Philip preserved bis crown from all her at- 
 tempts, on which she fled, but what be- 
 came of her is unknown. — Bay Is. Moreri. 
 
 F.urydice, a daughter of Aridaeus, the 
 natural son of Philip. On the death- of 
 Alexander the Great, Aridams ascended 
 the throne, and was governed by his wife. 
 Olympias, the mother of Alexander, con- 
 quered the usurpers, and put them to death, 
 319 B. C. — Ib'd. 
 
 Eusden (Laurence), an English poet, was 
 born in Yorkshire, and educated at Tri- 
 jiity college, Cambridge. In 1718 he ob- 
 tained the laureatship, which raised him 
 
 E U S 
 
 several enemies, particularly Pope, who 
 placed him in the Dunciad. He became 
 rector of Coningsby, in Lincolnshire, where 
 he died in 1730. His poems are in Nichols's 
 collection. — Gen. Biog. Did. 
 
 Eusebius, a Greek by birth, succeeded 
 Marcellus as bishop of Ropte in 310, and 
 died the same year. He was violent against 
 readmitting lapsed Christians to cotnmnnitiD, 
 which gave great offence at Rome, and the 
 emperor Maxentius banished the pope to 
 Sicily. — Platina. Bo-ver. 
 
 Eusebius (Pamphilus), an ecclesiastical 
 historian, wa3 born in Palestine about 270. 
 In the persecution by Dioclesian, he assisted 
 the suffering Christians by his exhortations, 
 particularly his friend Pamphilus, whose 
 nameout ofvenerationheassumed. Eusebius 
 was chosen bishop of Ctesarea about 313. 
 He was at first the friend of Arms, because 
 he considered him as persecuted, but on 
 perceiving the dangerous extent of his opi- 
 nions, he abandoned him, and assisted at the 
 council of Nice, which he opened with an 
 address. He was also at that of Antioch. 
 The emperor Constantine had a particular 
 esteem for him, and shewed him several to- 
 kens of favour. He died about 338. He 
 wrote an Ecclesiastical History, the Life of 
 Constantine, and other works. The be 3 t 
 edition of his Ecclesiastical History is that 
 of Cambridge, 3 vols. folio, 1720. Fie wrote 
 besides this many other works, the princi- 
 pal of which is that of Evangelical Prepara- 
 tion, 2 vols. folio, Paris, 1G23. — labricivs. 
 C so. Moreri. 
 
 Eusebius, bishop of Beryfus. of Nico- 
 media, and lastly of Constantinople, was 
 a turbulent ariafir, and a . great persecu- 
 tor of Athanasius. Fie died in Ml. 
 
 Cave. Fabri.hu. AForeri. 
 
 Eusebius, bishop of Emesa in Syria, of' 
 whom some homilies are still extant. He 
 also was an, arian', and died in SCO. — Ibid. 
 
 Eusebius, bishop ofVercelli in Piedmont 
 and a zealous defender of Athanasius, for 
 which he was banished to Syria, but after 
 the death of Constantins he returned to his 
 see, and died in 371. Some Letters of his 
 are extant. — Ibid. 
 
 Eusebius, bishop of Samosata. He was 
 at first an arian, but afterwards became a 
 zealous oppeser of that sect. He was ba- 
 nished by the emperor Valens, and in 378 
 was killed by a tile thrown upon his head 
 by an arian woman. — Moreri. 
 
 Eusebius, bishop of Dorylamm, in Phry- 
 gia, in the 5th century. Fie was at first a 
 lawyer, but enteringthe ecclesiastical state, 
 became bishop of Dorylacmn, about 448. 
 He was a zealous opponent of the Eutv- 
 chians, by whose means he was deposed la 
 449. Some of his works exist. — Mid. 
 
 Eustaciie (David), a French protestant 
 minister, and pastor of the church at Mont- 
 pellier. In lf>59 he Was deputed by ti c 
 national synod of Loudon to present Uu ir 
 
E X U 
 
 jE U T 
 
 address to the king, on which occasion his 
 speech was much applauded. He wrote 
 some practical and polemical pieces. —JBayle. 
 j. vToreri. 
 
 Eustackius (Bartholomew) , an eminent 
 Itunan physician of the lfiih century. He 
 settled at Rome where he formed h!,s ana- 
 tomical tah.es in 1552, which were not 
 pub! -shed til 1714. Asccondedi Lion ap- 
 peared in ) 728. Bperhaave published this 
 author’s Opuscula Anatomic* in 1707. He 
 thc-d in 1570. — Tirakoschi. 
 
 Eustathius, a saint of the Greek and 
 Roman calendar, and bishop of Antioch 
 in S25.. He strenuously opposed the arians, 
 for which he was banished by Copstantius, 
 and died at Trajanopolis in 350.— Morcri. 
 
 Eustatius, archbishop of Thessalonica, 
 was born at Constantinople, and lived in 
 the 12th century. His Commentaries on 
 Homer were printed at Rome in 1550, and 
 those upon Dionysius the geographer, at 
 Pans in 1577, and at Oxford in 1697, 8vo. 
 ■ — Merer i. 
 
 Eustochium, the daughter of Paula, an 
 eminent Roman lady, and like her mother 
 distinguished for her knowledge of the Greek 
 and Hebrew languages. She resided in the 
 monastery at Bfthlehern, but was driven 
 from it by the Pelagians, and died about 
 4! 9. — Ibid. 
 
 Eustratius. archbishop of Nice, in the 
 12th century. His Commentaries, in Greek, 
 on Aristotle s Analytics and Ethics, were 
 printed at Venice, 1544, and 1536, folio — 
 Morcri. 
 
 Euthymius, patriarch of Constantinople 
 in 906. The emperor Leo VI. having de- 
 pot’ ed Nicholas Mysfcus, placed Euthymius 
 m his room; but Alexander H. banished 
 him, and restored Nicholas. He died in 
 911, and was interred at Constantinople. — 
 
 Moreri. 
 
 Euthymius (Zigabenus, or Z-'gadenus), 
 a Greek monk, who wrote, at the command 
 of the emperor Alcxitis Comnenus, a work 
 entitled Panoplia, or a Defence of the Or- 
 thodox Faith. He also wrote a Commen- 
 tary on the Psairns, printed in Latin in 1550, 
 joiio ; a Treatise against various Heresies ; 
 Commentaries on the Epistles, See. He died 
 after 1 1 18.— Hid. 
 
 ' Eutocius, of Ascalon, in Palestine, a 
 Greek mathematician of the 6th century. 
 He wrote Commentaries on Apollonius’s 
 Conics, to be found in Halley’s edition of 
 that work ■ and also Commentaries op Ar- 
 chimedes, in the works of that writer, 
 printed at Oxford in 1 792, ‘ folio.— Hutto, ij 
 Adath. Diet. Adorcri. 
 
 Eutropius (Flavius), a Latin historian 
 of the 4th century. He was secretary to 
 Constantine the Great, and served under 
 Julian in his Pershtn expedition. He wrote 
 ah Epitome of the History of Rome, of 
 which numerous editions have been printed. 
 '—Moreri. 
 
 Etrf itorius, the etmuch, and minister of 
 
 the emperor Arcadius, who in 39?) made 
 him consul. His conduct in this situation 
 was so oppressive, that his master was ob- 
 liged to banish him. He was afterwards 
 beheaded, A. D. 399. — Morcri. 
 
 Eutyches, a Greek monk, and abbot of 
 a convent near Constantinople: in opposing 
 nestorianism, he broached a new heresv, by 
 denying the human nature of Christ," and 
 asserting that his body was only an aerial 
 vehicle. This heresy was condemned in the 
 council of Constantinople, and Eutvche.? 
 deposed. But his opinions had many" sup- 
 porters. — Mosheim. Cave. Morcri. 
 
 Eut.ychianus (Pope), succeeded Felix 
 in 27 5, and suffered martyrdom in 283. I ie 
 was a native of Tuscany, and a warm de- 
 fender of the rights and orders of the 
 chu rch. — P latino . Boiver . 
 
 Eutychius, patriarch of Constantinople. 
 He reproved Justinian when that emperor 
 fell into an error, for which he was de- 
 posed and banished in 564, but in 578 he 
 was restored to his see. He died in 5S5— 
 Morcri. 
 
 Eutychius, a physician and divine, was 
 born at Cairo in 6176. After practising 
 physic fop many years, he was ordained, 
 and in 933 became patriarch of Alexandria. 
 He died in 950. He wrote, in Arabic, An- 
 nuls from the Creation to 900, published at 
 Oxford by Pocock in 1659, 4to. Eutychius 
 also wrote a History of Sicily, the MS. of 
 which is in the public library at Cambridge. 
 —Cave. D'Herbdot. 
 
 Euzoius, a deacon of Alexandria, who 
 was deposed for arianism, but .on his subr 
 mission was made bishop of Antioch, and 
 died about 376. There was another of the 
 same name, who was bishop of Cassarea in 
 the 4th century. He was a great restorer 
 of learning. — Morcri. 
 
 Ewald (John), a Danish poet, was born 
 at Copenhagen in 1743. Being of a wan- 
 dering and adventurous turn, he entered 
 into the Prussian service, anti rose to 
 the rank of serjeant, but deserted, and re- 
 turned to Denmark, where he applied to the 
 study of divinity, but never entered into the 
 ecclesiastical state. He studied the English 
 language, to make himself acquainted with 
 our best poets. J[ e died in 1781. He 
 wrote a dramatic poem, entitled Adam and 
 Eve ; Poems in the style of Ossian ; a the- 
 atrical piece, called “ The Fishermen ;” and 
 other works which shew great lire and 
 imagination. They were printed at Copen- 
 hagen in 1791,4 vols. — Gen. Blog. 
 
 Exiu lli (Claude d’), president in the par- 
 liament of Grenoble, horn at Voiron, in 
 Dauphin!?, in 1561, and died in 1636. He 
 wrote Pleadings, printed at Paris in 1GI2, 
 4to, ; Poems, 1624; the Life of Bayard, 
 1650; and a book on French- Orthography, 
 1618. — Ibid. 
 
 ExuPiiiaus, bishop of Thoulouse, and a 
 saint of the Roman calendar, vvho expend- 
 ed all his own property and the sacred ve^- 
 
FAB 
 
 eels -to maintain the poor in the time of fa- 
 mine. He died about 417. — Gen. Biog. 
 
 Eyck ( Hubert van), an eminent painter, 
 and founder of the Flemish school, was born 
 at Maasevk in 1366, and died in 143(1. 
 There is a fine picture, painted by him and 
 his brother, in a church at Ghent, of the 
 adoration of the I amb. He painted in 
 distemper and in oil. — Pilbirgton. 
 
 Eyck (John van), brother of the above, 
 was born in 1370, and .died in 1441. He 
 painted -history, portraits, and landscapes ; 
 but is chiefly known now by his being- the 
 inventor of oil painting, — Ibid. 
 
 Eykens (Peter), an historical painter, 
 horn at Antwerp in 599. In a church at 
 Antwerp is a line picture by him, repre- 
 senting the last supper; and in another a 
 noble piece of the Baptist preaching in the 
 desert. — Ibid. 
 
 Ezekiel, the third of the greater pro- 
 phets. He was the son of I’.uzi, and a de- 
 scendant.of Aaron. In .597 B. C. he was car- 
 ried captive to Babylon. I Jere he wrote his 
 prophecies, the style of which, according 
 to bishop Lowth, is bold, vehement, and 
 tt agical, and worked up occasionally to a 
 
 * 
 
 TRADER (John), a German divine, was 
 born at Hailbron in 1.500. He was cre- 
 ated doctor at Cologne, and in 1520' wasan- 
 pointed confessor to Ferdinand, king of the 
 Romans, who, when he became emperor, 
 gave him the see of Vienna. He was call- 
 ed the mallet of heretics, and owed his pre- 
 ferment to the zeal which he showed 
 against Luther. He died in 1542. His 
 •works were printed at Cologne, in 3 vols. 
 folio. 7'here was another of this name, 
 who wrote several publications against the 
 protestants. — Moreri. 
 
 Faber (Basil), a learned German pro- 
 testant, who published in 1571 a work, en- 
 titled Thesaurus Erudirionis Scholiasticre, 
 since improved by Ccllarius and others into 
 2 vols. folio. He died in 1576. — Ibid. 
 
 Fabian, a pope and saint, according to 
 the Roman calendar, ascended the papal 
 chair in 326 He built many churches, and 
 sent bishops into Gaul to propagate Chris- 
 tianity. He suffered in the persecution 
 und,er Pecius in 250. — Ibid. 
 
 Fabian- (Robert), an English chronicler 
 of the 15th century. He was a tradesman 
 of London, and served the offices of aider- 
 man and sheriff. He died in 1512, and was 
 buried in the church of St. Michael, Corn- 
 hill. His Chronicle of England and France 
 was first, printed at London in 1516, and 
 again in 1553, in 2 vols. folio. — Biog.Br. 
 
 Fabius (Maximus Rullianus), an illus- 
 trious Roman. Being appointed master of 
 the horse by the dictator S. Papiiius, cen- 
 
 FAB 
 
 kind of tremendous dignity.— SS. LnivtVt 
 
 Prcvl ctior.es 
 
 Ezekiel, a Greek Jew and poet, who 
 composed tragedies on scriptural subjects. 
 Fragments of one on the departure of the 
 Israelites from Egypt are preserved bv Cle- 
 mens Alexaiidrinus, and Eusebius. Ele flou- 
 rished about 390 years B.C. Whitaker t 
 
 Origin of A rianism. 
 
 Ezra, son of Seraiah, priest of the Jews, 
 and a descendant of Aaron. lie was car- 
 ried into captivity to Babylon by Nebu- 
 chadnezzar ; but Artaxerxes Longomanus 
 sent him to his own country with a colony 
 of the Jews, and all the sacred vessels and 
 ornaments of the temple, which he had in 
 charge to rebuild. On his arrival at Jeru- 
 salem 467 B.C. he set about the reformation 
 of abuses, particularly that of strange mar- 
 riages. He restored the whole canon of the 
 Old Testament. 7'here is in the Bible a 
 book under his name, and in the Apocry- 
 pha two others. Josephus says, that he died 
 at Jerusalem ; but others assert that he re- 
 turned, and ended his days in Persia. 
 
 I- era. Ncbemiab. Pridcaitx’s Connection. 
 
 sor in the war against the Samr.it os, he 
 charged the enemy, and obtained a victory; 
 but having done this in the absence of the 
 dictator, and contrary to his orders, lie was 
 condemned to death, but was rescued by 
 the people. In 303 B.C. he served the office 
 of censor, and obtained the name of Max- 
 imus for lessening the power of the po- 
 pulace in elections. He triumphed over 
 seven nations, and served the office of dic- 
 tator a second time B. C. 287. — Livy. 
 
 Fabius Maximus (Quintus), surnamed 
 Verrucosus , was a lineal descendant of the 
 above, lie distinguished himself by his 
 prudence, valour, and generosity. He was 
 consul the first time B. C. 233, when he 
 gained a great victory over the Ligurians. 
 When Hannibal defeated the Romans at the 
 battle of 7'hrasymenus, he was nominated 
 pro-dictator to oppose that general. Fa- 
 bius surrounded Hannibal in a defile, from 
 whence he escaped by stratagem, on which 
 the Roman commander was recalled bv the 
 senate, who refused to confirm an agree- 
 ment which he had made for the ransom of 
 pi isoners. On this Fabius sold his estates to 
 raise the money. When the time of his 
 dictatorship expired, he advised his success- 
 or, Paulus zEmilius, not to hazard an en- 
 gagement, which, however, was neglected, 
 and thus was lost the famous battle of Can— 
 n.v. Fabius was now looked upon as the 
 only refuge of the Romans, and he quickly 
 recovered 7’areutum, which had been be- 
 trayed to Hannibal, hi Ins advanced years 
 
F A E 
 
 F A B 
 
 he was superseded by Scipio, vet his death 
 was lamented by the people as a common 
 loss. He died B, C. 20:3, aged near 100.— 
 Plutarch. Lky. 
 
 Fabios (Pictor), the first writer of the 
 Roman history, who flourished B. C. 225. 
 Th ere is a work extant under his name, but 
 it is a manifest forgery. — Foss. Hist. Let. 
 
 Fabre (John Claude), a French nriest of 
 the oratory at Paris, who compiled two 
 dictionaries, translated Virgil into French, 
 and continued Fleury’s Ecclesiastical His- 
 tory. He died in 17,53, aged 85. — iV. I). H . 
 
 I'A Brett i (Raphael), an Italian anti- 
 quary, was born at Urbino in 1 6' ! 9. He was 
 an advocate, and filled several distinguish- 
 ed situations at Rome, in Spain, and Ur- 
 bino, Ho died in 1700. He wrote, De 
 Aquis <!c Aquasductibus Veteris Rom.x, 
 1680; Dc Coiumna Trajani, 1683, folio 5 Jn- 
 scriptionuin Antiquarum Explicatio, fol. 
 J6'09. — T. iraboscbi. 
 
 Fabri (Honorius), a jearned iesuit, 
 was born in 1 GCt7 at Bellay, and died at 
 Rome in 1688. He wrote, Physics, seu re- 
 rum corporearum Scientia, 6 vols. 4to; Sy- 
 nopsis Optica, 4to.; De Piantis, de Genera- 
 tfone Animalium, &de Homme, 4to. & c. He 
 Js said by some to have discovered the circu- 
 lation of the blood before Harvey. — M on 'ri. 
 
 Fabriano (Gentile da), an eminent his- 
 torical painter, born at Verona in 1332, 
 and died in 1412. He was ennobled by the 
 state of Venice. — Pilkington. 
 
 Fabrjcius (Cains), a Roman general, 
 who was twice consul and gained several 
 victories over the Samnites,and Lucaniam; 
 but his integrity and contempt of riches 
 have done more honour to his memory than 
 bis military renown. Being sent ambas- 
 sador to Pyrrhus, he rejected every attempt, 
 both of bribery arid threat to corrupt his 
 integrity. He 'discovered to Pyrrhus a 
 plot formed to poison himbv his physician. 
 He died in poverty about 250 B, C. — Bnyic. 
 Vni-v. Hist. 
 
 Fabrjcius (George), a learned German, 
 was born at Misnia in 1516’. His Latin 
 poems were primed at Basle in 1567, in 2 
 vols. 8vo. He also wrote a Description of 
 Rome ‘ y Saxonia iilustrata, seu origines Sax- 
 ©nic.x, 2 vols. folio, &c. l ie died in 1571. 
 Moreri. 
 
 Fabrjcius (Jerome), an Italian physician. 
 Usually called Aquapendente, from the place 
 of his birth. He professed anatomy with 
 extraordinary reputation at Padua forty 
 years. He died in 161 9. His works on ana- 
 tomy have been printed in 2 vols. folio. — 
 i / rabosebi . 
 
 Fabrjcius (John Alberti, a learned di- 
 vine, was born at Leipsic in 1668. He be- 
 came professor of eloquence at Hamburgh, 
 where he died in 1736. The principal of 
 his works, are, Bibliotheca Latina, 2 vols. 
 4to. ; Bibliotheca Grasca, 14 vols. 4to. ; Co- 
 dex Apocryphus Novi Testamenti, 3 vols. 
 
 ,8 vo. ; Codex Pseudepigraphus Veteris Tes- 
 
 tament!, 2 vols. 8vo. ; Bibliographia A* fi- 
 quaria, 4to.; Bibliotheca Latina Ecclesi- 
 astica, folio ; Bibliotheca medix et infisnse 
 Latinitatis, 5 vols, 8vo. — Moreri. 
 
 Fabrjcius (William), surnamed H i . l Janus , 
 a famous surgeon, was born near Cologne 
 in 1560. He became public physician at 
 Berne, where he died in 1634. His S:x 
 Centuries of Observations and Cures were 
 published in 1606, 4to. ; besides which he 
 wrote on Gangrene and Sphacelus: on 
 Burns; on Gun-shot Wounds ; on litho- 
 tomy, &c. All his works were published 
 in folio at Frankfort, in 1682. — Halleri Bib. 
 Anat. 
 
 Fabricius (Vincent), an ingenious Latin 
 poet of the 17th century. He was born at 
 Hamburgh in 1613, and became syndic and 
 burgomaster of Dantzic. He died in 1667. 
 The best edition of his poems is that of 
 Leipsic, in 3685. — Moreri. 
 
 Fabricius (John Lewis), a Swiss pro-' 
 testant divine, was born at Schaffhausen irt 
 1 639. He became professor of theology and 
 philosophy at Heidelberg, and ecclesiastical 
 counsellor to the elector, who also employed 
 him in state matters. He died at Frankfort 
 in 1697. He wrote De Viis Dei, an et 
 quosque sint similes Viis Hominum ; Be 
 Symbolica Dei Visione ; on Infant Baptism, 
 ■he. — Moreri. 
 
 Fabrjcius (Baron), a German writer, 
 who was a great favourite of Charles XIL 
 of Sweden, and of Stanislaus, king- of Po- 
 land. He was also in favour with George I. 
 king of England, and attended him in his 
 last journey to Hanover. He wrote a vo- 
 lume of letters relative to Charles XU. 
 during his residence in Turkey, Svo. 1761, 
 London. — Gen. Biog. Bid. 
 
 Fabrjcius (Charles), a celebrated painter 
 of perspective and portrait, was born at 
 Delft. He was cut ofl’in the flower of his 
 age in a melancholy manner, for his house 
 being near the powder magazine, it sudden- 
 ly blew up, and the painter and his disci - 
 ple, Matthias Spoors, were killed on the 
 spot. — Pilkington. 
 
 Fabroni (Angiolo), a learned Italian, 
 was born at Marradi in Tuscany, in 1732. 
 He was educated first at Faenza, and- after- 
 wards at Rome, where he obtained a canon- 
 rv. The duke Peter Leopold appointed 
 h ; m prior of the church of St. I.oretazo at 
 Florence, where he remained till called 
 to be curator of the university of Pisa, 
 where he died in 1802. He is generally 
 known by his biographies of Italian literati 
 of the 17th and 18th centuries, of which 
 work he published 18 volumes, and left 
 another ready for the press. Besides this, 
 he wrote separate biographies of Cosmo, 
 Lorenzo, Leo, and other eminent persons 
 of the house of Medici ; and mahiy panegy- 
 rics on learned men. He also conducted • 
 the Giornale de Letterati , and published some 
 religious pieces. — Monthly Ma <r. vol. xvi. 
 
 Fabrot (Charles Hannibal), a learned 
 
FAG 
 
 F A I 
 
 French lawyer, was born at Aix, in Pro- 
 vence, in 1580, and died in 1659. He pub- 
 lished Basilicon, or the Constitutions of the 
 Eastern Emperors, in 7 vols. folio, 1647 ; 
 editions pf Cedrenus, Nicetas, Anastatius, 
 & c. 2 vols. folio ; the Worlds of Cujacius, 
 10 vols. folio, <kc. — Moreri. 
 
 Fachf.tti (Pietro), an eminent portrait 
 painter, was born at .Mantua in 1535, and 
 died at Rome in 1613. He painted with 
 admirabl e taste. — -Pilkington. 
 
 Facini (Pietro), an historical painter of 
 Bologna, was born in 1560, and died in 1602. 
 He was the disciple of Annibal Caracci. — 
 Ibid. 
 
 Fa cio (Bartholomew), a writer of the 
 15th century, was born at Spezzia, in the 
 territory of Genoa. He v, r as secretary to 
 Alphonso, king of Naples, and died about 
 1457. His works are, De Bello Veneto 
 Claudiano, 8vo. 1578 : Dc rebus ab Alphon- 
 so 1. Rege Neapob'tano ghstis, lib. x. De 
 Human. a Vit;e Felicitate ; De Viris illustr. 
 sui Teinporis. — Moreri. 
 
 Facdndus, bishop of Hermiana in Afri- 
 ca, who defended the books called the Three 
 Chapters , at the council of Constantinople, 
 in 547, for which he was banished. He 
 
 wrote some pieces which are extant. 
 
 Dupin. Mosbeim. 
 
 1'ADLALLAH, or Chodw Raschid Addin Fad- 
 lallhh, a Persian historian. He was vizir 
 to the sultan Cazan, who reigned at Taurus, 
 at whose command he compiled a Idis- 
 tory of the Moguls, which he finished in 
 1294. He added a supplement to this work 
 by the order of Gazan’s successor. The 
 first part was translated into French by La 
 Croix.— '■Moreri. 
 
 Faeiino (Gabriel), a Latin poet of the 
 1 6th century. He wrote some Latin elegies, 
 and fables in the same language in iambic 
 verse. Bentley has given his notes upon 
 Terence in his edition of that author. Fie 
 died at Rome in 1561. — 1 bid. 
 
 Faoan (Christopher Bnrthclemi), a French 
 comic writer, who died in 1755, aged 53. 
 His plays were printed in 4 vols. 12mo. 
 1760. — Nou-j. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Fagius (Paul), a German protestant di- 
 vine, whose real name was Buchlein. He 
 was born in 1504, and studied at Heidel- 
 berg and Strasburgh. For some time he 
 exercised the office of a schoolmaster, but 
 afterwards entered into orders. In 1541 the 
 plague broke out at Isna, where he resided, 
 but Fagius remained in the place, comfort- 
 ing and administering to the sick. In 1543 
 he and Bucerwent to England, where arch- 
 bishop Cranmer employed them in a new 
 translation of the scriptures. Fagius died at 
 Cambridge in 1550, and Bucer about a year 
 after. In Mary’s reign their bodies were 
 taken up and burnt. Fagius wrote several 
 books on the Hebrew language and the Tar- 
 gurrls. — Milch. Adami Hit. Gena. Theol. 
 
 Fagnani fProspero), an eminent Italian 
 canonist of the 17th century. He was se- 
 
 cretary to the holy congregation, and com-' 
 posed a Commentary on the Five Books of 
 the Decretals. He died in 1678, aged 80. 
 — Moreri. 
 
 Fagnano (Julius Charles, count of), an 
 excellent geometer of the last century, Lie 
 had also the title of marquis ofToschi, and 
 was born at Sinigagfia, in the Roman state, 
 about 1690. His works were published at 
 Pesaro, in 1750, in 2 vols. 4to. of which the 
 greatest part contains his discoveries rela- 
 tive to the property and the use of the geo. 
 metrical curve, which is commonly called 
 the Lemniscate. ' l ie died about 1760. 
 
 Faoon (Guy Crescent), physician to 
 Lewis XIV. was born at Paris in 1632. He 
 defended the doctrine of the circulation of 
 the blood, and collected numerous plants to 
 enrich the royal gardens, of which he was 
 superintendant. He died in 1718. — Nowv. 
 Diet. Hist . 
 
 Fagundy (Stephen), a Portuguese jesuit, 
 who died at Lisbon in 1645, aged 68. He 
 wrote Qucestior.es de Christianis Olhciis et 
 Casibus Conscientice in vi Ecciejia: Precep- 
 ta ; De Justifies, &c. — Moreri. 
 
 Fahrenheit (Gabriel Daniel), an expe- 
 rimental philosopher, was born at Ham- 
 burgh in 1686. He improved the thermo- 
 meter, by making use of mercury instead 
 of spirits of wine, and formed a new scale 
 for the instrument, grounded on accurate 
 experiments. The English have generally- 
 adopted this settle, but the French prefer 
 Reaumur’s, Fahrenheit wrote a Disserta- 
 tion on Thermometers, and died in 1736. — 
 Nowv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Fairclough (Samuel), a nonconformist 
 minister, .was born at Haverli in 1591, and 
 educated at Queen’s college, Cambridge. 
 He became minister -of Barnardiston in Suf- 
 folk, and afterwards of.Ketton in the same 
 county; from whence he was ejected in 
 1662 for nonconformity, and died in 1678. 
 He was a man of exemplary character, 
 moderate in his judgment, and a friend to 
 episcopacy, though he objected against 
 some things in the liturgy. Lie published 
 a Funeral -Sermon for sir Nathaniel Bar- 
 nardiston, 1653, and others on public occa- 
 sions. LJ is son Samuel Fairclough, was de- 
 prived of the rectory of Houghton Conquest, 
 
 in Bedfordshire, and died in 1691 ; and hi® 
 son Richard lost the living of Wells, in So- 
 mersetshire, on the same account. He died 
 in 1682. They were both men of eminent 
 piety and talents. — Calamy. Palmer's Noncon- 
 form. Mem. 
 
 Fairfax (Edward), an English poet, was 
 the son of sir Thomas Fairfax, of Denton, 
 in Yorkshire. He translated Tasso’s poem 
 of Godfrey of Bouillon into English verse 
 and wrote a curious book, entitled Demo- 
 nology, in which he avows his belief of 
 witchcraft . Lie died about 1 632. —Bio%. Br. 
 
 Fairfax (Thomas -lord), general of the 
 parliament army in the civil wars, was the- 
 eldest son of Ferdinando lord Fairfax, and 
 
FAL 
 
 F A L 
 
 fcom at Denton, in Yorkshire, in 7(711. He 
 comnicnced his military career under lord 
 'Vere in Holland; and when the difference 
 broke out into hostility between the king 
 and parliament, he took a decided part in 
 favour .of the latter, being, as well as his 
 father, a zealous presbyteri&n. He had a 
 principal command in the north, where lie 
 and his father were defeated in several en- 
 gagements, particularly at Adderton Moor, 
 m June 1 64:3. Afterwards, sir Thomas had 
 better fortune, and distinguished himself so 
 greatly at the battle of Marston-moor, that 
 in the new-modelling of the army, he was 
 nominated general in the room of the earl 
 Essex, in 1645, he defeated the king’s 
 forces at Naseby, after which he marched 
 into the west, where he subdued a num- 
 ber of places. In 1648 he succeeded to 
 the title by the death of his father, and the 
 same year took Colchestpr, after a brave 
 resistance by sir George Lisle and sir 
 Charles Lucas, whom his lordship, after the 
 surrender , basely caused tc; be shot. Though 
 be pre; ended to be against putting the 
 king to death, he took no steps to prevent 
 k, and at the tune of execution was kept in 
 prayer by major Harrison; a piece of cant- 
 ing hypocrisy scarcely to be credited. He 
 lived retired till the Restoration, when he 
 jnadehis peace with Charles II. and upon 
 whom he waited at the Hague. He died 
 in 1671. He wrote an account of his pub- 
 lic life. — Bing. Brit. Clarendon . 
 
 Faisticneercer (Anthony), a painter of 
 Inspruck, was born in 1678, and died in 
 1722. His landscapes are beautiful. He 
 had a younger brother, called Joseph, who 
 was also a good painter. — Piltington. 
 
 Fa it no it n e (William), an English paint- 
 
 an d engraver. He was a soldier in the 
 royal army during the civil wars, and was 
 taken prisoner by Cromwell. On obtain- 
 ing his liberty he went to France, where he 
 studied under Champagne. At his return 
 fie practised painting in miniature and en- 
 graving, but chiefly the latter. He also 
 published a bock on drawing, graving, and 
 etching. Vie died in 1691, aged about 75. 
 His sen, Wiliiarr, was a good engraver in 
 mezzotinto. — Strutt's Vet., of En-T-ra ' srs. 
 
 Fai candus (Hugh), the author of a his- 
 tory of Sicily under William l. and written 
 |n 1 1 66. When he died is unknown. — Mar. 
 
 Falcon hero (Mary, countess of), the 
 third daughter of Oliver Cromwell, and 
 wife of Thomas viscount Falconberg. She 
 was a woman of considerable talents, a con- 
 stant member of the church of England, 
 and contributed to the restoration of mo- 
 narchy. She died in 1712. — Grander* 
 
 Falcone (da Eenevento), an Italian his- 
 torian, and secretary to pope Innocent II. 
 
 I fc- wrote a Chronicle, or History of Naples,' 
 from 1102 to 1140 .—Tiraboschi. 
 
 Falconer (William), a Scotch poet, was 
 born in the county of Fife, of humble pa- 
 rents, and bred to the sea. Though he 
 
 possessed few advantages from education, 
 he had good natural talents, which he cul- 
 tivated with assiduity. In 1751 he publish- 
 ed a poem on the Death of the Prince of 
 Wales, which has merit ;but his reputation 
 rests on the Shipwreck, a poem in three 
 cantos, which is highly descriptive and pa-, 
 thetie. It originated in the circumstance 
 of the author’s being shipwrecked in a 
 voyage from Alexandria to Venice, when 
 only three of the crew escaped. Falconer 
 also wrote an Ode to the Duke of York, 
 winch obtained him the post of purser to 
 the Royal George. He likewise compiled a 
 useful woric, entitled the Marine Diction- 
 ary, 4 Jo. and published a poem against 
 Wilkes and Churchill, under the title of 
 The Demagogue. He soiled from England 
 in 1769, in the Aurora, for the East Indies, 
 hut after her departure from the Cape of 
 Good Hope the ship was never heard of. — 
 Dr. Anderson's L fe of Falconer in Brit. Poets. 
 
 t Falconet (Camillus), a French physi- 
 cian, was born at Lyons in 1671. He wa$ 
 a great collector of books, and died in 1762. 
 His works are, 1. A Translation of Ville 
 mot’s Systema Planetarum ; 2. Several edi- 
 tions of curiops books, with notes ; 3 Dis- 
 sertations in the Memoirs of the Academy 
 of Belles Lettres — dJou-v. Diet . Hist. 
 
 Falconia ('Proba), a Latin poetess in tin a 
 time of Theodosius. She was a native of 
 Horta, m Etruria, and compostd a cento 
 from Virgil, containing the sacred history 
 from the creation, and .the history of Christ 
 if! verse — Adorer i. 
 
 Falda (John Baptist), an Italian engraver 
 of the 18th century, whose etchings are 
 held in great esteem. He executed views of 
 palaces and views in Rome, which are 
 valuable and curious. — Nowv. Did. Hut. 
 
 Faleti (Jerome), an Italian poet of the 
 16th century, born in the state of Genoa. 
 He wrote a poem on the wars of Charles V. 
 printed in 1557, and other pieces. — Ibid. 
 
 Falieri (Grdelafo). doge of Venice, who 
 sailed with a licet to the assistance of Bald- 
 win, king of Jerusalem, about 1102. He 
 conquered Dalmatia, Croatia, and other 
 provinces; but in faying siege to the city of 
 Zara, he lost his life) 1 120 —Moreri. 
 
 Falieri (Marino), doge of Venice in 
 1 355. lie formed the design of murdering 
 all the senators to' render himself absolute, 
 but the plot being discovered, hg was be- 
 headed. — Ibid. 
 
 Falk (John Peter), an ingenious Swede, 
 was born in Westrogothia in 1 727. He stu- 
 died medicine at Upsal, where also he ap- 
 plied assiduously to botany under Linnreus, 
 by whose recommendation he was appoint- 
 ed professor ot botany in the apothecaries” 
 garden, and keeper of a cabinet of natural 
 history at Petersburg!!, where he shot him- 
 self in a fit of melancholy, in 1774. His 
 observations made in his travels were pub- 
 lished at Petersburg^ in 1785, 3 vols. 4 to,, 
 
 Supplement ii the Mucyclopedip BrilannUa. 
 
F A N 
 
 F' A R 
 
 Fadkenstein (John Henry), a volumi- 
 nous writer oi Franconia, was born in 1 682, 
 lit 1714 be was appointed director of the 
 nobles’ academy at Erlangen ; but turning 
 Roman catholic, he entered into the scr- ' 
 vice of the bishop of Eic-hstadt, on whose 
 death he was patronised by the margrave 
 of Anspach. He died in 1760. He wrote 
 the Antiquities of Norugan, in the bishop- 
 ric of Eichstadt, 3 vols. folio ; and other 
 Works of a similar kind. — Gen. Biucr. 
 
 1'ai.le (Philip), the author of a history 
 of the isle of Jersey, where he was born in 
 i655. He received his education at Exeter 
 college, Oxford, and on entering into or- 
 ders, became rector of St. Saviour’s, in his 
 Dative laud, where he died. — Gen. 11. 1). 
 
 Fali.okio (Gabriel), an eminent physi- 
 cian and anatomist of Modena, born in 
 1420. He discovered the tubes of the ute- 
 rus, which bear Iris name. He v;as pro- 
 fessor of anatom)-, first at Pisa, and after- 
 wards at Padua, where he died in 1553. 
 His works were printed in 3 vols. folio, at 
 Venice, in 1584. — Tirahoschi. 
 
 Pals (Raymond), an ingenious engraver 
 of medals, born at Stockholm in 1658. He 
 Went to Paris, where he obtained a pension. 
 He died at Berlin in 1703. — Nauru. Diet* 
 Hist. 
 
 Fanccurt (Samuel), a dissenting minis- 
 ter, was born in the west of England ia 
 1‘678 . He became pastor of a congregation 
 at Salisbury, from whence he was obliged to 
 remove, for rejecting the Calviuistic notions 
 of election and reprobation. He then 
 came to London, and established the first 
 circulating library about 1740, in which, 
 however, he had little encouragement. He 
 wrote some controversial tracts, and died 
 poor in 176'8. — Gent. Mag. 
 
 Fannies, surnamed Strabo, was twice 
 consul of Rome, and rendered himself re- 
 markable by a law, which prohibited any 
 person from spending more than a certain 
 sum daily. His son was distinguished for 
 his eloquence. He was consul in the 631st 
 year of Rome. There was another of this 
 name, who wrote a history of Nero’s cru- 
 elties, the loss of which is greatly regretted. 
 He lived in the time of Trajan. — Merer!. 
 
 Panshawi: (sir Richard), a statesman and 
 poet, was born in Hertfordshire in 1608, 
 and educated at Camoridge. In 1635 he 
 was sent ambassador to Spam, from whence, 
 in 1641, he returned, and acted steadily for 
 the royal cause. He was taken prisoner 
 at the battle of Worcester, and closely con- 
 fined for tv considerable time : but at last 
 recovered his liberty, and went to Breda, 
 where he was knighted by Charles It. in 
 1656. At the Restoration he was mace 
 master of requests, and sent to Portugal, 
 to negotiate the marriage with the king 
 and the infanta Catherine. In 1664 he v. ts 
 ^ent ambassador to Spain, and died there 
 iu 1666. He translated into English the 
 Pastor l ido, or Faithful Shepherd, Oiu- 
 
 rini ; alsq'fhe Lustad by Camoens. I lie let- 
 ters during Ills embassies in Spain and Por- 
 tugal were printed in 1702, 8vo. Bhr,- 
 
 Brit. 
 
 Faroei.la (Michael Angelo), professes'' 
 of natural history and astronomy at Padua, 
 was horn m Sicily in 1650, and died at Na- 
 ples in 1718. He wrote several books, 
 which are little known.. — Nouv. Did. His/. 
 
 Pare (Charles Augustus, marquis de la), 
 a French writer, was born in 16-14. He 
 was a captain in the guards, and died its 
 1712. Pic began to write verses .at the ag-e 
 of 60, and his poems fire lively anti inge- 
 nious. 1 Je also wrote Memoirs and 'Reflec- 
 tions on the reign of Lewis XIV, 12n»o„ — 
 Noire. I). d.. Hist. 
 
 Pared (William), aprotestant divine, vans 
 born at Gap, in Uauphine, in 1489. He 
 studied at Paris, but having embraced the 
 reformed religion, lie left France and after 
 visiting several parts of Germany end Swit- 
 zerland, settled at Geneva, where he labour- 
 ed with great zeal against poperv, and va-s* 
 the chief person in establishing live Refor- 
 mation. lie was banished from thence, 
 with Calvin, in 1538, for refusing to sub- 
 mit to the synod of Berne. Farel then -set- 
 tled at Neufchatel, where he died iu 15.65, 
 His writings are few. — BaxU. 
 
 Faria de Sousa (Emanuel), a Portu- 
 guese knight, who died at Madrid in 1650. 
 He wrote, a History of Portugal to the 
 reign of Henry Cardinal-, a Historv of the 
 Portuguese dominions in Europe, Asia, 
 
 and Africa ; and some other works. 
 
 Merer!. 
 
 Farinato (Paul), an Italian painter and 
 architect, born at Verona in 1522. There 
 is a picture by him in the church at Ve- 
 rona, not inferior to "one of Paul Veronese, 
 placed next to it. He died in 1606. — Pd- 
 
 kington, 
 
 Parinei.li ; see Bro-schi. 
 
 Farkinc.don (Anthony), an English di- 
 vine, was born at tunning, in Berkshire, us- 
 1576, and educated at Trinity college, Ox- 
 ford, of which he became fellow in 1617, 
 and three' years after took the degree 'of 
 M. A. in 1634 he obtained the vicara,ge 
 of Bray, in Berkshire, but was deprived of 
 it in the civil wars, and reduced to great 
 straits, when lie was invited by the pa- 
 rishioner* of St. Mary Magdalen, Milk- 
 street, London, to be their minister. Ho- 
 died in 1658. His Sermons have been 
 published in 8 vols. folio. — Wbod's A. 0. 
 
 Farmer (Hugh), a learned dissenting- 
 divine, was born at Shrewsbury in 17)4. 
 He 'completed Iris academical studies imde.r' 
 Dr. Doddridge; at Northampton, alter" 
 which he became chaplain in tire family <u£ 
 Mr Coward, at Walthamstow in Essex, 
 where he also officiated to a small ■congre-' 
 py.ti . n. Owing to the oddness of Mr. Cow- 
 ard’s temper, Mr. Farmer went to live 
 with a Mr. Snell, a gentleman in the' same 
 neighbourhood, still continuing l.is ecu-* 
 
F A ll 
 
 F A II 
 
 • ncction with the congregation at Waltharn- 
 stow, till 17(}'l, when he was appointed 
 one of the lecturers to the congregation of 
 suffers ’-ha lb Mr. Farmer’s first publica- 
 tion, except a thanksgiving Sermon, was, 
 An Enquiry into the Nature and Design of 
 our Lord’s Temptation in the Wilderness, 
 8vo.: i;i this work he considers that event 
 as a divine vision, representing the different 
 scenes of our Saviour’s future ministry. It 
 was answered by several writers. In 1771 
 he pubiishedhis ‘Dissertation on Miracles.” 
 
 ■ His next publication was “An Essay on the 
 Demoniacs of the New 1 Testament,” which 
 he maintains to have heCn natural dis- 
 eases : this work was replied to by Dr. 
 Worthington and Mr. Fell ; to the former 
 Mr. Fanner returned a temperate answer, 
 but on tire other he was unmercifully se- 
 vere. His last performance was entitled 
 “ 'the general Prevalence of the Worship 
 of Human Spirits in the ancient Heathen 
 Nations asserted and proved:” this was also 
 attacked by Mr. Fell, in an acute and 
 learned treatise, in 1785. That year Mr. 
 Farmer was almost deprived of his sight, 
 but was relieved by a surgical operation, 
 and enabled to pursue his studies. He died 
 at Walthamstow, in 1787. He directed 
 his executors to burn his papers, hut 
 some of his letters and fragments of a 
 Dissertation on the story of Balaam were 
 published in 1804, with his life prefixed. 
 
 Farmer (Richard), a divine and anti- 
 quary, was born at Leicester in 1735, and 
 educated at Emanuel college, Cambridge, 
 where he took his degree of M. A. in 1760, 
 and the same year was appointed classical 
 tutor. In 1767 he took the degree of B D. 
 and became one of the preachers at White- 
 hall. He published the year before His 
 Essay on the Learning of Shakspeare, in 
 which he proved that all the knowledge ,of 
 ancient history and mythology possessed 
 by the immortal bard, was drawn from 
 translations. In 1775 Mr. Farmer was 
 chosen master of his college, and took His 
 degree of D D. He also became chan- 
 cellor and prebendary of Litchfield, libra- 
 rian to the university of Cambridge, and 
 prebendary of Canterbury, which last situ- 
 ation lie resigned for a residentiaryship of 
 St. Paul’s. He collected ample materials 
 for a history of Leicester, but these, with 
 the plates, Ire gave to Mr. Nichols for the 
 use of his history of that county. He died 
 In 1797. His collection of scarce and cu- 
 rious books was sold by auction, — Necrolo- 
 gy* 1 '"98. 
 
 Farnauv (Thomas), an eminent school- 
 master, was born in London about 1575, 
 and admitted a servitor of Merton college 
 in 1590. From thence he was drawn away 
 by a jesuit, whom he accompanied to Spain. 
 But being o.bgusted with Iris new connec- 
 tion, he escaped, and entered on board tire 
 English fleet; after which he served as a 
 soldier in- the Low Countries. On his re- 
 
 turn to England he kept a school at Mar- 
 tock, in Somersetshire, from whence he' 
 removed to London, and gained great re- 
 putation as a teacher In 1616 he was ad- 
 mitted 'to the degree of M; A. at Cambridge. 
 In the civil wars he was imprisoned for his 
 loyalty: and died in 164j. He published 
 Juvenal and Persius; Seneca’s Tragedies; 
 Martial; Lucan’s Pharsalla, and other clas- 
 sical authors with notes : Index Rhetaricus 
 & Poeticus; Flo/ilegium Epigrammatum 
 Ci r.xcorum j and Systema Graminaticum. — 
 Blog. Brit. 
 
 Farnese (Peter Louis), the first duke of 
 Parma arid Placentia, was the son of pope 
 Paul III. by a secret marriage, before he 
 became a cardinal. He was assassinated 
 by his subjects, on account of his oppres- 
 sive conduct, in 1547.— Moreri. , 
 
 Farnese (Alexander), a Roman cardinal, 
 was the eldest son of the above, and born in 
 1520. Charles V. said, that if all the mem- 
 bers of the sacred college were like Farnese, 
 it would be the most august assembly in the- 
 world. He died in 1589. — Ibid. 
 
 Farnese (Alexander), third duke of 
 Parma, and nephew of the preceding. He 
 distinguished himself as an able general in 
 the Low Countries, and afterwards in the 
 catholic army in France, in support of the 
 le -gue against Henry IV. He was wounded 
 at the siege of Caudebec, and died soon 
 after at Arras, in 1592, aged 46. — Moreri. 
 
 Farnsworth (Ellis), an English divine, 
 was born in Derbyshire, and educated at 
 Jesus college, Cambridge. In 1762 he ob- 
 tained the rectory of Carsingtpn in Derby- 
 shire, where he died the year following. 
 He translated the Life of Pope Sixtus V. 
 from the Italian, 1 754, folio; Davila’s His- 
 tory of the Civil Wars of France, in 1757, 
 
 2 vols. 4to. ; the works of Machiavel, I 761, 
 
 2 vols. 4to. ; and Fleury’s History of the Is- 
 raelites, 12rilO. — Gen. Biog. Bid. ' 
 
 Farquhar (George), a comic writer, 
 was born at Londonderry in Ireland in 
 1678, and educated at Trinity college, Dub- 
 lin, which he quitted to join a companv of 
 comedians. Not succeeding in Ireland^, lie 
 removed to London, and received from 
 the earl of Orrery a lieutenancy in his 
 lordship's regiment. In 1698 appeared his 
 first dramatic piece, entitled Love in a 
 Bottle, which met with success. This was 
 followed, in 1700, by the Constant Couple, 
 or Trip to the Jubilee ; the same year he 
 was in Holland, of which country lie 
 has given a humorous description in his 
 Letters. In 1 701 appeared the comedy of 
 Sir Harry Wildair, and the year following 
 his Miscellanies. In 1708 he brought out 
 the inconstant, or the Way to Win Him. 
 His next piece was the popular play of the 
 Recruiting Officer. His last performance 
 was the Beaux Stratagem, which also had 
 a great run. He died in the midst of its 
 success in 1707, leaving two orphan daugh- 
 ters unprovided for. Idrquhar’s comedies 
 
F A U 
 
 F A U 
 
 are lively, natural, and full of business; 
 
 but they are also extremely licentious. 
 
 Biog. Dram . 
 
 Fastolff (sir John), a famous gefieral, 
 was bom at Yarmouth in Norfolk, in 1377. 
 He served with great reputation in France, 
 where he obtained several high posts 
 while the English held possessions in that 
 kingdom. In 1440 he returned to his own 
 country, and distinguished himself as a 
 friend to the poor, and an encourager of 
 learning. He was a considerable benefac- 
 tor to the university of Cambridge, and to 
 Magdalen college, Oxford. Fastolff died 
 in 1459. Though there be a strong simila- 
 rity in the names, he is not to be taken for 
 the whimsical knight, sir John FalstafF, ren- 
 dered ridiculous by Shakspeare. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Favart (Charles Simon), a French com- 
 poser of operas, born at Paris in 1710, 
 and died there in 1793. His pieces are 
 numerous and excellent. They make ten 
 vols. in 8vo. His. wife was an admirable 
 actress and singer. She died in 1772, aged 
 45. — Noim. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Fauchet (Claude), a French antiqpary, 
 who died in 1601, aged 72. His works are, 
 Gaulish and French Antiquities; on the 
 .Liberties of the Gallican church ; On the 
 Origin of Knights, Armorial Bearings, 
 and Heralds ; Origin of Dignities and Ma- 
 gistrates in France ; all printed together 
 at Paris in 1610, 4to. — Moreri . 
 
 Fauchet (Claude), a French priest, was 
 born at Dome, in the Nivernois, in 1744. 
 He became vicar-general to the archbishop 
 of Bruges, and preacher to Louis XVI. That 
 monarch, however, was disgusted with his 
 excessive vanity, and theatrical mode of 
 action, which, it is said, made Fauchet 
 espouse the revolutionary cause with ar- 
 dour. He took a leading part in storming 
 the Bastille, and preached a thanksgiving 
 sermon on the occasion. In another he 
 had the impudence to call Jesus Christ the 
 first saxs culotte of J udea. I-j e entered among 
 the Illuminati , and in 1791 became what 
 was called the constitutional bishop of Bay- 
 eux. He was also deputy for the depait- 
 ment of Calvados, to the legislative assem- 
 bly, and afterwards a member of the con- 
 vention. He was guillotined in 1793. His 
 works are, a Panegyric on St. Lewis, pro- 
 nounced before the French academy ; a 
 Funeral Oration for the Duke of Orleans; 
 Eloge on Benjamin Franklin ; Discourse 
 on Universal Manners, -&c. — ■ Nouv . Diet. II. 
 
 Faitcueur (Michael le), a French pro- 
 testant divine, who was greatly admired for 
 his eloquence. The marquis de la Force 
 said, after hearinghim preach against duel- 
 ling, “ If a challenge were to be sent to 
 me, I would refuse it.” He died at Paris 
 in 1 667. He wrote, a treatise on oratorical 
 Action; Sermons; Christian Prayers and 
 Meditations ; a treatise on the Eucharist. 
 
 Faulkner (George)., a celebrated Irish 
 
 printer at Dublin, and the friend of dean 
 Swift and lord Chesterfield. He carried on 
 business many years with great reputation. 
 Having the misfortune to lose his leg, 
 Foote took him off in his Orators in 176:4 
 under the title of Peter Paragraph. Faulk- 
 ner commenced an action against the poet, 
 but the affair was terminated by ior.d 
 Townshend. Fie was chosen art alderman 
 of Dublin, and died there in 1775 . — Getu 
 Biog. Diet. 
 
 Favorinus, a Platonic philosopher, was 
 born at Arles, in Gaul, and flourished ha 
 the time of Adrian. He also taught rhe- 
 toric at Rome with great reputation. Aa 
 historical work by him is quoted in Lucre- 
 tius. — Fabric. B'tbl. Grose. 
 
 Favorinus (Various), a disciple of Po~ 
 litian, and a benedictine monk. In 1514 
 lie was made bishop of Nocera, and died 
 in 1537. Pie published a Greek I. exicon 
 at Rome, which was reprinted at Venice in 
 1712. He also wrote Cornucopia; & Horti 
 Adonidis. — Ibid. 
 
 Faur (Guy de), lord of Pibrac, was 
 born at Toulouse in 152F. He became an 
 advocate, and was sent bv Charles IX. to 
 the council of Trent, where he well de- 
 fended the liberties of the Gallican church 
 He afterwards became advocate- general in 
 the parliament of Paris, and counsellor .of 
 state. He died in 1584. He wrote, an 
 Apology for the Massacre of Paris; and 
 Quatrains, or Moral Maxims in French 
 verse, which have been translated into se- 
 veral languages. — Moreri. 
 
 Favre (Antony), in Latin Faber, an able 
 lawyer, born in 1557 in the duchy of 
 Savoy, and died in 1624. His works form 
 10 volumes in folio. — Ibid. 
 
 Faust, or Fust (John), a goldsmith of 
 Mentz, who is said by some to have been 
 the inventor of printing, l ie is, however, 
 sujDposed only to have assisted Guttemhurg- 
 and his son-in-law Schaeffer, in bringing . this 
 noble discovery to perfection. The first 
 production, by the new process of metallic 
 types, was, Durandi rationale divinorum 
 olficiorum, by Faust. and Schaeffer, in 1459; 
 which was succeeded by the Catholicoij 
 Joannis Januensis. But the greatest work 
 of all was the Bible in 1462; previous to 
 which they had executed two beautiful 
 editions of the Psalter. The story of Faust’s 
 being taken up as a magician at Paris, on 
 account of the exactness of the copies of the 
 Bible, which he took thither for sale, is not 
 entitled to credit. He was there in 1406, 
 and is supposed to have died soon after. — 
 Nouv. Di.t. Hist. 
 
 Faukta (Flavia Maximiana), the se- 
 cond wife of Constantine the Great. By 
 her accusations the emperor put his son. 
 Crispus, by a former wife, to death , ■ but 
 her infidelity becoming notorious, she was 
 suffocated in a bath A. D. 327. — Moreri. 
 
 Faustina (Anna Galeria), the Elder, was 
 the daughter of Ar.nius Venus, and the 
 1U 
 
F A W 
 
 Wife of Antoninus Pius. Notwithstanding 
 her debaucheries, the emperor would not 
 divorce her. She died in 141, aged about 
 37. Her daughter was the wife of Mar- 
 cus Aurelius, and exceeded hor mother in 
 dissoluteness. She died in 17 5.- — Moreri. 
 
 Faustus, a learned prelate of the 5th 
 century, was a native of Britain, and in 
 455 became bishop of Riez, in Provence. 
 He wrote against the doctrines of election 
 and reprobation, which pieces have been 
 abridged by Dupin. He was banished from 
 his see in 48 1 , and died soon after. — Dupin. 
 
 Fawcett (William), an English general, 
 was born of a good family at Shipden-hall, 
 near Halifax in Yorkshire, and was educat- 
 ed in classical learning, at a grammar school 
 in Lancashire. He also became a pro- 
 ficient in mathematics. Having a strong 
 predilection for the army, he served as a 
 volunteer in Flanders, and was soon pre- 
 sented with a pair of colours. He paid an 
 unremitted attention to Ills duty, and at his 
 leisure hours, studied the French and Ger- 
 man languages. While a lieutenant in Phe 
 guards, he translated from the former, the 
 Reveries, or Memoirs upon the art of War, 
 by field-marshal count Saxe, published in 
 4to. in 1757 ; he also translated from the 
 German, Regulations for the Prussian Ca- 
 valry, published the same year : this work 
 was followed by, Regulations for the Prus- 
 sian- Infantry, to which was added, the -Prus- 
 sian Tactics, published in 1759. On gene- 
 ral Elliot’s being ordered to Germany in 
 the seven years war, Mr. Fawcett accom- 
 panied him as aid-de-camp, as lie after- 
 wards was to the marquis of Granby, who 
 sent him to England with the ■account of 
 the battle of Warburgh. He was soon- af- 
 ter promoted to a company in the guards, 
 with the rank of lieutenant-colonel. The 
 great Frederick, king of Prussia, made him 
 nattering- offers to induce him to enter into 
 his service, which he prudently declined. 
 His services and high character were duly 
 valued by his king and country; and he 
 was made knight of the bath, colonel of the 
 third regiment of dragoon guards, and go- 
 vernor of Chelsea hospital. Sir William 
 died in 1804, and was buried with great 
 pomp in the chapel of Chelsea college. — 
 Gent. Mag. 
 
 Fawkes (Francis), an English poet and 
 divine, was born in Yorkshire about 1791, 
 and educated at Jesus college, Cambridge, 
 where he took his degrees in arts. On en- 
 tering into orders he settled at Bramham 
 in his native county, but afterwards he ob- 
 tained the vicarage of Orpington in Kent, 
 which he exchanged ' for the rectory of 
 Hayes, where he died in 1777. He publish- 
 ed a volume of poems and translations of 
 Rnacreon, Sappho, Bion, Moschius, and 
 Theocritus. His version of the Argonauties 
 of Apollonius, was published in 1780. Mr. 
 Idwkes also lent hismaaie to an edition of 
 
 TEC 
 
 the Bible with notes. — Nichols's since. c f 
 
 Bontyer. 
 
 Faydit (Anselm), a Provencal poet or 
 troubadour, who was patronized by Richard 
 Cceur de Lion. He died in 1990. He 
 wrote a poem on the Dfeath of Richard I. ; 
 The Palace of Love ; and several comedies. 
 — -Moreri. 1 
 
 Faydtf (Peter), a French priest Of the 
 congregation of the Oratory, from whence 
 he was compelled to remove for publishing 
 a book on the Cartesian philosophy, con- 
 trary to a prohibition from his superiors. 
 
 1 le also wrote Illustrations of Ecclesiastical 
 History, 8vo.;- A TreatisO on the Trinity, 
 for which he was imprisoned , and a wretch- 
 ed critique’ on Telemachus. He died in- 
 1 7 09. — • Moreri . 
 
 Fayette (Mary Magdalen, countess of), 
 the wife of the count de la Fayette. She 
 wrote the romances of Zable, and the 
 Princess of Cleves, also the Princess of 
 Montpensier; Memoirs of the court of 
 France; the historyof 1 lenriettaof England;: 
 and other works. She died in 1693. — Mo- 
 reri. 
 
 Featly (Daniel), an English divine, was' 
 born at Charlton, in Oxfordshire in 1589. 
 He was educated at Magdalen college; Ox- 
 ford, and afterwards became fellow of Cor- 
 pus Christi college. He was for some years 
 chaplain to the English embassy in France, 
 and on his return became chaplain to arch- 
 bishop Abbot, who gave him the rectory 
 of Lambeth. Dr. Featly was the last pro- 
 vost of Chelsea college. He wrote seve- 
 ral polemical treatises, principally against 
 the church of Rome. At the commence- 
 ment of the civil wars he was chosen one- 
 of the assembly at Westminster, but his 
 correspondence with archbishop Usher at 
 Oxford being intercepted; he was sent to 
 prison. On regaining his liberty he retired 
 to Chelsea college, where he died in 1644. • 
 -^—iV oot fs A. 0. 
 
 Fecht, or Fecittius (John), of Brisgaw, 
 a Lutheran divine, was born in 1636, and 
 died- in 1716. He wrote a Historyof Cain 
 and Abel ; a treatise on the Religion of the 
 Modern Greeks, &c. — Moreri. 
 
 Feckenram (John de), the last abbot of 
 Westminster, was born in a village of that 
 name in Worcestershire. When the Refor- 
 mation commenced he opposed it with 
 spirit, and was sent to the Tower, where 
 he continued till queen Mary’s accession, 
 when he was made abbot of Westminster. 
 Queen Elizabeth, whose life he had saved 
 by his remonstrances with Mary when she 
 designed her death, would have given him 
 the archbishopric of Canterbury if lie 
 would have conformed, but this he refused. 
 He sat in her first parliament, and protest- 
 ed against the Reformation, for which he 
 was committed to the Tower. He continu- 
 ed in confinement till 1563, and was then 
 delivered to the care of the bishop of Wia* 
 
FEL 
 
 F E L 
 
 Chester. He died in the castle of Wisfyeach 
 iii 1585. He was a learned and liberal 
 Vnan, and charitable to the poor. He wrote 
 some controversial pieces. — Wood. 
 
 Feijoo (Benedict Jerom), a learned Spa- 
 niard of the order of St. Benedict, who died 
 in 1765. He endeavoured to reform the 
 vitiated taste of his countrymen, and t® in- 
 troduce liberal notions in philosophy and 
 medicine. His Teatro Critico in 14 vols. 4to. 
 is full of curious matter, and very free on 
 the licentiousness of the priests and the ig- 
 norance of the monks. He also exposed 
 the abuses of pilgrimages, exorcisms, and 
 false miracles ; for which he narrowly es- 
 caped persecution, but was protected by 
 several eminent men of that nation. — Nowv. 
 Diet. Hist. 
 
 Feithius (Everard), a learned German 
 protestant of the 16th century, who in the 
 troubles of the Low Countries retired to 
 France, where he was greatly esteemed by 
 Casaubon and De Thou. As he was walk- 
 ing in Rochelle he was invited into a house, 
 and was never seen afterwards. His An- 
 tiquitates Homeric.e appeared at Stras- 
 burgh, in 12mo. 1742. — Nuuv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Felibien (Andrew), historiographer and 
 counsellor to the French king, was born at 
 Chartres in 1619, and died in 1695. He 
 wrote Entretiens stir les Vies et sur les Ouv- 
 rages des plus excellens Peintres, 5 vols. 4to . ; 
 The Principles of Architecture, Painting, 
 and Sculpture, 4to.; and Conferences of the 
 Royal Academy of Painting. His sons 
 John Francis , and Michael, were also inge- 
 nious men. The first succeeded him in his 
 places, and wrote the Lives of celebrated 
 Architects, 4to. ; and a Description of Ver- 
 sailles. He died in 1733. Michael was a 
 benedictine of St. Maur, and wrote the His- 
 tory of the Abbey of St. |Denis, folio ; and 
 began the History of Paris, which was af- 
 terwards completed by Lobineau in 5 vols. 
 folio. He died in 1719. — James Felibien, 
 the brother of Andrew, was canon of Char- 
 tres and archdeacon of Vendome. Hewrote 
 several religious works, and died in 1716. — 
 Afore ri. 
 
 Felix, governor of Judea, A. D. 53. St. 
 Paul, when brought before him, delivered 
 an admirable discourse, which made him 
 tremble. Nero recalled him on account of 
 his rapacities. — Ibid. 
 
 Felix I. succeeded pope Dionysius in 269. 
 He suffered death in 274, and was canoni- 
 zed. An epistle by him against Sabellius 
 and Paulus Samosatenus is extant. — Felix 
 II. antipope. He was placed in the papal 
 chair in 355 by the emperor Constans, 
 during the exile of Liberius, on the return 
 of whom he was expelled. Constans would 
 have had the two popes reign together, but 
 the people exclaimed, One God, one Christ, and 
 one bishop! Felix was then exiled, and died 
 in 365 . — Felix III. succeeded Simplicius, in 
 483. He had a violent dispute with the 
 emperor Zeno in behalf of the western 
 
 church, and died in 492. — Felix IV. a na- 
 tive of Beneventum, ascended the chair 
 after John I. in 526. He governed the 
 church with zeal and piety, and died in 
 530. Heintroduced extreme unction. — Mor * 
 
 Felix, bishop of Urgella, in Catalonia. 
 He espoused the notion of his friend Eli-- 
 panel, archbishop of Toledo, that Jesus 
 Christ was the Son of God only by adop- 
 . tion. For this Charlemagne caused him to 
 be deposed and banished to Lyons, where 
 he died in 815. — Moreri. Mosheim. 
 
 Fell (John), a learned prelate, was bor'tt 
 at Longworth in Berkshire in 1625, and 
 educated at Christchurch, Oxford, of which 
 his father was dean. In the rebellion he was 
 ejected from the college for his loyalty. 
 At the Restoration he was made canon and 
 dean of Christchurch, to which college he 
 was a libera] benefactor. He served the 
 office of vice-chancellor several times, and 
 in 1675 was made bishop of Oxford, with 
 leave to hold the deanry in commendam. 
 He died in 1686. His works are : The Life 
 of Dr. Hammond ■ a Paraphrase on Sfv 
 Paul’s Epistles ; editions of several ancient 
 authors with notes, as Cyprian and others. 
 The bishop’s father was turned out of his 
 deanry by the rebels in 1647, and died of 
 grief for the murder of the king. — Biog. Br . 
 
 Fell (John), a dissenting minister, was 
 born at Cockermouth, in Cumberland, in , 
 1732, and bred a taylor; which occupation 
 he followed in London for some time, but 
 his love of letters being discovered, he was 
 enabled by a friend to pursue his studies at 
 an academy, after which he became pastor 
 of a congregatien at Beccles, near Yar- 
 mouth, from whence he removed to Thax- 
 ted, in Essex, where he also kept a board- 
 ing-school. After residing there several 
 years, he accepted an invitation to be resi- 
 dent tutor in the dissenting academy at Ho- 
 merton. But he had not been there long 
 before a misunderstanding arose between 
 him and the managers of that institution, 
 which ended in his dismissal without being 
 heard in his own defence. Some friends 
 then subscribed a yearly stipend of one 
 hundred pounds, for which he was to deli- 
 ver a course of lectures on the evidences 
 of Christianity. Four of these were preach- 
 ed by him in 1797, but the treatment he 
 had received brought on a complaint of 
 which he died, Sept. 6, in that year. The 
 lectures were completed and published by 
 Dr. H. Hunter. Mr. Fell was the author 
 Of an answer to Mr. Farmer’s Essay on the 
 Demoniacs ; and another in replv to that 
 gentleman on the Idolatry of Greece and 
 Rome ; an Essay on the Love of one’s 
 Country; Genuine Protestantism ; A Letter 
 to Mr. Burke on the Penal Laws; An Essay 
 towards an English Grammar, &c. — Necro- 
 logy. Fun. Serm. by Dr. Hunter. 
 
 Feller (Joachim Frederic), a learned 
 German, was born in 1673, and died in 
 1726. He was secretary to the duke of 
 D d 
 
FEB 
 
 FEN 
 
 Weimar, and published Monuments vans 
 inedita, 1714, 4 to. ; Miscellanea Leibnitia- 
 na; Genealogy of the House of Brunswick, 
 &C. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. _ , 
 
 Feller (Francis Xavier), an er.-jesuit, 
 was born at Brussels in 1735, and died 
 at Ratlsbon in 1802. He published at 
 Luxembourg an historical and liteiar.y 
 Journal, from 1774 to- 1<94; a Geographi- 
 cal Dictionary ; and the Historical Dic- 
 tionary, in 8 vols. 8vo. at Liege. 1 lie edi- 
 tors of the last edition of the Nouveau Dic- 
 tionnaire His tori quo are very severe on him, 
 on account of this last work, which tney 
 call a piracy, committed on their own. 
 Feller also wrote Observations, on the Phi- 
 losophy of Newton ; an impartial Examina- 
 tion of the Epochs of Nature, by Bulion, 
 &c. — Nouv. Did. Hist. 
 
 Felton (John), a catholic gentleman, 
 who placed the pope’s bud, excommuni- 
 cating queen Elizabeth, upon the gates of 
 the bishop of London, for which he was 
 executed in 1570. — Iiis son Thomas was an 
 Ecclesiastic of the order of St. Francis, and 
 visiting England as a missionary, was appre- 
 hended and executed in 1588. — Moreri. 
 
 Felton (John), an obscure man, who 
 rendered himself remarkable by stabbing 
 George Villiers duke of Buckingham, at 
 Portsmouth, in 1628. He had been a lieute- 
 nant of a foot company the captain of which 
 was killed in the unsuccessful attack on the 
 isle of Rhe ; and being disappointed in suc- 
 ceeding him, Felton left the army and tinn- 
 ed puritan. Fanaticism and revenge ope- 
 rating on his mind, he thought , he s.iould 
 render God service by committing this ac- 
 tion, for which be was soon after executed. 
 — Clarendons Hist. Rebellion. 
 
 Felton (Henry), an English divine, was 
 principal of Edmund hall, Oxford. He de- 
 dicated to his pupil the duke of Rutland, 
 an ingenious little volume cntituled, A 
 Dissertation on reading the Classics, and 
 forming a just style.” He was also the author 
 of a volume of sermons, and died in 1739. 
 
 Fenelon (Francis de Salignac de la 
 Motte), archbishop of Cambray, was born 
 of an illustrious family, at the castle of l.e- 
 nelon, in 1651. He completed his studies 
 at Paris, where, when young, he distin- 
 guished himself as a preacher. In 1686 he 
 was employed as a missionary in Samtonge 
 to convert the protestants. In 1689 he 
 became tutor to the. dukes of Burgundy, 
 Anjou, and Berri, which office he dischar- 
 ged so well, that in 1595 he was preferred 
 to the archbishopric of Cambray. About 
 this time be fell into trouble, on account of 
 ‘ his book entituled, The Maxims of the 
 Saints, which was charged with favouring 
 the principles of madame de Guyon. Bos- 
 suet, bishop of Meaux, who was a violent 
 enemy of that celebrated mystic, attacked 
 the archbishop, and by his influence with 
 the king, obtained an order lor him to be 
 banished to his diocese. The bock was 
 iho condemned at Rome ; and to this cen- 
 
 sure Fenelon submitted with profound dif- 
 ference, and even read the pope’s decree 
 from the pulpit. He spent the remainder 
 of his days in his diocese, and never reco- 
 vered the king’s favour, owing in a great 
 measure to bis composing for his roya. pu- 
 pil, the duke of Burgundy, that inestimable 
 work for the instruction of a prince, Tcle- 
 machus, which I.ewis considered as a satire 
 upon himself. The good archbishop, how- 
 ever, bore his exile with the serenity of 
 conscious integrity ; uniting in his deport- 
 ment the dignity of a nobleman, with the 
 exemplary care of a prelate, and the ten- 
 der affection of a good pastor. His chari- 
 ties were unbounded, and so revered was 
 his character, that the duke of Marlbo- 
 rough and other generals of the allies, when 
 possessed of that part of Flanders, exempt- 
 ed his lands from pillage or exaction. lie 
 died in 1715, without money and without a 
 debt. Besides the above works, he wrote 
 Dialogues of the Dead ; Dialogues on Elo- 
 quence ; a treatise on the education of 
 Daughters ; a Demonstration of the Exist- 
 ence of God ; and Spiritual Works. — Mor. 
 
 Fenton (sir Geoffrey), an English wri- 
 ter, was horn in Nottinghamshire, and died 
 at Dublin in 1608. He translated Guicci- 
 ardini’s History of the Wars of Italy, and 
 some other books. — Gen.Biog. Diet. 
 
 Fenton (Elias), an English poet, was 
 born at Shelton, in Staffordshire, and edu- 
 cated at Jesus college, Cambridge, for the 
 church, but this design was frustrated by his 
 refusing the oaths to William and Mary. 
 He was for some time usher of a school in 
 Surrey, and afterwards master of one at 
 Sevenoaks in Kent. He removed from 
 thence in 1710, to be secretary to the earl 
 of Orrery, and tutor to hi3 son. He after- 
 wards lived with lady Trumbull as tutor to 
 her son, and died at her seat in Berkshire in 
 1730. He wrote some poems ; the Life of 
 Milton; the jTragedy of Marianne; and 
 assisted Pope in his translation of the Odys- 
 sey. — Johnson \ Lives of the Poets. 
 
 Fekajuoli (Nuzio)j an Italian paintef 
 of landscape, was the disciple of Luca 
 Giordano, and born in 1661. His pictures 
 are beau t i f ul . — Pilkington . 
 
 Fekdinand I. emperor of Germany, 
 succeeded his brother Charles V. in 1558, at 
 which time Ferdinand was king of the 
 Romans, and of Hungary and Bohemia. 
 Fie made peace with the Turks, and died 
 in 1564, leaving the character of a wise and 
 humane prince. — Ferdinand II. was the 
 son of the archduke of Stiria; elected king 
 of Bohemia in 1617, and of Hungary in 
 1611. Soon afterwards he succeeded Ma- 
 thias as emperor. The Bohemian states 
 having chosen the elector palatine Fredcrit; 
 to be their king, Ferdinand defeated him at 
 Prague in 1620. A league was then formed 
 against the emperor by the protestant prin- 
 ces, headed by Christian IV. of Denmark, 
 who was defeated by Tilly, and forced to 
 make peace. Another league was- formed,. 
 
FER 
 
 F ER 
 
 6f •which Gustavus Adolphus had the lead: 
 he defeated the Imperialists in different bat- 
 tles, but was himself slain at that of Lut- 
 zen in 1632. A partial peace was after- 
 wards made between the emperor and some 
 of the protesfant princes. He died in 1637. 
 * — Ferdinand III. surnamed Ernest, was 
 the son of the preceding, born in 1608, 
 made king of Hungary in 1625, of Bohemia 
 in 1627, and succeeded his father in 1637. 
 Sweden and France being in alliance, gain- 
 ed several advantages over the Imperialists, 
 which terminated with the peace of Munster 
 in 1648. The emperor died in 1657. — Mor. 
 
 Ferdinand I. king of Castile and Leon, 
 called the Great, was the second son of 
 I Sancho III. king of Navarre. By the death 
 . of Bermudo in 1037, he became king of 
 ! , Leon ; on which he made war against the 
 ‘ Moors, from whom lie took several cities, 
 
 | and pushed his conquests as far as Portugal. 
 
 ! He next declared war against his brother 
 \ Garcias IV. king of Navarre, in which that 
 prince lost his kingdom and life. Ferdi- 
 nand died in 1065. — Ferdinand II. son of 
 ! Alphonso VIII. king of Leon and Castile. 
 He gained great advantages over the Por- 
 tuguese, and made prisoner their king, Al- 
 phonso Henriquez, whom he used with 
 moderation. He died in 1187, after reign- 
 ing 30 years. — Ferdinand III. son of Al- 
 phonso IX. Pie obtained the crown of 
 Castile by the abdication of his mother, 
 Berengere, in 1217, and that of Leon by 
 the death of his father, in 1230. He took 
 many places from the Moors, but while he 
 was projecting an expedition against Mo- 
 rocco, he died in 1252. He was canonized 
 j by pope Clement X — Ferdinand IV. suc- 
 ceeded to the throne of Castile in 1295, at 
 > the age of six years, under the guardian- 
 1 ship of his mother, who governed the king- 
 dom with great prudence. He died in 
 i 1312. — Ferdinand V. called the Catholic, 
 
 I son of John II. king of Arragon. He mar- 
 ried Isabella of Castile, sister of Henry IV. 
 and thereby united the two kingdoms of 
 i. Castile and Arragon. Ferdinand declared 
 war against Alphonso, king of Portugal, 
 
 • and defeated him at Toro in 1476. He next 
 ! conquered Grenada, and in 1516 he expel- 
 led the Moors out of Spain ; but the most 
 remarkable event of his life was the disco- 
 very of America by Columbus. He also 
 made himself master of part of Navarre. 
 He died in 1516. — Ferdinand VI. son of 
 Philip V. and of Mary of Savoy, ascended 
 the throne in 1746. This prince distin- 
 guished his reign by acts of beneficence, 
 lie restored liberty to the prisoners, pro- 
 claimed pardon to smugglers and deserters, 
 and assigned two days in a week to render 
 justice to his subjects. He took part in the 
 fyvar of 1741, and signed the peace in 1748, 
 by which means one of his brothers obtain- 
 ed the crown of the two Sicilies, and the 
 Other the dukedom of Parma and Placen- 
 tia, lie re-established his marine, and re- 
 
 formed and promoted the arts and agricul- 
 ture He died at Madrid without issue, in 
 1759, aged 46. — Univ. Hist. Moreri. N. D. H. 
 
 Ferdinand, king of Portugal, succeeded 
 his Father Peter the Justicer in 1367. On 
 the death of Peter the Cruel, king of Cas- 
 tile, he assumed that title, which produced 
 a war between him and Henry of Transta- 
 mare, who ravaged Portugal, and forced 
 Ferdinand to make peace on condition of 
 marrying his daughter. This marriage he 
 afterwards disowned ; and entered into an 
 alliance with John of Gaunt, duke of Lan- 
 caster, who laid claim to the Castilian 
 throne. This war proved very disastrous 
 to the Portuguese, and Ferdinand was obli- 
 ged to sue for peace. Another war was 
 entered into, in which he was supported by 
 the English, and was for a time successful, 
 but was at last under the necessity of mak- 
 ing peace. lie died in 1383. — Ibid. 
 
 Ferdinand, king of Naples and of Sici- 
 ly, succeeded Alphonso in 1458. He died 
 in 4494, aged 70, detested for his debauch- 
 eries and cruelties: yet he enacted many 
 good laws, and restored the university of 
 Naples. — Univ. Hist. 
 
 Ferdinand of Cordova, a learned Spa- 
 niard of the 15th century. He is said to 
 have been master of numerous languages 
 and sciences, and perfectly accomplished 
 in all the polite arts. He wrote a treatise, 
 entituled, De Artilicio omnis Scibilis ; also 
 Commentaries on the Almagest of Ptolemy. 
 
 —Moreri. 
 
 Ferdinand (John), a jesuit of Toledo, 
 who died at Palantia in 1595, aged 59. 
 He wrote a book entituled, Divinarum 
 Scripturarum, juxta Patrum sententias, lo- 
 
 cupletissimus Thesaurus, in 1594 Ibid. 
 
 Ferdinand de Jesus, a Spanish monk, of 
 the order of Carmelites, at the beginning of 
 the 17th century. On account of his elo- 
 quence he was called Golden-mouthed. He 
 wrote Commentaries on Aristotle and the 
 Scriptures. — Ibid. 
 
 Ferdinandi (Epiphanius), a celebrated 
 physician, born at Otranto in .1569, and 
 died in 1638. lie published Observationes 
 & Casus Medici ; Theoremata Medica ; 
 De Vita Propaganda ; De Peste. — Ibid. 
 
 Fehdousi, a Persian poet, whose prin- 
 cipal piece is called the History of the 
 
 Persian Kings. He died A. D. 1020. 
 
 D'Herbelot. 
 
 FERG,or Fergire (Francis Paul), an emi- 
 nent landscape painter, was born at Vienna 
 in 1689. He settled in I^ondon, where his 
 talents were greatly admired, but he was 
 reduced to poverty by an imprudent mar- 
 riage, and died in misery in 1740. He 
 adorned his landscapes with ruins in a grand 
 taste. — Pilkington. 
 
 Fergus I. king of Scotland. He was the 
 son of Fergus, king of the Irish Scots, and 
 was invited to Scotland to repel the Piets for 
 which he was chosen king. He was drowned 
 in his passage todreland about- 404.— Boetius. 
 
 D d 2 
 
FER 
 
 FEE 
 
 Ferguson (Robert), a nonconformist of 
 considerable notoriety. He was ejected in 
 1662, from the living of Godmersham in 
 Kent; after which he became a schoolmaster, 
 but distinguished himself by his political 
 intrigues, and was accounted a court spy. 
 He joined the duke of Monmouth, whom 
 he is supposed to have betrayed. He was 
 never steady to any party, and died poor in 
 1714. He wrote the Interest of Reason in 
 Religion, Svo ; a discourse concerning Jus- 
 tification, &C. — Calamy. Burnet's Hist, of bis 
 own Times. 
 
 Ferguson (James), an ingenious philoso- 
 pher and astronomer, was born in 1710, 
 at Keith, a village in the shire of BamfF, in 
 Scotland. His parents being poor, he was 
 placed out as a servant to a farmer, who em- 
 ployed him in keeping sheep ; in which si- 
 tuation he acquired a surprising knowledge 
 of the stars, and his abilities being discover- 
 ed by some neighbouring gentlemen, one 
 of them took him to his house, where he 
 learnt decimal arithmetic and the rudi- 
 ments of algebra and geometry from the 
 butler. From a description of the glebes 
 in Gordon’s grammar, he made one in 
 three weeks sufficiently accurate to enable 
 him to work problems. He afterwards 
 madea wooden clock and a watch, on which 
 he was employed by some of the gentry 
 in repairing and cleaning clocks; and 
 having a taste for drawing, he earned 
 something by drawing patterns for ladies 
 work. He next began to draw portraits 
 with Indian ink, by which he supported 
 himself creditably some years. In 1743 lie 
 game to London, where he published some 
 astronomical tables and calculations, and 
 gave lectures in experimental philosophy, 
 which he repeated with success throughout 
 the kingdom. In 1754 he published a brief 
 description of the solar system, with an 
 astronomical account of the year of our Sa- 
 viours’s Crucifixion, 8vo.; also an Idea of 
 the Material Universe, deduced from a Sur- 
 vey of the Solar system. But his greatest 
 work is his “ Astronomy explained upon 
 Sir Isaac Newton's Principles, and made 
 easy to those who have not studied Mathe- 
 matics.” It first appeared in 1756, 4to. and 
 has been several times reprinted in Svo. On 
 the accession of the present king, to whom 
 he had read lectures, Mr. Ferguson obtain- 
 ed a pension of fifty pounds a year. In 
 1763 he was elected a fellow of the Royal 
 Society, without paying the admission fee, 
 or the annual subscriptions : the same year 
 appeared his Astronomical Tables and Pre- 
 cepts, Svo. In 1767 he published Tables 
 and Tracts relative to several Arts and 
 Sciences, Svo. Besides these works he was 
 the author of Select Mechanical Exercises; 
 the Young Gentleman and Lady’s Astro- 
 nomy; an Easy Introduction to Astronomy; 
 an Introduction to Electricity; the Art of 
 Drawing in Perspective made easy ; and 
 several tracts and papers in the Philosophi- 
 cal Transactions. He died in 1776. Mr. 
 
 Ferguson was a man of unassuming nlafl- 
 nets, meek, innocent, and religious . — Life <. 
 prfixed to his Mechanical Exercises. Hutton s \ 
 Math. Diet. % _ j 
 
 Ferguson (William), a Scotch painter, 
 who excelled in painting dead birds and 
 still life. He died about 1690. — Pilkington. 
 
 Ferguson (Robert(, a Scotch poet, was 
 born at Edinburgh in 1750. He was edu- 
 cated for the ministry, but a love of poetry 
 and dissipation disqualified him for that pro- I 
 fession, and he obtained a place in the she- 
 riff-clerk’s office at Edinburgh. He died in- 
 sane in the Asylum for lunatics at that city j 
 in 1774. His poems, which are pastoral, ! 
 humorous, and lyric, are in Dr. Anderson’* 
 collection.— Life by Irving, 1799. 
 
 Fer mat (Peter), a Frenchmathematician, 
 was horn at Toulouse in 1590, and bred to 
 the profession of the law. He became coun- 
 sellor to the parliament of Toulouse, and 
 died in 1664. His mathematical works 
 were printed at Toulouse, in 2 vols. folio, 
 1679. His son Samuel Fermat was a learned 
 man, and the authorof several works. — Mor. 
 
 Fermok (William, count von), a cele- 
 brated Russian general, was born at Plas- 
 kow in 1704. His father was a native of 
 Scotland, in the Russian military service. In 
 the war against the Turks in 1736, young 
 Fermor displayed great bravery and was 
 made a general. In 1755 he obtained the 
 chief command, and made himself master 
 of Prussia, for which the emperor Francis 
 made him a count of the empire. He gain- 
 ed the famous battle of ZorndofF against 
 Frederic II. of Prussia, and had a considera- 
 ble share in taking Berlin. He died in 1 77 1 . 
 — Gen. Biog. j 
 
 FERNANDEzJ(Anthony), a Portuguese Je- 
 suit, who was many years superior of his j 
 order in India, and died in Portugal in 
 1628. He wrote commentaries on Isaiah, 
 and other parts of the Old Testament. He 
 is not to be confounded with Benedict Fer - 
 namlez another Portuguese of the same or- 
 der, who wrote commentaries cn Genesis 
 and the gospel of St. Luke. , He died at Lis- 
 bon in 1,630. Nor with Alfhonso Fernandez, 2 
 Spanish monk of the dommican order, who 
 published 'an Ecclesiastical History of his 
 time, and other works. He died about 
 1 640. — Moreri. 
 
 Fernet. (John Francis), physician to 
 Henry II. was born at Mont Didier, in Pi- 
 cardy, in 1506, and died 1558. His works, 
 which are wholly on medical subjects, have 
 been often printed.— -Moreri. 
 
 Ferracino (Bartholomew), a self-taught 
 genius of Padua. He was born in 1 695, and 
 bred a sawyer. His first invention was a 
 saw worked by the wind. He made cu- 
 rious clocks, and hydraulic engines, but hit 
 greatest work is the bridge over the Brenta 
 which is remarkable for the boldness of tin 
 design, and its firmness. He died abou 
 1764. — A r ouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Ferrand (Louis), a lawyer, was born a 
 ToUlou in 1645. lie became advocate ii 
 
FER 
 
 FER 
 
 the parliament of Paris, and died in 1699. 
 He wrote a commentary on the Psalms; 
 several pieces against the Protestants; Con- 
 spectus sive Synopsis Libri Hebraici qui in- 
 scribitur Annales regum Mancias et Regum 
 Domus Othomanicse ; Reflections on the 
 Christian Religion, &c. — Moreri. 
 
 Ferkand (Anthony), a French counsel- 
 lor who died at Paris in 1719, aged 42. He 
 wrote songs, epigrams, and madrigals.' — N. 
 D. H. 
 
 Ferkand (James Philip), a painter in 
 enamel, born at the Joigni, in Burgundy, in 
 1653, and died at Paris in 1732. He wrote 
 a treatise on his art. — Ibid. 
 
 Ferrandus (sur named Fulgcntins), a dea- 
 con of Carthage who died about 550. He 
 was a disciple of St. Fulgentius, whom he 
 accompanied in his exile to Sardinia. His 
 collection of Ecclesiastical Canons was pub- 
 lished at Paris in 1588, 8vo. There are 
 also extant two of his letters, an exhorta- 
 tion on the duties of a Christian Soldier, 
 and other remains. — Cave Hist. Lit. 
 
 Ferrar (Robert), an English bishop, wa» 
 born at Halifax, in Yorkshire, and received 
 his education at Cambridge and Oxford. 
 About 1533 he became chaplain to arch- 
 bishop Cranmer, by whose means he ob- 
 tained the bishoprick of St. David’s, but he 
 was imprisoned at the latter end of king 
 Edward’s reign, on some charges alleged 
 against him. In that of Mary he was con- 
 demned as a heretic and burnt at Gaermar- 
 then in 1555. — Fox's Acts and Mon. 
 
 Ferrar (Nicholas), a pious gentleman, 
 was born in London in 1591. His father 
 was an East India merchant. He received 
 a liberal education at Cambridge, after 
 which he travelled over most part of Eu- 
 rope. On his return he became secretary 
 of the Virginia company, and was chosen 
 in 1624 member of parliament, by whom he 
 was appointed, with two others, to draw up 
 articles of impeachment against the lord 
 treasurer Cranfield. Soon afterwards, being 
 of a pious and ascetic turn, he and his fa- 
 mily retired from public life to a seat in 
 Fluntingdonshire, called Little Gidding, 
 which they converted into a kind of pre- 
 iestant monastery. Mr. Ferraralso entered 
 into deacon’s orders in 1626, and died in 
 1637. He translated Valdesso’s Considera- 
 tions on Religion, from the Spanish into 
 English. — Peckard’s Life of Ferrar, 8vo, 1792. 
 
 Ferrari (Anthony), one of the founders 
 of the Barnabites, in 1520; the other was 
 James Morigia. This order was confirmed 
 by pope Paul III. in 1535, and multiplied 
 exceedingly. Ferrari became superior of 
 it, and died in 1544. — Moreri . 
 
 Ferrari (Octavian), an Italian writer, 
 was born at Milan, in 1518. He became 
 professor first atJPadua, and afterwards at 
 Milan, where he taught philosophy till his 
 death in 1586. He wrote, 1. De Sermoni- 
 bus Exotericis, Venice, 1575 ; 2. De Origine 
 Romanorum, 1607. He also translated 
 Athaeineus into Latin. — Moreri, 
 
 Ferrari (Francis Bernardin,) a learned 
 Italian, was born at Milan in 1577. He 
 collected a great number of books, which 
 laid the foundation of the Ambrosian li- 
 brary, of which he was the first keeper. He 
 died in 1669. He wrote De Antiquo Ec- 
 clesiasticarum Epistolarum Genere, 1613; 
 De Ritu Sacrarum Ecclesia; Catholicae con- 
 cionum Lib. iii. De veterum acclamationibus 
 & plausu Lib. vii. — Ibid. 
 
 Ferrari (Octavio), another learned man 
 of the same family, was born in 1607, and 
 educated at the Ambrosian college, where 
 he became professor of rhetoric. He after- 
 wards removed to Padua, and died in 1682. 
 Fie wrote Qrigines Linguse Italics;, Padua; 
 De lucernis Sepulchralibus veterum, de Pan- 
 tominis & Minus, de Balneis & Gladiatori- 
 bus Electorum, &c. — Ibid. 
 
 Ferrari (John Baptist), a Jesuit of Sien- 
 na, who published a Syriac dictionary in 
 1622, 4to. He also wrote De Malorum 
 Aureorum Cultura, 1646 : and De Florum 
 Cultura, 1633. He died in 1655.— Ibid. 
 
 Ferrars (Giovanni Andrea), an eminent 
 painter, was born at Genoa in 1599, and 
 died in 1566. He painted history, landscape, 
 animals, andflowers. — Piliington. 
 
 Ferrari (George), a lawyer and poet, 
 was born in Hertfordshire in 1512, and 
 educated first at Oxford, and next at Lin- 
 coln’s-inn. He was in great esteem with 
 Henry VIII. who gave him a large grant of 
 lands in Hertfordshire. He wrote some 
 pieces inserted in the Mirror for Magis- 
 trates, published in 1559 ; and the History 
 of Queen Mary, in Grafton’s Chronicle. 
 He died in 1579. — Blog. Br. 
 
 Ferrars (Edward), a gentleman of War- 
 wickshire, who wrote some tragedies and 
 comedies, and died in 1564.- — Gen. Biog. 
 Diet. 
 
 Ferrars (Henry), of the same family 
 with the last mentioned. He made collec- 
 tions towards a history of his native county, 
 which were made use of by Dugdale. Fie 
 died in 1633, aged 84. — Ibid. 
 
 Ferrein (Anthony), professor of medi- 
 cine in the Royal College at Paris, and 
 member of the French academy. He took 
 his degrees at Montpellier, and distinguish- 
 ed himself by his Lectures on Medicine 
 and the Materia Medica. He died at Paris 
 in 1769, aged 76. — Nouv.Dict, Hist. 
 
 Ferreras (don John de), a learned Spa- 
 nish divine, was born in 1652. He was a 
 member of the Spanish academy at its com- 
 mencement, to whose dictionary he was a 
 considerable contributor. Fie also wrote a 
 History of Spain, 10 vols. 4to. and other 
 works, and died in 1735. — Moreri. 
 
 Ferreti, of Vicenza, an Italian poet and 
 historian of the 14th century. He wrote a 
 history of his own times, from 1359 to 1428, 
 and some other works in verse and prose. — 
 Moreri. 
 
 Ferreti (Emilius), an Italian civilian, 
 born in 1489, and died in 1552. His Opera, 
 Juridica appeared in 1591. — Bayle . 
 
FES 
 
 F E V 
 
 Terri (Paul), a German protestant di- 
 vine, was born in 1591, at Metz, where he 
 became a popular preacher, and died in 1 66 9. 
 His works are : Scholastici Orthodoxi Spe- 
 cimen ; Vindicice pro Scholastico Ortho- 
 doxo ; Catechisme general de ia Reforma- 
 tion, &c. — Bay!?. 
 
 Ferri (Ciro), an emineut painter, was 
 bom at Rome in 1634. He was employed 
 by pope Alexander VII. and several Italian 
 princes. He also distinguished himself as 
 an architect, and designed several churclies. 
 He died in 1589. — 1)' Argcnvilie. 
 
 Ferriek (Arnaud du), professor of law 
 at hisnative city Toulouse. In 1562 he was 
 sent ambassador to the council of Trent, 
 where his bold language gave so much of- 
 fence, that he was sent ambassador to 
 Venice. He assisted father Paul in writ- 
 ing the history of that council, and on his 
 return he avowed himself a protestant. He 
 died in 1585. — Moreri. 
 
 Ferrier (Jeremiah), a French protestant 
 minister, who turned papist, and obtained 
 some civil employments. He died in 1626. 
 He was the reputed author of a noted book 
 called Catholique d’Etat, in 1625, and of 
 another on Antichrist. — Bayle. Moreri. 
 
 Ferrier (John), a French jesuit, was born 
 at Rodez, in Rouergue. He succeeded 
 father Annat as confessor to Lewis XIV. 
 He was a zealous opponent of the jansenists, 
 and wrote several books. He died in 1674. 
 *— Moreri. 
 
 Ferrieres (Claude de), a doctor of law 
 of the university of Paris, (who published 
 several books on jurisprudence. Pie died 
 in 1715, aged 77. His son Claude Joseph 
 published a dictionary of law in 2 vols. 4to. 
 1771. — Noun. Did. Hist. 
 
 Perron (Arnaulddu), a lawyer of Bour- 
 deaux, who wrote a continuation of PEmi- 
 lius’s History of France. He died in 1563, 
 aged 48. — Ibid. 
 
 Feute / (Henry de Senecterre mareschal 
 de), a famous French general, who defeated 
 the duke of Lorraine in 1650, for which 
 he was made mareschal of France. In 
 1656 he was taken prisoner by the Spaniards 
 at the siege of Valenciennes. He died in 
 1681, aged 82. — Ibid. 
 
 Ferus (John), a learned German of the 
 Franciscan order, was born at Metz, where 
 he died in 1554. He wrote commentaries 
 in Latin on several books of the Scripture, in 
 which he so much favoured the protestants, 
 that his works were placed in the Index Ex- 
 purgaiorius.~ — Bayle. Moreri. 
 
 Festus (Porcius), pro-consul and go- 
 vernor of Judea, before whom St. Paul was 
 accused by the Jews, but the apostle appeal- 
 ing to the emperor, Festussent him to Rome. 
 
 —Ads A post. 
 
 Festus (Pompeius), an ancient gram- 
 marian, who abridged Verrius Flaccus 
 “ de Significatione Verborum,” the best 
 edition of which is that ol Paris in 1681. — 
 Moreri. 
 
 Feti (Dominico), an Italian painter born 
 at Rome in 1589. He was the disciple of 
 Civon, and his pictures are highly valued. 
 He died in his 35th year. His sister, who 
 was a nun, also painted well, and adorned 
 her convent with several good works. — 
 D’Argcnville. 
 
 Feu Ardent (Francis), a Franciscan friar, 
 was born in Lower Normandy in 1541. 
 He was a bigoted zealot, and a seditious 
 preacher against Henry III. and Henry IV. 
 He wrote furiously against the protestants, 
 and died in 1610. — Moreri. 
 
 Feuille (Louis), a mathematician of 
 the order of Minims, was born in Pro- 
 vence in 1660. Lewis XIV. sent him into 
 various countries, and granted him a pen- 
 sion. He died in 1732. I te wrote a Jour- 
 nal of Observations, physical, mathematical, 
 and botanical, made on the Coasts of 
 South America and New Spain, 2 vols. 4to. — 
 Moreri. 
 
 Feuquieres (Anthony de Pas, marquis 
 of), a French general, was born in Artois of 
 a noble family, in 1648. He distinguished 
 himself in Germany, but being disappointed 
 of a marshal’s staff, he wrote with great 
 bitterness against all the other commanders 
 of his time in his Military Memoirs, 4 
 vols. 12mo. He died in 1711. — Noun. Diet. 
 Hist. 
 
 Feuborn (Justus), a German protestant 
 divine, was born in Westphalia in 1587, and 
 died rector of the university of Grossen in 
 1656. He wrote several theological works 
 in Latin. — Moreri. 
 
 Feutsking (John Henry), a German 
 protestant divine, was born in the duchy of 
 Halstein in 1672. He became doctor in 
 divinity at Wittemberg where he was after- 
 wards professor. Fie was also ecclesiastical 
 counsellor to the duke of Saxe Gotha, and 
 confessor to the elector of Saxony. He 
 died in 1713. His theological works in the 
 Latin and German languages are very nu- 
 merous. — Moreri. 
 
 Fevre (Claude), a French painter, who 
 excelled in portraits, flowers and historical 
 subjects. He died in London in 1675, aged 
 42. — Pilkington. Wulpole. 
 
 Fevre (James le), or Faber Stapulends , a 
 learned French divine, was born in Picardy 
 about 1440. At the Reformation he fell 
 under the suspicion of lutheranism, owing 
 to his intimacy with several eminent protes- 
 tants ; and his enemies persecuted him so 
 much that he was obliged to retire to Na- 
 varre, where he died in 1537. l ie wrote 
 severely against Erasmus, with whom he 
 had been very friendly, on his alteration of 
 the Scripture. Faber translated the New 
 Testament into French, and wrote Com- 
 mentaries on several parts of the Scripture. 
 
 • — Bayle. Moreri. 
 
 Fevre (Guy 1 e),sieur dele. Boderie,a French 
 poet, was born in Lower Normandy, in 1641. 
 He is supposed to have been an ecclesiastic. 
 He was well acquainted with the oriental 
 
FI A 
 
 F I E 
 
 languages, and assisted in the edition of the 
 Polyglot by Montanus. He also published 
 several works on the Syriac and Chaldaic 
 languages. He died, in 1598. — Moreri. 
 
 Fevre (Anthony le), brother of the pre- 
 ceding, was born about 1555. Henry IV 
 employed him in several embassies, particu- 
 larly to England. His memoirs werepublish- 
 cd at Paris in 5 vol.v. 12mo. — He died in 
 
 1 6 1 5 . — IMoreri. 
 
 Fevre (Nicholas ! e, or Faber), a learned 
 man, born at Paris in 1,544. Henry IV. ap- 
 pointed him preceptor to the prince of 
 Conde, and after the death of Henry he was 
 tutor to Lewis XIII. He died in 161 1. His 
 works were printed at Paris in 1614.4to. — 
 Moreri. 
 
 Fevre (James le), a French ecclesiastic, 
 who wrote several books against the pro- 
 testants. He was a doctor of the Sorbonne, 
 and died in 1716. — Moreri. 
 
 Fevre (Roland le), a painter, commonly 
 called le Fevre of Venice, but born in An- 
 jou. Ide painted portraits and naked 
 figures, and had a curious method of stain- 
 ing marble. He died in England in 1667. — 
 Filk'mgton. 
 
 Fevre (Tannegui le, or Tanaquil Faber), 
 a learned critic, was born at Caen in 1615. 
 Richelieu settled upon him a pension of 2000 
 livres, to inspect the books that were print- 
 ed at the Louvre; but on the death of the 
 cardinal, his salary was stopped. He then 
 removed to Saumur, where he embraced 
 the reformed, religion, and obtained the 
 classical professorship. He died in 1672. 
 He was the father of the celebrated Ma- 
 dame Dacier. His son was a protestant 
 minister, but afterwards turned papist. He 
 wrote a tract, entituled, De futilitate 
 Poetices, 1697. I. e Fevre published several 
 comments on Greek and Latin authors ; 
 2 vols. of Letters ; Lives of the Greek Poets 
 in French : Greek and Latin poems; a Me- 
 thod of Education, — Moreri. 
 
 Fev^e (N. le), a French jesuit, who died 
 in 1755. He wrote a Treatise on True Re- 
 ligion, and a critical examination of the 
 Works of Bayle. — Nouns. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Fevre t (Charles), a French civilian, was 
 born in 1582. Fie was counsellor to the 
 parliament of Dijon, where he died in 1661. 
 He wrote De Claris Fori Burgundici Ora- 
 toribus,and Traite de l’Abus. — Ibid. 
 
 Fevret de Fontette (Charles Maine), 
 great grandson of the preceding, was born 
 at Dijon in 1710, and bred to the law, 
 in which he became eminent. He was a 
 man of letters, anddied in 1772. — Nouv. Diet. 
 Hist. 
 
 Feydeau (Matthew), a doctor of the 
 Sorbonne, was born in 1616, and diedin ex- 
 ile at Annonai in Vivares, in 1 594. He was 
 a zealous jansenist, and wrote a Catechism 
 on Grace ; on the Harmony of the Gospels, 
 See. — Moreri. 
 
 Fiasella (Domenico), an Italian painter, 
 Was born in 1589 and died in 1669. He was 
 
 called Sarezana from the place of his birth. 
 Fie excelled in painting portraits and his- 
 tory. — - Pilkington. 
 
 Ficiiard (John), an eminent lawyer of 
 Frankfort, who died in 1581, aged 69. He 
 wrote Onomasticon Philosophico-Medico 
 Synovmum, de Cautelis; Concilium Matri- 
 moni.de; Vita: Virorum qui emendatione 
 clamerunt, See. — Moreri. , 
 
 Ficinus (Marsilius), a learned Italian, 
 was born at Florence in 14:53. Elis father 
 was physician to Cosmo de Medici, by 
 whom Marsilius was greatly esteemed on 
 account of his attachment to the doctrines 
 of Plato. Under the patronage of Cosmo, 
 he made a great progress in all kinds of 
 learning, and was appointed first president 
 of an academy founded by him at Florence. 
 After this lie published a complete version 
 of Plato’s works in the Latin language. 
 Fie also translated Plotinus, Iamblichus, Pro- 
 elus, and other Platonists. Lorenzo the 
 Magnificent was also a liberal patron of Fi- 
 cinus,and thus PlatonisVn revived with great 
 splendour in Italy. At the age of forty-two 
 he entered into orders and obtained some 
 considerable preferment. He died in 1499. 
 His works were collected and printed toge- 
 ther in 2vols. folio. — Moreri. 
 
 Ficoroni (Francesco), a Roman medalist, 
 who wrote several books in Italian on anti- 
 quarian subjects. Fie died in 1 747, aged S3. 
 — Gen. Biorr. Diet. 
 
 Fi'ddes (Richard), an English divine, was 
 horn at Hunmanby in Yorkshire, in 1671, 
 and educated at Corpus Christi college, 
 Oxford, and afterwards at University 
 college. In 1694 he entered into orders, 
 and soon after obtained a living in his na- 
 tive county; hut the air of the place prov- 
 ing unhealthy, he was deprived of his speech 
 which he never perfectly recovered. After 
 this he was appointed chaplain to the gar- 
 rison at Hull, of which he was deprived on 
 the death of queen Anne. He died at Put- 
 ney in 1735. Flis principal works are, 
 the Fife of Cardinal Wolsev, which brought 
 on him the charge- of being popishly af- 
 fected; a Body of Divinity, folio, for which 
 the University of Oxford conferred on him 
 the degree of D. D. ; Fifty-two practical 
 discourses ; a Treatise on Morality, &c.— • 
 Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Field (Richard), a learned English di- 
 vine, was born in Hertfordshire in 1561, 
 and educated at Oxford. In 1591 he was 
 made chaplain to queen Elizabeth, and in 
 1509 dean of Gloucester. He died in 1616, 
 just as he was about to be nominated 
 to the see of Oxford. Fie wrote a learned 
 work “.Of the Church” in folio. — Wood’s A. Q, 
 
 Fielding (Henry), a celebrated writer, 
 was horn ?,t Sharpham, in Somersetshire, of 
 a good family, in 1707. After receiving the 
 rudiments of education at home, he went 
 to Eton, from whence he was sent to Ley- 
 den, where lie studied two years, and then 
 returned to England, The narrowness ej 
 
F I E 
 
 F I L 
 
 Kit father’s circumstances and the largeness 
 of his family, prevented him from provid- 
 ing for his son in a proper manner. He 
 then commenced writer for the stage, his 
 first piece being entitled, Love in several 
 Masques, which met with a favourable re- 
 ception : as did his next performance, called 
 The Temple beau. Some of his dramatic 
 efforts, however, were not so successful, and 
 he had the courage to prefix to one of them, 
 “ As it was damned at the theatre-royal, 
 Drury-lane.” He afterwards had the good 
 luck to marry a lady of some fortune, and 
 bv the death of his mother, he came into 
 the possession of 200/. a year. His extra- 
 vagances, however, were such, that at the 
 age of thirty he had reduced himself to his 
 former condition, on which he entered the 
 Temple, and studied the law with consider- 
 able ardour, still exercising his pen for im- 
 mediate support. One of his publications 
 was, The History of Jonathan Wild, a 
 notorious character, whose story Fielding 
 wrought up into an entertaining romance. 
 In 1742, appeared his Joseph Andrews, a 
 novel, full of humour and admirable deli- 
 neations of human nature. During the re- 
 bellion of 1745, he published some patrio- 
 tic pieces, for which he was made a Mid- 
 dlesex justice, in which situation he gain- 
 ed considerable reputation, by his Enquiry 
 into the Causes of the late Increase of Rob- 
 beries ; and his Proposal for the Main- 
 tenance of the Poor. About this time he 
 wrote his principal work, the novel of Tom 
 Jones; which exhibits a great knowledge of 
 life, and is equally rich in comic delineation 
 and pathetic expression. The moral, how- 
 ever is suspicious. His Amelia, which fol- 
 lowed in 1751, is more correct in its senti- 
 ment but deficient in humour and variety. 
 A complication of complaints had now pro- 
 duced a dropsy, and after undergoing the 
 
 operation of tapping, he went with his fa- 
 mily to Lisbon, where he died in 1754. 
 His works have been printed uni- 
 formly in 12 vols. 8vo. with his life pre- 
 fixed by Mr. Murphy. 
 
 Fielding (Sarah), sister of the preceding, 
 was born in 1714, and died unmarried in 
 1761. She wrote the novels cf David Simple, 
 and the Cry; and translated Xenophon’s Me- 
 pioirs of Socrates into English.— Blog. Brit. 
 
 Ft e ldi N c (sir John) , half-brother of Henry 
 and his successor as a justice for Middle- 
 sex. Though blind from bis childhood, he 
 discharged his office with great credit, and 
 in 1761 received the honour.of knighthood. 
 } Ie died in 1780. Lie published some tracts 
 on police; a Charge to the Grand Jury of 
 Westminster, & c. — Ibid. 
 
 Fiennes (William), lord Say and Sele, 
 was born at Brighton, in Oxfordshire, in 
 J582, and educated at New college,. Oxford. 
 In i 6/4 he was made a viscount. In the 
 rebellion he sided with the parliament 
 party, for which he, was declared an out- 
 law by the . king, after whose murder he 
 
 joined the independents, and during the 
 protectorate retired to the isle of Lundy, 
 on the coast of Devon, where he continued 
 till Cromwell’s death. At the Restoration 
 he was made privy seal and chamberlain 
 of the household. He died in 1662. His 
 lordship wrote some pamphlets against the 
 quakers .—Grander. Wood. 
 
 Fiennes (Nathaniel), second son of the 
 above; was born in 1608, and educated at 
 New college, Oxford, after which he went 
 to Geneva. Being entrusted with the go- 
 vernment of Bristol, he surrendered it to 
 prince Rupert, for which he was condemn- 
 by a council of war, but his father’s inte- 
 rest saved his life. Cromwell, with whom 
 he was in great favour, made him one of 
 his lords. He was a considerable leader of 
 the independent party, and printed some 
 speeches and pamphlets, He died in 1669. 
 —Wood's A. 0. 
 
 Fienus (Thomas) v a physician, was born 
 at Antwerp in 1566/ He became professor 
 of physic at Louvain, and died there in 
 1631. His works are, De viribus Imagina- 
 tionis ; De F'ormatione & Animatione Foe- 
 tus ; Apologia pro eodem ; de Cauteris ; 
 Libri Chirurgici. — Morcri. 
 
 Fiescho (John Lewis), a noble Genoese, 
 who out of ambition and hatred to the fa- 
 mous Ac drew John Doria, formed a con- 
 spiracy, with the assistance of France and 
 pope Paul, to revolutionize Genoa in 1547. 
 In the attempt to seize the galleys Fiescho 
 was drowned. The conspirators disheartened 
 gave up the enterprise, and the family of 
 Fiescho was proscribed. — Mod. Uni-v. Hist. 
 
 Figino (Ambrozio), an Italian painter, 
 was born at Milan. Lord Pembroke has a 
 fine picture of the ascent from the cross by 
 him. He died in 1590. — Pilkingto'n. 
 
 Figrelius (Edmundus), a learned Swede, 
 who was professor of history at TJpsal, and 
 died in 1676. He wrote De Statuis illustri- 
 um Romanbrum. — Gen. B. D. 
 
 Filangeri (Gaetano), a political writer, 
 was born at Naples in 1751. He studied the 
 law but never practised. In 1777, he entered 
 into the service of the court, was appointed 
 a gentlemen of the bedchamber, and an of- 
 ficer in the marine. In 1780 he published 
 the beginning of his work on Legislation, 
 and the 8th volume in 1791. It was never 
 completed. In 1787 he obtained a place in 
 the royal college of Finance, and died the 
 year following. His work has gone through 
 several editions. — Gen. JSiog. 
 
 Fileleo (Francis), or Philelphus, one of 
 the restorers of letters, was born at Ancona 
 in 1398, and after studying at Padua, he 
 opened a school of rhetoric at Venice, the 
 state of which appointed him chancel- 
 lor and ambassador to Constantinople. 
 While there he studied the Greek lan- 
 guage, and married a daughter of Chryso- 
 loras. On his return to Venice he brought 
 with him many Greek manuscripts. In 
 1428 he removed to Bologna, where he 
 
F I N 
 
 FIR 
 
 was appointed professor of moral philo- 
 sophy, but in 1429 he went to Florence. 
 A difference between him and Cosmo de 
 Medici, obliged him to go to Sienna and 
 afterwards to different other places. He 
 died at Flbrence in 1481. He was a man 
 of learning and abilities, but restless and 
 quarrelsome. His epistles were printed at 
 Venice in 1502. His eldest son Giamma- 
 ria, or Marius Pbilelpbus, was also a good 
 scholar, and died at Milan in 1480. — Mor. 
 Tirabeschi. 
 
 Filesac (John), a French divine and 
 doctor .of the Sorbonne, and dean of the 
 faculty of theology at Paris. He died in 
 1638. His works were printed in 1621, 
 3 vols 4to. — Moreri. Bupin. 
 
 Filicaia (Vincentio da), an Italian poet, 
 was born of a noble family at Florence 
 in 1642, and died in 1707. His poems in 
 Latin and Italian are very elegant. — Tirab. 
 
 Filmer (sir Robert), an English writer, 
 was born in Kent, and educated at Trinity 
 college, Cambridge. He wrote The Anar- 
 chy of a limited and mixed Monarchy ; 
 Patriarcha, in which he proves that go- 
 vernment was monarchical in the patriar- 
 cal ages; and the Freeholder’s Grand In- 
 quest. He died aboutl688. Mr.Locke wrote 
 against his book on government. — Gen. B. D. 
 
 Fin.?f.us (Orontius), or Fine, professor 
 of mathematics in the Royal college at 
 Paris, was born in 1494. Notwithstanding 
 his great reputation, he died poor in 1755, 
 and left a distressed family. His works 
 were printed in 3 vols. fol. — Moreri. 
 
 Finch (Heneage), first earl of Notting- 
 ham, was the son of sir Heneage Finch, 
 recorder of London. He was born in 1621, 
 and educated at Westminster school, from 
 whence he removed to Christ church, Ox- 
 ford, and afterwards to the Inner Temple. 
 Charles IT. made him solicitor-general, and 
 created him a baronet. He was returned 
 to parliament for the university of Oxford 
 in 1661. In 1670 he was appointed attorney 
 general, and soon after lord keeper, with 
 the rank of a peer. In 1675 he was made 
 lord chancellor, and in 1681 created earl of 
 Nottingham. He died the year following. 
 Severalof his speeches are in print. — Collins's 
 Peerage. 
 
 Finch (Daniel), eldest son of the above, 
 was born in 1647, and finished his educa- 
 tion at Christ church, Oxford. In 1680 
 he was appointed first lord of the Admi- 
 ralty, and in 1662 succeeded his father as 
 carl of Nottingham. He opposed the ar- 
 bitrary measures of James II. but though 
 he favoured the prince of Orange he was 
 against his taking possession of the throne, 
 and strenuously supported the convention 
 in favour of the regency. ■ However, Wil- 
 liam offered him the post of lord chancel- 
 lor, which he declined, but he was fora 
 short time secretary of ..state. On the death 
 of queen Anne, he was one of the lords jus- 
 tices for the administration of affairs, and 
 
 soon after was made president of the coun- 
 cil, but in 17 16 he was dismissed on account 
 of a speech which he made in the behalf of 
 the Scottish lords, condemned for high 
 treason. In 1729 he became earl of Win- 
 chelsea on the death of John, fifth earl, in 
 virtue of his descent from Elizabeth, daugh- 
 ter and heiress of sir Thomas Heneage, and 
 wife of sir Moyle Finch, his great-grand- 
 father. He died in 1730. Fie was an able 
 speaker and a man of learning,, as appears 
 from his reply to Whiston on the Trinity, 
 for which he received the thanks of the 
 uuiversity of Oxford, and of the bishop and 
 clergy of London. — Collins's Peerage. B. B. 
 Coxe’s Hist, of Sir Robert Walpole . 
 
 Finch (sir John), a man of wit in the 
 courts of James I. and Charles I. He was 
 born in Kent in 1571, and died in 1641. 
 Fie wrote a book, entituled, Fineti Philoxe- 
 nus, or Observations touching the recep- 
 tion, Precedency, &c. of foreign Ambassa- 
 dors in England. — Gen. Blog. Bid. 
 
 Finck (Thomas), a Danish mathema- 
 tician, was born in South Jutland in 1561- 
 He took the degree of doctor in physic at 
 Basil, after which he became physician to 
 the duke of Sleswick. In 1591 he was ap- 
 pointed professor of mathematics, at Co- 
 penhagen, in 1602 professor of eloquence, 
 and the year following that of medicine. 
 Fie died in 1656. He wrote Geometric 
 rotundi ; de Constitutione Matheseos ; de 
 Medicinal Constitutione, &c. — Moreri. 
 
 Firenzuola (Angelo), an Italian writer, 
 was born at Florence in 1493. He was in 
 orders and had a rich abbey at Rome, 
 where he died in 1545. His works were 
 printed at Florence iu 1763, in 3 vols. — 
 Tiraboschi. 
 
 Firmicus Maternus (Julius), a Chris- 
 tian writer of the 4th century, whose book 
 DeErrore profanarum Religionum has been 
 frequently printed ; an Astronomical or 
 AstrologicalTreatise, printed first at Venice 
 in 1497, has also been ascribed to this au- 
 thor. — Fabric. Bibl. Lat. Moreri. 
 
 FhiMiLiAN, bishop of Caesarea in Cappa- 
 docia. He was the friend of Origen, and 
 took part with St. Cyprian in the dispute 
 concerning the rebaptization of converted 
 heretics. He presided at the first council 
 of Antioch against Paul of Samosata, and 
 died in 269. — Gav. Hist. Lit. 
 
 Fir min (Thomas), a benevolent charac- 
 ter, was born at Ipswich in Suffolk in 1632, 
 and apprenticed to a tradesman in London. 
 When out of his time, he began business 
 for himself in the linen trade, in which he 
 had good success. His uprightness, piety, 
 and charity, were so distinguished, that 
 some of the greatest divines of the age 
 were glad of his friendship, particularly 
 archbishop Tillotson. He erected a ware- 
 house for the employment of the poor in 
 the linen manufacture, andwhen the French 
 protestants came over he set up another for 
 their use at Ipswich. lie was one of the 
 
F I S 
 
 F I X 
 
 governors of Christ’s and St. Thomas’s hos- 
 pitals, to which he was a liberal benefactor, 
 nor was there any public charity in which 
 he had not some concern. This truly good 
 man died in 1697. He published in i678, 
 ‘ 6 Some Proposals for the employing of the 
 Poor, and especially in and about the city 
 of London, and for the Prevention of Beg- 
 ging,” 4tO. — Life of Firmin b\ Cornish. 
 
 Fikmin (Giles), an English divine of the 
 nonconformist persuasion. He was a native 
 of Suffolk, and educated at Cambridge, 
 tifter which he went to New England, and 
 practised as a physician. Or? his return 
 he was ordained in the Presbyterian way, 
 and became minister of Shalfcrd, from 
 whence he was ejected in 1662. He then 
 resumed the practice of physic, and died in 
 1697. He wrote The real Christian, a 
 book of practical Religion; a Treatise of 
 Schism, and other works. — Calamy. 
 
 Fironzabauj, surnamed Shiraz/, a Per- 
 sian doctor of the 1 ! th century, who wrote 
 a work highly esteemed among the Mus- 
 sulmans, entituled, AI Tanbidh, or Gene- 
 ral Information ,on the Mohammedan Law. 
 There was another of the same name, who 
 compiled a dictionary of the Arabic lan- 
 guage, cabled, The Ocean. He died A. D. 
 1414. — I)’ Herbdot. Morcri. 
 
 Fish (Simon), an English lawyer, who 
 on account of his activity for the Reforma- 
 tion, was obliged to fly to Germany, where 
 in conjunction with William Tyndale, he 
 wrote the Supplication of Beggars against 
 Monks and Friars. This piece so pleased 
 Henry VIII. that Fish had liberty to muni. 
 He also translated from the Dutch, a little 
 book, entitled, The Sum of the Scriptures. 
 He died of the plague in 1,571. — Wood. 
 
 Fisher (John), an English prelate, was 
 born at Beverly, in Yorkshire, in 1459, 
 and educated at Cambridge. He became 
 confessor to Margaret, countess of Rich- 
 mond, mother to Henry VII. who by his 
 advice founded St. John’s and Christ’s col- 
 leges, Cambridge. He was afterwards cho- 
 sen chancellor of that university, and was 
 a liberal encourager of learning. In 1504 
 he was made bishop of Rochester, from 
 which he would never remove to a better 
 see. He was a zealous opponent of the Re- 
 formation, and of the king’s divorce from 
 queen Catherine. Great efforts were made 
 to bring him to acknowledge the king’s su- 
 premacy, which proving ineffectual, he 
 was sent to the Tower. While in confine- 
 ment the pone made him a cardinal, which 
 so enraged the king, that he caused him to 
 be tried for high treason, condemned and 
 beheaded in 1535. He was a man of con- 
 siderable learning, strict integrity, and fer- 
 vent piety. He wrote a commentary on 
 the penitential psalms; a Defence of the 
 king’s book against Luther ; a funeral Ser- 
 mon for the lady Margaret, See. — Biag. 
 Brit. 
 
 Fisher. (Mary), a quaker of the 17th 
 
 century, who took it into her head to go 
 Constantinople, to convert the grand seig- 
 nor. The sultan Mahomet IV. heard her 
 patiently, and then caused her to be sent 
 back to her own country, where she mar- 
 ried a preacher of her own sect. This couple 
 afterwards went to Languedoc, to preach 
 the tenets of quakerism among the pro- 
 testants there. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Fitzherbert (sir Anthony), a learned 
 judge in the reign of Henry VIII. was born 
 in Derbyshire, and educated at Oxford* 
 from whence he removed to one of the inns 
 of court. In 1523 he was made a judge in 
 the court of commop pleas, and died in 
 1358. Hp wrote The Grand Abridgment ; 
 a Collection, of Cases; The Office and Au- 
 thority of Justices of the Peace; The Office 
 of Sheriffs; Natura Brevium, &c. He is 
 also supposed to have written a book on 
 the Surveying of Lands, and another of 
 Husbandry — Blog. Brit. 
 
 Fitzherbert (Thomas), grandson. of the 
 preceding, was born in Staffordshire in 1 552, 
 and educated at Oxford. On account of 
 his zeal for the Roman catholic religion he 
 went abroad; and in 1614he entered among 
 the jesuits at Rome, after which he re- 
 moved to Brussels, to preside over the Eng- 
 lish mission. Being appointed rector of the 
 English college at Rome, he. returned thi- 
 ther, and died in 1640. His writings are 
 wholly controversial. — Blog. Brit. 
 
 Fitzherbert (Nicholas), another grand- 
 son of the judge, was born about 1550, and 
 educated at Exeter college, Oxford. About 
 1572 he went to Italy, and resided with 
 cardinal Allen. He was drowned in 1612. 
 He wrote a Description of the University 
 of Oxford; on the Antiquity and Continu- 
 ance of the Catholic Religion in England;; 
 the Life of Cardinal Alien, &c. — Ibid. 
 
 Fitzjames (James), duke of Berwick, 
 natural son of James II. by Arabella Church- 
 ill, sister to the duke of Marlborough. He 
 was born at Moulins in 1671, and entered 
 early into the French service. At the age 
 of 15 he was wounded at the siege of Bu- 
 da. In 1688 he was sent to Ireland, where 
 he distinguished himself at the siege of 
 Londonderry, and the battle of the Boyne. 
 He was afterwards employed' on various 
 services, for which he was rewarded with 
 the rank of marshal of France. He gained 
 the victory of Almanza over the English 
 and their allies, which fixed Philip V. on 
 the throne of Spain. He was killed by a 
 cannon bail at the siege of Philipsburgh, in 
 1 7 84.' — Morcri. 
 
 Fitz-Stephen (William), a monk of 
 Canterbury, in the 12th century, who wrote 
 the life of his master Thomas Becket, in 
 which he gives a curious description of 
 London. He died in 14 91. — Leland dc Script. 
 Brit. Cave Hist. Lit. 
 
 Fixlmillnkr (Placidus), a German as- 
 tronomer, was born near Linz, in Austria, 
 lie displayed a turn for mathematics early 
 
F L A 
 
 FLA 
 
 in life, and pursued it with ardour at Stras- 
 burg under professor Stuard, after which 
 he embraced the monastic life, and entered 
 into orders. He became professor of ec- 
 clesiastical law, in the academy attached to 
 Ills monastery at Kremsmunster, and dis- 
 charged it with reputation forty years. An 
 observatory was also erected there under 
 his direction, of which lie became astrono- 
 mer, and he published an account of nu- 
 merous observations, besides other works 
 relative to the celestial science. He was also 
 the author of some books on the canon and 
 the origin of the church. He died in 1791, 
 aged 71. — Schlicbtcgroll' s Necrology. 
 
 Fixes (Anthony), an eminent physician 
 of Montpellier, who died in 1765, aged 75. 
 He published Opera Medica, 4to. ; Lecons 
 de Chymie, 12mo^ Tractatus de Febribus, 
 12mo.; Tractatus de Physiologic, 12mo. — 
 Nou-v. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Flaccourt (F. de), director general of 
 the French East India Company, who com- 
 manded a colony in the island of Madagas- 
 car in 1648, but was obliged to abandon it 
 and return to France, where he wrote a 
 history of that island in one volume, 4to. — 
 Noun). Diet. Hist. 
 
 Flaccus (Caius Valerius), a Latin poet, 
 who lived in the reign of Vespasian. A 
 poem of his on the Argonautic expedition 
 is extant, the best edition of which is that 
 of Burman 1724. — Voss. Poet. Lat. Moreri. 
 
 Flaccus, or Fu ancowitz (Mathias), a 
 Lutheran divine, was born in Istria, which 
 being a part of the antient lllyricum, he as- 
 sumed the name of Flaccus Illyricus. He 
 became a disciple of Luther and Melanc- 
 thon at Wittemberg, where he taught the 
 Hebrew and Greek languages, and became 
 professor. He was the principal author of 
 the Centuriae Magdeburgenses, and a great 
 defender of the rigid principles of Luther 
 against those who were for moderate doc- 
 trines, on which account he settled at Mag- 
 deburg, and afterwards removed to other 
 places. Fie died at Frarickfort in 1575, 
 aged 55. Fie wrote Clavis Sacra; Scrip- 
 turse, 2 vols. folio ; Catalogus Testium Ve- 
 ritatis, folio ; De TrAnslatione Imperii Ro- 
 mani ad Germanos, de Electione Episcopo- 
 rum quod ae'que ad plebem pertineat, 8vo. — 
 Melcb. Adami Vit. Germ. Tbeol. Bayle. 
 
 Flameal (Bertholet), a Flemish painter, 
 was born at Liege in 1614. After study- 
 ing the principles of his art in his own 
 country he went to Italy, where he greatly 
 improved himself. In 1647 he returned to 
 Liege, which city he adorned with many ex- 
 cellent works. He died inl675 — D' Argenv. 
 
 Flamel (Nicholas), a notary of Paris in 
 the 14th century, who accumulated a vast 
 property, which he appropriated to bene- 
 volent purposes, and the endowment of 
 hospitals and churches. The ignorant mul- 
 titude ascribed his great wealth to his pos- 
 sessing the philosopher’s stone, but it is sup- 
 posed to have arisen from commercial spe- 
 
 culations. Two foolish books on alchemy 
 are falsely attributed to him. — Moreri. 
 
 Fi.aminto (Giovanni Antonio), a learned 
 Italian, was born at Imola in 1464. Fie be- 
 came an eminent teacher of the belles-let- 
 tres at Bologna, where he died in 1536. 
 He wrote Latin poems; Epistles; and the 
 lives of St. Dominic, Albertus Magnus, See. 
 His son Marc Antonio was also a man of let- 
 ters. He accompanied cardinal Pole to the 
 council of Trent, and died at Rome in 1550, 
 aged 52. He wrote Carmina quinque illus- 
 trium poetarum, 1549 ; An Exposition of 
 the Psalms ; Epistles — Tiraboschi. 
 
 Fla mini us, or Fi.amininu s (Titus Quin- 
 tins), a Roman general, who served the 
 office of consul, B. C 198. He defeated 
 Philip, king of Macedon, in the defiles of 
 Epirus, and afterwards in Thessaly, and re- 
 stored Greece to freedom, for which the 
 people paid him a profusion of honour* 
 at the Isthmian games. In 190 he served 
 the office of censor, and afterwards was 
 ambassador to Prusias, king of Bithynia, 
 whom he prevailed upon to deliver up 
 Hannibal, who poisoned himself to prevent 
 his falling into the Roman power. — Livy. 
 Plutarch. 
 
 Flaminius (Nohilis), an Italian divine 
 and critic, who died at Lucca in 1590. Fie 
 corrected the Vulgate translation of the 
 Scriptures by the Septuagint, and wrote a 
 book on Predestination — Moreri. 
 
 Flamsteed (John), an English astrono- 
 mer, was born at Derby in 1646, and edu- 
 cated at the grammar school in that town. 
 When very young he discovered a turn for 
 mathematical learning, and in 1669 he cal- 
 culated an eclipse of the sun which was to 
 happen next year; and also live appulses 
 of the moon to the fixed stars. He sent the 
 same to the royal society, for which he re- 
 ceived the thanks of that learned body. 
 Soon after this he visited London, and was 
 introduced to the most learned mathema- 
 ticians of the time. He then went to Cam- 
 bridge, and entered himself of Jesus col- 
 lege. One of his best friends was sir Jona* 
 Moore, who introduced him to the king, 
 and in 1674 procured for him the place of 
 astronomer royal. The same year he en- 
 tered into orders. In 1675 the foundation 
 of the royal observatory at Greenwich was 
 laid, and he was the first resident and astro- 
 nomer royal, it was called Flamsteed-house, by 
 which name it continues to be known. In 
 1725 appeared his great work, entitulcd, 
 Uistoria.Coelcstis Britannica, in 3 vols. folio. 
 In the Philosophical Transactions are manv 
 of his papers, and in sir Jonas Moore’s 
 System of Mathematics is a tract by him 
 on the Doctrine of the Sphere. He died 
 in 1719. Mr. Flamsteed never received 
 any other church preferment than the 
 crown living of Burstow, in Surry. — Pica-. 
 Brit. 
 
 Flassans (Taraudet de), a Provencal 
 poet of the 14th century, who wrote a 
 
FLA 
 
 F L E 
 
 pi*ce on the Treacheries of Love. Joan the 
 queen of Navarre sent him ambassador to 
 she emperor Charles IV. when he passed 
 through Provence. — Moreri. 
 
 St atm an- (Thomas), an English poet, 
 was bom in London in 1633, and educated 
 at Winchester-school, from whence he re- 
 moved to New college, Oxford. On leav- 
 ing- the university he entered himself of the 
 Inner Temple. He died in 1688. His 
 poems, which are licentious and poor, were 
 printed in 1682, 8vo, — Wood’s A. 0. 
 
 Flavel (John), a nonconformist divine, 
 was born in Worcestershire, and educated at 
 University college, Oxford, where he took 
 the degree of B.A. In 1650 he was ordained 
 in the presbyterian way at Salisbury. After- 
 wards he settled at Dartmouth, in Devon- 
 shire, where he wrote his Navigation Spi- 
 ritualized. He was ejected from his living 
 in 1662, but continued to preach privately. 
 At the accession of James II. he returned to 
 Dartmouth. He died suddenly at Exeter in 
 1691. His works, which are held in con- 
 siderable esteem, and have been extensively 
 beneficial, make 2 vols. folio, and 6 vols. 
 8vo. — Life prefixed to his IV oris. Calamy. 
 
 Flavian, patriarch of Antioch, in which 
 see he was confirmed by the council of 
 Constantinople in 882, but it occasioned a 
 schism, numerous bishops adhering to Pau- 
 linus and others to Flavian. The prudence 
 of the latter at length restored peace to the 
 church. He was a zealous opposer of the 
 Arlans, and died in 404. — Cave Hist. Lit. 
 Moreri. 
 
 Flavian, patriarch of Constantinople, 
 to which he was elected on the death of 
 Prochis in 447. Fie condemned the Euty- 
 chian heresy, in a synod held at Constanti- 
 nople, but the followers of Eutychius after- 
 wards got Flavian banished to Lydia, where 
 he died. — Ibid. 
 
 Flavigni (Valerian de), doctor of the 
 Sorhonne, canon of Rheims, and professor 
 of Hebrew in the royal college of France, 
 was horn at Laon,and died at Paris in 1674. 
 He attacked le Jay’s Polyglot, and defend- 
 ed the purity of the Hebrew text of the 
 Pentateuch, against Morin. — Moreri. 
 
 Flavitas, patriarch of Constantinople. 
 When Acacius, patriarch of Constantino- 
 ple, died, the emperor Zeno was weak 
 enough to leave a blank paper under the 
 altar, in expectation that an angel would 
 write upon it the name of a person to suc- 
 ceed him. Flavitas, Ivy bribing the grand 
 chamberlain, gained admittance into the 
 church, and inscribed his own name in the 
 letter ; on which he was chosen patriarch. 
 Fie died about three months afterwards, 
 and the cheat being discovered, the cham- 
 berlain was executed. — Moreri. 
 
 Flaust (John Baptiste), an advocate in 
 the parliament of Rouen, who spent fifty 
 years in compiling the Explication of the 
 Jurisprudence Usage of Normandy, in 2 
 vols, kilo. He died in 1783, a^ed 82.— Ji, 
 
 Flechier (Esprit), a famous French bi- 
 shop, was born in 1632, at Pernes, in the 
 county of Avignon. He was greatly ad- 
 mired as a preacher at Paris, and his fune- 
 ral orations set him on a level with Bossuet. 
 In 167.9 he published his History of Theo- 
 dosius the Great. In 1685 he was made bi- 
 shop of Lavaur ; on which the king said, 
 “ I should have rewarded you much sooner, 
 but that I was afraid of losing the pleasure 
 of hearing your discourses.” Shortly after 
 he was promoted to the see of Nismes. As 
 a bishop he was exemplary, and by the 
 mildness of his behaviour drew several pro- 
 testants to the Roman church. When a fa- 
 mine raged in 1709, his charity was un- 
 bounded, and manifested to all persons 
 without any respect to religious persuasion. 
 Hedied in 1710. His works are: Mis-cel- 
 laneous Works, I2m©.; Panegyrics of the 
 Saints; Funeral Orations; Sermons; the 
 Lives of Cardinals Ximenes and Commen- 
 don; Letters; Posthumous Works: they 
 were all published together at Nismes in 
 1782, in 10 vols. 8vO. — Noun. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Fleet woon( William), an English lawyer, 
 and recorder of London, was born in Lan- 
 cashire. He received his education at Ox- 
 ford, from whence he removed to the Inne 
 Temple. Hedied about 1592. He wrote 
 die history of Edward V. Richard III. Hen- 
 ry VII. and VIII. 1597; the Office of a Jus- 
 tice of Peace, &e. — Wood's A. 0. 
 
 F l e et w o o n ( W illlam), an English prelate, 
 was born in London in 1656, and educated 
 at Eton, from whence he was sent to King’s 
 college, Cambridge. Soon after the Revo- 
 lution he became chaplain to William and 
 Mary, and fellow of Eton. In 1702 he 
 obtained a canonry of Windsor, and in 1706 
 he succeeded bishop Beveridge in the see 
 of St. Asaph, from whence in 1714 he was 
 translated to Ely. He died in 1723. He 
 wrote Inscriptionum Antiquarian Sylloge, 
 &c.; Chronicon Preciosum, or an Account 
 of the English Money, the Price of Corn, 
 &c. 8vo.; A plain Method of Christian 
 Devotion, 8vo.; An Essay upon Miracles, 
 8vo. ; The reasonable Communicant; Ser- 
 mons an the relative Duties, 2 vols. 8vo. ; 
 Tracts and single Sermons. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Fleming (Robert), a Scotch presbyte- 
 rian minister, was born at Bathens in 1630, 
 and educated at St. Andrews. At the age 
 of 23 he was called to a pastoral charge, 
 but at the Restoration he went to Rotter- 
 dam, where he officiated to the Scotch con- 
 gregation, and died in 1694. He is known 
 by a book entitled The fulfilling of tha 
 Scriptures. — Fun . Sermon by D. Burgess. 
 
 Fleming (Robert), son of the above, W'as 
 born in Scotland. Fie studied at Leyden 
 and Utrecht, and became minister of an 
 English congregation at the former place, 
 from whence he removed to the Scotch 
 church at Amsterdam. After residing thers 
 some years he came to London, and offici- 
 ated to the Scotch church in Lothbury. tig 
 
F L E 
 
 FLE 
 
 also lecturer at Salters’ Hall. He died 
 in 1716. He wrote several sermons and 
 tracts, but he is principally known by a 
 work entituled Christology, 3 vols. 8vo.; 
 and a discourse on the rise and fall of 
 Popery, in which are many passages that 
 correspond remarkably with the early 
 events in the French revolution. — Europ . 
 Mag. 1793. 
 
 Fleming (Caleb), a nonconformist mi- 
 nister, was born at Nottingham in 1698. 
 
 In 1738 he became pastor of a congrega- 
 tion of dissenters in London, and in 1 7 52 
 was chosen assistant to Dr. James Foster at 
 Pinners’ Hall. He died in 1773. Dr. Fle- 
 ming was of the Arian party, and pub- 
 lished several books, the principal of which 
 is, « A Survey of the Search after Souls,” 
 Svo . — • Fun. Sermon by J. Palmer. 
 
 Flemming or Flemmstnge (Richard), an 
 English prelate, was born at Croston, in 
 Yorkshire. He received his education at 
 University college, Oxford, and in 1408 ob- 
 tained a prebend in the cathedral of York. 
 He was for a rime a zealous defender of 
 Wickliffe’s doctrines, but he afterwards as 
 strenuously opposed them. In 1442 he be- 
 came bishop of Lincoln and soon after was 
 cent deputy to the council of Constance, 
 where he distinguished himself by his elo- 
 quence. At his return he executed the de- 
 cree of that assembly for digging up Wick- 
 lit] Vs bones and burning them. He was 
 aext raised to the see of York by the pope, 
 but the king refusing his consent, he was 
 obliged to remain at Lincoln. He founded 
 Lincoln college and -died in 1431. — Wood's 
 A. 0. 
 
 Fl etcher (Richard), an English prelate, 
 was born in Kent, and educated at Cam- 
 bridge. In 1583 he was made dean of Pe- 
 terborough ; and in 1586 he attended Mary 
 queen of Scots at her execution, with a 
 -view of converting her to the protestant re- 
 ligion, but failed. Iri 1589 he was prefer- 
 red to the bishopric of Bristol, from whence 
 he was translated to Worcester, and lastly 
 to London. On the death of his first wife 
 he married again, which gave such offence 
 to queen. Elizabeth, that she suspended him 
 from his episcopal function. He died in 
 3596. — KJo&win de Prcsulibus. 
 
 Fletcher (Giles), brother to the above. 
 He received his education at Eton, and 
 King’s college, Cambridge, where be took 
 his degree of LL.D. in 1581. In 1588 he 
 was sent ambassador to Russia, and on his 
 return was made secretary to the city of 
 London, and treasurer of St. Paul’s. He 
 died in 1610. He wrote a piece, entituled, 
 « Of the Russe Commonwealth which is 
 a very curious description of that country, 
 1591, 8 vc. and in Hackiuyt’s Voyages. — 
 j&iog. JBr. 
 
 El-e«tcker '(John), an English dramatic 
 jyoet, was the son of the bishop of London, 
 and born in 1576. He received his educa- 
 te M Cambridge,? nd vvrete .several plays. 
 H 
 
 in conjunction with Beaumont. He died of 
 the plague at London in 1 625, and was bu- 
 ried in St. Saviour’s church, Southwark. 
 The principal piece of his own writing is a 
 dramatic pastoral, entituled, The Faithful 
 Shepherdess. — Biog. Br. 
 
 F i. e t c ii f. r ( P hi neas) , son of Giles Fletcher, 
 was born about 1582, and educated at Eton 
 and Cambridge. In 1621 he obtained the 
 living of Hilgay, in Norfolk, where he died 
 in 1650. Fie is best known by a poem, en- 
 tituled, The Purple Island, which is an alle- 
 gorical description of man, in the manner of 
 Spenser, reprinted at London in 1783. -His 
 Piscatory Eclogues were printed at Edin- 
 burgh in 1772. His younger brother Giles 
 was also a divine and poet, and wrote 
 Christ’s Victory. Fie died in 1623. — Ibid. 
 
 Fletcher (Andrew), a political writer, 
 was the son of sir Robert Fletcher, of Sal- 
 toun, in Scotland, and born in 1653, He 
 was bred up under the care of Dr. Burnet, 
 afterwards bishop of Salisbury, after which 
 he went abroad. On his return to his owa 
 country, he became commissioner for East 
 Lothian in the Scotch parliament, in winds 
 he so strongly opposed the court measures, 
 that he found is expedient to withdraw to 
 Holland. In 1 6 85 he landed in the west of 
 England with the duke of Monmouth, but 
 was dismissed for shooting a gentleman wli® 
 had remonstrated with him for dealing hi* 
 horse. One of Fletcher’s biographers says, 
 that “ he was a man of breeding- and nice 
 honour, in whose constitution anger was 
 extremely predominant,” and this is all the 
 reflection he makes upon the murder. But 
 Fletcher was a republican. After this he was 
 engaged in the Hungarian service against 
 the Turks. At the Revolution lie returned 
 to his own country, and was a member of 
 the convention for settling the government 
 of Scotland. He died in London in 1716.. 
 His publications, which are wholly politi- 
 cal, and filled with the boldest extravagan- 
 ces, were collected into one volume, 8vo. 
 1732. — Life by Lord Buchan. 
 
 Fletcher (Abraham), an ingenious ma- 
 thematician, was born at Little Broughton, 
 in Cumberland, in 1714, and bred to his fa- 
 ther’s business, which was that -of a tobacco- 
 pipe-maker. Hfe learned to read and write 
 by his own application, after which he 
 taught himself arithmetic, mathematics, and 
 botany. At the age of thirty he turned 
 schoolmaster, to which profession he added, 
 those of astrologer and doctor, by which 
 means he acquired 3000 L He died in 1793- 
 He published a compendium of practical 
 mathematics, under the title of the Uni- 
 versal Measurer, 1 vol. 8vo. a book of me- 
 rit. — Hutchinson’s History of Cumberland. 
 
 Fi.ftciier (John), a pious divine, was a 
 native of Switzerland, and educated at Ge- 
 neva. He came to England, and was ap- 
 pointed president of lady Huntingdon's se- 
 minary of education at Treveeka, in South 
 Wales, but was dismissed from that skua- 
 
FLO 
 
 FLO 
 
 tion for denying the doctrine of absolute 
 election. HS afterwards obtained the vi- 
 carage ©f Madely in Shropshire, where he 
 died in 1785. Mf. Fletcher wrote several 
 tracts against the Calvinists. — Gent. Mag. 
 
 Fleury (Claude), a French writer, was 
 born at Paris in 1640. He was a lawyer, 
 but afterwards embraced the ecclesiastical 
 state, and s ohtained the abbey of Loc Dieu, 
 in the diocese of Rhodez. Fie became con- 
 fessor to Louis XV. and died in 1 723. The 
 chief of his works are: 1. The Manners of 
 the Israelites ; 2. TJie Manners of Christi- 
 ans; 3. Ecclesiastical History, 13 vols. 4to. ; 
 4. Treatise on. Public Law, 2 vols. 12mo. — 
 Moreri. 
 
 Flf.ury (Andrew Hercules de), cardinal 
 and prime minister of France, was born in 
 1653, in Languedoc. In 1698 he was ap- 
 pointed bishop of Frejus, by Lewis XIV. 
 who also nominated him in his will tutor to 
 his successor Lewis XV. over whom he 
 gained a great influence. In 1726 he was 
 made a cardinal, and notwithstanding his 
 great age, he managed the affairs of govern- 
 ment with great vigour and political wis- 
 dom. In 1733 he concluded a peace with 
 the emperor, and gained Lorraine to France. 
 Fie died in 1743, and was buried in the 
 church of the Louvre. — Moreri. 
 
 Flink (Covert), an eminent Dutch 
 painter, was the disciple of Rembrandt, 
 whose manner he imitated with success ; but 
 afterwards lie studied the best Italian mas- 
 ters. He died in 1660. — Houbralen. 
 
 Flodoard, or Frodoard, a French his- 
 torian. He was an ecclesiastic in the church 
 of Rheims, and wrote a Chronicle from 91 9 
 to 966 ; also a History of the Church of 
 Rheims to 949. He died in 966, aged 73. 
 — Moreri . 
 
 Flogei. (Charles Frederic), a Cerman 
 writer and professor of philosophy in the 
 academy of nobility at Leibnitz, who died 
 in 17&8, aged 59. He wrote a history of 
 the Human Understanding; present state 
 of the Belles Lettres in Germany; History 
 of Comic Literature, &. c. all in Cerman. — 
 Gen. Blog. 
 
 Flood (Henry), a political character, 
 was the son of the right lion. Warden Flood, 
 chief justice of the King’s-Bench in Ireland. 
 He received his education at Dublin and 
 Oxford, and was created M.A. at the latter 
 university in 1752. While there he wrote 
 an English poem on the death of Frederic 
 prince of Wales, inserted in the Oxford 
 collection. Fie came into parliament for 
 the county of Kilkenny, and afterwards for 
 the borough of Callan. His eloquence was 
 great, and he acquired an uncommon po- 
 pularity in Ireland, which he lost when he 
 obtained a seat in the British parliament. 
 He died in 1791. Mr. Flood published a 
 Pindaric Ode to Fame; and several of his 
 speeches have been also printed. He be- 
 queathed the bulk of his property, after 
 the death of his wife, to the university of 
 
 Dublin, for the purpose of founding a pro* 
 fessorship, purchasing manuscripts and 
 books, and for granting premiums. — Europ . 
 Mag. 
 
 Florentino (Stephano), an historical 
 painter, was born at Florence in 1.301. He 
 studied under Giotto, and died in 1350.*- 
 Piliingfen. 
 
 Flo rian (John Peter Claris de), a French, 
 writer, was born in 1755, of a genteel fa- 
 mily, in Languedoc, lie was related to, 
 and educated under, Voltaire, who procured, 
 him the place of page to the duke de Pen- 
 thievre. The duke had a great regard for 
 him, made him his confidential friend, and 
 obtained him a captain’s commission in his 
 regiment. lie devoted himself, however, 
 principally to letters, and produced a num- 
 ber of works, chiefly of the romantic kind. 
 His first production was Galathee, pub- 
 lished in 1782, which was followed by his 
 Theatre, containing Les deux Billets, le bon. 
 Menage, le bon P ere, la bonne Mere, and le bon 
 Fils. His Voltaire et le Serf du Mont Ju- 
 ra gained hint the prize given by the 
 French academy, of which society he be- 
 came a member. I lis Estelle is reckoned 
 equal to Galathiie, and his Numa is also 
 highly esteemed. For thelatter hewas sent to 
 prison in the tyranny of Robespierre. In 
 his confinement he began a poem on the 
 story of William Tell, and finished another, 
 entituled, Ebrahim. He gained his liberty 
 after the fall of Robespierre, and died at 
 Seaux in 1794 — Nouns. Did. Hist. 
 
 Florimond dc Remand, a French writer, 
 was born in Guienne. He became coun- 
 sellor of the parliament of Bourdeaux, and 
 died in 1602. Hewas a zealous defender 
 of the Romish tenets against the Calvin- 
 ists:. the principal of his works are on. 
 Antichrist ; and on the Origin of Heresies. 
 — Moreri, 
 
 I 1 lo rio (John), a French refugee of the 
 protestant persuasion, who settled in Eng- 
 land in the reign of Elizabeth. He taught 
 the French and Italian languages at Ox- 
 ford, and died in 1625, aged 80. He com- 
 piled a dictionary, Italian and English, 
 1597, folio, and translated Montaigne’s 
 Essays. — Wood's A. 0. 
 
 Floris (Francis), a painter of Antwerp, 
 was born in 1520. Fie studied the works of 
 Michael Angelo in Italy, and on his return 
 to his own country he became so greatly 
 employed as to acquire a good fortune. He 
 died at the age of 50.— Houbralen. 
 
 . Florus (Lucius Annaeus), a Latin histo- 
 rian, of the same family as 'Seneca and Lu- 
 can. He wrote an abridgment of the Ro- 
 man History, in four books, which is concise 
 and elegant. He flourished A.D. 1 16. The 
 best editions of Florus are Duker’s, 2 vols. 
 
 8 vo. L. Bat. 1722, Grxvius, Lips. 1760, and 
 that of Fischer. 8vo. Lip. 1760.— Vos s. Hist. 
 Lat. Biog. Classica. 
 
 Florus, surnamed,the Master, a deacon 
 ©f the church of Lyons in the 9th century. 
 
F O N 
 
 For, 
 
 He answered F.rigena on Predestination, 
 ’which is to he found in the Bibl. Pat. tom. 8. 
 He was also the author of Commentaries on 
 the Epistles of St. Paul, and Other works. 
 
 . — Cave. Hist. Lit. Moreri. 
 
 Floyf.r (sir John), a physician, was born 
 at Hunters in Staffordshire, in 1649. lie 
 became a commoner of Queen’s college, 
 Oxford, where he completed his degrees in 
 arts, and took those in physic, after which 
 lie settled at Litchfield, and was knighted. 
 He died about 1720. His works are: 1. 
 TJie Touchstone of Medicines, 2 Vols. 8vo.; 
 2. The Virtues of Cold VFater, 8vo. — Wood. 
 
 Fludd (Robert), an English philosopher, 
 was the son of sir Thomas Fludd, and born 
 at Milgate, in Kent, in 1574. He received 
 bis education at St. John’s college, Oxford, 
 where he took his degrees in arts, and then 
 travelled abroad. In 1605 he returned to 
 England, and took his degree of M.D. after 
 which he settled in London, and became 
 fellow of the college of physicians. His 
 writings are wholly' on alchemy, and the 
 mysticism of the Rosicrusians. He died in 
 1637. — Wood's A. 0. 
 
 Foes, or Foesius (Anutius), a learned 
 physician, was born at Metz in 1528. He 
 translated the works of Hippocrates into 
 Latin, and died in 1596. — Moreri. 
 
 Foglietta (Uberto),a Genoese historian 
 and divine, was born in 1518. He was ba- 
 nished from Geno for the freedom of his 
 writings, on which he retired to Rome, 
 where he died in 1581. His principal works 
 are: 1. Historia Genuensium, 1585 ; 2. De 
 Causis Magnitudinis Turcarum Imperii : 3. 
 Della Republicadi Genoa, See. — Tiraboschi. 
 
 Font, the first Chinese monarch, who is 
 said to have founded that kingdom 200 
 years after the deluge. I'o him the Chi- 
 nese are indebted for musical instruments, a 
 code of laws, and the regulation of mar- 
 riages. — Duhalde. 
 
 Foinard (Frederic-Maurite), a French 
 priest, was born at Couches, in Normandy. 
 He was learned in the Hebrew, and became 
 vice-principal of the college of du Plessis. 
 He died in 1743. He published Breviarium 
 Ecclesiasticarum, 2 vols. Svo.; The book of 
 Genesis explained, Latin and French, 2 vols. 
 12mo. ; The Psalms in historical order, &c. 
 ~-Morcrt. 
 
 Foix (Mark Antony de), a French jesuit, 
 was born in 1627. He was a distinguished 
 preacher, and died provincial of the col- 
 lege of Billon in Auvergne, in 1687. He 
 wrote the Art of Preaching, and the Art 
 ®f Educating a Prince, 12mo. — Moieri. 
 
 Foix (Odet de),lord ofLautrec, a French 
 general of eminence. He was wounded at 
 the battle of Ravenna, in 1512, and after- 
 wards driven out of Italy. In 1528 he re- 
 turned into that country, took Pavia, and 
 died <he same year before Naples. — Moreri. 
 
 Folard (Charles), a French officer, was 
 born at Avignon, in 1669. In 1702 he be- 
 came aid-du-camp to M, de Ycndpme, who 
 
 undertook nothing without consulting him. 
 For his services lie was rewarded with a 
 pension, and the cross of St. Louis. He was 
 wounded at the battle of Cassano, and 
 taken prisoner at that of MalpTaquet ; being 
 exchanged he was sent to Malta, to assist in 
 its defence against the Turks. lie after- 
 wards served under Charles XII. of Swe- 
 den, and was present at the siege of Fredo- 
 rickshall, when that prince was killed. He 
 then returned to France, and served under 
 the duke of Berwick. He died in 1752, He 
 wrote commentaries upon Polybius, 6 vols. 
 4to,; A book of new Discoveries in War; 
 and a treatise on the Defence of Places, — - 
 Moreri. 
 
 Folf.ngo (Theophilus), an Italian poet, 
 who assumed the name of Merlin Cocca v<% 
 He was born near Mantua in 1491, and 
 became a Benedictine, but being erf an amo- 
 rous turn, he quitted his habit and resumed 
 it again, after leading a rambling life some 
 years. He died in 1544. He distinguished 
 himself by writing macaronic verses, the 
 first edition of which appeared at Venice in 
 1513. He also wrote a licentious poem, 
 entituled Orlandino ; and an obscene piece 
 called Chaos del Triperuno, and other 
 w o rks. — T iraboschi. 
 
 Folengio (John Baptist), an Italian Be- 
 nedictine monk, was born at Mantua in 
 1490. He died abbot of Treviso in 1559- 
 He wrote commentaries on the Epistles of 
 St. James, St. Peter, and the first of St.John, 
 1555, Svo. which work was placed in the 
 Index expurgatorius, as was his Commen- 
 tary on the Psalms, 1557, folio. — Moreri. 
 
 Folkes (Martin), an English philosopher 
 and antiquary, was born in Westminster in 
 1690. After receiving a private educa- 
 tion, he was sent to Clare-hall, Cambridge. 
 At the age of twenty-three he was chosen, 
 a fellow of the royal society, and in 172?/ 
 was nominated one of the vice-presidents. 
 In 1741 he succeeded sir Hans Sloane as. 
 president of that learned body, and was 
 elected about the same time a member of 
 the royal academy of sciences at Paris. I Je 
 was also created doctor of laws by both 
 universities. He died in 1754. Mr. Folkes 
 wrote, besides a number of papers in the 
 Philosophical Transactions, a Table of 
 English Silver Coins, from the Norman 
 conquest to the present time, 1745. A 
 new edition of this valuable work appeared 
 in 1763. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Fonseca (Anthony de), a Portuguese 
 monk of the order of St. Dominic. He 
 was preacher to the king, and professor of 
 theology in the university of Coimbra. He 
 wrote Remarks on cardinal Cajetan’s Com- 
 mentaries on the Bible, folio. There was 
 a learned Portuguese jesuit, called Peter 
 Fonseca, who published a system of Meta- 
 physics, in 8 vols. folio. He died in 1559. 
 — Moreri. 
 
 Font (Joseph de la), a French comic 
 writer, who died in 1725, aged SO. N<? 
 
 5 
 
F O O 
 
 F O N 
 
 wrote five comedies and some operas — 
 
 Moreri. 
 
 1-'ont (Peter de la), a French divine of 
 the jansenist party, who wrote, Entretiens 
 Ecclesiastiques, 5 vols. 12mo. and four vo- 
 lumes of Sermons. He died in 1799. — 
 Noud. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Fontaine (John de la), a French poet, 
 was born at Chateau -Thierry in 1621. He 
 was educated first at Rheims, and afterwards 
 under the fathers of the Oratory. He was 
 a man of excessive simplicity of manners, 
 credulous, fearful, and uncommonly absent. 
 He lived for some time with the superin- 
 tendant Foucquet, who allowed him a pen- 
 sion. Afterwards he was in the service of 
 princess Henrietta of England, and next 
 lived with madame de la Sabliere. He 
 was married, but his wife had as little know- 
 ledge of economy as himself. He died in 
 1695, and on being laid out, a hair shirt 
 was found next his skin. His Tales are very 
 licentious, but his Fables are usually put 
 into the hands of young people. They are 
 very natural, poetical and entertaining. 
 He also wrote Les Amours de Psyche, a 
 romance; some comedies ; Letters, &c. to 
 be found in his miscellanies. — Moreri. Nouv. 
 Diet. Hist. 
 
 Fontaine (Nicolas), a member of the 
 society of Port Royal, and superintendant 
 of the students there. In 1664 he was 
 sent to the Bastille, and released in 1668. 
 He died at Melun in 1709, aged 84. His 
 works are : Illustrations of the New Testa- 
 ment, 2 vols. 8vo. ; Lives of the Patri- 
 archs, Prophets, and Saints; on the Figu- 
 rative Language of the Bible, published 
 under the name of Royaumont; Memoirs 
 of the Solitaries of Port Royal. — Moreri. 
 
 Fontaines (Peter Francis Guyot des), a 
 French critic, was born at Rouen in 1685. 
 He was educated under the jesuits, and 
 admitted a member of that society, which 
 he quitted at the age of SO. In 1724 he 
 succeeded the abbe Bignon in the manage- 
 ment of the Journal des S$avans. He con- 
 ducted several periodical publications, and 
 died in 1745. He translated Virgil into 
 prose, with notes, 4 vols. 8vo. ; and a num- 
 ber of other books. — Moreri. 
 
 Fontana (Domenico), an eminent archi- 
 tect and mechanic, was born at Milan in 
 1543. He raised the Roman obelisk from 
 the dust in the front of St. Peter’s, a work 
 deemed impracticable, and which many 
 others had attempted in vain. He died at 
 Naples in 1607. — Life by Bellori. 
 
 Fontana (Prospero), an historical 
 painter, w r as born at Bologna, in 1512. He 
 was preceptor to Ludovico and Annibal 
 Caracci. ITis daughter Lavinia was also 
 an excellent artist in portrait, and was 
 patronized by pope Gregory XIII. She died 
 in 1 602. — Pilkingtou. 
 
 Fontanini (Giusto), archbishop of An- 
 cyra, was born in 1666, in the duchy of 
 Frioul, and died at Rome in 1736. His 
 
 principal works are: Bibliotheca della 
 
 Eioquenza Italiana ; a Literary History of 
 Aquileia, 1742; a Collection of Bulls of 
 Canonization. — Noun. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Fonte Modehata, a Venetian lady, 
 whose real name was Modesta Pozzo, was 
 born at Venice in 1555, and died in 1592. 
 She wrote two poems, one entituled II Flori- 
 doro; the other on the Passion and Resur- 
 rection of Jesus Christ; also a book in 
 prose, in which she asserts that the women 
 are not inferior in understanding to the 
 men. — Ibid. 
 
 Fontenay (John Baptiste Blain de), a 
 French painter, was born at Caen in 1654. 
 He was a disciple of Monnoyer, and had a 
 happy taste in painting fruits and flowers, 
 
 with insects. He died in 1715. D'Ar- 
 
 genville. 
 
 Fontenay (Peter Claude), a French je- 
 suit, was born at Paris in 1683. His learn- 
 ing in ecclesiastical antiquities occasioned 
 his being employed to continue Longde- 
 val’s History of the Gallican Church. He 
 died in 1 742. — Moreri. 
 
 Fonte nelle (Bernard le Bovier de), a 
 celebrated French writer, was born in 
 1657 at Rouen, where his father was 
 a counsellor. Young Fontenelle was also 
 bred to the same profession, which how- 
 ever he abandoned. His first literary efforts 
 were in the , dramatic line, under the au- 
 spices of his uncle Thomas Corneille, but 
 in this he did not succeed. In 1683 he 
 published his Dialogues of the Dead, which 
 met with a good reception. His conversa- 
 tions on the Plurality of Worlds, which ap- 
 peared in 1686, gained him a great reputa- 
 tion. The year following, he published the 
 History of Oracles, taken chiefly from Van 
 Dale. In 1688 he printed pastorals, which 
 also became popular. He was admitted a 
 member of the French academy in 1691 ; 
 and afterwards became secretary of that 
 eminent body, which office he filled with 
 honour forty-two years. He wrote a His- 
 tory of the Academy, and distinguished 
 himself by the excellent eulogies which he 
 wrote of deceased members. He died in 
 1757.* Besides the above works, he wrote 
 a History of the French Theatre; Elements 
 of the Geometry of Infinites ; Moral Dis- 
 courses, &c. — Moreri. 
 
 Fonte nu (Louis Francois), a French an- 
 tiquary and historian, was born at Lilledon, 
 in Gatinois, in 1667. He wrote several 
 dissertations in the Memoirs of the Aca- 
 demy of Inscriptions, and died in 1750. — 
 Nohoj. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Fontiu s (Bartholomew), an Italian wri- 
 ter, was born at Florence in 1445. lie was 
 librarian to Matthew Corvinus, king of 
 Hungary, and died in 1513. He wrote a 
 Commentary on Persius, and orations. — 
 Ibid. 
 
 Foote (Samuel), an English dramatic wri- 
 ter and actor, was born at Truro, in Corn- 
 wall, in 1722. His father was a justice of 
 
FOR 
 
 FOR 
 
 peace for that county, and his mother 
 sister to sir John Dinely Goodere, of Here- 
 fordshire. Foote was educated at Wor- 
 cester college, Oxford, from whence he re- 
 moved to the Temple, but he quitted the 
 study of the law, and took to the stage. His 
 first performance was in the character of 
 Othello. In 1747 he opened the little thea- 
 tre in the Ilaymarket, with a dramatic 
 piece of his own, called, The Diversions of 
 the Morning, which succeeded very well. 
 The exhibition next season, was called 
 An Auction of Pictures, in which he 
 took off some of the most noted characters 
 of the day. He still continued to play 
 at one or the other of the theatres, and 
 frequently produced new pieces. In 
 1760 he brought out the Minor at his own 
 house in the Haymarket. In 1766' he 
 had the misfortune to break his leg, which 
 was obliged to be amputated. The duke 
 Of York, out of compassion, procured 
 for him a patent for life for the thea- 
 tre in the Ilaymarket. In 1776 he at- 
 tacked the duchess of Kingston in a 
 piece, which was suppressed by authority. 
 Soon after this a man-servant, whom he 
 had dismissed, charged him with an unna- 
 tural offence; and though he was honour- 
 ably acquitted, the circumstance made so 
 deep an impression on his spirits, that he 
 never recovered it. He died at Dover, on 
 his way to France for his health, in Oct. 
 1777. His remains were interredin AVest- 
 minster abbey. Foote had an infinite fund 
 ol comic humour, both in writing and con- 
 versation; hut he took unwarrantable li- 
 berties in taking off persons merely on ac- 
 count of natural failings and peculiarities 
 of manner. His farces have procured him 
 the title of the English Aristophanes . — Life 
 by Cooke. 
 
 Fopi’kns (John Francis), a Flemish di- 
 vine, was born about 1669, and died in 1761. 
 Ele was divinity professor at Louvain, and 
 archdeacon of Mechlin. He compiled the 
 Bibliotheca Belgica, 2 vols. 4to. containing 
 the works of some learned Belgians. I-Ie 
 also published a new edition of Mirreus’s 
 Opera Historica & Diplomatica, and other 
 works. — Non v. Diet. Hist. 
 
 1 t orbes (Patrick), a Scotch prelate, was 
 born in 1564, of a noble family in the shire 
 of Aberdeen. In 1618 he was made bishop 
 of Aberdeen, and died in 1635. His Com- 
 mentary upon the Revelation was printed 
 at London in 1613. He was a pious pre- 
 late, and a liberal patron of learned men. 
 — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Forbes (John), son of the above. He 
 also became bishop of Aberdeen, but the 
 covenanters obliged him to go abroad. He 
 •continued in Holland about two years, and 
 then returned to his own country, where 
 he led a retired life, and died in 1648. His 
 works were printed at Amsterdam, in 2 
 vols. folio, 1703 — Ibid. 
 
 Forbes (William), the first bishop of 
 
 Edinburgh, was born at Aberdeen in 1585. 
 After studying at several universities, he 
 went to England, where he was offered 
 the Hebrew professorship at Oxford, which 
 he declined. When Charles I. erected Edin- 
 burgh into an episcopal see, he appointed 
 Dr. Forbes to fill it, bathe enjoyed this dig* 
 nity only three months, dying in 1634. He 
 wrote Considerationes modest® & pacific® 
 controversiarum de Justificatione, &c. Svo. 
 reprinted by Fabricius at Frankfort in 
 1707. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Forbes (Duncan), an eminent Scotch 
 judge, and an excellent writer, was born at 
 Culloden in 1685, and educated first at 
 Edinburgh, and afterwards at Utrecht. In 
 1708 he commenced advocate at the Scotch 
 bar, and gained considerable reputation. Ia 
 1717 lie was appointed solicitor general of 
 Scotland, and in 1725 lord advocate. He 
 afterwards became president of the court 
 of session. Fie died in 1747. His lordship 
 was a man of great piety and learning, and 
 well versed in the Hebrew scriptures, as 
 appears from his Letter to a Bishop on 
 Hutchinson’s Writings and Discoveries, in 
 17:32; Thoughts concerning Religion, na- 
 tural and revealed, 1735 ; and Reflections 
 on Incredulity ; the whole collected into 
 one volume, 12mo, 1750. — Life of Duman 
 Forbes, 8 VO. 1748. — Encycl. Brit. 
 
 Forbin (Claude, chevalier de), a French 
 naval commander, was born in 1656. He 
 served in the East Indies some years, and 
 was admiral to the king of Siam. He great- 
 ly distinguished himself afterwards in Eu-, 
 rope, and was in great favour with Lewis 
 the Fourteenth. He died in 1733. His Me- 
 moirs were published in 1749, in 2 vols. 
 
 1 2mo. — Moreri. 
 
 Force (James, duke dela), son of Francis, 
 lord de la Force. He was a child, in bed 
 with his father and elder brother, when 
 they were murdered in the massacre of St. 
 Bartholomew ; and being unperceived 
 by the assassins, he escaped. He signalized 
 himself under Henry IV. and afterwards 
 joined the protestants against Lewis XIII. 
 However, he made his submission to the 
 king, and was appointed marshal of France, 
 lieutenant-general of the army, and created 
 a duke. He took Pignerol, and defeated 
 the Spaniards at Carignan in 1630. He 
 died in 1652. — Moreri. 
 
 Fordun (John de), a Scotch historian of 
 the 14th century. He wrote a history of 
 Scotland, which was printed by Hearne at 
 Oxford, in 5 vols. Svo. and by Goodal at 
 Edinburgh, in 1 vol. folio. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Fordyce (David), an ingenious writer, 
 was born at Aberdeen in 1711. He was 
 educated at that university, and became 
 professor of moral philosophy in the Ma- 
 rischal college. Though licensed as a 
 preacher, he never became a stated minis- 
 ter. -In 1750 he made a tour to Italy; and 
 on his return the following year was 
 drowned on the coast of Holland. lie 
 F e 
 
FOR 
 
 FOR 
 
 wrote Dialogues concerning Education, 2 
 vols. 8vo. The Elements of Moral Philo- 
 sophy, which first appeared in Dodsley’s 
 Preceptor. Theodorus, a Dialogue con- 
 cerning the Art of Preaching. The Tem- 
 ple of Virtue, a Dream. — Preface to Tbeoclorus. 
 
 Fordyce (James), an etTnnent divine, 
 Was born in 1720 at Aberdeen, and edu- 
 cated at that university. His first settle- 
 ment, as a minister, was at Brechin, from 
 whence he removed to Alloa; and while in 
 that station he distinguished himself by some 
 elegant pulpit compositions, particularly 
 one preached before the General Assembly 
 of the Church of Scotland, on the folly, in- 
 famy, and misery of unlawful pleasures, for 
 which the university of Glasgow conferred 
 on him the degree of D. D. About 1762, 
 he removed to London, where he became 
 assistant to Dr. Lawrence of Monkwell- 
 street, and afterwards his successor. Here 
 he drew crowded audieuces by his elo- 
 quence, and the beauty of his sermons. 
 In 1782 he resigned his situation, and went 
 to live first in Hampshire, and next at Bath, 
 where he died in 1796. He published a 
 Sermon on the Eloquence of the Pulpit, 
 printed with his brother’s Theodorus; Ser- 
 mons to Young Women, 2 vols. 12mo. ; 
 Addresses to Young Men, 2 vols.; Address- 
 es to the Deity; a volume of poems ; and 
 single sermons. — Ency clop. Brit. Gent. Mag. 
 
 Fordyce (George), an eminent physician, 
 was the nephew of the preceding, and born 
 near Aberdeen in 1736. Me received his 
 education in that university, where lie ob- 
 tained the degree of M. A. at the age of 14. 
 The year following he was placed with 
 his uncle, who was a surgeon and apo- 
 thecary at Uppingham in Rutlandshire. 
 He went from thence to Edinburgh, and 
 next to Leyden, where, in 1758, he took 
 his doctor’s degree. In 1759 he settled in 
 London, and commenced lecturer on the 
 materia medica and practice of physic, in 
 which he acquired an unrivalled reputa- 
 tion. In 1770 he was chosen physician 
 to St. Thomas’s hospital, and in 1776 
 a fellow of the royal society. In 1787 
 he was elected, special i gratia, a fellow of 
 the college of physicians, which is a very 
 unusual distinction. He died in 1802. Dr. 
 Fordyce is known by his Essays on Fever ; 
 an Essayon Digestion; Elements of thePrac- 
 tice of Physic ; and miscellaneous papers. 
 Lie was also an excellent experimental che- 
 mist, and published Elements of Agricul- 
 ture and Vegetation. — Monthly Mag. Gen.B. 
 
 Foreiro "(Francis), a Portuguese monk, 
 of the dominican order, was born at Lis- 
 bon. The king of Portugal sent him to the 
 council of Trent, where he was greatly ad- 
 mired as a preacher, and Was appointed to 
 draw up a catechism. He died at . Lisbon 
 in 1587. llespublished at Venice, in 1562, 
 a Latin translation of the Prophecy of Isaiah, 
 with a commentary. — Merer i. 
 
 Forest (John), painter to the king of 
 France, was born at Paris in 1686, and died 
 
 in 1712. His landscapes are beautiful. 
 
 Moreri. 
 
 Foresti or Foresta (James Philip of), 
 usually called Philip of Bergamo, was an 
 Augustine monk. He wrote a chronicle 
 from Adam to 1503; also a Confessional, 
 printed at Venice in 1487 ; and a Treatise 
 on illustrious Women, in 1497. — Bayle. 
 
 Forestus (Peter), a Dutch physician, 
 was born in 1522. He studied in Italy, and. 
 afterwards became medical professor at 
 Leyden. He died in 1597. His Observa- 
 tions on Medicine were printed at Frank- 
 fort in 1623, in 6 vols. fol. — Hal. Bib. Anat. 
 
 Formey (John Henry Samuel), a Prussian 
 writer, was born at Berlin in 1711. Fie 
 was for some years pastor of a French 
 church in that city; which place he re- 
 signed on being chosen professor of philo- 
 sophy in the French college. On the Re- 
 storation of the royal academy of sciences 
 at Berlin, he was appointed secretary to the 
 philosophical department, and afterwards 
 sule secretary. He was also made a privy 
 counsellor. He died in 1797. Formey con- 
 ducted, in conjunction with Beausobre, the 
 Bibliotheque Germanique. Ide also wrote 
 Le Philosophe Chretien ; Pensees raisonna- 
 bles; Anti-Emile, against Rousseau; the His- 
 tory of Philosophy abridged; an Abridge- 
 ment of Ecclesiastical History; [these two 
 have been translated into English;] Re- 
 searches on the Fllements of Matter; Con- 
 siderations on the Tusculans of Cicero, &c. 
 — Elope Je M. F.rmey in Mem. Acad, de Berlin. 
 
 Formosus, bishop of Porto, in Italy, suc- 
 ceeded pope Stephen V. in 891. The Ro- 
 man people were greatly displeased with 
 him, and when he died in 896, they threw 
 his body into- the Tiber. — Plaiina. Bower. 
 
 Forskal (Peter), a Swedish naturalist, 
 was born in 1736. He studied at Gottin- 
 gen, and afterwards at Upsul, where he be- 
 came a pupil of Linnaeus. In 1761 he went, 
 at the request of the king of Denmark, with 
 Niebuhr and others to Arabia, to make 
 discoveries. He died at Jerim, in that 
 country, in 1763. He printed a tract, 
 entituled, Thoughts on Civil Liberty ; 
 and from his papers Niebuhr published 
 Descriptiones Animalium,& equs in Itinere 
 oriental! observavit, 4to.; Flora ./Egyptiaco 
 Arabica, 4to; leones rerum naturalium 
 quas in Itinere orientali depigni curavit 
 Forskal, 4to. — Gen. Biog. 
 
 Forstek (John), a learned protestant di- 
 vine, was born at Augsburgh in 1495. He 
 taught Hebrew in the university of Wit- 
 temberg, where hediedin 1556. A Hebrew 
 lexicon by him was published at Basle in 
 1564, folio. He is not to be confounded 
 with John Forster, who published Com- 
 mentaries on some parts of scripture. — 
 Melcb. Adam's Kit. Germ. Theol. 
 
 Forster (John Reinhold), a celebrated 
 naturalist, was born in Prussia in 1729. He 
 made, when young, a great progress in the 
 learned and modern languages. In 1748 he 
 entered the university of Halle, where he 
 
FOR 
 
 F O S 
 
 Studied divinity : from thence he removed 
 to Dantzic, and commenced preacher. He 
 afterwards went to Russia, in expectation 
 of considerable preferment ; but being 
 disappointed, he proceeded to England, 
 where for some time he was tutor in the 
 French and German languages at Warring- 
 tom. In 1772 he accompanied captain 
 Co.ok on his voyage round the World. 
 He returned to England in 1775, and was 
 honoured by the university of Gxford with 
 the degree of EL. D. Having published, 
 contrary to the engagement entered into 
 with government, a botanical account of 
 plants discovered in this voyage, he was 
 treated with such coolness, that" he quitted 
 En gland and went to Halle, where he was 
 made professor of natural history. He 
 died in 1798. He was the author of Obser- 
 vations made in a Voyage round the 
 World; History of Voyages and Discove- 
 ries in the North ; on the Byssus of the An- 
 cients ; several Papers in the Philosophical 
 1 transactions, & c . — MLonlbly Blag. Supfilem. 
 JEibiyc. Brit. 
 
 Forster (George), son of the above, was 
 born at Dantzic in 1754. He accompanied 
 his father in his voyage round the world. 
 After his return he became professor of 
 natural history at Cassel ; from whence he 
 removed to Wilna, in Poland, and next to 
 Mentz, where he was appointed president 
 of the university. He was nominated by 
 the people of Mentz their representative 
 at Paris, in the beginning of the revolution, 
 and died there in 1792. He wrote a Voyage 
 round the World, 2 vols. 4to.; a Defence of 
 the same against Mr. Wales, 4to. ; a philo- 
 sophical and picturesque Journey along the 
 Banks of the Rhine, 2 vols. 8vo. : and a 
 Journey through England. — Life of Forster 
 by Pougerts . 
 
 Forster (Nathaniel), a learned divine, 
 was born at Plymstock in Devonshire in 
 1717. He was educated first at Plymouth, 
 and next at Eton. In 1733 he was entered 
 of Corpus Cbristi college, Oxford, where 
 he proceeded to his degrees in arts, and was 
 elected fellow. His first church preferment 
 was the rectory of Hethe in Oxfordshire. 
 In 1750 he became chaplain to bishop But- 
 ler of Durham, who made him his executor. 
 At this time he took his degree of D. D. In 
 1752 he was appointed chaplain to arch- 
 bishop Herring. In 1754 he obtained a 
 prebend in the cathedral of Bristol, and the 
 vicarage of Rochdale in Lancashire. In 
 1756 he was appointed chaplain to the 
 king ; and next year preacher at the Rolls. 
 He died the same year in Westminster. His 
 works are, Reflections on the Antiquity, 
 &c. of Egypt ; Platonis Dialogi quinque, 
 &c. 1745; Appendix Liviana, 1746; Po- 
 pery destructive of the Evidence of Chris- 
 tianity, a Sermon ; a Dissertation on the 
 Account given of Jesus Christ by Josephus; 
 Biblia Hebraica, sine Punctis, 4to. ; on the 
 Marriages of Minors, 8vo.— Gen. Biog. 
 
 Forstne4v (Christopher), a German law-- 
 yer, war born in 1598, and died in 1667. 
 He wrote,- i. De Principatu Tiberii ; 2. No- 
 tx politic® ad Taciturn : 3. Hypomnemat* 
 Politica ; 4. Epistola. — Moreri. 
 
 Fort (Francis !e), a soldier and states- 
 man, in the service of Peter the Great, who 
 entrusted him with the siege of Azoph, 
 where he shewed so much bravery, that 
 the emperor made him his first minister of 
 state, and commander of all his forces. Pie 
 died at Moscow in 16S9. — Moreri. 
 
 Fortescue (sir John), art English judge, 
 was born in Devonshire, and educated at 
 Oxford, from whence he removed to Lin- 
 coln' ’s-inn. He was made, in 1442, chief 
 justice of the king’s-bench. He was zea- 
 lously attached te Henry VI. and accompa- 
 nied him in his exile to Scotland. Henry 
 made him chancellor, but he never exer- 
 cised the office. He was afterwards in 
 Flanders, and while abroad wrote his fa- 
 mous book, entituled, De Laudihus Legum 
 Anglias, which however was not published 
 till the reign of Flenry VIII. since which it 
 has been frequently printed. He returned 
 to England with queen Margaret, and was 
 taken prisoner at the battle of Tewkesbury 
 in 1471. Edward IV. granted him a par- 
 don, on which he retired to his seat at 
 Ebrington, in Gloucestershire, where he 
 died at the age of 90. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Fortiguerra (Nicholas), an Italian pre- 
 late and poet, was born in 1674, and made 
 a bishop by pope Clement XI. He died in 
 1735. He wrote a poem, in burlesque of 
 Ariosto, entituled, Ricciardetto, and trans- 
 lated Terence into Italian — Tiraboscbi. 
 
 Foscari (Francis), a doge of Venice, who 
 conquered Brescia and Bergamo ; but the 
 expence attending these acquisitions proved 
 so offensive to the Venetians, that they de- 
 posed him, and he died in 1457, aged 84. 
 His son died in prison, into which he was 
 thrown upon a false charge of having mur- 
 dered a senator. — Moreri. 
 
 Foscarini (Michael), a Venetian sena- 
 tor, who completed Nani’s History of Ve- 
 nice, published in 1692. He died in 1692, 
 
 aged 64. He also wrote some novels. 
 
 Tiraboscbi. 
 
 Fosse (Charles de la), a French painter, 
 and pupil of I.e Brun. After studying in 
 Italy he returned to Paris, and gained a 
 great reputation by several public works. 
 A pension was granted him, and he became 
 rector of the academy of painting. The 
 duke of Montague invited him to England, 
 and employed him in ornamenting his 
 house, now the British Museum. He died 
 in 1716. — D' Argenville. 
 
 Fosse (Anthony de la sieur d’Aubigny), 
 nephew of the above, was born at Paris in 
 1658. He wrote tragedies and poems in 
 French, and several pieces in Italian. His 
 Manlius Capitolinus is the best of his dra- 
 matic compositions, He died i.n 1708.--» 
 Moreri. 
 
 E e 2 
 
F O S 
 
 F O U 
 
 Foster (Samuel), an English mathema- 
 tician, was born in Northamptonshire, and 
 educated at Emanuel college, Cambridge, 
 where he took his degrees in arts. In 16:36 
 he was chosen professor of astronomy in 
 Gresham college. He was one of the first 
 members of the scientific association, which 
 afterwards obtained the name of the Royal 
 Society. He died in 1652. The chief of 
 his works are, the Art of Dialling; a De- 
 scription of sundry Instruments, invented or 
 improved by him ; and Miscellanies. There 
 were two other mathematicians of his name 
 in the same century: William Foster, 
 who was a pupil of Oughtred, and after- 
 wards a teacher in London ; and Mark 
 Foster, the author of a Treatise on Trigo- 
 nometry.^ --Biog. Brit. 
 
 Foster (James), an eminent nonconfor- 
 mist minister, was born in 1697 at Exeter, 
 and educated there under Mr. Hallet. In 
 1718 he commenced preacher at Exeter; 
 but the disputes which broke out in that 
 place respecting the doctrine of the Trinity, 
 occasioned his removal to Milborne-port in 
 Somersetshire, and afterwards to Trow- 
 bridge in Wiltshire. At this'place he turned 
 baptist ; and in 1724 was chosen successor 
 to Dr. John Gale, in the meeting in Barbi- 
 can, London. In 1741 he succeeded Dr. 
 Jeremiah Hunt in the congregation at Pin- 
 ners’-hali. In 1748 the degree of D.D. was 
 conferred on him by the university of 
 Aberdeen. He died in 1753. Dr. Foster 
 was a man of considerable fearing : and so 
 celebrated as a preacher, that Pope has be- 
 stowed a fine compliment on him in the epi- 
 logue to his Satires. He wrote a Defence of 
 Revelation against Tindal; Tracts on He- 
 resy ; Sermons, in 4 vols. 8vo. ; Discourses 
 on natural Religion and social Virtue, 2 
 Vols. 4to. ; See. — Biog. Brit. Gen. Biog. 
 
 Foster (John), a learned divine, was 
 born in 1731 at Windsor, and educated at 
 Eton, from whence he was sent to King’s 
 college, Cambridge He afterwards became 
 »n assistant in Eton school, and in 1765 
 head master, which station he resigned in 
 consequence of his infirmities ; and in 1772 
 obtained a canonry of Windsor. He died 
 the year following at Spa, whither he had 
 gone for his health. He published an essay 
 on the nature of accent and quantity, with 
 their use and application in the pronunci- 
 ation of the English, Latin, and Greek lan- 
 guages, 8vo. ; and a prize dissertation at 
 Cambridge, on the moral Doctrines of Epi- 
 curus and the Stoics. — Gent. Mag. 
 
 Foster (Michael), an eminent lawyer, 
 Was bom at Marlborough in Wiltshire in 
 1689. He was educated at the free school 
 of Marlborough, from whence he removed 
 |o Exeter college, Oxford. In 1707 he was 
 entered of the Middle Temple, and in re- 
 gular course called to the bar. In 1735 he 
 was chosen recorder of Bristol. The same 
 year he published a pamphlet, entituled, an 
 l^miaatiop of tkt Scheme of Church 
 
 Power, laid down in the Codex by Bishop 
 Gibson. In 1745 he was appointed one of 
 the justices of the King’s Bench, on which 
 occasion he received the honour of knight- 
 hood. In 1762 he published a Report of 
 Proceedings on the Commission for the 
 Trial of the Rebels in the year 1746, in the 
 county of Surrey. He died in 1763. — Gen. 
 Biog. 
 
 Fothergill (George), an eminent di- 
 vine, was born in Westmoreland in 1705, 
 and educated at Kendal school, from 
 whence he removed to Queen’s college, Ox- 
 ford, where he became fellow and tutor. 
 In 1751 he was elected principal of Ed- 
 mund hall, and presented to the vicarage of 
 Brainley in Hampshire. He died in 1760. 
 He wrote two volumes of sermons. — Gent. 
 Mug. 
 
 Fothergill (John), an eminent physi- 
 cian, was born in 1712 at Carr End in 
 Yorkshire of reputable parents, who were 
 quakers. He served his time to an apothe- 
 cary; after which he went to Edinburgh, 
 where, in 1736, he took his doctor’s degree. 
 In the same year he became a pupil in St. 
 Thomas’s hospital, and in 1740 went abroad. 
 On his return he settled in London; and 
 in 1748 acquired a great reputation, by a 
 tract, entituled, an Account of the Sore 
 Throat attended with Ulcers. This disease 
 was at that time very prevalent and fatal. 
 In 1754 he became a member of the Edin- 
 burgh College of Physicians ; and in 1763 
 a fellow of the Royal Society. When the 
 differences broke out between this country 
 and the American colonies, he laboured 
 much to prevent hostilities, and had confe- 
 rences with Dr. Franklin for that purpose. 
 Dr. Fothergill was a man of amiable man- 
 ners, a skilful physician, a great encourager 
 of learning, and an excellent botanist. He 
 died in 1780. His works consisting chiefly 
 of medical pieces, have been printed in 3 
 vols. Svo. with his life prefixed. He was 
 at the expence of printing Purver’s trans- 
 lation of the Bible, and of an edition of 
 Percy’s Key to the New Testament, for a 
 seminary of quakers in Yorkshire! Hi* 
 brother Samuel was a considerable preach- 
 er among the quakers, and died in 1773. — 
 Life by Letsom. 
 
 Foucault (Nicholas Joseph), a French 
 antiquary, was born at Paris in 1643. He 
 discovered, in 1704, the ancient town of the 
 Viducassians, near Caen, of which he gave 
 an account to the Academy of Inscriptions. 
 He also discovered the MS. of Lactantius 
 de Mortibus Persecutorum. He died in 
 1721. — Moreri. 
 
 Foucher (Simon), a French priest, was 
 born at Dijon in 1644. He died at Paris in 
 1696. He wrote a Treatise on the Wisdom 
 of the Ancients: Letters, tending to exhibit 
 the History and Principles of the academiq 
 Philosophy, 6 vols. ; a Treatise on Hygro- 
 meters, Sec. — Moreri. 
 
 F ovchisr (Bertram de), a Dutch painter. 
 
F O U 
 
 FOX 
 
 was born at Bergen-op-Zoom in 1609. lie 
 painted portraits and conversations; and 
 died in 1674. — Houbraken. 
 
 Foucquet (Nicholas), marquis of Belle- 
 isle, was born in 1615. He became super- 
 intendant of the finances under Mazarine ; 
 but he abused the trust in such a manner, 
 that in 1661 he was arrested at Nantes, and 
 sentenced to perpetual imprisonment. He 
 died in the citadel of Pignerol in 1680. — 
 Moreri. 
 
 Foucquet (Charles Louis Augustus), 
 count of Bellekle, grandson of the above, 
 was born in 1684. His gallant conduct at 
 the siege of Lisle, where he commanded a 
 regiment of dragoons, brought him into fa- 
 vour with Lewis XIV, after whose death he 
 was disgraced and confined in the Bastille. 
 In the war of 1735 he was appointed to 
 command in Germany, and became the con- 
 fident of cardinal Fleury. In 1741 he was 
 created marshal of France, and the year 
 following attended the diet of Frankfort as 
 plenipotentiary from the court of Versailles. 
 In 1743 he was taken prisoner near Hano- 
 ver, but soon obtained his liberty. He died 
 in 1761. — A Tou<v. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Fouillon (James), a French ecclesiastic, 
 of the jansenist persuasion, was born at Ro- 
 chelle in 1670. He was educated among 
 the jesuits, whom he afterwards forsook. 
 Jie died at Paris in 1736, He was concern- 
 ed in writing the History of the Case of 
 Conscience, 1705, 8 vols. ; and in the work 
 against the bull Unigenitus , called Ilexaples, 
 7 vols. He was also the editor of Arnauld’s 
 Letters, &c. — Moreri. 
 
 Foulon (William), a modern Latin poet, 
 was born at the Hague, where he kept a 
 school. He died in 1558, aged 75. He 
 wrote three Latin comedies ; Martyrium 
 Johannis Pistorii ; I Iypocrisis, 1554 ; Aco- 
 lastus, de filio prodi tfo. He is not t6 be con- 
 founded with John F on Ion, a learned jesuit 
 of Liege, who died in 1668. He wrote a 
 Commentary on the Maccabees ; and Histo- 
 ria Leodiensis, 3 vols. folio. — Moreri. 
 
 Fountaine (sir Andrew), an English am 
 tiquary, was born at Narford in Norfolk, 
 and educated at Christ church, Oxford, 
 where he studied the Anglo-Saxon lan- 
 guage ; and wrote a piece inserted in Dr. 
 llickes’s Thesaurus, entituled, Numismata 
 Anglo-Saxonica et Anglo-Danica. King 
 William conferred on him the honour of 
 knighthood. He had also a taste for the 
 fine arts, and made a noble collection of an- 
 tiques and curiosities. He drew the designs 
 for the Tale of a Tub, by Swift, with whom 
 lie was very intimate. In 1727 he was ap- 
 pointed warden of the Mint, He died in 
 1 75.3. — Gen. Biov. Die}. 
 
 Fouquieres (James), a Flemish painter, 
 was born at Antwerp in 1580. He was the 
 disciple of Velvet Breughel, and became so 
 excellent in painting landscapes, as to be 
 ranked with Titian, He died in 1659.— 
 Pilkington. 
 
 Four mont (Stephen), professor of die 
 Arabic and Chinese languages, at Paris, wa* 
 born in 1683. He succeeded M. Galland as 
 Arabic professor in the royal college, and 
 died at Paris in 1743. His principal works 
 are: Critical Reflections upon Ancient His- 
 tory, to the Time of Cyrus, 2 vols. 4to. ; 
 Meditationes Sinicx, folio ; and a Chinese 
 Grammar in Latin, folio. His brother 
 Michael was professor of Syriac, in the 
 royal college, and member of the aca- 
 demy of inscriptions. He died in 1746.-— > 
 Moreri. 
 
 Fournier (Peter Simon), an eminent en- 
 graver and letter-founder, was born at Paris 
 in 1712. He published, in 1737, a Table of 
 Proportions, to determine the height and 
 relation of letters; but his chief work is en- 
 tituled Manuel Typographique, 2 vols. 
 8vo. He died in 1768. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Fourouevaux (Raimond of Pavia, baron 
 of), an Italian writer and soldier. He was 
 of an ancient family of Pavia ; but in the 
 wars between the Guelphs and Ghibelines 
 he went to France, and was appointed go- 
 vernor of Narbonne. He died in 1574, 
 aged 66. He wrote the Lives of eminent 
 French Generals, printed at Paris in 1543, 
 4tO. — Moreri. 
 
 Fowler (John), an English printer, was 
 born at Bristol. He was for some time a 
 fellow of New college, Oxford, but resign- 
 ed in 1559, and went to Louvain, where hp 
 conducted the printing business, chiefly in 
 defending the tenets of the Roman church, 
 to which he was zealously attached. He 
 died in 1578. — Wood's A. 0. 
 
 Fowler (Edward) an eminent prelate, 
 was born at Westerleigh,in Gloucestershire, 
 in 1682, and educated at Corpus Christi 
 college, Oxford. In 1673 he obtained the 
 rectory of Allhallows, Bread-street. In 1 675 
 he was made prebendary of Gloucester, and 
 in 1681 vicar of St. Giles’s, Cripplegate. 
 The same year he took his doctor’s degree. 
 For his zeal in prompting the revolution, 
 he was promoted to the see of Gloucester 
 in 1691. He died in 1714. Besides several 
 sermons and tracts, he wrote The Princi- 
 ples and Practices of certain moderate Di- 
 vines of the Church of England, abusively 
 called Latitudinarians, 8vo. 1670; The 
 Design of Christianity, 8vo. 1671 ; (this 
 is an excellent book and has been several 
 times printed ;) Libcrtas Evangelica , or a Dis- 
 course of Christian Liberty, 8vo.< — Biog. Br. 
 
 Fox (Edward), an English bishop and 
 statesman, was born at Dursley, in Glou- 
 cestershire, and educated first at Eton and 
 next at King’s college, Cambridge; ofwhich, 
 in 1528, he was elected provost. Cardinal 
 Wolsey took him into his service, and ob- 
 tained for him the appointment of ambas- 
 sador to Rome, in conjunction with Gardi- 
 ner, to promote the divorce of Henry VIII. 
 He was afterwards sent in the same capa- 
 city to France and Germany; and in 1533, 
 was promoted to the see of Hweford, He 
 
FOX 
 
 FRA 
 
 died in 1538. The bishop was a great friend 
 to the reformation. He wrote De vera dif- 
 ferentia Regime Potestatij et Ecclesiastica, et 
 quae sit ipsa Veritas et Virtus utriusque. — 
 Biog. Brit. 
 
 Fox (Richard), an English prelate, was 
 born of low parentage at Grantham, in 
 Lincolnshire, in the reign of Henry VI. 
 He was educated first at Boston school, and 
 afterwards at Magdalen college, Oxford, 
 from whence, on account of the plague, 
 he removed to Pembroke hall, Cambridge. 
 He next went to Paris, where he gained 
 the friendship of Dr. Merton, bishop of 
 Ely, who recommended him to the earl of 
 Richmond, afterwards Henry VII. On the 
 accession of that monarch, Dr. Fox was 
 made privy counsellor, and preferred to 
 the see of Exeter. He was also sent on 
 several embassies, and after obtaining dif- 
 ferent church preferments, was advanced 
 to the see of Dui'ham, from whence he 
 Was removed to Winchester. He founded 
 Corpus Christi college, in Oxford, and 
 several free schools. He died in 1528. — 
 Biog. Brit. 
 
 Fox (John), an English divine, was born 
 at Boston in Lincolnshire, in 1517, and 
 educated at Brasenose college, Oxford, 
 from whence he removed to a fellowship 
 in Magdalen college. In 1545 he was ex- 
 pelled on a charge of heresy, which redu- 
 ced him to great distress. At length sir 
 Thomas, Lucy of Warwickshire, took him 
 into his house as tutor to his children. 
 Afterwards he removed to London, and 
 was employed by the duchess of Richmond 
 as tutor to the earl of Surrey’s children. 
 Here he continued till the reign of queen 
 Mary, when his life being in danger on ac- 
 count of his principles, he withdrew with 
 his wife and other protestants to the Con- 
 tinent. Mr. Fox settled at Basil, and earn- 
 ed his subsistence by correcting the press 
 for Oporinus the printer. On the accession 
 of queen Elizabeth, he returned to Eng- 
 land, and by means of secretary Cecil, 
 obtained a prebend of Salisbury. In 1563 
 he published his Acts and Monuments of 
 the Church, better known by the name of 
 Fox’s Book of Martyrs, in one large volume 
 folio. In the edition of 1583, it made two 
 volumes: and in the subsequent ones, three. 
 This book has always been highly esteemed 
 by protestants, though it is stigmatized by 
 the romanists with the name of Fox’s Gol- 
 den Legend. He died in 1587, and was 
 buried in the church of St. Giles, Cripple- 
 gate, of which he was some time vicar. 
 Besides his Acts and Monuments, he pub- 
 lished several books, particularly Latin co- 
 medies on scripture subjects. Mr. Fox 
 was a man of learning, piety, and humility. 
 * — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Fox (George), the founder of the sect of 
 quakers, was born at Drayton in Leicester- 
 shire, 16 24 . He was at first placed with a 
 shepherd, and afterwards bound appren- 
 
 tice to a shoemaker. In 1643 he became a 
 religious itinerant; and about 1647 com- 
 menced public preacher, inveighing, not 
 only against the prevailing vices, but the 
 stated ministers and religious services, af- 
 firming that the light within or Christ in the 
 heart is alone the means of salvation, and 
 the true qualification for the ministry. Fie 
 suffered frequent imprisonment and other 
 rough treatment, which he seems in general 
 to have brought upon himself by his indis- 
 cretions in opposing the clergy and vilify- 
 ing them in their public ministry. The 
 name of quakers was given to him and his 
 followers first at Derby, on account of the 
 strange contortions and trembling which 
 accompanied their preaching. In 1669 he 
 married the widow of a Welsh judge, but 
 still continued his course of itinerant preach- 
 ing, and visited Holland, Germany, and 
 America. Fox died in London in 1690. 
 His Journal was printed at London in 1694, 
 his Epistles in 1698, and his Tracts in 1706; 
 all in folio. — Snivel's Hist, of Quakers. Neale's 
 Puritans. 
 
 Fqx deMorzillo (Sebastian), a Spanish 
 writer, was born at Seville in 1528. He 
 was drowned on his voyage from Louvain, 
 to undertake the tuition of Don Carlos, 
 son of Philip III. He wrote De Studii 
 Philosophici ratione ; De Natura Philoso- 
 phorum, &c. — Moreri. 
 
 Fracastorio (Jerome), an Italian poet 
 and physician, was born at Verona in 1483. 
 He studied at Padua, and at the age of 19 
 he became professor of logic. He after- 
 wards settled at Verona, where he gained 
 a wonderful reputation. He was appointed 
 physician to the council of Trent; and died 
 in 1553. His principal poem is,De Syphilis; 
 and his medical pieces are, Dp Sympathia 
 & Antipathia ; De Contagiosis Morbis; De 
 Causis Criticorum dici% n, &c. His works 
 were printed entire in 2 vols. 4to. at Padua 
 in 1785. — Moreri. 
 
 Frach'.tta (Jerome), an Italian political 
 writer, was a native of Rovigno, and died 
 at Naples the beginning of the 17th cen- 
 tury. His principal work is entitnled Semi- 
 nario di Governi di Stato, et di Guerra.— 
 Ibid. 
 
 Fragujer (Claude-Francis), a French 
 writer, was born at Parts in 1666. He as- 
 sisted abbe Big-non in the Journal des 89 a- 
 vans, and died at Paris in 1728. His Latin 
 poems were printed at Paris in 1729, 12mo. 
 —Ibid. 
 
 Francesca (Peter), painter to the state 
 of Florence, who died in 1443. He excelled 
 in representing battles and night-pieces. — 
 De Piles. 
 
 France. The ancient ' inhabitants of 
 this country were called Gauls. That part 
 of the country which was called Gallia 
 Narbonensis became a Roman province, 
 B. C. 118. In 57 B. C. Julius Cksar con- 
 quered the Helvetii, and afterwards the 
 Belgian. .J-fonorius permitted the Goths #0 
 
F R A 
 
 FRA 
 
 resale in the southern parts of Gaul, A. D 
 400. In 413 the Burgundi, a people of 
 Germany, seized that part of Gaul next the 
 Rhine ; but in 534 the Franks put an end 
 to their kingdom, and in 540 they completed 
 the entire conquest of the country. In 880 
 the Normans seized Britany, Picardy, and 
 Champagne. In 1204 Philip Augustus, 
 king of France, took Normandy from John 
 king of England. In 1347 Edward I. of 
 England took Calais. About 1372 the 
 French took from the English all their 
 possessions in France, except Calais ; but in 
 1415 Henry V. subdued the greatest part 
 of the kingdom ; and on his death in 1422, 
 his son, Henry VI. then a minor, was 
 crowned king of France at Paris; but soon 
 -afterwards the English lost almost all their 
 acquisitions in that country. In 1477 Lewis 
 XI. added a part of the duchy of Burgundy 
 to France, and Lewis XII. obtained that 
 of Bretagne. In 1558 the French took 
 Calais. In 1789 a revolution broke out at 
 I’aris, the Bastille was destroyed, a new 
 constitution was formed, and after a va- 
 riety of sanguinary changes, Lewis XV I. 
 was brought to trial, and murdered on the 
 scalFold, January 21, 1793. His queen, 
 Maria Antoinette, of Austria, shortly after 
 suffered the same fate. The same year a 
 confederacy was formed against France, in 
 which England had a share. In 1799 Buona- 
 parte returned from Egypt, abolished the 
 directory, created a new constitution, and 
 yvas declared first consul. In 1802, he was 
 proclaimed first consul for life ; and in 
 1804 he assumed the title of emperor of the 
 French. — Univ. Hist- Henault’s History of 
 France. JYowv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Franceschini (Mark Anthony), a 
 painter of Bologna, was born in 1648, and 
 died in 1729. He was the disciple of Cig- 
 nani, whose manner he imitated vyith great 
 success. — Filkington. 
 
 Franchi (Antonio), an Italian painter, 
 was born at Lucca in 1638, and died in 
 1709. He painted several altar-pieces at 
 Florence. — Ibid. 
 
 Francia (Francesco), an eminentpainter, 
 was born at Bologna in 1450. He had been 
 a goldsmith and an engraver of medals, 
 but afterwards applied wholly to painting. 
 Being employed by Raphael to place a pic- 
 ture of his in a church at Bologna, he was 
 so struck with its beauty, and convinced 
 of his own inferiority, that he fell into a 
 desponding state, of which he died in 1518. 
 —Ibid. 
 
 Francis of Lorraine, emperor of Ger^ 
 many, was born in 1708, and married in 
 1736 Maria Theresa, daughter of Charles 
 VI. On the death of her father in 1740, 
 Maria Theresa appointed her husband tb 
 the administration of the government, and 
 on the death of Charles VII. in 1745, he was 
 elected emperor. He was a prince of amia- 
 ble character and a promoter of the arts. 
 He died in 1765, — Nquv. Diet . Hist, 
 
 Francis I. king of France, ascended the 
 throne in 1515 at the age of 21. He 
 was the son of Charles of Orleans, and of 
 Louisa of Savoy, grand-daughter to Valen- 
 tine duke of Milan, in right of whom he 
 laid claim to that duchy. The Swiss op- 
 posed his passage through their territories, 
 and were defeated at the battle of Marigna- 
 no. Francis then entered the Milanese, and 
 forced Maximilian Sforza to relinquish the 
 sovereignty. A war afterwards broke out 
 between him and the emperor Charles V. 
 in which Francis lost a considerable part of 
 his territories, was made prisoner and con- 
 veyed to Madrid. In 1526 he regained his 
 liberty, after renouncing his claim to Naples, 
 the Milanese, Flanders, and Artois. In 1535 
 he marched again into Italy, and possessed 
 himself of Savoy, but a peace wa6 hastily 
 made up, which was soon after broken, and 
 Francis again lost a good part of his own 
 dominions. He died in 1547, leaving two 
 sons and four daughters by his first wife, 
 Claude of France. He was a great patron 
 of learned men, and founded the royal col- 
 lege of Paris. — Moreri. Robertson s Ch. V. 
 
 Francis II. king of France, succeeded his 
 father Henry II. in 1559, at the age of 16. 
 He married Mary Stuart, daughter of James 
 V. of Scotland, but died the year after his 
 accession, — Ibid. 
 
 Francis, duke of Alen£on and Anjou, 
 the youngest son of Henry II. of France, 
 was born in 1554. He stirred up a revolt 
 against his brother Henry III. for which 
 Catherine de Medicis, his mother, sent him. 
 to prison, but the king soon gave him his 
 liberty. In. 1581 he came to England, with 
 a view of marrying queen Elizabeth, in 
 which he was disappointed. The year fol- 
 lowing he was crowned duke of Brabant 
 and count of Flanders. His conduct, how- 
 ever, proved so offensive to the Brabanters, 
 that they obliged him to fly to France, 
 where he died in 1584. — Ibid. 
 
 Francis of Lorraine, duke of Guise. 
 He distinguished himself by his military- 
 exploits, and took Calais from the English, 
 and Thionville from the Spaniards. He 
 also defeated the Germans at Renty, and 
 obliged Spain to make peace with Paul IV. 
 After the battle of St. Quintin, he was made 
 lieutenant-general of the army of France. 
 In 1562 he took Rouen and Bourges, and 
 defeated the Ilugonots at Dreux. The same 
 year he was slain at the siege of Orleans. — 
 Ibid. 
 
 Francis, of Assisi, a Romish saint, and 
 founder of a religious order, called by his 
 name. He was born at Assisi in Italy in 
 1 1S2, and brought up a merchant, but led 
 for some years a debauched life. At last a 
 severe illness had such an effect on him, that 
 he resolved to renounce the world, and 
 accordingly resigned all claim to his pater- 
 nal estate. He then gathered some disciples, 
 who entered into vows of voluntary po- 
 verty, and their number increasing, pope 
 
F R A 
 
 F R A 
 
 Innocent III. confirmed the order in 1210. 
 Francis in his zeal Went to the east to 
 convert the Sultan, who treated him civilly, 
 and sent him back to Europe. He died at 
 hissisiin 1226. Pope Gregory IX. canonized 
 Am in 1 230. — IVloreri. 
 
 Francis (of Paulo), another saint of the 
 Roman church, who founded the order of 
 Minims, was born in 1416 at Paulo, in 
 Calabiia. Louis XI. of France, being dan- 
 gerously ill, sent for this devotee, hoping to 
 be healed by him. His successor Charles 
 VIII. budt a convent for Francis and his 
 monks, where he died in 1507. He was ca- 
 nonized by pope Leo X. in 1519. — Ibid. 
 
 Francis (Xavier), called the apostle of 
 the Indies, was born at Xavier in Navarre, 
 in 1506, and educated at Paris, where he 
 formed an intimacy with Ignatus Loyola, 
 and bound himself with some others to at- 
 tempt converting the heathen. In 1541 he 
 embarked at Lisbon for Goa, and laboured 
 with great zeal in various parts of India 
 and Japan. He died on a voyage to China 
 in 1551. He was canonized in 1622. His 
 works are, Epistles, Paris, 1631, 8vo.; a 
 Catechism, Opuscula. — Moreri. 
 
 Francis (de Sales), a Romish saint, was 
 born in the castle of Sales, near Geneva, in 
 1567. In 1602 he was made bishop of Ge- 
 neva, in which station his conduct was very 
 exemplary. He founded a society of reli- 
 gious called the order of the Visitation. He 
 aied in 1622, and was canonized by Alex- 
 ander VI. His works are, an Introduction 
 to a devout Life; a Treatise on the Love of 
 God ; Letters. — Ibid. 
 
 Franci s de Borgia, another saint of the 
 Roman calendar, was born in Spain about 
 1511. He was the grandson of pope Alex- 
 ander VI and hereditary duke of Candia. 
 After filling several high offices, on the 
 death of his wife he embraced a religious 
 life, and entered among the jesuits. He re- 
 fused the dignity of cardinal, and died at 
 Rome in 1572. Pope Clement X. canon- 
 ized him in 1671. He wrote some pious 
 pieces in Spanish, which have been trans- 
 lated into Latin. — Moreri 
 
 Francis (Lucas), called the Old, was born 
 at Mechlin in 1574, and employed for some 
 years by the kings of France and Spain. 
 He painted history and portrait, and died 
 in 1643. His son Lucas, called the young, 
 was born at Mechlin, in 1606. He studied 
 
 under Gerhard Segers, and died in 1654. 
 
 D' Argenuille. 
 
 F’rancis (Simon), a portrait painter, was 
 born at Tours in 1606, and died in 1671. 
 He acquired great eminence in his profes- 
 sion. — Ibid. 
 
 Fr anci s (Laurence), a French writer, was 
 born in Franche Comte in 1698, and died at 
 Paris in 1782., He wrote an elementary 
 Treatise on Geography; evidences of the 
 Christian Religion, 4 vols. 12mo.; an Exa- 
 mination of the Catechism of an honest 
 
 man; on the Philosophy of History, &c. 
 — Ho uz\ Diet. Hid. 
 
 Francis (Philip), an ingenious divine 
 was a native of Ireland, where his father 
 was a dean. The son became rector of 
 Barrow in Suffolk, and chaplain to Chelsea 
 hospital. He translated Horace and De- 
 mosthenes into English, and wrote two tra- 
 gedies, Eugenia and Constantia. He died at 
 Bath in 1773. — Gen. Blog. Diet. 
 
 Francius (Peter), a Greek and Latin 
 poet, was born at Amsterdam in 1645. He 
 studied under Gronovius at Leyden ; after 
 which he spent some time in England and 
 France. In 1674 he became professor of 
 history and rhetoric at Amsterdam, where 
 he died in 1704. l ie wrote Specimen Elo- 
 quent!® Exterioris ; Poeinata ; Orationes, 
 &c. His Greek and Latin poems are very 
 fine. — Gen. Hist, nf Diet. Luiscus. 
 
 Franck (Francis), called the Old, a Fle- 
 mish painter, who died in 1616, aged 72. 
 He painted sacred historical pieces, of con- 
 siderable merit. His son, called Young 
 Frank, was also a good painter, born in 
 1580, and died in 1642. — Pilkington : 
 
 Franck (George), a German physician, 
 was born at Naumbourg in 1643. At the 
 age of 18 he received the poetic crown for 
 his verses in German, Latin, Greek, and He- 
 brew. After taking his degree in physic 
 he became professor in that faculty at Hei- 
 delberg and at Wittemberg. He died in 
 1 704. His works are, Flora Francica, 12mo. ; 
 Satyr® Medic®, 4to. ; Epistol®. — Nouv. Diet. 
 Hist. 
 
 Franck (Augustus Herman), a pious 
 German divine, was born at Lubeckin 1663. 
 He became professor of the oriental lan- 
 guages, and afterwards of divinity, in the 
 university of Halle. Here he laid the foun- 
 dation of an orphan-house, which in 1727 
 had 2196 children, and more than 130 pre- 
 ceptors. Ide also carried into effect a mis- 
 sion for propagating the gospel in Malabar. 
 He died in 1727. His works are, Sermons 
 and Books of Devotion; Methodus studii 
 Theologici; Jntroductio ad lectionem Pro- 
 phetarum; Commcntario descopoLibrorum 
 veteris & novi Tcstamenti: Manuductio ad 
 lectionem Scripturas sacr® ; Obscrvationes 
 Biblic®. Some of his practical hooks have 
 been translated into English. — Moreri. 
 
 Francken (Christian), a German divine, 
 was at first a jesuit, but quitted that order 
 and embraced the socinian creed, on which 
 he went to Poland, and joined the Unita- 
 rians. Afteiwards he returned to the Ro- 
 man communion, and died at the close of the 
 16th century. He wrote a severe satire on 
 thejesuitSj.entituled, Breve Colloquium Jesir- 
 ticum ; de Honore Christi,and other works. 
 Moreri. 
 
 Franckenstein (Christian-Godfrey), an 
 advocate of Leipsic, was horn in 1661, and 
 died in 1717. He'wrote a Continuation of 
 the Introduction to History, by Puffendorf; 
 
F R A 
 
 F R A 
 
 Life of Christina, Queen of Sweden ; His- 
 tory of the 16th and 17th Ages. His son 
 Jame-s, who died in 1733, wrote De Colla- 
 tione bonorum ; de Juribus Jud.xorum sin- 
 gularibus in Germania. — Moreri. 
 
 Francklin (Thomas), an English divine, 
 was born in London about 1720, and edu- 
 cated at Westminster school, front whence 
 he was removed to Trinity college, Cam- 
 bridge, where he proceeded to the degree 
 ofD.D. He was also chosen professor of 
 Greek in that university. In 1758 he ob- 
 tained the vicarage of Ware, to which was 
 afterwards added the rectory of Brasted 
 in Kent. He was also chaplain in ordinary 
 to the king, and died in 1784. Dr. Franck- 
 lin translated Phalaris, Sophocles, and Lu- 
 cian into English, and wrote three plays : 
 the Earl of Warwick, and Matilda, trage- 
 dies, and the Contract, a comedy. He 
 also published a volume of sermons on the 
 relative duties, and permitted liis name to 
 be prefixed to a translation of Voltaire’s 
 works. — Europ, Mag. 
 
 Franco (Battista), an historical painter 
 of Venice, was born in 1498, and died in 
 1561 . Fie imitated the manner of Michael 
 Angel O. — Pilkington. 
 
 Franco (Nicolo), an Italian satirist, was 
 born at Benevcnto in 1510. He was the 
 friend of Aretine, whom he afterwards 
 wrote against. He was hanged at Rome for 
 a satire on Pius V. in 1569 — Moreri. 
 
 Franklin (Benjamin), an American pa- 
 triot and philosophical writer, was born 
 at Boston, in New England, in 1706. His 
 father was a soap-boiler and tallow-chand- 
 ler in that town, and being a man of good 
 understanding, educated his son himself. 
 His elder brother was bred a printer, and 
 Benjamin was placed under him ; but a 
 difference happening between them, he re- 
 moved to New York, from whence he went 
 to Philadelphia, where after serving as a 
 journeyman some time, he attracted the 
 notice of sir William Keith, the governor, 
 who persuaded him to set up for himself. 
 Accordingly he came to England to procure 
 printing materials, but on his arrival he 
 found that the governor had deceived him 
 by false promises, on wjiich he worked as a 
 journeyman printer in London, and in 1726 
 returned to Philadelphia, where he became 
 clerk to a merchant. He next entered 
 into partnership with a person named Me- 
 redith, in the printing business, which he 
 afterwards conducted alone. In 1730 he 
 was united to a widow lady, whom he had 
 courted before her first marriage. About 
 this period he contributed to the forming 
 of the public library at Philadelphia, and 
 in 1732 he published his Poor Richard’s 
 Almanack, in which he inserted some use- 
 ful aphorisms or maxims of prudence. In 
 1736 he was appointed clerk to the gene- 
 ral assembly at Pennsylvania, and the vear 
 following post-master of Philadelphia, In 
 
 the French war in 1744 he proposed and 
 carried into effect a plan of association for 
 the defence of that province. About this 
 time he commenced his electrical experi- 
 ments of which he published an account. 
 He had the honour of making several dis- 
 coveries in this branch of philosophy, the 
 principal of which was the identity of the 
 electric fire and lightning. In 1747 he 
 was chosen a representative of the general 
 assembly, in which situation he distinguished 
 himself by several acts of public utility. 
 By Ins means a militia hill was passed, and 
 he was appointed colonel of the Philadel- 
 phia regiment. In 1757 he was sent to 
 England as agent for Pennsylvania. At 
 this time he was chosen fellow of the royal 
 society, and honoured with the degree of 
 doctor of laws by the universities of St. 
 Andrews', Edinburgh and Oxford. In 1762 
 he returned to America, but two years af- 
 terwards he again visited England, in his 
 former capacity as agent, and it was at this 
 period that he was examined at the bar of 
 the house of commons concerning the 
 stamp act. In 1775 he returned home, and 
 was elected a delegate to the congress. He 
 was very active in the contest between 
 England and the colonies, and was sent 
 to France, where m 1 773 hesigned a treaty 
 of alliance offensive and defensive, which 
 produced a war between that country and 
 England. In 1783 he signed the definitive 
 treaty of peace', and in 1785 returned to 
 America, where he was chosen president 
 of the supreme council. He died in 1790. 
 Besides his political, miscellaneous, and phi- 
 losophical pieces published in 4to. and 8vo. 
 he wrote several papers in the American 
 transactions, and two volumes of essays, 
 with his life prefixed, written by himselfi, 
 2 vols 1 2mo 
 
 Franks (Sebastian), a Flemish painter, 
 was born at Antwerp, in 1573. 1 1 e painted 
 
 landscapes and historical subjects. John 
 Sebastian Frants, of Antwerp, who painted 
 after Vandyck and Rubens, is supposed to 
 have been his son. — Pilkington. 
 
 Frantz ius (Wolfgang), a German Iu- 
 theran divine, was born in 1564. He was 
 professor of divinity at Wittemberg, and 
 died therein 1620. His works are; Tlis- 
 toria Anim.alium sacra ; Tracms de In ter - 
 pretatione i acrarum Scripturarum; Schola 
 Sacrificiorum Patriarchalium sacra; Com- 
 mentarius in Leviticum, &c. — Moreri. 
 
 Fratelltni (Giovanna),an Italian artist 
 was born at Florence in 1666. She painted 
 historical subjects and portraits in minia- 
 ture, and died in 1721. Her son Lorenzo 
 Maria Fratellini was a good painter of his- 
 tory and landscape. He died in 1729.— 
 Pilkington. 
 
 Frauwenlor (Henry), a German author, 
 who died in 1317. Having written in b e- 
 hal! of the ladies, a number of females at- 
 tended his funeral, and poured so large a 
 
FEE 
 
 FEE 
 
 quantity of wine over his grave as to over- 
 flow the church. — Gen. Biog. Bid. 
 
 Frassen (Claude), a learned French 
 monk, was born at Peronne, in Picardy, 
 in 1620. He was superior of the Francis- 
 can convent at Paris, doctor of the Sor- 
 bonne, and theological professor. He died 
 in 1711. His System of Philosophy, 2 vols. 
 4to. has been well esteemed, also Disqui- 
 tiones Biblicse, 2 vols. 4to. — Morcri . 
 
 Fredkgarius, called the Scholastic, an 
 old French historian, who wrote a chroni- 
 cle which extends to the year 641, to be 
 found in the collection of Duchesne. — 
 Moreri. 
 
 Frederic T. surnamed Barbarossa, em- 
 peror of Germany, the son of Frederic 
 duke of Suabia, was born in 1121, and 
 crowned emperor in 1152. He was a war- 
 like prince, and marched into Italy to set- 
 tle the tumults which distracted that coun- 
 try' in 1155. He was crowned at Rome by 
 Adrian IV. who dying in 1160, no less than 
 three antipopes were chosen, who were all 
 opposed by the emperor. The Milanese 
 profiting by these divisions endeavoured to 
 shake off the imperial yoke, on which Fre- 
 deric marched into Italy, and took Milan, 
 after which he entered Rome and set Ca- 
 lixtus on the papal throne instead af Alex- 
 ander. The Venetians, however maintained 
 the cause of the latter with so much vigour, 
 that Frederic was obliged to make his sub- 
 mission to Alexander. He next embarked 
 against the infidels, obtained some vic- 
 tories, took Iconium, and penetrated into 
 Syria, where he was drowned in 1 1 90. 
 — Frederic 11. the grandson of the preced- 
 ing, and son of Henry VI. born in 1194. 
 elected king of the Romans in 1196, and 
 emperor in 1210, in opposition to Qtho. In 
 1220 he was crowned by pope Honorius 
 ML at Rome. He afterwards went to the 
 Holy Land, and concluded a truce with the 
 Sultan of Babylon, which so provoked 
 pope Gregory IX. that he anathematized 
 him. On this Frederic returned to Europe 
 and laid siege to Rome, which occasioned 
 the famous parties of the Guelphs and the 
 Ghibelines, the former being on the side of 
 the pope, and the other on that of the 
 emperor. Gregory was obliged to make 
 peace, but in 1236, lie again excommuni- 
 cated Frederic, and the w r ar was renewed, 
 which proved unsuccessful to the emperor, 
 whose German subjects revolted against 
 him. He died in his kingdom of Naples, 
 in 1250. — Frederic III. was the son of Al- 
 bert I. and chosen emperor in 1314, by 
 seme of the electors, but the majority elect- 
 ed Lewis of Bavaria. Frederic died in 1430. 
 —Frederic IV. called the Pacific, ascend- 
 ed the throne in 1440, and was crowned at 
 Rome in 1452. He died in 1493, in conse- 
 quence of the imputation of his leg. — 
 Moreri. Univ. Hist. 
 
 Frederic, king of Sweden, was the 
 eldest son of Charles, landgrave of Hcsse- 
 
 CasseL He married the sister of Charles 
 XII. on whose death, in 1719, the states of 
 Sweden elceted her queen, but the year fol- 
 lowing they consented to her resigning the 
 crown to her husband. He had a long and 
 unsuccessful war with Russia, which ended 
 in a disadvantageous peace to Sweden. He 
 died without issue in 1751. — Mod. Univ. Hist. 
 
 FrIcderic I. king of Denmark, succeed- 
 ed his nephew, Christian II. on his deposi- 
 tion in 1523. He made an alliance with 
 Gustavus I. king of Sweden. After taking 
 Copenhagen, he gained overall the nobility, 
 and introduced lutheranism into his domi- 
 nions. He died in 1533. — Frederic II, the 
 son and successor of Christian III. He was a 
 great friend of learning, and patronized 
 Tycho Brahe and other men of science. He 
 had a long war with Sweden, which ended 
 in 1570. Ho died in 1588, aged 54. — Fre- 
 deric III. succeeded his father Christian IV. 
 in 1648, and died in 1670, aged 61, after 
 changing the constitution from an elective 
 to an hereditary monarchy. — Frederic IV. 
 ascended the throne on the death of Chris- 
 tian V. in 1699. Fie leagued against Charles 
 XII. of Sweden, who forced him to make 
 peace. But when Charles fled to Turkey, 
 Frederic drove the Swedes out of Norway, 
 He died in 1730, aged 59. — Frederic V. 
 grandson of the preceding, came to the 
 throne in 1746, and died in 1766. Fie said 
 on his death-bed, to his successor Christian 
 VII. “ It is a great consolation to me, my 
 son, that I have not injured any person, and 
 that my hands are not stained with one 
 drop of blood.”— t/hey. Hist. Nouv. Did. Hist. 
 
 Frederic Augustus .1 king of Poland was 
 born at Dresden, in 1670. His father was 
 John George III. elector of Saxony, whom 
 he succeeded in 1694, and made several 
 campaigns against the French and Turks, 
 Having embraced the catholic religion, he 
 was elected king of Poland in 1697. Fie 
 joined Russia and Denmark against Charles 
 XII. of Sweden and was for some time 
 successful, but at last fortune changed; 
 Charles took Warsaw, add defeated Au- 
 gustus at the battle of Clissow. In 1706 
 the Swedish monarch entered Saxony, of 
 which he took possession, and Augustus was 
 forced to renounce the crown of Poland. 
 After the battle of Pultowa, Frederic reco- 
 vered the throne, and died in 1 733. Fie was 
 a man of prodigious strength and undaunted 
 courage. — Frederic-Auuustus II. son of 
 the above, was born in 1696, and elected 
 king of Poland in 1734. In 1756, the king 
 of Prussia invaded Saxony, and kept it till 
 the peace of 1763. Frederic-Augustus died 
 October 5, the same year. — Ibid. 
 
 Frederic-William, elector of Branden- 
 burg, and commonly called the Great Elector , 
 was born in 1620. He succeeded his father 
 in 1640, and obtained the investiture of 
 Prussia from the king of Poland in 1642. 
 He had a war with Sweden, but was obliged 
 to make peace in 1655, in which year 
 
FRE 
 
 F R E 
 
 he assisted that power against Poland. In 
 1672 he joined the Imperialists in opposi- 
 tion to Lewis XIV. but soon after he made 
 a separate treaty with France. In 1674 he 
 again joined the allies, on which the. French 
 prevailed with the Swedes to attack his 
 dominions. Frederic, however, defeated the 
 invaders, and took several places from them 
 which he was obliged to restore by a treaty 
 in 1679. He now turned his attention to 
 the improvement of his states, and died in 
 1688. — Memoirs of the House of Brandenburg. 
 
 Frederic I. king of Prussia, was the son 
 of the preceding, and born in 1657. In 
 1700 a treaty was concluded at Vienna, to 
 which all the northern powers agreed, and 
 by virtue of which he was crowned king 
 of Prussia the year following. He aug- 
 mented his dominions by the county of 
 Tecklenburgh, and the principality of Ncuf- 
 chatel and Valengin. He died in 1713. He 
 founded the university of Halle, the royal 
 society of Berlin, and the academy of the 
 nobles. His queen Sophia-Chariotte, of 
 Hanover, was a woman of fine understand- 
 ing. — Frederic-William II. son of the 
 above, was born in 1688, and commenced 
 his reign in 1713. In 1715 he declared war 
 against Charles XII. of Sweden, and in con- 
 junction with Denmark took Stralsund, but 
 on the death of Charles he made peace. He 
 died in 1740. Frederic married Sophia, 
 daughter of George elector of Hanover. — 
 FrederIc III. king of Prussia, commonly 
 called The Great, the son of the preceding, 
 was born in 1712. He obtained but a 
 scanty education, owing to his father’s con- 
 tempt of letters and predilection for mili- 
 tary discipline. On growing up, the young 
 prince shewed so strong an inclination to 
 literature and music as to incur his fa- 
 ther’s displeasure. The severe treatment 
 he received led him, in 1730, to attempt 
 an escape from Prussia, but the scheme 
 being discovered, the prince was confined 
 in the castle of Custrin, and his young 
 companion Katte executed before his face. 
 After a confinement of some months he ob- 
 tained his pardon, and in 1733 married the 
 princess of Brunswick Wolfenbuttie, in obe- 
 dience to his father’s command, but he never 
 cohabited with her. In 1740 he succeeded 
 to the throne, and taking advantage of the 
 defenceless state of Maria-Theresa, queen of 
 Hungary, hemarched into Silesia, which was 
 added to his dominions by the treaty of Bres- 
 law. In 1744 the war was renewed against 
 the queen of Hungary, and the same year 
 Frederic took Prague, which however he 
 was forced to quit by the approach of a 
 Saxon army under the prince of Lorraine. 
 In 1745 he defeated that prince, at Fried- 
 burgh, and then marched into Bohemia, 
 where he defeated an Austrian army which 
 was superior to his own. Shortly after 
 he took Dresden and laid it under heavy 
 exactions. A treaty of peace was concluded 
 ftp the end of this year by the mediation of 
 
 the English minister ; and the interval of 
 tranquillity was employed by Frederic in 
 regulating his dominions, forming a body 
 of laws, and in composing some literary 
 works. In 1750 Voltaire visited Prussia, 
 and was received with the most flattering 
 marks of attention by the king; but the 
 friendship at last ended in a violent quar- 
 rel, and the French philosopher quitted 
 Prussia abruptly, and in disgrace. In 1756 
 a treaty was concluded between England 
 and Prussia, which produced another be- 
 tween France, Austria, and Russia. The 
 seven years war, as it is called, began by 
 the march of Frederic into Saxony and 
 taking the camp of Pirna. The following 
 year he gained the battle of Prague over 
 the Austrians, on which he laid siege to 
 that city, but after reducing it to great 
 straits, he was compelled to retreat by 
 marshal Daun,and retire into Saxony. Fre- 
 deric was now surrounded by enemies, the 
 French entered Hanover, the Russians and 
 Swedes advanced towards Prussia, and die 
 Imperialists pursued him into Saxony. 
 Still undaunted, he attacked and defeated 
 the French and Austrians at Rosebach; 
 then marching into Silesia, he beat an- 
 other army at Lissa. The Russians and 
 Swedes retreated precipitately from Prus- 
 sia; and the Hanoverians took the field 
 under the prince of Brunswick. In 17 53 
 he received a large subsidy from England ; 
 and the same year he entered Moravia, 
 where he laid siege to Olmutz, which was 
 relieved by marshal Daun. He then march- 
 ed against the Russians, who had laid siege 
 to Custrin, and defeated them after a bloody 
 battle at ZorndofF. But not long after he 
 was surprized and beat by Daun, at Hock- 
 kirchcn. The next year the king was de- 
 feated after a very obstinate and doubtful 
 engagement, at CunnersdofF, by the Rus- 
 sians ; and in 1761, the confederates entered 
 Brandenburg, and took Berlin. Frederic, 
 however, by defeating Daun at Torgau, 
 gave a turn to his affairs, and the Russians 
 and Swedes quitted his territories. In 1762 
 peace was restored between him and Rus- 
 sia and Sweden, and in 1763 a treaty much 
 in his favour was concluded with the em- 
 press queen, by which Silesia was confirmed 
 to Prussia. Still intent upon aggrandize- 
 ment, he planned the partition of Poland 
 in 1772, and obtained for his share Wes- 
 tern Prussia. In 1778 he opposed the de- 
 sign of the emperor Joseph to dismember 
 Bavaria, and marched in person against 
 that monarch, who was assisted by the fa- 
 mous general Laudohn. But no action 
 took place, and by the treaty of Teschen, 
 in 1779, the Austrian court renounced the 
 design. After a long and active life, Fre- 
 deric died in 1786. Pie v/as courteous in 
 his manners, lively in conversation, an acute 
 politician, and in general fond of justice 
 and humanity. But he was an avowed in- 
 fidel, and actuated by no better principle 
 3 
 
F R E 
 
 F R E 
 
 than pleasure and self-interest He never gained him considerable reputation. The 
 had any issue. His works published in his same year he took his doctor’s degree, and 
 lifetime are in 4 vols. 8vo.; and since his published his chemical lectures. In 1711 
 death fifteen more have been printed. The he was chosen a member of the royal soci- 
 piMicipal are, the Memoirs of the House of etv, and the same year accompanied the 
 Brendenburg : a poem on the Art of War: duke of Ormond to Flanders. In 1716 he 
 
 the History of his own I ime : and the His- was elected a fellow of the college of phy- 
 tory of the Seven Years War. — To-wers’s sicians, and the same year had a contro- 
 Memoirs of Frederic III. versy with Dr. Woodward, on the mode of 
 
 Frederick (Colonel), son of the unfor- treating fevers in the small-pox. In 1722 
 tiinate I heodore, commonly called king of he was elected into parliament for Laun- 
 Corsica, of whose misfortunes and impru- cestoa. The year following he was sent 
 deuce he partook. He was bred to the nu- to the Tower on suspicion of being con- 
 litary profession, and obtained the rank of cerned in Atterbury’s plot, but was soon 
 colonel, with the cross of the order of released on bail. At the accession of 
 
 merit, from the duke of Wirtemburg, for 
 whom he acted as agent in England. Being 
 greatly reduced in circumstances, he shot 
 himself in the portal of Westminster abbey, 
 in 1796. He wrote: 1. Memoires pour ser- 
 ver a l’Histoire de Corse, 1768, 8vo. ; 2. The 
 Description of Corsica, with an Account 
 of its Union to the Crown of Great Britain, 
 &C. 1798, 8vo. — Necrology. Monthly Mag. 
 
 F’regoso (Baptist), a doge of Venice in 
 I47S, _who was deposed and banished to 
 Fregui for his arbitrary and oppressive con- 
 duct. He wrote on Memorable Actions ; 
 the Life of Pope Martin V. ; on learned 
 Women, &c. — Moreri. 
 
 Freher (Marquard), a German writer, 
 was born at Augsburg in 1565. He studied 
 under Cujacius, and at the age of 23 was 
 made professor of law at Heidelberg. Af- 
 terwards he became vice-president of the 
 court of the elector palatine. He died in 
 1614. His principal works are, De Re Mo- 
 nctaria veterum, Romanorum, & hodierni 
 apud Germanos Imperii, lib. ii. : Reruni Ger- 
 maniqarum Scriptores a Carolo Magno ad 
 Fred. III.; Corpus Histor. Francise. — Ibid. 
 
 Fregius (John Thomas), a learned Ger- 
 man, was born at Fribuig in the 16th cen- 
 tury. He became rector of the new col- 
 lege at Altorf in 1575, and died in 1583. 
 The chief of his works are, Questiones 
 Geometria; et Steriometricjs : Logicis Con- 
 sultorum : Cicerouis Orationes perpetuis 
 Notis, &c. 3 vols. 8vo. Basil, 1753. — Ibid. 
 
 Freind (John), an English physician, was 
 born in 1675, at Croton, in Northampton- 
 shire, and educated at Westminster school; 
 from whence he was elected to Christ- 
 church, Oxford. In 1699 he communi- 
 cated to the royal society the case of a re- 
 markable hydrocephalus, and in 1701 ano- 
 ther of a singular instance of spasmodic 
 affections. In 1703 he distinguished him- 
 selfby an able work entituled Emm enologia, 
 in qua Fluxus muliebris Menstrui phatno- 
 mena, periodi vitae, cum medendi metho- 
 do, ad rationes mechanices exiguuntur, 8vo. 
 The next year he was appointed chemical 
 professor at Oxford, and in 1705 he accom- 
 panied the earl of Peterborough in his ex- 
 pedition to Spain as physician to the army. 
 On his return in 1707, he published a vindi- 
 cation of the earl’s conduct in Spain, which 
 
 George II. he was appointed physician to 
 the queen. He died in 1728. Besides the 
 above works, he wrote the History of Phy- 
 sic, 2 vols. 8vo. and all' his writings were 
 collected and published in Latin by Dr. 
 Wigan, 1 vol. folio. — Dr. Robert Freind, his 
 brother, was master of Westminster school, 
 and died in 1754. He published an edition 
 of Cicero de Oratore. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Freinshemius (John), a learned writer, 
 was born at Ulm, in Suabia, in 1680. He 
 became professor of eloquence at Upsal, 
 in Sweden, and historiographer to Queen 
 Christina. Hediedinl660. He is best known 
 by his Supplement to Quintus Curtius and 
 Livy ; besides which, he wrote notes upon 
 Tacitus, and Latin poems, & c. — Moreri. 
 
 Freire de Andrada (Hyacinthe), a 
 Portuguese writer, was born in 1597. He 
 was abbot of St. Mary de Chans, and died 
 at Lisbon in 1657. His Life of Don John 
 de Castro is an excellent work. Fie also 
 wrote poems. — Ibid. 
 
 Fremixet (Martin), a French painter, 
 was born at Paris in 1567, and died in 1619. 
 He was chief painter to Henry IV. ; and 
 Lewis XIII. conferred on him the order of 
 St. Michael. — D' Argenmillc. 
 
 Fremont D’Ablancourt (Nicholas), a 
 learned French protestant writer, was the 
 nephew and pupil of Perrot d’Ahlancourt. 
 On the revocation of the edict of Nantes 
 he went to Holland, and became historio- 
 grapher to the prince of Orange. He died 
 in 1693. He translated Lucian’s Dialogue be- 
 tween the Letters, and the Supplement to the 
 True History. He also defended his uncle’s 
 version of Tacitus against De la Iloussaye ; 
 and after his death appeared his Memoirs 
 on the History of Portugal, 12mo. — Bayle. 
 
 Frenicle de Bessy (Bernard), a French 
 mathematician, was the friend of Descartes, 
 Mersenne, and Fermat. He was also a mem- 
 ber of the French academy, and died in 
 1675. He wrote a treatise of Right-angled 
 Triangles: on Combinations: on resolving 
 Problems by Exclusions, &c. — Moreri. 
 
 Freret (Nicholas), a learned Frenchman, 
 was born at Paris in 1688. He was chosen 
 a member of the academy of inscriptions ; 
 on which occasion he presented to the so- 
 ciety a dissertation on the origin of the 
 French, for which he was scut to the Bus- 
 
FRE 
 
 F R I 
 
 tille. On Ills release he wrote some pieces 
 against revealed religion, and several me- 
 moirs in the papers of the academy of in- 
 scriptions. Me died in 1749. — Noun. Diet. 
 Hist. 
 
 Frerox (F.lie Catherine), a French critic, 
 was born at Quimper in 1719, Fie was bred 
 among the jeswits, wilts: society he quitted 
 in 1739. His critical works were much 
 read, but owing to some strictures which 
 he passed on Voltaire's writings, that writer 
 attacked him with great asperity. In 1749 he 
 commenced his betters on certain Writings 
 of the Times, which extended to 13 vo- 
 lumes. He then began his An nee Lit-eraire, 
 which he continued till his death in 1776". 
 Besides the above works, he wrote, Miscel- 
 lanies; Les Vrais Plaisirs ; part of a trans- 
 lation of Lucretius. — Ibid. 
 
 Fresnaye (John Vauquelin de la), an 
 old French poet. He was king’s advocate 
 at Caen, and president of that city. He 
 died in 1606, aged 72. His works are; 3. 
 Satires. ‘2. The Art of Poetry. 3. Miscella- 
 neous Poems. — Moreri. 
 
 Fresnoy (Charles Alphonsus du), a 
 French painter and poet, was born at Paris 
 in 1611, and after studying under Perrier 
 and Vouet, he went to Rome, where he 
 copied the works of the best masters, and 
 planned his Latin poem on the art of paint- 
 ing. He died at Paris in 1665. His poem 
 was printed after his death, with a French 
 translation by De Piles. There are two 
 English translations of it, one by Drydeit, 
 and another by Mason. — D' Argenville. 
 
 Frewen (Accepted), an English prelate, 
 was born in Kent, and educated at Magda- 
 len college, Oxford, of which he was elected 
 fellow in 1612. In 1622 he accompanied 
 prince Charles to Spain as chaplain. In 
 1631 he obtained the deanry of Glouces- 
 ter, and in 1643 the bishopric of Lichfield 
 and Coventry. At the Restoration he was 
 translated to York, and died at Thorpe 
 castle in 1664, aged 75. — Wood. 
 
 Frey (John Cecil), a German physician, 
 was born in the 16th century. Fie boasted 
 of being the first who defended theses in 
 philosophy in the Greek language in Eu- 
 rope. He died of the plague in 1631. His 
 Opuscula were printed after his death by 
 Baledrens. — Moreri. 
 
 Freytag (Frederic Gotthelb),burgomas- 
 ter of Nuremberg, was born in 1723, and 
 died in 1776. He wrote, Rhinoceros vete- 
 rum scriptorum monumentis descriptus, 
 1747. Analecta Literaria, de Libris vario- 
 ribus, 1751. Oratorum & Rhetorum Grte- 
 corum quibus Statute honoris Causa positte 
 fuerunt, 1752. An Account of scarce and 
 valuable Books, 1776. — Gen.Biog. 
 
 Frezier (Amedee Francis), a French ma- 
 thematician, was born at Chambery, in 
 .1582, of a family which came from Scot- 
 land. He was employed in taking a sur- 
 vey of the Spanish colonies of Peru and 
 Chili is 1711, of which he published an 
 
 account in 173 6. He was afterwards em- 
 ployed in fortifying St. Maloes and other 
 places, for which he was rewarded with 
 the cross of St. Louis. He died in 1772. 
 Fie wrote, Traite desFeux d’Artifice ; File- 
 mens de Stereotomie,&c. — Nouv.Dict. Hist. 
 
 Friciie, or Frische (James du), a French 
 Benedictine monk, was born in Normandy 
 in 1641, and died at Paris in 1693. Fie 
 edited the works of St. Ambrose at Paris 
 in 10 vols. folio. He also wrote the Life 
 of St. Augustine — Moreri. 
 
 Frisch (John Leonard), a German natu- 
 ralist and divine, was born in Sultzbach in 
 1666. He became a member of the acade- 
 my of sciences at Berlin, Where he died in 
 1744. Fie was the founder of the silk ma- 
 nufactory in Brandenburg, and was the 
 first who cultivated mulberry trees in that 
 country. He was the author of a Diction- 
 ary German and Latin: A Description of 
 German Insects: Dictionnaire nouveau des 
 Passagers Francois- AHemand, <& Allemaud- 
 Francois, 8vo. Szc.- — Gen. Biog. 
 
 Frischlin (Nicodemus), a learned Ger- 
 man, was born at Balingen in 1547. At 
 the age of 20 he obtained a professorship 
 in Tubingen. He wrote so vehemently in 
 praise of a country life and on the corrupt 
 manners of the great, in a commentary on 
 Virgil, that he was obliged to quit his na- 
 tive country. At length he was imprisoned 
 at Aurach, and in attempting to make his 
 escape fell from the window, and was killed 
 in 1590. He wrote a Latin grammar, and 
 poems in that language. — Moreri. 
 
 Frisciimutk (John), a learned German, 
 was born in Franconia in 1619, and died 
 rector of the university of Jena in 1687. 
 He wrote Illustrations of difficult Passages 
 of Scripture. — Noun. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Frisius (John), a learned Swiss divine, 
 was born in the canton of Zurich, in 1505. 
 He became president of the college at Zu- 
 rich, where he introduced the study of the 
 Hebrew and other oriental languages. He 
 died in 1 565. He translated several of the 
 Hebrew scriptures into German, and pub- 
 lished a Latin and German dictionary." His 
 son John James was professor of philosophy 
 and theology, lie died about 1610. His 
 other son succeeded him as professor at Zu- 
 rich, and died therein 161 1.— Henry Fri- 
 sius, of the same family, was professor of 
 languages at Zurich, where hetlied in 1718. 
 Fie wrote de Sede Animas rationalis, De 
 Communione Sanctorum, &c. See Gem- 
 M A . — Moreri. 
 
 Frith (John), a protestant martyr, was 
 born at Sevenoaks in Kent, and educated 
 at Cambridge, from whence he removed to 
 Oxford, where he became one of the canons 
 in Wolsey’s college. Through his acquaint- 
 ance with Tyndall, he embraced the prin- 
 ciples of the Reformation, for which he was 
 imprisoned. In 1528 he obtained his li- 
 berty, and went abroad. On his return he 
 zealously promoted the doctrine* of the 
 
FRO 
 
 FRY 
 
 gospel, for which he w.iS burned in Smith- 
 held in. 1533, He wrote several books 
 against popery, collected into 1 vol. folio. 
 
 ■ — Wood's t/1.0. 
 
 Frizon (Peter), a French jesuit, and 
 grand master of the college of Navarre at 
 Paris, who died about 1 650. He published 
 an edition of the Bible in French, trans- 
 lated by the divines of Louvain, with notes. 
 He also wrote a History of the French 
 Cardinals : a History of the Grand Almon- 
 ers of France; The Life of Spondseus, &c. 
 — Moreri. 
 
 Frobenius (John), a German printer, 
 who flourished at Basil in the 16'th century, 
 and was greatly esteemed by Erasmus, whose 
 works he printed, as he did those of Au- 
 gustine and Jerom. He died in 1529. — 
 Moreri. 
 
 Frobisher (sir Martin), an English na- 
 vigator, was born near Doncaster, in York- 
 shire, and bred early to the sea. The dis- 
 covery of a north-west passage to India was 
 an object which constantly exercised his 
 thoughts ; and after applying to several 
 merchants to engage in the enterprise, he 
 obtained tide patronage of the earl of W ar- 
 wick and other noblemen, who enabled 
 him to lit out three small vessels, with 
 which he sailed from Deptford in 1.576. 
 After exploring the coast of New Green- 
 land, he entered the straits which bear his 
 name, and then returned to England, bring- 
 ing with him a black stone, which is said to 
 have contained gold. In consequence of 
 this, he was sent out again to search for ore, 
 with a quantity of which he returned. A 
 third voyage was undertaken, with a num- 
 ber of ships to bring home the riches sup- 
 posed to exist in the newly-discovered 
 countries : but on the return of the expe- 
 dition the delusion was discovered. In 1585 
 Frobisher served under Drake in the West 
 Indies, and in 1588 he had a share in the 
 defeat of the Spanish armada The same 
 year he was knighted. This gallant officer 
 was killed in assaulting a fort near Brest, 
 in 1594. — Hacklayt. Blog. Brit. 
 
 Froelich (Erasmus), a learned jesuit, was 
 born at Gratz, in Stiria, in 1700. He was 
 a good mathematician and medallist, and 
 died in 1 758. Ilis works are, Quatuor Teu- 
 termina in re Nummaria, 4to. Annales Re- 
 rum et Regum Stiria;, folio; De Figura 
 Telluris, 4to. — Noun. Bid. Hist. 
 
 Froila I. king; of Spain, was the son of 
 Alphonsus I. and began his reign in 757. 
 He made good laws, and opposed the pro- 
 gress of the Moors. In 760 he obtained a 
 victory over the Saracens in Galicia, but 
 he sullied his character by the murder of 
 his brother V imazan, which was avenged by 
 his ether brother Aurelius, who slew him 
 in 763 , — Froila II. succeeded his brother 
 Ordogno in 923. rlc was a cruel prince, 
 which occasioned the province of Castile 
 to revolt against him. He died of the le- 
 prosy in 925. — Unh. Hid. 
 
 Froidmont (Libert), an ecclesiastic, wa9 
 born near Liege, in 1587. He was professor 
 of philosophy and dean of St. Peter’s at 
 Louvain, where he became interpreter of 
 the scriptures to the students. He died in 
 1653. He wrote Dissertatio de Cometa ; 
 Meteorologicorum,lib.v; Brevis Anatomica 
 Hominis ; In Actus Apostolorum Comment. 
 See. — Moreri. 
 
 Froissard or Froissart (John), an his- 
 torian, was born at Valenciennes in 1337. 
 His Chronicle, which narrates the transac- 
 tions of France, Spain, and England, from 
 1326 to 1400, is very accurate. The best 
 edition is that of Lyons, in 4 vols. folio, 
 1559. He was an ecclesiastic, but given to 
 gaiety- He died about 1410. His chroni- 
 cle was translated into old English by lord 
 Berners, and recently by Mr. Johnes of 
 Hafod. — Ibid. 
 
 Feomage (Peter), a French jesuit, who 
 resided many years in Egypt and Syria as 
 superior of the missions, and died in the 
 latter country in 1740. He established a 
 printing-press in the monastery of St. John, 
 near Antura,from whence he issued a num- 
 ber of pious pieces in the Arabic language. 
 — Moreri. 
 
 Fronteau (John), a French divine, was 
 born at Angers in 1614. lie became chan- 
 cellor of the university of Paris, and after- 
 wards prior of Benay in the diocese of An- 
 gers, and lastly of St. Magdalen of Mont- 
 argis, where he died in the 48th year of 
 his age. He published, The Philosophy 
 of Alamandus ; Antitheses Augustini &. 
 Calvini; and De Diebus Festivis, folio. — 
 Ibid. 
 
 Fp.ontinus (Sextus Julius), a Roman 
 writer, who died under Trajan. He wrote, 
 De Aquseductibus Urbis Rom* : Tres Li- 
 bros Stratagematum ; De Re Agraria : De 
 I.imitibus : which are extant. — Voss. Hist. 
 Lat. 
 
 Fronto (Marcus Cornelius), a Roman 
 orator, who was preceptor to Verus and 
 M. Aurelius. The latter made him consul, 
 and erected a statue to his honour. — Mo- 
 reri. 
 
 Frowde (Philip), an English poet, was 
 educated at Oxford. His Latin poems in 
 the Musae Anglican* are elegant. He also 
 wrote two tragedies: The Fall of Sagun- 
 tum, and Philotas. He died in 1738. — 
 Biog. Dram. 
 
 Frugoni (Charles Innocent), an Italian 
 poet, was born at Genoa in 1692. He was 
 bred an ecclesiastic, which state he quitted, 
 and became secretary to the academy of arts 
 at Parma, where he died in 1768. His 
 works were printed at Parma in 1779, in 9 
 vols. 8vO. — Noun. Did. Hist. 
 
 Frumentis (St.), the first who preached 
 the gospel in Ethiopia, of which country he 
 was ordained bishop by St. Athanasius in 
 331 . He died about 360. — Mover]. 
 
 Frye (Thomas), a painter, was born at 
 Dublin in 1710. lie came early to Lon- 
 
F U I 
 
 F U L 
 
 don, and in 1738 painted a picture of the 
 Prince of Wales for Sadlers’-Hall. After 
 practising as a painter some years, he un- 
 dertook the management of a china manu- 
 factory at Bow, which did not answer. He 
 then returned to his' former profession, 
 and also exercised the art of scraping por- 
 traits in rnezzotinto, particularly those of 
 the king and queen. He died in 1762. — 
 Lntop. Mug. 
 
 Fuchs (Leonard), a German physician 
 and botanist, was born in 1501, at Wemb- 
 dingen, in Bavaria. He was knighted by 
 Charles V. Mis greatest work is Historia 
 Plantarum, printed at Basil in 1542. lie 
 also wrote several medical books. He died 
 in 1566.' — Halier's Bill. Med. et A:iat. 
 
 Fuessli (John Gaspard), an ingenious 
 Swiss, was born at Zurich in 1706. He 
 was an excellent artist, and generally esteem- 
 ed for his amiable qualities. He wrote a 
 history of the artistsof Switzerland, which 
 is a good work. Fie died in 1782. His son 
 John Gaspard, was a bookseller at Zurich, 
 and died therein 1786. He published some 
 esteemed works on entomology. — Gen. Blog. 
 
 Fugcer (Huldric), a liberal encourager 
 of learning, was born at Augsburg in 1526. 
 He expended considerable sums in pur- 
 chasing ancient MSS. and getting them 
 printed, which so provoked his relations, 
 that they obtained a decree against him, by 
 which he was pronounced incapable of 
 managing his affairs. He died at Fleidel- 
 berg in 1584. — Moreri. 
 
 Fulbert, a French bishop, was a native 
 of Italy, and a pupil of pope Sylvester II. 
 On going to France as a public lecturer, he 
 gained a great reputation, and the bishop- 
 ric of Chartres. Fie was zealous against 
 Berengarius on the eucharist, and intro- 
 duced the worship of the Virgin into 
 France. His works are extant. He died in 
 1028. — Ibid . 
 
 Fulda (Charles Frederick), an ingenious 
 Lutheran divine, was born at Wimpfen in 
 Suabia in 1722, and died at Einzigen, in 
 1788. He wrote a dictionary of the Ger- 
 man Roots; An Enquiry into Language ; 
 On the Origin of the Goths ; On the Cini- 
 bri; On the Deities of the Germans; and a 
 Chart of History. l ie was also an excellent 
 mechanic. — Gen. Biog. 
 
 Fulgentius (St.), a father of the church, 
 was born at Lepta, about 468, of a noble 
 family. When young, he was appointed to 
 a lucrative post, which he abandoned for 
 the monastic profession. In 507 he was 
 chosen bishop of Ruspa. He was after- 
 wards banished with all the African bishops 
 who adhered to the orthodox faith, by 
 Thrasimond, king of the Vandals, who pro- 
 fessed arianism. On the death of that mo- 
 narch they were recalled. Fulgentius died 
 in 533. His works were printed at Paris 
 in one vol. 4to. 1684. — Cave Hist. Lit. 
 
 Fulke (William), an English divine, was 
 torn in London, and educated at St. John’s 
 
 college, Cambridge, of which he was chosen 
 fellow in 1564. The earl of Leicester pre- 
 sented him to the livings of War ley in Es- 
 sex, and Diddington in Suffolk. He was 
 afterwards made master of Pembroke-hall, 
 and Margaret professor of divinity. He 
 died in 1589. Of his woks the most noted 
 is his Commentary upon the RhemishTrans- 
 lation of the New Testament, printed in 
 1580. — Wood' s A. 0. 
 
 Fuller (Nicholas), a learned divine, was 
 born at Southampton, and educated at the 
 free-school in that town, after which he be- 
 came secretary to the bishop of Winches- 
 ter, on whose death he went to Oxford, 
 where he took his degrees in arts, and en- 
 tered into orders. He obtained a prebend 
 in the church of Salisbury, and the living 
 of Bishop’s Waltham in Hampshire. Fie 
 died in 1622. His Miscellanea 1 heologica, 
 printed at Oxford in 1616, is a valuable 
 body of sacred criticism. — Ibid. 
 
 Fuller (Thomas), an historian and di- 
 vine, was born at Aidwincle in Northamp- 
 tonshire in 1608, and educated at Queen’s 
 college, Cambridge. In 1631 he was chosen 
 fellow of Sidney college, and about the 
 same time obtained a prebend of Salisbury. 
 He was also presented to the rectory of 
 Broad Windsor in Dorsetshire. He after- 
 wards removed to London, and became 
 lecturer at the Savoy. Fie adhered strenu- 
 ously to the royal cause, and became chap- 
 lain to lord Hopton, who left him at Ba- 
 singhouse, which was shortly after besieged 
 by sir William Waller, but the garrison 
 being spirited up by Fuller, made so vi- 
 gorous a resistance, that Waller was obliged 
 to retire. On the ruin of the king’s affairs 
 he was chosen lecturer of St. Bride’s, Fleet- 
 street. About 1648 he obtained the recto- 
 ry of Waltham in Essex ; and between that 
 time and the Restoration he published a 
 number of books, the principal of which 
 was the Church History of Britain, folio. 
 At the Restoration, he was made chaplain- 
 extraordinary to the king, restored to his 
 prebend, and created D. D. He died in 
 1661. The year following appeared his 
 History of the Worthies of England, in 
 folio. Besides the above he published, The 
 History of the Holy War, folio ; The I loly 
 State, folio ; Pisgah Sight of Palestine, 
 folio; Abel Redivivus, or Lives of eminent 
 Divines, 4to.; Sc'rmons and Tracts. He is 
 said to have had so strong a memory as to 
 tell in their exact order the names of the 
 signs then placed over every tradesman’s 
 door, after a walk between Temple-bar and 
 the Royal Exchange. His style is exceed- 
 ingly quaint, and he was too fond of pun- 
 ning. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Fuller (Isaac), an English painter in 
 the reign of Charles II. He painted the Re- 
 surrection at All Souls’ college, Oxford ; 
 another at Magdalen college ; and a pic- 
 ture at Wadham college; which last is the 
 best. He studied in France under Perrier. 
 
G A B 
 
 GAB 
 
 lie died, in 1 6 / 6 . — Jf dipole's Jhicc. of Paint- 
 ars. 
 
 Far. 10 (Peter), an heretical bishop of 
 Ant ioch in the 5th century. He embraced 
 the Eutychian heresy, to which lie added a 
 notion, that all the persons of the Trinity 
 suffered oh the cross. He usurped the see 
 of Antioch from Martyrius, for which he 
 was deposed, but Zeno the emperor re- 
 stored him. — Morcri. 
 
 Fulvia, the wife of Marc Anthony, was 
 a woman of a vindictive spirit. When Oc- 
 tavius returned to Rome, and had a quar- 
 rel with her, Fulvia took tip arms against 
 him, which gave so much offence to An- 
 thony, that lie treated her with roughness. 
 'L his behaviour operated upon her so much, 
 that she retired to Greece, and died of 
 grief. When the head of Cicero was brought 
 to her, she took it in her lap, spit upon it, 
 and thrust repeatedly a silver bodkin 
 through the tongue.' — Bayle. 
 
 Furetieke (Anthony), a learned French- 
 man, was born at Paris in 1620. After 
 practising with reputation as an advocate, 
 he entered into orders, and became abbot 
 of Chalivoyand prior of Chuines. He was 
 expelled from the French academy for un- 
 dertaking his dictionary of the French 
 tongue, in opposition to their own. It was 
 printed in 1690, in 2 vols. folio. He died 
 in 1688. — Morcri, 
 
 Furini (Francesco), an eminent histori- 
 cal painter, was born at Florence in 1G04, 
 and died in 1646. He excelled in painting 
 naked figures, as nymphs bathing, See . — 
 Pilkington. 
 
 FuKiuSjSurnamed Bibaculus,an old Latin 
 poet, was born at Cremona about 100 B.C. 
 He wrote annals and satires, of which only 
 some fragments are extant. — Voss, de Post. 
 Bat. 
 
 1‘urneaux (Philip), an ingenious divine 
 of the nonconformist persuasion, was born 
 at Totness in Devonshire, in 1726. After 
 receiving an academical education for the 
 ministry, he became assistant in a presbyte* 
 rian congregation in Southwark, and after- 
 wards one of the lecturers at Salters’-hall. 
 
 In 1753 he .succeeded Mr. I.owman as pas- 
 tor ot a congregation at Clapham. He ob- 
 tained his degree of doctor of divinity from 
 
 one of the Scotch universities, and died iit 
 1783. Dr. Furneaux wrote letters to J udge 
 Blackstone concerning his Exposition of the 
 Act of Toleration ; and an Essay on Tole- 
 ration. — Gent. Mag. Bee. 1783. 
 
 Furst (Walter), one of the founders of 
 the liberties of the Swiss. In 1307 he 
 headed some other brave men, and took 
 the forts belonging to the Austrians and 
 destroyed them, which was the first step to 
 the restoration of the Swiss independence. 
 — Nouv. Bret. Hist. 
 
 Furstemuerg (Ferdinand de), an emi- 
 nent prelate, was descended from an antient 
 and noblefamilv in Westphalia, aud born in 
 1626. Pope Alexander VII. gave him se- 
 veral ecclesiastical benefices, and in 1678 
 he obtained the see of Munster, at which 
 time he was also declared apostolical vicar 
 of the north of Europe. He was a liberal 
 encourager of learning, and supported se- 
 veral foundations for the propagation of 
 Christianity in distant countries. He died 
 in 1683. The bishop published a valuable 
 work, entituled Monumenta Padcrbornen- 
 sia, 1672, 4to. ; and a Collection of Latin 
 Poems . — Moreri. 
 
 Fust (Anthony), a French ecclesiastic, 
 who turned protestant at the beginning of 
 the 17th century. He was a doctor of the 
 Sorbonne, and held the living of St. Bar- 
 tholomew in Paris ; hut having expressed 
 free opinions against tire Jesuits, he was 
 thrown into prison on the charges of lewd- 
 ness and heresy. After a long confine- 
 ment he was liberated and went to Gene- 
 va, where he renounced popery, and died 
 about 1630. He wrote an account of his 
 case, and a book against the Romish errors 
 and, corruptions. — Ibid. 
 
 Fuzeltf.r (Lewis), a French dramatic 
 writer, and one of the editors of a periodi- 
 ca) work called the Mercury. He died in 
 1752, aged 80. Ilis pieces are written with 
 spirit. — Now. Bid. Hist. 
 
 Lyot de i.a Marche (Claude), count of 
 Bosjam, a French ecclesiastic, was born at 
 Dijon in 1630. Lewis XiV. made him 
 counsellor of state and prior of Notre 
 Dame. He died at Dijon in 1721. He wrote 
 a History of tha Abbey of St. Stephen, folio, 
 and some religious pieces. — Moreri. 
 
 G. 
 
 £J.AAL (Barent), a Dutch painter, was 
 Dorn aoout 1650. l ie was the disciple 
 of Philip Wo overmans. His landscapes 
 are very fine. — Houhraken. 
 
 Gahbi4.ni (Antonio Domenico), an his- 
 torical and portrait painter of Florence, 
 was bom in 1652, and died in 1726. He was 
 killed by a fall from a scaffold as he was at 
 work. — PilLington. 
 
 Gabinius (Aulus), a Roman consul 58 
 years B.C. J4e was successful in a war 
 
 against Alexander, the son of Aristobu- 
 lus, king of Judea; and placed Ptolemy 
 Auletcs on the throne of ugvpt. On hi's 
 return to Rome he was accused of extor- 
 tion, and banished. He died B.C. 40. — 
 Joephin. Univ. Hist. 
 
 Gabriel (Severus), a Greek bishop, was 
 born at Monembasia, in the Peloponnesus. 
 He was consecrated bishop of Philadelphia 
 in 1577, but afterwards went to Venice, 
 and was bishop of the Greek church in 
 
GAE 
 
 GAG 
 
 that republic. He wrote in Greek a Trea- 
 tise on the Sacraments, and a Defence of 
 the Greek Church, published at Paris in 
 1671, 4tO. — Moreri. 
 
 Gabriel (Sionita), a learned maronite, 
 and professor of the Oriental languages at 
 Rome and at Paris, at which last place he 
 died in 1648. He assisted Le Jay in his 
 Polyglot Bible, and published a translation 
 of the Arabic geography, with the title of 
 Geographia Nubiensis, 1619, 4to, — Ibid. 
 
 Gabriel (James), a French architect, was 
 born at Paris in 1661, and died in 1742. 
 He became inspector-general of buildings, 
 and chief architect and engineer, and had 
 the order of St. Michael conferred on him. 
 — Nouv. Diet. Hist. t 
 
 Gabrieli. e (de Bourbon), daughter of 
 Louis de Bourbon count de Montpensier, 
 married in 1485 Louis de la Trimouille, 
 who was killed at the battle of Pavia in 
 1525, and by whom she had Charles count 
 deTalmond, killed at the battle of Marig- 
 nan in 1515 She died in 1516. This prin- 
 cess was a woman of talents and virtue. 
 She wrote several pious tracts, which were 
 never published. — Ibid. 
 
 Gabrino (Augustin), the chief of a sect 
 of fanatics who called themselves “ Knights 
 of the Apocalypse,” was a native of Bre- 
 scia. He assumed the title of “ Prince of 
 Number Seven, and Monarch of the Ploly 
 Trinity.” The object he professed was, to 
 defend the catholic church against anti- 
 christ ; he collected about eighty followers, 
 who wore a device on their habits to dis- 
 tinguish them. In 1694 Gabrino was con- 
 fined in a madhouse, where he died, and 
 his disciples were dispersed. — Moreri. 
 
 Gacon (Francis), a French satyrist, who 
 wrote against Bossuet, Rousseau, and Le 
 Motte. He was born at Lyons in 1666, 
 and became a priest of the oratory ; gained 
 the prize for poetry of the academy in 
 1717, and died at his priory of Baillon in 
 1 7 25. — Ibid. 
 
 Gaddesden (John), an English physi- 
 cian, author of a treatise on medicine, cn- 
 tituled Rosa Anglica. He lived in the 14th 
 century. I., ike most of his profession in 
 those times, he was in holy orders. — Ibid. 
 
 Gaddi (Gaddo), an historical painter of 
 Florence, was born in 1239, and died in 
 1312. He performed several works in mo- 
 saic. His son Taddeo and his grandson Ag- 
 nolo were also excellent artists. — Pilkirigton. 
 
 G a e l.e n (Alexander van),aDutch painter, 
 was born in. 1670, and died in 1728. He 
 settled in London, and painted some battle- 
 pieces, particularly one of the Boyne. — Ibid. 
 
 Gtetano (Scipio), a Florentine painter, 
 was born in 1550, and died in 1588. He 
 painted historical subjects and portraits. — 
 Ibid. 
 
 Gaertner (Joseph), an eminent natu- 
 ralist, was born at Calu,in Suabia, in 1732. 
 His father was physician to the duke of 
 Wh teruberg. He received his education at 
 
 Tubingen, where he studied theology, being 
 destined for the church. An ardent thirst 
 for natural history and mathematics drew 
 him from this profession, and he applied to 
 medicine. From Tubingen he went to Got- 
 tingen, and attended the lectures of Plal- 
 ler. He afterwards travelled through seve- 
 ral parts of Europe, and on his return to 
 his own country, took the degree of M.D. 
 In 1759 he went to Leyden, where he .at- 
 tended the botanical lectures, and applied 
 himself to vegetable anatomy. With this 
 view he visited England, and communi- 
 cated some interesting papers to the Philo- 
 sophical Transactions, the principal of 
 which is a Memoir on the Fructification 
 and Propagation of Confervas, Ac. Here 
 he gained the friendship of some of the 
 most eminent men of the age, and was ad- 
 mitted a fellow of the royal society. In 
 1768 he went to Petersburg, and was ap- 
 pointed professor of botany and natural 
 history. After filling that place with great 
 credit, and exploring the Ukraine for bota- 
 nical discoveries, he returned to his native 
 place in 1770. In 1778 he came to Lon- 
 don, to make drawings and descriptions of 
 fruits to illustrate the great work in which 
 he wa6 engaged, his Carpology, the first 
 volume of which he dedicated to sir Jo- 
 seph Banks. He died in 1791. He left a 
 number of valuable MSS. — Life of Gaert- 
 ner by Deleuze. 
 
 Gaffarell (James), a French writer, 
 was born at Mannes, in Provence, about 
 1601. He adopted the doctrines of the 
 Cabala, in defence of which he wrote a 
 quarto volume in Latin. He became libra- 
 rian to cardinal Richelieu, who gave him 
 several preferments. He died at Sigonce, 
 at the age of 80. Besides the above, he 
 wrote a book, entituled, “ Unheard-of Cu- 
 riosities concerning the Talismanic Sculp- 
 ture of the Persians, the Horoscope of the 
 Patriarchs, and the Reading of the Stars.’* 
 — Moreri. 
 
 Gafurio (Franchino), a professor of mu- 
 sic, was born at Lodi in 1451. He was in 
 orders, and became head of the choir in 
 the cathedral of Milan, where also he was 
 appointed musical professor. Fie died about 
 1520. His works are, Theoricum Opus 
 Musicse disciplina:; Practica Musics utri- 
 usque Cantus; Angelicum etDivinum Opus 
 Musica; materna lingua Script.; De Har- 
 monica Musicorum Instrumentorum, &c. 
 
 — Tirabosehi. Haivkins. Barney. 
 
 Gage (Thomas), an Irishman by birth, 
 and a monk of the jacobin order in Spain, 
 was sent a missionary to the Philippines in 
 1625. On finishing his mission, he retired 
 to England, where in 1651 he published an 
 Account of the East Indies. — Moreri. 
 
 Gagnier (John), a learned orientalist, 
 was a native of Paris. He was bred a Ro- 
 man catholic, but turned protestant and 
 Settled in England. He was patronised by 
 tpany eminent persons, and received the 
 F f 
 
GAL 
 
 GAL 
 
 degree of M. A. at Cambridge and Oxford. 
 In 1706 he published an edition of Ben Go- 
 rion’s History of the Jews, in Hebrew, with 
 a Latin translation and notes. In 1723 he 
 edited Abitlfeda’s Life of Mohammed, in 
 Arabic, with a Latin translation and notes, 
 folio. He succeeded Dr. Wallis in the Ara- 
 bic professorship at Oxford. He died in 
 172 5. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Gaony (John), a learned French divine, 
 and first almoner to Francis I. He was 
 chancellor of the university of Paris, and 
 died in 1549. He published an edition of 
 the Psalms in verse, and Commentaries on 
 the New Testament, 6tc. — Moreri. 
 
 Gauuin (Robert), a French historian, 
 was born at Colines, near Amiens, and edu- 
 cated at Paris. He was keeper of the royal 
 library* and general of the order of trini- 
 tarians* and died in. 1501. His principal 
 Work is, Compendium super Francorum 
 gestis a Pharamondo usque ad an. 1491 , pub- 
 lished at Lyons in 1524. — tyuv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Gaicuies (John), a French writer, was 
 born in 1648. He became a priest of the 
 oratory, and a prebendary at Soissons. He 
 died at Paris in 1731. He wrote Academi- 
 cal Discourses, Maxims for Pulpit Orators, 
 &c .—Ibid. 
 
 Gaillard (de Lonjumeau), bishop of 
 Apt, in Provence, who died in 1695. He 
 was the first who projected a universal his- 
 torical dictionary, and employed Moreri, 
 who was his almoner, to execute the work ; 
 causing researches to be made for it in all 
 valuable libraries. Moreri dedicated to 
 him the first edition of his dictionary. 
 
 Gain as, a Goth, who became a general 
 in the Roman army under Arcadius. He 
 put Eutropius, the favourite of that empe- 
 ror, to death, also the prefect Rufinus. 
 Being refused a church for the Arians, he 
 took Constantinople; but after ravaging 
 Thrace, he was defeated by the Huns, and 
 his head sent to Arcadius, A. D. 400. — Univ. 
 Hist. 
 
 Gainsborough (Thomas), an English 
 painter, wa3 born at Sudbury, in Suffolk, 
 fn 1727. He was self-taught, and used to 
 entertain himself by drawing landscapes 
 from nature, in the woods of his native 
 county. From Sudbury he came to Lon- 
 don, and commenced portrait painter, in 
 which line he acquired great eminence. 
 His chief excellence, however, was in land- 
 scape, in which he united the brilliancy 
 of Claude with the simplicity of Ruysdael. 
 He died in 1788. His eldest brother was 
 also a good artist ; and another, who was a 
 dissenting minister at Henley, in Oxford- 
 shire, was an ingenious mechanic. — Europ. 
 Mug. Pilkington. 
 
 Galadin (Mahomet), emperor of the 
 Moguls in the 16th century. He gave au- 
 dience to his subjects twice a day ; and that 
 ' none might be repulsed, he ordered a bell 
 to be fixed in his apartments, with a cord 
 that descended into the street ; and when 
 
 he heard the bell, he either went down, ot* 
 caused the petitioner to be brought to him. 
 He died in 1605. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 GALANTifii(llippolito),a painterand ca- 
 puchin, whence he is frequently called Ca- 
 puchino, was born at Genoa in 16'27. He 
 painted history and portraits in miniature. 
 He died ill 1706. — > Pilkington . 
 
 Galanus (Clement), an Italian monk of 
 the order of Theatins, who was employed 
 as missionary in Armenia many years. He 
 published at Rome in 1 605 a grammar of the 
 Armenian language, and in 1650 various 
 treatises in that tongue, accompanied with 
 Latin translations, in 2 vols. folio. — Moreri. 
 
 Galas (Matthew), one of the greatest 
 generals of his time, was born at Trent in 
 1589. He served in Italy and Germany 
 under the celebrated Tilli 0 in the command 
 of the Imperial armies, and rendered emi- 
 nent services to the emperor Frederic II. 
 and Philip IV. king of Spain. He was de- 
 prived of the command, after being defeat- 
 ed by the Swedes near Magdeburg, but 
 was restored, and died at Vienna in 1647. 
 — Moreri. 
 
 Galateo (Antonio), a learned physician, 
 was descended from a Greek family, and 
 born in 1444 at Galatino in the territory of 
 Otranto. He was appointed physician to 
 the king of Naples, and died at Lecce, in 
 his native province, in 1516. He wrote De 
 Situ Iapygiss; De Situ JElementorum; De 
 Situ Terrarum ; De Mari et Aquis, &c. — > 
 Ibid. 
 
 Gai.atin (Peter), a franciscan monk, 
 who flourished about 1530. He wrote De 
 Arcanis Catholicx Veritatis, a work of 
 considerable reputation, the best edition of 
 which is that of 1672, folio — Ibid. 
 
 Galba (Servius Sulpicius), emperor of 
 Rome, was descended from the ancient fa- 
 mily of Sulpitii, He was successively prae- 
 tor, proconsul of Africa, and general of 
 the Roman armies in Germany and Spain. 
 He retired to avoid the jealousy of Nero ; 
 but the tyrant having issued an order for 
 his death, Galba proclaimed himself empe- 
 ror, and Gaul declaring for him, Nero put 
 himself to deatii. Galba gave himself , up 
 to the government of three obscure men, 
 whom the Romans called his school-mas- 
 ters. He was slain by the prxtorian band, 
 who proclaimed Otho in his stead, A. D. 
 69. — Crevier. 
 
 Gai.e (John), an eminent divine among 
 the baptists, was born at London, in 1680. 
 At the age of 17 he was sent to Leyden, 
 where he received the degrees of master of 
 arts and doctor of philosophy. From Ley- 
 den he went to Amsterdam to study under 
 professor Limborch ; and there he became 
 acquainted with Le Clerc. The History 
 of Infant Baptism, by Mr. Wall, published 
 in 1705, attracting his notice, he wrote a 
 reply to it ; which, however, did not ap- 
 pear till 1711. About this time he was 
 chosen minister of the baptist congregation 
 
GAL 
 
 GAL 
 
 in Barbican. Mr. Wall published an an- 
 swer to Dr. Gale in a work, entituled, A 
 Defence of the History of Infant Baptism ; 
 for which he received the degree of D. D. 
 from the university of Oxford. A prema- 
 ture death prevented the execution of a re- 
 ply which Gale meditated. He died of a 
 fever in 1721. Four vols. of his sermons 
 were printed after his death. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Gale (Theophilus), an eminent noncon- 
 formist divine, was born in 1628 at King’s 
 Teignton in Devonshire. He received his 
 academical education at Magdalen college, 
 Oxford, took his degrees in arts, and was 
 chosen fellow. l ie was invited to Winches- 
 ter in 1657, where he preached till 1661, 
 when he was deprived for nonconformity. 
 He then became tutor to the sons of lord 
 Wharton, with whom he Went to Caen in 
 Normandy. In 1665 he returned to Eng- 
 land, and became pastor of a dissenting con- 
 gregation and master of a seminary at New- 
 ington. He died in 1678. He wrote many 
 works, the principal of which is, his Court of 
 the Gentiles, 3 vols. 4 to.; in which he proves, 
 that the theology and philosophy of the 
 pagans were borrowed from the scriptures. 
 
 ■ — Prince's Worthies of Demon. Wood. Calamy. 
 
 Gale (Thomas), a learned English divine, 
 was born in 1636, at Scruton, in Yorkshire. 
 He was educated at Westminster school, and 
 elected to Trinity college, Cambridge, of 
 which he became fellow. In 1666 he was 
 chosen Greek professor, and, in 1672, mas- 
 ter of St. Paul’s school. He was a member 
 of the royal society, of which he became 
 one of the honorary secretaries. In 1697 
 he was promoted to the deanry of York, 
 where he died in 1702. He published a 
 collection of the Greek Mythologists ; His- 
 toric Poeticas antiqui Scriptores Grccse & 
 Latins; Jamblichus de Mysteriis ; Iderodo- 
 ti Halicarnassensis Idistoriarum ; an edi- 
 tion of Cicero Historic Anglicans Scrip- 
 tores ; Historic Britannics, Saxonies, Ail- 
 glo-Danics ; a volume of sermons ; Anto- 
 nini iter Britanniarum, &c. — Bag. Brit. 
 
 Gale (Roger), the eldest son of the 
 above. He received his education at Trinity 
 college, Cambridge, where he was chosen 
 fellow in 1697. He was member of parlia- 
 ment for Northallerton, in Yorkshire, in 
 three parliaments, the first vice-president 
 of the society of antiquaries, and treasurer 
 to the royal society. Pie died in 1744. 
 Mr. Gale published some valuable books, 
 the principal of which was an edition of 
 his father’s Commentary on Antoninus, 
 Samuel Gale, his brother, was also eminent 
 for his knowledge of antiquities. Pie died 
 in 1754, at the age of l l 2.~Biog. Brit. 
 
 Galeano (Joseph), a physician of Pa- 
 lermo, was born in 1605, and died in 1675. 
 Besides several works on medical subjects, 
 he published a collection of the Sicilian 
 poets, in 5 volumes. — Moreri. 
 
 Galen (Claudius), a celebrated physician, 
 was bora at Pergamus in Asia, in 131, 
 
 After obtaining a most liberal education, he 
 applied to the study of medicine, and at- 
 tended all the eminent schools in Greece 
 and Egypt. He practised four years in his 
 native city, and then went to Rome, but 
 was driven from thence by the persecution 
 of the physicians, who attributed his suc- 
 cess to magic. From Rome he returned to 
 Pergamus, but by the favour of the emperor 
 Marcus Aurelius he gained his footing at 
 Rome. He died at the age of 70. He 
 wrote 300 volumes on physic, and also 
 on many other sciences. The remains of 
 his works were published at Basil, with a 
 Latin version, in 5 vols. folio, 1538. — Mor. 
 
 Galen (Matthew), a learned divine of 
 the Roman church, was a native of Zea- 
 land He became professor, and chancel- 
 lor of the university of Douay, where he 
 died in 1573. He wrote Commentarium 
 de Christiano & Catholico Sacerdote, 4to. ; 
 De Origiuilsus Monasticis; De Missse Sacri- 
 ficio; De SiEculi nostri Choreis, &e. — Mor. 
 
 Galen (Bernard van), bishop of Munster, 
 was bom of a noble family in Westphalia 
 in 1604. In his youth he commanded a re- 
 giment in the service of the elector of Co- 
 logne, but on entering into orders obtained 
 a canonry in the cathedral of Munster. In 
 1650 he was elected bishop; but the pope 
 refused to confirm the appointment. Ber- 
 nard, however, secured his seat, and endea- 
 voured to introduce a garrison of troops in- 
 to the city, which occasioned a war between 
 him and the citizens. The matter was at. 
 last compromised, and the bishop was cho- 
 sen one of the leaders of the army against 
 the Turks, but peace being restored pre- 
 vented his taking the command. In 1665 
 he took up arms against the United States 
 and captured several places, but the inter- 
 ference of France forced him to make peace. 
 In 1 672 he entered into a league with France 
 and England against the States, and again 
 took some places from them. He afterwards 
 joined Denmark against Sweden. He died 
 in 1678. — Moreri. 
 
 Galeoti (Martio), a native of Narni in 
 Italy, was private secretary to Alatthias 
 Corvinus, king of Hungary, tutor to his son 
 John Corvinus, and keeper of the library 
 at Buda. Lewis XI. of France inviting him 
 to his court, he went to Lyons, where he 
 died in 1478. He published a collection of 
 bon-mots of Matthias Corvinus; and a work 
 entituled, De homine interiore, <Sc de cor- 
 pore ejus. — Moreri. 
 
 Galeoti (Nicholas), an Italian Jesuit, 
 who died in 1748. He Wrote lives of the ge- 
 nerals of his order, publishedin I^itin and Ita- 
 lian at Rome, in 17 48: also notes on the Mu- 
 s.xum Odescalcum, 2 vols. folio. — N. D. H. 
 v Galerius (C. Valerius Maximianus), a 
 Roman emperor, was a herdsman of Dacia, 
 and entering into the army as a private- 
 soldier, rose to several military posts. Dio- 
 cletian gave him his daughter in marriage, 
 and in 292 took him as partner in the em- 
 Ff 2 
 
GAL 
 
 G A L 
 
 pire. Ia 296 he commanded in Mesopota- 
 mia, where lie was defeated by Narses, king 
 of Persia, but he soon' retrieved his reputa- 
 tion by a great victory, in which the wives, 
 children, aqd property of that prince fell 
 into his hands. Hs instigated Diocletian 
 to persecute the Christians, and on his abdi- 
 cation Galcrius rose to supreme power. 
 At the close of his life he desisted from per- 
 secuting the Christians, and requested their' 
 prayers. He died in 311. — Greater. Un. Hut. 
 
 Galgacus, chief of the Caledonians, who 
 resisted with uncommon valour the Romans 
 under the command of Agricola. Alter 
 several skirmishes the two armies came to a 
 pitched battle, previous to which Galgacus 
 made a noble speech to his troops. He was 
 however defeated with prodigious loss. — 
 'Tacitus. 
 
 Galiani (Ferdinand), an Italian writer, 
 was born of a noble family at Chieti in 
 Abruzzi, in 1728. His principal work was 
 on Money and Specie, published in 1750, 
 occasioned by the scarcity of cash in the 
 two Sicilies/ This procured him prefer- 
 ment in the church for which he had been 
 educated, by his uncle the archbishop of 
 Tarento. In 1772 he published a catalogue 
 of stones found about Vesuvius, which col- 
 lection he presented to pope Benedict XIV. 
 and, on one of the boxes, wrote this inscrip- 
 tion, “ Beatissime pater, fac ut lapides isti 
 panes fiant.” This wit had its effect, and 
 the pope gave him a valuable living. In 
 1759 he was appointed secretary to the 
 French embassy ; and during his residence 
 at Paris his company was universally court- 
 ed. He wrote there, Dialogues on the Corn 
 Trade, which excited considerable notice, 
 though anonymous. In 1779 he returned 
 to Naples, where he died in 1787. Besides 
 the above works he wrote a Commentary 
 on Horace ; a Treatise on the natural Du- 
 ties of Princes to other belligerent Powers ; 
 Ac. — Life of Galiani, by Diodati, Naples, 1788. 
 
 Galilei (Galileo), a celebrated astrono- 
 mer, was the son of a Florentine nobleman, 
 and born at Pisa in 1564. His father was 
 desirous that he should study medicine; but 
 he attached himself to mathematics, and at 
 the age of 25 was made mathematical pro- 
 fessor at Pisa, from whence he removed to 
 Padua. In 1609 having heard that Jansen 
 had invented a glass by which objects at a 
 distance were rendered as visible as if near, 
 he tinned his attention to the subject and 
 constructed a telescope, by means of which 
 he discovered the irregularities of the 
 Moon’s surface and that of Venus. He also 
 found that the Via Lactea is an assemblage 
 of fixed stars; and by assiduous application 
 of his invention, he made many other im- 
 portant discoveries in the heavens.. But his 
 assertion of the earth’s motion gave such 
 offence to the inquisitors, that in 1615 he 
 was cited to Rome, and required to recant 
 these propositions, that the sun is the centre 
 of the world, and thatthe earth is not the cen- 
 
 tra of tile \Vorld, but has a diurnal motion. 
 After being confined a few months, he was 
 released, and charged not to defend these 
 heretical opinions either by word or wri- 
 ting. In 1632. he published at Florence hi* 
 Dialogues on the Ptolemaic and Coperni- 
 can Systems of the World, for which he 
 was cited to Rome ; his book ordered to b® 
 publicly burnt ; the author sentenced to be 
 impri oned, to make another recantation of 
 his errors, and, by way of penance, to recite 
 the seven penitential psalms once a week. 
 This sentence however was changed by the 
 pope, and Galileo obtained his liberty. He 
 then retired to his house near Florence, 
 where he continued his observations till he 
 became blind by intense application. lie 
 died in 1642. His principal works are. 
 The Operations of the Compass ; on the 
 Swimming of Bodies ; Mechanics ; Nuncius 
 Sidercus ; on the Trepidation of the Moon; 
 Discourse of the solar Spots . Mathematical 
 Discourses and Demonstrations; Treatise of 
 the Mundane System. His son Vincenza 
 Galilei was the first who applied his father’* 
 invention of the pendulum to clock-work. 
 The father of Galilei wrote^ some esteemed 
 works on music. — Martin's Biog. Phil. Hut- 
 ion's Math. Diet. 
 
 Galland (Anthony), a learned French 
 writer. He was born at Rollo in Picardy, 
 in 16-^6; and died at Paris in 1715. He 
 was sent by Colbert to tlie East ; and on his 
 return to France was made a member of the 
 academy of inscriptions, and professor of 
 Arabic in the royal college of Paris. He 
 wrote several dissertations on medals ; but 
 the work by which he is best known is the 
 translation of the Arabian Nights’ Entertain- 
 ments. He is not to be confounded with 
 Augustus Galland, author of a History of 
 France and Navarre. — Moreri. 
 
 Galle, or Galljeus (Servatius), a Dutch 
 divine, and pastor of the Walloon church 
 at Haerlem, who died in 1709. He edited 
 Lactantius with notes, 1660. Svo. ; and 
 wrote Dissertationes de Sybillis earumque 
 Oraculis, 1688, 4to. : he also published an 
 edition of the Sybilline Oracles, with cor- 
 rections and notes. — Moreri. 
 
 Gallienus, a Roman emperor, was son 
 of Valerian, and associated with him in the 
 empire in 253. His father being taken 
 prisoner by Sapor, king of Persia, in 260, 
 he became sole emperor, but degenerated 
 into effeminacy and cruelty. He was as- 
 sassinated in 268. — Uni-v. Hist. Brevier. 
 
 Gallitzin (Basil), a Russian nobleman, 
 who was in great favour with the regent 
 princess Sophia, sister of the czars Peter I. 
 and I wan. He was of an ambitious cha- 
 racter ; and suspected of a design upon the 
 throne. He was unsuccessful in war ; and 
 the intrigues of Sophia against her brother 
 Peter being discovered, she was confined in 
 a monastery, and Gallitzin exiled. He died 
 in a monastery, in 1713,. at the age of SO* 
 — Gen. Biog. Diet, 
 
G A L 
 
 Gall irziN(Michael Michaelowitz prince 
 of), of the same family as the preceding', 
 was born in 1674. He served under Peter 
 the Great, both by land and sea. In 1725 he 
 was made field-marshal, and afterwards pre- 
 sident of the college of war. He died in 
 1750. — Gen. h'iojr. Diet. 
 
 Gali.oche. (Lewis), a French painter, 
 was the disciple of Boullonge and the 
 master of le Moine. He died rector and 
 chancellor of the royal academy in 1761, at 
 the age of 91. — D’ ' Argenville. 
 
 Gallonius (Anthony), a priest of the 
 oratory at Rome, who died there in 1605. 
 He wrote a History of Virgins ; Lives of 
 Martyrs; Life of Philip Neri ; and Apolo- 
 geticus liber pro assertis in annal. Eccles. 
 Baronianis de Monachatu Sancti Gregoriaa 
 Papas, 4to. But his most famous work is 
 one on the different Sorts of Cruelties exer- 
 cised on the primitive Martyrs, with plates, 
 1594, 4to. — Moreri. 
 
 Gallucci (Tarquinio), an Italian Jesuit, 
 who had a contest with madame Dacier, 
 on the merits of Virgil and Homer, in 
 which he contended for the pre-eminence 
 of the former. He was born in 1574, and 
 died in 1649. — Ibid. 
 
 Gallucci (John Paul), an eminent Ita- 
 lian astronomer, who died about 1600. He 
 was a member of the academy of Venice, 
 and wrote several treatises, the chief of 
 which are Theatrum Mundi et Temporis, 
 folio, 1589; De Themate erigendo, Parte 
 Fortunas, Divisione Zodiacas, Dignitatibus 
 Planetarum, et Temporibus ad Medican- 
 dum Accommodatis, 1584, fol.; Speculum 
 Uranicum, fob &c. — Moreri. 
 
 Gallus (Cornelius), a Roman poet, was 
 born at Frejus, then called Forum Julii or 
 Frejus. Augustus gave him the govern- 
 ment of Egypt, but afterwards deprived 
 him of his estate, and banished him for mal- 
 administration, on which he put an end to 
 his life A. D. 26. Virgil’s 10th eclogue is 
 written on the love of Gallus for Lyccris. 
 —Voss. Poet. Lat. 
 
 Gallus (C. Vibius), a Roman emperor, 
 was born about the year 206. He served 
 under the emperor Decius, whom he is said 
 to have betrayed to the Goths that he 
 might succeed him. On his death, in 251, 
 the soldiers elected Gallus, who was slain 
 by them in 253. — -Crevier. Univ. Hist. 
 
 Gallus (Flavius Claudius Constantins), 
 brother of the emperor Julian, was created 
 Cassar in 351, by the emperor Constantins. 
 Fie acquired reputation in war ; but after- 
 wards abandoned himself to the counsels of 
 his wife, who was cruel and avaricious. 
 He was arrested by the order of Constan- 
 tius ; and beheaded in 354. — Ibid. 
 
 Gally (Henry), a learned divine, was 
 born at Beckenham in Kent, in 1696, and 
 educated at Benet’s college, Cambridge. 
 In 1721 he took his degree of M. A. and 
 at the same time was chosen lecturer of St. 
 | 5 au), Covent-gar^en, and preferred to the 
 
 G A M 
 
 rectory of Waveden in Buckinghamshire* 
 In 1728 he took his degree of D. D. and ob- 
 tained a prebend in the cathedral of Glou- 
 cester, which was followed by the rectory 
 of Ashton in Northamptonshire, and a pi e- 
 bend of Norwich. In 1732 be was pre- 
 sented to the rectory of St. Giles in the 
 Fields. Fie died in 1769. Dr. Gaily pub- 
 lished, besides single sermons, The Reason- 
 ableness of Church and College Fines As- 
 serted, 8vo. ; Considerations upon Clandes- 
 tine Marriages. — Gen. 13 . 1 ). 
 
 Galvani (Lewis), a celebrated physio- 
 logist, was born at Bologna, in 1787. He 
 studied medicine under Galeazzi, whose 
 daughter he married. In 1762 he became 
 lecturer in anatomy at Bologna, and ob- 
 tained a considerable reputation. By ex- 
 periments on frogs, be discovered, that all 
 animals are endued with a peculiar kind of 
 electncity : and he followed up this disco- 
 very with so much perseverance and suc- 
 cess, as to give his name to a system of phy- 
 siology, which has excited universal atten- 
 tion. His first publication on this subject 
 was in 1791, and entituled “ Aloysii Gal- 
 vani de Viribus Eiectricitatis in Motu Mus- 
 culan Commentaries. Upon this system 
 the famous Volta made vast improvements. 
 Galvani, on the death of his wife, in 1790, 
 fell into a state of melancholy. He died in 
 1798. Besides the above work, he wrote 
 several memoirs upon professional subjects. 
 — Eloge de Galvani, par Alibert. 
 
 Galvano (Antony), was born in the 
 East Indies, and made governor of the Mo- 
 lucca islands, where he distinguished him- 
 self by clearing the seas of corsairs. His 
 liberality was so great, that he reduced 
 himself to poverty ; and died in a hospital at 
 Lisbon, in 1557' — Moreri. 
 
 Gam (David), a native of Wales, and an 
 officer in the army of Henry V. Having 
 returned from reconnoitring the enemy on 
 the evening preceding the battle of Agin- 
 
 court, he leported, that there were enou <r h 
 of the enemy to be killed, enough to be 
 taken prisoners, and enough to run awav. 
 Fie was killed defending his sovereign, who 
 was exposed to imminent danger, and was 
 knighted by him on the field —Papin. 
 
 Gama (Vasco or Vasquez de), an illus- 
 trious navigator, was born at Sines, a ma- 
 ritime town of Portugal, of a good family 
 Emanuel, king of Portugal, sent him m 
 1497 to endeavour to double the Cape of 
 Good Hope, which he accomplished, and 
 then sailed along the eastern coast of Africa 
 Having proceeded as far as Calicut, he again 
 doubled the Cape in 1499, and returned to 
 Lisbon. In 1502 he went out with twenty 
 ships, and returned the following year 
 with thirteen rich vessels, which he had 
 captured in the Indian Seas. John III. of 
 Portugal appointed him viceroy of India • 
 on which he went there a third time, and’ 
 established his government at Cochin 
 where he died in 1525.— Moreri, * 
 
GAR 
 
 GAR 
 
 Gamaches (Philip de), a French priest, 
 and professor of divinity in the university 
 of Paris, where he died in 1625. He op- 
 posed the encroachments of the papal 
 power on the rights of the Gallican church, 
 and published two volumes of Commenta- 
 ries on the Summa of Aquinas. — Moreri. 
 
 Gammaches (Stephen Simon), a French 
 writer, was born at Meulan, about 1672. 
 He was an ecclesiastic, and member of the 
 academy of sciences, and died in 17 56. He 
 wrote Physical Astronomy, 2 vols. 4to.; li- 
 terary and Philosophical Dissertations, Bvo ; 
 the System of a Christian Philosopher, 8vo.; 
 the Elegances of Language reduced to their 
 Principles. — Now. Did. Hist. 
 
 Gamaliel, a Jewish doctor, and a disci- 
 ple of Jesus Christ. He defended the apos- 
 tles in an assembly held by the Jews, to 
 concert measures for their destruction ; and 
 when St. Stephen was stoned to death, Ga- 
 maliel caused him to be buried. — Acts. 
 
 Gambara (Lorenzo), a Latin poet of 
 Italy, who died in 1586, at the age of 90. 
 His'’ principal poem is entitled Columbus, 
 or the Discovery of America. — Moreri. Ti- 
 raboschi. * 
 
 Gambara (Veronica), an Italian lady of 
 considerable genius, was born at Brescia, in 
 1485. She married the lord of Corregio ; 
 after whose death she devoted herself to 
 the education of her two sons. She died in 
 1550. Her poems have been often printed, 
 and a complete edition, with her letters, 
 was published at Brescia, in 1759. — Tira- 
 loschi. 
 
 Gambolo (John), an English divine, was 
 a native of Haverfordwest in Pembroke- 
 shire. He was educated at Christ church, 
 Oxford, where he took the degree of M. A. 
 About 1739 he was presented to the vicar- 
 age of Stanton Harcourt, in Oxfordshire, 
 which he quitted, and joined the sect of 
 the Moravians, of which he became bishop, 
 in 1754. He died at Haverfordwest in 
 1771. Mr. Gambold published an edition 
 of the Greek Testament; Maxims and 
 Theological Ideas ; Sermons ; and a reli- 
 gious poqm of the dramatic form called 
 
 Jrmatius . — Nichols's Anecdotes of Bonuyer. 
 
 “ Gandy (James), an eminent painter, 
 who wa# brought to Ireland by the duke of 
 Ormond, and died there in 1689. He was a 
 very able portrait painter, and had been the 
 disciple of Vandyck. — Pilkington. 
 
 Garamond (Claude), a French engraver 
 and letter-founder, was a native of Paris, 
 where he died in 1561. He was the first 
 who banished the gothic or black letter 
 printing, for which he substituted the Ro- 
 man letter. — Moreri. 
 
 Garasse (Francis), a French jesuit, was 
 born at Angouleme. He was a man of 
 considerable talents, but very scurrilous in 
 Jiis writings, In 1625 he published a book, 
 entituled, A Summary of the principal 
 Truths of the Christian Religion, which was 
 condemned by the Soibonne. lie was also 
 
 the author of Latin Poems, and some con- 
 troversial works. Garasse died of the 
 plague, which he caught at Poictiers, while 
 attending a person afflicted with that dis- 
 order, in 1631 — Moreri 
 
 Garbi e ri (Loren zo),an historical painter 
 of Bologna, and the disciple of I.udovico 
 Caracci. He died in 1654, aged 64. — l Pilk., 
 GARBo(Raphael del), an historical painter 
 of Florence, born in 1476, and died in 1534. 
 His picture of the Resurrection is his mas- 
 ter-piece. — Ibid 
 
 Garcilasso, or Garcilasso de la Vega, 
 an eminent Spanish poet, was descended 
 from a noble family, and born at Toledo 
 in 1503. He accompanied the emperor 
 Charles V. in his military expeditions, and 
 died of a wound, which he received in Pro- 
 vence in 1536. Ilis works were printed at 
 Naples in 1664, in 8vo. There was another 
 of both his names, who was a native of 
 Peru, and wrote a History of Florida, and 
 another of his own country. — Moreri, 
 Monthly Mag. 
 
 Gardie (Pontus de la), a French adven- 
 turer, who served first under marshal Bri- 
 sac. Afterwards he went into the service 
 of the Danes ; from whence he passed over 
 to that of the Swedes, and was created a 
 baron. The king of Sweden sent him am- 
 bassador to the emperor and the pope, and 
 in 1580 he commanded against the Russians 
 with great success. He was drowned in 
 1585, in the port, of Revel. — Mo rrri. 
 
 Gardiner (Stephen), a celebrated pre- 
 late and statesman, was born at Bury St. 
 Edmund’s in Suffolk, in 1483. He was the 
 illegitimate son of Dr. Woodville, bishop of 
 Salisbury, and brother to Elizabeth queen 
 of Henry IV. He was educated at Trinity 
 hall, Cambridge; from whence he went 
 into the family of the duke of Norfolk, and 
 afterwards into that of cardinal Wolsey, 
 who made him his secretary. In this situa- 
 tion he acquired the confidence of Henry 
 VIII. to whom he was serviceable in pro- 
 curing his divorce from queen Catharine ; 
 he also defended the king’s supremacy in a 
 book, eiitituled, De vera Obedientia. For 
 these services he was promoted to the 
 see of Winchester. Gardiner drew up 
 articles accusing Henry’s last queen, Ca- 
 tharine Parr, of heresy; but the queen 
 avoided the storm, and he fell into dis- 
 grace. At the accession of Toward VI. lie 
 opposed the reformation, and was com- 
 mitted first to the Fleet, and afterwards to 
 the Tower, where he was a prisoner during 
 the remainder of the reign. He was also 
 deprived of his bishopric ; but on the, ac- 
 cession of Mary lie was restored to his set , 
 and appointed chancellor of England. His 
 conduct towards the protestants was cruel 
 and sanguinary. Fie died in 1555. He wag 
 a learned man, but of little principle, crafty, 
 and ambitious. — Biog. Brit, 
 
 Gardiner (James), a brave and pious 
 colonel in the army of George II. He was 
 
GAR 
 
 GAR 
 
 a native of Scotland, and in his youth was 
 very gay and licentious, but the accidental 
 perusal of a religious book, entituled, Hea- 
 ven taken hy Storm, made him serious, and 
 from thence he became distinguished for his 
 piety. He was killed by the rebels at the 
 battle of Preston Pans, within sight of his 
 own house, Sept. 21, 1745. — Life by Dod- 
 dridge. 
 
 Garengf.ot (Rene Jacques Croissant de), 
 a French surgeon, was bora at Vitri in 
 1688, and died at Paris in 1759. He was 
 royal lecturer in surgery at Paris, and a 
 fellow of the royal society in London. His 
 works are Traite desOperations deChirurgie, 
 
 2 vols. 8vo. ; Nouveau Traite des Instrumens 
 de Chirurgie, 2 vols. 12mo.; Splanchnologie 
 ou l’Anatomie des Visceres, 12mo. &c. — 
 Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Caret (John), a French benedictine 
 monk of the congregation of St. Maur, was 
 born at Havre de Grace about 1625, and 
 died in 1694. He edited the works, of Cas- 
 siodorus, 2 vols folio, with curious notes.— 
 Moreri. 
 
 Garissqi.es (Anthony), a French pro- 
 testant divine, was born at Montauban in 
 1587. He became professor of theology at 
 his native place, and was moderator of the 
 6ynod of Charenton. He died in 1650. He 
 wrote the Way to Salvation ;De Christo Me- 
 diatore ; Explicatio Catecheseos Religionis 
 Christianas; and some Latin poems. — Bayle, 
 
 Garnet (Henry), an English jesuit, me- 
 morable for being concerned in the gun- 
 powder plot, was educated at Winchester 
 school. He took the jesuit’s habit at Rome 
 in 1575, and returned to England in 1586, 
 as provincial of his order. He was exe- 
 cuted for high treason in 1606. He owned 
 the crime for which he suffered,- but was 
 placed by the jesuits among their martyrs. 
 
 Garnett (Thomas), an ingenious Eng- 
 lish physician, was born in Westmoreland, 
 where his father enjoyed a small estate. 
 He received his education at Sedburgh 
 in Yorkshire, after which he went to 
 Edinburgh, and became a pupil of Dr. 
 Brown. On taking his degree he removed 
 to London, and studied surgery. He next 
 settled at Harrogate in Yorkshire, but his 
 practice being- small, he went to Liverpool, 
 with a view of emigrating to America. 
 Erom the scheme he was diverted, at the 
 request of some of his friends, who per- 
 suaded him to commence a course of lec- 
 tures on chemistry and natural philo- 
 sophy. He repeated this course at Man- 
 chester ; after which he was chosen Ander- 
 son’s lecturer in the university of Glasgow. 
 On the formation of the royal institution in 
 London, Dr. Garnett was invited to become 
 pie lecturer, with which he complied, and 
 iris lectures during two seasons were un- 
 commonly popular. He then resigned that 
 situation, and began to read lectures at his 
 own house in. Great Marlboro ugh- street, 
 where he then el a lever in 1802. He 
 
 % 
 
 wrote an Analysis of the Mineral Wa-i 
 ters at Harrogate; a Tour through Scot* 
 land, 2 vols. 4to. ; a Lecture on Health, 
 12mo. ; several papers and essays on medifj 
 cal and physical subjects ; and since his 
 death have appeared his Lectures on Zoo- 
 nomia, 4to. published for the benefit of his 
 daughters. — Monthly Mag- August 1802. 
 
 Garnier (Robert), a French tragic poet, 
 was born at Ferte Bernard, in the province 
 of Maine, in 1545, and died in 1601. His 
 dramatic works were printed at Lyons in 
 1 volume 12mo. 1597. — Moreri. 
 
 Garnier (John), a learned jesuit, and 
 professor of rhetoric, was born at Paris in 
 1612, and died at Boulogne in 1681. He 
 wrote Organi Philosophic Rudimenta; 
 Theses de Philosophia Morali; and several 
 other esteemed works. — Moreri. 
 
 Garnier (Julian), a French benedictine 
 monk, was born in 1670, and died in 1723. 
 He edited the works of St. Basil, 3 vols. fol. 
 —Ibid. 
 
 GAROPALo(Benvenuto),an Italian painter, 
 was born at Ferrara. He was celebrated 
 chiefly for accurately copying the pictures 
 of Raphael. He died in 1695. — Pilkwgton. 
 
 Garrard (Mark), a painter, was born, 
 at Bruges in Flanders, in 1561. He was 
 principal painter to Elizabeth queen of 
 England, and also to Anne, cpnsort to 
 James I. He died in 1685 .—Ibid. 
 
 Garrick (David), a celebrated actor, 
 was descended from a French family, who 
 being protestants, fled to England on the 
 revocation of the edict of Nantes. His fa- 
 ther, Peter Garrick, was a captain in the 
 army, and generally resided at Litchfield; 
 but being on a reconnoitring party at Here- 
 ford, David was born therein 1716. He 
 received his education partly at the gram- 
 mar school at Litchfield, and partly under 
 Dr. Johnson, with whom he visited Lon- 
 don in 1735. He was for some time under 
 Mr. Colson, an eminent mathematician, and 
 afterwards went into partnership with his 
 brother in the wine trade. This business 
 he soon quitted for the stage. His first 
 attempt was at Ipswich in 1741, under the 
 assumed name of Lyddal; and the applause 
 he met with, induced him to make his ap* 
 pearance at the theatre in Goodman’s fields, 
 in the character of Richard III. The other 
 theatres were quickly deserted, and Good- 
 man’s fields became the resort of people of 
 fashion, till that theatre was shut up. Gar- 
 rick then formed an engagement with Fleet- 
 wood, the patentee of Drury-lane. In the 
 summer of 1743 he played in Dublin, to 
 such full houses, that the heat of the wea- 
 ther and the crowds occasioned a fever, 
 which was called the Garrick fever. In 
 1747 hebecame joint-patentee of Drury-lane 
 theatre ; and in 1749 he married Mademoi- 
 selle Yioletti, an Italian stage dancer. In 
 1763 he and Mrs. Garrick made a visit to 
 Italy, and at Paris he saw the celebrated 
 Mademoiselle Chiiron, >vho»e future cun- 
 
GAS 
 
 GAS 
 
 nence he predicted. He returned to Eng- 
 land xn 1/65, and in 1766 he brought out 
 trie Clandestine Marriage, a comedy, writ- 
 ten in conjunction with the elder Colman. 
 In 1769 he celebrated a fete in honour of 
 Shakspeare, called the Jubilee at Strat- 
 ford-upon-Avon. It was afterwards made 
 an entei tainment at Drurv-lane, under the 
 same title, and had a prodigious run. In 
 1//6 he gave up his concern in the 
 theatre for 35,000/. The last character 
 he performed was Don Felix in the Won- 
 wj r- hie died in 1779, and was buried in 
 w estmmster abbey, where a handsome mo- 
 nument has been erected to his memory by 
 private friendship. Mr. Garrick was hos- 
 pitable and generous, but vain and fond 
 of flattery. He wrote several dramatic 
 pieces, prologues, epilogues, songs, and 
 epigrams; in the last he excelled.— Life of 
 Garrick by Murphy. Ditto by Davies. 
 
 Gabriel (Peter), a French priest in the 
 17.h century, who was a native of Mont- 
 pellier, of which city he wrote a descrip- 
 tion. He was also the author of an Ac- 
 count of the Cathedral of Montpellier, 
 1631, 13rao,; a Chronological View of the 
 Governors of Provence ; and Series Pnesu- 
 lum Megalonefisium et Montispeliensium, 
 ab Ann. 451 ad Ann. 1652, folio. — -Moreri. 
 
 Gar™ (sir Samuel), an English poet and 
 physician, was born in Yorkshire, and edu- 
 cated at Peterhouse, Cambridge, where he 
 took the degree of M. D. in 1691. He 
 greatly contributed to thecarrying into exe- 
 cution the establishment of dispensaries, 
 but was opposed by the apothecaries, 
 whom he severely lashed for their venal 
 spirit, in his poem of the Dispensary. In 
 1697 he spoke the Ilarveian oration before 
 the college. At the accession of George I. 
 he was knighted, and appointed king’s 
 physician in ordinary, and physician-gene- 
 ral to the army. He died in 1719. His 
 poems are of the middling class. — Johnsons 
 Doets . 
 
 Garzi (Lewis), a painter, the disciple of 
 Andrea Sacchi, was born at Pistoia in Tus- 
 cany. At the age of 80 he painted the 
 dome of a church at Rome, by order of 
 Clement XI. which is deemed his finest 
 work. He died in 172], at the age of 83. 
 — D Argenville. 
 
 Gascoigne (sir William), chief justice of 
 the king’s bench in the reign of Henry IV. 
 was born at Gawtkropin Yorkshire, about 
 1350. He was a man of inflexible in- 
 tegrity, as appeared on two memorable 
 occasions. When Henry required him 
 to pass sentence on arcliishop Scroope, 
 taken in arms against the king, he refused 
 to obey, as contrary to the laws of the 
 realm ; and when the prince of Wales, af- 
 terwards Henry V. insulted him on the 
 bench, he committed him to prison till his 
 majesty’s pleasure should be known. He 
 died in 1413. — Biog.Brit. 
 
 G 4 scoigne (George), an old English 
 
 poet, was born in Essex, and died at Stam- 
 ford in Lincolnshire, in 1577. He served 
 with reputation in the wars in the Low 
 Countries. His poems are not without 
 meri t. — Granger. 
 
 Ga spar ini, surnamed Batzizio, from 
 Barzizia, the place of his birth, an Italian 
 writer, was born about 1370, and died in 
 1431. There have been several editions of 
 his Letters, the best of which is that ©f 
 1 7 23. — Tiraboschi. 
 
 Gassendi (Peter), a French philosopher, 
 was born in 1592, at Chanstersier, in Pro- 
 vence. He displayed an acute and inquisi- 
 tive mind at a very early age, and made so 
 rapid a progress in learning as to be ap- 
 pointed teacher of rhetoric at Digne before 
 he was sixteen. About three years after- 
 wards he became professor of philosophy at 
 Aix, when lie ventured to oppose the sys- 
 tem of Aristotle, and his lectures were pub- 
 lished under the title of Exercitationes pa- 
 radoxicse adversus Aristotelem. This work 
 procured him the friendship of the cele- 
 brated Peiresc, by whose interest he was 
 preferred to a canonry in the cathedral of 
 Digne. In 1615 he was appointed royal 
 professor of mathematics at Paris, where 
 he applied so intensely to his studies, and 
 to astronomical observations, as brought 
 him into a consnmp'ion, of which he died 
 in 1655. Gassendi is deservedly ranked 
 among the first mathematicians of his age. 
 He opposed the philosophy of Des Cartes 
 with success, and obtained, a number 
 of followers, who were called after his 
 name. His works are the Lives of Tycho 
 Brahe, Copernicus, Purbachius, and Regi- 
 omontanus; a Commentary on Diogenes 
 Laertius ; astronomical and philosophical 
 pieces . the whole collected into 6 vols. 
 folio, 1658. — Moreri. Martin s Biog. Phil. 
 
 Gassion (John de), marshal of France, 
 was born at Pan in 1602 He entered early 
 into the army, and served under the duke 
 de Rohan, on the side of the protestants. 
 Pie afterwards joined Gustavus of Sweden, 
 and became captain of his body guard. He 
 rendered eminent services to that prince in 
 Germany, and on his death returned to 
 France, where he engaged under the mar- 
 shal de la Force. Pie had a considerable 
 share in the victory at Rocroy, and was 
 wounded at the siege of Thionville, for 
 which he received the marshal’s stall 1 n 
 1643. He next served in Flanders, and 
 was mortally wounded at the siege of Lens 
 in 1647. — Moreri. 
 
 Gast (John), a divine and historian, was 
 born in Dublin of French parents, in 1715. 
 He received his education at Trinity col- 
 lege in his native city, after which he en- 
 tered into orders, and became curate of 
 the parish of St. John. He also kept a 
 school. In 1753 he published The Rudi- 
 ments of Grecian History, for which the 
 university of Dublin conferred on him the 
 degree of D.D. without expence. In 1761 
 
GAT 
 
 G A U 
 
 the author was presented to the living of 
 Arklow, and three years afterwards to the 
 archdeaconry of Glandelogh, and the pa- 
 rish of Newcastle. In 1775 he exchanged 
 Arklow for the parish of St. Nicholas with- 
 out, Dublin. He died in 1788. Eesides 
 his I Iistory of Greece, he wrote, “ A Let- 
 ter from a Clergyman of the Established 
 Church of Ireland to those of his Parish- 
 ioners who are of the Popish Communion.” 
 — Europ. Mag. < jol . XXVI. 
 
 Gastaldi (John Baptist), physician to 
 the king of France, Was born at Sisteron in 
 1674, and died at Avignon in 1747. He 
 wrote, 1. Institutiones Medicinal Physico- 
 Anatomicae, 12mo.; 2. Some Medical Tracts 
 on curious and interesting subjects.' — Ibid. 
 
 Gastaud (Francis), a French ecclesias- 
 tic, a native of Aix, in Provence, was a 
 father of the pratory, a preacher at Paris, 
 and lastly a counsellor in his native city. 
 He died in 1732 at Viviers, to which place 
 he was banished, by means of the Jesuits, 
 against whom he had written. His corpse 
 was refused the rites of Christian inter- 
 ment. He published a Collection of Ho- 
 milies, Orations, &c. — Moreri. 
 
 Gaston de Foix, duke of Nemours, 
 son of John de Foix, count d’Etampes, and 
 of Mary of Orleans, sister of Louis XII. 
 signalized himself at the age of twenty- 
 three, in his uncle’s wars in Italy. He beat 
 an army of Swiss, and gained the battle of 
 Ravenna; soon after which he was killed, 
 at the age of 24, in 1512. — Moreri. 
 
 Gaston of France (John Baptista), duke 
 of Orleans, son of Henry IV. and brother 
 of Louis XIII. was born in 1608. He is 
 chiefly known by his intrigues against car- 
 dinal Richelieu, and for bringing almost 
 all his abettors to the scaffold. He died in 
 1660. — Ibid. 
 
 Gastreli. (Francis), an English bishop, 
 was born about 1562 in Northamptonshire. 
 He was educated at Westminster school, 
 and at Christ church, Oxford. In 1697 he 
 preached the Boyle’s lecture, which he pub- 
 lished as one discourse, to which he after- 
 wards added another, on the Necessity of 
 the Christian Revelation. In 1702 he was 
 presented to a canonry of Christ church, 
 at which time he published Considerations 
 concerning the Trinity. In 1707 he printed 
 his excellent scriptural manual, entitled, 
 Christian Institutes. In 1714 he was pro- 
 moted to the bishopric of Chester, and the 
 same year answered Dr. Clarke’s book on 
 the Trinity. The bishop opposed the de- 
 grees granted by the archbishop of Can- 
 terbury, for which he received the thanks 
 of the university of Oxford. He died in 
 1725. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Gataker (Thomas), an English divine, 
 was born in 1574 at London, and educated 
 at St. John’s college, Cambridge. He be- 
 came preacher at Lincoln’s inn, and in 1611 
 obtained the rectory of Rotherhithe in Sur- 
 i ;iey. In 1619 he published a curious Trea- 
 
 tise on the Nature and Use of Lots, which 
 occasioned considerable controversy. In 
 1642 he was chosen one of the famous as- 
 sembly of Westminster, though he did not 
 approve of the presbyteriau plan. He 
 zealousy opposed the murder of Charles I. 
 and died in 1654. Besides the above he 
 wrote Opera Critica, folio ; and other emi- 
 nent works, chiefly of biblical criticism. 
 His son Charles was a considerable writer 
 and divine. Fie died in 1680. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Gatimozin, the last of the kings of 
 Mexico, was driven from his throne in 
 1523, by Cortes. He was put to the fiery 
 ordeal by the Spaniards, to make him dis- 
 cover his treasures; and was hanged three 
 years after in his own capital — Toninsend's 
 Hitt, of the Conquest of Mexico. 
 
 Gavanti (Bartholomew), an Italian 
 monk, of the order of Barnabites, was born 
 in the Milanese, about 1568, and died at 
 Milan in 1638. He wrote Thesaurus Sa- 
 crorum Rituum, on the Ceremonies, &c. 
 of the Roman Church, 5 vols. 4to. with 
 plates; also Manuale Episcoporum; and on 
 conducting of Diocesan Synods. — Moreri. 
 
 Gaubil (Anthony), a French missionary 
 in China, was born at Caillac in 1708, and 
 died in 1759. Fie was interpreter at the 
 court of Pekin ; and published a History of 
 Gengis Khan, and a translation of the Chou 
 Kin — JVouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Gaubios (Jerome-David), a celebrated 
 physician, was born at Heidelberg in 1705. 
 After studying medicine under his uncle, a, 
 physician at Amsterdam, he went to Han- 
 derwyck, and from thence to Leyden, 
 where he contracted an intimate friendship 
 with Boerhaave. In 1725 he took his doc- 
 tor’s degree, and publi-hed his Thesis on 
 the Solids. Fie succeeded Boerhaave, as 
 lecturer in botany and chemistry, in 1731, 
 and in 1734 he obtained the medical pro- 
 fessorship. His Treatise on the Method of 
 Prescribing, or of Writing Receipts, which 
 appeared in 1738, contains the best rules 
 on that important subject. But his greatest 
 work is his Principles of Nosology. He 
 next published Institutiones Pathologic 
 Medicinalis, 1758, 4to. Besides these pub- 
 lications, he was the author of Adversaria 
 Valia Argument!, &c. and the editor of 
 Cramer’s Elementa Artis Docimasticas; Al- 
 bums de Presagienda Vita et Morte, &c. 
 He died in 1780. — Hist, de la Soc. Roy ale de 
 Medicine a Paris , 1782. 
 
 Gaud (Henry), a painter and engraver 
 of Utrecht, who engraved seven pieces of 
 singular beauty, from pictures by Elshai- 
 mer. He died in 1639. — Pilkinglon. 
 
 Gauden (John), an English bishop, was 
 born in 1605, at Mayland ia Essex. He 
 received his education first at Bury St. Ed- 
 mund’s, and afterwards at St. John’s college, 
 Cambridge. He next entered of Wadham 
 college, Oxford, where he took his degree 
 of D.D. At the beginning of the civil 
 wars he sided with the parliament, aud had 
 
G A U 
 
 a piece of plate given him for a sermon 
 preached before the house of commons. 
 In 15-11 he obtained the deanry of Hocking, 
 and in 1643 was nominated one of the as- 
 sembly of divines at Westminster, but did 
 not sit among them. He wrote against the 
 Covenant, but complied with it to keep his 
 preferment. In 1648 he published a tract 
 against the bringing of the king to trial. 
 He had also committed to his care the col- 
 lating and publishing the king’s medita- 
 tions, to which he gave the name of Eixuiv 
 ’Boi.'rtXtxn, or the Portraiture of his Sacred 
 A'lajesty in his Solitude and Sufferings. 
 This book had a wonderful effect upon the 
 public mind, and led Gauden, after the re- 
 storation, to assume the merit of being the 
 author, though his own style is the very 
 opposite to that of the Fotwv. In 1659 he 
 became preacher at the Temple, and when 
 Charles II. was restored he was preferred to 
 the see of Exeter, and in 1622 to that of 
 Worcester, where he died soon after. He 
 wrote several hooks on the hierarchy of 
 the church of England, and Sermons. — Biog, 
 Brit. 
 
 Gabdentio, an historical painter of Mi- 
 lan, was horn about 1480. He painted in 
 fresco and oil a number of pictures for th§ 
 churches in his native city. — Pilkinglon. 
 
 Gaudentius (St.), bishop of Brescia in 
 the 5th century, to which he was appointed 
 bv St. Ambrose and other prelates much 
 against his own wishes. l ie died about 427. 
 He wrote the life of his predecessor Phi- 
 laster; fifteen sermons, and letters, pub- 
 lished together at Brescia in 1 738, fol. There 
 was a bishop of the Donatists of the same 
 name and age, who wrote two apologies for 
 his sect — Cave. Di:p:n. 
 
 Gaudenzio (Paganin), a learned writer, 
 was born in the Valteline in 1596, and edu- 
 cated at Rome, where he became Greek 
 professor, and afterwards professor of the 
 belles lettres at Pisa. lie died in 1648. 
 His principal works are: 1. Declamationes; 
 2. Chart* Palantes; 3. Obstetrix Littyraria ; 
 4. Academicum instar ; 5. De Philosophise 
 apud Romanos initio et Progressu ; all in 
 quarto. 
 
 Gavzston (Peter), a favourite of Edward 
 II. was the sonof a gentleman of Gascony, 
 >vho had rendered considerable services to 
 Edward I. He was a worthless character, 
 and after a great abuse of his power, and 
 changes in his fortune, he was beheaded in 
 1312. — Rapin. 
 
 Gau li (John Baptist), a painter, was 
 born at Genoa in 1639, and died at Rome 
 in 1709. He was eminent for historical 
 painting and portraits. — P ilkingt on . 
 
 Gaui.min (Gilbert), a French writer, was 
 born at Moulins in 1585. He was a coun- 
 sellor, and a considerable orator and critic. 
 He wrote Latin poems and commentaries of 
 little merit. Gaulmin died in 1665. — Mo- 
 reri. 
 
 Gaui'p (John), a German protestant di- 
 
 GAY 
 
 vine and mathematician, washorn at Lindau 
 in Suabia in 1667. He was educated at 
 Jena, and in 16.93 became a pastor at hi» 
 native place, where he died in 1738. He 
 wrote Gnomonica Mechanica Universalis, 
 4to. ; several astronomical and chronolo- 
 gical tracts; and sermons. — Moreri. 
 
 Gaurico (Luca), an Italian astronomer 
 and astrologer, was horn in 1475 in the 
 kingdom of Naples. He became professor 
 of astronomy at Ferrara, but was severely 
 handled by John Bentivoglio for predicting 
 that he would lose the sovereignty of Bo- 
 logna. He then went to Venice, and after- 
 wards to Rome. Pope Paul, who had a 
 great faith in astrology, gave him the bi- 
 shopric of Civita in Naples, which he re- 
 signed in 1550, and retired to Rome, where 
 he died in 1558. His works were printed 
 at Basil in 1575, in 3 vols. folio. His bro- 
 ther P.omponio was a man of letters and a 
 professor in the university ef Naples. He 
 wrote I.atin Poems; Treatises on Archi- 
 tecture and Physiognomy. — Moreri. Tira- 
 
 bosebi. 
 
 Gauthier or Gaultier (John Baptist), 
 a French priest, was born at Louvain in the 
 diocese of Evreux in 1685. He studied at 
 Paris, but was refused his degrees on ac-< 
 count of his attachment to the Jansenist 
 doctrines. Langle, bishop of Boulogne, 
 gave him a canonry in his cathedral, with 
 other preferment. He died in 1755. He 
 wrote against Pope’s Essay on Man ; Let- 
 ters against Irreligion; the Life of the Bi- 
 shop of Senez; History of the Parliament 
 of Paris ; Letters against the Jesuits, 3 vols. 
 12mo.; &c. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Gay (John), an English poet, was born at 
 or near Barnstaple in Devonshire in 1688, 
 and educated at the gramm ar school in that 
 town under Mr. Luck, a man of wit and a 
 poet. He was afterwards apprenticed to a 
 silk-mercer in London, which situation he 
 did not like, and in a few years bought the 
 remainder of his time. His first poem, en- 
 titled Rural Sports, printed in 1711, and 
 dedicated to Mr. Pope, gained him the 
 friendship of that poet, which lasted till 
 death. The year following he was appointed 
 secretary to the duchess of Monmouth -. at 
 this time he printed his mock heroic, enti- 
 titled, Trivia, or the Art of walking the 
 Streets of London, in the composition of 
 which he was assisted by Swift. In 1714 
 appeared his Shepherd’s Week, a series of 
 pastorals, intended to ridietile Phillips, hut 
 they possess more merit as a genuine pic- 
 ture of rustic life than as a satire. The 
 same year he became secretary to the earl 
 of Clarendon on his embassy to Hanover, 
 On the death of queen Anne he returned 
 to England, but his expectations of pre- 
 ferment from the new court were disap- 
 pointed. In 1720 he published his Poems, 
 bv subscription, which produced him one 
 thousand pounds ; but embarking it in the 
 famous South-Sea bubble, he lqtst the whok>, 
 
GEB 
 
 G E D 
 
 and was reduced to such a state of despond- 
 ency as was nearly fatal. He next pro- 
 duced the tragedy of the Captive, which 
 met with a good reception, and occasioned 
 his being employed by the princess of Wales 
 to write his Fables for the young duke of 
 Cumberland. In 1727 appeared on the 
 stage his Beggar’s Opera, which had a suc- 
 sess infinitely beyond what it deserved both 
 in a dramatic and moral point of view. 
 Though it was a favourite with the town, 
 it was not so at court : and when he pro- 
 duced his Sequel to it, under the title of 
 “ Polly,’’ it was prohibited by the lord 
 chamberlain. Gay, however, cleared more 
 by printing it than he would have done by 
 its performance. The duke and duchess of 
 Queensbury took him into their house, 
 where he died in 1732. His remains were 
 interredin Westminster-abbey, where a mo- 
 nument was erected to his memory by his 
 worthy patrons, with an epitaph written 
 by Pope. Besides the works already men- 
 tioned, he wrote some lesser dramatic 
 pieces, ballads, and poems, making 2 vols. 
 12mo. — Johnson's Poets. 
 
 Gaza (Theodore), a learned Greek, was 
 born at Thessalonica, and when that place 
 was taken by the Turks in 1430 he escaped 
 to Italy, where he studied the Latin lan- 
 guage with so much assiduity that he be- 
 came an elegant writer and speaker of it. 
 He was for several years a professor at Fer- 
 rara, and at length rector of that university. 
 From thence he went to Rome under the 
 patronage of pope Nicholas V. and cardinal 
 Bessarion. He died in Calabria in 1478. 
 He wrote a Greek grammar printed by 
 Aldus, 1495; a Treatise on the Grecian 
 Months. He also translated Aristotle on 
 Animals, Hippocrates’s Aphorisms, and 
 other works into Latin ; and some of Cice- 
 ro’s into Greek. — Moreri. Tiraboschi. 
 
 Gazali, or Abou Hamed Mohammed Zein 
 F.ddin al Thousi, a famous mussulman doctor, 
 was born in Khorassan, A.D. 1058, and died 
 there about 1 1 12. His famous work is en- 
 titled Ahia (Mount Eddin, or the Several 
 Classes of Sciences which concern religion. 
 There were two others of this name, one 
 of whom wrote on the mercy of God. — 
 D'Hcrbelot. 
 
 Gazet (William), a Flemish ecclesiastic, 
 was born at Arras in 1554, and died in 1012. 
 He wrote a History of the Archbishops of 
 Cambray ; Ecclesiastical History of the 
 Low Countries, and other works . — Mon 
 ten. 
 
 Gazzoli (Bcnozzo), an Italian painter, 
 was born at Florence in 1400, and, died in 
 1478. He painted pictures from the sacred 
 history, also landscapes and portraits. — • 
 
 Pilkington . 
 
 G f.her (John), an Arabian physician and 
 astronomer in the 9th century. He wrote 
 a Commentary on the Almagest of Ptolemy, 
 find other works chiefly on alchemy. Dr. 
 Johnson supplies that the word gibberish is 
 
 derived from the cant of Geber and his fol- 
 lowers. — Moreri. 
 
 Ged (Will iam),a goldsmith of Edinburgh, 
 who in 1725 endeavoured to introduce a 
 method of printing with blocks and plates, 
 containing letters for a whole page or sheet, 
 tie entered into an engagement with the 
 universityof Cambridge, to print Bibles and 
 Common-prayer Books in this manner, but 
 the project failed. On his return to Scot- 
 land, however, he printed an edition of 
 Sallust, with his plates. The plan has since 
 been successfully carried on by Didot, at 
 Paris, and is lately adopted in London un- 
 der the name of stereotype. Ged died in 
 1749. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Gedalia, a famous rabbi, who died in 
 1448. He wrote an account of a chain of 
 traditions from Adam to A.D. 761, and on 
 the creation of the world. — Moreri. 
 
 Geddes (James), an ingenious Scotch 
 writer, was born in the countyof Tweeddale 
 in 1710, and educated at Edinburgh, after 
 which he entered on the study of the law, 
 and was admitted an advocate, but died of 
 a decline when he was between 30 and 40 
 years of age. In 1748 was published a 
 posthumous piece of his entituled, “An Es- 
 say on the Composition and Manner of 
 Writing of the Ancients, particularly 
 Plato,” 8vo. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Geddes (Michael), an eminent English 
 divine of the 17th century. He was chap- 
 lain several years to the factory at Lisbon, 
 where he was apprehended by the inquisi- 
 tion in 1686, and interdicted from offici- 
 ating in his ministerial capacity, on which 
 he returned to England. He was created 
 doctor of laws by the university of Oxford, 
 and made chancellor of Salisbury. He died 
 about 1714. He wrote the History of the 
 Church of Malabar ; the Church History 
 of Ethiopia; Miscellaneous Tracts against 
 Popery, 3 vols. 8vo. &c. — Burnet's Hist. 
 Reform. 
 
 Geddes (Alexander), a Roman catholic 
 priest, was born in Ruthven, in the county 
 of Bamff, in 1737. He was educated at an 
 obscure school in the Highlands, and in 
 1758 removed to the Scottish college at Pa- 
 ris. In 1764 he returned to Scotland, and. 
 officiated to a congregation in the county 
 of Angus, but the year following he. be- 
 came chaplain in the family of the carl of 
 Traquair. In 1769 he undertook the charge 
 of a congregation at Auchinhalrig, in 
 Banvffshire, where he commenced farmer, 
 but with no success. In 1779 he quitted his 
 pastoral charge, and the year following ob- 
 tained the degree of dector of laws from 
 the university of Aberdeen. About this 
 time he removed to London, where he 
 served some time in the imperial ambassa- 
 dor’s chapel, and in that in Duke-street, 
 Lincoln’s-Inn-fields. In 1782 he relinquished 
 the clerical vocation, and began to devote 
 himself to a translation of the Bible into 
 Englislj. Iu 1786 he published his pro«= 
 
G E I 
 
 G E L 
 
 spectw of that work in 4to. and the year 
 following an Appendix to it in a letter to 
 hi shop Lowth. The same year he pub- 
 lished an answer to Dr. Priestley on the Di- 
 vinity of Christ. In 1788 he published 
 proposals for a New Translation of the 
 Bible'; and in 1 7 90 a general Answer to the 
 Queries, Counsels, and Criticisms commu- 
 nicated to him since the publication of his 
 proposals. In this undertaking he was li- 
 berally supported by lord Petre. The first 
 volume of it appeared in 1792, comprising 
 the Pentateuch and the Book of Joshua; 
 but the translator had taken such unwar- , 
 xantable liberties with the text, and treated 
 many important subjects with so much in- 
 decency, that all true friends of religion 
 were disgusted. Those of his own com- 
 munion declared their disapprobation of it, 
 and some of the Roman catholic bishops 
 suspended him from his ecclesiastical func- 
 tions. To these he replied in pamphlets- 
 written witii coarseness and illiberality. 
 In 1797 appeared the second volume of his 
 version. In 1800 he published Critical Re- 
 marks, in vindication of his work. About 
 this time appeared his Apology for the Ro- 
 man catholics of Great Britain. He died 
 L 1802. Dr. Geddes was a man of learn- 
 ing, but vain and irritable.- — Life of Geddes 
 SyGood. 
 
 GspoYN (Nicholas), a French writer, was 
 born at Orleans in 1667, and died in 1744. 
 He was a jesuit, but renounced the society 
 and became a man of the world. He was 
 the intimate friend of the celebrated Ninon 
 de i’Enclos, but his mode of life did not: 
 binder his preferment. He became a mem- 
 ber of the French; academy and of that of 
 belles-lettres, and obtained the abbacy of 
 Notre Dame de Beaugency. His works 
 were primed in 1745. He translated 
 Quintilian and Pausanias into French. — 
 JMoreri. 
 
 Geer (Charles de), a celebrated natural- 
 ist, was born in Sweden of a noble Dutch fa- 
 mily in 1720. He studied at Utrecht and 
 Upsal, and at the latter place had Linux us 
 for his master. He possessed a share 
 in the iron-works at Dannemora, which 
 mines he improved by the application of 
 new machinery. He also invented an ap- 
 paratus for drying corn by the heat of the 
 smelting houses. By these means he gained 
 great wealth, which he applied to the no- 
 blest purposes in feeding the poor, repair- 
 ing churches, and establishing schools. He 
 was appointed marshal of the court, knight 
 of the Polar star ; and created a baron. 
 He died in 1778. Pie wrote Memoires 
 pour servir a l’Histoire des Insectes, 7 vols. 
 *lto ; also, an Oration on the Procreation 
 of Insects, and Papers in the Transactions 
 of the academies of Stockholm and Upsal. 
 — Noun. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Gejnoz (Francis), a learned Swiss abbe, 
 and member of the academy of belles-lettres, 
 died in 1752. He wrote many valuable 
 
 dissertations on subjects of antiquity,— 
 Noun. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Gejer (Martin), a German protestant 
 divine, was born at Leipsic in 1614. He 
 became professor of Hebrew, and member 
 of the ecclesiastical council to the elector 
 of Saxony. He died in 1681. He wrote 
 Commentaries on the Old Testament ; and 
 a Treatise on the Mourning of the He- 
 brews; ill 2 vols. folio. — Moreri. 
 
 Gelasius I. pope, was elevated to the 
 chair in 492. He had a contest with the 
 patriarch of Constantinople, and by his 
 arrogance prevented a union between the 
 two churches. He condemned the prac- 
 tice of communicating only in one kind, 
 though that practice became afterwards a 
 standing rule in the Roman church as far. 
 as relates to the laity. Several of his works 
 are extant. He died in 496. — Gelasius II. 
 a native of Campania, was elected pope in 
 1118. Cencio, marquis di Frangipani, con- 
 sul of Rome, who was in the interest of 
 the emperor Henry V. drove him from 
 Rome, and another pope was elected. Ge- 
 lasius, after some attempts to regain the 
 pontificate, retired to France, where he 
 died in 1119. — Platina. Moreri. Boiver. 
 
 Geldenhauk (Gerard), a divine and his- 
 torian, was born at Nimeguen in 1482. 
 Being sent to Wittemberg by Maximilian 
 of Burgundy, be embraced lutheranism, 
 which gave such offence to his friend Eras- 
 mus, that he wrote against him. He after- 
 wards became professor of history and the- 
 ology at Marpurg, where he died in 1542. 
 He wrote Historia Batavica ; Historian suae 
 TEtatis; Germanicorum Histor. illustratio ; 
 De viris illustrjbus inferioris Germania:, &c. 
 — Moreri. Bayle. 
 
 Gelder (Arnold de), a Dutch painter, 
 was born at Dort in 1645, and died in 1727. 
 He was a disciple of Rembrandt, whos£ 
 manner he imitated. — Pilkington. 
 
 Geldorp (Gauldorp), a painter, was born 
 at Louvain in 1553, and died in 1618. He 
 excelled in portraits and historical subjects. 
 
 ■ — Ibid. 
 
 Gellert (Christian Furchtegott); a Ger- 
 man divine and poet, was born at Hayni- 
 chen, a village in Misnia, in 1715, and died 
 in 1769. He supported himself many years 
 as tutor in private families; but became af- 
 terwards professor of philosophy at Leip- 
 sic. He is best known by his Fables and 
 Tales, which are very pleasing. His works 
 have been collected in 10 vols. 8yo. — Gen. 
 Biog. 
 
 Gelli (John Baptist), an Italian writer, 
 was born in 1498 at Florence, where he 
 died in 1563. His occupation was that of 
 a shoemaker, which he continued to fol- 
 low till his death, though he was a mem- 
 ber of the academy at Florence, and ad- 
 mitted to the friendship of all the men of 
 genius in that city. He translated from 
 the Greek the Hecuba of Euripides, and 
 was the author of two comedies called L# 
 
G E M 
 
 GEN 
 
 Sporta, and L’Errore. His dialogues are 
 in great esteem, and have been translated 
 into several languages.— Moreri. Tiraboschi. 
 
 Gel y.j B RAXD (Henry), an English ma- 
 thematician, was born in London in 1597. 
 He took his degrees in arts in Trinity col- 
 lege, Oxford, and was for some time a cu- 
 rate in Kent, but his passion for the mathe- 
 matics led him to quit that situation and re- 
 turn to Oxford. He afterwards became 
 professor of astronomy at Gresham college, 
 London, where he died in 1636. He com- 
 pleted and published his friend Brigg’sTri- 
 gonometria Britannica. Mr. Gellibrand was 
 also the author of a tract concerning the 
 longitude, appended to captain James’s Voy- 
 age for the Discovery of the North-west Pas- 
 sage; a Discourse on the Variation of the 
 .Magnetic Needle; an Institution Trigono- 
 metrical, explaining the Doctrine of Plane 
 and Spherical Triangles, 8vo.; an Epitome 
 of Navigation, &c. — Ward's Lives of Gre- 
 sham Professors. Martin's Biog. Phil. 
 
 Gelon, king or tyrant of Syracuse, who 
 usurped the supreme authority in that city 
 in the year 484 B. C. He possessed great 
 qualities, and died extremely regretted by 
 the Syracusans, after a reign of seven years. 
 — Uttisv. Hist. ■ 
 
 Gemelli Carre ri (Francis), an Italian 
 writer, and an advocate of Naples, who is 
 said to have travelled round the world from 
 16.93 to 1698, but some assert, that the ac- 
 count he has given of his travels was writ- 
 ten by his fireside. Let this be as it may, 
 the work is extremely interesting. — Tira- 
 ioschi. 
 
 GEMiGNANo(Vincentio diSt.),an Italian 
 painter, was born in Tuscany in 1490, and 
 died in 1530. He was the disciple and imi- 
 tator of Raphael. There was another of 
 the same name, who died in 1681. He 
 painted severalfine pictures for the churches 
 at Rome. — Pilkington. 
 
 Geminiani (Francis), a celebrated mu- 
 sician, was born at Lucca about 1680. In 
 1714 he came to England, and was patron- 
 ized by George I. to whom he dedicated his 
 solos for the violin, which were followed 
 by his concertos. In 1742 he published his 
 Guida Armonica, or, a Sure Guide to Har- 
 mony and Modulation. His other works 
 are, The Art of Playing on the Violin; 
 Harpsichord Pieces, &c. He died at Dub- 
 lin' in 1762. — Burney's Hist, of Music. Haw- 
 kins. 
 
 Gemistus (George), surnamed Pletbo, a 
 learned Greek, was born at Constantino- 
 ple in 1 390. He was a zealous Platonist, 
 and defended the Greek church against the 
 Latins. In 1438 he was sent to the council 
 at Florence assembled to effect a union be- 
 tween the two churches, where he displayed 
 considerable eloquence. He returned to 
 Greece, and died at the age of 100. Ke 
 wrote De Gestis Grascorum post pugnam 
 ad Mantineam, printed by Aldus, 1503, 
 fol. ; De Virtutibus Libellus ; De Rebus 
 
 Peloponnesiasis constittfendis Oration es chr- 
 as ; De Platonic® et Aristotelicx philoso- 
 phic differentia, & c. — Fair. Bib. Grutc. Mo- 
 reri. 
 
 Gemma (Reinier), commonly called Fri- 
 sius, a Dutch physician and mathematician, 
 was born at Doerckum, in Friesland, in 
 1508. He became medical professor at 
 Louvain, where he died in 1555. He wrote 
 Methodus Arithmetics; : De Usu Annuli 
 Astronomici ; De locorum describendorum 
 Ratione, deque distantiis eorum invenien- 
 dis ; Demo list r at iones Geometric® de Usu 
 Radii Astronomici ; De Astrolabio Catho- 
 lico liber, &c. His son Cornelius was a 
 good Larin poet, born at Louvain m 1 535, 
 and died in 1579. lie wrote De Prodigiosa 
 Specie Naturaque Comet®, &c. — Moreri. 
 
 Gendre (Louis le), a French historian, 
 was bornat Rouen in 1659,anddied in 173.3. 
 His principal works are, a Historyof France, 
 8 vols. fob ; the Life of M. de Harlai ; an 
 Essay on the Reign of Louis the Great ; 
 and the Life of Cardinal d’Amboise. — Ibid. 
 
 Gendre (Gilbert Charles le), marquis of 
 St. Aubin, was counsellor of the parliament 
 of Paris, and master of the requests. He 
 died in 1746, at the age of 59. His princi- 
 pal work is, s. Treatise on Opinion, 6 vols. 
 12mo. He also wrote Antiquites de la 
 Maison de France, 4to. — Ibid. 
 
 Genbrs (Nicolas le), an eminent French 
 sculptor, who died at Paris in 1670, at the 
 age of 52. — Ibid. 
 
 Genebrard (Gilbert), a French bishop, 
 was born at Riom, in Auvergne, and. en- 
 tered among the benedietines. In 1563 he 
 became a regius professor of Hebrew in the 
 college of Navarre, at Paris. Being disap- 
 pointed of. a bishopric, he joined the party 
 of the league. In 1693 he obtained the arch- 
 bishopric of Aix. In the reign of Henry 
 IV. he published a book on the election of 
 bishops, which was burnt by' the hangman. 
 Lie died in 1597. He wrote a Sacred Chro- 
 nology, and other works. — Moreri. 
 
 Genesius (Josephus), a Byzantine histo- 
 rian, who flourished about 940. He wrote 
 a History of Constantinople, printed at Ve- 
 nice, in 1733, in Greek and Latin. — Ibid. 
 
 Genest (Charles Claude), a French poet, 
 was bornat Paris in 1636, and died in 1719. 
 He wrote a Poem on the Existence of God 
 and the Immortality of the Soul; Principes 
 de Philosophic ; a tragedy called Penelope, 
 &C . — Ibid. 
 
 Genet (Francis), bishop of Vaison, was 
 born at Avignon in 1640, and died in 1702. 
 Lie wrote Morale de Grenoble, 6 vols. I2mo, 
 
 — . Ibid. 
 
 Genoa (Jerome), an Italian painter, and 
 architect, was born at Urbino in 1476, and 
 died in 1551. Llis son Bartholomew was 
 also celebrated for his skill in architecture. 
 He superintended the fortifications at Mal- 
 ta, where he died in 1558. — Pilkington. 
 
 Gennadjus, patriarch of Constantinople, 
 succeeded Anatolius in 458. He was au 
 
GEN 
 
 GEO 
 
 eloquent writer - btlt none of his works are 
 extant, except an Epistle against Simony, 
 and a piece against the Anathemas of Cy- 
 ril. fie died in 471. There was another 
 patriarch of the same name, who was at 
 the council of Florence in 1438, and greatly 
 opposed a union between the eastern and 
 western churches. In 1453 he was elected 
 patriarch, which dignity he resigned about 
 five years afterwards, and retired to a mo- 
 nastery, where he died in 14(50. Ide wrote 
 an explanation of the Christian faith in 
 Greek, Latin, and Turkish, and other 
 works. — Ibid. 
 
 Gennadius, the author of a work in- 
 tituled, De DogmatibusEcclesiasticis, which 
 has been improperly attributed to St. Au- 
 gustin, was a priest of Marseilles, and died 
 about 400. There is another work of his 
 extant, intituled, De illustribus Fcclesiie 
 Scriptoribus. — Ibid. 
 
 Gennaki (Benedetto), an historical and 
 portrait painter of Bologna, bora in 1633, 
 and died in 1715. Me resided some time at 
 London; where he was greatly encouraged 
 by Charles II. and the principal nobility. 
 His son Ccesar Gennari was fine landscape 
 painter. He died in 1688, — Pilkington. 
 
 Gennaro (Joseph Aurelius), an eminent 
 civilian, who was born at Naples in 1701. 
 After practising at the bar he became chief 
 mag’strate in his native city. His works 
 are all on legal subjects, and are remarka- 
 ble for the purity of style, and depth of 
 erudition. The principal is entitled, Res- 
 publica Jurisconsultorum, which teaches 
 the dry and intricate system of civil law in 
 the form of a novel. He died in 1762. 
 
 Genoels (Abraham), a painter of Ant- 
 werp, was born in 1610. He excelled in 
 landscape and portrait. — Ibid. 
 
 Genovesi (Anthony), an Italian philo- 
 sopher, was born at Castiglione in 1712. 
 He read lectures in philosophy at Naples 
 With great reputation for some time ; but 
 at length he was attacked by numerous 
 enemies for publishing his metaphysics, in 
 which he recommended the works of Ga- 
 lileo, Grotius, and Newton. The king of 
 Naples, however, protected him, and made 
 him professor of ethics. But unfortunately 
 becoming candidate for the chair of theo- 
 logy, the ecclesiastics brought charges of 
 heresy against him, and Jie had nearly lost 
 the king’s favour, when he prudently re- 
 linquished that pursuit. By his means a 
 professorship of political philosophy was 
 established in that university, which he dis- 
 charged with credit. He died in 1769. 
 Besides the above work, hp wrote in Italian, 
 Philosophical Meditations on Religion and 
 Morality ; a System of Logic ; Humour- 
 ous Letters ; and Italian Morality, which 
 last is accounted his principal performance^ 
 —Gen. Biog. 
 
 Genseric, kingof the Vandals in Spain, 
 was the natural son of Godisiclts, whom he 
 
 Succeeded in 428, In the commencement 
 
 of his reign he gained a great victory over 
 Hermanric, kingof the Suevi. He after- 
 wards made himself master of Africa, where 
 he practised the greatest cruelties to establish 
 arianism. Being invited by the empress 
 Eudoxia to revenge the death of her hus- 
 band Valentinian III. who had been mur- 
 dered by Maximus, Genseric sailed to Italy, 
 entered Rome in 435, and gave up the city 
 to pillage. Fie was, from this time, the 
 terror of the countries bordering on the 
 Mediterranean, which he laid waste every 
 year with his fleets. Fie died in 477. — Uni-v. 
 Hist. 
 
 Gentili (AlbericoJ), an Italian lawyer, 
 was born in Ancona in 1550. His father, 
 who was a physician, embraced the re- 
 formed religion, and came to PJngland, where 
 Alberico became professor of law at Oxford, 
 and died in 1608. He wrote six dialogues 
 on the Interpreters of Law ; and a Treatise 
 de Jure Belli, which Grotius has praised ; 
 and other works. His brother, Scipio , be- 
 came professor of civil law at Aitdorl’, 
 where he died in 1616. He wrote De Jure! 
 publico Populi Romani; De-Conjurationi- 
 bus ; Latin poems, &c. — Bayle. Tirabos - 
 
 chi. 
 
 Gentilis (de Foligno),or de Gentilibus, 
 a physician, was author of Commentaries 
 on Avicenna, folio; and of the following 
 works: De Legationibus; De Juris inter- 
 pretibus; and De Aavocatione Hispanica. 
 Pic died at Foligno in 1348. — Morert. 
 
 Gentilis (John Valentine), a relation of 
 the preceding, was born in Calabria. Plav- 
 ing embraced the pretestant doctrines, he 
 quitted Italy and went to Geneva, where he 
 embraced arianism, hut, to save himself 
 from sharing the fate of Scrvetus, he sub- 
 scribed to the orthodox confession of faith. 
 After visiting several places, and suffering 
 imprisonment repeatedly on account of his 
 opinions, he was beheaded at Berne, about 
 156 7 . — Bayle. 
 
 Gentileschi (Horatio), an Italian paint- 
 er, was born at Pisa in 1563. He painted 
 the cielings in Greenwich hospital, and 
 died, in this country, at the age of 84. 
 His daughter was also a good artist. She 
 lived chiefly at Naples, in great splendour; 
 and was famous for her amours. — Walpole. 
 Pilkington. 
 
 Gen itllet (Valentine), a French writer 
 of the 16th century, was born in Dauphine. 
 Fie became syndic of the republic at Ge- 
 neva, and in 1578 published an Apology 
 for the Protestants, which went through 
 several editions. He wrote also Anti-Ma- 
 chiavel, and Anti-Socinus, 1612. — Bayle. 
 
 Geoffrey of Monmouth, a British his- 
 torian, who flourished about 1150. Fie was 
 first, archdeacon of Monmouth, and next; 
 bishop of St. Asaph, which see he resigned, 
 and retired to the monastery of Abingdon, 
 of which he was abbot. His principal 
 work is his Chronicon sive Historia Brito- 
 mini, which, however, is full of legendary 
 
a e o 
 
 G E R 
 
 tales respecting the early monaralis of Bri- 
 tain. — Pits. Bayle, Moral. 
 
 Geoffroy (Stephen Francis), an eminent 
 physician and chemist, was born at Paris in 
 1672. He was professor of chemistry in 
 the king’s garden, and of medicine in the 
 royal college. His principal work is a His- 
 tory of the Materia Medica, 3 vois. 8vo. 
 He died in 1731 . — Blogs par FonUnelle. 
 
 George (Saint), a martyr in the reign of 
 Diocletian, was greatly celebrated both 
 .among the Christians and mahometans; but 
 there is little certain known of him. — Mo- 
 reri. 
 
 George Lewis I. king of Great Britain, 
 was the son of Ernest Augustus, elector of 
 Hanover, by Sophia, daughter of Frederic, 
 elector Palatine, and the grand-daughter of 
 James I. of England. He was born in 1660, 
 created duke of Cambridge in 1706, and 
 succeeded queen Anne in 1711. The next 
 year a rebellion broke out in Scotland in 
 favour of the pretender, which was soon 
 suppressed. In h)6 reign parliaments were 
 made septennial, and the order of the Bath 
 revived. In 1720 happened the failure of 
 the famous South-sea scheme, by which 
 thousands of families were ruined. Hedied 
 suddenly, June 11, 1727, at Osnaburgh. He 
 married his cousin Sophia Dorothea, daugh- 
 ter of the duke of Zell, which marriage 
 proved very unhappy. — Smollet. 
 
 George Augustus II. was born in 1683. 
 He married, in 1705, princess Caroline, of 
 Brandenburg Anspach, who died in 1737. 
 In 1 7 1 4 he came to England with his father, 
 whom he succeeded in 1727. In 1739 ad- 
 miral Vernon was sent with a squadron to 
 the West Indies, where he demolished Porto 
 Bello, but failed in his attempt on Cartha- 
 gena. In 1743 the king headed his armv 
 on the continent, and gained the battle of 
 Dettingen. In 1745 the pretender’s eldest 
 son landed in the Highlands, and was joined 
 by several clans. After obtaining various 
 successes, the rebels were defeated by the 
 duke of Cumberland at Culloden in 1746. 
 In 1748 peace was concluded at Aix-la-Cha- 
 pelle. Iu 1751 died, universally lamented, 
 Frederic prince of Wales, between whom 
 and his father there never was any cordiali- 
 ty. In 1755 war broke out between Eng- 
 land and France, which -was at first very 
 unpromising; Braddock was defeated and 
 killed in North America, and Minorca was 
 taken in the Mediterranean, for which ad- 
 miral Byng, who was sent to relieve if, was 
 shot. About this time Mr. Pitt, became 
 prime minister, and public affairs began to 
 wear a new face. In 1758 a treaty was en- 
 tered into between England and Prussia. 
 The Freuch power was nearly destroyed in 
 the East Indies. In America Louisburg was 
 taken, and the capture of Quebec was fol- 
 lowed by the conquest of Canada. The 
 ’island of Guadaloupe and the settlement of 
 Senegal were taken by the English. Admi- 
 ral JHwke defeated the French fleet under 
 
 C onflans, and the British flag waved tri- 
 umphant in every part of the world. Amid 
 this blaze of glory George II. died sudden- 
 ly, by the bursting of the right ventricle of 
 the heart, October 25, 1760. — Smollett. 
 
 George the Cappadocian , bishop of Alex- 
 andria on the expulsion of St. Athanasius. 
 He was a native of Epiphania in Cilicia, 
 and was, for some time, a purveyor in the 
 army, but his frauds were so great that he 
 was obliged to fly to avoid justice. He then 
 went to Alexandria, where he displayed 
 great zeal for arianism, and in 356 was 
 elected bishop by the prevailing party. His 
 conduct was so cruel and oppressive that 
 the people put him to death in S62. — Mo- 
 reri. 
 
 George, or Amira, a learned Maronite 
 in the seventeenth century, who published 
 at Rome a Syriac and Chaldee grammar in 
 1596. Pie became patriarch, of the Ma- 
 ronites, and died about 1641. — Ibid. 
 
 George of Trebisond, (or Trape-untius ,) 
 a learned man of the fifteenth century, was 
 a native of Crete. He went to Italy about 
 1420, and became professor of Greek at 
 Vicenza ; after which he removed to Rome, 
 but giving offence to the pope, he was ba- 
 nished in 1452. He then went to Naples ; 
 but in 1459 he was at Venice. He was af- 
 terwards recalled to Rome, but again fell 
 under the papal displeasure, and was im- 
 prisoned in the castle of tit. Angelo. He 
 died about 1 480. He translated Eusebius’s 
 Evangelical Preparations into Latin; some 
 of the works of Aristotle, Plato de Legi- 
 bus, Ptolomy’s Almagest, &c. lie also 
 wrote De Arte ^Rhetorica ; Reflections on 
 some of Cicero’s Orations and Letters.— 
 Tiraboschi. 
 
 Gerard (Thom or Tung), founder, and 
 first grand-master of the order of St. John 
 of Jerusalem, was a native of Martigues, 
 an island on the coast of Provence. In 
 1 100 he assumed a religious habit, and, with 
 many others, engaged in a vow to relieve 
 ail distressed Christians in Palestine. This 
 order was confirmed by Anastasius IV. in 
 1154. Gerard died in 1120 .—Moreri. 
 
 Gerard (Balthazar), the assassin of Wil- 
 liam I. prince of Orange, was born at Vil- 
 lefans in Franche-Compte. He entertained 
 this design six years, and at last shot the 
 prince with a pistol at Delft. He declared 
 he committed the murder “ to expiate his 
 sins,” the prince being at the head of the 
 protestants. He war, executed in 1584. — Ibid, 
 
 Ge AitD (John), a learned lutheran di- 
 vine, was born at Ouedlinburg in 1532. 
 He was theological professor at Jena many 
 years, and died in 1637. H* wrote Com- 
 mentaries on the Scriptures, and a Harmony 
 of the Gospels, folio. — Moreri. 
 
 Gerard (John), a learned protestant di- 
 vine, was born at Jena in 1621. He be- 
 came professor of divinity and rector of 
 the university of Jena, and died there in 
 1063, He wrote Harmonica Lir.guaruin 
 
GEK 
 
 G E R 
 
 Orientalium ; Disputationum Theologica- 
 rum Fasciculus ; De Sepuhura Mosis; De 
 Ecclesiae Coptica: Ortu, Sec. His son, John 
 Ernest Gerard , was professor of divinity at 
 Giessen, and died in 1707. He was the 
 author of some learned works. — Moreri. 
 
 Gerard (Alexander), a Scotch divine, 
 was born at Garioch in the county of 
 Aberdeen in 1728. He was educated at 
 Aberdeen and at Edinburgh, and in 1750 
 was chosen professor of philosophy in the 
 Marischal college at the former place. In 
 1759 he was ordained, and the following 
 year chosen professor of divinity, about 
 which time he was admitted to his doctor’s 
 degree. In 1771 he was appointed theolo- 
 gical professor in King’s college. He died 
 in 1795. His works are, an Essay on 
 Taste, 8vo. : Dissertations on the Genius 
 and Evidences of Christianity, 8vo.; an 
 Essay on Genius, 8vo.; 2 vols. of Ser- 
 mons ; and a Discourse on Pastoral Care. — 
 Hupp, to Ency. Blit. 
 
 Gerard (John), an English botanist, was 
 born at Nantwich in Cheshire, in 1545. 
 He was bred a surgeon, and settled in Lon- 
 don, where he had lord Burleigh for a pa- 
 tron, and was superintendant of his lord- 
 ship’s garden. He had also a large physic gar- 
 den of his own. He died in 1607. He was the 
 author of Catalogus Arborum, Fruticum, 
 et Plantarum, tarn indigenarum quam ex- 
 eticarum, in liorto Joh. Gerardi, 4to. 1591. 
 But his great work is the “ Herbal, or Ge- 
 neral History of Plants,” folio, published 
 Erst in 1597. The best edition is that by 
 Johnson in 1633; — Pulteneys Sketches on Bo- 
 tuny. 
 
 Gf.rardi (Christofaro), anltalian painter, 
 was born at Florence ill 1500, and died in 
 1556. He painted historical subjects, land- 
 scapes, and grotesque. — Pilkingtoh. 
 
 Gerards (Mark), a 'painter of Bruges, 
 was born in 1561. About 1580 he came to 
 England, and was appointed painter to 
 queen Elizabeth. He was eminent in his- 
 tory, portraits, and landscapes; and died 
 in 1635. — Ibid. 
 
 Gerbais (John), a French divine, was 
 born about 1629. He became doctor of 
 the Sorbonne, and professor of eloquence 
 in the royal college. He distinguished him- 
 self so much by his writings in behalf of 
 the liberties of the Gallican church, as 
 to offend the pope. He died in 1699. — 
 Moreri. 
 
 Gerber (Nicholas), a learned German, 
 who was professor of law at Strasburg, 
 where he died in 1560. He wrote Isagoge 
 ip Tabulum Grxciae -Nicholai Sophiani; 
 Vita Joannis Cuspiniani,&c. — Freheri Theatr. 
 
 Gerber ox (Gabriel), a zealous jansenist, 
 was born in 1628. He was at first of the 
 oratory, and afterwards a benedictine of 
 St. Maur. He taught theology at that 
 place, till Louis XIV. having ordered him 
 to be arrested, he fled to Holland. He 
 died in the abbey of St. Dennis, in 1711. 
 
 He wrote several works, the principal of 
 which is, the History of Jansenism, S vols. 
 1 2mo. — Moreri. 
 
 Gerbier (sir Balthazar), a painter of 
 Antwerp, was born in 1592, and died in 
 1661. tie was knighted by Charles I. and 
 appointed that monarch’s agent at the court 
 ot Brussels. He painted small figures in 
 distemper. — Walpole. Pilkington. 
 
 Gerbillon (John Francis), one of the 
 most celebrated of the jesuit missionaries in 
 China, was born in 1654. He wrote His- 
 torical observations on Great Tartary ; 
 and Accounts of some of his Travels are in- 
 serted in Du Halde’s History of China. He 
 was in great favour with the emperor, for 
 whom he composed two books on Geome- 
 try, which were printed at Pekin in the 
 Chinese and Tartar languages. He died at 
 Pekin in 1707, superior-general of the mis- 
 sions in China. — Moreri. 
 
 Gerdes (Daniel), professor of divinity at 
 Groningen, was born in 1698, at Bremen. 
 He took his doctor’s degree at Utrecht, af- 
 ter which he became professor at Duisburg, 
 from whence in 1735 he removed to Gr o- 
 ningen, where he died in 1765. His chief 
 works are Vesperre Vadenses, sive Diatribas 
 Theologico-Philologicas de Hyper bolis ex 
 Scriptoribus Sacris eliminandis, 4to ; Ob- 
 servationes Miscellanece ad qusedam Loca 
 S. S. inquibus Historia Patriarcharum illus- 
 tratur; Miscellanea w Duisburgensia, ad in- 
 crementum Rei Literarix omnis prxeipue 
 vero Eruditionis Theolog'icx publicata, 
 4to.; Elorilegium Historico-criticum Libro- 
 rum variorum; Compendium Theologize 
 Dogmatic*, &C ■ — J ocher s Gelehrt. Lex. 
 
 Gerhard (Ephraim), a German lawyer 
 and philosopher of the 18th century, was 
 born in Silesia in 1682. He became pro- 
 fessor of law at Altdorf, where he died in 
 1718. The principal of his works is enti- 
 tuled Delineatio Philosophize Rationalis. — 
 Nuuv. Did. Hist. 
 
 Gerlach (Stephen), a German protestant 
 divine, was born in Suabia in 1546. lie 
 was educated at Tubingen, and became 
 chaplain to the imperial embassy at Con- 
 stantinople, where he resided five years, 
 and in 1578 returned to Tubingen; soon 
 after which he was appointed professor of 
 divinity, and dean of the church there. 
 Pie died in 1612. His works are, Epitome 
 of Ecclesiastical History; Journal of the 
 Embassy to the Porte; Dissertations, Sec. 
 — Mclch, Adam. Pit. Theol. Germ. 
 
 Germain (Thomas), a French artist, was 
 born at Paris in 1674. His father was 
 goldsmith to the king, and a man of great 
 ingenuity. The son resided a long time at 
 Rome, where he worked as a goldsmith, 
 and exercised himself in drawing. lie also 
 performed many fine sculptures in metal, 
 and on his return to Paris became famous 
 in that line. Plate wrought by him fetched 
 very high prices. He was like vise skilled 
 in architecture ; and died in 1743. —Moreri. 
 
 3 
 
GER 
 
 G E R 
 
 Germanicus (Csexar), the son of Nero 
 Claudius Drusus by Antonia, the niece of 
 Augustus. He was adopted by Tiberius, 
 A I). 4, and married Agrippina, the daugh- 
 ter of Agrippa, and grand-daughter of Au- 
 gustus. She was a woman of eminent vir- 
 tue. Germanicus was greatly beloved by 
 tire Roman people for his splendid accom- 
 plishments and excellent disposition. He 
 served the office of consul, A.D. 12, and at 
 the close of the reign of Augustus he com- 
 manded in Gaul, where he suppressed a 
 dangerous insurrection in the army. He 
 gained several victories over the Germans, 
 which rendering Tiberius jealous, he was 
 recalled. He was next appointed to com- 
 mand in the east, and after restoring order 
 in Greece, went to Egypt, but died on his 
 return, it is supposed of poison, near An- 
 tioch, A.D. 19, aged 34. His death was 
 considered as a public loss, and all the 
 houses in Rome were shut on the occasion. 
 He wrote some comedies in Greek, and 
 translated the Phenomena of Aratus into 
 Tatin. — Univ. History. Tacitus. Moreri. 
 
 Germanio (Anastasio),an Italian prelate, 
 was born in Piedmont in 1551. He was 
 nearly self-taught ; after which he studied 
 at Turin and Padua. At the former place 
 he was chosen professor of canon law. He 
 was employed by the popes, and became 
 bishop of Tarantasia. Being sent ambas- 
 sador by the duke of Savoy to Madrid, he 
 died there in 1G27. He wrote De Sacio- 
 rum Immunitatibus, &c. — Moreri. 
 
 Germanus, patriarch of Constantinople 
 in the 8th century, was an eunuch. He 
 was made bishop of Cyzicum, and in 715, 
 elevated to the patriarchate. He was a 
 zealous defender of image-worship, for 
 which he was degraded in a council held at 
 Constantinople in 730. He died about ten 
 years after. He wrote De Sex Synodis Oe- 
 cumenicis, &c. There was another patri- 
 arch of Constantinople of the same name, 
 in 1222. He was deposed in 1240, and re- 
 stored in 1254; but died shortly after. He 
 wrote Homilies, Orations, &c. — Cave. Mo- 
 reri. 
 
 Germany was anciently divided into 
 several independent states. About 390 
 B.C. some colonies of Gauls, under Sego- 
 vesus, settled in it. ILC 25 the Romans 
 gained some advantages over the Germans, 
 A.D. 177 Aurelius made a further progress, 
 and in 276 Probus extended his conquests, 
 but shortly after the Romans lost all their 
 possessions in Germany. In 432 the Huns, 
 a Tartar nation, conquered a great part of 
 Germany. In 771 Charlemagne conquered 
 several of the German nations ; in 772 he 
 defeated the Saxons, and in 788 he made 
 himself master of alj Germany. On the 
 death of Lewis the Mild, this country was 
 separated from France, Lotharius being de- 
 clared emperor of Germany, and Charles 
 the Bald king of France. The Carlovin- 
 gkm race expired in IV. and Conrad 
 
 duke of Franconia and Hesse was made ep-> 
 peror in 912. In 1273 Rodolph of Hap's- 
 burg, of the house of Austria, was elected 
 emperor. In 1519 the empire was united 
 to Spain, in the person of Charles V. but 
 this union ceased on his abdication in 1556. 
 — Univ. Hist. 
 
 Germvn (Simon), a Dutch painter of 
 fruit and landscapes, was born at Dort in 
 1650, and died in 174 9. — Houbraken . 
 
 Gerson (John), an eminent divine, whose 
 real name was Chat tier, was born at Gerson 
 in Champagne, in 1363. He was educated 
 in the college of Navarre, and became 
 chancellor and canon of the church of Pa- 
 ris. He was deputed to go to the council 
 of Pisa, where he contributed to the elec- 
 tion of pope Alexander V. He condemned 
 the murder of the duke of Orleans by the 
 duke of Burgundy, and distinguished him- 
 self at the council of Constance. He died 
 in 1429. His works are highly and de- 
 servedly valued. They were published in 
 1706, in 5 vols. folio. — Moreri. 
 
 Gersten (Christian Louis), mathemati- 
 cal professor at Giessen, where he was born 
 in 1701. He was appointed to the profes- 
 sorship in 1733, but was afterwards de- 
 prived of it for not submitting to the deci- 
 sion of a court of justice in a lawsuit with 
 his brother-in-law. Failing in his endear 
 vours to recover his situation, he wrote a 
 rude letter to the kndgrave, for which he 
 was imprisoned in 1748, and did not regain 
 his liberty till 1760. He died in 1762. 
 His works are, Tentamina Systematis novi 
 ad Mutationes Barometri ex Natura elate- 
 ris Aerei demonstrandas ; Methodus nova 
 ad Eclipses Terras et Appulses Lunse ad 
 Stellas Supputendas ; Exercitationes recen- 
 tiores circa Roris Metecra ; Methodus no- 
 va Calculi Eclipsium Terras Specialis,in the 
 English Philosophical Transactions, vol. 43 ; 
 Mercurius sub Sole visus; Quadrantis As- 
 tronomici muralis Idea nova et peculiaris. 
 — Jochers Gelehrt. Lex. 
 
 Gervais (Armand Francis), a French ec- 
 clesiastic of the order of Carmelites. He 
 was appointed superior of several houses 
 belonging to his order; but in 1695 he re- 
 tired to the monastery of La Trappe, of 
 which he was made abbot, but resigned 
 that station soon after. He was at last con- 
 fined in an abbey in the diocese of Troyes, 
 for attacking the Bernardines in his History 
 of the Cistercian Order. He died in 1741. 
 He abridged the works of St. Cyprian, and 
 wrote the life of that father. He was also 
 the author of the lives of Abelard and He- 
 loise, and other biographical and theologi- 
 cal works. — Moreri. 
 
 Gervaise (Nicholas), a French mission- 
 ary, who went to Siam, and on his return 
 published the Natural and Political History 
 of that country, 4to. 1688. He afterwards 
 became provost of Suevre in the church of 
 St. Martin at Tours. Besides the above he 
 wrote the Life of St. Martin, bishop of 
 G S 
 
G E S 
 
 G H I 
 
 Tours, with a History of the Foundation 
 of his Church ; History of Boethius, &c. 
 About 1724 he went to Rome, and was ap- 
 pointed bishop of Horren. He then set out 
 for Guiana, where, with all the other mis- 
 sionaries, he was murdered by the natives 
 in 1729. — Ibid. 
 
 Gesner (Conrad), an eminent physician 
 and naturalist, was born at Zurich in Swit- 
 zerland in 1516. His parents were too 
 poor to give him an education, which he 
 acquired by the liberality of some of his 
 fellow citizens. After studying at Stutgard, 
 he went to Paris, and supported himself 
 by teaching grammar. He was also Greek 
 professor some time at X.ausanne. At Ba- 
 sil he took his doctor’s degree in physic, 
 and then returned to Zurich, where he 
 practised as a physician, and gave lectures 
 m philosophy. His fame as a naturalist was 
 circulated over Europe, and he maintained 
 a correspondence with learned men of all 
 countries. He died in 1565. He wrote 
 on the Collection of Plants, a work of 
 vast merit ; Apparatus et Delectus Simpli- 
 cium Medicamentorum, et de Composi- 
 tione Medicamentorum ; Catalogus Plan- 
 tarum ; Hortorum Germanix Descriptio; 
 Historia Animalium, which is accounted his 
 greatest performance, and procured him the 
 name of the modern Pliny ; De Fossilibus, Gem- 
 mis, Lapidibus, Metallis, &c. Bibliotheca 
 Universalis ; the last has gone through se- 
 veral editions — Moreti. Haller y BilL Med. 
 
 Gesner (John James), a native of Zu- 
 rich, and professor there, was born in 
 1707, and died in 1787. He wrote The- 
 saurus Universalis omnium Numismatum 
 veterum Grxcorum ct Romanorum, 4 vols. 
 folio; Specimen Rei Nummarix Nnmis- 
 mata Regum Macedonia omnia qux labo- 
 ribus celeber. virorum Crophii, Eazii, Gol- 
 zii, &c. — Gen. Biog. 
 
 Gesner (Solomon), a German protestant 
 divine, was born in Silesia in 1559. He 
 studied at Breslaw and Strasburgh, and 
 about 1593 became professor of divinity at 
 Wirtemberg. He afterwards attained the 
 honourable distinctions of dean and rector 
 of that university, and principal preacher 
 in the castle-church. He died in 1605. lie 
 published the prophecy of Ilosea from the 
 version of Jerome; a Disquisition on the 
 Psalter ; Dissertation on the Book of Gene- 
 sis ; Sermons, &c. — Melch. Adam. Fit. Germ. 
 Tied. 
 
 Gessner (Solomon), a poet and painter, 
 was born at Zurich in Switzerland, in 1730. 
 His father was a bookseller and printer, 
 and brought him up to the same business. 
 In 1753 he published a short poem, in 
 poetic prose, intituled Night, which was 
 followed by the pastoral of Daphnis. His 
 next work was the Idyls, tender and in- 
 teresting. But his reputation was encreas- 
 ed and extended by the Death of Abel, 
 which has been translated into several lan- 
 £uaga«r In 1765 he published ten land- 
 
 scapes, engraved by himself from his own 
 designs. These were followed by others. 
 Pie was also the author of a Letter on Land- 
 scape Painting; Poems, & c. He died in 
 1781. — Preface to his Works. 
 
 Gessner (John Matthias), a profound 
 scholar and critic, was born at Roth in 
 Anspach in 1691. On the recommenda- 
 tion of Buddxus, he was appointed rector 
 of the school of Weimar, which situation 
 lie filled eleven years. From thence he re- 
 moved to Leipsic ; and lastly to Gottingen, 
 where he was made professor of rhetoric, 
 librarian, and inspector of public schools. 
 He died in 1761 . His most esteemed works 
 are ; editions of some of the Classics, and 
 an excellent Latin Thesaurus, 4 vols. folio „ 
 ~—Gen. Biog. 
 
 Geta (Septimius), son of the emperor 
 Severus, and brother of Caracalla, who 
 being jealous of his accomplishments, stab- 
 bed him in the arms of their mother Ju- 
 lia, at the age of 23, A. D. 212. — Univ. 
 Hist. 
 
 Gethin (Grace), an ingenious English 
 lady, was the daughter of sir George Nor- 
 ton in Somersetshire, and born in 1676. 
 She married early sir Richard Gethin of 
 Ireland, but died soon after in 1697, and 
 her remains were interred in Westminster 
 abbey. After her death appeared a work, 
 entituled Reliquix Gethinianx, or some re- 
 mains of the most ingenious and excellent 
 Lady Grace Gethin, lately deceased, &c. 
 1700, 4to. Provision was made lor a ser- 
 mon to be preached annually to comme- 
 morate her memory, in Westminster abbey, 
 and Mr. Congreve wrote a poem to her 
 honour. — Female Worthies. 
 
 Geuss (John Michael), mathematical 
 professor at Copenhagen, was born in Hol- 
 stein in 1745, and died there in 1786. He 
 published the Theory of the Art of con- 
 structing Mines, 1776 ; a Voyage to Ice- 
 land, translated from the German, 2 vols. 
 4to. ; an edition of Logarithmi Buggiani 
 Nunierorum ab Unitate ad 10,000, See. — 
 Gen. Biog. 
 
 Gheeen (Sigismund), a learned man of 
 the 16th century. He was a native of 
 Prague; and. by the recommendation of 
 l ; '.rasmus, became corrector of the press in 
 the office of Frobenius. He died in 1554. 
 Ghelen published a dictionary in four lan- 
 guages, Greek, Latin, German, and Dalma- 
 tian ; and some translations of antient au- 
 thors. — Bayle. Moreri. 
 
 Ghezzi "(Pier Leone), a painter, was born 
 at Rome in 1674. lie was appointed by 
 the pope to adorn the castle of Gandolfo, 
 and other places. Francis 1. duke of Par- 
 ma, conferred on him the honour of knight- 
 hood. He died in 1755. — PHMngton. 
 
 Ghilini (Jerome), a learned Italian, was 
 born in the Milanese in 1589. He became 
 eminent as a canonist, and obtained ecclesi- 
 astical preferment at Milan. He died about 
 1670. His works are. Poems; Cases. of 
 
G I B 
 
 GIB 
 
 Conscience ; Annals of Alexandria : and 
 Teatro di huomini Letterati, 2 vols. 4to. — 
 JVTorerl. 
 
 Ghirlandaio (Domenico), a Florentine 
 painter, was born in 1449. He was in- 
 tended for a goldsmith ; but having a strong 
 passion for painting, he cultivated that art 
 with success. His manner was however Go- 
 thic and dry, and he deserves most to be 
 celebrated for being the tutor of Michael 
 Angelo. He died at the age of 44, leaving 
 three sons, David, Benedict, and Randolph, 
 all painters. — Pilkington. 
 
 Ghisoi.fi (Giovanni), a painter, was born 
 at Milan in 1628, and died in 1683. He 
 excelled in painting perspective views and 
 sea-ports. — Ibid. 
 
 Giafar, or Sadek, i. e. the Just, a maho- 
 metan doctor, was descended by his mo- 
 ther’s side, from the caliph Abubekir. He 
 died at Medina in 764. A book of mussul- 
 man prophecies is ascribed to him ; and 
 another on lots; but his Traditions are 
 most esteemed. — D' Hcrbelot. 
 
 Giahedh, or large- eyed, another mussul- 
 man doctor. He was the head of a sect 
 called Motazales, who blended philosophy 
 with religion. He studied the Greek philo- 
 sophers, and wrote treatises on metaphy- 
 sics. He died in 840. — Ibid. 
 
 Giannone (Peter), an historian, was 
 born at Naples about 1680. He wrote 
 the history of that kingdom, for some free- 
 doms in which, respecting the papal power, 
 he was obliged to quit his native country. 
 He died in Piedmont in 1748. His works 
 were collected after his death. — Noun. Diet. 
 Hist. 
 
 Gibbon (Edward), a celebrated historian, 
 was born at Putney in 1737, of a genteel 
 family. He was first placed at a private 
 school at Kingston, and next at Westmin- 
 ster school; from whence he was removed 
 to Magdalen college, Oxford. While there, 
 he read books of controversial divinity, 
 particularly those between the papists and 
 pr-otestants : and not having had the advan- 
 tage of religious instruction in his child- 
 hood, he conceived that the truth lay on the 
 side of the romanists. Accordingly, in 1753, 
 be renounced heresy in the presence of a 
 popish priest in Eondon. His father was 
 greatly concerned at this, and to reclaim 
 him sent him to Lausanne in Switzerland, 
 under the care of Mr. Pavilliard, a protes- 
 tant divine, by whose instructions he was 
 convinced of the etrors of the Romish 
 church, and he received the sacrament ac- 
 cording - to the reformed communion, in 
 1754. While at I.ausanne he pursued his 
 classical studies with ardour, and made him- 
 self master of the French language. Fie 
 here fell in love with the daughter of a mi- 
 nister, but was dissuaded from entering in- 
 to the marriage state by the force of pater- 
 nal remonstrance ; and he lived single the 
 remainder of his life. The lady afterwards 
 became the wife of the famous Necker, In 
 
 1758 he returned to England, where he be- 
 gan to collect a noble library ; and in 1761 
 published in French, a small volume, enti- 
 tuled, “ Essai sur l’Etude dela Litterature.” 
 He was at this time a captain in the Hamp- 
 shire militia, which line he quitted at the 
 peace of 1763, when he visited Paris, and 
 from thence went to Lausanne. He next 
 travelled into Italy ; and, while sitting 
 amid the ruins of the capitol at Rome, 
 lonned the idea of writing the decline and 
 fall of that mighty empire’. In 1767 he as- 
 sisted M. Dey verdun in writing the Me- 
 m oi res Litteralres de la Grande Bretagne. 
 In 1770, Mr. Gibbon published in English 
 a pamphlet, entituled, ‘ Critical Observa- 
 tions on the Sixth Book of the ^Eneid 
 the design of which was to refute bishop 
 Warburton’s hypothesis on the descent of 
 Auieas. The same year, by the death of 
 his father, he came into the possession of 
 the family estate ; but it was much involved. 
 In 1774 he was returned to parliament for 
 I.iskeard ; but though he sat eight lyears, 
 he never distinguished himself as a speaker, 
 always giving a silent vote for the minister. 
 In 1776 appeared the first volume of his 
 great work, the Decline and Fall of the 
 Roman Empire, which was afterwards ex- 
 tended to six volumes, 4to. and on the me- 
 rit of which no remark need be made. It 
 must not, however, be passed over, that in 
 this truly splendid history the author open- 
 ed a masked battery against Christianity 
 in several places, but especially in two 
 chapters of the first volume, on the growth 
 and progress of that religion. Several wri- 
 ters attacked the historian, to one of whom 
 only, Mr. Davis, who had charged the au- 
 thor with want of fidelity, did Mr. Gibbon 
 vouchsafe a reply. He was employed by 
 ministers in writing a memoir in justification 
 of this country’s going to war with France, 
 for the part taken by that court in the 
 American contest. This piece was written 
 m French, and was greatly admired. For 
 this he obtained a seat at the board of trade, 
 which he lost on the abolition of that board 
 by Mr. Burke’s bill. In 1783 he retired 
 to Switzerland, where he employed himself 
 in completing his History : but when the 
 French revolution began to disturb the 
 neighbouring states, Mr. Gibbon returned 
 to Flngland, and died of a dropsy, Jan. 16, 
 1794. After his death appeared his posthu- 
 mous works, with his memoirs, written by 
 himself, and finished by his friend, lord 
 Sheffield, 2 vols. 4to. 
 
 Gibbons (Grinling), an eminent sculptor, 
 in the seventeenth century, was the son of 
 a Dutchman who settled in England. He 
 was employed by Charles II. who appointed 
 him to a place under the board of works, 
 and employed him in ornamenting several 
 of his palaces. He carved the foliage in the 
 chapel at Windsor, the choir of St. Paul’s 
 cathedral, and the admirable font in St. 
 James’s church, Westminster; but his prLn- 
 G g 2 
 
G I B 
 
 eipal performance is said to be at Pet- 
 worth. He died in 1721. — Walpoles Anec- 
 dotes of Painting. 
 
 Gibbons (Orlando), an eminent musician, 
 was born at Cambridge in 1583. He be- 
 came organist of the chapel royal at the 
 age of 21 ■ and, in 1622, was created doc- 
 tor of music by the university of Oxford. 
 He died at Canterbury of the small-pox, 
 in 1625. He was the best church composer 
 of his time ; he also published Madrigals, 
 1612. His two brothers and son were like- 
 wise good musicians. — Burney. Hnivkins. 
 
 Gibbs (James), an architect, was born at 
 Aberdeen in 1683. He designed the church- 
 es of St. Martin’s and St. Mary le Strand, 
 London; the new church at Derby; the 
 senate-house, and the improvements of 
 King’s college, Cambridge - and other -works. 
 He died in 1754. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Gib ely n (M. le comte de), a French 
 writer, was born in 1725. He wrote a 
 work, entituled, Le Monde primitif com- 
 pare au Monde moderne, for which the 
 French academy twice awarded him their 
 
 annual prize. He died in 1734. Nouv. 
 
 Diet. Hist. 
 
 Gibert (Balthazar), a French writer, 
 was born at Aix in 1662. He became pro- 
 fessor of rhetoric in the college of Mazarin, 
 at Paris, in 1688, and in 1734 was elected 
 syndic of the university: but in 1740 he 
 was exiled for opposing the revocation of 
 an appeal of the university against the bull 
 Unigenitus. He died the year following. 
 His principal works are, De la Veritable 
 Eloquence ; Reflexions sur la Rhetorique ; 
 Jugemens des Savans sur les Auteurs qui ont 
 traitd de la Rhetorique; La Rhetorique, ou 
 les Regies de l’Eloquence. — Moreri. 
 
 Gibert (John Peter), a French divine, 
 was born at Aix in 16G0. He taught theo- 
 logy at Toulon and Aix for some years ; 
 but in 1709 he removed to Paris, where he 
 led a retired life, and refused several eccle- 
 siastical preferments. He died in 1736. 
 His eminence as a canonist was great, and 
 his works are highly valued. 4 hey are, 
 The Duties of a Christian ; Cases of Prac- 
 tice relating to the Sacraments ; Doctrina 
 CanUnum in corpore Juris inclusorum, 5cc.; 
 Memoirs relating to the Scriptures ; Eccle- 
 siastical Institutions ; the Customs of the 
 Gallican church, with respect to Censures 
 and Irregularity Tradition, or the History 
 of the Church with reference to the .Sacra- 
 ment of Marriage, See. — Ibid. 
 
 Giberti (Giammateo), an Italian prelate, 
 was born at' Palermo. He became a great 
 favourite of popes Leo X. and Clement 
 VII. The latter made him governor of 
 Tivoli and bishop of Verona. He was one 
 of the hostages delivered by that pontiff 
 in 1527 to the Imperialists, from whom he 
 received very ill usage. On his release he 
 retired to his bishopric, but was recalled to 
 Rome by Paul III. He set up a Greek 
 pres* in his palace, from whence issued 
 
 G I B 
 
 several works of the fathers. Fie died m 
 15-13. His letters and directions to the 
 clergy have been often printed. — Thaboscht. 
 
 Gibieuf (William), a French ecclesiastic, 
 of the congregation ot the Oratory, who 
 died in 1650. His work, On the Liberty 
 of God, and of the Creature, in Latin, is 
 an esteemed performance. — Moreri. 
 
 Gibson (Edmund), a learned prelate, 
 was born at Bampton in Westmoreland, in 
 1669. After receiving his education in th« 
 school of his native town, he was sent to 
 Queen’s college, Oxford, where he applied 
 particularly to the study of the northern 
 languages. In 1691 he took his first degree 
 In arts, and published a new edition of 
 Drummond’s Polemo-Middiana, and J ames 
 V. of Scotland’s Cantilena Rustica,_ 4to. 
 with curious notes. In 1692 he published 
 a Latin version of theChronicon Saxonicum, 
 with notes, 4to. These works were follow- 
 ed by another volume, entituled, Librorum 
 Manuscriptorum in duabus insignibus Bik- 
 liothecis, altera Dugdaliana Oxonii, Catalo- 
 gue, dedicated to bishop Tenison, which 
 procured him the patronage of that prelate, 
 who appointed him his chaplain. In 1694 
 he proceeded M. A. ; and the year follow- 
 ing appeared his edition of Camden s Bri- 
 tannia, with considerable additions. In 
 1700 he obtained the rectory of Stisted, in 
 Essex; and in 1702 archbishop Tenison 
 gave him the degree of D. D. The year 
 following he obtained the rectory of Lam- 
 beth, and the mastership of the hospital of 
 St. Mary. In, 1710 he was made archdea- 
 con of Surrey, and in 1713 he published 
 his Codex Juris F.cclesiastici Anglicam, in 
 folio, which procured him the applause of 
 the friends of the church, and much cen- 
 sure from its enemies. On the advance- 
 ment of bishop Wake to the primacy in 
 17 ] 5, Dr. Gibson was made bishop of Lin- 
 coln, and in 1723 translated to London, in 
 which station he conducted himself with 
 apostolical zeal, piety, and disinterestedness. 
 He died at Bath in 1748. Besides the above 
 works, he published .several excellent pas- 
 toral letters, against infidelity, immorality, 
 and enthusiasm. — Bhg. Brit. 
 
 Gibson (Richard), known by the name 
 of the dwarf, an English painter in the 
 time of sir Peter Lely, whose manner he 
 studied. In his youth he was servant to a 
 lady at Mortlake, who, perceiving his taste 
 for painting, put him under de Cleyn, for 
 instruction. He was page to Charles I. and 
 when he married Mrs. Anne Shepherd, wh® 
 wa 3 also a dwarf, the king honoured the 
 wedding with his presence, and gave away 
 the bride. They were of equal stature, 
 each measuring three feet ten inches. They 
 had nine children, five of whom arrived at 
 years of maturity, and were of the usual 
 stature. Gibson died in his 75th year, and 
 his wife in 1709, at the age of 89. Wal- 
 pole. ; 
 
 Gibson (William), a nephew of the 
 (>. 
 
GIL 
 
 GIL 
 
 above, was instructed in the art of paint- 
 ing by him and sir Peter JLely, whose works 
 
 he copied. He died at the age of 53. 
 
 Ibid. 
 
 Gideon, a judge of Israel, was of the 
 tribe of Manasseh, and divinely called, as 
 he was threshing, to deliver his countrymen 
 from the Midianites; after which he judged 
 the people forty years, and died B. C. 1236'. 
 — Book of Judges. 
 
 Gifanius (Hubertus), a learned critic, 
 was born at Buren in Guelderland, in 1534. 
 He studied at Louvain, and at Paris, but 
 took his degree of doctor of civil law at 
 Orleans. He was made counsellor of state 
 by the emperor Rodolph, and died in 1 604. 
 l ie wrote comments on Homer, Aristotle’s 
 politics and ethics, and upon Lucretius; 
 also Comment, de Imperatore Justiniano; 
 and Index Histor. Rerum Romanarum. — 
 Bayle. Moreri. 
 
 Gifford (Andrew), a baptist minister, 
 was born in 1700. He was assistant libra- 
 rian of the British Museum many years, 
 and died in 1784. He bequeathed his li- 
 brary to the baptist academy at Bristol. Dr. 
 
 ( jidord was a learned antiquary and a pious 
 divine. — Gent. Mag. 
 
 Gigged (Anthony), a learned Italian 
 divine, of the 17th century. He lived at 
 Milan, and translated into Latin the Com- 
 mentaries of R. R. G. Solomon, Aben 
 Ezra, and Levi Gersom, on the Proverbs; 
 but his greatest work is Thesaurus Lingua 
 Arabic*, sen I. exicon Arabico-Latinum, 4 
 vols. folio. He died about 1632. — Nouv. 
 Bid. Hist. 
 
 Gilbert (William), a physician, who 
 discovered several of the properties of the 
 loadstone, was born at Colchester in 1540, 
 and educated at Cambridge, but took his 
 degree of M. D. abroad. On his return he 
 was elected a fellow of the college of phy- 
 sicians, and became physician to queen 
 Elizabeth. In 1600 he published a work, 
 enti ruled, De Magnete, magneticisque Cor- 
 poribus, et de magno Magnete tellure, 
 Physiologia nova, in which are many im- 
 portant suggestions for the improvement 
 of navigation. He died in 1603. — Biog. 
 Brit. 
 
 Gilbert (sir Humphrey), an able navi- 
 gator, was born at Dartmouth, in Devon- 
 shire, in 1539. His mother becoming a 
 widow, married Mr. Raleigh, by whom she 
 had the celebrated sir Walter. Humphrey 
 was educated at Eton and Oxford, but he 
 forsook an academical life for the military, 
 and served with reputation in Ireland, as a 
 reward for which he was knighted. In 
 1.576 he published a Discourse to prove a 
 passage by the north-west to Cathay and 
 the East Indies. Two years afterwards he 
 obtained a patent for establishing settle- 
 ments in North America. In 1583 he took 
 possession of Newfoundland, where he 
 thought to find silver mines, and made ano- 
 ther voyage for that purpose, but on his 
 
 return the vessel foundered, and- all oft' 
 board perished. — Biog. Brit. Princes Wor- 
 thies . 
 
 Gildas, a British monk of the 6th cen- 
 tury. There is nothing extant of his but 
 an epistle on the depravity of the Britons, 
 written in 781, the best edition of which 
 is that by Gale in 1691. Bishop Bale men- 
 tions another Gildas, who was a native of 
 Wales, and flourished abou 820. He was 
 a monk, and wrote a calendar of saints, yet 
 extant in MS.; and Leland notices a poet of 
 the name, who drew up the prophecies of 
 Merlin in Latin verse. — Cave , Hist. Lit, 
 Moreri. 
 
 Giloon (Charles), a poet, was born at 
 Gillingham in Dorsetshire, about 1666. and 
 educated at Douav. In 1585 he returned 
 to England, and wasted his paternal estate, 
 on which he turned dramatic writer but 
 without success. He wrote a book, entitu- 
 led, The complete art of Poetry. He died 
 in 1723. — m Biog. Dram. 
 
 Giles, of Piter bo, an Italian cardinal of 
 the 16th century, -who was a great favour- 
 ite with the popes Julius II. and Leo X. 
 the latter of whom sent him legate to Ger- 
 many, on which occasion he was made a 
 cardinal. He died in 1532. He wrote 
 Remarks on the Three first Chapters of 
 Genesis; Commentaries on the Psalms; 
 Dialogues ; Letters and Poems. — Moreri. 
 
 Giles (John), or Johannes iEgidius, 
 was born at St. Alban’s. He lived in the 
 13th century; was physician to Philip of 
 France, and a professor at Paris and Mont- 
 pellier. He was also doctor of divinity, 
 and the first Englishman of the dominican 
 order. — Bale. Pits. 
 
 Gilimer, or Gelimer, the last king of 
 the Vandals in Africa, was the descendant 
 of Genseric. He deposed his cousin Hil- 
 deric in 530, but was defeated shortly after 
 by Belisarius, on which be retreated into 
 Numidia. He was a second time defeated 
 and conducted in triumph to Constantino- 
 ple, repeatedly exclaiming as he was led 
 along, Vanity of vanities ! all is vanity ! Jus- 
 tinian gave him an estate, and would have 
 created him a patrician, on the condition 
 that he renounced arianism, which he refu- 
 sed. — Gibbon. Univ. Hist. 
 
 Gill (Alexander), a famous school-mas- 
 ter, was born in Lincolnshire in 1564. He 
 received his education at Corpus Christi col- 
 lege, Oxford, where he took his degrees in 
 arts, and entered into orders. In 1608 he 
 became master of St. Paul’s school, where 
 he brought up many eminent persons, and 
 among the rest, the celebrated Milton. Dr. 
 Gill wrote, 1. Treatise concerning the Tri- 
 nity in Unity 8vo.; 2. Logonorica Anglica 
 4to. ; 3. Sacred Philosophy of holy Scrip- 
 ture, or a Commentary on the Creed, fol. 
 He died in 1635. He was succeeded by his 
 son Alexander Gill, who was doctor in di- 
 vinity, and accounted a good Latin poet. 
 In 1640 he was removed from that situavloaj 
 
G I L 
 
 on which he kept a school in Aldersgate 
 street. He wrote a Latin treatise on Arith- 
 metic, and some poems. He died in 1642. 
 —W,-od. 
 
 Gill (John), a baptist minister, was 
 born at Kettering in Northamptonshire, 
 in 1697. He was nearly self-taught, and 
 acquired a great knowledge of the Latin, 
 Greek, and Hebrew languages. About 
 1716 he became a preacher, and officiated 
 to a congregation of I figham Ferrers, from 
 whence in 1719 he removed to London, 
 where he was chosen pastor of the baptist 
 congregation in Southwark. He died in 
 1721. The university of Aberdeen con- 
 ferred on him the degree of doctor in divi- 
 nity. He published an Exposition of the 
 Bible, 9 vols, folio; The Cause of God and 
 Truth, 3 vols. 8vo.; a Body of Divinity, 3 
 \*ols. 4to. ; a Dissertation on the Antiquity 
 of the Hebrew Language; and several 
 Tracts and Sermons. In his sentiments he 
 was a Calvinist of the most rigid cast. — 
 Life prefixed to his Sermons and Tracts. 
 
 Gilles (Peter), a learned traveller, was 
 born at Albi in 1490. About 1534 Francis 
 I. of France sent him to travel in the Le- 
 vant ; but, neglecting to supply him with 
 money, Gilles was obliged to enter into the 
 army of Soliman II. He returned from 
 Constantinople with the French ambassa- 
 dor in 1550, and died at Rome in 1555. 
 He wrote De Vi et Natura Animalium; De 
 Bosphoro Thracio, and de Topographia 
 Constantinopoleos. — Moreri. 
 
 Gillot (Claude), a French painter and 
 engraver, was the disciple of Watteau. He 
 was born at Langres in 1673, and died at 
 Paris in 1722. He succeeded chiefly in 
 grotesque figures.— -Pilk. 
 
 Gilpin (Bernard), an excellent divine, 
 was born at Kentmire in Westmoreland 
 in 1517, and educated at Queen’s college, 
 Oxford, of which he became fellow. 
 But he afterwards removed to Christ 
 church, where, by reading the works of 
 Erasmus, he secretly embraced the princi- 
 ples of the Reformation. In 1552 he ob- 
 tained the living of Norton in the diocese 
 of Durham, which, however, he soon re- 
 signed, thinking himself not qualified for 
 the pastoral charge. By the advice of his 
 tincle, bishop Tonstal, he went abroad, 
 and caused a manuscript treatise of that 
 prelate on the eucharist to be printed. 
 He returned to England in 1556, and was 
 presented by his uncle to the archdeaconry 
 of Durham, and the rectory of Easington, 
 where he laboured with truly apostolical 
 zeal; and in his capacity of archdeacon 
 made strict visitations, being a great enemy 
 to non-residence and pluralities. He was 
 next presented to the rectory of Houghton 
 le Spring, where his labours in promoting 
 true religion were so remarkable, that bi- 
 shop Bonner gave orders for him to be ar- 
 irest^d and sent to London. Gilpin dressed 
 
 G I O 
 
 himself for the stake, but before he reached 
 London news came of the queen s death, 
 on which he returned to his parish, to 
 the great joy of his people. Queen Eli- 
 zabeth offered him the bishopric^ of Car- 
 lisle, which he refused. He died in 1583. 
 — Life of Gilpin by bishop Carleton. Diitd by 
 W. Gilpin. . 
 
 Gilpin (Richard), a non-confotmist di- 
 vine, was a native of Cumberland. Fie 
 took the degree of M. D. in Queen’s col- 
 lege, Oxford, but afterwards was ordained, 
 and had the living of Greystock in Cum- 
 berland. Fie was silenced for not comply- 
 ing with the act of uniformity, in 1662. 
 He then practised physic with success at 
 Newcastle-upon-Tyne, and died in 1697. 
 Calamy. Palmer. , . 
 
 Gilpin (William), an ingenious divine, 
 was a native of W e s t m o rebind, and edu- 
 cated at Queen’s college, Oxford, where he 
 took his degrees in arts. He kept for 
 manv years a respectable seminary at 
 Cheam in Surrey, and afterwards became 
 vicar of Boldre in Hampshire, and preben- 
 dary of Salisbury. He died in 1804, aged 
 80. Mr. Gilpin published, The Life 
 of Bernard Gilpin, his ancestor, above- 
 mentioned ; The Lives of Latimer, Wick- 
 liffe, Huss, and archbishop Cranmer; Lec- 
 tures on the Church Catechism, 12mo. ; 
 Exposition of the New Testament, 2 vols. 
 8vo. ; Observations relative to Picturesque 
 Beauty, 8vo. ; A 'Four to the Lakes, 2 vols. 
 8vo. ; Remarks on Forest Scenery, 2 vols.; 
 Essay on Prints ; Essays on Picturesque 
 Beautv, &c. ; Observations on the River 
 Wye, &c. Svo.; Picturesque Remarks on 
 the Western Parts of England, Svo. ; Ser- 
 mons to a Country Congregation, 2 vols. 
 8vo. ; Moral Contrasts, Svo. &c. &c. — 
 Gent. Mag. 
 
 Gin nani (Francis), count, a naturalist, 
 was born at Ravenna in 1716. He became 
 page to duke Anthony Farnese, after which 
 he led a retired life on his estate, improving 
 agriculture, and collecting a museum of 
 natural curiosities. He died in 1766. Plis 
 principal work is a Historical Treatise of 
 the Diseases of Growing Corn, 4to. 1759. 
 His other writings are, Account of his 
 Museum; A Description of Indigenous 
 Plants ; and a Dissertation on the Scirpus 
 of Ravenna. — Halleri Bibl. B'otan. 
 
 Giocondo (Fra Giovauni), an archi- 
 tect, was a native of Verona, where he 
 taught school, and had Julius Cfcsar Sca- 
 liger for a pupil. Fie was versed in theo- 
 logy, mathematics, and antiquities, and 
 constructed several bridges in France and 
 Italy. He died in 1521. He published an 
 edition of Vitruvius, and another of Ca> 
 sar’s Commentaries, &c. — Tiraboscbi. 
 
 Gioja (2lavio), a mathematician of Na- 
 ples to whom is inscribed the invention of 
 the compass. He was born about 1 300, 
 He marked the north with a ficur de li£, i» 
 
G I R 
 
 G I R 
 
 honour of the sovereigns of Naples, who 
 were a branch of the royal family of France. 
 
 ■ — Moreri. 
 
 Giolito (de Ferrari), a e-elebrated printer 
 of Venice in the 16th century. His repu- 
 tation was acquired chiefly by the elegance 
 of his type and paper. Fie was ennobled 
 by Charles V. He died in 1547, leaving 
 two sons, both printers. — Tiraboscbi. 
 
 Gioruani (Vital), an Italian mathema- 
 tician of the 17th century, was a native of 
 the kingdom of Naples. He became a sol- 
 dier in the pope’s galleys, and the admiral 
 under whom he served made him his purser. 
 He next obtained the place of keeper of 
 the castle of St. Angelo at Rome, where he 
 applied so assiduously to the study of the 
 mathematics, as to be appointed to a pro- 
 fessorship. He died in 1711. His works 
 are, Euclide Restituto, folio; De Compo- 
 nendis Gravium Momentis, folio; Funda- 
 mentum Doctrinal Motus Gravium, et ad 
 Hyacinthum Christophorum Epistola. — 
 Moreri. 
 
 Giordano (Luca), a painter, was born 
 at Naples in 1602. He was in high favour 
 with the king of Spain, who conferred on 
 him the honour of knighthood. He died in 
 1705. — Pilkirigton. 
 
 Giorgianj, a celebrated mussulman doc- 
 tor, whose real name was Alsied Alscherif 
 Abou Hassan, or Houssain Ali, but so called 
 from his, being a native of Georgia. He 
 died at Shiraz in 1413. He wrote an Ex- 
 planation of Terms used in Philosophy and 
 Theology ; a Commentary on Euclid, See. 
 There was another mathematician, and 
 ■ also a grammarian, of the same name. — 
 D'Herbelot. 
 
 Giorgione, or Georgio Barbarelli, 
 a painter, was born at Castel Franco, in 
 the state of Venice, in 1478. He studied 
 the works of Leonardo da Vinci, whom he 
 soon surpassed. Titian worked under him 
 to obtain his manner of colouring, but 
 Giorgione perceiving his design, dismissed 
 him. His finest work, is a painting of 
 Christ carrying his cross, at Venice. He 
 died in 1511. — PiUington. 
 
 Giottino (Tomaso), an Italian painter, 
 was born at Florence in 1324. His real 
 name was Stefano, hut he was called Giot- 
 tino on account of the resemblance of his 
 style to that of Giotto. He died in 1356. 
 —Ibid. 
 
 Giotto, an eminent painter, sculptor, 
 and architect, was born near Florence in 
 1276. He was chiefly admired for his 
 works in mosaic, the best of which is a 
 ship over the grand entrance of St, Peter’s 
 church at Rome. His mosaic of the death 
 of the Virgin, at Florence, was greatly ad- 
 mired by Michael Angelo. He died in 
 1336. — Pilki/igton. 
 
 Giraldi (Gigio Gregorio), an eminent 
 writer, was born at Ferrara in 1479. He 
 died in 1552. The most esteemed of his 
 
 works are Syntagma de Diis Gentium, and 
 a history of the Greek and Latin poets. — * 
 
 Moreri. 
 
 Giraldi (John Baptist Cintio), an Ita- 
 lian poet and physician, was born at Fer- 
 rara in 1504. He was secretary to the 
 duke of Ferrara, and professor of rhetoric 
 at Pavia. Fie died at his native place in 
 1573. He wrote nine tragedies in Italian : 
 but his principal work is entituled Ecatom- 
 mithi, or A hundred Novels, 2 vols. 8vo. — ■ 
 Moreri. 
 
 Giraldus. See Barry. 
 
 Girard (John Baptiste), a celebrated 
 jesuit, was a native of Dole. He was tried 
 before the parliament of Aix, on the accu- 
 sation of Marie Catherine Cadiere, a girl 
 of 18, for using sorcery, first to abuse her, 
 and afterwards to destroy the fruit of her 
 womb. He was acquitted, but the affair 
 made a great noise. — Moreri. 
 
 Girard (Gabriel), author of the cele- 
 brated work entituled Synonymes Francois, 
 Sec. was almoner to the duchess de Berry, 
 and the king’s interpreter for the Russian 
 and Sclavonian languages. He also wrote 
 a work, entituled, Principes de la Langue 
 Frangoise. The Abbe Girard died in 1748, 
 aged 70. — Noav. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Girardon (Francis), a sculptor and ar- 
 chitect, was horn at Troyes in 1628. After 
 studving under Anguier, lie was sent to 
 Rome by Louis XIV. to perfect himself in 
 his art, and he succeeded le Brun as inspec- 
 tor-general of sculpture. His chief works 
 are the Mausoleum of Richelieu, in the 
 church of the Sorbonne; the equestrian 
 statue of Louis XIV. : and the rape of Pro- 
 serpine, in the gardens of Versailles. He 
 died in 1715- — D'Argetvville. Moreri. 
 
 Giron (Don Peter), duke of Ossuna, a 
 Spaniard of illustrious birth, and succes- 
 sively viceroy of Sicily and Naples, was a 
 man of great valour and fortitude, hut of 
 a cruel disposition. When viceroy of Na- 
 ples, he patronized the famous conspiracy 
 at Venice, on which is built Otway’s best 
 play. The duke of Ossuna fell into dis- 
 grace at Madrid, and died in prison in 
 1 624. — Moreri. 
 
 Gi roust (Janies), a French jesuit and 
 popular preacher, was born at Beaufort in 
 Anjou, in 1624, and died in 1689. His 
 sermons in 5 vols. 12mo. were printed in. 
 1704 . — Moreri . 
 
 Girtin (J.), a young painter of promis- 
 ing talents, was born in 1773, and died in 
 1802. So great was his attachment to his 
 profession, that he worked at it till within 
 a few days of his death, though labouring 
 under a painful asthma. He drew land- 
 scapes from nature in water-colours, 
 and some in oil. The panoramic view of 
 London, which was exhibited, and his 
 views of Paris, are admirable representa- 
 tions. Prints of the latter have been pub- 
 lished. — Monthly Mag . Feb. 1803. 
 
GLA 
 
 G L E 
 
 Oisbert (John), a learned French jesuit, 
 was born at Cahors in 1639. He was pro- 
 fessor of divinity at Toulouse many years, 
 and afterwards provincial of his order in 
 Languedoc. He died in 1710. He wrote 
 Anti-Probalisimus, 4to. and other works. 
 He is not to be confounded with Blaise 
 Ghbcrt, a jesuit, born also at Cahors, and 
 who died at Montpellier in 1731. He 
 wrote on the Education of a Prince, and 
 on Christian Eloquence. — Moreri. 
 
 Giulano (di Majano), a Florentine 
 sculptor, and architect, was born in 1377, 
 and died at Naples at the age of 70. He 
 constructed the magnificent palace of Pog- 
 £'io Reale, and other edifices at Naples. 1 le 
 was also employed at Rome by Paul II. — 
 Ibid. 
 
 Giusti (Antonio), an Italian painter, 
 was born at Florence in 1624, and died in 
 1 70,5. He excelled in painting animals and 
 landscapes. — Pilhington. 
 
 Glandokp (John), a learned German, 
 was born at Munster. He was the disciple 
 of Melanclhon, and became professor of 
 history at Marpurg, where he died in 1,564. 
 He wrote tiylva Carminum Elegiacorum ; 
 Descriptio Gentis Antonix ; Familix Julix 
 Gentis; Disticha Sacra et Moralia, &c. 
 •— Moreri . 
 
 Glandort (Matthias Lewis), an eminent 
 German physician, was born in 1595 at 
 Cologne, where his father was a surgeon. 
 He died about 1633. His works were pub- 
 lished at London in 1729. — Moreri. 
 
 Glanvil (Joseph), an English divine, 
 was born at Plymouth in 1636. He was 
 first of Exeter college, Oxford, and after- 
 wards of Lincoln college. At the Restora- 
 tion he became a member of the royal so- 
 ciety, being a zealous advocate for the new 
 philosophy. In 1666 he was presented to 
 the rectory of the abbey church at Bath, at 
 which time he published his Considerations 
 on the Being of Witches and Witchcraft, 
 in which he betrays a peurile credulity. 
 In 1678 he obtained a prebendal stall in 
 the cathedral of Worcester. He died at 
 Bath in 1680. Besides the above, he wrote 
 several pieces in defence of revealed re- 
 ligion, and experimental philosophy ; 
 and after his death were published his 
 discourses, and remains, 4to. — Biop. Brit. 
 
 Glanville (Ranulph),an English lawyer 
 of the 12th century, who first collected 
 the English laws into one body. — Gen. Biog. 
 Diet. 
 
 Glaphyra, wife of Archelaus, high- 
 priest -of Bellona, was celebrated for her 
 beauty, and her amours with Marc An- 
 thony. She was a native of Cappadocia, 
 and obtained from Anthony that kingdom 
 for her two sons, Sisinna and Archelaus. — 
 Moreri. 
 
 Glass (John), a Scotch presbyterian di- 
 vine, and founder of a sect, called, in ."cot- 
 land, Glassites, and in England, Sandema- 
 uians, was born at JDunde* in 1698, In 
 
 1727 he published a work to prove that 
 the civil establishment of religion is incon* 
 sistent with Christianity, for which he was 
 deposed; and then became the father of a 
 sect. He wrote several controversial 
 Tracts, in 4 vols. 8vo. He died at Dundee 
 in 1773. Flis son John Glass was master 
 of a merchant vessel belonging to London ; 
 but was murdered, with his wife and chil- 
 dren, on the coast of Ireland, by four 
 of his crew, in 1765. The murderers 
 were soon after executed. He wrote a 
 Description of TenerifFe, 4to. — Gen. Biog. 
 Diet. 
 
 Glassius (Solomon), a learned German 
 divine, was born in 1593. He took his de- 
 gree of D. D. at Jena, where he was pro- 
 fessor of theology ; but afterwards be- 
 came superintendant of the churches and 
 schools in Saxe Gothain 1656. His works 
 are Philologia Sacra, 4to. ; Onomatologia 
 Messix Prophetica Christologia Mosaica 
 et Davidica; Disputationesin Augustanam 
 Confessionem ; Exegesis Evangeliorum et 
 Epistolarum, &c. — Moreri. 
 
 Glauber (John Rodolph), a German 
 chemist in the 17th century, who has per- 
 petuated his name by the discovery of a 
 neutral purgative salt. His works are in 
 one volume, an English translation of 
 which was published in folio, in 1689. — 
 Ibid. 
 
 Glauber (John), a painter, was born at 
 Utrecht in 1646, and died in 1726. He is 
 accounted one of the finest landscape paint- 
 ers among the Flemings. His brother, 
 John Gotlief, painted landscapes and sea 
 views. He died in 1703. The sister of 
 these was also an ingenious artist in por- 
 traits and history. — Pilkington. 
 
 Gleditsch (John Gotlieb), an eminent 
 naturalist, was born at l.eipsic in 1714. In 
 1740 he took the degree of M. D. at Frank- 
 fort on the Oder, where he read lectures 
 on botany, physiology, and the materia 
 medica. He afterwards became member 
 of the academy of sciences at Berlin, pro- 
 fessor of anatomy, and director of the 
 botanical garden. He died in 1786. He 
 wrote on the Management of Forests; on 
 Funguses; on the Means of extirpating 
 Locusts ; Systema Plantarum ; Miscellane- 
 ous Essays on Medicine, Botany, and Eco- 
 nomy ; on the State of Bees,'&c. &c. — 
 Gen.. Biog. 
 
 Gleichen (Frederick William von), ^n 
 eminent nobleman, was born at Bayreuth 
 in 1714. He was a lieutenant-colonel in 
 the service of his country, but retired in 
 1756 with the rank of privy counsellor. 
 He directed his studies to natural history, 
 and constructed an universal microscope, 
 ot which he published a description, with 
 Observations on Seminal Animalcula, and 
 the Fructification in Vegetables. He 
 was also ingenious in delineating plants, 
 and a good chemist. He died in 1783. 
 His works on natural history are in the 
 
GOA 
 
 GLO 
 
 German language, and numerous. — Gen. 
 
 Biog. 
 
 Glen- (John), a printer and engraver in 
 wood,' was born at Liege in the middle of 
 the 16th century. He published a work on 
 ancient and modern Dresses, &c. illustrated 
 with figures. — Gen. Biog. Did. 
 
 Glf.ndowei (Owen), a celebrated 
 Welchman, who opposed Henry IV. four- 
 teen years, declaring him a usurper of the 
 English throne. He was born in 1354, and 
 died in 1415. — Rapin. 
 
 Glicas or Glycas (Michael), a Greek 
 historian of the 13th or 15th century. His 
 Annals from the Creation, and the History 
 of the Byzantine Emperors, are extant, and 
 were published by Labbe at Paris, 1660. — 
 J\ lorerL 
 
 Glisson (Francis), an eminent physician, 
 was born at Rampisham in Dorsetshire, in 
 1597. He was educated at Cains college, 
 Cambridge, and regius professor of physic 
 in that university forty years. He was a 
 long time president of the college of physi- 
 cians. He died in 16771 He wrote a 
 Latin Treatise on the Rickets, 12mo.; Ana- 
 tomia Hepatis, 8vo.; Tractatns de Ventri- 
 culo et Intestinis ; de Natura Substantia; 
 
 Energetica, seu de Vita Natune, 4to. 
 
 Ailin' s Biog. Mem. of Medicine. 
 
 Gloucester (Robert of), the oldest of 
 Our English poets, lived in the lime of 
 Henry II. Camden cpiotes many of his old 
 English rhymes, and speaks highly of him. 
 He died about the beginning of the reign 
 of king John, at an advanced age. — Bale. 
 Pits. 
 
 Glover (Rickard), a poet, was born at 
 London in 1712, and educated at Cheam 
 school, where, at sixteen, he wrote some 
 verses to the memory of sir Isaac Newton, 
 prefixed to Dr. Pemberton’s view of that 
 great man’s philosophy'-. On leaving school, 
 he entered on the mercantile line under his 
 father, who was engaged in the Elamburgh 
 trade. In 1737 he married a lady of for- 
 tune, and the same ymar published his 
 Leonidas, an epic poem. His poem of 
 London, or the Progress of Commerce, ap- 
 peared in 1739 The same year he pub- 
 lished his popular ballad, intituled, Ho- 
 sier’s Ghost, intended to rouse the national 
 spirit against the Spaniards. About this 
 time he distinguished himself as a city'- po- 
 litician, in taking the lead of the opposi- 
 tions at elections. His credit was so great 
 that he was appointed to manage an appli- 
 cation to parliament in behalf of the Lon- 
 don merchants, and his speech at the bar of 
 the house of commons was printed. In 1753 
 was acted at Drury-Iane his tragedy of Boa- 
 dicea, which had but indifferent success. 
 His next tragedy, Medea, in 1761, had bet- 
 ter luck. The same year he was chosen 
 into parliament for Weymouth. He died 
 in 1785. Another epic of his, intituled, the 
 Athenaid, was published in 1788, in 3 vols. 
 12m®. but it is indifferent. — Ear. Mag. 
 
 Gluck (Christopher), an eminent musi- 
 cian, was born about 1714 in the Tipper 
 Palatinate. After studying in Italy, he vi- 
 sited England, and composed for the opera- 
 house. He next went to Vienna, where ho 
 acquired great eminence; in 1774 he went 
 to Paris, and his pieces were performed 
 with such applause that he obtained a pen- 
 sion. He died at Vienna in 1787. Besides 
 his operas, he wrote Letters on Music. — . 
 Burney s Hist, of Music. 
 
 Glynn (Robert), an English physician 
 and poet, was bom at Cambridge, and edu- 
 cated at Eton and King’s college, where lie 
 took his degree of doctor in medicine in 
 1752. He continued to reside in his col- 
 lege universally respected for his wit and 
 learning sixty-three years, and died in 1 890, 
 aged 82. Dr. Glynn wrote an excellent 
 poem on the Day of Judgment, which ob- 
 tained the Seatonian prize in 1757. It has 
 been oftentimes printed. — Gent. Mag. 
 
 Gmelin (John George), a German bo- 
 tanist and physician, was born at Tubingen 
 in 1709. He became member of the aca- 
 demy' at Petersburgh, and was employed 
 by the Russian government to explore, 
 with others, the boundaries of Siberia ; the 
 result of which was his Flora Siberica, seu 
 IifstoriaPlantaium Siberia, 4 vols. 4to. The 
 author died in 1755. — Gen.Biog. 
 
 Gmelin (Samuel Gottlieb), nephew of 
 the preceding, was born at Tubingen in 
 1743. He took his degree in medicine at 
 his native place, and, after travelling in 
 France and Holland, went to Petersburgh. 
 The empress of Russia appointed him to 
 travel in Astrachan in 1768. He next ex- 
 plored the coast of the Caspian sea ; but on 
 his journey to Russia, he was seized by the 
 Tartars, and died in confinement in 1774. 
 He wrote Idistoria Eucorum; Travels 
 through Russia. — Ibid. 
 
 Gmelin (John Frederic), an eminent 
 physician and chemist, was born at Tubin- 
 gen in 1748. He received his education at 
 his native place, and afterwards at Gottin- 
 gen, where he became professor of chemis- 
 try and natural history. Fie published nu- 
 merous pieces on the Materia Medica, 
 chemistry, mineralogy, and every part of 
 natural history. One of the most celebrat- 
 ed is his edition of the Systema Natune of 
 Linnaeus. He, however, introduced great 
 disorder into the science by multiplying the 
 species. He was also the author of a History 
 of Chemistry ; and the world is indebted 
 to him for the discovery of several excellent 
 dyes from mineral and vegetable substances. 
 He died at Gottingen in 1S05. — Gent. Mag- 
 azine. 
 
 Goadby (Robert), a printer of Sher- 
 borne in Dorsetshire, who died in 1778. 
 Fie was a man of abilities, and compiled an 
 Illustration of the Scriptures, three vols. 
 folio ; a work, intituled, The Universe Dis- 
 played; and some other books. He was 
 also th« author of the Life of Bampfyide 
 
GOD 
 
 G O D 
 
 Moore Carew, king of the beggars. — Gent. 
 Mag. 
 
 Goar (James), a learned dominican, was 
 born at Paris in 1601. He was sent on a 
 mission to the Levant in 1618. In 1647 he 
 published, at Paris, a work, called Grseco- 
 rum Eucologium, in Greek and Latin, folio. 
 He also published translations of some of 
 the Byzantine Historians, and died in 1653. 
 — Moreri. 
 
 Gobbo (Pietro Paolo Cortonese), a na- 
 tive of Cortona, and eminent as a painter 
 of fruit and landscape. He died in 1640, 
 aged 60. He is not to be confounded with 
 Andrea Gobbo, who painted historical sub- 
 jects, and died in 1527. — Pilkmgton. 
 
 Gobelin (Gilles), a French dyer in the 
 reign of Francis I. who is famous for in- 
 venting the fine scarlet which goes by his 
 name. He lived in the fauxbourg of St. 
 Marcel in Paris, where his house still bears 
 his name. — Noirv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Gobier (Charles), a jesuit of St. Maloes, 
 was born in 1644. He was secretary of the 
 jesuits’ missions ; and author of the History 
 of the Isles Marianes, and of Lettres curi- 
 euses et edifiantes. He died at Paris in 170S. 
 — Moreri. 
 
 GoBRiAS,one of the seven lords of Persia, 
 who, after the death of Ca’.nbyses, united 
 to dethrone the magi who had usurped the 
 supreme authority about 52 B. C. He was 
 father-in-law of Darius, whom he accompa- 
 nied in his expedition against the Scythians. 
 —Ibid. 
 
 Goclenius (Conrad), a learned German, 
 was born in Westphalia in 1485. Fie pub- 
 lished Notes on Cicero’s Offices, an Edition 
 of Lucian, and a Translation of the Her- 
 motimus of the same writer. He died in 
 153D. — Moreri. 
 
 Goclenius (Rodolphus),a German phy- 
 sician, was born at Wirtemberg in 1572, 
 and died in 1621. He was professor of 
 physic and mathematics at Marpurg. He 
 wrote a Treatise on the Cure of Wounds 
 by the Magnet. — Ibid. 
 
 Goddard (Jonathan), an English phy- 
 sician and chemist, was born at Greenwich 
 in 1617. He was educated at Oxford, but 
 took his degrees in physic at Cambridge. 
 He was one of the first members of the so- 
 ciety afterwards called the royal, fellow of 
 the college of physicians, and physician to 
 Cromwell, by whom he was appointed 
 warden of Merton college, Oxford. But at 
 the restoration he lost that situation, on 
 which he removed to Gresham college, of 
 which he was medical professor. Bishop 
 Ward says, he was the first Englishman 
 who made a telescope. He died in 1674. 
 He wrote on the Abuses of the Apotheca- 
 ries, and several papers in the Philosophical 
 Transactions — Ward's Lives of Gresham 
 Professors. 
 
 Godeau (Antony), a French bishop, was 
 born in 1605. He was one of the first mem- 
 bers of the academy of belles-lettres. Car- 
 
 dinal Richelieu gave him the bishopric of 
 Grasse, which he afterwards exchanged for 
 that of Venice. He died in 1672. He 
 wrote an Ecclesiastical History, 3 vols. folio; 
 and a Translation of the Psalms into French 
 verse. — Moreri. 
 
 Godefroi (Denys), an eminent jurist, 
 was born at Paris in 1 549. He was a coun- 
 sellor in the parliament ; but being a pro- 
 testant he was obliged to quit France, on 
 which he settled first at Geneva, and after- 
 wards at Strasburgh, where he died in 1622. 
 Flis works are Corpus Juris civilis cum 
 Notis, 4to; Notre in iv Libr. lnstitutio- 
 num ; Opuscula Varia Juris, &c. — His eld- 
 est son Theodore turned catholic, and became 
 counsellor of state in France. He died at 
 Strasburgh in 1642. He wrote on the ge- 
 nealogical history of France. Janie ; Gode- 
 froi, another son of Denys, adhered to the 
 religion of his father, and became professor 
 of law at Geneva, and a member of the 
 council. He died in 1659. He wrote se- 
 veral learned works, and edited Cicero and 
 other ancient authors. — Denys Godefroi, 
 son of Theodore, wrote Memoires et In- 
 structions pour servir dans les Negotia- 
 tions les Affaires concernant les Droits du 
 Roi, folio. He died in 1681. John Godk- 
 froi, son of the last mentioned, died in 
 1732. Fie edited Philip de Comines’s Me- 
 moirs, 5 vols. 8vo. ; and wrote the Me- 
 moirs of Queen Margaret, &c. — Moreri. 
 
 Godeschalc, or Gotteschalc, sur- 
 named Fulgentius , a benedictine monk of the 
 9th century, was a native of Saxony. In 
 848 he preached the doctrine of absolute 
 predestination, on which (recount he was* 
 attacked by Rabanus Maurus, archbishop 
 of Mcntz,and in a council held in that city 
 presented a written defence of his opinions. 
 But the council condemned them, and sent 
 him prisoner to Hincmar, archbishop of 
 Rlieims, who called a council at Quercy in 
 849, by which Godeschalc was degraded, 
 scourged, and sent to prison. He gained 
 however many followers, and some pro- 
 vincial councils in France approved his doc- 
 trines. He died about 869. Only two con- 
 fessions of his are extant. — Usseri Hit. Go~ 
 descbalc. 
 
 Godewyck (Margarita), a Dutch paint- 
 ress, was born at Dort in 1627, and died in 
 1677. She had a fine taste for painting 
 landscapes, and for working in embroidery. 
 
 • — Piliington . 
 
 Godfrey (sir Edmundbury), a magis- 
 trate, who was active in the discovery of 
 the popish plot in 1678 ; and was made re- 
 markable by the manner of his death. His 
 body was found pierced by his own sword, 
 and with many marks of violence, on which 
 account his death was imputed to the pa- 
 pists ; and his funeral was performed with 
 great pomp. — Granger. 
 
 Godfrey of Bouillon, chief of the first 
 crusades, was the son of Eustace count of 
 Boulogne. He served with great valour 
 
GOD 
 
 GOD 
 
 under the emperor Henry IV. after which 
 he went to the Holy Land, where he took 
 the city of Jerusalem in 1099. The army 
 elected him king of that country ; but he 
 rejected the title from motives of piety, as- 
 suming that of defender of the holy sepul- 
 chre. He formed a code of laws for his 
 subjects; and died in 1100. — Moreri. 
 
 Godinot (John), a French divine, was 
 born at Rheims in 1661. He was a canon 
 in the cathedral of his native city, besides 
 which he exercised the profession of a wine- 
 merchant. His riches however he bestowed 
 in charitable uses. He was a zealous jan- 
 senist, and died in 1749. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Godiva, a lady celebrated for an uncom- 
 mon instance of generosity, was the wife of 
 Leofric, earl of Mercia. Soliciting her 
 husband to exempt the city of Coventry 
 from a heavy toll, he affected to consent on 
 condition that she rode naked through the 
 streets of that city, which she submitted to. 
 This extraordinary adventure was painted 
 in one of the windows of Trinity church 
 in Coventry. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Godolphin (Sidney), a poet, was born 
 of an ancient family in Cornwall in 1610, 
 and educated at Exeter college, Oxford. In 
 1640 he was elected into parliament for 
 Helston, where he took the part of the earl 
 of Stafford. He afterwards joined the king’s 
 army, but was slain in an action with the 
 rebels at Chagford in Derbyshire in' 1643. 
 He wrote several poems, and translated 
 The Passion of Dido for iEneas, from Vir- 
 gil ; printed in 16.78, Svo. He was very 
 intimate with Hobbes, who gives him a 
 high character in his Leviathan. — Wood. 
 
 Godolphin (John), an eminent civilian, 
 was born in Cornwall in 1617. He took 
 the degree of doctor of civil law at Oxford. 
 In 16.53 lie was appointed one of the three 
 judges of the admiralty ; at the restoration 
 he was made king’s advocate, and died in 
 16'78. He wrote the fioly Limbec, or an 
 Extraction of the Spirit from the Letter, 
 l-2mo. ; the Holy Arbour, or a Eody of 
 Divinity, fol. ; Catalogue of such as have 
 filled the Office of Lord High Admiral; 
 View of the Admiralty Jurisdiction, 8vo. ; 
 the Orphan’s i,egacy, or a Testamentary 
 Abridgment, 4to. ; Repertorium Canoni- 
 cum, 4 to. — Wood's A. 0. 
 
 Godwin, a powerful Saxon lord and earl 
 of Kent. In 1017 he accompanied Canute 
 in an expedition against Sweden, where he 
 behaved with such valour as to receive the 
 daughter of that monarch in marriage, and 
 large grants of land. On the death of 
 Canute, the earl sided with Hardicanute 
 against Harold, but afterwards he espoused 
 the cause of the latter. He was charged 
 with murdering Alfred, one of the sons of 
 Ethelred II. from which he vindicated him- 
 self by oath. On the death of Hardica- 
 nute he joined Edward, who married his 
 daughter, but afterwards he rebelled against 
 JEdwai'dj and, being unsuccessful, fled to 
 
 Flanders Having gathered fresh forces, be 
 sailed up the Thames, and appeared before 
 London, which threw the country into such 
 confusion, that the king was obliged to ne- 
 gociate peace with Godwin, who was re- 
 stored to his estates. He died suddenly 
 while dining with the king at Winchester 
 in 1053 — Biog Brit. 
 
 Godwin (Thomas), an English bishop, 
 was born at Okingham in Berkshire, in 
 1517. He received his academical educa- 
 tion at Magdalen college, Oxford, of which 
 he became fellow. In 1549 he was ap- 
 pointed master of Brackley school, North- 
 amptonshire, but resigned it on the acces- 
 sion of Mary, and practised physic. In the 
 next reign he was ordained, and in 1565 
 made dean of Christ Church, Oxford ; the 
 year following he was removed to the dean- 
 ry of Canterbury. In 1584 lie was pro- 
 moted to the see of Batli and Wells, but not 
 long after he was suspended by the queen 
 for marrying a second wife. He died in 
 1590. — Wood. Biog. Brit. 
 
 Godwin (Francis), son of the preceding, 
 was born at Havington in Northampton- 
 shire, in 1561. He received his education 
 at Christ Church college, Oxford ; and 
 greatly assisted Mr. Camden in his topogra- 
 phical enquiries. In 1601 he was promoted 
 to the see of Llandaff, from whence he was 
 translated to Hereford in 1617. He died 
 in 1633. Bishop Godwin published in 1601, 
 “ A Catalogue of English Bishops,” 4to. 
 This work he afterwards greatly enlarged, 
 under the title of De Prcsulibus Anglia: 
 Commentarius, & c He was also the au- 
 thor of Rerum Anglicarum Hen. VIII. Edv. 
 VI. et Maria regnantibus, Annales, folio; 
 and a curious book, intituled, the Man in 
 the Moon, or a Discourse of a Voyage thi- 
 ther, by Domingo Gonzales, 8vo. — Ibid. 
 
 Godwin (Dr. Thomas), a learned divine 
 was born at Somersetshire in 1587, and edu- 
 cated at Magdalen college, Oxford. About 
 1609 he became master of the school at 
 Abingdon in Berkshire, for the use of 
 which lie published in 1613 Roman® Histo- 
 ric Anthologia, or an Exposition of Roman 
 Antiquities ; in 1616 appeared his Synop- 
 sis Antiquitatum Hebraicarum ad Explica- 
 tionem utriusque Testamenti valde neces- 
 saria, &c At this time he resigned his 
 school, and obtained the rectory of Bright- 
 well in the same county, where he died in 
 1612. Besides the above works, he wrote 
 Moses and Aaron, Civil and Ecclesiastical 
 Rites used by the ancient Hebrews, 4to. a 
 book of mertt. Ibid. 
 
 Godwin (Mary Wollstonecraft), an ex- 
 traordinary writer, was born at B. verly in 
 Yorkshire, in 1768. Her father’s extrava- 
 gances reducing his family to poverty, she 
 opened a day-school, first at Islington, and 
 afterwards at Newington-green She next 
 became governess to the daughters of l,. n j 
 Kingsborough, in whose family, however 
 she remained but a short time. In 1737 
 
GOE 
 
 G O L 
 
 fhe settled in the metropolis, and had re* 
 course to her pen for a subsistence, and 
 published a little work, intituled, Original 
 Stories for the Use of Children ; translated 
 some works from the French and German ; 
 and had some concern in the Analytical 
 Review. In 1790 she published an Answer 
 to Burke’s Reflections on the French Revo- 
 lution, and the year following’ her Vindica- 
 tion of the Rights of Women. In 1792 she 
 went to Paris, and there formed an unfor- 
 tunate connection with an American gen- 
 tleman, by whom she had a daughter. For 
 him she undertook a voyage to Norway to 
 regulate some commercial concerns. This 
 tour occasioned her Letters from Scandi- 
 navia. On her arrival m England she found 
 herself forsaken by this man, on which she 
 endeavoured to drown herself in the 
 Thames, but was extricated after throwing 
 herself from Putney bridge. In 1 796 she 
 married Mr. William Godwin, but died in 
 child-birth in 1797. Her posthumous 
 works, consisting of Letters and Fragments, 
 were published in four volumes, 12mo. — 
 L’fe •, written by her husband. Necrology. 
 
 Goeree (William), a learned bookseller 
 at Amsterdam, was born at Middleburg in 
 1695. He was the author of Jewish Anti- 
 quities, 2 vols. folio, Utrecht, 1700; a Ge- 
 neral Introduction to the Art of Painting; 
 and a book on the Principles of Architec- 
 ture. He died at Amsterdam in 1715. His 
 son was an excellent painter, and died at 
 Amsterdam in 1735. — Moreri. 
 
 Goertzs (John, baron of), a Swedish 
 nobleman of great talents and ambition, 
 was a native of Holstein. He became the 
 favourite and minister of Charles XII. to 
 gratify whose passion for war he had re- 
 course to the most oppressive measures. 
 On the death of that monarch he was be- 
 headed in 1719. — Moreri. 
 
 Goes (Hugo Vander), a Flemish painter, 
 was born at Bruges, and flourished at the 
 beginning of the 16th century. He was a 
 disciple of Van Eyck, and several fine works 
 by him are still remaining at his native 
 place. rilkington. 
 
 Goetze (George Henry), a German 
 protestant divine, was born at I.eipsic in 
 1668, and died at Lubec in 1702. He was 
 superinteridant of the churches in the lat- 
 ter city, and the author of Dissertations 
 Historical, Critical, and Theological, in La- 
 tin. A selection from his numerous pieces 
 
 was published in 3 vols. 12mo. 1706. 
 
 Moreri. 
 
 Goez (Damian), a learned Portuguese 
 of the 16th century, was descended of an 
 ancient family. He spent many years in 
 travelling, and was recalled home to 
 write the history of his own country, which 
 he never completed, being accidentally 
 burnt to death in his own house. He wrote 
 Legatio Magni Indorum Imperatoris ad 
 Emanuelem Lusitanix Regem, 1532 ; Fides, 
 Religio, Moresque, Aithiopum t Hispania 
 
 Laudatio ; Comment. Rerum Gestarum I» 
 India a Lusitanis, &c. — Moreri. 
 
 Goeze (John Augustus Ephraim), a ce- 
 lebrated naturalist, was born at Ascberle- 
 ben in 17S1. He was educated at Halle, 
 and became a minister at Quedlingburg, 
 where he died in 1786. He distinguished 
 himself by his microscopial discoveries, par- 
 ticularly on intestinal worms, of which he 
 wrote a valuable history in the German 
 language in 1 782. I lis Entomological Col- 
 lections, in four parts, appeared between 
 the years 1771 and 1781. — Schlichtegroll’s' 
 Necrology. 
 
 Goff (Thomas), an English divine and 
 poet, was of Christchurch college, Oxford, 
 and a native of Essex. He obtained the 
 living of East Claydon in Surry ; and died 
 in 1627, aged 33. Five tragedies by him 
 were printed after his death. — Biog. Dram. 
 
 Goguet (Anthony-Yves), a French wri- 
 ter, was horn at 1 Paris in 1716, and died in 
 1758. He wrote Origines des I^oix, des 
 Arts, des Sciences, et de leur Progres chez 
 les anciens Peuples, 3 vols. 4to. This has 
 been translated into English. — Nou-v. Diet. 
 Hist. 
 
 Goi.dast (Melchior Heimensfield), a 
 learned writer, was born in Switzerland in 
 1576, and died, extremely poor, in 1635. 
 His works are, Monarchia Sancti Imperii 
 Romani, 3 vols. fol. ; Alamaniie Scriptores, 
 3 vols. fol.; Cornmentarius de Bohemia: 
 Regno, 4to. ; Informatio de Statu Bohemia; 
 quoad Jus, 4to. ; Sybilla Francica, 4to.; 
 Scriptores Rcrum Suevicariim, 4to. ; Col- 
 lectio Consuetudinum et Legum Imperia- 
 lium, fol. ; Politica Imperialia, 2 vols. folio. 
 — Moreri. 
 
 Goldman (Nicholas), a German mathe- 
 matician, was born at Breslau in Silesia, in 
 1623, and died at Leyden in 1665. He 
 wrote Elementa Architecture Militaris; 
 De Usu Proportionarii Circuli ; De Stylo- 
 metricis ; on Architecture. — Moreri. 
 
 Goi.doni (Charles), a dramatic writer, 
 was born at Venice in 1707. He discover- 
 ed a propensity to the drama at an early 
 age, and his father caused a theatre to he 
 built for him in his house. The Italian 
 stage was reformed by him, and his come- 
 dies, which arc numerous, are exceedingly 
 humorous and natural. About 1761 he 
 went to Paris, and became composer to the 
 Italian theatre ; besides which he had an 
 appointment at court. He died in 1792. 
 His works were printed at Leghorn, in 31 
 vols. 8vo. — Monthly Mag. 1798. 
 
 Goldsmith (Oliver), an eminent writer, 
 was born, according to one account, in 
 1731, at Pallas, in the pfounty of Longford, 
 in Ireland, and to aiiother at Elphin, in 
 1729. His father was a clergyman, who 
 gave him a go:>d education, and sent him 
 to Trinity college, Dulilin, from whence 
 he removed to Edinburgh, to study physic. 
 At this place he became security for a fel- 
 low-student, on which account ke was ob* 
 
GOL 
 
 G O M 
 
 liged to escape to England, but was arrest- 
 ed at Sunderland, and released by two col- 
 lege friends, whom he met with there. He 
 then went to Holland, and travelled through 
 Flanders and part of Germany on foot. 
 At Louvain he took the degree of bachelor 
 of physic, the highest degree he ever at- 
 tained. After accompanying an English 
 gentleman to Geneva, and the south of 
 France, he arrived in England in 175S. 
 Being reduced to a low state, he became 
 usher in a school at Peckham ; where, 
 however, he did not remain long, but set- 
 tled in London, and subsisted by writing 
 for periodical publications. One of his first 
 performances was an Enquiry into the 
 State of Polite Learning in Europe ; but 
 he emerged from obscurity in 1765 by the 
 publication of his poem, entituled, the 
 Traveller, or a Prospect of Society, of 
 which Dr. Johnson said, “ that there had 
 not been so fine a poem since Pope’s time.” 
 The year following appeared his beautiful 
 novel of the Vicar of Wakefield. His cir- 
 cumstances were now respectable, and he 
 took chambers in the Temple; but the li- 
 berality of his temper, and a propensity to 
 gaming, involved him in frequent difficul- 
 ties. In 1768 he brought out his comedy 
 of the Good-Natured Man at Covent Gar- 
 den, but its reception was not equal to its 
 merits. In 1770 he published The Desert- 
 ed Village, a poem, which, in point of de- 
 scription and pathos, is above all praise. 
 As a comic poet he appeared to great ad- 
 vantage in 1772, by the play of She Stoops 
 to Conquer, or the Mistakes of a Night, 
 which is still a favourite with the public. 
 Besides these performances he produced a 
 number of others : — as a History of Eng- 
 land, in a Series of Letters from a No- 
 bleman to his Son, 2. vols. 12mo. This use- 
 ful and pleasing work was for a long time 
 attributed to lord LytTeton. A History 
 of England, 4 v$s. Vva. ; A Roman His- 
 tory, 2 vols. 8vo. ; A Grecian History, 2 
 vols. ; A History of the Earth and Ani- 
 mated Nature, 8 vols. 8vo. ; Chinese Let- 
 ters, &c. He died by taking an extrava- 
 gant dose of James’s powder in 1774, and 
 was buried in the Tflhple church-yard. A 
 monument was erected to his memory in 
 Westminster-abbey, with a beautiful Latin 
 epitaph by Dr. Johnson. — Life prefixed to his 
 Works. 
 
 Golius (James), a learned Orientalist, 
 was born at the Hague in 1596. Having 
 finished hie education at Leyden, he went 
 to France, and taught the Greek language 
 at Rochelle In 1622 he accompanied the 
 Dutch ambassador to the emperor of Mo- 
 rocco, who was highly pleased with his 
 conversation. After his return he succeed- 
 ed to the Arabic professorship. In 1625, 
 he went to the Levant, and made excur- 
 sions into Arabia; in 1629, he returned to 
 Leyden, where he was chosen professor of 
 Mathematics, which station he filled with 
 
 great honour till his death in 1667. He 
 published an Arabic I. exicon ; a Persian 
 Dictionary ; the Saracen History of Elrna- 
 cin ; the Life of Tamerlane; the Astrono- 
 mical Elements of Alfregan, &c . — MorerL 
 
 Golius (Peter), elder brother of the pre- 
 ceding, was born at Leyden. He was the 
 author of several works, both in Greek and 
 Latin, and founded a monastery of the bare- 
 footed Carmelites on mount Libanus. He 
 was afterwards employed on a mission to 
 the East Indies, and died at Surat about 
 1673. He had a considerable share in edit- 
 ing the grand Arabic Bible, printed at 
 Rome in 1671. He also translated some re- 
 ligiousmanuals into that language. — Moreri. 
 
 Goltzius (Henry), a painter and en- 
 graver, was horn in 1558, in the duchy -of 
 Juliers, and died at Haerlem in 1617. His 
 prints are highly esteemed. — Ibid. 
 
 Golyddan, the bard of Cadwallader, 
 the last nominal king of the Britons, who 
 flourished in the latter part of the seventh, 
 and beginning of the eighth century. — 
 Omens Camb. Biog. 
 
 Golzius (Hubert), a celebrated anti- 
 quary, was horn at Venloo, in 1526. He 
 travelled through France, Italy, and Ger- 
 many, in search of medals and other anti- 
 quities, and died at Bruges in 1582. His. 
 works are : — Fasti Romani ex Antiquis Nu- 
 mismatibus et MarmoriLus, folio ; I-concs 
 Imp. Romanorum et Series Austriacorusn, 
 fob; Sicilia et Magna Grsecia ex NumismaL, 
 fob ; Fasti Consulares ; Thesaurus Antiqui- 
 tatum. — Moreri. 
 
 Gomar (Francis), a zealous defender of 
 the calvinistic doctrines, was born at Bru- 
 ges in 1568. He studied at both the Eng- 
 lish universities, and in 1594 became pro- 
 fessor of divinity at Leyden. When Ar- 
 minius was chosen as his colleague in 160.1, 
 a difference arose between them on the sub- 
 jects of grace and predestination, and Go- 
 mar conducted himself in the controversy 
 with grpat bitterness. In 1611 lie resigned 
 his professorship, and -went to Middle- 
 burgh, from whence in 1614 he removed to. 
 Saumur, and afterwards to Groningen. He 
 distinguished himself by his ardour against 
 the Armenians at the synod of Dort, and 
 died at Groningen in 1641. His works are 
 almost wholly polemical. — Baylt. 
 
 Gombauld (John Ogier de), a French 
 poet, was horn at ft. Just de Lussac, in 
 Saintonge. He was one of the first mem- 
 bers of the French academy, and had a pen- 
 sion, but was generally poor. His works 
 are, tragedies, pastorals, romances, sonnets, 
 and epigrams. He died in 1666. — Moreri. 
 
 Gomberville (Marin le Roi), sieur de, a 
 French writer, was born in 1599 at Chev- 
 reuse. He was member of the French aca- 
 demy, and died in 1674. His works arc: 
 Polexandre; La Cytherea; La Jeune Alci- 
 diane ; romances : Discours sur les Venus 
 et les Vices de l’Histoire, et de la Man! ere 
 de bien ecrire j a Relation of the Riv#r of 
 
G O N 
 
 GOO 
 
 the Amazons; La Doctrine des Moeurs, 
 tiree de la Philosophic des Stoiques ; Poe- 
 sies diverses. — Moreri. 
 
 GoMF.Rs.Ar. (Robert), an English poet in 
 the reign of Charles the hirst. His best 
 composition is called the Levite’s Revenge, 
 in meditations on Judges IS and 20. He 
 died in 1640. — Langbaine . 
 
 Gomez de Cividad (Alvarez), a modern 
 Latin poet, was born at Guadalaxara in 
 Spain in 1488, and died in 1558. His prin- 
 cipal performance is a Latin poem on the 
 Order of the Gelden Fleece. He also wrote 
 some pieces in Spanish. — Moreri. 
 
 Gomez de Castro (Alvarez), a Spanish 
 writer, was born near Toledo, and educat- 
 ed at Alcala. He wrote the Life of Car- 
 dinal Ximenes, and was employed in edit- 
 ing the works of St. Isidore. He died in 
 1580, aged 65. — Ibid. 
 
 Gomez (Mad. Angelica Poisson de), was 
 born at Paris in 1684, and died in 1770. She 
 ■wrote the following romances: l.es Journees 
 Amusantes, 8 vols ; Anecdotes Persanes, 2 
 vols. ; Hist. Secretede la Conquete de Grena- 
 de ; Histoire du Comte Oxforde; la Jcune 
 Alcidiane; les Cent Nouvelles Nouvelles, 5 
 vols.; and some tragedies. — Nouv. Biel. Hi t. 
 
 Go ndrin (Louis An tony due de), a French 
 courtier, is remarkable for his complaisance 
 to Louis XIV. That prince, visiting the 
 duke’s country-house, disapproved of a 
 grove before his chamber-window, and 
 when he rose in the morning the grove was 
 cut down. Louis, in his walk, complained 
 that his view was intercepted by an exten- 
 sive wood; and on making the same re- 
 mark in a second walk, “ Your majesty,” 
 said Gondrin, “ need only command, and 
 it will instantly disappear.” “ I do com- 
 mand,” said Louis ; and the wood was in a 
 moment levelled to the ground by twelve 
 hundred men placed for the purpose. “Ah !” 
 said the duchess of Burgundy, “ if the king 
 should wish our heads to disappear, the 
 duke would not disappoint him.” — Nouv. 
 Diet. Hist. 
 
 Gondeeaud, or Gundobald , third king of 
 Burgundy, who ascended the throne on the 
 death of his brother Chilperic in 491. He 
 ravaged Italy, and in 499 called a council 
 at Lyons to reconcile the catholics and 
 Arians, but without success. Soon after 
 this he was defeated by Clovis, king of the 
 Franks, and his brother Godesil, hut on 
 becoming tributary to the former, he re- 
 covered his dominions. Gondebaud then 
 put his brother to death. He afterwards 
 reigned in peace, civilized his country, and 
 introduced a system of laws still extant by 
 the title of La Loi Gourbette. He died in 
 516. — Univ. Hist. Moreri. 
 
 Goncora (Lewis de), a Spanish eccle- 
 siastic and poet, was descended from an il- 
 lustrious family, and born at Cordova, in 
 1562. The Spaniards call him the prince 
 ®f their poets. He died in 1627. — Moreri. 
 
 Gonet (John Baptist), a French doiuini- 
 
 can, was born at Beziers in 1616. He be- 
 came professor of theology at Bourdeaux, 
 and provincial of his order. He died in 
 1681. He compiled a System of Divinity, 
 in 18 vols. 12mo.; and wrote Manuale 
 Thomistarum, seu brevis Theologias Cur- 
 sus and Dissertatio Thcologica de Proba- 
 bi li tate. — Moreri. 
 
 Gonneli.i (John), surnamed the blind 
 man of Combassi, hy the mere touch ac- 
 quired great perfection as a sculptor. He 
 died at Rome in 1673. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Gon salva (Hernandez de Cordova), sur- 
 named the Great Captain, a Spanish com- 
 mander, was descended of a noble family, 
 and was born in 1443. He distinguished 
 himself in the conquest of Grenada, under 
 Ferdinand and Isabella. Afterwards he 
 was sent to Naples, which he recovered al- 
 most entirely from the French. Fie next 
 conquered Apulia and Calabria, and cap- 
 tured Taranto in 1501. Two years after- 
 wards he entered Naples in triumph, and 
 for his services was made a constable of 
 that kingdom and duke of Terranova. 
 Ferdinand however, being jealous of the 
 Great Captain, recalled him, and banished 
 him to his estate in Grenada,- where he died 
 in 1515. — Mart ‘ ri . 
 
 Gonthier (John and Leonard), two 
 Frenchmen and brothers, were admired by 
 the curious for their taste and skill in paint- 
 ing on glass. — Ibid. 
 
 Gonzaga (Lucretia),a celebrated Italian 
 lady in the 16th century, was the daughter 
 of the lord of Gazzuolo, and the wife of 
 Manfroni of Ferrara, who was condemned 
 in 1546 for a plot against the duke of Fer- 
 rara. He died in confinement in 1552. 
 H’.s wife tried all the means in her power 
 to procure his liberty, and even solicited 
 the interference of the Grand Signior on his 
 behalf, but in vain. The letters attributed 
 to her arc of dubious authority; but her 
 poems and other Works are genuine. She 
 died at Milan in 1.576. — Bayle. Tiraboschi. 
 
 Gonzaga (Scipio), a Roman cardinal, 
 was born in 1542, of a noble family, and 
 received his education at Padua, where he 
 formed the academy of Degli Eterei. He 
 afterwards becamedi$tinguisiiedin theology 
 and philosophy. Sixtus V. created him a 
 cardinal. ‘ Me died in 1593. Some poems 
 by him are extant, and he left Commenta- 
 ries On his Life in MS. — Tiraboschi. 
 
 Gonzaga (Vespasian), duke of Sabbio- 
 neta, was born in 1531. He was an emi- 
 nent commander, and founded the city of 
 Sabbioneta, where he erected churches 
 and established a classical seminary. He 
 was also a good Italian poet, and a patron 
 of men of learning. He died in 1591. — lb. 
 
 GoNjZalez (Thyrsus), a Spanish jesuit, 
 and general of his order, who died at Rome 
 in 1705. He wrote a famous Treatise on 
 the Doctrine of Probability, 1694, folio .— a 
 Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Goodadl. (W alter), a Scotch antiijuafy 
 6 
 
G O R 
 
 G O R 
 
 and philologist, was born in 1689. Among 
 his works is a Vindication of Mary Queen 
 of Scots, published in 1751. He died at 
 Edinburgh at the age of 7 1 . — G.n. Bios. Dicf. 
 
 Goodwin (John), an English divine, was 
 bora in 159S, and educated at Queen’s col- 
 lege, Cambridge. In 1633 he became vicar 
 of St. Stephen, Coleman-steset, London, from 
 which he was ejected in 1645 for re- 
 fusing- to administer baptism and the Lord’s 
 supper promiscuously. He was a zealous 
 independent, arminian, and republican. 
 On account of his vindicating the king’s 
 murder, he was exempted from pardon at 
 the Restoration, but was never proceeded 
 against. He died in 1665. His works are 
 Redemption redeemed, fob; Imputatio Fi- 
 dei, or a Treatise of Justification, 4to.; Ex- 
 position of Romans ix. 4to.; of being filled 
 with the Spirit, 4to. and numerous controver- 
 sial tracts.— Calamus Ejected Ministers . Palmer s 
 Nonconf. Mem. 
 
 Goodwin (Thomas), an English divine 
 of the independent persuasion, was born at 
 Rolesby in Norfolk, in 1600. He was bred 
 at Christchurch college, Cambridge, but 
 afterwards became fellow of Catherine hall. 
 In 1628 he was chosen lecturer of Trinity 
 church in that town, of which in 1632 he 
 was made vicar. On account of his puri- 
 tanical opinions, he withdrew to Holland 
 in 1639, and officiated to an independent 
 congregation. When the civil wars broke 
 out he returned to England, and was cho- 
 sen one of the assembly of divines at West- 
 minster, where he opposed the presbyterians. 
 On this account he became a great favourite 
 with Cromwell, who made him his chaplain. 
 He attended the usurper in his last illness, 
 and is said to have predicted his recovery, as 
 an answer to his prayers ; and that when 
 his death was certain, he thus addressed 
 the Almighty: “ Lord, thou hast deceived 
 us, and we were deceived.” He was a ri- 
 gid predestinarian, and his works, which 
 are greatly admired by people of that turn, 
 make .5 vols. folio. He died in 1679. — Ibid. 
 
 Gool (John van), a Dutch painter, who 
 wrote a history of the lives and works of 
 the Flemish painters. He was born at the 
 Hague in 1685. — Houbraken. 
 
 Gordian 1. emperor of Rome, was born 
 A. D. 157, and was a descendant of the 
 Gracchi. He was a man of large possessions 
 and of considerable talents. At the age of 
 58 he served the office of consul, and en- 
 joyed the same honour under A'exander 
 Severus, who had a great regard for him, 
 and nominated him proconsul of Africa. 
 In 237 a conspiracy was formed against 
 Maximin, and the authors of it insisted on 
 Gordian’s assuming the imperial diadem, 
 which he refused, but at last yielded, and 
 his son Gordian the younger was associated 
 with him in the empire. The latter was 
 a man of letters, but of dissolute manners, 
 and addicted to women. The two empe- 
 rors removed to Carthage, and announced 
 
 their election to the Roman senate, which 
 ratified the choice. But in the mean time 
 Capelianus governor of Mauritania de- 
 clared for Maximin, and marched against 
 Carthage, where the younger Gordian was 
 slain in battle, and the father strangled 
 himself A. D. 237. After this event the 
 Roman citizens refused to submit to Maxi- 
 min, and chose for emperors Maximus, Bal- 
 binus, and a youth of the family of the 
 preceding, who assumed the name of Gor- 
 dian. Not long afterwards Maximus and 
 Balbinus being massacred in a mutiny, 
 Gordian was declared sole emperor. He 
 married the daughter of his tutor Mise- 
 theus, whom he made prefect, a trust 
 which he discharged to the satisfaction of 
 the emperor and the people. By his ad- 
 vice Gordian undertook an expedition to 
 the east, where he defeated Sapor king of 
 Persia, and recovered Mesopotamia. On 
 the death of Misethens, he chose in his 
 room Philip, an Arab, who conspired 
 against him, and put him to death in 244. 
 — Brevier. Gibbon. 
 
 Gordon (Andrew), professor of philoso- 
 phy in the Scots monastery of Benedictines 
 at Erfurt, was born in 17 12, near Aberdeen. 
 In 1713he entered into the above order, and 
 died in 1751. His works are, Phenomena 
 Electricitatis Exposita, 8vo.; Philosophia 
 utilis et jucunda, 3 vols.Svo.; Impartial Ac- 
 count of the Origin of the present War in 
 Great Britain, 4to.; Physicse experimental!* 
 Elementa, 8vo. He was the first who used a 
 cylinder instead of a globe in the electrical 
 apparatus. — Gen. Biog. Priestley’s Hist , of 
 Electricity. 
 
 Gordon (George), commonly called lord 
 George Gordon, was the son of Cosmo 
 George duke of Gordon, and born in 1750. 
 He entered into the navy when young, but 
 quitted it on account of some dispute with 
 lord Sandwich, Fie afterwards sat in par- 
 liament for Luggershall, and distinguished 
 himself by some strange speeches against the 
 ministers. But what chiefly brought him 
 into notice was his opposition to the bill for 
 granting farther toleration to Roman catho- 
 lics. His intemperance on this occasion 
 proved the cause of the riots in 1780, for 
 which he was tried and acquitted. In 1786 
 he was excommunicated for not appearing 
 as a witness in a cause. In 1788 he was 
 found guilty of publishing a libel against 
 the queen of France, on which he fled to 
 Flolland. A little after this he returned to 
 England, and was taken in the disguise of 
 a Jew, which profession he had adopted, 
 and was committed to Newgate, where he 
 died in 1793 — Gent. Mag. Ann. Peg. 
 
 Gordon (Thomas), a political writer, 
 was born at Kirkudbright in Scotland. l(e 
 received a liberal education in his own 
 country, and then removed to I.ondon, 
 wiiere lie taught the classics. He also bu- 
 sied himself in politics, and was employed 
 by Harley earl of Oxford, .Mr. 'Lrenchlsfd 
 
G O R 
 
 GOT 
 
 next took him to live with him, and they 
 wrote in conjunction Cato’s Letters and 
 the Independent Whig; On the death of 
 Trenchard Gordon married his widow, 
 and thus gained possession of a line estate. 
 They were both zealous whigs,' and inve- 
 terate enemies of religion. Sir Robert Wal- 
 pole employed Gordon to defend his admi- 
 nistration, and made him a commissioner of 
 wine-licences. He translated Tacitus and 
 Sallust into English, with Discourses rela- 
 tive to each; and after his death, which 
 happened in 1750, at the age of 66, ap- 
 peared his tracts, in two works, entitled, 
 A Cordial for Low Spirits, and the Pillars 
 of Priestcraft and Orthodoxy shaken. — 
 (Jen. Biog. 
 
 Gordon (Alexander), a learned Scotch 
 writer of the eighteenth century. He re- 
 ceived a liberal education; after which he 
 went to Italy and other parts of Europe, 
 where he continued several years. He was 
 successively secretary to the society for the 
 encouragement of learning, the Egyptian 
 club, and the antiquarian society. After- 
 wards he went to Carolina with governor 
 Glen, where he died. His works are: Iti- 
 nerarium Septentrionale, ©r a Journey 
 through most parts of Scotland, folio ; die 
 Lives of Pope Alexander VI. and his son 
 Cesar Borgia, fol.; a complete History of 
 Ancient Amphitheatres, 8vo.; an Essay to- 
 wards explaining the Hieroglyphical Fi- 
 gures on the Coffin of a Mummy, fol. 177:5 ; 
 Twenty-five Plates of the Egyptian Mum- 
 mies in England, and Egyptian Antiquities, 
 1739 , fol. — Nichols's Anecdotes of Bonvyer. 
 
 Gordon (James), a learned jesuit, was 
 descended from a Scotch family of distinc- 
 tion, and born in 1543. He taught He- 
 brew at Bourdeaux and Paris, and died in 
 1620 . He wrote Controversiarum Chris- 
 tians Fidei Epitome, 2 vols. folio. There 
 was another jesuit of both his names, who 
 published in 163£, a Commentary on the 
 Bible, 3 vols. folio. He was also the author 
 of some other works. — Moreri. 
 
 Gorgias (Leontinws), a celebrated orator 
 of the school of Empedocles, was. a native 
 of Leontium in Sicily. A golden statue was 
 erected to his honour at Delphi. Plato has 
 given his name to one of his dialogues. He 
 lived B. C. 417 . — Cicero dc Oral. 
 
 Gorio (Antony Francis), a learned anti- 
 quary, was born at Florence. He was the 
 author of Museum Florentium, or a Descrip- 
 tion of the Cabinet of the Grand Duke of 
 Florence, 11 vols. fol.; Musaeum Etruscum, 
 3 vols. folio; Musaeum Cortenese, fol.; An- 
 cient Inscriptions in Towns of Tuscany, 3 
 vols. fol. He diedin 1757. — Nou-v. Did. Hist. 
 
 Gorljeus (Abraham), an eminent anti- 
 quary, was born at Antwerp in 1540, and 
 died at Delft in 1609. His works are: Dac- 
 tyliotheca, seu Annulorum Sigillorumque e 
 Ferro, JE. re, Argento, atque Auro, Promp- 
 tuarium, 4to.; Thesaurus Numismatum fa- 
 -jniliarum Roman., fol ; Paralipomesa Nu- 
 
 mismatum. He is not to he confounded 
 with David Gorhtus, of Utrecht, who in the 
 17th century published some peculiar phi- 
 losophical notions. — Bayle. Moreri. 
 
 Goropius (John), a physician of Brabant. 
 In his work, entitled, Origines Antverpianar, 
 among other fabulous tales he attempts to 
 prove that the Flemish was the language of 
 Adam. He died in 1572. — Moreri. 
 
 Gorran (Nicholas dej, a French domini- 
 can of the 13th century. He was confessor 
 to Philip the fair king of France, and a fa- 
 mous preacher. He died about 1295. His 
 Commentary on the Gospels, and Sermons, 
 were printed at Paris in 1523 and 1539. — 
 Moreri. 
 
 Gorreus (John de), a protestant phy- 
 sician of Paris, who suffered much perse- 
 cution; and his coach being one day sud- 
 denly seized by a party of soldiers, he lost 
 his senses, and died in 1572, aged 72. He 
 published a translation of Nicander. — Ibid. 
 
 Gortek (John), an eminent physician, 
 was born in 1689 at Enkuysen in West 
 Friesland. He took his doctor’s degree at 
 Leyden, and in 1725 became lecturer in 
 medicine and public physician at Harder- 
 wyk. He was afterwards one of the impe- 
 rial physicians atPetersburgh but returned 
 to Holland in 1758, and died in 1762. His 
 principal works are: Tractatus de Perspira- 
 tione insensibili Sanctoriana Batavia ; De 
 Secretione Humorum e Sanguine, ex Soli- 
 dorum Fabrica prscipue et Humorum In- 
 dole demonstrata; Compendium Medicine; 
 Morbi Epedemici brevis Descriptio et Cu- 
 ratio ; Materies Medica Compendio Medi- 
 cine accommodata exhibens Formulas Ex- 
 ercitationes Medice quatuor, &c. — Gen. 
 Biog. 
 
 Go s sn.i n i ( J ulian), an Italian writer, was 
 born in 1525. He was secretary to Ferdi- 
 nand di Gonzaga, viceroy of Sicily, whose 
 life tie wrote and other works. He died at 
 Milan in 1587. — Tiraboscln. 
 
 Goth (Stephen), archbishop of Upsal in 
 the 16th century. He assisted John king of 
 Sweden in his design of restoring popery in 
 that kingdom, which’nearlyproduced a civil 
 war, and was frustrated. — Nouv. Diet. Hid. 
 
 Gotti (Vincent Lewis), an Italian car- 
 dinal, was born at Bologna in 1664. He 
 wrote several books in defence of the catho- 
 lic faith. He died in 1742. — Moreri. 
 
 GottigNies (Giles- Francis), a Flemish 
 jesuit and mathematician, was born at Brus- 
 sels in 1630. He resided at Rome, where 
 he taught mathematics, and died in 1689. 
 His principal works are: Elementa Geome- 
 tric Plane; Figura Cometarum qui appa- 
 ruerunt Ann. 1664, 5, 8; Arithmetica In- 
 troductio ad Logisticam universe Mathesi 
 servientem ; Epistole Mathematics. — Mo- 
 rcri. 
 
 Gotteeber (John Christopher), a Ger- 
 man critic, was born in 1733, and died in 
 1785. He wrote Animadversions on differ- 
 eut Tortious of Plato.'— Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
G O U 
 
 G O U 
 
 Gottschf.d (John Christopher), a Ger- 
 man poet, and philosophical writer, was 
 born at Koningsberg in 1700. He became 
 professor of philosophy, logic, and meta- 
 physics, at Leipsic, where he died in 17 66. 
 He greatly improved the German language 
 by ids works, the chief of which are : Essay 
 towards a Critical History of Poetry for the 
 Germans; the Death of Cato, a tragedy; 
 Collections towards a Critical Historyof the 
 German Language, Poetry and Eloquence ; 
 the first Principles of General Philosophy ; 
 the German Theatre ; the Principles of the 
 German language ; Poems, &c. Madame 
 Cottsched was also a good dramatic writer. 
 She died in 1762. — Gen. Biog. 
 
 Goudelin or Goudouli (Peter), a Gas- 
 con poet, was born at Toulouse in 1579, 
 and died therein 1629. His verses have great 
 sprightliness, and a delicate simplicity; his 
 works, which are much admired by his 
 countrymen, have gone through numerous 
 editions. — Moreri. 
 
 Goudimei. (Claude), a musician of the 
 sixteenth century, was put to death by the 
 catholics at Lyons in 1572, for setting the 
 psalms of Marot and Beza to music. — Mo- 
 reri. 
 
 Govea (Anthony), a Portuguese Jesuit, 
 was born at Beja in 1505. He became pro- 
 fessor of law at Toulouse, and afterwards 
 at Turin, where he died in 1565. His 
 works on law were published in one vo- 
 lume folio, 1562. He was also the author 
 of a Commentary on the Topica of Cicero, 
 and published an edition of Terence. He 
 had two brothers : Martial, the elder, was 
 a good Latin poet and grammarian ; An- 
 drew, the younger, was principal of the 
 Portuguese college of Coimbra, and died 
 in 1548. — Moreri. 
 
 Gouge (William), an English divine, was 
 born at Bow, in Middlesex, in 1575. He 
 became fellow of King’s college, Cambridge, 
 and in 1608 obtained the living of Black- 
 friars, London. He was a member of the 
 assembly of divines at Westminster, and of- 
 ten sat therein as moderator. He was also 
 one of the annotators on the bible appointed 
 by that body. He died in 1658. His works 
 are: a Commentary on the Hebrews an 
 Exposition of the Lord’s Prayer; the whole 
 Armour of God; and other pieces of prac- 
 tical theology of the Calvinistic cast. — 
 Clarke ' s Lives of English 1) ivines. 
 
 Gouge (Thomas), a pious divine, and 
 the son of the preceding, was born at Bow 
 in 1605, and educated at Eton, and after- 
 wards at King’s college, Cambridge, of 
 which he became fellow. In 1638 he ob- 
 tained the living of St. Sepulchre’s London, 
 where he conducted himself with great di- 
 ligence in his pastoral capacity. At the 
 Restoration he was ejected for non-confor- 
 mity, on which he laid himself out i'n pro- 
 moting Christian knowledge among the ig- 
 norant poor in Wales, on which good work 
 he expended large sums. He died in 1681, 
 
 and his funeral sermon was preached by 
 doctor, afterwards archbishop, Tillotson. 
 He wrote some practical religious tracts 
 which were collected into one vol. 8vo. — 
 Calamy. 
 
 Goujet (Claude Peter), a French priest, 
 was born at Paris in 1697, and died there in 
 1767. He wrote Bibliotheque Fran^oise, 
 18 vols. 12mo. &c. — Nouv. Did. Hist. 
 
 Goujon or Gougeon (John), a French 
 sculptor and architect in the reign of Fran- 
 cis I. He was also a good medalist, and 
 his works in this kind are scarce and valua- 
 ble. Being a protestant, he was shot in the 
 massacre of St. Bartholomew, 1572. — D'Ar - 
 gen vi lie. 
 
 Goulart (Simon), a French writer, was 
 born at Paris in 1543. He studied divinity 
 at Geneva, and succeeded Calvin in the 
 ministry. He died in 1628. He wrote a 
 History of the League, and edited a number 
 of considerable works. — Bay/e. 
 
 Gould (Robert), an English poet, Who 
 died in 1709. His works were collected the 
 same year, and published in 2 vols. 8vo. — 
 — Gen Biog. Did. 
 
 Goulston (Theodore), an English phv- 
 sician, was born in Northamptonshire, and 
 studied at Merton college, Oxford. He 
 died in 1632, bequeathing 200/. for a patho- 
 logical lecture to be read yearly in the col- 
 lege of physicians. — Wood. 
 
 Goulqu (John), a French monk, was boru 
 at Paris in 1576. He is chiefly known by 
 his furious attack on the letters of Balzac. 
 He translated some of the Greek writers 
 into the French language; and died in 
 1629. — Bayle. Moreri. 
 
 Goufil (James), a physician of the 16th 
 century, was born at Lt^on. He studied 
 at Parts, where he became royal professor 
 of physic, on the death of James Sylvius in 
 1555. He edited several of the Greek me- 
 dical writers, and translated from the Ita- 
 lian Piccolomini’s work on the Sphere of 
 the World. He died in 1564. — Mreri. 
 
 Goupy (Joseph), a French artist, cele- 
 brated for paipting in water-colours, and 
 for excellence in copying the works of 
 others. He died in 1747. — Gen. Big. Did. 
 
 Gourdon (Simon), a French monk, was 
 born at Paris in 1646. At the age of 15 he 
 entered among the canons regular of St. 
 Victor, where he led an ascetic life, and 
 died in 1729. He wrote numerous letters 
 on cases of conscience, hymns, &c. — Mo- 
 reri. 
 
 Gournai (Mary de Jars), a French lady, 
 celebrated for her wit and talents, was bom 
 at Paris, of a noble family, in 4566. She 
 was adopted by the celebrated Montaigne, 
 for wjiose works, which $he edited, ffie had 
 an enthusiastic admiratjon. She died at 
 Paris in 1645. Her works were published 
 in one volume, 4to — Bayle. Moreri. 
 v Gourville (John Herauld de), was ori- 
 ginally valet to the duke de Rochefoucault 
 who advanced him to several high offices 
 Hit 
 
G O Z 
 
 G R A 
 
 He wrote Memoirs of his Life from 1642 to 
 1698, 5 vols. 12mo. which are full of in- 
 teresting anecdotes. He died in 1705, aged 
 bO. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Gousset (James), a French protestant 
 divine, was born at Blois in 1635. On the 
 revocation of the edict of Nantz, he be- 
 came professor of divinity and Hebrew at 
 Groningen, where he died in 1704. His 
 works are: Theological and Critical Stric- 
 tures on the Proposals for a new Version of 
 the Scriptures; Dissertations in Contro- 
 versy with the Jews; Theological Lectures 
 on a living and dead Faith; Commentarii 
 Linguce I lebraicas, fol. &'c. — Moreri. 
 
 Gout n i ere s (James), a lawyer of the 
 seventeenth century, was born at Chau- 
 mont in Bnssigni, and died in 1638. He 
 wrote De vetere Jure Pontificio Urbis Ro- 
 ma: ; De Jure Manium, sen de Ritu, More, 
 et Legibus, prisci Faneris; Tiresias, seu de 
 Caecitatis Major, et Sapientke Cognations; 
 and De Orbitate toleranda. — Moreri. 
 
 Goux de i , a Bout. aye (Francis le), a fa- 
 mous traveller, was born about 1610 in 
 Anjou. He went through several countries 
 in Asia and Africans a Mahomedan, and 
 in Europe as a Catholic. On his return he 
 published an account of his travels, 4to. 
 1653. In 1668 he was sent ambassador to 
 the great mogul, and died in Persia of a 
 fever the year following. — Moreri. 
 
 Gouye (Thomas), a French jesuit and 
 eminent mathematician, was born at Dieppe 
 in 1650, and died at Paris in 1725. He 
 wrote Mathematical and Philosophical Ob- 
 servations, 2 vols. 8vo. He must not be 
 confounded with Gouye de Longuemare, 
 who wrote Memoirs and Dissertations to 
 illustrate the History of France, and died 
 in 1763. — Noire. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Gower (John), an early English poet, 
 was born in Yorkshire about 1320. He be- 
 came eminent as a professor of law in the 
 Inner Temple; and is supposed to have 
 been chief justice of the common pleas. 
 He was a libera! benefactor t® the church 
 of St. Saviour’s, Southwark, where his mo- 
 nument still remains. He died in 1402. 
 His works are of the grave kind, whence 
 Itis friend Chaucer styles him the Moral 
 Gower. They consist of three parts; Spe- 
 culum Meditantis; Vox Clamantis; Confes- 
 sio Amantis. They were printed first by 
 Caxton in 1483. — B'tog. Brit. 
 
 Goyen (John van), an eminent painter, 
 was born at Leyden in 1596, and died in 
 1656. He painted landscapes, battles, and 
 sea-pieces, in a beautiful manner. — Pitting- 
 t on. 
 
 Gozon (Deodati), grand-master of the 
 order of St. John of Jerusalem, was cele- 
 brated for his courage and other virtues. 
 A fabulous story is told of his killing a dra- 
 gon of a monstrous kind, that infested the 
 islnnd of Rhodes. He died 1353. — Per tot's 
 jjCuights of Malta. 
 
 Gwzzi (count Gaspar), a Venetian no- 
 
 bleman, celebrated for his literary talents. 
 He was born in 1713, and died in 1<786. 
 Besides lyric and satirical poems' of merit, 
 he conducteda periodical paper called I.’Os- 
 servatore, similar to the English Spectator, 
 Tatler, &c. All his works were published 
 at Venice in 1794, 12 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Graaf (Regnier de), an eminent phy- 
 sician, was born at Scboonhoven in Hol- 
 land in 1641, and died in 1673, leaving se- 
 veral works which do honour to his me- 
 mory. Two editions of them have been 
 published, in one vol. 8vo. at Leyden, the 
 last in 1705. — Moreri. 
 
 Graaf (Barent), a painter, was born at 
 Amsterdam in 1628, and died in 1709. He 
 excelled in painting landscapes. —Pittihgton. 
 
 Graaw (Henry), a native of Hoorn, and 
 a disciple of van Campen. He was a good 
 historical painter, and died in 1682, aged 
 55. — Ibid. 
 
 Grade (John Ernest), a learned divine, 
 was born in 1666, at Koningsberg in Prus- 
 sia. He devoted himself to the study of 
 divinity : and having read the works of the 
 fathers, became so convinced of the neces- 
 sity of a regular succession in the ministry, 
 that he left his native country with the de- 
 sign of embracing popery. On the road, 
 three tracts, written by the order of the 
 elector of Brandenburg, in answer to the 
 memorial which he had left explaining his 
 reasons for quitting the college, were pre- 
 sented to him ; and Grabe changed his 
 mind, so far as to hold a conference at Berlin 
 with Spener, the author of one of the tracts; 
 the result of which was, that he was pre- 
 vailed on to go to England, where the ec- 
 clesiastical succession is maintained, with- 
 out the superstitions of popery. Here he 
 received considerable patronage, and the 
 university of Oxford conferred on him the 
 degree of D. D. He also entered into or- 
 ders, and published several valuable works, 
 the principal of which is, an edition of the 
 Septuagint, from the Alexandrian MS. in 
 the royal library. He died in 1712, and 
 was buried in Westminster abbey . — Life by 
 Dr. Hides. 
 
 Gracchus (Tiberius and Caius), were 
 sops of Sempronius Gracchus, by Cornelia 
 the daughter of Scipio. They were edu- 
 cated with great care by their mother, and 
 were celebrated for their eloquence, their 
 zeal for the cause of the people, and their 
 misfortunes. The elder, after establishing 
 the agrarian law, and enjoying a tempo- 
 rary success, was slain through the intrigues 
 of the patricians, B. C. 133, and the younger 
 was killed some time after. — Plutarch. Univ. 
 Hist. 
 
 Gracchus (Sempronius), was exiled to 
 an island on the coast of Africa, for his con- 
 nection with Julia the daughter of Augustus, 
 and assassinated 14 years afterwards by or- 
 der of Tiberius, who also caused Julia to be 
 put to death. — Ibid, 
 
 Gracchus (Rutilius), a Roman poet cf 
 
GR A 
 
 G R A 
 
 the tenth century. He was a poet of con- 
 siderable merit, but of an extravagant turn 
 of mind, and died in great misery. — Moreri. 
 
 Gracian (Balthazar), a Spanish jesuit, 
 who died rector of the college of Tarra- 
 gona in 1658. He wrote the Hero, 1617 ; 
 Reflections on the Political Conduct of Fer- 
 dinand the Catholic a Treatise oil Witty 
 Conceptions ; Meditations on the Sacra- 
 ment: all in the Spanish language. — Moreri. 
 
 Grade nigo (Peter), doge of Venice in 
 3 290. He changed the government of that 
 city from a form entirely popular to an 
 aristocracy, and died in 135)3. — Moreri. 
 
 Griecinus (Julius), a Roman senator, 
 was a native of Forum Julii now Frejus. 
 He was distinguished by his eloquence and 
 virtue, and was put to death by Caligula 
 for refusing to be the accuser of Marcus 
 Silanus . l ie was the father of Julius Agri- 
 cola, and wrote a book on agriculture. — 
 Tacit. Vii. Agric. 
 
 Grjeme (John), a Scotch poet, was born 
 in 1748, and died in the 22d year of his 
 age. His poems, consisting of elegies and 
 miscellaneous pieces, were printed at Edin- 
 burgh, in one vol. 8vo. in 1773. — Gin.Bioo-. 
 Diet. 
 
 Graivius (John George), an eminent cri- 
 tic, was born at Naumburg in Saxony, in 
 1632. He succeeded his friend Gronovius 
 in the professorship of history at Deventer, 
 from whence he wasinvi ted toUtreeht, where 
 he died in 1703. He published several va- 
 luable editions of the classics, and compiled 
 two excellent works: Thesaurus Antiquita- 
 tum Romanorum, 1 2 vols. fob; andThesaurus 
 Antiquitatum Italicorum, 6 vols. fol. — Mo- 
 reri. 
 
 Grafigny (Frances), an ingenious lady, 
 was bern at Nanci about 1694. Her hus- 
 band was chamberlain to the duke of Lor- 
 rain ; but being of a brutal disposition, she 
 separated herself from him, and went to live 
 with the wife of the marshal Richelieu at 
 Paris, where she was greatly admired for 
 her talents, and died in 1758. She wrote 
 the Letters of a Peruvian : a dramatic 
 piece called Cenie, and another named I^a 
 Eille de Aristide. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Grafton (Richard), anEnglish historian, 
 was born at London in the reign of Henry 
 VIII. a id died in that of Elizabeth. He 
 compiled a Chronicle, and large History of 
 the Assayers of England, and Kings of the 
 same, deduced from the Creation of the 
 World — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Graham (George), an eminent mechanic, 
 was bom at Gratwick in Cumberland, in 
 1675. He was journeyman and successor 
 to Tonpion, the celebrated clock-maker, 
 and dixinguished himself not only by the 
 accuracy oi his t riep eces, but by the in- 
 vention of several valuable instruments for 
 astrontmical observations. The great mural 
 arch in the observatory of Greenwich was 
 made wider his inspection and divided by 
 ids owihand. He invented the sector with 
 
 which Dr. 'Bradley discovered two new men- 
 tions in the fixed stars. lie furnished the 
 members of the French academy,, who were 
 sent to the north to measure a degree of the 
 meridian, with the instruments for that pur- 
 pose. Mr. Graham was a member of theroy* 
 al society, to which he communicated several 
 useful discoveries. He died in 1751, and 
 was interred in Westminster abbey. — Hut- 
 chinson s History of Cumberland. 
 
 Grain (John Baptist le), a French histo- 
 rian, was born at Paris in 1565, and died 
 in 1642. He wrote the History of Henry IV., 
 and that of Lewis XIII., under the title of 
 decades. — Moreri. 
 
 Graindorge (Andrew), a physician and 
 
 liilosopher of the sect of Epicurus, was 
 
 orn at Caen in Normandy in 1616. /Among 
 his works is a curious Treatise on Fire, Light, 
 and Colours. He died at the age of 60.— 
 Mpreri. 
 
 Grainger (James), a poet and physician, 
 was born in 1724, at Dunse, in the county 
 of Berwick, and served his apprenticeship 
 to a surgeon at Edinburgh. He afterward# 
 acted in that capacity in the army, and in 
 1748 took his doctor’s degree, and settled 
 in London. Elis practice, however, was 
 not considerable; and he engaged as tutpr 
 to a young gentleman, whom he accom- 
 panied to the island of St.Kitt’s, in the West 
 Indies, where he died in 1767. He wrct<? 
 anOde on Solitude; Bryan and Pereene, 
 a ballad; the Sugar Cane, in blank verse ; 
 and translated the Elegies of Tibullus into 
 English verse. His medical works are, His- 
 toria Febris Anomalse Batavtc, an. 1764; 
 and a Treatise on the West India Diseases, 
 8vo . — L ife by Dr. Anderson. 
 
 Gramaye (John Baptist), provost of 
 Arnheim, and historiographer of the Low 
 Countries, was a native of Antwerp. He 
 died at Lubeck in 1635. His most valuable 
 work is entitled, Peregrinatio Belgica. — , 
 Moreri. 
 
 Grammond (Gabriel, lord of ), president 
 of the parliament of Thoulouse, and author 
 of a history of the wars of Lewis XIII. 
 against his protestant subjects. He died in 
 1654. — Ibid. 
 
 GraMont (Antony, duke of), marshal 
 of France, an illustrious warrior -End. 
 courtier in the reign of Louis XIV. was 
 descended from the noble family of Gra- 
 mont iil Navarre, and related to cardinal 
 Richelieu by marriage. He wrote two 
 volumes of Memoirs, and died in 1678, 
 aged 74. — Ibid, 
 
 Gramont (Philibert, count of), son of 
 the preceding, was a celebrated favourite at 
 the English court after the restoration. He 
 served with reputation under the prince of 
 Conde and marshal Turenne, and died in 
 1707. His well-known memoirs were writ- 
 ten by count Hamilton, from information 
 furnished by himself. — Ibid. 
 
 Granby (John Manners, marquis of), a 
 famous English general, was the eldest son 
 11 h 2 
 
G R A 
 
 •f the duke of Rutland, and commanded 
 with honour during the seven years war in 
 Germany, and after the peace oi 1763 re- 
 tired to a private life, greatly beloved by 
 all ranks of people for his many virtues. 
 He died in 1770, aged 50.— Ann. Register. 
 
 Grancolas (John), a French divine, was 
 born at Paris, and became a doctor of the 
 Sorbonne. He died in 1732. His works 
 are, a Treatise on Liturgies ; the Ancient 
 Sacramentary of the Church ; an Histori- 
 cal Commentary on the Roman Breviary; a 
 Critique on Ecclesiastical Authors; and a 
 Concise History of the Church in the City 
 of Paris. He also translated into French 
 the works of St. Cyril. — Moreri. _ 
 
 Grand (Antony le), a Cartesian philo- 
 sopher of the 17th century, was the author 
 of several works, the principal of which are 
 a Sacred History from the Creation to the 
 Time of Constantine the Great ; Institutio 
 Philosophise secundum Principia Ren. Des- 
 cartes. — Moreri. 
 
 Grand (Joachim le), a political writer, 
 who died at Paris in 1733, aged 80. His 
 works are, History of the Divorce of Henry 
 VIII. and Catharine of Arragon, 3 vols. 
 12mo.; on the Succession of the Crown of 
 Prance by Agnates. — Ibid. 
 
 Grand (Marc Antony le), a French ac- 
 tor and poet. He was the author of seve- 
 ral comedies, and died at Paris in 1728. 
 t-lis works are in 4 vols. 12mo. — Nouv. Did. 
 Hist. 
 
 Grand (Louis le), a French divine, was 
 born at Luzigni, in the diocese of Autun, 
 and became doctor of the Sorbonne. He 
 died in 1 780. His works are, Pr.xlect iones 
 Theologica; de Deo, 2 vols. I2mo ; De Tn- 
 carnatione Verbi Divini, 2 vols. 12mo. ; and 
 De Ecclesia Christi, Svo. — Ibid. 
 
 Grand (Peter le), a captain of a French 
 privateer belonging to Dieppe, who made 
 Iiimself famous by his courage. In 1-640, 
 with a small vessel of four guns and 28 men, 
 he took a Spanish ship of 54 guns, which 
 he conducted safe into a French port. — Ibid. 
 
 Grandkt (Joseph), a French priest, and 
 biographical writer, was born at Augers in 
 1646, and died there in 1724. He wrote 
 several lives of persons eminent for their 
 piety. — Moreri. 
 
 Grandi (Francis Lewis), an Italian abbot 
 and mathematician, was born at Cremona, 
 in 1671. He was successively professor of 
 philosophy at Florence and Pisa, and abbot 
 of St. Michael at Pisa, where he died in 
 1742. He wrote several works on mathe- 
 matical subjects. — Ibid. 
 
 Grandier (Urban), a French priest, who 
 was burnt on the charge ot magic. He 
 was born at Bovere, near' Sable, and bred 
 a jesuit.' The superiors of his order gave 
 him the living of .St. Peter at Loudon, and 
 a prebend in the cathedral. His talents as 
 a preacher excited the envy of the monks, 
 which was aggravated by ins preaching 
 ^gainst them, and in 1629 a plot was formed 
 
 G R A 
 
 to ruin him by the charge of his seducin#- 
 niaids and married women. Though the 
 accusation was weak, the bishop suspended 
 Grandier, who appealed to the parliament 
 and was acquitted. He then returned to 
 Loudon in triumph, but his enemies formed 
 another conspiracy against him, which 
 proved successful. Some of the nuns in the 
 Ursuline convent were taught to act as per- 
 sons possessed, and to accuse Grandier with 
 having practised magical arts upon them. 
 The farce was badly played, but the monl« 
 having gained cardinal Richelieu to their 
 side, Grandier was condemned and burnt* 
 alive, 1634. — Bayle. Moreri. 
 
 Grandin (Martin), a doctor of the Sor- 
 bonne, who published a Course of 1 heolo- 
 gy, in 6 vols. 4to. ; died at Paris in 1691, a*t 
 the age of 87. — Ibid. 
 
 Grange (Joseph de Chancel de la), a 
 French writer, celebrated for his talen,ts, 
 adventures, and misfortunes ; the latter oS 
 which he drew upon himself by a satir# 
 against the duke of Orleans. He wrotr 
 several tragedies, and died in 1758, at the 
 age of 82. — Nouv. Did. Hist. 
 
 Grange (M.dela),aFrench critic, know* 
 by a translation of Lucretius, and another 
 of Seneca. He was born at Pari* in 173S, 
 and died in. 1775. — Ibid. 
 
 Granger (Janies), an English divine, 
 who published a valuable work entitled. 
 The Biographical History of England, in 4 
 vols. Svo. He was vicar of Shiplakein Ox- 
 fordshire, and was seized with an apoplec- 
 tic fit while administering the Lord’s supper 
 in his church, and died the next morning, 
 April 15,1776. — Gent. Mag. 
 
 Grant (Francis, lord Cullen), a Scotch 
 judge, was descended from an ancient fa r 
 mily, and born about 1660. He wrote a 
 treatise to prove that James had abdicated 
 the throne. He was created a baronet by 
 queen Anne, and appointed a judge. He 
 died in the 6'6'th year of his age. — Gen. Biog. 
 Bril. 
 
 Grant (Patrick), a judge in Scotland, 
 was born at Edinburgh in 1698; in 1754 
 he was made one of the lords of session, with 
 the title of lord Preston-Grange. He wrote 
 several tracts against the rebellion in 1745,. 
 He died at Edinburgh in 1762 — Ibid. 
 
 Granville (George, baron Lanscjown), a 
 nobleman of considerable talents, was the 
 son of Bernard Greenvile, or Granville, and 
 the grandson of the famous sir Bevil Green- 
 vile. He was born in Cormvalljin 1667, and 
 at the age 12 was sent to Trinity coljege, 
 Cambridge. In 1685 he wrote some poetical 
 pieces on the accession of James II. After 
 the revolution he lived retired tor a consi- 
 derable time in amusing himself in literary 
 composition. In 1 686 was acted with great 
 applause, his tragedv of Heroic Love, which 
 was followed by the dramatic poem of the 
 British Enchanters. On the accession of 
 queen Anne he obtained a seat in parliament, 
 and in 1710 was made secretary at war.. 
 
G R A 
 
 G R A 
 
 The same year he married a daughter of the 
 earl of Jersey, and was soon after created a 
 peer, by the title of lord Lansdowne, baron of 
 Bideford. The accession of George II. de- 
 prived him of his place, and in 1715 he was 
 sent to the Tower on suspicion of being con- 
 cerned in a plot against the government. 
 He obtained his release in 1717, and after- 
 wards went to France, where he resided 
 some years. He died in 1735, leaving four 
 daughters. His works were published in 
 2 vols. 4to. 1732. — Bing. Brit. Johnsons 
 Ports. 
 
 Grapaldus (Francis Marius), a native 
 ©f Parma, in the 1 G'th century, who wrote a 
 curious book which describes all the parts 
 of a house and has been often printed. — 
 
 Moreri. 
 
 Gras (Anthony Ie), a French priest, who 
 published translations into French of Cor- 
 nelius Nepos, and of the works of some of 
 the fathers. He died in 176'1, aged 70. — 
 Nouv. Bid. Hist. 
 
 Graswinkel (Theodore), a learned civi- 
 lian, was born at Delft in 1600, and died 
 at Mechlin in 1666. He wrote, Liber- 
 tas Veneta, sen Venetorum in se & suo im- 
 perandi Jus; for which the Venetian state 
 created him a knight of St. Mark. He was 
 also the author of a work against Buchanan 
 entitled, De Jure Majestatis ; and other 
 learned treatises. — Baylc. Moreri. 
 
 Gratauolus (William), a physician of 
 the 16th century, was born at Bergamo, in 
 Italy , and practised physic with great suc- 
 cess at Padua, till he was converted to the 
 protestant religion, when he retired to Basil. 
 Fie died in 1562. He was a voluminous 
 writer. — Gen. Bing. Diet. 
 
 Gratia n, a Roman emperor, was the 
 son of Valentinian L by his wife Severa, 
 and born in 359. His father took him as • 
 his associate in the empire when he was 
 only eight years old. In his seventeenth year 
 he succeeded to the throne, on the death of 
 his father, and the army elected as his part- 
 ner, Valentinian II. his younger brother. 
 The beginning of his reign was distinguish- 
 ed by several cruelties, particularly the 
 murder of his general Theodosius. Gra- 
 tian defeated the Goths, and exerted him- 
 self with energy and success in defend- 
 ing the empire, but was put to death in 
 a revolt, in Gaul, A. D. 383.' — Gibbon. Univ. 
 Hht. 
 
 GitATiAN,a private soldier, was crowned 
 emperor by the legions in Britain, about 
 407, and put to death four months after- 
 wards by the same troops. — - Moreri . 
 
 Gratian, a benedictine monk in the 
 12thcentury, was a native of Chiusi,in Tus- 
 cany. He employed 24 years in compiling 
 an abridgment of the canon law, commonly 
 called Gratian’s Decretal, which has been 
 several times printed. — Moreri. 
 
 Gr atius (Faliscus), a Latin poet, sup- 
 posed to be contemporary with Ovid. He 
 wrote a poem, entitled, Cynegeticon, or 
 
 the Art of Hunting with Dogs, printed at 
 Leipsic in 1659,4to. — Notiv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Gratius (Ortuinus), a, learned German, 
 was a native of the bishopric of Munster.' 
 He was the author of several works, and 
 died in 1542. — Moreri. 
 
 Grave lot (Henry Francis Bourguignon), 
 an eminent engraver, was born at Paris in 
 1699. He resided many years in England, 
 and died at Paris in 1773. He wrote a 
 book on perspective. His engravings are 
 very excellent. — Europ. Mug. 
 
 Gkaverol (Francis), a French advocate, 
 was born at Nismes in 1635. He was the 
 author of several works, among which 
 is the Sorberiana. He died in 1694. — Mo* 
 reri. 
 
 Graves (Richard), an ingenious divine, 
 was born at Miclcton, in Gloucestershire, 
 in 1715. After receiving his education at 
 Abington school, he removed to Pembroke 
 college, Oxford. In 1736 he was elected 
 fellow of All Souls, and applied to the study 
 of physic, which he afterwards renounced 
 for divinity, andin 1740cnteredinto holy or- 
 ders. In 1 750 he obtained the rectory of Cla- 
 verton near Bath. In 1763 Mr. Allen of 
 Prior-park presented him to the living of 
 Kilmersdon and obtained for him the ap- 
 pointment ofchaplain to lady Chatham. Mr. 
 Graves died at Claverton in 1804. He 
 wrote, The Festoon, or Collection of Epi- 
 grams 12mo. ; Lucubrations in prose and 
 rhyme under the assumed name of Peter of 
 Pomfret; The Spiritual Quixote, a povel in 
 ridicule of the methodists, 3 vols. ; Colu- 
 mella, or the distressed Anchoret ; a col- 
 lection of political pieces under the title of 
 Euphrosyne: Eugenius, or anecdotes of the 
 Golden Vale; Recollections of some par- 
 ticulars in the life of Mr. Shenstonc; Plex- 
 , ippus, or the aspiring Plebeian; Life of 
 Commodus from the Greek of Ilerodian; 
 Hieroonthe conditionofRoyaltyfromXeno- 
 plion ; The meditations of Antoninus from 
 the Greek; The Reveries of Solitude ; The 
 Coalition, or Rehearsal of the pastoral opera 
 of Echo and Narcissus Sermons on va- 
 rious subjects; The Farmer’s Son, as a 
 counterpart to Mr. Ansley’s Farmer’s 
 Daughter ; The Invalid with the Means of 
 enjoying long Life; and Senilities. — Monthly 
 Mug. 
 
 Gravesandf. (William James Ie s’), a 
 Dutch mathematician, was born at Bois-le- 
 Duc in 1688. He was bred a civilian, and 
 practised some time at the bar with reputa- 
 tion, but about 1715 he became professor 
 of mathematics and natural philosophy at 
 Leyden where he taught the Newtonian 
 system. He died in 1742. His principal 
 works are, 1. Physices Elementa Mathema- 
 tica, &c.; 2. Matheseos Universalis Ele- 
 menta, &c.; 3. Philosophise Newtonian* 
 Institutiones; 4. Introductio ad Philosophi- 
 am, Metaphysicam et Logicam continent 
 —Hutton's Math. Diet. 
 
 Gravina (Peter), an Iuliao poet, \yfot 
 
ORE 
 
 GRfi 
 
 tva.« admired for the sweetness and delicacy 
 ef his poetry. He died in 1528, at the age 
 of 75. — M.'.ra i. 
 
 Gravina (John Vincent), an eminent 
 lawyer, was born at Rogiano, in Italy, in 
 1664. He was professor of canon law 
 in the college of Sapienza at Rome, and 
 died there in 1718. He was the author of 
 many learned works; the principal of which 
 is entitled, De Ortu & Progressn J uris Ci- 
 vilis, in three books. — Morcri. Tiraboschi. 
 
 Graont (Edward), master of Westmin- 
 ster school, who published a work entitled, 
 Grate® linguae Spicilegium, et Institutio 
 Grxcae Grammatics. He died in 1601. 
 
 Gen. Biog. Did. 
 
 Graunt (John), author of a celebrated 
 book entitled, Observations on the Bills of 
 Mortality, was born in London, in 1620. 
 He was a haberdasher in the city, but de- 
 dicated a large portion of his time to study, 
 and in 1661 published the work mention- 
 ed above. lie was a fellow of the royal 
 society, and one of the managers of the 
 New River company. He died in 1674. — 
 Biog. Brit. 
 
 Gray (Thomas), an English poet, was 
 the son of a money-scrivener in London, 
 where he was born m 1716'. He was edu- 
 cated at Eton, from whence he removed to 
 Peter-house, Cambridge. In 1738 he en- 
 tered of the Inner Temple, but never en- 
 gaged much in the study of the law. The 
 year following he accompanied Mr. Horace 
 Walpole in the Tour of Europe; but a dif- 
 ference arising between them, they part- 
 ed in Italy in 1741, and Mr. Gray returned 
 to England, where his father died soon after. 
 He now took up his residence chiefly at 
 Cambridge, where, in 1768, he became pro- 
 fessor of modern history. He died of the 
 gout in 1771, and was buried with his fa- 
 mily at Stoke Pogeis, in Buckinghamshire. 
 The odes of Gray possess uncommon merit, 
 and his Elegy in a Country Church-yard 
 lias obtained almost an unexampled run. 
 His letters are instructive and entertaining. 
 — -Mason's Life of Gray . 
 
 Gra2zini (Anthony Francis), surnamed 
 II Lasca, one of the founders of the aca- 
 demy Della Crusca, was a nativeof Florence. 
 He wrote six comedies, and a variety of 
 tales. He died in 1583. — Moreri. 
 
 Greatrakes (Valentine), a native of 
 Ireland, deserves to be mentioned for the 
 extraordinary stories which are told of his 
 curing diseases by touching the parts affect- 
 ed. Mr. Boyle, and other distinguished 
 persons attested, several of his cures, and 
 gave a high character of Mr. Greatrakes 
 for virtue and piety. He died about 1680. 
 . — Granger. 
 
 Greaves (John), a mathematician and 
 antiquary, was born at Colmore, in Hamp- 
 shire, in 1602 , and after receiving a gram- 
 matical education in his native country, 
 he was removed to Baliol College, Ox- 
 ford. In 1621 he was chosen fellow cf 
 
 Merton college, and in 1628 took the de- 
 gree of M. A, In 1630 he became profess- 
 or of geometry in Gresham college, anil 
 was soon afterwards sent by archbishop 
 Laud to tlic east, where he made a large 
 collection of oriental MSS, coins, and me- 
 dals. He also took a careful survey and 
 measurement of the Egyptian pyramids, 
 and made many astronomical observa- 
 tions. After his return in 1640 he was 
 chosen Sa-vilian professor of astronomy at 
 Oxford, but was obliged to resign the pro- 
 fessorship by the persecution of the par- 
 liamentary visitors. He died in 1652. He 
 wrote Pyramidographia, or a Description 
 of the Pyramids in Egypt ; a discourse on 
 the Roman foot and denarius; and other 
 valuable works. — Biog.Brit. 
 
 Grecourt (John Baptist Joseph Villert 
 de), a French poet, was born at Tours in 
 1683. He was bred to the church, which 
 he afterwards quitted, and led a dissipated 
 life ; but his company was courted by peo- 
 ple of rank, on account of his wit. He 
 died in 1743. His works are Tales, Epi- 
 grams, Sougs, FabLes,and other light pie' es. 
 — Noav. Did. Hist. 
 
 Green (Robert), an English poet, was a 
 man of wit and talents, but a gross libertine. 
 He is said to have been the first English- 
 man who wrote for bread. Pie died in 1592 
 of a surfei t. — Gen. Biog. Did. 
 
 Green (John), an English bishop, was 
 born in 1706 at Hull, in Yorkshire. After 
 obtaining several church preferments he 
 was raised to the see of Lincoln. He died 
 at Bath in 1779. He wrote some sermons 
 and religious tracts. — Gen. Biog. Did. 
 
 Green (Matthew), an English poet, was 
 born in London in 1696. He was bred a 
 dissenter, which sect he quitted, and ri- 
 diculed in his admirable poem of the 
 Spleen. He obtained a place in the cus- 
 tom-house, and died in 1737. His poems, 
 which possess great merit, were published 
 in Dodsley’s collection, and together in 1. 
 vol. in 1796 • — Europ. Mag. 
 
 Green (William), an English divine, 
 was educated at Clarehall, Cambridge, where 
 he took his degree in arts and was chosen 
 fellow. He was presented to the rectory 
 of Hadingham, in Norfolk, and died in 
 1794. Mr. Green published,!. The -song 
 of Deborah, reduced to metre ; with a new 
 translation and Commentary, 4to. 2. A 
 new translation of the prayer of Habakkuk, 
 the prayer of Moses, and the 139th psalm 
 with a Commentary, 4to. 3. A new trans- 
 lation of the Psalms from the Hebrew Ori- 
 ginal with notes, 8vo. 4. A new Trans- 
 lation of Isaiah vii. 13 to the end ofliii.with 
 notes, &c. 4to. 5. Poetical parts of the Old 
 Testament newly' translated from the He- 
 brew, with notes, 4to. — Europ. Mag. 
 
 Greene (Dr. Maurice), professor of 
 music at Cambridge, was a native of Lon- 
 don. He began the work of correcting and 
 reforming tire church music, greatly cor» 
 
GRE 
 
 G R E 
 
 mpted by transcribers; which undertaking 
 was completed by his friend Dr. Boyce. 
 He died in 175,5. — Gen.Biog. Diet. 
 
 Greene (Edward Burnaby), a writer of 
 some merit, who published translations of 
 Anacreon and Pindar, and various poems 
 and essays. He died in 1788. — European 
 
 Mag . 
 
 Greenville (sir Richard) a gallant offi- 
 cer, was the son of sir Roger Greenville, 
 and born in Devonshire or Cornwall about 
 2540. He served in the imperial army in 
 Hungary against the Turks, and on his* re- 
 turn engaged in the reduction of Ireland. 
 In 1751 he represented Cornwall in 
 parliament; about which time he receiv- 
 ed the honour of knighthood. In 1485 
 he undertook an expedition to Ame- 
 rica, and made some discoveries. In 1591 
 he was appointed vice admiral of a squa- 
 dron sent out to intercept a rich Spanish 
 fleet. He proceeded as far as the Western 
 Islands, and while there a powerful squa- 
 dron was sent from Spain to escort the 
 plate fleet. On their approach the English 
 admiral, Thomas Eloward, proceeded to 
 sea ; but Greenville, in the Revenge., stay- 
 ing to take on board some of his sick crew, 
 was surrounded by the whole Spanish fleet. 
 He defended his ship with the utmost bra- 
 very, and after receiving several wounds, 
 was about to sink her, but was carried on 
 board the Spanish admiral’s ship, where he 
 died three days after — Campbell's Li lies of the 
 /IJ.nirals. 
 
 Greenville (sir Eevil), grandson of the 
 .above, was born at Stow, the family seat in 
 'Cornwall, in 1596'. He was educated at 
 Exeter college, under Dr. afterwards bishop 
 Prideaux. In the rebellion he distinguished 
 himself by zealously defending the royal 
 cause, and after several gallant actions was 
 killed in the battle of Lansdown, near Bath, 
 July 5, 1643. — Clarendon. 
 
 Gregory (the Great), pope, was born 
 about 544. He was appointed prefect of 
 the city, and held other civil dignities ; but 
 being inclined to a religious life, he retired 
 to the monastery of St. Andrew, of which 
 he became abbot. On the death of Pela- 
 gias, in 590, he was elected pope. He 
 died in 604. He sent Austin the monk 
 to convert the English to Christianity.— 
 Bontier. 
 
 Gregory II. (St.), succeeded Constantine 
 in the pontificate in 715, and died in 781. — 
 Ibid. 
 
 Gregory III. a native of Syria succeeded 
 to the pontificate in 731, and died in 741. 
 This pope sent legates to Charles Martel 
 to demand succour against the Lombards ; 
 which embassy is considered as the origin 
 of the apostolic nuncios in France. — Ibid. 
 
 G iegor y IV. a native of Rome, succeed- 
 ed to the pontificate in 8117, and . died in 
 844. He was greatly esteemed for hi* 
 ieurnii?" and piety. 
 
 Gregory V. a native of Germany and 
 a relation of the emperor Otho, was ele- 
 vated to the pontificate in 996. An anti- 
 pope, named John XVII. was set up by 
 Crescentius, cousul of Rome ; but was ex- 
 pelled by the emperor. Gregory died in 
 999. 
 
 Gregory VI. a native of Rome, was 
 elected pope in 1044. Finding the lands 
 and revenues of his church greatly dimi- 
 nished by usurpations, and the roads in- 
 fested by robbers, Gregory acted with 
 such vigour, that a powerful party was 
 raised against him by those who had been ac- 
 customed to live by plunder. At a council, 
 held at Sutri in 1046, Gregory abdicated 
 the pontificate. 
 
 Gregory VII. wasthe son of a carpenter 
 of Soano, in Tuscany, and succeeded to the 
 pontificate in 1073. This pope formed vast 
 projects for the reform of the church, and 
 in attempting to execute them assumed un- 
 exampled powers. But he was embroiled 
 with the emperor Henry IV, and after a 
 violent struggle, retired to Salerno, where 
 he died in 1085. 
 
 Gregory VIII. was a native of Bene- 
 vento. He succeeded Urban III. in 1187; 
 and died the same year, after having ex± 
 horted the Christian princes to undertake a 
 new crusade. He is not to be confounded 
 with the antipope Bourdin, who assumed 
 the same name. 
 
 Gregory IX. was nephew of Innocent 
 III. of the family of the counts of Segni. He 
 was elected pope in 1227, and died in 1241. 
 He caused a new crusade to be undertaken, 
 in which the emperor Frederic II. engaged, 
 notwithstanding which he twice excommu- 
 nicated that prince. 
 
 Gregory X. of the illustrious family of 
 Visconti, was elected pope in 1271, at which 
 time he was in the Holy Land. He died 
 in 1276. He assembled a council at Lyons, 
 to promote a union between the eastern 
 and western churches, and other objects. 
 
 Gregory XI. (Peter Roger), a native of 
 Limousin in France, was a nephew of Cle- 
 ment VI. and son of the count of Beaufort. 
 He was elevated to the pontificate in 1370, 
 and died in 1377. He was a patron of 
 learning, and endeavoured to reconcile 
 the princes of Christendom, and to reform 
 tire religious societies. He transferred the 
 papal see from Avignon to Rome, where ha 
 died. 
 
 (Gregory XII. (Angelo Corario), a native 
 of Venice, was raised to the pontificate in 
 140 6 , during the schism in the east; Bene- 
 dict XIII. being the other pope Both 
 were deposed by a council held at Pisa, and 
 Alex '^der V. elected in their stead. Gre- 
 gory submitted, and laid aside ' the ponti- 
 fical dignity. He died in 1417, at the age 
 of 92. 
 
 Gregory XIII. a native of Bologna, suc- 
 ceeded Pius V, io 1579. He embellished 
 
GRE 
 
 G R E 
 
 Rome with many fine buildings ; but that 
 which more particularly marks his govern- 
 ment is the reform of the calendar, which 
 goes by his name. He contributed greatly 
 to correct and amend Gratian’s Decretals; 
 which he enriched with learned notes. He 
 died in 1585, at the age of 83. 
 
 Gregory XIV. (Nicholas Sfondrate), suc- 
 ceeded Urban VII. in 1590. He was the 
 son of a senator of Milan. He involved 
 himself in an unsuccessful war against 
 Henry IV. of France, and died in 1591 at 
 the age of 57. 
 
 Gregory XV. (Alexander Ludovisi), a 
 Bolognese, descended of an antient family, 
 was elected pope in 1(521, and died in 1623. 
 He wrote several works; among which is 
 one entitled, Fpistola ad Regem Persarum, 
 S'chah Abbas, cum Notis Hegalsoni, 8 vo. 
 1627. — Bower. Platina. Moreri. 
 
 Gregory (George Florence), commonly 
 called Gregory of Tours, a Romish saint, 
 was born in 544, in Auvergne. He was 
 chosen bishop of Tours in 573, and in 578 
 distinguished himself in a council at Paris. 
 He is said to have converted Chdperic from 
 pelagianism. He died in 595. Gregory 
 was the author of a History of the Franks, 
 in ten books; and other works. — Cane. 
 Moreri. 
 
 Gregory (John), a learned divine, was 
 born at Agmondesham, in Buckingham- 
 shire, in 1607. He became a servitor of 
 Christchurch college, Oxford, where he 
 proceeded to the degree ofM.A. and be- 
 came one of the college chaplains. Dr. 
 Duppa, bishop of Chichester, gave him a 
 prebend, as he also did in that of Salisbury 
 on his translation thither. But he lost all 
 in the rebellion, and died poor near Ox- 
 ford, in 1646. He was the author of cu- 
 rious notes and observations on some pas- 
 sages of Scripture, which, with his post- 
 humous tracts, were printed in quarto. He 
 is not to be confounded with Edmund Gre- 
 gory, a divine, who wrote the Historical 
 Anatomy of Christian Melancholy, and 
 died about 1650. — Wood. Biog. Brit. 
 
 Gregory (James), a celebrated mathe- 
 matician, was born at Aberdeen in 1638. 
 He early discovereda genius for the mathe- 
 matics, which he cultivated with eagerness 
 in the Marischal college of Aberdeen. 
 In 1663 he published his Optica Promota, 
 scu abdita Radiorum Reflexorum & Re- 
 fractortim Mysteria, geometrice enucleata, 
 &c. 4to. In this work he announced the 
 invention of the reflecting telescope, which 
 spread his name over Europe. Soon after 
 this he made a tour to Italy, and resided 
 some years at Padua, where he published 
 his Vera Circuli & Hyperbolae Quadra- 
 ture, &C. in which appeared an account of 
 his discovery of an infinitely converging 
 scries for the areas of the circle and hyper- 
 bola, and the mode of computing them. 
 Soon after his return to England he was 
 
 chosen a fellow of the Royal Society : and 
 engaged in a controversy with Huygens 
 on the subject of his treatise on the quadra- 
 ture of the circle. In 1668 he was ap- 
 pointed professor of mathematics in the 
 university of St. Andrews. He had an 
 amicable controversy with Newton con- 
 cerning the reflecting telescope:, in the 
 course of which he threw out the idea of a 
 burning concave mirror, which came into 
 universal repute. In 1674 he became pro- 
 fessor of mathematics at Edinburgh, where 
 he died in the year following, after being 
 struck with sudden blindness as he was 
 lecturing. His Optics were translated into 
 English by Dr. Desagulieres, and several of 
 his papers are in the Philosophical Trans- 
 actions. — Biog. Brit. Martin* Biug. Philos. 
 Hutton's Math. Diet. 
 
 Gregory (David), nephew of the above, 
 was born at Aberdeen in 1661. He com- 
 pleted his education at Edinburgh, where 
 he took the degree of M. A. and in 1684 his 
 merit recommended him to the professor- 
 ship of mathematics in that university. In 
 1691, by the recommendation of Newton, 
 he was chosen member of the Royal So- 
 ciety, and elected Savilian professor of astro- 
 nomy at Oxford. In 1695 he published his 
 Catoptrics & Dioptrics Spherics Elemcn- 
 ta, 8 vo. His demonstration of the curve, 
 called the catenarian, appeared in 1697 in the 
 Philosophical Transactions; but his greatest 
 work was published in 1702, and entitled. 
 Astronomic Physicc & Geometrice Ele- 
 menta, folio. It was afterwards translated 
 into English in 2 vols. 8 vo. In 1703 he pub- 
 lished a splendid edition of Euclid’s works 
 in folio. Dr. Gregory died while: engaged 
 in superintending an edition of Apollonius’s 
 Conics in 1710. After his death appeared 
 a treatise on Logarithms, and another on 
 Practical Geometry. Ills brother James 
 became professor of mathematics at Edin- 
 burgh, which he held thirty-three years. 
 His other brother, Charles, was profess- 
 or of mathematics at St. Andrew’s thirty- 
 two years, and was succeeded by his son 
 David, who published a system of arith- 
 metic and algebra in Latin. He died in 
 1763. — Ibid. 
 
 Gregory (John), a physician, was born 
 in 1724, at Aberdeen, where his father, Dr. 
 James Gregory, was professor of medicine in 
 ICing’s college. After studying at his native 
 place he removed to Edinburgh, and from 
 thence to Leyden. In 1745 he obtained the 
 degree of doctor of physic, and became pro- 
 fessor of philosophy at: Aberdeen, which he 
 exchanged in 1749 forthat of physic. About 
 1751 he settled in London, and was chosen 
 a fellow of the Royal Society. In 1764 he 
 removed to Edinburgh, where in 1766 he 
 was elected professor of physic. Fie died 
 in 1773. His works are, on the Duties 
 and Offices of a Physician, 8 vo. ; Elements 
 of the Practice of Physic, 8 vi>. 3 a Father’s 
 
 10 
 
G R E 
 
 G R E 
 
 Legacy to Lis Daughters, 12mo. All his 
 pieces have been collected into four vols. 
 8vo. — Life-prefixed to bis works. 
 
 Gregory (Nazianzen), bishop of Con- 
 stantinople, was born in 324, near Nazi- 
 anzuni, in Cappadocia, of which place his 
 father was bishop. When Julian prohibited 
 the Christians from reading the books of. 
 the Gentiles, bjazianzen wrote poems to 
 furnish the Christian youth with subjects 
 for study. In 378 he was appointed, by the 
 council of Antioch, to go to Constantino- 
 ple to suppress arianisin, and was there 
 chosen bishop. He afterwards resigned 
 that see and retired to his native country, 
 where he died in iris 'fifith year. He was 
 one Of the ablest champions of the doctrine 
 of the Trintiy, and possessed an acute and 
 sublime genius. The best edition of his 
 works is that of Paris, 1009, 2 vols. folio. — 
 Cave. Moreri. 
 
 Gregory (Nyssen).the youngerbrother 
 of St. Basil, was bishop of Nyssa, in Cappa- 
 docia, but was deposed by the arian faction. 
 He drew up the Nicene creed, by order of 
 the council of Constantinople. He died 
 about 400. His works were published 
 
 at Paris in 1615, in 2 vols. folio. Cave. 
 
 Moreri. 
 
 Gregory (Theodoras), Surnamed Thau- 
 maturgus, bishop of Neo-Ctesarea, the me- 
 tropolis of Cappadocia, was a native of that 
 city. He was converted by Origen to 
 Christianity. He governed his charch with 
 such success, that the power of working 
 miracles was attributed to him, whence 
 he acquired his surname. He died in 265. 
 An edition of his works was published by 
 G. Vossius in 16<J4, 4tO. — Cave. Fabric. Bill. 
 Grac. 
 
 Gregory of Rimini, a schoolman of the 
 14th century, who died at Vienna in 1357. 
 He was general of the order of Augustines, 
 and zealously defended the doctrine of 
 Austin on free-will. He wrote Commenta- 
 ries on the Sentences, and on the Epistles, 
 &C. — Cave. I) a pin. 
 
 Gregory of St. Vincent, a Flemish ma- 
 thematician, was born at Bruges in 1584. 
 He was a jesuit,and died at Ghent in 1667. 
 His greatest work is entitled, Opus Geo- 
 metricum Quadrature Circuli & Sectionum 
 Coni, decern Libris Comprehensum, 1647, 
 2 vols. folio. — Moreri. 
 
 Grenada (Lewis de), a Spanish monk 
 of the Dominican order, was born at the 
 city of his name in 1504. He refused the 
 archbishopric of Braganza, and devoted 
 himself to a monastic life, of great austerity. 
 He died in 1588. His works evince con- 
 siderable piety, tinctured with enthusiasm. 
 ■ — Moreri. 
 
 Grenan (Benignus), a poet, and profes- 
 sor of rhetoric at Harcourt, was born at 
 Noyer, in Burgundy in 1681, and died at 
 Paris in 1723. He translated into Latin 
 verse the Lamentations of Jeremiah — Mor. 
 
 Grenville (George), an eminent states- 
 man, was born of an antient family in Buck- 
 
 inghamshire, and early obtained a place in 
 parliament, where he distinguished hin- elf 
 by his eloquence. In 1754 he became 
 treasurer of the navy v and in 1757 he 
 brought in his celebrated bill for the more 
 regular payment of the navy. This and 
 his bill for the trial of contested elections, 
 passed in 1 770, have immortalized his name 
 as a legislator. He was appointed first 
 ord of the treasury, in 1763 and was suc- 
 ceeded bv lord Rockingham in 1765. lie 
 died in 1770. Mr. Grenville was the fa- 
 ther of the present marquis of Buckingham 
 and lord Grenville. — Notes to Alton's edition 
 of Junius. 
 
 Gresham (sir Thomas), a celebrated mer- 
 chant, was descended from an ancient fa- 
 mily in Norfolk, and born in 1519 at Lon- 
 don. He was bred to trade, but was some 
 time at Caius college, Cambridge, He 
 amassed a large fortune, being successively 
 agent for Edward VI. and Mary and Eliza- 
 beth, at Antwerp. Fie built the royal ex- 
 change at his own expence; founded a col- 
 lege in Londo.n for lectures in divinity, 
 law, physic, astronomy, geometry, music, 
 and rhetoric; besides endowing many pub- 
 lic charities. He died suddenly in 1579. 
 The Gresham lectures are now read in a 
 room over the royal exchange. — Bing. Br. 
 
 Gresset (John Baptist Louis), a French 
 poet, was born at Amiens in 1709, and died 
 in 1777. His poems are elegant, particu- 
 larly the tale of Ver-vert. His comedy 
 entitled Mechant had a prodigious run. 
 He was director of the French academy, 
 and obtained letters of nobility, and 
 the order of St. Michael. — Nouv. Diet. 
 Hist. 
 
 Gretser (James), a Jesuit, born at 
 Marcdorf, in Germany, about 1561. He 
 was professor of divinity at Ingoldstadt, 
 where he died in 1635. His principal per- 
 formance is entitled De Cruce, 3 vols. 4to. 
 All his works amount to 17 vols. folio. — 
 Moreri. 
 
 Grevenbroeck, a Flemish painter of the 
 17th century. He was celebrated for his 
 sea pieces. — Nouv. Did. Hist. 
 
 Greville (Fulkc),lord Brooke, a patron 
 of letters and an ingenious writer, was. born 
 of an antient family at Beauchamp-court, 
 in Warwickshire, in 1.554. He was in great 
 favour with Elizabeth, and was created lord 
 Brooke bv James I. who gave him War- 
 wick castle. 1 le founded a history lecture 
 at Cambridge. This accomplished noble- 
 man was stabbed by a servant whom he 
 had reprimanded for an insolent expres- 
 sion; after which the man put an end to 
 himself with the same weapon. This was 
 in 1628. After his lordship’s death ap- 
 peared several of lhs poetical works, and 
 the life of sir Philip Sidney, written by him. 
 — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Grevin (James), a French poet and phy- 
 sician, was born in 1538. He was in the 
 service of Margaret of France, duchess of 
 Savoy, and died at Turin at the age of 32. 
 
G E E 
 
 G R I 
 
 He was concerned in writing - the ingenious 
 p( S n entitled. The Temple, aimed at 
 Ronsard, who had abused the calvinists. — 
 JHoreri. 
 
 Grew (Obadiah), an English noncon- 
 formist divine. He was a native of War- 
 wickshire, and held the living of St. Mi- 
 chael’s at Coventry till the Restoration, 
 when he was ejected, and afterwards im» 
 prisoned. He died in 1689. He wrote ser- 
 mons on the parable of the Prodigal Son, 
 and a Sinner’s .Justification by Christ, 8vo. 
 — Calc.my. Piflpur. 
 
 Grew (Nehemiah), a learned physician, 
 was the son of the preceding, and born at 
 Coventry. He studied physic in a foreign 
 university, and in 1672 settled in London, 
 where he became a fellow of the Royal So- 
 ciety, which learned body, in 1677, ap- 
 pointed him their secretary. He died in 
 1711. H is principal works are, The Ana- 
 tomy of Plants, a Catalogue of Rarities be- 
 longing to the Royal Society, and Cosmo- 
 jfcgia Sacra, or a Discourse of the Universe, 
 folio. — Bicg. Brit 
 
 Grey (jane), a celebrated and unfortu- 
 jtate lady, was the daughter of Henry Grey, 
 marquis, cf Dorset, by Prances Brandon, 
 daughter of the duke of Suffolk and Mary 
 queen, dowager of France, and sister to 
 Henry VIII. She was born about 1537, and 
 from "her childhood evinced a quick and 
 amiable mind. Her education was liberal, 
 and at the age of fourteen the learned As- 
 .chain, on a visit to the family, found her 
 reading Plato’s Phredon in Greek. She 
 was. also well acquainted with several mo- 
 dern languages. Her religious principles 
 were those of the Reformation, and her 
 virtue and modesty equal to her other ac- 
 complishments. When, the health of Ed- 
 ward VI. began to decline, Dudley, duke 
 of Northumberland, persuaded hnsqT-ram 
 2 pretended concern for the interests of 
 religion, to bequeath his crown to lady 
 lane, thus setting aside his sisters Mary and 
 32lia.ab.eth. About the same time the duke 
 effected a marriage, between his son, lord 
 Guildford Dudley, and lady Jane Grey. 
 Go the death of the king, her father and 
 she duke of Northumberland paid homage 
 to. her as queen, much against her wish and 
 entreaty. She was also proclaimed in 
 London with the usual formalities. But 
 this- pageantry lasted only a few days : 
 and Mary proving successful, the duke of 
 Northumberland was beheaded, and lady 
 .Jane and her husband were sent to the 
 Tower. After being confined some time, 
 the council resolved to put jhese innocent 
 victims of their father’s ambition to death. 
 Lord Guildford suffered first, and as he 
 passed her window, his lady gave him her 
 last, adieu. Immediately afterwards she 
 was executed on the same scaffold ; suffer- 
 ing with calm resignation, and a firm attach- 
 ment to the protestant religion, Feb. 12, 
 KkH. — Bicg. Brit . 
 
 Grey (Dr. Zachary), an English divine, 
 well known for his edition of Hudibras, 
 enriched wit!) a great number of curious 
 and entertaining notes, 2 vols. He also 
 published notes on Shakspeare,2 vols. ; and 
 an answer to Neale’s History of the Puri- 
 tans, in 3 vols. 8vo. He was of a Yorkshire 
 
 family, and died in 1766, aged 79. Gen. 
 
 Biog, Diet. 
 
 _ Grey (Richard), a learned English di- 
 vine, was born in 1693. He was educated 
 at Lincoln college, Oxford, where he took 
 the degree of M. A. in 1718, He obtained 
 successively the livings of Kilncofe, Lei- 
 cester, and Ilintop, in Northamptonshire; 
 also a prebend in the cathedral of St. Paul. 
 He died in 1771. His principal works are, 
 L Memoria Technics, or a new Method of 
 Artificial Memory, 12mo. 2. a System of 
 English Ecclesiastical Law, 8vo. For this 
 work the university of Oxford conferred 
 on him the degree of D. D. 3. A new and 
 easy Method of learning Hebrew, without 
 Points, 8yq 4. Liber Jobi in Versiculos 
 Metrics diyisus, &c. 5. The Last Words 
 of David, divided according to the metre. — 
 Nichols's Anecuojcs of Boivyer. 
 
 Grikaldi /Matthew), a learned civi- 
 lian of Faded in the 16th century, was pro- 
 fesso-r of civil law at Tubingen, and died in 
 lSCA.—Bayle. 
 
 Gribner (Michael Henry), professor o» 
 law at Wittemberg, died in 1734. He pub- 
 lished works on Jurisprudence in Latin. 
 
 Grierson (Constantia), a woman of ex- 
 traordinary attainments, was descended of 
 poor parents in the county of Kilkenny, 
 in Ireland. She was well acquainted 
 with Greek and Roman literature, and 
 published editions of Tacitus and Terence. 
 She addressed a Greek epigram to the son 
 of lord Carteret, whiclynobleman procured 
 her husband a patent tobe the king’s printer 
 in Ireland; and, as a mark of distinction, 
 caused her life to be inserted in it. She died 
 in 1 733, at the age of 27. — Gen. Bicg. Diet. 
 
 Griffet (Henry), a French jesuit, was 
 born at Moulins in 1698. He published 
 an enlarged edition of father Daniel’s His- 
 tory of France, 7 vols. 4to. a Treatise on 
 the different Kinds of Proof employed in 
 establishing historical Fact?; Sermons, and 
 other Works. He died at Brussels in 1775, 
 — Nouv. Diet. Hist, 
 
 Grifeier (John), known by the appel- 
 lation of old Griffier, an eminent pain ter 
 was born at Amsterdam in 1658, and died 
 at London in 1718. pie succeeded chiefly 
 in landscapes, and painted several views on 
 the Thames. He also etched prints of 
 birds and beasts. His son Robert, called 
 the younger Griffier, was bom in England. 
 He was a good landscape painter, and was 
 living in 1713. — Gen. Biog. Dirt. Bill. 
 
 Griffin, prince of Wales, was the last 
 sovereign of that country previous to its 
 being subjugated by England. He was put 
 to death by order of Edward the Confessor, 
 
G R O 
 
 G R I 
 
 at London, in 1060. — General Biog. Diet, 
 Griffiths (Ralph), a man of letters, 
 was born in Shropshire, and settled in Lon- 
 don as a bookseller. In 1749 lie commenc- 
 ed the Monthly Review, the success of 
 which was very slow for a considerable 
 time ; but it made its way gradually to the 
 height of periodical journals. Of this work 
 lie was both proprietor and editor, being 
 powerfully assisted from time to time, by 
 the first-rate talents Many years before 
 his death, he had retired from business to 
 Turnham-green, and obtained, unsolicited, 
 the degree of doctor of laws from an Ame- 
 rican college. He died aged 83, in 1803. 
 — Monthly Mag. vol. xni. 
 
 Gkimani (Domenico), cardinal, was the 
 son of the doge of Venice, where he was 
 born in 1460. He was a patron of learn- 
 ing, and the correspondent of Erasmus, He 
 translated some of the Homilies of Chrysos- 
 tom into Latin, and died in 1528. — Moreri. 
 
 Grimani (Hubert), a painter of Delft, 
 was born in 1599, and died in 1629. He 
 excelled in painting portraits. — Piikington. 
 
 Grimarest (Leonor le Gallois sieur de) 
 a French writer, who died in 1720. Fie 
 wrote the life of Molicre. — No wo. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Grimmer (Jacques), a landscape painter, 
 was born at Antwerp in 1510, and died in 
 1 546. His pieces are valuable. — Pilkington. 
 
 Gkimou, a French painter, who died 
 about the year 1740. His portraits are 
 sought after as cabinet pieces. — Ibid. 
 
 Grimston (sir Harbottle), master of 
 the rolls in the reign of Charles I. He 
 was a profound lawyer, and died in 1683, 
 aged 99. 
 
 Grindal (Edmund), archbishop of Can- 
 terbury, was born at Hensingham in Cum- 
 berland in 1519. He was educated at Cam- 
 bridge, where he obtained a fellowship in 
 Pembroke-hall. Being attached to the 
 principles of the reformation, bishop Ridley 
 made him his chaplain, and precentor of 
 St. Paul’s. He was also appointed chap- 
 lain to the king, and prebendary of West- 
 minster; but on the accession of Mary he 
 retired. to Germany, and settled at Stras- 
 burg. When Elizabeth ascended the 
 throne, he returned home, and was em- 
 ployed in revising the Liturgy. In 1559 
 lie was chosen master of Pembroke-hall, 
 and the same year preferred to the see of 
 London, from whence in 1570 he was trans- 
 lated to York, and in 1575 to Canterbury. 
 Two years afterwards he was suspended 
 from his archiepiscopal functions, for refus- 
 ing to obey the queen’s order to suppress 
 prophesyings, or the associations of the 
 clergy to expound the Scriptures. His se- 
 questration was taken off, though he never 
 completely recovered the royal favour. He 
 died at Croydon in 15S3. He contributed 
 to Fox’s Acts and Monuments. — Lfe by 
 Strype. 
 
 Gringonneur (Jacquemin), a French 
 painter, who is said by some to have been 
 
 the inventor of cards, but it seems more 
 probable that he only invented, or improv- 
 ed, the painting of them. He died in 1392, 
 
 — Moreri. 
 
 Grin go re (Peter), herald at arms to the 
 duke of Lorrain, died in 1544. Fie was 
 the author of sexeral moral productions iu 
 verse. — Ibid. 
 
 Grissaunt (William), an English physi- 
 cian, astronor. er, and mathematician, in 
 the 4th century. He was suspected of ma- 
 gic and retired to France, where he dedica- 
 ted himself to the study of medicine. Eli® 
 son became pope Urban V. — Moreri, 
 
 Grive (John de la), an eminent French 
 geographer, was born at Sedan in 1689, 
 and died in 1757. He published the To- 
 pography of Paris, a Manual of Spherical 
 Trigonometry, and other esteemed Works, 
 
 — Noun. Did. Hist. 
 
 Grocyn (William), a learned English 
 divine, was born at Bristol in 1442, and 
 died at Maidstone, at the age of 80. He was 
 the friend of Erasmus, and ‘godfather to 
 Lilly the grammarian. A Latin cpis le 
 of his to Aldus Manutius is p ' fixed tq 
 Linacre’s translation of Proclus de Sphxra, 
 —Wood. 
 
 Groditius (Stanislaus), a jesuit ot Po- 
 land, who published eight volumes of La- 
 tin sermons, and died at Cracow in 16)3. 
 
 Gronovius (John Frederic), a learned 
 critic, was born at Hamburgh in 1611. 
 After travelling through Germany, Italy, 
 and France, he was made professor of 
 Greek and Belles Lettres at Deventer, and 
 next at Leyden, where he died in 1672. 
 He published a Dissertation on the Sylvm 
 of Statius, a work on the Ecclesiastical 
 Writers, a Treatise on the Sesterce, and 
 various editions of ancient authors. — 
 reru 
 
 Gronovius (James), son of the prece- 
 ding, was born in 1645, at Deventer. Fie 
 bee. me professor of Greek and History 
 at Leyden, where he died in 1716. He 
 published editions of several of the Classics, 
 which are valuable; but his great work is 
 his Thesaurus Antiquitatum Gnecorum, 13 
 vols. folio. — Ibid. 
 
 Gropper (John), a native of Westpha- 
 lia, was an able polemic. Fie published 
 Enchiridion Christiana Religionis, and 
 died at Rome in 1559. — Moreri. 
 
 Gros (Peter le), a French sculptor, was 
 born at Paris in 1666, and died at Rome in 
 1719. His works possess great simplicity 
 and taste. They are mostly at Ro ne. 
 
 Gros (Nicholas le), a divine of R ieims, 
 was born in 1675. Compelled to quit 
 France for his opposition to the bull called 
 Unigenitus, he settled at Utrecht, and was 
 professor of theology at Amersfort. He 
 died in 1751. His writings are principally 
 concerning the Jansenist controversy, and 
 practical divinity. — Moreri. 
 
 Grose (Francis), an eminent English an- 
 tiquary, Fie illustrated the antiquities of 
 
G R O 
 
 G R O 
 
 England and Wales, in 4 vols. and of Scot- 
 land, in 2 vols. He was executing a work 
 of the same kind relative to Ireland, when 
 he died in Dublin in 1791, at the age of 52. 
 Besides the above, he published a Classical 
 Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue; also, 
 a volume of Miscellanies, 8vo. and Milita- 
 ry Antiquities, 4to. — Gen. Blog. Diet. 
 
 Grosley (Peter John), a French writer, 
 was born at Troyes in 1718, where he died 
 in 1785. He assisted in the French Flncy- 
 clopedie, and in the Dictionnaire Ilisto- 
 rique ; besides which he wrote a Descrip- 
 tion of London, &c. — Nouv. Did. Hist. 
 
 Gro sseteste, or Grosthead (Robert), 
 an English prelate, was born at Stradbrook, 
 in Suffolk, about 1175. He received his 
 education at Oxford and Paris. After en- 
 joying several preferments with great repu- 
 tation, he was chosen bishop of Lincoln in 
 1284. He successfully resisted the en- 
 croachments of the papal power, and was a 
 great encourager of learning. Fie died in 
 1253. His Opuscula Varia were published 
 at Venice in 1514, and his Compendium 
 Sphxrx Mundi in 1508. Some of his dis- 
 courses and letters are extant. — Life by Dr. 
 Pcggc. 
 
 G-rosteste (Claude), a French protes- 
 tant clergyman, who came to London on 
 the revocation of the edict of Nantz ; and 
 died in 1718. He was minister of the Sa- 
 voy. He wrote sermons, and a treatise on 
 the Inspiration of the Sacred Books. — Gen. 
 Biog. Diet. 
 
 Grosvenor (Benjamin), a dissenting mi- 
 nister, was born in London in 1075, and 
 became minister of the congregation in 
 Crosby square 1 704. In 1 7 1 6 he was elected 
 one of the preachers at the merchants’ lec- 
 ture at Salters’-hall. He died in 1 758. Dr, 
 Grosvenor published several sermons, and 
 two tracts that have been very useful; viz. 
 1. An Essay on Health; 2. the Mourner; 
 which have gone through many editions. — 
 Funeral Sermon by Barker. 
 
 Grotius (Hugo), an illustrious writer, 
 was the son of John de Groot, (the family 
 name), a burgomaster of Delft, where the 
 son was born in 1583. At the age of eight 
 years he composed Latin verses of great 
 merit. In his twelfth year he was sent to 
 Leyden under the care of Francis Junius. 
 In 159S he accompanied the ambassador 
 Barnevclt to the court of Henry IV. of 
 France, who was so pleased with Grotius, 
 that he gave him his picture and a gold 
 chain ; while in France he took the degree 
 of doctor of laws. The year following he 
 commenced practice as an advocate, and 
 pleaded his first cause at Delft. Soon af- 
 terwards he published an edition of Mar- 
 tianus Capella, which was well received by 
 the learned. This was followed by a transla- 
 tion of a work of Stevinus, on finding a 
 ship’s place at sea. His edition of the 
 Phenomena of Aratus appeared in 1 GOt), 
 aqd about the same time he composed Latin 
 
 Tragedies on sacred subjects. He was now 
 appointed historiographer of the United 
 Provinces, and advocate-general of the 
 treasury for I lolland and Zealand. In 1609 
 he published his famous book on the liberty 
 of the sea, which was answered by the 
 learned Selden. About this time appeared 
 his Treatise de Antiquitate Rcipublic.x Bn- 
 tavre, to prove the independence of Bata- 
 via of the Romans. In 1613 he accepted 
 the post of pensioner of Rotterdam, by 
 which means he obtained a seat in the states 
 of Plolland. About this time he was sent 
 to England to settle a dispute on the sub- 
 ject of the Greenland fishery. During the 
 contests which arose in Holland on account 
 of religion, Grotius sided with the Armini- 
 ans, for which he was condemned to perpe- 
 tual imprisonment in the castle of Louve- 
 stein, from whence he was delivered by his 
 wife. This excellent woman having ob- 
 tained leave to convey away a chest of 
 books, for fear her husband should injure 
 his health by over-study, Grotius was pla- 
 ced in the chest, and taken out of the castle. 
 As the soldiers were carrying the chest, one 
 of them said it was so heavy that there must 
 be an Arminian in it ; to which madame 
 Grotius answered, that there were indeed 
 many Arminian books. When the chest 
 was brought out of the castle, it was con- 
 veyed to Goreum, from whence Grotius 
 went to Antwerp, and afterwards to France, 
 where he obtained a pension. In 1622 he 
 published his Apology, which so stung the 
 States, that they ordered it to be burnt, and 
 the author to be seized wherever he could 
 be found. In 1625 he finished his famous 
 book De Jure Belli & Pacis, which greatlv 
 extended his reputation. In 1613 he ac- 
 cepted an invitation from count Oxenstiern, 
 and went to Stockholm, where he was ap- 
 pointed counsellor of state, and ambassador 
 to the court of France. He filled this im- 
 portant station, amidst circumstances of 
 extreme difficulty, with honour to himself, 
 and satisfaction to thecourt'which he repre- 
 sented. In 1645 hequitted France, andwent 
 to Holland, where he was honourably re- 
 ceived. From Amsterdam he sailed to Swe- 
 den, and was welcomed in a cordial manner 
 by queen Christina. He died on his jour- 
 ney to Holland, at Rostock, August 28, the 
 same year. His remains were interred at 
 Delft. The works of this great man are 
 too many to be enumerated here ; but we 
 must mention his treatise on the Truth of 
 the Christian Religion, which has become a 
 standard bookinall universities, for students 
 in divinity ■ his Annales & Historic de 
 Rebus Belgicis ; and his Commentaries on 
 the Scriptures ; these last are an immortal 
 monument of learning. In his religious 
 sentiments he coincided with the church of 
 England, and advised his wife to join in 
 communion with it. His sons Cornelius and 
 Diederic entered into the army. Peter was 
 bred tonhe law, and became pensionary of 
 
G U A 
 
 GRU 
 
 Amsterdam. His brother William, was a 
 learned man, and wrote some books on 
 loval subjects. — Life of Grotius by Burigny. 
 
 Grove (Henry), a nonconformist divine, 
 was born at Taunton in Somersetshire in 
 1G83. After receiving a liberal education 
 at London he entered upon the ministerial 
 office, and in 1706 became a tutor in the 
 academy at Taunton, which flourished 
 reatly under his management. He died at 
 'aunton in 1738. Besides some excellent 
 Sermons, he wrote Nos. 588, 601, 626, and 
 685, of the Spectator, an Essay on the Im- 
 materiality of the Soul, Essay on the terms 
 of Christian Communion, the Evidence 
 of our Saviour’s Resurrection considered, 
 Thoughts concerning the Proof of a Fu- 
 ture State, a Discourse on the Nature and 
 Design of the Lord’s Supper, &c. He is 
 not to be confounded with Joseph Grove, 
 who wrote the Life of Cardinal Wolsey, 
 and died in 1764. — Gen. Biog. Diet. Biog. Br. 
 
 Grucujus (Nicholas), descended from 
 a noble family of Rouen, was the first who 
 lectured on Aristotle in Greek. He transla- 
 ted Castaneda’s I-Iistory of the Indies ; and 
 wrote a treatise entitled, De Comitiis Ro- 
 xnanorum; and tracts against Sigonius. He 
 died at Rochelle in 1 57 2. — Moreri. 
 
 Grudius (Nicholas Everard), treasurer 
 of Brabant, who wrote poetry, sacred and 
 profane, in Latin. He died in 1571. — Ibid. 
 
 Gruf. (Thomas), a Frenchman, who 
 distinguished himself by translations of 
 English works into French, among which 
 are Ross’s History of all Religions, and Ro- 
 gers’s Gate opened to the Knowledge of 
 Paganism. He died at the end of the 17th 
 century. — 2\ T owu. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Gruget (Claude), a native of Paris, 
 who lived in the 16th century, and pub- 
 lished translations of Italian and Spanish 
 works into French ; and among others the 
 Heptameron of the Queen of Navarre.— 
 Ibid. 
 
 Gruner (John Frederic), an eminent 
 scholar and theologian, was born at Co- 
 bourg in 1723, and died in 1778. He was 
 the author of many works. He published 
 a new edition of Coelius Sedulius, with 
 commentaries ; Miscellanea Sacra ; an In- 
 troduction to Roman Antiquities ; and 
 Critical Remarks on the Classics. — Gen. 
 B og. Diet. 
 
 Gruter ( John), or G /uterus, an illustri- 
 ous philologist, was born in 1560, at Ant- 
 werp. His father, who was a burgomaster, 
 fled to England, on account .of his religion, 
 taking his son, who was an infant, with 
 him. Here he received his education under 
 his mother, who was a very learned wo- 
 man. From Cambridge he went to Leyden, 
 where he took his degrees in law, and af- 
 terwards visited several universities in Ger- 
 many and Italy. He became a professor at 
 Heidelberg, but lost his valuable library 
 when the city was sacked in 1622, He 
 
 died there in 1627. His principal work* 
 are, a Collection of Ancient Inscriptions, 
 folio, 1601 ; Thesaurus Criticus, 6 vols. 
 8vo. ; Delicias Poetarum Gallorum, Italo- 
 rum, &C. 18 vols. — Moreri. 
 
 Grutf.r (Peter), a practitioner of physic 
 in Flanders, who died at Amsterdam in 
 1624. He published two centuries of La- 
 tin epistles. — Ibid. 
 
 Gryli.us, the son of Xenophon, who 
 slew Epaminondas, and was himself killed 
 at the battle of Mantinea, in 363, B. C. 
 Xenophon was offering a sacrifice when he 
 heard of his death, and instantly threw olT 
 the garland which he had on his head, but 
 replaced it when he was informed that his 
 son had slain the enemy’s general. — Ibid. 
 
 Grynjeus (Simon), a learned German, 
 was the son of a peasant in Suabia, and 
 born at Veringen, in the county of Hohen- 
 zollern, in 1493. He was Greek professor 
 at Vienna, and afterwards at Heidelberg. 
 In 1531 he visited England, where his 
 learning procured him many friends. 
 The learned are indebted to him for edi- 
 tions of several of the ancients, enriched 
 with prefaces and commentaries. He died 
 at Basil in \5i\.—Me!cL. Adami Wit. Germ. 
 Phil. 
 
 Grynjeus (John James), grand-nephew 
 of the above, was born at Bern in 1540. 
 He was professor of divinity many years at 
 Basil, and minister of the church there. 
 For the last five years of his life he was to- 
 tally blind. He died in 1617. He publish- 
 ed Notes on several of the Fathers, and ait 
 Ecclesiastical History, &c. — Ibid. 
 
 Gryphius (Sebastian), a celebrated Ger- 
 man printer, who resided at Lyons, m 
 France. He was a man of learning, and 
 excelled in the accuracy of his books. One 
 of the most beautiful is a Latin Bible, two 
 vols. folio, 1550. He died in 1556, and 
 his trade was carried on with reputation by 
 his son Antony Gryphius. — Bayle. 
 
 Gryphius (Andrew), a German drama- 
 tic writer, was born at Glogaw, in 1616, 
 and died in 1664. His tragedies were great- 
 ly admired. He also wrote a Critique, in 
 which he ridiculed the ancient comedies q£ 
 the Germans. — Moreri. 
 
 Gryphius (Christian), son of the prece- 
 ding, and a man of great erudition, was 
 born in 1649, and died in 1706. He was 
 professor of eloquence at Breslaw, princi- 
 pal of the college of Magdalen, and libra- 
 rian. His works are German Poems, His- 
 tory of the Orders of Knighthood ; Trea- 
 tise on the German Language, &c. — Mor. 
 
 Guadagnoli (Philip), a learned oriental- 
 ist, was horn at Magliano, in Italy, about 
 1596, and died at Rome in 1657. He trans- 
 lated the Bible into Arabic, and addressed 
 Christina queen Oi Sweden, in an oration 
 in the same language. He wrote Apologia 
 pro Religione Christiana; Considerations 
 against the Mahometan Religion ; and a 
 
a u a 
 
 G U E 
 
 grammar of the Arabic language, entitled, 
 Breves Institutiones Lingua; Arabics;, folio. 
 — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Guagnini (Alexander), born at Verona, 
 in 1538. He wrote a work which is very- 
 rare, entituled, Sarmatias Europae Descrip- 
 tio, 1581, folio. He died at Cracow, at 
 the age of 76. — Ibid. 
 
 Gualbert (St. John), a Florentine, who 
 founded a monastery in the Vallombrosa, 
 among the Apennines, which place is men- 
 tioned by Milton in his Paradise Lost. Gual- 
 bert died in this monastery in 1073. — Ibid. 
 
 Gualdo Priorato (Galeazzo), an his- 
 torian, was born in 1606, at Vicenza, 
 where he died in 1G78. He was historio- 
 grapher to the emperor, and wrote the 
 History of the Wars of Ferdinand II. and 
 III. • the Troubles of France from 1648 to 
 1654 : History of the Cardinal Mazarin, 
 and of the Emperor Leopold. — Moreri. 
 
 Gualterus (Rodolphus), a learned di- 
 vine, was born at Zurich in 1529, and 
 -died in 158G. He wrote Commentaries on 
 the Bible ; and published a translation of 
 Julius Pollux. — Ibid. 
 
 Guarin (Peter), a beredictine, who was 
 celebrated for his skill in Greek and He- 
 brew, was born at Rouen in 1678, and died 
 tit Paris in 1729. He published a Hebrew 
 Grammar, 2 vols. 4to. and a Hebrew Lexi- 
 con. — Ibid. 
 
 Gwarino, surnamed Veronese^ an eminent 
 rebiver of learning, and the first who intro- 
 duced Greek into Italy, was descended of a 
 noble family at Verona. He became profes- 
 sor of the learned languages at Ferrara, 
 where he died in 1460, at the age of 90. 
 He translated Plutarch’s Lives, part of 
 Strabo, and other works. His son Batista 
 was also a learned man, and became an 
 C ninent professor at Ferrara. He translat- 
 ed into Italian some of Plautus’s comedies, 
 % ;d wrote Latin poems and other works. — 
 Tiraloscbi. 
 
 Guarini (Baptista), an Italian poet, 
 great-grandson of the preceding^ was born 
 at Ferrara, in 1537. He passed the greatest 
 part of his life in courts, being in the ser- 
 vice of Alphonso II. duke of Ferrara, and 
 other princes, in which he seems to have 
 been a prey to continual disgusts. Not- 
 yyithstan ling the celebrity of his Pastor Fi- 
 do, he contemned the title of poet, which 
 he thoug it beneath the dignity of a gentle- 
 man. He died at Venice in 1612. — Moreri. 
 
 T i abesebi. 
 
 Guarini (Guarino), a celebrated Italian 
 architect, was born at Modena in 1624, 
 and died in 1683. — D' ArgenvilU. 
 
 Guasco (Octavian), a writer of consi- 
 der;, ble merit, was a native of Turin; and 
 died at Verona in 1783. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Guazzi (Stephen), an Italian writer, 
 who wa ■= esteemed in ais time. He was se- 
 cre ary o the d che;- of Lentz, and died 
 at Pavia n J565, — Tirabostbi. 
 
 Guazzi (Mark), an Italian, emineu* 
 both in arms and learning, who died in 
 1556. He wrote several histories, and 
 some poetical pieces. — Tiraboscbi. 
 
 Guay-Trouin (Rene du), a French na- 
 val officer, was born at St. Maloesin 1673, 
 and died at Paris in 1736. He commanded 
 a privateer when he was onjy 18; but 
 afterwards he went into the navy, in 
 which he served with success. He took 
 Rio Janeiro, one of the richest colonies of 
 Brazil ; and when ennobled, it was stated in 
 his patent that he had taken more than 300 
 merchant vessels, and 20 ships of war. He 
 was made lieutenant-general of the naval 
 forces of France, and commander of the 
 order of St. Louis. His Memoirs, partly 
 written by himself, were printed at Paris in 
 1 vol. 4to. 1740. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 CrUDius (Marquard), a learned German 
 critic. Having studied at Rensberg, and 
 Jena, he went to Holland, where he con- 
 tracted a friendship with Samuel Schas, 
 who at his death left Gudius his whole for- 
 tune. He died in 16S9. — Moreri. 
 
 Gudius (Gottlob Frederic), a Lutheran 
 minister, who wrote several valuable works, 
 among which is a Life of Hoffman.— 
 Moreri. 
 
 Guedrier de St. Aubin (Henry Mi- 
 chael), a doctor and librarian of the Sor- 
 bonne, was born at Gournai-en-Bray, in 
 the diocese of Rouen, in 1595, and died 
 abbot of the monastery of St. Vulmer in 
 Bayonne, in 1742. He vvas an able casuist, 
 and wrote the Sacred History of the Two 
 Covenants, 7 vols. 12mo. — Ibid. 
 
 Guerard (Robert), a benedictme monk 
 of the congregation, was horn at Rouen in 
 1641. He assisted father Delfau in editing 
 the works of St. Austin; and when that fa- 
 ther fell into disgrace for writing a book 
 called L’Abbe Commendataire, Guerard 
 was also exiled. He died at Rouen, in 1 715. 
 He published an Abridgement of the Bible 
 in questions and answers, 2 vols. 12mo. — 
 Ibid. 
 
 Guerchf.vii.ee (Antoinette de Pons, 
 marchioness of), deserves to be named for 
 the answer she gave Henry IV. who made 
 some attempts on her chastity. “ If,” said 
 she, “ I am not noble enough to be your 
 wife, I am too much so to be your mistress.” 
 When Henry married Mary of Medicis, 
 he made the marchioness lady of honour 
 to that princess, saying; “Since you are 
 really a lady of honour, be so to my 
 wi fe.” — Ibid. 
 
 Guercino. See Barbieri. 
 
 Gueret (Gabriel), a French advocate 
 and writer, was born at Paris in 1641, and 
 died in 1688, He wrote, among other 
 works, Parnassus reformed, and the War of 
 Authors. — Moreri. 
 
 Guericke (Otho), a German philoso- 
 pher, born in 1602, and died in 1686. He 
 was counsellor to the elector of Brandenr 
 
 2 
 
G U G 
 
 g u r 
 
 Fntrg, and burgomaster of Magdeburg. He 
 invented the air-pump and weather-glass, 
 and published some Treatises on Experi- 
 mental Philosophy- — - Nouv . Diet. Hist. 
 
 Guerin' (Francis), a professor of the col- 
 lege of Beauvais, who translated Tacitus 
 and Livy into French. He died in 1751, 
 at the age of 70. — Ibid. 
 
 Gueriniere (Francis Robichon de !a), 
 equerry to the king of France, who wrote 
 two works of considerable repute, entitled, 
 L’Ecole de Cavalerie, and Elemens de Ca- 
 valerie. lie died in 1751. — Ibid . 
 
 Guerre (Martin), a Frenchfnan, render- 
 ed famous by an extraordinary imposture, 
 practised by Arnaud du Thil, his friend. 
 Martin married Bertrande de Rols, and af- 
 ter living with her about ten years, left her, 
 ^nd entered into the service of Spain. Eight 
 years after du Thil presented himself to Ber- 
 trande as her husband, and so imposed up- 
 on her, by relating various facts, that he 
 lived with her. An uncle of Martin pro- 
 secuted du Thil and he was condemned to 
 be hanged. Du Thil appealed to the par- 
 liament of Thoulouse; the members of 
 which were greatly divided, when Martin 
 returned home ; on which his treacherous 
 friend was hanged and burned in 1560. — • 
 Ibid. 
 
 Gur.scr.iN (Bertrand du), constable of 
 France, and an illustrious warrior, was born 
 in Britany in 1311, and died, in the midst 
 of Itis triumphs, before Chateauneuf de 
 Rendon, in 1380. He gained many victo- 
 ries over the English, and defeated the 
 troops of the king of Navarre. — Moreri. 
 
 Guettard (John Stephen), a French 
 physician and botanist, who published Me- 
 moirs on several of the Arts and Sciences, 
 and Observations on Plants. He died in 
 1786. — Nouv. Diet. Ilid. 
 
 Guevara (Antony de), a Spanish nre- 
 late. He became preacher and historiogra- 
 pher to Charles V. and was successively bi- 
 shop of Guadix, in Granada, and of Modo- 
 neda, in Galicia. He died in 1544. He 
 wrote the Dial of Princes, or, Marcus Au- 
 relius ; also letters, called Golden Epistles. 
 His nephew, Anthony de Guevara, was 
 also a divine, and wrote Commentaries on 
 the Scriptures. — Baylc. Moreri. 
 
 Guevaiia (Lewis Valez dc), a Spanish 
 comic poet, was a native of Andalusia, and 
 died in 1646. He wrote many comedies, 
 and a celebrated work, entitled, El Dia- 
 bolo Cojuelo, which furnished the founda- 
 tion for Le Diable Boiteus of Le Sage.— 
 Ibid.. 
 
 Guerette (Thomas Simon), a French 
 writer, was born at Paris in 1683, and died 
 in 1766. He wrote several novels, and some 
 comedies. — Nowj. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Guglielmini (Dominic), an eminent Ita- 
 lian mathematician, was born at Bologna in 
 1655, and died in 1710. He wrote many 
 works, the most celebrated of which is his 
 Treatise on the Nature of Rivers.-*— Mor. 
 
 Guibekt, an abbot and historian, was* 
 born in the diocese of Beauvais, in 1653. 
 He died abbot of Rogant-«ous-Couci, i» 
 1124. He wrote a good history of the first 
 crusade, entitled, Ge9ta Dei per Francos.-**- 
 Moreri . 
 
 Guibert (James Anthony Hypolife), a 
 writer on military affairs, was born at Moat- 
 auban in 1743. He served in Germany 
 and afterwards in Corsica, where he was 
 made a colonel. In 1770, he published his 
 great work, Essai General de TacdqueC 
 Afterwards he turned his attention to dra- 
 matic composition, and produced som* 
 tragedies. He also v.'rotethe Eulogies of Ga- 
 tin. 'it and L’ Hopital. The French academy 
 elected him a member, in the room of M, 
 Thomas. Me died in 1790. Besides the 
 above works, he wrote the Eulogy of the 
 King of Prussia. — L'fe prejixed to bis German 
 Dour , 2 volt . 
 
 Guichakd (Claude do), historiographer 
 to the duke of Savoy, and author of a work, 
 entitled, the Funeral of the Ancients. He 
 died in 1607. — Moreri . 
 
 Guicciardini, an eminent historian, was 
 descended from a noble family of Florence; 
 where he was born in 1482. "l ie practised 
 in the early part of his life as a lawyer, fill- 
 ing several high offices in that profession. 
 Afterwards he was employed in affairs of 
 state for his native city. From this situa- 
 tion tie passed into the service of Leo X, 
 and his two immediate successors, and was 
 raised by them to the highest civil and mi- 
 litary dignities. His History of Italy, in 4 
 vols. 4to. is a valuable performance. He 
 died in \!)40.~Tiraboschu 
 
 Guicciardini (Lewis), nephew of the 
 preceding, was born at Florence about 
 1523, and died at Antwerp in 1589. 11<5 
 
 wrote, among other works, a Description 
 of the Low Countries, folio. — Ibid. 
 
 Guicheron (Samuel), a French historian, 
 died in 1664, at the age of 57. He wrote 
 tfie Genealogical History of the House of 
 Savoy. — Moreri. 
 
 Guidi (Alexander), an Italian poet, was 
 born at Pavia in 1650, and died at Frescati 
 in 1712, He wrote Lyric Poems, 8cc.—> 
 
 Ibid . 
 
 Guido (Reni),an illustrious Italian paint- 
 er, was born at Bologna in 1575, His fa- 
 ther, being a musician, intended him for the 
 same profession, but conceiving an early at- 
 tachment to painting, he was placed under 
 Dennis Calvert, a Flemish master. He af- 
 terwards studied under the Caracci, and 
 soon acquired greater repute than any of 
 his cotemporaries. Honours were heaped 
 upon him by several crowned beads, and 
 riches flowed upon him in abundance. He 
 was unfortunate only in an immoderate 
 love of gaming, which reduced him to 
 such distress, that a languishing disease en- 
 sued, of which he died in 1642. His heads 
 are beautiful, and the draperies elegant.— 
 Piikingtan . 
 
G U I 
 
 G U I 
 
 Guino (Cagnacci), an historical painter, 
 born at Bologna in 1600, and a disciple of 
 Guido Ree.i. lie died in 1 680. — Bilk. 
 
 Guidotti (Paul), an Italian painter, 
 sculptor, and architect, was born at Lucca 
 in 1 569, and died in 1629. l ie made wings, 
 with which he imagined he could fly ; but 
 in making the attempt at Lucca, he fell, 
 and received great injury. — Ibid. 
 
 Guiunard (John), a French jesuit, pro- 
 fessor of divinity in the college of Clermont, 
 who was executed at Paris in 1597, for 
 writing a treatise in which he asserted it 
 lawful to murder Henry IV. — Mover}. 
 
 Guignes (Joseph de), a learned French 
 writer, was born at Pontoise in 1721. He 
 studied the oriental languages under Ste- 
 phen Fourmont, and was appointed inter- 
 preter to the king in 1741, and member of 
 the academy of Belles I.ettrcs in 1753. He 
 particularly applied to the study of the 
 Chinese characters, and had a principal 
 concern in the Journal des Savans thirty- 
 five vears. The revolution reduced him to 
 poverty. He died at Paris in 1800. He 
 wrote the Life of Fourmont General His- 
 tory of the Huns, Turks, Moguls, and Tar- 
 tars, 5 v»ls.4to. ; Memoir proving that the 
 Chinese were an Egyptian Colony;Le Chon- 
 King, 4to.; The Military Art of the Chi- 
 nese; Historical Essay upon the Oriental 
 and Greek Typography ; Principles of Ty- 
 pographical Composition ; Memoirs in the 
 Academy of Inscriptions, &c. — Nouv. Diet. 
 Hist. 
 
 Guilandius (Melchior), an eminent bo- 
 tanist, was horn at Konigsberg, in Prussia. 
 He travelled over Palestine, Egypt, Africa, 
 and Greece, and afterwards became bota- 
 nical professor at Padua, where he died in 
 1589. His principal work is named papy- 
 rus. — Haller, Bib. Bet. 
 
 Guild (William, D.D.), a minister of the 
 church of Scotland, was born near Dundee 
 in 1602. He was successively professor of 
 philosophy, divinity, and church-history, at 
 Aberdeen. He died in 1 662. Gen. Big. 
 Diet. 
 
 Guili.ain (Simon), a French sculptor, 
 who died in 1658, at the age of 77. He was 
 rector of the academy of painting and 
 sculpture — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Guillelma of Bohemia, the foundres of 
 a sect in Italy, in the l.‘5th century, which 
 added shameful lewdness to the most ex- 
 travagant enthusiasm. She was regarded 
 as a saint in her lile; hut after hci death, 
 her delusions were discovered, and her 
 body was burnt. — s Mureri. 
 
 Guillkmeau (James), an eminent French 
 surgeon, and author of many important 
 works in his profession, who died at Pans 
 in 16'12. — Morui. 
 
 Guil let de Sr. George (George), a 
 French historian, was born at Thiers, in Au- 
 vergne, in 1625, and died at 1 <u is m 1 / On. 
 He was historiographer to the academy of 
 painting and sculpture, and the author, of 
 
 Ancient and Modern Sparta ; Ancient and 
 Modern Athens; and other works .—Mpreri. 
 
 Guilliaud (Claude), a French divine, and 
 doctor of the Sorbonne in the 16th century. 
 He wrote Commentaries on the Gospels of 
 St. Matthew and St. John: Collationes in 
 Omnes D. Pauli Epistolas, &c. — Ibid. 
 
 Guillim (John), the reputed author of 
 the celebrated work, entitled, the Display 
 of Heraldry, which was in reality written 
 by Dr. Barkham, was born about 1565, 
 and died in 1621. He was rouge croix pur- 
 suivant at arms. — Wood. 
 
 GuIscard, a famous Norman knight, and 
 son of Tancrede de Hauteville, died in the 
 island of Corfu in 108.5. He was one of the 
 warriors who conquered Naples from the 
 Saracens, and acquired the dukedom of 
 Apulia and Calabria. — Mod. Un'm. Hist. 
 
 Guischaud (Charles Gotlieb), a Prussian 
 officer, was born at Magdeburg in 1742. 
 He served with great reputation in the ser- 
 vice of the stadtholder, and afterwards in 
 that of Frederic II. of Prussia, who gave 
 him the name of Quintus Icilius, and a regi- 
 ment. He died in 1775. His works are: 
 Memoires Militaires sur les Grecs & les 
 Romains, 4to. ; Memoires critiques & his- 
 toriques sur plusieurs Points d’Antiquites 
 Militaires, 4 vols. 8vo. — Gen. Bing. 
 
 Guise (Claude de Lorraine, duke of ), was 
 the 5th son of Rene II. duke of Lorrain. 
 He settled in France, where he married 
 Antoinette de Bourbon, a princess of the 
 blood, in 1513. He died in 1550. At the 
 battle of Marignan, when he was but 
 twenty-two years of age, he received more 
 than twenty wounds. — Moreri. 
 
 Guise (Francis de Lorrain, duke of), 
 eldest son of the above, was born in 1519. 
 He was a man of great talents and valour, 
 and during the greater part of his life en- 
 joyed almost unbounded power in France. 
 With him began the famous factions of 
 Conde and Guise. The chike of Guise was 
 at tiie head of the Catholic party, and a 
 great zealot. He was killed by a pistol-shot, 
 in 1.563, hv a Protestant gentleman, named 
 Poltrot de Mere. — Ibid. 
 
 Guise (Henry, duke of), eldest son of the 
 preceding, was horn in 1.5.50. lie was a 
 good soldier, but of a turbulent temper ; 
 and formed the association called the 
 League, on the pretence of defending the 
 Catholic religion, “and the liberty of the state. 
 Witli its aid, the duke of Guise long con- 
 trolled Henry III. and even was in open 
 rebellion against him. On the celebrated 
 dav of the Barricades, the king, having es- 
 caped from the duke to Blois, convened the 
 states there 4 where Guise was assassinated, 
 in 1 588. — Ibid. 
 
 Guise (Charles, duke of), eldest son of 
 the above, was born in 1571. On his la- 
 ther's death, he was shut up in the castle of 
 'Fours, from which he escaped in J592. 
 Proceeding to Paris, he was received with 
 the greatest joy by the partisans vf the 
 
GUN 
 
 G U S 
 
 League. He finally made his peace with 
 the king but cardinal Richelieu, dreading 
 his power, compelled him to quit France. 
 He died at Cuna, in Italy, in 1640. — Ibid. 
 
 Guise (Lewis de Lorrain, cardinal of), 
 was the son of Henry, duke of Guise, who 
 was assassinated at Blois. Though a priest, 
 he was of a warlike disposition, and fol- 
 lowed Louis XIII. in his expedition into Poi- 
 tou, where he signalized himself among 
 the bra-vest of the officers. He died at 
 Saintes, in 16'21. — Ibid. 
 
 Guise (Henry of Lorrain, duke of), 
 grandson of the last-mentioned Henry, was 
 born in 1614. He was of an intriguing and 
 restless disposition, and having joined the 
 conspiracy of the count of Soissons and the 
 duke of Bouillon, was obliged to retire to 
 Rome. While there, the disaffected Nea- 
 politans, who had revolted from Spain, 
 chose him their leader ; and he expected to 
 have obtained the sovereignty, but was 
 taken prisoner, at Abruzzo, and carried to 
 Spain, where he remained four years, and 
 was then set at liberty. He died in 1664. 
 His Memoirs of the Neapolitan Enterprize 
 were published in 1 vol. 4to. — Nouv. Bid. 
 Hist. 
 
 Guisf. (William), a learned English di- 
 vine, was born in Gloucestershire in 1653. 
 He was fellow of All Souls college, Oxford, 
 and died of the small-pox in 1683. He 
 translated into English, Misnaepars Ordinis 
 prirni Zeraim Tituli septem, and illustrat- 
 ed the work with a commentary . — IVooels 
 A. 0. 
 
 Guiton (John), a citizen of Rochelle, 
 who was chosen mayor of that town when 
 it was besieged by cardinal Richelieu in 
 1637. He refused the post, unless permit- 
 ted to have a poignard to stab the first who 
 should offer to surrender. Being told that 
 famine had carried off many of the inha- 
 bitants, he answered, “ It matters not, pro- 
 vided there is one left to shut the gates.” — 
 Moreri. 
 
 Guittone (cl’ Arezzo), one of the earliest 
 of the Italian poets, flourishedabout the year 
 1250. Some of his productions are found 
 in a Collection of Ancient Italian Poets, 
 Florence, 1527, 8vo. — Tiraboschi. 
 
 Goldensteadt (John Antony), a cele- 
 brated traveller, was a native of Riga. For 
 his knowledge of natural history and lan- 
 guages, he was invited to Petersburg, and 
 made professor of natural history. He 
 spent seven years in travelling through 
 Tartary, Georgia, and over the Caucasus, 
 and died at Petersburg, in 1781.— Coxes Tra- 
 •vcl-. through Russia , &C. 
 
 Gundling (Nicholas Jerom), a German 
 writer on jurisprudence, history, and poli- 
 tics, was born at Nurc-mburg, in 1671. He 
 was successively professor of philosophy, 
 eloquence, and civil law, at Halle, and died 
 rector of that university in 1729. — Moreri. 
 
 Gunnerus (John Ernest), a Norwegian 
 divine, was born ia 1718 at Clnisuajis. On 
 
 account of his merit he was made bishop of; 
 Drontheim in 1758, where he founded tha 
 Royal Norwegian Society, principally for 
 the encouragement of the study of natural 
 history. I.inmeus gave the name of Gunner a 
 to a plant in his vegetable system. He died, 
 at Christiansund, in 1773. He published 
 Flora Norwegix, & c — Gen. Biog. 
 
 Gunning (Peter), an English prelate, 
 was born at How, in Kent, in 1613. Hav- 
 ing received his education at King’s school, 
 Canterbury, he was removed to Cam- 
 bridge, where he distinguished himselt as 
 a tutor and preacher. Being a firm royal- 
 ist, he was driven from Cambridge, on 
 which he entered of New college, Oxiord, 
 where he met with patronage and advance- 
 ment. At the Restoration, he distinguished 
 himself in the Savoy conference, and in 
 1669 was made bishop of Chichester, from 
 whence he was translated, in 1674, to Ely. 
 He died in 1684. — Wood A. 0. 
 
 Gunter (Edmund), an English mathe- 
 matician, was born in Herefordshire in 
 1581. He was educated at Westminster 
 school ; from whence he went to Christ- 
 church, Oxford, where took orders; but 
 his genius leading him chiefly to the study 
 of mathematics, he was promoted to the 
 professorship of astronomy in Gresham 
 college, where he died in 1626. He in- 
 vented a portable quadrant, which g»es by 
 his name ; and a scale used by navigators. 
 He also dicovered the variation of the 
 magnetic needle. He published Canon 
 Triangulorum, sive Tabulae Sinuum Artifi- 
 cialium, & c. 1 Iis works were collected into 
 one volume, 4to, 1673. — Biog. Brit. Martin -■ 
 Biog. Phil. 
 
 Gunther, a German poet, who lived in 
 the beginning of the last century, and died 
 at the age of 28, in an extraordinary man- 
 ner. A rival poet mixed some intoxicating 
 drug with his drink, when he was about to 
 be presented to Augustus II. king of Po- 
 land, and while Gunther was speaking to 
 the monarch, lie staggered and fell down, 
 on which he died of mortification. His 
 works have proofs of genius and taste; 
 among others is an Ode on Prince Eugene’si 
 victory over the Turks.' — Gen. B. B. 
 
 Gustier (Nicholas), a learned divine, 
 was born at Basil in 1654, and diedm 1707. 
 Hewrote Historia Templariorum; Origines 
 Mundi; Institutiones Theologicse; and lex- 
 icon Linguae Latin®, German®, Graecae, et 
 Gallic®. — Noun>. Bid. Hist. 
 
 Gusman (Lewis), a Spanish jesuit, who 
 died at Madrid, in 1605. He was the author 
 . of a work in Spanish entitled, The History 
 of the Jesuits in the Indies, and the Success 
 of their Missions in Japan. — Moreri. 
 
 Gussanvii.lan (Peter), a native of Char- 
 tres in France, who published the best edi- 
 tion of the works of Gregory the Great 
 that appeared before the edition of the Be- 
 nedictines. — Ibid. 
 
 Gustavus I king of Sweden,, known by 
 l i 
 
G IT S 
 
 he name of Gustavus Vasa, was born in 
 490. He was the son of Eric Vasa, duke 
 of Gripsholm, and descended from the an- 
 cient kings of Sweden. Christian II. king 
 of Denmark, having got Gustavus into his 
 hands, in the war in which he reduced 
 Sweden, kept him several years prisoner at 
 Copenhagen. He at length made his escape, 
 and having prevailed on the Dalecarlians 
 to throw off the Danish yoke, he put him- 
 self at their head; and, after various for- 
 tunes, recovered the whole of Sweden from 
 the tyranny of Christian, and was raised to 
 the throne by' the election of the states, 
 whom he prevailed with to make the crown 
 hereditary in his family. Lutheranism was 
 established as the national religion of Swe- 
 den in his reign. He died at Stockholm, in 
 1560. — Mod. Unit). Hist. 
 
 Gustavus, (Adolphus), king of Sweden, 
 was born at Stockholm in 1.194, and as- 
 cended the throne in 1611. Notwithstand- 
 ing his youth, he displayed his discernment 
 in the choice of able ministers, and distin- 
 guished himself in the field, in a war with 
 Denmark, Muscovy, and Poland ; and 
 finally, he rendered his name immortal, by 
 his illustrious achievements in the war he 
 carried on at the head of the German pro- 
 testants against the house of Austria. He 
 penetrated from the Vistula to the Danube, 
 and twice defeated the celebrated Tilly. 
 He was a patron of the sciences, enriching 
 the university of Upsal; founding a royal 
 academy at Abo, and a university at Dort, 
 in Livonia. This great prince fell in the 
 battle fought on the plains of Lutzen, in 
 3632; and is supposed to have been trea- 
 cherously slain, either from the intrigues of 
 cardinal Richelieu, or by the hand of Law- 
 enburg, one of his generals. — L'fe, by 
 Harle. 
 
 Gustavus TIL king of Sweden, was the 
 son of Adolphus Frederick, and Louisa 
 Ulrica, sister of Frederick II. king of Prussia. 
 He was born in 1746, and educated under 
 count Tessin, whose letters to his royal 
 pupil are well known. Fie succeeded his 
 father in 1771, at which time a corrupt se- 
 nate, composed of the four orders, possessed 
 the government, leaving the king a mere 
 cypher. Gustavus the year following 
 effected a revolution without bloodshed, 
 and established a new constitution. He 
 abolished the practice of torture, and in- 
 troduced other good regulations ill the ad- 
 ministration of justice. Fie also formed a 
 college of commerce, and reformed his 
 army and navy. He caused a new transla- 
 tion to be made of the bible, and greatly 
 encouraged agriculture, arts and literature. 
 In 1777 he paid a visit to the empress of 
 Russia, and was entertained in a magnifi- 
 cent manner. In 1783 he made a tour for 
 his health to -France and Italy; and re- 
 turned after an absence of ten months. 
 In 1788 he was involved in a war with Rus- 
 sia, which power assisted by Denmark. 
 
 GUY 
 
 Gustavus headed his army himself, and 
 stormed the defences of Frederickshain, 
 where he took and destroyed a great 
 number of vessels. Encouraged by this 
 success, he made an attack on the Russian 
 squadron and arsenal of Revel, but was 
 obliged to retreat. Fie was equally unfor- 
 tunate in an attempt on Wvburg, about se- 
 venty miles from Petersburg! - ! ; but July 9, 
 1790, the Swedish fleet, commanded by 
 the king, gained a victory over the Prus- 
 sians, who lost forty-five vessels, and a 
 great number of men. This produced a 
 peace the same year. On the breaking out 
 of the French revolution, a coalition was 
 formed between the northern powers and 
 Spain, by which it was agreed that Gusta- 
 vus should march against France at the 
 head of a considerable army; but while 
 preparations were making he was shot at a 
 masquerade by Ankarstroem, a disbanded 
 officer of the army, March 15, 1792, hut 
 did not die till the 29th. Gustavus wi'ote 
 some plays, and political pieces of merit.-— 
 Annual Reg. 
 
 Gutiueres (James), a French advocate 
 and writer, died in 1638. The lovers of 
 antiquities are indebted to him for many 
 valuable writings. — Moreri. 
 
 Guthrie (William), a native of Scotland, 
 was born in 1701, and educated at Aber- 
 deen. His most esteemed work is his Geo- 
 graphical Grammar. He died in 1769. — Gen. 
 Biog. Diet. 
 
 Guttenburg (John), one of those to 
 whom the invention of the art of printing 
 is attributed, was descended of a noble fa- ^ 
 mily, and born at Mentz, about 1400. If 
 he did not invent printing, it is probable he 
 was the first who conceived the idea of 
 printing a book; which lie executed, first 
 with blocks of wood engraved, and after- 
 wards with separate letters cut in wood. 
 Fie took for a partner John Faust, and died 
 at Mentz in 1468. — Ger. Big. 
 
 Guv (Thomas), founder of Guy’s hos- 
 pital, was the son of Thomas Guy, lighter- 
 man and coal-dealer in HorseleydownSouth- 
 wark. Fie was bred a bookseller, and began 
 trade with only 200/.; but the bulk of his 
 fortune was made by purchasing seamen’s 
 tickets, during queen Anne’s wars, and by 
 speculations in South-sea stock, in the 
 memorable year 1720. Besides Guy’s hos- 
 pital, he erected an alms-house at Tam- 
 worth. He died in 1724, aged 81, worth 
 300,000/. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Guy, a monk of Arezzo, famous for in-t 
 venting the gamut in music. He lived about 
 the year 1026. — Burney. 
 
 Guyard (de Berville), a French writer, 
 was born in Bans, in 1697, and after a life 
 of extreme distress, died in the prison of the ' 
 Bicetre, at the age of 73. He wrote the 
 Lives of Bertrand du GuescIin, and of the 
 chevalier Bayard. He is not to be con- 
 founded with Anthony Guyard, a benedieiine 
 monk, who died at Dijon, la 17' . ren ~ 
 
H AC 
 
 H A B 
 
 Political Observations on the Administra- 
 tion of Benefices, &c. — Now. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Gu y et (Francis), a French critic, was born 
 at Angers in 1575. He was tutor to the ab- 
 bot of Grandselve, afterwards cardinal de la 
 Valette, a id died in 1655. fie attempted to 
 prove that the Latin language is derived 
 from the Greek, and that all the primitive 
 words of the latter consisted only of one 
 sy 1 1 able. — Mareri. 
 
 Guy on (Johanna Mary Bouvieres de la 
 Adothe), a famous enthusiast, was born at 
 Montargis, in France, in 1648. At sixteen 
 she married, and became a widow at the 
 age of 28, after which she devoted herself 
 to religious meditation, and imbibed all 'the 
 mystical conceitsof quietism, till she worked 
 herself up into the belief that she was the 
 pregnant woman in the Apocalypse, and 
 the destined foundress of a new church. 
 Having gained many followers, she was 
 confined in a convent, but was released, at 
 the instance of madame Maintenon. After 
 this she proselyted the illustrious Fenelon, 
 but was treated with great severity by Bos- 
 suet of Meaux, by whose means she was sent 
 to the Bastile from whence she was liberat- 
 ed in 1702. She died at Blois, in 1717. Her 
 works are numerous, and still admired by 
 those who are fond of mysticism. — Morcri. 
 
 Guyon (Claude), a French historian, was 
 a native of Franche-Comte. and died at 
 Paris, in 1771. One of his best works is an 
 ecclesiastical history.- — Nu-o. Did. Hist. 
 
 Guyse (John), a dissenting divine, was 
 born at Hertford about 1680. After re- 
 ceiving a suitable education, he became a 
 minister at his native place; but in 1727 he 
 removed to London, as pastor to the inde- 
 pendent congregation in New Broad-street. 
 The university of Aberdeen conferred on 
 
 him the degree of D. D. in 1732. Some 
 ears before his death he became blind, 
 ut still continued his ministerial duties. 
 He died in 1761, His works are: a Para- 
 phrase on the New Testament, 3 vols To. ; 
 Jesus Christ God man, or the Constitution of 
 Christ’s Person, &c. considered, in several 
 sermons, 8vo. ; The Standard Use of the 
 Scripture to all the Purposes of a Divine 
 Revelation, Svo. ; The Holy Spirit a Divine 
 Person, several sermons, 8vo.; Youth’s Mo- 
 nitor, or six Sermons preached to young 
 People, 12mo. — Fun. Serm.by Conder. 
 
 Gwynn (Eleanor), famous for the cir- 
 cumstance of her rising from the lowest 
 situation to be mistress of Charles If. In the 
 early part of her life she entertained com- 
 panies at taverns, by singing; and previous 
 to her winning the affection of the mo- 
 narch, she was successively mistress to Hart, 
 Lacy,>and Buckhurst. She died in 1687.— 
 Granger. 
 
 Gwynne (Mathew), a physician, was 
 descended from an ancient Welsh family, 
 but born in London. He was educated at 
 Oxford, where he took his doctor’s degree. 
 Fie attended sir Heury Id unton, ambas- 
 sador from queen Elizabeth to the French 
 court. The time of his death is uncertain. 
 — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Gylippus, a Lacedemonian commander, 
 who was employed by the Syracusans 
 against the Athenians, B. C. 414. He gained 
 many advantages, but having appropriated 
 to himself the greatest part of the spoils, he 
 was banished — Plutarch in Lysander. 
 
 Gyzen (Peter), an eminent landscape 
 painter, was born at Antwerp about 1636. 
 He was a disciple of John Breughel, and 
 painted views on the Rhine in an excel- 
 lent style. — Pilkingtcn. 
 
 H. 
 
 1 1 AANSBERGEN of Utrecht, a painter, 
 was the disciple of Poclemburg, and 
 many of his pictures have been mistaken for 
 the productions of that master. — Mareri. 
 
 JdAAs (William) , an eminent type-founder 
 and printer, was born at Basil in 1741, and 
 died at the monastery of St. Urban, in the 
 canton of Lucern, in June 1800. He was 
 the first in Germany and Switzerland who 
 successfully engraved a French type in the 
 style of Baskerville. He invented a new 
 printing-press, also the art of printing 
 geographical charts with moveable cha- 
 racters. In his youth he devoted several 
 years to the military service of his country, 
 and instituted a corps of artillery on a new 
 system, the school of which he superin- 
 tended himself. Some of his papers are in 
 the (Memoirs of the Economical Society at 
 Basil. — Monthly IdLag. 
 
 Habakkuk, a Jewish prophet, who is 
 supposed to have lived in the reign of Je- 
 
 hoiakim, A. M. 3395. His style is grand 
 and beautiful. — Greys Key to OiU Test. 
 
 Habert (Henry Louis), the editor of 
 the works of Gassendus, for whom he had 
 a great friendship. He was a member of 
 the academy, and wrote some pieces of 
 poetry. He died in 1679. — Nouns. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Habicot (Nicholas), a French surgeon, 
 was born at Bonny, in Gatinois, and died in 
 1624. He wrote a treatise on the Plague. 
 —Ibid. 
 
 Habington (William), an English writer, 
 was bom in Worcestershire, in 1605. He 
 was educated in France, and died in 1654. 
 He wrote some poems, a play called the 
 Queen of Arragon, and the history of Ed- 
 ward IV. — Nicholson s Hist Library. 
 
 Hackaert (John), a Dutch painter, was 
 born at Amsterdam about 1635. His land- 
 scapes are beautiful . — Houhraken. 
 
 Hacket (William), a fanatic in the reign 
 of Elizabeth, who, after leading a been- 
 1 i 2 
 
HAG 
 
 HAL 
 
 tious life, suddenly pretended to be a pro- 
 phet, and associated with two others, 
 named Goppinger and Arthington. Hacket 
 called himself sole monarch of Europe, and 
 the son of God, for which he was executed 
 in 1592 — Camden's Hist, of F./iz . 
 
 Hacket (John), an English prelate, was 
 born in London, in 1592, and educated at 
 Trinity college, Cambridge, of which he 
 was chosen fellow. Archbishop Williams 
 became his patron, and in return he wrote 
 that prelate’s Life. In 1628 he was made 
 archdeacon of Bedford, after which he ob- 
 tained a res’.dentiaryship of St. Paul’s, but 
 the civil wars deprived him of his places. 
 At the Restoration he was made bishop of 
 Litchfield and Coventry, the cathedral of 
 which he repaired at a great expence. He 
 died in 1670. He has a volume of sermons 
 in print. — Life by Dr. Plume. 
 
 Hackspan (Theodore), a Lutheran di- 
 vine, who was deeply versed in oriental 
 learning. He was professor at Altorf, and 
 died in° 1659. His works are: Miscella- 
 neorum SacrorumLib. ii; NotaePhilologico- 
 Theologicae in rariora et difficiliora Vet. & 
 Nov. Test.Loca, 3 vols.; Observationes Ara- 
 bico-Syriacae in quxdam I. oca Veteris et 
 Novi Testamenti, 4to.; Specimen Theologix 
 Talmudic®, &c. — Moreri. 
 
 Haddock (sir Richard), a gallant English 
 admiral, who distinguished himself in the 
 reigns of Charles II. and James II. Pie 
 died in 1714. — Campbell. 
 
 Haddon (Walter), a learned English- 
 man, was born in Buckinghamshire, in 1516, 
 and educated at Eton school, from whence 
 he was sent to King’s college, Cambridge, 
 where he took his doctor’s degree in civil 
 law. He was a zealous promoter of the 
 Reformation, which brought him into some 
 danger in the reign of queen Mary. On 
 the accession of Elizabeth, he was made 
 master of the court of requests, and em- 
 ployed on state affairs. He died in 1572. 
 Jiis miscellaneous works were printed in 
 1567, in 4to. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Haen (Anthony de), privy counsellor 
 and physician to the empress Maria The- 
 resa. His chief performances are, Ratio 
 Medendi, 17 vols. 8vo and a treatise on 
 Magic. He died in 1776. — Noun. Diet. 
 Hist. 
 
 Haerlem (Theodore van), a painter, 
 wasdrorn in the city of the same name, about 
 1410, and died in 1470. — Houhraken. 
 
 Hagedorn, a German poet of the ISth 
 century, who imitated Fontaine with con- 
 siderable success. His writings shew real 
 spirit and delicacy; — Noun. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Hagen (John van), a landscape painter, 
 was born in the county of Cleves, and died 
 at the close of tire 17th century. His man- 
 ner was pleasing, and his colouring natu- 
 ral— Pi lb. 
 
 Hacoai, one of the minor prophets, who 
 pronhesied in the second year ot Darius 
 uaspes, or A. M. 34S4, lie predicted 
 
 the coming of the Messiah. — Grey's Key ft 
 Old Test. 
 
 Haguenier (John), a French poet, was 
 born in Burgundy. Plis pieces are all of 
 the lighter kind. Pie died in 1738. — Noun. 
 Diet. Hist. 
 
 Haguenot (Henry), a physician of 
 Montpellier, who died in 1776. He wrote 
 TractatusdeMorbis extends Capitis, 12mo.; 
 Otia Physiologica Memoirs addressed to 
 the Academy of Sciences. — Noun. Diet, Hist. 
 
 Hahn (Simon Frederic), professor of 
 history at Ilclmstadt, and historiographer 
 to the elector of Hanover, who died in 
 1729. He wrote a history of the German 
 empire, and a work entituled, Collectio 
 Monumentorum veterum et recentiorum 
 ineditorum. — Mare ; i. 
 
 Mail lan (Bernard de Girard, lord of), 
 a French historian, was born at Bourde aux, 
 in 1535. He wrote poems, and several 
 books relative to the history of France. He 
 died in 1610. — Bayle. 
 
 Haines (Joseph), nick-named count 
 Plaines, a comedian, who received a liberal 
 education, and was for some time secretar 
 to sir Joseph Williamson, secretary of state. 
 He possessed merit as a performer, and died 
 in 1701. — Biotr. Dram. 
 
 Hakem, the third caliph of the Fatemite 
 family, who persecuted the jews and Chris- 
 tians with great severity, and set up claims 
 to divinity. Me was assassinated A.D. 1021. 
 — /)’ Her be lot. 
 
 PIakewill (George), an English divine, 
 was born at Exeter, in 1579, and educated 
 at Oxford, where he became fellow of 
 Exeter college. Afterwards he was made 
 archdeacon of Surrey, and rector of Hean- 
 ton, in his native county, where he died in 
 1649. He wrote an Apology for the Power 
 and Providence of Godin the Government 
 of the World, folio, 1635. His brother, a 
 barrister, sided with the puritans, and 
 wrote some tracts against the church.-— 
 Prince s IV or tides . 
 
 Hakluyt (Richard), an English divine, 
 was born in Herefordshire about 1553, and 
 educated at Westminster ‘ school, from 
 whence he removed to Christ-church col- 
 lege, Oxford. He distinguished himself by 
 his sit: 11 in cosmography, and published a 
 curious collection of voyages, in 3 vols. fo-1 
 lio. in 1605 he was made prebendary of 
 Westminster, besides which he had the be- 
 nefice of Wetheriiigset in Suffolk. He died 
 in 1614. His countrymen, out of respect 
 to his labours, named a promontory on the 
 coast of Greenland, Hakluyt’s headland. — 
 JBiorr. Brit. 
 
 Hale (sir Matthew), an English judge, 
 was born atAldersley.in Gloucestershire, in 
 1600, and educated at Magdalen hall, Ox- 
 ford, from whence he removed to Lin- 
 co!n’s-inn, where he followed the study of 
 the law with great application. He was 
 one of archbishop Laud’s counsel, and acted 
 ip the same capacity to several other il« 
 
HAL 
 
 H A L 
 
 lustrious sufferers in the great rebellion, and 
 also for the king. However, he took the 
 covenant and engagement, and accepted of 
 a judge’s place in the common-bench from 
 Cromwell. On the death of Oliver, he re- 
 fused to act under his son Richard. In the 
 parliament which recalled the king, he sat 
 for his native county ; and soon after the 
 Restoration was made chief baron of the 
 exchequer, from whence he was advanced 
 to the chief-justiceship of the king’s bench. 
 He resigned his office in 1675, and died the 
 same year. His remains were interred in 
 the church-yard of Aldersley, He was 
 twice married, and had by his first wife ten 
 children. He was a learned man, an up- 
 right judge, and an exemplary Christian. 
 His writings are numerous on "theological, 
 philosophical, and legal subjects. The prin- 
 cipal are : 1. the Primitive Origination of 
 Maukind considered and explained accord- 
 ing to the Light of Nature, &c. folio ; 2, 
 The History of the Pleas of the Crown, 
 folio; S. The original Institution, Power, 
 arid Jurisdiction of Parliaments; 4. Con- 
 templations, Moral and Divine, 3 vols. 8vo. 
 His religious works have been recently 
 published in 2 vols. 8vo. by the rev. T. 
 1 hi rl wall, A. 3VT.— — — Life by Burnet. 
 
 Hales (John), commonly called “ the 
 ever-memorable,” was born at Bath, in 
 1584, and educated at Corpus Christi col- 
 lege, Oxford, from whence he removed to 
 Merton on being elected to a fellowship. 
 In 1613 he was admitted a fellow of Eton 
 college, and in 1618 he attended sir Dudley 
 Carleton, ambassador to Holland, as his 
 chaplain. While there he was present at 
 the synod of Dordt, an account of which 
 he wrote to his patron, printed in his Re- 
 mains. In 1638 archbishop Laud procured 
 for him a canonry of Windsor. He suf- 
 fered great hardships in the rebellion, and 
 died in 1 656 He w r as a man of learning and 
 skill in argument, as appears from his 
 works, 8vo. and 3 vols 12mo. — Wood. 
 
 Hales (Stephen), a divine and philoso- 
 pher, was born in Kent, in 1677, and 
 brought up at Bene’t college, Cambridge, 
 of which he became fellow in 1703. He 
 took great pains in the study of botany 
 and experimental philosophy, and invented 
 a machine for demonstrating the motions of 
 the planets, nearly similar to the orrery. 
 In 1741 he published his invention of ven- 
 tilators. He contented himself with the 
 rectory of Teddington near Hampton-court, 
 refusing higher dignities. He was greatly 
 esteemed by Frederic prince of Wales, and 
 was almoner to the princess. He died in 
 1761. Mis communications to the Pliilo- 
 phical Transactions, were numerous, be- 
 sides which he published two volumes of 
 Statical Essays, & c. — Gen. Biog Did. 
 
 Halket (lady Anna), an English lady, 
 was born at London, in 1622. She was the 
 daughter of Mr. Robert Murray, preceptor 
 to princce Charles, afterwards Charles I. 
 
 In 1656 she married sir James Halket, by 
 whom she had four children. She died in 
 1699. A volume of Meditations taken 
 from her MSS. was printed at Edinburgh in 
 1701 — Female Worthies. 
 
 Hall (Richard), an English divine of 
 the Roman church, who in the reign of 
 Elizabeth, went to Flanders, and became 
 professor of divinity at Douay, and canon 
 of St. Omer. He published, among other 
 works, a EFstory of the Troubles of his 
 Time, and is very severe on the protestants. 
 He died in 1604. — Bay It. 
 
 Hall (Joseph), an English prelate, was 
 born in 1474, at Ashby-de-la-Zouch in 
 Leicestershire, and brought up at Emanuel 
 college, Cambridge, where he obtained a 
 fellowship. In 1597 he published his Vir- 
 gidemiarum, or Satires, in six books; which 
 were reprinted at Oxford, in 1753. About 
 1603 he was presented to the rectory of 
 Hawsted, in Suffolk, which he resigned on 
 obtaining Waltham in Essex. Henry 
 prince of Wales appointed him his chaplain, 
 and had a great regard for him. In 1616 
 he obtained the deanry of Worcester, and 
 two years afterwards was appointed one of 
 the English divines at the synod of Dordt. 
 In 1627 he was promoted to the bishopric of 
 Exeter, from whence in 1641 he was trans- 
 lated to Norwich. This pious and mode- 
 rate prelate was very ill used by the puri- 
 tanical party in the civil war. He died in 
 1656. His works have byen published in 
 three volumes, folio. '!he) v abound in fine 
 thoughts, expressed in excellent language, 
 and he has been generally called the Eng- 
 lish Seneca. — Biog. Bril. 
 
 Hall (John), an English lawyer and 
 poet, was bom at Durham, in 1627, and 
 educated at Cambridge, from whence he 
 was removed to Gray’s-inn, and in due 
 course called to the bar. He died in 1657. 
 He published a volume of poems in 1646, 
 and translated Longinus into English.— 
 Langbaine. Gi n. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Hall (Henry), an English divine, was 
 born in 1716. He wasfellow of King’s col- 
 lege, Cambridge, and became chaplain 
 to archbishop Herring, who gave him 
 the rectories of Harbledown and Orping- 
 ton, in Kent, and^East Peckham. He was 
 also treasurer of Wells, and died in 1763. — * 
 Gen. Biog. Did. 
 
 Hall (John), an English surgeon in the 
 reign of queen Elizabeth. He published 
 a Compendium of Anatomy, and other 
 works ; also a collection of H ymns, with 
 musical notes, in 1565. — Ibid. 
 
 Halle (Peter), a French poetandlawyer, 
 was born at Bayenx, in Normandy, in 1611. 
 He became king’s poet and professor of 
 canon law. His Latin poems have merit, 
 but he is best known by his works on 
 jurisprudence. He died in 1689. — .Mi- 
 reri. 
 
 Halle (Antony), professor of eloquence 
 at Caen, who published a Latin grammar, 
 
H A L 
 
 and poems in the same language. He died 
 in 1675, aged 83. — Moreri. 
 
 Hali.e (Claude Guy), a painter, and 
 director of the academy of painting at 
 Paris. Several of his works adorned the 
 churches in Paris, particularly that of 
 Notre Dame. He died in 1736, aged 85. 
 His son, Noel Halle, was also a good 
 painter : he was a member of the academy 
 of painting, and for his services in reform- 
 ing that at Rome, obtained the order of 
 St. Michael. He died in 1781, aged 70. — 
 Now. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Haller (Albert), a celebrated physician, 
 was born at Berne, and evinced great genius 
 at a very early age, particularly for poetry. 
 His reputation procured him a medical 
 professorship at Gottingen, where he af- 
 terwards became president of the academy. 
 He was also a member of most of the learned 
 societies in Europe, but refused the title of 
 a baron of the empire. He died at Berne 
 in 1777, at an advanced age. His son, who 
 trod in his steps, died in 1786, after having 
 published an esteemed work, entitled Biogra- 
 pliie Litteraire de la Suisse. The poems of 
 the elder Haller are descriptive and ele- 
 gant. Besides these he published : 1. Stirpes 
 Helvetia, folio ; 2. Disputationes Anato- 
 mies, 8 vols. 4to.; 3. Disputationes de 
 Morbis, 7 vols. 4to. : 4. Disputationes Chi- 
 rurgicse, 5 vols. 4to, ; 5. Bibliotheca Medi- 
 cinse theoreticse et practice; 6. Elementa 
 Physiologic, 8 vols. 4to. ; 7. Hippocratis 
 Genuina, 4 vols. 4to. &c. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Halley (Edmund), a celebrated astro- 
 nomer, was born in London, in 1656, and 
 educated at St. Paul’s school, from whence 
 he was sent to Queen’s college, Oxford, 
 where he chiefly applied to the mathema- 
 tics particularly astronomy. He made a 
 number of observations, and having formed 
 the design of completing the scheme of the 
 heavens by the addition of the stars near 
 the south pole, he went to St. Helena in 
 1676, and fiiiished his catalogue. Op his 
 return he was chosen a fellow of the Royal 
 Society, and in 1679 he went to Dantzic 
 to confer with Hevelius about the dispute 
 between him and Dr. Hooke, respecting 
 the preference of plain or glass sights in 
 astronomical instruments. In 1680 hap- 
 pened the great comet, which Mr. Halley 
 first observed in his passage from Dover to 
 Calais. He afterwards completed his ob- 
 servations upon it at the royal observatory 
 at Paris. From thence he went to Italy 
 with Mr. Robert Nelson, and in 1681 re- 
 turned to England. In 1686 Mr. Newton 
 committed to his care the publication 
 of his Principia, to which Halley prefixed 
 some Latin verses. In 1698 he was ap- 
 pointed commander of a ship sent out for 
 the purpose of trying his theory of the 
 variation of the compass. The year fol- 
 lowing he matle another voyage with the 
 same design, and from his observations he 
 constructed his General Chart, exhibiting 
 
 H A M 
 
 the variation of the compass in most part* 
 of the ocean . He was sent on a third v oy- 
 age to ascertain the course of the tides ;n the 
 British channel, of which he also published 
 a chart. Soon after he went, at the request 
 of the emperor of Germany, to survey the 
 Adriatic, and to examine two ports which 
 the emperor intended to erect there. On his 
 return in 1703, the degree of doctor of 
 laws was conferred on him by the univer- 
 sity of Oxford. He was also appointed 
 professor of geometry, and had the half-pay 
 of a captain in the navy settled on him. 
 In 1713 he was chosen secretary to the 
 royal society, and in 1719 made astronomer- 
 royal. He died in 1742. Dr. Halley pub- 
 lished several papers in the Philosophical 
 Transactions, a set of Astronomical 4 abies, 
 and an edition of Apollonius s W orks, folio, 
 1710. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Hallifax (George Savile marquis of), 
 an eminent statesman, was born in 1630, 
 and created marquis in 1682. Charles II. 
 made him a privy counsellor, and loro privy 
 seal : he was also offered the post of secre- 
 tary of state, and that of lord-lieutenant of 
 Ireland, but declined both. On the ac- 
 cession of James, he was appointedjpresident 
 of the council, from which he was dismissed 
 for refusing his consent to a repeal of the 
 tests. In the convention parliament he was 
 chosen speaker of the house of lords, and 
 at the accession of William and Mary was 
 made lord privy seal. In 1689 he resigned 
 that office, and became an opponent of the 
 government. He died in 1695. His lord- 
 ship wrote an excellent piece entitled, Ad- 
 vice to a Daughter. — Granger. 
 
 Hallifax (Samuel) alearned bishop, was 
 born at Mansfield in Derbyshire, and ad- 
 mitted at an early age of Jesus college, 
 Cambridge, where he proceeded A. B. in 
 1744, and A. M. in 1747. He then re- 
 moved to Trinity hall, and took his doc- 
 tor’s degrees in civil law in 1764. He was 
 many years Arabic professor of Cam- 
 bridge, but resigned in 1 770, and was made 
 regius professor of civil law. In 1775 he 
 was created D. D. by mandate. He became 
 chaplain to the king, master of the facul- 
 ties in doctors’ commons, and rector of 
 Worksop in Nottinghamshire. He was af- 
 terwards master of his college, which station 
 he resigned in 1781 on being promoted to 
 the bishopric of Gloucester, from whence 
 he was translated to St. Asaph in 1787. He 
 died in 1790. His lordship wrote an Ana- 
 lysis of Civil.Law and published a volume 
 of Lectures preached at bishop W arbur- 
 ton’s lecture in Lincoln’s-inn chapel. — Ed~ 
 •ward's Survey of the Cathedral of St. Asaph. 
 
 Hals (Francis), an eminent portrait pain- 
 ter, was born at Mechlin, in 1584, and died 
 in 1666. He was equalled only by Van- 
 dyck. His brother Dirk excelled in paint- 
 ing festive meetings of boors, &c. He died in 
 1656. — Pilkington. 
 
 Hambekger (George Albert), an enu* 
 
II A M 
 
 II A M 
 
 nent mathematician , was born in Franconia 
 in > .V,, and died at Jena in 1728. He 
 wrote De (ride Diluvii ; de opticis Oculorum 
 Vitris : de H v drauLicae frigore; de Basi 
 
 Com uti lesiastici, 4to . — Moreru 
 
 H A .:i;t (George Cliristopher), a vo- 
 luminous German writer, who is known 
 as the editor of the works of Orpheus. He 
 was a me mber of the university of Got’ in- 
 gen, and died in 1773, aged 47. — Gen. Biug. 
 Did. 
 
 H i-mel (John Baptist), a French mathe- 
 ma ician and priest of the oratory, was 
 born in Normandy in 1624. He studied at 
 Caen , ad Paris, andjat the age of 19 publish- 
 ed a treatise on trigonometry, He was the 
 first secretary to the royal academy, and at- 
 t( red Colbert in his travels In 1678 ap- 
 pared his Philosophia Vetus et Nova. In 
 I'iOH ae published Kegix Scientiarium Aca- 
 demia Histories. He died at Paris, in 1706. 
 Besides the above, he published some works 
 on theological subject - — Did Hut 
 
 H/.\iel dit Monccao (Henry Louis du), 
 was born at Paris in 1 700 He applied with 
 great assiduity to the study of agrie-ulture, 
 commerce, and mechanics and was ap- 
 pointed inspector of the marine. He died 
 in 17S2. He wrote Elements of Agri- 
 culture, treatises on Trees, and some on Na- 
 val Architecture. — Ibid. 
 
 Hamilcau (Barcas), father of Hannibal. 
 He distinguished himself as an able general, 
 and founded Barcelona in Spain. He was 
 slain in battle, B, C. 237. — Corn. Nepos. Plu- 
 tarch. 
 
 Hamilton (Patrick), a gentleman of 
 learning and piety, who suffered for his re- 
 ligion in Scotland at the beginning of the 
 Reformation He was related to James V. 
 and early in life was made abbot of Ferine, 
 which would have been followed by other 
 preferments if he had not imbibed the 
 doctrines of Luther, which he propagated 
 with so much zeal as to irritate the catholic 
 clergy., particularly cardinal Beaton, arch- 
 bishop of St. Andrews, by whose means he 
 was brought to trial and condemned to the 
 flarnes. He suffered with great fortitude 
 in 1527, aged onlv 23. A confession of 
 faith by him was published by John Frith. 
 — Force’s Ads. and Mon. 
 
 Hamilton (Anthony, count), an inge- 
 nious writer, descended from a Scotch 
 family, but born in Ireland. He attached 
 himself to the fortunes of the house of 
 Stuart, and wrote Fairy Tales, and poems ; 
 but his best work is the memoirs of the 
 count de Grammont, a romance. He 
 died in France, in 1270, aged 74. — N. D. H. 
 
 Hamilton (James, first duke of), was 
 the son of James marquis of Hamilton, 
 born in 1606, and educated at Oxford. In 
 1625 he succeeded his father, and gained 
 the favour of Charles I. In 1631 he went 
 with an army to the assistance of Gustavus 
 Adolphus, king of Sweden, and returned 
 (o England the year following. He after- 
 
 wards accompanied the k,ing to Scotland 
 and assisted at the coronation. On the 
 breaking out of the disturbances in that 
 country, respecting episcopacy, he was ap- 
 pointed the king’s commissioner, and when 
 the war began he raised forces in defence 
 of the royal cause, for which he was 
 created duke of Hamilton and earl of 
 Cambridge. A’ ter distinguishing himself 
 greatly in behalf of the king, he was de- 
 feated bv Cromwell at Preston, and though 
 he surrendered on a promise that his life 
 should be spared, he was brought to trial 
 and beheaded in 1649. — Lives of the dukes of 
 Hamilton , by Burnet, fo/. 
 
 Hamilton (William, duke of ),brotherof 
 the above, was born in 1616, and succeeded 
 to the title in 1659. He was secretary of 
 state for Scotland, bravely exerted himself in 
 the royal cause, and died of the wounds 
 which "he received at the Worcester fight in 
 1652.— Ibid. 
 
 Hamilton (George), earl of Orkney, 
 and fifth on of the earl of Selkirk, dis- 
 tinguished himself as an able general in the 
 reigns of William and Anne. He died in 
 1737. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Hamilton (William), a native of 
 Bangor, and an ingenious poet, whose 
 works were printed at Edinburgh in 12mo. 
 1760. lie was born in 1704, and died in 
 1752. 
 
 Hamilton (sir William), was born in 
 Scotland, of the noble family of that name, 
 in 1730. His education was liberal, but 
 hisfortune very narrow, which he improved 
 in 1755 by marrying an heirpss In 1764 
 he was appointed ambassador to the court 
 of Naples, where he distinguished himself 
 by his ardour in promoting the fine arts, in 
 collecting antiquities, and advancing the 
 interests of science, till his recall in 1800. 
 He explored the volcanic mountains of 
 Vesuvius and Etna, his valuable observa- 
 tions on which have been published. His 
 Campi Phlegraei, 2 vols. folio, must also be 
 pronounced a splendid and interesting 
 performance. He greatly promoted the 
 publication of the magnificent and elegant 
 work, Antiquites Etrusques, Grecques, et 
 Romanies, tirees du Cabinet de Mr. Ha- 
 milton . the editor of which was D’Han- 
 carville. During his residence at Naples, 
 he received from his majesty the riband 
 of the order of the bath. The Philosophi- 
 cal Transactions have been enriched by 
 many of his communications, and also the 
 British Museum by his presents of antiqui- 
 ties and other curiosities. He died at Lon- 
 don, in 1803. — Literary Journals. 
 
 Ha mlet, the name of a celebrated 
 Danish prince, whose story is told by Saxo 
 Grammaticus, and rendered familiar by the 
 admirable play written by Shakspeare. — 
 Gen Biog. Did. 
 
 Hammond (Henry), a learned divine* 
 was born at Chertsey, in Surrey, in 1605, 
 and educated at Eton, front whence he was 
 
II A N 
 
 HAN 
 
 removed to Magdalen college, Oxford, of 
 which he was chosen fellow in 1625. In 
 1652 he obtained the rectory of Penshurst, 
 in Kent, from whence he was ejected in the 
 rebellion. In 1 643 he was made archdeacon 
 of Chichester. He was with the king at 
 the treaty of Uxbridge, to confer with the 
 parliamentary commissioners on church 
 government, on which subject he disputed 
 with Vines, a presbyterian minister. In 
 1645 he was appointed canon of Christ- 
 church, Oxford, and chaplain in ordinary to 
 t he king, whom he attended in the Isle of 
 Wight. In 1653 he published his Annota- 
 tions on the New Testament, a work of 
 great merit . He died as he was about to 
 be made bishop of Worcester, in 1660. 
 Besides the above he wrote a Commen- 
 tary on the Psalms, a Practical Catechism, 
 Sermons and controversial pieces, all 
 collected into 4 vols. folio. — Life by Fell. 
 JSiog Br. 
 
 Hammond (Anthony), an English poet, 
 was born in Huntingdonshire, and educated 
 at St John’s college, Cambridge. He was 
 a member of parliament, and commissioner 
 of the navy. He published a volume of 
 poems, and wrote the Life of Mr. Moyle. 
 He died about 1730. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Hammond (James), the son of the above, 
 was born in 1710, and educated at West- 
 minster school. He was equerry to the 
 prince of Wales, and member of parliament 
 for T ruro. Lord Chesterfield published his 
 Love Elegies, which are very pleasing. He 
 died in 1742. — Ibid. 
 
 Hamon (John), a French physician, was 
 born at Cherbourg. He wrote several 
 books on religious subjects in a good style, 
 and died in 1687, aged 69. — Moreri. 
 
 Hampden (John), a political character, 
 was descended of an ancient family in 
 Buckinghamshire, and born at London in 
 1594. In 1636 he distinguished himself by 
 his opposition to the payment of ship- 
 money, by which he acquired great popu- 
 larity. He became a leading man in the 
 house of commons, and at the commence- 
 ment of the civil war he took up arms 
 against the king, but was shot by a pistol in 
 a skirmish in Oxfordshire in 1643 Lord 
 Clarendon observes of him, that “ he had 
 a head to contrive, a tongue to persuade, 
 and a heart to execute, any mischief.” — 
 Clarendon s Hist, of the Rebellion. 
 
 Ha v, sa, a mohafnmedan doctor, who 
 Wrote a book against the Koran, remark- 
 able lor its purity and elegance, which has 
 been translated from Arabic into French 
 by La Croix. — D'H rbelot. 
 
 Ha \ del (George Frederic), an illustrious 
 musician, was born at Halle in Saxony, in 
 1684. H's father who intended him for 
 the law. perct. : ving his propensity to music, 
 prohibited all instruments from his house. 
 .1 he son, howev er, contrived to have a 
 small clavichord concealed in the garret. 
 Where he used to amuse himself when the 
 
 family were asleep. At the age of sevent 
 he went with his father to the court of the 
 duke of Saxe Weissenfels, to whom Handel’s 
 brother-in-law was valet. While there he 
 got into the church one morning, and 
 began to play on the organ. The duke, who 
 wasin the church, surprized at the playing, 
 asked who it was, and on being informed, 
 he expostulated with the old gentleman for 
 restraining his son’s inclination ; in conse- 
 quence of which a master was provided for 
 him. Handel made so great a progress, 
 that at the age of nine he composed the 
 church service. In 1698 he went to Ber- 
 lin, where he was greatly noticed by the 
 king of Prussia. From thence he went to 
 Hamburg, and had a dispute with ano- 
 ther musician, who made a push at him 
 with his sword as they were coming out of 
 the orchestra, but a music-book in his bo- 
 som prevented the weapon from piercing 
 his heart. Here he composed, at the age of 
 14, his opera of Almeria. Soon after this he 
 visited Italy, and at Florence produced the 
 opera of Rodrigo. In 1710 he visited Eng- 
 land, but being under an engagement to 
 the elector of Hanover, his stay was short. 
 In 1 7 12 he returned, and obtained a pension 
 of 200/. a year, which was afterwards 
 doubled. Some of the nobility projected a 
 plan for erecting an academy in the I lay- 
 market to secure a supply of operas, com- 
 posed by Handel, and under his direction. 
 This plan was carried into effect, and suc- 
 ceeded for about ten }rears, and then iell 
 to the ground ; when the rage for Ita- 
 lian music prevailed, and Handel could 
 not stop the progress of the delusion. 
 But in 1742 his popularity returned, and 
 he retained his glory to the last. Pie died in 
 1759, and was buried in Westminster abbey, 
 where there is an elegant monument to his 
 memory. But his greatest monument is in 
 his works, a complete edition of which was 
 published by Dr. Arnold. — Life of Handel , 
 
 8 DO. 
 
 Hanifah, chief of one of the most an- 
 cient sects among the Mussulmans : the 
 ether sects are those of Schiafi, Malik, and 
 Hambel. The Turks account Hanifah a 
 saint. He died at Babylon. — Rycaut's Hist, 
 of the Turks. Chardin s Travels. 
 
 Henkius (Martin), professor of history 
 at Breslaw, was the author of some learned 
 works ; the best of which is entitled, De 
 Romanorum Rerum Scriptoribus. He died 
 in 1709, aged 76. — Moreri. 
 
 Hanmer. (Meredith), a divine of the 
 church of England, was a native of Flint- 
 shire, and treasurer of Trinity church, 
 Dublin. He died of the plague, in 1604. 
 Dr Hanmer translated the ecclesiastical his- 
 tories of Eusebius, Socrates, and Evagrius, 
 into English. — Collier's Hist. Diet. 
 
 Hanmer (Jonathan), a nonconformist 
 divine, was born at Barnstaple, in Devon- 
 shire, about 1605, and educated at Emanul 
 college, Qambriege. lie obtained the iiv- 
 
HAN 
 
 H A R 
 
 ing of Bishop’s Tawton, and the lectureship 
 of Barnstaple, from which he was ejected 
 in 1662. He died in 1687. He wrote a 
 Discourse on Confirmation, and a View 
 of Ecclesiastical Antiquity. — Calamy. Pal- 
 mer. 
 
 Hammer (sir Thomas), an English 
 writer, was born in 1676, and educated at 
 Westminster school, and Christchurch, 
 Oxford. He was chosen speaker of the 
 house of commons, in 1713, and died in 
 1746. Sir Thomas published an edition of 
 Shakspeare with notes, in 6 vols. 4to. — Gen . 
 JSiog. Did. 
 
 Hanneken (Mennon), a Lutheran di- 
 vine, was born in Oldenburg in 159.7. He 
 was professor of the Oriental languages at 
 Marpurgh, and wrote a Elebrew Grammar, 
 and other works. He died in 1671. His 
 son, Philip Louis, became^ professor of 
 Hebrew at Gissen, and died in 1706. — 
 
 j\'Iorcri. 
 
 Hanneman (Adrian), a portrait and 
 historical painter, was born at the Hague, 
 in 1611. He copied the works of Vandyck 
 with great exactness. He died in 1680. — 
 Houbraken. Pe Piles. 
 
 Hannibal, a famous Carthaginian gene- 
 ral, and the son of Hamilcar, who made him 
 swear eternal enmity to the Romans, at the 
 age of eight years. On the death of Asdru- 
 bal, he obtained the command of the Car- 
 thaginian armies, and in three years sub- 
 dued Spain. Having taken Saguntum, 
 which was in alliance with the Romans, it 
 occasioned the second Punic war, in which 
 he shewed the most consummate general- 
 ship. He is said to have crossed the Alps 
 by softening the rocks with fire and vine- 
 gar. On Inis arrival in Italy he defeated 
 Cornelius Scipio, and obtained several vic- 
 tories over the most experienced Roman 
 generals, particularly at Cannae, where the 
 Romans lost about 40,000 men, and had 
 Hannibal pushed on for Rome it must have 
 fallen. But by stopping at Capua, where 
 Inis soldiers gave themselves up to luxury, 
 the Romans recovered from their surprize; 
 and when he appeared before the city, it 
 excited so little concern, that the ground on 
 which he was encamped was put up for 
 sale, and sold at a high price. He soon re- 
 tired and experienced a defeat near Zama. 
 Apeacewas then concluded; but Hannibal 
 fearing the Romans, fled to Prusias king of 
 Bithynia, and on hearing that the senate 
 had sent to demand him, he poisoned him- 
 self, 182 B. C. — Corn. Nepos. Plutarch. 
 
 HannibalIanus (Flavius Claudius), 
 nephew of the emperor Constantine, front 
 whom he received the provinces of Pon- 
 tus, Cappadocia, and the Lesser Armenia, 
 with the title of king. He was murdered 
 by Constantins, in 338 . — U.iiv. Hist. 
 
 Hanno, a Carthaginian general, who 
 made gre it geographical discoveries in the 
 interior of Africa, an account of which is 
 extant. There was another of this name, 
 
 who tamed a young lion, which used t» 
 attend him like a dog The Carthaginians, 
 fearing his power, banished him. — Morcri. 
 
 Hannsachs, a German poet, who pub- 
 lished no less than five folio volumes of 
 poems, in which are a few grains only 
 that are passable. He was a native of 
 Nuremburgh, and died in 1576. — Gen. 
 Biog. Piet. 
 
 Hanway (Jonas), an eminent philan- 
 thropist, was born at Portsmouth, in 1712, 
 and being bred a merchant, formed a con- 
 nexion with a commercial house at Peters- 
 burgh, in consequence of which he tra- 
 velled into Persia, of which country he 
 published an account in 2 vols. 4to. On 
 settling in London, he devoted a consider- 
 able portion of his time to benevolent pur- 
 poses, and was the principal institutor of 
 the marine society, and the Magdalen Hos- 
 pital. For these exertions he was made a 
 commissioner of the navy : and when he 
 resigned his seat at the board, his salary 
 was continued. He died in 1786. He wrote 
 several religious books of considerable 
 merit; the best of which is entitled Do- 
 mestic Happiness promoted, 12mo. — Lift 
 by Pugb. 
 
 Harcourt (Harriet Eusebia), an inge- 
 nious English lady, was the daughter of a 
 gentleman of 1 irge estate at Richmond in 
 Yorkshire, where she was born in 1705. 
 She received a learned education from her 
 father, whom she accompanied in his travel; 
 through Europe, and at his death inherited 
 his estates. In 1733 she returned to Eng- 
 land, having lost her father at Constantino- 
 ple. Having brought with her several la- 
 dies from abroad, she formed a kind of 
 monastery on her estate in Yorkshire, and 
 another in one of the western isles of Scot- 
 land, but without any vows or austerity. 
 She died in 1745. Her romantic institu- 
 tions ceased after her death. — Female Wor- 
 thies. 
 
 Harder (John James), a physician, was 
 born at Basil in 1656. After studying me- 
 dicine at his native place he went to France, 
 and on his return was made professor of 
 rhetoric, but soon after he obtained the 
 medical and anatomical chair, to which 
 was added that of botany. He was also 
 three times rector of the university. The 
 emperor Leopold created him a count ; 
 and he obtained several distinguished ho- 
 nours from other princes. He died in 1711. 
 His works are, Apiarium; Prodromus Phy- 
 siologicus, Naturam explicans Humorum 
 Nutritioni & Generation! dicatorum Ex- 
 amen Anatomicum Cochlea; terrestris, & c. 
 His brother J rotne was a learned divine, 
 and professor of oriental languages at Ley- 
 den ; but before his entry on the office he 
 resolved on making a tour to the East, and 
 died at Constantinople — Moreri. 
 
 Harder y (Geoffrey), an English monk 
 of the order of St. Augustine, and con- 
 fessor to Henry III. He was a professor 
 
H A R 
 
 H A R 
 
 at Oxford, and wrote some pieces on evan- 
 gelical poverty, a History of his Order, 
 Lectures on the Old and • ew Testament, 
 Ac. He died at London, in 1 360. — ■ Pits. 
 Majle. 
 
 Hardime (Peter), a flower-painter of 
 Antwerp, was born in 1678. and died in 
 1748. In th e monas tery of the Bernardines 
 at Antwerp he painted four large designs, 
 representing the four seasons. His brother 
 Simon was also a good flower painter, and 
 died at London, in 1737. — Pilhington. 
 
 Harding (John), the author of an Eng- 
 lish Chronicle, who died in 1461 
 
 Harding (Thomas), an English divine 
 *>f the Roman church, was born at Comb- 
 Martin, in Devonshire, in 151 He was 
 fellow of New college, Oxford, and Hebrew 
 professor , but at the accession of Elizabeth 
 he went to Louvain, where he employed 
 his pen against the protestants, particularly 
 bishop Jewell, with whom he had a long 
 controversy. He died about 1570. — Wood's 
 JL 0 . 
 
 Haruinge (Nicholas), an English poet, 
 was. fellow of King’s college, Cambridge, 
 member of parliament for Eye, in Suffolk, 
 End secretary of the treasury. He died in 
 1753. Some of his Latin poems are in the 
 Musar Anglicanx, and the English in other 
 collections. — Gun. Biog. Did. 
 
 Harmon (James), a French writer, was 
 a native of Tours, and a member of the aca- 
 demy of inscriptions. He wrote a Treatise 
 on Poetry and Rhetoric and a Universal 
 History, in 18 vols. He died in 1766, aged 
 SO. — Nouv. Did. Hist. 
 
 Ha rdouin (John), a French jesuit, was 
 born at Quimper in Bretagne, in 1647. He 
 published some of the Latin classics, with 
 learned notes, for the use of the dauphin ; 
 but he is rendered famous by the strange 
 notion which he broached, that the greater 
 part of the authors, considered as ancients, 
 are in fact moderns, and were forgeries of 
 the monks. He died in 1729. — Moreri. 
 
 Hardwicks (Philip Yorke, earl of), a 
 great English lawyer, was born at Dover 
 ki Kent, in 1690. In 1718 he was elected 
 into parliament for Lewes in Sussex. After 
 serving die offices of solicitor and attorney 
 general, he was in 1733 appointed chief 
 justice of the king’s-bench, and created a 
 p; pjr. In 1 736 he was made lord chancellor, 
 which situation he held twenty years. In 
 1754 he was created earl of Hardwicke. 
 He died in 1764. In alt his offices, particu- 
 larly the last, he distinguished himself so 
 as to acquire the esteem of all parties, and 
 the veneration of posterity. — Gen. B. D. 
 
 HARmvicKE(Philip Yorke, earl of), a dis- 
 tinguished nobleman, was born in 1720, 
 educated at Hackney under Mr. Newcome, 
 and entered of Bene’t college, Cambridge, 
 in 1737. The year following he was ap- 
 pointed one of the tellers of the exchequer. 
 He was chosen member for Ryegate in 
 1741, and for the county of Cambridge in 
 
 1747. In 1764 he succeeded his father. 
 He was also lord- lieutenant of Cambridge- 
 shire, and high-steward of the university. 
 During his residence at college, he under- 
 took a work, assisted by some of his con- 
 temporaries, which is a proof of the learn- 
 ing and taste of the literary society to which 
 he belonged. It is entitled “ The Athenian 
 Letters,” and was at first only printed for 
 private circulation, but recently it has been 
 published. The persons who bore the great- 
 est share in this learned and ingenious 
 work, were the earl of Hardwicke, and his 
 brother Mr. Charles Yorke. His lordship 
 published the correspondence of sir Dudley 
 Carleton, ambassador to the states general 
 in the reign of James J.; also two volumes 
 of state papers. He died in 1790. — Europ. 
 Mag. 
 
 Hardy (Alexander), a French dramatic 
 writer, who wrote' six hundred pieces, of 
 which only forty-one were published. He 
 died in 1630 —Moreri. 
 
 Hardy (sir Charles), an English admiral, 
 and the grandson of an eminent naval 
 commander of the same name, in the reig* 
 of queen Anne. He had the command of 
 the channel fleet in 1779, but died the same 
 year at Spithead. — Gent Mag. 
 
 Hare (Francis), an English prelate, was 
 educated at Eton school, and King’s college, 
 Cambridge, of which he was chosen feliow. 
 From being dean of Worcester, he was raised 
 to the bishopric of Chichester, which he 
 held, with the deanry of St. Paul’s to his 
 death, in 4740. I le wrote some tracts against 
 bishop Hoadley, and published an edition 
 of Terence. Fie also reduced the book of 
 Psaims to a metrical order, which system 
 was completely refuted by Dr. Lowth. — 
 Biog. Br. 
 
 IIariot (Thomas), an English mathema- 
 tician, was born at Oxford in 1560, and 
 educated at St. Mary hail. He accompa- 
 nied sir Walter Raleigh, to America, and 
 published an account of the discovery of 
 Virginia. On his return he was patronized 
 by the earl of Northumberland, who allow- 
 ed him a pension. He lived some time in 
 Sion college, and died in 1621. His Artis 
 Analytical Praxis was printed after his 
 death, and there is no doubt that Des- 
 cartes drew from it all his pretended disco- 
 veries in algebra. — Ibid. 
 
 Hariri, an Arabian author who died 
 about 1122. He was a native of Barsa in 
 the kingdom of Babylon, and wrote Al- 
 makamah, or Fifty Assemblies, i. e. Con- 
 ferences, in which are some excellent re- 
 marks. They were published by Golius in 
 Arabic and Latin at Leyden in 1656, and 
 six of them were translated into English, by 
 Mr. Chappelow, Arabic professor at Cam- 
 bridge, in 1767. — Moreri. 
 
 FIarley (Robert), earl of Oxford, was 
 eldest son of sir Edward Harley, and born 
 in London in 1661. He received a private 
 education, and at the Revolution raised a 
 
IT A R 
 
 H A R 
 
 troop of horse for king- William. He was 
 soon elected into parliament, and in 1704 
 was appointed one of the secretaries of 
 state "■ ! in 1710 made a commissioner of 
 the treasury, and chancellor of the exche- 
 qur ; . The same year he was wounded at 
 toe ' privy-council table with a penknife by 
 a F-enchman named Guiscard, who was 
 under examination for treasonable practi- 
 ces. In 1711 he was raised to the peerage, 
 and appointed lord high treasurer, which 
 office he resigned a few days before the 
 death of queen Ynne. In 1715 he was im- 
 peacO-’d of high treason by the commons, 
 and commit! ?d c i the Tower, where he re- 
 mained two years, and was then brought 
 to his trial and acquitted. He died in 
 1724 His lordship was a liberal patron 
 of '.ear big. and a great collector of books. 
 His library was sold after the death of his 
 son, and bis MSS. are in the British muse- 
 
 um. — Gm. Biog Did. 
 
 Harmer (“Thom as), a dissenting minister, 
 was bor . s.' Norwich, in 1715, and after 
 receiving a suitable education, settled as 
 pis or of a congregation at Wheatfield in 
 Suffolk. He published Observations on Pas- 
 sages of Scripture, 4 vols. 8vo. a work of 
 great value; also Outlines of a Commentary 
 on Solomon’s Song; and some other pieces. 
 He died iu 1788. — Europ. Mag. May 1792. 
 
 Harmodius. See Aristogiton. 
 
 Harold I. king of England, was the son 
 of Canute I. but his legitimacy being ques- 
 tioned, Alnot, archbishop of Canterbury, 
 refused to consecrate any but the sons of 
 Emma. Harold, however, seized upon the 
 throne, and having got his half-brother, 
 Alfred, into his possession, put out his eyes, 
 and confined him in a monastery. He died 
 without issue, iu the 5th year of his reign, 
 ill 1039. — Rapin. Hume. 
 
 Harold II. son of earl Godwin, seized 
 the throne on the death of Edward the 
 Confessor, in 1066. That year William, 
 duke of Normandy, invaded the kingdom, 
 and a battle ensued near Hastings, in which 
 Harold was slain. — Ibid. 
 
 Harpalus, a Grecian astronomer about 
 480 B. C. who corrected the cycle of eight 
 years, which was invented by Cleostratus, 
 and adopted one of nine, which was after- 
 wards improved by Meton. — Petavius, Ra- 
 tion. Temponun. 
 
 Harpalus, a man to whom Alexander 
 committed the charge of the treasures at 
 Babylon, when he went to the East. Har- 
 palus squandered away a good part of the 
 riches, and fled with the remainder. He was 
 assassinated at Crete, B. C. 325. — Quintus 
 tjurtius. Arrian. 
 
 Harpe (John Francis dela), a celebrated 
 writer, was born at Paris, in 1739, of Swiss 
 parents, and educated at the college of 
 Harcourt. After publishing some lesser 
 pieces, he brought forth in 1764 his tragedy 
 of the Earl of Warwick, which was re- 
 ceived with applause. This was followed 
 
 by a number of dramatic pieces of great 
 merit, also poems which gained prizes from 
 different academies. His xffogies of Fenelon, 
 Racine, Catinat, and Charles V. were also 
 greatly admired ; but his principal work is 
 a Complete Course of Literature, 12 vols. 
 8vo. He aied in 1303. — Now v. Did. Hist. 
 
 Harpocration (Valerius), a rhetorician 
 of Alexandria, who wrote a lexicon upon 
 the ten orators of Greece, in which he de- 
 scribes the magistracy and judicial proceed- 
 ings in Africa. He floui-ished about A. D. 
 180. Aldus published his work in 1603 at 
 Venice, and Gronoyius at Leyden, in 1696. 
 — Merer i. 
 
 Harpsfield (Nicholas), an English di- 
 vine, and archdeacon of Canterbury, who 
 distinguished himself by his zeal for the 
 Roman catholic religion, for which he was 
 imprisoned many years in the reign of Eli- 
 zabeth. He wrote an Ecclesiastical History 
 of England ; one of the heresy of Wick- 
 liff, & c. He died in 1572. — Pits. 
 
 Harrington (sir John), an English poet, 
 was born in Somersetshire, and educated at 
 Eton and Cambridge. He published a 
 translation of Ariosto’s Orlando Furioso, 
 and received the honour of knighthood, in 
 the field, from the earl of Essex, and in the 
 reign of James !. was made a knight of the 
 hath. A collection of Ins works has been 
 printed under the title of Nugae Antiques, 
 in 3 vols. 12mo. He died in 1612, aged 51. 
 
 • — Paris s Ed. of the Nuges Antiques. 
 
 Harrington (John lord), was the eldest 
 son of lord and lady Harrington, to whose 
 care James i. committed his daughter Eliza- 
 beth, afterwards the wife of Frederic, 
 elector palatine and king of Bohemia. The 
 young lord early evinced superior talents, 
 and spoke Latin with great fluency. He 
 acquired a considerable variety of know- 
 ledge, which was accompanied with a deep 
 sense of religion It is said that when at 
 Rome the jesuits, having endeavoured in 
 vain to pervert him and his tutor, Mr. 
 Tovey, administered poison to them, of 
 which the latter died soon after his return 
 to England, but the former struggled against 
 its effects a longer time. He died, how- 
 ever, at the age of 22, in 1613. His lord- 
 ship was the intimate companion and cor- 
 respondent of Henry prince of Wales, ancl 
 the letters which passed between them, in 
 Latin, are extant . — Nugec Antiques. 
 
 Harrington (James), a political writer, 
 was born in 1611, in Northamptonshire, 
 and educated at Trinity college, Oxford. 
 In the civil wars he at first sided with the 
 parliament, but afterwards became an at- 
 tendant on his majesty. On the king’s 
 death he devoted his time to study, and 
 composed his Oceana, a political romance, 
 in which he defended republicanism. This 
 work occasioned a great controversy, and 
 the author formed a society upon its prin- 
 ciples. In 1661 he was, on a charge of 
 treason, sent, to the Tower, from whence 
 
H A R 
 
 he was removed to St. Nicholas’s island, 
 near Plymouth, but was afterwards releas- 
 ed on baiL He died deranged in his intel- 
 lects, in 1677. His works were published 
 in folio in 1700, and since in 1 voL 4to. — 
 Life by Poland. 
 
 Harris (Walter), an English physician 
 in the reign of William III., who wrote a 
 good hook on the diseases of children. — 
 Gen. Biog. Diet, 
 
 Harris (Robert), an English divine, was 
 horn in 1.578 at Broad Camden, in Glou- 
 cestershire, and educated at Oxford. In 
 the rebellion he joined the presbylerians, 
 and was made rector of Petersfiekl, and 
 president of Trinity college, Oxford, where 
 he died in 3658. His works are, Sermons; 
 Tractat. de Fcedere Novi Testament! ; Re- 
 mediuin contra Avaritiam ; Epistohe Apo- 
 logeticas, See. — Wood's A. 0. 
 
 Harris (John), an English divine and 
 mathematician, who was secretary to tire 
 Royal Society, and died about 1730. He 
 published a translation of Pardie's Elements 
 of Geometry, but be is best known by having 
 first projected a Cyclopaedia, or Dictionary 
 of Sciences. This work appeared in 17H), 
 in 2 vols. folio, entitled. Lexicon Techni- 
 cum ; a supplementary volume was added 
 to it in 3736, but the Dictionary of Cham- 
 bers superseded it. 
 
 Harris (Janies), a philological writer, 
 was born at Salisbury, in 1703, and edu- 
 cated at the grammar school of that city, 
 from whence he removed to Wadliam 
 college, Oxford. He sat in parliament for 
 Christ Church, Hampshire, and in 1 7635 
 was appointed commissioner of the admi- 
 ralty, but afterwards was removed to the 
 treasury hoard. In 1771 he was made se- 
 cretary and comptroller to the queen, and 
 died in 1780. He wrote, 1. Three Treatises, 
 concerning Art, Music, Painting, and 
 Poetry, and Happiness, 8vo. 2. Hermes, 
 or a Philosophical Enquiry concerning 
 Universal Grammar, 8vo. 3. Philosophi- 
 cal Arrangements. 4. Philological En- 
 quiries, 2 vols. 8vo. — Life •written by bis son 
 lord Malmesbury, prefixed to an edition op' his 
 father’s works. 
 
 Harris (William), a dissenting divine of 
 the independent persuasion, was upwards 
 of 40 years pastor of a congregation in 
 Crutched-friars. He was the author of a 
 volume of Sermons on the principal Repre- 
 sentations of the Messiah in the Old Testa- 
 ment ; another called Funeral Discourses; 
 besides other religious pieces. He died in 
 1740, aged 65. — Taulmins edit, of Neales 
 Pur it ms. 
 
 Harris (William), a baptist minister at 
 Honiton, in Devonshire. He wrote the 
 l.ives of James I., Charles I. and II., Oliver 
 Cromwell, and Hugh Peters, in the man- 
 ner of Bayle, but not with much fidelity, 
 being violently set against the house of 
 Stuart, and partial to republicanism. He 
 
 H A R 
 
 died at Honiton, in 1770. — Nichols's AueccT. 
 of Bony er. 
 
 Harrison (William), an English writer, 
 was fellow of New college, Oxford, and 
 secretary to the earl of Stafford, at the 
 Hague. He was the correspondent of 
 Swift, and wrote some poems, to be found 
 in Nichols’s Collection. lie died in 1712. 
 —Ger.. B. I). 
 
 Harrison (John), an ingenious mecha- 
 nic, was born at Wragley in Yorkshire, in 
 1693, and bred a carpenter, Having a turn 
 for wheel work, he constructed some wood- 
 en clocks, the accuracy of which was so 
 much admired that he came to London m 
 1725 with a timekeeper, which he shewed 
 to Dr. Halley, who recommended him to 
 Mr. Graham, from whom he received great 
 encouragement. In 1735 he visited London 
 again, with a complete machine, and was 
 sent by the board of longitude to Lisbon, 
 to make a trial of it. From that time ho- 
 went on improving his invention, and re- 
 ceived the reward of 20,000/. granted by 
 parliament. He died in 1776. — European 
 Magazine. 
 
 Harrison (John), one of the regicides 
 who sat at the trial of Charles I. He was 
 the son of a butcher, and rose by his im- 
 pudence and fanaticism to the rank of colo- 
 nel in the parliament army. He was exe- 
 cuted at the Restoration. — -Trials of the Be- 
 gicides. 
 
 Harte (Walter), an English poet and 
 historian, was born and educated at Marl- 
 borough, in Wiltshire. He published a 
 poetical collection, called the Amaranth, 
 in 12mo. ; a History of Gustavus Adolphus, 
 2 vols. 4to. ; and Essays on Husbandry, 8vo. 
 He died in 1773. — Gent. NIag. 
 
 Hartley (David), an English physician, 
 was born about 1704, and educated at Jesus 
 college, Cambridge, of which he became 
 fellow. He died at Bath, in 17.57. He wrote 
 an excellent work, entitled, Observations on 
 Man, 2 vols. 8vo. 1749. — Gai. B. Z>. 
 
 Hartsoeker (Nicholas), a Dutch philo- 
 sopher, was born at Gouda, in 16'56. After 
 receiving a liberal education from his father 
 who was a minister, he applied himself to 
 mathematics and natural philosophy. He 
 became professor of philosophy at Heidel- 
 berg, and mathematician to the elector 
 palatine. He died in 1725. He wrote a 
 Course of Natural Philosophy, in 4to., and 
 some small pieces. — Martins Biog. Phil. 
 Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Hartung (John), a German author and 
 Greek professor at Heidelberg, who pub- 
 lished notes on the Odyssey, and translated 
 the Argonautics of Apollonius into Latin. 
 He died in 1579. — Bayle. 
 
 Harvard (John), a nonconformist di- 
 vine, who died in 1688 at Charlestown, in 
 New England. He is deserving of com- 
 memoration by being the founder of a col- 
 lege bearing his name,' at Cambridge, in 
 
HAS 
 
 H A W 
 
 ■North America, which is in a very flourish- 
 ing state. — Neale's Hist, of Neau England. 
 
 Hauvf.y (William), a celebrated phy- 
 sician, was born at Folkstone in Kent, in 
 1578. He received his education at Cam- 
 bridge, and then went to Padua, where he 
 took his doctor’s degree in physic. In 1607 
 he was admitted fellow of the college of 
 physicians, and in 1615, anatomical reader, 
 on which occasion he discovered the circu- 
 lation of the blood, of which he published 
 an account in 1628, entitled, Exercitatio 
 Anatomica de Motu Cordis & Sanguinis. 
 This discovery made a great revolution in 
 medical science, and many foreign prac- 
 titioners endeavoured to rob the author of 
 his due honour, by ascribing it to other 
 persons, but the right of our countryman 
 has long since been fully established. In 
 1632 he was made physician to Charles I. 
 and adhered faithfully to the king, for 
 which in 1645 he was chosen warden of 
 Merton college, Oxford ; but when the 
 parliamentary visitors came there, he left 
 it for London, and was chosen presi- 
 dent of the college, but declined the office 
 on account of his infirmities. He died in 
 1657, leaving his estate to the college, for 
 ■which he had built a library and museum. 
 An edition of his works was printed in 
 1766, 2 vols. 4to. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Harvey (Gideon), an English physician, 
 was born in Surrey. He •studied at Leyden, 
 and was admitted of Exeter college, Ox- 
 ford, in 1655. He was physician to Charles 
 II. in his exile, and to the English army in 
 Flanders. He died about 1700.. He wrote 
 several medical books. — Biog. Med. 
 
 Harwood (Edward), a dissenting mini- 
 ster, was born in Lancashire, in 1729. He 
 became pastor of a congregation at Bristol, 
 from whence he was obliged to remove 
 for being an arian. Ele then removed to 
 London, where he subsisted by teaching 
 the classics, and correcting the press. He 
 died in 1794. Dr. Harwood published se- 
 veral pamphlets • a translation of the New 
 Testament, in 2 vols. 8vo. ; and a View of 
 the various editions of the Greek and Ro- 
 man Classics, 12mo. — Europ. Mag. 
 
 Hast. (Theodore de), professor of He- 
 brew at Bremen, was the author of some 
 dissertations, which shew his learning to 
 advantage. He died in 1731, aged 49. 
 His brother James, who died in 1723, wrote 
 some learned pieces. — Nouv Did. Hist. 
 
 Hasselquist (Frederick), a Swedish 
 physician, was born in 1722 at Tournalla, 
 in ’ East Gothia, and educated at Upsal, 
 where he attended the botanical lectures of 
 Linnx us, after which he went to Palestine, 
 and collected %nny natural curiosities. 
 He died at Smyrna, in 1752. Linmeus 
 published his -observations. — Hid. 
 
 Hastings (Elizabeth), daughter of 
 Theophilus earl of Huntingdon, was a lady 
 of great accomplishments and piety. Her 
 charities were numerous, thpugh her in- 
 
 come was but contracted. She not only 
 supplied the poor with necessaries, but 
 visited them in their sickness, and consoled 
 them with religious counsel as well as with 
 medical aid. In the 42d No. of the i atler 
 is a fine character of her, drawn by Mr, 
 Congreve, under the title of Aspasia. She 
 died unmarried in 1739. — Gibbons's Memoirs 
 of Pious Women. 
 
 Hatton (sir Christopher), chancellor of 
 England in the reign of queen Elizabeth, 
 was born at Holdenby, in Northampton- 
 shire, of an ancient Cheshire family. He 
 was a man of great learning and judgment , 
 and though not bred to the law, he dis- 
 charged his office with singular reputation. 
 The queen one day insisting on being paid 
 an old debt owing to her, and that imme- 
 diately, so affected him that he took to hi# 
 bed and died in 1591. — Wood. 
 
 Havercamp (Sigisbert), a learned critic, 
 was born in Holland. He was professor of 
 Greek and history at Leyden, where he died 
 in 1742, aged 58. He published some va- 
 luable editions of Latin and Greek authors. 
 
 • — Uquhj. Did. Hist. 
 
 Havers (Clopton),an English physician, 
 who published in 1691 a Treatise on the 
 Bones. It is a curious book, and contain# 
 several new observations on tire subject. 
 — Hut eh i ns on 's Biog. Med. 
 
 Hausted (Peter), a divine in the reign 
 of Charles I., who wrote a comedy, called 
 the Rival Friends, which was performed 
 before that monarch when he visited Carp- 
 bridge. Some of his sermons were printed 
 in 1646. — Bing. Dram. 
 
 Hautefeuille (John), an ingenious 
 mechanic and abbe, was the son of a baker 
 at Orleans, and born in 1647. He was the 
 inventor of pendulum watches, which in- 
 vention war. afterwards improved by Huy- 
 gens. Ele wrote some pieces on clock- 
 making, and died in 1724. — Moreri. 
 
 Hawes (Stephen), an English poet, was 
 a native of Suffolk, and educated at Ox- 
 ford. He was well versed in French and 
 Italian poetry, and was groom of the privy 
 chamber to Henry VII. His works are: 
 the Temple of Glass, which is a copy 
 of Chaucer’s House of Fame; the Passe- 
 tyme of Pleasure, which was finished in 
 1505, and printed in 1517,4to.,by Wynkyrt 
 de Worde, with wooden cuts. — Langbaia.es 
 English Poets. Phillips's Poet arum Theat. 
 
 Hawke (Edward lord), a gallant English 
 admiral, was the son of a barrister, and en- 
 tered the navy at an early age. In 1734 he 
 obtained the command of a ship, and dis- 
 tinguished himself in the famous battle of 
 1744, when the English fleet was com- 
 manded by Matthews, Lestock, and Row- 
 ley. In 174 “ he was made rear-admiral of 
 the white, and the same year defeated a 
 large French fleet, and captured five sail of 
 the line. For this he was created a knight 
 of the bath. In 1759 he defeated Conflans, 
 and was rewarded with a pension of 2 UOO/. 
 
II A W 
 
 a year. In 1765 he was made vice-admiral 
 of Great Britain, and first lord of the ad- 
 miralty. In 1776 he was created a peer. 
 He died in 1781. — Gen. Bio g. Diet. 
 
 Ha wkes worth (John), an ingenious 
 writer, was born at Bromley, in Kent, in 
 1713, and bred a watchmaker. He after- 
 wards applied to literature with consider- 
 able success. The Adventurer is his p; n- 
 cipal work, for which archbishop Herring 
 conferred on him the degree of LL.D. Pie 
 was employed to compile an account of the 
 discoveries made in the South Seas, for 
 which he received the sum of 6000/. He 
 afterwards became an East India director, 
 and died in 1773. He wrote Altnoran and 
 Flamet, an Oriental Tale, and other pieces 
 of a like kind. — Gen. Biog Did. 
 
 Hawkins (sir John), a gallant admiral, 
 was born at Plymouth of a good family, 
 and went early to sea in the merchant ser- 
 vice. In 1562 he sailed with three ships 
 from London for the coast of Africa, 
 where he procured a number of slaves, 
 which he disposed of in the West India 
 islands. He made several other voyages to 
 Guinea and the West Indies, and expe- 
 rienced a variety of adventures, which are 
 detailed in Hakluyt’s Voyages. In 1588 
 Hawkins was appointed rear-admiral, 
 and knighted for his services in the 
 defeat of the Spanish armada. He died 
 off Porto Rico, in 1590. Sir John Haw- 
 kins founded a hospital at Chatham. 
 
 Campbell's Lives of the Admirals. Prince's 
 w orthies. 
 
 Hawkins (sir Richard), son of the 
 above, was born at Plymouth. He dis- 
 tinguished himself in the engagement with 
 the invincible armada, and in 1593 obtain- 
 ed a commission under the great seal to 
 attack the Spanish settlements in South 
 America, where, after an obstinate conflict 
 with a superior force, the English were 
 taken. Sir Richard, who was severely 
 wounded in the action, was detained a 
 prisoner in America a considerable time, 
 and was then sent to Spain, where he re- 
 mained some years. On his return to Eng- 
 land he employed himself in writing the 
 history of his own life. He died of an 
 apoplexy while attending the privy coun- 
 cil.—/^. 
 
 Hawkins (sir John), a writer and ma- 
 gistrate, was born in London in 1719. He 
 was bred an attorney, and acquired a con- 
 siderable knowledge of the law. At the 
 same time he did not neglect other studies. 
 He formed an early intimacy with Dr. 
 Johnson, which lasted through life. He 
 wrote several pieces in the periodical pub- 
 lications, particularly the Gentleman’s ’Ma- 
 gazine : and in 1760 printed a good edition 
 pf Walton’s Angler. In 1761 "he was put 
 into the commission of the peace for Mid- 
 dlesex. In 1772 he received the honour of 
 knighthood, for suppressing a riot in Moor- 
 fifids. In 1776 he published his History of 
 
 HAY 
 
 Music, 5 vols. 4to. which contains much 
 curious information. His Life of Dr. John- 
 son was written at the request of the book- 
 sellers, but noi to the satisfaction of the 
 public He died in 1789.— Europ. Ivlag. 
 Gent. M . 
 
 Hawksmoor (Nicholas), an English 
 architect, was the pupil of sir Christopher 
 Wren, but he did not improve on the 
 practice f his master. He died in 1736. 
 He built the chm h of St. George Blooms- 
 bury, with an absurd tower, on the top of 
 which is a statue of George I. — Gen. Biog. 
 Did. 
 
 Hawkwoo'd (s ■ John), a gallant general, 
 who rose to knighthood and military re- 
 nown in the service of Edward III. after 
 having been a tajior in London When 
 the peace was concluded between France 
 and England in 1360, he assembled a 
 number of discarded soldiers, who followed 
 a marauding life, and became the terror of 
 the country. With this banditti he went 
 to Italy, where he entered into the service 
 of the Florentines, and distinguished him- 
 self by many gallant exploits. He died in 
 that city in 1394, and was buried with 
 great pomp. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Hay (James), earl of Carlisle, came to 
 England with James I. and was the first 
 Scotchman' created an English peer. His 
 first title was baron Hay, he was afterwards 
 made viscount Doncaster, and lastly earl of 
 Carlisle. James I. employed him in several 
 embassies, particularly to France, to mediate 
 on behalf of the protestants, and to nego- 
 eiate a marriage between the prince of 
 Wales, and princess Henrietta Maria. 
 He died in 1636. — English Peerage. 
 
 Hay (William), an English writer, was 
 born at Gledbourne, in Sussex, about 1700. 
 In 1734 he was chosen member of parlia- 
 ment for Seaford, which place he repre- 
 sented to his death in 1755. He wrote 
 Religio Philosophi; an Essay on Deformity; 
 and other pieces, which were published 
 in 2 vols. 4?o. in 1794. — Gen. Biog. Did. 
 
 Hayes (Charles), a mathematician, was 
 born in 1678. He was deputy-governor of 
 the royal African company, and died in 
 1760. He published a Treatise on Fluxions, 
 in folio, 1704 ; and some other mathema- 
 tical pieces. — Ibid. 
 
 Haynes (Hopton), paymaster of the 
 mint, and principal tally-writer of the ex- 
 chequer, was the author of a book, entitled, 
 The Scripture Account of the Attributes 
 and Worship of God, and of the Character 
 and Offices of Jesus Christ, 8vo. He died 
 in 17 49. — Anccd. of Boivyer. 
 
 Haynes (Samuel), an English divine, was. 
 the son of the preceding. He was canon of 
 Windsor, and rector of Clothall and Hat- 
 field, Hertfordshire. He died in 1752. Mr. 
 Haynes published a collection of State 
 Papers, in 2 vols. folio. — Ibid. 
 
 Hayvvard (sir John), an English historian, 
 was a doctor of laws in the university 
 
II E A 
 
 HEC 
 
 Cambridge, and the author of a History of 
 Henry IV.; also of the Lives of the three 
 Norman kings, William I. William II. and 
 Henry I. Me was knighted by James I. and 
 died m 1627. Besides the above he wrote 
 the History of Edward VI. and some reli- 
 gious books. — Bio?. Brit. 
 
 Haywood (Elizabeth), an ingenious’ 
 writer, was born in London in 1693, and 
 died'yin 17.56. She published the Female 
 Spectator, 4 vols.; Epistles for the Ladies, 
 2 vols.; Fortunate Foundling ; Adventures 
 of Nature; Jemmy and Jenny Jessamy, 3 
 vols. ; Invisible Spy, 2 v-ois. ; Husband and 
 Wife, 2 vols.f Betsy Thoughtless; and a 
 Present for a Servant Maid. — Hays's Female 
 Blog. 
 
 1 Iaxael, minister of state to Benhadad 
 king of Syria, who, when that monarch 
 lay ill, was sent by him to Elisha the pro- 
 phet to know whether he should recover. 
 On his return he murdered his master and 
 usurped the throne, B. C. 889. — Stackhouse. 
 
 Head (Richard), an Irishman, who was 
 for some time a member of the university 
 of Oxford, but afterwards a bookseller in 
 London. He was drowned in crossing to 
 the Isle of Wight in 1678. He wrote the 
 English Rogue ; the Art of Wheedling ; 
 the Humours of Dublin, a comedy; and 
 other pieces of a similar kind. — Granger. 
 
 Headley (Henry), an ingenious writer, 
 was born at Norwich, and educated under 
 Dr. Parr, after which he went to Trinity 
 college, Oxford, where he took his degree 
 of B. A. He died at Norwich in 1788, aged 
 23. Mr. Headley published a volume of 
 poems ; papers in the Olla Podrida ; a 
 work, entitled, Select Beauties of Ancient 
 English Poetry, with Remarks, in 2 vols. 
 8vo. also some papers in the Gentleman’s 
 and European Magazines under the sig- 
 nature Of T. C. G. — Eitrop. Mag. 
 
 He arne (Thomas), a learned antiquary, 
 was born at White- Waltham in Berkshire 
 in 1680. Mr. Cherry of Shottesbrooke took 
 him into his fainilv, and gave him a liberal 
 education. In 1695 he entered of Edmund 
 hail, Oxford, where he applied to the study 
 of antiquities. In 1703 he took his degree 
 of M. A. and in 1714 was appointed arche- 
 topographus of the university. He died at 
 Oxford, in 1735. He published several an- 
 cient MSS. and editions of old books ; as 
 the Life of Alfred by Spelman ; Leland’s 
 Itinerary, 9 vols. 8vo ; a collection of 
 curious Discourses written by eminent ani- 
 quaries, &c. — Lives of Eelnr.d, Hearne, &c. 
 Svo. 
 
 Heath (Benjamin), an ingenious writer, 
 was town-clerk of Exeter, and the author 
 of several publications, the chief of which 
 is entitled, a Revisal of Shakspeare’s Text, 
 8vo. 1765. He also published Notts sive 
 Lectiones ad Tragicorum Grtecorum ve- 
 terum, iEschyli, &c. 4to, 1752. He was 
 created doctor of laws at Oxford, in 1762. 
 Hi* brother, Thumbs, wrote a uew version 
 
 of Job, published in l*l56.~~Ancc&. of 
 
 Bozvyer. 
 
 Heath (James), an historian, was born alt 
 London in 1629, and educated first at West- 
 minster school, and next at Christchurch, 
 Oxford, from whence he was ejected for 
 his loyalty in 1640. He then turned author 
 for a subsistence, and published, among 
 other things, a chronicle of the civil war, 
 which was continued by Phillips to 1675. 
 Hediedin 1664. — Wood , A.O. 
 
 Heati-i (Nicholas), archbishop of York, 
 and chancellor of England in the reign of 
 queen Mary, was a native of London, and 
 educated at Christ college, Cambridge. 
 He was a man of piety and moderation, 
 but refused to take the oath of supremacy, 
 for which he was deprived. He died at 
 Cobham in 1560 .— -Camden s Eliz. Burnet's 
 Hist. Ref. 
 
 Heath (Thomas), brother of the pre- 
 ceding, was a jesuit, and sent by his supe- 
 riors as a missionary to England in 1568, 
 under the disguise of a puritan. Being 
 permitted to preach in Rochester cathedral, 
 where he inveighed against the liturgy, he 
 dropped a letter from his pocket by acci- 
 dent, which the verger carried to the bi- 
 shop, and it proved to be written by a Je- 
 suit in Madrid, on the subject of the mis- 
 sion. His lodgings being examined a papal 
 bull was discovered, and other particulars 
 which proved him a jesuit. In consequence 
 of this he was pilloried, and sentenced to 
 perpetual imprisonment, but he died a few 
 months afterwards. — Sollier's Eccl. Hist. 
 
 Heathcote (Ralph), an English divine, 
 was born in 1721, and educated at Cam- 
 bridge, where he proceeded to his degree of 
 D. D. He died in 1795. He wrote a long 
 tract against the Hutchinsonians ; a 
 Sketch of Lord Bolingbroke’s Philosophy? 
 Sylva, or the Wood , and other works.-— 
 Eun.p. Mag. 
 
 Hebenstrsit (John Ernest), a learned 
 physician of Leipsic, where hediedin 1756, 
 aged 54. He published Carmen de Usu 
 Partium, and several other works. His 
 brother, John Christian Hebenstreit, was, 
 eminent for his skill in Hebrew. — Gen. Bior. 
 Diet. 
 
 Heser, the son of Saleh, and father of 
 Phaleg, born in 1281 B.C. and died at the 
 age of 464 years. The name of Hebrews, 
 given to the Jewish nation, is derived front 
 him. — S. S. 
 
 Hecatjeus of Abdera, a Grecian histo- 
 rian, who attached himself to Ptolemy 
 Lagus. He wr.ote commentaries on Hesiod 
 and Homer, and a History of Egypt, but 
 his most celebrated work was a History of 
 the Jews, in which he spoke so favourably 
 of that nation, that Philo and Scaliger 
 have doubted whether it were his. Jose- 
 phus however, quotes it as the real pro- 
 duction of Hecatteus, and Diodorus Sicu- 
 lus and Arian also mention it-—Hossius 
 Hist. Greec. 
 
 11 
 
H E E 
 
 II E I 
 
 Hecht (Christian), a learned divine 
 of Essen, in East Friesland, who died in 
 1 748, aged 52. I le wrote, 1 . Commentaria 
 Philologico-critico-exegetica, &c. 2. Anti- 
 quas Harseorum inter Judxusin Polonia. — 
 Nutt'S. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Heck (John van), an eminent painter, was 
 horn near Oudenard about 1625. He went 
 to Rome, and resided there many years. 
 He painted flowers and fruit in a good style, 
 and also landscapes from the beautiful 
 scenes in the neighbourhood of Rome. He 
 died at Antwerp at the close of the 17th 
 century. — Pilkington. 
 
 Heck (Nicholas van der), a landscape 
 and historical painter, was born in Holland 
 about 1580. His manner of pencilling was 
 strong and firm, his colouring natural and 
 lively, and his knowlege of the chiaro-scuro 
 enabled him to give his pictures a bold and 
 striking effect. — Ibid. 
 
 Heck (Martin Hemskirk van der), a ne- 
 phew of Martin Hemskirk, and the son of 
 the preceding, was a good landscape paint- 
 er. — Ibid. 
 
 Hecouet (Philip), a French physician, 
 who was a great advocate for the use of 
 warm water and bleeding, and in conse- 
 quence was ridiculed by Le Sage, in his 
 novel of Gil Elas, under the name of Dr. 
 Sangrado. He was, however, a man of 
 skill and piety. He died in 1737. He wrote 
 several medical books. — Noun. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Hedei.in (Francis), a French ecclesiastic, 
 and abbe of Aubignac, and Meimac, was 
 born at Paris, in 1604, and died in 1676. 
 Pie wrote a tragedy called Zenobia, in 
 prose ; and some romances. — Mci ai. 
 
 Hederich, or Hedericus (Benjamin), 
 a learned lexicographer, was born at Hain, 
 in Misnia, in 1675. He published an edi- 
 tion of Empedocles de Sphatra. and a Greek 
 and Latin lexicon, which is very valuable. 
 He died in 1?48.—-G«.\ Bitv. Diet. 
 
 Hedlingek (John Charles), a Swiss en- 
 graver, born in 1691, and died in 1771. 
 His medals are much sought after, and 
 very 1 rare. He was a man of letters, and 
 member of several academies. — Nouv. Diet. 
 Hist. 
 
 Hkede (William and Vigor van), bro- 
 thers, and eminent painters, were natives 
 of Fumes, but resided chiefly in Italy. 
 The works of William are most esteemed, 
 and are scarce. Theypainted historical sub- 
 jects. Vigor died in 1708, aged 49 ; and 
 William in 1728, aged 68. — Pilkington. 
 
 Heem (John David de), a painter of 
 Utrecht, was born in 1600, and died in 
 1674. He painted fruit and flowers in a 
 fine taste. Plis son Cornelius, painted in 
 the same way as his father — Ibid. 
 
 Heemskf.rk (James), a Dutch admiral, 
 was born at Amsterdam. In 1596 be sailed 
 with Barentien to discover a north-east 
 passage to Asia, in which voyage the com- 
 mander died, but Heemskerk brought the 
 ships safe to Holland. In 1607 iie was 
 
 made vice-admiral, and sent against the 
 Spaniards in the Mediterranean, where he 
 defeated a superior force, and took the 
 Spanish admiral prisoner : but Heemskerk 
 was slain in the action. — Grotii Annul. Belg. 
 
 PIeemskirk (Martin), a Dutch painter, 
 was born in 1498, and studied at Rome, 
 after which he returned to his own country, 
 and settled at Haerlem, where he died in 
 1574, aged 76. He painted all kinds of 
 subjects with success, but his figures are 
 generally bad, and he was ignorant of the 
 clliar O-s C U r O. — Felibien , Vies des Peintres. 
 
 Heere (Lucas de), a portrait and histo- 
 rical painter, was born at Ghent in 1534, 
 and died in 1584. His mother was an ex- 
 cellent artist, and his father a good statuary. 
 His portraits are very fine, and his histo- 
 rical pieces in a grand style. — Pilk. 
 
 Hegesiitus, a Jew, who embraced 
 Christianity at Rome in 157, and died in 181. 
 He was the author of an ecclesiastical his- 
 tory from Christ to his own time, frag- 
 ments of which are preserved in Eusebius. 
 He is not to be confounded with Hegesip- 
 pus who wrote an account of the destruc- 
 tion of Jerusalem, printed at Cologne, in 
 1559, 8vo. The latter lived after Con- 
 stantine. — Eusebius. Dupiti. 
 
 Heidegger ("John Henry), professor of 
 morality and divinity at Zurich, died in 
 1698, aged 65. He published, 1. Exerci- 
 tationes selectie de Historia sacra Patri- 
 archarum, 2 vols. 4to.; 2 De Ratione Stu- 
 diorum Opuscula aurea, l2mo. ; 3. Tumu- 
 lus Tridemini Concilii, 4to.; 4. Historia 
 Papatus, 4 to. — Morcri. 
 
 Heidegger (John James), a native of 
 Zurich, in Switzerland, who came to Eng- 
 land in 1708. By his address and inge- 
 nuity, he became the arbiter elegantiarum 
 to Hie court, and manager of the opera- 
 house, by which means he contrived to gain 
 5000/. a year. 1-J e was a man of good hu- 
 mour and liberality, and died in 1749.— 
 Gen. Pico-. Diet. 
 
 Heil (Daniel van), a painter of Brussels, 
 was born in 1604. He had a great reputa- 
 tion as a painter of landscapes, and in re- 
 presenting houses on fire. His brother, 
 Juhn Baptist , excelled in painting history 
 and portrait. The other brother, Leonard, 
 had a fine taste for painting flowers and in- 
 sects. — Houbraken. 
 
 Hein (Peter), an obscure man, whp rose 
 by his bravery to the command of the 
 Dutch fleet, with which he defeated that 
 of Spain on the coast of Brazil in 1626. 
 He was slain in fighting with the French olF 
 Dunkirk, in 1629. When the news arrived, 
 the start's sent a deputation to condole with 
 his mother on the melancholy occasion ; 
 hut tire old woman only replied, “ Ah, I 
 always said Peter was an unlucky dog, 
 and would come to an untimely end.” — 
 
 Moreri. 
 
 Heineccids (John Gottlieb), a Germva 
 lawyer, born at Eisemburg in 1681. He 
 
II E L 
 
 was professor of philosophy, and after- 
 wards of law, at Halle, from whence he 
 removed to Franeker; and in 1727 accepted 
 the law-professorship at Frankfort on the 
 Oder. In 1733 he resumed his former 
 station at Halle, and died there in 1741. 
 He wrote several books on jurisprudence 
 and philosophy, in Latin, collected in eight 
 vols. 4to. 1744. — Noun. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Hkinecken (Christian Henry), a cele- 
 brated child at Lubeck, who died at the 
 age of four years, in 1 725. He is said to 
 have been acquainted with the history of 
 the Bible at the age of 14 months. At the 
 time of his death he was versed in eccle- 
 siastical history, and several of the Latin 
 classics, the history of modern Europe, 
 and spoke the German, Latin, French, and 
 Dutch languages. — Moreri. 
 
 Heinsius (Daniel), an eminent critic, 
 was born at Ghent^in 1580. He was made 
 Greek professor at Leyden, when he was 
 but eighteen ; and afterwards he succeeded 
 his master, Joseph Scaliger, in the profess- 
 orship of politics and history. He died in 
 1621. He wrote poems: and several ad- 
 mired works in prose, as Laus Asini, Laus 
 Pediculi.; and he illustrated many of the 
 Greek and Latin classics. — Moreri. 
 
 Heinsjus (Nicholas), son of the pre- 
 ceding, was born at Leyden, in 16'20. He 
 was an eminent Latin poet, and published 
 editions of Virgil, Ovid, Claudian, and 
 Other classics, with notes. Hediedinl681. 
 — Ibid. 
 
 Heister (Laurence), a celebrated phy- 
 sician, was born at Frankfort on the Main 
 in 1683. He was professor at Altorf, and 
 afterwards at Helmr.tadt, where he died in 
 1758. His principal works are Compendium 
 anatomicum; De Medicamentis Germanise 
 indigenis sufficientibus; Institutiones chi- 
 rurgicas; Compendium Institutionum me- 
 dicarum. His son, Elias Frederic, who died 
 at Leyden in 1740, published Apologia 
 pro Medicis Atheismo accusatis. — Noun. 
 Hid. Hist. 
 
 Hele (Thomas), an Englishman, who 
 acquired so greata knowledge of the French 
 language, as to write it with the elegance 
 of a native. He was born in Gloucester- 
 shire, and served in the army till the peace 
 of 1763, when he went to Italy, and after- 
 wards settled at Paris, where he wrote co- 
 medies for the theatre. He died in 17S0, 
 aged about 40. — Ibid. 
 
 Helena (St.), a native of Bithynia, of 
 obscure origin, but accomplished in mind 
 and person. She became the wife of Con- 
 stantine Chlorus, by whom she had the em- 
 peror Constantine. When her husband es- 
 poused the daughter of Maximilian-Hercu- 
 les in 292, he divorced Helena; but on the 
 accession of her son she was recalled to 
 court, and treated with the honours due to 
 her rank. She visited the Holy Land, where 
 she is said to have discovered the true cross. 
 
 She founded several churches, and bestowed- 
 
 II F L 
 
 immense sums in charity. She (bed in the 
 arms of her son, in 328( aged SO. — Moreri. 
 baillet Hies ties Saints. 
 
 Heliodorus, bishop of Tricca in Thes- 
 saly, in the4fh century. He wrote, in his 
 youth, a romance, entitled, The Amours of 
 1 heagenes and Chariclea, for which he was 
 deposed in a synod of bishops, though some 
 ■writers deny it. This work is extant. — • 
 V ossius. Bayle. 
 
 I Iei.iogabalus (M. Aurelius Antonius), 
 a Roman emperor, so called because he 
 had been a priest of the sun. He was 
 chosen emperor after the death of Macri- 
 nus, at the age of fourteen. He associated 
 to himself in the government his grand- 
 mother Moesa, and his mother Ssnnias; 
 and chose a senate of women, over whom 
 die latter presided. He afterwards fell 
 into every kind of cruelty, and debauchery, 
 raised his horse to the consular dignity, 
 and caused divine honours to be paid to 
 himself. He was assassinated in 222. — Mo- 
 reri. 
 
 Hellanicus, a Greek historian, who 
 wrote a history of ancient kings, and of the 
 founders of famous towns, l ie died B. C- 
 dll. Hu tin Bill, Ur in. ties Hist. Prof. 
 
 Hei. lot (John), a French chemist who 
 died at Paris, in 176G, aged SO. He was a 
 member of the academy of sciences of 
 Paris, and of the royal society at London. 
 He wrote I.’Art de la Teinture des Laines, 
 et Elosses de Laine, 12mo. and several dis- 
 sertations in the memoirs of the academy 
 of sciences, besides other chemical pieces 
 of merit. He also conducted for many 
 years the Gazette de France. — Nouv. Hid. 
 Hist. 
 
 IJelmbreker (Theodore), an historical 
 painter, was born at Haerlem in 1624, and 
 died at Rome in 1 694. He painted history 
 and landscape . — Pilkingt on , 
 
 Helmont (Matthew van), a painter of 
 Antwerp at the end of the 17th century, 
 lie painted markets, fruitshops, and che- 
 mical laboratories. His son was an excel- 
 lent historical painter, and died in 1726. — 
 Ibid. 
 
 Hel.vjont (John Baptist van), a phvsi- 
 cian and chemist, was born at Brussels, in 
 1577, and educated at Louvain. He per- 
 formed such cures that the inquisition 
 caused him to be imprisoned on the charge 
 of magic, but having vindicated himself he 
 was set at liberty. He died in Holland, in 
 1644. He was a voluminous writer, but 
 fanciful and credulous. His son Francis • 
 was an able physician, and died in 1699.— . 
 Moreri. 
 
 Heloise, the mistress of Abelard, died 
 in 1163. See Abelard. 
 
 Melsham (Richard), an Irish physician, 
 and professor of medicine ana natural 
 philosophy at Trinity college, Dublin. 
 
 He was the author of Lectures on Natural 
 Philosophy, which possess merit.- Gen. Miov. 
 Hid. 
 
 K k 
 
HEM 
 
 HEN 
 
 IJelst (Bartholomew van tier), an his- 
 torical and portrait painter, wais born at 
 Haerlem, in 1613, and died in 1670.— hcu- 
 
 ircken . . . 
 
 Helvetius (Adrian), a Dutch physician, 
 
 who settled at Paris, and by administering 
 
 ipecacuanha in the dysentery, which raged 
 violently in that city, gained a pension, 
 and the appointment of inspector-genei al 
 of the military hospitals. He died in 1727, 
 
 aged 65. He Vrote some medical treatises. 
 
 — M'.rcri , 
 
 Helvetics- (John Claude), son of the 
 preceding, was born in 1635. He was a 
 snail of skill and humanity. He died iu 
 1735. His works are, 1. Id6e gdn£rale ue 
 l’Ecouomie animale, 1722 ; 2. Principia 
 Fhvsico-kMedica in Tyronum Medicmse 
 Sratiam conscripts, 2 vols. 8vo. Nouv. 
 Diet. Hist. _ , 
 
 Helvetius (Claude- Adrian), son or the 
 last-mentioned, was born at Paris, in 1715. 
 hr 1753, lie produced his celebrated work, 
 entitled, L’Esprit, which for its atheistical 
 principles, was condemned by the parlia- 
 ment of Paris. On this he went to England, 
 and from thence to Prussia, where he was 
 well received by the king. On his reaim 
 to France, he led a retired life, and died in 
 177 1 . Besides the above* he wrote Le Bor.~ 
 hetir, a poem ; Of Man, a philosophical 
 -work, of the same cast as his first perfor- 
 ' mance; The Child of Nature improved by 
 Chance, an indecent romance.— Ibid. 
 
 Hklvicus (Christopher), professor of the 
 Greek and Oriental languages, and also ot 
 divinity, at Giessep, was born in 1581, near 
 Frankfort, and educated at Marpurg. He 
 died in 1617. He published several Latin 
 poems, grammars of dillerent languages, 
 lexicons, and chronological tables. — Baylc. 
 
 Helyot (Peter), a Franciscan monk, was 
 of English extraction, and the author of a 
 work, entitled, A History of monastic Or- 
 ders, in 8 vols. 4to.. He died iii 1716, aged 
 56. — Morcri. . . . Q 
 
 Hemela.ii (John), a divine of the Roman 
 church, was born- at the Hague, and be- 
 came canon in the cathedral of Antwerp. 
 He published Commentaries on the impe- 
 rial Medals from Julius Caesar to Justinian. 
 He died in 1640. — Morcri. 
 
 Hemmin.gfo.iU) (Walter de), an English 
 chronicler of the 14hh century, whose work 
 ' extends from 1066 to 1303. He was-an ec- 
 clesiastic in Gisborough abbey, \orkshire, 
 and died in 1347. — Pits. _ 
 
 Hem SKIRK (E gbert), called Hemskirk the 
 Old, was- an- excellent painter of droll sub- 
 jects and conversations. — Pili. 
 
 Hemskirr (Egbert), called the Young, 
 was orobably the son of the above. He 
 had a whimsical imagination, many of Ins 
 pieces being representations of the noctur- 
 nal meetings of witches and devils. He died 
 in 1701, aged 59. — Ibid. 
 
 Hr.viMERUN, or Mallfoi.us (Felix), a 
 ganon of Zurich in 1428. He lest his be- 
 
 nefices for satirizing the secular and regular 
 clergy, and was sent to prison. His Opus- 
 cula are very rare. — Morcri. 
 
 Hems teiuiuis (Tiberius), a learned critic, 
 was born at Groningen, in 1685, and at the 
 age of 19 was appointed professor of ma- 
 thematics and philosophy at Amsterdam. 
 
 In 1717 he became professor of Greek at 
 Franckcr, to which was added the pro- 
 fessorship of history. He afterwards filled 
 the same offices at Leyden, where he died 
 in 1766. He published, 1. the three last 
 books of Julius Pollux’s Onomasticon, in 
 1706; '2. The works of Lucian 3. The 
 Plutusof Aristophanes; and other esteemed 
 works. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Henault (John), a French poet, was 
 born at Paris. The superintendant Fouquet 
 gave him the place of receiver ot the taxes 
 at Fores. He wrote a satirical poem on 
 Colbert, and several pieces of merit. IHs 
 conduct was irregular, and his principles 
 libertine, but he died penitent in 1682. — 
 Boyle. 
 
 Henault (Charles John Francis), a 
 French writer, was born at Paris, in 1 685. 
 
 In 1715 he produced a tragedy, which had 
 a bad success ; but Mr. Walpole in 1768, 
 obtained it from five author, and printed 
 it at Strawberry-hill. In 1706 he was ad- 
 mitted a counsellor of parliament, and in 
 1710 president of the chamber of inquests. 
 In 1744 he published his chronological 
 abridgment of the History of France, which 
 is highly esteemed. He also wrote sortie 
 comedies, and died in 1770. — Nouv. Diet. 
 Plist. 
 
 Henderson (Alexander)* a Scotch pres- 
 byterian divine, who was at the head of hk 
 party on account of his learning and elo- 
 quence. He was sent to England as a ple- 
 nipotentiary, and when Charles I. was at 
 Newcastle in i 646, he engaged in a dispute 
 with him about episcopacy, in which Hen- 
 derson was completely overcome. This 
 disgrace, it is said, hastened his end ; and 
 before his death he expressed his concern 
 at the part he had taken against the king. — 
 Granger, 
 
 Henderson (John), an- English actor, 
 was boro in London in 1747. Having a 
 taste for drawing, he was placed under Mr. 
 Fournier, an artist of ability, but of an, 
 eccentric character, with whom he did not 
 continue long. He next lived with a silver- 
 smith, on whose death he devoted himself 
 to theatrical studies. His first appearance 
 was at Bath, under the name of Courtney, 
 in 1772, in the character of Hamlet, which 
 he performed with great applause. Ilis 
 fame increased, but it was not till 1777 that 
 he made his appearance on the London 
 stage, when he was engaged by Mr. Colman 
 at tiie Haymarket theatre, where his first 
 character was Shylock. After this he dis- 
 tinguished himself as a first-rate performer 
 in Faktaff, Richard III. and other arduous 
 parts, which he personated with unbound- 
 
HEN 
 
 HEN 
 
 ed applause at Drury-lane, and at different 
 provincial theatres. He died of a spasm in 
 the brain, in 1785. — Life by Ireland. 
 
 Henderson (John), an extraordinary- 
 genius, was born at Ballagarance in Ireland, 
 in 1757. His father was a preacher in Mr. 
 Wesley’s connection, and afterwards a 
 school-master near Bristol.- Young Hen- 
 derson received his education among the 
 methodists, and made so quick a progress 
 as to be employed in teaching Latin in 
 Kingswood school at eight years of age, 
 and Greek in lady Huntingdon’s college in 
 Wales when he was no more than twelve. 
 Dr. Tucker, dean of Gloucester, sent him 
 to Pembroke college, Oxford, where he 
 took his degree of B.A. but never entered 
 into orders. His habits and studies were 
 alike singular. He wore no neckcloth. 
 His buckles did not exceed the size of an 
 ordinary knee-buckle. He generally went 
 to rest about day-break, and rose in the af- 
 ternoon. He used to strip himself naked 
 to the waist, and going to the pump, would 
 completely sluice himself, after which he 
 would pump over his shirt, and in that 
 condition go to bed. His learning was mul- 
 tifarious; but he delighted chiefly in alche- 
 my, physiognomy, and the occult arts. 
 He died at Oxford in I78S. — Fan. Serm. by 
 Agutter. Lump. Mag. 
 
 Henoist, the first Saxon king of Kent, 
 towards the end of the 5th century, was a 
 descendant of Woden, whom the Saxons 
 deified. Hen gist being called in by Vorti- 
 gcrn, king of the Britons, to assist him in 
 expelling the Piets, took with him his 
 daughter Rowcna, with whom Vortigern 
 became enamoured, and married her. lien- 
 gist then obtained the kingdom of Kent. 
 He died in 489 .—Bede. William of Malmes- 
 bury. 
 
 Henley (Anthony), an English writer 
 and senator, was born in Hampshire, and 
 educated at Oxford. In 1698 he was chosen 
 member of parliament for Andover He 
 wrote some papers in the Tatler and Med- 
 ley, and died in 1711. His son Robert be- 
 came earl of Northington, and lord chan- 
 cellor. — Gen. Biog Did. 
 
 Henley (John), commonly called the 
 Orator, was born at Melton Mowbray in 
 Leicestershire, in 1692, and brought up at 
 Cambridge, after which he entered into 
 orders, and became a preacher in London, 
 but disgraced himself by setting up a lec- 
 ture on Sunday evenings, near Lincoln’s- 
 inn-fields. Pie had also another on Wed- 
 nesdays, chiefly on political subjects. He 
 published a translation of Pliny’s Epistles, 
 and other works. He died in 1 7 56 .-—Ibid. 
 
 Henn'uyer (John), a French bishop, who 
 saved the protestants in his diocese of Li- 
 sieux, at the time of the Bartholomew mas- 
 sacre, against the orders of Charles IX. He 
 died in 1577. — Morerh 
 
 Henry I. surnamed the Fonder , emperor 
 of Germany, was the son of Otho duke 
 
 of Saxony, and elected to the imperial dig- 
 nity in 91 9 or 920. He re-united the Ger- 
 man princes, and subdued the Hungarians, 
 formed good laws, and built several cities. 
 He vanquished the Bohemian'-, the Sclavo- 
 nians, and Danes, and conquered the king- 
 dom of Lorraine. He died in 936, and 
 was succeeded by his son Otho.— Univ 
 Hist. 
 
 Henry II. called the Lame , grandson of 
 the preceding, was elected emperor in 1002. 
 Pie re-establisned Benedict VIII. in the papal 
 chair, and was crowned by that pontiff" in. 
 1014 at Rome. He tranquillised Italy, and 
 expelled from thence the Saracens and 
 Greeks. He died in 1024. — Ibid. 
 
 Henry III. or the Black, son of Conrad II. 
 was born in 1017, and succeeded his father 
 in 1039. He was crowned at Rome by 
 Clement II. and died in 1056. — Ibid. 
 
 Henry IV. the Great, son and successor 
 of the preceding, was born in 1050. Agnes 
 his mother, governed with ability during 
 his minority. The Saxons rebelled against 
 him, and accused him of simony, and other 
 crimes, to pope Gregory VII. who took from 
 him the right of presenting to benefices. 
 Henry then called a diet at Worms in 1076, 
 for the purpose of deposing the pope, who 
 anathematized the emperor. The German 
 princes deposed Henry, who went to Italv, 
 and made his submission to the pontiff", but 
 Gregory was not to be appeased, and Henry 
 resolved on vengeance. The electors chose 
 Rodolphus duke of Suabia, and Gregory 
 confirmed his title ; but Henry, after’ de- 
 feating his competitor, put him to death. 
 He then called a council, which deposed 
 the pope, and elected in his room the arch- 
 bishop of Ravenna. In 1 106 his son Hen- 
 ry assumed the title, and being supported 
 by the princes of the empire, the emperor 
 was obliged to renounce his crown ; after 
 which he became a wanderer, and suppli- 
 cated the archbishop of Spires to give him 
 a prebend in his church, which he refused. 
 He died at Liege in 1106. — Hid. 
 
 Henry V. or the Young , bern in 1081; 
 deposed his father in 1106. In 1110 he 
 forced pope Paschal II. to restore to him 
 the right of nominating to ecclesiastical 
 benefices, which Gregory VJI. had wrested 
 from his father. Paschal afterwards called 
 two councils, and excommunicated Henry, 
 who returned to Italy, where be opposed 
 the election of Geiastus II. But in 1122 he 
 
 submitted to the pope. He died in 1 125 
 
 Ibid. 
 
 Henry VI. the Severe, son of Frederic 
 Barbarossa, succeeded his father in 1190, 
 at the age of 25. This prince behaved 
 treacherously to Richard I. king of Eng- 
 land, who, in his journey from the crusade 
 through Germany, was arrested by Leopold 
 duke of Austria, and sent to the emperor, 
 who exacted from him an enormous ran- 
 som. His wife Constance poisoned him in 
 1198. — Ibid. 
 jfcki'2 
 
II E N 
 
 HEN 
 
 Henry VII. son of Henry count of Lux- 
 emburg, was elected emperor in 1:108, 
 aged 45, and soon after went into Italy, at 
 that time distracted with the contentions 
 between the Guelphs and Gibelins. He 
 was Crowned at Rome in 1312, and died the 
 year following. — Univ. Hist. 
 
 Henry Raspon, landgrave of Thuringia, 
 was elected emperor by the ecclesiastical 
 princes in 1246 , when pope Innocent IV. 
 deposed Frederic II. but the new emperor 
 died the year following of a wound received 
 in fighting against his competitor. — Morcri. 
 
 Henry I. king of England, called, on 
 account of his learning, Deauclerc, was the 
 youngest son of William the Conqueror, 
 and succeeded his brother Rufus in 1100, 
 at which time his elder brother Robert was 
 in Normandy. Robert soon after invaded 
 the kingdom, but agreed with Henry for a 
 yearly tribute to renounce his right; after- 
 wards the two brothers differed, and Henry 
 invaded Normandy, deposed Robert, and 
 brought him prisoner to England, where he 
 died in Cardiff castle. He restored the uni- 
 versity of Cambridge, forgave all debts 
 owing to the crown prior to his accession, 
 reformed the court, and conquered Wales. 
 He died in Normandy, in 1135, and his re- 
 mains were brought to England, and in- 
 terred in the abbey of Reading. He abo- 
 lished the curfew-bell, establisheda standard 
 for weights and measures, and signed the 
 charter which proved the origin of the 
 English liberties. — Rapin. Hume. 
 
 Henry II. son of Geoffrey Plantagenet 
 and Maud empress of Germany, succeeded 
 Stephen in 1154. He added the provinces 
 of Anjou, Touraine, Maine, Poitou, Sain- 
 tonge, Guienne, and Gascony, to the Eng- 
 lish crown. His reign was troubled by 
 disputes between him and Becket, archbi- 
 shop of Canterbury, who being murdered 
 in 1171, the pope obliged the king to un- 
 dergo penance for it at Becket’s tomb at 
 Canterbury. In 1170 he caused his eldest 
 son Henry to be crowned king of England. 
 In 1172 he conquered Ireland; and the 
 year following Iris sons rebelled against him, 
 being instigated by their mother, on ac- 
 count of Henry’s attachment to the fair 
 Rosamond. The kings of France and Scot- 
 land-gave them assistance, but peace was 
 concluded between all parties the following 
 year. In 1182 his son Henry died, in his 
 20th year. Richard, his third son, revolted 
 against his father, and was supported by the 
 king of France. Henry, being defeated in 
 Normandy, was obliged to submit to dis- 
 graceful terms. He died in 1189, in the 
 56tli year of his age. — Hist, by Lord Lyt- 
 telton. 
 
 Henry III. was born at Winchester, and 
 succeeded his father, John, in 1216. He 
 was obliged to relinquish Normandy, An- 
 jou, Poitou, Touraine, and Maine, to the 
 king of France, after which a civil war 
 broke out in J^n^land, and the king was 
 
 taken prisoner by the barons. The tide of 
 affairs turning in his favour, he deprived 
 several of these lords of their estates, and 
 gave them to his friends. He cancelled the 
 Great Charter, and suffered the pope to ap- 
 point an archbishop of Canterbury, and to 
 collect tenths in this kingdom. He died in 
 1272, aged 65 years. — Rapin. Hume. 
 
 Henry IV., deposed his cousin Richard II. 
 and seized the throne in 1399. He was the 
 son of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, 
 the third son of Edward III. This usurpa- 
 tion gave rise to the civil war between the 
 houses of York and Lancaster. Henry 
 died in 1413, and was succeeded by his son, 
 
 Henry V. who was born at Monmouth.- 
 In his youth he was very wild, hut on 
 coming to the crown he discarded his licen- 
 tious companions, and conducted himself 
 with a dignity becoming his station. Having 
 formed the project of conquering France, 
 he left his kingdom in the hands of a re- 
 gency, and invaded that country, where he 
 displayed uncommon courage. With 15,000 
 men he gained the battle of Agincourt, 
 though the French amounted to 52, OCX). 
 He then returned to England, but three 
 years afterwards he went again to France, 
 where he married Catherine, the daugh- 
 ter of the French king. He died at Vin- 
 cennes, in 1422. He was a brave, hu- 
 mane, and virtuous prince, with a strong 
 sense of religion, and signally temperate in 
 his deportment. — Ibid. 
 
 Henry VI., the son of the above, was 
 but ten months old at the death of his fa- 
 ther. His grandfather Charles, king of 
 France, died soon after, and the duke of 
 Orleans, encouraged by the minority of 
 Henry, assumed the title of king, by 
 the name of Charles VII. This renewed 
 the war, and the English for a while were 
 successful. Henry was crowned at Paris, 
 and the great duke of Bedford, his guar- 
 dian, obtained several important victories. 
 But the raising of the siege of Orleans by 
 Joan of Arc gave a new turn to affairs, 
 and the English interest declined. The 
 death of the duke of Bedford was a fatal 
 blow to the cause of Henry; and to add 
 to his misfortunes, the York party in Eng- 
 land grew strong, and involved the coun- 
 try in a civil war. They adopted the 
 white rose as their badge of distinction, 
 and the Lancastrians the red. After vari- 
 ous contests the king was defeated and taken 4 
 prisoner. However, his wife, Margaret of 
 Anjou, carried on the war with spirit, and 
 for some time with considerable success. 
 Richard duke of York was slain at Wake- 
 field, and Henry recovered his liberty. But 
 Edward earl of Marcti, son of Richard, 
 laid claim to the crown, and routed the 
 queen’s forces at Ludlow, but he was after- 
 wards defeated at St. Alban’s. At length 
 the York party prevailed, and Hetiry was 
 sent to the Tower, where he was slain by 
 Richard duke of Gloucester ip 147 1^ He 
 
H E N 
 
 was a mild and religious prince, but of 
 weak parts. — Rapin. Hume. 
 
 Henry VII. the son of Edmund earl of 
 Richmond, and of Margaret of the house 
 oi Lancaster. Bythe assistance of the duke 
 of Brittany he landed in Wales with some 
 troops and laid claim to the crown in 1485. 
 
 I he people, disgusted at the cruelties of 
 Richard III. joined him in such numbers 
 that he was enabled to give the usurper 
 battle at Bosworth field, where Richard was 
 slain, and Hpnry crowned on the spot. He 
 united the two houses by marrying Eliza- 
 beth, daughter of Edward IV. " His reign 
 met with little disturbance, except lrorn two 
 impostors set up by lady Margaret, sister 
 to Edward IV.; one was a baker’s son, 
 called Lambert Simnel, who personated 
 Richard duke of York, who had been mur- 
 dered by the duke of Gloucester in the Tower. 
 On being taken prisoner, Henry made Jiim 
 a turn-spit in his kitchen The other was 
 Perkm Warbeck, who pretended to be Ed- 
 ward V.; but he was soon taken and hanged 
 at Tyburn. Henry reigned 24 years and 
 greatly increased trade and commerce, but 
 his avarice was excessive. He died in 1 509, 
 aged 52, and was buried in Henry the 
 Seventh’s chapel, built by him in Westmin- 
 ster abbey. — Rapin. Hume. Lord Bacon. 
 
 Henry VIII. succeeded his father, the 
 preceding monarch, at the age of 18. The 
 first years of his reign were very popular, 
 owing to his great generosity, blit at length 
 his conduct grew capricious and arbitrary. 
 
 1 he emperor Maximilianand pope Julius II. 
 having leagued against France, persuaded 
 Henry to join them, and he in consequence 
 invaded that kingdom, where he made some 
 conquests. About the same time James IV. 
 king of Scotland, invaded England, but 
 ,was defeated and slain at Elodden-lield. 
 Cardinal Wolsey succeeded in bringing 
 Henry over from the imperial interests to 
 that of the French king. When Luther 
 commenced the Reformation in Germany, 
 Henry wrote a book against him, for which 
 he was complimented bythe pope with the 
 title of defender of the faith. But this at- 
 tachment to the Roman see, did not last 
 long; for having conceived an affection 
 for AnneBoleyn, he determined to divorce 
 hi-s wife Catherine of Arragon, to whom he 
 had been married IS years. His pica for 
 the divorce was, that Catharine was his 
 brother Arthur’s widow. The divorce be- 
 ing refused by the pope, Elenry assumed the 
 title of supreme head of the English church, 
 put down the monasteries, and alienated 
 their possessions to secular purposes. His 
 marriage with Anne Boleyn followed ; but 
 afterwards he brought her to the scaffold, 
 and married lady Jane Seymour, who died 
 in child-bed. He next married Anne of 
 Clcves ; but she not proving agreeable te 
 his expectations, he put her away, and 
 caused Cromwell, earl of Essex, the pro- 
 jector of the match, to be beheaded, His 
 
 H E N 
 
 next wife was Catharine Howard, who was 
 beheaded for adultery; after which he 
 espoused Catherine Parr, who survived him. 
 Henry died in 1546. He was a man of 
 strong passions, and considerable learning ; 
 but it is well said of him f ‘ that he never 
 spared man in his anger, nor woman in his 
 lust.” — Ibid. 
 
 Henry I. king of France, succeeded his 
 father Robert in 1081. His mother, Con- 
 stance of Provence, excited a revolt against 
 him in favour of her second son Robert,, 
 but without success. Henry died with the 
 reputation of a valiant commander and a 
 good king, in 1060, aged 55 years.— Moreri 
 Henault. Mjz cray, 
 
 Henry II., the son of Francis I. suc- 
 ceeded his father in 1547, at which time 
 France was at war with England. In 1550 
 peace was restored, and Boulogne yielded 
 to the French for a large sum The year 
 following a league was entered into between 
 him and the protestant princes of Germany 
 against Charles V., which produced a ruin- 
 ous war to Fiance. In 1556 a truce was 
 settled for five years, but the emperor hav- 
 ing resigned his crown to his son Philip, the 
 war was renewed. In 1557 the French 
 army was defeated at St. Quintin. In 1559 
 Henry concluded a dishonourable peace. 
 
 1 he same year he was wounded at a tour- 
 nament by a lance, of which he died. 
 
 Ibid. 
 
 Henry 111. third son of the above, suc- 
 ceeded his brother Charles IX. in 1573. 
 While he was duke of Anjou the Poles 
 elected him to their throne on the death of 
 Sigrsmund Augustus ; but he renounced it 
 on taking possession of that of France. The 
 same year he gained the battle of Dormans, 
 and concluded a peace with the Huguenots,* 
 in which toleration was granted them! 
 But this was revoked in 1585, and the pro- 
 testant princes, of whom Henry king of 
 Navarre was the chief, had recourse to 
 arms. The king of Navarre defeated the 
 catholic army in 1587. The duke of Guise, 
 on the other hand, obtained a signal advan- 
 tage over the Huguenots and their allies, 
 hut on his marching to Paris the gates were* 
 shut against him. The people, however, 
 were attached to Guise, and the king was* 
 obliged to retire from his capital which was 
 commanded by the head of the catholic 
 league. Thus France was divided into three 
 parties; the royalists, the Guises, and the 
 Huguenots. At length the two first were 
 reconciled in appearance, but Henry caused 
 the duke to be assassinated soon after with 
 his brother the cardinal The flames of 
 civil war broke out with additional fury 
 The pope excommunicated Henry, and the 
 parliament instituted a criminal ' process 
 against him,. In this exigency he had re- 
 course to the king of Navarre, who set 
 out on his march to Paris; but the face 
 of affairs was suddenly changed by the 
 d^ith of the king of France, who was as- 
 
H E N 
 
 HER 
 
 salinated by James Clement in 1589. He 
 instituted the military order of the Holy 
 Ghost. — Moreri. 
 
 Henry IV., called the Great, king of 
 France and Navarre, was born at Pau, the 
 capital of Bearn, in 1553. His father was 
 Antony of Bourbon, king of Navarre, and 
 his mother Joan d’Albert. Being de- 
 scended from Louis IX. of France, he be- 
 came the heir to that kingdom, but as he 
 was educated a protestant his claim was re- 
 sisted. He early distinguished himself by 
 feats of arms. After the peace of St. Ger- 
 main, in 1570, he was taken to the French 
 court, and two years afterwards married 
 Margaret, sister of Charles IX. At the re- 
 joicings on this occasion happened the in- 
 famous massacre of St. Bartholomew. In 
 1576 he left Paris, and put himself at the 
 head of the Huguenots. In 1587 he gained 
 the battle of Courtras. In 1572 he suc- 
 ceeded to the throne of Navarre, and in 
 1589 to that of France; but his religion 
 proving an obstacle against his coronation, 
 he consented to abjure it in 1593. In 1595 
 he issued the edict of Nantz, granting to- 
 leration to the protestants. The same year 
 he entered into a war with Spain, which 
 lasted till 1598, after which his country en- 
 joyed uninterrupted peace till his death. 
 His abjuration was very disagreeable to the 
 protestants, and did not prove quite satis- 
 factory to the opposite party, who doubted 
 his sincerity. His greatest enemies were 
 the jesuits, one of whose pupils wounded 
 him in the mouthin an attemptupon hislife, 
 which was finally taken away by Francis 
 Ravaillac, May 14, 1610. This monarch 
 truly merited the name of great, for he 
 loved his people, and his constant aim 
 was to make them happy. — Ibid. Sally's 
 Memoirs. 
 
 Henry, prince of Wales, and the eldest 
 son of James I., -was born at Stirling, in 1594. 
 Fie was a most amiable and accomplished 
 prince, and a great patron of learning and 
 science. Fledied in 1612, to the great grief 
 of the nation, which had formed of him 
 the highest expectations. — Life of prince 
 Henry by Birch. 
 
 H enry of Huntingdon, an English histo- 
 rian, was canon of Lincoln and archdeacon 
 of Huntingdon in the 12th century. He 
 wrote a History of England to the year 
 1 1 54, published in 1576, by Savile. He was 
 also author of a Latin piece on the Con- 
 tempt of the World, &c. — Nicholsons His- 
 torical Library. Pits. 
 
 Henry (Philip), a pious divine, was 
 born at London in 1631, and educated at 
 Westminster school, from whence he was 
 removed to Christ-church, Oxford, after 
 which he received presbyterian ordination, 
 and settled at Worthenbury in Flintshire, 
 but at the Restoration he was silenced for 
 nonconformity, He died in 1685. — Lfe by 
 bis Son. 
 
 Henry (Matthew), a nonconformist di- 
 vine, was the son of the above, and born 
 at Broad Oak, in Flintshire, in 1662. He re- 
 ceived his education under his father, and 
 having made a considerable progress in 
 learning, entered at Gray’s-inn ; but he 
 renounced the study of the law, and became 
 a dissenting minister at Chester, where he 
 resided many years, and then removed to 
 Hackney, l ie died at Nantwich, in 1714, 
 and his remains were interred at Chester. 
 His chief workis an Exposition of the Bible, 
 in 5 vols. folio ; besides which he wrote 
 a Method of Prayer : a Discourse on the 
 Ivord’s Supper ; and other esteemed books 
 of practical divinity — Life by Tong. 
 
 Henry (Robert), a Scotch divine, was 
 born at St. Ninian’s in 1718, and educated 
 at Edinburgh. In 1748 he was ordained as 
 a presbyterian minister at Carlisle- Fie af- 
 terwards removed to Berwick, and in 1768 
 to Edinburgh, where he became minister of 
 the New Gray-friars Church. In 1776 he 
 was chosen one of the ministers at the Old 
 church, and died in 1790. Dr. Henry is 
 known as the author of a valuable history 
 of Great Britain, to the reign of Henry VII. 
 which has gone through several editions, — 
 Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Henry (David), a printer who was a 
 manager of, and writer in, the Gentleman’s 
 Magazine above 50 years. I le married a 
 sister of its original proprietor, Mr. Cave, 
 
 and died in 1792, aged 82. He pub- 
 lished several compilations ; as a System 
 of Husbandry, a Collection of Voyages, &c. 
 —Ibid. 
 
 I Ieraclitus, a celebrated philosopher of 
 Ephesus, who florished about 500 B. C. 
 He was fond of solitude, and obtained the 
 appellation of “ the mourner,” from his 
 custom of weeping at the follies of men. 
 Fie supported the doctrine of fatalism, and 
 maintained, that the world was made of 
 fire, which element he deified. He died 
 in the 60th year of his age. — Stanley's Lives 
 of Philosophers. 
 
 Heraclius, emperor of Rome, was the 
 son of Heraelius governor of Africa. He 
 dethroned Phocas in 610. Chosroes, king 
 of Persia, having ravaged Palestine, and 
 committed dreadful cruelties on the Chris- 
 tians, Heraclius matched against him, 
 forced him to sue for peace, and to deliver 
 up the holy cross, which the emperor carri- 
 ed into Jerusalem on his shoulders- The 
 end of his reign was disturbed by ecclesiasti- 
 cal disputes, and the inroads of the Sara- 
 cens. lie died in 1641. — Undo. Hist. 
 
 I J eracliu s-Con stan tin e, son and suc- 
 cessor of the above, was associated in the 
 throne withhis.brother Heracleonas, agree- 
 able to the will of Heraclius. He reigneSd 
 only a few months, being poisoned, it is 
 said, by his mother-in-law tt Martina.. — Ibid. 
 
 Heraclius, patriarch of Jerusalem, in 
 the 12th century. H? was a debauched 
 3 
 
II E K 
 
 and ’Scandalous prelate, and shewed great 
 enmity to Henry II. king of England, for 
 pot going to Jerusalem in person, agreeable 
 to the terms of his penance, on account of 
 the murder of Becket. — Moreri. 
 
 Heraldus (Desiderius), or Herault, a 
 counsellor of Paris, who published some 
 learned books, the chief of which is, the 
 Adversaria, printed in 1599. He also wrote 
 notes on Tertullian’s Apology, Minutius 
 Felix, and Arnobius He died in 1649. His 
 son was minister of the Walloon church, 
 ip London, and canon of Canterbury. 
 Some of his sermons are in print. — Moreri. 
 
 IIerbelot (Bartholomew d’), a learned 
 orientalist, was born at Paris, in 1625. He 
 obtained a pension from the king, and the 
 place of regius professor of the Syriac lan- 
 guage. Ferdinand II. grand duke of Tus- 
 cany made him a present of a large library 
 of oriental manuscripts. He died at Paris 
 in 1695. His great work, entitled, Biblio- 
 theque Orientals, containing whatever re- 
 lates to the knowledge of the eastern world, 
 is universally known. The best edition is 
 that of Paris, in 6 vols. 8vo. 1782. He also 
 compiled a Turkish Dictionary. — Moreri. 
 
 Herbert (Mary), countess of Pembroke, 
 was the sister of sir Philip Sidney. She 
 translated from the French a tragedy call- 
 ed Ambus, 1595, 12rr.o. and rendered into 
 English some of David’s psalms. She died 
 in 1621. Ben Jonson wrote the following 
 elegant epitaph for her : 
 
 Underneath this sable hearse 
 Lies the subject of all verse : 
 
 Sidney’s sister, Pembrokels mother ; 
 Death ! ere thou hast kill’d another, 
 
 Fair and good and learn’d as she, 
 
 Time shall throw a dart at thee.' — B. B. 
 Herbert (Edward), lord Herbert of 
 Cherbury in Shropshire, was born in Aiont- 
 gomery castle, in 1581. He was educated at 
 Oxford, after which he went on his travels. 
 On his return he was made one of the 
 king’s counsellors for military affairs, and 
 soon after was sent ambassador to France 
 to intercede in behalf of the protestants. 
 In 1625 he was made a peer of Ireland, and 
 in 1 631 an English peer. At the breaking 
 out of the rebellion he sided with the par- 
 liament. He died in 1648. Lord Herbert 
 was the author of some singular hooks : 
 the most remarkable is entitled, Be Veri- 
 tate, in which he espouses deism. He also 
 wrote the History of Henry VIII. a treatise 
 in Latin on the Religion of the Gentiles, 
 and his own Memoirs — Bicg. Brit. 
 
 Herbert (George), an English poet and 
 .divine, was brother of the above, and born 
 in 1593. He received his education at 
 Westminster school, from whence he was 
 elected to Trinity college, Cambridge, 
 where he was chosen fellow. He was also 
 appointed oratbr to the university. On 
 taking orders, he obtained the rectory of 
 Beinerton, in Wills, and a prebend of Lin- 
 coln. He was an exemplary divine, and 
 
 II E R 
 
 died about 1635. His poems, entitled. The 
 Temple, were printed in 1685, 12mo and 
 his Priest to the Temple in 1652. — Lifi by 
 Walton. 
 
 Herbert (William), earl of Pembroke, 
 was born at Wilton in Wiltshire, in 1580, 
 and educated at New college, Oxford. In 
 1601 he succeeded to the family honours 
 and estate. In 1626 he was chosen chan- 
 cellor of Oxford, and about the same time 
 made steward of the king’s household. He 
 died suddenly in 1630. His poems were 
 printed in 1660, 3vo. — Walpole's Noble Au- 
 thors. 
 
 I Ierbert (Thomas), an ingenious writer 
 of the Pembroke family, was born at York. 
 He went from Jesus college, Oxford, to 
 Trinity college, Cambridge, after which he 
 travelled four years. In 1634 he published, 
 in folio, his Travels in Africa and Asia, 
 a work of considerable merit. On the 
 Breaking out of the rebellion he joined the 
 parliament party, but he afterwards served 
 the king when a prisoner, with great fide- 
 lity, and at the Restoration tvas created a 
 baronet. He died in 1682. Besides the 
 above, he wrote an Historical Account of 
 the two last Years of the Life of Charles I. 
 8 vo. — Blog. Brit. 
 
 Her2INius (John), a native of Bitschen 
 in Silesia, who wrote on Cataracts and Wa- 
 terfalls ; .also De Statu Ecclesiarum Augus- 
 tinte Confessionis in Polonia,4to. 1670. He 
 died in 1676, aged 44 . — Moreri. 
 
 Herissant (Louis- Antony Prosper), a 
 physician and poet, was tlie son of a printer, 
 and born in 1745, at Paris, where he died in 
 1769. lie wrote l.’Eloge de Gouthier d’An- 
 dernach, which was' crowned by the faculty 
 of medicine ; L’Eloge de Du Cange ; Poem 
 upon Printing; Catalogue raisonnee des 
 Plantes; Bibliotheque Physique de la France. 
 — Noitv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Heritier (Nicholas 1’), a French drama- 
 tic poet. He was treasurer to the French 
 guards, and historiographer of France, and 
 died in 1680. He wrote two tragedies, 
 called, Hercule Furieux, and Clavis, of in- 
 different merit. — Moreri. 
 
 Heritier (Marie Jeanne 1’) de Villan- 
 don, a French poetess, was daughter of the 
 above, born in 1664, and died in 1734. 
 Siie was a member of the academy of, the 
 Jeux Floraux, and of that of the Recovrati 
 at Padua. Pier works are : A Translation 
 of Ovid’s Epistles; La 'Four Tenebreuse, 
 am English tale ; Les Caprices du Destin, a 
 novel ; If Avare puni, a tale in verse. — Ibid. 
 
 Heritier de Brutelle (Charles Louis 
 l’),a French botanist, was born at Paris, in 
 1745. Though he enjoyed places under go- 
 vernment, he devoted himself wholly to 
 botanical researches, tn 1786, Doinbey 
 having brought from Peru and Chili an in- 
 estimable collection of plants, L’Heritier 
 undertook to publish a description of them, 
 which was executed at London, under the 
 title .of .the Flora of Peru. On lus retail 
 
HER 
 
 to Paris he published a work with the sin- 
 gular title of Flore de la Place J^endome. This 
 ingenious man was assa-sinated in 1801, 
 but his murderers were not discovered. — 
 Noun Diet. Hist. 
 
 Herlicius (David), a German astrolo- 
 ger, was born in 1557, and got a great deal 
 of money and reputation by an almanac, 
 and books of pretended prophecies. — laid. 
 
 Herman (Paul), a botanist of Halle in 
 Saxony, who was physician to the Dutch 
 settlements at Ceylon, and afterwards bota- 
 nical professor at Leyden. He died in 1095. 
 His \vorks are 4 Catalogue of the Plants in 
 the Public Garden at Levden Cynosura 
 Materia; Medics, 2 vols, 4to. ; Lugduno- 
 Bamva; Mores ; Paradisus Patavus ; Muse- 
 um Zeylanicum. — Ibid. 
 
 Hermann (James), a mathematician of 
 Basle, where he was professor of law. He 
 had been mathematical professor at Padua, 
 and was employed by the czar Peter I. in 
 forming an academy at Petersburg. He 
 died at Basle, in 1733,aged-55. He wrote 
 Responsio ad Considerationes circa Prinei- 
 pia Calculi differentialis ; De Phoronomia; 
 De nova Accelerationis Lege, &c ; Disqui- 
 sitio de Vibrationibus chordarum Censa- 
 rum, Solutio Problematis de Trajectoriis 
 Curvis in veniendis. — Noun. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Hermant (Godefroi) a doctor of the 
 Sorbonne, was born at Beauvais, in 1617. 
 lie became rector of the university of Paris, 
 and died in 1690. He wrote the Lives of 
 several of the Fathers, and some pieces 
 against the Jesuits and quietists. — Ibid. 
 
 Hermas (Pastor), or the Shepherd, a 
 father of the church, who is said to be the 
 same mentioned by St, Paul in his Epistle 
 to the Romans. He is supposed to have 
 died at Rome, about the year 81. A piece 
 of his entitled The Shepherd, is still extant, 
 and was translated into English by arch- 
 bishop, Wake . — Du pin. 
 
 Hermes (Trismegistus), an Egyptian 
 priest and philosopher, who instructed his 
 countrymen in the cultivation of the olive, 
 the measurement of lands, and the know- 
 ledge of hieroglyphics. He wrote several 
 books. There is a forgery which goes un- 
 der his name, entitled, Poemander. He is 
 supposed to have flourished A. M. 2076. — 
 Mon ri. 
 
 Hermias, a heretic of Galatia, in the 2d 
 century, who maintained theeternity of the 
 World and the materiality of God. He also 
 asserted that the soul is composed of fire 
 and spirit. — Ditpiti. Lard. -nr. 
 
 Hermilly (Vaquette d’), a French his- 
 torian, was born at Amiens, in 1707, and 
 died at Paris, in 1778. He wrote the his- 
 tory of Majorca and Minorca ; and trans- 
 lated Ferrera’s History of Spain, and the 
 Critical Theatre of Father Feijoo. — Nouv. 
 Diet. Hist. 
 
 Herj^ogen ■ s of Tarsus, a rhetorician of 
 the second century. His works were pub- 
 lished by Aldus in 1509, but the best editi- 
 
 II E R 
 
 on is that of Laurentius at Geneva in 1614, 
 8vo. — Morcri. 
 
 Hermogenes, a heretic of the second 
 century, was a native of Africa, and a phi- 
 losopher of the stoic sect. He held matter 
 to be the primary principle, and Idea the 
 mother of all the elements. — Lardner . Du- 
 pin. 
 
 Herod the Great, was born at Ascalon 
 in Judea, B. C. 70. He was the son of An- 
 tipater the Idumean, who appointed him 
 governor of Galilee. Antony made him te- 
 trarch, and Augustus confirmed to him the 
 kingdom of Judaea. He governed with sa- 
 vage cruelty, and sacrificed his wife, Ma- 
 riamne, her grandfather Hyrcanus, and bro- 
 ther Aristobulus. At the birth of our Savi- 
 our he caused all the infants of Bethlehem 
 to be massacred, in hopes that he would 
 fall in the number. He also put to death 
 his sons Alexander and Aristobulus, so that 
 Augustus said, “ It was better to be He- 
 rod’s hog than his son.” He rebuilt the 
 temple of Jerusalem, and in a time of fa- 
 mine sold his curiosities to relieve the suf- 
 ferers. He died miserably about two or 
 three years after the birth of Christ, aged 
 70 . — J osepbus . 
 
 PIerod Antipas, the son of the above, 
 succeeded his father as tetrarch of Galilee. 
 He divorced his wife, the daughter of Are- 
 tas king of Arabia, and espoused Herodias, 
 the wife of his brother Philip, on which 
 Arctas declared war against him, and He- 
 rod sacrificed John the Baptist to the cruel- 
 ty of Herodias ■ and his conduct occasion-) 
 ed the Jews to revolt. Eeing called to 
 Rome to justify his conduct, lie died on the 
 road. This is the Herod to whom our Sa- 
 viour was sent by Pilate. — Ibid. 
 
 H erodian, a Greek historian, who flou-! 
 rished A. D. 247. He was a native of Alex- 
 andria, but lived the greatest part of his 
 life at Rome. He wrote a Roman history 
 in Greek in eight books, the best editions 
 of which are that of Politian, who also 
 translated it into Latin, 4to. 1525; and that 
 of Oxford, 8vo. 1708 .— Hossius. Alcreri. 
 
 Herodotus, a Greek historian, was born 
 at Halicarnassus, 484 B. C. He went into 
 voluntary exile when his country was op- 
 pressed by Lygdamis, but afterwards re- 
 turned and expelled the tyrant. 'Phis, how- 
 ever, so far from pleasing his countrymen, 
 irritated them against him, and lie quitted 
 Greece again. He recited his history with 
 great applause at the Olympic games. His 
 work, which is elegantly written, is a his- 
 tory of the wars of the Persians against the 
 Greeks, from Cyrus to the reign of Xerxes. 
 The best editions are that of Wesseling, fol. 
 Amst. 1763 ; and that of Glasgow, 9 vols. 
 12mo. 1761. Mr. Beloe has given an ex- 
 cellent English translation of Herodotus. — 
 Vos s i us. Fabr icius. 
 
 Herophilus of Chaleedon, an ancient 
 physician, who flourished 570 B. C. He 
 was 2 n accurate anatomist, and is said to 
 
H E R 
 
 H E S 
 
 have discovered the lacteal vessels. He was 
 also a good botanist — Moreri. 
 
 Herrera Tordesji.las (Antonio de), 
 a Spanish historian, was historiographer of 
 India, and secretary of state. He wrote a 
 General History of India in 4 vols. folio, 
 which is a curious work. He also wrote a 
 General History of Spain, in 3 vols. folio, 
 and died in 1625, aged 60. — It id. 
 
 Herrera (Ferdinand de). a Spanish 
 poet, was born at Seville. He published 
 lyric and heroic poems in 1582, and some 
 prose works, as, the Life of Sir Thomas 
 More ; Relation of the War of Cyprus, 
 and the Battle of JLepanto &c. — Iuid. 
 
 Herring ( Thomas), archbishop of Can- 
 terbury, was the son of a clergyman in 
 Norfolk, and born in 1693. He received 
 his education at Wisbeach, from whence he 
 removed to Jesus college, Cambridge. Af- 
 terward he was elected fellow of Corpus 
 Christi college. On entering into orders he 
 became minister of Great Shelford. In 
 1722 he was appointed chaplain to Dr. 
 Fleetwood, bishop of Ely. In 1726 he was 
 chosen preacher to the society of Lincoln’s- 
 inn, and about the same time appointed 
 chaplain to the king. In 1731 he was made 
 dean of Rochester, and in 1737 raised to 
 the bishopric of Bangor, from whence in 
 1743 he was translated to York. In the re- 
 bellion of 1745 he exerted himself with great 
 zeal in defence of the government, for 
 which he was in 1747 advanced to the see 
 of Canterbury. He died in 1757, and was 
 buried at Croydon. A volume of his ser- 
 mons on public occasions has been printed, 
 and Mr. Duncombe published a volume of 
 his letters. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 He i ! sent or Hersan (Charles), a French 
 divine, who brought himself into trouble 
 by a book entitled, Opiatus Gallus de ca- 
 vendo Schismate, in which he charged car- 
 dinal Richelieu with views inimical to the 
 Gallican church. He quitted France and 
 retired to Rome, where he was excommuni- 
 cated for advancing some peculiar notions 
 on grace. He then returned to France and 
 died in 1660. He wrote a paraphrase of So- 
 lomon’s Song, and other works. — Moreri. 
 
 IIertsbbrg (Ewald Frederic von), an 
 eminent statesman, was born in Pomerania, 
 in 1725. His merit recommended him to a 
 situation in the department of foreign af- 
 fairs at Berlin, and lie afterwards became 
 secretary to the Prussian embassy at Vienna. 
 The king made him counsellor of legation, 
 in which capacity he distinguished himself 
 as a profound politician. In 1752 his Essay 
 on the Population of the Marche of Bran- 
 denburg obtained the prize from the aca- 
 demy of sciences at Berlin. He was em- 
 ployed to draw up every state paper and 
 memorial of consequence, and was gradu- 
 ally advanced to the first offices in the king- 
 dom, and the rank of nobility. He died in 
 1795. — Notiv. Did. Hist. 
 
 _ IIervicy (James), a pious divine, was 
 
 the son of a clergyman at Hardingstone in 
 Northamptonshire, where he was born in 
 1714. He received his education at the 
 grammar school of Northampton, and re- 
 moved from thence to Lincoln college, Ox- 
 ford. In 1736 he became curate to his fa- 
 ther. and soon afterwards went to Bideford 
 in Devonshire, where he was greatly be- 
 loved by the parishioners: but in 1743 he 
 was removed from that curacv, on which 
 he returned heme, and succeeded his father 
 in his livings of Weston Favel, and Colling- 
 tree. In 1746 he published his Meditations 
 among the Tombs, and Reflections in a 
 Flower Garden, which being well received, 
 he added another volume. In 1755 appear- 
 ed his Theron and Aspasio, or Dialogues 
 and Letters on important Subjects, in 3 vols. 
 8vo well written, but Cal vinistic. The pro- 
 fits of his works, which Were considerable, 
 he gave away in charitable purposes. This 
 eminently pious man died of a consumption 
 in 1758. His works were printed in 7 vols. 
 8vO. 1796. — Life prefixed tc bis Works . 
 
 IIervey (Augustus John), third earl of 
 Bristol, was born in 1724. He entered earlf 
 into the navy, and was a lieutenant in 1744. 
 That year he married miss Chudleigh, af- 
 terwards the celebrated duchess of Kings- 
 ton. In 1747 he was made post-captain, 
 and served with reputation in the Mediter- 
 ranean. In 1763 he was apooiuted groom 
 of the bed-chamber to the king. In 1771 
 he was made one of the lords of the admi- 
 ralty; and in 1774 he succeeded his brother 
 as earl of Bristol. He died in 1779, and his 
 titles descended to his brother the bishop 
 of Derry. His lady in 1768 obtained a de- 
 cision in the commons which annulled tlieir 
 marriage, but the sentence was set aside by 
 the house of lords in 1775, and she was 
 found guilty of bigamy. — Gen. Biog. Did. 
 
 He r wart , or Hervart (John George), 
 chancellor of Bavaria, who wrote some 
 singular works, entitled, 1. Chronologia 
 nova et vera, 1626 ; 2. Admiranda Ethic-as 
 Theological Mysteri propalata, de antiquis- 
 sima veterum Nationtim Superstitione, qua 
 Lapis Magnes pro Deo habitus colebatur, 
 4tO, 1624. — Bayle. 
 
 Hesausius (1 ilemannus), a German Lu- 
 theran divine, was born at Wesel in 1526'. 
 He was of a violent spirit, and died in 1588. 
 His works are: 1. Commentaries on the 
 Psalms; 2. On Isaiah; 3. On St. Paul’s 
 Epistles ; 4. On Justification and the Lord’s 
 Supper, &c. — Hid. 
 
 Hesiod, an ancient Greek poet, was 
 born at Aseera in Boeotia, but in what age 
 is not certain ; some placing him before 
 and others after Homer. lie was the first 
 who wrote on agriculture ; and his per- 
 formance is entitled, the Works and Days. 
 His Theogony is valuable, as affording the 
 best account of the ancient mythology. 
 His Shield of Hercules is onlv a fragment 
 of a larger work. The best edition of He- 
 siod is that of Le Clerc, Amsterdam, 1701 ; 
 
H E U 
 
 and his poems have been translated into 
 English by Thomas Cooke. — Morer't. Vcs- 
 
 jius. 
 
 Hesse (William, prince of), immortalized 
 his name as an encourager of learning, and 
 by his studies and observations for many 
 years of the heavenly bodies. For this 
 purpose he built an observatory at Cassel, 
 and called to his assistance two scientific 
 men, Rothman and Byrge. His Observa- 
 tions were printed at Leyden, in 1618. He 
 died in 1597. — Martin s Bing. Philos. 
 
 Hessei.s (John), professor of theology 
 at Louvain, was born in 1522. He distin- 
 guished himself in the council of Trent, 
 ■arid was profoundly read in the ancient 
 fathers, particularly Austin and Jerome. 
 He died in 1566. His works are chiefly 
 against the protestahts. — Moreri. 
 
 Hesychius, a grammarian of Alexandria, 
 who has left a valuable lexicon of Greek 
 words, first published by Aldus Manutius 
 in 1518. The best edition is that of Ruhn- 
 ken in 1766, 2 vols. folio. — Ibid. 
 
 Hetzer (Lewis), a German socinian, 
 who translated the Bible into his native 
 language; but the version being suppressed, 
 it is now become scarce. It was printed at 
 Worms, 1 529, folio. He died about 1540. — • 
 dVIekb . Adam. 
 
 Hevpljus (John), an astronomer, was 
 born at Dantzic in 1611, of a distinguished 
 family. He studied mathematics with great 
 ardour, but devoted himself chiefly to as- 
 tronomy, and built an observatory for the 
 purpose of making accurate observations ; 
 t?hc result of which he published in 1647, 
 under the title of Selenographia, or a De- 
 scription of the Moon, to which he added 
 the phases of the other planets as observed 
 by the telescope. This work was followed 
 by many others, the most distinguished of 
 which was his Cometographia, published in 
 16'6'S. Havingsent a copy of this book to 
 Dr. Hooke, it occasioned a controversy be- 
 tween them on this point : “ Whether dis- 
 tances and altitudes could be taken with 
 plain sights nearer than to a minute,” which 
 Hooke denied, and Ilevelius maintained. 
 Heveliits died at Dantzic, in 1688. Besides 
 the above works, he was the author of Ura- 
 irographia 16.90, fob; De Natura Saturni ; 
 Ikf. — Martin's Biog. Phil. Hittton. 
 
 Kevin (Prudent), an eminent surgeon, 
 was born at Paris in 1715, and died in 1789. 
 Me wrote Pathologic Chirurgica, 2 vols. 
 8vo.; Memoir on Strange Substances in the 
 (Esophagus, &c. — Nouv. Diet. Pint. 
 
 Heurnius (John), an eminent physician. 
 Was born at Utrecht, la 1543. lie became 
 professor of medicine at Leyden, of which 
 University he was also rector. He died in 
 1601. He wrote numerous commentaries 
 on the works of Hippocrates, and some 
 .learned pieces, particularly one on the co- 
 met of 157 7. His son, who succeeded him 
 in the professorship, was also a learned 
 writer. — Mereri. 
 
 HEY 
 
 IIeusch (William de), a landscape pain- 
 ter, was born, at Utrecht, in 1638. He, was 
 the disciple cf John Both, and adhered to 
 the mariner of his master. lie died at the 
 dose of the 17th century. His nephew Ja- 
 cob was also eminent in the same line, and 
 died in 1701, aged 44. There was likewise 
 one Abraham de Heusch, a painter of the 
 same, place, who acquired reputation as a 
 pain ter of plants and insects. — Pilkingtbn. 
 
 Heusingek (John Michael), a famous di- 
 vine, born at Sundcrhausen, in Thuringia, 
 in 1690. In 1730 he was made professor at 
 Gotha, but in 1758 he removed to Eisenach, 
 where he died in 1751. He published edi- 
 tions of several Greek and Latin classics, 
 and some learned treatises of his own. Elis 
 nephew James became master of the school 
 at Wol'fenbuttle, and died in 1778. He 
 published several learned pieces on ancient 
 authors. — Gen. B. D. 
 
 Hewson (William), an ingenious anato- 
 mist, assistant first to Dr. William Hunter, 
 and afterwards his partner ; but a differ- 
 ence arising between them, Mr. Hewson 
 read anatomical lectures in his own house. 
 He published Inquiries into the Properties 
 of the Blood, and the Ljmiphatic System, 
 2 vols. 8vo. He had also a dispute with Dr. 
 Monro, on the discovery of tire lymphatic 
 system of vessels in oviparous animals. He 
 died in 1774, aged 35. — Mortimer’s Student’s 
 Dictionary. 
 
 Hexham (John of), an English Benedic- 
 tine monk in the 12th century, who com- 
 posed some historical works of merit. — Pits. 
 
 Heyden (John van der), an eminent 
 landscape painter, was born at Gorcum, in 
 1637, and died in 1712. — Pilkington. 
 
 Heylyn (Peter), a learned divine, was 
 bom at Burford, in Oxfordshire, in 1600, and 
 educated at Hart-hall, Oxford, but after- 
 wards he obtained a fellowship of Magda- 
 len college, where he read cosmographical 
 lectures In 1621 he published his Descrip- 
 tion of the World, which he afterwards en- 
 larged under the title of Cosmography. In 
 1628 he was appointed chaplain in ordi- 
 nary to the king, and in 1631 obtained a 
 prebend of Westminster, which was follow- 
 ed by the living of Houghton in the diocese 
 of Durham. In 1633 he took his degree of 
 D. D. He obtained some other preferments, 
 of which he was deprived by the parlia- 
 ment, and voted a delinquent, his goods 
 were also confiscated, and his person en- 
 dangered. At the Restoration he was re- 
 stored to his prebend, and died in 1662. 
 He was a man of great abilities, and un- 
 common industry. His principal works be- 
 sides the above are, the J listory of the Re- 
 formation in England; History of the Pres- 
 byterians, fob; Life of Abp. Laud, folio. — 
 Life pr eji.\ed to his Miscellaneous Tracts. 
 
 Heywood (John), an English poet, was 
 born at London, and bred at Oxford. He 
 was one of the first who wrote plays in bur 
 language, and is said to have been weft 
 
II I c 
 
 II I F 
 
 skilled in music. He was a great favourite 
 with Henry VIII. and queen Mary, but on 
 the accession of Elizabeth he went to Mech- 
 lin, where he died in 1365. One of his 
 principal performances is entitled. The Spi- 
 der and Ely, a Parable, in 4to. 1596. His 
 son, Ellis Heywood, became a jesuit, and 
 died at Louvain in 1572. He wrote a book 
 in Italian, called, II Moro. — Word, A 0. 
 
 Heywood (Jasper), the brother of the 
 above John Heywood, was born in 1535, 
 and educated at Merton college, Oxford ; 
 after which he was chosen master of All 
 Souls ; but in 1561 he went to Rome, where 
 he entered among the jesuits. He died at 
 Naples in 1597. He wrote some pieces in 
 a book called, The Paradise of Dainty De- 
 vices, 1573, 4to. — Ibid. 
 
 Heywood (Thomas), an actor and dra- 
 matic writer, who died at the beginning 
 of the reign of Charles I. It is said that 
 he wrote 220 plays, of which only 24 are 
 now extant, and those of no merit. — Biog. 
 Dram. 
 
 Heywood (Oliver), a nonconformist di- 
 vine, was born at Bolton in Lancashire 
 in 1629, and educated at Trinity college, 
 Cambridge, after which he settled as mi- 
 nister at Coley, in Yorkshire, from whence 
 he was ejected in 1662. He suffered 
 much for preaching privately, and was 
 excommunicated. He died in 1702. His 
 works are : Heart’s Treasure, 12mo. ; Closet 
 Prayer, 12mo. : Life of Mr. Angier, Svo ; 
 Meetness for Heaven; and other pious 
 tracts. There was also a Mr. Nathanael 
 Heywood, who was deprived for noncon- 
 formity. He was likewise a native of Bol- 
 ton, and died in 1677. Some of his Ser- 
 mons are in print. — Calamy. Palmer. 
 
 Hicetas, an ancient philosopher of Sy- 
 racuse, who lived about 340 B. C. He 
 maintained that the sun and the stars were 
 fixed, and that the earth had a circular 
 motion. — Diog. Laett- 
 
 Hicke's (George), a learned divine, 
 was born in 1642 at Newsham, in York- 
 shire, and educated at North Allerton, 
 front whence he removed to St. John’s 
 college, Oxford ; but afterwards he became 
 fellow of Lincoln. In 1676 he was ap- 
 pointed chaplain to the duke of Lauder- 
 dale, whom he attended to Scotland, and 
 at St. Andrew’s received the degree of 
 D. D. which was confirmed by the uni- 
 versity of Oxford. In 1683 he waS made 
 dean of Worcester, of which he was de- 
 prived at the Revolution for refusing the 
 oaths. The deprived bishops having con- 
 sulted about preserving the episcopal suc- 
 cession among the non-jurors, recommend- 
 ed Dr. Hickes to king James, and he accor- 
 dingly went over to France to wait on the 
 exiled monarch, who confirmed their pro- 
 ceedings, and the doctor was consecrated 
 suffragan bishop of Thetford. He was a 
 man of strong mind, great resolution, and 
 vast abilities. He died in 1715. lie wrote 
 
 several theological treatises, mostly pole- 
 mical; but his chief works are, 'Linguarum 
 veterum Septentrionalium Thesaurus, fol.; 
 and Grammatica Anglo-Saxonica, 4to. His 
 sermons are close and argumentative, and 
 full of excellent learning well applied. — • 
 Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Hick.es (John), brother of the above, 
 but of different principles. He became a 
 presbyterian and was deprived of the 
 living of Stoke, in Devonshire, in 1662, for 
 nonconformity. In 168.3 he joined the 
 duke of Monmouth’s army, for which he 
 was executed — Calamy. Palmer. 
 
 Hickman (Henry), a learned divine, 
 was fellow of Magdalen college, Oxford, 
 and ejected in 1662 for nonconformity. 
 He afterwards became minister of the 
 English congregation at Leyden, where he 
 died about 1688. He wrote against lley- 
 lyn’s quinquarticular history, aud other 
 works. — Calamy. . 
 
 Hiep.o I. king of Syracuse, succeeded 
 his brother Gclon B. C. 478. He declared 
 war against Theron the tyrant of Agri- 
 gentum, and took Himera. He gained 
 three crowns at the Olympic games, for 
 which he is celebrated by Pindar. The con- 
 versation of that bard and other eminent 
 men softened his disposition, which was 
 naturally impetuous, and rendered him 
 humane and liberal. Ele died B. C. 467. — 
 Univ. Hist. 
 
 Hie<:o II. king of Syracuse, was a prince 
 of great virtues. I Ie was a descendant of 
 Gelon, and elected king B. C 268. He 
 carried on a war against the Romans for 
 some time, assisted by the Carthaginians, 
 but he was obliged to make peace. 
 was the relation and friend of Archimedes, 
 and greatly encouraged arts and commerce. 
 He died regretted by his subjects, B. C. 225. 
 He was succeeded by his grandson Hiero- 
 nymus, who reigned with such rigour that 
 the Syracusans assassinated him and expel- 
 led the family. — Ibid. 
 
 EIieroci.es, a persecutor of the Chris- 
 tians in the fourth century. He was pre- 
 sident of Bithynia, and afterwards governor 
 of Alexandria, where he committed shock- 
 ing oruelties. He wrote some books against 
 the Christians, mentioned by Lactantius and 
 Eusebius. The remains of his writings were 
 published by bishop Pearson in 1654, with 
 a curious discourse upon them. — Cave, Hist. 
 Lit. Buy la. 
 
 Hiehocles, a Platonic philosopher of 
 the fifth century, who flourished at Alex- 
 andria with reputation. He wrote seven 
 books on Providence and Destiny, and a 
 Commentary on the Golden Verses of Py- 
 thagoras ; the latter of which is extant, 
 also fragments of the former. — Bayle. 
 
 Hiffernan (Paul), a modern author of 
 great eccentricity, was born in Ireland in 
 1718. He took the gree of doctor of 
 physic, and practised some time in Dublin, 
 but meeting with no success, he went t« 
 
H I G 
 
 H I L 
 
 London and commenced author. Some of 
 the most eminent wits of the day were kind 
 to him, and he contrived to live tolerably. 
 He died in 1775. He wrote a periodical 
 work at Dublin, called The Tickler ; ano- 
 rher called The Tuner ; and two or three 
 dramatic trifles. — Biog. Drum. 
 
 JIigden (Ralph), an English historian, 
 who wrote a work entitled, Polycjironicon' 
 first printed by Caxton, and again in 
 Id-Id. Higden died in \S63.— Nicholson s 
 Hist. L b. 
 
 Higgins (John), an English divine and 
 schoolmaster, who lived at Winsham near 
 llniinster, in Somersetshire, and died about 
 1603. lie published some school-books, 
 a treatise on Christ’s Descent into Hell, 
 and part of the Mirrour for Magistrates. 
 — Gen. B. D. 
 
 Higgons (sir Thomas), an English writer 
 and statesman, was born in Shropshire, and 
 educated at Alban hall, Oxford. For his 
 great services to the crown, he obtained, 
 at the Restoration, a pension and knight- 
 hood. He was also sent envoy-extraor- 
 dinary to Vienna. He died in 1691. Mis 
 works are, A Panegyric to the King; A 
 JFunecal Oration for his first lady, The 
 History of Isuf Bassa. — Ibid. 
 
 Higgons (Beni), younger son of the 
 above, was educated at St. John's colleo-e, 
 Oxford, from whence he removed to die 
 Middle Temple. He wrote some poems ; 
 and a Tragedy called, The Generous Con- 
 queror, or the Timely Discovery. He was 
 also the author of remarks on bishop Bur- 
 net’s History of his own Times ; and a 
 short View of the English History. He ac- 
 companied James 11. to France, where 
 he died in 1735. — Ibid. 
 
 Highmore (Nathanael), an English ana- 
 tomist, was born at Fordingbridge, in 
 Hampshire. He wrote Corporis luimani 
 Disquisitio Anatomies, folio ; The History 
 of Generation ; De Passlone Hysterica. He 
 died in 1684, aged 71. — Ibid. 
 
 Highmore (Joseph), an English painter, 
 was born at London in 1692, and bred an 
 attorney, but he abandoned that profession, 
 for painting, and became an accomplished 
 artist. He painted the portraits of several 
 eminent persons, also a set of pictures, the 
 Subjects of which were taken from Richard- 
 son’s Pamela. At the institution of the 
 royal academy, he was chosen one of the 
 professors His greatest performances are, 
 Hagar and Ishmael, at the Foundling-hos- 
 pital ; the finding of Moses ; and the good 
 Samaritan. He was also eminent for his 
 literary abilities, and published A critical 
 Examination of the two paintings by Ru- 
 bens, on the Cieling of the Banqueting 
 House at Whitehall, &c. 4to.; The Practice 
 of Perspective on the Principles of Dr. 
 Brooke Taylor, 4to ; Observations on a 
 Pamphlet entitled Christianity not founded 
 Ofii Argument ; two volumes of Essays, 
 )2ma. died in 1780. — Gat. Biog. Diet, 
 
 Hilar ion, the founder of the monastic 
 life in Palestine, was born at Gaza in 291. 
 He visited St. Anthony the anchorite in 
 i-gypb and on his return to his own coun- 
 try, followed his example, and obtained a 
 number of followers. I le died in the island 
 of Cyprus in 371 .—Mrcri. Du fin. 
 
 Iln.AHicusF. (Joseph), an eminent anti- 
 quary and medallist, was born at Enzcs- 
 fitld in Austria in 1737. In 1751 he enter- 
 ed into the society of jesuits, and after- 
 wards became eminent as a teacher of 
 grammar and rhetoric at Vienna, where he 
 was ^appointed prcefectus rei nummari*. 
 In 1770 he renounced his order, and was 
 appointed director of the imperial cabinet 
 ol ancient coins. lie was likewise dean of 
 philosophy. He died in 1798.— Monthly 
 Mag. J 
 
 . Hilary (St.), a father of the church 
 in the fourth century, was born at Poic- 
 tiers in Prance, and did not embrace Chris- 
 tianity till lie was advanced in life. On be- 
 mg instructed in the principles of religion, 
 lie was baptized with his wife and daugh- 
 ter. In 355 he was made bishop of Poic- 
 tiers, and the year following sent by Con- 
 stantins^ to defend Athanasius at the synod 
 o- Beziers against Saturninus, which he 
 akl with such zeal that Saturninus pre- 
 vailed on the empefor to banish him to 
 Phrygia, where he Wrote Ills books on the 
 Trinity. He was also the author of a 
 treatise on Synods. He died in -367. The 
 best edition of his works is that of Paris in 
 1 6 93. — Moreri. Du pit:. 
 
 Hilary, a saint of the Roman calendar, 
 was born at Aries, in 401. He succeeded 
 Honoratus in the bishopric of Arles, and 
 presided in a council at Rome, in 441. He 
 died at the age of 48. His works are, 1. 
 Homilies, under the name of Eusebius of 
 Emesa; 2. The Life of St. Honoratus; 
 
 3. Opuscula. — Ibid. 
 
 Hildebert, archbishop of Tours, was 
 born in France in the Pith century. He 
 is said to have lived licentiously before he 
 entered the ecclesiastical state ; but he was 
 a man of learning, and became eminently 
 pious. He wrote a letter against the court 
 of Rome, in which he describes its vices in 
 lively terms. lie died in 1132. His works 
 were printed at Paris in P708, 1 vol. folio. 
 
 — Ibid. 
 
 I li lues lev (Mark), an English bishop, 
 was born at Marston, in Kent, in 1698, and 
 educated at the Charter-house, from whence 
 be was sent to Trinity college, Cambridge, 
 where he was chosen fellow. In 1731 he 
 obtained the living of Hitchin in Hertford- 
 shire, and four years after that of Holwell 
 in Bedfordshire, where he distinguished 
 himself as a diligent parish priest. °On the 
 death of Dr. Wilson, bishop of Sodor and 
 Man,theduke of Athol appointed Dr. Hild- 
 desley to succeed him, in which office he 
 closely trod in the steps of his excellent 
 predecessor, whose design of printing % 
 
H I t 
 
 II I P 
 
 translation of the Bible in the Manks lan- 
 guage he brought to a conclusion. He died 
 in 1772 . — Life i<y Butler, 8m 
 
 Hilt. (Joseph), an English divine, who 
 published an enlarged edition of Schre- 
 velius’s Greek Lexicon. He was born at 
 Bromley, in Yorkshire, in 1625, and re- 
 ceived his education at St. John’s college, 
 Cambridge, after which he became fellow 
 of Magdalen college, from whence he was 
 ejected in 1662 for nonconformity. He 
 died pastor of a congregation at Rotterdam, 
 in 1707. Besides lus Lexicon he wrote Dis- 
 sertations on the Antiquity of Temples and 
 Chu rches . — Calcrm y . 
 
 Hill (William), an English critic, was 
 fellow of Merton college, Oxford, and 
 afterwards master of a school in Dublin, 
 where he died in 1667. He prepared an 
 edition of Dionysius Periegetes, with notes, 
 published in 1658 — Wood. 
 
 Hilj. (Aaron), an English poet, was 
 born at London in 1685. At the age of 
 (fifteen he went to Constantinople to visit 
 his relation lord Paget, ambassador there, 
 whom he accompanied to England, in 1703. 
 He next went with sir William Wentworth 
 on the tour of Europe. In 1709 he became 
 manager of Drury-lane theatre, for which 
 he wrote his Elfrid, or the Fair Inconstant. 
 The following year he became master of 
 the Opera-house, and wrote the opera of 
 Rinaldo, the first which Handel composed 
 in England. About 1718 lie published a 
 poem called the Northern Star, or a Pane- 
 gyric on Peter the Great, for which the 
 empress Catherine sent him a gold medal. 
 He was a great schemer as well as a poet •, 
 but as in the former character he never ac- 
 quired riches, so in the latter he never rose 
 above mediocrity. His works were pub- 
 lished in four volumes, 8vo. after his death, 
 in 1750. — Gcn.Biog. Diet. 
 
 Hill (sir John), a voluminous English 
 writer, was born in 1716, and bred to the 
 business of an apothecary, which he carried 
 on some years in St. Martin’s-lane. His 
 first publication was a translation of Theo- 
 phrastus’s Tract on Gems, which procured 
 him reputation, and induced him to under- 
 take a Natural History, in 3 vols. folio. He 
 became now a general writer on almost all 
 subjects. He published a Supplement to 
 Chambers’s Cyclopaedia, and conducted a 
 Magazine, and a daily paper under the 
 title of the Inspector. At this time he ob- 
 tained his degree of M. D. from Scotland, 
 and set up as an empyric, by inventing 
 some popular remedies. Under the patro- 
 nage of the earl of Bute he commenced a 
 voluminous work, called, the System of 
 Botany; which he sent to the king of Swe- 
 den, who invested him with one of his or- 
 ders of knighthood. He died in 1775. Be- 
 sides the aboveworks he wrote many others; 
 as, Mrs. Clause's Cookery; a Review, of the 
 Works of the Royal Society ; some novels, 
 and. a few farces. These last brought him, 
 
 into a controversy with Garrick, who wrote 
 the following epigram on him ; 
 
 For physic and farces, his equal there 
 scarce is, 
 
 His farces are physic, his physic a farce 
 is. — Biog. Dram. Gen. B. D. 
 
 Hill (Robert), a self-taught genius of ex- 
 traordinary merit was born in Hertfordshire 
 in 1699, and bred a taylor and staymaker. 
 By indefatigable application he acquired 
 a sufficient knowledge of the Latin, Greek, 
 and Hebrew languages, to be able to 
 teach them. He died at Buckingham, in 
 1777 He wrote. Remarks on the Essay- 
 on Spirit; The Character of a Jew; Criti- 
 cisms cm Job. — Life by Spence. 
 
 Hili. (Thomas Ford), a learned English 
 antiquary and philologist, who died in 
 179 5.— Gent. Mag. 
 
 Hillel, the elder, a Jewish doctor, who 
 lived about 40 years B. C. He was presi- 
 dent of the Sanhedrim, which office conti- 
 nued in his family six generations. He 
 was one of the compilers of the Talmud. — 
 Prideaux's Connection . 
 
 Hillel, the prince, grandson of Judas 
 Hakkadosh, and a principal writer of the 
 Gemara, or Commentary on the Mishna. 
 He lived in the fourth century. — Moral. 
 
 Hilliard (Nicholas), goldsmith and 
 portrait-painter to queen Elizabeth, was 
 born at Exeter in 15-1J. He painted por- 
 traits in miniature, and his works were 
 highly prized. He painted the portrait of 
 Mary queen of Scots, and that of queen 
 Elizabeth, several times. He died in 1619. 
 — Walpole s Anecd. of Painting. 
 
 Himerius, a Greek sophist and gram- 
 marian in the reigns of Constantins and 
 Julian. He was born at Prusias in Bithy- 
 nia, and kept a rhetoric school at Athens. 
 He made several insidious attacks upon the 
 Christian faith. — Moreri. 
 
 Hinckley (John), an English divine 
 and D. D. was born in Warwickshire, in 
 1617, and educated at Oxford He became 
 rector of Northfield, in Worcestershire, 
 and died there in 1691. He published sc- 
 \ 7 cral sermons and other pieces, the chief 
 of which is entitled, Fasciculus Literarum, 
 or Letters on several Occasions, Svo. 
 1 680. — Wood. 
 
 Hincmar or Hincmarus, archbishop of 
 Rheims in 845. Fie was- a warm defender 
 of the liberties of the Gallican church, but 
 his conduct to the monk Godeschaic was 
 very unjust. He was obliged to fly from 
 Rheims when the Normans invaded that 
 province. He died at Eperny in 882. Elis 
 works were printed in 2 vols. folio, 1645. 
 — Moreri . Bayle. 
 
 Hii’Parchia, a lady of Maronea, in 
 Thrace, who lived in the time of Alex- 
 ander the Great. From a love of philo- 
 sophy she married Crates the stoic, who 
 was both poor and ugly. She wrote some 
 pieces which are lost — Diog. Laert. 
 
 JilFEARCUus, soa o f Pisi.stratus, king 
 
H I R 
 
 II O A 
 
 of Athens, after whose death, B. C. 528, 
 he reigned wish his brother Hippias. They 
 both had a great love of le tors, and pro- 
 tected learned men ; bat Hipparchus dis- 
 graced these qualities by an unnatural 
 passion which he conceited for a youth 
 named Harmodius, who with his friend 
 Aristogiton, slew him, B. C. 513. Hippias 
 reigned tyrannically about three years after 
 his brother’s death, and was then expelled. 
 —Thucydides. 
 
 Hipparchus, an antient astronomer, was 
 born at Nice, in Bithynia. He is supposed 
 to have been the first who reduced astro- 
 nomy into a regular science, ami his Cata- 
 logue of Stars is still preserved in Ptolemy’s 
 Almagest. Pliny says he foretold the course 
 of the sun and moon for (509 years, calcu- 
 lated according to the different manners of 
 reckoning the months, days, and hours, in 
 use among several nations, and for the dif- 
 ferent situations of places. He also fomted 
 the lunar period which bore bis name. 
 His Commentary on Aratus’s Phenomena 
 is extant; a correct edition of which was 
 published by Petavius. He died 125 B. C. 
 - — Pliny. Vos si it \ dc Math. 
 
 Hippocrates, the father of medical 
 science, was born in the isle of Cos, B. C. 
 <60. Much fabde seems to he blended with 
 the narrative given of his life by different 
 authors; but it is certain that he practised 
 ■physic in Greece, and became so eminent 
 as to be sent for by Perdiecas, king of Ma- 
 cedon, whom he pronounced incurable. 
 He was also applied to by the Abderitcs to 
 cure their countryman Democritus, whom 
 they considered as mad, but Hippocrates 
 declared that the philosopher was the only 
 man in the city who was perfectly in his 
 senses. On being requested by the kings 
 of Illyria and paeonia to visit their coun- 
 tries, then ravaged by the plague, he refus- 
 ed, but predicted that the disease would 
 come to Athens. 1 he people of that city 
 conferred on him great honours, and voted 
 a public maintenance for him and bis fami- 
 ly. He died B. C. 361. His memory is 
 still venerated in his native island, and the 
 inhabitants shew with pride a house in 
 which they say he resided. The best edi- 
 tions of his works are those of Geneva, fob 
 1657; Amsterdam, 2 vols 8vo. 1665; and 
 Vienna, 2 vols folio, 1740. — Merer:. Baylc. 
 
 Hipponax a Greek satiric poet, was born 
 at Ephesus 540 B. C. He was so deformed 
 that two sculptors made ridiculous repre- 
 sentations of him, for which he retaliated 
 upon them with such severity in his satires 
 that they hanged themselves. — Moreri. 
 
 Hiram, king of Tyre, the friend of David 
 and Solomon, the latter of whom he greatly 
 assisted in the building of the temple, by 
 fiijn'shing him with timber, gold, ar.d silver, 
 also with able workmen. The letters that 
 pas c l between these two monapehs on this 
 occ: sion are extant. He died B. C. 1000, 
 after reigning 60 } ears. — Josef-hus^ 
 
 HIram, art excellent architect, who was 
 sent by the Tyrian king of the same name 
 to Jerusalem to superintend the building of 
 Solomon’s temple, which he performed in 
 an admirable manner. — Ibid. Bayle. 
 
 Hire (Laurence de la), an eminent 
 French painter, was born at Paris in 1606, 
 and died in 1(55(5. His landscapes were 
 the most pleasing of his works, and were 
 finished with great care : but he was defi- 
 cient in perspective. — D’ Argenville Vies des 
 Print res. 
 
 PIirf. (Philip de la), a celebrated mathe- 
 matician, was son of the above, and born 
 at Paris, in 1640. He studied painting un- 
 der his father, but having a turn for ma- 
 thematics, he quitted that profession and 
 went to Italy, where he applied with dili- 
 gence to lus favourite art. On his re- 
 turn to France he was made a member of 
 the academy of sciences, and employed by 
 Colbert in constructing the great map of 
 the kingdom, with Picard and Cassini. He 
 died in 1711. Mis piincipal works are; 
 
 I. Traite de Mechanique ; 2. Nouvelle Me- 
 thode en Geometrie pour les Sections des 
 Superficies Coniques Sc Cylindriques ; 
 
 De la C’ycloide; 4. Sectiones Conicie in 
 novem Libros distribute ; 5. Veterum M ;- 
 thematicorum Opera Grece £e Latine ple- 
 raque nunc primum edita, folio, &c. — ■ 
 Moreri. 
 
 Hire (Philip de la), son of the preceding, 
 was bred a physician, and became a member 
 of the academy of sciences, but he is princi- 
 pally distinguished by his excellence in 
 paintijijf landscapes. He died in 1719, aged 
 42. — PilVmcrtch. 
 
 FLscam or Hisjam, the 15th caliph of 
 the Ommiadian race, and the fourth son of 
 Abdnlmalech, succeeded his brother Jezid 
 
 II. in 723. Fie conquered Khacam king of 
 Turqnestan, and made war against Leo 
 the Isaurian. He died in 743. — D'Herbelot. 
 
 Hoadi.f.y (Benjamin), a celebrated pre- 
 late, was born at Westerham, in Kent, in 
 1676, and educated at Catherine hall, Cam- 
 bridge, of which he became fellow. In 
 1706 he commenced his polemical career by 
 remarks on Dr. Atterbury’s funeral sermon 
 for Mr, Bennet , and in 1708 he answered 
 another sermon of the same author on the 
 Power of Charity to cover Sin. The year 
 following he had a farther controversy 
 with Atterbury on the doctrine of non-re- 
 sistance, which recommended Hoadley to 
 the notice of -the house of commons, who 
 addressed the queen to bestow preferment 
 on him. On the accession of George I. he 
 was mad^ bishop of Bangor, which see he 
 never visited, but continued in London, 
 preaching and publishing party sermons. 
 One of these on the spiritual kingdom of 
 Christ, produced a violent dispute called 
 the Bangorian controversy. Fie was after- 
 wards engaged in a contest with Dr Hare 
 on the nature of prayer. From Bangor he 
 was removed to Hereford-, thence to Salis- 
 
II O B 
 
 HOD 
 
 bury, and lastly to Winchester. In 1735 
 he made an attack on the orthodox faith in 
 his Plain Account of the Lord’s Supper, 
 which he treated as a matter of mere indif- 
 ference. This excited another considera- 
 ble controversy . The bishop died in 17G1. 
 All his works have been published in 4 
 vols. folio. His lordship’s brother, Dr. 
 John Ploadley, died archbishop of Ar- 
 magh, in 1746. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Hoadley (Benjamin), an ingenious phy- 
 sician, was the eldest son of the bishop, 
 and born at London in 1705. He received 
 his education at Cambridge, under Mr. 
 afterwards archbishop Herring. Here he 
 took his first degree in physic, and in 1728 
 was created doctor in that faculty by man- 
 damus. In 1742 he was appointed physician 
 to the king’s household, and to that of the 
 prince of Wales in 1745. He died in 1757. 
 Plis works are : Lectures on the Organ of 
 Respiration, before the College of physi- 
 cians;. The Suspicious Husband, a comedy; 
 Observations on a Series of Electrical Ex- 
 periments, &c. — Biog. Dram. , 
 
 Hoadley (John), the younger son of the 
 bishop, was born in 1711, and educated at 
 Corpus Christi college, Cambridge, from 
 whence he removed to the Temple, but af- 
 terwards entered into orders, and became 
 chaplain to the prince of Wales. He died 
 in 1776. He wrote some plays and poems, 
 and a drama of his has been performed 
 since his death. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Hoard (Samuel), an English divine, 
 was born in London, and educated at All 
 Souls college, Oxford, where he proceeded 
 bachelor in divinity. Robert earl of 
 Warwick to whom he was chaplain, gave 
 him the rectosy of Moretoa in Essex, 
 where he died in 1657. He was at first a 
 Calvinist, but diligent study made him see 
 his errors, and he published an able confu- 
 tation of the doctrine of absolute election, 
 entitled, God’s Love to Mankind manifested 
 l$y disproving his absolute Decree for their 
 Damnation, 4to. This was replied to by 
 Dr. Twisse and bishop Davenant. Hoard 
 also published some sermons. — Wood. 
 
 Hobbes (Thomas), an English philoso- 
 pher, was born at Malmesbury, in 1588, 
 and educated at Magdalen hall, Oxford. 
 In 1608 he became tutor to a son of the 
 carl of Devonshire, with whom, he mads 
 the tour of Europe. On the death of his 
 patronand pupil he became travelling tutor 
 to a young gentlemau, but the countess 
 dowager of Devonshire recalled him into 
 her . family to take upon him the education 
 qf the young earl. In 1684 he reprinted 
 his translation of Thucydides, the -first edi- 
 tion of which appeared in 1628. The same 
 year he attended the earl on his travels, and 
 at Pisa contracted an intimacy with Galileo. 
 In 1642 he printed his book, De Give, 
 which procured many enemies, by its dan- 
 gerous principles. Soon after this he was 
 .appointed mathematical tutor to the prince 
 
 of Wales. In 1650 appeared in English,- his 
 book oi#« Human Nature; and one, De Cor- 
 pore Politico, or the Elements of Law. The 
 next year he published his famous book, 
 entitled, Leviathan, which is full of sophis- 
 try and bad maxims in philosophy and mo- 
 rals. At the Restoration he received a 
 pension; but in 1665 the parliament passed 
 a censure on his writings, which greatly 
 alarmed him. He died at Chatsworth, the 
 seat of the earl of Devonshire, in 1679. 
 Hobbes maintained the propriety of making- 
 use of bad means to procure a good end, 
 which he thus illustrated ; “ If I were cast 
 into a deep pit, and the devil should put 
 down his cloven foot, I would readily lay 
 hold of it to get out.” Besides the above 
 works he published, De Mirabilibus Pecci, 
 or the Wonders of the Peak, a poem ; a 
 translation of Homer ; Elements of Philo- 
 sophy; Letter on Liberty and Necessity;. 
 Six Lessons to the Professors of the Ma- 
 thematics • Marks of absurd Geometry, &c, 
 — Wood , A. 0. Biog. Brit. 
 
 Hobbima (Minderhout), an eminent 
 landscape painter, was born at Antwerp 
 about 1611. He studied after nature, but 
 his works are very scarce — Pilkingtcr., 
 
 Hociie (Lazarus), a general of the 
 French republic, was the son of a hostler, 
 and born at Versailles in 1768. Being de- 
 prived of his father while a child, the 
 rector of St. Germarn-en-Laye took a 
 fancy to him and made him a chorister, 
 after which he became a helper in the royal 
 stables. At the age of 16 he entered into 
 the- arrav, and became a corporal in the 
 grenadiers. Soon after the breaking out cf 
 the revolution he obtained a commission, 
 and distinguished himself in several engage- 
 ments. During the tyranny of Robespierre 
 he was confined in the Conciergerie several 
 mouths, but the Thermidorean Revolution 
 set him at liberty. He drove the Austrians 
 out of Alsace, and being sent against the 
 rovalists at Ouiberon he acted with great 
 cruelty, and put to death, the brave Cha- 
 rette. Soon afterwards he commanded the 
 forces sent to. Ireland, but returned in dis- 
 grace. He next had the command of the 
 armv of the Sambre and Meuse, with which 
 he acted successfully against the Austrians, 
 on the Rhine. He died at Wetzlar,in 1797. 
 — Noirv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Hoch'stetter (Andrew Adam), a pro- 
 testant divine, was born at Tubingen, in 
 166'8. He became professor of divinity and 
 rector of that university. He died in, 1717. 
 Plis principal works are:. 1. Collegium 
 Puffendorfianum; 2. De Eesto Expiationis, 
 et Hirto Azazel; 3. Conradino, ultimo ex 
 Suevis Duce; 4. De Rebus Elbigensibus. — 
 Ibid. _ . 
 
 Hodges (Nathaniel), an English physi- 
 cian, was first educated atWestminster school 
 and next at Christ church, Oxford, on leav- 
 ing which, lie-settled in London,, and con- 
 tinued there during the plague. He died 
 
HOF 
 
 HOG 
 
 Iti 1684. He wrote An Apology for the 
 Profession and Professors of Physic, 8vo. ; 
 and an historical Account of the Plague of 
 London in 1665. — Wood's Atb. Oxon. 
 
 Hod v (Humphrey), a learned divine, was 
 born at Odcombe ia Somersetshire, in 1659, 
 and educated at Wadham college, Oxford, 
 of which he became fellow. When young 
 he published his Dissertation against 
 Aristeas’s History of the 72 Interpreters, 
 which was received by the learned with 
 great applause. It was, however, attacked 
 by Isaac Vossius, and defended by the 
 author in an unanswerable manner. In 
 1690 he was appointed chaplain to bishop 
 Stilling-fleet, and about the same time en- 
 gaged in a controversy with Mr. Dodwell 
 respecting the deprived bishops, for which 
 archbishop Tiilotson made him his domestic 
 chaplain. In 1693 he was appointed Greek 
 professor at Oxford, and in 1701 he pub- 
 lished his History of English Councils and 
 Convocations. He died in 1703. — Biog. Br. 
 
 Hoe (Matthias), a German Lutheran di- 
 vine, was born at Vienna in 1-580. I le was 
 ecclesiastical counsellor and first preacher 
 at the court of Saxony. He wrote some 
 sharp pieces against the Calvinists and 
 papists, and died in 1645. — Adorer;. 
 
 Hoecii (John van), an historical and 
 portrait painter, was born at Antwerp in 
 1600. He studied under Rubens, and af- 
 terwards at Rome. At the solicitation of 
 Ferdinand II. he went to Vienna, where he 
 died in 1650. He is not to be confounded 
 with Ribcrt r vjn Hoed, a painter of Antwerp, 
 who excelled in battle pieces. — Piliington. 
 
 Hoeltzlinus (Jeremiah), an eminent 
 philologist, whs b;>rn at Nuremberg, and 
 settled at Leyden, where he died in 1641, 
 in which year appeared his edition of Apol- 
 lonius Rhodius. — Merer;. 
 
 Hoeschklkts (David), a learned Ger- 
 man, was horn at Augsburg, in 1556. He 
 became principal of St. Anne’s college in 
 that city, and librarian. He published edi- 
 tions of some of the Greek fathers, and 
 composed a catalogue of Greek MSS. in 
 the Augsburg library. He died in 1617. — ■ 
 Mich. Adam. 
 
 Hoi.l (Gerard), an historical and land- 
 scape painter, was born at Bommei ini 648. 
 He settled at Utrecht, and became director 
 of an academy of drawing and painting. 
 He died in 1733. — Piliington. 
 
 Hoffman (Maurice), an eminent phy- 
 sician, was born at Furstemberg, in 1621. 
 He took his doctor’s degree at Padua, and 
 in 1643 was made professor of anatomy 
 and surgery at Altdorf, and the year fol- 
 lowing professor of physic . Ini 653 he ob- 
 tained the professorship of botany, to which 
 was added the direction of the physic-gar- 
 den. He died in 169S, His works are: 
 
 1. Altdorfi Delicite Hortenses; 2. Appendix 
 ad Catalogum Plantarum hortensium; 3. 
 Delicias silvestres ; 4. Florilegiuru Altdorfi- 
 num . — Halim Bibl, Anal, 
 
 Hoffman (John Maurice), son of the 
 above, was born at Altdorf, in 1653. He 
 studied under his father, and in 167-. took 
 his doctor’s degree. In 1681 he was chosen 
 professor of physic. He was also ap- 
 pointed physician to the margrave of Ans- 
 pach, and on the death of his father he suc- 
 ceeded him. He died in 1727. He conti- 
 nued h:s father’s work, entitled, Deficits 
 Hortenses Altdorfinte, and wrote Acta La- 
 boratorii Chemici Altdorfini; and De Dif- 
 ferentiis Alimcntorum, 4to. — Ibid. 
 
 Hoffman (Frederic), a celebrated phy- 
 sician, was born at Haile, near Magdeburg, 
 in 1660. He was chosen professor of phy- 
 sic at Halle in 1693, which situation he re- 
 tained to his death in 1743. I lis works have 
 been published at Geneva in 6vols.folio. — • 
 Ibid. 
 
 Hoffman (Daniel), a Lutheran divine 
 and professor at Heimstadt in the 1 6th cen- 
 tury, who wrote against Bcza on the sub- 
 ject of the Eucharist. He died in 1611, 
 aged 72. — Aloreri. 
 
 Hoffman (John James), professor of 
 Grefek at Basle, where he was bornin 1635, 
 and died in 1706. lie is known by a work 
 of great labour and value, a Universal His- 
 torical Dictionary in Latin, published first 
 in 2 vols. folio, and afterwards enlarged to 
 4 vols. He also wrote a History of the 
 Popes, in Latin. — Ibid. 
 
 Hogapth (William), a celebrated painter, 
 was born at London, in 1698, and bound 
 apprentice to an engraver of arms on silver 
 plate. About 1720 he setup for himself, 
 and his first employment was to engrave 
 coats of arms and shop bills. He next un- 
 dertook to execute plates for booksellers, 
 the chief of which are the prints to Hu- 
 dibras. His first performance as a painter 
 was a representation of Wanstead assembly, 
 the portraits being taken from life. In 1730 
 he married a daughter of sir James Thorn- 
 hill, and shortly after embellished the gar- 
 dens of Vauxhall with some excellent paint- 
 ings, for which the proprietor complimented 
 him with a perpetual ticket of admission. In 
 1733 appeared his Harlot’s Progress, prints 
 which stamped his reputation, and were 
 followed by other moral histories, admira- 
 bly executed. Soon after the treaty of Aix- 
 Ia-Chapclle he went to France, and while 
 at Calais began to sketch a drawing of the 
 gate of the town, for which he was taken 
 up, but was soon released. This circum- 
 stance he ridiculed in an excellent carica- 
 ture. In 1753 he published his Analysis of 
 Beauty, in 4to. Hogarth was very vain, 
 and thought himself the first painter of the 
 age. He was also remarkably absent, of 
 whjch the following is an instance: Onset- 
 ting up his carriage he paid a visit to the 
 lord mayor, and having protracted his stay 
 till a heavy shower came on, he was let cut 
 by a different door from that by which he 
 entered, and unmindful of his carriage, he 
 set off' on foot r and got home dripping wet. 
 
HOL 
 
 H O L 
 
 When Mrs. Hogarth asked him where he 
 had left the carriage, he said that he had 
 forgot it. He died in 1762, and was inter- 
 red in the church-yard of Chiswick. — Life 
 ly Ireland. 
 
 Hohenlohe (prince de), general of ar 
 tillery in the service of the emperor. He 
 distinguished himself in Transylvania against 
 the Turks in 1789; and in the campaign 
 against France in 1792 he gained great re- 
 putation, particularly in the battles of Fa- 
 mars and Mermal. He died in 1796 while 
 commanding the army on the Rhine. — 
 JSbouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Holbach (Paul Thierri, baron de),born 
 in the Palatinate, and died at Paris, in !7'89, 
 aged 66 years. He was a member of the 
 academies of Petersburg, Berlin, and Man- 
 heim, and was distinguished as an able mi- 
 neralogist. lie published L’Art de la Ver- 
 rerie de Neri ; Mineralogie de Wallerius, 2 
 vols. ; Introduction a la Mineralogie; Ele- 
 mens de la Morale Universe) le, ou Cale- 
 chisme de la Nature, Sec. — Ibid. 
 
 Holbein (John or Hans), a famous paint- 
 er, was horn at Basil in Switzerland, in 
 1498, and was instructed in his art bv his 
 father. In the town-house of Basil he painted 
 a fine picture of our Saviour’s passion: and 
 in the fish-market there a dance of peasants, 
 and Death’s Dance, the last of which has 
 been engraved in a series of plates. Fie 
 visited England in the reign of Henry VIII. 
 who liberally patronized him on the recom- 
 mendation of .sir Thomas More. He painted 
 a number of portraits and historical pieces. 
 Holbein died of the plague at London, in 
 1 554. — Vertue. Pilkingtan. 
 
 Hor.BF.RG (Louis de), a Danish writer, 
 was born at Bergen in Norway, in 1685. 
 lie was assessor of the consistory court at 
 Copenhagen, and distinguished himself by 
 several ingenious works, as a History of 
 Denmark, some comedies and miscellaneous 
 pieces, for which he was created. a baron. 
 He died in 1754.' — Nouv.Dict. Hist. 
 
 Holden (Flenry), an English divine of 
 the Roman church, who died at Paris in 
 1662. His works are: 1. Analysis Fidei, re- 
 printed by Borbou in 1766 ; 2. Notes on the 
 New Testament, 2 vols. 12mo.; 3. A Letter 
 to White on his Treatise De Medio Ani- 
 marum statu, 4ro. — Moreri. 
 
 Holder (William), a learned divine, was 
 born in Nottinghamshire, and educated at 
 Pembroke hall, Cambridge, 'in 1642 he be- 
 came rector of Eletchingdon, Oxfordshire. 
 At the Restoration he took his doctor’s de- 
 gree, became fellow of the royal society, 
 and sub-almoner to the king. He had great 
 skill in teaching the deaf and dumb to speak, 
 on which art be wrote a treatise. He also 
 published a Treatise on Harmony, 1694, 
 8vo. His other works are : a Discourse con- 
 eerningTime, 8vo. ; and some papers against 
 Dr. Wallis. He died in 1697. — Gen. Biog. 
 D ict . 
 
 Ho ids won ru (Edward), a learned writer, 
 
 was born about 1688, and educated at Win- 
 chester school, from whence he was elected 
 demy of Magdalen college, Oxford, where 
 he took his degrees in arts. He afterwards 
 became travelling tutor to young noblemen 
 and gentlemen, and died at Colchill in 
 Warwickshire, in 1747. He wrote, 1. 
 Muscipula, or the Mouse-trap, a Latin 
 poem ; 2. Pharsalia & Philippi, or the two 
 Philippi in Virgil’s Georgies attempted to 
 be explained and reconciled to History, 4to.; 
 3. Remarks and Dissertations on Virgil, pub- 
 lished by Mr. Spence, 1768, 4to. — Gen. Biog 
 Diet. 
 
 FIole (Richard), an English divine, wa*. 
 born and educated at Exeter, from whence 
 he removed to the college of that name at 
 Oxford, where he took his degree of bache- 
 lor of laws in 1771. In 1792 he was pre 
 sented by the bishop of Exeter to the rectory 
 of Farringdon in Devonshire, to which was 
 afterwards added the vicarage of Jnward- 
 leigh. He died at Exmouth, in 1803. Mr. 
 FIole published a poetical translation of 
 Fingal, by Ossian, to which he subjoihed an 
 Ode to Imagination. In 1781 lie produced 
 a translation of the supposed Hymn of Ho- 
 mer to Ceres. Not long after appeared the 
 epic romance of Arthur, with curious 
 notes. • He also published Remarks on the 
 Arabian Nights’ Entertainments, in which 
 the origin of Sinbad’s Voyages, and other 
 oriental fictions, is considered, 1 :'mo. 1797. 
 In the Collection of Poems by Gentlemen 
 of Devon and Cornwall, 2 vols. are some 
 of his odes; and in the Essays by a Society 
 at Exeter, 1796, are several ingenious 
 pieces from his pen. — Gent. Mag. Jane 1803. 
 
 Hoi.ingshed (Raphael), an English 
 chronicler, who died in 1581, was a native 
 of Cheshire. Nothing certain is known of 
 his profession. His Chronicles were first 
 published in 1577, in 2 vols. folio; and again 
 in 1587 in three. In the last edition several 
 sheets were castrated as containing passages 
 offensive to the government, but they have 
 since been printed separately. — Wood A. 0. 
 
 Holland. This country anciently be- 
 longed to the Belgx, who submitted to Ju- 
 lius Caesar about 47 B C. The Franks 
 held it in possession from 412 to 868, when 
 Thierry became sovereign of it, under the 
 title of count. Flis posterity enjoyed it till 
 1 £06, when it passed to the earls of Hainault, 
 in which family it continued till 1417, when 
 it became, by the surrender of Jacqueline, 
 count of Flainault and Holland, the pro- 
 perty of Philip duke of Burgundy. In 
 1534 the people, to avoid coining under the 
 dominion of the bishop of Utrecht, sur- 
 rendered their country to Charles V. who 
 gave it to his son Philip of Spain. But the 
 Spanish government being very oppressive, 
 the seven provinces revolted in 1572, and 
 established themselves an independent re- 
 public ; they are now dependant on France., 
 c — Uftiv. Hist. Grotii Annales Belg. 
 
 Holland (Philemon), an English phv- 
 L 1 
 
II O L 
 
 H O L 
 
 sicfan, was born at Chelmsford about 1551, 
 and educated at Cambridge under Dr. 
 Whitgift. He settled at Coventry, and be- 
 came master of the free school there ; be- 
 sides which he practised as a physician, 
 having taken his doctor’s degree at Cam- 
 bridge. He died in 16:16. Holland pub- 
 lished a number of translations, particular- 
 ly of Livy, Pliny's Natural History, Xeno- 
 phon’s Cyropedia, and Camden’s Britan- 
 nia. — Fuller. 
 
 Hollar (Wenceslaus), a celebrated en- 
 graver, was born at Prague in Bohemia, in 
 1607. The earl of Arundel, being on an 
 embassy to the imperial court, took him 
 into his suite, and brought him to England. 
 His first performance here was a view of 
 Greenwich. After this he etched a num- 
 ber of views and portraits. In 1640 ap- 
 peared his fine set of figures in 23 plates, 
 called, Qrnatus Muliebris Anglicanus, con- 
 taining the dresses of English women of all 
 degrees. In 1645 he settled at Antwerp, 
 where the ear! of Arundel resided with his 
 family. While there he etched many por- 
 traits and landscapes after Breughel, Els hei- 
 mer, and Teniers, fa 1652 he returned to 
 England, and continued laboriously em- 
 ployed till his death in 1677. — Life hy Ferine. 
 
 Hqlles (Thomas Pelham), duke of New- 
 castle, was born in 1693. He succeeded his 
 father in the barony of Pelham, and in 171 1, 
 his uncle John Holies as duke of Newcastle. 
 He was a strenuous supporter of the Hano- 
 verian succession, for which he obtained 
 various honours and places. Soon after the 
 accession of his present majesty he went 
 out of office, and was succeeded by lord 
 Bute. He died in 1768. — English Peerage. 
 
 Holles (Denzil, lord), one of the five 
 members of the long parliament who were 
 demanded by king Charles I. when he weut 
 to the house of commons. He was a man of 
 austere severity, and the head of the presbv- 
 tcrian party in opposition to Cromwell and 
 the independants. At the Restoration he 
 was advanced to the peerage, and died in 
 1680, aged 83 . — Clarendon. Barnet's Own 
 Times. 
 
 Hollis (Thomas), an English gentleman, 
 was horn at London in 1720, and educated 
 amongst the dissenters, and afterwards at 
 Amsterdam. In 1740 he became a student 
 at Lincoln’s- inn, but never followed the 
 law. He endeavoured to get into parlia- 
 ment, but being disappointed, he retired 
 to his seat at Corecome in Dorsetshire, 
 where lie died suddenly in 1774. Mr. Hol- 
 lis was a man of extensive liberality, and 
 gave several benefactions to foreign libra- 
 ries. He published editions of 'Poland's 
 Life of Milton, and Sydney’s Discourses on 
 Govsrnment. His own Memoirs were 
 splendidly published in 1780, in 2 vols. 4to. 
 
 Holmes (George), keeper of the records 
 and barrack-master of the Tower, was a. 
 •native of Yorkshire, and died in 1749, aged 
 87., He rspukiiihedthe first 17 volumes of 
 
 Rymer's Foedera, and formed a curious col- 
 lection of books, prints, and coins, which 
 was sold by auction after his death. — Gen. 
 Bio?. Diet. 
 
 Holmes (Robert), a learned divine, was 
 born in Hampshire, and educated at Win- 
 chester school, from whence he removed to 
 New college, Oxford, where he took his 
 degree of L). D. in 1786. He was appointed 
 professor of poetry in 1790, and wrote an 
 ode on the Installation of the duke of Port- 
 land as chancellor of the university. In 
 1,7.95 he engaged in the great work of col- 
 lating the MSS. of the septuagint version 
 of the Old Testament, of which he printed 
 5 volumes in folio. He was made canon of 
 Salisbury and Christchurch, and dean ot 
 Winchester. He died in 1806. Dr. Holmes’s 
 other works were, a sermon on the Resur- 
 rect’ n of the Body, 4to.; Bampton Lec- 
 tures in 1782, 8 vo. ; Divinity Tracts, Svo.; 
 Alfred, an Ode, with six Sonnets, 4to. ; a 
 Latin Letter to bishop Barrington respect- 
 ing his collation of the septuagint, folio; 
 and the Prophecy of Daniel according to 
 Theodotianand the LXX, 4to. — Gent. Mag. 
 
 Holmes (Dr. Nathaniel), a nonconformist 
 divine, ejected in 1662 from the living of 
 St. Mary Staining, London. He was skilled 
 in the Hebrew language, and among other 
 works, wrote a book in defence of the Mil- 
 lennium, entitled, The Resurrection Reveal- 
 ed, folio, 1654. He died in 1678 — Calamy. 
 
 Holstein (Cornelius), the son and dis- 
 ciple of Peter Holstein, a painter on glass at 
 Haeriem. He attained great excellence in 
 historical painting, of which the cieling of 
 the treasury at Amsterdam is a proof. He 
 died at the' end of the 17th century.— P;/- 
 kington. 
 
 Holstenius or Holstein (Lucas), a. 
 learned German, was born at Hamburg in 
 1596. After receiving a liberal education, 
 he went to Rome, where he obtained a ca- 
 nonry of St. Peter’s, and the librarianship 
 of the Vatican. Pope Alexander VII. sent 
 him ambassador to Christina of Sweden, 
 whom he reconciled to the church of Rome. 
 He died in 1661. He wrote a Dissertation 
 on the Life and Writings of Porphyry, 
 and notes upon various authors. — Moreri. 
 Niceron. 
 
 Holt (sir John), an eminent judge, wag 
 born at Thame in Oxfordshire, in 1612, and. 
 educated at Abingdon school, and after- 
 wards at Oriel college, Oxford, from whence 
 he went to Gray’s-inn. In the reign of 
 James II. he was made recorder of London, 
 and in 1686 serjeant at law. He sat in the 
 convention-parliament, and shortly after 
 was made chief-justice of the king’s bench, 
 and a privy -counsellor. On all occasions 
 he displayed an intrepid mind, as well as a 
 profound knowledgeof the common law; and 
 a greater proof of his regard to the rights 
 of the people cannot be given than in the 
 following instance: There happened in his 
 time a riot, occasioned by the practice of 
 
H O M 
 
 H O M 
 
 decoying young persons to the plantations, 
 who were confined in a house in Holborn 
 till they could be shipped off. Notice of the 
 riot being sent to Whitehall, a party of the 
 military were ordered out, but before they 
 marched an officer was sent to the chief- 
 justice to desire him to send some of his 
 people with the soldiers. Holt asked the 
 officer what he intended to do if the mob 
 refused to disperse: “ My lord (replied he), 
 we have orders to fire upon them.” — “Have 
 you so ?” said Holt, “ then observe what I 
 say ; if one man is killed, I will take care 
 that you and every soldier of your party 
 shall be hanged. Sir, acquaint those who 
 sent you, that no officer of mine shall attend 
 soldiers; and let them know likewise, that 
 the laws of this land are not to he executed 
 by the sword : these things belong to the 
 civil power, and you have nothing to do 
 with them.” So saying he dismissed the 
 officer, proceeded to the spot with his tip- 
 staves, and prevailed upon the populace to 
 disperse, on a promise that justice should 
 be done, and the abuse remedied. He died 
 in 1710. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Holwell (John Zephaniah), an ingeni- 
 ous English gentleman, who was governor 
 of Bengal, and one of the persons confined 
 in the black hole at Calcutta in 1756, of 
 which he published a narrative. He wrote 
 several pieces on India affairs, and died in 
 1798. — Europ. Mag. 
 
 Holybav (Barren), a learned divine, was 
 born at Oxford in 1593, and educated at 
 Christchurch, of which he became student. 
 In 1618 heattendcd the English ambassador 
 to Spain as chaplain, and on his return be- 
 came archdeacon of Oxford. In the civil 
 war he complied with the parliament, and 
 retained his living of Chilton in Berkshire. 
 He died in 1661. He wrote several ser- 
 mons, and translated the Satires of Juvenal 
 into English. — Wood. 
 
 Holyoake (Francis), a learned lexico- 
 grapher, was horn in Warwickshire about 
 1567, and educated at Oxford. He became 
 rector of Southam in his native county, 
 and suffered greatly for his loyalty in the 
 civil wars. He died in 1653. "His Etymo- 
 logical Dictionary of Latin words was first 
 printed in 1606, 4to. and the fourth edi- 
 tion, enlarged, appeared in 1633. His son 
 Thomas was doctor in divinity, and died in 
 1 675. He enlarged his father’s Dictionary, 
 which was published in 1677, folio. — Wood. 
 
 Holywood (John), of Halifax, or Sacro- 
 bosco, an English mathematician and divine, 
 was born at Halifax in Yorkshire. After 
 receiving his education at Oxford he went 
 to Paris, where he died in 1256. He wrote, 
 DeSphsera Mundi; De Anni Ratione ; De 
 Algorismo.- — Ibid. 
 
 Homberg (William), a celebrated che- 
 mist, was born in 1652 at Batavia, where his 
 father was governor of the arsenal. He at 
 first entered into the army; but quitted that 
 profession for the law, which he also aban- 
 
 doned, and applied to the sciences, parti- 
 cularly botany, medicine, and chemistry; 
 to improve himself in which he travelled, 
 through various countries. In 1682 he 
 settled in France, and abjured the protest- 
 ant religion, hut being disappointed in his 
 expectations he went to Rome, and prac- 
 tised physic. He afterwards returned to 
 Paris, where he became a member of the 
 academy of sciences, and chemist and phy- 
 sician to the duke of Orleans. Pie died in. 
 1715. He discovered the properties of the 
 Bologna stone, and its phosphoric appear- 
 ance after calcination. Some of his papers 
 are in the memoirs of the academy. — Ni- 
 cer on. Moreri. 
 
 Home (David), a Scotch divine, who was 
 employed by James 1. to bring the protest- 
 ants of Europe into one confession. He 
 wrote, 1. Apologia Basilica, seu Machia- 
 velli ingenium examinatum, 4to. 1626; 2. 
 L’Assassinat du Roi, ou Maximes du Viel 
 de la Montagne pratiquees en la Personne 
 de defunt Henri le Grand, 8vo. 1G17. — 
 Nairn. Did. Hist. 
 
 Home (Henry), lord Kaimes, a Scotch 
 judge and elegant writer, was born in 1696, 
 and became by his merit the senior lord of 
 session in Scotland. He wrote, Essays upon 
 several subjects concerning British Antiqui- 
 ties, 1764; Essays on the Principles of Mora- 
 lity and Natural Religion, 8vo. ; Historical 
 I. aw, 8vo.; The Principles of Equity, folio; 
 Elements of Criticism, 3 vols. 8vo.;The Gen- 
 tleman Farmer, 8vo.; Loose Hints upon Edu- 
 cation, Svo. ; The History of Man, 4 vols. 
 8vo. He died in 1782. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Homer, the father of Greek poetry, was 
 born on the banks of the river Meles, 
 whence his mother called him Melesige- 
 nes. He was a natural child, but his mo- 
 ther afterwards married one Phenius, a 
 citizen of Smyrna, who adopted the child 
 as his son. His birth, however, is involved 
 in so much obscurity that all this may be 
 fable, for the ancients are not agreed as to 
 the period in which he flourished, and seven 
 cities disputed the honour of having given 
 him birth. He is said to have kept a school 
 at Smyrna, and that he afterwards accom- 
 panied Mentes, a master of a ship, in several 
 voyages, and by him was left at Ithaca, 
 where he gathered many particulars re- 
 specting Ulysses, which laid the foundation 
 of the Odyssey. At length Mentes returned 
 and took him on board again, but at Co- 
 lophon he had the misfortune of losing his 
 sight. He then became a strolling hard 
 and obtained the name of Homer, which 
 signifies a blind man. It is further added, 
 that being at Phoctea, a school-master, 
 named Thestorides, offered to maintain him, 
 provided he would suffer him to transcribe 
 his verses, which he agreed to from ne- 
 cessity. The school-master then went to 
 Chios, where he acquired great wealth by 
 Homer’s poems, while the poet himself 
 could scarcely get bread by reciting them. 
 
 ' L12 
 
II O N 
 
 II O O 
 
 Homer on this proceeded to Chios, and 
 Ihestorides, hearing of his arrival, fled be- 
 fore him. Here the poet opened a school 
 of poetry, married, and had two daughters. 
 He died about 907 years B. C. The only 
 genuine works of his extant, are the Iliad 
 and Odyssey. The Batrachomyomachia, or 
 Battle of the Frogs and Mice, has been dis- 
 puted, but many good critics deem it to be 
 his. The Hymns which go under his name 
 are questionable. The best editions of 
 Homer are, that of Barnes, Cambridge, 2 
 vols. 4to. 1711; Clarke’s, 4 vols. ; that of 
 Glasgow, 2 vols. folio, 1758; that of Ox- 
 ford, 5 vols. Svo. 1780; and what is called 
 the Grenville edition, recently published 
 from the same press. It is needless to enter 
 into his character as a poet, as he was be- 
 yond a doubt the most exalted and univer- 
 sal genius the world has seen. — Herodotus. 
 Plutarch. Moreri. 
 
 Hommel (Charles Frederic), a German 
 writer, was born in 1722, and died in 1781. 
 His principal works are: De Legum civili- 
 um et natural'ium Natura ; Oblectamenta 
 Juris Feudalis, sive Grammaticx Observa- 
 tiones ius rei clienteiaris,et amiqnit :es Ger- 
 Jwamcas varie illustrantes • Corpus Juris 
 Civilis cum notis variorum. — Gen. I! 'nee. Diet. 
 
 IIondrkoeter (Gibes), an eminent pain- 
 ter, was horn at Utrecht in 1 Fie 
 
 pointed landscapes in an admirable style, 
 and also flowers with singular truth and ex- 
 actness. His son Gysbrecht remarkable 
 for painting birds.” lie also had a son 
 called 'Melchior , who excelled in the same 
 w:dk. He died in 1695. — Pilkington. 
 
 'Hondius (Abraham), a Dutch painter of 
 landscapes, animals, arid huntings, was born 
 at Rotterdam in 1638. He died in 1691. — 
 Ibid. 
 
 Hondius (Fosse), a geographer, was horn 
 in Flanders in 1563, and died in 1611. He 
 constructed at London two globes of ex 
 traordinary size and elegance. He after- 
 wards settled at Amsterdam, and acquired a 
 great reputation by his maps. His works 
 are : Theatrum Artis Scribendi ; Orbis 
 Terrarnm descriptio Geographies; Ger- 
 hardi Mercatoris Atlas ; Italire hodernire 
 .Descriptio. — Moreri. 
 
 Hone (George Paul), a German lawyer, 
 was born at Nuremberg in 1622. He was 
 counsellor to the duke of Meinungen, and 
 bailiff of Cobourg, where he died in 1747. 
 His principal works are : I.exicon Topo- 
 graphicum Franconia and a History of 
 the Duchy of Saxe-Cobourg, — Noire. Diet. 
 
 Honestis (Peter de), or Peter Damiani, 
 an Italian prelate and cardinal. Fie was 
 employed by pope Nicholas II. to reduce 
 the church of Milan to celibacy, which he 
 effected with difficulty. In 1061 he re- 
 nounced h;s bishopric, and retired to a cell; 
 but in 1069 he was called from his retire- 
 ment by the pope, and sent on amission to 
 France. He di d in 1072. His works are 
 numerous, but in no esteem. — ■ Moreri , 
 
 Honorius, emperor of the west, was the 
 second son of Theodosius the Great, and 
 associated in the empire with Arcadius his 
 brother in 395. His guardian, Stilico, en- 
 deavouring to dethrone him, was slain. In 
 409 Alaric the Goth besieged Rome, and 
 ravaged all the country, while Honorius 
 remained indolent at Ravenna. Fie died of 
 a dropsy in that city in 423, aged 39. — 
 Utiiv. Hist. Moreri. 
 
 Honorius I. pope, succeeded Boniface 
 V. in 626, and died in 608. He governed 
 with zeal and prudence. Some of his letters 
 are extant. 
 
 Honorius IT. of Bologna, succeeded Ca- 
 lixtus II. in 1124, and at the same time 
 Thibauld was chosen bv another partv, un- 
 der the name of Celestin, but he resigned 
 the chair to his rival, who died in 1130. 
 
 Honorius III was made pope after Inno- 
 cent III in 1216. Fie confirmed the order 
 of Dominicans, and died in 1227. He left 
 several works. 
 
 Honorius IV. a Roman, ascended the 
 chair in 1285, and died in 1287. Fie dis- 
 played great zeal for his church, and pro- 
 moted the crusades. — Plaiina. Bauer. 
 
 Hon t a n (baron ’e), a native of Gascony 
 in the 17th century, who published his 
 Travels in North America, written in a 
 barbarous style. Fie was an officer in the 
 French service, from which he was dis- 
 missed for bad conduct, and at length 
 seti led in Denmark. — Noitv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Hontheim (John Nicholas de), suffragan 
 to the archbishop of Treves, was born in 
 that city in 1700. He died in 1790. He 
 wrote, IFistoria Trevisensis diploma tica & 
 pragmatics, 5 vols. folio: De pr.vsenti statu 
 Ecclesix, 5 vols. 4to. This work occasioned 
 considerable noise among the catholics. — ■ 
 Ibid. 
 
 Konthokst (Gerard), a painter, was 
 born at Utrecht in 1592. He was a disci- 
 ple of Bloemart, and excelled in night- 
 pieces. Sandrart mentions an unrivalled 
 picture by him, the subject of which is, 
 Christ brought before Pilate, in which the 
 light proceeding from the torches produced 
 an uncommon lustre. Fie died in 1660. His 
 brother William was an excellent historical 
 and portrait painter. He died in 1683. — ■ 
 Houbraken. 
 
 Hooft (Peter Cornelius van), a Dutch 
 writer, was born at Amsterdam in 1581. 
 Louis X ! II of France gave him the order 
 of St. Michael, as a reward for his History 
 of Henry IV. He died in 1 647. Hisother 
 works are : Poems and Comedies the His- 
 tory of the Low Countries from the Abdi- 
 cation of Charles V. to 1598 a translation 
 of .Tacitus into Dutch.- — Moreri. 
 
 PIoogeveen (Henry), a learned philo- 
 logist, was born at Leyden of poor parents, 
 in 171-'. At the age of 15 he became a 
 teacher for the purpose of supporting his 
 parents.. .In 1732 he was made under-master 
 of the academy at Gorcum, and slier’ 
 
II o o 
 
 II o o 
 
 after was appointed to the care of the aca- 
 demy at Woerden, from whence he re- 
 moved to Culembourg. In 1745 he settled 
 at Breda, which he left in 17G1 for Dordt, 
 but after a residence of three years there 
 he went to Delft, where he died in 1794. 
 His works are : an edition of Viegerus de 
 Idiotismis Lingua: Graces: : Doctrina parti- 
 cularum Linguae Graecae, 2 vols. 4to.; some 
 Latin poems and discourses ; 3nd Diction- 
 arhrm Analogicum Grsecum. — Gen. B. D. 
 
 Moogestrae ten (Theodore van), a land- 
 scape-painter of Antwerp, who studied 
 after nature. He died in I (7)0, aged 44. 
 His son Samuel became excellent as a land- 
 scape and portrait painter. He died in 
 1678, aged 51. — PToubi aien. 
 
 Hoogstraten (James), a Roman catho- 
 lic divine, of the Dominican order, who 
 wrote.with bitterness against Luther, Eras- 
 mus, and Reuchlin. He was inquisitor-ge- 
 neral, and by the violence of his temper 
 was well suited to the office. He died at 
 Cologne in 1527. — Morcri. 
 
 Hoogsiraten (David van), professor 
 of belles lectres at Amsterdam, was born in 
 1658,and died in 1724. He wrote Latin and 
 Flemish poems, notes upon some of the 
 Latin classics, and a Dictionary, Flemish and 
 Latin. — Ibid. 
 
 Hoogue (Romain de), a Dutch engraver, 
 who had a lively imagination, though not 
 much taste. His principal works are : 
 Plates for Basnage’s History of the Old and 
 New Testament; for the Egyptian Hiero- 
 glyphics, published at Amsterdam, 1735, 
 folio ; and for Fontaine’s Fables. His per- 
 formances are much sought for. — Strutt. 
 
 Hooke (Robert), a celebrated mathema- 
 tician, was born at Freshwater in the Isle 
 of Wight in 1635, and having a taste for 
 drawing, was placed under sir Peter Lely, 
 but the oil-colours disordering his head he 
 quitted painting, and was taken by Dr. 
 Busby into his house, after which he went 
 to Christchurch, Oxford. He assisted Dr. 
 Willis in his chemical operations, and be- 
 came assistant to Mr. Boyle. He was one 
 of the first fellows of the royal society, the 
 repository of which was entrusted to his 
 care. In 1564 he was made professor of, 
 mechanics to that learned body, and at the 
 same time elected Gresham professor of 
 geometry. After the fire of London he 
 produced a plan for rebuilding the city, 
 which procured him the appointment of 
 one of the city surveyors, but his plan was 
 not adopted. In 1668 he had a dispute with 
 Hevelius respecting telescopic sights, which 
 he conducted with great asperity In 1671 
 he attacked sir Isaac Newton’s Theory of 
 Light and Colours : and he afterwards pre- 
 tended that the discovery made by that 
 great man concerning the force and action 
 of gravity was originally made by himself. 
 In 1691 archbishop Tillotson created him 
 M. D. He died at his lodgings in Gresham 
 college in 1702. He wrote Micrographia, 
 or Philosophical Descriptions of minute 
 
 Bodies made by magnifying Glasses, with 
 Observations and Enquiries thereupon, folio, 
 1665. Several of his papers are in the 
 Philosophical Transactions: and after his 
 death appeared his Posthumous Works, in 
 folio, 1705. He was a man of great me- 
 chanical genius, and the sciences are in- 
 debted to him for several valuable instru- 
 ments and improvements. — Ward's Lives of 
 the' Gresham Professors. 
 
 Hooke (Nathaniel), an English historian, 
 who died in 1764. He was a Roman ca- 
 tholic, and when Mr. Pope lay on his 
 death-bed, I looke introduced a priest to 
 him, which gave great offence to Boling- 
 broke. He wrote the duchess of Marl- 
 borough’s account of her conduct, for 
 which he received 5000/., but his best 
 work is a Roman history, in 4 vols. 4t0. — 
 Gen. Biop\ Diet. 
 
 Hooker (John,) a learned antiquary; 
 was born at Exeter in 1524, and educated 
 at Oxford, after which he travelled into 
 Germany. On his return he settled at his 
 native place, which he represented in par- 
 liament in 1571. He wrote a Description 
 of Exeter, and some part of Ilolingshed’s 
 Chronicle, besides other pieces. He died 
 in 1601. — Wood. Prince. 
 
 Hooker (Richard), an English divine, 
 called the judicious, was nephew of the 
 above, and born at Heavitree near Ex- 
 eter in 1553. He received his education 
 at the grammar-school of that city, from 
 whence he was sent by his relation bishop 
 Jewell to Corpus Christi college, Oxford, 
 of which he was made bible-clerk, and in 
 1577 chosen fellow. In 1581 he took or- 
 ders, and in 1584 he was presented to the 
 rectory of Drayton-Beauchamp in Bucking- 
 hamshire, where he led an uncomfortable 
 life with his wife Joan for about a year. 
 Being found in this situation by his pupil, 
 Mr. Edwin Sanclys, son to the archbishop 
 of York, he represented his case so pa- 
 thetically to his father, that he procured for 
 him the mastership of the Temple. But 
 this place did not suit Hooker , who was 
 fitted for a country retirement: he therefore 
 applied to archbishop Whitgift for a re- 
 moval to “ some quiet parsonage,” and he 
 was accordingly presented to a living in 
 Wiltshire, where he wrote part of his Eccle- 
 siastical Polity. In 1595 the queen presented 
 him to the rectoryof Bishop’s Bourne, where 
 he finished that great work, and his life 
 in 1600. Pope Clement VIII. said of his 
 book, ** that there were in it such seeds of 
 eternity as will continue till the last fire 
 shall devour all learning.” His works have 
 been frequently printed in folio, and at Ox- 
 ford in octavo. — Life by Walton. 
 
 Houle (Charles), an English divine, was 
 born at Wakefield in Yorkshire, and edu- 
 cated at Lincoln college, Oxford, after 
 which he became master of the frce-school 
 at Rotheram ; but at the beginning of the 
 civil wars he removed to London, where 
 he gained great reputation as a school- 
 
H O O 
 
 HOP 
 
 master. Bishop Sanderson gave him a 
 prebend in the cathednd of Lincoln, and 
 he had also a rectory of Stock in Essex, 
 where he died in 1666. He published 
 many useful school books, an excellent 
 edition of the Greek Testament, and a 
 traOslationof Terence’s Plays. — Wood’s A. 0. 
 
 h/ooiE (John), an ingenious writer, was 
 horn in London in 1727. His father was 
 a watch-maker, and a very able mecha- 
 nic, who conducted many years the ma- 
 chinery at Covent-garden theatre. The 
 son was educated under Mr. Bennet, the 
 editor of Ascham’s works ; and at the age 
 of seventeen became a clerk in the India 
 House. He devoted his leisure hours to 
 literary pursuits, particularly the study of 
 the Italian language, of which he acquired 
 a great knowledge, as appears by his ex- 
 cellent translations of Ariosto’s Orlando 
 Fuiio«o,andTasso’s Jerusalem, into English. 
 He also published two volumes ol the 
 Dramas of Metastasio : and was the author 
 of three tragedies, viz. Cyrus, acted at 
 Covent-garden in 1768, Timanthes per- 
 formed the year following, and Cleonice in 
 1775. Mr. Hoole likewise wrote some 
 pleasing poems, and the life of Mr. Scott 
 of Amwell. He died in 1803. — Europ.Mag. 
 1792. — Gent. Mag. Oct. 1803. 
 
 Hooper (John), a pious bishop and 
 martyr, was born in Somersetshire in 
 1495, and educated at Merton college, 
 Oxford. He was for some time a member 
 of the order of cistercians, but having im- 
 bibed the principles of the reformers he 
 quitted the monastic life, and went to Swit- 
 zerland where he married. At the accession 
 <of Edward VL he returned to England, 
 and was made bishop of Gloucester, to 
 which was added that of Worcester in 
 commendam. Here he laboured with 
 great zeal till the Restoration of popery 
 under Mary, when he was condemned to 
 the flames, which he endured with great re- 
 solution at Gloucester in 1555. His ser- 
 mons and letters are extant. — Fox’s Acts 
 ami Mon. i • 
 
 Hooper (George), an eminent English 
 prelate, was born at Grimley in Worcester- 
 shire about 1610, and educated at West- 
 minster school, from whence he removed 
 to Christ church, Oxford, in 1656. He 
 was successively .chaplain to Dr. Morley, 
 bishop of Winchester, and archbishop 
 Sheldon, who gave him the rectory of 
 Dambeth. In- 1677 he became almoner to 
 the princess of Orange, whom he attended 
 to Holland. In 1691 he was appointed 
 dean of Canterbury ; and on the accession 
 of queen Anne, bishop of St. Asaph, from 
 whence he was translated to Bath and Wells. 
 He died in 1727. tie published several 
 books against popery, some sermons and 
 tracts, which evince great learning, part - 
 cu!.\rly one entitled, An Inquiry into the 
 State of the aneierit Measures, the Attic, 
 Roman, and especially the Jewish; -with 
 an Appendix concerning our old Eng- 
 
 lish Money, and Measures of Content, 
 1721, 8vo. All his works were printed 
 at Oxford in onevol. folio, 1757. — Biog. Br.. 
 
 Hoornbeek (John), a Dutch divine; 
 was born at Haerlem in 1517. He was di- 
 vinity professor first at Utrecht, and after- 
 wards at Leyden, where he died in 1666. 
 He wrote Apparatus ad controversiam So- 
 cinianam, 3 vols. 4to.; Treatises against the 
 Jews ; and other esteemed works. — Boyle. 
 
 Hopkins (Ezekiel), an exemplary pre- 
 late, was born at Sandford, in Devonshire, 
 and in 1649 became chorister of Mag- 
 dalen college, Oxford, of which he was 
 aftrewards chaplain. In 1669 he went to 
 Ireland as chaplain to lord Robartes (af- 
 terwards earl of Truro), who gave him his 
 daughter in marriage, and the deanry of 
 Raphoe. LordBerkeley made him bishop of 
 Raphoe, from whence in 1681 he was 
 translated to Londonderry. In 1688 lie 
 was obliged to quit Ireland, then the seat 
 of war, and the year following he was 
 chosen minister of Aldermanbpry, where 
 he died shortly after. Elis works have been 
 published in one volume folio. The chief 
 of them is an Exposition of the Lord’s 
 Pray er. — Prince’s Worthies. 
 
 Hopkins (Charles), son of the above, 
 was horn at Exeter, and educated at Dub- 
 lin, and at Cambridge. In 1694 he pub- 
 lished some epistolary poems and transla- 
 tions, and the year following produced a 
 tragedy, called, Pyrrhus, King of Egypt, 
 He translated Ovid’s Tristia and Art of 
 Love ; and was great ly esteemed by Dryden 
 and other poets, but died of intemperance 
 in the 36th year of his age, in 1699. Hir. 
 brother John had also a poetical turn, and 
 published a collection, entitled, Amasia, or 
 the Works of the Muses, in 3 vols. 1700.— y 
 Biog. Dram. ' 
 
 Hopton (Arthur), an English mathe- 
 matician, was the son of sir Arthur Hop- 
 ton, and born in Somersetshire, l ie became 
 a gentleman commoner of Lincoln college, 
 Oxford, and after taking his degree of 13- A. 
 removed to the Temple, London, where, 
 he lived in great friendship with the learned 
 Selden. He died in 1614, aged about £6; 
 He wrote a Treatise on the Geodciical Stall, 
 an old Instrument for surveying, 4to ; The 
 Topographical Glass, containing the uses 
 of t;hat Instrument, the Theodolite, plane 
 table and circumferenter, 4to. ; A Concord- 
 ance of Years, containing a new, and a 
 most exact computation of Time, according 
 to the English accompt, 8vo.; Prognosti- 
 cations for the year 1607 to 1614. — Woafls 
 A. 0. 
 
 Hopton (Ralph lord), a brave and 
 loyal English nobleman who served with 
 great reputation in the Imw Countries, and 
 in the civil war attached himself zealously 
 to the royal cause He was so great a. 
 master of discipline that his army moved 
 as one man, and was in every respect differ- 
 ent from the republican rabbles, of which 
 there were numergys iastaages in those 
 
H O R 
 
 troublesome times. He gained a great 
 victory over sir William Waller, at Strat- 
 ton, in 1543, but at last was obliged to re- 
 treat before Fairfax. He died at Bruges iu 
 1652. — Clarendon. Granger. 
 
 Hop roN (Susanna;, an ingenious lady, 
 was born in 1627 of an ancient family in 
 Staffordshire. In her youth she was drawn 
 over to the church of Rome by father Tur- 
 berville, a priest, but a subsequent enquiry 
 restored her to the protestant communion. 
 She became the wife of Richard Hopton, 
 esq. a Welsh judge, whom she survived se- 
 veral years. She died at Hereford in 170.4. 
 Mrs. Hopton reformed the Devotions in 
 the Ancient Way of Offices, which book 
 was published by Dr. Hickes; she also wrote 
 Daily Devotions; an Hexameron, or Me- 
 ditations on the Six Days of the Creation, 
 Sic. — Female Worthies. 
 
 HoR.APor.LO or Horus Apollo, an F.gyp- 
 tian grammarian, who taught first at Alex- 
 andria and afterwards at Constantinople in 
 the time of Theodosius. There remain of 
 his, two books on the Egyptian Hierogly- 
 phics, printed by Aldus in Greek in 1405, 
 folio, but the best edition is that of Pauw, at 
 Utrecht, in 4to. — A T ouv. Diet Mil ±t. 
 
 Horatii, the name of three brothers, 
 who fought against the three Curiatii of 
 Alba, B. C. 667. Two of them were slain, 
 but the third, by adding artifice to his 
 courage, slew all his antagonists. On his 
 return to Rome he met his sister, who had 
 been betrothed to one of the Curiatii, and 
 reproaching him for what he had done, 
 he slew her also. His eminent services, 
 however, were considered an extenuation 
 of his crime, and he was pardoned. — L'ojy. 
 
 Horatios or Horace (Quintus Flac- 
 cus), an elegant Roman poet, was born 
 at Venusinum, in Apulia, or Lucania, B. C. 
 65. His father was a freedman, but though 
 poor he gave his son a good education, 
 placing him first 1 under the best masters at 
 Rome, and then sending him to Athens, 
 that he might study philosophy. Here he 
 was taken notice of by Brutus, who took 
 him into his army, and made him a tribune ; 
 but Horace had more wit than courage, 
 and at the battle of Philippi he threw 
 away his, shield and fled. Being reduced to 
 want, Virgil became his patron, and re- 
 commended him to Maecenas, by which 
 means he was introduced to Augustus, 
 who offered him considerable preferments, 
 which -he declined, preferring a private 
 life to the honours of the court. He was 
 jiighly esteemed by the first people at Rome, 
 particularly Maecenas and Poliio. In the 
 latter part of his life he retired to the 
 country, where he indulged himself in a 
 philosophical ease, which he has admirably 
 described in his odes. He died eight years 
 B. C., and was buried near his friend and 
 patron Maecenas, whose death it is said 
 hastened his own. The best editions of 
 Horace are those of Tips. 1752; and of 
 Glasgow, 12mo. 1744. He has been well 
 
 II O R 
 
 translated into English by Mr. Francis.-— 
 
 Moreri 
 
 Horatius (Codes), a Roman knight, 
 who saved the city by gallantly defending, 
 with only two others, a wooden bridge 
 which was attacked by Porsenna, B. C. 
 597. These three opposed the enemy suc- 
 cessfully rill their fellow-citizens h .d cut 
 away the bridge, on which Horatius jump- 
 ed into the Tiber, and though wounded, 
 swam across the river with his armour on. 
 -Zriay. _ 
 
 Horman (William), an English divine 
 and botanist, was born at Salisbury, and 
 educated at Winchester sehool^after which 
 he became fellow of New college, Oxford. 
 In 1485 he was chosen school-master and fel- 
 low of Eton, and at length vice provost 
 of that college. Among other books he 
 wrote one, entitled, Herbarum Synonyma. 
 He also compiled indices to the ancient 
 authors De Re Rustica. He died in 1535. 
 — Fulteney’s Sketches on Botany. 
 
 Hormisdas, a pope and saint of the 
 Roman calendar, was elected to the pon- 
 tificate chair in 514. He called a council 
 at Rome against the Eutychiaus, and died 
 in .523. Many of his letters are extant. — 
 Moreri. 
 
 Hormisdas III. king of Persia, ascended 
 the throne after the death of his father 
 Chosroes the Great in 578. He lost most 
 of his army in an engagement with the 
 Romans; and his general, Varanes, hav- 
 ing experienced a similar disaster, Hormis- 
 das sent him a female dress, which so pro- 
 voked him that he excited his subjects to re- 
 volt, and having seized Hormisdas, de- 
 prived him of his eyes. He died in 590. — 
 Uni’v. Hist. 
 
 Horne (George), bishop of Norwich, 
 was born in 1730, at Otham, in Kent, of 
 which place his father was rector. He re- 
 ceived his education at Maidstone school, 
 and from thence was elected to a scholar- 
 ship of University college, Oxford, where 
 he took his degree of B. A. He was after- 
 wards chosen fellow of Magdalen college, 
 and applied with great diligence to sacred 
 literature, particularly the study of the 
 Hebrew language. In 1753 he entered 
 into orders, and was distinguished as an 
 excellent preacher. He appeared also as 
 an acute writer, particularly in contro" 
 versy, defending the principles of Hutchin- 
 son with singular dexterity. In 1768 he 
 was chosen president of his college, on which 
 he took his degree of D. D. and was ap- 
 pointed chapiain in ordinary to the king. 
 The year following apppeared his Conside- 
 rations on the HJfe of John the Baptist, 
 being the Substance of Sermons preached 
 annually at Magdalen College. In 1776 
 he served the office of vice-chancellor, and 
 the same year produced his valuable 
 commentary on the Psalms. In 1781 he 
 was advanced t off he deanry of Canterbury 
 and in 1791 promoted to the hishoprick 
 of Norwich, but died at Bath tlie year iol-_ 
 
HOR 
 
 II O R 
 
 lowing. His remains rest at Eltham.and a 
 monument has been erected for him in 
 Norwich cathedral, but his best monument 
 and praise are his works, which besides the 
 above are : A fair, candid, and impartial 
 State of the Case between Sir Isaac Newton 
 and Mr. Hutchinson; The Theology and 
 Philosophy in Cicero’s Somnium Scipionis, 
 explained, <&c.8vo.; SpicilegiumShuckford- 
 ianum, or a Nosegay for the Critics, in 
 8vo.; An Apology for certain Gentlemen 
 in the University of Oxford, 8vo.; A View 
 of Mr. Kennieott’s Method of correcting 
 the Hebrew Text, 8vo. ; Considerations on 
 the projected Reformation of the Church 
 of England, 4to. ; A Letter to Adam Smith, 
 LL.D. on the Life, Death, and Philosophy, 
 of David Hume, 12mo. ; Letters on Infide- 
 lity, 12mo.; Letter to Dr. Priestley, Svo. ; 
 Observations on the Case of the Protestant 
 Dissenters, Svo. ; Five Volumes of Sermons; 
 A Charge intended to have been delivered 
 to the Clergy of Norwicli at the primary 
 Visitation, 4tO. 1791. — Dft by Jones. 
 
 Horneck (Anthony), a learned divine, 
 was born in the Lower Palatinate, in 1G41 , 
 and educated at Heidelberg under Span- 
 heim. At the age of 19 he came to Eng- 
 land, and entered of Queen’s college, Ox- 
 ford, of which he was chosen chaplain, and 
 afterwards obtained the vicarage of Allhal- 
 lows, Oxford. The duke of Albemarle 
 gave him the rectory of Doulton, in Devon, 
 to which was afterwards added a prebend 
 in the cathedral of Exeter. In 1671 he be- 
 came preacher at the Savoy, and in 1693 
 prebendary of Westminster. He died in 
 1696. Dr. Horneck was a man of great 
 learning and piety. His works are judicious 
 and well known. — Life by Bp. KitLier. 
 
 Hornius (George), professor of history 
 a t Leyden, was born in the Palatinate, and 
 died m 1670. His principal works are, 
 Historia Ecclesiastica ad ann> 1666; De 
 Originibus Americanis, 8vo. , Geographia 
 vetus & nova; Historia Philosophical — 
 Moreri. 
 
 Horrebow (Peter), a Danish astrono- 
 mer, who first discovered the aberration of 
 the light of the fixed stars. He died in 
 1764, aged 85. He professed with great re- 
 putation many years philosophy, mathema- 
 tics and astronomy, and wrote a book en- 
 titled, Copernicus triumphant. — Nouv. Diet. 
 Hist. 
 
 Hop.rox (Jeremiah), an English astrono- 
 mer, was born at Toxteth, in Lancashire, 
 about 1619. Lie received his academical 
 .education at Emanuel college, Cambridge, 
 after which he retired to Hool near Liver- 
 pool, where he devoted himself to astro- 
 nomical observations; but was cut ofFby a 
 sudden death in 1640. He was the first who 
 observed the transit of Venus over the 
 sun’s disk, his account of which was pub- 
 lished by Hevelius at Dantzic in 1661, un- 
 der the title, Venus in Sole visa, anno 1639, 
 Nov. 24. Dr. Wadis published his post- 
 
 humous works in 1673. — Martin's Blog. Phil. 
 Hutton. 
 
 Horsley (John), a learned antiquary, 
 was born in Northumberland, and educated 
 first at Newcastle, and next in Scotland, 
 where he took his degree of M.A. He af- 
 terwards became pastor of a dissenting 
 congregation in his native county, and died 
 in 1731. His work, entitled, Britannia Ro- 
 mana, folio, gives a copious and exact ac- 
 count of the remains of the Romans in Bri- 
 tain. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 IIop.stius (James), a German physician, 
 was born at Torgau in 1537. In 1584 he 
 became professor of physic at Helmstadt, 
 where he died in 1600. He wrote Com- 
 pendium Medicarum Institutionum ; Her- 
 barium, Svo.; a Commentary on Hippo- 
 crates’s Book of the Heart; DeNoctambu- 
 lionibus; De Dente aureo Pueri Silesii ; 
 Disputationes Catholicxde rebus secundum 
 et prater naturam ; Epist. Philosophies; et 
 Medicinales. He was also distinguished by 
 his piety, and always prayed to God to 
 bless his prescriptions. — Bayle. 
 
 HoRS’.rus (Gregory), nephew of the 
 above, was born at Torgau, in 1578. Lie 
 was professor of physic at several univer- 
 sities, and lastly at Ulm, where he died in 
 1 636. He published several medical works. 
 His sun Daniel became professor of medi- 
 cine at Marpurg, and died in 1685. He 
 published Zacchiai Questiones Medico- 
 legales, and the works of Riverius. — Mo~ 
 reri. 
 
 Hortf. (John), a learned prelate, was 
 bred a dissenting minister under Mr. Tho- 
 mas Rowe, and had for fellow-pupil Dr. 
 Isaac Watts, with whom he corresponded 
 to the doctor’s death. After officiating to a 
 congregation of dissenters at Marshfield in 
 Gloucestershire, he conformed to the esta- 
 blished church, ai^d in 1703 preached a vi- 
 sitation sermon at Aylesbury. On going 
 to Ireland as chaplain to the lord lieutenant 
 he was made bishop of Leigh! : i and Ferns, 
 from whence he was translated to KilmOre, 
 and in 1742 to the archbishopric of Tuam. 
 j Je died in 1751. His works are, a volume 
 of excellent Sermons, printed at Dublin in 
 1733, Svo. and at London in 1757. A 
 Charge to the Clergy of the diocese of 
 I uam in 1742. — Monthly Mag. vol. xv. 
 
 Hortensius (Quintus), a Roman orator, 
 who pleaded his first cause with great ap- 
 plause at the ago of 19, B. C. 94. He be- 
 came successively military tribune, prxtor, 
 and consul. He died immensely rich, B. C. 
 49. His daughter Hortensia inherited his 
 eloquence, and when the Roman women 
 were required to render on oath an account 
 of their property, she pleaded the cause of 
 her sex with such force that the decree was 
 annulled. — Ibid. 
 
 Hortensius (Lambert), a philosopher, 
 poet, and historian, who assumed that name 
 because his fatherwas a gardener, was born 
 sn the territory of Utrecht, in 1501, and stu- 
 
H O S 
 
 II O T 
 
 died at Louvain. He was for many years 
 rector of the school at Naarden, where he 
 died in 1577. Me wrote De Bello Germa- 
 nico, under Charles V. and several other 
 Works. — Moreri. 
 
 Hortknsius (Martin), an astronomer, 
 was born at Delft, in 1305, and died in the 
 flower of his aye in 1639. He wrote a dis- 
 sertation, De Mercuric sub sole viso & Ve- 
 nere invisa ; also two discourses, De mili- 
 tate & dignitate Matheseos, & de Oculo 
 ej usque Pr.cstantia. — Rid. 
 
 Hosea, the most antient of the minor 
 prophets, flourished in the reign of Jerobo- 
 am the second king of Israel, and in that of 
 Uzziah,from A. M. 3194 to 3219. — Grays 
 Key to 0. T 
 
 Ht>sius, or Osiu- (Stanislaus), a cardinal, 
 was born at Cracow, in Poland, in 1503, of 
 poor parents, but the superiority of his abi- 
 lities brought him into notice, and he be- 
 came bishop of Warmia. Pius IV. made 
 him a cardinal, and employed him as le- 
 gate to preside at the council of Trent. He 
 was a learned and zealous champion for the 
 Roman church. His works make 2 vols. 
 folio. He died in 1579 . — Moreri. 
 
 Hoskins (John), an English portrait 
 painter, who died in 1664. He painted 
 the portraits of Charles II. and his queen, 
 and most of the royal family. Alexander 
 and Samuel Cooper were his disciples. — 
 V trt'ue. ffilkington. 
 
 Hospinian (P-odolphus), a learned Swiss 
 divine, was born at Altdorf, near Zurich, 
 in 1547. In 1571 he was made provisor of 
 the abbey school at Zurich, and afterwards 
 minister of the abbey church. He died in 
 1626. His principal works are, De Tem- 
 plis, i. e. de origine usu et abusu Templo- 
 rum ; De Monachis De festis Judreorum & 
 JEthnicorum ; Festa Christianorum ; Histo- 
 ria Sacramentaria ; Historia Jesuitica, the 
 whole making 7 vols. folio. — Moreri. 
 
 Hospital (Michael de 1’), chancellor of 
 France, was the son of a physician, and 
 born in Auvergne, in 1505. Fie became 
 successively auditor of the Rota at Rome, 
 counsellor in the parliament of Paris, am- 
 bassador at the council of Trent, superin- 
 tendfimt of the finances of France, and at 
 length chancellor, at a time of peculiar 
 trouble, when faction and fury divided the 
 kingdom. He was a strenuous advocate 
 for toleration, on which account the rigid 
 romanists accused him of being a protes- 
 tant, and at the time of the massacre of 
 St. Bartholomew, he narrowly escaped be- 
 ing murdered. He died in 1573. He wrote 
 1. Latin Poems, published at Amsterdam, 
 in 8vo. 1732 ; 2. Memoirs, containing Trea- 
 ties of Peace, &c. — Moreri. 
 
 Hospital (William Francis Antony, 
 marquis de l’j, a French mathematician, 
 was born of a noble family in 1661. He 
 discovered very early a genius for mathe- 
 matical study, and at the age of 15 solved 
 a difficult problem of Pascals. He was 
 4 
 
 some time in the army, which he left on ae- 
 count of a defect in his sight. In 1693 he 
 was admitted an honorary member of the 
 academy of sciences at Paris, and published 
 a work on Newton’s fiux'ons, entitled, Ana- 
 lyse des infinimens petits, being the first 
 Frenchman who wrote on that subject. He 
 afterwards engaged in another mathematic 
 cal work, in which he included Les Sections 
 Goniques, les Eieux Geometriques , la Construc- 
 tion des Equations , et une Theorie des Courhes 
 Mecaniqucs , which was published after his 
 death. — Moreri. Martin Biog. Phil. 
 
 Hossch (Sidronius) a Flemish jesuit,was 
 born in 1596. He was famous for his Latin 
 poetry, published at Antwerp, in 1656. The 
 author died in 1653. — Moreri. 
 
 Hoste (Paul 1’), a French jesuit, was born 
 in 1652. He distinguished himself by his 
 skill in the mathematics, and became pro- 
 fessor of those sciences at Toulon, where he 
 died in 1700. He wrote, l.Traitd des Plvo- 
 lutions Navales, folio, 1727 ; 2. Traites de 
 Mathematiques les plus necessaires a. un 
 Officier, 3 vols. l2mo. This last was trans- 
 lated into English by William Webster. 
 There was another French mathematician 
 of this name, who wrote on the Artificial 
 Sphere; Practical Geometry ; Description 
 and Use of Geometrical Instruments, See. 
 He died in 1634. — Nuv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 IIostus (Matthew), a German antiquary, 
 was born in 1509, and died in 1587. Fie 
 wrote De numeratione emendata, veteribus 
 Latinis et Grjecis usitata ; De re nummaria 
 veterum Grxcorum, Romanorum et Hc- 
 brxorum ; De monomachia Davidis et Go- 
 Ike ; De multiplici assis usu ; De sex Hy- 
 driarum capacitate ; Inquisitio in fabrieum 
 areas Noe. — Ibid. 
 
 Hotman (Francis), a French civilian, 
 was born at Paris, in 1524. Fie studied at 
 Orleans, where he took his degree of doc- 
 tor in the civil law. He read lectures at- 
 Paris; but turning protestant he went to 
 Switzerland, from whence he removed to 
 Strasburg, where he obtained a professor- 
 ship of civil law. Some years afterwards 
 he returned to France and became professor 
 at Bourges, but at the time of the massacre 
 of St. Bartholomew he retired to Basil, 
 where he died in 1590. His works were, 
 published at Geneva in 1599, in 3 vols. 
 folio. — Moreri. 
 
 IIottinger (John Henry), a learned 
 writer of Zurich in Switzerland, was born 
 in 1620. Flis love of learning was so re- 
 markable, that he was sent into foreign 
 countries at the public expence, lie visit-, 
 ed several parts of Europe, and at his re- 
 turn was made professor of ecclesiastical 
 history, and of the oriental languages. He 
 was engaged by the elector palatine to re- 
 store the university of Heidelberg; and ha 
 was going on a public mission to Holland, 
 when he was drowned in the river at Zu- 
 rich, in 1667. His principal works are, Ex- 
 sreitatkmes Anti-Moriuianx de Pentateit- 
 
H o u II O w 
 
 ’ e!io Samaritano, 4to. ; Thesaurus Phifologi- 
 eus, sen clavis Scripture, See. 4to. ; I liste- 
 ria Orientalis, See. 4to.; Promptuarium, 
 sive Bibliotheca Orientalis, 4to. ; Etymolo- 
 gi con Orientale, sive Lexicon Harmonicum 
 lleptaglotton, 4co. His son, John James 
 Hettinger, was professor of theology at 
 Zurich, and died in 1735, aged 83. He 
 wrote several practical, pieces, — Morcri. 
 
 Houard de la Mcthe (Antony), a law 
 antiquary, was born at Dieppe, m L25, 
 and died at Abbeville, in 1803. He was a 
 member of the academy of inscriptions, 
 and an associate of the National Institute. 
 His works are, 1. Anciennes Lois des Fran- 
 cois, conservees dans lescoutumeS Angioises, 
 1 vo Is. 4to. 2. Traite sur les coutumes An- 
 
 glo-Normandes, See. 4 vols. 4to. Noun. 
 
 Diet. Hist. 
 
 Houbigant (Charles Francis), a learned 
 French divine, wai born at Paris, in 1686. 
 He W as a priest of the oratory, and distin- 
 guished himself by his profound knowledge 
 of the Hebrew scriptures, which he trans- 
 lated into Latin, with notes, published at 
 Paris, in 4 vols. folio, 1753. He died in 
 1783. Besides the above work he publish- 
 ed a Dictionary French and Hebrew, 8vo.; 
 Examination of the Psalter of the Capu- 
 chins; a translation of bishop Sherlock’s 
 Sermons ; another of Leslie against the 
 Deists and Jews, &c. — Nouv. Did. Hist. 
 
 Houbraken (Arnold), a Dutch painter 
 and poet, was born at Dorclt, in 1660. He 
 wrote the, Lives of the Flemish Painters, 
 printed in 1754, in 3 vols. Svo. His son 
 Jacob was an able engraver, and illustrated 
 his father’s work. — Ibid. 
 
 Hoveden (Roger de), an English histo- 
 rian in the reign of Henry II. He was a 
 dative of York, and an ecclesiastic and 
 lawyer, (wo professions then commonly 
 united. His Annals of English History 
 from 731 to 1192, were printed at London 
 in 1 595, and at Frankfort in 1601. — Nichol- 
 son's Hist. Lib. 
 
 Hough (John), an English prelate, was 
 horn in Middlesex, in 1650. After going 
 through his school education he was remo- 
 ved to Magdaleh college, Oxford, of which 
 in 1675 he" was elected fellow. In 1681 he 
 accompanied the duke of Ormond to Ire- 
 land, from whence he returned the year 
 following, and in 1685 was made preben- 
 dary of Worcester. James II. having a 
 design to introduce popery into the uni- 
 versities, commanded the fellows of Mag- 
 dalen college, on a vacancy in the presi- 
 dentship, to elect one Farmer, a convert 
 to that religion. The fellows, however, re- 
 sh ed the mandate, and chose Mr. Hough, 
 who was displaced by ecclesiastical commis- 
 sioners, in 1687. But at the Revolution, 
 lie recovered his situation, and in 1690 was 
 made bishop of Oxford, from whence in 
 he was translated to Litchfield, and in 
 1717 to Worcester. He died in 1743. He 
 was a very munificent prelate, and expend- 
 
 ed on his episcopal palaces 7000/. — Blag. 
 Brit. 
 
 Houlieres (Antoinette du Ugier de La- 
 garde, widow of William de La3on sienr 
 des), a French poetess, was born at Paris, 
 in 1638. She was the pupil of Henault, 
 whom she imitated not only in poetry, but 
 in scepticism. She was a member of the 
 academy of Ricovrati at Padua, and of that 
 of Arles. She died in 1634. Her daughter, 
 who died in 1718, was also an ingenious 
 writer, and the works of both were pub- 
 lished together in 1747, in 2 vols. 12mo. — 
 Nouv. Did. 
 
 Houseman (Cornelius), a painter, was 
 born at Antwerp, in 1648. Fie settled at 
 Mechlin, where he acquired great reputa- 
 tion as an artist. He excelled in painting 
 landscapes with the figures of animals and 
 plants executed in a beautiful manner. He 
 died in 1727. — Pilhington. 
 
 Houseman (James), another painter, 
 was born at Antwerp, in 1656. He cams 
 to England, and painted history and por- 
 trait. His greatest work is the ahar piece 
 in the chapel at St. James’s. He died in 
 1696. — Ibid. 
 
 Houssaye, see Amelot. 
 
 Houston (William), an English physi- 
 cian and botanist. He went to the West 
 Indies as surgeon, and on his return tooi 
 his degrees at Leyden under Boerhaave; 
 while there he instituted a set of experi- 
 ments on brutes, in concert with Van Swic- 
 ten. These were published in the Philoso- 
 phical Transactions, vol. 39. He was elect- 
 ed fellow of the Royal Society on his re- 
 turn from Holland, and went soon after to 
 the West Indies, where he died in 1733. 
 He left a MS. catalogue of plants, which 
 has been published bv sir Joseph Banks. 
 He has also a description of the Dorstenia 
 Contrayerva in the Philosophical Transac- 
 tions, vol. 37. — P utieney s Sketches of Botany* 
 
 Houteville (Claude Francis), a French 
 ecclesiastic, was born at Paris in 1688. He 
 became a member and secretary of the 
 French academy, and also secretary to car- 
 dinal Dubois, who had a great esteem for 
 him. He died in 1742, aged .54. His prin- 
 cipal work is entitled, The Truth of the 
 Christian Religion proved by facts, 3 vols. 
 4to. and 4 vols. 1 2mo. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Ilow (William), a physician and botanist, 
 was born in London, in 1619, and educated 
 first at Merchant Taylors’ school, and af- 
 terwards at St. John’s college Oxford, where 
 he took his degrees in arts. In the civil 
 war lie entered into the royal army, and 
 became a captain in a troop of horse ; but 
 on the decline of the royal cause he prac- 
 tised physic in London, where he died iq 
 1656. He wrote Phytologia Britanni- 
 ca natales exhibens indigenarum Stirpiurq 
 sponte emergentium, 12mo. He also edited' 
 I.obel’s illustrations of plants. — Wood. Pul- 
 teney. 
 
 FJoward (Thomas), earl of Surrey, and 
 
II o w 
 
 H O W 
 
 duke of Norfolk, a gallant English noble- 
 man. He served with his brother, sir Ed- 
 Ward, against sir Andrew Barton, a Scotch 
 pirate, who infested the English coast in 
 1511, but was killed and his ships taken. 
 He next accompanied the marquis of 
 Dorset in his expedition to Guienne, 
 which ended in the conquest of Navarre 
 by Ferdinand. On the death of his brother, 
 sir Edward, he was made high admiral, and 
 effectually cleared the channel of the French 
 cruizers. The victory of Floddea-lield, in 
 which, the king of Scotland was slain, was 
 chieflv owing to his bravery. For this 
 his father was restored to the title of duke 
 of Norfolk, and the son created earl of Sur- 
 rey. On the breaking out of the disturb- 
 ances in Ireland, he was appointed lieute- 
 nant of that kingdom, where he suppress- 
 ed the rebellion. After serving there two 
 years, he returned, and had the command 
 of the fleet against France. Notwithstand- 
 ing his great services, Henry, at the close 
 of life, caused the dulce to be sent to the 
 Tower, on a charge of treason, and his 
 son to be beheaded in his presence The 
 death of the tyrant only saved the duke’s 
 life. He died in 1554, aged Go. — Campbell'} 
 Admirals. 
 
 Howard (Edward), younger brother of 
 the above, distinguished himself as a naval 
 commander. He entered early on the ma- 
 ritime service, and about 1494 was knight- 
 ed. In 1512 he was sent as lord high ad- 
 miral of England with a large fleet against 
 France, the coasts of which he ravaged. 
 He also defeated the enemy’s fleet off Brest; 
 but the year following lie was slain in 
 boarding the French admiral’s ship, and 
 his body thrown into the sea. — Ibid. 
 
 Howard (Henry), earl of Surrey, an 
 accomplished nobleman, was the son of 
 Thomas duke of Norfolk above-mentioned, 
 and horn about 1520. He had a passion 
 for a lady whom he celebrated in some ele- 
 gant sonnets under the name of Gcraldina; 
 the late earl of Orford says that she was 
 the daughter of Fitzgerald earl of Kildare, 
 and afterwards the wife of Clinton earl of 
 Lincoln. Howard earned his affection to 
 so romantic a height, that in his travels lie 
 made a public challenge to maintain her 
 beauty at the point of the lance. After 
 serving his country with great valour, he 
 fell a victim to the jealousy of Henry VIII. 
 who pretended to suspect him of a design 
 to marry his daughter Mary. He and his 
 father were sent to the Tower, and the §on 
 beheaded on Tower-hill, in 1547. His son- 
 fiets are in Anderson’s Collection of British 
 Poets. — Biog. Brit. IValpalc s Noble Authors. 
 '■ Howard" (Charles), earl of Nottingham, 
 and lord high admiral of England, was the 
 son of lord William Howard, and born in 
 1536. He served when young under his 
 father, and in 15GS was appointed general 
 of the horse. The same year he displayed 
 ^rpat valour in the north against the rebels 
 
 commanded by the earls of Northumber- 
 land and Westmoreland. The year follow- 
 ing lie had the command of a squadron 
 with which he escorted from Zealand to 
 Spain, Anne of Austria, daughter of the 
 emperor Maximilian, who was betrothed 
 to Philip of Spain. In 1572 he succeeded 
 his father as lord Effingham, and not long 
 after was made knight of the garter. He 
 had the important command of the English 
 fleet when the Spanish armada entered the 
 channel, and by his great skill and prudence 
 contributed principally to its destruction. 
 For these services he was created earl of 
 Nottingham, and enjoyed the queen’s con- 
 fidence to her death. In the succeeding 
 reign he was sent ambassador to Spain, but 
 after his return he lost the king’s favour, and 
 resigned his post to the duke of Bucking- 
 ham. He died in 1G24. — Campbell. 
 
 Howard (sir Robert), an English writer, 
 was the son of Thomas earl of Berkshire, 
 and educated at Magdalen college, Oxford. 
 He suffered considerable losses during the’ 
 civil war, but at the Restoration he was 
 knighted and made auditor of the exche- 
 quer. He was a zealous friend of the Revo- 
 lution, and died about 1700. Me wrote se- 
 veral plays; The History of the Reigns of 
 Edward and Richard 11. ; The History of 
 Religion, 1694, 8vo. &c. — Wood. 
 
 Howard (John), a philanthropic English 
 gentleman, was born at Hackney, in 1726 ( 
 Iii s father was a tradesman in London, but 
 died while his son was an infant, who was 
 left in the hands of guardians, by whom he 
 was apprenticed to a grocer. His consti- 
 tution, however, being delicate, and hav- 
 ing an aversion to trade, he purchased his 
 indentures from his master, and went abroad. 
 On his return he lodged with a widow lady 
 at Stoke Newington, who attended him 
 with such care in his illness that he con- 
 ceived an affection for her, though she was 
 much older than himself, and they were 
 married. Mrs. Howard lived about three 
 years, and he was a sincere mourner for 
 her loss In 1756 he embarked for Lisbon, 
 but on the passage the ship was taken and 
 carried to France. On his release he went 
 to Italy, and at his return settled in Hamp- 
 shire. in 1758 he married a second wife, 
 but she died in childbed in 176.5, leaving 
 him one son. He was at this time fixed ;t 
 Cardington, near Bedford, where he pur- 
 chased an estate. In 1773 he served the of- 
 fice of sheriff, wnich, as he declared, 
 brought the distress of the prisoners more 
 immediately under his notice,” and led him 
 to form the design of visiting the gaols 
 through England, in order to devise means 
 for alleviating the miseries of the sufterers. 
 In 1774 he was examined before the house 
 of commons on the subject of the prisons, 
 and received the thanks of the house. He 
 then extended his benevolent views to fo- 
 reign countries, making excursions to all 
 parts of Europe. In 1777 he published: 
 
II o w 
 
 II o w 
 
 The State of Prison,? in England and Wales, 
 with preliminary Observations, and an Ac- 
 count of some foreign Prisons, 4to. Tn 
 1780 he published an appendix to it, with 
 an account of his travels in Italy ; and in 
 1784 a new edition appeared, with consi- 
 derable additions. About this time some 
 admirers of Mr. Howard opened a sub- 
 scription for erectinga statue to his honour, 
 but at his request the design was dropt. 
 In 1789 he published an Account of the 
 principal Lazarettos in Europe, in 4to. In 
 this work he signified his intention of vi- 
 siting Russia, Turkey, and of extending 
 his route into the East. “ I am not insen- 
 sible,” he says, of the dangers that must 
 attend such a journey. Trusting, however, 
 in the protection of that kind Providence 
 which has hitherto preserved me, I calmly 
 and cheerfully commit myself to the dispo- 
 sal of unerring Wisdom. Should it please 
 God to cut off my life in the prosecution of 
 this design, let not my conduct be uncan- 
 didly imputed tb rashness or enthusiasm, 
 but to a serious deliberate conviction, that 
 I am pursuing the path of duty ; and to a 
 sincere desire of being made an instrument 
 of more extensive usefulness to my fellow- 
 creatures than could he expected in the 
 narrower circle of a retired life.” He fell 
 a sacrifice to his humanity ; for visiting a 
 sick patient at Cherson, who had a malig- 
 nant fever, he caught the infection, ar.d 
 died in 1799. A statue of Mr. Howard 
 has been placed in St. Paul’s cathedral, 
 with an inscription. — Life, by A/Ain. 
 
 Howe (John), a non-conformist divine, 
 was born at Loughborough in Lincoln- 
 shire in 1680, and educated at Cambridge, 
 from whence he removed to Oxford, and 
 became fellow of Magdalen college. He 
 was ordained among the presbyterians, and 
 appointed minister of Torrington, in De- 
 vonshire, and chaplain to Cromwell. In 
 1662 he lost his living for nonconformity, 
 but in 1671 he went to Ireland as chaplain 
 to lord Massarene, and the bishop of the 
 diocese gnve him a licence to preach. In 
 1675 he settled in London. He died in 
 1705. His principal performance is en- 
 titled, The Living Temple, in 2 vols. 8vo. 
 All his works have been published iu 2 vols. 
 folio . — Life by Calarny. 
 
 Howf. (John), an English writer, was 
 born in Nottinghamshire, and sat in six par- 
 liaments. He was at first a friend of the Re- 
 volution, but afterwards conceived a great 
 aversion to king William. On the accession 
 of queen Anne he was appointed a member 
 of the privy-council, and paymaster-gene- 
 ral of the guards and garrisons, in which 
 he continued till 1714, when he was suc- 
 ceeded by Mr. Walpole, lie died in 1721. 
 He wrote several songs and poems. — Gen. 
 Jtioy. Diet. 
 
 Howe (Richard, earl), a gallant admiral, 
 was born in 1725, and entered the naval 
 service at so early an age that at 20 he v. as 
 
 appointed to the command of z sloOp of 
 war, in which he beat off two large French 
 frigates, after a gallant action, for which he 
 was made a post-captain. After a varietv 
 of active service he obtained the command 
 of the Dunkirk of 60 guns, with which he 
 captured a French 64 off Newfoundland. 
 In 1757 he served under admiral Hawke, 
 and the year following was appointed com- 
 modore of a squadron, with which he de- 
 stroyed a number of ships and magazines at 
 St. Malo. In 1759 prince Edward, after- 
 wards duke of York, was put under his 
 care, and the commodore on the 6th of 
 August took Cherbourg and destroyed the 
 bason. This was followed by the unfortu- 
 nate affair of St. Cas, where he displayed 
 his courage and humanity in saving the re- 
 treating soldiers at the hazard of his own 
 life. The same year at the death of his bro- 
 ther, he became lord I Jowe, and soon after- 
 wards had a great share in the victory over 
 Conflans. When admiral Hawke present- 
 ed him, on this occasion, to the king, his 
 majesty said, “ Your life, my lord, has been 
 one continued series of services to your 
 country.” In 1763 he was appointed to the 
 admiralty board, where he remained till 
 1765, when he was made treasurer of the 
 navy. In 1770 he was appointed com- 
 mander-in-chief in the Mediterranean. In 
 the American war he commanded the lleet 
 on that coast. In 1782 he was sent to the 
 relief of Gibraltar, which service he per- 
 formed in sight of the French and Spanish 
 fleets, hut who shunned an action, though 
 far superior in numbers. The year follow- 
 ing he was made first lord of the admiralty, 
 whichoihce he soon afterwardsresigned. hut 
 at the end of the year he was re-appointed, 
 and continued in that station till 1788, 
 when he was created an English earl. In 
 1793 he took the command of the channel 
 fleet, and June 1, 1794, he obtained a de- 
 cisive victory over he French fleet. The 
 same month he was visited on board his 
 ship at Spithead by their majesties, when 
 the king presented him with a magnificent 
 sword, a gold chain and medal. He also 
 received the thanks of bosh houses, the 
 freedom of London, and the applause of 
 the nation. In 1795 he became general of 
 the marines, and in 1797 was honoured 
 with the’garter. His lordship died in 1799, 
 and was succeeded by his brother. — Monthly 
 M/arr. Gent. Meg. 
 
 Howell (James), a miscellaneous writer, 
 was born at Caermarthenshire, about 1596, 
 and educated at Jesus college, Oxford, of 
 which his brother Thomas (who died bi- 
 shop of Bristol), was fellow. In 1613 he 
 was employed as steward of sir Robert 
 Mansel’s glass-house in London, the propri- 
 etors of which sent him abroad to procure 
 materials and workmen. He returned in 
 1621. The year following he went to 
 Spain, and during his absence was chosen 
 fellow of Jesus college. In 1 624 lie became 
 
H U B 
 
 IIUE 
 
 secretary to lord Scrope, president of the 
 north, and in 1627 was chosen member for 
 Richmond in Yorkshire. lie was after- 
 wards employed in state affairs, and in 
 1540 became clerk of the council; but in 
 164:3 his papers were seized by order of 
 parliament, and he was committed to the 
 Fleet, where he supported himself by his 
 pen. His writing's were numerous ; but 
 mostly of a temporary kind. That by 
 which he is best known is, a Collection of 
 Letters one vol. 8vo. containing much of 
 the history of the times, written in a lively 
 manner. At the Restoration he was made 
 historiographer-royal, l ie died in 1666.— 
 Wood. . 
 
 FIozier (Peter d’), a French genealogist, 
 was born at ATarseilles, in 1592. Fie was 
 judge of arms, certifier of titles, and a 
 member of the council of state. Fie died in 
 1660. He published a history of Brittany, 
 and genealogical tables. — Moreri. 
 
 Hu arte (John), a native of French Na- 
 varre, who distinguished himself in the 17th 
 century by a Spanish work of great merit, 
 entitled, A Trial of Wits, or a Treatise on 
 the different Kinds of Genius among Men, 
 with Rules and Directions shewing to what 
 Kind of Study any Person is best adapted. 
 This book has been translated into English. 
 — Moreri. 
 
 Huber (Samuel), professor of theology 
 at Wittemberg, about 1592, was a native 
 ot Berne. He zealously opposed the doc- 
 trine of predestination, and wrote an ex- 
 plication ot the 9th, lOtli and 11th chapters 
 of the Epistle to the Romans. — Ibid. 
 
 • Huber (LJlrjc), professor of law at Fra- 
 neker, was born in 1635, and died in 1694. 
 His chief works are, Dissertationes de ge- 
 Tui.na xtate Assyriorum, et regno Medo- 
 runi ; Institutiones Histories civilis; De 
 Jure Civitatis. His son Zacbarias succeed- 
 ed him in his professorship, and died in 
 1/732. He wrote some learned tracts. — 
 jA Touv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Huber (John Rudolph), an eminent 
 painter, was born at Basil, in Switzerland, 
 in 1668. He studied in Italy after the 
 works of the best masters, ar.cl painted a 
 great number of portraits, and hisiorical 
 pictures. He died in 1748.— Pilli, > r ton. 
 
 Huber (Mary), a female writer, was 
 born at Geneva, in 1710. She wTOte Let- 
 ters on the Religion essential to Man, 
 wb’ch^ were attacked by the Romish di- 
 vines. She was also the author of a work 
 ■on the systems of the ancients and moderns 
 respecting the state of the soul after death, 
 and an abridgment of the Spectator from 
 the FngFsh. She died in 1753. — Nouv. 
 Did. list. 
 
 Huber (Michael), a German writer, was 
 bom at Frontbausen, in Bavaria He went 
 to Pans very young, and became acquaint- 
 ed wb'ii munv. distinguished literary cin- 
 r ! '*eri. In 176 : he was cal'ed "o the uni- 
 ty o' I.emsic to tc els the French lan- 
 iie there acquired the friendship 
 
 of many eminent men, particularly Gellert, 
 Zollikofer, and Weisse. He published nu- 
 merous translations, chiefly of German 
 works, into French. He died in 1804.— 
 
 Monthly Mag. 
 
 ' FIubert (Matthew), a priest of die 
 Oratory in France, who was greatly distin- 
 guished as a preacher He died in 1772, 
 aged 77. Flis sermons were published at 
 Paris, in 6 vols, 12mo 1725. — Ibid. 
 
 Hubnf.r (John), a German historian and 
 geographer, was born in 1668. l ie became 
 rector of the school at Hamburgh, -where 
 he died in 1732. He wrote geographical 
 and historical compendinms, which have 
 been translated into various languages ; 
 but his principal works are, 1. Bibliotheca 
 Kistonca Hamburgensis ; 2. Museum Geo- 
 graphicum. — Mareri. 
 
 FIudde (John), a burgomaster of Am- 
 sterdam, who was a considerable statesman 
 and mathematician. He died in 1704. His 
 mathematical works are highly esteemed. 
 — N -uoi. Diet. Hi it. 
 
 Hudson (Henry), an English navigator, 
 who made several voyages to find a passage 
 by the north to India, in the last of which 
 he discovered a bay, called by his name, 
 where he wintered, but on his passage 
 home some of his crew mutinied, and for- 
 ced him, his son, and others, into a boat 
 which was never after heard of. The mu- 
 tineers arrived at Plymouth in 1 61 1 . There 
 is a trading company called the Hudson’s 
 Bay company on account of their connec- 
 tion with that part of America discovered 
 by him. — Hakluyt. 
 
 Hudson (John), a learned divine, was 
 born at Wythop, in Cumberland, in 1662, 
 and bred at Queen’s college, Oxford, where 
 he took his degrees in arts, and then re- 
 moved to University college, on obtaining 
 a fellowship. In 1701 he became keeper 
 of the Bodleian library, and the same year 
 took his degree of D. D. In 1712 he "was 
 appointed principal of St. Mary hall, 
 through the interest of Dr. Radcliffe ; and 
 it was owing to Dr. Hudson that Radcliffe 
 bestowed Ins liberal benefactions on the 
 university. He married the daughter of 
 sir Robert Harrison, by whom he left a 
 daughter He died in 1719. Dr. Fludson 
 published elegant editions of Velleius Pa- 
 terculus, Thucydides, Geographi.se Veteris 
 Scriptores Grseci Minores, Dionysius Flali- 
 carnassensis, Longinus, iEsop, &c.; after 
 his death appeared his beautiful edition of 
 Josephus, 2 vols. folio. — Hutchinson’s Hist. 
 Cumberland. 
 
 Hudson (Thomas), an English portraij 
 painter, was the scholar and son-in-law of 
 R ; chardson, and though but an indifferent 
 artist, he had the honour of being the pre- 
 ceptor of sir Joshua Reynolds. He died is 
 1779, aged 73 — Pilkirgtdn. 
 
 Hurt (Peter Daniel), a learned French 
 bishop, was horn at Caen in ' Normandy, 
 in 1630. He studied mathematics under 
 Mambrun, a jetuit, and Greek and Iff'- 
 
H U G 
 
 II U L 
 
 Brew under Bochart, whom he accompa- 
 nied in 1652 to the court of Christina, 
 rjiieep of Sweden, who would have engaged 
 him in her service, but he declined the 
 honour, and returned to- France. In 1651 
 he published an excellent work on the 
 art of translation, entitled, De Interpreta- 
 tione. In 1679 appeared his Demonstratio 
 Evangelica. which was greatly admired. 
 His reputation was now so great that the 
 place of sub-preceptor to the dauphin was 
 conferred on him, and he had for his col- 
 league the illustrious Bossuet. In 1661 ap- 
 peared his valuable edition of the works of 
 Otigen. Hd formed the plan of publishing 
 editions of the classics “ inusum Delphini,” 
 and superintended the execution. In 1676 
 he was presented to the abbey of Aunay, 
 in Normandy, and in 168.5 was nominated 
 to the see of Soissons, which he exchanged 
 for that of Avranches. In 1 689 he printed 
 his Censures on the Cartesian Philosophy, 
 a system to which he had been zealously 
 attached, hut the fallacy of which he now 
 sufficiently exposed. In 1699 he resigned 
 his bishopric, and was presented to the ab- 
 bey of Fontenoy, near Caen. He died at 
 Paris, ill 1721. Huet, considering the num- 
 ber and excellence of his works, may be 
 considered as one of the most learned men 
 that any age has produced. The following 
 books of his have been translated into Eng- 
 lish : outlie Origin of Romances; on the 
 Situation of the Terrestrial Paradise; Histo- 
 ry of the Commerce and Navigation of the 
 Ancients and on the Weakness of Human 
 Understanding. — Moreri. 
 
 Hufnagel (George), a Flemish painter, 
 was born at Antwerp, in 154.5. He became 
 painter to some of the German princes ; 
 and his reputation recommended him to 
 the emperor Rodolphns, for whom he exe- 
 cuted four admirable books representing 
 quadrupeds, insects, birds, and lishes. He 
 was also a tolerable poet in Latin and Ger- 
 man. He died in 1600. — Moreri. 
 
 Huch-Capet, the chief of the third 
 race of French monarchs, was count of 
 Paris and Orleans. On account of his 
 courage and other qualities he was pro- 
 claimed king of France at Noyon in 
 987. He died in 996, aged .57. — Henault. 
 Moreri. 
 
 Hughes (John), an English poet, was 
 "fctorn at Marlborough, in Wiltshire, in 
 1677. He received his education in 
 London, and though he had a great love 
 for literature, he applied himself to bu- 
 siness, and obtained a place in the ord- 
 nance office. His first publication was 
 an Ode on the Peace of 'Rvswick, 1697, 
 which was well received, and introduced 
 him to the acquaintance of several men of 
 letters. In 1717. he was appointed secre- 
 tary to the commissions of the peace, by 
 lord chancellor Cowper. His last literary 
 piece was the tragedy of the Siege of Da- 
 nSuscus ; but he expired on the first night of 
 
 its performance, February. 17, 1720. In 
 1735 his plays and poems were published 
 in 2 vols. 12mo. H ■/. also wrote several 
 pieces in prose, particularly papers in the 
 Tatler, Spectator, and Guardian : and he 
 superintended an edition of Spenser’s works, 
 in 6 vols. 12md. His younger brother 
 Jabez Hughes published a translation from 
 Claud ian of the Rape of Proserpine, and 
 the story of Sextus and Erictho, from Lu- 
 can ; also Suetonius’s Lives of the Caesars, 
 and some of Cervantes’s novels. He died 
 in 1731, aged 46. Another Jabez Hughes, 
 who was fellow of Jesus college, Cambridge, 
 published, in 1712, an excellent edition of 
 Chrysostom on the Priesthood, — Gen. Biog. 
 Diet. 
 
 Hugo of Cluni, a saint of the Roman 
 calendar, was born in Burgundy, in 1023. 
 At the age of fifteen he entered into the 
 abbey of Cluni, of which he was chosen 
 abbot in 1048; He reformed that monas- 
 tery, and died in 1108. Some of his epis- 
 tles are in Dacherius’s Spicilegium. — Dupin. 
 
 Hugo (Herman), a learned jesuit and 
 Latin poet, was born at Brussels, in 1588, 
 and died of the plague at Rhinberg, in 
 1629. He wrote, De Prima Scribendi 
 Origine, et universae rei Literariae Anti- 
 quitate, 8vo. 1617 ; Obsidio Bredana, sub 
 Ambrosio Spinola, Antwerp, 1629, folio; 
 Militia Equestris, Antiqua et Nova, folio, 
 1630; Pia Desideria, 8vo. — Moreri. 
 
 Hugo (Charles Louis), a French writer, 
 was abbot of Estival, and bishop of Ptole- 
 mais, and died in 1735. His works are, 
 
 1. Annales Premonstratensium, which, as 
 the history of a monastic order, is curious ; 
 
 2. Vie de St. Norbert, Fondateur des Pre- 
 montres;3. Sacrte Antiquitatis Monumenta 
 hisiorica, dogmatica, diplomatics, 2 vols. 
 folio : 4. Traffic Historique et Critique de 
 la Maison de Lorraine, 1711. This was 
 condemned hv the parliament ; on which 
 he wrote, 5. Reflexions sur les deux Qu- 
 vrages concernant la Maison de Lorraine. 
 He had a controversy with Faydit on the 
 doctrine of the Trinity.— --Moreri. 
 
 Hugtenburgh (John van), a Dutch 
 painter, who excelled in painting battles, 
 and huntings. He painted the victories of 
 the duke of Marlborough and prince Eu- 
 gene. He died in 1733, aged 77. His brd- 
 ther James, who died in 1696, excelled in 
 
 painting landscapes and animals. Pil- 
 
 kington. 
 
 Huldp.ic (John James), a Swiss divine, 
 was born at Zurich, in 1683, and died 
 there in 1731. He was professor of Jaw in 
 his native city, and universally esteemed 
 for his public services. He published an 
 edition of the work, entitled, Sephor To- 
 ledot Jesehu, 1703 ; Miscellanea Tigurina, 
 3 vols.; and wrote a Commentary on Puf- 
 fendorf’s Duty of Man. — Moreri. 
 
 Hdi.sema.nn (John), a Lutheran divise, 
 was born at Esens, in Friezland in 1602. 
 He became professor of divinity at Leipsic 
 
H U M 
 
 HUN 
 
 where lie died in 1661. He wrote many 
 works on theological subjects. — Mereri. 
 
 Holshts (Anthony), a German divine, 
 was born at Hilda, in 1615. Afterstudy- 
 ihg at Wesel and Devanter, he visited fo- 
 reign universities, and acquired a consi- 
 derable knowledge of oriental languages. 
 He was minister at Breda twenty-five 
 years, and afterwards professor of divinity 
 at Leyden. He died in 1685. He wrote 
 Theotogia Judaica ; Opus Catechetieura 
 didactico-polemicmn : and a treatise, en- 
 titled, Non Ens PnEadamitieum. He is not 
 to be confounded with Henry Hufsius/who 
 died professor of theology at Duisbourg, in 
 1723. He wrote Summa Theologize ; de 
 Princlpio credendi ; de Vallibus Prophe- 
 tarum Sacris, &c. — Morrri. 
 
 Hulst (Peter van der), a Dutch painter, 
 was born at Dort, in 1652. He painted 
 flowers, aiaongwhich he introduced lizards, 
 frogs, serpents, and insects. lie died in 
 1708.- — Pilkington . 
 
 Hums (David), a celebrated writer, was 
 born at Edinburgh, in 1771. He was de- 
 signed for the law, but having no inclina- 
 tion to that profession, he applied to mer- 
 cantile pursuits, and became in 1734 clerk 
 in an eminent house at Bristol. But he 
 did not continue long in that line; for 
 having a strong propensityto literature, he 
 went to France, where he wrote his treatise 
 ■of Human Nature, which he published at 
 London in 1738. This metaphysical work, 
 however, met with an indifferent recep- 
 tion; nor were his Moral Essays, which 
 appeared in 1742, more successful. About 
 this time he resided with the marquis of Au- 
 nandaie as a companion, but soon after he 
 became secretary to general Sinclair, whom 
 fee attended to Vienna and Turin ; and 
 while he was abroad his Enquiry concern- 
 ing the Human Understanding was pub- 
 Jished at London. In 175.1 appeared his 
 Political Discourses, and his Enquiry con- 
 cerning the Principles of Morals, the latter 
 of which he accounted the best of Ills writ- 
 ings. In 1754 he published the first vo- 
 lume of the History of England, from the 
 Accession of James 1. to the Revolution. 
 This work had little success ; but the se- 
 cond, which came out in 1756, met with a 
 better fate, and “ helped (as the author 
 said) to buoy np its unfortunate brother.” 
 About the same period he published his 
 Natural History of Religion, which was 
 smartly answered by Dr. W arburton in a 
 pamphlet, which Mr. Hume attributed to 
 Dr. afterwards bishop Hurd. In 1759 ap- 
 peared his History of the House of Tudor, 
 and iu 1761 the more ancient part of the 
 'English History. The work had now ac- 
 quired considerable celebrity, and the wri- 
 ter gained largely by its popularity, for 
 besides the profits it brought him he ob- 
 tained a pension through lord Bute. In 
 4763 he accompanied the earl of Hert- 
 ford on his embassy to Paris, where in. 
 
 1765 he remained as charge d'affaires. Ths 
 year following he returned home, and be- 
 came under-secretary of state to Mr. Con- 
 way. In 1769 he retired to his native 
 country on an independent income. He 
 died in 1776. After his death appeared a 
 work by him, entitled, Dialogues concern- 
 ing Natural Religion. Mr. Hume was 
 master of a good style of composition, and 
 had the art of stating common objections 
 in a new manner. His positions on reli- 
 gious points, however, are fallacious and. 
 frivolous. As a metaphysician he is so- 
 phistical and obscure, as a moralist lax 
 and deceitful, and as an historian specious 
 and partial. — Life by Adam. Smith. Bp. 
 Horns Letters.. Gen. Bing. 
 
 Humphrey (Laurence), a learned divine, 
 was born at Newport Pagnel, in Bucking- 
 hamshire, about 1527, and educated at 
 Cambridge, from whence he removed to 
 Magdalen coliege, Oxford, where he be- 
 came fellow and Greek lecturer. During 
 the reign of Mary he resided abroad, but 
 at the accession of Elizabeth he returned, 
 and w r as restored to his fellowship. In 1560 
 he was made professor of divinity at 
 Oxford, and the year following elected 
 president of his college. He was succes- 
 sively dean of Gloucester and Winchester, 
 and might have been a bishop but for his 
 puritanical principles. He died in 1.590. 
 His writings are, 1. Epistola de Graeci, 
 Liter';; et Homeri Lectione et Imitatione ; 
 2. De Religionis Conservatione et Refor- 
 matione, deque Primatu Regum ; 3. De 
 Ratione interpretandi Auctores; 4. Opti- 
 mates; sive de Nobiiitate, ejusque Antiqua 
 Origine ; 5. the Life of Bishop Jewel; 6. 
 Sermons, See. — Wood. 
 
 Hungary. This country, the ancient 
 Pannonia, was reduced by Tiberius, B. C. 
 II. A. D. S76 the Huns conquered it, and 
 about 460 were expelled by the'Gepidas, 
 who submitted to the Lombards in 526. 
 They quitted it in 568, and the Huns re- 
 mained masters of it till they were con- 
 quered by Charlemagne in 794. After- 
 wards the Hungarians became an inde- 
 pendant nation, for in 920 they were go- 
 verned by Toxis, the father of Gerissa, 
 their first Christian king. This race conti- 
 nued till 1302, when Charles Martel suc- 
 ceeded to the crown. In 1333 Sigismund, 
 emperor of Germany, and king of Bohe- 
 mia, became king of Hungary in right of 
 his wife ; but in 1438 it became again inde- 
 pendant of the empire under Uiadislaus. 
 In 1540 sultan Soiiman seized the best part 
 of the country, and Ferdinand, the em- 
 peror, took the rest: from which time it 
 was the seat of frequent wars between 
 the Germans and Turks till 1739, when, 
 the latter yielded all, except Belgrade ; 
 since which it has been annexed to the Ger- 
 man empire. — Unh>. Hist. 
 
 Huniades (John Corvinus), vaivode f 
 Transylvania, and commander of .p 
 
HUN 
 
 H U N 
 
 Hungarian armies, who forced Amirrath 
 the sultan of the Turks to retire from 
 Belgrade, and defeated his generals in 
 several battles. He became the terror of 
 the Turks, but was defeated by them in 
 1T18 ; and in 1456 he compelled Mahomet 
 11. to raise the siege of Belgrade, and died 
 the same year. — Moreri. 
 
 Hunneric, king of the Vandals in 
 .Africa, succeeded his father Genseric in 
 477. He was a violent arian, and though 
 he at first gave the orthodox Christians to- 
 leration, he afterwards commenced a per- 
 secution against them, which, for its cruel- 
 ty, exceeded the heathen’s. He died in 484. 
 —Ibid. 
 
 Hunnius (Giles), a lutheran divine, was 
 born at Winende, in the duchy of Wir- 
 temberg, in 1550, and educated at Tu- 
 bingen. In 1576 he became professor of 
 divinity at Marpurg, from whence he 
 Temoved to Wirtemberg. He wrote with 
 bitterness against Calvin and Huber, and 
 manifested a most intolerant spirit. He 
 died in 1 603. His son Nicholas was a 
 learned writer, and professor of divinity 
 at Wittemberg and Lubeclc. He died in 
 1643. — Melch. Adam. Moreri. 
 
 Hunt (Walter), an English Carmelite, 
 who distinguished himself in a council held 
 at Florence against the Greeks, at the time 
 when an union was agitated between the two 
 churches. He also wrote a book on the 
 subject, and died in 1470. — Pits. 
 
 Hunt (Jeremiah), a learned dissenting 
 divine, was born in London in 1678. He 
 was educated under Mr. Thomas Rowe, a 
 dissenting ngfhister in the city, after which 
 he studied at the universities of Edinburgh 
 and Leyden ; and at the latter place he ap- 
 plied to the Hebrew language, and Jewish 
 antiquities, under an eminent rabbi. He 
 preached to an English congregation at Am- 
 sterdam, and on his return home officiated 
 some time at Tunstead in Norfolk, from 
 whence he removed to London about 1710, 
 as pastor of the congregration at Pinners’ 
 Hall. In 1729 the university of Edinburgh 
 conferred on him the degree of D. D. He 
 died in 1744. Dr. Hunt wrote. An Flssay 
 towards explaining the History and Reve- 
 lations of Scripture in their several Periods, 
 to which Ls annexed a Dissertation on the 
 Fall of Man, 8vo. 1738 ; and several mis- 
 cellaneous Sermons. — Full. Perm, by Lardner. 
 
 Hunter (Robert), an English gentle- 
 man, who wrote the famous letter on En- 
 thusiasm, which has been ascribed to 
 Swift and to Sfraftsburv. He was governor 
 of New York and the Jerseys several years, 
 and afterwards of Jamaica, where he died 
 in 1734. — Gen.B.D. 
 
 Hunter (Willliam), a celebrated ana- 
 tomist and physician, was born at Kilbride, 
 in Lanerkshire, in 1718. His father was a 
 farmer, and designed him for the church, 
 but an acquaintance ■with Dr. Cullen in- 
 clftippg him tp the study of physic, .he re- 
 
 sided with the doctor three years. Is 
 1740 he removed to Edinburgh, where he 
 followed his studies with intense applica- 
 tion, and the year following visited London, 
 soon after which he was taken by Dr. James 
 Douglas into his house as 3 dissector and 
 also tutor to his son. In 1746 he succeeded 
 Mr. Samuel Sharpe as lecturer to a society 
 of surgeons in Covent-garden, and the 
 year following was admitted a member of 
 the corporation of surgeons. In 1750 he 
 obtained his doctor’s degree from Glasgow, 
 and entered into an extensive line of prac- 
 tice as a physician, particuiary in midwife- 
 ry. In 1762 he was appointed physician 
 extraordinary to the queen, and the same 
 year he published his Medical Commenta- 
 ries. In 1767 he was chosen a fellow of 
 the royal society, and furnished the Trans- 
 actions of that body with many valuable 
 papers. In 1768 he was appointed professor 
 of anatomy to the royal academy, which 
 office he discharged with great reputation, 
 adapting his anatomical knowledge to the 
 arts of painting and sculpture. In 1781 he 
 succeeded Dr. Fothergill as president of 
 the society of physicians in London, and 
 his name being now spread through Eu- 
 rope, he was chosen member of several 
 foreign societies. Dr. Hunter formed a 
 splendid anatomical museum in his house 
 in Windmill-street, at an immense expencc; 
 after which lie extended his collection to 
 natural history, learning, aud science. He 
 also possessed a magnificent treasure of 
 Greek and Latin books, a cabinet of an- 
 cient medals, and a large stock of shells, 
 corals, and other curious productions. 
 This museum he bequeathed at his death, 
 which happened in 1783, to his nephew 
 Dr. Baillie, and Mr. Cruikshank, for 30 
 years, and then to go to the university of 
 Glasgow. His greatest performance is the 
 Anatomy of the Gravid Uterus, contained 
 in 34 capital plates, and dedicated to the 
 king. After his death appeared an Anato- 
 mical Description of the Human Gravid 
 Uterus and its Contents, 4to. — Life by Ur. 
 Simmons. 
 
 Hunter (John), younger brother of the 
 preceding, was born in 1728, and brought 
 up to a mechanical employment, of which 
 being disgusted, he solicited his brother to 
 take him as an assistant, which was granted, 
 and in 1748 he removed to London. 1 he 
 year following, by the favour of Mr. Che- 
 selden, he became a student at Chelsea hos- 
 pital, where he assiduously studied the ru- 
 diments of surgery. He afterwards attend- 
 ed St. Bartholomew’s, and in 1756 was ap- 
 pointed house surgeon of St. George’s hos- 
 pital. About the same time his, brother 
 took him as a partner in giving anatomical 
 lectures. He laboured for ten years on hu- 
 man anatemv, and not only made himself 
 master of the science as it then stood, but 
 added to it several important discoveries. 
 He proceeded further in the examination 
 
II U N 
 
 II U T 
 
 » 
 
 of other animals, which laid the foundation 
 of his collection of comparative anatomy. 
 In 17C0 he was appointed an army sur- 
 geon, and went in that capacity to Belle- 
 isle and Portugal. On his return to 
 England he fixed his residence in London, 
 and taught anatomy and surgery with the 
 highest reputation. In 1767 he was ad- 
 mitted fellow of the royal society •. and the 
 year following his brother resigned to him 
 his house in Jcrmyn-street. In 1768 he was 
 chosen one. of the surgeon’s of St. George’s 
 hospital. In 1771 he married Miss Flome, 
 by whom he had two sons and two daugh- 
 ters. In 1766 he was appointed surgeon- 
 extraordinary to his majesty. His collec- 
 tion having become extremely large, he 
 took a house in Leicester-square, and erect- 
 ed a building adjoining to it for a museum. 
 He succeeded Mr. Adair in 1790 as in- 
 spector-general of hospitals, and surgeon- 
 general of the army. Mr. Hunter died 
 suddenly in St. Gerorge’s hospital, October 
 16, 1793. His contributions to the Philo- 
 sophical Transactions were numerous and 
 interesting.. His other works are, A Trea- 
 tise on the Natural History of the Human 
 Teeth, 4to. ; A treatise on the Venereal 
 Disease, 4to. ; Observations on the Ani- 
 mal Economy, 4to, ; A treatise on the 
 Blood, Inflammation, and Gunshot W ounds, 
 4tO. — Hutchinson s Nltd. Big. 
 
 Hunter (Flenry), an ingenious divine 
 of the church of Scotland, was born at 
 Culross, in Perthshire, in 1741. After re- 
 ceiving a school education he was sent to 
 the university of Edinburgh, where he stu- 
 died with great reputation, and in 1764 
 was licensed to preach by the presbytery 
 of Dunfermline. In 1776 he was ordained 
 at South Leith, where he continued to 
 officiate till 1771, when he was invited to 
 the charge of the Scoth church at London- 
 wali. Dr. Hunter was a general scholar, 
 a sound divine, very liberal in his prin- 
 ciples, and an eloquent preacher. Fie died 
 at Bristol wells, whither he had gene for 
 his health, in 1802. His works are, Sacred 
 Biography, or Sermons on the principal 
 Characters recorded in Scripture, 6 vol. 
 Svo ; 2 vols. of Miscellaneous Sermons, 
 Translations of Lavater’s Physiognomy, St. 
 Pierre’s Studies of Nature, Saurin’s Ser- 
 mons, &C. — Monthly Mug. 
 
 Huntingdon (Selina, countess of), was 
 the second daughter of Washington Shir- 
 ley, earl Ferrers, and born in 1707. She mar- 
 ried Theophilus carl of Huntingdon in 1721, 
 by whom she had four sons and three daugh- 
 ters. A dangerous illness bringing her into 
 a serious way of thinking, she turned me- 
 thodist, and during the remainder of her 
 life supported a number of itinerant preach- 
 ers, and built several chapels in various 
 parts of the kingdom. Her sentiments 
 were rigidly Calvinistic, and she was the 
 patroness of all of that persuasion. She 
 died in 1723 . — Haw s’ s Church History. 
 
 Huntingdon (Robert), an English di- 
 vine, was born at Deerhurst, in Gloucester- 
 shire, in 1636, and educated at Bristol, 
 from whence he was sent to Merton co- 
 lege, Oxford, of which he became fellow. 
 In 1670 he was appointed chaplain to the 
 factory at Aleppo, where he improved him- 
 self intheOriental languages, and collected 
 many curious manuscripts. In 1682 he re- 
 turned to England, and the year following 
 took his degree of D. D. At the recom- 
 mendation of bishop Fell, he was chosen 
 master of Trinity college, Dublin, but he 
 quitted Ireland in 7691. In 1701 he was 
 nominated bishop of Raphoe, but lived only- 
 twelve days after his consecration. Some 
 of his observations are in Ray’s Collection 
 of Voyages and Travels. — Life by I) r^ Smith. 
 
 Flu re (Charles), a French divine of the 
 Jansenist persuasion, was born in 16S9. He 
 studied theology with avidity, and applied 
 to the eastern languages with success. He 
 became principal of the college at Ben- 
 court, and died in 1717. His works are; 
 A Dictionary of the Bible, 2 vols. folio. A 
 Translation of the New Testament into 
 French, with notes. A Sacred Grammar.— 
 Noun. Hist. Diet. 
 
 Huss (John), a martyr, was born in Bo- 
 hemia, in 1376, and educated at Prague, 
 where he entered into orders, and became 
 rector of the university, and confessor to 
 the queen. Meeting with some of the writ- 
 ings of Wiekliffe, he perceived the errors 
 of popery, and by his means a refor- 
 mation was commenced in the university 
 of Prague, to check which the archbishop 
 issued two decrees, whereby the new doc- 
 trines spread the more. The pope then 
 granted a bull for suppressing these errors, 
 and Huss being cited to appear at Rome, 
 was excommunicated for disobedience. He 
 went on, however, propagating his prin- 
 ciples, and was supported therein by 
 Wenceslaus king of Bohemia, till 1414, 
 when he was summoned to appear before 
 the council of Constance. The emperor 
 Sigismund sent him a safe conduct, promis- 
 ing to preserve him in going to and re- 
 turning from the council ; but tire members 
 of that assembly, in violation of this pledge, 
 decreed, “ that no faith is to be kept with 
 heretics;” and as Huss refused to retract 
 his opinions, he was degraded, and burnt 
 alive in 141,5. His works were printed 
 together at Nuremburgh in 1558. — Roll's 
 Lines oj the Reformers. Mosheim. 
 
 Hutcheson (Francis), an ingenious wri- 
 ter, was born in Ireland, in 1 694. Fie re- 
 ceived his education at Glasgow, after 
 which he became pastor of a dissenting 
 congregation in Dublin, where he also kept 
 an academy with great credit till 1729, 
 when he removed to Glasgow on being 
 appointed professor of philosophy. He 
 died in 1747. His works are, An Inquiry 
 into the Ideas of Beauty and Virtue. A 
 Treatise on the - Passion?. A Sy tern of 
 M m 
 
HUT 
 
 HUT 
 
 Moral Philosophy, 5 vols. 4to. — Gen. Blog. 
 Diet. 
 
 Hutchins (John), an English divine 
 and topographer, was born in Dorsestshire, 
 in 1693, and educated at Baliol college, Ox- 
 ford. In 1747 he obtained the rectory of 
 Wareham, in his native county, where 
 he died in 1773. He was the author of the 
 History and Antiquities of the County of 
 Dorset, 2 vols. folio, 1774, and since re- 
 printed. — Nichols's Anecdotes of Bowver. 
 
 Hutchinson (John), an English philo- 
 pher, was born at Spenuythorn, in York- 
 shire, in 1674. He received a liberal edu- 
 cation, after which he became steward first 
 to a country gentleman, and next to the 
 duke of Somerset. Having. a turn for na- 
 tural history he made a large collection of 
 fossils, which he put into the hands of Dr. 
 Woodward, for him to digest and publish. 
 The doctor deceived Hutchinson with fair 
 'promises, but never began the work, which 
 induced him to rely on hisown pen. He there- 
 fore quitted the duke’s service, who being 
 master of the horse to the king, made him 
 his riding purveyor. He also gave him 
 the presentation to the living of Sutton, in 
 Sussex, which Hutchinson bestowed on his 
 friend Mr. Julius Bate, a zealous defender 
 of his doctrines. In 1754 he published the 
 first part of his Moses’s Principia, in 
 which he ridiculed Woodward’s Natural 
 History of the Earth. He also attempted 
 to refute Sir Isaac Newton’s doctrine of 
 gravitation. In the secoud part he main- 
 tained, in opposition to the Newtonian sys- 
 tem, that a plenum apd the air are the 
 principles of scripture philosophy. In this 
 work he intimated, that the idea of the 
 Trinity might be taken from the grand 
 agents in the natural system, fire, light, 
 and spirit ; which is said to have made 
 an impression on the mind of Dr. Clarke. 
 Mr. Hutchinson was a great admirer of 
 the Hebrew language, and maintained that 
 all its radicals were to be explained by 
 their etymologies, and therefore he totally 
 renounced the maforetical points. By theaid 
 of these etymologies, he fancied that he had 
 discovered the true system of natural philo- 
 sophy in the writings of Moses. For a 
 time his notions occasioned some warm con- 
 troversy, being supported by several in- 
 genious and pious writers, as Mr. Jones, 
 bishop Horne, Mr. Spearman and others, 
 but they were zealously opposed in the 
 universities. Mr. Hutchinson died in 1737. 
 His works, which are abundantly curious, 
 though obscurely written, have been print- 
 ed in 1 2 vols. 8vO. — Floyd's Biog. Attecd. of 
 Botvyer. 
 
 Hutchinson (John He! v), an Irish states- 
 man and lawyer, was born in 17.15. By 
 great firmness and activity, he gained the 
 places of prime serjeant at law, principal 
 secretary of state, and provost of Trinity 
 college, Dublin. He also accummuiated a 
 lumber of other 1 Lucrative employ meats, 
 
 and so great was his aifibition, that lord 
 North said, “ If England and Ireland were 
 given to this man, he would solicit the 
 Isle of Alan for a potatoe garden.” He 
 possessed great talents and eloquence, and 
 died in 1794. — Europ. Mug. 
 
 Hutten (Ulrice de), a German writer, 
 was born at Steckelberg, in Franconia, in 
 1448. He studied at Cologne and Frank- 
 fort on the Oder, where he took the de- 
 gree of M. A. at the age of eighteen. He 
 then went to Italy, but receiving no sup- 
 plies from his parents, he enlisted into the 
 army, and served at the siege of Parma. In 
 1.509 he returned to Germany, and was re- 
 duced to such poverty as to be obliged to 
 beg his bread. In 1512 he published a La- 
 tin poem in praise of the emperor Maximi- 
 lian, which gained him reputation and 
 friends. The same year he went to Pavia 
 to study the law : but falling into indigence 
 he again entered the army. He soon ob- 
 tained his discharge, and returned to his 
 native country, where he espoused the doc- 
 trines of Luther, and wrote some elegant 
 pieces in Latin. For his epigrams the em- 
 peror knighted him and made him poet 
 laureat. In 1518 he discovered a manu- 
 script of Livy, which he published, as he 
 afterwards did Pliny, Quintillian, and 
 Marcellinus. His writings against the 
 church of Rome were so severe, that the 
 pope sent orders to the inquisitor to seize 
 him ; but Hutten fled into Switzerland 
 with Erasmus. He died near Zurich in 
 1.523. His letters and poems are very 
 classical. — Bayle. 
 
 Hutten (Jacob), the founder of a reli- 
 gious sect, called after his name Hidtitcs , i« 
 the 1 6th century. He was a native of Sile- 
 sia, and procured a number of followers 
 in the Tyrol, Bavaria, and parts adjacent. 
 They affected peculiar sanctity, pretended 
 to extradinary visions, and had all things 
 in common. After the death of their 
 
 founder the sect dispersed. Moreri. 
 
 Masheim. 
 
 Hutter (Elias), a learned protestant di- 
 vine, was born at Ulrich in 1553, and died 
 at Nuremburg in 1602. He published a 
 Bible in four languages, Hebrew, Greek, 
 Latin, and German, 1597 ; afterwards he 
 added to it the Italian, French, Sclavonic, 
 and Saxon. His New Testament, in twelve 
 languages, was printed in 1 600, but in the 
 edition of 1603 he reduced it to four. This 
 polygot is very scarce. — Bayle. 
 
 Hutter (Leonard), a learned proter- 
 tant divine, was born at Ulm in 1563. He 
 became professor of theology at Wittem- 
 burg, and afterwards rector of that uni- 
 versity, where dediedin 1616. Ilis prin- 
 cipal work is entitled, Concordia concors, 
 five de origine & progressu formula; Can- 
 cordice Ecelesiarum, Augustan® Coitfessio- 
 nis, folio. Besides this he wrote a number 
 of books against the romxn'sts. — Bayle. 
 
 Hutton (Matthew), an English prelate, 
 
H Y D 
 
 H Y D 
 
 was born of poor parents in Lancashire, in 
 1529, and sent to Cambridge in 1 <46. He 
 became fellow of Trinity college, and was 
 appointed Lady Margaret’s proiessor of di- 
 vinity in that university, and after obtain- 
 ing a prebend in the cathedral of St. Paul, 
 became master of Pembroke-hall. In 1567 
 he was preferred to the deanry of York, 
 from which he was removed in 1589 to the 
 bishopric of Durham, and in 1594 translat- 
 ed to the archbishopric of York. He died 
 in 1605 . — Le Ni . • b Lives of the Alps. 
 
 Huygens (Constatine), lord of Zuylic- 
 hem, was born at the Hague in 1596, and 
 died in 1617. Pie was secretary to the 
 prince of Orange, and president of the 
 council, and is known by 14 books of Latin 
 poems, under the title of Momenta desul- 
 toria, consisting of epigrams and miscella- 
 neous pieces. — -Bail Let. Jugemens dei Savans 
 sur les Poetes. 
 
 Huygens (Christian), an eminent ma- 
 thematician, was son of the above, and 
 born at the Hague in 1629. He discovered 
 when young a great turn for mathematical 
 science, and in 1651 gave a specimen of 
 his abilities in a book entitled, Theoremata 
 de quadi atura Hvperboles, Ellipsis, et Cir- 
 culi ex dato portionum gravitatis centro. 
 Not long after, he published a treatise on 
 Horology, in which he discovered the mo- 
 del of a new-ni vented pendulum for clocks. 
 In 1659 appeared his System of Saturn, 
 giving an account of the discovery which 
 he had made of a satellite attending that 
 planet. In 1661 he visited England, and 
 was chosen fellow of the royal society. 
 He afterwards resided at Paris, on the invi- 
 tation of Colbert, who gave him a pen- 
 sion, and he was also admitted a member 
 of the academy of sciences. He died at 
 his native place, in 1695. His Cosmothe- 
 oros,ora treatise on the plurality of worlds, 
 was printed the same year, and in 1703 ap- 
 peared his Opuscula Posthuma, in 1 vol. 
 4to. All his works have been collected in 
 6 vols. 4tO. — Moreri. Hutton. 
 
 Huy sum (Justus van) called the old, an 
 eminent painter, was born at Amsterdam in 
 1659. He studied under Berchem, and be- 
 came an excellent painter of flowers, land- 
 scapes, and battles. He died in 1716'. — Pil- 
 kington . 
 
 Huy sum (John van), son of the pre- 
 ceding, but a better artist, was born at Am- 
 sterdam in 1682. His reputation was so great 
 that he fixed immoderate prices on his 
 works He would never suffer any person 
 to see him while he was painting, so that 
 his method of mixing his colours was an 
 impenetrable secret. His flower-pieces are 
 exquisitely beautiful, as also are his land- 
 scapes and animals. l ie died in 1749. He 
 had two brothers, who were good painters, 
 Justus and Jacob ; the first died at the age 
 of 22, and the latter in 1740, aged 60. — Ibid. 
 
 Hyde (Edward), earl of Clarendon, and 
 lord chancellor of England, was born at 
 
 Dinton, in Wiltshire, of an ancient family, 
 in 1608. In 1622 he was admitted of Mag- 
 dalen hall, Oxford, from whence he re- 
 moved to the Middle Temple. In 1640 he 
 was chosen member of parliament for Wot- 
 ton-Basset, and distinguished himself by his 
 moderation and firm regard to the consti- 
 tution. He satin the long parliament for 
 Saltash, and was appointed to carry up a 
 charge to the lords against the judges Da- 
 venport, Weston, and Trevor, on which 
 occasion he made an admirable speech. He 
 was also employed to draw up the articles 
 of impeachment against the earl of Straf- 
 ford, but disapproving the measures pur- 
 sued, he left the party, opposed the bill of 
 attainder, and when the commons pkssed 
 an ordinance for raising the militia against 
 the king, he considered it as an act of re- 
 bellion, and went to his majesty at York. 
 In 1642 he received the honour of knight- 
 hood and the chancellorship of the exche- 
 quer. In 1644 he was appointed one of the 
 king’s commissioners at the treaty of Ux- 
 bridge. When the royal cause was ruined, 
 he went to Jersey, and from thence to Pa- 
 ris. In 1649 the exiled king sent him with 
 lord Cottingron to the court of Madrid. 
 In 1657 he was made chancellor, which 
 post was continued to him at the Restora- 
 tion, when he was likewise chosen chan- 
 cellor of the university of Oxford. He 
 was also created a peer, and in 1661 earl of 
 Clarendon. He conducted himself in his 
 high station with great wisdom, modera- 
 tion, and virtue ; but his inflexible integri- 
 ty procured him many powerful enemies in 
 that dissolute court. The marriage of the 
 duke of York with his daughter was made 
 use of by them to alienate the king’s re- 
 gard from him, but ineffectually. In 1663 
 the earl of Bristol exhibited charges against 
 him in the house of lords, but they were 
 proved frivolous. The building, however, 
 of Clarendon-house, which was considered 
 as too superb for a subject, and the in- 
 trigues of a corrupt cabal succeeded, and 
 in 1667 he was deprived of his place. He 
 was also impeached of treason and other 
 misdemeanors, on which he withdrew se- 
 cretly to France; and as soon as his flight 
 was known an act of banishment was passed 
 against him. In 1668, while he was at 
 Evreux, confined to his bed, a party of 
 English seamen broke into his chamber, 
 and dragged him into the yard, where they 
 were about to dispatch him, when their lieu- 
 tenant arrived and disarmed them. He died 
 at Rouen in 1673, and his remains were 
 brought to England, and interred in West- 
 minster abbey. Anne, his eldest daughter, 
 was married to the duke of York, by whom 
 she had two daughters, Mary and Anne, 
 who were successively queens of England. 
 Lord Clarendon’s History of the Rebellion, 
 which is the nobles! history in our language., 
 was printed at Oxford in 1704, in folio and 
 8vo. He also wrote : Animadversions upon 
 Mm2 
 
HYD 
 
 HYP 
 
 Mr. Cressy’s book, entitled, Fanaticism, fa- 
 natically imputed to the Catholic Church, 
 by Dr. Stillingfleet, &c. 8vo. 1672; A Sur- 
 vey of Mr. Hobbes’s Leviathan, 4to. ; Mis- 
 cellaneous Tracts, collected and printed in 
 one volume folio ; An Account of his own 
 Life, printed in 1759. — Biog. Brit. Lives nf 
 the Chancellors. 
 
 Hyde (Henry), earl of Clarendon, the 
 son of the above, was born in 1638. He 
 assisted in bringing about the Restoration, 
 after which he was made chamberlain to 
 the queen’s household. The persecution 
 experienced by his father led him to join in 
 opposition to the court, but in 1680 he was 
 made a privy-counsellor. James II. ap- 
 pointed him lord lieutenant of Ireland, but 
 he was recalled soon afterwards to make 
 room for lord Tyrconnel. For refusing the 
 oaths to king William he was confined some 
 time in the Tower, and on his release re- 
 tired to the country, where he died in 1709. 
 Jlis State Letters and Diary were printed at 
 Oxford, in 2 vols. 4to. 1763. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Hyde (Lawrence), second son of the 
 chancellor, was early employed in public 
 affairs, and in 1661 made master ef the 
 robes to the king. In 1676 he was sent 
 ambassador to Poland, from whence, he went 
 to Nimeguen as plenipotentiary at the set- 
 tling of the peace. In 1679 he was appoint- 
 ed first commissioner of the treasury. He 
 opposed the bill for excluding the duke of 
 York front the succession, and in 1681 was 
 created viscount Hyde, and shortly after 
 earl of Rochester. In 1684 he was made 
 president of the council, lord treasurer, and 
 the year after knight of the garter. He 
 was pressed by James II. to change his reli- 
 gion, but refused, on which he was dis- 
 placed. He became a member of the ec- 
 clesiastical commission, but concurred in 
 the Revolution, and in 1700 was made lord 
 lieutenant of Ireland. In the reign of queen 
 Anne he was appointed president of the 
 council. He died in 1711. His lordship 
 wrote the dedication of his father’s History 
 of the Rebellion. — Memoirs of Illustrious 
 Persons nuho died in 1711 . 
 
 Hyde (Thomas), a learned divine, was 
 born at Billingsley in Shropshire, in 1636, 
 and educated under his father, who was a 
 minister, and then removed to King’s col- 
 lege, Cambridge, where he applied to the 
 study of the Oriental languages. Dr. Walton 
 employed him in his great work, the Poly- 
 glot Bible, and in the preface gratefully ac- 
 knowledged his assistance. In 1658 he was 
 admitted of Queen’s college, Oxford, where 
 be took the degree of M.A. and was made 
 under keeper of the Bodleian library. In 
 1665 he translated from the Persian into 
 Latin, Ulugh Beg’s Observations on the 
 Longitude and Latitude of the fixed Stars, 
 with notes; and soon after he obtained a 
 prebend in the church of Salisbury. In 
 1678 the archdeaconry of Gloucester was 
 conferred on him ; in 1 682 he took his de- 
 
 gree of D D. In 1691 he was chqsen Ara- 
 bic professor. In 1700 appeared his great 
 work, universally known and admired, en- 
 titled, Historia Religionis Veterum Persa- 
 rum, eorumque Magorum, See. 4to. Be- 
 sides the above preferments he was mac.e 
 regius professor of Hebrew, and canon ol 
 Christ Church. Dr. Hyde died at Oxford 
 in 1703. — Wood. Biog. Brit. 
 
 Hyder-Aly-Kr an, a celebrated Indian 
 chieftain, was born in 1728 at Divanelli, in 
 the Mysore country. His father was a ge- 
 neral, under whom he served, and on his 
 death in 1751 he joined his brother, who 
 had allied with the French. He succeeded 
 his brother as generalissimo ol the king of 
 Mysore’s armies, and distinguished him- 
 self in a number of daring exploits, for 
 which he was raised to the princely rank of 
 suba of Servia. 1 le carried on a successful 
 war against the Mahrattas many years, and 
 even threatened the annihilation of the 
 English settlements in India. A treaty was 
 concluded in 1769, which was broken in 
 1780, and the war renewed with vigour ; 
 but the skill of sir Eyre Coote proved 
 superior to Hyder, who left the military 
 operations to his son Tippoo Saib. He 
 died in 1782. — Burop. Mag. 
 
 Hyginus (Caius Julius), an old Latin 
 writer, who was a native of Spain, and a 
 freedman of Augustus. lie wrote many 
 books,, but the only one extant is his Poeti- 
 con Astronomicon, published at Amsterdam 
 in 1681, in 2 vols. 8vo. — Vossius de Hist. Lat. 
 
 Hyginus, a pope and saint of the Roman 
 calendar, succeeded Telesphorus in 153, and 
 was martyred in 156. He had been a phi- 
 losophy at Athens. There are two decre- 
 tals under his name, but they are not ge- 
 nuine. — Mo reri. 
 
 Hyi.l (Albayn), a physician of the 16th 
 century, was according to some a Welsh- 
 man, and to others a native of Scotland. 
 He studied at the university of Oxford, 
 after which he went abroad and took his 
 doctor's degree. He died in London in 
 1559. He wrote several pieces upon the 
 works of Galen. — Wood. 
 
 Hypatia, an illustrious female, was the 
 daughter of Theon, an eminent philosopher 
 at Alexandria, whom she succeeded in the 
 government of that school, and had a num- 
 ber of disciples. Synesius in particular, 
 who afterwards became a Christian bishop, 
 has celebrated her praises in the mostlively 
 terms. Orestes, the governor of Alexan- 
 dria, had a high respect for Hypatia, and 
 frequently consulted her on matters of im- 
 portance. Between the governor and the 
 patriarch Cyril there was a bitter enmity, 
 which broke out into open war, and the 
 monks siding with their chief, assembled 
 in a riotous manner against Orestes, who 
 was obliged to fly from the city. They 
 then seized Hypatia, aud having torn her 
 in pieces, burnt her mangled limbs to ashes. 
 This happened A- D. 415. bhe wrote a Com- 
 
I B A 
 
 I B E 
 
 roentary oil Diophantus, and other works, 
 which are lost. — Synesius F.pist. Socrates Hist. 
 Ecd. 
 
 Hyperides, an Athenian orator, who 
 was a disciple of Plato aud Isocrates about 
 335 B. C. Though lie was the intimate 
 friend of Demosthenes, he accused him of 
 bribery, for which that great man was ba- 
 nished. Hyperides was put to death by 
 Antipater about 322. — Plutarch. 
 
 FJyperius (Andrew Gerard), a learned 
 divine of Ypres in Flanders. Fie received 
 his education in France, but having em- 
 braced the principles of the Reformation he 
 was obliged to quit that country; on which 
 he came to England, and afterwards settled 
 as divinity professor at Mar purg, where he 
 died in 1564. Flis works on philosophy, 
 mathematics, and theology, make 7 vols. in 
 folio. — Baylc. Melcb. Adam. 
 
 Hypiscles of Alexandria, an ancient 
 mathematician, who flourished under M. 
 Aurelius and L. Verus. There is ascribed 
 to him a work, entitled, Anaphoricus, or a 
 Book of Ascensions, printed in Greek and 
 Latin at Paris, in 1680. — Hossius. 
 
 Hy rcanius (John),highpriestand prince 
 of the Jews, succeeded his father Simon 
 Maccabieus, who was murdered by his son- 
 in-law Ptolemy. This traitor then invited 
 
 I 
 
 JAMBLICIIUS, king of Arabia, who was 
 
 deprived of his estates by Augustus after 
 ,the battle of Actium, for supporting the 
 .cause of Mark Antony; but his son was re- 
 stored to the throne by the same emperor 
 B. C. 22 . — Moreri. 
 
 Iamblichus, a Greek author and a musi- 
 cian by profession, who lived in the second 
 century under Marcus Aurelius. He was 
 the author of some works in Greek, and, 
 among others, one entitled Babylonian, in 
 the library of the E&curial in Spain, and of 
 which Leo Allatius has published a frag- 
 ment. — Photius in Biblioth. Hossius de Hist. 
 Grac. 
 
 Iamblichus, a Platonic philosopher, was 
 a native of Chalcis in Syria, and studied un- 
 der Porphyry. He gained many disciples by 
 his eloquence and probity. He died in the 
 reign of Constantine. — Eunapius in Hit. So- 
 phist. 
 
 Iamblichus, a Greek author, was a na- 
 tive of Apamea in Syria, and flourished in 
 the reign of Julian, by whom he wasgreatly 
 esteemed. He was poisoned under Valens 
 A. D. 363. He was the author of the Life 
 of Pythagoras ; an Exhortation to Philoso- 
 phy ; and a piece against Porphyry’s Letter 
 on the Egyptian Mysteries. — Ibid. Moreri. 
 
 Ibarra (Joachim), printer to the king 
 of Spain, was a native of Saragossa, and 
 died in 1785, aged 60 He carried the ty- 
 pographic art to a degree of perfection 
 
 Antiochtis into Jcdasa, and that monarch 
 accordingly laid siege to Jerusalem, which 
 held out against all his attempts. At length 
 a peace was concluded on condition of the 
 Jews becoming tributary to Antiochus, 
 after whose death Hyrcanus restored his 
 country to independence. He died 106 
 B. C. He was succeeded by his son Hyrca- 
 nus II. who died B.C. 30. — Josephus. 
 
 Hywel ab Owaiu Gwynedd, a prince of 
 North Wales, some of whose poems are in 
 the Welsh Archaeology. On the death of 
 his father, in 1169, he endeavoured to as- 
 cend the throne in preference to his bro- 
 thers, but was defeated and wounded, on 
 which he went to Ireland, where he died in 
 1171 . — Owen's Camb. Biog. 
 
 Hywel ab Morgan Mawr, prince of 
 Glamorgan in 1030. He died in 1043, at 
 the extraordinary age of 130 years. He is 
 represented as having been one of the wisest 
 and best of British princes. In this line we 
 have the following instances of longevity : 
 Morgan Mawr, aged 1 29 ; Hywel ab Rhys, 
 124; and Arthvael ab Rhys, 120. — Ibid. 
 
 Hywel Dada, or Howe l the Good, a cele- 
 brated prince and legislator of Wales, who 
 died in 948. Fie went to Rome on purpose 
 to revise the code of laws for the govern- 
 ment of his country. — Ibid, 
 
 which had been unknown in that country. 
 His presses produced line editions of the 
 Bible, the Mozarabic Missal, Mariana’s 
 History of Spain, Don Quixote, and Ga- 
 briel’s Spanish translation of Sallust. He 
 invented a superior kind of printing ink. — 
 Nmev. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Ibas, bishop of Edessa in the fifth cen- 
 tury. He was at first a nestorian, but after- 
 wards quitted that persuasion and became 
 orthodox. In the council of Ephesus in 449 
 he was deposed and banished, but that of 
 Chalcedoti in 451 restored him to his digni- 
 ty . — Dupin. Moreri. 
 
 Ibbot (Benjamin), an English divine, was 
 born at Beachamwell, in Norfolk, in 1680, 
 and educated at Clare hall, Cambridge from 
 whence he removed to Corpus Christi col- 
 lege, where he obtained a fellowship, in 
 1708 archbishop Tenison appointed him 
 treasurer of the cathedral of Weils, and 
 George I. made him one of his chaplains ; 
 and when that monarch visited Cambridge, 
 he was created D. D. by mandamus. In 
 1713 and 1714 he preached the Boyle’s lec- 
 ture sermons. In 1724 he was installed 
 prebendary of Westminster, but died the 
 year following. His posthumous works 
 were published by Dr. Clarke, in 2 vols. 
 8vo. — Gen Biog. Diet. 
 
 Ibex (Cotheddin Ibek), the slave of Sche- 
 habeddin, sultan of India, on whose death 
 he usurped the throne, and added to his do* 
 
I B R 
 
 I G N 
 
 minions many provinces of Hindostan. An 
 account of his conquest was written in a 
 volume, entitled, Tage al Mather. — D' Her- 
 
 be'.ot. 
 
 Ibvk (Azzeddin Ibek, or Ibeg), first sultan 
 of the Mameluke '1 urks in Egypt. He was 
 an officer in the court of Malek Al Saleh, 
 sultan of Egypt.on whose death lie married 
 his widow, and became partner with her in 
 the throne; but she caused him to be as- 
 sassinated, A. D. 1257. — Ibid. 
 
 IE e k, an Arabian author, who wrote a 
 book on the duties and qualifications of a 
 secretary. He died in 1348. — Ibid. 
 
 Ibrahim, son of Valid, the third caliph 
 of the race of Ommiades. succeeded his 
 brother Jezid A. D. 748; but Marvan, go- 
 vernor of Mesopotamia, revolted against 
 him, took Damascus, and reduced him to a 
 private life two years afterwards. One au- 
 thor says, that he was slain three months 
 after his being deposed. — D’ Herbelot. 
 
 Ibrahim Imam, the chief priest of the 
 Mohammedan religion, was a descendant of 
 the illustrious house of the Abbassides. 
 His reputation and authority were so great, 
 that Marvan or Hemar, the last caliph of 
 the Ommiades, caused him to be put to 
 death by thrusting his head into a bag of 
 lime A. D. 748 — Ibid. 
 
 Ibrajiim, the son of Massoud, eighth ca- 
 liph of the dynasty of Gaznevides, succeeded 
 his brother Ferokzad. He acquired great 
 reputation as a just and pious prince, not- 
 withstanding the frequent wars which he 
 made on the borders of Hindostan, in which 
 he gained such advantages as to acquire the 
 name of the Conqueror. He reigned 42 
 years, and died in 1098. Ibrahim erected 
 a number of cities, mosqaes, and hospitals, 
 and he was a liberal encourager of arts and 
 letters — Ibid. 
 
 Ibrahim, the son of the caliph Mahadi, 
 brother of Haroun Raschid, and uncle of 
 Amin and Marnon. He was an excellent 
 poet and musician, and the first orator of 
 his time. He was proclaimed caliph at 
 Bagdad, on the death of his nephew Amin, 
 fn 6)7 ; but Mamon marching from Kho- 
 rassan to Bagdad with a powerful army, 
 Ibrahim thought it prudent to abdicate the 
 throne. He died at Samara in 839. — Ibid. 
 
 Ibrahim of Schiraz,a mussulman doctor 
 of law, who wrote several works in Arabic 
 on jurisprudence. There was another of the 
 same name, surnamed Merouzi, some of 
 whose works are extant. — Ibid. 
 
 Ibrahim, emperorof the Turks, was the 
 son of Achmet, and succeeded his brother 
 Achmet IV. in 1 640. He besieged and took 
 the capital of Candia in 1644, but his cruel- 
 ties and debaucheries were so great that the 
 soldiers strangled him in 1649. — Moreri. 
 
 Ibrahim Effendi, a native of Poland, 
 who was raised by his courage and talents 
 to the first dignities in the Ottoman empire. 
 He established the first printing-press in 
 Turkey in 1728. The Count de Bonneval 
 
 furnished him with the characters. The 
 first work wduch he produced was on the 
 military art : he afterwards published the 
 Account of an expedition against the Af- 
 ghans, a Turkish Grammar, and a History of 
 Turkey. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 lBYcus,a Greek lyric poet, who flourished 
 about 540 B C. He was murdered by 
 some robbers, and in the moment of dying 
 lie observed cranes flying over his head, 
 whom he implored to be his avengers. 
 Some time after thesemurderers walking in 
 Rhegium, seeing some cranes in the air, pne 
 of them said to his companions, “ those are 
 the witnesses of the death of Ibycus.” These 
 words being overheard excited suspicion; 
 the wretches were apprehended, and being 
 tortured, confessed their crime, for which 
 they were put to death. — Pliny 
 
 Idacius, a Spanish bishop of the fifth 
 century, who wrote a chroniclecommencing 
 with the first year of the reign of Theodo- 
 sius, and ending with the 11th of that of 
 Leo. The Consular Fasts are also attributed 
 to him. His works were published by Sir- 
 mond in 1619 , 8vo. at Paris. — Moreri. 
 
 Idris Gawr, a Welsh astronomer, who 
 is ranked with Gwidion ab Don and Gwyn 
 ab Nudd, as the three great astronomers 
 of Britain. A high mountain in Wales is 
 still called Cader Idris, or the seat of Idris. 
 When he flourished is unknown. — Owen's 
 Camb. Biog. 
 
 Ignatius (St.), an eminent father of the 
 church and a martyr, was a native of Syria, 
 and a disciple of St. John the Evangelist, 
 by whom he was made bishop of Antioch, 
 A.D. 68. After discharging the episcopal 
 office with great zeal 40 years, the emperor 
 Trajan coining to Antioch in his Parthian 
 expedition, sent for him, and endeavoured 
 to prevail on him to renounce his religion. 
 Ignatius continued inflexible, on which the 
 emperor sent him with a guard of soldiers 
 to Rome, where he was exposed to the wild 
 beasts in the amphitheatre for the amuse- 
 ment of the people. The holy martyr 
 heard his sentence with joy, and endured 
 his sufferings with fortitude. Two pious 
 deacons of his church gathered up his 
 bones, and conveyed them to Antioch, 
 where they were carefully preserved. Se- 
 ven of his genuine epistles remain, and 
 were published by Usher at Oxford in 1645. 
 The best edition is that of 1708. There 
 are some others which go under his name, 
 but they are generally accounted spurious, 
 though Whiston endeavoured to prove 
 that they were the true ones, and that the 
 others were forgeries or abridgments. — 
 Cave. Dupin. Pearson. Hind. Ignat. 
 
 Ignatius, patriarch of Constantinople, 
 was the son of the emperor Michael Curo- 
 palata, and of Procopia, daughter of the 
 emperor Nicephorus. When his father was 
 deposed by Leo the Armenian, he and his 
 brother were thrown into a monastery and 
 made eunuchs. Ignatius, whose former 
 
I L L 
 
 I N C 
 
 name was Nicetas, took the religious habit, 
 and in 847 was raised to the patriarchate ; 
 but having rebuked Bardas,one of the prin- 
 cipal lords of the court, for incest, he was 
 banished to the isle of Terebinthus, and 
 Photius appointed in his place. A council 
 was called at Constantinople to compel Ig- 
 natius to resign, which he refused for some 
 time, but close confinement and rigorous 
 usage induced him to yield. On the ad- 
 vancement of Basil to the empire he was 
 restored, and immediately excommunicated 
 Photius, and procured the 8th general coun- 
 cil to be called at Constantinople. He died 
 in 878. — Dup'in. 
 
 Ignatius. SeeLoYOLA. 
 
 Igor, sovereign of Russia, succeeded his 
 father Rurick; and after making war a long 
 time on his neighbours, he proceeded to 
 ravage the 'East, deluging with blood Pon- 
 tus, Paphlagonia, and Bithynia. He died 
 in 945, leaving the throne to his wife Alga, 
 who in her old age embraced Christianity. 
 — Unlnj. Hist. 
 
 Ildefonse (St.), a Spanish bishop in the 
 seventh century, was the disciple of St. Isi- 
 dore of Seville, after whose death he went to 
 Toledo, where he became abbot of a mo- 
 nastery, and on the death of the bishop Eu- 
 geni us he was elected to succeed him. He 
 died in 667, aged 62. He wrote an account 
 of ecclesiastical writers, and other works. — 
 Dupin. 
 
 Ilive (Jacob), an English printer and 
 letter-founder, who published some strange 
 pieces, as a pretended translation of the 
 book of Jasher, an oration proving that 
 this world is hell, that men are fallen spirits, 
 and that the fire to destroy them at the day 
 of judgment will be immaterial, See. He 
 died in 1768. — Anec. of Boivyer. 
 
 Illescas (Gonsalvo), a Spanish eccle- 
 siastic and historian, who died in 1 580. He 
 wrote the History of the Catholic Pontifi- 
 cal, containing the lives of the popes, in 
 Spanish, 2 vols. folio, 1570. This work was 
 continued by Louis de Babiato 1605, and 
 Mark de Guadalaxara, a Carmelite, added 
 another volume. — Nicolas Antonio. Biblioth. 
 Hisp. 
 
 Illtyd VaKchog, or Iltutus the Knight, 
 a saint who accompanied Garmon to Bri- 
 tain, and was placed at the head of the con- 
 gregation of Theodosius, so called from be- 
 ing established by that emperor. He intro- 
 duced an improved method of ploughing 
 among the Welsh, and died about A.D. 
 480. — Owens Camb. Biog. 
 
 Illyrius (Matthias Flaccus), a lutheran 
 divine, was born at Albona, in Istria, in 
 ) 520, and educated at Venice, where he ac- 
 quired a great knowledge of Greek and 
 Hebrew. Having embraced the doctrines 
 of the Reformation he went to Wittemburg, 
 and prosecuted his studies under Luther 
 and Melancthon. He had a share in the 
 Centurix Magdeburg euses, and wrote se- 
 
 veral learned works. He died in 1575.— » 
 Melcb. Adam. Vit. Germ. Tbeol. 
 
 Imbert (Bartholomew), a French poet, 
 was born at Nismes in 1747. He became a 
 member of the academy in his native city, 
 and cultivated literature, particularly poe- 
 try, with success. His poem on the judg- 
 ment of Paris has been much admired. 
 He also published a volumeof Fables, which 
 though excellent cannot be compared to 
 Fontaine’s. He was likewise the author of 
 an agreeable novel, entitled, les Egaremens 
 de 1’ Amour, and some other pieces. He 
 died of a malignant fever in 1790 — N.D.H. 
 
 Imbert (John), an advocate, was born at 
 Rochelle, and died at the close of the 16’th 
 century. He published Enchiridion juris 
 scripti Gallias, 4to., 1559 ; Institutiones Fo- 
 renses, 8vo. ; 1541. — Nouv. Diet. 
 
 Imbert (Joseph Gabriel), a French paint- 
 er, was born at Marseilles, and instructed 
 by Vander Meulen and le Brun. At the 
 age of 34 he entered into the order of St. 
 Bruno, but still continued painting. He 
 died in 1740, aged 83 — Ibid. 
 
 Imhoff (James William), a celebrated 
 genealogist, was born of a noble family at 
 Nuremburgh, in 1651, and died in 1728. 
 He published, 1 . De Notitia Procerum Ger- 
 mania;, 2 vols. fol. ; 2. Historia Genealogi- 
 ca Italix et Hispanix ; 3. Familiarum Ita- 
 lic, Hispanix, Gallix et Portugallix, all in 
 folio; 4. Magna: Britannix cum appendice, 
 2 vols. fob; 5. Recherches sur les Grandes 
 d’Espagne, 8vo. — Moreri. Nowv. Diet. 
 
 Im peri a li (John Baptist), an Italian 
 physician, was born at Vicenza, in 1568, of 
 a noble family. He studied at Verona and 
 Bologna, and became professor of philoso- 
 phy and physic at Padua. He died at Vi- 
 cenza in 1623. He published a volume, en- 
 titled, Exoticarum Exercitationum, Venet. 
 
 1 603. — Ibid. 
 
 Imteriali (John), the son of the above, 
 was also a famous physician. He was born 
 in 1602, and died in 1652. His works are, 
 1. Musaeum Historicum; 2 Musxum Phy- 
 sicum,sive de humano ingenio, Venet. 1640. 
 —Ibid. 
 
 Jmperiali (Joseph Renatus), a Roman 
 cardinal, who was a great eracourager of 
 learning, and collected one of the first li- 
 braries in Europe. In 1730 he was a can- 
 didate for the pontificate, and lost the elec- 
 tion by one vote. He died in 1737, aged 
 86. A description of his library was print- 
 ed- at Rome in 1711, in folio. — Ibid. 
 
 Ina, king of the West-Saxons, acquired 
 fame by his expeditions against the neigh- 
 bouring pr ices. In 726 he went on a pil- 
 grimage to Rome, where he erected an 
 English college, which he endowed by a 
 yearly tax on his kingdom, called Romescot , 
 and afterwards Peterpence. — Bede. Rapin, 
 
 Inachus, founder of the kingdom of 
 Argos, B. C. 1858. Josephus and other an- 
 cient Historians make him contemporary 
 
1 N G 
 
 1 X N 
 
 with Moses, but Eusebius places his reign 
 346 years before the Exodus of the Israelite’s, 
 ■ — Petavius . Morerr. 
 
 Inchoffer (Melchior), a German jesuit, 
 was born at Vienna in 1584. He at first stu- 
 died the law, but quitted that profession 
 and entered among the jesuits at Rome in 
 1607. He wrote a book, entitled, The Vir- 
 gin Mary’s Letter to the People of Messi- 
 na proved to be genuine, folio, 1630. He 
 died at Milan in 1648. Having received 
 some injuries from his brethren, he wrote a 
 satire against them, which was printed after 
 his death under the title of Monarchia fo- 
 lipsorum. He also wrote the Ecclesiastical 
 History of Hungary, &c. — Petavius. Moreri. 
 
 Inoulphus, the seventy-seventh king of 
 Scotland, began his reign A. D. 959. The 
 first seven years of his reign we-re peaceable, 
 but afterwards his kingdom was invaded se- 
 veral times by the Danes, who were enraged 
 against him for making analliance with the 
 English. Having landed in the north in 
 great force, Indulphus marched against 
 them, and compelled then to fly to their 
 ships, but pursuing them too eagerly he was 
 slain by an arrow. — Buchanan. 
 
 Inghen (William van), an historical 
 painter, was born at Utrecht in 1651. Af- 
 ter being the disciple of Anthony Grebber, 
 he studied in Italy; and on his return set- 
 tled at Amsterdam. His works are held 
 in great esteem. — Houbrahen. 
 
 Ingenhousz (John), an eminent phy- 
 sician and chemist, was born at Breda in 
 ’730. He came early to England, and 
 having learnt the Suttonian method of 
 inoculation, went to Vienna on the recom- 
 mendation of sir John Pringle, to inocu- 
 late the daughter of the emperor, for which 
 he was made imperial physician, and ob- 
 tained a pension. He was a fellow of the 
 royal society, and died in 1799. Dr. In- 
 genhousz published, 1. Experiments upon 
 Vegetables, 8vo. ; 9. A translation into 
 Latin of Hulme’s Treatise on the Stone, 
 Scurvy, and Gout; 3. Several Chemical 
 Treatises on Impregnating Water, &c. with 
 Fixed Air ; 4. Papers in the Philosophical 
 Transactions. — Gent. Mag. 
 
 Ingoult (Nicholas-Louis), a French Je- 
 suit, was born at Gisorsfand died in 1753, 
 aged 64. He was an eloquent preacher, 
 and published the 8th volume of the 
 Memoirs of the Missions of the society of 
 Jesus in the Levant. Some of his sermons 
 are in print. — Naum. Diet. 
 
 Ingram (Robert), an English divine, 
 was born in Yorkshire, and educated at 
 Beverley school, from whence he removed 
 to Corpus Christi college, Cambridge, of 
 which he became fellow, and took there 
 his degrees in arts. His first preferment 
 was the perpetual curacy of Bridhurst, in 
 Kent, after which he obtained successively, 
 the small vicarage of Orston, in Notting- 
 hamshire, and the vicarages of Wormington 
 
 and I’ox ted, in Essex. lie died in 180b 
 Mr. Ingram wrote, 1. A View of the 
 Great Events of the Seventh Plague, or 
 Period when the. Mystery of God shall be 
 finished, Rev. x, 7, which concludes and 
 adds confirmation to an explanation of the 
 Seven Last Plagues, Rev. xv, xvi, lately 
 offered to the public, 1785; 2. Accounts of 
 the Ten Tribes of Israel being in America, 
 originally published by Menasseh Ben Is- 
 rael ; with observations thereon, &c. 1792; 
 3. A Complete and Uniform Explanation 
 of the Prophecy of the Seven Vials of 
 Wrath, or the Seven Last Plagues, &c. 
 1804. — Monthly Mag. 
 
 Inc-rassia (John Philip), a physician of 
 Palermo, who delivered his country in 
 1575 from the fury of the plague. Hs 
 wrote Veterinaria Medicina, Venice, 156'8, 
 and other works. He diedin 1581, aged 70, 
 Nouv. Did. 
 
 Inguimberti (Dominic Joseph Mari d’), 
 bishop of Charpentras, was born in that 
 city in 1683. He bcame a member of 
 the order of Dominicans, which he quitted 
 for that of the Cistercians. Clement XII. 
 gave him his bishoprick in 1733, and in 
 that situation he conducted himself in an 
 exemplary manner, employing his wealth 
 to serve the public, or to relieve the poor. 
 He built a large hospital, and erected a 
 magnificent library for public benefit. This 
 worthy prelate died in 1 757. He published 
 pieces on religious subjects. — Nouv. Did 
 Hist. 
 
 Ingulphus, abbot of Croyland in the 
 1 5th century, was in great favour with Wil- 
 liam the Conqueror, to whom he was se- 
 cretary. Pie rebuilt his monastery, and 
 obtained for it many privileges. He died in 
 1 109. There is extant by him a History of 
 Croyland Abbey, published by Saville, 
 in 1596, and at Oxford in 1684. — Pits. 
 Bal 
 
 Innocen t I. pope, was a native of Al- 
 bany, end elected to the pontifical chair in 
 402. He condemned the Novatians and 
 Pelagians, and died at Ravenna in 417. 
 Some of his epistles are extant. 
 
 Innocnt If ascended the throne in 
 1130. He was elected by a part of the 
 conclave, the rest choosing Peter de Leon, 
 the son of a Jew, who took the name of 
 Anacletus II. and was acknowledged by the 
 kings of Scotland and Sicily, but Innocent 
 was received by the other princes of Eu- 
 rope. Being driven from Italy, he fled to 
 France, where he held several councils. On 
 the death of his rival and the abdication of 
 his successor Victor IV. he returned to 
 Rome, arid held theV.econd Lateran coun- 
 cil in 1139. He died" in 1 144. 
 
 Innocent III. was called Lothario Con- 
 ti, and born of a noble family at Auagni, 
 in 1161. On account of his learning he 
 was made a cardinal, and in 1198 elected 
 pope. He encouraged the crusades to the 
 
I N N 
 
 I R E 
 
 Holy Land, promoted one against the Albi- 
 gehses, laid the kingdom of France under 
 interdict, and excommunicated John king 
 of England. He greatly extended his tem- 
 poral dominions, and carried the papal au- 
 thority to a high pitch. He died in 123<j 
 His works were printed at Cologne, in 1 .>15. 
 
 Innocent IV. was a Genoese, and be- 
 came chancellor of the Roman church. 
 Gregory IX. honoured him with the purple 
 in 12-27. He succeeded Celestin IV. in 1243, 
 at which time the court of Rome was en- 
 gaged in a contest with the emperor Fre- 
 deric II. Innocent was obliged to retire to 
 France, where he held the council of Ly- 
 ons, in which Frederic was excommunicat- 
 ed. The pope died at Naples in 12,54. He 
 is said to have been the first who gave red 
 hats to the cardinals. 
 
 Innocent V. a dominican, became arch- 
 bishop of Lyons, cardinal, and lastly pope 
 in 1276', but died a few months after his 
 election. Some religious pieces of his have 
 been printed. 
 
 Innocent VI. cardinal bishop of Ostia, 
 was born in France, and advanced to the 
 papacy in 1S52. He was a man of great 
 learning and liberality, and died in 1362 
 Some of his letters are extant. 
 
 Innocent VII. born at Abruzzo, was 
 elected pope in 1404, but not without great 
 opposition. He died in 1406'. 
 
 Innocent VIII. a noble Genoese of 
 Greek extraction, obtained the tiara in 
 1484. He endeavoured to procure another 
 crusade, but without success. He died of 
 an apoplexy in 1492, aged 60. 
 
 Innocent IX. was born at Bologna in 
 1519, and ascended the papal throne in 
 1591, but died two months afterwards. 
 He distinguished himself at the council of 
 Trent, and was made cardinal by Gre- 
 gory XIII. 
 
 Innocent X (John Baptist amphilus), 
 a Roman, succeeded Urban VIII. in 1644, 
 at the age of 72, lie condemned the doc- 
 trines of Jansenius, and prosecuted the 
 Barberini family with great violence. He 
 died in 1655. 
 
 Innocent XI. was born at Como, in the 
 duchy of Milan, in 161 1 Innocent X gave 
 him a cardinal’s hat, and a bishopric. He 
 was elected pope in 1676, and reformed 
 many abuses in the ecclesiastical state. He 
 had a contest with Louis XIV. of France 
 about the right of disposing of benefices 
 And church lands, .claimed by that monarch, 
 and confirmed to him bv an assembly of 
 his clergy, which nearly terminated in a 
 separation of the Galilean church from the 
 Roman communion. This pone effected a 
 coalition between Germany, Poland, and 
 Venice, against the Turks, and died in 1689. 
 
 Innocent XII. (Antony Pignatelli), a 
 Neapolitan of a noble family, whoVueceed- 
 rd Alexander VIII. in 1691. He abolished 
 the extraordinary distinctions paid to the ne- 
 phews of popes, aud condemned the Max- 
 
 ims of the Saints, written by Fcnelon. He 
 died in 1700, aged 85. 
 
 Innocent XIII. (Michael Angelo Conti), 
 a Roman, and the eighth pope of his fa- 
 mily, was elected to the papal chair in 1721, 
 and died in 1724, aged 69. He gave a 
 pension to the grandson of James II. and 
 is said to have died of chagrin for having 
 been persuaded to bestow a cardinal’s hat 
 on Dubois. — Platina. Boiucr. Moreri. 
 
 I ntt it or (Henry), a German Dominican, 
 and inquisitor-general of Mayence, Treves, 
 and Cologne. He and his colleague lamps 
 Springer composed a work, entitled, Mal- 
 leus Maleficarum, printed at Lyons in 
 1 484, and several times afterwards. He 
 also wrote a book on monarchy, and 
 another against errors on the sacrament, — 
 Moreri. 
 
 Intaphernes, one of the seven lords 
 of Persia, who conspired to dethrone Smer- 
 dis, the usurper, 521 B C. He after- 
 wards endeavoured to seize the crown, for 
 which Darius condemned him to death 
 with all his family. The wife of Inta- 
 phernes presented herself before Darius 
 in a suppliant posture, and not only ob- 
 tained a pardon for herself, but for nnv 
 one of her relations that she should fix 
 upon. She chose her brother, saving 
 she might have another husband and other 
 children, but that, as her father and mo- 
 ther were dead, she could not have another 
 brother. On this Darius pardoned her 
 brother and son, but Intaphernes was exe- 
 cuted. — Herodotus. 
 
 Interian de Avala (John), a Spanish 
 monk of the order of mercy, who died at 
 Madrid, in 1770, aged 74. He published 
 a work on the errors of painters in repre- 
 senting religious subjects ; it is entitled lec- 
 tor Christianus eruditus, folio, 1720. He 
 also wrote some poems. — Now. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Inveges (Augustin), a Sicilian jesuit and 
 historian, was born in 1595, and died at 
 Palermo, in 1677. He wrote the History 
 of Palermo, 3 vols. folio, 1649; 2. Historia 
 Paradisi terrestris, 4to. 1641 ; 3. J„a Carta- 
 gine Siciliana 1651, 4to. — Ibid. 
 
 Ioi.o Goch, a Welsh bard, who flourish- 
 ed. from A. D. 1370 to 1420. He lived 
 with Owen Glendower, who employed him 
 to compose warlike songs to rouse his 
 countrymen against the English . — Owns 
 Camb. Bio^r. 
 
 Tphtcrates, a famous Athenian general, 
 who defeated the Thracians and Lacede- 
 monians, and restored the Seuthes. He 
 died B. C. 380 .— Com Nfos 
 
 in aii. (Augustin-Simon), a French eccle- 
 siastic, was born atPuy, in Valav, in 1719, 
 and died in 1/94. Hewrote a tragedy called 
 the Triumph of Heroism Memoirs for a 
 History of the Revolutions of the Repub- 
 lic of I.etters, 4 vols. 12mo. • and a History 
 ot the Re-union of Brittany to France, 2 
 vols. 12mo. — Nouv. Bid. 
 
 Ireland. The original inhabitants of 
 
ISA 
 
 I R E 
 
 this island were probably Britons, In 
 795 the Danes seized a part of it, and were 
 never completely subdued till the English 
 took possession ; till which period it was 
 generally divided into a number of petty 
 sovereignties. The first settlements of the 
 English were made in 1 16' 9, by private ad- 
 venturers, but under the sanction of Hen- 
 ry II. who in 1 172 conquered the whole 
 country. In 1314 the Scots excited a re- 
 bellion’ in Ireland, and in 1315 Edward 
 Bruce, king of Scotland, expelled the English 
 from almost all the places they held there, 
 and was proclaimed king of Ireland, but 
 the Scots were driven out in 1318. There 
 were still, however, frequent rebellions of 
 the natives, so that the English did no 
 thoroughly establish their power till 1614. 
 The Irish catholics revolted again in 1641, 
 and committed a dreadful massacre of the 
 protestants ; but they were reduced by 
 Cromwell in 1653. In 1798 another rebel- 
 lion broke out which was not suppressed 
 without much bloodshed. In ISOOanact 
 of parliament was passed, by which that 
 kingdom was united to Great Britain. — 
 B Band's Hist. Ireland. 
 
 Ireland (Samuel), a miscellaneous wri- 
 ter, who was originally a mechanic in 
 Spital Fields, but having a turn for draw- 
 ing and engraving, he sought to turn it 
 to account by publishing travels adorned 
 with prints. "With this view he published 
 a Picturesque Tour through Holland, Bra- 
 bant, and part of France, in 1790, which 
 was followed in 1792, by Picturesque Views 
 on the river Thames, vols. 8vo. ; and in 
 1793, Picturesque Views on the river Med- 
 way. In 1794 he published Graphic Illus- 
 trations of Hogarth. The next affair which 
 brought Mr. Ireland before thepublic was 
 not quite so respectable. This was the 
 publication of the disgraceful forgery of 
 letters, and papers, purporting to be Shake- 
 sneare’s, in one volume folio. But the 
 fraud was discovered, and exposed soon 
 after. His son lias published a narrative 
 of this affair, and taken all the ingenuity 
 and management upon himself. Mr. Ire- 
 land’s last work was Picturesque Views 
 with an historical account of the Inns of 
 Courts. He died in T OO. — Gent. Mag. 
 
 Irenjeus (St.), bishop of Lyons, was a 
 native of Greece, and the disciple of Poly- 
 carp, by whom it is supposed be was sent 
 into Gaul in 157. He was at first a priest 
 in the church of Lyons, and on the mar- 
 tyrdom of Pothemius succeeded him in the 
 bishopric m 177. He had a disputation 
 with Valentinus at Rome, and held a coun- 
 cil at Lyons in which the Gnostic heresy 
 was condemned. Iremeus was a great 
 lover of peace, and laboured to alky the 
 controversy, which raged with violence, 
 respecting the time of celebrating Easter. 
 He was beheaded at Lyons In the persecu- 
 tion under Severus. in 202. His books on 
 heresies were edited by Grabe at Oxford, in 
 
 1702, folio, and ail his works by Mas- 
 suet, at Paris, 1710, folio. — Dupin. Gavo. 
 
 Irene, empress of Constantinople, the 
 wife of Leo IV. after whose death she was 
 acknowledged sovereign in conjunction 
 with her son Constantine V. She displayed 
 great talents, but committed some atroci- 
 ous murders on the relations of her husband, 
 and at last she put her own son to death. 
 The people, irritated by her conduct, 
 placed Nicephorus on the throne, who ba- 
 nished her to Lesbos, where she died in 
 803 . — Moreri. 
 
 Ireton (Henry), a republican genera], 
 who distinguished himself in the great re- 
 bellion on the side of parliament. He was 
 appointed to command in Ireland, where 
 he died at the siege of Limerick, in 1651. 
 His body was conveyed to England and 
 interred in Westminster abbey, but at the 
 Restoration it was taken up and hung 
 at Tyburn, with those of Cromwell and 
 Bradshaw. He had by his wife Bridget, 
 eldest daughter of Oliver Cromwell, a 
 daughter named -also Bridget, who mar- 
 ried Thomas Bendish, esq. — Granger. Cla- 
 rendon. 
 
 Irevisa (John), a native of Cornwall, 
 and vicar of Berkeley in Gloucestershire 
 in the 14th century. He translated the 
 Polychronicon, by the direction of Tho- 
 mas lord Berkeley, in 1387. — Gen. B. I). 
 
 Irnerius or Wirnerus, a German civi- 
 lian of the 12tli century. He became a 
 professor at Ravenna, and afterwards at 
 Bologna, where he died about 1 150. He is 
 said to have introduced the degree of doctor 
 into universities. He is also called the father 
 of glossators. — Bayle. 
 
 Ironside (Gilbert), an English prelate, 
 was born at Hawksbury, in Oxfordshire, in 
 1588, and educated at Trinity college, Ox- 
 ford, and on entering into orders, obtained 
 the rectory of Winterburn, in Dorsetshire. 
 At the Restoration he was made bishop of 
 Bristol, where he died in 1671. He wrote 
 Seven Questions of the Sabbath, 4to, and a 
 Sermon, 1660. — Wood. 
 
 Isaac, the son of Abraham and Sarah, 
 wasborn 1896 B. C. His father being com- 
 manded to offer him up as a sacrifice, was 
 about to obey the divine command on 
 Mout Moriah, when an angel stopped 
 him. Isaac had two sons, Esau and Jacob ; 
 the eldest of whom became the father of 
 the Edomites, and the other of the Israelites. 
 He died 1 716 B. C. — SS. 
 
 Isaac (Comnenus), a Greek emperor, 
 was proclaimed in 1057 in the room of 
 Michael Stratioticus, who was deposed. 
 His reign was marked by valour and 
 prudence till he meddled with the proper- 
 ty of the ecclesiastics, who excited a gene- 
 ral discontent against him. He then retired 
 to a monastery, and ceded the crown to 
 Constantine Ducas in 1059. He died two 
 years after. — Moreri. 
 
 Isaac (Angelas), a Greek emperor, who 
 
ISA 
 
 I S M 
 
 obtained the crown after putting to death 
 Andronicus Cpmnenus in 1185. He was a 
 voluptuous prince, and his brother Alexius 
 having gained over his officers, seized the 
 throne, and threw him into prison, where 
 he was deprived of his eyes in 1195. 
 After the death of Alexius he was released 
 from confinement, and placed again on the 
 throne. He died in 1204. — Moreri. 
 
 Isaac Kaio, a Spanish rabbi, who 
 was forced to quit Spain in consequence 
 of the edict of Ferdinand and Isabella in 
 1499, which compelled the Jews to leave 
 that country within four months, or turn 
 christains. .He first went to Portugal, and 
 from thence to Jerusalem, where he led 
 a retired life. He wrote a Commentary on 
 the Pentateuch, printed at Amsterdam in 
 1708. — Basnage. 
 
 Isaacson (Henry), a learned chrono- 
 loger, was born in London in 1581. He 
 became secretary to the learned bishop 
 Andrews, and died in 1654. He compil- 
 ed a large work on Chronology in folio. — 
 Wood. 
 
 Isabella of Arragon, was the daugh- 
 ter of Alphonso, duke of Calabria, the 
 son of Ferdinand, king of Naples. In 
 1489 she was espoused to John Galeazzo 
 Sforza, then a minor under the guardian- 
 ship of his uncle Lewis Sforza, who on 
 seeing Isabella fell in love with her. The 
 lovers having been married only by proxy, 
 Lewis contrived various means to keep 
 them asunder, and declared his 'passion 
 to Isabella, who repulsed him, and exhort- 
 ed her husband to shake off his uncle’s 
 oke. The love of Lewis turned into 
 atred, and he married Alphonsina, daugh- 
 ter to the duke of Ferrara, a woman of an 
 ambitious and intriguing spirit, and by 
 their contrivance John Galeazzo was poi- 
 soned. Lewis then assumed the sove- 
 reignty, and Isabella sought refuge at Na- 
 ples, which not long after was taken by 
 the French, and she had to lament the loss 
 of all her family. She then retired to a 
 small town in the kingdom of Naples, 
 which had been assigned her for a dower, 
 and died in 1524. Her daughter married 
 Sigismund, king of Poland. — Bayle. 
 
 Isabella of Castile, queen of Spain, 
 was the daughter of John II. and married 
 Ferdinand V. king of Arragon. The con- 
 quest of Grenada, and the discovery of 
 America by Columbus, distinguished their 
 reign. She was a woman of great abili- 
 ties, and died in 1504 — Morcri. 
 
 Isabella, daughter of Philip the Fair, 
 king of France, was married in 1908 to 
 Edward, prince of Wales, afterwards 
 Edward II. She was a woman of licentious 
 manners, and after various adventures was 
 imprisoned by her son Edward III. in the 
 castle of Rising, where she died after a con- 
 finement of 28 years. — Rapin. 
 
 Isabella, queen of Hungary, was the 
 sister of Sigismund Augustus, king of Po- 
 10 
 
 land, and in 1539 married John Zapolita, 
 king of Hnngarv, in 1526. In 1 540 she was 
 delivered of a son while her husband was 
 besieging the castle of Fogarras, and lie was 
 so transported at the news, that he gave a 
 splendid feast to his troops, and died of 
 intemperance on the occasion. Isabella, 
 unable to cope with the forces of Ferdinand 
 of Austria, with whom her husband had 
 engaged in war, called to her aid Solyman, 
 sultan of the Turks, who treacherously 
 seized the capital of her dominions, and 
 obliged her to retire to Transylvania, 
 which country she was then forced to yield 
 to Ferdinand. She was then obliged to re- 
 treat to Cassovia, and on the road wrote 
 these Latin words on a tree, sic fata volant, 
 
 “ so fate decrees.” In 1556 she recovered 
 Transylvania, but when her son came to 
 maturity she refused him a share in the go- 
 vernment. Site died in 1551. — Bayle> 
 
 Is^us, a Greek orator, was born a 
 Chalcis, in the isle of Euboea. He was the 
 disciple of Lvsias, and preceptor of Demos- 
 thenes, at Athens, where he kept a famous 
 school of eloquence. We have only tea 
 of his orations remaining, which were 
 translated into English by sirWillliam Jones 
 in 1779. There was another Greekorator 
 of this name, who went to Rome about 
 A. D. 97. The younger Pliny speaks highly 
 of his powers — Plutarch. Moreri. 
 
 Isaiah, the principal of the four great 
 prophets, was the son of Amos, of the 
 royal family of David. He prophesied 
 in the reigns of Ozias, Jotham, Ahaz, and 
 Hezekiah, from 735 to 681 B. C. in which 
 last year Manasseh is said to have caused 
 him to be cut in two with a wooden saw. 
 He is called the evangelical prophet, from 
 the clear and constant view he has 
 taken of the Messiah throughout his pre- 
 dictions, which are composed in a style 
 
 beautiful and sublime. Grady’s Key to 
 
 0. T. 
 
 Isdecek.de, king of Persia, succeeded 
 his uncle Sapor, l ie was debauched, cruel, 
 and avaricious. He made war on t he eastern 
 emperors who refused to pay him tribute, 
 and obliged Theodosius the younger to 
 make peace. He persecuted the christains 
 with severity, and died, as is said, by the 
 kick of a horse in 420. — Univ. Hist. 
 
 Iselin (James Christopher), a learned 
 writer, was born at Brasil in 1631. l ie be- 
 came professor of history and antiquities 
 in that university, and died in 1737 He 
 wrote. 1. De Gallis Rhenum transeuntibus 
 Carmen lieroicum ; 2. De Historicis Latinis 
 melioris awi dissertatio ; 3. Dissertations on 
 various subjects. — Noam. Diet. 
 
 Is h mae l, the son of Abraham andHagar, 
 was born 1910 B. C. Abraham at the desire 
 of Sarah discarded him and his mother, 
 and Ishmael having settled in Paran, mar- 
 ried an Egyptian. He was the father of 
 the Arabs, who glory in being descended 
 through him from Abraham. — Bible. 
 
I S M 
 
 I W A 
 
 Iskmael I. Sophy of Persia, was a de- 
 scendant of Ali, son-in r law of Mohammed. 
 He began his reign in 1505, and died in 
 1 523, after gaining many victories, and hav- 
 ing established the Persian throne upon a 
 solid basis. — Univ. Hist. 
 
 Isiimai.i II. Sophy of Persia, succeeded 
 Thamas in 1575. He was a bloody prince, 
 and murdered eight of his brothers. He 
 was ptiisoned in 1579 by his sister, out of 
 r.ea l for the Turkish religion, Ishmael 
 being of a sect held heretical by the other 
 Mohammedans. — Ibid. 
 
 Isidore (St.), surnamed dc Pehtsium, from 
 his retiring to a cell near that place. He 
 was the disciple of St. Chrysostom, and 
 when young embraced the monastic life. H e 
 wrote letters and other pieces, some of which 
 are extant, and were printed at Paris in 
 1588, in folio, Greek and Latin. He died 
 about 410. — Dufiiit. 
 
 Isidore of Charax, a Greek author in 
 the time of Potolemy Lagus, about 300 B.C. 
 He composed several historical works and a 
 description of Parthia, which has been pub- 
 lished by Heschelius, and also at Oxford 
 among the collection of the Lesser geogra- 
 phers, 1 7 03 . — Moreri. 
 
 Isidore of Alexandria (St.), was born in 
 Egvpt about A. D. 318. He passed many 
 rears in solitude, but was ordained by Atha- 
 nasius, and placed over a monastery, whence 
 he was called Isidore the Hospitaller. He 
 defended that father against the Arians, 
 for which he was banished by the patriarch 
 Theophilus. He then went to Constanti- 
 nople, where he died in 403. — Dupin. 
 
 Isidore of Cordova (St ), bishop of that 
 city under Honorius and- Theodosius the 
 the younger. He wrote Commentaries on 
 the books of Kings, dedicated to Paul Gro- 
 sttrs the disciple of Augustine. — Ibid. 
 
 Isidore of Seville (St.), was bishop of 
 that city 40 years, during which he ap- 
 proved himself the father of the poor and 
 the oracle of Spain. He died in 636. The 
 council of Toledo called him the doctor of bis 
 trot, and the ornament of the church. He wrote 
 Commentaries on the Scriptures, a Treatise 
 of Ecclesiastical Writers; a Chronicle from 
 Adam to 62 6, and other works. — Ibid. 
 
 Isingrinius (Michael), a celebrated 
 printer of Basil in the 16th century, who 
 printed in Greek the works of Aristotle, 
 with paper and types superior so those of 
 Aldus Manutius. He published also with 
 the same elegance and correctness the His- 
 tory of plants by Fuchs. — Nouv. Diet. 
 
 Ismenias, a Theban general, who was 
 sent on an embassy to the king of Persia. 
 No person being admitted to the royal pre- 
 sence without prostration, Ismenias was re- 
 solved not to commit an action so degrading 
 to his country. But on being introduced, 
 be dropped his ring on the ground, and the 
 act of taking it up it was mistaken for sub- 
 missive homage, in consequence of which 
 he was favourably received. There was a 
 
 Theban musician of this name, who being 
 taken prisoner by the Scythians, and 
 playing before their king, he observed that 
 he liked the music of Ismenias better than 
 the braying of an ass — Plutarch. Moreri. 
 
 Isocrates, a celebrated Greek orator, 
 was born at Athens, 436 B C. He had no 
 skill to speak in public, and therefore ap- 
 plied himself to the instruction of others. 
 We have 21 orations by him, a good edi- 
 tion of which was published by Baltic, at 
 Cambridge, in 1749, in 2 vols. 8vo. — Plu- 
 tarch de Or at. 
 
 Ittigius (Thomas), a German divine, 
 was born at Leipsic in 1644. He became 
 professor of divinity in that university, and 
 died there in 1710. He wrote 1. Disser- 
 tatio de h.xresiarchis xvi apostolici eique 
 proximi ; 2. Prolegomena ad Josephi Opera; 
 3. Historic ecclesiastic® primi et secundi se- 
 culi select a capita, &c. — Moreri. 
 
 Ivies or Yves, bishop of Chartres, was 
 born in 1035, and raised to that see in 1073. 
 He died in 1115. There are extant by him, 
 1 . A Collection of Decrees; 2. Excerptiones 
 F.cclesiasticarumregularum; 3. Sermons, &c, 
 —Ibid. 
 
 Ives (John), an English antiquary, was 
 born at Yarmouth. He became Suffblk- 
 herald extraordinary, and fellow of the 
 royal and antiquarian societies. He pub- 
 lished three numbers of select papers from 
 his own collection; also Remarks on the 
 Garianonum of the Romans, the Scite and 
 Remains fixed and described, 12mo. 1774. 
 He died in 1776. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Ivetaux (Nicholas Vauquelin, seigneur 
 de), a French poet, was born at Fresnaye. 
 He became preceptor to the dukede Ven- 
 dome, son of Gabrielle d’Estrees, and after- 
 wards to Louis XIII. when dauphin; but 
 his life was so irregular, that he was ba- 
 nished the court, on which he took a house 
 in the Fauxbourg Saint Germain, where he 
 lived in luxury and. debauchery. He died 
 in 1649, aged 90. He wrote The Institution 
 of a Prince; stanzas, sonnets, and other 
 pieces of poetry, in the Delices de la Poesie 
 Framboise, 1620, 8vo, — Norm. Diet. 
 
 Iwan V., or John Alexi.owitz, s czar of 
 Russia, was the second son of Michaelowitz, 
 born in 1661, and succeeded to the throne 
 on the death of his brother Feodor Alexio- 
 witz in 1682. But being of weak intellects 
 he was placed in a monastery, and the 
 sceptre given to his brother Peter. The 
 princess Sophia, hoping to reign in the 
 room of hvan, excited a sedition, which 
 finished by appointing Iwan and Peter joint 
 sovereigns, and Sophia co-regent. This 
 government lasted six years, when Sophia 
 having projected the death of Peter that 
 she might reign alone, the conspiracy xvas 
 discovered, and the princess confined in a 
 convent. From that time Peter reigned 
 sole monarch. Iwan died in 1696, leaving 
 five daughters. — Uni-v. Hist. Notra. D. Hist , 
 Iwan VI. of Brunswick Bevern, was ti*« 
 
J AC 
 
 J A C 
 
 dared czar after the death of his great 
 aunt Anne IWanova in 1740. Anne left 
 him to the guardianship of the duke de 
 iliren, who being deposed shortly after, 
 the regency was transferred to the empe- 
 ror’s mother. In 174! he was dethroned 
 and confined in a fortress, from whence he 
 escaped by the contrivance of a monk; but 
 was retaken and placed in a monastery, 
 where he was put to death in 1704. — Univ. 
 Hist . 
 
 J 
 
 TAAPHAR EBN TOPHAIL, an Arabian 
 philosopher, supposed to have been the 
 same with Aver roes. He died about 1198. 
 He wrote a philosophical romance, called 
 the History of Hai Ebn Yokbdan, which 
 was published in Latin by Pocock at Ox- 
 ford, in 1671, and in English by Gckley in 
 1708, 8 vo. — Noav. Dkt. Hist. 
 
 Jablonski (Daniel Ernest), a Polish di- 
 vine, was born at Dantzic, in 1660. He 
 studied in various universities, and came to 
 England, where he was greatly esteemed for 
 his learning and virtues. He became eccle- 
 siastical counsellor at Berlin, and president 
 of the society of sciences. He laboured 
 without success, to promote a union be- 
 tween the Lutherans and Calvinists. He 
 died in 1741. He translated into Latin 
 Dr. Bentley’s sermons at Boyle’s lecture, 
 and wrote several works in that lan- 
 guage on theological subjects. — Nouv. Diet. 
 Hist. 
 
 Jablonski (Paul Ernest), the son of the 
 above, was born at Berlin, and became pro- 
 fessor of divinity at Frankfort-on-the-Oder, 
 where he died" in 1757. His works are, 
 1. Discjuito Linguae Lycaonica; 2. De 
 Memnorte Graecorum ; 3. Institutiones His- 
 torise Ecclesiasticae, 2 vols. 8vo ; 4. Pan- 
 theon Aigyptiacum, 3 vols. 8vo. He it not 
 to be confounded with Charles Gustavus Ja- 
 blonski, member of the society at Hall, 
 and author of a Natural History of Insects, 
 He died in 1787 - -Hid. 
 
 Jablonski (Theodore), counsellor of the 
 court of Prussia, and secretary of the royal 
 academy of sciences at Berlin. He pub- 
 lished, J . A French and German Dictionary, 
 1711 ; 2. A Course of Morality; 1713. 3. 
 A Universal Dictionary of Arts andSciences. 
 — Moreri. 
 
 Jaccetius (Francis de Cataneis, or Dia- 
 cetius), an Italian writer, was born at Flo- 
 rence in 1465. He was the disciple of 
 Marsilius Fic’ims, whom he succeeded in 
 the professorship of philosophy. He died 
 in 1522. His works are, A Treatise on 
 Beauty, and another on Love. — Ibid. 
 
 Jachaia (Ben Joseph), a Portuguese 
 rabbi, born at Lisbon, and died iii 1539. 
 He wrete a Paraphrase on Daniel, in which 
 
 Izaacke (Richard), an English anti- 
 quary ,was born at Exeter and educated at 
 Exeter college, Oxford. He afterwards 
 became chamberlain and town clerk of his 
 native city, the History and Memorials of 
 which he wrote. The first edition was 
 printed in 1677, 8vo, and the last in 1724 
 at which time the author was dead, and 
 
 the work was continued by Ins son. 
 
 Wood. 
 
 he promised his brethren a speedy restora- 
 tion to their ancient inheritance — Ibid, 
 
 Jackson (Thomas), a learned divine, was 
 born in the bishopric of Durham, in 
 he became president of Corpus Christi col- 
 lege, Oxford, and dean of Peterborough, 
 and died in 1640, His works, the principal 
 of which is a-commentary on the Apostles’ 
 Creed, were printed in 3 vols. folio, 1673. 
 — Life Prefixed to his Works. 
 
 Jackson (Arthur), a nonconformist di- 
 vine, who was ejected from the living of 
 St. Faith’s in London, in 1662. He was 
 fined 500/ for refusing to give evidence 
 against Cristopher Love, and also impri- 
 soned. At the Restoration he was chosen 
 by the assembly of ministers to present a 
 bible to king Charles. He was also one 
 of the commissioners at the Savoy con- 
 ference, and died in 1666. He wrote a 
 Commentary on the Bible, 3 vols. 4.to. — 
 Calamy. 
 
 Jackson (John), an English divine, 
 was born at Lensey in Yorkshire, in 16S£, 
 and educated at Jesus college, Cambridge, 
 He obtained the rectory Of Rossington la 
 his native county, and the mastership of 
 Wigston’s hospital in Lancashire. He was 
 an acute metaphysician, but a zealous ad- 
 vocate for ariahism, and wrote some tracts 
 against the doctrine of the Trinity, arul 
 others against Collins and Tindal; but his 
 best work is his Chronological Antiquities, 
 2 vols. 4to. 1752. He died in 1768. — Gnu. 
 Ihoa. Diet. 
 
 Jackson (William), a musical composer 
 and ingenious writer, was born at Elxeter, 
 in 1730. Having received a liberal educa- 
 tion, lie was placed under the tuition of 
 the organist of Exeter cathedral, and after- 
 wards with Mr. Travers, an eminent mu- 
 sician m London. In 1777 he was appoint 
 pointed organist of the cathedral in his 
 native city, where he died in 1803. He 
 published several books of songs, canzo- 
 nets, hymns, and sonatas, of his compost 
 tion, which are held in great esteem. His 
 literary productions are; 1. Thirty Letters 
 on various Subjects, which have gone 
 through three editions; 2. On the Present 
 S.ate cf Music, 12mo. 2 editions j 3. Tire 
 
 5 
 
J A C 
 
 J A C 
 
 Tour Ages, 8vo.; 4. Papers in the Collection 
 of Essays published by a Society at Ex- 
 eter. One of Mr. Jackson’s sons was secre- 
 tary to lord Macartney in his embassy to 
 China, another was ambassador to the 
 king of Sardinia, and afterwards at Paris 
 and Berlin . — Public Characters vol. I. 
 
 Jacob, the son of Isaac and Rebecca, 
 was born about 1836 B. C. He was the 
 favourite of his mother, by whose advice 
 he imposed upon his father, and obtained 
 his blessing, having before taken an advan- 
 tage of Esau, bv purchasing his birthright. 
 To avoid his brother’s fury he 'led to 
 Padan-aran, where he resided with his 
 uncle Laban, whom he served fourteen 
 years for his daughters Leah and Rachael. 
 He afterwards returned to Canaan with 
 great wealth, and a reconciliation took 
 place between him and his brother. He 
 died in Egypt, in the arms of his son Joseph, 
 1689 B. C. I lis name was altered to Israel 
 by an angel, and from thence his posterity 
 were called Israelites.. — Bible. 
 
 Jacob (Henry), a learned divine, was 
 born in Kent, and educated at Oxford, 
 where he took his degree of M. A. after 
 which he obtained a living. He died in 
 1621, aged 60. He wrote against the 
 Brownists or puritans, and a work on the 
 sufferings of Jesus Christ. — Wood. 
 
 Jacob (Henry), son of the above, was 
 educated under Erpenius, and acquired a 
 considerable knowledge, of the oriental 
 languages. On his return to England 
 he entered of Merton college, Oxford, 
 of which he became fellow, but was de- 
 prived in the civil wars. He died at Can- 
 terbury in 1652 at the age of 44. He 
 wrote some works which were never 
 printed; but Wood ascribes to him the 
 Delphi Phseniciantes, published by Dicken- 
 son . W ootr. 
 
 Jacob (Giles), an industrious English 
 lawver, who published, among a great 
 variety of works, a Law Dictionary, and 
 the Lives and Characters of English 
 poets. He died in 1714, aged 54. — Mor- 
 timer. 
 
 Jacob (Ben Naphthali), a learned Jew 
 of the 5th century, was educated in the 
 school of Tiberius in Palestine. The in- 
 vention of the Masoretic points and accents 
 is ascribed to him and Ben Aser. — Mo- 
 reri. 
 
 Jacob, a cistercian monk of Hungary, 
 who quitted his order in 1212, under the 
 pretence of being called to deliver the 
 Holy I, and from the infidels. He gathered 
 a prodigious number of fanatics in Ger- 
 many and France, who being chiefly pea- 
 sants, obtained the name of the shepherds. 
 When St. Louis, king of France, was taken 
 by the Saracens, Jacob pretended that the 
 holy Virgin had commanded him to preach 
 a crusade for his deliverance. The queen 
 for some time tolerated this extravagance, 
 but at last she caused the rabble to disperse, 
 
 and Jacob was shortly after slain by a 
 butcher. — Moreri. 
 
 Jacob (Ben Haim), a rabbi of the 16th 
 century, who published a collection of 
 the Masora at Venice, in 1525, in 4 vols. 
 folio, with the text of ‘be Bible, a work 
 greatly esteemed by the J ews. — Now. Bid. 
 Hist. 
 
 Jacob (A1 Bardai),a disciple of Severus, 
 patriarch of Constantinople. He was one 
 of the principal leaders of the Eutychmns, 
 on which account that sect gained the name 
 of Jacobites. — D' Herbdol. 
 
 Jacobajus (Ohger), a Danish physician, 
 was born in the isle of Jutland in 1650. 
 He became professor of philosophy and 
 physic at Copenhagen, where he died in 
 1701. He wrote, Compendium Jpsdtn- 
 tionum Medicarum ; De Ranis et I acertis 
 Dissertatio; Musasum Regium; ana some 
 Latin poems. — No we Bid. 
 
 Jacols (Jurian), a painter, was born in 
 Switzerland, in 1610. He was the disciple 
 of Francis Snyders, whose manner he imi- 
 tated In his historical pieces he introduced 
 animals painted in a masterly manner. He 
 died in 1664. — Pilkindon. 
 
 Jacomb (Thomas), a nonconformist di- 
 vine, was born in Leicestershire, in 1622, 
 and educated at Magdalen hall, Oxford, 
 and afterwards at Cambridge, where he 
 became fellow of Trinity college. In 1647 
 he removed to London, and had the living 
 of St. Martin, Ludgate, of which he was 
 deprived for nonconformity in 1662. He 
 was then taken into the family of the 
 countess of Exeter, where he died in 1687. 
 Dr. Jacomb wrote a Commentxiry on Ro- 
 mans viii.; a Treatise of Holy Dedication, 
 and Sermons. He had also a share in the 
 Continuation of Pool’s Annotations. — Ca- 
 lamy. 
 
 Jacopone (Da Todi), an old Italian 
 poet, celebrated for his sacred Canticles, 
 and for being the author of the Stabat 
 Mater. He died in 1306. His Canticles 
 were printed at Venice in 1617, 4to. — 
 Moreri. 
 
 Jacquelot (Isaac), a learned French 
 protestant, vas the son of a minister at 
 Vassy, and born in 1647. At the age of 
 21 he became assistant to his father, but 
 on the revocation of the edict of Nantes 
 he went to Heidelberg, and from thence to 
 the Hague. The king of Prussia invited 
 him to his capital, where lie became his ma- 
 jesty’s chaplain, and had a pension. He died 
 in 1 708. He wrote Dissertations cin the 
 Existence of God, 4to.; three pieces against 
 Bayle’s Dictionary; Dissertations on the 
 Messiah; a Treatise on the Inspiration of 
 the Scriptures; Letters to the Bishops of 
 France; Sermons; a work against Socinia- 
 msm, ike. — Noun. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Jacquist (Louis), a French writer and 
 ecclesiastic, was born at Lyons in '732, 
 and died in 1793. He wrote an ingenious 
 parallel between the Greek and French 
 
JAM 
 
 JAM 
 
 tragic poets, and some prize essays, which, 
 were rewarded by the academy of Besanqon. 
 He was an enthusiastic admirer of Rousseau, 
 whose disposition and manners he greatly 
 resembled. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 jAcyutER (Francis), a learned ecclesiastic 
 and mathematician, was bom at Vitry in 
 1711, and died at Rome in 1788. His 
 works are ; 1. Newtoni philosophise na- 
 turalis principipia mathematica, 4 vols. 
 4to.; 2. Institutiones philosoph. ad Stu- 
 dia tlieol. potissimum accomm. 5 vols. 
 12mo. In these two works he was assisted 
 by father Lesueur. 3. Riilessoni sovra 
 alcune dilhcolta spettanti i danni della 
 cuppola di S. Pietro, 4to; 4. Descrizione 
 d’un istromento per far conogni facilita oro- 
 logi solari; 5. Trattato di Algebra. — Nou-v. 
 Diet. Hist. 
 
 Jaddus, high priest of the Jews, who, 
 when Alexander the Great intended to pil- 
 lage Jerusalem and the temple, went 
 to meet him in his pontifical habits, and 
 the sight so struck the victor that he 
 altered his sentiments, and offered sacrifices 
 to the God of Israel. — Josephus. 
 
 Jadelot (Hicolas), a French physician, 
 was born at Nancy, in 1736, and died there 
 in 1793. He wrote the Picture of Animal 
 Economy, 8vo.; a Complete Course of 
 Anatomy, folio; Physica hominus sani, 
 2 vols. 12mo.; and a Pharmacopoeia for the 
 poor, 8vo. — Nou<v. Did. Hist. 
 
 Jaeger (John Wolfgang), a lutheran 
 divine, was born at Stutgard in 1647. He 
 became preacher of the cathedral in his 
 native city, chancellor of the university, 
 and provost of the church of Tubingen. 
 He died in 1720. His principal works are ; 
 1. Ecclesiastical History compared with 
 Profane; 2. A Compendium of Divinity, 
 3. The life of Spinoza. — Gen. Biog. Did. 
 
 Jago (Richard), an English poet, was 
 born in Warwickshire in 1715, and edu- 
 cated at University college, Oxford. He 
 entered into orders, and in 1724 obtained 
 the vicarage of Snittersfield in Warwick- 
 shire. In 1771 he was presented to the 
 living of Kilmcote, in Leicestershire. He 
 died in 1781 His Elegy on the Blackbirds, 
 published first in the Adventurer, was 
 attributed to different writers. His princi- 
 pal performance is a descriptive poem, 
 entitled, Edgehill. — Gen. Biog. Did. 
 
 Jaillot (Alexis-Hubert), geographer to 
 the French king, was at first a sculptor, but 
 having espoused the daughter of a map- 
 colourer, he turned his attention to geo- 
 graphy. He engraved many of the maps 
 of the Sansons, particulary the great maps 
 of France; but that of Lorraine is sup- 
 posed to be his best. He died in 1780. 
 His work, entitled, Recherches critiques, 
 historiques, et topographiques. sur la Vilie 
 de Paris, 5 vols. 8vo. 1772, is esteemed a 
 curious book. — Nou-v. Did. Hists. 
 
 James (St.), the Great, was the son 
 of Zebedee and Salome, and called to 
 the apostleship with his brother John the 
 
 Evangelist, while they were mending nets 
 with their father. He was put to death by 
 Herod Agrippa, A. D. 44. — Cave. 
 
 James (St ), the Less, another of the 
 apostles, obtained the name of Just on ac- 
 count of his virtues. He was the first 
 bishop of Jerusalem, and was put to death 
 at the instigation of Ananias the high- 
 priest, A. D. 62. An epistle of his, ad- 
 dressed to the dispersed converted He- 
 brews, is among the canonical epistles of 
 the New Testaments. — Ibid. 
 
 James I. king of Scotland, the son of 
 Robert III. was taken by the English on his 
 passage to France, and kept in confinement 
 18 years. In 1424 he obtained his liberty 
 on condition of marrying the daughter 
 of the earl of Somerset. He severely 
 punished those who had governed his 
 country in his absence, for which he was 
 murdered in his bed, in 1437. — Buchanan. 
 
 James II. king of Scotland, succeeded 
 the preceding king, his father, at the age 
 of seven years. He assisted Charles VII. 
 of France against the English, and punish- 
 ed rigorously those lords who had revolted 
 against him. He was slain at the siege of 
 Roxburgh, in 1460. — Ibid. 
 
 James III. was the son and successor of 
 the above. He put to death his brother 
 John, and committed so many cruelties, 
 that his subjects revolted, and he was slain 
 in battle in 1488. Ibid. 
 
 James IV. succeeded his father, the last- 
 mentioned, at the age of 16 years. He de- 
 feated the rebellious lords, and assisted 
 Lewis XII. king of France, against the Eng- 
 lish, but was slain at the battle of Flodden 
 Field, in 1513. — Ibid. 
 
 James V. the son of the above, was 
 only a year old at the time of his father’s 
 death. At the age of 17 he assumed the 
 government, and assisted Francis I. of 
 France against Charles V. for which that 
 prince gave his daughter Margaret in 
 marriage. On her decease lie married 
 Mary of Lorraine, daughter of Claude, 
 duke of Guise. James died in 1545, leaving 
 his crown to Mary Stuart his daughter. 
 He was a prince of great virtues. — Robert- 
 son .r Hist, of Scotland. 
 
 James VI. of Scotland, and the first cf 
 England, .was the son of Henry Stuart, 
 lord Darnley, by Mary daughter of the 
 preceding king, and was born in 1 566. 
 The year following he was proclaimed king 
 on the forced resignation of his mother, 
 and in 1603 he succeeded queen Eliza- 
 beth on the English throne A plot was 
 soon after discovered, to seize on him Sand 
 prince Henry, for which lords Cobham 
 and Grey, and sir Walter Raleigh, were 
 indicted But the year following a more* 
 dreadful one was devised by some desperate 
 papists, to blowup the king, the prince, and 
 parliament, and for which several persons 
 were executed. 'Ip 5 636 he established 
 episcopacy in Scotland, and made peace 
 with Spain. In 1612 his son, prince Henry 
 
J A M 
 
 J A M 
 
 bv Anne of Denmark, died, and the same 
 year his daughter was married to Frederic 
 the elector -palatine. James stretched the 
 prerogative as far as he could, and left 
 the consequences to he felt by his son 
 Charles, whom he imprudently suffered to 
 visit Spain, to marry the infanta, which did 
 not succeed. One of the greatest blots of his 
 reign was the execution of sir Walter Ra- 
 leigh fifteen years after sentence. James 
 was a man of learning, and affected to be 
 a universal scholar, particularly in theology, 
 being not indifferently acquainted with 
 polemics, of which he was so fond as to 
 found Chelsea college, for the maintenance 
 of learned men, who were to employ them- 
 selves in managing controversies, espe- 
 cially with the church of Rome. Charles II. 
 applied it to a better purpose. James died 
 at Theobalds in 1625, and was interred at 
 Westminster. He wrote many books; as, 
 a Commentary on the Revelations, in which 
 lie calls the "pope Antichrist; Basilicon 
 Doron,or advice to his son; Damionology, 
 ora Discourse on Withchcraft; a Counter- 
 blast against Tobacco, &c. all printed in one 
 vol. folio. — Wilson. Hume. Rapin. 
 
 James II. king of England, was the se- 
 cond son of Charles 1. and born at London 
 in 1633, in which year he was created duke 
 of York. He resided during the rebellion 
 in France, where he imbibed the princi- 
 ples of popery. At the Restoration he re- 
 turned to England and married secretly 
 Anne Hyde, daughter of the earl of Cla- 
 rendon, by whom he had two daughters, 
 who afterwards became queens of England, 
 viz. Mary and Anne. In the Dutch war lie 
 signalized himself as commander of the 
 English fleet, and shewed great skill and 
 braverv. On the death of life first wife he 
 married the princess 'of Modena. He suc- 
 ceeded his brother in 1684, but his zeal for 
 his religion leading him into measures sub- 
 versive of the constitution, the prince of 
 Orange, who married his daughter Mary, 
 was invited by several of the English nobi- 
 lity; and the king, finding himself aban- 
 doned by his friends, withdrew to France, 
 where he died at St. Germains in 1701. His 
 son James, commonly called the> Petender, 
 died at Rome in 1766. His son Charles 
 Edward, who invaded Scotland in 1745, 
 died in 1788, and Henry Benedict Stuart, 
 cardinal York, the last surviving branch of 
 this unfortunate race, died lately.— Ibid. 
 
 James' I. king of Arragon, called the 
 Warrior, succeeded his father Peter the Ca- 
 tholic in 1213. lie conquered the king- 
 doms of Majorca and Minorca, Valence, 
 and other ct untries, from the Moors. He 
 died at Valence, in 1276. Besore he expired 
 he resigned the crown to his successor, and 
 took the habit of the cistcrcians, accord- 
 ing to the supersittion of the age. — Morcri. 
 
 Iames II. king of Arragon, succeeded 
 his brother Alphonsus lit. in 1291. He 
 carried on a long war againt Navarre and 
 
 the Moors; and united Catalonia to his 
 crown. He died at Barcelona in 1327. — 
 A'loreri. 
 
 James of Voragine , a dominican and bi- 
 shop, was horn at Genoa about 1330. 
 He became provincial of his order, and 
 archbishop of Genoa. He compiled a 
 Golden Legend, which is frill of pious fables, 
 and has gone through numerous editions. 
 The first and most esteemed was printed 
 in 1470. The author died in 1298. — 1 Mo- 
 ral. 
 
 James (Thomas), a learned divine, was 
 born at Newport, in the isle of Wight, and 
 educated first at Winchester school, and 
 next at New college, Oxford, where he 
 was chosen fellow, and proceeded to the 
 degree of D. D. He was appointed first 
 keeper of Bodley’s library, and made sub- 
 dean of Wells. He collated MSS. of the 
 ancient fathers, with a view of publishing 
 them, but failed in his design for want of 
 encouragement. He wrote several learned 
 books, the chief of which is, A Treatise 
 of the Corruption of the Scriptures, Coun- 
 cils, and Fathers, &c. 1611, 4to, reprinted 
 in 8vo. 1638. He died at Oxford, in 1632 
 ■ — Wood. 
 
 James (Richard), nephew of the above, 
 was educated at Exeter college, from 
 whence he removed to Corpus Christi, of 
 winch he became fellow. l ie travelled in- 
 to R ussia, on which country he wrote some 
 observations in 1619. lie w r as of great 
 service to Seldeii and sir Robert Cotton, 
 being a man of extensive learning, and 
 profoundly acquainted witli ancient MSS. 
 He published several books in Latin, ^nd 
 died in 1631. — Ibid. 
 
 James (Robert), an English physician, 
 was horn atKinverston, in Staffordshire, in 
 1703, and educated at St. John’s college, 
 Oxford. After practising in the country, 
 he removed to London, and in 1743 pub- 
 lished his Medical Dictionary, in 3 vols. 
 folio, a work of considerable merit, in 
 which he was assisted by Dr. Johnson ; Dr. 
 James also published other works in the 
 line of his profession, but he is best known 
 bya valuable medicine, universally celebrat- 
 ed under the name of James’s powder, 
 which has been a fortune to his family. 
 He died in 1776. — Gen. Riog. Diet. 
 
 James (Thomas), a learned divine, was 
 born at St. Neot’s, in Huntingdonshire, and 
 educated at Eton, from whence lie was 
 elected to King’s college, Cambridge, where 
 he obtained a fellowship, and proceeded to 
 his degree of D. D. in 1786. He was for 
 many years a public tutor in that college. 
 Tn 1776 he became master of Rugby school, 
 which station he filled with great honour 
 and satisfaction till 1793, when he resigned 
 it. For his great services he was preferred 
 to a prebend in Worcester cathedral, and 
 the living of Harrington in the same coun- 
 ty. He died at his rectory in 1S04. Dr. 
 James published a Compendium ofGeogra? 
 
JAN 
 
 phy for the use of Rugby School ; ah Ex- 
 planation of the fifth Book of Euclid by 
 Algebra; and two Sermons. — Public. Cha- 
 racters. 
 
 Jamet (Peter Charles), a French writer, 
 was born in the diocese of Sens in 1701. 
 Tie furnished notes and remarks to the dic- 
 tionary oFTrevoux, and was the author of 
 Metaphysical Essays ; Dissertation on the 
 Creation ; Letters on Taste and the Doc- 
 trine of Bayle ; Daneche Menkan; the Mo- 
 gul Philosopher, &c. He died at the end 
 of the 18th century. — Noun. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Jamyn (AmadisJ, a French poet, and 
 secretary to Charles IX. He died about 
 1585. Besides his poetical works, he wrote 
 academical discourses in prose, and com- 
 pleted the translation of the Iliad into 
 French verse, which was left imperfect by 
 Salel. — Ibid. 
 
 Janeway (James), a nonconformist di- v 
 vine, was born in Hertfordshire, and edu- 
 cated at Christ church college, Oxford. 
 Being deprived after the Restoration, he 
 opened a meeting-house at Rotherhithe, 
 when the act of indulgence was passed, and 
 died there in 1674. He wrote Heaven 
 upon Earth, 8vo. ; a Token for Children, 
 12mo. ; this has gone through numerous 
 editions ; the Saint’s Encouragement to 
 Diligence, 8vo. After his death was print- 
 ed his Legacy to his Friends, 8vo. — Calamy. 
 
 Janicon (Francis Michael), a French 
 protestant writer, was born at Paris in 
 1674. He settled in Holland, and died at 
 the Hague in 1730. He wrote the Dutch 
 gazettes in a manner which discovered him 
 to possess great political knowledge. Fie 
 Was also the author of The present State of 
 the Republic of the United Provinces, and 
 their Dependencies, 2 vols. 12mo. 1729. — 
 Noun. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Jansenius (Cornelius), bishop of Ghent, 
 was born at Hulst, in Flanders, in 1513. 
 Philip II. of Spain sent him to the council 
 of Trent, where he ‘distinguished himself 
 by his learning and modesty. On his re- 
 turn he was made bishop of Ghent, where 
 he died in 1576. He wrote a Harmony of 
 the Gospels, and other works. — Moreri. 
 
 Jansen or Jansenius (Cornelius), a 
 celebrated P.oman-catholic prelate, was 
 born in?1585 at Lecrdam, in Holland, and 
 educated at Utrecht, from whence he re- 
 moved to Louvain, where he was chosen 
 principal of the college of St. Pulcheria. 
 Being deputed to go on a mission to the 
 king of Spain, by his university, that mo- 
 narch employed him to write a book against 
 France, for which he was rewarded, in 1635, 
 with the bishopric of Ypres in Flanders, 
 where he died of the plague in 1638. He 
 wrote several books, but that by which he 
 is most known is his Augustinus, which 
 Was published after his death, and occa- 
 sioned a fierce contest among the divines of 
 the Romish church, which even the papal 
 feulls could not suppress. In 1641 the in- 
 
 JAR 
 
 quisitors prohibited the perusal of the book. 
 Urban VIII. 'censured it as heretical; and 
 Innocent X. in 1653 condemned the follow- 
 ing propositions extracted from it: 1. That 
 there are divine precepts which even good 
 men cannot obey without the assistance of 
 God. — 2. That no man can resist the influ- 
 ence of divine grace on his mind. — 3. That 
 to render human actions meritorious, it is 
 not necessary for them to be free from ne- 
 cessity but constraint. — 4. That the doc- 
 trine of free-will is a gross error. — 5. That 
 Jesus Christ died not for all men, but only 
 for the elect. These doctrines the pope de- 
 clared heretical, and a violent persecution 
 was excited against all who maintained 
 them’; notwithstanding this, jansenism had 
 numerous disciples in France and the Low 
 Countries. — Bayle. Dupin. 
 
 Janson or Jansonius (James), a doctor 
 of Louvain, professor of theology, and 
 dean of the college of St. Peter in that 
 city, was a native of Amsterdam, and died 
 in 1625, aged 78. He wrote Commenta- 
 ries on the Psalms, Song of Solomon, Job, 
 and the Gospel of St. John, and other 
 works . — Moreri . 
 
 Janssens (Abraham), a painter, was born 
 at Antwerp in 1569. A picture of his re- 
 presenting the descent from the cross, in the 
 church of Ghent, has been taken for the 
 work of Rubens, and is not inferior to the 
 works of that painter . — De Piles. 
 
 Janssens (Victor Honorius), an histori- 
 cal painter, was born at Brussels in 1664. 
 He was patronised by the duke of Holstein, 
 who sent him to Rome for improvement. 
 On his return to his own country he adorn- 
 ed the churches and convents with his 
 works. He died in 1739. — Pilkingtov. 
 
 Janssens (Cornelius), a Dutch painter, 
 who resided in England many years, and 
 in several respects was equal to Vandyck. 
 Fie painted portraits, and died in 1665. — > 
 Vertue. Grander. 
 
 Januarius (St), bishop of Benevento, 
 who was beheaded in Puzzuoli in the per- 
 secution under Diocletian. His body wa* 
 removed to Naples, where a beautiful cha- 
 pel is erected to his memory in the cathe- 
 dral. What renders his name" remarkable 
 is a pretended miracle exhibited yearly by 
 the priests, who have what they call his 
 blood in a phial. This at other times is 
 congealed, but on bringing out what is 
 called the head of the saint, the blood 
 liquifies. This mummery' is always prac- 
 tised when Vesuvius shews signs of a con- 
 vulsion, and the people devoutly believe 
 that the influence of the saint will prevent 
 an earthquake. — Moreri. Addison s Travels 
 in Italy. 
 
 Jathet, the son of Noah, was born B. Ck 
 2448. His posterity peopled part of Asia 
 and Europe. — Bible. 
 
 Jarciias, the most learned of the Indian 
 philosophers, called brachmans, and a 
 great astronomer, according to Jerome. He 
 N a 
 
J A U 
 
 is said to have given Apollonius' Tyaneus 
 Seven magical rings called by the names of 
 the planets. — Moreri. 
 
 Jarchi (Solomon Ben Isaac), a celebrat- 
 ed rabbi, was born at Troyes in France in 
 1 104. He spent thirty years in travelling 
 through Europe and the Eastern countries. 
 He wrote Commentaries on the Bible, Mis- 
 clma, Gemara, and Pirke Avoth, 4 vols. 
 12mo. They are highly esteemed by the 
 J ews. — Moreri. 
 
 Jardins ''Mary Catherine des), an inge- 
 nious French lady, was born at Alengon in 
 Normandy in 1640. She was obliged to 
 quit her native place in consequence of an 
 intrigue ; on which she went to Paris, 
 where she subsisted by her pen. But she 
 still gave way to her passions, and formed 
 various connections. Her works, consist- 
 ing of novels and plays, form 10 volumes 
 in 12mo. She died in 1683. — Moreri. 
 
 Jardyn (Karel dn), an excellent paint- 
 er of landscapes and animals, was born at 
 Amsterdam in 1640. He studied in Italy, 
 where he acquired a great reputation. He 
 died at Venice in 1678; and so greatly was 
 he esteemed, that, though a prptestant, his 
 remains were interred in consecrated 
 ground . — PM. Houbrakcn . 
 
 Jaroslaw, grand duke of Russia in the 
 10th century. He invited learned men to 
 his court, and caused several books to be 
 translated from the Greek into Russian. Pie 
 also framed a code of laws for his subjects, 
 and founded a public school. — Uiiiv. Hist. 
 
 Jarrige (Peter), a famous jesuit, who 
 quitted his order and turned protestant. 
 He then published a book entitled, The Je- 
 suits exposed upon a Scaffold ; but after- 
 wards he returned to his society at Ant- 
 werp, and printed a retractation of what he 
 had advanced. I le died at Tulles in France 
 in 1670. — Now. Dkt. IDsU 
 
 Jarry (Laurence Juillard du), a French 
 divine and poet, was born about 16,58. He 
 gained the poetical prize of the French 
 academy in 1679, and again in 1714, on 
 which last occasion he had Voltaire for a 
 competitor. He was made prior of Notre 
 Dame du Jarry, in the diocese of Saintes, 
 where he died in 1730. His works consist 
 of theological treatises, sermons and poems. 
 —Ibid, 
 
 Jars (Gabriel), a mineralogist, was born 
 at Lyons in 1732. Pie visited with Duha- 
 mel the mines of Saxony, Bohemia, Aus- 
 tria, Hungary, and Carinthia, also those of 
 England and oilier countries. In 1768 he 
 was received into the academy of sciences, 
 but died the year following. His brother 
 published his Observe t:ons under the title 
 of Vova^es Metailurgiques, 3 vols. 4to. — 
 Ibid. 
 
 Jaucoit’t (the chevalier Louis de), mem- 
 ber of the royal society of London, and 
 of the academies of Berlin and Stockholm. 
 d : ed at Contpeigue in 1780, aged 76. He 
 furaisned the Encyclopedic Fran^oise with 
 
 J E A 
 
 many valuable articles, and conductetd the 
 Bibliotheque raisonnee. He also assisted in . 
 publishing the Musseum Seba anum, 4 vols 
 folio, and composed a Lexicon Medicum 
 universale, the MS. of which, in 6 vols. 
 folio, perished on board a ship which foun- 
 dered on her passage to Amsterdam. Jau- 
 court was the disciple ot L'oerhaave. — Ibid. 
 
 J au lt (Augustus Francis), a French phy- 
 sician, and professor of Syriac in the royal 
 college at Paris, died in 1757, aged 50. 
 He translated Sharp’s Surgery, Ockley s 
 Plistorv of the Saracens, and Floyer on 
 the Asthma, into French, also Astruc on 
 the Venereal Disease, and other works. — 
 Ibid. 
 
 Jay (Gui Michel le), an advocate of the 
 parliament of Paris, who printed a Poly- 
 glot Bible at his own expence, and thereby 
 impoverished himself. On entering into 
 ordtrs he was made dean of Vezelai. Fie 
 died in 1675. Flis polyglot is elegantly 
 printed in 10 vols. and has the Syriac and 
 Arabic versions, which are not in that of 
 Ximenes. — Moreri. 
 
 Jeacocke (Caleb), a baker, in High- 
 street St. Giles’s, who distinguished himself 
 many vears as president of the first disput- 
 ing society at the Robin Hood, in the But- 
 cher-row, Temple-bar. Fie had consider- 
 able powers as a speaker, and is said to 
 have often opposed with success, the cele- 
 brated Burke and other persons, who af- 
 terwards distinguished themselves at the 
 bar and in the senate. Mr. Jeacocke pub- 
 lished, in 1765, a pamphlet entitled, “ A 
 Vindication of the Moral Character of the 
 Apostle Paul from the Charge of Insince- 
 rity and Hypocrisy brought against it, by 
 Lord Bolingbroke, Dr. Middleton, and 
 others.” He was one of the directors of 
 the Hand-in-Hand fire-office, and had re- 
 tired from business many years before his 
 death, in 1786 — Europ. Mar. 
 
 Jeanes (Henry), an English divine, was 
 born at Albersay in Somersetshire in 1611. 
 He received his- education at Hart-hall, 
 Oxford, and afterwards became rector of 
 Eeer-crocomb and Lapland in Somerset- 
 shire. He sided with the presbyterians, and 
 obtained the living of Chedzoy, after the 
 deprivation of Dr. Walter Raleigh. He 
 died in 1662. His works are, Treati.e 
 on Abstinence from Evil, 8vo.; Want of 
 Church Government no Warrant for an 
 Omission of the Lord’s Supper, 8vo. ; Trea- 
 tise on the ludifferencv of Human Actions, 
 4to. ; of Original Righteousness, and its 
 Contrary Concupiscence, 4to. ; Polemical 
 Tracts against Dr. Hammond, Jeremy Tay- 
 lor, and John Goodwin. — Wood. 
 
 Jeannin (Peter), a French statesman, 
 was born in Burgundy, and bred to the bar. 
 He became president of the parliament of 
 Dijon. Henry IV. made him member of 
 his council, and kept him at court, where 
 nothing was undertaken without consult- 
 ing him. He died at the age of 82, in 1622. 
 
J E F 
 
 His Negotiations and Memoirs were pub- 
 lished in 1659, folio, and in 1695, 4 vols. 
 1 2mo. — Mioreri. 
 
 J eaur at (Sebastian), a French mathema- 
 tician, was born at Paris in 1704, and died 
 in 1803. He was a member of the aca- 
 demy of sciences, and also of ih'e national 
 institute He founded the observatory at 
 the military school, and wrote a Treatise 
 on Perspective, 4to. ; New Tables of Jupi- 
 ter, 4to. ; Observations on the Comet of 
 1759 ; Graphical Method of Trisecting' the 
 Angle; Observations on the Solar Eclipse 
 of 1793 ; Memoire suries Lunettes diplan- 
 tidiennes, See. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Jejjb (Samuel), a learned physician, was 
 born at Nottingham, and bred at Peter- 
 house, Cambridge. He was some time li- 
 brarian to the famous Jeremy Collier, and 
 on quitting the university settled as phy- 
 sician at Stratford in Middlesex, where he 
 resided till a short time before his death. 
 He died in 1772, leaving several children, 
 one of whom was sir Richard Jebb, physi- 
 cian to his majesty. He published, 1 S 
 Justini Martvris cum Tryphone Dialogus, 
 8vo.; 2. De Vita et Rebus gestis Maria; Sco- 
 torum Regina;; also the same work in Eng- 
 lish, 8vo.; 3. Am edition of Aristides, with 
 notes, 2 vols. 4to. ; 4. An edition of Ba- 
 con’s Opus Majus, folio, Sec. — Anecd. of 
 Bozvyer. 
 
 Jebb (John), brother of sir Richard 
 Jebb, was born in London, in 1736. He 
 received his academical education at Peter- 
 bouse, Cambridge, where he obtained a 
 fellowship. He was in orders, but quitted 
 his church preferments on turning Soci- 
 nian. He then studied physic, in which 
 faculty he took his doctor’s degree, and ac- 
 quired considerable reputation. He died in 
 1786. His miscellaneous works were pub- 
 lished in 1787, in 3 vols. 8vo. — Life by Disney. 
 
 Jechonias, king of Judah-, began to 
 reign at the age of 18, about 599 B. C. He 
 enjoyed the throne, however, but a short 
 time, being carried prisoner to Babvlon by 
 Nebuchadnezzar when he took Jerusalem. 
 
 He remained in captivity till the year 562 
 B.C. and was then placed by Evil Merodach 
 among the princes of his court. Zedekiah 
 his uncle succeeded him. — B'ble. Josephus. 
 
 Jeffery (Thomas), a dissenting minister, 
 was born at Exeter about 1700. He re- 
 ceived his education under Mr. Hallet, to 
 whom he became assistant, and in 1726 was 
 called to the care of a congregation at Lit- 
 tle Baddovv in Essex. In 1 728 he returned to 
 his native city, and died there soon after. 
 
 He wrote the True Grounds and Reasons of 
 the Christian Religion, in opposition to 
 Collins the Deist, 8vo. ; the Divinity of 
 Christianity proved from Holy Scripture, a 
 Sermon ; a Review of the Controversy be- 
 tween the Author of a Discourse of the 
 Grounds and Reasons of the Christian Re- 
 ligion, and his Adversaries, 8vo. ; Christi- 
 
 JEK 
 
 aftity the Perfection of all Religion, 8vo.— 
 Monthly Mug. March 1803 . 
 
 Jeffery (John), an English divine, was 
 born at Ipswich in 1647, and educated at 
 Catherine hall, Cambridge. Archbishop 
 Tiilotson appointed him archdeacon of 
 Norwich, in 1694. He died in 1720. Dr. 
 Jeffery published a volume of Sermons, and 
 was the editor of Christian Morals, a post- 
 humous work by sir Thomas Browne ; and 
 the sermons of Dr. Whichcote. — Gen. Bio g. 
 Diet, 
 
 Jefferies (George lord), a noted Eng- 
 hsh judge, was born at Acton, in Denbigh- 
 shire, and educated at Westminster school, 
 after which he removed to the Inner Tem- 
 ple, where he studied the law with °reat 
 application. By attaching himself to the 
 duke of York, he obtained the place of a 
 Welsh judge, the honour cf k lighthood, 
 and the chief-justiceship of Cnester, In 
 1683 he was appointed chief justice of the 
 king's bench, and in 1635 lord chancellor. 
 His cruelties on the western circuit upon 
 the deluded followers of the duke of Mon- 
 mouth were excessive ; yet they gave great 
 satisfaction to king James, who merrily cal- 
 led this Jefferies's Campaign. He supported all 
 the arbitrary acts of the court, and render- 
 ed himself so obnoxious to the people, hat 
 when James abdicated the , throne he at- 
 tempted to leave the kingdom in the dis- 
 guise of a sailor, bn: was recognized while 
 drinking in a cellar in Wapping. Per- 
 ceiving- himself discovered, he feigned a 
 cough, and turned to the wall with his po t 
 of beer in his hand; but information of his 
 being there being communicated to the 
 mob, they rushed in, and carried him be- 
 fore the lord mayor, who sent him to the 
 lords of council, by whom he was commit- 
 ted to the Tower, where he died in 1689. 
 
 Lives of the Chancellors. 
 
 Jefferys (George), a dramatic and mis- 
 cellaneous writer, was born at Weldron in 
 Northamptonshire, and educated at West- 
 minster school, and Trinity college, Cam- 
 bridge, where he obtained a fellowship. 
 He afterwards studied the law, and was 
 called to the bar, but never practised. He 
 died in 1755, aged 77. His miscellanies in 
 Yerse and prose, containing, among other 
 pieces, the tragedies of Edwin and Merope, 
 were published in 1754, 1 vol. 4to .—Biog. 
 Dram. 
 
 Jehu, the son of Jehosaphat, and the 
 10th king - of Israel, began his reign about 
 885 B. C. He slew Joram with the family 
 of A’nab, and put to death the priests of 
 Baal, in the temple of their idol, but after- 
 wards he fell into idolatry, on which he 
 was punished by the delivery of his king- 
 dom to Hazael, king of Syria. He died 
 856 B. C. — Bible. Stackhouse. 
 
 Jekyl (sir Joseph), an English lawyer 
 ana patriot, was the son of a clergyman in 
 Northamptonshire, and born in 1668. He 
 
 N n 2 
 
JEN 
 
 JEN 
 
 distinguished himself in the reign of Y* d* 
 liatn 111. by his attachment to the whigs, 
 and was one of the managers on the tt ial of 
 Dr Sachevereh At the accession of George 
 I. he was knighted, made master of the 
 rolls, and a privy counsellor. He success- 
 fully maintain H the independence of his 
 office against lord- chancellor King, in a 
 pamphlet, entitled, The Judicial Authority 
 of the Master of the Rolls stated and vin- 
 dicated. He died in 1738. His brother 
 Thomas Jekyt., D D. was educated at Tri- 
 nity college, Cambridge, and became vicar 
 of RoWd in Wiltshire, lecturer at New- 
 l an d in Gloucestershire, and minister of St. 
 Margaret’s chapel, Westminster He pub- 
 lished Peace and Love recommended, m 2 
 Sermons preached at Bristol, 16/4; Pope- 
 ry a great Mystery of Iniquity, a Fast Ser- 
 mon, °1680 : Righteousness and Peace the 
 l-,e;t Means to prevent Ruin, preached be- 
 fore the lord mayor 1631 ; True Religion 
 the best Loyalty, 1682 ; Exposition of the 
 Church Catechism, 8vo .—Wood. 
 
 Jellinger (Christopher), a presbyter lan 
 divine, was born in Germany, and stu- 
 died at Basil and Leyden. He was some 
 time a sold er, after which he went to Ge- 
 neva, from whence he was invited to Eng- 
 land, where he acquired great knowledge 
 of the language, and obtained the living ot 
 Brent in Devonshire, of which he was de- 
 prived for nonconformity in 1662. He 
 died at Kingsbridge at the age of 83. He 
 wrote, Disputatio Theologica do Sacra 
 Ccena ; Fifteen Conferences with Christ; A 
 [New and Living Way of Dying ; 1 he o[>.- 
 ritual Merchant ; and other works of a like 
 nature. — Calam\. Palmer. 
 
 Jenischius '(Paul), a learned writer, 
 was born at Antwerp in 1558. He was 
 persecuted and banished for writing a book, 
 entitled, Theatrum Animarum. He died 
 at Stutgard in 1647. — M»ren. 
 
 Jenkin (Robert), a learned English di- 
 vine, was born in- the isle of Thanet m 
 1656, and educated at the king’s scliool at 
 Canterbury. In 1674 he was admitted of 
 St. John’s college, Cambridge, of which 
 society he was elected fellow in 16S0. In 
 1711 he became master of his college, and 
 lady Margaret’s professor of divinity. He 
 died in 1727. Dr. Jenkin wrote some es- 
 teemed pieces, the best known of which is 
 entitled, the Reasonableness and Certainty 
 of the Christian Religion, in 2 vols. 8vo. ; 
 a work of great merit. — Blog. Brit. 
 
 Jenkin (William), a nonconformist di- 
 vine, was the son of a puritan minis. e., 
 and born at Sudbury in Suffolk in 1612. 
 He was educated at St. John’s college, Cam- 
 bridge, and in 1641 was chosen minister ot 
 Christ church, near Newgate, London, of 
 which he was deprived for nonconformity 
 in 1662. He was sent to the Tower for 
 being concerned in Love’s plot, but was 
 released on petitioning Cromwell, In 1684 
 
 he was committed to Newgate on the con- 
 venticle act, and died there four months 
 afterwards. His works are ; An Exposition 
 on tl:e Epistle of Jude, folio; Celeusma, 
 sen Clamor 'ad Theoiogos Hierarchise An- 
 glican;?; and some sermons and contro- 
 versial pieces- — Calamy. Palmer. 
 
 Jenkins (Henry), a native of Yorkshire, 
 rendered remarkable for having lived to 
 the extraordinary age of 169 years. He 
 remembered the" battle of Flodden Field, 
 and gave evidence at the assizes to a cir- 
 cumstance within his recollection of one 
 hundred and forty years, hie retained his 
 faculties to the last, but as he was bom 
 before parochial registers were kept, no 
 parish would support him, so that he sub- 
 sisted by begging. He died in 1670; and 
 in the parish church of Bolton, Yorkshire, 
 to which in reality he belonged, is a monu- 
 ment recording these particulars. 
 
 Jenkins (sir Leoline), a civilian and 
 statesman, was born in Glamorganshire, 
 in 1623, and educated at Cowbridge school, 
 from whence he was sent to Jesus college, 
 Oxford, where he continued till the death 
 of the king. He afterwards became tutor 
 to some- voung gentlemen, with whom he 
 travelled • through France, Holland, and 
 Germany. At the Restoration he return- 
 ed to his college, of which he was chosen 
 fellow, and in 1662 elected principal. In 
 1668 he was appointed judge of the pre- 
 rogative, court of Canterbury, and in 1670 
 lie received the honour of knighthood. 
 He had a principal share in negociating the 
 peace of Nimeguen, and on his return to 
 England was chosen one of the represen-, 
 tatives of the university of Oxford in par- 
 liament, where he opposed the bill for the 
 exclusion of the duke of York He was 
 soon after made secretary of state and a 
 privy counsellor. He died in 1685, and 
 was buried in the chapel of Jesus college, 
 to which he was a great benefactor. He 
 bequeathed to charitable uses all his pro- 
 perty. His letters and papers were print- 
 ed in 2 vols. folio, 1724. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Jenks (Benjamin), a pious divine of the 
 English church, was a native of Shropshire, 
 rector of Harley in that county, and chap- 
 lain to the earl of Bradford. He died in 
 1724, aged 78, and was buried in Harley 
 church, of which lie had been minister 56 
 years. He wrote 2 vols. of Meditations; 
 Family Devotions, 12mo. ; Submission to 
 the Righteousness of God, 12mo; and other 
 religious pieces of considerable merit and 
 Usefulness.- — Orton's Letters. 
 
 Jenkyns (David), an intrepid judge, was 
 born at Pendovlen, in Glamorganshire, 
 and admitted a commoner of Edmund hall, 
 Oxford, in 1597. After taking his ba- 
 chelor’s degree he removed to Gray’s Inn, 
 and became eminent as a counsellor. King 
 Charles I. appointed him a Welsh judge. 
 In 1615 he was taken prisoner at Here- 
 
J E P 
 
 JER 
 
 ford, for his activity in the royal cause, 
 and sent to the Tower. Being brought to 
 the bar of the house of commons, he denied 
 the:r authority and refused to kneel, for 
 which he was lined 1000/. and remanded to 
 prk >n. In 1650 an act was passed for his 
 trial, but. Harry Martin, it is said, prevent- 
 ed the measure by a droll speech. Jenkyns, 
 who expected to be hanged, declared that 
 he would die with the Bible under one arm, 
 and Magna Charta under the other. In 
 1656 he obtained his liberty. He died in 
 1663. His tracts on legal and political 
 
 subjects were printed in 1631, l'imo. — 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Jennens (Charles), an ingenious English 
 gentleman, who died at Gopsal in Leicester- 
 shire in 1773. Ke composed the words 
 of some of Handel’s oratorios, particularly 
 the Messiah, and published part of an in- 
 tended edition of Shakspeare. — Biog. Dram. 
 
 J in kings (David), an eminent dissenting 
 minister, who officiated forty-four years as 
 pastor to a congregation in Old Gravel-lane, 
 Wapping, and superintended the dissenting 
 academy founded by Mr. Coward. He 
 obtained the degree of doctor of divinity 
 from Scotland, and died in 1763, aged 71. 
 Dr. Jennings wrote An Introduction to the 
 Use of the Globes and Orrery, Svo.; Intro- 
 duction to the Knowledge of Medals, 12mo.; 
 Jewish Antiquities, 3 vols. 8vo. ; and se- 
 veral sermons. — Toulmins Lfc f Neal. 
 
 Jenson, or Jansonius (Nicholas), a 
 French printer and letter-founder who 
 resided at Venice. He was the first who 
 fixed the form and proportion of the Ro- 
 man character, and his editions are highly 
 valued on account of the beauty of the 
 printing. The first book which came from 
 his press was a volume in quarto, entitled, 
 Decor Puellarum, 1471. He died about 
 1 481. — Moreri. 
 
 Jenyns (Soame), an ingenious English 
 writer, was born in London in 1704, and 
 educated at a private school, from whence 
 he was sent to St.John’s college, Cambridge. 
 In 1728 he published a poem on the Art of 
 Dancing. I le was elected into parliament 
 in 1741, and enjoyed a seat in that house 
 till 1780. In 1755 he was appointed one of 
 the lords of trade, which place he held till 
 that board was abolished. He died in 1787. 
 His works are; 1. Poems, 2 vols. 12mo. ; 
 2. Free Enquiry into the Origin of Evil, 
 12mo. ; 3. A View of the Internal Evidence 
 of the Christian Religion, 12mo. •. 4. Poli- 
 tical Tracts all collected into four vols. 
 12mo. with his life prefixed. 
 
 Jefhson (Richard), a dramatic writer, 
 was a native of Ireland. He was an officer 
 in the army, and many years master of the 
 horse to the lord-lieutenant. He was also 
 for some time a member of the Irish house 
 of commons. He died near Dublin in 1803. 
 Mr. Jephson’s first dramatic piece, Bra- 
 ghenza, was read with success at Drury- 
 lane, and printed in 1775. The Law of 
 
 Lombardy, a tragedy, was performed nine 
 nights at Drury-lane in 1779. The Court 
 of Narbonne was well received. He wrote 
 also, The Campaign, or Love in the East 
 Indies, an Opera; Julia, or the Italian Lover, 
 a tragedy; Two Strings to your Bow, a 
 farce; and the Conspiracy. In 1794 he 
 published, The Confessions of James Bap- 
 tiste Conteau, citizen of France, 2 vols. 
 12mo. a severe satire on French depravity. 
 
 In the same year appeared his Roman Por- 
 traits, a poem in heroic verse, with histori- 
 cal remarks and Illustrations, 1 vol. 4to. — 
 
 71 'lontbly Mag. 
 
 Jeputhah, one of the judges of Israel, 
 who is rendered famous by a remarkable 
 vow which -he made before he marched 
 against the Ammonites, that if he proved 
 victorious he would offer to the Lord the 
 first living thing which should come to meet 
 him on his return. This happened to be 
 his onl) daughter whom he is said to have 
 sacrificed to fulfil his rash vow. But many 
 learned writers contend that_ the text does 
 not warrant the assertion, and that the 
 daughter of Jephthah, instead of being sa- 
 crificed, was devoted to perpetual virginity. 
 And this seems most probable, since human 
 sacrifices were held in abomination, by the 
 Israelites. — Judges. 
 
 Jeremiah, the second of the greater pro- 
 phets, was the son of Hilkiah, and a native 
 of Anathoth, of the tribe of Benjamin. He 
 was born about 629 years B. C. Having 
 predicted the miseries which should fall on 
 his country for the sins of the rulers, priests, 
 and false prophets, he was thrown into pri- 
 son. When Nebuchadnezzar took Jeru- 
 salem, Jeremiah was permitted to remain in 
 Jud.ua, but Johanau, and other fugitive 
 Jews, being resolved to go into Egypt con- 
 trary to the prophet’s advice, compelled 
 him to accompany them. Some say he was 
 slain there by his countrymen, but others 
 assert that he died at Babylon about 586 
 B. C. The style of Jeremiah is elegiac, and 
 pathetic, especially the Lamentations. In 
 his prophecies he foretold the Babylonish 
 captivity, the return of the Jews, and the de- 
 struction of Babylon. He also predicted the 
 conception and atonement of the Messiah. 
 — Gray's Key to 0. T. 
 
 Jeroboam I. king of Israel, was appoint- 
 ed by Solomon governor of Ephraim and 
 Manasseh, bn. when a prophet predicted 
 that lie would reign over ten tribes, Solomon 
 ordered him to be arrested, on which he fled 
 to Egypt, where he remained till the people 
 revolted against Rehoboam. Ten tribes se- 
 parated from the house of David, and chose 
 Jeroboam for their king, who abandoned 
 himself to idolatry. He died 954 B. C. 
 after reigning 22. years. — Bible. 
 
 Jeroboam II. was the son of Joash king 
 of Israel. He ascended the throne 826 B C. 
 and regained the lands which had been 
 taken by the Syrians. But he was guilty of 
 idolatry, and the prophets Hcsea and Amos 
 
JER 
 
 J E S 
 
 predicted the destruction of his family. The 
 Assyrians defeated him at Jezreel,. and 
 carried many of his people into captivity. 
 He died 784 B. C .—Bi le. 
 
 Jerome (St.), a fa;her of the church, was 
 born of Christian parents near Dalmatia, 
 about 340. After i eceiving a good educa- 
 tion under his father, he was sent fo Rome, 
 where he studied almost every branch of 
 learning, particularly rhetoric, Hebrew, and 
 theology. Peing of a pious and sedentary 
 turn, ' e w . disgusted with the capital, and 
 resolved to lead a solitary life. He according- 
 ly retired to the deserts of Syria, where he 
 spent four years in severe study and mortifi- 
 cation. 1 e then went to Antioch, and was 
 ordained priest. In 381 he went to Constan- 
 tinople, from whence he passed to Rome, 
 where pope Damasus consulted him on seve- 
 ral passages of the holy writings. His elo- 
 quence, learning, and virtues, procured him 
 several female disciples of rank, which ex- 
 cited the envy of the priests, who propa- 
 gated gross calumnies against his character. 
 Jerome then quitted Rome, and retired to 
 the Holy Land, where he superintended 
 several monasteries, particularly at Beth- 
 lehem. He there wrote the principal of 
 his works ; which are: a Latin Version of 
 the Bible from the Hebrew ; Learned Com- 
 mentaries on several hooks of the Scripture; 
 Polemical Treatises against Montanus, Hel- 
 vidius, Joviniani, Pelagius, Rufinus, and the 
 partisans of Origen ; A Treatise on the 
 Lives and Writings of Ecclesiastical Au- 
 thors; History of the Fathers of the Desert; 
 and Epistles. The best editions are those of 
 Erasmus, 1526, and Paris, 1693. He died 
 in 420. — Dupin. 
 
 Jerome of Prague, so called from the 
 place of his birth, was the disciple of Huss, 
 and a man of learning. The council of 
 Constance cited him with his master, blit 
 finding that Huss was thrown into prison, 
 retired to Uberlingen, where he applied for 
 a safe-conduct, which was refused. On his 
 journey to his own country he was arrest- 
 ed, and sent to Constance in chains, Af- 
 ter being cruelly tortured he was consigned 
 to the flames which he endured with great 
 constancy and triumph, in 1416. — Moreri. 
 JVLosheim. 
 
 Jerome of Saint Faith , a Spanish Jew, 
 named before his conversion to Christianity, 
 Joshua Larchi. Pie became physician to 
 Peter de R.una, afterwards pope Benedict 
 XIII. in whose presence, and that of many 
 cardinals and prelates, he disputed with 
 some learned rabbins at fortosa in 1414, 
 The result of that conference, and of a Trea- 
 tise on toe errors of the Talmud by him, is 
 said to have been such, that about 5000 
 Jews were converted. Jerome’s book was 
 printed at Erankfort in 1602. — fhowv. Di;t, 
 Hist. 
 
 Jervas (Charles), a portrait painter, was 
 born in Ireland, and studied under Kneller. 
 By the generosity of a friend he was en- 
 
 abled to visit France and Italy, and at his 
 return obtained considerable employments, 
 more perhaps from the friendship of Pope 
 and other celebrated men than from his 
 own merit. He published a translation of 
 Don Quixote, to which Dr. Warburton 
 added an appendix on the Origin of Ro- 
 mances, and of Chivalry. He died about 
 1740. — Gen. Flo*. Diet. 
 
 Jessy (Henry), a nonconformist minis- 
 ter, was born at West Rowton in York- 
 shire in 1627, where he took his degrees in 
 arts. Pie joined the independents, for which 
 he was imprisoned in 1641, but was releas- 
 ed by the parliament. In the rebellion he 
 odieiated at St. George’s in Southwark, but 
 was ejected at the Restoration, and sent to 
 prison. Pie died in 1663. His works are; 
 The Glory and Salvation of Judah and Is- 
 rael ; a Description of Jerusalem . A Nar- 
 rative of Mrs. Sarah Wright A Looking- 
 glass for Children ; The Engiish-Greek 
 Lexicon, &c. — Calamy. Palmer. 
 
 Jestyn ab Gw rgant, prince, of Glamor- 
 gan, who was rejected by his country troni 
 the sovereignty on the death of hio lather 
 in 1030, on account of the violence of his 
 temper, his uncle Howel being chosen in 
 his room, but on his death in 1043 he suc- 
 ceeded him. Having made war on Rhys 
 ab Tudor, a neighbouring prince, he sent 
 Einion,his ally, to invite the English to hjs 
 assistance, who defeated Rhys, but Jestyn 
 refusing to give his daughter to Einion, 
 agreeably to promise, he applied to the Eng- 
 lish, who turned their arms against Jestyn, 
 and obliged him to quit his dominions, 
 which they divided among themselves. — 
 Otven Canib. Biog. 
 
 Jesua (Levita) a Spanish rabbi in the 
 15th century, who wrote a curious book 
 called Halichot Olam, or the Ways of Eter- 
 nity, an edition qf which in Hebrew and 
 Latin appeared at Hanover in 1714, 4to.--- 
 
 Moreri. 
 
 Jesus the son of Sirac, and author of the 
 book, entitled, Ecclesiasticus, was a native 
 of Jerusalem. Pie lived about 200 B. C. 
 His grandson, Jesus, translated this book 
 into Greek, which is the version now ex- 
 tant in the Apocrypha. It is full of excel- 
 lent moral reflections and lively sentiments. 
 — Dupin, 
 
 Jesus-Christ, the Saviour of the world, 
 and Son of God ; was miraculously con- 
 ceived by the Plojy Ghost, and born of the 
 Virgin Mary in actable at Bethlehem, A.M. 
 4004. His birth was announced to shep- 
 herds by angels ; and a star appeared in 
 the east which guided the magi to Jerusa- 
 lem, who inquired of Herod where the 
 Messiah was born., as they were come to 
 worship him. This threw tjie king and 
 his court into consternation. The magi, 
 following the direction of the star, went 
 to Bethlehem, where they found the child, 
 to whom they made their offerings, and 
 being divinely warned, did not go bad; 
 
JES 
 
 J E W 
 
 to Hcrcd, but returned borne a contrary 
 ■way. 1 lerod, full of wrath, determined 
 on th: death of the infant ; but Joseph, 
 the husband ofMarv.beingdivinely warned 
 in a dream, fled with the child and his mo- 
 ther into Egypt. While they were on 
 their journey, Herod made a horrid 
 slaughter of all the children in Bethlehem. 
 On the death of the tyrant, Joseph return- 
 ed towards home, but finding that Arche- 
 laus reigned in the room of his father, he 
 went to Nazareth, by which that prophecy 
 was fulfilled which called Jesus a Naza- 
 rene. Here he dwelt with his parents, 
 working probably at his father’s trade, 
 which was that of a carpenter, till he came 
 to the age of 33, when he commenced 
 his public labours ; and having been bap- 
 tized by John the Baptist, he called a few 
 poor, unlearned disciples, and then went 
 about declaring the purposes of his mission, 
 and confirming his authority by numerous 
 miracles. The Jews were filled with asto- 
 nishment at his doctrine and works, but 
 their hearts were hardened, and instead of 
 receiving him as the promised Messiah, 
 they persecuted him with the utmost ma- 
 lignity, and attributed his miracles to dia- 
 bolical agency. The sanhedrim, or council 
 of priests, often consulted to destroy him, 
 and at last he was betrayed into their hands 
 in the garden of Gethsemane, by his disci- 
 ple Judas Iscariot, for thirty pieces of silver. 
 After an examination before Caiaphas the 
 high-priest, he was remitted to Pontius 
 Pilate, the Roman governor, who made 
 several attempts to save him from the fury 
 of the priests and people; but being charged 
 as an enemy of Ctesar if he let Jesus go, 
 he caused him to be first scourged and then 
 put to death. He was crucified between 
 two malefactors on Mount Calvary, 
 Friday, April 3, A. D. 36. His body was 
 entombed by Joseph of Arimathea in a 
 new sepulchre ; and as Jesus had declared 
 that he would rise again the third day, the 
 Jews obtained a guard from Pilate to 
 watch the tomb. But on the third day 
 he arose, and the soldiers went and gave 
 information to their employers, who bribed 
 them to say that the body was stolen by his 
 disciples. In confutation of this calumny 
 Jesus remained six weeks among his fol- 
 lowers, and then conducting them to Mount 
 Olivet, ascended into heaven. The Chris- 
 tian religion has subsisted to the present 
 day, uninjured by all the attacks which 
 have been made against it. The evidences 
 upon which it stands are irrefragable, and 
 its doctrines are of the most exalted na- 
 ture. They teach that man is a miserable 
 creature in consequence of the fall, but 
 that he is restored to the divine favour by 
 the obedience, death, and mediation of 
 Christ, who came from heaven to make 
 an atonement for the sins of the world, 
 and to bring that life and immortidity 
 to light by the gospel, which had been 
 
 lost by the fall of Adam. The precepts 
 of Christianity are agreeable to its doc- 
 trinal system ; tending to make men hum- 
 ble, virtuous, patient, and contented in this 
 world, and to fit them for a state of endless 
 purity. — Meiu Testament. 
 
 Jesus, a man who, before the taking of 
 Jerusalem by Titus, announced to the Jews 
 the calamities about to fall upon them. 
 Four years before the war he went about 
 proclaiming, “ Woe, woe to Jerusalem.” 
 Being taken and brought before the rulers, 
 and interrogated, his only answer was, 
 “ Woe to Jerusalem!” At the time of the 
 siege he continued crying, Woe to the tem- 
 ple ! Woe to the city ! Woe to the people ! 
 and at last he cried, Woe to myself! and at 
 that instant was killed by a dart. — Josephus. 
 
 Jethro, surnamed Raguel, king and 
 priest of the Midianites, who received 
 Moses into his family when he Bed from 
 Egypt, and gave him his daughter Zippo- 
 rah. When Moses had delivered the Is-' 
 raelitesfrom their bondage, Jethro met him, 
 and delivered him his wife and children, 
 with much good advice — Exodus. 
 
 Jeune (John le), a French priest of the 
 oratory, who quitted a rich canonry to 
 lead a life of devotion. He was a celebrat- 
 ed preacher, and indefatigable in the ex- 
 ercises of his calling. He died in 1672, 
 aged 80. His Sermons were printed in 10 
 vols. 8vo., and were much studied by Mas- 
 sillon. — Moreri. 
 
 Jewel (John), a learned prelate, was 
 born at Berry Narber, in Devonshire, and 
 educated at Barnstaple school, from whence 
 he removed to Oxford, where he was first 
 entered of Merton, and afterwards of 
 Corpus Christi college. In the reign of 
 Edward YI . he avowed the protestant re- 
 ligion, and became an admired preacher, 
 which in the succeeding reign brought 
 him into imminent danger. Finding that 
 bishop Bonner was devising means to ap- 
 prehend him, he went abroad, and resided 
 with Peter Martyr at Strasburg and after- 
 wards at Zurich. On the death of Mary 
 he returned home, and was appointed one 
 of the sixteen protestant divines to dispute 
 with as many romanists before queen Eli- 
 zabeth. In 1559 he was preferred It) the 
 bishopric of Salisbury, and in 1565 he re- 
 ceived the degree of D. D. from the uni- 
 versity of Oxford, His conduct as a bishop 
 was exemplary, and he paid great attention 
 to the work of reformation in his diocese. 
 His application to study was so intense as 
 to lay the foundation of an illness of which 
 he died in 1671. His remains were inter- 
 red in Salisbury cathedral. His learning 
 and abilities were celebrated over Europe, 
 by his admirable Apology for the Church 
 of England, which was attacked by his 
 countryman and schoolfellow, Thomm Hard- 
 ing , and unanswerably defended by the 
 author. Hisjworks were collected into one 
 volume folio, and deemed of so much im- 
 
J O A 
 
 JOA 
 
 portance as to be placed in the churches 
 for the edification of the people. — Life by 
 Humphrey. Biog. Brit. 
 
 Jezid I. the 5th caliph, or successor of 
 Mahomet, and the second of the race of 
 Ommiades, began his reign in 680. The 
 Arabs, in the second year of his reign, elect- 
 ed Hussein, son of Ali to the caliphate, 
 whom Jezid caused to be assassinated. He 
 also persecuted the whole house of Aii, 
 and put a number of persons to death. He 
 died in 683. Jezid, though a cruel tyrant, 
 had a taste for .poetry, and wrote some 
 amatory verses of merit. — Moreri. 
 
 Joab, the general of David king of Is- 
 rael, distinguished himself equally by his 
 val mr and his cruelties. He treache- 
 rously slew Abner the general, and stabbed 
 Absalom the son of David. That monarch, 
 in consideration of his services, did not pu- 
 nish him ; but Solomon put him to death 
 for taking part with Adonijah, B. C. 1014. 
 
 - — Stackbou-i . 
 
 Joachim, a celebrated monk, was born 
 at Celico, near Cosenza. He went on a pil- 
 grimage barefoot to the Holy Land, and on 
 his return entered into the order of Cister- 
 cians. He founded several monasteries, 
 which he governed with discretion. He 
 was regarded as a prophet, and many 
 of his predictions were printed, in a book 
 entitled, The Everlasting Gospel. He wrote 
 many other books, and died in 1202, aged 
 90. His followers pretended that miracles 
 were wrought at his tomb, and applied to 
 the pope to canonize him, but this was re- 
 jected on account of some supposed errors 
 in his works. — Moreri. 
 
 Joachim (George), a mathematician, 
 otherwise named Rheticus, was born in the 
 country of the Grisons in 1514. He ob- 
 tained the mathematical chair at Wittem- 
 ■berg, where he zealously espoused and de- 
 fended the astronomical system of Coper- 
 nicus. He died in 1576. His works are ; 
 Ephemerides; de Doctrina Triangulorum ; 
 
 Orationes de Astro no mia, &c. Melch. 
 
 Pldam in nit . Phil. Germ. Vossius de Math. 
 
 Joan of Arc, or the maid of Orleans, a 
 French heroine, was born about 1412 at 
 Dommeny in Lorraine, of mean parents. 
 She was servant at an inn when she ima- 
 gined that St. Michael, the tutelary angel 
 of France, had commanded her to raise the 
 siege of Orleans, then closely pressed by the 
 English, under the duke of Bedford. Her 
 pretended visions made, a great noise, and 
 she was introduced to Charles VII., whom 
 she is said to have discovered amidst his 
 courtiers though he was dressed like them 
 She promised to relieve Orleans, and to 
 procure the coronation of Charles at Theims. 
 Her offers were accepted, though the par- 
 liament treated her as an impostor. Clad 
 in armour she headed the troops, who were 
 animated by her professions and example. 
 The siege of Orleans was raised, after which 
 she marched to Rheims, and assisted at the 
 
 coronation of the king, who ennobled het* 
 family, to which he gave the name of Du 
 Lys and large grants of land. Joan was 
 wounded in an attack on Paris, and was 
 taken prisoner at the siege of Compeigne : 
 when the English, to their disgrace, tried 
 and condemned her for sorcery. She was 
 burnt at Rouen in 1431. — Mezeray. Nouv. 
 Diet. 
 
 Joan (pope), a fictitious character, though 
 the contrary is asserted by Platina, who 
 calls this pope John VIII. It is s. id that 
 about the middle of the 9th century a wo- 
 man named Joan, born at Mentz, and who 
 had long worn men’s clothes, obtained so 
 great a reputation as a doctor, as to be 
 elected to the papal chair on the death of 
 Leo IV. It is further stated, that having 
 hadan intrigue with her confidential friend, 
 and not knowing her time, she was takeq 
 in labour as she was going in a procession, 
 and died in the street. In order to avoid 
 the like di-grace, it has been said that every 
 new pope was placed in a perforated chair 
 to be examined. The whole of this ridicu- 
 lous story, however, is now abandoned as 
 fabulous by protestants as well as catholics. 
 David Blonde!, in particular, published an 
 able refutation of it. — Platina. Moreri. 
 
 Joan I. queen of Naples, was the daugh-; 
 ter of Charles king of Sicily, and born in 
 1326. A* the age of 1 9 she assumed the 
 government, and married Andrew of Hun- 
 gary, whom she murdered, and espoused 
 another. I.ewis of Hungary, brother of 
 Andrew, marching to avenge his death, 
 Joan took refuge in Provence. She after- 
 wards recovered her capital, and having 
 destroyed her second husband married a 
 third, who dying shortly after, . she gave 
 her hand to a fourth. Having no children, 
 she adopted her relation Charles de Duras, 
 who revolted against her at the instigation 
 of the king of Hungary. She then adopted 
 Louis of France, duke of Anjou, for her 
 heir, wh i ch produced a bloody war. Charles 
 rendered Himself master of Naples, and 
 caused the queen to be put to death in 1381. 
 — Univ. Hist. 
 
 Joan II queen of Naples, succeeded her 
 brother Ladisiuus in 1414. She was twice 
 married, but lived a scandalous life. Her 
 second husband, John count of March, put 
 to death her paramour Panddlfus, and im- 
 prisoned the queen. The Neapolitans re- 
 leased her, and her husband became a pri- 
 soner in his turn. On recovering his liber- 
 ty, he went to France, where he took a re- 
 ligious habit and died. Joan died in 1434, 
 after adopting Alphonsus king of Arragon 
 for her heir. — Moreri. Unin. Hist. 
 
 Joash, the son of Ahaziah king of Ju- 
 dah, escaped by means of his aunt Jehoshi- 
 ba from the fury of Athaliah his grand- 
 mother, who destroyed the other princes 
 of the family. At the age of seven Jehoia- 
 da the high-priest caused him to be pro- 
 claimed king, and Athaliah was put to 
 
J O II 
 
 J O H 
 
 ^g ea th. During the life of Jehoiada he go- leaned on his "breast at the last supper, 
 verned well, but afterwards fell into idol- Before the ascension of our Lord, Peter 
 
 atry. He was slain by his servants B.C. 
 483 .—Bible. 
 
 Joash, the son of .Tehoahaz king of 
 Israel, succeeded his father. He apostatized 
 to idolatry, but paid great respect to the 
 prophet Elisha in his last sickness. He de- 
 feated the Syrians in three battles, and re- 
 covered several cities from them. He also 
 defeated and made prisoner Amaziah, king 
 of Judah, and took the city of Jerusalem. 
 He died B. C. 826, having reigned sixteen 
 years . — Ibid 
 
 Job, a celebrated patriarch, was born in 
 the country of Uz, bet ween Idumea and Ara- 
 bia. His history makes the subject of a 
 beautiful book in the sacred canon, and is 
 doubtless the most ancient poem in the 
 world. He is there distinguished for his 
 unshaken integrity in the midst of the se- 
 verest trials, after which he was restored to 
 wealth and honour, and died about 1500 
 B.C. Some attribute this book to Isaiah, 
 but others with more probability to Moses. 
 — Gray’s Key t 0. T. 
 
 Jo bert (Louis), a French jesuit, who 
 was distinguished for his knowledge i;i the 
 science of medals, on which subject he 
 wrote an elaborate treatise, printed in 1739, 
 in 2 vols. 12mo. He died in 1719, aged 72. 
 
 ; — Nouv. Did. Hist. 
 
 Jodeiu.e (Stephen), lord of Limodin, 
 a French poet, was born at Paris in 1432. 
 He was the first who wrote plays in that 
 language, but they were so long, that one 
 of them took ten mornings for its repre- 
 sentation. He also wrote sonnets, elegies, 
 odes, and tragedies. Me died in 1579. — 
 Moreri. Bayle. 
 
 Joel, the second of the minor prophets, 
 flourished about 789 years B.C. His pro- 
 phecy, written in a vehement style, regards 
 chiefly the desolation of Judea by the Chal- 
 deans St. Peter in the Acts applies a pas- 
 sage from this prophet to the establishment 
 of Christianity, and the' pouring out the 
 spirit on the day of pc'ntecost. — Gray's Key 
 to 0. T. 
 
 John the Baptist, the forerunner of the 
 Messiah, was the son of Zacharias, a priest, 
 and Elizabeth. His birth was foretold by 
 an angel. After passing his early years iu 
 retirement, he came forth publicly as a 
 preacher of repentance, baptizing all who 
 confessed their sins. Our Saviour was 
 baptized by him in Jordan, and John bore 
 testimony to his divinity. He was behead- 
 ed by Herod at the instigation of Herodias, 
 Philip’s wife, with whom Herod lived in 
 adultery, A. D. 29.- — Nc"w Testament. See 
 Bp- Heron s Life of the Baptist. 
 
 John the Evangelist, or the divine, was 
 the son of Zebeclee and Salome, and the 
 brother of James the Great. Their occupa- 
 tion was fishing, in \vhich they were en- 
 gaged when Jesus called them. John was 
 the beloved disciple of his master, and 
 
 asked hint what should become of John, to 
 which he answered, “ If I will that he tarry 
 till I come, what is that to thee ?” whence 
 some have inferred that he would not die, 
 but remain on earth till the Messiah’s se- 
 cond advent. He preached the gospel in 
 several parts of Asia, and fixed his princi- 
 pal residence at Ephesus. In the persecu- 
 tion by Domiiian, he is said to have been 
 plunged into a cauldron of boiling oil, but 
 coming out unhurt, he was banished to the 
 isle of Patmos, where he received the visions 
 contained in his Apocalypse. In the reign 
 of Nerva he was released, and returned to 
 Ephesus, where fie died A.D. 100, aged 94, 
 I-fe wrote his gospel to complete what had 
 been omitted by the other evangelists, and 
 to refute the errors of Cerinthus and Ebion, 
 In the New Testament there are likewise 
 three epistles by him. — Came. 
 
 John, surnamed Mark, a disciple of the 
 apostles, who accompanied Paul and Bar- 
 nabas in their journeys for the propagation 
 of the gospel. A difference arising between 
 t!)e two apostles, they separated, and Mark 
 went with Barnabas to Cyprus. The other 
 particulars of his storv are unknown. — 
 Ibid. 
 
 Jo hn, secretary to the emperor Honoring, 
 seized on the throne after his master’s death 
 in 423. He was taken prisoner at Ravenna, 
 and beheaded in 425. — Moreri. 
 
 John I. emperor of Constantinople, sur- 
 named Zimisces, was of an illustrious fa- 
 mily. He stabbed the emperor Nicephorus 
 Phocas in 969, and obtained many victories 
 over the Russians, Bulgarians, and Sara- 
 cens. He was poisoned by Basil the eu- 
 nuch 111 976. — Moreri. Univ. Hist. 
 
 John II. (Comnenus), succeeded Alexis 
 Comnenus his father in 1118. He gained 
 several advantages over the Turks, and 
 governed with great prudence and libe- 
 rality. He died in 1 143 of a wound which 
 he received from a poisoned arrow. — Ibid. 
 
 John III. (Ducas), was crowned at Nice 
 in 1222, at the time when the Latins were 
 in possession of Constantinople. He was a 
 prince of great virtue, gained many bat- 
 tles, defeated the Scythians, Tartars, and 
 Bulgarians, and extended his empire on ail 
 sides. He died in 1255.- —-Ibid. 
 
 John IV. (Lascaris), son of Theodore 
 the younger, whom lie succeeded in 1259 
 at the age of six years; but the despot Mi- 
 chael Palxologus deprived him of his 
 crown and his eyes in the same year, and 
 imprisoned him for life. — Ibid. 
 
 John V. (Cantacuzenus), was the minis- 
 ter and favourite of Andronicus Palasolo- 
 gus, who made him guardian of his child- 
 ren John and Emanuel, with whose mother, 
 Jane of Savoy, he governed for some time 
 with great wisdom and moderation. But 
 in 1345 lie assumed the imperial title in 
 Thrace, and in 1347 took Constantinople, 
 
J O II 
 
 J O II 
 
 compelling John Palseologus, who had 
 been crowned in 1341,. and who married 
 his daughter, to retire to Salonica. The 
 exiled monarch, with the help of the Ge- 
 noese, defeated the fleet of the usurper, 
 and obliged him to quit his throne and ca- 
 pital. He then retired to the monastery of 
 Mount Athos, where he took the religious 
 habit Me there devoted himself to lite- 
 rary studies, and wrote a valuable history 
 of the empire, and a defence of Christi- 
 anity against the Mohammedans. He died 
 in 1410. — Univ. Hist. 
 
 John VI. (Palceologus), succeeded his 
 father Asdronicus theyounger in 1311, but 
 he was deprived by John Cantacuzenus, 
 whose daughter he married after recovering 
 his throne, iiisson Andronicus revolted 
 against him, and the Genoese made them- 
 selves masters of the Isle of Lesbos, and 
 Amurath I. took the city of Adrianople. 
 He died in 1391. — Ibid. 
 
 John VII. (Palxologus), succeeded his 
 father Emanuel in 1495. His reign was 
 very unfortunate, and the Turks made 
 such progress in his dominions as to reduce 
 him to the necessity of imploring the suc- 
 cour of the Latins. lie consented to a 
 union between the two churches, which 
 was performed at the council of Ferrara in 
 1439, at which John assisted in person. He 
 died in 1448, after a reign of 29 years. — 
 Ibid. 
 
 John, king of England, surnamed Lack- 
 land, was the fourth son of Henry II. and 
 born in 1199. He deprived his nephew 
 Arthur of the throne, to which he was 
 heir, and confined him in prison at Rouen, 
 where lie was murdered. The states of 
 Brittany demanded justice of Philip Au- 
 gustus of France against the murderer, 
 who was condemned to lose all his lands in 
 that country. The pope also excommuni- 
 cated him, and absolved his subjects from 
 their allegiance. Fie for some time resisted 
 the papal authority', hut in 1213 he made 
 his submission. The English barons invited 
 over Lewis the son of Philip, and crowned 
 him at London in 121G, but he did not con- 
 tinue long in England. John signed the 
 Magna Charta in 1215, being compelled to 
 it by the barons. He died at Newark the 
 year following, and was buried at Worces- 
 ter. — R.apin. Hume. 
 
 John, surnamed the Good, king of France, 
 succeeded his father Philip of Valois in 
 1350 He obtained a victory over the 
 English in 1355, but the year following 
 he was defeated and taken prisoner at 
 Poitiers, by Edward the Black Prince, 
 who sent him to London, where he re- 
 mained till the peace of Bretigni in 1360. 
 The ransom was three millions of crowns 
 of gold, and eight provinces; but before 
 the sum could be raised, John died sudden- 
 ly in the Savoy in Loudon, 1364, aged 52. 
 lie was a prince of great courage andvir- 
 ? ue. — Zvlezeray . 
 
 John III king of Sweden, son of Gus- 
 tavus Vasa, succeeded in 1568 his brother 
 Eric XIV. who was deprived of his crown 
 on account of his tyranny and cruelties. 
 The first acts of his reign were the resto- 
 ration cf the public tranquillity, and the 
 settlement of a peace with Denmark. He 
 died in 1592. — Univ. Hist. 
 
 John II. son of Henry III. was pro- 
 claimed king of Castile m 1406, at the 
 age of two years. He shewed a warlike 
 spirit, and combated with success the 
 forces of Navarre and Arragon. Having 
 made peace with these powers, he turned 
 his arms against the Moors of Grenada, 
 and obtained great advantages over them. 
 He died in 1454, aged 50. — Ibid. 
 
 John FI. king of Navarre and Arragon, 
 succeeded his brother Alphonsus in the 
 latter kingdom in 1458. He sustained for a 
 long time a war with Henry IV. king of 
 Castile, and died at Barcelona in 1479, aged 
 82 — Ibid. 
 
 John, king of Bohemia, the son of 
 the emperor Henry VII. was elected to 
 the throne in 1309, at the age of 14. He 
 was a warlike prince, and after defeating 
 the Lithuanians assumed the title of king 
 of Poland. He lost an eye in that expedi- 
 tion, and a Jew doctor, who pretended to 
 restore him to sight, deprived him of the 
 other. His military spirit, however, con- 
 tinued, and he accompanied Philip of 
 France in 1346 to the battle of Cressy, 
 where he was guided between two brave 
 knights, each holding his bridle. He fell 
 in that action, and was buried at Luxem- 
 bou rg. — Moreri. 
 
 John I. king of Portugal, was the na- 
 tural son of Peter thd Severe, and in 1383 
 ascended the throne, to the prejudice of 
 Beatrice, daughter of Ferdinand I. his 
 brother. John I. king of Castile, the 
 husband of that princess, disputed the 
 crown, but was defeated at the battle of 
 Aliubarota, He then turned his arms 
 against the Moors of Africa, and took 
 Ceuta and other places. He died in 1433, 
 aged S3. — Univ. Hist. 
 
 John II. was born in 1455, and succeeded 
 his father Alphonsus V. in 1481. He de- 
 feated some conspiracies which were form- 
 ed against him at the beginning of his reign, 
 and put the principal parties to death. 
 He gained some places in Africa, and dis- 
 tinguished himself in the battle of Toro, 
 against the Castilians, in 1476. His actions 
 procured him the titles of the Great and the 
 Severe. He encouraged navigation, and un- 
 der him Portugal obtained settlements in 
 India. He died in 1495. — Ibid. 
 
 John IIT. succeeded his father Emmanuel 
 on the throne of Portugal in 1521. He 
 greatly encouraged navigation, commerce, 
 and the arts. His navigators discovered 
 Japan, and he sent Francis Xavier into the 
 Indies as amissionary. John died in 1557, 
 aged 55. — Ibid. 
 
JOH 
 
 J O II 
 
 John IV. called the Fortunate, was born 
 in 1604. The Spaniards rendered them- 
 selves masters of Pdrtugal in 1 ./'SO, and 
 kept possession till 1640, when the Portu- 
 guese revolted, and placed the crown on 
 the head, of the duke of Braganza, John 
 IV. who held it to his death in 1656. — Unit). 
 Hist. 
 
 John V. successor of Peter II. was 
 crowned king of Portugal in 1707. He 
 leagued with other powers in favour of 
 Charles of Austria, who laid claim to the 
 crown of Spain. His government was 
 wise, and his virtues great. He died in 
 •it 7 50. — Ibid. 
 
 Jo a nT. pope, was a native of Tuscany, 
 and ascended the papal chair on the death 
 of Hormisdas, in 523. Theodoric king of 
 the Goths, a violent arian, threw him into 
 prison at Ravenna, where he died in 
 526. 
 
 John II. was a Roman, and succeeded 
 Boniface II in 533. He opposed the euty- 
 chians and nestorians, and died in 535. 
 
 John VIII. a Roman, was elected to the 
 pontificate on the death of Adrian II. in 
 872. He crowned the emperor Charles 
 the Bald in 875, and three years after went 
 to France, where he held a council at 
 Troyes. In his time Italy was greatly ra- 
 vaged bv the Saracens, who obliged the 
 pope to pay tribute. He corresponded 
 with Ptiotius, patriarch of Constantinople, 
 who had driven Ignatius from his seat, and 
 usurped the dignity. John, imposed upon 
 by the pretences of the intruder, acknovv- 
 leged him patriarch, but on discovering 
 his error he excommunicated him. The 
 pope died in 882. Many of his letters are 
 extant. 
 
 John X. archbishop of Ravenna, was 
 elected to the papacy in 914 He was a 
 turbulent prelate, and defeated the Saracens, 
 who had desolated Italy a long time ; but 
 he was. himself driven from Rome by Guy 
 duke of Tuscany, who was supported by 
 the Roman people. He was put to death 
 in 923. 
 
 John XI. was the son of Alberic, duke 
 of Spoletta, but some say his father was 
 pope Sergius III. He was made pope at 
 the age of 25, in 931 , through the influence 
 of his mother Marosia, wife of Guy duke 
 of Tuscany; but afterwards his brother 
 Alberic threw both him and her into the 
 castle of St. Angelo, where John died in 
 936. 
 
 John XII. a Roman of noble birth, was 
 elected pope in 956. He was the first who 
 changed iiis name on that occasion. At 
 that time Berenger tyrannized over Italy, 
 and the pope implored the assistance of 
 the emperor Otlio I. who delivered the 
 country. John crowned Otho at Rome, 
 and promised him fidelity, which, how- 
 ever, was of short duration, for he united 
 with the son of Berenger against his deli- 
 vR-sr. Otho returned to Rome in 963, and 
 
 called a council, in which the pope was ac- 
 cused of adultery, sacrilege, and other 
 crimes, which being proved, he was de- 
 posed. On the departure of the emperor, 
 John entered Rome, and exercised dreadful 
 cruelties on his enemies He was assassi- 
 nated in 964, by a man whose bed he had 
 violated. 
 
 John XIII. was appointed pope in 965, 
 by the emperor, against the will of the 
 Roman people. Peter, prtefect of Rome, 
 drove him from thence in 966, but the em- 
 peror restored him, and Peter became an 
 exile m his turn. John died in 972. 
 
 John XIV- bishop of Pavia, and chan- 
 cellor to the emperor Otho IT., obtained 
 the papal chair after Benedict VIL in 983, 
 but three months after his election he was 
 sent to the castle of St. Angelo by the anti- 
 pope Boniface, and died of poison in 984. 
 
 John XVII. an illustrious Roman, was 
 elected pope after Sylvester II. in 1003, 
 and died the same year. There was an anti- 
 pope of the same name, who was before 
 called Philagathus. The troops of Otho 
 III. having seized him, deprived him of his 
 hands, ears, and tongue, in 998. 
 
 John XXI. was a Portuguese, and the 
 son of a physician. He became pope in 
 1376, but died eight months after his elec- 
 tion. Some works of his on philosophy, 
 medicine, and divinity, are extant. 
 
 John XX II. was elected pope at Lyons in 
 1316. lie founded several abbeys and bi- 
 shoprics, but his pontificate was disturbed 
 by quarrels with the emperor and the cor- 
 deliers, which order the pope endeavoured 
 to suppress. He died at Avignon in 1334. 
 By his works he seems to have been better 
 fitted for a physician than a pope. They 
 are : 1. Thesaurus Pauperutn, or a Collec- 
 tion of Remedies; Treatise on Disorders of 
 the Eyes ; On the Formation of the Foetus; 
 On the Gout ; Advice for Preserving 
 Health. 
 
 John XXIII. (Balthasar CofF.i), a Nea- 
 politan, studied at Bologna, and became 
 chamberlain to Boniface IX. who made him 
 cardinal. He was elected pope after the 
 death of Alexander V. during the great 
 schism, and promised to renounce the pon- 
 tificate if Gregory XII. and Peter de Luna 
 would drop their pretensions. Not fulfil- 
 ling his engagements," he was deposed by 
 the council of Constance in 1415, and im- 
 prisoned at Heidelberg, where he remained 
 three years, and was then released at the 
 request of Martin V. He died in 1419. 
 The other popes of this name were not re- 
 markable. — P Latina. Boivsr. Moreri. 
 
 John of Salisbury, a learned English- 
 man of the 12th century, who in 1177 was 
 chosen bishop of Chartres in France. He 
 died in 1181. Ide wrote the Life of Tho- 
 mas a Becket, and several other works. — 
 JVl'ircri. 
 
 John Sobieski, king of Poland, was the 
 youngest -son of James Sobieski, governor 
 
J O H 
 
 J O IT 
 
 of Cracow, and educated at Paris. In 
 1665 he was made grand marshal and ge- 
 neral of the Polish armies, after which he 
 was appointed master of the royal house, 
 and prelate of Cracovia. He retook se- 
 veral cities from the rebellious Cossacks in 
 the Ukraine, and distinguished himself in 
 many gallant actions In 1673 he gained 
 the memorable battle of Choczim upon the 
 Niester, in which the Turks lost 28,000 
 men. The year following he was elected 
 king of Poland on the death of Michael, 
 and the same year he compelled the Turks 
 to sue for peace. In 1683 he forced them 
 to raise the siege of Vienna, which without 
 him would inevitably have been taken. 
 He died at Warsaw in 1696, aged 72. He 
 was a lover of learning, and patronized 
 men of letters — Moreri. Univ. Hist. 
 
 John of Gaunt, or Ghent, duke of Lan- 
 caster, was the third son of Edward 111. 
 kino- of England, and born at Ghent in 
 1340. He took for his second wife Con- 
 stance, a naturad daughter of Peter the 
 Cruel, king of Castile and Leon, and on 
 the death of that monarch, lie laid claim to 
 the throne in right of Iris wife, in opposi- 
 tion to Henry of Transtamare, but without 
 success. He served with great glory in 
 France with his brother the Black Prince, 
 a id on his death had the management of 
 affairs during the life of his father. On 
 the accession of Richard II. he retired, but 
 the envy of the courtiers, particularly the 
 ecclesiastics, who hated him for protecting 
 WicklifFe, followed him with false accusa- 
 tion* of a design to usurp the throne, from 
 ■which he satisfactorily cleared himself. In 
 1386 his only daughter was married to the 
 heir apparent of the king of Castile, and 
 John .renounced his claim to that crown in 
 consideration of a considerable sum and a 
 pension. He took for his third wife, Ca- 
 therine Swinford, sister to the wife of his 
 friend Chaucer, the poet. He died in 
 1399. John of Gaunt was a man of great 
 valour, prudence, and generosity. His son 
 afterwards became king, by the title of 
 Henry IV. — Collins's Life of John of Gaunt, 
 t Godwin s Life of Chaucer. 
 
 John of Austria (don), the natural son 
 of the emperor Charles V., was bred up 
 without the knowledge of his; birth tiil his 
 father on his death-bed had revealed the se- 
 cret to his son Philip 11. king of Spain, who 
 caused him to be brought to his court, and 
 publicly acknowledged him as his brother. 
 In 1579 he was sent into Grenada against 
 the Moors, where he terminated the war 
 with great glory: the year following he 
 was appointed commander of the fleet 
 against the Turks, and gained the celebrated 
 battle of Lepanto. In 1573 he took Tunis, 
 and in 1576 he was made governor of the 
 j.ow Countries, then in a state of revolt. 
 After taking Namur, Charlemont, and Ma- 
 rienburg, he was vigorously opposed by 
 the archduke Mathias ana the prince ox 
 
 Orange. He, however, gained a great 
 battle at Gemblours in 1578, and- died the 
 same vear, as is supposed of poison, aged 
 32 .—Moreri. _ _ ' 
 
 John of Paris, a dominican and professor 
 of theology in the 13th century. In the 
 dispute between pope Boniface VIII. and 
 Philip the Fair, king of France, he took 
 the part of the latter, and defended his 
 cause with zeal and ability. He also started 
 objections to the doctrine of transubstan- 
 tiation, for which he was cited ; o Rome, 
 where he died in 1304. He wrote Tracta- 
 tus de Regia potestate & Papali ; Determi- 
 natio de medo existendi corporis Christi in 
 Sacramento Altaris ; Correctionum doc- 
 trines S. Thorns;. — Cave's Hist. Lit. 
 
 John of Leyden. See Boccold. 
 
 Johnson (Samuel), an English divine, 
 was born in Warwickshire, in 1649, and 
 educated at St. Paul’s school, London, and 
 Trinity college, Cambridge. In 16 70, he 
 obtained the living of Corringham in Essex, 
 but resided in London, where he made 
 himself conspicuous against the succession 
 of the duke of York and the measures of 
 the court. Having written a book against 
 the doctrine of passive obedience, under 
 the title of Julian the Apostate, in which 
 the duke was attacked, he was condemned 
 to pay a fine of five hundred marks. When 
 the army was encamped on Hounslow 
 heath, he published a remonstrance to the 
 soldiers in behalf of the protestant reli- 
 gion, for which he was sentenced to stand 
 twice in the pillory, to pay a heavy fine, 
 to be degraded from his function, and 
 whipped from Newgate to Tyburn. This 
 sentence was rigorously inflicted; but at 
 the Revolution the parliament declared the 
 proceedings illegal. He was also rewarded 
 with a pension, and was offered the deanry 
 of Durham, which he considered as inade- 
 quate to his merits. He was an unquiet 
 and ungrateful man, and died in 1703. 
 His works were printed in 1 vol. folio, 1710. 
 — nicer. Brit. 
 
 Johnson (John), a learned divine, was 
 born in 1662, near Rochester, and educated 
 at Cambridge, where he became fellow of 
 Corpus Christi college. Archbishop Sancroft 
 gave him two livings in Kent, andTenison 
 presented him to that of Margate. He had 
 also the vicarage of Cnmbrook. He was 
 twice chosen proctor in convocation for 
 the diocese of Canterbury. On the acces- 
 sion of George 1. he refused to take the 
 oaths; but afterwards he submitted. He 
 died in 1725. 1 lis works are ; The Clergy- 
 
 man’s Vade Mecum, 2 vols. 12mo.; A Col- 
 lection of Ecclesiastical Laws, Canons, &c. 
 2 vols. 8vo. ; The unbloody Sacrifice and 
 Altar unveiicd and supported, 8vo. ; A 
 Paraphrase on the Psalms iu the Liturgy, 
 8vo. — Gen. B/ov. Diet. 
 
 Johnson (Martin), a landscape painter 
 of great merit in the reign of James II. His 
 viev/.s iu England are scarce and valuable, 
 
J O II 
 
 J O H 
 
 and only Vo be found in the collections of 
 the curious. — Vertue. Walpole. 
 
 Johnson (Samuel), a learned critic, lex- 
 icographer, and miscellaneous writer, was 
 born in 1 70S at Litchfield, where his father 
 was a bookseller. Me was educated partly 
 at the free school of Litchfield, and in 1728 
 was admitted of Pembroke college, Ox- 
 ford, which he left in 173 1 without a degree. 
 
 He soon after lost his father, who left him 
 in such poor circumstances that he became 
 usher of the school at Bosworth, where Ire 
 did not continue long. We next find him 
 residing with a printer at Birmingham, 
 where he translated Lobo’s accountof Abys- 
 sinia. In 1735 he married a widow lady of 
 that town, and the same year opened a 
 school at Edial near Litchfield, but he ob- 
 tained only three scholars, one of whom 
 was David Garrick. About this time he 
 began his tragedy of Irene. In 1737 lie 
 set°out for the metropolis accompanied by 
 Garrick. On fixing his residence in Lon- 
 don he formed a connection with Cave, 
 the publisher of the Gentleman’s Maga- 
 zine, for which work he continued to write 
 several years, his principal department 
 being an account of the parliamentary de- 
 bates. At thi? period he contracted an in- 
 timacy with Richard Savage, whose name 
 he has immortalized by one of the most 
 instructive piecesof biography overwritten. 
 In 1738 appeared his imitation of Juvenal’s 
 third Satire, under the title of London, a 
 poem. In 1747 he printed proposals for 
 an edition of Shakspeare, and the plan of 
 his English Dictionary, addressed to lord 
 Chesterfield. The price agreed upon be- 
 tween him and the booksellers for the last 
 work was 1575/. In 1749 Garrick brought 
 his friend’s tragedy on the stage of Drurv- 
 lane, but it was unsuccessful. In 1750 he 
 commenced his Rambler; a periodical 
 paper of uncommon merit, and which was 
 continued till 1752. In this work only five 
 papers were the productions of other 
 writers Coon after the close of this paper 
 he lost his wife, a circumstance which 
 greatly affected him, as appears from his 
 Meditations, and the sermon which he 
 wrote on her death. In 1755 appeared his 
 Dictionary, and the same year the univer- 
 sity of Oxford conferred on him the degree 
 of M. A- Lord Chesterfield also endea- 
 voured to assist it by writing two papers in 
 its favour in the World, but as he had hi- 
 therto neglected the author, Johnson treated 
 him with contempt. The publication of 
 .this great work did not relieve him from 
 his embarrassments, for the price of his 
 labour had been consumed in the progress 
 of its compilation, and the year following 
 we find him under an arrest for five gui- 
 neas, from which he was released by Ri- 
 chardson the printer. In 17.58 he began 
 the Idler, a periodical paper, which was 
 published in a weekly newspaper. On the 
 death of iris mother in 1759 lie wrote the 
 
 romance of Passelas to defray the expences 
 of her funeral, and to pay her debts. 
 
 In 1762 the king granted him a pension of 
 300/. per annum, without any stipulation 
 with respect to his literary exertions. 
 Johnson had the honour of a conversation 
 with the king in the royal library, in 1765, 
 when his majesty asked if he intended to 
 publish any mote works? To this he an- 
 swered, that he thought he had written 
 enough; on which the king said, “ so 
 should I too, if you had not written so 
 well.” About this time he instituted the 
 Literary Club, consisting of some of the 
 most celebrated men of the age. In 1773 
 he went on a tour with Mr. Boswell to the 
 western islands of Scotland, of which jour- 
 ney lie shortly after published an account, 
 which occasioned a difference between him 
 and Macpherson relative to the poems of 
 Ossian. In 1775 the university of Oxford 
 sent him the degree of LL. D. by diploma, 
 which before had been conferred on hira 
 by the university of Dublin. In 1779 he 
 began his Lives of the English Poets, which 
 work is a treasure of sound criticism, and a 
 model of literary biography. After a long 
 illness, during part of which he had fearful 
 apprehensions of death, but at last his 
 mind became calm, composed, and resigned, 
 he died full of that faith which he had so 
 vigorously defended and inculcated by his 
 writings, December 13, 1784. His re- 
 mains were interred in Westminster-abbey, 
 and a statue with an appropriate inscrip- 
 tion has been erected to his memory iti 
 St. Paul’s cathedral. His works have been 
 published in 12 volumes 8vo. As a writer 
 few have done such essential , service to 
 his country, by fixing its language and 
 regulating its morality. In his person lie 
 was large, robust, and unwieldy. In his 
 dress he was singular and slovenly;, in 
 conversation positive, and impatient of con- 
 tradiction. But with his singularities he 
 had an excellent heart, full of tenderness 
 and compassion, and all his actions were 
 the result of principle. He was a stout 
 advocate for truth, and a zealous cham- 
 pion for the Christian religion as professed 
 in the church of England. In politics 
 he was a torv, and at one period of his 
 life' a friend to the house of Stuart. Me 
 had a noble independence of mind, and 
 would never stoop to any man however ex- 
 alted, or disguise his'sentiments to flatter 
 another. His judgment was uncommonlv 
 acute, his imagination quick and ready, htf 
 memory tenacious, and his conversation 
 brilliant and instructive. — Life by Boswell ; 
 clso by Hawkins and Murphy. 
 
 Johnson (Richard), a grammarian, who 
 was head master of the new school at Not- 
 tingham from 1707 to 1720. Me published 
 Noctes Nottinghamicx; Grammatical Com- 
 mentaries ; Aristarchus Anti-Bentleiauus ; 
 and Cursus Equestris Nottinghamiensis, 
 carmen licxametruin, &c. He was master 
 
J O I 
 
 J O N 
 
 of arts, but of what university does not ap- 
 pear. He drowned himself in a fit of des- 
 pondency in a rivulet near Nottingham, in 
 1 72' — I-Vairjield’s Memoirs. 
 
 Johnson (Charles), a lawyer and dra- 
 matic writer. He acquired some wealth 
 by his plays, and having’ married a wealthy 
 widow, set up a tavern in Bow-street, 
 Covent-garden. He died about 1744. 
 Pope ridicules him in his Dunciad on 
 account of his immoderate size. — Bio*. 
 Dram. 
 
 Johnson (Maurice), an English anti- 
 quary, was born at Spalding in Lincoln- 
 shire, of a good family, and bred a bar- 
 rister. He established a literary society 
 at Spalding in 1712. and was one of the 
 revivers of the antiquarian society, in 1717. 
 to which he sent numerous contributions. 
 He died in 175a. — Biblioth, Toper. Brit 
 
 Johnson (Thomas), an English botanist, 
 was born at Selby, in Yorkshire. Fie was 
 bred an apothecary in London, and be- 
 came, says Wood, the best herbalist of his 
 age. He wrote, Iter in Agrum Cautura 
 rium, 1629, and Ericetum Hamstedianum, 
 1632, which were the first local catalogues 
 of plants published in England. But his 
 great work was an improved edition of 
 Gerard’s Herbal. In the civii wars lie en- 
 tered into the royal army ; and the uni- 
 versity of Oxford conferred on him the 
 degree of M. D. At the siege of Basing- 
 house he received a wound of which he 
 died ;n 1644. Besides the above, he wrote 
 on the hot springs of Bath, and other pieces. 
 — Wt oo J. Fulteney. Granger. 
 
 Johnson (Arthur), a physician, was born 
 near Aberdeen, in Scotland, and educated at 
 that university ; hut lie took his doctor’s de- 
 gree at Padua in 1610. In 1637 he publish- 
 ed a translation of David’s Psalms into Latin 
 verse, dedicated to archbishop Laud, who 
 procured hi* the appointment of physi- 
 cian to Charles I. He died at Oxford in 
 3 64!. — Gen. Btog. Dirt. 
 
 John stow e (George), a naval commander, 
 was the son of a Scotch baronet, and devoted 
 himself to the sea service. After passing 
 through the subordinate stations, he was, in 
 1760, made master and commander, and in 
 1762, a post-captain. At the peace he 
 was appointed governor of West ’Florida ; 
 and on his return to England lie took an 
 active part in the affairs of the East India 
 company, particularly in opposition to lord 
 Clive. In 1771 he wrote Thoughts on our 
 Acquisitions in the East Indies, particularly 
 respecting Bengal, 8vo. He sat in parlia- 
 ment first for Cockerinouth, and afterwards 
 for Appleby, and had a duel with lord 
 George Germaine, for some reflections 
 which fell from him in the house respect- 
 ing his lordship. Fie was one of the com- 
 missioners sent to treat with the Americans. 
 He died in I7S7. — Europ. Mag. Nov. 1789. 
 
 J01NVU.1.E (John, sire de), a French 
 historian, was born at Champagne, about 
 
 1260 . He was one of the lords of the 
 court of Louis IX. whom he accompanied 
 in most of his expeditions. He died in 
 1318. Joinville wrote the History of St. 
 Louis in French, published by Du Cange 
 in 1668, folio, and again in 1761. — Moreri. 
 
 Joey (Claude), a French writer, was 
 born at Paris in 1607. Fie was made pre- 
 centor of the cathedral at Paris, and died 
 there in 1700. Fie wrote a book entitled, 
 Maxims for the Education of a Prince, 
 which was burnt by the hangman in 1665. 
 Ht was the author of some other pieces, 
 chiefly religious. He is not to be con- 
 founded with Gw Joi.y, secretary to car- 
 dm.d de Rctz, and who wrote Memoirs of 
 his Own Times. — Moreri. 
 
 Jonah, the fifth of the minor prophets, 
 lived under Joash and J : oboam II. kings 
 of Israel. Being sent to prophesy against 
 Nineveh, he disobeyed, and embarked in a 
 ship for T.irshish. A storm arising, the 
 mariners a! his request threw him into the 
 sea, and he was instantly swallowed up by 
 a large fish, which three days after dis- 
 charged him again on dry land. On going 
 to Nineveh, and delivering his message, 
 the people repented, and the Lord’s anger 
 was. averted. The gourd under which 
 Jonah sat to watch for the destruction of 
 the city, was probably the plant called 
 palma Christi. He died about 761, B. C. — ■ 
 Gray's Key to 0. T. 
 
 Jonas (Anagrimus), a native of Iceland, 
 and a writer of merit. He was coadjutor 
 to Gundebr.md, bishop of Hoium, who 
 was a disciple of Tycho Braiie. Jonas 
 refused that see after the death of his 
 friend, and died in 1640, aged 95. He 
 wrote, Idea veri Magistratus ; Brevis Com- 
 mentarius de Islandia ; Anatome Biefke- 
 n;anu : Vita Gundebrandi Thoracii Islan- 
 dia, seu Descriptio Populorum et Me- 
 morabiliiun hnjus Insulas ; Specimen Islan- 
 dite historiewm, &c. — Bayle. 
 
 Jonas (Justus), a learned protestant, 
 was born at Northatisen in Thuringia in 
 1493. He became principal of the college 
 of Wittemberg, and assisted Melancthon 
 at M irpurg. He zealously defended the 
 doctrines of I.uther, and died in 1555. — 
 Melch. Adam. vit. Germ Tbeol. 
 
 Jonathan, the son of Saul, and the 
 intimate friend of David, whom he saved 
 from his father’s fury at the hazard of 
 his own life. He fell with Saul in fight- 
 ing against the Philistines, 1056 B. C. — 
 Bible. 
 
 Jonathan, son of Matthias, and bro- 
 ther of Judas Maccabasus, a famous Jewish 
 general. He compelled Bacchid.es, the 
 Syrian commander, to sue for peace; de- 
 feated Demetrius Soter, and his general 
 Apollonius. At length he fell by treachery 
 info the hands of Tryphon, who after re- 
 ceiving a large sum as a ransom for him, 
 put him to death, B, C. 144. — Josephus. 
 Maccabees. 
 
 3 
 
JON 
 
 JON 
 
 Jones (Inigo), a famous architect, was 
 born in London about 1572. He was 
 brought up a carpenter, but the earl of 
 Pembroke sent him to Italy, where he ac- 
 quired a great knowledge of architecture. 
 James I. appointed him surveyor-general 
 of the works, and in the succeeding reign 
 he had the charge of rebuilding St. Paul’s 
 cathedral. He was also made manager 
 of the masques and interludes at court, 
 which brought upon him the satire of Ben 
 Jonson, who ridiculed him in his comedy 
 of Bartholomew Fair, under the name of 
 Lantern Leatherhead. He suffered consi- 
 derably for his loyalty in the time of the 
 great rebellion. He died in 10'52. In 1655 
 appeared his Discourse on Stonehenge, in 
 which he attempts to prove that it has been 
 a Roman temple. Fie designed the palace 
 of Whitehall, and the Banqueting-house, 
 the church and piazza of Covent-garden, 
 and other fine buildings. His designs were 
 published in 1727, folio, and some in 1744, 
 folio. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Jones (William), a mathematician, was 
 born in the isle of Anglesea in 1675. He 
 settled in London as a schoolmaster, and 
 having instructed lord Macclesfield's sou. 
 in the mathematics, that nobleman made 
 him his secretary, and appointed him 
 deputy teller of the exchequer. He was 
 very intimate with sir Isaac Newton, and 
 was chosen a fellow of the royal society. 
 He died in 1749. His works are: A Com- 
 pendium of the Art of Navigation, Bvo. 
 1702; Synopsis Palmariorum Matheseos, 
 or a New Introduction to the Mathematics, 
 8vo. 1706; several papers in the Philoso- 
 phical Transactions; an Analysis of several 
 of sir Isaac Newton’s papers, entitled 
 Analysis de quantitatum Serie, Fluxione, 
 ac Differentia ; cum enumeratione Li- 
 uearum Tertii Ordinis. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 Hutton. 
 
 Jones (sir Wiliam), a judge and learned 
 writer, was the son of the preceding, and 
 born in London in 1748. Losing his father 
 in his infancy, the care of him devolved on 
 his mother, a woman of great virtue and 
 understanding, from whom he learned the 
 rudiments of knowledge, and was then 
 removed to Harrow school, where he made 
 so great a progress in his studies, that Dr. 
 Summer, the master, affirmed that his 
 pupil knew more Creek then himself. In 
 1764 he was entered of University college, 
 Oxford, where to his classical pursuits he 
 added the study of the Persic pnd Arabic 
 languages,- also the Spanish, Italian, and 
 Portuguese. At the age of 19 he became 
 tutor to lord Althorpe, now earl Spencer, 
 and during his residence at Wimbledon 
 in that noble family he read the greatest 
 part of the Old Testament in Hebrew. 
 In <t.7G9 he made the tour of France, 
 and about the same time undertook, at 
 the request of the king of Denmark, to 
 translate the history of Nadir Shah from 
 
 Persian into French. In 1770 he entered oil 
 the study of the law at the Temple, but 
 continued his application to oriental learn- 
 ing and general literature In 1774 he 
 published his Commentaries on Asiatic 
 Poetry, dedicated to the university of Ox- 
 ford. In 1779 appeared his translation 
 of the Speeches of Isaeus, from the Greek, 
 with notes; and the year following, An 
 Inquiry into the legal Mode of suppressing 
 Riots, occasioned by the disgraceful scenes 
 which happened that year in the metropo- 
 lis. About this time he was invited to offer 
 himself a candidate to represent the uni- 
 versity of Oxford in parliament ; which 
 lie declined. In 1793 he obtained the ap- 
 pointment of a judge of the supreme 
 court at Calcutta, a situation which had 
 been the object of his anxious wishes. The 
 honour of knighthood was on this occasion 
 conferred on him, and he soon after mar- 
 ried Anna Maria Shipley, daughter of the 
 bishop of St. Asaph, In April' of that year 
 he embarked for India, leaving his native 
 country, to which he was never to return. 
 On the voyage his active mind projected 
 the establishment of a society in Bengal for 
 the purpose of illustrating oriental 0 anti- 
 quities and literature. This scheme he 
 saw carried into effect, and under his au- 
 spices, and by his direction, the Society 
 acquired a high reputation. The vo- 
 lumes of its Transactions are inestimable, 
 and are enriched by several valuable 
 productions from his pen. As a judge 
 he was indefatigable and impartial. He 
 studied the native laws of the country, 
 and became so versed in the Sanscrit and 
 the codes of the Brahmins, as to gain the 
 admiration of the most learned men in that 
 country. To his, vast acquirements and 
 enlarged mind he added the humility and 
 faith of a Christian. He was firmly per- 
 suaded of the truth of the scriptures, to 
 whose divine authority he bore testimony, 
 aud supported it by proofs and researches 
 that are invincible. This excellent man 
 died in India in 1794. His works were col- 
 lected and published in 6 vols. 4to. 1799, 
 and his Life written by sir John Shore, lord 
 Teignmouth, in one volume, 4to. in 1804. 
 A beautiful monument has been erected to 
 his memory in St. Paul’s cathedral by the 
 East India Company. 
 
 Jones (William), an English divine, was 
 born at Lowick in Northamptonshire, in 
 1726. He received his education at the 
 Charterhouse, from whence he removed 
 on an exhibition to University college, 
 Oxford, where he took his degrees in arts, 
 and in 1749 entered into orders. His first 
 situation was on the curacy of Finedon in 
 Northamptonshire, where in 1753 he wrote 
 his excellent Answer to bishop Clayton’s 
 Essay on Spirit. The year following he 
 married the daughter of the Rev. Brook 
 Bridges, and went to reside at Wadenhoe 
 as curate to his wife’s brother I lere ,*«■ 
 
JON 
 
 JON 
 
 wrote his Catholic Doctrine of the Trinity, 
 which has been repeatedly printed, and ne- 
 ver answered. In 1762 he published an 
 Essay on the first Principles of Natural 
 Philosophy, in which he espoused the 
 Hutchinsonian system. This work he com- 
 pleted in 1781 by his Physiological Dis- 
 quisitions, or Discourses of the Natural 
 Philosophy of the Elements. Archbishop 
 Seeker gave him the vicarage of Bethers- 
 den in Kent in 1764, and soon after the 
 xectonr of Pluekiey in that county. Some 
 years afterwards he removed to Nayland in 
 Suffolk, and exchanged Pluekiey for Paston 
 in Northamptonshire, though he continued 
 to reside at Nayland When Dr. Horne be- 
 came bishop of Norwich he appointed his 
 old friend Mr Jones his domestic chaplain, 
 and he has embalmed the memory of his 
 patron by an excellent memoir of his life. 
 At the desire of that pious prelate he pub- 
 lished two volumes of sermons in 1790. 
 When the French revolution broke out, and 
 democratical principles began to spread in 
 this country, Mr. Jones wrote some season- 
 able pamphlets, and published a valuable 
 collection of tracts entitled, The Scholar 
 Armed, 2 vols. 8vo. To him also that ex- 
 cellent work the British Critic owed its 
 origin. At the request of lord Kenyon he 
 became tutor to his sons, the eldest of 
 whom, a promising young man, died not 
 long after, to the great grief of both his 
 father and tutor. In 1798 the archbishop 
 of Canterbury presented Mr. Jones to the 
 rectory of Hollingbourne in Kent. This 
 worthy and pious divine died on the morn- 
 ing of the Epiphany in 1801. His works 
 have been published in 12 vols. 8vo. with 
 his life prefixed. 
 
 Jones (Jeremiah), a learned dissenting 
 divine, is supposed to have been a native 
 of tl'.e north of England. He received his 
 education under his uncle, the Rev. Sam. 
 Jones, of Tewksbury, the tutor of bishops 
 Chandler, Butler, and Seeker. He after- 
 wards became minister of a congregation 
 at Avening in Gloucestershire, but re- 
 sided at Nailsworth, where he kept an aca- 
 demy. Though a deep scholar and hard 
 student, he was a man of pleasant manners, 
 and regularly attended a bowling party 
 near his residence. He died in 1724, aged 
 81 . His works are *. 1 . A Vindication of the 
 former part of St, Matthew’s Gospel from 
 Mr. Whiston’s Charge of Dislocations, dec. 
 1719 ; 2. A new and full Method of settling 
 the Canonical Authority of the Old Testa- 
 ment, S vols. 8vo. 1726'. These volumes 
 having become scarce, were lately reprinted 
 at the Clarendon press, Oxford. — Monthly 
 Mag. April 1803. 
 
 Jones (Paul), a naval adventurer, was a 
 pative of Selkirk in Scotland, but settling 
 in Americaheobtained ini 775 the command 
 of a ship under commodore Hopkins, and 
 distinguished himself iu several engage- 
 ments, for which he received hb com- 
 
 4 
 
 mission as captain of the marine. He 
 then sailed to France, and being well 
 acquainted with the Irish coast, and the 
 northern part of England, he conceived 
 the design of effecting a descent. He ac- 
 cordingly landed at Whitehaven, and hav- 
 ing dismantled a fort, set fire to some ship-' 
 ping in the harbour. From thence he 
 sailed for Scotland, where he landed on the 
 estate of the earl of Selkirk, and plundered 
 his lordship’s house of all t lie plate. He 
 next took the Drake sloop of war, with 
 which he returned to Brest. He after- 
 wards sailed round Ireland to the North 
 Sea with three ships, the Richard, Pallas, 
 and Vengeance. Having committed great’ 
 mischief on that coast, he fell in with 
 the Baltic fleet, convoyed by the Serapis 
 frigate, and the Countess of Scarborough 
 armed ship, both which, after a severe ac- 
 tion, he captured off Flamborough-head. 
 For these services the king of France con- 
 ferred on him the order of merit, and gave 
 him a gold-hilted sword. The career of 
 his exploits finished with the American 
 war, and some private affairs calling him 
 
 to Europe, he died at Paris in 1792. 
 
 Monthly Mag. Sept. 1802. 
 
 Jones (John), a medical writer, who was 
 born in Wales, and took his doctor’s degree 
 at Cambridge. He died about 1580. He 
 wrote; The Dial of Agues, 1556; A Dis- 
 course of the natural Beginningof all grow- 
 ing and living Things; A translation of 
 Galen’s four books of Elements. — Gen. Eiog „ 
 Diet. 
 
 Jones (sir William), an English judge, 
 who wrote Reports of Cases in the king’s 
 bench and common pleas, folio. He was 
 made a justice of the common pleas in 1624, 
 and removed to the king’s bench in 1627. 
 He is not to be confounded wi th sir Thomas 
 Jones, lord chief justice of the common 
 pleas in the reigns of Charles II. and James 
 II. When this last monarch consulted him 
 on his dispensing power, and said that he 
 could soon have twelve judges of his opi- 
 nion, sir Thomas answered, “T welve judges 
 you may possibly find, sir, but not twelve' 
 lawyers.” He was also author of Reports. 
 — Granger. 
 
 Jones (Tfenrv),a dramatic writer, was 
 horn at Drogheda in Ireland, and was ori- 
 ginally a bricklayer. Some of his poetical 
 attempts attracting the notice of lord Ches- 
 terfield, then lord lieutenant, he took hint 
 under his patronage, and brought him to 
 London, where he published his poems by 
 subscription, and produced his tragedy of 
 the Earl of Essex, which gained him wealth 
 and reputation. He died poor in 1770, ar.d 
 was buried by charity. One John Jones, 
 wrote in the time of diaries- 1. a play called 
 Adraste, or the Woman’s Spleen. — jljVjy, 
 Drum. * 
 
 Jo n e s (G rifnth),a writer, wasborn in 1 721 , 
 and died in 1786. He was many years edi- 
 tor ef the London Chronicle, and other pa-. 
 
J O N 
 
 'pers. He had also a concern in the Literary- 
 Magazine, and with a brother of his, pro- 
 jected those useful publications for chil- 
 dren, which were successfully printed by 
 Mr. John Newberry. — Gen. B. D. 
 
 Jones (Richard), a Welsh divine, who 
 compiled in his native language a curious 
 work, called Gemma Cambricum, contain- 
 ing a summary of all the books and chap- 
 ters of the bible. He was matriculated of 
 Jesus college, Oxford, in 1621, and died in 
 Ireland, about 1G52. — Wood. 
 
 Junes (John), an English monk, was 
 born in London, and educated at Merchant 
 Taylors' school, from whence he was 
 elected to St. John’s college. Oxford, in 
 1591. but his inclination leading him to 
 the Roman catholic religion, he went to 
 Spain, where he entered into the order of 
 St. Benedict, changed his name to Leander 
 de Sancto Martino, and became D. D. He 
 was afterwards professor of Hebrew and 
 divinity, and vicar-general of his order. 
 He died in London in 1636. His works 
 are ; Sacra ars Memorise ad Scripturas di- 
 vinas in promptu habendas memoriterque 
 ediscendas accommodata, 8vo. ; Conciliatio 
 Loeorum communium totius Scriptura;; 
 and the Bible with Glosses, in 6 vols. fol. — 
 Wood , A. 0. 
 
 Jones (David), a Welsh poet, was a na- 
 tive of Caernarvonshire, and flourished 
 from 1750 to 1780. He edited two collec- 
 tions of Welsh poetry, and formed a large 
 collection of antient MSS. in that language. 
 — Owen's Camhr. Biog. 
 
 Jones (John), a Welsh antiquary, who 
 continued transcribing old manuscripts for 
 about forty years, as appears from some of 
 his volumes dated from 1590 to 1630. Of 
 his collection above fifty large volumes 
 are still in existence — Owen’s Cambrian 
 Biog. 
 
 Jones (Rice), a native of Merioneth- 
 shire, and an eminent Welsh poet, died in 
 1801, aged 86. In 1770 he published a 
 Welsh Anthology, in quarto, containing 
 selections from the poets of different periods. 
 —Ibid. 
 
 Jong (Ludolph de), a painter, was born 
 in Holland in 1619. His abilities were great 
 in portrait painting, and he acquired a con- 
 siderable fortune by his profession. He died 
 in 1697. — Pilhingtun. 
 
 Jongiie (Baldwin), or Junius, a francis- 
 can monk, was born at Dordt, in Holland, 
 and died at Brussels in 1634. He wrote, 
 Tuba Concionatorum, Sentum Catholicum 
 Fidei, and several books of practical divi- 
 nity ■ — Moreri. 
 
 Jonin (Gilbert), a jesuit and poet, was 
 born in 1596, and died at Tournonin 1638. 
 He wrote odes, epqdes, elegies, and 
 enigmas, in elegant Latin, and translated 
 Anacreonin to that language. — Baillet , Juge- 
 mens des Sanmns. 
 
 Jonlius (John), a learned writer of 
 she 17th century, was bora at Holstein. 
 
 Ior 
 
 and educated at Frankfort-on-the-Maine, 
 where he died young in 1659. He wrote 
 The History of Philosophers, in Latin, a 
 work exact and judicious.- — Moreri. 
 
 Jonson (Benjamin), an English comic 
 poet, was born in Westminster in 1574. 
 His father was a clergyman, and died about 
 amonthbeforethe birth of our poet, who re- 
 ceived his education at Wesiminster school ; 
 but his mother marrying again, his father- 
 in-law, who was a bricklayer, compelled 
 him to work at his business. On this he 
 listed for a soldier, and went to the Nether- 
 lands, where he distinguished himself by 
 his courage. After his return he went to 
 St. John’s college, Cambridge, but did 
 not remain there long, owing to his ex- 
 treme poverty. He then turned his atten- 
 tion to the stage, and became a player and 
 dramatic writer, with indifferent success 
 till Shakspeare gave him his assistance. His 
 first printed play was his comedy of Every 
 Man in his Humour, after which he pro- 
 duced a new piece annually for several 
 years. He engaged with Chapman and 
 Marston in writing a comedy called East- 
 ward Hoe, which being deemed a satire on 
 the Scotch nation, had nearly brought 
 the authors to the pillory. At the acces- 
 sion of James I Jonson had the conducting 
 of a spectacle for his entertainment in his 
 passage from the Tower to Westminster- 
 abbey, and he continued to have the ma- 
 nagement of all the masques and public 
 shows during that and the succeeding reign. 
 In 1615 he was made poet laureat ; the sa- 
 lary of which he afterwards procured to 
 be raised from a hundred marks to as many 
 pounds, with a butt of Canary wine. In 
 1617 the university of Oxford conferred 
 on him th degree of M. A. Notwithstand- 
 ing his pension and the profits of his per- 
 formances, he was generally poor, and was 
 frequently relieved by the king’s bounty. 
 Fie died in 1637, and was buried at West- 
 minster-abbey : on his grave-stone is the 
 following inscription : 
 
 O! rare Ben Jonson! 
 
 His works, consisting of plays, poems, and 
 some pieces in prose, were published in 
 1756', in 7 vols. 8vo. — Bir.r.Brit. 
 
 Jonston (John), an eminent naturalist 
 and physician, was born at Samhler, in 
 Poland, in 1603, and died at Silesia, in 
 1675. He published the Natural History of 
 Birds, Fishes, Quadrupeds, Insects, &c. 5 
 vols. folio, 1651 ; a Treatise on Trees and 
 Fruits, fol. 1662 — Nouns. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Joram, king of Israel, succeeded his 
 brother Ahaziah, 896 B. C. He defeated 
 the Moabites ; but the Syrians under Ben- 
 hadad besieged him so closely in Samaria, 
 that the people were reduced to the last 
 stage of famine. In this exigency the king 
 sent to slay Elisha, as the author of his cala- 
 mity, but the prophets predicted a speedy 
 deliverance, which accordingly happened. 
 Joram fell into idolatry, and cruelty, and 
 Q o 
 
JOR 
 
 J O R 
 
 Was wounded in fighting against Ha- 
 zael, king of Syria, and fled, but was 
 slain by his own "general Jehu, S84 B. C. — 
 Bible . 
 
 Joram, king of Judah, succeeded his 
 father Jehoshaphat, 889 B. C. He married 
 Athaitah, daughter of Ahab, and was an 
 idolater and tyrant. The Edomites revolt- 
 ed from him, and he was also attacked by 
 the Philistines. He died of a tormenting 
 disease, B. C. 885. — Bible. 
 
 Jord.vns (James), a celebrated painter, 
 was born at Antwerp, in 1594. He was 
 the disciple of Adam van Oort, and of 
 Rubens. He painted with extraordinary 
 freedom, and expedition; there is a bril- 
 liancy and harmony in his colouring, and 
 a good understanding of the chiaro-scuro. 
 His composition is rich, and his expres- 
 sion natural and strong, but his designs 
 want elegance and taste. Many of his 
 pieces are in the churches of Antwerp, 
 and other cities of the Netherlands. He 
 died in 1678. — Pilkington. 
 
 Jordan (sir Joseph), a gallant English 
 admiral, who by his presence of mind and 
 valour, gained the battle of Solebay, in 
 1672. The advantage was long on the 
 side of the Dutch fleet, as the English were 
 overpowered by numbers; but sir Joseph 
 fell into the midst of the enemy, and throw- 
 ing them into confusion, the fortune of the 
 day was reversed, and the English gained 
 the victory. — Granger. 
 
 Jordan (Charles Stephen), a Prussian 
 writer, originally of a French family, was 
 born at Berlin in 1700. He became vice- 
 president of the academy of sciences at 
 Berlin, where he died in 1746. Frederick 
 the Great caused a monument to be erected 
 to his memory with this inscription : “ Here 
 lies Jordan, the friend of the muses, and 
 of the king.” That monarch also com- 
 posed a eulogy upon him, in which he be- 
 stows a great encomium upon his talents 
 and virtues. He wrote, Travels in France, 
 England, and Holland, with Satirical Anec- 
 dotes, 12mo; A M : scellany of Literature, 
 Philosophy, and History, 12mo; and the 
 Life of de la Croze — Nonv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Jordan (Thomas), a dramatic writer in 
 the reign of Charles I. He wrote two co- 
 medies and a masque, mentioned by Lang- 
 baine with respect. — Biog. Dram. 
 
 Jordan (John Christopher), an able an- 
 tiquary, was privy consellor to the king 
 of Bohemia. Fie wrote several chronolo- 
 gical works, and illustrated some of the an- 
 tient historians. He died in 1740. — Gen. 
 Bi»g- Diet. 
 
 ■ Jordano (Luca), a famous painter, was 
 ■bom at Naples in 1682. He studied the 
 manner of Pietro da Cortona, but chiefly 
 the works of Paul Veronese. The king 
 pf Spain employed him to paint the Es- 
 curial, and in several other great works, 
 by which he acquired considerable wealth. 
 Hadis d at Naples in. 1705. — Pilkington. 
 
 Jorden (Edward), an English plrysiciart 
 was born at Fligh Halden, in Kent, in 1569 
 and educated at Hart hall, Oxford, but he 
 took his doctor’s degree at Padua, and 
 afterwards settled in London, from whence 
 he removed to Bath, where he died in 
 1632. He wrote, a Brief Discourse of a 
 Disease, called the Suffocation of the Mo- 
 ther, 4to. ; Discourse of Natural Baths, and 
 Mineral Waters, 4to. 1631; afterwards re- 
 printed in 8vo. by Guidott, who added 
 thereto a Treatise concerning the Bath, 
 wherein the Antiquity both of the Baths 
 and the City is discovered, 1662. — Wood. 
 
 Jornandes, a Goth, who in the reign 
 of Justinian wrote a work, entitled, De 
 Mundo, et de Rerum et Temporum succes- 
 sione, 1617, 8vo. — Moreri. 
 
 Jo tin (John), an eminent divine, was 
 born in London, in 1698, and educated at 
 the Charter-house, from whence he re- 
 moved to Jesus college, Cambridge, where 
 he was elected fellow. While under-gra- 
 duate he translated for Mr. Pope some of 
 Eustathius’s Notes on Homer. In 1772 
 he was appointed moderator, and taxor the 
 year following. In this year he puhlished 
 Latin poems, in quarto, under the title of 
 Lusus Poetici, which went through three 
 editions. About this time he entered into 
 orders, and in 1726 was presented by his 
 college to the living of Swavesey, near Cam- 
 bridge, which he resignedin 1730 on settling 
 in London, where he officiated at a chapel 
 in Bloomsbury. In 1730 he published four 
 Sermons on the truth of the Christian Reli- 
 gion; and the year following, Miscellaneous 
 Observations upon Authors, Ancient and 
 Modern, 2 vols. 8vo. In 1734 appeared 
 his Remarks on Spenser’s Poems, and on 
 Milton. In 1787 he obtained the rectory 
 of Eastwell,in Kent, which he resigned, the 
 air of that place not agreeing with his 
 health. In 1746 he was appointed afternoon 
 preacher at Oxendon chapel in the parish of 
 St. Martin in the Fields. This year lie pub- 
 lished six Discourses on the Truth of the 
 Christian Religion, 8vo. The next year lie 
 became assistant to Dr. Warburton in Lin- 
 coln ’s-inn. In 1749 he was appointed to 
 preach the Boyle’s lecture which he held 
 for three years. In 1751 archbishop Her- 
 ring gave him the rectory of St. Dunstan in 
 the East ; and about this time he published 
 the first volume of his Remarks on Ecclesi- 
 astical History, which he continued to 5 
 vols. In 1755 appeared his six Disserta- 
 tions on Different Subjects, and the same 
 year the archbishop conferred on him the 
 degree ofD. D. In 1758 appeared his Lif® 
 of Erasmus, in 2 vols. 4to. Dr. Gsbaldiston, 
 bishop of London, made him his chaplain, 
 and gave him a prebend in St. Paul’s, 
 with the archdeaconry of London. He 
 died in 1770, and was buried in Kensing- 
 ton church-yard. Seven volumes of his 
 sermons were published after his death, 
 and two volumes of tracts. A uniform 
 
JOS 
 
 J OS 
 
 edition of his works is now printing — 
 Nichols's Anecd. of Boiuyer. 
 
 Joseph, the favourite son of Jacob, by 
 Rachel, was hated by his brethren, to whom 
 being sent by his father when they were 
 attending their flocks, they intended to put 
 him to death, but were diverted from the 
 project by Reuben. In Reuben’s absence 
 they sold him to some Midianitish mer- 
 chants, and having dipped Joseph’s coat in 
 blood, carried it to his father, who lament- 
 ed grievously, thinking he had been slain 
 by a wild beast. Joseph was sold in Egypt 
 to Potiphar, a lord of the court, who made 
 him steward of his affairs ; but his mistress 
 falling in love with him, and he resisting 
 her criminal desires, she accused him of 
 having attempted her virtue, on which he 
 was thrown into prison, where he inter- 
 rered the dreams of the king’s butler and 
 aker. Pharaoh being perplexed by an ex- 
 traordinary dream, the butler mentioned 
 Joseph, who explained the mystery, and 
 was made prime minister of Egypt. Elis 
 brethren coming thither during a famine, 
 prostrated themselves before him. After 
 different interviews he discovered himself 
 to them, and sent for his father and all his 
 family, whom he settled in the province of 
 Goshen. Joseph married the daughter of the 
 priest or prince of On, by whom he had 
 Ephraim and Manasseh. He governed Egypt 
 with great wisdom till his death, B.C. 1636. 
 Moses carried his bones out of Egypt, and 
 laid them with Jacob’s in Canaan .—Genesis . 
 Exodus. 
 
 Joseph, the husband of Mary, mother 
 of Jesus Christ, was of the tribe of Judah, 
 and of the family of David. St. Matthew 
 calls his father Jacob, and St. Luke gives 
 him the name of Heli, which is thus explain- 
 ed : Heli and Jacob were brothers, and the 
 first dying without children, the second mar- 
 ried the widow according to the law of Mo- 
 ses. Thus Jacob was his natural father, but 
 he passed for the son of Heli, agreeably to 
 the Jewish law . — Nciu Testament. 
 
 Joseph of Arimathea, a counsellor, who 
 went to Pilate, and begged the body of Je- 
 sus, which he laid in his own sepulchre. 
 He afterwards joined the disciples, and died 
 at Jerusalem. — Ibid. 
 
 Joseph I. emperor of Germany, of the 
 house. of Austria, was the son of the empe- 
 ror Leopold, and crowned king of Hunga- 
 ry, in 1687, elected king of the Romans in 
 1690, and ascended the imperial throne on 
 the death of his father, in 1705. He en- 
 gaged in his interests Savoy, England, and 
 Holland, against France, in support of the 
 claim of the archduke Charles to the crown 
 of Spain, in which war the allies were suc- 
 cessful. In 1706 he put the electors of Ba- 
 varia and Cologne to the ban of the empire 
 for taking part with France, and having 
 ■deprived those princes of a great part of 
 their estates, he bestowed the same on his 
 Ration* and favourites Ik made himself 
 
 master of Italy, and levied contributions 
 on Mantua, Parma, Modena, Lucca, Ge- 
 noa, and other places. His armies also de- 
 feated the revolted Hungarians, headed bv 
 prince Bagotzki, who was forced to take 
 refuge in Turkey. In the midst of these 
 successes Joseph was taken off by the small- 
 pox in 1711, aged 38. — Unh. Hist. Nouv. 
 Diet. Hist. 
 
 Joseph II. emperor of Germany, was the 
 son of the emperor Leopold and of Maria 
 Theresa, queen of Hungary, and arch- 
 duchess of Austria. He was crowned king 
 of the Romans in 1764, and the year follow- 
 ing succeeded his father. He early dis- 
 played great talents and activity by new- 
 modelling the armies, and reforming all the 
 departments of government. He also travel- 
 led through h's dominions, and visited Prus- 
 sia, Italy, Trance, and Russia. Among other 
 excellent regulations which he adopted, was 
 the setting apart one day every week to re- 
 ceive petitions, and to hear complaints. In 
 1771 Germany suffered the horrors of a 
 famine, yet amidst this calamity the empe- 
 ror joined Prussia and Russia in the dis- 
 memberment of Poland. In 1780, bv the 
 death of the empress-queen, he succeeded 
 to the crown of Hungary and Bohemia. 
 The year following he issued a decree in 
 favour of the liberty of the press, which 
 was followed by others equally liberal, par- 
 ticularly one of toleration. In a journey 
 to the Netherlands the emperor gained the 
 love of the people by his courtesy and ge- 
 nerosity. On this visit he declared Osiend a 
 free port, and ordered several improvements 
 to be made in the harbour at his own ex- 
 pence. He afterwards demanded from the 
 Dutch the free navigation of theHScheldt, 
 but in this design he failed. On his return 
 to Vienna he abolished the system of vas- 
 salage. This measure was followed by an 
 imperial edict, disclaiming all seen!; r sub- 
 jection to the court of Rome, and the sup- 
 pression of many monasteries, and the re- 
 gulation of others. On this occasi. n p ;pe 
 Pius VI. made a journey to Vienna, to alter 
 the emperor’s designs, but though pom- 
 pously received, he cohid not effect his pur- 
 pose. In 1786 the emperor followed his at- 
 tack on the papal authority, by an assem- 
 bly of the ecclesiastical princes at Ratisbon, 
 in which it was resolved to withdraw from 
 the jurisdiction of the pope. In 178S, a 
 declaration of war was published against 
 the Turks, and the same year the emperor 
 in person reduced Schabatz ; but this was 
 followed by the defeat of prince Linchen- 
 steiii, who fell in the action. Soon after 
 this a bloody battle was fought between the 
 Imperialists and Turks, on the heights of 
 Rohadin, in which neither could claim the 
 victory. Joseph next made an attempt to 
 possess himself of Belgrade, but without 
 success. But marshal l.audohn taking 
 upon him the command of the army, took 
 -Durbieza and Novi, and in 1,789 reduced 
 O 9 2 
 
JOS 
 
 Belgrade; soon after a peace was concluded, 
 chiefly occasioned by the discontented spirit 
 in Germany at such a waste of men and 
 treasure. In February following the empe- 
 ror died of a lingering illness, which he 
 endured with Christian fortitude and resig- 
 nation He was succeeded by his brother 
 Peter Leopold, grand duke of Tuscany. — 
 Nou-v. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Joseph king of Portugal, of the family 
 of Braganza, was born in 1717, ascended 
 the throne in 1750, and died in 1777. A 
 conspiracy formed against him in 1751, oc- 
 casioned the expulsion of the jesuits from 
 his dominions. He had afterwards a dis- 
 pute with the court of Rome, and a war 
 with Spain, in which he was supported by 
 England — Unh. Hist. 
 
 Joseph (Ben Gorion), a Jewish historian, 
 whom the rabbins falsely confound with 
 Josephus. He lived in the 5th century, 
 and wrote in Hebrew a History of the 
 Jews, which bears evident marks of being 
 an abridgement of Josephus’s larger work. 
 It was published in a Latin version by Gag- 
 nier at Oxford, in 1706, 8vo. and in He- 
 brew and Latin at Gotha, in 1707, 4to. — 
 JMoreri. 
 
 JosEPHof Paris, a famous capuchin, com- 
 monly called Father Joseph, who was em- 
 ployed by cardinal Richelieu in most of his 
 political intrigues. Louis XIII. procured 
 him a cardinal’s hat, but he died of an apo- 
 plexy before he received it, in 1638. — Mo- 
 reri. 
 
 Joseph (father), an apostate monk of 
 Hungary, who headed a numerous banditti, 
 about 1678, whom he called the people of 
 God, assuming to himself the name of 
 Joshua. He entered the Austrian domi- 
 nioas, where he committed dreadful out- 
 rages, burning churches, putting priests to 
 death, and defiling nuns, under pretence 
 of zeal for true religion. The motley crew 
 were at last dispersed on the sudden death 
 of their leader. — Ibid. 
 
 Josephus (Flavius), a Jewish historian, 
 was born of a priestly family at Jerusalem, 
 about A. D. 37. He received a liberal edu- 
 cation among the Pharisees, after which he 
 went to Rome, where he cultivated his ta- 
 lents to great advantage. On his return to 
 his own country, he commanded the 
 troops employed to defend Jotapat against 
 Vespasian and '] itus, which he maintained 
 bravely seven weeks. Vespasian took him 
 into favour, and he was held in great es- 
 teem by Titus, whom he accompanied to 
 the siege of Jerusalem, at the talcing of 
 which he obtaine4 the sacred books, and 
 many favours for his countrymen. When 
 Vespasianbecameemperor he gave Josephus 
 a palace, with a pension, the freedom of 
 the city, and a grant of lands in Judea. 
 Titus added to these favours, and Josephus 
 out of gratitude assumed the name of Fla- 
 vivt. During his residence at Rome he 
 wrote hi* History of the Wars of the Jews, 
 
 j a u 
 
 first in Syriae, and afterwards in Greek. Its 
 style approaches nearest to that of Iavy. 
 l ie also wrote the Antiquities of the Jews, 
 in which it is supposed are some interpola- 
 tions of modern transcribers, particularly 
 with regard to what is said of our Saviour. 
 He wrote likewise two books in defence of 
 the Jews against A'pion, and his own Life. 
 The best editions of his works are Hudson’s 
 at Oxford, 2 vols. fol. 1720, and Haver- 
 camp’s at Amsterdam, 1727, 2 vols. fol. 
 Josephus died A. D. 93. — Morcri. 
 
 Joshua, the son of' Nun, of the tribe of 
 Benjamin Hesucceeded Moses asthe leader 
 of the Israelites, whom he conducted into 
 Canaan, and signalized himself by his va- 
 lour and his prudence. He died in the 
 110th year of his age, B. C. 1424. The 
 book bearing his name is ascribed to him, 
 also the concluding part of Deuteronomy. 
 — Gray s Key 0. 7 . 
 
 Josiah, king of Judah, succeeded his fa- 
 ther Ammon, B. C. 641, at the age of eight 
 years. He destroyed the idols, and restored 
 the worship of the true God, established vir- 
 tuous magistrates, for the administration of 
 justice, and repaired the temple. He also 
 caused the law of Moses to be sought for 
 and preserved. He was wounded in a battle 
 fought at Megiddo, against Necho king of 
 Egypt, and died, B. C. 610. — Bible. 
 
 Joubert (Laurence), physician to the 
 king of France, was born at Valence, in 
 Dauphiny, in 1529. On the death of Ron- 
 delet in 1562, he became regius professor of 
 plivsic tit Montpelier, and Henry III. ap- 
 pointed him hisphysician. He died in 1582. 
 His works make 2 vols. folio. — Moreri. 
 
 Joubert (Francis), a priest of Montpelier, 
 was born in 1689; He was a zealous janse- 
 nist, and on that account was confined for 
 some time in the Bastile. He wrote a Com- 
 mentary on the Revelations, and other 
 works, and died in 1763. — Noun. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Jou-uert (Bartholomew Catherine), a 
 Frcnchgeneral,was born at Pont-de-Vaux in 
 the department of Ain, in 1769. He was bred 
 to thelaw, which profession hequitted forthe 
 army, and in 1789 commenced his military 
 course as a grenadier, from whence he rose 
 by degrees to be general in chief. He second- 
 ed Buonaparte in the conquest of Italy, and 
 signalized himself at Millesimo,Ceva, Mon- 
 tebaldo, Riroli, and in the Tyrol. He was 
 opposed to general Suwarrow, but was 
 slain at the battle of Novi in 1799 — Ibid. 
 
 J o u s sn (Daniel), a French lawyer, was born 
 at Orleans, in 1704, and died in 1781. He 
 published many works in the line of his 
 profession. — Ibid. 
 
 Jouvency (Joseph), a French Jesuit, was 
 born in 1643, and died at Rome, in 1719, 
 He published an apology, in which he de- 
 fended Chastel, who attempted the life of 
 Henry IV. and calls him a martyr. He 
 continued the History of the Jesuits, and 
 wrote some other works. — Mot eri. 
 
 Jquyenet (John), a French painter, was 
 
JOY 
 
 J U D 
 
 descended from an Italian family of that 
 profession, and born at Rouen, m 1641. 
 His first instructions were derived from his 
 father, but he improved himself under Ie 
 Brun. He passed through all the offices of 
 the academy, and became one of the per- 
 petual rectors. He died in 1717. — D'Ar- 
 genville. 
 
 Jovianus (Flavius Claudius), a Roman 
 emperor, was born in Pannonia, of a noble 
 family, in 381. He was elected emperor by 
 the Roman soldiers after the death of Julian, 
 but refused the dignity unless they turned 
 Christians, to which they consented. He 
 made a disadvantageous peace with Persia, 
 shut up the heathen temples, and recalled 
 the banished clergy. He died after reign- 
 ing seven months, owing to the suffocating 
 vapour of burning charcoal in his room, 
 A. D. 368. He disgraced himself bv burn- 
 ing a famous library at Antioch. — A.mnia- 
 kus ATarcellinus. Crevier. 
 
 Jovinian, a monk of Milan in the 4th 
 century, who after leading a life of great 
 austerity, debauched a number of women, 
 and procured many disciples. He held that 
 the body of our Saviour was not real flesh, 
 but a phantom, and that it was lawful to 
 indulge in sensual pleasures, with others 
 equally offensive to good morals, on which 
 account the emperor Honorius ordered him 
 and his followers to be scourged and ba- 
 nished. Jcrvinian died in Dalmatia of ade- 
 bauch, A. D. 406. He wrote several books 
 which were refuted by Jerome. Cave. 
 J)upin. 
 
 Jovius (Paul), an eminent historian, was 
 born at Como, in Lombardy, in 1483. Having 
 received an excellent education, he went to 
 Rome, where he wrote his piece, De Pisci- 
 bus Romanis. lie received a pension from 
 Francis I. king of France, and Clement V II. 
 gave him the bishopric of Nocera, which 
 dignity he disgraced by bis course of life, 
 being much given to women. Me died in 
 1452, and was interred at Florence. His 
 greatest work is a history of his own time, in 
 folio, 3 vols. Strasburg, 1556. It is written 
 in an admirable style, but must be read with 
 caution. lie also wrote the Lives of Illus- 
 trious Men. His brother Benedict wrote the 
 History of Switzerland.-^ Moreri. 
 
 Joy i: use: (Anne de), a French duke, and 
 admiral of France, who distinguished him- 
 self by many gallant exploits. Fie was kill- 
 ed in an expedition against the Huguenots 
 in 1587 . — Mo reri . 
 
 Joyner (William), otherwise I,vde, was 
 born at Oxford,in 1622, and became fellow 
 of Magdalen college, but on turning Roman 
 catholic he went abroad. He returned at 
 the Restoration, and retired to a village in 
 Buckinghamshire, where he led a life of de- 
 votion, and died in 1706. l ie wrote, 1. 
 The Roman Empress, a comedy, 1670, 4to. ; 
 2. Observations on the Life of Cardinal 
 Pole, 8vo. 1636; 3. Miscellaneous Poems, 
 English and Latin, — Wood, A, 0, 
 
 Juav (George), a knight of Malta, who 
 accompanied don Anthony de Ulloa and 
 the French mathematicians to Peru to ascer- 
 tain the figure of the earth. He published. 
 Astronomical Observations on this voyage, 
 prefixed to Ulloa’s Historical Narrative. 
 He also wrote a treatise on the Construction 
 and Management of Ships. He died at 
 Madrid in 1773. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Juba, king of Mauritania and Numidia, 
 He took the part of Pompey against Caesar, 
 for which he was driven from his throne, 
 and killed himself, B. C. 42. — Suetonius . 
 Flat. 
 
 Juba, son of the preceding, was carried 
 prisoner to Rome by Caesar. He there be- 
 came the favourite of Augustus, who gave, 
 him for a wife Cleopatra, daughter of An- 
 tony, and restored him to his throne. He 
 wrote the History of Arabia, on the Anti- 
 quities of Syria, the 'History of Rome, and 
 other works in Greek, fragments of which 
 are extant. — Fossius <k Hist. Gt-ric. Bay/e. 
 
 Juda (Leo), a protestant minister at Zu- 
 rich, was the son of a priest in Alsace, by 
 bis concubine, born in 1482, and died in 
 1542. He translated the Old Testament 
 from the Hebrew, and wrote against Eras- 
 mus, who had reproached him for changing 
 his religion. — Melch. Adam, in Fit. Tbeol. 
 Germ. 
 
 Juda-Hakkadosh, or thesaint, a famous 
 rabbi in the time of the emperor Antoninus, 
 to whom he was preceptor. He is said to 
 have been the original compiler of the 
 Mischna, or the Talmudical text, of which 
 the best edition is that of Surenhusius, 1698, 
 3 vols. folio. — Moreri. 
 
 Judau-Chiuo, a celebrated rabbi, and 
 grammarian of the 1 1th century. He was 
 a native of Fez, and wrote many works, 
 particularly an Arabic Dictionary. He was 
 called the prince of Jewish grammarian . — 
 Ibid. 
 
 Judah, the fourth son of Jacob and Leah, 
 was the head of a tribe, to which his father 
 gave this famous promise, “that the sceptre 
 should not depart from it till Messiah or 
 Shiloh should come,” which was fulfilled in 
 Jesus Christ. He died 1686 B. C. aged 119 
 years. — Bible. 
 
 Judas Iscariot, so called from the place 
 of his birth, a city in the tribe of Ephraim. 
 He was one of the disciples of Jesus Christ, 
 and purse-bearer. His avaricious d: posi- 
 tion led him to betray his master to the Jews 
 for thirty pieces of silver, but when he 
 found that Jesus was condemned, he was 
 seized with remorse, gave back the wages 
 of his iniquity, and hanged hunsC'U.- — Neiv 
 j. es foment. 
 
 Jude (St.), an apostle of Jesus Christ, was 
 called Lebbeus, Thaddeus, or the Zealous. 
 He was the brother of St. James the Less, 
 and preached the gospel in Mesopotamia, 
 Arabia, Syria, Idumea, and I.ilw-t. He is 
 said to have suffered martyrdom at Bervtus, 
 A. D. 80. An epistle of his stands in the sa- 
 
J U L 
 
 cred canon as the last of the seven general 
 
 epistles. — Cave. 
 
 Judex (Mathew), a learned German, was 
 bor.'. a Misnia,in 1528. He became a teacher 
 in the university of Magdeburg, and also a 
 minister. He died in 1564. He was the 
 author of many books, and had a consider- 
 able share in the two first Centuries of 
 Magdeburg, a famous work, in 8 vols. fo- 
 lio, basil. — Bayle. 
 
 Juglaris (Aloysios), » an Italian jesuit, 
 was bo~n at Nice, became preceptor to 
 prince Charles Emanuel of Savoy, and died 
 at Messina, in 1653. He wrote Panegy- 
 rics on Jesus Christ, on Louis XIIJ. and se- 
 veral bishops. — Moreri. 
 
 Jugurtha, the natural son of Manasta- 
 bal, brother of Micipsa, who were the sons 
 of Masinissa king of Numidia. Jugurtha 
 was brought up by Micipsa with his child- 
 ren Adherbal and Hiempsal, after which lie 
 served under Scipio. Micipsa at his death 
 left him his successor in. conjunction with Iris 
 two sons; but Jugurtha murdered Hiempsal, 
 and forced Adherbal to fly to Rome, where 
 his caii.se was at first espoused, but the bribes 
 of the usurper proved more effectual with 
 the senate, and the unhappy fugitive was 
 treacherously destroyed by Jugurtha. At 
 length Metellus was sent against him, and 
 forced him to fly from his dominions, and 
 to seek refuge among his neighbours. He 
 was betrayed to '■'yila by his father-in-law 
 ISocchus, and carried in triumph to Rome, 
 where he died in prison six days after his 
 arrival, B. C. 106. — Sallust in Bell. Jugurth. 
 
 Juigne Broissinier e (D. de, sieur de 
 Molicre), a French gentleman and an ad- 
 vocate in parliament, who wrote, Diction- 
 naire Theologique, Historique, Poetique, 
 Cosrnographique, et Chronologique, Paris, 
 1644, 4to and Rouen, 1668. This work is 
 censured by Moreri. 
 
 Julia, a virgin martyr of Carthage. 
 When that place was taken by Genseric she 
 was sold to a heathen merchant, and carried 
 into Syria. Refusing to take a part in some 
 of the festivals instituted in honour of the 
 female deities, she was put to death about 
 440. — Baillet Vies ties Saints. 
 
 Julia, the daughter of Csesar and Cor- 
 nelia, was one of the best of the Roman 
 ladies. She married first Cornelius Ctepion, 
 and afterwards Pompey, who had an un- 
 common tenderness for her. She died in 
 childbed about 53 B.C - - Plutarch in Vit.Pctnp. 
 
 Julia, the daughter of Augustus. Her 
 beauty and accomplishments were very 
 great, on which account she was her fa- 
 ther’s favourite, till her licentious conduct 
 alienated his affections. She was successive- 
 ly the wife of Metellus, Agrippa, and Tibe- 
 rius. Augustus sent her into banishment, 
 and when Tiberius came to the throne lie 
 suffered her to perish for want. She had a 
 daughter of the same name who was as vi- 
 cious as her mother, — Suetonius. 
 
 Julia, the daughter of Titus tbe Roman 
 
 J U L 
 
 emperor, and wife of Sabinus. She com* 
 mitted incest with her brother Domitian, 
 who after her death caused her to be deified. 
 
 — Suetonius. 
 
 JuliaDomna, a native of Syria, and the 
 wife of Severus emperor of Rome, was a wo- 
 man of great accomplishments, and well ac- 
 quainted with philosophy and the sciences. 
 On the death of Severus in 211, her sons 
 Caracalla and Geta succeeded to the impe- 
 rial throne, the latter of whpm was mur- 
 dered by his brother in the arms of his mo- 
 ther, who was wounded in defending him. 
 After the death of Caracalla, she is said to 
 have starved herself on finding that Ma- 
 crinius had assumed the imperial title. — 
 Gibbon's Decline of the Roman Empire. 
 
 Julian, emperor of Rome, surnamed tiie 
 Apostate, was the younger son of Julius 
 Constantins, brother of Constantine the 
 Great, and born in 331. In the massacre 
 made of his family by the sons of Con- 
 stantine, he and his brother Gallus narrow- 
 ly escaped. The two princes were edu- 
 cated in the princioles of Christianity under 
 Mardonius, but with different effects, for 
 though Galius possessed real piety, the at- 
 tachment of Julian to that religion was 
 merely affected, having secretly a strong 
 inclination to paganism. Being sent to 
 Athens at the age of twenty-four, he disco- 
 vered this disposition by his application to 
 astrology, magic, and other illusions. He 
 attached himself particularly to a philoso- 
 pher named Maximus, who flattered his 
 ambition by promising iiim the empire. 
 He commanded with reputation in Gaul in 
 the reign of Constantins, who, jealous of 
 his success and popularity, sent to recall 
 him, which gave so much offence to his 
 soldiers that they proclaimed him emperor, 
 and on the death of Constantius in 361, lie 
 found himself in full possession of the im- 
 perial throne. Me was then in the East, 
 where his title was recognize i as readily as 
 it had been in tiie West. He then threw off 
 the mask, publicly renounced Christianity, 
 and opened the temples of the gods, in 
 which he. offered sacrifices. On this ac- 
 count he is called the Apostate. Soon after 
 his accession he resolved to chastise tiie Per- 
 sians, who had frequently made inroads on 
 the empire in the preceding reigns. When 
 he crossed tiie Tigris lie burned his ships 
 that his soldiers might proceed with firm- 
 ness and resolution. On his return, after 
 marching through Assyria without opposi- 
 tion, his army encountered that of Sapor 
 king of Persia, and Julian was mortally 
 wounded, A. D. 363, aged. 32. Theocloret 
 asserts, that he took some of the blood 
 from his wound, and casting it towards 
 heaven, exclaimed, Thou hast conquered, Gali- 
 lean ! a story which is hardly credible. Ju- 
 lian was virtuous and modest in his man- 
 ners, and liberal in his disposition. He 
 abolished the luxriotis and indecent prac- 
 tices of the pourt of Constantinople, and 
 
J U N 
 
 JUN 
 
 'Cfr&s averse to public amusements. His 
 History of the Cajsars is the most celebrated 
 of His writings, though it is very partial. 
 His works were published by Spanheim at 
 Leipsic in 1696, folio. — Eutrofius . Gilbon. 
 Crevier. 
 
 Julian (St.), archbishop of Toledo, in 
 Spain, was a. man of learning and piety. He 
 died in 690. His works are, 1. A Treatise 
 against the Jews; 2. Testamentum xii Pro- 
 phetarum ; 3. Prognostica futuri Seculi ; 
 4. Historia Wambae. — Moreri. 
 
 Juliana, an anchoret of Norwich in 
 the reign of Edward III. who assumed the 
 prophetical character. She was the author 
 of a singular book entitled, “ Sixteen R.eve- 
 lations of Divine Love shewed to a devout 
 Servant of our Lord, called Mother Juliana, 
 an Anchoret of Norwich, who lived in the 
 days of King Edward III.” published by E. 
 R. S. Cressy, 1610. She led a life of remark- 
 able austerity, immuring herself between 
 four walls many years. — Biag. Brit. 
 
 Julius I. pope, and saint of the Roman 
 calendar, succeeded Mark in 337. He 
 strenuously supported the cause of Athana- 
 sius, and was a man of great learning 
 and piety. He died in 352. Some of his 
 letters are extant. 
 
 Julius II. (Julian de la Rovere), was 
 born at Abizuola about 1440. Sixtus IV. 
 his uncle made him cardinal and comman- 
 der of his troops, a post which suited his 
 enterprising genius. He was chosen pope 
 in 1508 through simony, yet he published a 
 bull to prevent similar practices in future. 
 The emperor Maximilian, with the kings of 
 France and Arragon, endeavoured to de- 
 pose him, but he frustrated their design, 
 and formed an alliance with them, at Cam- 
 bray, in 1508. He then demanded of the 
 Venetians the territories of Faenza and 
 Rimini, which had been originally taken 
 from them by Alexander VI. and on the 
 death of that pontiffrecovered by the Vene- 
 tians, who, for refusing Julius’s unjust claim, 
 were put under an interdict. At last being 
 reduced to the greatest extremities, the state 
 of Venice was obliged to submit. The 
 pope then turned his armies against France 
 and besieged Mirandola, which he entered 
 in triumph in 1511 ; but fortune turning, 
 lie was driven to Rome, and the council of 
 Pisa declared him suspended. He died in 
 1513. He was a man of courage and ad- 
 dress, but hi* manners were dissolute and 
 his temper turbulent. 
 
 Julius III. an Italian, obtained the tiara 
 in 1550. He presided at the council of 
 Trent under Paul III. and on being elect- 
 ed to the papacy joined the emperor against 
 Octavius Farnese, duke of Parma. He was 
 a man of no firmness and of a narrow mind, 
 l ie died in 1555. — Moreri. 
 
 Juncker (Christian), a celebrated me- 
 dallist, was born at Dresden, about 1668. 
 He wrote, 1. Schediasma de diariis Ertidi- 
 terum ; 2, Centuria Focminarum eruditione 
 
 et scrlptisillustrium; 3. Vita Lutherbexnuni.- 
 mis ; 4. Theatrum Latinitatis universe Re* 
 hero-Junckerianum ; 5. Linese eruditionis 
 universae et Histories Philosophical; 6. 
 Vita Ludolphi, &C. — Moreri. 
 
 Junctin, or Giuntino, (Francis), a mathe- 
 matician of Florence, was for some time a 
 carmelite, but quitted his order, and going 
 to France abjured the Roman catholic re- 
 ligion. He became a corrector of thepress, 
 and afterwards a manufacturer of paper and 
 a banker, by which means he gained a large 
 fortune. He died about 1580. He wrote 
 some arithmetical works; commentaries on 
 the sphere of Sacrobosco ; on the Reforma- 
 tion of the Calendar, and on the Age of 
 the Loves of Petrarch. — Bayle. 
 
 Jungerman (Godfrey), a learned Ger- 
 man, was born at Leipsic. He publish- 
 ed a good edition of Julius Pollux, and 
 other works. He died at Hanau, in 1610. 
 — Moreri. 
 
 Jungerman (I. ewis), brother of the above, 
 was a good botanist, and published Catalogus 
 Plantarum quse circa Altorfinum nascuntur, 
 8vo., 1616; Cornucopia Florse Giessansis, 
 1623, 4to. He died at Altdorf,- in 1653. — 
 Bayle. 
 
 Jungius (Joachim), a learned German, 
 was born at Lubeck, in 1 359. He studied at 
 Giessen, where he applied to metaphysics 
 and mathematics, and wrote Latin trage- 
 dies He was some time professor of ma- 
 thematics, but quitted that station and stu- 
 died physic at Augsburg. He took his 
 doctor’s degree at Padua, and died at Ham- 
 burg, in 1657. — Moreri. 
 
 Junilius (St.), bishop of Africa, in the 
 sixth century. He wrote two books on the 
 divine law by way of dialogue. — Moreri. 
 
 Junius (Adrian), a learned Dutchman, 
 was born at Hoorn, in 1511. He studied 
 physic, and took his doctor’s degree at Bo- 
 logna, after which he came to England, 
 where he wrote several works, particularly 
 a Greek and Latin lexicon, which he dedi- 
 cated to Edward VI. He afterwards re- 
 turned to his own country, and practised 
 physic. He died at Middleburgh, in 1575. 
 His works are, 1. Commentaries on various 
 Latin Authors ; 2. A Poem on the Marri- 
 age of Philip Ii. King of Spain with Mary 
 Queen of England ; 3. Translations from 
 the Greek ; 4. Critical Animadversions, 
 which Gruter has inserted in his Theatrum 
 Criticum ; 5. Phalli exfungorum descripto; 
 6. Nomenclator omnium Rerum. — Moreri. 
 
 Junius (Francis), professor of divinity 
 at Leyden, was born at Bourges, in 1545. 
 He studied at Geneva, and in 1565 became 
 minister of the W alloon church at Antwerp, 
 and afterwards chaplain to the prince of 
 Orange, at last hewas made theological pro- 
 fessor at Leyden, where he died of the. 
 plague, in 1602. He is chiefly known by a 
 Latin version of the Bible with notes, in 
 which he was assisted by Tremellius.— 
 JMdih /ldam. Fit. TheoL 
 
JUR 
 
 JUS 
 
 Junius (Francis), son of the preceding, 
 was born at Heidelberg, in 1589- In 1620 
 he visited England, and was taken into the 
 family of Thomas earl ot Arundel. Here 
 he studied thenorthem languages] in which 
 he acquired an uncommon skill. He died 
 at Windsor, in 1677, and left his MS^.tothe 
 public library at Oxford. His works are, 
 1. Glossarium Gothicum ; 2. De pictura 
 voter um, 1637 ; this book he afterwards 
 published in English; 3. Observationes in 
 Willerami Francicam paraphrasin Cantici 
 Canticorum. His Etymologicon Anglica- 
 num was published in 1743 in folio. — Rayle. 
 
 Junius, the assumed name of a political 
 writer, who published letters to celebrated 
 characters, on public affairs, in the Public 
 Advertiser in 1769. For that addressed to 
 the King, the printer and a bookseller were 
 prosecuted , but the author has eluded all 
 enquiry, though various conjectures have 
 been started on the subject. The letters 
 have been ascribed to Mr. Burke, who so- 
 lemnly disclaimed the imputation ; Mr. 
 William Gerard Hamilton, commonly call- 
 ed Single-speech Hamilton, was also sus- 
 pected, but he likewise denied the charge. 
 Other persons to whom they have been im- 
 puted are, John Wilkes, Mr. Dunning (af- 
 terwards lord Ashburton), Mr. Serjeant 
 Adair, the Rev. J. Rosenhagen, John Ro- 
 berts esq., Mr. Charles Lloyd, Mr. Samuel 
 Dyer, general Lee, and Hugh Boyd esq. 
 The matter, however, is still hidden in ob- 
 scurity. The letters are written in a ner- 
 vous and clear style, but they are sarcastic, 
 intemperate, and oftentimes illiberal and 
 abusive.. — Preface to Almon s edition of Junius. 
 
 Junta (Philip and Bernard), Italian 
 printers in the 15th and 16th centuries. 
 They printed at Lyons the Letters of Leo 
 X. by Bembo, and the works of Sancti 
 Pagninus. They had also printing offices 
 at Genoa, Venice, and Florence. Philip 
 began printing at Genoa in 1497, and died 
 about 1.519. Bernard was either his brother 
 or cousin. Philip printed some excellent 
 editions of Greek authors, aa Plutarch, 
 Xenophon, Aristophanes, Sophocles, and 
 Homer. — M reri. 
 
 Junta ( Thomas), a Venetian physician, 
 who p.iblished in 1554 a learned book on 
 the Battles of the Ancients. — Gen. B oy. Diet. 
 
 JuitiiT (Francis), a French divine, and 
 Canon of L.mgres, was a native of Dijon, 
 and died in 1-626, aged 73. He wrote notes 
 on Symmachus, and poems in the Deliciae 
 Poetarum Qallorum — M rcri. 
 
 Jurieu (Peter), a French protestant di- 
 vine, was the, son of Daniel Jurieu, pastor 
 of the reformed church at Mer in the dio- 
 cese of Blois, and born there, in 1637. His 
 mother vyas sister to the famous Peter du 
 Moulin. He received his education partly 
 in Holland, and partly in England, and 
 while, here, received episcopal ordination. 
 On his return home he became assistant to 
 his father, and professor of divinity and He- 
 
 brew at Sedan, where he gained great re- 
 putation by his lectures and preaching. 
 He wrote against Bossuet’s Exposition of 
 the Doctrine of the Catholic Church, and 
 defended the moral character of his sect 
 against the accusations of Arnauld. On 
 the revocation of the edict of Nantes he 
 retired to Holland, and was chosen pastor 
 of the vValloon church at Rotterdam. Ha 
 there applied so assiduously to the study of 
 the Revelations, as to fancy he had disco- 
 vered most of the mysteries therein and 
 particularly with regard to Antichrist ; he 
 addressed William III. king of England, as 
 the instrument appointed to destroy the 
 kingdom of the beast. He embroiled him- 
 self in controversy with Bayle and Beau- 
 val, who had objected to the extravagance 
 of his opinions. He also offended his best 
 friends by the irascibility of his temper in 
 charging M. Saurin and other eminent 
 persons with heterodoxy, Ide died at 
 Rotterdam, in 1713, Thp principal of his 
 works are, the History of Calvinism and 
 Popery, with a Parallel between them ; 
 Pastoral Letters; On the Unity of the 
 Church ; Treatise of Nature and Grace ; 
 Critical History of the Doctrines and Wor- 
 ship of the Church, and those of the Pa- 
 gans ; this is a curious book, and has been 
 translated into FInglish in 2 vols. 8vo.; On 
 the Revelations, and the Accomplishment 
 of the Prophecies. — Moreri. Bayle. 
 
 Jurin (James), secretary to the royal so- 
 ciety of London, and president of the col- 
 lege of physicians, died in 1750, at a very 
 advanced age. He wrote papers on philo- 
 sophical and medical subjects in the Philo- 
 sophical Transactions, and a tract of his on 
 Vision is appended to Smith’s Optics. He 
 had a dispute with Michelloti on the mo- 
 tion of currents ; with Keill and Senac on 
 the motion of the heart ; with Robins upon 
 distinct vision ; and with the partisans of 
 Leibnitz on the active forces — Gen. B. D. 
 
 Jussieu (Anthony de), a French botanist 
 and physician, Was born at Lyons, in 1686. 
 After travelling through Europe he settled 
 at Paris, where he became a member of 
 the academy of sciences, professor of bota- 
 ny in the royal garden, and secretary to the 
 king. He enriched the memoirs of the 
 academy with several valuable papers the 
 result of observations made in his travels, 
 on botany and mineralogy. He also wrote 
 the appendix to Tournefort, and abridged 
 Barrelier’s work upon the Plants of France, 
 Spain, and Italy ; he was likewise the au- 
 thor of a Discourse on the Progress of Bo- 
 tany. He died in 17.58. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Jussieu (Bernard de), brother of the 
 above, was born at Lyons, in 1699. He 
 distinguished himself as an able physician 
 and botanist. He became professor and 
 demonstrator in, the royal garden, and was 
 chosen a member of the academy of sciences, 
 and of several foreign societies. He pub- 
 lished an edition of Tournefort History 
 
JUS 
 
 JUS 
 
 of Plants about Paris, 2 vols. 12mo. and 
 was theauthor of a book entitled, the Friend 
 of Humanity, or the advice of a Good 
 Citizen to the Nation. He died in 1777. 
 His brother Joseph was also a member of the 
 academy of sciences at Paris, and accom- 
 panied Condamine to Peru in 1735. He was 
 not only a good naturalist and physician, but 
 an excellent engineer, He published a 
 Journal of his Voyages, and died in 1779. — 
 Noun. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Justel (Christoper), counsellor and se- 
 cretary to the king of France, was born at 
 Paris, in 1580. He published, 1. The Code 
 of Canons of the Universal Cnurch, and 
 the Councils of Africa, with notes; 2. The 
 Genealogical History of the House of Au- 
 vergne. He died in 1549. — Moreri. 
 
 Justel (Henry), the son of the above, 
 and his successor as counsellor and secre- 
 tary, was born in 1520. He was a man of 
 learning and liberality, and so partial to 
 England that he sent his father’s MSS to 
 the university of Oxford, which learned 
 body complimented him in return with the 
 degree of LL D. On the revocation of the 
 edict of Nantes, he came to London, and 
 was appointed keeper to the king’s library. 
 He died in 1693. He published, chiefly 
 from his father’s Collections, Bibliotheca 
 Canonici veteris, 2 vols. folio. He was the 
 author of some learned works. — Moreri. 
 Wi ood's A. 0. 
 
 Jusri (N. de), a German mineralogist, 
 who was educated on charity at Jena in 
 1720. He was there taken notice of by 
 Zink, professor of political economy, who 
 directed his studies. Devoting himself 
 with assiduity to the study of mineralogy, 
 he acquired such a knowledge therein as 
 to be named member of the council of 
 mines. He afterwards became professor 
 of political economy and natural history at 
 Gottingen, where he died some time since. 
 His books are, 1. a Treatise on Mineralogy, 
 1757. 2. a Treatise on Moneys; for some 
 free remarks in which on the states of Prus- 
 sia and Wittemberghe was confined a con- 
 siderable time in the castle of Breslaw; it 
 is however a work of merit, and deserv- 
 ing attention, 3, Miscellanies on Chemis- 
 try and Mineralogy, 2 vols. 4to. He had 
 projected a German Encyclopaedia, and 
 wrote some pamphlets against eminent na- 
 turalists.— Nouv, Diet. Hist. 
 
 Justin I- emperor of the East. He rose 
 to the rank of general from being a pri- 
 vate soldier : before, he was a swineherd. 
 The soldiers of the praetorian band forced 
 him to accept the imperial dignity on the 
 death of Anastasiusin 518. He recalled the 
 bishops who had been banished by the 
 arians, and published several severe edicts 
 against that sect. Hearing of the destruc- 
 tion of Antioch by an earthquake, he laid 
 aside the imperial robes, clothed himself in 
 sackcloth and passed several days in fasting 
 and prayer to avoid the divine judgments. 
 
 He rebuilt that city and other places which 
 were destroyed by the same calamity. He 
 died A. 1 ) .527 aged 57 — Unin. Hist. Mar’ 
 
 Justin II. was the nephew and successor 
 of Justinian in 565. He caused his cousin 
 Justin to be strangled, and put to death 
 some of his senators from a suspicion of 
 their being disaffected. He made war 
 against Persia, and Chosroes, king of that 
 country, being defeated at the head of a 
 numerous army, was obliged to sue for 
 peace. Justin married Sophia niece of 
 Theodora, wife of the emperor Justinian, a 
 woman of high spirit, who taking the ad- 
 vantage of her husband’s weakness, go- 
 verned the empire in conjunction with Ti- 
 berius. Justin, who was of a debauched 
 and indolent character, died in 578. — Ibid. 
 
 Justin, a Latin historian of the second 
 century who made an abridgement of the 
 Universal History written byTrogusPom- 
 peius. This work remains, but the ori- 
 ginal is lost. It is composed in an excel- 
 lent style, clear and interesting. The best 
 editions are that of Oxford, 8vo. 1705, and 
 that of Barbou, Paris, 1770, 12mo. — Foss, 
 de Hist. Lot. 
 
 Justin (St.), a Christian philosopher and 
 martyr in the second century, was a native 
 of Sichem or Sichar in Samaria. His pa- 
 rents were heathens, and himself a zea- 
 lous adherent to the platonic system, but 
 disputing with a Christian in 132, he was 
 converted to that faith, though he still 
 continued to wear the pallium, or cloak of 
 the Grecian philosophers. He was an 
 equal honour to Christianity by his know- 
 lege, his firmness, and the purity of his 
 life. A persecution breaking out against 
 the Christians, under Antoninus. Justin pre- 
 sented to that emperor an admirable apo- 
 logy in their behalf, which had the desired 
 effect. He afterwards addressed another 
 apology to Marcus Aurelius, in which he 
 defended those of his religion against the ca- 
 lumniesof Crescentius, a Cynic philosopher. 
 This last is said to have gained him the 
 crown of martyrdom in 166. Besides 
 these apologies, we have extant of his a 
 dialogue with Trypho a learned Jew ; and 
 some other pieces in the Greek language. 
 The best edition of his works is that of 
 Paris, fol. 1636. — Cane. Dupin. 
 
 Justinian I. emperor of Rome, suc- 
 ceeded his uncle Justin I. in 527. He was the 
 protector of Christianity, and carried his 
 arms with success against his enenves, for 
 which he was chiefly indebted to his general 
 Belisarius, who also preserved him from a 
 formidable conspiracy. Peace being restor- 
 ed, Justinian set himself to form into a body 
 all the Roman laws, which was executed un- 
 der the title of Digests or Pandects. After 
 this great work was finished, the laws of 
 modern date were collected into one volume, 
 called the Novella. He exerted himself 
 against the ecclesiastical encroachments of 
 popes Sylverius and Vigilius, and died ia 
 
JUV 
 
 J U X 
 
 565,age d S3. He built many churches par- 
 ticularly the famous Sancta-Sopliia at Con- 
 stantinople, and abolished the consulate. — 
 
 U/i v. Hist. Gibbon. 
 
 Justinian II. was the elder son of Con- 
 stantine Pogonatus, whom he succeeded in 
 685. He recovered several provinces from 
 the Saracens, and made an advantageous 
 peace with them, but his exactions, cruel- 
 ties, and debaucheries, tarnished the glory 
 ef his arms. He formed the design of de- 
 stroying all the inhabitants of Constantino- 
 ple, which being discovered, the tyrant was 
 deposed in 694, and banished to the Cher- 
 sonesus: Leo the patrician gained the 
 
 throne, but he was displaced by Tiberius. 
 About 704 Justinian being aided by the 
 Bulgarians regained his seat, but he was 
 slain with his son Tiberius in 711, by Phi- 
 lip picus Bardanes, his successor. — Ibid. 
 
 Justiniani (St. Lawrence), the first pa- 
 triarch of Venice, was born there of a no- 
 ble family, in 1381. He obtained the pa- 
 triarchate in 1451, and died in 1455. He 
 wrote Lignum Vitas ; De Disciplina Sc Spi- 
 yituali Perfectione; de Casto Connubio ; 
 Fasciculus Amoris; de Triumphali agno 
 Christi which were printed together in 1 
 vol. folio, at Lyons, in 1568, and at Venice, 
 in 1755. He was canonized in 1698. — 
 Moreri. 
 
 Justiniani (Bernard), nephew of the 
 preceding, was born in 1408. He obtain- 
 ed several honourable employments, and 
 was sent ambassador to Louis XI. of France 
 who conferred on him the honour of knight- 
 hood. In 1474 he was made procurator of 
 St. Mark, the second dignity of the repub- 
 lic. He died in 1489. He wrote De Ori- 
 gin e urbis Venetiarum, 1492, fob the Life 
 of his uncle Lawrence the patriarch ; a 
 History of Venice in Italy, and other works. 
 —Ibid. 
 
 Justiniani (Augustin), bishop of Nebio, 
 in Corsica, was born at Genoa, in 1476. 
 Francis I. of France made him his almoner, 
 and royal professor of Hebrew at Paris. 
 .He perished in a shipwreck in sailing from 
 Genoa to Corsica, in 1536. He published, 
 Psalterium Hebrasum, Grsecum, Arabicum 
 et Chaldaeum, cum tribus Latinis Interpre- 
 tationibus et Glossis, and other works. 
 Bayle. Moreri. 
 
 Justiniani (Fabio), bishop of Ajaccio, 
 was born at Genoa, in 1568, and died in 
 1627. He wrote a Commentary on Tobit, 
 and an Index of all the writers who had 
 written commentaries on the whole or any 
 part of the Bible. — Moreri. 
 
 Juvar A(Philip),an Italian architect, was 
 born at Messina, in 1568. He was the disci- 
 ple of Fontana, and employed by the king 
 of Sardinia to build some fine structures at 
 Turin. In 1734?the royal palace at Ma- 
 drid being burnt, Philip V. king of Spain, 
 
 sent for Juvara to erect another more mag- 
 nificent; he accordingly formed an ap- 
 proved plan, but the commencement of the 
 work being delayed from day to day, it is 
 supposed the architect died of chagrin in 
 1 735. — D’ Argenville. 
 
 Juvenal (Decius Junius), a Roman poet, 
 was born at Aquinum, in Italy. He went to 
 Rome when young, and was for some time 
 a declaimer, after which he applied himself 
 to writing satires with great success. Do- 
 roitian sent him into honourable exile by 
 making him governor on the frontiers of 
 Egypt. He died at Rome in the reign of 
 Trajan, A. D. 128. His writings are ani- 
 mated, pointed and humorous, but at the 
 same time highly offensive to decency, and 
 rather tend to encourage than repress licen- 
 tiousness. The best editions are those of 
 Casaubon, L. Bat 1695, 4to. and Grajvius, 
 8 vo. 1634. He has been translated into 
 English by Dryden and others. — Vossius dc 
 Poet. Lat. 
 
 Juvenal de Carlencas (Felix de), an inge- 
 nious French writer, was born at Pezenas 
 in 1669, and died in 1760. He wrote, 1. 
 The Principles of History, 2. Essays on the 
 History of the Sciences, the Belles Lettres, 
 and the Arts. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Juvencus (Cassius VectriusAquilinus), a 
 Latin poet, was born in Spain of an illus- 
 trious family in the fourth century. He 
 wrote a poem in four books on the Life of 
 Christ, of which there have been several 
 editions, though it possesses no other merit 
 than the subject. — Moreri. 
 
 Juxon (William), archbishop of Canter- 
 bury, was born at Chichester, and educated 
 at Merchant Taylors’ school, from whence 
 he was removed to St. John’s college, Ox- 
 ford, of which he became fellow in 159S, 
 andin 1621 was elected president. In 1627 
 he was promoted to the deanry of Wor- 
 cester; in 1633 appointed clerk of the clo- 
 set to the king, and the year following no- 
 minated to the bishoprick of Hereford, but 
 before consecration he was advanced to the 
 see of London. In 1635 he was appointed 
 lord high treasurer, which excited great in- 
 dignation against archbishop Laud, as the 
 means of it, but the conduct of bishop Jux- 
 on in that dignity was irreproachable. He 
 suffered in the rebellion, the loss not only 
 of his ecclesiastical revenues, hut a great 
 part of his temporal estate. In 1648 lie 
 attended the king upon the scaffold, after 
 which the regicides caused him to be taken 
 into custody, to make him reveal what his 
 majesty had secretly entrusted to him, but 
 his integrity and prudence were superior to 
 their craft and tyranny. At the Restoration 
 he was made archbishop of Canterbury. 
 He died in 1663, and was buried in St. John’s 
 college chapel, Oxford. — Wood. Le Neve's 
 Lives tj the Archbishops. 
 
KAN 
 
 KAY 
 
 K. 
 
 '|Z' AHLER (John), a Lutheran divine, was 
 “■^born at Wolmar, in the landgravate of 
 Hesse Cassel, in 1649. He became profess- 
 or of poetry, mathematics and theology at- 
 Rinletz, and member of the society at Got- 
 tingen. He died in 1729. He wrote seve- 
 ral dissertations on theology and philoso- 
 phy, collected into 2 vols. 12mo. — Now. 
 Diet. Hist. 
 
 Kain (Henry Louis le), a celebrated 
 French actor, called the Garrick of France, 
 was born at Paris, in 1729. He was origin- 
 ally a cutler for making surgeons’ instru- 
 ments, but having a great turn for dramatic 
 representation, Voltaire took him under 
 his direction. He made his first appear- 
 ance on the stage in 1750, and acquir- 
 ed a wonderful reputation. He obtained 
 a pension, and died ( in 1778. — Nouv.D. H. 
 
 Kale (William), a Dutch painter, was 
 born in 1630, and died in 1693. He painted 
 gold, silver and crystal vases, gems, glasses, 
 and agates, with an extraordinary lustre. 
 
 —Pilkington. 
 
 Kalgreen (N.),a Swedish dramatic, sa- 
 tirical, and lyric poet, who wrote an opera, 
 entitled Gustavos Vasa. He died in 1793. 
 —Now. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Kalraat (Barent van), a landscape 
 painter, was born at Dort, in 1650, and died 
 in 1721, He painted several line views of 
 the banks of the Rhine, and adorned his 
 landscapes with figures — Ibid. 
 
 Kalubro (Vincent), a Polish prelate 
 and historian The chapter of Craco elect- 
 ed him their bishop, and he founded several 
 new prebends in that and other churches. 
 The cathedral being destroyed by lightning 
 in 1218, he retired to a monastery of the or- 
 der of Cistercians, where he wrote his Chro- 
 nicon Regni Polonias in the form of a dia- 
 logue. He died in 1223. — Moreri. 
 
 ■ Kam-Hi, emperor of China, was the 
 grandson of a Tartar prince, who conquer- 
 ed that country in 1644, and ascended the 
 throne in 1661. He had a great love for 
 the arts and sciences of the Europeans, and 
 liberally patronized the missionaries, but 
 though he was fond of geography and di- 
 rected the construction of maps and charts, 
 he would suffer none to laid before him 
 unless China was represented therein as the 
 middle of the world. He died in 1722, 
 aged 71. — Nouv. Diet Hist. 
 
 Kampen (Jacob van), an historical paint- 
 er of Haerlem, was born in 1658. The 
 figures in his pieces were as large as life, 
 well designed and coloured. — Pilkington. 
 
 Randle «j(John Joachim), master-model- 
 ler in the porcelain manufactory at Meissen, 
 \vas born in 1706 at Selingstadt in Saxony, 
 and died in 1 776. He executed many beau- 
 tiful figures particularly of the apostle Paul, 
 the death of St. Xavier, the scourging of 
 
 our Saviour, the twelve apostles, &c. Au- 
 gustus king of Poland employed him to 
 make an elegant groupe for Louis XV. who 
 liberally rewarded him. — Nouv. Diet. 
 
 Kanold (John), a German physician, win* 
 died at Breslaw, in l't29,aged 50. He wrote 
 some works on the plague, and other sub- 
 jects; but he is best known by a curious 
 periodical publication, entitled, Memoirs 
 upon Nature and Art, in German. — Me* 
 reri. 
 
 Kant (Immanuel), a Prussian philoso- 
 pher, was born at Konigsberg, i n 1 7 24. Hi* 
 father who was a sacller, descended from a 
 Scotch family, the name of which was spelt 
 Cant, but it was altered by our philosopher 
 to Kant. He received his first education at 
 thecharityschoolof the parish, from whence 
 he was removed to the college Fredericia- 
 num,andin 1740 to the university. On the 
 completion of his studies he became tutor 
 in a clergyman’s family, and afterwards ia 
 that of a nobleman, on quitting which he 
 returned to the university, and subsisted 
 by teaching private pupils. In 1755 he 
 obtained the degree of M. A. commen- 
 ced public lecturer and obtained a number 
 of scholars. He now became a prolific wri- 
 ter, and it is impossible within these limits to 
 'give a list of his publications in natural 
 philosophy, on the Theory of the Winds, 
 Sketch of physical Geography, New Prin- 
 ciples of Motion and Rest ; Examination 
 of the Prize Question, Whether the Earth, 
 in turning round its Axis, by which the 
 Succession of Day and Night was produ- 
 ced, had undergone any change since 
 its origin? what were the Causes of it, 
 and how we could be assured of it? and 
 on Volcanoes in the Moon. But it was in 
 metaphysics that he chiefly excelled, and 
 upon which he published a prodigious 
 number of works, which are extremely 
 refined and obscure. Flis principles made 
 considerable noise in Germany, and 
 though they obtained many followers, 
 were also attacked by several able writers. 
 He died in 1804. — Monthly Mag. May 1805. 
 
 Katf.b, a Persian poet, who distinguished 
 himself at the court of the sultans of the 
 race of Samanides. He wrote some elegant 
 moral poems. — D' Herb clot. 
 
 Kaunitz-Ritbeug (the prince of), an 
 eminent statesman, who died at Vienna, in 
 1794, aged 84 years, during forty of which 
 he was chancellor and prime minister of 
 Austria. He commenced his political career 
 by an embassy to France, and obtained suc- 
 cessively the confidence of Maria Theresa, 
 Joseph II. and Leopold II. Under his pru- 
 dent administration the cabinet of Vienna 
 obtained a great influence in the other 
 courts ef Europe. — Nouv. Diet Hist. 
 
 Kav (William), a portrait and historical 
 
KEE 
 
 K E I 
 
 pa‘nt-er, was horn at Breda, in 1520, and 
 died in 1668. His deaf h was occasioned by- 
 grief, caused by the duke of Alva’s sen- 
 tencing counts Egmont and Hoorn to death, 
 while the dnke was sitting to him for his 
 picture . — De Piles. 
 
 Reach (Benjamin), a baptist teacher, 
 who died at the close of the seventeenth 
 century. He wrote an allegorical piece, 
 entitled, the Travels of True Godliness, in 
 the manner of Bunyan; but his greatest 
 work is a folio volume on the Scripture 
 Metaphors, reprinted in 1777. It exhibits 
 much reading and considerable learning. 
 
 Keate (George), a miscellaneous writer, 
 was born at Trowbridge in Wiltshire, in 
 1729, and educated at Kingston school, 
 after which he went to Geneva, where 
 he contracted an intimacy with Voltaire. 
 Having completed the tour of Europe, 
 he returned to England, became a stu- 
 dent in the Inner 1 emple, and was called 
 to the bar, but not meeting with much en- 
 couragement in the law, he abandoned 
 that profession. His first literary perform- 
 ance was Ancient and Modern Rome, a 
 poem, 1650. His publications after this 
 were very numerous ; the principalis an 
 Account of the Pelew islands, which he 
 compiled from the papers of captain Wilson. 
 He died in 1797. — Gent. Mag. 
 
 Keating (Jeffrey), an Irish ecclesiastic 
 of the Roman church, and doctor of divi- 
 nity, was a native of Tipperary, fie wrote 
 a history of the poets of Ireland, and the 
 genealogies of the principal families. He 
 died in 1 650. — Gen. Piet. 
 
 Keble (Joseph), an English lawyer, was 
 the son of Richard Keble, serjeant-at-law, 
 and born in Suffolk, in. 1632. He was edu- 
 cated at Oxford, where he took his degree 
 ®f bachelor of law, and became fellow of 
 All Souls college. Afterwards he settled 
 in Gray’s-inn, was called to the bar, and 
 became a bencher. He died in 1710. His 
 works are ; An Explanation of the Law 
 against Recusants, 8vo. ; An Assistance to 
 Justices of the Peace, folio ; The Statutes at 
 Large in paragraphs and sections, &c. folio; 
 Reports in the Court of the King’s Bench, 
 
 3 vols. folio; two essays, one entitled, 
 Human Nature, or the Creation of Man- 
 kind, the other on Human Actions. He 
 also left a number of folio and quarto 
 volumes in MS. — Wood, A. 0. Gen. Biog. Diet . 
 
 Keckerman (Bartholomew), a learned 
 divine of Dantzic, was born in 1541. He 
 became professor of Heidelberg, and of 
 philosophy at Dantzic ,where hediedin 1608. 
 His works were published at Geneva, in 
 1614, 2 vols. fol —Moreri. 
 
 Keene (Edmund), an English prelate, 
 was born at Lynn in Norfolk, of which 
 place his father was alderman. He received 
 his education at Caius college, Cambridge, 
 and in 1740 obtained the rectory of Stan- 
 hope, in the bishopric of Durham. In 
 1750 be vtas chosen master of St. Peter’s 
 
 college, and two years after served the of- 
 fice of vice-chancellor, in which he pro- 
 moted deregulations for improving the dis- 
 cipline of the university. In 1752 he was 
 made bishop of Chester, from whence he 
 was translated in 1770 to Ely. He ob- 
 tained an act for selling Ely House, in 
 Holborn, by which that bishoprick was 
 released of a great incumbrance, and 
 considerably enriched. He also nearly re- 
 built the palace atEly. He diedin 1781. 
 His brother was several years ambassador to 
 the court of Madrid. — Gen. Biog, Diet. 
 
 KEitL (John), a learned mathematician, 
 was horn at Edinburgh, in 1671. After tak- 
 ing his degree of M. A. at that university, he 
 followed his tutor Mr. David Gregory, to 
 Oxford, where he entered of Baliol college, 
 and is said to have been the first who taught 
 sirlsaac Newton’s principles by experiments. 
 In 1698 he published an Examination of 
 Barnet’s Theory of the Earth, to which 
 he subjoined Remarks on Whiston’s Theory, 
 'l'he year following he was appointed depu- 
 ty professor of natural philosophy, and in 
 1701 he published his Introductio ad veram 
 Physicam, as a preparation for the study of 
 Newton’s Principia. In 1708 he defended 
 Newton’s claim to theinventionof Fluxions, 
 which brought him into a dispute with 
 Leibnitz. In 1709 he was appointed trea- 
 surer to the Palatines, and attended them in 
 that capacity to New England. In 1714 he 
 was chosen Savilian professor of astronomy 
 at Oxford, and the year following appointed 
 dccypherer to the queen. In 1714 the 
 university conferred on him the degree of 
 M.D. and in 1715 he published an edi- 
 tion of Commandinus’s Euclid, with an ad- 
 mirable preface. In 1718 apeared his 
 Introductio ad veram AsLronomiam ; which 
 treatise he translated into English. He 
 died in 1721. — Siog. Brit. Marlin s Biog. Phil. 
 
 Keill (James), younger brother of the 
 preceding, was born in Scotland in 1673. 
 He obtained the degree of M.D. at Cam- 
 brige, and settled as a physician at North- 
 ampton, where he died of a cancer in his 
 mouth in 1719. His works are: The Ana- 
 tomy of the Human Body, 8vo.; An Ac- 
 count of Animal Secretion, the Quantity 
 of Blood in the Human Body, and Mus- 
 cular Motion, 8vo.; Papers in the Philoso- 
 phical Transactions ; and a translation of 
 Lemery’s Chemistry, 8vo. — Ibid. 
 
 Keith (James), field-marshal in the 
 Prussian service, was the younger son of 
 George Keith, earl-marshal of Scotland, 
 and born in the county of Kincardine, in 
 1696. He attached himself to the Pretend-, 
 erin 1715, and was wounded at the battle 
 of SherifFmuir. He however escaped to* 
 Spain with his brother, and became an of- 
 ficer in the Irish brigade, where he served 
 ten years. He afterwards went to Russia, 
 and was made a general. He signalized 
 himself in all the battles between the Rus- 
 sians and Turks, and was the first who e«— 
 
K E M 
 
 KEN 
 
 tehed the breach at the taking of Oxakow. 
 He also displayed great military skill against 
 the Swedes, and on the restoration of peace 
 was appointed field marshal, and sent on se- 
 veral embassies. Conceiving, however, that 
 his services had not been compensated, 
 he accepted an invitation from the king of 
 Prussia, who gave him a considerable pen- 
 sion, and made him governor of Berlin, and 
 field-marshal. That monarch also took him 
 into his confidence, and made him the com- 
 panion of his travels. He was killed at the 
 battle of Hockerchen,in 1758. — Nouv. Diet. 
 Hist. 
 
 Keller (James), a German jesuit, was 
 born at Seckingen, in 1568. He was con- 
 fessor to the prince of Bavaria, and the con- 
 fident of the emperor Maximilian. He 
 died at Munich, in 1631. He wrote se- 
 veral books under fictitious names. That 
 entitled, Mvsteria poiitica, 1625, 4to. 
 written against France, was censured by 
 the Sorbonne, and sentenced to be burnt. — 
 La\le. 
 
 Keller (John Balthasar), an excellent 
 founder in brass, was a native of Zurich. 
 He cast the equestrian statue of Louis XIV. 
 which was set up at Paris in the Place of 
 Louis the Great. Iveller was made inspect- 
 or of the foundry at the arsenal, and died in 
 1702. His brother John James, who died 
 at Colmar in 1700, excelled in the same art. 
 — Moreri. 
 
 Kelley (Edward), an English alchemist, 
 was born at Worcester in 1555. Hereceived 
 his education at Oxford, which he quitted 
 without taking a degree, and rambling 
 about the country for some offence or other 
 lost his ears at Lancaster, after which he 
 became assistant to Dr. Dee whom he ac- 
 companied abroad. The emperor Rodol- 
 phus II. was so much deceived by Kelley’s 
 pretensions to making gold, that he con- 
 ferred the honour of knighthood on him. 
 He afterwards sent him to prison at Prague, 
 from whence in endeavouring to make his 
 escape by tying the sheets together, he fell 
 and broke both his legs, of which he died in 
 1595. He wrote a poem on chemistry, and 
 another on the philosopher’s stone. — Wood, 
 A 0 
 
 Kelly (Hugh), an Irish dramatic writer, 
 was bred a stavmaker which profession he 
 quitted in London, and became writer to an 
 attorney. Afterwards he turned author 
 with considerable success, and died in 1777. 
 H is works are, False Delicacy ; A Word 
 to the Wise; The School for Wives ; The 
 Romance of an Hour, comedies ; Clemen- 
 tina, a tragedy ; Thespis, a poem in the 
 manner of Churchill’s Rosciad ; Memoirs 
 of a Magdalen, a novel ; and the Babbler, 
 a collection of essays. — Life prefixed to his 
 • works . 
 
 Kempis (Thomas a), a pious writer of 
 the 14th century, was horn at a village of 
 that name, in the diocese of Cologne, in 
 i At the age of 19 he entered into a 
 
 society of canons regular, of mount St. 
 Agnes, near Ywol, where his brother was 
 prior. He led a life of strict devotion, and 
 died in 1471. The Treatise De Imitations 
 Christi, or of the Imitation of Christ, so- 
 universally known under his name, has 
 been variously contested ; some asserting it 
 to be his, and others attributing it to Ab- 
 bot Gerson. The style, however, comports 
 with the acknowledged works of Kempis. 
 — Dupit:. Moreri. 
 
 Ken (Thomas), an English bishop, was 
 horn at Berkhamstead in Hertfordshire, in 
 1637. He was educated at Winchester 
 school, from whence he removed to New 
 college, Oxford, where he was elected 
 fellow. About 1680 he was appointed 
 chaplain to the princess of Orange, whom 
 he accompanied to Holland. He after- 
 wards went with lord Dartmouth to Tan- 
 gier, and on his return was made chaplain 
 to Charles II. whom he attended in his last 
 illness, but was hindered 1 from exercising 
 the duties of his function by the Romish 
 priests. That monarch, who had a great 
 regard for him, nominated him to the bi- 
 shopric of Bath and Wells, which was con- 
 firmed by James II. The bishop governed 
 his diocese in an exemplary manner. He 
 opposed the endeavours of James to intro- 
 duce popery, and was one of the seven bi- 
 shops sent to the Tower for resisting that 
 monarch’s dispensing power. He refused, 
 however, to take the oaths of the Revolu- 
 tion, for which he was deprived. Oueen 
 Anne granted him a pension of 200/. ay ear, 
 and he was universally esteemed for his 
 amiable manners and unaffected piety. 
 He died suddenly at the seat of lord Wey- 
 mouth, in Wiltshire, in 1710. He pub- 
 lished some pious manuals ; and wrote se- 
 veral hymns; an epic poem entitled, Ed- 
 mund; and two sermons: published by his 
 nephew Mr. Hawkins, with his life prefix- 
 ed, in 4 vols. 8vo. — Biog. Brit 
 
 Kendal (George), a nonconformist di- 
 vine, was bom at Dawlish, in Devonshire, 
 and educated at Exeter college, Oxford. 
 Bishop Brownrigg gave him a prebend in 
 the cathedral of Exeter, and in 1647 ]>e be- 
 came rector of Blissland. in Cornwall, from 
 whence he removed to London. In 16’54 
 he took his doctor’s degree. At the Res- 
 toration he recovered his prebend, hut lost 
 that and his living in 1662, for nonconfor- 
 mity. He died in 1663. Dr. ltendai wrote, 
 A Vindication of the Doctrine generally 
 received in the Churches concerning God^ 
 Intentions of special Grace and Favour to 
 his Elect in the Death of Christ, fol. ; the 
 Doctrine of the Perseverance of the Saints, 
 against John Goodwin, folio, &c. — Calamy. 
 Palmer. 
 
 Kennedy (John), a learned physician, 
 was a native of Scotland, and resided at 
 Smyrna some years. He died in 1760. He 
 had a valuable collection of pictures and 
 coins, which after his death was sold by auc« 
 
KEN 
 
 KEN 
 
 tijon. He wrote a dissertation on the Coins 
 ®l Carausius, which occasioned a contro- 
 versy between him and Dr. Stukely. He is 
 not to be confounded with John Kennedy, 
 a divine of the church of England, and 
 rector of Bradley in Derbyshire, who wrote 
 Scripture Chronology, 8vo. 1751 ; An Ex- 
 amination of the Rev. Mr. Jackson’s Chro- 
 nological Antiquities, 8vo. 175"; and the 
 Doctrine of Gommensurahility between the 
 Diurnal and Annual Motions Illustrated, 
 8 vo. 1753. — Anecd. of Bo%uycr. 
 
 Kennedy (James), archbishop of St. 
 Andrews and chancellor of Scotland, 
 was the son of sir William Kennedy by 
 Margaret, daughter of Robert 111. king 
 of Scotland, and born in 1404. He was 
 a great encoitrager of learning, and 
 founded the college of St. Mary, in the 
 university of St. Andrews. He died in 
 1472. — Gen . Biog. Diet. 
 
 Kennet (White), an English prelate, 
 was the son of Basil Kennet, vicar of Post- 
 ling in Kent, and born at Dover, in 1G60, 
 and educated at St. Edmund hall, Oxford, 
 where he distinguished himself by his 
 abilities, and published several pieces, par- 
 ticularly a translation of the Morix Enco- 
 mium of Erasmus. In 16'84 he took his 
 degree of M. A. and was presented to the 
 vicarage of Amersden,in Oxfordshire. As 
 he was shooting, the gun burst, by which 
 accident his skull was laid open, so that he 
 was ever after obliged to wear a patch of 
 black velvet. In 1693 he obtained the rec- 
 tory of Shottesbrook in Berkshire. In 
 1695 he commenced D. D. and the year fol- 
 lowing was presented to the living of St. 
 Botolph, Aldgate, being then archdeacon 
 of Lincoln. In 1701 he engaged in the 
 controversy on the rights of convocation 
 against Dr. Atterbury. In 1707 he was 
 made dean of Peterborough, but he was at 
 this time very unpopular, owing to his 
 whig principles, and his opposition to Dr. 
 Sacheverel. Dr. Welton, rector of White- 
 chapel, presenting an altar-piece, represent* 
 ing the last supper, to his -church, Gaused 
 the figure intended for Judas Iscariot to be 
 drawn like the dean of Peterborough, with 
 a black patch. This giving great offence, 
 the bishop of London oidered it to be taken 
 down. In 1718 he was preferred to the 
 bishopric of. Peterborough. He died in 
 1728. Pie published a collection of Eng- 
 lish historians, under the title of the Com- 
 plete Elistory of England, in 3 vols. folio, 
 the last of which was written by himself. 
 He also wrote the Life or William Somner, 
 the Antiquary, 8vo. ; Historical Account 
 of Appropriations ; and several sermons 
 and miscellaneous tracts. — Wood's A. 0. 
 jBioa-. Brit. 
 
 Kennet (Basil), brother of the above. 
 Was born at Postling in Kent, in 16 74, and 
 educated at Corpus Christi college, Oxford, 
 in 1696 lie published his Roma Antiqu* 
 Kotitia, or the Antiquities of Rome, 8m a 
 
 book of considerable utility. The year fol- 
 lowing lie was chosen fellow of his" college, 
 and published the Lives of the Grecian 
 Poets. In 1706 he was appointed chap- 
 lain to the English factory at Leghorn, 
 where he ran a great risk of his life 
 from the inquisition. In 1714 he re- 
 turned to England, and commenced D. D. 
 but he died at the close of the sar*e year. 
 He published sermons, and several trans- 
 lations of foreign writers. — Ibid. 
 
 Kenneth II. the 69th king of Scotland, 
 succeeded Alpin his father, in 823. He 
 made war upon the Piets, and subdued 
 their dominions beyond the North, which 
 he divided among his soldiers. He trans- 
 lated the stone chair to Scone, where his 
 successors were crowned, till it was remov- 
 ed to England by Edward I. He died in 
 854. — Buchanan . 
 
 Kenneth III. was the son of Malcolm. 
 He subdued the Britons of Strathcluyd, 
 and was equally successful against the Danes, 
 who had invaded his dominions. But at- 
 tempting to alter the succession of the 
 crown in favour of his family, the people 
 assassinated him in 994. — Ibid. 
 
 Kennicott (Benjamin), a learned di- 
 vine, was born in 1718., at Totness, in De- 
 vonshire, of which pla.ee his father was 
 parish-clerk. By the liberality of some 
 gentlemen, he was sent to Exeter college, 
 Oxford, where he applied to his studies 
 with such diligence, that while an under- 
 graduate he published two dissertations orr 
 the Tree of Life, and Cain and Abel, for 
 which the university presented him his 
 bachelor’s degree, without fees, and before 
 he had completed his terms. He next un- 
 dertook to publish a correct edition of the 
 text of the Hebrew Scriptures, collated 
 from ancient manuscripts. In this great 
 work, for which he was admirably fitted 
 by patience, industry, and learning, he met 
 with extensive encouragement, and many' 
 sovereigns and other illustrious personages 
 appeared in his list of subscribers. To en- 
 able him to perfect his design, he was 
 made keeper of the RadclifFe library, and 
 canon of Christ church. The first volume 
 he published in 1776, and the last, which is 
 the 8th, in 1780. He died at Oxford, in 
 1783. After his death appeared his Re- 
 marks on certain Passages of the Old Tes- 
 tament. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Iyenrick (William), a miscellaneous wri- 
 ter, was born at Watford, in Hertfordshire, 
 and bred a rule-maker, which profes- 
 sion he abandoned for literature. To im- 
 prove himself he went to Leyden, and af- 
 terwards settled in London, where he pub- 
 lished in 1759 Epistles philosophical and 
 moral in verse, a work of little merit. Urv 
 1766 appeared his comedy of Ealstaff’s 
 Wedding, which is ah admirable imitation 
 of Sliakspeare. He was some time a write* 
 in the Monthly Review, but differing with 
 the proprietors; he set up another Journal- 
 
K E R 
 
 KEN 
 
 Ja opposition to it, called the London Re- 
 view. He was also editor of the Morning 
 Chronicle ; but a quarrel with the proprie- 
 tor induced him to start a paper against it, 
 without success. He translated Rousseau’s 
 Emilius and Eloisa, and other works, from 
 the French, and published several original 
 pieces. He died in 1779. — Biog. Dram. 
 
 Kent (William), an English painter and 
 architect, was a native of Yorkshire, and 
 bred to the profession of coach-painting, 
 which he quitted for the higher branches of 
 the art. In 1710 he went to Italy, where 
 he became acquainted with the earl of Bur- 
 lington, through whom he gained consider- 
 able employment, and was appointed prin- 
 cipal painter and architect to the king. He 
 was however an indifferent painter, though 
 a good architect. He was the great im- 
 prover of modern gardening. Me died in 
 1748, aged 43. — Gen. Biog. Bid. 
 
 Kentigern, or St. Mungo, a Scotchman, 
 was the disciple of Palladius in the sixth 
 century. Camden says he was bishop of 
 Glasgow, and a member of the university 
 of ©xford. He is also said to have founded 
 the rnonastery of St. Asp.ph.—Moreri. 
 
 Kenyon (Lloyd, lord), an eminent 
 judge, was born at Gredington, in Flint- 
 shire, in 1733, being the eldest son of Lloyd 
 Kenyon, esq. of Briyno in that county. He 
 received his education at Ruthin school in 
 Denbighshire, after which he was articled 
 to Mr. Tomlinson, an attorney at Nant- 
 vvich, in Cheshire. After serving his clerk- 
 ship he became a member of the society of 
 Lincoln’s Inn, and was called to the bar in 
 1761. Having practised as a conveyancer 
 some years, his reputation as a sound law- 
 yer brought him into great notice at the 
 chancery bar ; but he does not appear to 
 have made a conspicuous figure till 1780, 
 when he led the defence, with Mr. Erskme, 
 for lord George Gordon. In 1782 Mr. 
 Kenyon was made attorney general and 
 chief justice of Chester. He was also re- 
 turned to parliament for Hindon in Wilt- 
 shire. In 1784 he was appointed master of 
 the rolls ; and on the resignation of the earl 
 of Mansfield in 1788, by the interference of 
 lord Thurlow, he was raised to the office 
 «f chief justice of the king’s bench, and 
 created baron Kenyon. As a judge his 
 lordship conducted himself with strict in- 
 tegrity, and though he was occasionally 
 warm, it was never from petulance, but 
 from his ardent love of justice. Lord 
 Kenyon was a steady friend to the estab- 
 lished church, correct in his mode of liv- 
 ing, and resolutely punished fashionable 
 vice whenever it came before him. The 
 death of his eldest son, a very premising 
 oung man, in a decline, is supposed to 
 ave produced the black jaundice, of which 
 he died at Bath, April 2, 1802. He left 
 two sons, George, the present lord, and 
 the hon. Thomas Kenyon, — G’fwA M a g< 
 Monthly 
 
 Kepler (John), a famous astronomer, 
 was born at Weil in the duchy of Wir- 
 temberg in 1571. He received his 
 education at Tubingen, and in 1593 was 
 appointed professor of mathematics at 
 Gratz. In 1600 he went to Bohemia on the 
 invitation of Tycho Brahe, by whom he 
 was introduced to the emperor Rude ph us, 
 who appointed him his mathematician. 
 Kepler completed the tables left unfinished 
 by Tycho, and which he called the Rudol- 
 phine Tables. In 1613 he was at the as- 
 sembly at Ratisbon, and assisted in the re- 
 formation of the calendar. He died there 
 in 1630. He was the author of many 
 works on astronomy, besides bis Tables 
 and Ephemerides, as, 1 . Physica Celes- 
 tis, Tradita Commentarius de Motibus Stel- 
 la Martis; 2. Epitome Astronomic Coper- 
 nicanse; 3. Somnium Astronomicum, de 
 Astronomia Lunari, &c. His s«n Lewis 
 was a physician at Konigsberg. He pub- 
 lished his father's Somnium Astronomicum, 
 and died in 1663. — Buyle. Hutton. 
 
 Kepfei. (Augustus viscount), a celebra- 
 ted, English admiral, was the second sou 
 of William earl of Albemarle. He ac- 
 companied commodore Anson in hi# 
 voyage round the world, and afterwards 
 raised himself to the first honours of his 
 profession. In 1778 he commanded the 
 channel fleet, and July 12 that year fell in 
 with the French under count d’Orvilliers 
 off Ushant. A partial action ensued, 
 which the English admiral thought to have 
 renewed in the morning, but the enemy had 
 retired. This affair gave great dissatisfac- 
 tion to the nation, which was aggravated by 
 sir Hugh Palliser, second in command, pre- 
 ferring a charge against admiral KeppeJ, 
 who was honourably acquitted by a court 
 martial at Portsmouth. Sir Hugh was 
 then tried and censured. In 1782 admiral 
 Keppel was raised to the peerage : he was 
 also at two separate periods first lord of 
 the admiralty. He was a thorough seaman, 
 and a man of great humanity and integrity. 
 He died in 1786. — Gent. Mug. 
 
 Kerkchove (Joseph van der), an histo- 
 rical painter of Bruges, was born in 16'6'9, 
 and died in 1724. In the town hall of Os- 
 ten.d there is a fine piece by him, repre- 
 senting the council of the gods — Pdkington. 
 
 Kerckring (Thomas), a learned physi- 
 cian, who was- the duke of Tuscany’s resi- 
 dent at- Hamburgh, and fellow of the royal 
 society of London. Fie died in 1693. Hi# 
 works are, 1. Spicilegium Anatomicum, 
 4to. ; 2. Anthropogenic Ichnographia ; 
 this last is a curious work. — Moreri. 
 
 Kerguelin de Tremara (Yves Joseph), 
 a French naval commander, who wrote, 1„ 
 Relation of a Voyage in the North Sea, 
 1767-8, 1 vol. 4to. ; Relation of the Na- 
 val FI vents of the War between France and 
 England, in 1778, &c. He died in 1797.-— 
 Bfouui. Bid. 
 
 Kuu (Fraaci* Borgia), an Hungarian jo 
 
KET 
 
 K 1 D 
 
 suit, who published a History of the Empe- 
 rors of the East, and another of the Otto- 
 man princes. He was likewise a good as- 
 tronomer, and made some improvements on 
 the telescope. He died in 1769 . — Nowv. 
 Did. Hut. 
 
 Kerkherdere (John Gerard), historio- 
 grapher to the emperor Joseph I. was born 
 near Maestricht in 1673, and died in 1733. 
 He wrote in Latin a Commentary on Da- 
 niel, and a treatise on the Seat of the Ter- 
 restrial Paradise. — Ibid. 
 
 Kersey (John), an English mathemati- 
 cian, was born at Bodicot, near Banbury 
 in Oxfordshire, in 1616 , and died about 
 1790. He wrote an excellent work on al- 
 gebra, in 1 vol. folio, honourably noticed in 
 the Philosophical Transactions. He also 
 published an improved edition of Wingate’s 
 Arithmetic; and a Dictionary of Hard 
 W ords. — Granger. 
 
 Kervillars (John Marin de), a French 
 jesuit, who published a translation of Ovid’s 
 Fasti and Elegies. He had also a concern 
 in the Memoirs of de Trevoux. He died 
 in 1745. — Nuuv. D ct. Hist. 
 
 Kkssel (John van), an eminent painter, 
 was born at Antwerp, in 1626 He was fa- 
 mous as a painter of flowers, birds, and in- 
 sects, which he executed according to the 
 different seasons of the year. His pieces 
 are very scarce. He was also eminent in 
 portrait painting, and imitated Vandvck. 
 His son Ferdinand painted in the same line, 
 hut not with equal ability. He lived in the 
 royal palace at Warsaw, being patronized 
 by John Sobieski. He had a nephew who 
 lived at Antwerp, and painted in the man- 
 ner of Teniers. — Houbraien. 
 
 Ketel (Cornelius), a Dutch painter of 
 history and portrait, who came to England, 
 and painted the picture of queen Elizabeth 
 and the portraits of several of the nobility. 
 After his return to Holland he laid aside 
 his pencils, and painted with the tops of his 
 fingers, and even his toes. He died in lo02. 
 —Granger. 
 
 Kett (William), a tanner of Norfolk, 
 who in the reign of Edward VI. excited a 
 revolt against the government. The in- 
 surgents, amounting to near twenty thou- 
 sand, marched to Norwich, which they 
 took, and Kett formed a tribunal under a 
 large oak, called the tree of reformation. 
 They first protested only against inclosures 
 and the exactions of the nobility and gen- 
 try, but they afterwards inveighed against 
 innovations in religion, and demanded the 
 restoration of popery. After defeating 
 the marquis of Northampton they wese 
 routed by the earl of Warwick, and Kett 
 with several others were hung upon the 
 tree of reformation in 1549 . — Rjpin . Cam- 
 den. 
 
 Kettleweel (John), a pious divine, 
 was born at North Allerton, in Yorkshire, 
 in 1653. He was educated at St. Edmund 
 
 hall, Oxford, and afterwards chosen fellow 
 
 of Lincoln College, Oxford, where he be» 
 came an eminent tutor, in 1681 he pub- 
 lished his book, entitled, Measures of 
 Christian Obedience, which brought him 
 considerable reputation, and the vicarage 
 of Coleshil!, in Warwickshire, was given 
 him by lord Digby. At the Revolution he 
 refused the oaths, and in consequence was 
 deprived of his preferment. He then set- 
 tled in London, where he was held in great 
 esteem by all good men. He died in 1695. 
 Besides the above he wrote a Help and Ex- 
 hortation to worthy Communicating, or a 
 Treatise describing the Meaning, worthy 
 Reception, Duty and Benefits, of the Holy 
 Sacrament, 1 2mo. The Practical Believer, 
 8vo. Of Christian Prudence 8vo. The 
 Duty of Allegiance settled, 8vo. Death 
 made Comfortable, and other pieces ; col- 
 lected into two vols. folio, with his life pre- 
 fixed. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Keulen (Janssen van), a portrait paint- 
 er, was born in London of Dutch parents, 
 and before Vandyck came to England, was 
 in great favour with Charles I. Though 
 that great painter supplanted him in his 
 profession, a warm friendship subsisted be- 
 tween them. He died in 1665. — Vertue. 
 
 Keyslek (John George), a German an- 
 tiquary, was born at Thornau, in 1689. 
 On coming to England he entered of Ed- 
 mund hall, Oxford, where he applied to the 
 study of the civil law. On leaving the 
 university he became travelling tutor to 
 some young noblemen, and spent many 
 years in that capacity. He was a fellow of 
 the royal society, aud was found dead in his 
 bed in 1743. He wrote an interesting ac- 
 count of his travels, translated into English 
 in 1 756. He was also the author of a work 
 entitled, Antiquitates select® Septenrrio- 
 nales et Celtic®, and a Dissertation on the 
 Antiquity and Origin of Stonehenge. — Gen. 
 Biog. Did. 
 
 Kiierashof (Michael), a Russian poet 
 in the 18th century, who published a poem 
 on the use of science, and an epic, called 
 the Rossiado, the subject of which is the 
 conquest of Casan by Iwan Vasselievitch II. 
 He was vice-president of the college of 
 mines, counsellor of state, and curator of 
 the university of Moscow. — Coxe's Travels. 
 
 Khii.kof (prince), a Russian nobleman, 
 and ambassador to Charles XII. who threw 
 him into prison when war broke out 
 between the two countries. In this confine- 
 ment he wrote an abridgment of the Rus- 
 sian History. He died as he was about to 
 be restored to his liberty after an impri- 
 sonment of eighteen years His work was 
 published in 1770, Kvo. by Mi. Her. — Ibid. 
 
 KIjck (Cornelius), a flower painter of 
 Amsterdam, was born in 1635, and died in 
 1675. His manner of painting was delicate, 
 and his colouring brilliant, shewing all the 
 freshness of nature. — Houbraien. 
 
 Kidder (Richard), a learned prelate, 
 was born in Suffolk, and educated at 
 
K I L 
 
 K I L 
 
 Emanuel college, Cambridge, by which so- 
 ciety he was presented to a living in Hun- 
 tingdonshire, from whence he was ejected 
 for nonconformity in 106,2, but afterwards 
 he complied, and obtained the rectory of 
 Raine in Essex. In 1674 he was presented 
 to the living of St. Martin Outwich, Lon- 
 don -. and in 1689 made dean of Peterbo- 
 rough. On the deprivation of Dr. Ken, 
 bishop of Bath and Wells, for refusing the 
 oaths, he was promoted to that see. He 
 was killed in bed with his ladv by the fall 
 of a stack of chimneys on his palace at 
 Wells, in the great storm Nov. 3, 1703. 
 Besides several sermons and religious tracts, 
 he published a valuable work, entitled, a 
 Demonstration of the Coming of the Mes- 
 siah, 3 vols. in 8vo. and 1 vol. folio. — Biop. 
 Brit. 
 
 Kien Long, emperor of China, who 
 died at the end of the eighteenth century, 
 aged ninety, having reigned above sixty 
 years. He wrote some poetical pieces, and 
 when lord Macartney went thither as am- 
 bassador he gave him some of his verses to 
 present to the king. He favoured the mis- 
 sionaries, and was in all respects a very 
 amiable monarch. — Staunton's Embassy to Chi- 
 na. Noun. Diet'. 
 
 ICierings (Alexander), a landscape paint- 
 er of Utrecht, was born in 1590, and died in 
 1646. His views were copied from nature, 
 and he finished them with amazing pa- 
 tience, even the bark and the fibres of the 
 trees being distinctly marked. — PUkingtcn. 
 
 Kiebye (Richard), an English divine, was 
 born at Radcliffe in Leicestershire, and be- 
 came fellow of Lincoln college, Oxford, in 
 1577. In 1590 he was elected rector of 
 that college, and afterwards was made He- 
 brew professor, and prebendary of Lincoln. 
 He was one of the translators of the present 
 version of the Bible, and printed some ser- 
 mons. He died in 1620. There was ano- 
 ther divine of both his names who was mi- 
 nister of Allhallows in Derby, and died in 
 1617. He wrote the Burthen of a loaden 
 Conscience, which bqok went through se- 
 veral editions. — Wood. 
 
 Kilburn (Richard), an English topogra- 
 pher, is supposed to have been a native of 
 Kent, of which county he wrote a Survey, 
 published in 1659 in 4to. at which time the 
 author was fifty-four years of age. — Kennel's 
 Life of Somncr. 
 
 Kilian (Cornelius), a native of Brabant, 
 who was corrector of the press to PlaDtin 
 for half a century. He published an Apo- 
 logy for Correctors of the Press, against 
 Authors; also Etymologicon Lingure Teu- 
 tonics, and some Latin Poems. He died in 
 1607 . — Baylc. 
 
 Kieligrew (Katherine), the daughter of 
 sir Anthony Cooke, was born at Giddy- 
 hall in Essex, about 1530. She married sir 
 Henry Kiliigrew of Cornwall, and was a 
 lady of great accomplishments, being mis- 
 ters of the Hebrew, Greek, and Latin 
 
 languages. She had also a turn for poetry, 
 and died about 1600. — Ballard's British La- 
 dies. 
 
 Kieligrew (William), a dramatic wri- 
 ter, was the son of sir Robert Kiliigrew, and 
 born at Hanworth hi Middlesex in ,1605. 
 He received his education at St John’s col- 
 lege, Oxford, after which he went on his 
 travels, At his return he was made gover- 
 nor of Falmouth and Pendennis castle For 
 his faithful services to Charles I. he suffered 
 considerably in his estate. At the Restora- 
 tion he was knighted, and made vice-cham- 
 berlain to the king. He died in 1693. Be- 
 sides the following plays, viz. the Siege of 
 Urbin, Selindra, Ormasdes, or Love and 
 Friendship, he wrote Midnight and Daily 
 Thoughts in prose and verse, 8vo.; the Art- 
 less Midnight Thoughts of a Gentleman at 
 Court, Svo, — IV ood , A. 0. Biog- Dram. 
 
 Kieligrew (Thomas), brother of the 
 preceding, was born in 1611. He was page 
 to Charles I. and groom of the bedchamber 
 to Charles II. He wrote nine piays, which 
 were collected into a folio volume in 1664. 
 Fie died in 1682. This is the man who is 
 commonly called king Charles’s jester. He 
 had however more wit in conversation than 
 in writing — Ibid. 
 
 Killigrew (Henry), brother of the 
 above, was born in 1612, and educated at 
 Christ church, Oxford, where he proceed- 
 ed doctor in divinity in 1642, in which year 
 he was made prebendary of Westminster. 
 He suffered much for his loyalty in the 
 Rebellion, but at the P.estoration recovered 
 his prebend, and was appointed master of 
 the Savoy, ‘and rector of Wheathamstead 
 in Hertfordsh're. He wrote the Conspi- 
 racy, a tragedy, 1638, 4to. ; Pallantus and 
 Eudora, a tragedy, 1652 fol. ; and sermons 
 on several occasions. He died about 1680. 
 —Ibid. 
 
 Killigrew (Anne), a beautiful and ac- 
 complished lady, was the daughter of the 
 last-mentioned, and born in Westminster. 
 She received a liberal education, and distin- 
 guished herself in painting, and drew the 
 portraits of the duke and duchess of York 
 in a beautiful manner. She was also emi- 
 nent for her piety, and died of the small- 
 pox in 1685, aged 25. The year after ap- 
 peared her poems in 4to. with an elegiac 
 ode by Dryden prefixed. — Ibid. 
 
 KilwarbeM (Arthur Wolfe, lord), chief 
 justice of the king’s bench in Ireland, was 
 born of an obscure family, but educated at 
 Trinity college, Dublin, and in 1766 called 
 to the bar. He was soon appointed king’s 
 counsel, and brought into parliament. In 
 1757 he was made solicitor genei al, and two 
 years afterwards attorney general. On the 
 death of lord Clonmcll he was appointed 
 chief justice of the king’s bench, in which 
 dignity he conducted himself with im- 
 partiality and moderation. Notwithstand- 
 ing this he fell a victim to a ferocious mob; 
 who dragged him from his coach, with his 
 p P 
 
K i N 
 
 K I N 
 
 nephew, the rev. Richard Wolfe, and bar- 
 barously piked them in Thomas-street, 
 Dublin, July 2:5, 1803. Miss Wolfe, Ids 
 lordship’s daughter, was in the coach, but 
 one of the mob took her under Ids protec- 
 tion, and conveyed her to a place of safety. 
 — Gent. Mag. 
 
 Ivxmber (Isaac), a dissenting divine, was 
 born at Wantage in Berkshire, in 1692, and 
 died in London in 1758. 1 le was editor of 
 
 the London Magazine many years, and 
 wrote, 1. The Life of Oliver Cromwell, 
 8'vo. ; 2. The Life of Bishop Beveridge, 
 prefixed to his works; 3. The History of 
 England, 4 vols. 8vo. ; 4. Twenty posthu- 
 mous Sermons, 8vo. &c. 
 
 Kimber (Edward), son of the above, 
 was born in 1719. He was brought up a 
 bookseller, but entered into the army, and 
 served in America with reputation. He 
 succeeded his father as editor of the Lon- 
 don Magazine, and compiled tiie Pocket 
 Peerage of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 
 and a History of England in 10 vols. 8vo. 
 He was also the author of Joe Thompson, a 
 novel, and other works. He died in 1 769. 
 
 Kimchi (David), a Jewish rabbi and 
 commentator of the thirteenth century. 
 He was a native of Spain, and had two bro- 
 thers, Joseph and Moses, both men of 
 learning. David’s Commentary on the Old 
 Testament is a work of great value. He 
 was appointed in 12:32 to arbitrate the dif- 
 ferences between the French and Spanish 
 synagogues respecting the books of Maimo- 
 nides. His Hebrew grammar was printed 
 at Venice, in 1545, and his Talmudical dic- 
 tionary in 1506, fob — Basnigr. 
 
 Kinaston (Francis), the son, of sir Ed- 
 ward Kinaston, was born in Shropshire, and 
 educated at Oriei college, Oxford, but took 
 his degree of M. A. at Cambridge. Being 
 introduced at court, he received the honour 
 of knighthood. He was the first regent of 
 an academy or society called the Mu- 
 sseuni Minerva, the constitutions of which 
 he published in 1636. He translated from 
 English into Latin Chaucer’s Troilus and 
 Cressid. He died in 1642. — Wood, A. 0. 
 
 Ivin g (John) a learned prelate, was horn 
 at Wornal,in Buckinghamshire, about 1559, 
 and educated at Westminster school, from 
 whence he removed to Christ church, Ox- 
 ford. On entering into orders he obtained 
 various preferments, and in 161 1 was made 
 bishop of London. Fie died in 1621. He 
 published letters on Jonah, and several 
 sermons.-— Wood. Biog. Bit. 
 
 Iving (Henry), son of tire preceding, was 
 born at Wornal in 1591. He became stu- 
 ent of Christ church, Oxford, in 1608, 
 and after obtaining several stations in the 
 church, was made bishop of Chichester 
 rn 1641, but suffered considerably in the 
 civil wars. At the Restoration he recover- 
 ed his bishopric, and died in 1569. His 
 works are, Sermons ; Exposition of the 
 Lord’s Prayer; A poetical Version of tbs 
 
 Psalms of David; Poems in Latin, Greek, 
 and English. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Kino (John), second son of the bishop 
 of London, was a student of Christ 
 church, Oxford,, public orator of the uni- 
 versity, and canon of Christ church and 
 of Windsor. He died in 1639. He wrote 
 Oratio panegyrica de atispicato Caroli prin- 
 cipis in regnum Hispanicum adventu ; Gra- 
 tulatio pro Carolo reduce Oxoniensium no- 
 mine lecitata; Cenotaphium Jacobi, sive 
 laudatio fttnebris pise & felicis memor. Jam 
 Mag. Brit. Reg. and some sermons. — Ibid. 
 
 King (Edward), an iifgenious and pro- 
 mising young man, who was fellow of Christ 
 college, Cambridge, in 1633, and was 
 drowned not long after in his passage from 
 Chester to Ireland, which melancholy event 
 occasioned Milton’s beautiful poem of Ly- 
 cidas. Some of Mr. King’s poems are in 
 Nichols’s collection of the poets. — Gen. Biog. 
 Diet. 
 
 King (William), an ingenious writer, 
 was born in London, in 1663, and educated 
 at Westminster school, from whence he was 
 elected to Christ church, Oxford, of which 
 he became student, and entered on the law 
 line. His first performance was a Vindi- 
 cation of Wickliffe from the aspersions of 
 V alias. In 1692 he accumulated the de- 
 grees of bachelor and doctor in civil law, 
 and the same year was admitted a member 
 of Doctors’ Commons. In 1694 he pub- 
 lished Animadversions on I.ord Moles- 
 worth’s Account of Denmark, for which 
 he was appointed secretary to the princess 
 Anne. In 1696 he joined in the contro- 
 versv relative to Phalaris’s Epistles, and 
 was rudely handled by Bentley on that 
 occasion. Being more a man of pleasure 
 than business, he involved himself in diffi- 
 culties, to relieve him from which he was 
 appointed judge to the admiralty at Dub- 
 lin, commissioner of prizes, and keeper of 
 the records there. He returned from thence 
 not much richer than he went, in 1708. 
 Being a zealous tory he interested himself 
 greatly in the cause of Dr. Sacheverel, and 
 wrote some humorous pamphlets on that 
 occasion. In 1711 he was appointed ga- 
 zette-writer, but resigned the post in 1712, 
 in which year he died, and was buried in 
 the cloisters of Westminster abbey. He 
 was a writer of considerable humour both 
 in prose and verse. Besides his fugitive 
 pieces, which have been collected into 3- 
 vols. 8vo. he published an Account of the 
 Heathen Gods, 12mo. for the use of West- 
 minster school. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 King (William), an Irish prelate, was 
 born at Antrim, in 1650, and brought up 
 at Trinity college, Dublin. lie resisted 
 popery in the reign of James II., for which 
 at the Revolution he was made dean of 
 St. Patrick’s, and in 1690 bishop of Derry. 
 The year following he published The State 
 of the Protestants in Ireland, and in 1694 a 
 Discourse concerning the Inventions of Men 
 
K I N 
 
 K I P 
 
 in the Worship of Gotl* against the Dissent- King (sir Edmund), an English physiciart 
 ers, which brought him into a controversy and chemist. Charles II. used frequently to 
 with AFr. Boyse. In 1702 appeared his amuse himself in his laboratory. He attend- 
 greatest work, on the Origin of Evil, in ed that monarch in his last illness, and was 
 Latin, which was animadverted upon by ordered one thousand pounds, which he 
 Bayle, Leibnitz, and others. In that never received. In the Philosophical 
 year lie was promoted to the archbishop- Transactions, are some observations by 
 ric of Dublin, where he died in 1729. him on ants, and the animalcula in pepper, 
 Dr. Edmund Law, bishop of Carlisle, pub- also a paper on transfusing blood from a 
 lished a corrected and enlarged edition of calf to a sheep. The time of hjs death is 
 his book on the Origin of Evil, in English, not known. — Granger. 
 with notes.— Blog. Brit. King (Thomas), an eminent comedian. 
 
 King (Peter), chancellor of England, was born in Westminster in 1730. He re- 
 
 was born at Exeter, in 1669. His father 
 was a grocer in that city, and intended him 
 for the same business ; but a love of learn- 
 ing rendered him superior to trade, 
 and he was suffered to follow his inclina- 
 tion. Mr. Locke, who was his maternal 
 uncle, left him half his library at his death, 
 which was of great service to him. By the 
 advice of the same great man he went to 
 Leyden ; and at his return entered of the 
 Inner Temple, where he applied to the law 
 with great assiduity. He also devoted 
 some time to other studies, particularly 
 theology, and in 1691 published, without 
 his name, An Enquiry into the Constitu- 
 tion, Discipline, Unity, and Worship of 
 the Primitive Church, that flourished with- 
 in the first 300 years after Christ, 8vo. 
 This work was well received, and soon 
 reached a second edition. In 1699 he was 
 chosen member of parliament for Beeral- 
 ston, in Devonshire. In 1702 appeared his 
 History of the Apostles’ Creed, 8vo. It is a 
 book of considerable information, and well 
 written. In 1708 he was chosen recorder 
 ! of London, and knighted. In 1709 he 
 was appointed one of the managers of 
 the house of commons cn the trial of Sache- 
 verel. At the accession of George I. he 
 was made chief justice of the court of com- 
 mon pleas, and in 1725 created lord King, 
 baron of Ockham in Surrey, and shortly 
 after was appointed lord chancellor. He 
 i resigned the seals in 1733, and died the 
 t same year, leaving four sons and two 
 j daughters. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 King (William), an English civilian, and 
 i ingenious writer, was born at Stepney in 
 1685, and educated at Baliol college, Ox- 
 ford. In 1718 he was chosen principal of 
 St. Mary hall; but, on offering himself a 
 I candidate to represent the university, he 
 resigned that place. Being disappointed 
 he went to Ireland, but how long he re- 
 mained there is not known. While in Ire- 
 land he wrote a satirical poem, entitled, 
 The Toast. In 1719 he spoke the oration 
 in the theatre at Oxford, on the dedication 
 of Radcliffe’s library. Dr. King was a 
 i zealous tory, and generally considered as 
 disaffected to the Brunswick family, which 
 brought upon him much abuse. He pub- 
 lished several curious tracts t of his own, 
 
 I and five volumes of South’s Sermons. He 
 died in 1763 . — Gen. Blog. Diet, 
 
 ceived a good education, and was intended 
 for trade, which he renounced for the stage 
 before he was twenty. He first rose to 
 fame in Dublin, after fohich he appeared 
 at Drury-lane to great advantage. The 
 principal character which stamped his re- 
 putation was that of Lord Ogleby. In dry 
 sarcastic humour no man excelled him. 
 His performance of S'ir Peter Teazle in the 
 School for Scandal was admirable. By an 
 unfortunate propensity to gaming, he lost 
 all that he had acquired in many years. Pie 
 died in 1S05. — 71 loathly IVlag. European. 
 Mag. 
 
 King (John Glen), an English divine, and 
 chaplain to the factory at Petersburg, was 
 a native of Norfolk, and educated at Caius 
 college, Cambridge, where he took his de- 
 gree of D.D. He became medallist to the 
 empress of Russia, and died in 1787. His 
 works are, 1. The Rites and Ceremonies of 
 the Greek Church, containing an Account 
 of its Doctrine, Worship, and Discipline; 
 
 2. Observations on the Climate of Russia 
 and the Northern Countries, with » View 
 of the Flying Mountains near Petersburgh ; 
 
 3. Observations on the Barberini Vase. — - 
 Gent. Mag. 
 
 Kippingius (Henry), a learned lutheran, 
 was born at Rostock, and took the degree 
 of Ad. A. at the university. He was press- 
 ed for a soldier, but a Swedish counsellor of * 
 state observing him with a Latin book in 
 his hand, took him from the army, made 
 him his librarian, and procured him the 
 place of sub-rector of the university of 
 Bremen. He died in 1678. He wrote Sup- 
 plement to the History of John Pappus ; a 
 Treatise of Roman Antiquities; and ano- 
 ther on the Creation. — Morcri. 
 
 Kirns (Andrew), an English divine and 
 biographical writer, was born at Notting- 
 ham in 1727, and educated under Dr. Dod- 
 dridge, at Northampton. His first settle- 
 ment, as a minister, was at Boston, in Lin- 
 colnshire, in 1746. From thence he re- 
 moved to Dorking, in Surrey, in 1750, 
 and in 1753 became pastor of a congrega- 
 tion in Princes-street, Westminster. He 
 was a writer in the Monthly Review some 
 time; and in 1761 had a share in a pe- 
 riodical work, called the Library, which 
 failed. Two years afterwards he was cho- 
 sen philological tutor in the academy 
 for the education of dissenting ministers. 
 Pp 2 
 
K I R 
 
 KIR 
 
 supported by the friends of Mr. Coward. 
 
 In 1773 he published a Vindication of the 
 Protestant dissenting Ministers, with regard 
 to their late Application to Parliament, 
 which brought him into a controversy 
 with dean Tucker. In 1777 he became 
 the editor of the new edition of the Bio- 
 graphia Britannica, in which capacity 
 he greatly distinguished himself. Five vo- 
 lumes of this work were published in his 
 life-time, and the greatest part of the sixth 
 was prepared before his death. In 1788 he 
 published the Life of Captain Cook, in one 
 volume, 4to., and the same year a Life of 
 Dr. Lardner prefixed to his works. Dr. 
 Kipp is was also the writer of the History of 
 Knowledge, &c. in the New Annual Re- 
 gister, and a variety of other pieces, par- 
 ticularly sermons and tracts. He received 
 the degree of D. D. from the university of 
 Edinburgh, and was a fellow of theroyaland 
 antiquarian societies. He was an intelligent 
 and industrious writer, and his style is pure 
 and perspicuous. He died in 1795, and 
 was interred in the burving-ground of Bun- 
 hill -fields. — Necrology. 
 
 Kiucii (Mary Margaret), a learned wo- 
 man who distinguished herself by her skill 
 in astronomy, was the daughter of Mathias 
 Winkelman, a lutheran divine, and born 
 near Leipsic, in 1670. She married M. 
 Godfrey Kirch, an able astronomer, who 
 was a native of Luben in Lower l.usati t. 
 -Madame Kirch assisted her husband in his 
 astronomical observations, and in the cal- 
 culation of his Ephemerides. When the 
 king of Prussia founded the academy of 
 sciences at Berlin in 1700, M. Kirch was 
 appointed astronomer, with a pension. 
 1'here his lady acquired the friendship and 
 admiration of all the learned. In 1702 she 
 discovered a cornet, of which her husband 
 published their observations. In 1707 she 
 made a discovery of a remarkable aurora 
 Dorealis, of which mention was made by 
 The academy of sciences at Paris Mr. Kirch 
 died in 1710, and the year following his 
 widow published a discourse on the ap- 
 proaching conjunction of Saturn, Jupiter, 
 See. She died at Berlin in 1720. Her son 
 Christian Frederick was astronomer to the 
 academy of sciences at Berlin, and acquired 
 great reputation by his observations. He 
 died in 1740, aged 46. — Moreri. Notre. Diet. 
 
 Kircher (Athanasius), a learned jesuit, 
 was born at Fulde, in Germany, in 1601. 
 He settled at the Jesuits’ college at Avignon 
 about 1635, and was called from thence to 
 Rome to teach the mathematics, where he 
 died in 1680. His works evince a great 
 extent and depth of learning: tlic princi- 
 pal are, 1. CEdipus .JEgyptiaeus : hoc est, 
 Universalis Hieroglyphic® veterum doctri- 
 ne temporum injuria abolite instauratio, 
 1652, 4 vols. folio; 2. Ars Magnesia; 3. Lin- 
 gua gyp tinea reslituta ; 4. Mundus Sub- 
 terraneus, in quo universe nature ma- 
 jestas et divide demonscraptur; 5. Orga- 
 
 non Mathematicum *d discipl’nas mathe- 
 maticas facili methodo addiscendas. — Nii 
 
 ceron. 
 
 Kircher (Conrad), a protestant divine 
 of Augsburg, who published a Greek Con* 
 cordance of the Old Testament in 1602. He 
 has inserted the Hebrew words alphabeti- 
 cally, and under them the corresponding 
 Greek words. — Moreri. 
 
 Kirciiman (John), a learned German, 
 was born at Lubec, in 1575. He studied 
 at various universities, after which he be- 
 came tutor, and in 1613 rector, of the 
 college at Lubec. He died in 1643. His 
 principal works are, 1. De Funeribus Ro- 
 manorum ; 2. De Annulis. — Bayle. 
 
 Kiechman (N.), professor of philosophy 
 at Petersburg, was celebrated by his elec- 
 trical experiments, and particularly the 
 manner of his death. Being engaged in 
 attracting, bv his apparatus, the electric 
 fluid from the clouds, a ball of fire struck 
 him on the head and killed him on the sjxit, 
 August 6, 1753. — Nouv. Diet: Hist. 
 
 Kikchmayer (George Gasper), professor 
 of logic at Wittemberg, who died in 1700, 
 aged 65. He published commentaries on 
 Tacitus, Cornelius Nepos, Cicero, Pliny, 
 and Sallust; also Latin poems, and disser- 
 tations on different subjects. — Moreri. 
 
 Kirk (colonel), an English officer, noto- 
 rious for his brutality. Being sent against 
 the followers of the duke of Monmouth 
 in 1 685, he committed the most inhuman 
 barbarities in the west of England. But 
 the story related of him by Pomfret in 
 his poem of Cruelty and Lust does not 
 appear tobe well authenticated. James 11. 
 stooped so low as to solicit this butcher to 
 turn Catholic, hut Kirk roughly rap lied, 
 
 “ that when he was at Tangiers he had 
 promised the dey that if he ever changed 
 his religion, he would turn mahometan.” 
 
 1 le afterwards served in the army of king 
 William, and died at the close of the 17th 
 century. 
 
 Kirkland (Thomas), an eminent phy- 
 sician, and member of the royal medical so- 
 ciety at Edinburgh, and of the medical so- 
 ciety at London. He died at Ashby de la 
 Zouch, in Leicestershire, in 1798, aged 77. 
 He was ardent in the cultivation of medical 
 science, and a successful practitioner. He 
 published, An Enquiry into the State of 
 Medical Surgery, 2 vols. 8vo. ; Observa- 
 tions on Pott’s Remarks on Fractures; 
 a Treatise on Child-bed Fevers, 8vo. ; 
 Thoughts on Amputation, 8 vo.; and a Com- 
 mentary bn Apoplectic and Paralytic Af- 
 fections, 8VO. — Gent. Mag. 
 
 Kirstenius (Peter), an eminent physi- 
 cian, and professor of medicine at Upsal, in 
 Sweden, was born at Breslaw, in Silesia, in 
 1577. He was well skilled in Arabic, and 
 understood twenty-five other languages. 
 He died in 1640. His principal tyo.rks are; 
 1. Grammatica Arabica, 1608 ; 2. Vitas 
 quatuor evzysgelistarum ex aotiquissimp e«* 
 
KLE 
 
 K N O 
 
 d’ce MS. Arabico erutce, 1609, folio. He 
 is not to be confounded with George Kirs- 
 tenius, a native of Stettin, in Pomerania, 
 who was physician to Christina, queen of 
 Sweden, and died in 1660, aged 4S. He 
 was an excellent botanist, and published 
 Disquisitiones philologies, 4to. : Adversaria 
 et Animadversiones in Joannis Agricolse 
 Commentaria in Pappium, et Chirurgiam 
 parvam, 4to. — Bayle. Moreri. 
 
 Klebf.r (J. B.), a French general, was 
 born at Strasburgin 1760. He was bred an 
 architect, and sent to Paris to improve him- 
 self under the celebrated Chalgrin. Being 
 in a cofl'ce-house where some strangers 
 were insulted, he took their part with so 
 much spirit that they prevailed on him to 
 accom pany them toMunich,whereKaunitz, 
 son of the Austrian minister, gave him a 
 lieutenancy in his regiment. After eight 
 years service hereturned tohis own country, 
 and became inspector of public buildings. 
 %i Upper Alsace. The revolution in France 
 rekindled his military ardour, add he ob- 
 tained a commission in that service. He 
 displayed great skill and bravery at the 
 siege of Mayence, after which he was em- 
 ployed in La Vendee, but the sanguinary 
 scenes there so disgusted him that he ob- 
 tained his recall, and was engaged in the 
 north, where he defeated tire Austrians, 
 took Mons, and drove the enemy from 
 Louvain. He also captured Maestricht, 
 and contributed to the taking of Dusscl- 
 dorf and Frankfort, and t'o the victory of 
 Butzbach. Discontented with the directo- 
 ry, he left the army and returned to Paris, 
 where he led a private life, writing his Mi- 
 litary Memoirs, till Buonaparte being ap- 
 pointed general of the army of Egypt chose 
 Kleber as his companion. At the siege of 
 Alexandria, he was wounded in the head 
 while scaling the ramparts, and did not re- 
 tire till he received a second wound. He 
 defeated the Turks in several actions, and 
 Buonaparte on quitting Egypt left Kleber. 
 in the chief command. Soon afterwards 
 be signed the treaty of F.l-Arish with sir 
 Sidney Smith, by wnich tire French agreed 
 to leave Egypt, but it was annulled by the 
 British government, and hostilities were 
 renewed Kleber, though greatly reduced, 
 opposed to his unfavourable circumstances 
 a determined mind, and defeated. the Turks 
 at the obelisk of Heliopolis. He next took 
 Cairo by storm, and formed an alliance 
 with Murat Bey; but he was assassinated 
 by a Turk named Solynian, who gave him 
 four stabs with a dagger, in 1800. — Nouv. 
 Diet. Hist. 
 
 Kleist (Ewald-Christian de), a Prussian 
 cfllcer and poet, was born at Zeblin, in Po- 
 merania, in 1715. He was major of the re- 
 giment of Haussen, and died of the wounds 
 he received in the battle of Kunnersdorif, 
 fought between the Russians and Prussians 
 in 1759. He wrote Idylls in the manner of 
 Ge»ner, which possess great simplicity and 
 
 neatness. He.wa$ also the author of mo- 
 ral treatises; and P.eflections on the Art of 
 War, printed in 1759. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 IClingstadt, a painter, was born at 
 Riga, in Livonia, in 1657, and died at Paris, 
 in 1734. He excelled in miniature paint- 
 ing, particularly in pictures on snuff-boxes, 
 for which he had extravagant prices. — Pill. 
 
 Keockeh (David), an historical and por- 
 trait painter, was born at Hamburg, in 
 1629. He travelled to Italy for improve- 
 ment, after which he settled at Stockholm, 
 where he was patronised by the king, so 
 that few of his paintings are to be seen out 
 of Sweden. He died in 1698. — Ibid. 
 
 Knapton (George), an English portrait 
 painter in crayons, was the scholar of Rich- 
 ardson, and surveyor and keeper of the 
 king’s pictures. He died at Kensington in 
 1778, aged SO. — Ibid. 
 
 Ivneller (sir Godfrey), an eminent 
 painter, was born at Lubeck, in 1648, of 
 a noble family, and educated at Leyden for 
 the military profession, but having a strong 
 inclination to drawing he resolved to apply 
 himself to painting. He studied first under 
 P.ctnbrandt, and afterwards went to Rome, 
 where he greatly improved himself, and 
 then visited England, where he soon ac- 
 quired unrivalled distinction as a portrait 
 painter. King William conferred on him 
 the honour of knighthood, and the univer- 
 sity of Oxford the degree of LL.D. He 
 painted a prodigious number of portraits of 
 illustrious personages, and to a striking 
 likeness he always added grace and ele- 
 gance in his figures. He was created a ba- 
 ronet by Gea. I. and the emperor Leopold 
 gave him a patent of nobility. He died in 
 1723. — Walpole. G n. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Knight (Samuel), a learned English 
 divine, was born in London, and educated 
 at St. Paul’s school, from whence lie re- 
 moved to Trinity college, Cambridge. He 
 obtained several church preferments, and 
 was chaplain to George II. Dr. Knight 
 wrote the lives of Dr. Colet and Erasmus, 
 both in 8vo. and died in 1746. — Anccd. of 
 Bovvyer. 
 
 Knolles (Richard), an English histo- 
 rian, was born in Northamptonshire. In 
 1564, he became fellow of Lincoln college, 
 Oxford, and afterwards master of tbegram- 
 Biar school at Sandwich, in Kent, where he 
 died in 1610. He wrote the History of the 
 Turks, folio, 1610. Of this book there 
 have been several editions and continua- 
 tions, particularly by Ricaut. Knolles also 
 wrote the Lives and Conquests of the Otto- 
 man Kings; a Discourse of the Greatness 
 of the Turkish Empire ■ and a Compendi- 
 um of Latin, Greek, and Hebrew Gram- 
 mar. — Wood. 
 
 Knoli.es (sir Robert), an English com- 
 mander in the reign of Edward III. was of 
 low origin in Cheshire, but being of an 
 enterprising mind, obtained the rank of 
 general, and the order of knighthood. His 
 
K N O 
 
 K N U 
 
 name was formidable in France, where he 
 took several places. He was made grand 
 seneschal of Guienne, and by his prudence 
 quelled an insurrection in that province. 
 At the close of life he retired to his estate 
 in Kent, where he built Rochester bridge. 
 He died in 1407, aged 90.— Rafin. Moreri, 
 
 Knolus (Francis), an English statesman, 
 wasbornat Grays, in Oxfordshire, and after 
 receiving a university education, he went 
 to court, and became a zealous friend 
 to the Reformation in the reign of Ed- 
 ward VI. at whose death he went abroad. 
 On the accession of Elizabeth he re- 
 turned, and was made a privy-counsellor 
 and vice-chamberlain of the household. 
 He was also employed in several impor- 
 tant matters of state. He was one of the 
 commissioners who sat in judgment on Mary 
 queen of Scots; was appointed treasurer of 
 the royal household, and knight of the 
 garter. He died in 1596. Sir Francis 
 wrote a 1 realise against the Usurpation of 
 Papal Bishops, printed in 1608, 8vo.; a 
 General Survey of the Isle of Wight. This 
 last was never printed. — Wood, A. 0. 
 
 Knorr Von Rosenrot (Christian), a 
 learned German, who passes for the author 
 of a curious and scarce book, entitled, 
 Kabbala denudata,seu doctrinaHebrseorum 
 transcendentalis, &c.; opus antiquissimse 
 philosophic barbaricae, translatum ex He- 
 brco, Sultzbach, 1677, and Frankfort, 3 
 vols. fol. 1684. tie died in 1689, aged 53. — 
 JSfowv. Diet. ' 
 
 Knott (Edward), an English jesuit, 
 whose real name was Mathias Wilson. 
 He was born in Northumberland, in 1580, 
 and entered among the jesuits in 1606. 
 He taught divinity in the English college at 
 Rome, and was afterwards appointed pro- 
 vincial of his order in England. He died at 
 London, in 1656. Knott was the antago- 
 nist ol Chillingworth, and occasioned him 
 to write his Religion of Protestants. — 
 Baylc. Alegambe. Bibl. Scrip. Soc. Jes. 
 
 Knowler (William), a learned English 
 divine, who translated Chrysostom’s Com- 
 mentary on St. Paul’s Epistle to the Ga- 
 latians. He died in 1767, aged G8.—Anecd. 
 of Bowyer. 
 
 Knowles (Thomas), an English divine, 
 was a native of Ely, and after receiving his 
 education at the grammar school there, was 
 removed to Pembroke hall, Cambridge, of 
 which he became fellow. He obtained the 
 lecturership of Bury St. Edmunds, and a 
 prebend in Ely cathedral. He died at 
 Bury, in 1802. His works are: 1. The 
 Scripture Doctrine of the Existence and 
 Attributes of God, in twelve Sermons, 8vo.; 
 2. Answer to Bishop Clayton’s Essay on 
 Spirit, for which archbishop Seeker gave 
 him the degree of D.D.; 3. Lord Hervey’s 
 and Dr. Middleton’s Letters on the Roman 
 Senate; 4. Observations on the Tithe Bill ; 
 
 5. Dialogue on the Test Act ; 6. Primitive 
 Christianity, in defence of the doctrine of 
 
 the Trinity; 7. Observations on the divine 
 Mission of Moses; 8. Advice to a Young 
 Clergyman ; 9. The Passion, a Sermon ; 
 10. On Charity Schools, Sunday Schools, and 
 a discourse on Confirmation. — Monthly Mag. 
 
 Knowlton (Thomas), an English bota- 
 nist, who was gardener to Dr. Sherard, and 
 afterwards to die earl of Burlington, at 
 Lanesborough, in Yorkshire. He died in 
 1782, at the age of 90. Mr. Knowlton dis- 
 covered that singular production, the globe 
 conferva, or moor balls ( conferva JEgcigropi- 
 la, Lin.), which he first found in Walleng- 
 fen mere. Some extracts of letters by him 
 to Mr. Catesby are in the Philosophical 
 Transactions, one concerning the situation 
 of the ancient town of Delgovicia, and of 
 two men of extraordinary bulk and weight, 
 and another giving an account of two ex- 
 traordinary deers’ hornsfound in Yorkshire. 
 — Pulteney's Sketches of Botany. 
 
 Ivnox (John), the Scotch reformer, was 
 born at Giffard, in East Lothian, of an an- 
 cient family, in 1504. He received his edu- 
 cation at St. Andrews, under the celebrated 
 John Major, and entered into priest’s or- 
 ders, but the writings of St. Augustine and 
 the conversation of a monk are said to have 
 occasioned his renunciation of popery. 
 Being accused of heresy to cardinal Beaton, 
 he addressed to him a confession of faith, 
 which was condemned. In 1548 he went 
 to France, and soon after landed in England, 
 where he was well received, and made chap- 
 lain to Edward VI. who offered him a bi- 
 shopric, which lie declined, being averse to 
 episcopacy and the common prayer. In 
 the reign of Mary he went to Frankfort, 
 where he occasioned a schism amongst the 
 English exiles by his opposition to the li 
 turgy. Being accused to the emperor as a 
 seditious person, he retired to Geneva, 
 wdiere he was greatly esteemed by Calvin, 
 to whose doctrines he was zealously at- 
 tached. He there wrote his Blast of a 
 Trumpet against Female Government, which 
 contains very pernicious principles. In 
 1559 he returned to his native country, and 
 commenced his ministerial office at Edin- 
 burgh by violent invectives against the 
 queen and clergy. His sermons produced a 
 general commotion, and the cathedrals and - 
 parish churches were not only deprived of 
 their ornaments, but reduced almost to 
 ruins. This furious zealot wrote the Elis- 
 tory of the Reformation in Scotland, in 
 which he defended all the atrocious actions 
 which were committed there, particularly 
 the murder of cardinal Beaton. Knox died 
 at Edinburgh in 1572, and was buried with 
 great ceremony. — Biog". Brit. 
 
 Knox (John), a bookseller of London, 
 who wrote a Systematic View of Scotland, 
 and , planned a herring-fishery and settle- 
 ment on the north-east coast of that coun- 
 try. He died in 1790. — Gen. Biog. Brit. 
 
 Knupper (Nicholas), an eminent painter, 
 was born at Leipsic, in J6'03, ar.d died ‘in 
 
K 0 E 
 
 K O U 
 
 1660. Fie excelled in painting battle 
 pieces and conversations. — Pilkhigton. 
 
 Kvotzen (Matthias), a famous atheist, 
 was born in Holstein. He publicly defended 
 atheism, and took journeys to make prose- 
 lytes. His followers were called conscien- 
 ciaries, because they held that there is no 
 other deity than conscience. He died at 
 the close of the seventeenth century. He 
 wrote a letter and two dialogues in defence 
 of his principles — Morcri. 
 
 Knutzen (Martin), professor of philo'- 
 sophy at Konigsburg, was born in 17 IS, 
 and died in 1751. He wrote an able de- 
 fence of Christianity. — Nauv - Diet. 
 
 Knyghton (Henry), an English ecclesi- 
 astic and historian, who wrote a Chronicle 
 of the English History from 950 to 1395, 
 also a History of the Deposition of Richard 
 II. They are in the collection of English 
 historians, printed in 1652. Knyghton was 
 a canon regular at Leicester. — Pits. 
 
 Koeberger (Wenceslaus), an historical 
 painter, was a native of Antwerp. In the 
 church of Notre Dame, at Antwerp, is a 
 picture of his representing the martyrdom 
 of St. Sebastian, which is beheld with plea- 
 sure by every lover of the art. lie died in 
 1604, aged 70. — Houbraien. 
 
 Kgempfer (Engelbert), a German physi- 
 cian and naturalist, was born in Westphalia, 
 in 1651. He became secretary of the em- 
 bassy sent from Sweden to Persia in 1683, 
 in which journey he had ample opportu- 
 nities of gratifying his curiosity ; and when 
 the ambassador returned, Koempfer re- 
 mained as surgeon to the Dutch East India 
 fleet. In this capacity he visited various 
 islands, particularly Japan, of which h,e 
 wrote an excellent account. He returned 
 to Europe in 1693, and settled in his own 
 country, where he died in 1716. Sir Hans 
 Sloane purchased of his executors the ma- 
 nuscripts and drawings of Koempfer. II is 
 History of Japan was published at London 
 in 1727, in 2 vols. folio. He was also the 
 author of a work, entitled, Amoenitates ex- 
 otica:, 1712. — Niceron. Morcri. 
 
 Koenig (Daniel), a Swiss, who died at 
 Rotterdam, aged 22, of the ill usage he met 
 with from the populace of Franeker, who 
 mistook him fo>- French spy. He trans- 
 lated Arbuthn. . -a Fables of Coins into La- 
 tin, printed at Utrecht, in 1756. — Nouv. Diet. 
 Hit. 
 
 Koenig (Samuel), brother of the prece- 
 ding, was professor of philosophy and law at 
 Franeker, and librarian to the prince of 
 Orange. He was a great mathematician, 
 and had a dispute with Maupertuis. He 
 died in 1757. — Ibid. 
 
 Koerten (Joanna), an ingenious wo- 
 man, was born at Amsterdam, in 1650. She 
 had a fine taste for drawing in water-co- 
 lours and embroidery. She also modelled 
 in wax, and made artificial ornaments and 
 flowers; but her principal excellence was 
 in cutting figures out of paper with scissars, 
 
 and her portraits and landscapes in this way 
 were so much talked of that foreigners vi- 
 sited Amsterdam to see them, among whom 
 was Peter the Great of Russia. She made 
 a magnificent work for the consort of the 
 emperor Leopold, consisting of trees, arms, 
 eagles, and crowns, for which she received 
 above 4000 guilders. She also executed the 
 portrait of that emperor. She died in 1715. 
 — Houbraken. 
 
 Koets (Roelof), an eminent portrait 
 painter, was born at Zwoll, in 1655. He 
 was distinguished by several princes, parti- 
 cularly William III. of England, and it is 
 said he painted 5000 portraits, all well 
 finished. He died in 1725. — Pilkington. 
 
 Konig (George Matthias), a learned 
 German, was born at Altdorf in Franconia, 
 in which university he became professor of 
 poetry and Greek, and library-keeper. He 
 died in 1699, aged 83. His principal work 
 is a Biographical Dictionary in Latin, 
 printed in 1678, 4to. — Niceron. 
 
 Konig (Emanuel), a physician, and pro- 
 fessor at Basle, in Switzerland, where he was 
 born in 1658. He was highly esteemed as 
 a learned man, and so eminent in his pro- 
 fession as to be called another Avicenna. Fie 
 died in 1731. His works are; Regnum ve- 
 getable & animate ; Regnum minerale ; 
 Scholia in Obscrvationes Chirurgieas; Aug- 
 mentum Hippocratis Helvetici ; Thesaurus 
 remediorum ;. De triplici regno; Observa- 
 tions Miscellanea:, Mediae, Physicae, Chy- 
 lllicie, &C — Moreri. 
 
 Kornmann (Henry), a German lawyer 
 of the 17th century, who published some 
 curious works, as, l.De Miraculis Vivo- 
 rum; 2. De Miraculis Mortuorum; 3. De 
 Virginitatis Jure; 4. De I.yra Amoris.— 
 Boyle. 
 
 Kortholt (Christian), professor of di- 
 vinity at Kiel, in FJolstein, was born in 1633. 
 After studying at various universities, lie 
 became Greek professor at Rostock, and 
 professor of divinity and ecclesiastical an- 
 tiquities at his native place. Fie died in 
 1694. He wrote de Veracitate & Tacitur- 
 nitate ; de Natura Philosophise ejusque in 
 Theologia usu ; and a celebrated work on 
 Christas God Man. — Bayle. 
 
 Kortholt (Christian), grandson of the 
 last-mentioned, was professor of divinity at 
 Gottingen. Fie wrote many works, and 
 edited the Epistles of Leibnitz in 5 vols. He 
 died in 1751. — Nouv. Diet. 
 
 Kotter (Christopher), a fanatic, whose 
 visions are in a book printed at Amsterdam 
 in 1657, entitled, Lux in Tenebris. He 
 prophesied terrible judgments about to fall 
 upon Europe, and he formed a closefriend- 
 sliip with Conienius. He was pilloried in 
 Silesia, and banished. Fie died in 1647.— 
 B.iyle. 
 
 Kouck (Peter), a Dutch painter, was 
 born in 1500. He visited Constantinople, 
 and drew some fine views in the neighbour- 
 hood of that city, some of which have been 
 
K R A 
 
 K U P 
 
 engraved. He settled at Antwerp, and be- 
 came principal painter to Charles V. He 
 died in 15^0. — Be Piles. 
 
 Kouli-Khan (Thamas), or Nadir Schah , 
 was born in the province of Khorasan, and 
 his father was chief of a branch of the Af- 
 ghans, which rank descended to Nadir when 
 he was a minor, but his uncle usurped the 
 government. On this Nadir entered into 
 the service of the Beglerbeg, governor of 
 Muschada, in Khorasan, who appointed 
 lnm to command an army sent against the 
 Tartars. Nadir gained a complete victory 
 with an inferior force, and took the Tartar 
 general prisoner. J he Beglerbeg at first 
 treated Nadir with great distinction, but be- 
 ingjealousofhisaspiringspiritjherefusedhim 
 the rank of lieutenant-general which he had 
 promised him; and when Nadir complained 
 of his breach of faith, he caused him to be 
 bastinadoed. Exasperated at this ungrateful 
 and dishonourable treatment, he joined a 
 banditti ot robbers. With this troop, con- 
 sis ing of five hundred well mounted men, 
 he committed great ravages. The Afghans 
 having made themselves masters of Is- 
 pahan, and the Turks and Muscovites ra- 
 vagingother parts of Persia, Schah Thamas 
 applied to Nadir for his assistance. He 
 accordingly entered into the service of the 
 Schah, but one of his first actions was to 
 murder his uncle who had usurped his title. 
 He distinguished himself against the Turks, 
 whom lie defeated in several actions, for 
 which he was made a general, and the 
 Schah conferred upon him the title of 
 Thamas Kouli , or the slave of Thamas ; he 
 was also ennobled with the title of Than. 
 Notwithstanding these distinctions, he de- 
 posed Thamas , and placed a son of that 
 prince on the throne, to whom he became 
 regent. In 1735 he gained the battle of 
 Erivan, in which the Turks lost above 
 50,000 men. After this he assumed the 
 royal title, and was acknowledged by the 
 grandees of the empire. The year fol- 
 lowing be took Candahar, and in 1739 con- 
 quered the Mogul empire, making himself 
 master of Delhi, where he acquired im- 
 mense riches He then assumed the title 
 of empire of the Indies; but disgraced him- 
 self by ordering a massacre of "the inhabi- 
 tants of Delhi, in revenge for an insult of- 
 fered to some of his troops. The cruelties 
 and tyranny of Kouli-Khan at length ex- 
 cited general hatred, arid a conspiracy 
 being formed by some Persian officers, he 
 was assassinated in 1747.— Life by Sir W. 
 Jones. 
 
 Kracheninnikow (Stephen), -a Russian 
 naturalist, was born in 1713. He was edu- 
 cated in the academy of Petersburg, and 
 when young went to Kamschatka to 
 make researches. He returned 'in 1743 
 Svith a number of observations made in ten 
 years travels The acaderr.v nominated 
 him an associate, and in 1 753 'he was made 
 professor of botany and natural history. 
 
 He died in 17.55. He wrote an account of 
 his travels and discoveries, in Chappe d-’Au- 
 
 tercche’s Account of Siberia Nouv. Diet. 
 
 Hist. 
 
 Kkantz (Albert), an historian and di- 
 vine, was a native of Plarnburgh, and rec- 
 tor of the university of Rostock; he also 
 became dean of the cathedral In his native 
 city, where he died in 1517. He wrote aa 
 ecclesiastical history under the title of Me- 
 tropolis ; a History of the Saxons ; also of 
 the Vand tls ; a Chronicle of Sweden, Den- 
 mark, and Norway. He was likewise the 
 author of a small book, de Officio Miss®, 
 printed at Rostock in 1505. — Moreri. 
 
 Krause (Francis), an historical painter, 
 was born at Augsburgh in 1706. He was 
 a disciple of Piazetta, who often mistook 
 the works of Krause for his, own. He re- 
 sided in France several years, but died poor 
 in 17.54. — B' Argenville. 
 
 Kresa (father), a learned ecclesiastic and 
 mathematician, was a native of Moravia, 
 and became confessor to the king and queen 
 of Bohemia, where he died in 1715, aged 
 67. Besides his native tongue he under- 
 stood Hebrew, Latin, Greek, French, Ita- 
 lian, Spanish, and Portuguese,. He wrote 
 Analysis speeiosa Trigonometric sphasricas, 
 &c. — Moreri. 
 
 Krugher (John Christian) a German au- 
 thor and actor, who died at Hamburgh in 
 1750, aged 2S. Pie wrote poems and co- 
 medies, and translated into German the 
 Theatre of Marivaux. — Nouv. Bid. Hist. 
 
 KuhemaN (Quirinus), a German fanatic, 
 was a native of Silesia, and a man of learn- 
 ing but a violeut sickness disordered his 
 brain, and he pretended to be a prophet. 
 The writings of Behmen added fuel to the 
 fire, and he had no doubt of being inspired. 
 He published several visions which he pre- 
 tended to have received, and was at last 
 burnt as a heretic in Muscovy, in 1689. — . 
 Bayle. 
 
 Kuhn ms (Joachim), professor of Greek 
 and Hebrew at Strasburgh, was a native of 
 Pomerania, and distinguished himself by 
 editions of iFlian’s Various History, Pau- 
 sanias’s Description of Greece, and some 
 original pieces of his own. He died in 1697, 
 aged 59. — Nice) 'on. 
 
 Kuie (John van), an historical and por- 
 trait painter of Dort, was born in 1530. 
 Having given offence to the jesuits, he was 
 accused of being a heretic, and burnt in 
 157 2. — Houbrahen. 
 
 Kunckel (John), a German chemist, who 
 died in 1702, aged 72. He published at 
 London, Observationes Chemical, 1678, 
 1 2mo. Kunckel discovered the phosphorus 
 of urine, and made many other improve- 
 ments in chemistry. — Moreri. 
 
 ICupieski (John), a Bohemian painter, 
 was born in 1667. After learning the ru- 
 diments of his art in Jiis own country, he 
 went to Italy, where lie gained a great re- 
 putation. He was employed by the empe« 
 
LAB 
 
 LAB 
 
 ror Charles III. the czar Peter, and other 
 illustrious personages. — Pilkir.gton. 
 
 Kuster (Ludolph), a learned critic, was 
 born at Blomberg in Westphalia in 1670. 
 He studied at Berlin, and afterwards travel- 
 led into foreign countries, particularly 
 England, where he completed his edition 
 of Suidas, printed at Cambridge in 1705, 3 
 vols. folio, and for which that university 
 conferred on him his doctor’s degree. 
 From hence he went to Berlin, where he 
 became professor and librarian to the king. 
 He did not however long retain these ho- 
 nours, but went to Amsterdam, where he 
 published Jamblichus’s Life of Pythagoras, 
 the works of Aristophanes, and an edition 
 of Mill’s Greek Testament. In 1713 he 
 -went to Paris, and abjured the protestant 
 religion, and obtained a pension. He died 
 in 1716. Besides the above he published 
 Historja Critica Homeri ; Bibliotheca no- 
 vorumlibrorumab 1697 usque 1699, 5 vols.; 
 De vero usu Verborum mediorum apud 
 Graecos, &c. — Niceron. Mareri. 
 
 Kuyp (Jacob), a celebrated landscape 
 painter, who founded the academy of 
 painting at Dort, in 1643. He copied after 
 nature ^rith great exactness. His son Al- 
 bert was also an eminent artist, and excelled 
 his father both in variety and the style of 
 his painting. — Houbraien. 
 
 Kyd ( f'homas), an English writer in the 
 reign of Elizabeth, who published in 1595, 
 a play called Pompey the Great, taken 
 from the French of Gamier. — Biog. Dram. 
 
 I 
 
 IT ABADIE (John), a famous enthusiast, 
 was born at Bourg, in Guienne, in 1610. 
 He received his education among the Jesu- 
 its, and was admitted a member of that or- 
 der, which, however, he quitted, and be- 
 came an itinerant preacher. The austerity 
 of his manners, his zeal, and affected piety, 
 procured him many admirers, particularly 
 at Amiens, where he obtained a canonry, 
 but being detected in some criminal in- 
 trigues, the bishop ordered him to be put 
 under arrest. Labadie, however, escaped 
 to Toulouse, and became director of a con- 
 vent of nuns, among whom he introduced 
 anew rule, and the notions of the quietists, 
 with some additions of his own, viz. that 
 the Scriptures are not necessary to salva- 
 tion ; that outward worship is of no use, 
 but that all prayer should be mental ; and 
 that there are two churches, that of Chris- 
 tians in degeneracy, and the other regene- 
 rate, or Labadhts, as his followers were 
 called. He renounced the Romish religion 
 at Montauban, in 16'50, and after exercising 
 the ministry there some time he went to 
 Geneva, from whence being expelled he 
 removed to Middleburg, where he gained 
 many followers, among whom was the fa- 
 
 Kydermystek. (R’chard), a native of 
 Worcester, and abbot of a monastery of 
 benedictines at Winchcombe,in Gloucester- 
 shire, of which abbey he wrote the history ; 
 also some pieces against the Reformation. 
 He died in 1531.— Wood, A. 0. 
 
 Kyn aston (John), an English divine, 
 was born at Chester, in 1728, and educated 
 at Brasenose college. Oxford, of which he 
 was chosen fellow in 1751. He wrote De 
 Impietate C. Cornelio Tacito falso objecta- 
 ta ; Oratio habita in sacello Collegii 7Enci 
 Nasi, Oxon. 1761. He died in 1783. — Gen. 
 Biog. Did. 
 
 Kynweimarsh (Francis), an Essex gen- 
 tleman, and a member of Gray’s inn in the 
 ICth century He was a friend of Gas- 
 coigne, with whom-' he was concerned in 
 translating Euripides’s Tragedy of Joeasta. 
 He and iiis brother Anthony were account- 
 ed good poets, and some of their pieces are 
 in the collection called the Paradise of 
 dainty Devises, 1576. — Tbeat. Poet. Angl. 
 
 Kyrlf. (John), a benevolent Englishman, 
 was born at Ross, in Herefordshire. Though 
 he had only an estate of five hundred pounds 
 a year, he bestowed large sums in the course 
 of his life in charity, and built a church, 
 but towards this last good work he obtain- 
 ed subscriptions from other pious and cha- 
 ritable persons. On all accounts, however, 
 he deserved the fine eulogium bestowed 
 upon him by Mr. Pope, who emphatically 
 calls him the Mnn of Ross. — Europ. Ivlag. 
 Gen. B. D. 
 
 mous Anna Maria Schurman. Labadie 
 sent disciples to propagate his doctrines, 
 and to gather contributions, in different 
 parts of Holland, on which account lie was 
 obliged to withdraw to Erfurt, and from 
 thence to Altona, where he died in 1674. 
 His works, which are full of mysticism, are 
 now disregarded. — Bayle. Msreri. 
 
 Labat (John Baptist), a dominican, who 
 was professor of philosophy at Nancy, and 
 sent by his superiors to America as a mis- 
 sionary in 1693. Lie returned to Fran, e 
 in 1705, and died at Paris, in 1738. Hu, 
 works are, Voyage to the American islands, 
 8 vols. 12m0. : Travels in Spain and Italy, 
 0 vols ; New relation of Western Africa, 
 5 -vols. ; Voyages of the Chevalier Merchais 1 
 to Guinea, &c. ; Historical Relation of 
 Western ^Ethiopia ; Memoirs of Chevalier 
 d’Arvieux. — Nou-a. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Labbe (Philip), a jesuit, was born at 
 Bourges in 1607, and died at Paris, in 1667. 
 He was a man of great learning, and of 
 prodigious memory. His principal works 
 are, 1. De Byzantince Historian Scriptoribus, 
 fol.; 2. Nova Bibliotheca Manuscriptorum, 
 2 vols. fol. ; 3. Bibliotheca Biblicarum, fob' 
 4. Concordia Chronologica, 5 vols. foi. ; 
 
 4 
 
L A C 
 
 LAD 
 
 5.1 . e Chronologue Francois, 6 vols. I2mo. ; 
 6. Concordia Sacrre ct Pro fa me Chronolo- 
 gire ab orbe conclito ad annum Christi, 
 12mo.; 7. Bibliotheca Anti-Janseniana, 4to. ; 
 8. Notitia dignitatum omnium Imperii Ro- 
 mani, Pimo.; 1 9. De Scriptorilms Ecclcsi- 
 asticis dissertatio, 2 vols. Svo. ; 10. Concili- 
 orum Collectio maxima, 17 vols. fol - 1J. 
 Lives of Jesuits who have distinguished 
 themselves in the world of letters. 1 le also 
 wrote some books on grammar. — Moreri. 
 
 Labbe (Louisa-Charly), a French poetess, 
 surnamed the fair rope-umber, on account of 
 her marriage with a manufacturer of cables 
 at Lyons, who left her at lvis death a large 
 fortune. Her first passion was that of arms, 
 and she distinguished herself in a mascu- 
 line dress at the siege of Perpignan. Sire 
 had a taste for literature, and her library 
 was enriched with the best writers, French, 
 Italian, and Spanish; but her fine qualities 
 were tarnished by a libertinism which 
 equalled that of Lais. Her poems Were 
 printed at Lyons, in 1 555, and again in 
 1762, in 12mo" She died in 1566, aged 40, 
 — N t(v. Dirt. Hiu. 
 
 Labeo (Quintus Fabius), a Roman con- 
 sul, B.C. 184. He was a soldier, and a man 
 of liberality and talents, and is said to have 
 assisted Terence in writing some of his 
 plays — Livy. Moreri. 
 
 Labeo (Antistius),. a Roman lawyer, 
 who refused the consular dignity when of- 
 fered him by Augustus, whose projects he 
 opposed. He composed several works 
 which arc lost. His father was one of the 
 Conspirators who assassinated Catsar ; and 
 was killed at the battle of Philippi. There 
 was another Lc.beo who was tribune ol the 
 people, B.C. 184. He caused the censor 
 Metellus to be thrown from the Tarpeian 
 rock. — Ibid. 
 
 Laberius (Decimus), a Roman knight, 
 who wrote mimes or satirical productions 
 lor the stage. Cxsar obliged hum to per- 
 form one of his own mimes against ins will ; 
 on which occasion Laberius spoke a satirical 
 prologue against Caesar, which is preserved 
 in Aldus c'ellius ; fragments of his other 
 works are also extant, lie died B.C. 44.— 
 Bayle. 
 
 Laboureuu (John le); a French writer, 
 was born at Montmorency, in 1623. He 
 was at first a gentleman’s servant, but af- 
 terwards entered into orders, and became 
 prior of J twinge, commander of the order 
 of St. Michael^ and almoner to the king. 
 He died in 1675. He wrote the history of 
 the Marshal of Guebriant, with the genea- 
 logy of B tides, and some other houses in 
 Entianv ; he also published an edition of 
 the Memoirs of Michael du Castelnau, and 
 other works. His uncle, Claud le Labou- 
 reur, an ecclesiastic, published several 
 books of merit. — Moreri. 
 
 Lacarry ((Files), a French Jesuit, was 
 bern in 1605, and died in 1684. Fie wrote, 
 
 1. 1 listeria Gailiarum sub prefectis Pratto- 
 
 rii Gailiarum, 4to.; 2. Historia'Colonianim 
 a Gains in ext eras nationcs missorum, 4to. ; 
 3. Dc Regibus Franci® et Lege Salica ; 4, 
 Historia Romana, 4to. ; 5. Notitia Provia- 
 cinrum Imperii utriusque cum Notis, 4to. — - 
 Moreri. 
 
 La Colonje (John Martin de), a mar- 
 shal of the armv in the Austrian service, 
 was born at Perigord, and died at Boirr- 
 deaux, in 1759, aged 85, He published his 
 military memoirs, at Frankfort, in 1730, and 
 at Brussels, in 1739, 2 vols. 12mo. He was 
 also the author of the History of Bour- 
 deaax, 3 vols. 1 2mo. — A Touv. Diet. Hist . 
 
 La Gomef, (Guy du Rousseau de),an ad- 
 vocate in the parliament of Paris, who 
 died in that city in 1749, aged 44. He 
 published several works on jurisprudence 
 in French and Latin. — Now. Diet. Hid. 
 
 La Combe (Francis), a French miscella- 
 neous writer, was born at Avignon, and 
 died at Paris in 1793. He published Orre- 
 ry’s Life of Swift, Shaftsbury’s Letters on 
 Enthusiasm, from the English ; the Letters 
 of Christina Oueen of Sweden • a Dic- 
 tionary of the old French Language ; Ob- 
 servations on London, &e. — Now. Did. 
 Hist. 
 
 Lactanthjs (Lucius Cselius Firinianus), 
 an eloquent'father of the church, was ac- 
 cording to some an Africa?, and to others 
 a native of Fermo in Italy. He studied un- 
 der Arpobius, and became so famous as a 
 rhetorician, that Constantine appointed 
 him preceptor to his son Crispus. He form- 
 ed his style upon the model of Cicero; but 
 though he wrote with great purity and 
 force, particularly in confuting the pagan 
 errors and follies, he was more of a rhetori- 
 cian than a theologian. He blended philo- 
 sophy with divinity, and thereby involved 
 the truths of religion in a mist of obscurity. 
 His works were published at Rome in 1468, 
 folio ; but the best edition is that of Paris, 
 2 vols. 4to. 1748.' — Cave, Dupin. 
 
 Lacy (John), an English actor and dra- 
 matic writer in the reign of Charles II. 
 with whom he was a great favourite. His 
 plays are, 1. The Dumb Lady; 2. The 
 Old Troop, or Monsieur Ragou ; 3. Sir 
 Hercules Buffoon. He i3 not to be mista- 
 ken for John Lacy, an English gentleman, 
 who became the zealous friend of the 
 French impostors, who called themselves 
 prophets, at the beginning of the 18th cen- 
 tury. He wrote some incoherent tracts on 
 that subject, and was imprisoned for his 
 zeal. — Biog. Draw. Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Lacvdas, a Greek philosopher of Cy- 
 rene, and disciple of Arcesilaus, whom he 
 succeeded as master of the second academy. 
 Attains gave him a garden in which to read 
 his lectures. Fie foolishly mourned the loss 
 of a favourite goose, which he caused to be 
 buried magnificently. Eledied of intempe- 
 rance, B. C. 212. — Diog. Laertius. 
 
 Ladislaus I. king of Hungary, the son 
 of Bela I. succeeded his brother Gejza *n 
 
LAD 
 
 L M L 
 
 1080. He added to his dominions Dalma- 
 tia and Croatia, reduced the Bohemians 
 who had revolted, expelled the Huns, and 
 conquered part of Bulgaria and Russia. He 
 also defeated the Tartars, and was as distin- 
 guished by his piety as his valour. He died 
 in 1095, and was canonized in 1198.— — 
 Moreri. 
 
 Ladislaus III. succeeded Stephen V. his 
 father in 1272. He was a debauched prince, 
 divorced his lawful wife, and kept a number 
 of women. He also ill used the clergy, and 
 rendering himself an object of universal ha- 
 tred, was assassinated in 1290. — Univ. Hist. 
 
 Ladislaus IV. called also Uladislas, was 
 grand duke of Lithuania, and king of Po- 
 land, and elected to the throne of Hungary 
 in 1440. He declared war against the 
 Turks, and employed as his general John 
 Huniades, who was very successful. Ladis- 
 laus, however, made peace, which gave 
 such dissatisfaction to the pope, and other 
 Christian princes, that he was induced to 
 break it ; but he was very unfortunate af- 
 terwards, and lost his life in the battle of 
 Varna in 1444. — Ibid. 
 
 Ladislaus V. the son of Albert of Aus- 
 tria, was made king on the death of Ladis- 
 laus IV. under the guardianship of John 
 Huniades, He was very zealous against 
 the Hussites, by whom he is said to have 
 been poisoned in 1457. — Ibid. 
 
 Ladislaus Vi. was the son of Casimir, 
 king of Poland, and elected king of Hun- 
 gary on the death of Mathias Corvinus 
 in 1490, in opposition to his own brother 
 Albert, and to John the natural son of his 
 predecessor, and to Maximilian of Austria. 
 His reign was very turbulent, being con- 
 stantly at war with the Turks, and other 
 neighbouring powers. He died in 151(1. 
 
 Ladislaus, or Lancelot, king of Na- 
 ples, called the Liberal and Victorious , suc- 
 ceeded his father, Charles Duras, in 138(1. 
 He was before count of Provence, and king 
 of Hungary. He obtained the latter crown 
 in 1403, during the imprisonment of Sigis- 
 mund, who compelled him to return to 
 Italy. On the death of his father he was 
 opposed by Louis II. duke of Anjou, which' 
 occasioned some bloody wars. Pope John 
 XXIII. at first espoused the cause of Louis, 
 but afterwards took the part of Ladislaus, 
 who, however, marched against Rome, 
 and having taken it, turned his arms on 
 the Florentines, whom he compelled to 
 sue for peace in 1413. He died at Naples 
 in 1414, aged only 38, being poisoned, as 
 it is said, by his mistress, who was the 
 daughter of a physician, and bribed to 
 perpetrate $he deed by the Florentines. — 
 Notrj. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Ladislaus 1 king of Poland, succeeded 
 his brother Boleslaus II in 1081. He defeat- 
 ed the armies of Prussia and' Pomerania, 
 and died in ! 102. — Univ. Hist. 
 
 Ladislaus II. king of Poland, succeeded 
 hk father Boleslaus III. in 1139. He made 
 
 war against his brothers on frivolous pre- 
 tences, and after several battles was driven 
 from his throne, but Boleslaus IV. his suc- 
 cessor gave him Silesia at the request of 
 Frederic Barbarossa. He died at Olden- 
 burg in 1159. — Univ, Hist. 
 
 Ladislaus III. king of Poland, came to 
 the throne in i: 296. He pillaged his sub- 
 jects, and seized the goods of the clergv, 
 for which he was expelled, and the crown 
 given to Wenceslaus king of Bohemia. 
 Ladislaus retired to Rome, but on the death 
 of Wenceslaus he was recalled to Poland, 
 where he governed with moderation and 
 wisdom. Pomerania having revolted, he 
 called to his aid the Teutonic knights, who 
 repaid themselves by seizing Dantzic and 
 other places, but Ladislaus marched against 
 the knights and defeated them. He died 
 in 1333 .—Ibid. 
 
 Ladislaus V. surnamed Jagellon, grand 
 duke of Lithuania, obtained the crown of 
 Poland in 138G, by his marriage with Hed- 
 wige, daughter of Louis king of Hungary. 
 That princess was elected queen of Poland 
 on condition of marrying the person whom 
 the states of the kingdom should choose. 
 Their choice fell on Ladislaus, who was 
 then a pagan, but was baptized previous 
 to the marriage. He added Lithuania to 
 Poland, and defeated the Teutonic knights 
 in several battles. He refused the throne 
 of Bohemia, which was offered to him 
 b v the Hussites. Ladislaus died with the re- 
 putation of a wise, upright, and generous 
 prince, in 1434, aged 80. — Univ. Hist. 
 
 Ladislaus Sigismund VII. king of Po- 
 land and Sweden, succeeded Sigismund III. 
 his father, in 1632. Before his advancement 
 to the throne he signalized himself against 
 the Turks, whom he defeated in several ac- 
 tions. He also repulsed the Russians, and 
 forced them to make peace. He died in 
 1468. — Ibid. 
 
 Ladvocat (John Baptist), a French je- 
 suit, was born in 1709, in the diocese of 
 Toul, and became doctor, librarian, and 
 professor, of the Sorbonne. The good duke 
 of Orleans having founded a Hebrew pro- 
 fessorship in the Sorbonne, appointed Lad- 
 vocat to it in 1752. He died at Paris, in 
 1765. His works are, a Geographical Dic- 
 tionary, 8vo. ; an Historical Dictionary, 2. 
 vols. 8vo. which has since been repeatedly 
 enlarged; a Hebrew Grammar; a tract 
 on Councils ; a Dissertation on the 67th 
 Psalm; a Critique on some new Transla- 
 tions of the Scripture, &c. — Nouv . Diet. 
 Hist. 
 
 Ladvocat (Louis Francis), a philosophi- 
 cal writer, and dean of the chamber of ac- 
 counts at Paris, where he died in 1735, 'aged 
 91. His principal work is entitled, Entre- 
 tiens sur un nouveau systeme de morale et 
 de physique. — Ibid. 
 
 Liklius (Cains), consul of Rome, B. C. 
 140. He distinguished himself as a soldier 
 ia Spain, and was 110 less celebrated for In* 
 
L A I 
 
 LAG 
 
 eloquence and poetical genias. He was the 
 intimate friend of Scipio Africanus the 
 Younger, and is said to have assisted Te- 
 rence in his comedies. There was another 
 consul of this name, B.jC. 190. He ac- 
 companied the elder Scipio to Africa, and 
 bore a part in the victories over Asdrubal 
 and Syphax. — Nouv. Did. Hist. 
 
 Lae t (John de), director of the Dutch 
 East India company, was a native of Ant- 
 werp, where he died in 1610, leaving be- 
 hind him some useful works, as, 1. Novus 
 Orbis, 103:3, folip ; 2 FFstoria Naturalis 
 Brasilia;, folio ; ’3. De Regis Hispartix Reg- 
 nis et Opibus, 8vo. ; 4. Respublica Belga- 
 rum ; 5. Gallia ; 6. Turcici Imperii Status; 
 7. Persia: Imperii Status; 8. An Edition of 
 Vi t r u vi u s . — M'i reri. 
 
 Ljevinus (Torrentinus), or van der Be- 
 ken, or Torrentin, a prelate of the Roman 
 church, was a native of Ghent. He studied 
 at Louvain, and was afterwards employed 
 as an ambassador by Philip II. of Spain, 
 who gave him the bishopric of Antwerp, 
 from whence he removed to the archbishop- 
 ric of Mechlin, where he died in 1795. He 
 founded the Jesuits’ college at Louvain. He 
 wrote lyric poems in I,atin, and published 
 an edition of Suetonius. — Ibid. 
 
 L-’Evtus, a Roman poet, who is supposed 
 to have flourished before Cicero. He wrote 
 a poem called Love Games, and another en- 
 titled The Cshtaurs, which are lost. — Voss, 
 de Poet. I,at. 
 
 Lafjtau (Joseph Francis), a French je- 
 stfut, who was a missionary among the Iro- 
 quois in America. Fie wrote the Manners 
 of the Native Americans compared with 
 those of the Primitive Times, 2 vols. 4to.; a 
 History of the Discoveries of the Portu- 
 guese in the New World, 4 vols. 4to. ; Re- 
 marks upon Ginseng, 12mo. He died in 
 1755. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Lafitau (Peter Francis), brother of the 
 above, was a native of Bourdeaux. He 
 entered among the jesuits, and distin- 
 guished himself as a preacher. Being sent 
 to Rome on some negotiations, he became 
 so great a favourite with the pope as to be 
 p"omoted to the bishopric of Sisteron. He 
 died in 1764, aged 79. He wrote a Histo- 
 ry of the Constitution Unigenitus, 2 vols. 
 12mo. ; History of Clement XI. 2 vols.; 
 Sermons ; Spiritual Letters, &c. — Ibid. 
 
 Lagalla (Julius Cresor), a learned phy- 
 s’cian, was born at Padulla in the kingdom 
 of Naples, in 1576. He studied at tiie uni- 
 versity o.f Naples, where he received his 
 doctor’s degree, and at the age cf eighteen 
 \yas appointed physician to the pope, who 
 also made him professor of logic at Rome, 
 which place he filled with reputation till 
 his death in 1623. He wrote a treatise, en- 
 titled, DIsputatio de Coelo animate. 
 
 Moreri. 
 
 Lageri.oof (Peter), a learned Swede, 
 who was professor of eloquence at Upsal, 
 and wrote the Ancient and Modern History 
 
 of the Northern Parts of Europe. He died 
 in 1599, aged 61. — Moreri. 
 
 Laomy (Thomas Fantet, sieur de), a ma- 
 thematician, was born at Lyons, in 1660. 
 He was designed for the bar, but he pre- 
 ferred geometry to jurisprudence, and was 
 educated accordingly at Paris by the libe- 
 rality of the duke de Noaiiles. He be- 
 came a member of the academy of sciences, 
 andlmiiis XIV. appointed him royal hydro- 
 grapher at Rochefort ; bnt sixteen years af- 
 terwards he was recalled to Paris, and made 
 librarian to the king with a considerable 
 pension. lie died in 1734. He wrote, 1. 
 New Methods for the Extraction and Ap- 
 proximation of Roots, 4tc. ; 2. Elements 
 of Arithmetic and Algebra, l2mo. ; 3. La 
 Cubature de la Sphere, 12mo.; 4. a Gene- 
 ral Analysis, or Method of Resolving Pro- 
 blems, 4to. ; 5. Several papers in the Me- 
 moirs of the Academy. — Nouv. Did. Hist. 
 
 Laguna (Andrew), a Spanish physician, 
 was born at Segovia in 1490. He was a fa > 
 vonrite with Charles V. at whose court he 
 resided, and died in 1560. He published 
 Annotations on Dioscorides; an epitome 
 of the Works of Galen ; and a treatise on 
 weights and measures. — Moreri. 
 
 Lainez (Alexander), a French poet, was 
 born at Chaim ay in Kainault, in 1650 Af- 
 ter travelling through Greece, Asia Minor, 
 Egypt, Sicily, Italv, and Switzerland, Ire 
 returned to Ids native place, where he lived 
 in great poverty, till the abbe Fautrier be- 
 came his patron. Fie died in 1710. His 
 manners were gay, and his conversation 
 brillant. 1 (is Poems were published in 
 1753, r ’vo. — Noimi. Did. 
 
 Lain e /, (James), a Spaniard, and one of 
 the companions of Loyola, whom he suc- 
 ceeded in the generalship of the jesuits in 
 1 553, FIc assisted in the council of Trent, 
 where he supported the papal authority to 
 an extravagant degree. He obtained from 
 Paul IV. tire perpetual generalship of the 
 order, and the following extraordinary 
 privileges ; the right of making all manner 
 of contracts without the privity or consent 
 of the society ; that of giving authority 
 and authenticity to all comments and ex- 
 planations cf the constitutions; the power 
 of making a new, and altering the old ; and 
 that of having prisons independantly of the 
 secular power. I.aincz refused a cardinal- 
 ship, and cied at Rome in 1565, aged 53.-- lb. 
 
 I.ai&esse (Gerard), a celebrated painter 
 and engraver, was !|orn at Liege, in 1540. 
 He studied painting under his, father, whom 
 he far excelled. After residing some years 
 at Utrecht, he was persuaded by a merchant 
 of Amsterdam to remove to that city, where 
 he gained a great reputation, and died in 
 1711. He excelled in historical subjects, 
 and his principal performance is said to be 
 the Child Moses trampling on the Crown 
 of Pharaoh. While painting a picture he 
 used to relieve himself by playing on the 
 violin. Lairesse was also a good engraver ; 
 
L A L 
 
 LAM 
 
 and wrote an excellent work on the prin- 
 ciples of painting. Before his death he 
 became blind. His brother James was a 
 flower painter, and John and Ernest paint- 
 ed insects. Two of his sons were also 
 painters. — Pilkington. 
 
 Laire ('Francis Xavier), a learned biblio- 
 grapher, was born at Vadans, in France, 
 in J 739, and died at Sens in 1800. He was 
 celebrated for his knowledge of bibliogra- 
 phy, and published, 1. Memoirs towards 
 a History of Great Men of the fifteenth 
 century, with a Supplement to Maittaire’s 
 Annals of Typography, 4to.; 2. Speci- 
 men Historicura Typographic Romans 
 cum Indice' libro rum, 8vo. ; 3. Epistola ad 
 abbate Ugolini, 8vo. ; 4. On the Origin and 
 Progress '"of Printing in Franchc-Comte, 
 12mo.;S. Seirc delle Edizioni Aldini, J 2mo.; 
 d, index, librorum ab invenfa Typograr 
 plua ad an. 1500, 2 vols. Svo.- — V-wr. D.ci. 
 But. 
 
 Lais, a celebrated courtesan, was a na- 
 tive of Hyccara in Sicily. She was taken 
 from thence at the age of seven years by 
 Nicias the Athenian, who carried her to 
 Greece. She afterwards resided at Corinth, 
 where she had Aristippus and Diogenes 
 among her admirers. The price for her la- 
 bours was so enormous as to occasion the 
 proverb, “ It is not in every man’s power 
 to visit Corinth.” Even Demosthenes him- 
 self, attracted by the fame of Lais, repaired 
 to Corinth with an intent to visit her ; but 
 being informed by the courtezan that her 
 favours were not to be purchased at a Jess 
 sum than 200/. English money, the orator 
 departed, observing that he would not buy 
 repentance at so dear a price. The charms 
 which had thus attracted Demosthenes to 
 Corinth, lost their influence upon the sage 
 Xenocrates. Seeing the philosopher un- 
 moved by her beauty, the artful L;as con- 
 trived to visit him in his house, but had no 
 reason to boast of her reception. Going 
 with a lover to Thessaly, she is said to have 
 been stoned to death by the women, out of 
 jealousy, in the temple of Venus.- -Plutarch, 
 liayle. 
 
 Lake (Arthur), an English prelate, was 
 born at Southampton, and bred at Wyke- 
 ham’s school, from whence he was elected 
 to New college, Oxford, where. ho became 
 fellow. In 1608 he obtained the deanry of 
 Worcester, and in 161(5 the bishopric ot 
 VEath and Weils. He was a learned man, a 
 sound divine, and an exemplary bishop. 
 He died in 1626. After hisdeath was print- 
 ed a lartte volume, in folio, of his sermons 
 and meditations. — Wood^A. 0. 
 
 Lai. an ok (Michael Richard de), a French 
 musician, was born at Paris in 1667, and 
 died at Versailles in 1726. When young 
 he became a chorister in the church of St. 
 Germaine. 1’Anxerre, but on arriving to 
 manhood he lost his fine voice, and ap- 
 plied to die violin in hopes of being em- 
 jpfoyed by Litih at the opera, but being re- 
 
 fused he broke his instrument and studied 
 the organ. The duke de Ncaillcs recom- 
 mended him to Louis XiV. who appointed 
 him musical instructor to two of the prin- 
 cesses. He was also composer to the king, 
 and master, of the chapel. His composi- 
 tions, in 2 vols. folio, have been greatly ad- 
 mired. — N<’uv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Lallj (John Baptist), an Italian poet, 
 who was employed by the duke of Parma 
 and the pope in the government of several 
 cities. Hu) died at Norsia in Ombria, in 
 1687, aged 64. He wrote, 1. Domiziano 
 moscheida ; • 2. II mal Francese: 3. La Gie- 
 rusalemme desolata ; 4. L’Eheide travislata; 
 
 5. a volume of poems. — Tiraboschi. 
 
 Tally (Thomas Arthur, count), a gal- 
 lant general in the French service, was a 
 native of Ireland, whose family suffered 
 by their attachment to the house’ of Stuart. 
 He signalized himself at the battle of Fon- 
 tenoy, and was appointed brigadier in the 
 field by Louis XV. In 1756 he was sent to 
 the East Indies as governor of the French 
 possessions. He took Gondalore and fort 
 St. David, but was defeated before Madras, 
 on which he retired to Pondicherry, which, 
 lie was obliged to surrender to the English 
 in 1761. On his arrival in France the po- 
 pular clamour was so great that he was 
 sent to the Bastille, and afterwards tried 
 by the parliament, which condemned him 
 to be beheaded, on the absurd charge oi 
 having sold Pondicherry to the enemy. 
 He suffered with great fortitude in 1766. 
 Hi sou, M. R ally de Toliendal, obtained a 
 rever .fl of the sentence, and a grant of 
 his father's estates, in I7S3. — Nauv. Did. 
 Bid. 
 
 Lambaile (Maria Theresa Louisa of 
 Savoy Carignan, princess de), was born at 
 Turin, jn 1 749, and married to the duke de 
 Lourbon-Penthievre, but became a widow 
 in the flower of youth and beauty. Being 
 appointed supermtendant of the houshold 
 to Maria Antoinette queen of France, she 
 became the particular favourite of that un- 
 fortunate princess. On the flight of Louis 
 XVI. and his family she came to England. 
 Pier attachment, however, to the queen 
 was so great that she returned to France, 
 aiid entered the prison of the Temple with 
 her royal friend. From thence she was 
 dragged to another, and lastlv, Sept. S, 
 1792, brought before a ferocious tribunal, 
 where her courage and calmness would 
 have excited respect in any but tvgers. 
 She was there butchered with sabres, her 
 head and breasts cut off, aud her heart 
 taken out. These borne on pikes were 
 carried about in savage triumph, and in- 
 humanly taken to the king arid his family. 
 —Ibid. 
 
 Lambkcius (Peter), alearned writer, was 
 bom in 163S at Hamburgh. At the age of 
 19 he published Remarks on Aulus Gellius. 
 In 1652 he was appointed professor of histo- 
 ry at Hamburgh, and ia 1660 was chosen 
 
L A M 
 
 -LAM 
 
 rector of the college. He married a rich 
 old woman, but so peevish and covetous 
 that he went to Rome, where he turned 
 Roman catholic. He afterwards became 
 librarian to the emperor of Germany, and 
 died at Vienna, in 1 680. He was the author 
 of Origines Hamburgenses,2 vols. 4to. ; and 
 other works. — Moreri. 
 
 Lambert of Schawemburg, a celebrated 
 German benedietine, who in 1058 made a 
 journey to Jerusalem, and on his return to 
 Europe composed a chronicle from Adam 
 in 1077 ; the greatest part of it, however, 
 is a history oi Germanv. It was printed at 
 basil in 1660, folio, — JVLoreri. 
 
 Lambert (Anne Theresa, marchioness 
 of), an ingenious French lady, was born at 
 Paris, in 1647. She married Henry Lam - 
 bert, marquis of St. Bris,^ in 1666, and lost 
 him in 1716. She died universally esteemed 
 in 1733. Her works are, 1. Advice of a 
 Mother to a Son and Daughter, full of 
 good rules; 2. Reflections on Women ; 3. 
 Treatise on Friendship ; 4. On Old Age ; 
 5. The Female Hermit; 6. Miscellanies! 
 All her writings shew a fine taste and an 
 excellent heart. — Nia.v. Did. Hist 
 
 Lambert (John), major-general in the 
 parliament army in the reign of Charles I. 
 He distinguished himself at the battles of 
 Naseby and Fife, and assisted Cromwell in 
 his advancement to the Protectorate, blit 
 opposed his taking- the title of king. For 
 this Cromwell deprived him of his commis- 
 sion, but from prudential motives granted 
 him a pension of 2000/. a year. Being 
 now divested of all employment, he with- 
 drew to Wimbleton-house in a situation 
 of mind but ill calculated to enjoy the tran- 
 quillity of domestic retirement, for on the 
 death of the Protector he joined Fleetwood, 
 Desborough, and others, in restoring the 
 members of the long parliament, who had 
 . been dismissed, and for this was appointed 
 one of the council of state, and colonel of a 
 regiment of horse. The parliament, how- 
 ever, growing jealous of his influence in the 
 army, directed him to resign his commis- 
 sion ; this he absolutely refused, and march- 
 ing up to London, dislodged the parliament 
 by force in October 1659. He was then 
 appointed major-general of the army, and 
 sent to command the forces in the north ; 
 but general Monk having defeated him, 
 and restored the parliament, he was desert- 
 ed by his army, submitted, and was com- 
 mitted prisoner to the Tower. At the Re- 
 storation he was tried and condemned, but 
 was pardoned and died in exile at Guernsey. 
 — Granger. 
 
 Lambert (Charles Francis), a French 
 ecclesiastic, which profession he quitted, 
 and went to Paris, where he wrote for the 
 booksellers. He died in 1765. He wrote 
 the new Telemachus, 3 vols. ; Memoirs 
 of a Woman of Quality, 3 vols. ; History 
 of all Nations) 14 vols. &c. — JVouv, Diet. 
 Hist . 
 
 Lambert (George), an English land- 
 scape painter, was instructed by Hassel, and 
 imitated Wooton,but iie afterwards adopt- 
 ed the manner of Gasper. He painted scenes 
 for the theatres, and some pictures' for the 
 India-house. He died in 1765. — Pilkington. 
 
 Lambert (John Henry), an eminent 
 mathematician, was a native of Mulhausen 
 in Alsace. He wrote a Treatise on the 
 Orbits of Comets; a Treatise on the Pro- 
 perties of Light ; another on Perspective, 
 
 . He died at Berlin, in 1777, aged 49. — 
 Nonv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Lambin (Dennis) a learned Frenchman, 
 was born in Picardy, in 1516. He was 
 professor of the belles-lettres at Paris, and 
 published Commentaries on Plautus, Lucre- 
 tius, Cicero, and Horace. He also trans- 
 lated into Latin Aristotle’s Morals and Poli- 
 tics, and some of the orations of Demosthe- 
 nes and /Eschines. Fie died of grief for 
 the death of Peter Ramus, in 1572. — — 
 Moreri. 
 
 Lambrun (Margaret), a Scotch heroine, 
 was a servant of Mary Stuart, as was her 
 husband, who died of grief for the death of 
 that queen. Margaret, resolved to avenge 
 the deatli of her husband and mistress upon 
 Elizabeth, to accomplish her purpose as- 
 sumed a man’s habit, and repaired to the 
 English court, but as she was pushing 
 through a crowd to get near the queen, she 
 dropped one of* her pistols. This being 
 observed she was seized and brought be- 
 fore Elizabeth, who examined her strictly, 
 and Margaret replied, “ Madam, though I 
 appear in this habit I am a woman ; I was 
 several years in the service of queen Mary, 
 whom you have unjustly put to death ; 
 you have also caused that of my husband, 
 who died of grief to see that innocent queen 
 perish so iniquitously Now, as I had the 
 greatest love for both, I resolved to revenge 
 their deaths by killing you. I have made 
 many efforts to divert my resolution from 
 this design, but in vain ; I found myself ne- 
 cessitated to prove by experience the truth 
 of the maxim, that reason nor force can 
 hinder a woman from vengeance, when 
 she is impelled by love ” The queen calm- 
 ly heard this discourse and answered ; 
 
 “ You are then persuaded that in this ac- 
 tion you have done your duty, and satisfied 
 the demands which your love for your 
 mistress- and your spouse required from 
 you ; but what think you is my duty to do 
 to you ?” Margaret asked if this question 
 was put as a queen or a judge; and on her 
 majesty’s saying as a queen, “ Then,” said 
 Margaret, “ your majesty ought to grant 
 me a pardon.” “ But what assurance can 
 you give,” said the queen, “ that you will 
 not repeat the attempt ?” “ Madam,” Lam- 
 brun rejoined, “ a favour which is given 
 under restraints, is no favour; and in so 
 doing your majesty would act as a judge.” 
 The queen was so struck with her behavi- 
 viour, that she gave her a pardon aud a safe 
 
L A M 
 
 LAN 
 
 conduct till she got out of the kingdom. — 
 Lett's Lifi of Elizabeth. 
 
 La Mi (Bernard), a Cartesian philosopher, 
 and .priest of the oratory, was born at 
 Mons of a noble family in 1645 . He was 
 deprived of a professorship at Saumur, and 
 also of some ecclesiastical preferment, for 
 his zeal in behalf of the doctrines of Des 
 Cartes. He died at Rouen, in 1715. He 
 wrote, 1. Elements of Geometry and Ma- 
 thematics, in 2 vo'ls. J2mo. ; 2. Treatise on 
 Perspective; 3. Discourses on the Sciences 
 and the Manner of Study, 12m o ; 4. De- 
 monstration of the Holiness and Truth of 
 Christian Morality, 5 vols. 12mo.; 5. Appa- 
 ratus Bidlicus, 4to. [this is a work of 
 great merit] ; 6. De Tabernaculo fcederis, 
 de sancta Civitate Jerusalem et de Templo 
 ejus, folio; 7. Harmonia hive Concordia 
 Evangelica, 2 vols. 4to ; 8. The art of 
 Speaking, with Reflections on Poetry, 12mo. 
 — Niceron. 
 
 La mi (Dom-Francis), a French ecclesi- 
 astic, of the congregation of St. Maur, was 
 a native of Chartres and an elegant writer. 
 His book on Self-knowledge, 6 vols, 12mo., 
 has been greatly valued. He died in 171 1, 
 aged 75. ■ Besides the above work he wrote 
 against Spinosa; Philosophical Letters; a 
 Treatise on tire Effects of Thunder, and se- 
 veral other pieces — Moreri. 
 
 La mi (John), professor of ecclesiastical 
 history at Florence. Ide published the 
 works of Me'ursius, in 12 vols. folio, and 
 wrote a book on the Trinity, which was 
 censured by the jesuits and defended 
 by the author, who died in 1774. — Nouv. 
 Diet. 
 
 Lamia, a courtesan of Greece, was born 
 at Athens, and became concubine to Pto- 
 lemy I. king of Egypt, with whom she was 
 taken prisoner by Demetrius Poliorcetes, 
 wliQ made her his mistress. The Atheni- 
 ans erected a temple to this courtesan, under 
 the name of Venus Lamia.' — Plutarch. 
 
 Lamoionon (Christian Francis de), an 
 eminent French lawyer and magistrate, was 
 the son of the marquis de Basville, and born 
 at Paris, in 16' 44. I lis father would not en- 
 trust the education of his son to another, 
 but took it upon himself, and entered into 
 the minutest particulars of his first studies : 
 the love of letters and a solid taste were 
 the fruits the scholar reaped from this va- 
 luable education. Pie learned rhetoric in 
 the Jesuits’ college, made the tour of Eng- 
 land and Holland, and returned home the 
 admiration of those meetings regularly held 
 by persons of the first merit at his father’s 
 house. The several branches of literature 
 were hciwever only au amusement: the 
 law was his real employ; and the eloquence 
 of the bar at Paris owes its reformation 
 from bombast and affected erudition to 
 the plain and noble pleadiugs of M. Lamoi- 
 gnon. To a fine and cultivated understand- 
 ing he added the charms of eloquence, and 
 discharged the important duties of advo- 
 
 cate-general and president of the parlia- 
 ment of Paris with the greatest reputation. 
 He died in 1709. Louis XIV, who had a 
 great respect for his talents and virtues, 
 gave him many proofs of his regard. He 
 wrbte a work entitled Lc Piaydoier, and a 
 letter on the death of Bourdaloue. His 
 father was president of the parliament of 
 Paris, and a patron of literary merit. He 
 died in 1G77. — Mureri. 
 
 Lamps (Frederic Adolphus), professor 
 of divinity, and rector of the university of 
 Bremen, where lie died in 1729, aged 46'. 
 He wrote, 1. De Cymbalis Veterum, 1 liirio - 
 
 2. History sacred and ecclesiastical, 4to. • 
 
 3. Commentary on the Gospel of St. John, 
 &x\ — Nouv. Did. 
 
 Lamplugh (Thomas), an English prelate, 
 was born in Yorkshire, and educated at 
 Queen’s college, Oxford, of which he be- 
 came fellow. He complied with the pres- 
 byterians in the civil war, but conformed 
 at the Restoration and became D. D. princi- 
 pal of Alban-hall, and vicar of St. Martin- 
 in-the-Fields. In 1672 he was made dean 
 of Rochester, and in 1676 bishop of Exeter. 
 When the prince ufOrange landed, the bishop 
 made a speech to the clergy and gentry, ex- 
 horting them to he loyal to James, who 
 gave him the archbishoprick of York. 
 Notwithstanding this he took the c^uhs to 
 William and Mary, and died at Thorp 
 castle, in 1691, aged 76. — Wood. 
 
 Lampridius (FElius),a Roman historian 
 of the 4th century. He wrote the Lives of 
 the Emperors Commodus, Antonius, Dia- 
 dumenius, Heliogabalus, and Alexander 
 Severus, which are in the Historic Augus- 
 tinae Scriptores, 2 vols. 8vo. Leyden, 1671. 
 — Dossius de Hist. Lat. 
 
 Lamprioius (Benedict), a Latin poet of 
 the 16th century, was a native of Cremona 
 and became professor of Greek and Latin 
 at Rome, from whence he removed to 
 Padua. At the invitation of Frederick 
 Gonzaga he went to Mantua as tutor to 
 his sou. He wrote epigrams and lyric 
 poems with elegance. Fie died in 1540.— 
 Moreri. 
 
 Lana (Francis de), an eminent mathe- 
 matician, was born at Brescia, in Italy in 
 1667, and entered into the society of je- 
 suits. He was the first who conceived the 
 idea of aerostation, as appears in his work 
 entitled Magisterium Nature, Artis, pub- 
 lished at Brescia, in 1684, in 5 vols. folio. 
 A particular dissertation on the subject, 
 entitled Navis Dolans, tending to abate the 
 claims of Montgolfier to this discovery, 
 was published, from Lana’s work, at Naples* 
 in 1784. 
 
 Lancaster (Dr. Nathaniel), an Eno-lish 
 divine, was born in Cheshire, and became 
 rector of Stamford Rivers in Essex, where 
 he died in 1775. He wrote an essay on 
 Delicacy, 8vo; a sermon entitled, Public 
 Virtue, or the Love of our Country and a 
 po;m against methodism. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
LAN 
 
 LAN 
 
 Lancaster (James), an English naviga- 
 tor, who in 1591 sailed as commander of a 
 squadron to the East Indies, where he 
 touched at Ceylon and Sumatra, and after 
 taking several vessels and losing some of 
 his own, shaped his course for England, 
 hut in the voyage meeting with adverse 
 winds he was driven on the coast of Ame- 
 rica. Lancaster landed on a small island, 
 and the crew taking advantage of his ab- 
 sence, cut the cable and sailed to England. 
 He afterwards got a passage on board a 
 Preach ship, and arrived at Rye, in 1594. 
 He went out again with another fleet, with 
 which he committed many depredations on 
 the coast of Brazil, and took the town of 
 Fernambuco, where he obtained immense 
 treasure, which he brought to England in 
 1595. Hq next commanded the fleet sent 
 out by the East India company, and obtain- 
 ed the grant of a settlement at Achen, and 
 also at Bantam, after wjiich he returned to 
 England. He died about 1620. — Harris's 
 Hey acres. Hackluyt. 
 
 Lancelot (Claude), a learned French- 
 man, was a bencdictine of the abbey of 
 St. Cyran, from whence he was banished lo 
 Lower Brittany, on account of disturbances 
 which broke out in his monastery. He 
 died in 1695, aged 79. He wrote, a new 
 Method of learning the Latin and Greek 
 Languages, published under the title of 
 Pent Royal Grammars. They have been 
 translated into English by Nugent, and are 
 very valuable. Lancelot was also the au- 
 thor of Spanish and Italian Grammars, on a 
 similar plan ; and an Universal Grammar. 
 His other works are : Delectus Epigram- 
 roatum, 2 vols. 1 2mo. ; Memoirs of the Life 
 cf St. Cyran ; Observations on Sacred 
 Chronology; and religious pieces. — Mo- 
 reri. 
 
 Lancelotti (John Paul), a famous ca- 
 nonist, who was employed by pope Paul 
 IV. in compiling the Institutions of Canon 
 Law, in-imitation of the Civil Institutions 
 of Justinian. He was born at Perugia, in 
 1511, and died in 1591. There are other 
 Writings of his in prim besides the above. — 
 IHorcri. 
 
 Lancisi (John Marcia), a physician, was 
 born at Rome in 1654, and died professor 
 . of anatomy, and physician to the pope, 
 in 1720. He published several books on 
 medical subjects, and his extensive library 
 he gave to the hospital of the Holy Ghost 
 for public use . — Nicer on. 
 
 Lancjean (Rerni), a painter, was a na- 
 tive of Brussels, and the best of Vandyke’s 
 pupils. He died in 1671. His works are 
 mostly on religious subjects, and painted in 
 a line style. — D' Argennille. 
 
 Lancret (Nicholas), a French painter, 
 was born at Paris, in 1690. He copied the 
 manner of his master Watteau, but did not 
 equal him in taste or expression. He was a 
 member of the academy of painting at 
 Paris, and died in 1743. — D' 'Argenville* 
 
 Lancrinck (Prosper Henricus), an emi- 
 nent landscape painter, was born at Ant- 
 werp!, about 1688. He came to England 
 when young, and was patronised by the 
 nobility and gentry. He represented broken, 
 rude, and uncommon views. He died of 
 intemperance in 1692. — Vertue. 
 
 La:. da (Catherine), a learned lady, who 
 wrote a Latin letter to Peter Bembo, in 
 152S. She was the sister of count Au- 
 gustin Landon, and the wife of count John 
 Fermo Trivulcio. — Tiraboschi. 
 
 Landen ("John), an eminent mathema- 
 tician, was born in Northamptonshire, in 
 1719. He was a self-taught genius, and 
 acquired a profound knowledge of abstract 
 mathematics. He wrote some curious pa- 
 pers in the Philosophical Transactions, and 
 in 1755 he published a volume, called Ma- 
 thematical Lucubrations. He was appoint- 
 ed agent to ear! Fitzwilliam, which employ- 
 ment he fulfilled till within two years of 
 Ilia death. In 1766 he was chosen a fellow 
 of the royal society. He published two 
 volumes of Mathematical Memoirs, full of 
 curious matter, calculated for the higher 
 mathematicians. He died in 1790. — Hut- 
 ton. 
 
 Landini (Christopher), a learned Ve- 
 netian of the 15th century, who translated 
 Pliny’s Natural Plistory into Italian, and 
 wrote commentaries on Horace. — Nouv. 
 Hid. Hist. 
 
 Landq (Plortensio), an Italian physician 
 of the 16th century, was a native of Milan* 
 and author of several works under fictitious 
 names, particularly two dialogues, one 
 called Cicero Relegatus, and the other Ci- 
 cero Revocatus, which have been falsely 
 attributed to cardinal Aleander. He is 
 not to be confounded with Bassino Lando, 
 a pfliysieian of Padua, who was assassinated 
 by a robber in 1562. He wrote several 
 medical works. — Bayle. 
 
 . Landri, bishop of Paris, was a man of 
 unbounded charity and eminent piety. He 
 founded the hospital called Hotel Dieu, and 
 died in 6GO.—rMoreri. 
 
 Lane (Jane), an English heroine, who 
 was the principial instrument in effecting^ 
 the escape of Charles II. after -the battle of 
 Worcester. That monarch, disguised in 
 her father’s livery, rode before her on 
 horseback from Bentley-hall the seat of 
 Mr. Lane, about twelve miles from Bo«co- 
 bel wood, in which Charles had. been con- 
 cealed in an oak, to Mr. Norton’s near 
 Bristol, and from thence he went to Bright- 
 helmstone, where he embarked for France. 
 She was well rewarded at the Restoration; 
 and married sir Clement Fisher, bart. of 
 Warwickshire. — Clarendon. 
 
 Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury, 
 was born at Pavia, and studied at Bologna, 
 after which he went to France, arid retired 
 to the abbey of Bee, of which he was elected 
 prior in 10-14. William duke of Normandy, 
 gave hint the abbey of St. Stephen at Caen*. 
 
LAN 
 
 LAN 
 
 and after his conquest of England advanced 
 him to the archbishoprick of Canterbury. 
 In 1071 lie went to Rome to receive the 
 pallium from pope Alexander II, but it 
 must be observed to his honour, that he 
 resisted the encroachments of Gregory VII. 
 who cited him to Home to answer the 
 charge of heresy. He rebuilt the cathedral 
 of Canteibury, and founded several 
 churches and hospitals. He died in 1089. 
 He wrote against Berenger on the Eucharist, 
 and other works, published together in 
 1 6 47. — Dupin. 
 
 Lanfranc (John), an Italian painter, 
 was born at Parma in 1581. He became a 
 domestic in the service of count Horatio 
 Scotti, who perceiving his taste for drawing 
 placed him under Augustin Caracci, after 
 whose death he went to Rome and studied 
 under Annibal, who employed him in seve- 
 ral great works. He excelled in painting 
 domes and ceilings in fresco. He died in 
 2647, leaving several children all very in- 
 genious He studied Correggio’s manner 
 with success — Felibien 'vies des peintres. 
 
 Lanfranc, a physician and surgeon of 
 Milan. He was persecuted in his own 
 country, on which he retired to France, 
 where he died about 1300. He restored 
 surgery to respectability, for which he in- 
 curred the hatred of the ignorant pretend- 
 ers to the art. His Chirurgias Magna et 
 Parva was printed at Venice, in 1490, in 
 folio, and at I, vons, in 1553. — Moreri. 
 
 Lang (John Michael), professor of divi- 
 nity at Altdorf, and the author of Philo- 
 logia Barbaro-Grxca, Nurimb. 1708. 4to. ; 
 Dissertationes Botanico-Theologicce, Altorf, 
 1705, 4to; and De Fabulis Mohammedicis, 
 JG97, 4to.- He died in 1781, aged 67. — 
 Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Langalerie (Philip de Gentils, marquis 
 de), first baron of Saintonge, was a famous 
 general, and served his country with repu- 
 tation many years This however did not 
 prevent his being disgraced by the persecu- 
 tions of his enemy Chamillant the minister, 
 on which he went into the service of the 
 emperor and the king of Poland ; the for- 
 mer of whom caused him to be arrested at 
 Stadt, on a charge of having concerted a 
 plan with the Turks to make a descent on 
 Italy. He died ii? prison at Vienna, in 1717, 
 aged 6(>. The Memoirs under his name, 
 printed in 1708 in French, is a mere ro- 
 mance.— Nouv. Did. 
 
 Langbaine (Gerard), a learned divine, 
 was born in Westmoreland, about 1608, 
 and educated at Queen’s college, Oxford, 
 where he obtained a fellowship and pro- 
 ceeded to the degree of D. D. He printed 
 an edition of Longinus at Oxford, and 
 several other learned works. In 1645 he 
 was chosen provost of nis college, which, 
 with the office of keeper ot the archives, 
 he held to his death in 1657. He was 
 esteemed by Selden, Usher, and other 
 great men, his correspondence with whom 
 
 has been printed. His son Get 
 baine, born in 1656, became bea , 
 at Oxford, and published an Ap 
 the University Catalogue of Grad 
 an Account of the English Dram' 
 
 8vo. He died in 1692. — Weed. 
 
 Langdale (Marmaduke), a gallant Eng- 
 lish gentleman, who in the civil war raised 
 a troop in the king’s service, gained some 
 advantage over Fairfax, raised the siege of 
 Pontefract castle, and made himself master 
 of Berwick and Carlisle. On the ruin of 
 the royal cause he went to Flanders, and 
 was created by Charles II. lord Langdale, 
 He died in 1681. — Clarendon. 
 
 Lange (Joseph), professor of Greek at 
 Friburg, in the year 1610. He quitted the 
 protestant communion and turned catholic. 
 He composed several works, and among 1 
 others, one entitled, Elementale Mathema- 
 ticum, reprinted in 1625. He was also the 
 editor of the famous Poleanthea, 2 vols. fo- 
 lio. — Bay le. 
 
 Lange (Charles Nicholas), an ingenious 
 Swiss naturalist, who published, 1. Histo- 
 ria Lapidum figuratorum Helvetia; 2. 
 Origo eorundem 3. Methodus Testacese 
 Marina; distribuendx, in 1722, 4to. — Nouv . 
 Did. 
 
 Langf. (Rudolphus), a German Latin 
 poet, was nephew of Herman Lange, dean 
 of the church of Munster, wdio gave him a 
 canonry in that cathedral. He went to 
 Italy, where he studied the Greek and 
 Latin languages. He composed a poem on 
 the Taking of Jerusalem, and others. Fie 
 died in 1519, aged 81. — Melcb Adam, vit. 
 Germ. FLU. 
 
 Lengeland (Robert), an old English 
 poet, and one of the first disciples of Wick- 
 lifFe, who distinguished himself by a curious 
 poem, entitled, The Visions of Pierce 
 Plowman, written about 1369, intended as 
 a satire on almost every description of men, 
 but especially the clergy. It is written in 
 blank vtrse with force and humour, in ail 
 alliterative measure. — Gen. Biog. 
 
 Langham (Simon), an English prelate 
 and cardinal, was abbot of Westminster, 
 afterwards bishop of Ely, and lastlv arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury, in 1366. Edward 
 III. made him treasurer of England, and 
 Urban VIII. gave him a cardinalship with 
 the title of legate. He died at Avignon, in 
 1376. — Godwin de Presulibus. 
 
 Langhorne (Dr. John), an ingenious 
 divine and poet, was the son of a clergy- 
 man, and born at Kirby Steven, in West- 
 moreland, but where educated is not ascer- 
 tained. On entering into orders he became 
 tutor to the sons of a Lincolnshire gentle- 
 man, whose daughter he married. He held 
 the living of Blagden, in Somersetshire, and 
 was besides a justice of the peace, and pre- 
 bendary of Wells. He died in 1779. He 
 was a writer in the Monthly Review, and 
 published, 1. Poems, in 2 vols. 12mo. • 2 . 
 Letters of Theodosius and Constairda’, 2. 
 
 Qq 
 
LAN 
 
 LAN 
 
 vols'. 10mo. ; 3. Solyman and Almena, a 
 tale; 4. Frederick and Pharamond, 12rqo.; 
 
 5. Sermons, 2 vols. ; 6. Effusions of Fancy, 
 
 2 vols.; 7. Fables of Flora, in verse; 8 
 A translation of Plutarch’s Lives. — Europ. 
 Mag. 
 
 La n gius (John), a physician of Silesia, 
 •was born in 1485, and died in 1585. He 
 took his degree at Pisa, after which he 
 practised at Heidelberg, and became phy- 
 sician to the elector palatine. He published 
 at Basil in 4to. 1554, Medical Epistles, which 
 are very curious. — Mom i. 
 
 Langle (John Maximilian- de),a French 
 protestant minister, was born at Evreux in 
 1590. He served the reformed church at 
 Rouen twenty-five years and died in 1874. 
 He wrote a Defence of Charles I. King of 
 England ; 2 volumes of Sermons and trans- 
 lated from the English the Whole Duty of 
 Man. — Bayle. 
 
 Langle- (Samuel de), son of the above, 
 was born at London, but taken to France 
 when a year old. He was minister of the 
 church at Rouen, from whence he re- 
 moved to Charentoir, where he was greatly 
 esteemed for his learning and virtues. On 
 the persecution breaking- out against the 
 protestants he removed to England, and ob- 
 tained a prebend of Westminster. The 
 university of Oxford conferred on. him the 
 degree of D.D. He died in 1699. Bishop 
 Stilling-fleet printed a letter of his on the 
 difference between the church of England 
 and the dissenters. — Ibid. 
 
 Langley (Batty), an English architect, 
 who died in 1751. He published many 
 useful practical books, as the Builder’s 
 Jewel; the Builder’s Price-Book; and other 
 works for masons, bricklayers, and car- 
 penter’s. — Gen. J Biocr. Diet. 
 
 Langton (Stephen), archbishop of Can- 
 terburv, was born in England, but edu- 
 cated at Paris. He was chancellor of Paris, 
 cardinal, of Rome* and made archbishop 
 bv the pope in opposition to king John and 
 the clergy. John forbade Langton from 
 entering his dominions, and banished the 
 monks of Canterbury, for which the king- 
 dom was laid bnder the papal interdict. 
 ’The king was afterwards excommunicated, 
 and his subjects absolved from their allegi- 
 ance; on which he made his submission by 
 complying with the papal terms, after which 
 lie received the papal absolution from 
 1 atngton, who, however, refused the- pope’s 
 bull of excommunication against the ba- 
 rons for leaguing against John, for which 
 he was suspended at Rome, where he suf- 
 fered also many mortifications. At length 
 he purchased his pardon, and was per- 
 mitted to return to England, where he 
 died in 1228. He composed some theolo- 
 gical works. — Pits. Rapln. 
 
 Lanoto>4 (John), an English monk of 
 the order of Carmelites, who appeared with 
 advantage ay the council of Basil, and wrote 
 a Chronicle' of England. — Pits. 
 
 Languet (Hubert, minister of state to- 
 Augustus elector of Saxony, was a native 
 of France, ar.d converted to the protestant 
 faith by Melanchthon. He was at Paris 
 during the massacre of St. Bartholomew, as 
 ambassador from the elector, and narrowly 
 escaped with his liie, after saving that of 
 Wichelus the printer, in whose house he 
 lodged and also the famous de Mornay. 
 He was employed in several other embassies; 
 but being suspected of favouring the Zuin- 
 glians,he quitted the service of the elector, 
 and entered into that of the prince of 
 Orange: He died at Antwerp in. 1581- 
 
 His principal works are ; a Collection of 
 Letters in Latin to the Elector of Saxony, 
 printed at Halle in 4to. 1699 ; Letters to sir 
 Philip Sidney, 12mo. 1646. — Bayle. Mar. 
 
 Lancuet (John Baptist Joseph), doctor 
 of theSorbonne, and vicar of St. Sulpice,at 
 Paris, wa sa relatio nof the above, and born 
 at Dijon, in 1675. He built a new church 
 for his parish, and founded the house of 
 the Infant Jesus, which consisted of two 
 divisions, the first of thirty-five ladies de- 
 scended of decayed but noble families, the 
 second of above 400 poor women and child- 
 ren. The young ladies received a suitable 
 education, and were employed in domestic 
 concerns. The others worked at the spin- 
 ning-wheel, and made a quantity of linen 
 and cotton cloths. The order and economy 
 in this house, for the education and em- 
 ployment of so many persons, gave car- 
 dinal Fleury so high an idea of the vicar of 
 St. Sulpice," that he proposed to make him 
 snperintendant-general of all the hospitals 
 in the kingdom, which was however de- 
 clined. Nothing indeed could be more ex- 
 cellent than this- institution, which the revo- 
 lution has swept away in common with 
 every thing else that was great or good 1 . 
 Never man took more pains to procure cha- 
 ritable donations and legacies, which, lie 
 distributed with admirable discretion, to 
 the amount, it is said on good authority, 
 of nearly one million of livres annually. 
 During the general dearth in 1725, he sold, 
 in order to relieve the poor, his household 
 goods, pictures, and some curious pieces of 
 furniture that he had with difficulty pro- 
 cured. In a word, Languet devoted him- 
 self to the service of the poor, and spent his 
 all on- works of charity. He refused several 
 bishopricks, and died in 1750. — Now. Diet. 
 
 Languet (John Joseph), brother of the 
 above, was archbishop of Sens. He trans- 
 lated the Psalms into French, and published 
 several polemical treatises. I ie died in 1753. 
 —Ibid. 
 
 Lanier , a painter who was employed 
 to collect pictures in foreign countries 
 for Charles I. He placed a particular 
 mark on all which he brought to England 
 No further account is known of him.-- 
 Vert ue. 
 
 Lansberohe or Lansbervius (Philip), a 
 learned mathematician, was born at Ghent, 
 
LAR 
 
 LAP. 
 
 in 1561. He was a preacher at Antwerp, 
 but on the taking of that city by the Spa- 
 niards he removed to Holland, and died at 
 Middleburg in 1632. He wrote Sacred 
 Chronology, 1626; Essays on the Restitution 
 of Astronomy; Four Books of Geometrical 
 Triangles; On Measuring the Heavens; On 
 the Diurnal and Annual Motion of the 
 Earth, &c. His son Janies was also a good 
 mathematician, and published a defence of 
 the works of his father against Fromond, a 
 professor at Louvain, who maintained that 
 the earth stands still. He died in 1657. — 
 Martin Biog. Phi'. Ncuu. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Lanzano (Andrea), an Italian painter, 
 was bora at Milan, and educated under 
 Carlo Maratti. He was esteemed for the 
 excellence of his composition and the beauty 
 of his colouring. He died in 1712. — Pilk- 
 ington. D’Aroenvillt'. 
 
 JLaparelli| l-'rancif, an eminent architect 
 and mech nic, was born at Cortona, in 1521. 
 His knowledge - of the military science 
 and mechanic^ recommended him to Cos- 
 mo I.grand duke of Tuscany ; and pope Pius 
 IV. entrusted him with the defence of Civi- 
 ta-Vecchia, which placehestrongly fortified. 
 Michael Angelo confided to him the execu- 
 tion of his designs for the church of St. 
 Peter. In 1565he was sent to fortify Malta 
 against the attempts of Solyman, and there 
 he planned the city 6f Valette. He next 
 engaged in Jthe service of the Venetians, 
 but died of the plague before Candia, in 
 1570. — Nouhj. Did. Hist. 
 
 Lanzoni (Joseph), a learned physician 
 and professor at Ferrara, was born in 1 663, 
 and died in 1730. He was the restorer of 
 the academy of liis native place, and be- 
 came secretary to it. He was also an as- 
 sociate of many other societies. To great 
 skill as a physician, he added a knowledge of 
 antiquities, and taste for polite lite- 
 rature. His works were printed in 3 vols. 
 4to. Latin, 1738. — Noun. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Lapide (Cornelius a), a learned jesuit, 
 who died at Rome in 1637, aged 71. He 
 devoted himself to the critical elucidation 
 of the scriptures, and his works amount to 
 10 vols. folio — Moreri. 
 
 Lapo (Arnulphus di), a famous archi- 
 tect, was born at Florence, in 1232, and died 
 in 1300. He was the first who revived the 
 true principles of architecture, and united 
 in his structures elegance with solidity. He 
 built the cathedral at Florence, and other 
 great works. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Lardner (Nathaniel), a learned dissent- 
 ing divine, was born at Hawkhurst, in 
 Kent, in 1684. After receiving his acade- 
 mical education at London, he went to 
 Utrecht, and from thence to Leyden, 
 where he followed his studies with close ap- 
 plication, and then returned to England. 
 Soon afterwards he became tutor to the 
 son of lady Treby, in which comfortable 
 situation lie continued until her ladyship’s 
 death, in 1721. This event.threw him into 
 
 circumstances of some perplexity, having 
 preached to several congregations during 
 his residence with lady Treby, without 
 the approbation or choice of any one of 
 them. In 1723 he was engaged with other 
 ministers in a course of lectures at a meet- 
 ing in the Old Jewry, but he did not obtain 
 a fixed settlement till 1729, when he be- 
 came pastor of a congregation in Crutched 
 Friars. He wrote an excellent answer to 
 Woolston oil the Miracles, and about the 
 same time, a Letter on the Logos. In 1733 
 appeared the first part of the Credibility 
 of the Gospel History, a work admirably 
 executed. The university of Aberdeen 
 conferred on him the degree of D. D. for his 
 useful labours. He died at his native place 
 in 1768. His works have been published 
 in 11 vols. 8vo. They abound in critical 
 elucidations of the scripture, and early ec- 
 clesiastical history, evincing profound 
 learning- and intense application. Ap- 
 plaudedjashis works were, Lardner received 
 but little recompence for them. Some of 
 the latter volumes of the Credibility* were 
 published at a loss , and at last he sold the 
 copy-right, and all the remaining copies, 
 to the booksellers for the trifling sum of 
 150/ ; his object however was not private 
 emolument, but to serve the interests of 
 truth and virtue — Life by Kip pis. 
 
 Largilliere (Nicolas de), a French 
 painter, was born at Paris, in 1656. He 
 lived some time in England, and was em- 
 ployed by Charles II.; but a regard for Lis 
 family induced him to return to France, 
 where he obtained the friendship of Le* 
 Brun, and the post of historical painter to 
 the academy. On the accession of James 
 II. he again visited England and painted 
 the portrait of that monarch and that of 
 his queen, after which he returned to Paris, 
 where he became director of the academy, 
 and died in 174 6. — D' Argen-ville. 1 
 
 Laroon (Marcellus), a Dutch painter, 
 was born at the Hague, in 165$. He ac- 
 companied his father to England. He drew 
 correctly, and painted drapery so well that 
 ivneller employed him to clothe his figures. 
 But his greatest merit is the exactness with 
 which he copied the works of eminent 
 masters. He died in 1705. — Vertue. 
 
 Larrey (Isaac de), a French protestant 
 who was obliged to quit his country at the 
 revocation of the edict of Nantes, on which 
 he went to Holland, where he was made 
 historiographer to the States. He wrote, 
 the History of England, 4 vols. folio; the 
 History of Louis XIV. 3 vols. 4ro; the His- 
 tory of Augustus, 8 vo.; the History of the 
 Seven Wise Men, 2 Vols.Svo. Ide'died in 
 171 2 . — - Moreri . 
 
 Larroqe (Matthew de), a French pro- 
 testant divine, was born at Lierac, in 1619. 
 The duchess de la Tremouille chose hini 
 for minister at Vitrem Brittany, where he 
 lived twenty-seven years, and then re- 
 in ved to Rouen. He died in 1654. H^s 
 
L A U 
 
 L A T 
 
 principal works are; A History of the Eiv 1475. He received a good education at 
 charist,4to. ; An Answer to Bossuet, bishop Cambridge, where at the beginning of the 
 of Meaux, on Communion of two kinds, Reformation he was very zealous forpopery, 
 T_’mo.; A Treatise upon the Regale. Mis but on conversing* with Bilney the martyr, 
 son Darnel , on the revocation of the he renounced t fee Romish tenets, and be- 
 edict of Nantes, went to London, from came as anient on the other side. Me now 
 thence to Copenhagen, and afterwards to laboured earnestly in preaching the gospel, 
 Amsterdam. Having resolved to turn and his fame reaching Henry VIII. he sent 
 catholic, he went to Paris, but writing a sa- for him, and was so pleased with his dis- 
 tirical piece against Louis XIV. on occasion courses as to confer on him the bishopric 
 of the famine in 1693, he was sent to of Worcester. But Latimer was no time- 
 prison, where he was kept five years. On server: on the contrary he expostulated 
 his release he obtained a place and a pen- with the king for his cruelties, and went 
 eion. He died in 1731. H,e wrote the Life so far as to present him a New Testament 
 of Mahomet- the Life of Mezeray;and witha leaf doubled down to the text “ whore- 
 translated Echard’s Roman History into mongers and adulterers God will judge.” 
 French. — Nouv Diet Hist. He afterwards resignedlns bishopric; and 
 
 Lascaris (Constantine), alearned Greek, on the fall of lord Cromwell, his patron, 
 
 who went to Italy on the taking of Con- he was sent to the Tower, where he re- 
 stantinople by the Turks in 1453. He mained till the accession of Edward VI. who 
 settled at Messina, where he taught Greek would have restored him to his diocese, 
 with reputation, and had a number of scho- which he refused. He then resided with 
 lars. He died there at the end of the 15th Cranmer,whom he assisted in framing the 
 century, and left his library to the senate, homilies, and in completing the work 
 He wrote a Greek grammar, printed at of reformation. When Mary came to' the 
 
 Milan in 1476 4to. Ibid. throne he was committed to theTower, from 
 
 Lascaris (Andrew-John), surnamed ,whence he was sent with Ridley and Cian- 
 Rhyndacenus, a learned Greek who was mer to Oxford, to have a conference with 
 employed by Lorenzo de Medici to collect some popish divines. In that dispute he con- 
 books in Greece, and the grand-signior al- ducted himself with remarkable clearness 
 lowed him to examine his libraries, whereby and sim plicity ; and when it was over, sen- 
 hc acquired inestimable treasures. On his fence was pastel upon him and Ridley, who 
 return he was invited to France by Louis were burnt at the same stake, A. L). 1555. 
 XII. who employed him as ambassador to Latimer, after recommending his soul to 
 Venice. When Leo X. ascended the papal God, thus cheered his brothes -sufferer : 
 chair Lascaris went to Rome, and became “ We shall this day, my lord, light such a 
 director of the Greek college. He died in candle in England as shall never be extin- 
 1535. He revived the use of the capital guished.” His sermons have been often 
 letters of the Greek alphabet, and wrote printed.— Biog. Brit. 
 
 epigrams in that language. — Ibid. Laud (William), a learned and celebrated 
 
 Lascen a (Peter), a learned Neapolitan, prelate, was the son of a clothier at Read- 
 was born in 1590. He lived at Rome with ing, in Berkshire, and born there in 1573. , 
 
 cardinal Barberini, and died in 1636. He From Reading school he was removed to 
 wrote Nepenthes Homeri, seu de abolendo St. John s college, Oxford, of which he was 
 luctu ; Cleombrotus ; Dell’Antico Ginnasio elected fellow in 1593. In 1601 he entered 
 
 Napoletano, 4to. Ibid. into orders, and having opposed the inno- 
 
 Lassels (Richard), a priest of the Ro- vations of the puritans, he fell under the < 
 mish communion, was born of a good fa- displeasure of Dr. Abbot then vice-chan- 
 mi Ly in Yorkshire, and bred first at Ox- cellor, which continued during the life of i 
 ford and afterwards at Douay. He died at that divine. Elis first preferment was the 
 Montpellier in 1668, aged 65. He wrote living of Stamford, in Northamptonshire, 
 Travels in Italy, 2 vols. 8vo. A gentleman and in 1608 he obtained that of North Kil- 
 of his name and family was a cornet in the worth in Lti :estershire, at which time he 
 royal army during the civil wars, and con- took the degreee of D. D. and became 
 tributed to the escape of Charles II. after chaplain to Neile, bishop of Roches- j 
 the battle of Worcester. — Wood, A. 0. t er - In 1611 he was elected presi- j 
 
 Lassus, or Lasus, a dithyrambic poet, dent of Ids college, and in 1616 preferred ; 
 born at Elermione. in Peloponnesus, about to the deanry of Gloucester. 1 he year fol- j 
 500jyearsB. C. He is particularly known by lowing he attended king James to Scotland ; 
 the answer he gave to a man who asked in 1620 he obtained a prebend of Weslmin- 
 him what could best render life pleasant ster, and about the same time was made hi- 
 and comfortable? Experience.” He w-rote shop of St. David s. In 1622 heheida confe- I 
 an ode upon the centaurs, and an hymn to rence with Fisher the jesuitin the presence j 
 Ceres without inserting the letter S in of the marquis of Buckingham and his mo- • 
 the composition. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. ther to confirm them in the protestant reli- j 
 
 I»atimer (Hugh), an excellent prelate gion. An account of this conference was 
 and martyr, was born at Thurcaston, in printed but never answered. At the coro- < 
 Leicestershire, of humble parentage, in nation of Charles 1. he officiated as dean of ; 
 
L A U 
 
 L A U 
 
 Westminster, and in 1626 was translated 
 to the see of Bath and Wells, and in 1628 
 to London. The university of Oxford in 
 1630 elected him Chancellor, than whom it 
 never had a more liberal patron. He or- 
 namented St. John’s college, erected the 
 building at the end of the divinity-school, 
 founded an Arabic lecture, and gave a col- 
 lection of MSS. and coins to the university. 
 He succeeded archbishop Abbot in 1633 in 
 the see of Canterbury, and began a work 
 of reformation not more necessary than 
 unpopular. The puritans had increased to 
 an extraordinary degree, and in the church 
 there was a great want of conformity to 
 the liturgy, owing to the laxity of his pre- 
 decessor. Archbishop Laud not qnly paid 
 minute attention to the state of the Angli- 
 can church, but also to that of Ireland, for 
 which he obtained the impropriations that 
 remained in the hands of the crown. On 
 the breaking out of the rebellion his palace 
 was assaulted by the mob; and in 1S40 he 
 was impeached by the house of commons, 
 and sent to the Tower, but not brought to 
 trial till three years after, when he made a 
 most able defence of himself. Though no 
 treason was proved, the house of commons 
 passed an act of attainder against him, 
 which the lords were compelled to confirm. 
 He was beheaded on Tower-hill, January 
 10, 1644, and his behaviour was calm and 
 intrepid. His corpse was interred in the 
 church of Allhallows, Barking, but after- 
 wards removed to the chapel of St- John’s 
 college, Oxford. Archbishop Laud was a 
 man of quick passions, but of strict inte- 
 grity and unaffected piety. He possessed 
 great learning and extensive abilities, and 
 was the firm friend of the church of Eng- 
 land, though the puritans maliciously re- 
 presented him as inclined to popery. After 
 his death appeared his sermons in 1 vol. 
 12mo.; Devotions, 1 vol.; and in 1694 Mr. 
 Wharton published his Diary and Remains, 
 2 vols. folio. — Blog. Brit. 
 
 Lauder (William), a native of Scotland. 
 He taught Latin at the university of Edin- 
 burgh, where he published in 1739 an edi- 
 tion of Johnston’s Psalms. From thence he 
 came to London, and published an Essay 
 on Milton’s Use and Imitation of the Mo- 
 derns in his Paradise Lost. His alleged 
 quotations from Grotius and others passed 
 as genuine for some time, but at length 
 they were detected and proved forgeries of 
 Lauder’s own by Mr. Douglas, since bishop 
 of Salisbury. Lauder, on being discovered, 
 subscribed a confession of his offence dic- 
 tated by Dr. Johnson, after which he went 
 to Barbadoes, where he kept a school. He 
 died in 1771. — Anecd . of Boivyer. 
 
 Laudohn (Gideon Ernest), or Loudon, an 
 eminent German general, was born at Toot- 
 !zen,in 1716, of a noble family, which came 
 originally from Scotland. In 1731 he en- 
 tered into the Russian service, but though 
 he behaved with great gallantry he only 
 
 obtained a lieutenancy, on which he went 
 into the Austrian service in 1742, and had 
 a captain’s commission. After the peace 
 in 1748 he was raised to the rank of major. 
 At the beginning of the seven years’ war 
 he was appointed lieutenant-colonel of 
 Croats, and displayed brilliant military ta- 
 lents against the king of Prussia. In 1757 
 he was made major-general, and the year 
 following invested with the military order 
 of Maria Theresa. The same year was 
 gained the great battle of Hochkerchen, 
 the merit of which is generally attributed 
 to Laudohn, who also gained the battle of 
 Kiinnersclorf, for which the empress Eliza- 
 beth of Russia presented him with a mag- 
 nificent sword. He afterwards defeated the 
 Prussians at Dandshut, and took the town 
 of Glatz. At the conclusion of the war in 
 1763 he was rewarded with a pension and 
 a barony. In 1766 he was nominated a 
 member ,of the aulic council of war, and 
 in 1778 elevated to the dignity of field-mar- 
 shal. In the last Turkish war he served with 
 additional reputation, and in 1789 added 
 Belgrade to the imperial dominions. Being 
 seized with a fever at his head-quarters in 
 Moravia, in consequence of an operation 
 he underwent for an obstruction in the 
 urethra, his impatience under the medical 
 applications, the impetuous ardour of his 
 character, and the knowledge, above all, 
 of his importance in the war, contributed 
 to irritate his mind, and promote the vio- 
 lence of the disorder. He resisted the ap- 
 plication of cataplasms, before and after 
 the incisions were made, with a fatal obsti- 
 nacy, which raised the inflammation to 
 such a height, that he expired on the 14th 
 July, 1790, aged 74. — Nouv. Diet : Hist 
 
 Laugier (Mark Antony), an ingenious 
 French writer, was born in Provence, in 
 1713. He entered into the order of jesuits, 
 which he quitted on account of some dissa- 
 tisfaction. He died in 1769. His works 
 are, an Essay on Architecture; the Hisio- 
 ry of Venice, 12 vols. 12mo.; the History 
 of the Peace of Belgrade, 2 vols. l2mo. ; 
 Apology for the French Music, &c. — Ibid. 
 
 Launay (Francis de), a French advo- 
 cate, who wrote a Commentary on the In- 
 stitutes Coutumieres of Loysel, and Re- 
 marks on the Roman and French Jurispru- 
 dence. He died in 1693, aged 81. — Ibid. 
 
 Launov (John de), a learned French di- 
 vine, was born in Normandy, in 1603, and 
 died at Paris, in 1678. He wrote several 
 books on ecclesiastical history, and defended 
 the liberties of the Galiican church against 
 the papal claims. He also exposed legends 
 and canonizations. — B.iyle. 
 
 Launov (Charles de), a celebrated com- 
 mander, who served the emperor Charles 
 V. and was made governor of Tournay, 
 and viceroy of Naples. He took Francis I. 
 prisoner at the battle of Pavia, and treated 
 him with the greatest respect. He was af- 
 terwards appointed to conduct the French 
 
LAW 
 
 LAV 
 
 king back to his dominions. He died in 
 15-27. — Moreri. 
 
 Laura. See Petrarch. 
 
 Laurens (Andrew), a French physician, 
 •was a native of Arles, professor of medi- 
 cine at Montpellier, and physician to Hen- 
 ry IV. He died in 1609 His anatomical 
 •works were printed at Paris, in 1600, folio. 
 His brother Honorius was an advocate in 
 the parliament of Paris, and a distinguished 
 partizan . of the League. Having em- 
 braced the ecclesiastical^state, Henry IV. 
 gave him the archbishopric of Embrun. 
 He died in 1612. He wrote the edict of 
 Henry III. for re-uniting the protestants to 
 the Romish church, and other works.— 
 Moreri. 
 
 Laurent (Peter Joseph), an eminent 
 mechanic, was born in Flanders, in 1715. 
 
 At the age of eight years he constructed an 
 hydraulic machine, and at twenty-one he 
 was entrusted with the superintendance of 
 several public works. lie had also the di- 
 rection of the canals in the Low Countries 
 and Hainault. He formed a grand design 
 of joining the Somme with the Scheldt; 
 and performed other admirable and almost 
 insurmountable schemes, for which he was 
 rewarded with the order of St. Michael. 
 He died in 1773.— AW. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Lauri (Philippo), a painter, was born at 
 Rome, in 1623. His. father and cider bro- 
 ther were also eminent artists. He studied 
 under Angelo Carofelli, whom he excelled. 
 He painted historical pieces, with landscapes 
 in the back-ground, also large pictures for 
 ehurches, but his ehief subjects were meta- 
 morphoses and Bacchanals. He died at 
 Rome in 1694.— D’Argenville. 
 
 I.avater (John-Gaspard-Christian), a 
 Swiss divine and ingenious writer, was born 
 at Zurich, in 1741 . He became pastor of the 
 principal church of St. Peter, at his native 
 place, and was distinguished for his un- 
 wearied zeal in behalf of practical Christia- 
 nity. He died in 1801, in consequence of 
 a wound which he received in 1799, when 
 the French troops under Massena took Zu- 
 rich by storm. I.avater was a man of bril- 
 liant talents, mingled with much mystic 
 enthusiasm. He wrote, 1. a Treatise on 
 Physiognomy, which has been translated 
 into English and other languages; 2. Poems; 
 3. the Journal of a Self-Observer; 4. Jesus 
 the Messiah, in 4 vols ; 5. Fraternal Let- 
 ters, 8vo. ; 6. Letters supposed to have 
 been written by St. Paul before his Conver- 
 sion, &c. — Nauv. Did. Hist. 
 
 I.avington (George), an English prelate, 
 was born at Ideavitree. in Devonshire, and 
 educated at Exeter college, Oxford, where 
 he proceeded to the degree of LL D. He 
 successively became prebendary of Worces- 
 ter, canon-residentiary of St. Paul’s, and 
 lastly bishop of Exeter. He died in 1762, 
 aged 79, and lies buried in Exeter cathedral. 
 Jlis lordship wrote a curious book, entitled, 
 the Enthusiasm of Methodists aiid Papists 
 
 compared, 8vo. ; another on the Moravi- 
 ans, and some single sermons. — PoLtrhelc 's 
 Hist. Devon. 
 
 Lavirotte (I.ouis Anne), a French phy- 
 sician, was born at Nolay in the diocese of 
 Autun, and died in 1759, aged 34 He 
 translated Maclaurin’s Accountof Newton’s 
 Discoveries, and wrote Observations on the 
 Hydrophobia, with some other works. — 
 Nouv. Did. Hist. 
 
 J.avoisier (Anthony, Laurence), a cele- 
 brated French chemist, was born at Paris, 
 in 1743. In 1766 he obtained a prize from 
 the academy for a dissertation on the best 
 mode of lighting the streets, so as to com- 
 bine the several properties of economy, 
 distinctness of vision, and facility of ope- 
 ration. Two years after he was chosen a 
 member of the academy, to which he con- 
 tributed a number of curious papers, lie 
 invented a new theory of chemistry, which 
 was received with applause in Germany 
 and France, tl ugh strenuously opposed 
 by Dr. Priestley, whose phlogistic hypo- 
 thesis it tended to overthrow. In 1789 he 
 published his Elements of Chemistry, a 
 work of merit and importance. He suc- 
 ceeded Boffont and 'fillet as treasurer of the 
 academv ; he became also farmer-general, 
 and commissary of the national treasury, 
 in which offices he conducted himself with 
 strict integrity, but notwithstanding his ta- 
 lents and virtues he was dragged before the 
 revolutionary tribunal, who sentenced him 
 to death, and though he only asked for a 
 little time to complete some experiments, 
 he was guillotined in 1794. Besides his 
 Elements he wrote Chemical and Philoso- 
 phical Miscellanies, 2 vols. 8vo. ; Report 
 of the Commissioners charged to examine 
 Animal Magnetism ; Instructions for making 
 Nitre, &C. — E’oge by Fourcroy; and Life by 
 Lcilande. 
 
 Law (John).afarrousprojector, wasborn 
 at Edinburgh, in 1671. He acquired a con- 
 siderable knowledge of practical mathe- 
 matics, and particularly excelled as an ac- 
 countant. Having seduced the daughter 
 of a gentleman in England, he slew the 
 brother of his mistress, and to avoid being 
 hanged went to Holland, and from thence 
 to Italy. He is said afterwards to have re- 
 turned to his own country, and to have 
 made proposals to parl'ament for a paper 
 currency, which were rejected. J aw then 
 went abroad again, and after residing in 
 different places, settled at Genoa. In 1716 
 he established a bank at Paris under his 
 own name, byt with the authority of the 
 regent duke of Orleans. To this was 
 joined the company of the Mississippi, a pre- 
 tended scheme for paying off the national 
 debt, and for enriching subscribers. The 
 project became extravagantly popular, and 
 every one was anxious to convert his gold 
 and silver into paper. In 1720 Law was 
 made comptroller of the finances. The 
 bubble, however, burst; and the people. 
 
L A W 
 
 L E A 
 
 enraged, besieged the palace of the regent, 
 crying out as they held up their hands full 
 of bills, “ See the fruit of your system.” 
 Law was exiled to Pontoise, from whence 
 he escaped to Italy, and died at Venice, in 
 1729. He wrote a small book on Money 
 and Paper Credit. — Nouv. Did. Hist. 
 
 Law (William), a pious English divine, 
 was born at King’s-cliffe, in Northampton- 
 shire, in 1686, and ed cated at Oxford, 
 where he took his degrees, and entered in- 
 to orders, but entertaining scruples respect- 
 ing the oaths, he remained a nonjuror, and 
 thus missed preferment which was repeat- 
 edly offered to him. He lived for the most 
 part a retired life at the house of Mrs. Hes- 
 ter Gibbon, aunt of the celebrated histo- 
 rian, in Northamptonshire, where he died 
 in 1761. He wrote against bishop Hoadley, 
 and some valuable practical books, as, a 
 Serious Call to a Devout and Ploly Life ; a 
 T realise on Christian Perfection, &c. In 
 his latter days he fell into the mystic reve- 
 ries of Jacob Behmen, whose works he pub- 
 lished. — Gibbon's Posth. 1/Vorls. 
 
 I, aw (Edmund), a learned prelate, was 
 a native of Westmoreland, and educated at 
 St. John’s college, Cambridge, but became 
 fellow of Christ’s college. He was 
 member of a society at the university call- 
 ed the Zodiac, consisting of several learn- 
 ed and ingenious young men. In 1739 he 
 was presented to the living of Graystock, 
 from whence he removed to Salkeld. In 
 1755 he was chosen master of St. Peter’s 
 college; in 1767 he obtained a prebendal 
 stall in the cathedral of Durham, and in 
 1769 the bishopric of Carlisle. He was a 
 man of great softness of manners, and of 
 the mildest and most tranquil disposition. 
 His voice was never raised above its or- 
 dinary pitch; his countenance seemed ne- 
 ver to have been ruffled ; it preserved the 
 same kind and composed aspect, truly in- 
 dicating the calmness and benignity of his 
 temper. He had an utter dislike of large 
 and mixed companies. Next to his books, his 
 chief satisfaction was in the serious conver- 
 sation of a literary companion, or in the 
 company of a few friends. In this sort of 
 society he would open Ills mind with 
 great unreservedness, and with a peculiar 
 turn and sprightliness of expression. The 
 modesty or rather bashfulness of his iiut 
 ture, together with an extreme unwilling- 
 ness to give pain, rendered him sometimes 
 less firm and efficient in the administration 
 of authority than was requisite; but it is 
 the condition of human morality. Tnere 
 ic an opposition between some virtues, 
 which seldom permits them to subsist to- 
 gether in perfection. He died in 1787, 
 aged 84. He published, 1. The Theory of 
 Religion, 8vo.; 2. Archbishop King’s Ori- 
 gin of Evil, with notes, 8vo.; S. A Review 
 of the Controversy concerning an inter- 
 mediate State, 12mo.; and some Sermons. 
 ■ — Encjd. Brit, 
 
 Lawes (Henry), a musician, was bom 
 at Salisbury, in 1600. He became a gen- 
 tleman of the chapel royal, and one of 
 the band of Charles I. In 1653 he pub- 
 lished his Ayres, Dialogues, &c. folio. He 
 set to music the Camus of Milton, with 
 whom he was ultimate. I le also set most 
 of Waller’s songs, and died in 1662. His 
 brother William was an excellent per- 
 former. He was commissary in the royal 
 army, and w.-s killed at the siege of Ches- 
 ter. — HaiuBns. Burney. 
 
 Lawrence (Stringer), an eminent gene- 
 ral, in the service of the East India com- 
 pany, was born in 1697, and died in 1775. 
 The company, out of gratitude for his servi- 
 ces, erected a fine monument to his memory 
 in Westminster abbey. — Mortimer. 
 
 Lawson (sir John), a brave English ad- 
 miral, was born at Hull, and rose from the 
 lowest station to the command of a ship. 
 He served the parliament -with great fide- 
 lity, but co-operated with Monk in effect- 
 ing the Restoration, for which he received 
 the thanks of both houses. He served un- 
 der the duke of York as rear-admiral in 
 1665, and was killed jn the engagement; 
 with the Dutch fleet. — Campbell. 
 
 Lazard (Charles Peter), a pious divine, 
 was the son of an eminent physician at 
 Greenwich, and educated at Westminster 
 school, from whence he removed to St. 
 John’s college, Cambridge, where, in 1773 
 and 1775, he obtained the prize for the 
 best Seatonian poem. He was for several 
 years minister of Oxendon chapel, and 
 keeper of archbishop Tenison’s library in 
 St. Martin’s parish. In 1800 he was made 
 dean of Bristol, where he died in 1803. 
 Dr. Lazard published some single sermons; 
 and since his death a volume of his dis- 
 courses has been published by subscription. 
 — Monthly Mag. 
 
 Lazareli.i (John Francis), an Italian 
 poet, was born at Gubio. He wrote son- 
 nets and satirical poems, which have been 
 often printed. He died in 1694, aged 80. 
 — Tiraboschi. 
 
 Leake (Richard), master-gunner of Eng- 
 land, was born at Harwich, in 1629. He 
 distinguished himself in several naval ac- 
 tions, particularly in the engagement with 
 Van Tromp, in 1673. He was then on board 
 the Royal Prince, which had lost all her 
 masts, most of her guns were dismounted, 
 and 400 of her men killed or wounded ; 
 notwithstanding which he defended the 
 ship against a superior force, and brought 
 her to Chatham. In this action his son 
 Henry was killed by his side. He was af- 
 terwards made master-gunner of England, 
 and store-keeper of the ordnance at Wool- 
 wich. He had a great skill in fireworks, 
 and was the inventor of a new method of 
 firing a mortar. He died in 1686. — Life 
 by S. M. Leake. 
 
 Leake (sir John), son of the above, was 
 born at Rotherhithe, in 1656, and was with 
 3 
 
LEB 
 
 his father in the memorable engagement 
 just mentioned. In 1688 he was appointed 
 to the command of a fire ship, and after 
 the Revolution distinguished himself in 
 the relief of Londonderry. In 1702 he 
 expelled the French from Newfoundland, 
 and on his return was made rear-admiral 
 of the blue. The year following he as- 
 sisted admiral Rooke in taking Gibraltar, 
 for which he was knighted. In 1705 
 he saved that important fortress from the 
 combined attacks of France and Spain. 
 The same year he was engaged in the re- 
 duction of Barcelona, and in 1706 he so 
 seasonably relieved that place, that king 
 Philip was obliged to raise the siege. This 
 was followed by the reduction of Carthage- 
 lia, Alicant, and Majorca. On the death 
 of sir Cloudedy Shovel he was appointed 
 admiral of the white, and commander-in- 
 chief of the fleet. In 1708 he convoyed 
 the queen of Spain to her consort king 
 Charles, after which he reduced Sardinia 
 and Minorca. Having terminated the 
 campaign he returned to England, and 
 >vas chosen member of parliament for 
 Rochester. On the death of the queen 
 he lost his places, after which he led 
 a retired life, and died in 1720. — Life by the 
 
 follmving. 
 
 Leake (Stephen Martin), son of captain 
 Martin, who married a sister of admiral 
 Leake, which gallant officer being with- 
 out issue, bequeathed his property to the 
 captain, and his son out of gratitude 
 took upon him the name of Leake. He 
 was gatrter king at arms, and published, 1. 
 A History of British Coins, Svo. ; 2. The. 
 Life of Sir John Leake, Svo ; 3. The Sta- 
 tutes of the Order of the Garter, 4to. He 
 died in 1773. — Breed. of Bonvyer. 
 
 Leake (John), an eminent English 
 physician, was the founder of the Westmin- 
 ster lying-in-hospital, and died in 1792. 
 He published several esteemed books on 
 midwifery and female diseases. — Gent. Mag. 
 
 Leapoi? (Mary), an ingenious woman, 
 was born in 1722. Her father was gardener 
 to judge Blencowe at Marston, in North- 
 amptonshire, and the only education she 
 received was under her parents. She died 
 in 1746, a few days after her mother. Two 
 volumes of her poems were printed after 
 her death, in the last of which is a tragedy 
 entitled the Unhappy Father. — Gen. Biog. 
 Diet. 
 
 Lebtd, an Arabian poet, who was em- 
 ployed by Mohammed to answer the satires 
 which were written against him. He died 
 at the age of 140. — D’Herbelot. 
 
 Leblanc (Marcel), one of the fourteen 
 jesuits sent by Louis XVI. to Siam. He la- 
 boured for the conversion of theTalapoins, 
 and embarked for China, but the vessel was 
 taken by the English, and lie continued a 
 prisoner till 1690. He died at Mosambique 
 in 1693, aged 40. lie wrote a History of 
 
 LEE 
 
 the Revolution of Siam, 2 vols. 12mo. — 
 
 Moreri. 
 
 Lecx.air (John), a French musician, was 
 born at Lyons, in 1697. He was assassinated 
 in the night at Paris, in 176'!. lie excel- 
 led on the violin, and his compositions 
 are much admired, being sonatas, duets, 
 trios, and concertos, with an opera called 
 Scylla and Glaueus. — Nou'd. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Lectius (James), syndic of Geneva, was 
 a respectable poet and critic. His greatest 
 work is a Collection of the Ancient Greek 
 Poets, in 2 vols. folio. He died in 16.11, 
 aged 53 — M«- err. 
 
 Ledesma (Alphonsus), a Spanish poet, 
 called by his countrymen the di-vine. He 
 died in 1623, aged 71. The tide given him 
 seems to have been more from his writing 
 on sacred subjects, than from the sublimity 
 of his genius. — Ibid. • 
 
 Ledyaiid (John), an American, who is 
 rendered remarkable by his adventures. 
 After going round the world with captain 
 Cook, he formed the design of traversing 
 the north of Europe on foot, which he 
 accomplished even to the straits of Beh- 
 ring and Hudson’s-bay. This romantic en? 
 terpnze he executed alone and unarmed, 
 He next uncertook to explore the regions 
 
 of Africa, but died at Cairo, in 1786. 
 
 Lfouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Lee (Samuel), a nonconformist divine, 
 was born in London, and educated at Wad- 
 ham college, Oxford, where he proceeded 
 to the degree of M. A. He obtained the 
 livingof Bishopsgate, London, from whence 
 he was ejected at the Restoration. About 
 1686 he went to New England, but oq 
 hearing of the Revolution he embarked 
 for his native country, and was taken by 
 the French. He died in confinement, 
 aged 64. He wrote a Description of Solo- 
 mon’s Temple, folio; a Discourse on the 
 Ten. Tribes; Israel redux; the Life of 
 Mr. John Rowe; and other works. — Ca- 
 la.yry. Palmer. 
 
 Lee (Nathaniel), an English dramatic 
 writer, was the son of a clergyman, and 
 educated at Westminster school, from 
 whence he removed to Trinity college, 
 Cambridge, where he took his bachelor’s 
 degree. Being disappointed of a fellow- 
 ship, he came to London, and made an at-* 
 tempt as an actor, but without success, on 
 which he commenced tragic poet. His first 
 piece was Nero, Emperor of Rome, which 
 came out in 1675, and had a favourable re-r 
 ception. He now continued to write a 
 play every year till 1631, when he began 
 to shew symptoms of insanity. These in- 
 creasing he was confined in Bedlam, from 
 whence he was discharged in 1688. He 
 wrote two plays after this, but never en- 
 tirely recovered his senses, and died in 
 1690, in consequence of a drunken frolic. 
 Lee had a great power over the passions, 
 but his language is rant and bombast. His 
 
LEI 
 
 L E I 
 
 Rivhl Queens and Theodosius are still occa- 
 sionally performed. — Bio?. Dra?n. 
 
 Leeciiman (Dr. William), a learned 
 Scotch divine, and principal of the college 
 of Glasgow, who wrote two volumes of ex- 
 cellent Sermons, and an Essay on Prayer. 
 Pie died in 1785, aged 78. — Gent. Mag. 
 
 Leepe (John Anthony van der), a cele- 
 brated painter, was born at Bruges, in 1664. 
 Pie painted landscapes after nature, and 
 sea views. Tie died in 1720. — Pilkington. 
 
 I/EEUw (Gabriel van der), a Dutch paint- 
 er, was born at Dort, in 1643. Repainted 
 animals, particularly droves of oxen and 
 sheep. He died in 1688. His brother Pe- 
 ter was a good artist in the same line. — 
 Haubraken. 
 
 Legge (George), baron of Dartmouth, 
 and an eminent naval commander, was 
 brought up under admiral Spragge, and 
 .at the age of twenty obtained the command 
 of a ship. In 1673 he was appointed go- 
 vernor of Portsmouth, master of the horse, 
 and gentleman to the duke of York. In 
 1682 he was raised to the peerage, and the 
 year following sent to raze the fortifica- 
 tions of Tangier. James II. appointed him 
 master of the horse, general of the ord- 
 nance, and constable of the Tower. He 
 had also the command of the fleet at the 
 time of the prince of Orange’s invasion, but 
 was prevented from acting by contrary 
 winds. At the Revolution he was committed 
 to the Tower, where he died in 1691, aged 
 44. — English Peerage. 
 
 Legge (Elizabeth), the eldest daughter 
 of Edward Legge, esq. an ancestor of the 
 earl of Dartmouth, was born in 1580. 
 She studied the Latin, French, Spanish, and 
 Irish languages, and had a fine poetical ge- 
 nius, but became blind by midnight read- 
 ing. She lived chiefly in Ireland, and died 
 unmarried at the age of 105. Her family 
 was remarkable for longevity. One of 
 her brothers lived to be 109, one sister to 
 be more than a century, and another 
 .died in her 112th year. — Ballard's British 
 Ladies. 
 
 Le guano (Stefano Maria), an historical 
 painter, was born near Bologna, in 1660, 
 and educated under Cignani and Carlo 
 Maratti. Plis works display a fine imagi- 
 nation, a charming diffusion of light, and 
 touched with a free and sweet pencil. Pie 
 died in 1715. — Pilkington. 
 
 Leibnitz (William Godfrey baron de), 
 a celebrated philosopher, was born at Leip- 
 sic, in 1646. His father was professor of 
 moral philosophy in that university, but 
 died when his son was six years old. At 
 the age of fifteen he began his studies at 
 JLeipsic, from whence he removed to Jena. 
 In 1664 he' was admitted M. A. at the for- 
 mer university, and about the same time 
 applied to the study of the Greek philoso- 
 phers, but having chosen the law for his 
 profession, he took his doctor’s degree in 
 
 that faculty, after which he obtained a post 
 at the court of the elector of Mentz. In 
 1672 he was at Paris, where he formed an 
 acquaintance with several mathematicians. 
 I he year after he visited England, and 
 while here Mr. Collins gave him some hints 
 of sir Isaac Newton’s discovery of fluxions, 
 to the merit of which invention Leibnitz 
 afterwards laid claim. The elector of Ha- 
 nover, George I. employed him in writing 
 the History of the Plouse of Brunswick. 
 In 1700 he was admitted a member of the 
 academy of sciences at Paris, and on the 
 erection of that of Berlin, was appoint- 
 ed perpetual president. In 1711 he was 
 made aulic counsellor to the emperor, and 
 Peter the Great of Russia appointed him 
 privy counsellor of justice, with a pension. 
 Leibnitz was engaged in a controversy at 
 the time of his death in 171 6, with Dr. 
 Samuel Clarke, on free-will, space, and 
 other abstruse subjects. He was a good 
 mathematician, an acute philosopher, and 
 a man of lively genius, but vain and ava- 
 ricious. His works are, Scriptores Rerum 
 Brunswicarum, 3 vols. folio ; Ccdex Juris 
 Gentium Diplomaticus, 2 vols. fob; De Jure 
 Suprematus ac Legationis Principum Ger- 
 mania;, under the fictitious name of Par- 
 cener; Miscellanea Berotinensia; Notitia Op- 
 ticae promotas; De Arte Combinatoria l 
 Miscellaneous Questions of Philosophy and 
 Mathematics; Essays of Theodicea on the 
 Goodness of God, and the Liberty of 
 Alan, 2 vols. 12mo. ; Metaphysical Tracts; 
 Theoria AIotusAbstracti,et AdotusConcreti; 
 Accessiones Historicfe, 2 vols. 4to. ; De Ori- 
 gine Francorum Disquisitio ; Poems, Latin 
 and French, & c. His entire works were 
 published by the Rev. Mr. Dutens, in 6 
 vols. 4to. in 1767. — Moreri. 
 
 Leigh (sir Edward), an English critic, 
 wds a native of Leicestershire, and edu- 
 cated at Magdalen hall, Oxford. He sat 
 in the long parliament, and in the assembly 
 of divines at Westminster. He was a man 
 of great erudition, as his Critica Sacra, and 
 Annotations on the New Testament, abund- 
 antly prove. He died at Rushall in Staf- 
 fordshire, in 1671. He also wrote, Ob- 
 servations on the Twelve Caisars; a Body 
 of Divinity; Illustration of Terms of Law; 
 Treatise of Religion and Learning, <Scc.— ? 
 Wood , A. 0. 
 
 Leigh (Charles), a physician and natu- 
 ralist, was a native of Lancashire. He 
 was a fellow of the royal society, and pub- 
 lished the Natural History of Lancashire, 
 Cheshire, and Derby ; a History of Virgi- 
 nia, and Exercitationes de Aquis Minera- 
 libus, 8vo. , He died at the beginning of 
 the 18th century. — Gen. B 1). 
 
 Leighton (Alexander), a Scotch presby- 
 terian divine, was born at Edinburgh, In 
 1587. He became noted for his sufferings 
 on account of libels which he published 
 against Charles I. and the church of Eng- 
 
LEI 
 
 L E M 
 
 land, por these his nose was slit, his ears 
 cut off, and a public whipping was inflicted 
 on him. In 1640 the parliament appointed 
 him keeper of Lambeth palace, then con- 
 verted into a state prison. He died insane 
 ill 1G44.* — Neale's Hist. Pur. 
 
 Leighton (Robert), archbishop of Glas- 
 gow, was son of the preceding, and born 
 at Edinburgh. He became an exemplary- 
 parish priest, and the magistrates of Edin- 
 burgh chose him president of their college. 
 Soon after the Restoration he was conse- 
 crated bishop of Dunblane, which diocese 
 he governed with great moderation. On 
 account of the violent animosities between 
 the episcopalian and presbyterian parties, 
 he resignod his see, but the king constrain- 
 ed him to accept the archbishopric of 
 (Glasgow, in which station he made another 
 effort to restore moderation, but in vain, 
 on which he resigned his dignity. He 
 then led a retired life in Sussex, and died 
 suddenly at London, in 1684. His princi- 
 pal work is a Commentary on St. Peter’s 
 Epistles. — Life prefixed to bis ivorbs. 
 
 Leisman (John Antony), a. German 
 painter, who died in 1698, aged 94. He 
 painted two excellent pictures ; one a land- 
 scape with dreary mountains and thick 
 woods, from which issues a gang of robbers 
 to assault some unfortunate travellers ; the 
 other is a sea-port enriched with views of 
 
 elegant buildings and antiquities. Pil- 
 
 lingi an. 
 
 Leland (John), a famous antiquary, 
 was born in London, and educated at St. 
 Paul’s school, from whence he was. sent to 
 Christ’s college, Cambridge, but afterwards 
 lie removed to All Souls college, Oxford, 
 On entering into orders he became chaplain 
 th Henrv VIII. who gave him the title of 
 his antiquary. By virtue of the royal 
 commission he searched various cathedrals 
 and religious houses for curious records 
 and other pieces of antiquity, in which 
 employment he spent six years, travelling 
 over every part of the kingdom. Having 
 completed his labours he was presented to 
 the valuable living of Hascly ia Oxford- 
 shire, and to a prebend in the church of 
 Salisbury. In 1545 he presented his collec- 
 tions to th® king under the title of a Newe 
 Yeare’s Gifte. ■ This, however, was only 
 the beginning of what he proposed to exe- 
 cute, but while he was intent on his studies 
 be was seized with a phrtnzy, in which 
 state he continued to his death in 1552. 
 His Itinerary and Collectanea were pub- 
 lished by Hearne — Biag. Brit. 
 
 Leland (John), a learned dissenting di- 
 vine, was born at Wigan, in Lancashire, 
 in 16'!) 1. His parents going to settle at 
 Dublin, he received his education there, 
 and in 1716 became assistant to Mr. Natha- 
 nael Weld, in the pastoral charge of a con- 
 gregation of dissenters. His labours in 
 this character, and above all his invalu- 
 able writings in defence of Christianity, 
 
 procured him the degree of D. D. from two 
 universities in Scotland He died at Dublin, 
 in 1766. His works are, a Defence of the 
 Christian Religion against Tindal, 8vo. ; a 
 View of the Deistical Writers that have 
 appeared in England, 2 vols. 8vo. ; the Ad- 
 vantage and Necessity of the Christian 
 Revelation, 2 vols. 4to. ; Family Devotions, 
 1 2rno. — Fun. Serin, by IVeld. 
 
 Leland (Dr. Thomas), a divine of the 
 established church, was a native of Dublin, 
 and senior fellow of Trinity college. 
 He wrote a Elistory of Ireland, 4to. ; the 
 Life of Philip of Macedon ; and the Princi- 
 ples of Human Eloquence, which last was 
 attacked by Warburton. lie also translated 
 the Orations of Demosthenes. Dr. Leland 
 died in 1785, aged 83. — Gent. Mag. 
 
 Lely (sir Peter), a famous painter, was 
 horn in Westphalia, in 1617, and studied 
 under Grebber, after which he came to 
 England, where he at first painted land- 
 scapes and historical subjects, but finding 
 more encouragement given to portrait 
 painting he turned his attention that way, 
 am! became unrivalled in the graceful airs 
 of his heads, the pleasing variety of his pos- 
 tures, and the elegance of his 4 ra P er ’ c $- 
 The hands of his portraits were remarkably 
 line and elegantly turned, and he frequent- 
 ly added landscapes in the back-grounds 
 of his pictures, in a style peculiar to him- 
 self, and admirably suited to his subjects ; 
 he excelled likewise in crayon-painting. 
 He fell in love with a beautiful English 
 lady, to whom he was soon after married, 
 and purchased an estate at Kew, to which 
 he often retired in the latter part of his 
 life. He was in great favour with Charles 
 the First and Second : by the latter of 
 whom he was knighted. He died in 1680, 
 and was buried in St. Paul’s church Covent 
 garden. — Vcrtue. 
 
 Lemens (Balthasar van), an historical 
 painter, was born at Antwerp, in 1637. He 
 settled in Condon, and died in 1704. He 
 had a free pencil with a ready invention, 
 and sometimes shewed elegance in his figures. 
 —r-PiUiingten. 
 
 Lemehy (Nicolas), a French chemist, 
 was born at Rouen, in 1645, and bred an 
 apothecary. He studied chemistry at 
 Montpellier, and made so great a profi- 
 ciency as to become a lecturer. In 1683 he 
 visited England, being of the reformed re- 
 ligion, then violently persecuted in his own 
 country. He was well received by Charles 
 II. and great offers were made to induce 
 him to continue here, but in 1686 he re- 
 turned to France and turned Roman catho- 
 lic. In 1699 he was made associate chemist 
 to the royal academy, and the same year 
 became a pensionary. He died in 1715. 
 He wrote, 1. a Course of Chemistry, which 
 went through many editions ; 2. a Univer- 
 sal Pharmacopoeia; 3. a Treatise on Simple 
 Drugs; 4. a Treatise of Antimony. His 
 son Lams became physician to the king. 
 
L E N 
 
 L E N 
 
 and to the Hotel Dieu at Paris. He was 
 also a member of the academy of sciences, 
 and died in 1743. He wrote a treatise on 
 Aliments ; another on Worms in the Hu- 
 man Body; and several papers in the Me- 
 moirs of the Academy. — Moreri. 
 
 1 . e m niu s (Lrevini us), a learn ed physician, 
 was born in Zealand, in 1504. On the death 
 of his wife he entered into orders, and ob- 
 tained a canonry. He died in 15G8. lie 
 wrote an account of the plants mentioned 
 in Scripture ; a book on astrology, and an- 
 other De occultis Natura; MiracuLis. — Mo- 
 reri. 
 
 Lemoine (Francis), a French painter, 
 was born at Paris. His chief performances 
 are: The Nativity; a Transfiguration the 
 Flight into Egypt ; and the Apotheosis 
 of Hercules at Versailles, the saloon of 
 which took him four years in painting. 
 He put an end to himself in 1737. — JfJlr- 
 genmille. 
 
 Lemon (George William), an English 
 divine and lexicographer, who published in 
 1789 an Etymological English Dictionary in 
 one vol. 4to., which shews considerable in- 
 dustry and learning. He died in 1797, aged 
 71 , — Gent. Mag. 
 
 I,e Monnier (Peter Charles), a French 
 astronomer, was member of the academy of 
 sciences, and of the national institute. He 
 was born at Paris, in 1715, and accompa- 
 nied Maupertuis in his tour towards the 
 north pole for measuring a degree of the 
 meridian. His principal works are, Astro- 
 nomical Institutions; Lunar Nautical As- 
 tronomy; Tables of the Sun, and Correc- 
 tions for those of the Moon, lie died in 
 1790. — Nowv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Le Monnier (Louis William), brother 
 of the above, was also a member of the 
 academy of sciences, of the national insti- 
 tute, and of the royal society of I.ondon. 
 He was an able physician and experiment- 
 al philosopher, and contributed several ar- 
 ticles to the Encyclopaedia on Electricity, 
 &c. He died in 1799. Neither of these is 
 to be confounded with an abbe of that name 
 who translated Terence and Persius into 
 French, and wrote fables, tales, and epistles. 
 He died in 1796'. — Ihid. 
 
 Lenclos (Ninon de),a celebrated French 
 lady, was born at Paris, of a noble family, 
 in 1615. Her mother wanted to place her 
 in a convent, but was prevented by her 
 father, who was a man of gaiety. Ninon 
 lost her parents at the age of fifteen, and 
 possessing great charms and a lively tem- 
 per, she was followed by some of the 
 greatest men, but would never unite her- 
 self in marriage. She studied the works 
 of Montaigne and Charron. and had a 
 fine understanding, hut it is truly observed 
 thet 'though she thought as. Epicurus, she 
 lived like Lais. She did not, however, 
 prostitute herself for gain; and her wit and 
 behaviour was such, that even virtuous 
 ladies courted her acquaintance. She tvas 
 
 held in great respect by men of genius, 
 who consulted her upon their works. This 
 extraordinary woman died in 1706, aged 
 90. She left some children. One of her 
 sons died before her; and the circumstance 
 of his death is singular: having been bred 
 without knowing his mother, he conceived 
 a passion for her; and when she discovered 
 to him the secret of his birth, lie stabbed 
 himself in her presence. There are a few 
 genuine letters by her in the works of St. 
 Evremond; but those under her name ad- 
 dressed to the marquis de Sevigne are ficti- 
 tious. — Noum. Did. Hist. 
 
 Lenfant (James), a French protestant 
 divine, was born in 1691. He was educated 
 at Geneva, and became minister of the 
 French church at Heidelberg: but when 
 the palatinate was invaded by the French, 
 he retired to Berlin, where he died in 1728. 
 l ie published histories of the councils of 
 Constance, Basle, and Pisa, very faithfully 
 written. He likewise translated the New 
 Testament into French, with notes, in con- 
 junction with Beausobre. His other works 
 are: a History of Pope Joan; Sermons; a 
 Preservative against Uniting with the 
 Church of Rome, &c. — Moreri. 
 
 Lenolet (Nicolas du Fresnoy), a French 
 writer, was born at Beauvais, in 1674. He 
 became secretary to the French ambassador 
 at Cologne, and librarian to prince Eugene. 
 Lie was burnt to death by falling into the 
 fire at the age of 81, in 1755. His works 
 are voluminous, but incorrect. The best 
 is his Method for Studying History, which 
 has been translated into English. — Nounj. 
 Diet. Hist. 
 
 Lennard (Samson), an English soldier, 
 who was with sir Philip Sidney at the 
 battle of Zutphen. Fie published some 
 translations from the Latin and French, 
 and had a good knowlege of heraldry. 
 He died about 1630. — Gen. Bing. Did. 
 
 Lennox (Charlotte), an ingenious lady, 
 was born at New York. She was the in- 
 timate friend of Dr. Johnson and Mr. Sa- 
 muel Richardson ; and wrote a popular 
 novel entitled, “ The Female Quixote,” 
 which was followed by “ Shakspeare Illus- 
 trated,” 3 vols. 12mo. In this work she 
 gave the novels and Histories on which the 
 plays of Shakspeare are founded. Her 
 other works are: Memoirs of Harriet 
 
 Stuart; Memoirs of the Countess of Berci ; 
 Philander, a dramatic pastoral ; Henrietta, 
 a novel of merit; Sophia, a novel; Ti e 
 Sister, a, comedy; Old City Manners, a 
 comedy; Euphemia, a novel ; Translations 
 of Sully’s Memoirs, and Biirmoy’s Greek 
 Theatre. She died poor in 1804. — Monthly 
 Mag. . 
 
 Lens (Bernard), a miniature painter^ 
 and enameller to George II. Ide published 
 some drawing-books, and several views. 
 He died about 1741. — Ibid. 
 
 Lent ha ll'( William), an English lawyer, 
 and speaker of the long parliament, was 
 
LEO 
 
 LEO 
 
 born at TJenley on Thames, in Oxfordshire, 
 in 1591, and educated at Alban hall, Ox- 
 ford, from whence he removed to Lincoln’s 
 Inn, where he was called to the bar. In 
 1639 jte was elected into parliament for 
 Woodstock, and in 1640 he was chosen 
 speaker, in which capacity he made a con- 
 siderable fortune by joining the ruling 
 party. He was also master of the rolls, a 
 commissioner ot the great .seal, and chan- 
 cellor of the duchy of Lancaster, tie was 
 turned out by Cromwell in 165:5, but the 
 year following be became speaker of the 
 parliament called by the usurper, as he did 
 also of the Rump. At the Restoration he 
 was exempted from the act of indemnity, 
 imt obtained a pardon from the king. 
 He died expressing great penitence for the 
 part he had borne in the Rebellion, in 
 1662. Several of his speeches and letters 
 are in print. — Wood . , A. 0 . 
 
 Lentulus (Cneius), surnamed Gscti- 
 culus, a Roman of an illustrious family, 
 who was raised to the consulate, A D. 26, 
 fcut was put to death by Tiberius, who was 
 jealous of his popularity. He wrote a 
 history mentioned by Suetonius, and 
 Martial calls him a poet. — Moreri. 
 
 Leo I. or the Elder, emperor of the East, 
 ascended the throng in 457. He is said to 
 have been a Thracian of obscure birth. 
 He confirmed the council of Chalcedon’s 
 decrees against the Eutychians, and renewed 
 the war with the Vandals; but was unfor- 
 tunate through the treachery of his ge- 
 neral Aspar, whom he put to death with 
 his family in 471. The Goths, to revenge 
 the fate of Aspar, poured into the empire, 
 which they ravaged to the walls of Con- 
 stantinople. Leo died in 474, leaving a 
 dubious character, being praised by some 
 lor his virtues, and censured by others for 
 his avarice and cruelty. — Univ. Hist. 
 
 Leo II. or the Younger, was the son of 
 Zeno, and of Ariadne daughter of Leo I. 
 He succeeded his uncle in 474 under the 
 guardianship of his father, who caused 
 himself to be proclaimed emperor. Leo 
 died the same year, having ruined his 
 health by his debaucheries. — Ibid. 
 
 Lko Ilf. called the Isaurian, from the 
 country of his birth, where his parents 
 were poor mechanics. Leo entered into 
 the army, and became one of the guard to 
 Justinian II. Anastasius II. made him a 
 general, and took him as a coadjutor in 
 the empire in 717. The Saracens, having 
 ravaged Thrace, laid siege to Constanti- 
 nople, which was bravely defended by Leo, 
 who compelled them to retire. His reign, 
 however, was tyrannical, and he drove 
 the patriarch Germanus from his seat, 
 in which he placed Anastasius. He was 
 also guilty of burning the library at Con- 
 stantinople, containing a quantity of me- 
 dals, and above 30,000 volumes The popes 
 Gregory II, and lit. having excommuni- 
 
 cated him, he prepared an armament t» 
 invade Italy; but the ships were destroyed 
 by a storm. He died in 741. — Univ. Hist. 
 
 Leo IV. the son of Constantine Coprony- 
 mus, succeeded his father in 775, at the 
 age of 25. In his time the controversy 
 raged between the iconoclastes, or the 
 image-breakers, and their adversaries, both 
 of whom he protected by turns. He 
 repulsed the Saracens in Asia, and died 
 in 780. He married the famous Irene.—* 
 Ibid. 
 
 Leo V. or the Armenian, from the coun- 
 try of which he was a native. He rose to 
 the rank of general by his valour; but the 
 emperor Nicephorus disgraced him, and 
 sent him into exile. Michael Rhangabus 
 recalled him, and Leo, profiting by the 
 misfortunes of his master, was elected 
 emperor by the troops in 813. He was 
 assassinated in 820. — Univ. Hist. 
 
 Leo VI. or the Philosopher, was the 
 son and successor of Basil the Macedonian . 
 The Hungarians, Saracens, and Bulgarians, 
 having united against the empire, he called 
 to his assistance the Turks, who entered 
 Bulgaria, which they ravaged with fire and 
 sword. Leo drove the patriarch Photius 
 from his seat; and Nicholas, one of the 
 successors of Photius, excommunicated the 
 emperor, for which Leo deposed him. He 
 died in 91 1 , after a reign of 25 years. He 
 wrote some books, the most interesting 
 of which is a treatise on Tactics, printed 
 at Leyden, in 1612. — Ibid. Moreri. 
 
 Leo I. pope, surnamed the Great, was an 
 Italian by birth, and had been employed by 
 Celestin I. and Sixtus III. in several im- 
 portant affairs. He succeeded the latter 
 in 440, and distinguished hunself by his 
 zeal against the Manichees, Pelagians, 
 and Eutychians. In his time the council 
 of Chalcedon was called ; and while sitting 
 in the East, Attila and the Huns ravaged 
 the West, and advanced towards Rome. 
 The emperor Valentmian, alarmed, applied 
 to the pope, who went to meet Attila, 
 and by the power of bis eloquence pre- 
 vailed with him to leave Italy. Genseric, 
 however, sacked Rome in 455. The pope 
 died in 461. His works have been printed 
 in 2 vols. 4to. and also in folio. — Moreri. 
 Boivyer. Du pin. 
 
 Leo II. was born in Sicily, and succeeded 
 Agatho in 682. He pretended to have an 
 authority over the eastern church, and he 
 also instituted holy water. He died in 683. 
 
 —Ibid. 
 
 Leo III. succeeded in 795 Adrian I. the 
 nephews of whom formed a conspiracy 
 against Leo, and having seized him in a 
 procession, dragged him to a monastery, 
 where they sadly mangled him, but he re- 
 covered, and retired to France. Charle- 
 magne restored him to his seat, and he 
 crowned that monarch emperor of the 
 West. On the death of Charlemagne a 
 
LEO 
 
 LEO 
 
 new plot was formed against the pope, who 
 caused the conspirators to be put to death. 
 He diedin816. — Moreri. 
 
 Leo IV. a Roman, succeeded .Sergius II. 
 in 847. The Saracens having invaded the 
 ecclesiastical state, he marched against them, 
 and obtained a complete victory; after 
 which he put the city of Rome into a state 
 of defence. He died in 855 — Ibid. 
 
 Leo VIII. was elected pope on the depo- 
 sition of John XII. in 963, by the authority 
 of the emperor Otho, whence Baronius 
 and others treat him as an intruder, but hi* 
 character stands so high that many catholics 
 regard him as a legitimate pontiff, and an 
 honour to the chair. He died in 965. — Ibid. 
 
 Leo IX. who bears the distinction of a 
 saint in the calendar, was born of an illus- 
 trious family, and became bishon of Tool, 
 and in 1048 was chosen pope. He conve- 
 ned several councils to reform the manners 
 of the ecclesiastics and to condemn the er- 
 rors of Berenger. The Normans having 
 marched into Italy in 1053, he went against 
 them at the head of a German army; but 
 was defeated and taken prisoner. The 
 conquerors conducted him to Rome, where 
 he died the year following. Some sermons 
 and letters of his are extant. — Ibid. 
 
 Leo X. (John de Medicis), was born at 
 Florence, in 1475. At the age of eleven he 
 was made an archbishop by Louis XJ. king 
 of France, and at fourteen Julius II. in- 
 vested him with the dignity of legate, and 
 he served as suth in the army which was 
 defeated by the French near Ravenna, in 
 1512. He was taken prisoner after that 
 battle; but the soldiers shewed the most 
 superstitious veneration for bis person, as 
 the representati\ r e of the pope. He was 
 elected to the papacy in 1513, and his co- 
 ronation was celebrated with unusual pomp. 
 Leo was fond of magnificence, but lie 
 had a taste for letters, and liberally pa- 
 tronized men of learningand genius, parti- 
 cularly poets. He terminated the disputes 
 which had subsisted between his predeces- 
 sor and Louis XII. of France. He conclud- 
 ed the council of Lateran, and formed a 
 splendid library, which he enriched with 
 inestimable manuscripts. A conspiracy 
 was formed against him by the cardinals 
 Petrucci and Sauli, which being discovered, 
 the two principals were condemned to 
 death. Petrucci died in prison, but the 
 other purchased his pardon. Leo formed 
 two great projects, the one to effect a ge- 
 neral association of the Christian powers 
 against the Turks, and the other to com- 
 plete the church of St. Peter. To aid these 
 schemes he issued plenary indulgences, by 
 which the purchasers procured the pardon 
 of their sins. These indulgences being car- 
 ried into Germany, occasioned the seces- 
 sion from the church of Rome, begun by 
 Luther, whom the pope anathematized in 
 1520. A war also broke out between the 
 <smperor Charles V. and Franci* I. of 
 
 France, who both courted the alliance of 
 the pope, and were both deceived by hi* 
 promises. He died of a fever in 1521. — 
 Life by Roscoe. 
 
 Leo archbishop of Thcssalonia, was one 
 of the revivers of Greek literature, and a 
 good mathematician. He flourished in the 
 9th century. — Moreri. 
 
 Leo (Pilatus),lhe first professor of Greek 
 at Florence, about 1360. He was a learn- 
 ed man, and read Homer’s poems in the 
 schools of Florence. He perished by ship- 
 wreck on his return to Italy from Constan- 
 tinople. — Moreri. 
 
 Leo of Modena, a learned rabbi of Ve- 
 nice, in the 17th century, who wrote a His- 
 tory of the Jewish Rites and Ceremonies ; 
 also a Dictionary, Hebrew and Italian, Ve- 
 nice, 1612, 4to. and Padua 1640. — Ibid. 
 
 Leo the grammarian , who lived in the 
 12th century. He compiled a chronicle of 
 Constantinople from Leo the Armenian to 
 Constantine VII. — Moreri. 
 
 Leo (John), an able geographer, was a. 
 native of Grenada, after the taking of which 
 he went to Africa, whence lie is by some 
 called the African. He abjured Mohammed- 
 anism under pope I eo X. who gave him 
 several marks of his esteem. He died about 
 1526. We have by him the Lives of Ara- 
 bian Philosophers, and a Description of 
 Africa. — Moreri. 
 
 Leonclavius (John), 'or, e of the most 
 learned men of the 16th century, was a 
 native of Westphalia. Travelling into Tur- 
 key, he collected materials lor an Ottoman 
 History : and it is to him we are indebted 
 for the best account of that empire. To 
 his knowledge of the learned languages be 
 added that of the civil law. lie died in 
 1593, aged 60. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Leone (Arto), called also Conario, an 
 historical painter, was born in 1498, and the 
 disciple of Cornelius Engelbright. He died 
 in 1 564. — Pilll’gton. 
 
 Leoni (Jacomo) a Venetian architect, 
 who settled in England, and published at 
 London an excellent edition of Palladio’s 
 Architecture, in folio, 1742. He died in 
 1746. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Leonicf.nus (Nicolas), professor of phy- 
 sic at Ferrara, was the first who translated 
 Galen’s works, to which he added e-^umeti- 
 taries. He also translated Hippocrates’s 
 Aphorisms, and other works. Fie died in 
 1524, aged QG.- Moreri. 
 
 Leonicus Tiiqmjeus (Nicholas), a learn- 
 ed Venetian who studied Greek ar Florence 
 under Demetrius Chalcondyles. He revived 
 a taste for literature at Padua, where he 
 read Lectures on Aristotle, and died in 1531 , 
 aged 75. He translated the Commentary of 
 Proclus on the 'I imams of Plato, and other 
 works . — Moreri. 
 
 Leonidas, king of Sparta. He opposed 
 Xerxes when he invaded Greece, and fought 
 the whole Persian army a! the straits. of 
 Thermopylre with such bravery as tu c®m- 
 8 
 
LEO 
 
 L E S 
 
 pel them to retire. At last a detachment 
 of the Persians was led by Ephialfes the 
 Trachinian, by a secret path, tip the moun- 
 tains, and coming- down on the rear of the 
 Spartans, obtained a complete victory. 
 Out of the three hundred, only one man 
 escaped,and he was treated with 'ignominy 
 by his countrymen, for leaving so glorious 
 a field, where death was more honourable 
 than life. This battle happened B. C. 480. 
 
 — Plutarch. 
 
 Leontxum, an Athenian courtesan, who 
 was remarkable for her attachment to 
 the philosophy of Epicurus, and had a son 
 by Metrodorus, one of his disciples. She 
 wrote a book against Theophrastus, which 
 is commented on by Cicero, but it is lost. 
 — Bayle . 
 
 Leopold I. emperor of Germany, was 
 the second son of Ferdinand III. and of 
 Mary Anne of Spain. He was born in 
 1640, became king of Hungary in 1655, 
 king of Bohemia in 1656, and emperor in 
 i (>5S- He contended against France and 
 the Turks, and suffered in his war with 
 both: France took from him Alsace, and 
 many frontier places of the empire ; and 
 the Turks would have captured Vienna 
 had they not been compelled to raise the 
 siege by John Sobieski king of Poland. 
 Prince Eugene of Savoy, gave also a 
 turn to the affairs of Leopold; whose ty- 
 ranny, however, was so great, that his Hun- 
 garian subjects were on the point of re- 
 volt when he died in 1705. — Univ. Hist. 
 
 Leopold II. the son of the emperor 
 Francis i. and Maria Theresa of Austria, 
 was born at Vienna, in 1747, and succeeded 
 his father in 1765 in the duchy of Tusca- 
 ny, which he governed with great wisdom ; 
 but the toleration which he granted to the 
 protestants occasioned discontent among 
 the people, excited by the priests. In 
 1790 he succeeded the emperor Joseph II., 
 and on his removal to Vienna, the malcon- 
 tents shewed themselves in opposition to 
 the measures he had adopted ; but, by a 
 summary punishment of tlie ringleaders, 
 this insurrection was soon quelled. In 
 1790 Leopold concluded a peace with the 
 Turks. He was preparing for a war with 
 the French when he was carried off by a 
 lever • 1792. lie was succeeded by his 
 son Fr-ncb. — Now. 2nd. Hist. 
 
 Leopold, duke of Lorraine, was the son 
 Of Charles the fifth duke, and of Eleanora 
 of Austria. He distinguished himself as a 
 soldier, and at the peace of Ryswick in 
 1697, was restored to his estates, which had 
 been taken from his father by the French. 
 He restored his country to a flourishing 
 condition, maintained the poor, and as- 
 sisted the nobility who had been reduced. 
 He founded a university at Cuncville, and 
 was a liberal patron of the arts and sci- 
 ences. He died in 1729, aged 50. — Ibid. 
 
 JLeotavjd (Vincent), a French jesuit and 
 
 mathematician, who published A work en- 
 titled, Iixamen Circuit Quadrature, in 
 which he proves the impossibility of demon- 
 strating the quadrature of the circle. He 
 died in 1672. — Moreri. 
 
 Leowicz (Cyprian), or Leovitius, a Bo- 
 hemian astrologer, was born in 1504. He 
 published ephernerides, and some pieces of 
 a like kind, in which he inserted many bold 
 predictions ; particularly that the end of 
 the world would be in 1564, which occa- 
 sioned great alarm in Germany, and made 
 many people very religious for a short 
 time. He died in 1574. — Ibid. 
 
 I.EPANTE(John Andrew), a French clock 
 and watch-maker, who died in 1802. He 
 made several improvements in his art, and 
 wrote some books, particularly a Treatise 
 on Clock-making, published in 1755, and 
 again in 1768, 4to. — Noun. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Lepicie (Bernard), a French engraver, 
 who was also secretary and historiographer 
 to the academy of painting at Paris, where 
 he died in 1755. His engravings of por- 
 traits and historical subjects are very fine. 
 He compiled a catalogue of the pictures in 
 the possession of the king, 2 vols. 4to. Flis 
 son Nicholas Bernard- was a professor in the 
 academy of painting and sculpture, and 
 died at Paris iu 1764, aged 49. lie painted 
 several fine pictures after the manner of his 
 master, Carlo Vanloo. — Ibid. 
 
 Lepidus (Marcus iEmilius), one of the 
 triumvirs with Anthony and Octavius. He 
 obtained Africa for his part, but was de- 
 prived of it by Augustus. He spent the 
 remainder of his days in Italy, in obscurity. 
 — Frcinshemius 's supplem. to Livy. 
 
 Leprjnce (John), a French painter and 
 musician; who, in his voyage to Holland 
 in order to proceed to Petersburgh, was 
 taken bv an English privateer, tne crew of 
 which plundered him of all his effects 
 except his violin, on which he began to play 
 with so much skill, that the sailors gat e 
 him back the whole of his property. FIc 
 was employed. at Petersburgh in ornament- 
 ing the imperial palaces, but on the acces- 
 sion of Catherine 11. he returned to France, 
 and became a member of the academy. 
 He died in 1781, aged 48. His pictures are 
 mostly in the manner of Teniers and Wou- 
 vermans. — Nou-v. Did. Hist. 
 
 Le Quien (Michael), a French ecclesi- 
 astic of the order of St. Dominic, who wrote 
 against Courayer on the validity of the con- 
 secrations of English bishops. He was well 
 read in ecclesiastical history, and died in 
 1706, aged 42. — Moreri. 
 
 Lernutius (John), a modern Latin poet, 
 was born at Bruges, in 1545. His works 
 were published by Elzevir, with this title r 
 Jaui Lerautii Basia, Ocelli, ct alia Pyemata. 
 He died in 1619. — Ibid. 
 
 Lesbonax, a philosopher of Mitylene, 
 in tne first century. There are two ora- 
 tions under his name in Aldus’s edition of 
 
LES 
 
 L E S 
 
 antient orators, and a treatise de Figuris 
 Grammaticis, printed at Leyden, in 17S9. — 
 
 Vossius. Fabric "s. 
 
 Lescaille (Catherine), a native of Hol- 
 land, and called by some the Dutch Sappho 
 and the tenth muse, was the daughter of a 
 poet and an engraver. She died in 1711, 
 aged 62. Her works chiefly consist of tra- 
 gedies, very irregular, but discovering 
 strong marks of genius. — Morcri. 
 
 Lesley (John), bisiiop of Ross in Scot- 
 land, was born of a noble family in 1527, 
 and educated at Aberdeen, in the cathedral 
 of which place he was made canon in 1547, 
 but he did not enter into orders till 1554. 
 He accompanied queen Mary from France 
 to Scotland, and soon after became bishop 
 of Ross and a privy counsellor. He zeal- 
 lously defended the Romish religion, and 
 when queen Elizabeth appointed commis- 
 sioners to meet at York to consider the 
 complaints made against Mary by her sub- 
 jects, Lesley appeared in behalf of his mis- 
 tress, whose cause he pleaded with great 
 ability. He also tried many expedients to 
 procure her liberty, for which he was com- 
 mitted to the Tower ; but in 1573 he re- 
 covered his liberty on condition of quitting 
 the kingdom. While abroad he endea- 
 voured to interest many foreign princes in 
 the interest of Mary, and wrote several 
 pieces in her defence. Being appointed 
 vicar-general by the bishop of Rouen, while 
 he was visiting that diocese he was seized 
 by the Huguenots, who would have sent him 
 to England but he recovered his liberty by 
 paying a ransom. He afterwards obtained 
 the bishoprick of Constance, and died in 
 1596. His principal work is a history of 
 Scotland, entituled, De Origine, Moribus, 
 et Rebus gesris, Scotorum, 1578, 4to. — Blog. 
 Brit. 
 
 Leslie (John), bishop of Clogher, was 
 born in Scotland, and educated at Aber- 
 deen and Oxford. His first preferment was 
 the bishopric of the Orkneys, from whence 
 he removed to Raphoe,in Ireland, where he 
 built a stately palace, in which he endured 
 a long siege against Cromwell, but was at 
 last forced to surrender. In 1661 he was 
 translated to Ck>gger A He died in 1671, 
 aged above 100 years. — Hid. 
 
 Leslie (Charles), son of the last-men- 
 tioned, was born in Ireland, and educated 
 at Dublin, where he took his degree of 
 M. A. and on entering into orders became 
 chancellor of Conner. He rendered him- 
 self obnoxious to the Romanists by disput- 
 ing with some of their priests, and convert- 
 ing several persons of consequence. But 
 though he opposed popery and the arbi- 
 trary measures of James 1 1 ., lie continued 
 his allegiance to that monarch, and thereby 
 lost his preferments at the Revolution. He 
 also wrote against the doctrine of resist- 
 ance, and in defence of hereditary right ; 
 •on which account he was under the neces- 
 
 t y°f retiring to France, where he espoused 
 
 the cause of the Pretender, and had the 
 liberty of officiating in a private chapel to 
 several protestant exiles. He went with 
 that prince to Italy ; but not being" well 
 treated, he returned to his paternal estate, 
 at Glaslough, in the county of Monaghan, 
 in Ireland, where he died in 1722. Mr. 
 Leslie was an admirable controversialist, 
 and wrote with success against deists, Jews, 
 Socinians, and quakers. His theological 
 works have been collected into two vo- 
 lumes, folio. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Lessing (Golthokl Ephraim), a German 
 writer, was the son of a protestant divine at 
 Kametz, and educated at Meissen, from 
 whence he removed to Leipsic, where Ire 
 applied chiefly to dramatic poetv, and 
 composed a comedy called the Young 
 Scholar. He led a wandering life, writing 
 chiefly for the booksellers, till he became 
 secretary to general Tanenzien. He after- 
 wards became librarian at Woifenbuttle, 
 where he undertook a periodical publica 
 tion, called Contributions to Literary His- 
 tory, which was suppressed for its frequent 
 attacks on religion. He died at Hamburg 
 in i781. His principal dramatic perform- 
 ance is entitled Nathan the Wise. — Monthly 
 Mag. 
 
 Lessius (Leonard), a learned jesuit, was 
 born near Antwerp, in 1554. He became 
 professor of philosophy at Douay, and af- 
 terwards of divinity at Louvain, where 
 some propositions by him on scholastic 
 points were censured. Lessius appealed to 
 Sixtus V., who reversed the censure. He 
 died in 1623. His principal works are, De 
 Justitia et Jure, folio; De Potestale Sum- 
 mi Pontificis; Higiasticon, sen vera Ratio 
 Valetudinis borne Vita;, & c. His books on 
 the Existence of a Deity, and the Imnnr- 
 tality of the Sou!, have been translated into 
 English — Morcri. 
 
 L’Estrange (sir Roger), an English 
 writer, was born in Norfolk, in 1616. His 
 father was sir Hammond'L’Estrange, a zeal- 
 ous royalist, who published an elaborate 
 work on the liturgy, entitled, the Alliance 
 of Divine Offices, folio ; also a History of 
 Charles I., and other works. The son had 
 a liberal education, and in 1639 attended 
 Charles I. in his expedition to Scotland. 
 He adhered to the royal cause, and in 1646 
 was condemned fts a spy, but after re- 
 maining in confinement four years he made 
 his escape, and went abroad. In 1653 he 
 returned to England, under the shelter of 
 Cromwell’s act of indemnity. After the 
 Restoration he was appointed licenser of the 
 press. He also set up a newspaper, called, 
 the Public Intelligencer, which was dropped 
 on the publication of the Loudon Gazette 
 in 1665. In 1679 he commenced another 
 paper, called the Observator, designed to- 
 vindicate the court measures. 'Phis pro- 
 cured him the honour of kniylithood. He 
 died in 1704, and was buried in the church 
 of St, Giles in the fields, Sir Roger was m 
 
LEV 
 
 LEY 
 
 industrious writer, and besides his own 
 pamphlets, which were numerous, he pub- 
 lished translations of several books, particu- 
 larly Josephus, from the French version of 
 D’Andilly ; Seneca’s Morals; Erasmus’s 
 Colloquies ; and Ouevedo’s Visions. — Biog. 
 Brit . 
 
 Lethieuller (Smart), an English anti- 
 , quary and virtuoso, was born in Essex, and 
 educated at Trinity college, Oxford. He 
 made a noble collection of antiquities, fos- 
 sils, and other curiosities, and died in 1760, 
 aged 59. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Leti (Gregorio), an Italian writer, was 
 born at Milan, in 1630, and received his 
 education among the jesuits, after which 
 he went to Swisserland, and at Lausanne 
 embraced the protestant religion. He re- 
 sided for some time at Geneva, from whence 
 he removed to London, and finally settled 
 at Amsterdam, where he died in 1701. 
 John Le Clerc married his daughter. J^eti 
 wrote the History of Louis XIV, : of Philip 
 II. of Spain; of the emperor Charles V.; 
 queen Elizabeth; Oliver Cromwell; and 
 pope Sixtus V. ; also the History of Gene- 
 va. — Moreri. 
 
 Leucitpus, a philosopher of Abdera, 
 who flourished about 428 years B. C. He 
 was the disciple of Zeno, and invented the 
 atomical system of philosophy, or that the 
 world was formed by the casual union of a 
 quantity of particles of matter, called atoms. 
 
 • — Life iv Diogenes Laertius. 
 
 Leuenclavius (John), a learned Ger- 
 man, who travelled into Turkey, and wrote 
 a History of the Ottoman Empire, and other 
 works. He died at Vienna, in 1598, aged 
 60. — Moreri. 
 
 Leusden (John), a professor of Hebrew 
 at Utrecht, of which city he was a native. 
 Tie acquired great reputation for his learn- 
 ing and virtues, and died in 1699, aged 75. 
 His works are, 1. Onomasticon Sacrum ; 2. 
 Clavis Hebraica et Philologica veteris Tes- 
 tamenti; 3. Novi Testamenti Clavis Graeca ; 
 4. Compendium Biblicum veteris Testa- 
 menti ; 5. Compendium Gramum Novi 
 Testamenti ; 6. Philologus Hebraius; 7. Phi- 
 lologus Hebrteo-Grsecus ; 8. Philologus He- 
 brso-mixtus ; 9. Notes on Jonah, Joel, and 
 Hosea, See.— Moreri. 
 
 Leuwenhoek (Anthony de), a celebrated 
 physician, was born af Delft in Holland, in 
 1632. He acquired a great reputation on 
 account of his microscopical experiments 
 and discoveries. He died in 1723. Leu- 
 wenhoek wrote a work entituled, Arcana 
 Nature detecta, 1714, 4 vols. 4to.; and 
 Letters to the Royal Society of London, of 
 which he was a member, 1722, 4to. — 
 Moreri. 
 
 Lever (sir Ashton), a curious collector, 
 was the son of sir D’arcy Lever, knt. of Al- 
 kington near Manchester. He became a 
 gentleman commoner of Corpus Christi 
 college, Oxford, where he was greatly dis- 
 tinguished by his skill in horsemanship. 
 
 On leaving the university he went to reside 
 with his mother, and afterwards settled at 
 his family scat, which he rendered famous 
 by the best aviary in the kingdom. He 
 next extended his views to all branches of 
 natural history, and became possessed of 
 one of the finest museums in the world, 
 sparing no expence in procuring specimens 
 from the most distant regions. This mu- 
 seum was disposed of by lottery in 1785, 
 but did not pay the proprietor one-fourth 
 of the original cost. It is now dispersed, the 
 articles having been lately sold separately 
 by auction. Sir Ashton died in 1788. — 
 Gen. Biog. Diet. Europ. Mag. 
 
 Levesque de Pouilli (Louis), a mem- 
 ber of the French academy of inscriptions. 
 He died governor of Rheirns, in 1746. He 
 established schools for mathematics and 
 design, and greatly ornamented and im- 
 proved the city of Rheirns. He wrote an 
 ingenious book entituled, the Theory of 
 agreeable Sensations, which has been trans- 
 lated into English. — Noav. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Levi, the third son of Jacob and of 
 Leah, was born B. C. 1748. He was guilty 
 of a dreadful massacre of the Sichemites, 
 whose prince had violated the chastity of 
 his sister Dinah. He went into Egypt with 
 his father and brethren, and died there in 
 1612 B. C. His family were consecrated to 
 the service of God. — Genesis. 
 
 Levingston (James, earl of Callendar),a 
 famous soldier of Scotland, was gentleman 
 of the bedchamber to Charles l ., who created 
 him lord Levingston of Almont, in 1633, 
 and afterwards earl of Callendar. In the 
 civil war he at first joined the parliament, 
 but soon returned to his duty, and distin- 
 guished himself by his activity in the king’s 
 service. He took Carlisle, where he found 
 a considerable supply of ammunition, and 
 endeavoured to rescue Charles from his 
 confinement in the Isle of Weight. He 
 died in 1672. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Lewis (John), a learned divine, was born 
 at Bristol, in 1675, and received his acade- 
 mical education at Exeter college, Oxford, 
 where he took his degrees in arts. Arch- 
 bishop Tenison gave him the vicarage of 
 Minster, in the Isle of Tlianet, with the 
 mastership of Eastbridge hospital, in Can- 
 terbury. He died at Margate in 1746. He 
 published, 1. The Life of Wjcklift'e, Bvo.j 
 2. Wickliffe’s Translation of the New Tes- 
 tament, folio; 3. The History and Anti- 
 quities of the Isle of Thanet, 4to. ; 4. The 
 History of the Abbey and Church of Fever- 
 sham, 4to. ; 5. The Life of William Caxton, 
 8vo. ; 6. History of the Translations of the 
 Holy Bible and New Testament into Eng- 
 lish, 8vo. — Biog. Bril. 
 
 J_.e y (sir James), a learned English judge, 
 was the son of Henry Ley, esq. of Jessont, 
 in Wiltshire, and for his extraordinary merit 
 made lord chief justice, first in Ireland, and 
 afterwards in England. He was also creat- 
 ed baron Ley, lord high treasurer, and 
 
L H W 
 
 L I C 
 
 earl of Marlborough. Herne has published 
 some pieces by him, and his Reports were 
 printed in 1(559. — Granger. 
 
 Leybourn (William), an English mathe- 
 matician, was originally a printer in Lon- 
 don. I lis Course of Mathematics, in 1 vol. 
 folio, was once held in esteem. He also 
 wrote a Treatise on Surveying, folio, which 
 was re-published and improved by Cunn; 
 also a book on Dialling', 4to. and a useful 
 hook called, the Trader’s Guide. Leybourn 
 died about 1590. — Granger. 
 
 ■ Leydecker (Melchior), a protestant di- 
 vine, was born at Middleburg, in 1652. He 
 became professor of theology at Utrecht, 
 ■where he died in 1721. He wrote a Trea- 
 tise on the Republic of the Hebrews, 2 vols. 
 folio, which is curious ; an Analysis of the 
 Scripture ; a History of Jansenism ; a Con- 
 tinuation of the Ecclesiastical History of 
 Hornius : History of the Church of Af- 
 rica, 4to. ; and other works. — Nawv. Diet. 
 Hist. 
 
 Leyden (Lucas Van), a Dutch painter 
 in oil, distemper, and on glass, also an emi- 
 nent engraver. His picture of the history 
 of St. Hubert procured him a great re- 
 putation. He died in 1533, aged 39.— 
 Felihien. De Files. 
 
 Leyssens (N.), an historical painter of 
 Antwerp, was born in 1661, and died in 
 1720. He resided at Rome some time, but 
 returned to Antwerp to support his aged 
 father, and Providence rewarded his good- 
 ness of heart, for he had more employment 
 than all the painters in that city. — Pilk. 
 
 Liiwyd (Edward), a Welch antiquary, 
 was a native of Caermarthenshire, and edu- 
 cated at Jesus college, Oxford, where he 
 took his degree of M. A. in 1701. He suc- 
 ceeded his tutor, Dr. Plot, as keeper of the 
 Ashmolean museum, and had the use of all 
 Vaughan’s collections. With incessant la- 
 bour and great exactness he employed a 
 considerable part of his life in searching 
 into the W elsh antiquities •. had perused or 
 collected a grfiat deal of ancient and valua- 
 ble matter from their MSS. ; transcribed all 
 the old characters of the monasteries that 
 he could meet with ; travelled several 
 times over Wales, Cornwall, Scotland, Ire- 
 land, Armoric Bretagne, countries inha- 
 bited by the same people, compared their 
 antiquities, and made observations upon the 
 w bole ; but died in 1709, before he had di- 
 gested them into the form of a discourse, as 
 he intended, on the ancient inhabitants of 
 this island. Many of his observations were 
 inserted in Gibson’s edition of Camden’s 
 Britannia. He also published the Archteo- 
 logia Britannica, or an Account of the 
 Languages, Histories, and Customs, of the 
 original Inhabitants of Great Britain, &c. 
 fob Oxford, 1 707. I le left in MS. a Scottish 
 or Irish-English Dictionary, and other 
 proofs of his learning and industry. — Blog. 
 Brit. 
 
 Lhwvd, or Llwyd (Humphry), a learned 
 
 antiquary, was born at Denbigh, and edu- 
 cated at Brasenose-coliege, Oxford, where 
 he studied physic, and practised with repu- 
 tation at his native town. He died about 
 1570. His principal works are, 1. Com- 
 mentarioli Britannica: Descriptionis Frag- 
 mentum, 1572; a new edition of which 
 book appeared by Moses Williams in 1731, 
 4to. and an English translation was publish- 
 ed by Thomas Twyne in 1753, under 
 the title of the Breviary of Britain; 2. De 
 Mona Druidum Insula, Antiquitati sute re- 
 stituta, 1568 ; 3. Chronicon Wallire, a Rege 
 Cadwalladero, usque ad A. D. 1294, MS. ; 
 4. The History of Cambria, now called 
 Wales ; which was published by Dr. Powel 
 in 1584, 4to. — Wood, A. 0. 
 
 Libanius, an ancient sophist, was born at 
 Antioch on the Orontes, in 314. He be- 
 came so eminent a teacher at Constanti- 
 nople, that some other professors procured 
 his banishment, on the charge of magic. 
 He then went to Nicomedia, where he ob- 
 tained a great number of disciples, amongst 
 whom was Julian, afterwards called the 
 Apostate. He died at Antioch about 390. 
 His remains were published in 2 vols. folio, 
 at Paris, in 1606 and in 1627. At the time 
 of Julian’s Persian expedition, Libanius im- 
 pertinently asked a Christian grammarian, 
 “ What the carpenter’s son was then about?” 
 “ He is making a coffin for your master,” 
 replied the other. — Merer i. 
 
 Libavius (Andrew), a physician, was 
 born at Hall, in Saxony, and died at Cobourg, 
 in Franconia, in 1616. Elis works are, Syn- 
 tagma selectorum Alchemi e Arcanorum, 2 
 vols. fol.; Epistolarum Chymicarum, 1595. 
 He wrote zealously against Paracelsus and 
 his followers. — Moreri. 
 
 Liberi (Peter), an Italian painter, was 
 born at Padua, in 1600, and died in 1677. 
 There are several fine pictures by him in 
 different churches in Italy; the principal is 
 a representation of Moses striking the rock. 
 — Piliington. 
 
 Liberius (pope), was a native of Rome, 
 and succeeded Julius I. in 352 He was 
 compelled by the emperor Constantius to 
 consent to the condemnation of Athana- 
 sius. Ele died in 366. — Platina. Ditpin. 
 
 Licetus (Fortunius), a physician, wai 
 born in the state of Genoa, in 1577, and be- 
 came professor of philosophy and physic at 
 Padua, where he died in 1656. His book 
 De Monstris is curious and scarce. He 
 wrote some other works. — Moreri. 
 
 Lichtenberg (George Christopher), a 
 learned German writer, was professor of 
 philosophy in the university of Gottingen, 
 and died there in 1799. — Monthly Mag. 
 
 Licinius (Tegula), a comic Latin poet, 
 who lived about 500 years B. C. His frag- 
 ments have been published by El. Stephens, 
 and in the Corpus Poetnrum of Maittaire. 
 There was an orator and poet of this name, 
 who lived at the same time with Cicero. — ■ 
 Hossius de Poet. Lat. 
 
 R r 
 
L I O 
 
 L I L 
 
 I.icinius (C. Flavius Valcnarius), a Ro- 
 man emperor, was the son of a peasant in 
 Dalmatia: he became a soldier in the Ro- 
 man army, and Gaierius Maximianus made 
 him his coadjutor in the empire, and gave 
 hi;n the government of Pannonia and Pba> 
 acia. Constantine had a great esteem for 
 him, and bestowed his sister, on him in mar- 
 riage ; hut afterwards so serious a differ- 
 ence broke out between the two emperors, 
 as ended in the death of Licinius, alter se- 
 veral battles, A. D, 324. His son was put 
 to death two vears afterwards. — Moreri. 
 
 I,T.ci,Nius (Caius), a Roman tribune, of a 
 plebeian family, who rose to the rank of 
 tribune, when he obtained t he surname of 
 Stole, or Useless Sprout^ on account of the law 
 which he enacted forbidding any one to 
 possess more than 500 acres of land, alleg- 
 ing as nls reason, that v\hen they cultivated 
 more they could not pull up the useless 
 shoots (Stolones)wiiich grew from the roots 
 of trees. He also made another law, which 
 allowed the plebeians to share the consular 
 dignity with the patricians; and he himself 
 became one of the first plebeian consuls, 
 B. C. 36 ' !. — Bw. iV.v/v. J./itropiiis. 
 
 Liducl (Dr. Duncan), professor of ma- 
 thematics and medicine in the university of 
 Helmstadt, was born in 1561 at Aberdeen, 
 where he received the first part of bis edu- 
 cation in language and philosophy. At 
 the age of 18 he repaired to Frankfort, 
 where he made uncommon progress in the 
 mathematics. From Frankfort he removed 
 to Helmstadt, where after being appointed 
 to the mathematical chair, he obtained in 
 1.596 the degree of M. D. and began pub- 
 licly to teach physic. But neither acade- 
 mical honours, nor the profits of an ex- 
 tensive practice abroad, could make Dr. 
 Riddel forget his native country; he tra- 
 velled through Germany and Italy, and at 
 length settled in Scotland, where he died in 
 1 6 13, aged 52. By his last will he bestowed 
 certain lands purchased by him near Aber- 
 deen upon the university there, for the edu- 
 cation and support of six poor scholars. 
 His works are, 1. Disputationes Medici- 
 nales. Helmstadt, 1603, dto. ; 2. Ars Me- 
 dics succincte et perspicue explicata, Ham- 
 blirghi, 1607, 8vo — Bneycl. Brit. 
 
 Lievkks (John), an historical and por- 
 trait painter, was born in 1607 at Leyden. 
 Charles I. of England invited him to his 
 court, where he painted portraits of the 
 royal family and most of the nobility. After 
 remaining here three years he returned to 
 Antwerp, where he died — Pilkinglorr. 
 
 •Li.icutauO (Joseph), a physician, was 
 born af Aix, m Provence, and became first 
 physician to 'the king, and in 1752 mem- 
 ber of the academy of sciences. He died in 
 1780. He wrote Anatomical Essays; Ele- 
 ments of Physiology; Synopsis of the Prac- 
 tice of Medicine and Historia Anatomico 
 Medica, 2 vols . 4to.— N*uv. Did. Hist. 
 
 I.IGARIUS (Quintus), proconsul in Africa, 
 
 who conducted himself so well in that sta- 
 tion, that, at the desire of the people, he was 
 appointed perpetual governor. He opposed 
 Ciesar, who pardoned him after the defeat 
 of Scipio. Not thinking himself safe he 
 kept from Rome, on which account Ttibe- 
 ro accused him, but Ligarius was dciended 
 by Cicero and acquitted. He was one of 
 the conspirators with Brutus and Cassius 
 against Caesar. — Cicero Oral, pro Ligfrio. Plu- 
 tarch in Vif. Ciccr. 
 
 Eiger (Lewis), a French horticulturist, 
 was born at Auxerre in 1658. He published 
 a Paris Guide, and some works on gardening. 
 Ele died in 1717. — Nowo. Diet. 
 
 Ejouteoot (John), a learned dfvine, was 
 born at Stoke-upon-Trcnt, in Staffordshire, 
 in 1602, and educated at Christ’s college, 
 Cambridge. He became chaplain to sir 
 Rowland Cotton in Shropshire, from whom 
 he learnt the rudiments of the Hebrew lan- 
 guage, in which he afterwards acquired a 
 great knowledge and reputation. In 1631 
 his patron presented him to the, living of 
 Ashley, in Staffordshire, which he resigned 
 to his brother in 1 642, and removed to Lon- 
 don, where he was chosen minister of St. 
 Bartholomew, behind the Exchange. Du- 
 ring the civil war he complied with the 
 ruling party, and became member of the 
 assembly of divines, at Westminster, in 
 which he was a frequent speaker. In 1653 
 he was appointed master of Catherine-halt, 
 Cambridge, and in 1655 lie served the office 
 of vice-chancellor. He retained his prefer- 
 ments at the Restoration, and was chosen 
 one of the assistants at the Savoy conference. 
 Dr. Lightfoot died in 1675. His works, 
 which are a treasure of biblical learning, 
 were published in 2 vols. 1684; and a third 
 volume was published by Leusden, at 
 Utrecht, in 1699, folio. His remains, or 
 posthumous tracts and notes on scripture, 
 were published in 1790, in one volume, 
 Svo. — Life prefixed to his Works. B/og. Brit . 
 
 Lignac (Joseph Adrien de), a French 
 priest of the oratory, was born at Poitiers of 
 a r.oble family. He published Letters to 
 an American on Buffon’s Natural History, 
 2 vols. 12mo. ; and other works. He died 
 in 1762. — Nouns. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Liconif.r (John earl of), field-marshal of 
 the English army. He served in all the 
 wars of queen Anne, under the duke of 
 Marlborough, with distinguished glory, 
 and was employed in every succeeding war. 
 He died in 1770, aged 92. — Gent. Mag. 
 
 In go it io (Peter), a painter and architect 
 of Naples, who died in 1580. His Designs 
 after the Antique make thirty volumes ire 
 folio. Eigorio was nominated architect of 
 the church of St. Peter at Rome, in the pon- 
 tificate. of Paul IV. ; but was deprived of 
 that post afterwards, and strcceeded by Mi- 
 chael Angelo .- — D'ArgenviUe. 
 
 Lilburnf. (John), an enthusiast, was 
 born in the county of Durham in 1618, and 
 bound apprentice to a draper in London, 
 
L I L 
 
 LIM 
 
 \vhere lie studied puritanical books. In death he married his widow. In 1632 he 
 1636 he became assistant to Dr. Bastwick, became the pupil of Evans the astrologer, 
 and was employed by him in circulating and soon excelled his master. He was em- 
 his seditious pamphlets, for which Lilburne ployed by both parties during the civil wars, 
 was whipped, pilloried, and imprisoned, and even Charles I. is said to have mac# 
 In his confinement he wrote several viru- use of him. Lilly was certainly consulted 
 lent tracts against the church, but in 1G40 respecting the king’s projected escape from 
 he regained his liberty, and was rewarded Carisbrook castle. He, however, gained 
 by parliament with a grant of 2000/. out of more from the parliament party; and the 
 the estates of the royalists. He then en- predictions contained in his almanacks had 
 
 tered into the army, and became a colonel, 
 in which capacity he behaved gallantly at 
 the battle of Marston-moor ; but publish- 
 ing a libel against the earl of Manchester, 
 he was confined in the Tower. In 1648 
 he was released and remunerated, but he 
 ! still continued writing libels, particularly 
 I against parliament, for which he was hea- 
 \ vily fined and banished. Lilburne with- 
 j drew privately to Holland, where he joined 
 the royalists, and proposed to restore the 
 king for 10,000/. which offer was treated 
 j with contempt. After this lie turned qua- 
 kcr, and became a preacher. He died in 
 j 16.57. Lilburne wrote a number of tracts 
 i not worth naming.— Biog. Brit. 
 
 Lii.ienthal (Michael), a learned Prus- 
 sian, and professoral Konigsberg,who wrote 
 ; several dissertations in the Memoirs of the 
 i academy at Berlin ; and other works. He 
 j died in 17.50. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Lillo (George), a tragic writer, was born 
 in London in 1693. He carried on the bu- 
 siness of a jeweller many years with great 
 reputation. His playsi, though founded on 
 common incidents, are more affecting than 
 loftier productions. He well knew how to 
 touch the heart, and his pieces, which are 
 | subservient to the cause of virtue, are, 
 j George Barnwell; Fatal Curiosity; and 
 I Arden of Feyersham. He died in 1739, 
 
 | aged 47. — Biog. Dram. 
 
 Lilly (John), an English writer, was horn 
 'in Kent, about 1553, and educated at Mag- 
 dalen college, Oxford, from whence he re- 
 | moved to Cambridge, after taking his de- 
 crees in arts. On his arrival in London lie 
 became acquainted with some of queen 
 Elizabeth’s courtiers, by whom be was ca- 
 ressed as a poet and a wit ; and her majes- 
 jty, on particular festivals, honoured his 
 {dramatic pieces with her presence. He at- 
 tended the court for thirteen years ; yet 
 notwithstanding his reputation as an au- 
 thor, lie was under the necessity of peti- 
 tioning the queen for some small stipend to 
 support him in his old age. He died about 
 1600. He wrote Euphues, a description of 
 different characters; also some plays, as 
 Endimion ; Campaspe ; Midas, acted be- 
 fore queen Elizabeth ; the Maid’s Meta- 
 morphosis ; Woman in the Moon, &c. — 
 
 mid. 
 
 Lilly (William), an English astrologer, 
 was born in Leicestershire, in 1602. After 
 receiving a common education he came to 
 London, and became book-keeper to the 
 master of the salters’ company, on whose 
 
 a wonderful effect upon the soldiers and 
 common people. After the Restoration lie 
 was examined respecting the king’s execu- 
 tioner, who he affirmed was cornet Joyce. 
 Ele died at Hersham in 1681. His princi- 
 pal works are, 1 . Christian Astrology, 4to.; 
 2. A Collection of Nativities; 3. Observa- 
 tions on the Life and Death of Charles, late 
 King of England ; 4. Annus Tenebrosus, or 
 the Black Year. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Lily (William), a famous grammarian, 
 was born at Odiham, in Hampshire, about 
 1466, and educated at Magdalen college, 
 Oxford, where he took his degree of B. A., 
 and then went on a pilgrimage to the Holy 
 I. and. In this journey he learned the 
 Greek language at Rhodes. On his return 
 to England in 1509 he was appointed master 
 of St. Paul’s school ; which trust he dis- 
 charged with great reputation, and brought 
 up many eminent scholars. He died of the 
 plague in 1 522. His Latin Grammar, which 
 was ordered by royal authority to be used 
 in all schools, was not wholly of his own 
 composition, part of it being written by 
 cardinal Wolsey, and part by Erasmus and 
 Colet. Though still the foundation made 
 use of in public seminaries, it has been se- 
 verely censured by Ascham and others. 
 J-ily wrote several grammatical pieces. — 
 Biog. Brit. 
 
 Lily (George), eldest son of the above, 
 was born in London, and educated at Mag- 
 dalen college, Oxford, after which he be- 
 came p-ebendary of Canterbury. He was 
 the first who published an exact map of 
 Britain, and died in 1559. He also wrote 
 some books on the English history. — Biog. 
 Brit. 
 
 Limborcii (Philip), a learned divine, 
 was born at Amsterdam, in 1633. He was 
 educated among the remonstrants, and in 
 16.54 became a minister at Hicrlem, from 
 whence lie removed to Gouda. In 1667 he 
 was called to the pastoral charge at Am- 
 sterdam, and the year following succeeded 
 Pontanus in the divinity professorship. In 
 1686 he published his System of Theology, 
 folio, which passed through four editions. 
 The same year he had a dispute with Oro- 
 bio, a Spanish Jew, an account of which 
 was published under the title of Collocatio 
 Arnica de Ve.ritate Religionis Christian® 
 cum erudito Judao. In 1694 here cvered 
 a young woman to Christianity, who had 
 been perverted to judaisin. Liniborch died 
 in 1712. Besides the above he published 
 the History of the Inquisition, and- several ȣ 
 Rr H 
 
L I N 
 
 the works of Episcopius,his great unde. — 
 
 Lc Clerc s Funeral Discourse on Liniborch. Mor. 
 
 Linacre or Lynacer (Thomas), an 
 English physician, was born at Canterbury, 
 about 1460, and educated at the King’s 
 school there, from whence he was sent to 
 All Souls college, Oxford, of which he be- 
 came fellow. After completing his acade- 
 mical studies lie travelled to Italy, where he 
 learned Greek. On his return he took his 
 doctor’s degree, and was made professor of 
 physic at Oxford. Henry VII. appointed 
 him preceptor to prince Arthur; he also 
 became physician to the king, and to Hen- 
 ry VIII. He founded two medical lectures 
 at Oxford and one at Cambridge ; but that 
 which most effectually immortalized his 
 name among the faculty, is his being the 
 first founder of the college of physicians in 
 London. Vexed at the wretched state of 
 physic in England, he applied to cardinal 
 Vhilsey, and obtained a patent by which 
 the physicians of London were incorporat- 
 ed, that illiterate and ignorant medicasters 
 might no longer be allowed to practise the 
 art of healing. Linacre was the first pre- 
 sident, and held' the office as long as he 
 lived. In 1509 he entered into orders, and 
 obtained the precentorsbip of York, which 
 he resigned on being made prebendary of 
 Westminster. He died in 1524, aged 64, 
 and was buried in St. Paul’s. He was a 
 man of great natural sagacity, a skilful 
 physician, a profound grammarian, and 
 one of the best Greek and Latin scholars 
 of his time. He published, 1. A Latin 
 Translation of Proclus’s Sphere, 1490 ; 2. 
 The Rudiments of Grammar, for the use 
 of the princess Mary; 3. De emendata 
 Structure Latini Sermonis 4. A Transla- 
 tion of some of the works of Galen. — M r ood. 
 Lie*. Br. 
 
 Linant (Michael), a French poet, who 
 obtained the prize of the academy three 
 times, and published some pieces of merit. 
 He was the intimate friend of Voltaire ; and 
 died in 1743, aged 41. — Noun. Did. Hist. 
 
 Lind (James), an English physician, who 
 wrote some excellent medical treatises, par- 
 ticularly one on the Diseases of Seamen, 
 8vo. He died in 1794. — Fur op. Mag. 
 
 Lindanus (William), a Dutch divine, 
 was born at Dordt, and appointed by 
 Philip II. king of Spain, the first bishop of 
 Ruramonde, from whence in 1588 he was 
 removed to the see of Ghent. He died the 
 same year, aged 63. He wrote some theo- 
 logical works in Latin, chiefly in defence of 
 the tenets of the Roman church. — Moferi. 
 
 Lindenbruch (Frederick), a learned 
 Blemish critic of the 17th century, who pub- 
 lished editions of Virgil, Terence, and other 
 classic authors; he also composed a curious 
 work entituled, Codex Legum antiquarum, 
 folio. He died in 1638. — Nouv. Did. Hi t. 
 
 Lindsay (John), a learned nonjuringdi- 
 vine, who was educated at St. Mary hall, 
 Oxford. He officiated many years to a con- 
 
 L I N 
 
 gregation of his own sentiments in Alders- 
 gate-street, and was corrector of the press 
 to Mr. Bowyer. He died in 1768, aged 82. 
 He translated Mason’s Vindication of the 
 Church of England, folio, 1726: and wrote 
 a Short History of the Royal Succession ; 
 and Remarks on Whiston’s Scripture Poii- 
 tics. — Anecd. of Boivycr. 
 
 Lindsay (sir David), a Scotch poet, was 
 a native of the county of Fife, and educated 
 at the university of St. Andrews. He was 
 at the battle of Pavia, and on his return to 
 Scotland James V. appointed him master of 
 the heralds’ office. He Wrote several poems, 
 some of which have been printed, particu- 
 larly his satires on the clergy. He died in 
 1557, aged 61 . — Gen. Bir.g. Did. 
 
 Lindsay (David), a relation of the above, 
 was born in 1527. He was a zealous pro-] 
 motor of the Reformation, and died in 1593. 
 He wrote the History of Scotland from 
 1437 to 1542. — Ibid. 
 
 Lin dwood (William), an English prelate, 
 was a professor at Oxford, in the reign of 
 Henrv V. who sent him ambassador to 
 Spain in 1422. In 1434 he was made bishop 
 of St. David’s, and died in 1446. He com- 
 piled the Constitutions of the Archbishops 
 of Canterbury from Stephen Langton to 
 Archbishop Chichely, printed at Paris in 
 1505, and at Oxford m 1663. — Dupin. V/ood. 
 
 Lingelbach (John), a German painter, 
 was born at Frankfort, inl625. He travelled 
 into Holland, France, and Italy, for im- 
 provement, and in 1650 settled at Amster- 
 dam. He painted landscapes, enriched 
 with views of antiquity and figures. — Nouv. 
 Did. Hist. 
 
 Linguet (Simon - Nicholas - Henry), a 
 French political writer, was born at Rheims, 
 in 1736. In his early years he was in the 
 suite of the French general who commanded 
 the army against Portugal, and while in 
 Spain he acquired a knowledge of the lan- 
 guage. On his return to France he studied 
 the law, and practised with reputation ; 
 but his brethren of the profession, jealous 
 of his success, framed aii accusation against 
 him, and he was forbidden to plead. He 
 then published a periodical journal, which 
 was suppressed ; and apprehending dangei 
 to himself, he withdrew to Holland, and 
 from thence to England. He next went tc 
 Brussels, and wrote to the count de V er 
 gennes, requesting leave to return to France 
 which was granted; but new complaint; 
 being made against him he was sent to tin 
 Bastile. On his release he came to England 
 where he wrote his Memoirs of the Bastile 
 from England he went to Brussels, and re 
 commenced his political annals an art! cl 
 in which, on the liberty of the navigatioi 
 of the Scheldt, gave so much satisfactioi 
 to the emperor Joseph II. that he rewardei 
 him with a present, and permitted him t 
 settle at Vienna. But Linguet joined th 
 revolutionists of Brabant, for which he wa 
 expelled frem Germany; and in 1791 h 
 
L I N 
 
 L I O 
 
 returned to Paris, where he declaimed at 
 the bar of the national assembly in behalf 
 of the negroes of St. Domingo. He was 
 guillotined in 1 794, Besides the above he 
 wrote a Theory of Daws; History of the 
 Age of Alexander ; the Fanaticism of Phi- 
 losophers ; History of the Revolutions of 
 the Roman Empire; History of the Jesuits; 
 Reflections on Light ; and several other 
 works. — Nou-u. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Liniere (Francis), a French poet, whose 
 verses are elegant, and his satires pointed ; 
 but he was a man of dissolute life, and an 
 atheist. He died in 1704, aged 76. — Ibd. 
 
 Finley (Thomas), a celebrated English 
 musician and composer, who was also one 
 of the proprietors of Drury-lane theatre. 
 He died in 1795. — Europ. Mag. Gent. Mag. 
 
 Linnieus (Charles von), or Linne, a cele- 
 brated naturalist, was the son of a clergy- 
 man, and born at Roeshult,in the province 
 of Smaland in Sweden, in 1707. He stu- 
 died physic at Leyden, and in 1735 took 
 his doctor’s degree in that faculty, after 
 which he settled at Stockholm. At the 
 age of 34 he was appointed professor of 
 physic and botany in the university of Up- 
 sal. He also became physician to the king, 
 who created him a knight of the polar star, 
 and conferred on him a pension with a pa- 
 tent of nobility. He was the founder and 
 first president of the academy of Stockholm, 
 and a member of several foreign societies. 
 Linnaeus travelled into Norway, Dalecarlia, 
 Desert Lapland, Germany, Holland, France, 
 and England, in eager pursuit of his favou- 
 rite science. In this country he was great- 
 ly noticed by our most famous naturalists, 
 and brought a letter of introduction to sir 
 Hans Sloane from Boerhaave. He invent- 
 ed a new method of dividing plants into 
 classes, and he extended the same to animals. 
 The ardour of Linnaeus’s inclinations to the 
 study of nature, and the uncommon appli- 
 cation which he bestowed upon it, gave 
 him a most comprehensive view both of its 
 pleasures and usefulness. Availing him- 
 self of the advantages which he derived 
 from a large share of eloquence, and an 
 animated style, he never failed to display, 
 in a lively and convincing manner, the re- 
 lation subsisting between the study of na- 
 ture and the public good, to incite the 
 great to countenance and protect it; to en- 
 courage and allure youth into its pursuits, 
 by opening manifold sources of pleasure to 
 their view, and shewing them how greatly 
 this agreeable employment would add both 
 to their comfort and emolument. He also 
 laboured to inspire the opulent with a taste 
 for his favourite study ; and wished that 
 those who were devoted to an ecclesiastic 
 life should share a portion of natural sci- 
 ence, not only as a means of sweetening 
 their rural situation, confined as many are 
 to a country residence, but as what would 
 most inevitably lead, in a variety of in- 
 stances, to discoveries which only such 
 
 situations could give rise to, and which the 
 learned in great cities could have no op- 
 portunities to make. Linnaeus lived to en- 
 joy the fruit of his own labour in an un- 
 common degree. Under his culture natu- 
 ral history raised itself in Sweden to a 
 state of perfection unknown elsewhere, and 
 was from thence disseminated throughout 
 Europe His pupils dispersed themselves 
 all over the globe, and, with their master’s 
 fame, extended botli his science and their 
 own. He lived to see the sovereigns of 
 Europe establish several public institutions 
 for the study of natural history, and even 
 professorships appointed in divers univer- 
 sities for a similar purpose, which do ho- 
 nour to their founders and patrons, and 
 which have excited a curiosity for the sci- 
 ence, and a sense of its worth, that cannot 
 fail to further its progress, and in time 
 raise it to that rank which it is entitled to 
 hold among the pursuits of mankind. He 
 died in 1778. His works are, 1. Systerua 
 Naturae, sistens Regna tria Naturse, 1735, 
 folio, and 1756, 2 vols. octavo; 2. Biblietho- 
 ca Botanica, octavo ; 3. Hortus ClifFortianus, 
 folio; 4. Critica Botanica, octavo; 5. Flora 
 Laponica, octavo; 6. Genera Flantarum,ea- 
 rumque Characteres Naturales, octavo; 7. 
 Flora Suecica; 8. Fauna Suecica, octavo; 
 
 9. Flora Zaylanica, quarto; 10. Hortus Up- 
 saliensis, octavo; 11. Amcenitates Acade- 
 micse, 5 volumes octavo; 12. Materia Me- 
 dica, octavo; 13. Animalium Specierum in 
 Classes, octavo ; 14. Oratio de Incrementis 
 Telluris hahitabilis, octavo; 15. Nemesis d>- 
 vina ; 16. Plantai Surinamenses. His son 
 Charles Linnacus was professor of medi- 
 cine at Upsal, and died in 1783, aged 45: 
 he was the last of the family . — L fe by Pul- 
 tcncy . 
 
 Lint (Peter Van), an historical and por- 
 trait painter of Antwerp, was born in 1609. 
 He painted in Italy several years, and 
 returned to his own country increased in 
 wealth and reputation. A relation of Iris, 
 Fiend rick van Lint, was an eminent painter 
 in landscape, and executed some fine views 
 about Rome. Two of his pictures are in 
 the possession of the earl of Moira. — Pil- 
 H union. 
 
 Li n t r u si (Severinus), bishop of Wiburg 
 in Jutland, and professor of divinity and 
 eloquence at Copenhagen. He wrote se- 
 veral theological books in Latin. lie died 
 in 1732. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Linus (St.), said to have been the suc- 
 cessor of St. Peter in the bishopric of Rome, 
 but Tertuliian asserts that St. Clement suc- 
 ceeded that apostle ; the Roman church 
 enrols Linus among iter prelates and mar- 
 tyrs. — Dip?/!. Mereri . 
 
 Liotard (John Stephen), a painter in 
 crayons, was born at Geneva, in 1703, and 
 studied at Paris, alter which he went to 
 Rome, and travelled into the East, in 177tt 
 he visited England, where he disposed of 
 his pictures by auction. There is a por 
 
L I £ L I S 
 
 trait of him in Walpole’s Anecdotes of 
 Painting. He died about 1780.— Nouv. 
 J)ict. Hist. 
 
 -L.iot.ard (Peter), a French botanist, was 
 originally a peasant in Dauphiny, and after- 
 wards a common soldier; but being wound- 
 ed at the taking of Mahon, he left the army 
 and went to live with his uncle, an herbal- 
 ist at Grenoble. Liotard was above 40 
 years old when he began to study botany, 
 put he applied to it with such ardour that 
 in 1782 he was appointed director of the 
 public garden at Grenoble, where he died 
 in 1790. He was intimate with Rous- 
 seau, and had Linnaeus’s System of Plants 
 by heart. — / bid. 
 
 _ Lirri (Philip), called the Old, an histo- 
 rical painter, was born at Florence, in 1421, 
 and died in 1488. Fie had been a monk of 
 the order of Carmelites, but quitted the ha- 
 bit and applied to painting, under Massacio, 
 whose style he adopted. He was a man of 
 loose character, and left a son named Philip , 
 who was also a painter. He died in 1505, 
 aged 45 . — He Piles. 
 
 Lippi (Laurence), a painter and poet, 
 was born at Florence, in 1000, and died in 
 1664. He painted many grand designs for 
 the chapels and convents of his native city, 
 by which he acquired great reputation ; 
 yet although lie was fond of imitating sim- 
 ple nature witlioutany embellishments from 
 invention, his works are held in the highest 
 esteem for the graceful airs of the heads, 
 for the correctness of his outline, and for 
 the elegant disposition of the figures. As 
 a poet he is known by a burlesque piece 
 entituled, Malmantile Raquistato, printed 
 at Florence in 1688, quarto, under the 
 name of Perloni Zipoli.f It was re-printed 
 -in 1731, with notes, quarto; and at Paris 
 in 1768, 12mo. — Moreri. 
 
 Lipsius (Justus), a learned critic, was 
 born near Brussels, in 1547. I Ie studied the 
 civil law at Louvain, and in 1567 became 
 secretary to cardinal Granville at Rome, 
 but two years afterwards he returned to 
 Louvain, where he read lectures in history 
 and belles-lettres with great reputation. He 
 was some time a professor at Cologne, and 
 next at Leyden ; but in 1 5.76 he returned 
 to Louvain, and died there in 1606. His 
 changes in religion were remarkable ; be- 
 ing a Roman catholic, then a Lutheran, 
 afterwards a Calvinist, and lastly a catholic 
 again. Flis learning was great, but his su- 
 perstition contemptible, attributingsome of 
 his pieces to the inspiration of the Virgin 
 Mary. His works were published at Ant- 
 werp in 6 volumes, folio, 1637. The prin- 
 cipal are, a Commentary on Tacitus; Sa- 
 turnalia; De Militia Romana; Elecforum ; 
 Satira Menippssa ; De Amphitheatris : De 
 recta pronunciatione Lingua; Latins. — 
 Bayle. Marcri. 
 
 Lr hon (John), a benedictine of the con- 
 gregation of St. Maur, who published, 1. 
 Bibliothequc des Auteurs Chartraihs ; 2. 
 
 I.es Amenitds de la Critique ; 3. Les Sin-, 
 gularites llistoriques et Litteraires, 4 vo- 
 lumes, 12mo. He was born at Chartres in 
 1665, and died at Mans in 1749. — Nuuv. 
 Hist. Hist. 
 
 Lis (John van 4pr), a painter, was born 
 at Oklenburgh, in 1570. Flis subjects were 
 usually taken from the sacred history, and 
 he also delighted in representing moral 
 sports. I le died in 1629. There was an- 
 other painter, of this name, a native of 
 Breda, and the disciple of Poelemberg. He 
 painted historical subjects. — Houbrahn. 
 
 Lisle (sir George), a gallant English 
 officer, was the son of a bookseller in Lon- 
 don, but on the breaking out of the civil 
 wars be entered into the royal army, where 
 he behaved so well as to rise to a command. 
 At the battle of Newbury, when it grew 
 so dark that his men could not distinguish 
 him, he put his shirt over his clothes that 
 they might he encouraged by his presence 
 and example. He bravely held out the 
 town of Colchester a long time against the 
 parliament’s forces, and surrendered as pri- 
 soner of war, but was basely put to death 
 by the victors, in 1648. — Clarendon. 
 
 Lisle (Claude de), a French writer on 
 geography and history, was born at Vau- 
 couleui-, in Lorraine, in 1644. He was 
 bred to the law, but quitted that profession 
 and became a teacher of geography, and 
 had for a pupil the duke of Orleans, after- 
 wards regent of France. He died in 1720. 
 His works are, Flistorical Relation of the 
 Kingdom of Siam, 12mo.; an Abridgement 
 of Universal History, 7 volumes, 12mo. ; 
 Introduction to Geography, with a Treatise 
 on the Sphere, 2 volumes, 12mo. — Atw, 
 Diet. Hist. 
 
 Lisle (William de), the son of the above, 
 was horn at Paris, in 1675. In If 99 he 
 published an accurate map of the world, 
 for which lie was elected a member of the 
 academy of sciences, lie was geographical 
 tutor to Louis XV. for whose use lie exe- 
 cuted several valuable works. He died in 
 1726. He wrote an Introduction to Geo- 
 graphy- — Hid. 
 
 Lisle (Joseph Nicholas de), an eminent 
 astronomer, was brother of the above, and 
 born at Paris in Ifi-’S. At the age of eigh- 
 teen he made an accurate observation of 
 the great total eclipse of the sun, and in 
 1714 was admitted a member of the acade- 
 my of sciences. In 1 724 he visited England, 
 and was greatly esteemed by Newton -and 
 Flail ey : he was also chosen a fellow of the 
 royal society. In 1726 he was invited to 
 Petersbiirgh, where he obtained a consider- 
 able pension and the charge of the obser- 
 vatory: in 1747 he returned to Paris, and 
 died in 1768. His greatest work is the Flis- 
 torv of Astronomy, 2 vois. quarto.- — Jhid. 
 
 Lisola (Francis baren de), a French 
 statesman, was horn at Salhis, in 1613. He 
 resided four years in England as ambassador 
 from the emperor Ferdinand III., and was 
 
L I T 
 
 L I T 
 
 afterwards envoy at the court of Madrid. 
 He died in 1677. He wrote a work enti- 
 tuled, Boucher d'Etat et de Justice; and 
 his Letters and Memoirs have been pub- 
 lished in 12mo. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Li stick (sir Matthew), an eminent phy- 
 sician and president of the college, was born 
 at Thornton, in Yorkshire, and bred at Ox- 
 ford, where he became fellow of Oriel col- 
 lege, but took Iris doctor’s degree at Basil. 
 On his return to England he was appointed 
 physician to Anne, queen of James I , and 
 on the accession of Charles 1. he became 
 physician to that monarch, who conferred 
 on him the honour of knighthood. lie suf- 
 fered considerably for his loyalty in the ci- 
 vil wars, and died near Louth, in Lincoln- 
 shire, in 1657, aged 92. — IVood. Bine. Brit. 
 
 I. ist ic k (Martin), nephew of the above, 
 was born in Buckinghamshire, and edu- 
 cated under his uncle, who sent him to St. 
 John’s college, Cambridge, of which he be- 
 came fellow. He settled at York as a phy- 
 sician, and on account of his skill in na- 
 tural history, was elected fellow of the 
 royal society. He then removed to I.on- 
 don, and became a member of the college 
 of physicians. In 1699 he published an 
 account of his journey to Paris, which 
 was ridiculed by Dr. Kang in his Journey 
 to London. In 1709 he was appointed 
 physician to queen Anne, lie died in 1712. 
 He wrote several books on natural history, 
 particularly shells, in Latin. — Blog. Brit. 
 
 Lithgow (William), an extraordinary 
 person, was born in Scotland. He travelled 
 through various parts of Europe and the 
 East on foot, and in his travels experienced 
 many singular adventures. At Malaga he 
 was seized by the Inquisition, and put to 
 the torture, but escaped with Ins life, and 
 on his arrival in England was presented to 
 James I. on a feather-bed, being so man- 
 gled as to be incapable of standing. On 
 his recovery he applied to count Gondo- 
 mar the Spanish ambassador, who promised 
 him a reparation, but deceived him which 
 so provoked Luhgow that he assaulted 
 him at court, for which he was sent to the 
 marshalsea, where he remained a prisoner 
 nine months. He published a curious ac- 
 count of his travels. — Granger. 
 
 Little (William), an ancient English 
 historian, known also by the name of Gu- 
 lielmus Naubrigensis, was born at Bid- 
 lingfon, in Yorkshire, A. D. 1136, and 
 educated in the abbey of Newborough, in 
 the same county, where he became a monk. 
 In his advanced years he composed a His- 
 tory of England, in five books, from the 
 Norman Conquest to A. B. 1197, which 
 for veracity, regularity of disposition, and 
 purity of language, is one of the most va- 
 luable productions of that period. — Encycl. 
 Brit. 
 
 Littelton", or Lyttleton (i homas), 
 n famous |u dm?, was born in Devonshire, 
 of the family of )• . • ':ott, "but lie ciianged 
 
 his name to oblige bis maternal grandfa- 
 ther, in Worcestershire, about the begin- 
 ning of the 1.5th century, and after re- 
 ceiving a liberal education, was entered of 
 the Inner Temple. 1 Iis abilities procured 
 him from Henry VI. the place of steward 
 of the court: and in 14 55 lie went the 
 northern circuit as a judgfc. Edward IV. 
 appointed him one of the judges of t lie 
 court of common pleas, and in 147.5 he 
 was created knight of the bath. He died 
 in 1481, and was interred in the cathedral 
 of Worcester. He left three sons, who be- 
 came eminent in the law. It was for the 
 use of one of them, namely, Richard, that 
 he wrote his famous book on Tenures, 
 which was printed first about 1477. His 
 3d son Thomas was knighted by Henry 
 VII. for apprehending Lambert Simnel. 
 The eldest son, sir William, died at his seat 
 in Worcestershire in 1503. Sir Thomas 
 Littleton's book of Tenures has been often 
 printed, with sir Edward Coke’s Commen- 
 tary. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Littleton (John), a descendant from 
 the judge, sat in parliament for Worcester- 
 shire, in the 27th of Elizabeth : but being 
 a zealous follower of the earl of Essex", was 
 taken up, fined, and condemned for a con- 
 spiracy, with some others. By the interest 
 of sir Walter Raleigh, to whom he wrote 
 an admirable letter, be was pardoned, and 
 died in prison in 1600. Several of his epis- 
 tles are in the Biographia Britannica. 
 
 Littleton (EdWard), an English judge, 
 was of the same family as the preceding, 
 and born in Shropshire, in 1589. He re- 
 ceived his education at Christ Church col- 
 lege, Oxford, from whence he removed to 
 the Inner Temple. In 1628 he was in par- 
 liament, and was one of the members sent 
 up to the lords with the petition of right ; 
 he was also a manager of the accusation 
 against the duke of Buckingham. In 1639 
 he was' made chief justice of the common 
 pleas, and the year following lord keeper 
 of the great seal, at which time he was 
 created a peer by the title of lord Littleton. 
 He lost the king’s confidence however, by. 
 leaning too much to the opposition party, 
 who were also equally jealous of him. He 
 died at Oxford in 1645. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Littleton (Adam), a learned divine, 
 was born at Hales Owen, in Shropshire, in 
 1627, and educated at Westminster school, 
 from whence lie was elected student of 
 Christ church, Oxford, but was ejected by 
 the parliamentary visitors in 1648. He then 
 became usher to Dr. Busby, and in 16.5.3 
 was appointed under-master. In 167 1, be- 
 ing D. D. lie obtained the living of Chelsea, 
 and a prebend of Westminster. He died 
 in 1694. He composed a I-,atin and English 
 Dictionary, several sermons, and other 
 works — Ibid. 
 
 Littleton (Edward), an ingenious di- 
 vine, was educated at Eton, from whence 
 he removed to King’s college, Cambridge- 
 
LLO 
 
 LLY 
 
 In 1 1 90 he was appointed under-master of 
 Eton school, and in 1727 elected fellow of 
 the college. In 1730 he was appointed 
 chaplain to the king, and the same year 
 took his degree of LL, D. He died in 1734, 
 and was buried in his parish church of Ma- 
 ple Derham, in Oxfordshire. Two volumes 
 of his Sermons were printed after his death, 
 and some of his poems are in Dodsley’s col- 
 lection. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Livia, the wife of Tiberius Claudius 
 Nero, by whom she had the emperor Ti- 
 ce, ills, and Drusus Germanicus. Augustus 
 tell in love with her, and married her while 
 she was pregnant. She prevailed on Au- 
 gustus to adopt her children by Drusus : 
 but she was suspected of poisoning the em- 
 peror to procure the throne for her son Ti- 
 berius, who treated her with ingratitude, 
 and when she died, A. D. 29, refused her 
 funeral honours. — Crcvier. 
 
 Livineus (John), a learned divine of the 
 16th century, was a native of Dender- 
 monde, and a canon of Antwerp, where 
 he died in 1599. He translated into Latin 
 some of the works of Gregory Nyssen, St. 
 Chrysostom, and other fathers. He also 
 edited the Panegyric! Veteres, Antwerp, 
 1599, 8vo. — Moreri. 
 
 Livington (John), a Scotch presbyte- 
 rian divine, was born in 1603, and edu- 
 cated at Glasgow, where he took the de- 
 gree of M. A. He was banished from 
 Scotland, in 1663, for refusing to take the 
 oath of allegiance, on which he went to 
 Holland, where he died in 1672. He pub- 
 lished some theological works.— Gen. Ding- 
 Diet. * ' 
 
 Livius (Andronicus), a Roman comic 
 poet, who flourished B. C. 240. He was 
 the freeuman of M. I.ivius Salinator, and 
 preceptor to his children. He acted in his 
 own plays, which are lost. — Moreri. 
 
 Livius (litus), an illustrious historian, 
 was born at Patavium, or Padua, of an 
 ancient family. He resided at Rome in the 
 time of Augustus, to whom he read his 
 History as lie composed it. That emperor 
 appointed him tutor to his grandson Clau- 
 dius. On the death of his patron he re- 
 turned to his native place, where he died, 
 A. D. 17 , in the 67th year of his age. The 
 best editions ot his Roman Plistory are that 
 of Gronpvius, Leyden, 1679, 3 vols. 8vo., 
 and that of Crevier, Paris 1735, 6 vols! 
 4to. An English translation has been pub- 
 lished by Mr. Baker, in 6 vols. &vo.—Fcs- 
 siut dc Hist Lat. Moreri. 
 
 Lloyd (William), a learned prelate, was 
 born at 1 ilehurst, in Berkshire, in 1627, 
 and entered, in 1638, at Oriel college, Ox- 
 ford, from whence lie removed to Jesus col- 
 lege, where he took his bachelor’s degree in 
 1612, and was elected fellow. At the Res- 
 toration he was appointed chaplain to the 
 king, and in 1676 he obtained the living of 
 St. Martin in the Fields. In 1680 he was 
 promoted to the bishopric of St. Asapl'}, 
 
 and in 1688 he was sent to the Tower with 
 six other bishops, for addressing the king 
 against the declaration for liberty of con- 
 science. Soon after the Revolution he was 
 made almoner to king William and queen 
 Mary. In 1692 he was translated to the 
 see of Litchfield and Coventry, from 
 whence, in 1699, he was removed to Wor- 
 cester. He died in 1717. Bishop Idoyd 
 wrote several tracts against popery; ser- 
 mons ; the History of the Government of 
 the Church of Great Britain; a Chrono- 
 logical Account of the Life of Pythagoras ; 
 a Dissertation on Daniel’s seventy Weeks- 
 and other works. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Lloyd (Robert), an English poet, was 
 the son of Dr. Pierson Lloyd, second mas- 
 ter of Westminster school, where Robert 
 received his education, and from whence 
 he was elected to Trinity college, Cam- 
 bridge.. He was some time an °usher in 
 Westminster school, and while in that situ- 
 ation published a poem called the Actor, 
 which possessed considerable merit. On 
 account of his irregularities he was obliged 
 to resign his place in the school, after 
 which he subsisted almost wholly on cha- 
 rts particularly that afforded by Ins friend 
 Churchill. He died in 1764. Elis poems 
 were published in 2 vols. 8vo. 1774. Lloyd 
 w*s the author of the Capricious Lover, a 
 comic opera, ] 764, 8vo., and other dramatic 
 works. — Biog. Dram. Gen. B. D. 
 
 Lloyd (Nicholas), an English divine, 
 who was rector of St. Mary, Newington, 
 Surry, where he died in 1680, aged 49. He 
 compiled an Historical, Geographical, and 
 Poetical Dictionary, to which Hoffman 
 and the editors of Aforeri were much in- 
 debted. It was printed at Oxford, in 1670, 
 
 1 vol. folio, and in 1695, in 4to. Great 
 
 Hist. Diet. 
 
 Llywarch ab Idywelyn, an ancient 
 \\ clsh bard, who flourished from about 
 A. D. 1160 to 1220. ATany of his pieces are 
 in the Welsh Archaiology, and contain se- 
 veral historical notices of value. Owen’s 
 
 Cambr. Biog, 
 
 Llywarch Hen, a celebrated Welsh 
 poet who flourished about 630. Many of 
 bis compositions are extant, and were col- 
 lected and printed by Mr. Owen, who says 
 that he came from the north of England. 
 He distinguished himself in the defence of 
 his country against the Saxons; and he lost 
 twenty-four sons in the same cause. He 
 died in a solitary cel! in the parish of Llan- 
 vor, near Bala, aged 150 — Bid. 
 
 Llywelyn ab Grufydd, the last sove- 
 reign of Wales, who reigned from A. D, 
 1254 to 1282. He was a brave prince, and 
 resisted the ambition of Edward 1. king of 
 England, ado«g time, but he at last fell, and 
 with him the independence of the Welsh as 
 a distinct nation. — Hi d. 
 
 Llywelyn ab Jorwerth, a prince of 
 North Wales from A. D. 1 194 to 1240. He 
 obtained the throne by deposing bis uncie 
 
LOB 
 
 L O C 
 
 Davyd ab Owain, who had rendered him- 
 self odious to his subjects by his cruelties. 
 Llywelyn was distinguished by his enter- 
 prize and bravery . — Owens Cnmb. Bier. 
 
 Llywelyn ab Sitsylt, a Welsh prince 
 who succeeded to the principalities of South 
 Wales and Powys, in 993. In 1021, Anlaff, 
 at the head of a Scotch army, invaded his 
 territories, and was joined by Hywil and 
 Mercdydd, sons of Edwin ab Einion. 
 Llywelyn marched against them, and de- 
 feated them, but fell in the battle. — Ibid. 
 
 Llywelyn Vardd, the son of Gywryd, 
 a celebrated Welsh poet, who flourished 
 between A. D. 1230 and 1280. Some of 
 his poems are in the Welsh Archaiolcgy. — 
 Ibid. 
 
 Llywelyn o Langewydd, or Llywelyn 
 Sion, an eminent poet of Glamorgan, who 
 collected the System of Bardism, which 
 collections are now preserved. He presided 
 at several meetings of the bards, and died 
 in 1616. — Ibid. 
 
 Llywelyn (Thomas), a Welsh divine, 
 was a native of Glamorganshire, and died 
 in 17S6. He published a History of the 
 different editions of the Welsh Bible — Ibid. 
 
 Lobb (Theophilus), an English physician, 
 was the son of a dissenting minister, arid 
 died at London in 1763, aged 87. He 
 wrote some medical books, and some on 
 religious subjects. — Mortimer. 
 
 Lobel (Mathias), an eminent botanist 
 and physician, was born at Lisle, in 1538. 
 He studied at Montpelier, and while there 
 applied with great assiduity to botanical 
 researches. After travelling through Swit- 
 zerland, Germany, and Italy, he visited 
 England about 1570, and was greatly es- 
 teemed by several noblemen and appointed 
 physician and botanist to James I. He died 
 in 1616. Lobel had the sunerintendance 
 of a large garden at Hackney, cultivated 
 at the expense of lord Zouch. He wrote, 
 1. Stirpium Adversaria, first printed at 
 London in 1570; 2. Observationes, sive 
 Stirpium Historix, cui annexum est Adver- 
 sariorum Volumen, fol. 1576 ; 3. Dilucidse 
 simplicium Medicamentorum Explicati- 
 ones, &c. — Pultene y. 
 
 Lobineau (Guy Alexis), a French eccle- 
 siastic and historical writer, was born at 
 Rennes, in 1666 He became a benedictine, 
 and died in 1727. His works are, a His- 
 tory of Britanny, 2 vols. folio; History of 
 the Conquest of Spain by the Moors, 12mo. ; 
 History of Paris, 5 vols. fob; History of 
 the Saints of Britannv, fol. — Morcri. 
 
 Lob ko witz (Boleslas de Hassenstein, ba- 
 ron de), a Bohemian nobleman and man of 
 letters. After travelling into various coun- 
 tries, and bearing arms with reputation, 
 he embraced the eccles astical state, and 
 was employed in public affairs. Pie died in 
 1510. Plis Latin poems were printed at 
 Prague, in 1563,and 1570. — Moreri. 
 
 Lobo (Jerome), a Portuguese jesu.it, who 
 travelled through Abyssinia as a missionary, 
 and published a cuirous account of that 
 
 country, which was rendered into French 
 by I.e Grand, from whence it was trans- 
 lated into English by Dr. Samuel John- 
 son. Lobo died rector of the college of 
 Coimbra in Portugal, in 1678, aged 85. — 
 Morcri. 
 
 Lobo (Rodriguez Francis), a Portu- 
 gueze poet, was horn in Estramadura. 
 He wrote a comedy called Euphrosyne, 
 which is a great favourite among his 
 countrymen. He was also the author of a 
 folio volumeof poems, printed in 1721. — lb. 
 
 Lock art (Alexander), a Scotch writer. 
 Was born near Edinburgh, in 1 673, and bred 
 to the law. He was a member of parlia- 
 ment at the time of the union, which mea- 
 sure he violently opposed; as he also did 
 the Hanoverian succession. He was killed 
 in a duel in 1732. His Memoirs of Scot- 
 land were published at London in 1714. — 
 Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Locke (John), a celebrated philosophee, 
 was horn at Wringfo'n, in Somersetshire, in. 
 1632, and educated at Westminster school, 
 from whence he removed to Clirist-church, 
 Oxford, of which he became student. After 
 taking his degrees in arts, he entered on the 
 study of physic, in which he made great 
 proficiency. Lord Ashley, afterwards earl 
 of Shaftesbury, became his patron and urged 
 him to apply to the study of politics. Mr. 
 Locke followed his advice, and rendered 
 himself serviceable to his lordship and his 
 party; who, having obtained the grant of 
 Carolina, employed him in drawing up 
 the constitution for the government of that 
 province. Lord Shaftesbury being ap- 
 pointed chancellor in 1672, made Mr.Locke 
 secretary of presentations, which place he 
 lost the year following, when his patron 
 was deprived of the great seal. He con- 
 tinued, ‘however, his secretaryship of the 
 board of trade, of which lord Shaftesbury was 
 president. In 1674 that commission was dis- 
 solved, and Mr. Locke being in an ill state 
 of health went to Montpellier, and conti- 
 nued abroad tiil 1679, when he was sent for 
 by lord Shaftesbury who was appointed 
 president of the council ; but in 1682 that 
 nobleman, to avoid a prosecution for high 
 treason withdrew to Elolland, and was ac- 
 companied by his friend. In 1684 Mr. 
 Locke was removed from his students 
 place at Christ church, by the king’s com- 
 mand ; and the year following the English 
 envoy demanded him of the states of Hol- 
 land, ou suspicion of his being concerned 
 in Monmouth’s rebellion, which occasioned 
 him to keep private several months, during 
 which he was employed in finishing hit 
 Essay on Human Understanding, which 
 however was not published till after the 
 Revolution, when he returned to England, 
 and was rrr.de commissioner of appeals. In 
 1695 he was appointed one of the commis- 
 sioners of trade and plantations, and he 
 might have had other preferment, hut the 
 state of his health led him to decline the 
 advantageous offers that were made him 
 
LOG 
 
 LOG 
 
 Me spent the latter years of his life at Oates, 
 •in Essex, the seat of sir Francis and lady 
 Masham, who invited him to reside in 
 their family. Mr. Locke lived in as much 
 ease as if the house had been his own: 
 he found besides in lady Masham a friend 
 and companion exactly suited to his taste; a 
 Jadyof contemplation andstudious turn, and 
 particularly inured from her youth to deep 
 and refined speculations in theology, me- 
 taphysics and morality : he had the addi- 
 tional satisfaction of seeing her only son 
 bred up on the plan wh eh he had laid 
 down as the best method of education, the 
 success of which seemed to sanction his 
 judgment in the choice of that method. He 
 published his letters on Toleration, to pro- 
 mote the scheme which king William had 
 so much at heart, of a comprehension with 
 the dissenters. This drew him into a con- 
 troversy which was scarcely ended, when 
 he entered into another in defence of his 
 Essays; but the asthma, his -constitutional 
 disease, increasingwith his years, began to 
 subdue him, and he became so inferior, that 
 1700 he resigned his seat at the board of 
 trade. He could no longer hear the air of 
 London, so as to insure a regular attendance. 
 After this resignation he continued altoge- 
 ther at Oates, devotinghimself to study par- 
 ticularly of the scriptures. In this retire- 
 ment he also wrote several of his works, and 
 died there in 1704. His remains were in- 
 terred in the church of Oates, where a 
 monument has been erected to his me- 
 mory. His principal works are, an Essay 
 on Human Understanding, 2 vols. 8vo. ; 
 l.etters on Toleration, 4to.; Treatise on 
 Civil Government, 8vo; and Thoughts 
 concerning Education, 12mo. 1 hese with 
 
 his Letters and miscellaneous pieces have 
 been printed together in 3 vols. folio, and 9 
 vols. 8vo . — B tog. Brit. 
 
 Looker (John), a learned gentleman, 
 was born of a good family in Middle- 
 sex, and educated at merchant-taylors 
 school, from whence he removed to Merton 
 college, Oxford, and afterwards to Gray’s 
 Inn, where he studied the law, and was 
 called to the bar. He translated the two 
 first books of Voltaire’s life of Charles 
 XII. and wrote the preface. He also 
 made collections towards a life of lord Ba- 
 con, which he communicated to Dr. Birch 
 and Mr. Mallett. He died in 1760. — A;;c:d. 
 of Dwyer. 
 
 Locxman (John), ati English writer, was 
 the author of Rosalinda, a musical drama ; 
 and David’s' Lamentations, an oratorio. 
 He was also one of the compilers of the 
 Great Historical Dictionary, and died in 
 1771. — Bin;. Dram. 
 
 LbCKYER (Nicholas), a puritan divine, 
 who was chaplain to Cromwell, and pro- 
 vost of Eton college, but at the Restoration 
 ho .was ejected from that place and from 
 a living in the city. He died in 1884. Ide 
 published some sermons, — Calamy . 
 
 I.odbrog (Regtier), king of Denmark, 
 was a warrior, poet, and painter. l ie flou-r 
 rished in the 9th century. His poems are’ 
 extant, but considered as wild and fanatical. 
 — Gen. Biojr. Diet. 
 
 Lodge (Thomas), an English physician 
 and poet, was educated at Oxford, but took 
 his doctor’s degree at Avignon. He settled 
 in London and being a Roman-catholic, had 
 great practice among people of that per- 
 suasion. Ile died in 162.7. He wrote two 
 dramatic pieces : 1. Wounds of Civil War, 
 a tragedy ; 2. Looking-glass for London 
 and England, a tragi-comedy. He also as- 
 sisted Robert Green in writing some of his 
 works. — Langbaine. 
 
 Loewendal (Ulric Frederic Woldemar 
 count de), a brave general, was born at 
 Hamburgh, in 1700. He began bis military 
 career in the Polish service, from whence 
 he passed into that oLDenmark against Swe- 
 den. He next joined the imperial army, and 
 distinguished himself in the famous battle 
 of Peterwaradin, and at the sieges of f e- 
 meswar and Belgrade, He had a part in 
 most of the actions of that great war, after 
 which Augustus king of Poland made him 
 field-marshal and inspector-general of the 
 Saxon infantry* .1 le was next in the service 
 of the Russians, as commander in chief: and 
 his reputation was so great that the king of 
 France invited him into his employ, which 
 he accepted. He displayed his skill and va- 
 lour on many occasions particularly at the 
 battle of Fontenoy in 1745; but his great- 
 est exploit was the taking Bergen-op- 
 Zoom by assault, Sept. 16, 1747. This place 
 had hitherto been deemed impregnable. 
 For this he was created field-marshal of 
 France. He died in 1755. — Noh-v . Diet. 
 Mist. 
 
 Logan (John), a Scotch divine and poet, 
 was born in the county of Mid Lothian, 
 about 1748, and educated at Edinburgh. In 
 1770 he was ordained minister at South 
 Leith. In 1781 he published the Philoso- 
 phy of History, which he had delivered as 
 lectures at Edinburgh. The same year he 
 printed his poems in one volume, of which 
 a second edition appeared in 1782. 1 he 
 
 vear following he offered his tragedy . of 
 Runnamede to the manager of Covent-gar- 
 den theatre, hut it was refused a licence on 
 account of some political obsev aliens. It 
 was however performed at Edits ourgh with 
 applause. Hts last publication was a pam- 
 phlet, entitled, A Review of the Principal 
 Charges against Mr. Hastings, for which 
 the publisher was tried and acquitted. Mr. 
 Logan died in London in 1788. '1 wo vo- 
 lumes of his Sermons have been published 
 since his death. — Gent. IvL;g. 
 
 Logan (Frederic baron de), a German 
 poet, was born in 160 1. and died tn 1655. 
 Lessing and Rainier have published a new 
 edition of his Epigrams, which are much 
 esteemed. — Noun. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Logics -(Mary Bruncau), an eminent 
 
L O M 
 
 L O M 
 
 French lady, was the wife of the signior 
 des Luges, gentleman of the bedchamber to 
 the king. She was a protestant, and great- 
 ly esteemed by Malherbe, Balzac, and other 
 learned and ingenious men, for her great ta- 
 lents. She died in 1641, but left no pro- 
 ductions of bvrmindby which to judge 
 whether she merited the encomiums passed 
 bn her, of being a divinity, and the tenth 
 muse. — Moreri. 
 
 Loiieenstein (Daniel Gaspard de), a 
 learned German nobleman, was born at 
 Nimptsch, in Silesia, in 1638, and died in 
 1633. He wrote some dramatic pieces ; an 
 historical romance, entitled Arminius, or 
 the Defender of Germanic Liberty, 2 vols, 
 4to.; Poetical Refiections-on the 53d Chap- 
 ter of Isaiah, Sac.— Ibid. 
 
 Loir (Nicholas), painter, was born at 
 Paris, in 1S24. Pie studied under Le Bran, 
 and painted figures, landscapes, architec- 
 ture and ornaments. He died professor of 
 the academy in 1679. His son Alexis was 
 a good engraver. — D' Argenmlle. 
 
 Lokman, an Abyssinian philosopher, 
 of whom hardly any authentic particulars 
 are known. He appears to have been of 
 low origin, and some say he was a slave. 
 It is related that he obtained his liberty on 
 the following occasion. His master having 
 given him a bitter melon to eat, lie eat 
 it all. Surprized at his exact obedience, 
 bis inaster asked how it was possible for 
 him to eat such a nauseous fruit? Tlie 
 slave replied that he had received so many 
 favours from the kindness of his master, that 
 it could be no wonder, if once in hi:- life he 
 eat a bitter melon from his hand. This ge- 
 nerous answer immediately procured him 
 his liberty. There are so many circum- 
 stances related of him that agree with 
 what is said of fEsop, and their tables are- 
 so much alike, that both are conjectured to 
 havc_ been one and the same person. Lok- 
 man’s Fables were printed in a collection 
 by Galland at Par's in 172 ). — Moreri. 
 
 ' Lollard (Walter), the founder of a re- 
 ligious sect in Germany about 1315. After 
 gaining many followers on the continent 
 he went to England, where lie also had nu- 
 merous disciples. The Lollards were, ac- 
 cording to some, grossly licentious and here- 
 tical, but of this we have onlv the testimo- 
 ny of their enemies. Lollard himself was 
 burnt at Cologne in 1322. — Alorcri. Dupin. 
 
 Lom or Lommius (Josse van), an inge- 
 nious physician, was born at Buren, in Gucl- 
 derland,in 1500, and died in 1562. He pub- 
 lished, Commentarii de Sanitate tuenda ; 
 Observationum Medicinalimn l.ibri tres; 
 De curandis Febribus. All his works were 
 printed together at Amsterdam in 3 vols. 
 12mo. 1745. His Latin style is pure and 
 elegant. — .Moreri. 
 
 Lomazzo (John Paul), a painter, was 
 born at Milan, in 1556, and died in 1598. 
 He excelled in history, landscape, and por- 
 
 trait; and wrote, 1. A Treatise on Paint- 
 ing, in Italian, 1585, 4to. ; 2. Idea de 
 Tempio della Pittura, 1590, 4to — Tiraboscbi. 
 
 Lombard (Peter), called the master of 
 the sentences, was born at Novara in Lom- 
 b: * uy, and educated at Paris. He was tu- 
 tor to prince .Philip, son of Lewis the big 
 king of France, who gave him the bishop- 
 ric of Paris. lie died in 1 164. His work 
 on the Sentences has been commented upon 
 by many scholastic writers. He also left 
 Commentaries on the Psalms and St. Paul’s 
 E pi s 1 1 e s. — Dupin . 
 
 Lombard (John Louis), an eminent 
 writer on military tactics, was born at Stras- 
 burg, in 1723. He was bred to the law, 
 which profession hequitted andbecamepro- 
 fessor of artillery first at Metz, and after 
 wards at Auxonne in the military school. 
 Hedied in 1794. He translated into French 
 Robins’s Principles of Gunnery: and wrote, 
 1. Aide Memoire a 1’ Usage des Officiers 
 d’Artillerie de France, 2 vols. 8vo. : 2. 
 Tallies du Tir des Cannons ct des Obusiers, 
 8vo. ; 3. Instruction sur la Manoeuvre et le 
 Tir du Cannon de Bataille, 8vo. ; 4. Traite 
 
 du Mouvement des Projectiles, 8vo. 
 
 JSTouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 1 .o mbart (Lamb art), a painter, was born 
 at Liege, in 1.500. He studied at Rome, and 
 then returned to his own country, where 
 he exercised his profession with reputation. 
 He had also a good knowledge of architec- 
 ture. He died in 1 560.— P/H. 
 
 Lomu art (Peter), an eminent engraver, 
 who flourished about the year 1660. He 
 was a native of Paris, where he learnt the 
 art of engraving. He came to England 
 before the Revoltuion, because some of his 
 plates for English publication are dated 
 prior to that event. He executed many 
 emblematical and historical plates, but his 
 best works are portraits ; of these he pro- 
 duced a considerable number, which are 
 highly esteemed, and arc after the manner 
 of Vandyck. — Easy. Brit. 
 
 Lomenie (Henry Augustus, count de 
 Briemie), a French statesman, was the son 
 of Anthony Lomenie, ambassador extraor- 
 dinary in England, and secretary of state, 
 who died in 1638. The son succeeded him 
 in ids places, and managed public affairs 
 with g; eat prudence during the minority of 
 Louis XIV. He died in ) 666, aged 71. 
 His memoirs were printed at Amsterdam 
 in 17! 9, 3 vols. 12mo. I Its son . Henry Louis 
 count of Brier, ne, succeeded his father as se- 
 cretary of state, though very young; but 
 the death of 1 us wife had such an effect on 
 his spirits that he was rendered incapable of 
 discharging the duties of his office, and he 
 was placed under confinement, after com- 
 mitting many extravagances. He died in 
 1698, aged 56. He wrote Memoirs of his 
 own Life, 3 vols. folio ; .Satires and Odes; 
 an Account of his Travels; and other 
 W orks. — Moreri. 
 
L O N 
 
 LON 
 
 Lomenjf. de Brtenne (Stephen Charles 
 de), a French prelate and statesman of the 
 (same family as the preceding, was born at 
 Paris, in 1727. In 1760 he became bishop 
 cf Sens, and in 1788 a cardinal and prime 
 minister of France. He contributed to the 
 disgrace of Calonne, and yet adopted his 
 plans without having his talents or resolu- 
 tion. In his episcopal character he de- 
 •6erved praise by reforming many abuses, 
 particularly among the monks. At the 
 commencement of the French Revolution, 
 to which he contributed, he returned the 
 cardinal’s hat to the pope. He died at Sens 
 in 1798. — Nouv. D ct. Hist. 
 
 Lomonozof, a Russian poet of merit, 
 was the son of a fishmonger, and having 
 fled from his father, he took refuge in a 
 monastery, where he received his educa- 
 tion, which he afterwards improved at a 
 German university. In 1741 he returned 
 to his native country, and became member 
 of the academy of Petersburgh, and pro- 
 fessor of chemistry. In 1761 he was ho- 
 noured with the title of counsellor of state 
 but died the same year aged 54. The odes 
 of Lomonozof are greatly admired for ori- 
 ginality of invention, sublimity of senti- 
 ment, and energy of language, and com- 
 pensate for the turgid style which, in some 
 instances have been imputed to them, by 
 that spirit and fire which are the principal 
 characteristicsin this species of composition, 
 rindar was his great model. He enriched 
 his native language with various kinds of 
 metre, and seems to have merited the ap- 
 pellation bestowed upon him of the father 
 of Russian poetry. His works in 3 vols. 
 Svo. consist of pieces in verse and prose, 
 the last being chiefly philosophical disser- 
 tations. — Cox's Travels. Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Londe (Francis de la), a French poet, 
 was horn at Caen, in 1685. besides his 
 poems, which are much esteemed, he wrote 
 some pieces on moral subjects, and on edu- 
 cation and antiquities. He died in 1765. 
 — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Long (James le), a priest of the oratory, 
 was bora at Paris, in 1665, and died libra- 
 rian of St. Honore in that city in 1721. 
 His chief works are, 1. Bibliotheca Sacra, 
 2 vols. folio, 1723; 2. Bibliotheque Ilisto- 
 rique de France, folio ; 3. An Historical 
 Discourse on Polyglott Bibles, Svo. — Ibid. 
 
 Long (Roger), a learned divine, was a na- 
 tive of Norfolk, and educated at Cam- 
 bridge, where he became master of Pem- 
 broke hall, and Lowndes’s professor of as- 
 tronomy. Dr. Long is known as the au- 
 thor of a valuable treatise of Astronomy in 
 2 vols. 4to. and as the.inventor of a curious 
 astronomical machine. This is a hollow 
 sphere 18 feet in diameter, and capable of 
 containing 30 persons. Withinside the sur- 
 face, which represents the heavens, are 
 painted the stars and constellations, with the 
 zodiac, meridians, and axis, parallel to the 
 axis of the world, upon which it is easily 
 1 
 
 turned round by a winch. He also wrote 
 an answer to Dr. Gally’s tract on Greek 
 Accents. lie died in 1770, aged 81. — Gen. 
 
 Bing. Diet. Hatton. 
 
 Long (Thomas), a learned divine, was 
 born in 1621, at Exeter, and educated at 
 the college of that name in Oxford, where 
 he proceeded to the degree of bachelor in 
 divinity. He obtained a prebend in Exeter 
 cathedral, of which he was deprived at the 
 Revolution for refusing the oaths. He died 
 about 1700. Mr. Long wrote a History of 
 Donatists,8vo.; Examination of Mr. Hales’s 
 Treatise on Schism, 8vo. ; The Life of Ju- 
 lian, Svo. ; History of all the Popish and 
 Fanatical Plots and Conspiracies, 8vo.; 
 Vindication of the Claim of King Charles 
 I. to the author of the Eikon Basilike, &c. 
 —Wood. 
 
 LoNGBEtVRD (William), a priest in the 
 reign of Richard I. who assembled a mob 
 about 1196, and by his eloquence irritated 
 them against the government, for which he 
 was torn in pieces by horses, with some of 
 his companions. — Rapin. 
 
 Longpier r E(Hilary Bernard signior de), 
 a French writer, was born at Dijon, in 1659, 
 of a noble family. He wrote three trage- 
 dies on the Grecian model, Medea, Electra, 
 and Sesostris; also Idylls, and he translated 
 into French, Anacreon, Sappho, Bion, Theo- 
 critus, and Moschus. He died in 1727.— 
 Moreri. 
 
 Longinus (Dionysius), a celebrated phi- 
 losopher and rhetorician, was a native of 
 Athens. Fie was related to Plutarch, and 
 spent the early part of his life in travell- 
 ing, after which he sAtied at Athens, where 
 he taught the Platonic philosophy and rhe- 
 toric with great reputation, but was called 
 from thence by Zenobia queen of Palmyra, 
 to he tutor to her children. He soon gain- 
 ed an uncommon share of her esteem, she 
 spent the leisure hours of her life in his 
 conversation, and modelled her sentiments 
 and conduct by his instructions. The 
 queen was then at war with the emperor 
 Aurelian, and being defeated by him near 
 Antioch, was compelled to shut herself up 
 in Palmyra. The emperor summoned her 
 to surrender, and she returned an answer, 
 drawn up by Longinus, which filled lnm 
 with anger : he laid siege to the city, winch 
 was surrendered to him, A. D. 278. The 
 queen and Longinus endeavoured to fly 
 into Persia, 'out were unhappily overtaken 
 and made prisoners. The queen, intimi- 
 dated, laid the blame of vindicating the 
 liberty of her country on its true author, 
 and the brave Longinus, to the disgrace of 
 the ponqueror, was carried away to imme- 
 diate execution. Fie composed critical re- 
 marks on the ancient Greek authors, hut 
 only a part of his inestimable Treatise o;i 
 the Sublime exists. The best edition is that 
 ofToup, Svo. 1778, Oxford. It has been 
 well translated into English by Dr. Smith, 
 Svo. — Vossius. 
 
LON 
 
 LOR 
 
 Longland (John), an English bishop, 
 Was a native of Henley in Oxfordshire, and 
 educated at Magdalen college. In 1505 he 
 became principal of Magdalen-hall, and in 
 1514 dean of Salisbury. In 1521 he was 
 made bishop of Lincoln. He is said to 
 have recommended the divorce between 
 Henry VIII. and queen Catherine. He died 
 in 1547 His works were printed in 1 vol. 
 folio, in 1532. — -Wood, A. 0. 
 
 Longomontanus (Christian), a cele- 
 brated astronomer, was born in Jutland, in 
 1562, of mean parents ; but the minister of 
 the parish, observing his capacity, gave him 
 instructions, and the youth divided his 
 time between the plough and his book. At 
 the age of 15 he went to the university of 
 W’burg, supporting himself by labour to 
 enable him to follow his studies. He after- 
 wards became an assistant to Tycho Brahe, 
 who Bad a great regard for him. In 1605 
 he was appointed professor of mathematics 
 at Copenhagen, where he died in 1647. 
 He wrote, 1. Astronomia Danica, folio ; 2. 
 Systema Mathematicum, 8vo. ; 3. Proble- 
 mata Geometrica, 4to. ; 4. Disputatio Ethi- 
 ca de Anim.x Humanse Mor'ois, 4to. — 
 Martin. Hutton. 
 
 Longueil (Gilbert de), a learned physi- 
 cian, was born at Utrecht, in 1507. He 
 published a Greek and Latin Lexicon ; Re- 
 marks on Ovid, Plautus, Cornelius Nepos, 
 Cicero, Laurentius Valla, &c. 4 vols. 8vo. 
 He also translated some of the works of 
 Plutarch into Latin; and wrote a Dialogue 
 concerning Birds, with their names Greek, 
 Latin, and German. He died in 1543. — 
 Moreri. 
 
 Longueil (Christopher de), an eminent 
 scholar, was born at Malines, in 1490. He 
 was in favour with several crowned heads, 
 particularly pope Leo X., who set him to 
 write against Luther. He also wrote Com- 
 mentaries in Latin on Pliny’s Book of 
 Plants, and Observations on the Civil Law. 
 He died at Padua in 1522. — Ibid. 
 
 Longuurue (Louis Dufour de),a French 
 ecclesiastic, was born at Charlevilie, in 
 1652, and died in 1733. He wrote, l.A 
 Latin Dissertation upon Tatian; 2. Flis- 
 torical Description of France, folio 3. An- 
 nales Arsacidarum ; 4. A Discourse on 
 Transubstantiation ■ 5. Remarks on the 
 Life of Cardinal Wolsey. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Longuevai. (James), a French jesuif, 
 was born at Peronne, in 1680, and studied 
 at Amiens and Paris, where he died in 
 1735. He wrote a History of the Church 
 of France ; a Treatise on Schism; a Dis- 
 sertation on Miracles ; and other works. — 
 Moreri. 
 
 Longus, a Greek sophist, of whom we 
 have four books of Pastorals, in prose, on 
 the loves of Daohnis and Chloe, the best edi- 
 tion of which is that of Franeker, 1660, 4to. 
 
 — Vos sius. 
 
 Loni (Alexander), an Italian painter, 
 was born at Florence, in 1655, and died in 
 
 1702. He was a disciple of Carlo Dolce, 
 whose style he imitated with great felicity. 
 — Piltington. 
 
 Lon ice ru s (John), a learned German, 
 was born at Orthern, in 1499. He taught 
 the languages and sciences at Marpurg, 
 where he died in 1569. lie compiled a 
 Lexicon Greek and Latin, and published an 
 edition of Dioscorides, &c. His son Adam 
 Lo nicer.us was an able physician, and died 
 at Frankfort in 1586. He wrote Metho- 
 dusRei Herbaria, 4tc. ; Historia Naturalis 
 Plantarum, Animalium, et Metallorum, 2 
 vols. fob; Methodica Explicatio omnium 
 Corporis humani Affectuum ; Hortus Sani- 
 tatis. — Moreri. 
 
 Loon (Theodore van), an historical and 
 portrait painter, was born at Brussels, in 
 1630. Many of his pictures adorn the 
 churches and palaces at Rome and Venice. 
 — Pilkington. 
 
 Loredano (John Francis), a Venetian 
 nobleman of the 17th century, who wrote 
 the Life of Adam ; a History of the Kings 
 of Cyprus, and some Italian comedies. Mis 
 works make 6 vols. 12mo. He was born in 
 1606, but the time of His death is uncertain. 
 
 — Vim bos chi. 
 
 Lorenzetti (Ambrozio), an Italian 
 painter, was born at Sienna, in 1267. Fie 
 was the disciple of Giotti, and painted rain 
 storms and boisterous scenes. He died in 
 1 350. — D'Argenville. 
 
 Lorenzini (Laurence), a Tuscan ma- 
 thematician, was born at Florence, in 1652. 
 He was a pupil of Viviani, and afterwards 
 in the service of prince Ferdinand, son of 
 the grand-dake Cosmo III. He was for 
 some offence confined in the tower of Vol- 
 terra twenty years ; during his confine- 
 ment he wrote his twelve books of Conical 
 and Cylindrical Sections, in Latin . He died 
 in 1721. 
 
 Lo r it (Henry), qr Glareanus, from his 
 being born at Claris, in Switzerland, in 
 1483. Fie was particularly intimate with 
 Erasmus, and died in 1563/ Fie wrote dis- 
 courses on classical subjects, and notes on 
 ancient authors. — M reri. 
 
 Lorme (Philibert de),an eminent archi- 
 tect, and master of the works to the king 
 of France, was born at Lyons. Fie built 
 the palace of the Tuillcries, and the Lou- 
 vre. He died in 1570. He wrote ten 
 books of Architecture, folio — D' Argen-ville. 
 
 Lorme (John de), a French physician, 
 -was born in 1544, at Mouiines, and took 
 his degree at Montpelier. Jrie became phy- 
 sician to the queen of Henry IV., at whose 
 court he was greatly esteemed. Fie died 
 in 1634. His son Charles was physician in 
 ordinary to Louis XIII. and died in 1678, 
 aged 94. He published a work entitled, 
 Laureae Apollinaris, 8vo. — Moreri. 
 
 Lorrain (Robert le). a famous sculptor, 
 was born at Paris in 1666. In 1701 he be* 
 came a member of the academy of sculp- 
 ture, on which occasion he produced his 
 
LOT 
 
 LOU 
 
 Galatea, which is reckoned his greatest 
 work. He died rector of the academy in 
 
 1 743 Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Lorraine (Charles of), cardinal and 
 archbishop of Rheims, was the son of the 
 first duke of Guise, and born in 1525. He 
 was covetous and ambitious, and enjoyed 
 almost unlimited power under Henry II. 
 and Francis II. He displayed his abilities 
 at the council of Trent, and in the confer- 
 ence at Poissy. The war of Italy is attri- 
 buted to him. He died in 1574. — Mareri. 
 
 Lorris (William de), a French poet, 
 Who died about 3 260. lie Wrote the Ro- 
 mance of the Rose, the best edition of 
 which is that of Lenglet at Amsterdam, in 
 1736, 3 vols. Vlmo.—Mnrcri. 
 
 Lorry (Anne Charles), a French physi- 
 cian, was born at Crosne, in 1725, and died 
 in 1783. He published an Essay on the Use 
 of Aliments ; of Melancholy and its Dis- 
 orders, 2 vols. 8 vo ; a Treatise on Cutane- 
 ous Diseases, 4to. Fie also superintended 
 a Latin edition of the works of Mead, &c. 
 — Nou*v. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Losa (Isabella), a learned Spanish Iadv, 
 was a native of Cordova. She understood 
 the Latin, Greek and Hebrew languages, 
 and was admitted to the degree of doctor in 
 divinity. On becoming a widow she took 
 the habit of St. Clare, and going to Italv, 
 founded an hospital at Loretta, where she 
 died in 1546, aged 73. — Mioreri. 
 
 Lot, the son of llaran, and nephew of 
 Abraham, by whom he was brought up. 
 Fie afterwards settled at Sodom, where he 
 was taken prisoner by the king of Edom, 
 but was rescued by Abraham. When So- 
 dom was about to he destroyed, two angels 
 came to Lot and obliged him to quit the 
 place, with his wife and daughters, the for- 
 mer of whom, for looking hack, was con- 
 verted into a pillar of salt. He then re- 
 tired to a cave, where his daughters, after 
 throwing him into sleep by intoxicating 
 liquor, lay with him, and the fruits of this 
 incest were Moab and Ammon. — Bible. 
 
 Loten (John), a Swiss landscape painter, 
 who lived many years in England. He 
 painted craggy rocks with cataracts and 
 torrents, and land storms with rain. Fie 
 died 1681. — Hertue. 
 
 Loth aire I. emperor of Germanv was 
 the son of Louis le Debonaire, associated 
 with him in the empire in 817, and named 
 king of Lombardy in 820. He afterwards 
 dethroned his father, and shut him up in a 
 monastery, on which his brothers, Louis 
 and Charles, joined their forces against him, 
 and obtained a great but bloody victory at 
 Fontenai in 84 1. Two years after a treaty 
 was concluded between them at Verdun, 
 by which Lothaire obtained the empire, 
 Italy, and some of the provinces between 
 the Rhine and the Rhone; Louis' had a 
 tract of country bordering on the Rhine; 
 and Charles became king of France. Ten 
 vears after this partition, Lothaire abdicat- 
 
 ed the crown, and died in a monastery in 
 855. — Univ. Hist. 
 
 Lothaire II. emperor of the West, and 
 duke of Saxony, was the son of Gerhard 
 count of Supplemburg, elected king of 
 Germany after the death of Flenry V. in 
 1125, and crowned at Rome in 1133, lie 
 died in 1 137. — Ibid. 
 
 Lo thaire, king of France, was the son 
 of Louis IV., whom he succeeded in 954. 
 He made war against the emperor Otho IL 
 with success, and died in 936, as it is said, 
 of poison administered by his wife Emma. — 
 Henault. 
 
 Lothaire, kingof Lorraine, was the son 
 of the emperor Lothaire I. He aban- 
 doned his wife, and espoused his mistress. 
 By bribery he procured two councils, one 
 at Mentz, and the other at Aix la Chapelle, 
 to confirm his divorce and new marriage, 
 but pope Nicholas I. reversed their decree, 
 and compelled him to take hack his lawful 
 wife. Fie died in 869 —~Morcr\. 
 
 Louis I. emperor of the West, called the 
 Debonair, was the son of Charlemagne, 
 born in 778, and proclaimed emperor in 814. 
 In 817 he associated his eldest son Lothaire 
 with him in the empire; and to his other 
 two sons Pepin and Louis, he gave the 
 kingdoms of Aquitaine and Bavaria. This 
 division gave such offence to Bernard king 
 of Italy, the bastard of Pepin, eldest son of 
 Charlemagne, that lie raised an army against 
 the emperor, who put himself at the head 
 of his troops and marched into Italy, but 
 on his approach the soldiers of Bernard 
 fled, and the unfortunate king submitted to 
 his uncle, who deprived him of his eyes, 
 and he d'ed of the operation. In 829 I,ouis 
 made his younger son Charles, whom he 
 had by Judith of Bavaria, king of Germa- 
 ny ; on which his other sons rose against 
 him, and being supported by the clergy, 
 they deprived their father of his crown, 
 and placed him in a monastery, where he 
 died in 849 . — Univ. Hist. 
 
 Louis II. the Young, was the only son of 
 Lothaire I , created king of Italy in 844, 
 and ascended the imperial throne in 855. 
 He died in 875 He was a brave and vir- 
 tuous prince.— Ibid. 
 
 Louis III. was the son of Boson king of 
 Provence, and Ermcn garde daughter of the 
 emperor Louis the Young. Fie succeeded 
 his father at the age of ten, and in 9 -9 lie 
 contested the imperial throne with Beren- 
 ger, who, having surprized him at Verona, 
 deprived him of his eyes. He died in 924. 
 —Rid. 
 
 Louis IV. the son of the emperor Ar- 
 nulphus, whonj he succeeded in 900, at 
 the age of seven years. The empire was a 
 scene of desolation in his reign, being 
 constantly ravaged by the Hungarians. 
 He died in SI 1. He' was the last prince in 
 Germany of the Carlovingian race. —Ibid. 
 
 Louis V. commonly called Louis of Ba- 
 varia, was the son of Louis the Severe, 
 
LOU 
 
 LOU 
 
 iluke of Bavaria, and of Matilda, daughter 
 of the emperor Rodolphus I. He was 
 elected emperor in 13-14, and at the same 
 time Frederic lc Bel was chosen at Cologne 
 by another party of electors, which occa- 
 sioned a war between them. Frederick was 
 taken prisoner, and gained his liberty by 
 renouncing his claim in favour of his rival. 
 Pope John XXII. in 1322 issued his bull 
 of deposition against Louis, who in return 
 appealed to a general council, and inarched 
 into Italy, where he procured Peter de 
 Corbiere to be elected pope, and by whom 
 he was crowned at Rome. Five electors, 
 on the other hand, chose Charles of Lux- 
 emburg to be emperor, on which the civil 
 war was about to be renewed, when Louis 
 was killed by a fall from his horse in 1347. 
 — Univ. Hist. 
 
 Louis I. king of France ; see Louis I. em- 
 peror. 
 
 Louis II. the Stammerer, so called from a 
 defect in his speech, was the son of . harles 
 the Bald) crowned king of Aquitaine in 867, 
 and succeeded his father as king of France 
 in 877. He was obliged to deliver up Pro- 
 vence to Boson, by whom it was erected 
 into a kingdom. Louis died in 879. His 
 children were Louis and Carloman, who 
 divided the kingdom between them, and a 
 posthumous son, who wafi after wards Charles 
 the Simple.— Henault. 
 
 Louis III. the son of the preceding, and 
 brother of Carloman, enjoyed the kingdom 
 with his brother. He defeated Hugh the 
 Bastard, son of Lothaire, marched against 
 Boson king of Provence, and opposed the 
 progress of the Normans. I ie died without 
 children in 882. — Ibid. 
 
 Louis IV. was the son of Charles the 
 Simple, and ascended the throne in 936. 
 He invaded Normandy, hut was defeated 
 and taken prisoner in 944. He regained 
 his liberty the following year, after being 
 obliged to concede Normandy to Richard, 
 son of duke William, and the county of 
 Laon to Hugh le Blanc, lie afterwards 
 recovered the latter territory, and ,.ied of a 
 fall from his horse 954. — Ibid. 
 
 Louis V. succeeded his father Lothaire 
 in 936, and soon after took the city of 
 Rheirns. He was preparing to maren to 
 the assistance of the count of Barcelona, 
 who was pressed by the Saracens, when 
 Louis was poisoned by his queen, May 21, 
 987. After his death the crown devolved 
 by right to his uncle Charles, duke of I ,ower 
 Lorraine, but that prince being disliked by 
 the French, it was conferred on Hugh Ca- 
 pet. — Ibid. 
 
 I^ouis VL called the Big , the son of Philip 
 1. was born in 1081, and succeeded to the 
 throne in 1 108. His reign was disuirbed by 
 wars with the emperor and the Normans, 
 and also by feuds among his vassals He 
 had all the qualities necessary to constitute 
 a good king, and ne regulated t iie j ri-sprvi- 
 dence of his country, in which he was 
 
 greatly assisted by his minister Segur. lie 
 died in 1 137. — Henault. 
 
 Louis VII. was the son and successor of 
 the preceding. Me had a dispute with pope 
 Innocent II. on the right of presenting to 
 benefices, and was excommunicated by that 
 pontiff, who also laid his kingdom under 
 interdict. hibault, count of Champagne, 
 being devoted to the pope, Louis declared 
 war against him and ravaged his country. 
 A reconciliation afterwards took place be- 
 tween them, and Louis, by the persuasions 
 ol St Bernard, engaged in a crusade, but 
 was defeated by Saladin, and on his return 
 to Europe he was taken at sea by the 
 Greeks, and delivered by the general of 
 Roger, king of Sicily. His wife Eleanor, 
 the heiress of Guietme and Poitou, who 
 had been the companion of his romantic 
 expedition, committed adultery with her 
 uncle Raymond of Antioch, and afterwards 
 with a young Turk named Saladin, for 
 which she was divorced from Lewis; who 
 took for his second wife the daughter of 
 Thibault, count of Champagne. Eleanor 
 married Henry of Normandy, afterwards 
 king of England, to whom she brought as 
 her dower the provinces of Poitou and 
 Guieane. This produced a new war be- 
 tween England and France; which lasted, 
 with a little intermission, twenty-one years. 
 Louis died in 1180, aged 60. — Ibid. 
 
 Louis Vlli. surname J the Lion, was the 
 son of Philip Augustus, arid born in 1187. 
 He signalized himself in several expeditions 
 during the life of his father, and ascended 
 the throne in 122/,. He took Avignon and 
 several places from the English : "hut died 
 of a pestilential disease in his camp at 
 Montpensier in Auvergne, in 1226, aged 39. 
 Hi; 1 . 
 
 Louis IX. or Saint Louis, was the son of 
 the preceding, by Blanche of Castile. He 
 was born in 1215, and ascended the throne 
 in 1226. He maintained a successful war 
 against Henry III. king of England, which 
 ended in a peace favourable to Louis who 
 having been seized with a da ngerous.il 1 ness, 
 made a vow chat if he recovered, he would 
 take the cross for the purpose of regaining 
 tiie holy land from the infidels. Being re^- 
 stored to health he spent four years in pre- 
 paring- for this expedition. and in 1248 he 
 em -arlced for the East w h a great force, 
 leaving his kingdom to the care of his mo- 
 ther. .A, ter taking ejamietta he passed the 
 Nde in view of the Saracens, and obtained 
 two great victories over them. At length 
 famine and disease attacked his army, and 
 the king wkh his nobles fell into the'hands 
 of the infidels. Louis, to recover his li- 
 berty, consented to pay a. large ransom, to 
 deliver iipl>amietta,and to conclude a truce 
 for ten years. After spending four years in 
 Palestine he returned to France r where, in 
 
 1269 he established the liberty of the Gal- 
 ilean church by a pragmatic sanction. In 
 
 1270 he undertook another expedition 
 
LOU 
 
 LOU 
 
 against the infidels, but died in his camp 
 before Tunis in Africa, August 25, the same 
 year. He was canonized in 1297. — Re- 
 nault; 
 
 Louis X. succeeded Philip the Fair, his 
 father, in 1314, being before king of Na- 
 varre in right of his mother. He recalled 
 the Jews to his kingdom, and made a suc- 
 cessful war against the count of Flanders. 
 He died at Vincennes in 1316, aged 26. — 
 Ibid . f 
 
 Louis XI. son of Charles VII. by Mary 
 of Anjou, was born in 1423. Fie distin- 
 guished himself by his valour in his youth, 
 particularly against the English, whom he 
 compelled to raise the siege of Dieppe in 
 1443; but the glory he hereby acquired 
 was tarnished by his rebelling against his 
 father, who died of a broken heart in 1461. 
 Louis on ascending the throne treated 
 France as a conquered country, for which 
 several of the nobility formed a league 
 against him, and some of his own family 
 joined the malcontents. After a severe but 
 indecisive battle at Montlheri in 1465, a 
 peace was concluded, by which Louis gave 
 to the leiguers all their demands; but not 
 fulfilling his engagements the war was re- 
 kindled, and he was made prisoner by the 
 duke of Burgundy, who compelled him to 
 make a peace still more disadvantageous 
 than the former. The duke of Berry, bro- 
 ther of the French king, having entered 
 into a treaty of marriage with the daughter 
 of the duke of Burgundy, was poisoned to- 
 gether with his mistress, by the king’s al- 
 moner : to avenge this murder the duke of 
 Burgundy marched into Picardy, which he 
 ravaged with fire and sword. In 1474 the 
 duke formed a league with Edward IV. 
 king of England, and the king ■of Brittany, 
 against Louis, who, by negotiation, con- 
 trived to disengage the English monarch 
 from the alliance, by a treaty at Amiens in 
 1475. The duke of Burgundy was, in con- 
 sequence, obliged to conclude a peace for 
 nine years. Louis had next a war with the 
 emperor Ferdinand III. who had espoused 
 the only daughter of the duke of Burgundy, 
 which ended without any great advantage 
 on either side in 1482. A horrible melan- 
 choly seized upon the king of France, who 
 shut himself up from the sight of his sub- 
 jects, and died in 1483. — Ibid. 
 
 Louis XII. surnamed the Just, was the 
 son of Charles duke of Orleans, by .Maria 
 of Cleves. He succeeded Charles VIII. in 
 1498, and conquered the Milanese, Genoa, 
 and Naples. Frederick, the king of the lat- 
 ter country, was sent to France, and had' a 
 pension allowed for his support; but after 
 ravaging Italy the French were expelled in 
 1513. The emperor Maximilian, Henry 
 VIII. of England, and the Swiss, attacked 
 Louis in his own dominions, and he was 
 obliged to sue for peace. He died in 1515. 
 
 Fours XIII. was the son of Henry IV. 
 and born in 1601 ; being only nine years 
 
 old at the death of his father, the care of 
 him and of the kingdom was entrusted to 
 his mother Mary de Medicis. The mar- 
 shal d’Ancrc had an uncontrouled sway at 
 court till 1617, when he was assassinated 
 with the king’s consent, and his wife was 
 condemned to death as a sorceress. Vitry, 
 the perpetrator of this act, was made a mar- 
 shal of France ; and the bishop of Lu 5 on, 
 afterwards cardinal Richelieu, became 
 prime minister, who persuaded his master 
 that the destruction of the protestants was 
 necessary to his security. This produced a 
 civil war in which the protestants were 
 unsuccessful; Rochelle, the strongest place 
 in their hands, was taken by the cardinal 
 after a long siege in 1628, during which 
 the English made two ineffectual attempts 
 to relieve the town. After this event so 
 fatal to the protestant interest in France, 
 Louis assisted the duke of Mantua against 
 the emperor, and entered on the campaign 
 in person, in which he shewed skill and bra- 
 very. In 1631 a treaty was concluded by 
 which the duke was confirmed in his es- 
 tates. The year following Gaston of Or- 
 leans, only brother of the king, revolted, 
 out of dislike to Richelieu, and was assisted 
 by the duke de Montmorency, who being 
 wounded and taken prisoner at the battle 
 of Castelnaudari in 1632 was beheaded 
 at Toulouse. Gaston took refuge with the 
 duke of Lorraine, who for protecting him 
 lost his whole dominions. This was fol- 
 lowed by a war with Spain which lasted 
 twenty-five years, and was attended with 
 various success ; but greatly impoverished 
 the nation and discontented the people. 
 Louis and his minister, the cardinal, were 
 attacked with a mortal disease nearly toge- 
 ther : the latter died in December 1642, 
 and the king in May following. — Renault. 
 
 Louis XIV. son of the preceding, was 
 only live years old on the death of his fa- 
 ther: the regency was in the hands of the 
 queen-mother, Anne of Austria, under 
 whom Mazarine acted as prime minister. 
 The nation was then involved in a war with 
 Spain and the emperor, which was main- 
 tained with glory to the French arms by 
 the prince of Conde and the famous Tu- 
 renne. France pushed her conquests into 
 Flanders, Artois, For raine, and Catalonia. 
 The Swedes, who were in alliance with 
 Louis, gained a great victory over the im- 
 perialists in Bohemia; Turenne took Treves 
 and re-established the elector; Conde gained 
 tiie battle of Northlingen, took Fumes and 
 Dunkirk, and defeated the archduke on the 
 plains of Sens in 1648, after reducing 
 Ypres The Spanish fleet was defeated on 
 the coast of Italy by the French. This year 
 a separate peace was made between Louis, 
 Ferdinand 111. Christina queen of Sweden 
 and the states of the empire. By this treaty 
 Metz, Toul, Verdun, and Alsace were at- 
 tached Vo France ; but while Louis was suc- 
 cessful abroad his kingdom was distracted 
 
LOU 
 
 LOU 
 
 by internal divisions : the Parisians, irri- 
 
 tated against Mazarine and the queen- 
 mother, and set on by the duke de Beaufort 
 and the prince of Conde, took up arms; 
 and the king, his mother, and the cardinal 
 were obliged to fly. The Spaniards, pro- 
 fiting by these troubles, made several con- 
 quests in Champagne, Lorraine, and Italy. 
 In 1651 the king assumed the government, 
 but Mazarine returning to power the year 
 following, the civil war was renewed : 
 Conde beaded themalcontents,and defeated 
 the marshal dTIocquincourt at Blenau, 
 but soon afterwards he was attacked by the 
 royal army and made prisoner. In the mean 
 while tlie archduke Leopold took from the 
 French, Gravelines and Dunkirk; Don John 
 of Austria mardehimself master of Barcelona, 
 as did the duke of Mantua, of Casal; but 
 domestic tranquillity being restored, these 
 losses were repaired, and Turenne gained 
 several battles, and took a number of places, 
 which produced a peace between France 
 and Spain in 164$ : The principal article 
 in this treaty was the marriage of the king 
 with the infanta Maria Theresa. The su- 
 perintendant Foucquet, being condemned 
 to banishment for peculation, was succeeded 
 by Colbert, one of the ablest ministers and 
 financiers tiiat ever lived ; arts and com- 
 merce were cherished and flourished; fo- 
 reign colonies were established; and at 
 home was founded the academy of sciences 
 and another of painting and sculpture. On 
 the war breaking out between England and 
 Holland, Louis joined with the latter, but 
 after a few naval actions the peace of 
 Breda was concluded in 1667. On the 
 death of Philip IV. father of the queen, 
 Louis laid claim to the vacant throne, and 
 marched into the Low-countries, where he 
 took a number of towns, particularly Lisle; 
 his progress gave such alarm, that a treaty 
 was entered into between England, Hol- 
 land, and Sweden, to check his ambition, 
 hut just as the treaty was completed, peace 
 was restored between Louis and Spain. In 
 1672 the French king made an attack on 
 Holland, and reduced some of the provinces 
 in a few weeks: This invasion produced a 
 new confederacy against Louis, between 
 the emperor, Spain, and the elector of Bran- 
 denburg, in which all the allies were un- 
 successful, and which terminated, in 1678, 
 by the treaty of Nimeguen. The Algerines 
 having committed great depredations, a 
 fleet was sent against them under the com- 
 mand of Du Qiiesne, who bombarded Al- 
 giers and reduced the dey to submission. 
 Louis next avenged himself upon Genoa 
 for selling powder to the Algerines : On 
 this occasion the doge and four senators 
 repaired to Versailles to sue for peace. 
 Amidst all his glory, Louis committed an 
 act of impolitic cruelty by the revocation of 
 the edict of Nantes, granted by Henry IV. 
 in favour of the protestants. This measure 
 drove from France a vast number of inge- 
 
 nious mechanics and others, who settled in 
 England and Holland. About this time 
 another league was formed against France 
 by the prince of Orange, the duke of Savoy, 
 and the electors of Bavaria and Branden- 
 burg. To this league were afterwards 
 added the emperor of Germany and the 
 king of Spain. The dauphin had the con 
 mand of the French army, and he opened the 
 campaign by taking Philipsburg in October 
 1688, but he was soon forced to retreat be- 
 fore a superior force. Inl690theFrenchwere 
 more successful : Luxemburg gained the 
 battle of Fleurus, and Catinat took Nice, 
 and gained a victory over the troops of the 
 duke of Savoy ; this was followed by the 
 taking of Monsin Flanders, Valence in Ca- 
 talonia, Carmanole and Montnlelian in 
 Savoy. These successes were counterba- 
 lanced by the defeat of Tourville’s squadron 
 off La Hogue, by admiral Russel, June 2, 
 1692. Louis in person took Namur, and 
 Luxemburg gained the battles of Steeiikirk. 
 and Nerwinde. In 1626 Savoy made a se- 
 parate peace with France, which was fol- 
 lowed by a general one at Ryswick in 1697 
 1 he tranquillity of Europe, however, was 
 again broken by the death of Charles II. 
 king of Spain, in 1700 : He left his crown 
 to Philip of France, duke of Anjou, who as- 
 sumed the title of Philip V. In ’Opposition 
 to him the archduke Charles laid claim to 
 the throne ; and he was supported by the 
 emperor of Germany, Holland, and 'king- 
 land. Prince Eugene had the command of 
 the Imperial forces, with which he took 
 Cremona. In 1704 Eugene and Marlbo- 
 rough gained the great battle of Hochstet; 
 the year following Nice and Ville-Franche 
 were taken by the French, who also gained 
 a dear victory at Cassane over Eugene; on 
 the other hand, Barcelona surrendered to 
 the archduke, and Gironne declared in his 
 favour; the battle of Ramilies was gained 
 by the duke of Marlborough, and prince 
 Eugene saved Turin by defeating the duke 
 of Orleans. In. 1708 Lisle was re-taken by 
 the allies, who also gained the battle of Ou- 
 denarde, and the Imperialists made them- 
 selves masters of Naples. The year fol- 
 lowing the French lost Tournay/and suf- 
 fered a defeat at Malpluquet. In 1713 
 a treaty of peace was signed at Utrecht by 
 France; Spain, England, Savoy, Portu- 
 gal, Prussia, and Holland; and the next 
 year peace was concluded with the empe- 
 ror of Radstadt l.ouis died September 1, 
 1715, aged 77: by his first wife he had issue 
 one son, Louis, dauphin of France, who 
 died in 1711, leaving three sons, Louis, 
 Philip, and Gaston, 'l.ouis XIV. had seve- 
 ral illegitimate children by his mistresses. 
 At the close of Life he became serious and 
 even devout, through the influence of Ma- 
 dame de Maintenon, whom he secretly 
 married. — F oltairc's Age of Louis XIF. Nonv. 
 Diet. Hist. 
 
 Lours XV. was the great-grandson Of the 
 S s 
 
LOU 
 
 ^receding, and succeeded him in 1715, at 
 the age of five years, under the regency of 
 Philip duke of Orleans. In 1723 he was de- 
 clared of age : The beginning of his reign 
 Was rendered very distressing by the Mis- 
 sissippi scheme of the famous Law, which 
 ruined thousands of people. On the deatli 
 of the duke of Orleans, in 1723, he was suc- 
 ceeded, as prime minister, by the duke of 
 Bourbon, who was displaced in 1725, when 
 cardinal Fleury entered upon that station. 
 The same year the king married the daugh- 
 ter of the king of Poland: On the deatu 
 of the last-mentioned monarch in 173.5 
 Louis supported the election of his queen s 
 relation Stanislaus, against the elector of 
 Saxony, which occasioned a war between 
 France and the emperor : Stanislaus, how- 
 ever, was forced to abandon the throne ; 
 but the French were successful in Italy, on 
 which a peace was concluded in 1738. 1 he 
 death of the emperor Charles opened a 
 new scene The succession of the house of 
 Austria was disputed by four persons, and 
 Louis declared himself against Maria I he- 
 resa, daughter of the late emperor, contrary 
 to his own engagements. He supported the 
 pretensions of the elector of Bavaria, who 
 called himself Charles VII. That prince 
 took Prague, where he was crowned king 
 of Bohemia, but in 1742 that city was re- 
 taken ; and the allies, with the king of Great 
 Britain at their head, gained the battle of 
 Dettingen. In 1744 Louis took the field 
 in person, and captured Courtray, Menin, 
 and Ypres; he was also present at the bat- 
 tles of Fontenoy and Lawfeld. 1 hese ad- 
 vantages were accompanied by the taking 
 
 of Ghent, 03 tend, Brussels, Bergen-op-Zoom, 
 
 and other places. On the other hand the 
 troops of the duke of Saxony and of the 
 queen of Hungary ravaged Provence, and 
 the English completely ruined the French 
 commerce at sea, which effected the peace 
 of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748. In 1 755 a new 
 war broke out between France and England, 
 in which the latter power had Prussia lor 
 an ally, while Austria leagued with France. 
 At first the French were very successful, by 
 taking Port Mahon, defeating the duke of 
 Cumberland at Hastinbeck, and forcing the 
 English general and his army to capitulate 
 at Closter-seven; the electorate of Hanover 
 was conquered; but in 1757 the French 
 and Austrians were defeated at Rosbach; 
 this w'as followed by other losses both by 
 laud and sea, particularly of Canada. Nor 
 was the face of affairs altered for the better 
 by the famous family compact in 1761, by 
 which all the families of the house of Bour- 
 bon allied as in a common cause. A treaty 
 of peace was signed at Paris in I <63 : the 
 ■year following the order of Jesuits was abo- 
 lished in France. Louis died of the small- 
 pox in 1774, aged 65; he composed a little 
 book on the Course of the principal Rivers 
 i&.jkurope» 8vo,—iY suv, Hitt, Hist, 
 
 LOU 
 
 Louis XVI. the son of Louis the dau- 
 phin, and of Maria Josephine, daughter of 
 Frederic Augustus, king of Poland : He 
 was born August 23, 1754, and immediately 
 created duke of Berry. On the death of 
 his father in 1765 he became the heir to the 
 throne, and in 1770 he married Maria An- 
 toinette of the house of Austria. In 1774 
 he succeeded to the crown of France, on 
 which occasion he is said to have exclaimed, 
 
 « How unfortunate for me'.” It is certain 
 that he ascended the throne at an unfavour- 
 abletime; the finances were in an exhausted 
 state, commerce was nearly ruined, the ma- 
 rine dismantled, and the nationaldebt enor- 
 mous. To repair the condition of public 
 affairs, Vergennes was made secretary of 
 state, and Turgot had the direction of the 
 finances; Malesherbes was appointed a 
 member of the council ; Sartine had the 
 management of the marine department , 
 and Maurepas was placed at the head of the 
 administration. I he first act of Louis was 
 very popular; he dispensed with the custo- 
 mary tax paid by the people at the begin- 
 ning of every new reig». In 1774 the par- 
 liament was recalled, and affairs began to 
 assume a favourable aspect, when, unfortu- 
 nately, the French government, always jea- 
 lous of England, took part with the revolted 
 Americans, and a ruinous war ensued be- 
 tween the two countries; which, though it 
 terminated in the loss of the colonies to the 
 English, brought about a bloody revolution 
 France. The finances of the latter coun- 
 try w r ere completely exhausted, and the car- 
 dinal de Brienne, who succeeded Calonne as 
 minister, framed imposts which laid such 
 intolerable burdens upon the people, that 
 the parliament refused to register them. 
 For this the members were exiled to Troyes, 
 but were afterwards recalled by Louis, 
 who, at their request, convened the states- 
 general of three orders: This assembly 
 
 met in May 1789 ; the public mind wasnow 
 ao-itated, and artful demagogues took the 
 advantage of diffusing the worst of princi- 
 ples. Mirabeau was the leader of these 
 men; a violent republican, and an atheist 
 At his voice the people of Paris arose, and 
 the 14th of July, that year, stormed the Bas- 
 tile. This is called the .-era of French li- 
 berty! In October the armed mob, with a 
 prodigious number of women, marched to 
 Versailles, which palace they forced, mur- 
 dered the guards, and searched in vain for 
 the queen, who would have shared the same 
 fate, had she not escaped from her bed, 
 which the miscreants pierced with their 
 sabres. The result of this insurrection was, 
 the leading of the king and his family in 
 triumoh to Paris, amidst all the insults of a 
 lawless rabble. In February 1790 Louis 
 was forced to accept the new constitution ; 
 but, notwithstanding all his concessions, 
 finding himself a mere prisoner at Paris, 
 and exposed daily to uew injuries, he re- 
 
LOU 
 
 solved to escape : Accordingly in the night 
 of June 21, 1791, he and his family quitted 
 the Thuilleries ; but at Varennes his person 
 was recognized, and he was conducted back 
 to Paris, where he became a prisoner in his 
 own palace, and suffered the vilest indigni- 
 ties. War was declared against France by 
 the emperor and the king of Prussia, and the 
 dukcof Brunswickmarched intot'necountry 
 but was forced to retreat. In the mean 
 time the people were wrought up to a pitch 
 of savage ferocity by the factious leaders, 
 and assaulted the Thuilleries; iri storming 
 which they murdered the brave and loyal 
 Swiss guards. The king and family sought 
 refuge in the national assembly, who or- ‘ 
 clered them to be sent to the Temple. The 
 legislative assembly gave way to the nati- 
 onal convention which brought Louis to a 
 mock trial; his defence was conducted by 
 Malesherbes, Tronchin, and Deseze, and 
 his own deportment was, as it had uniformly 
 been during his confinement, firm and mo- 
 dest, dignified and resigned. January 17, 
 1793, he was adjudged to death for conspir- 
 ing against the public good : his separa- 
 tion from Iik family was uncommonly af- 
 fecting, yet in every scene lie manifested 
 the spirit of a Christian. January 21 he as 
 cended the fatal scaffold, and would have 
 addressed the people, but was prevented by 
 the noise of drums, purposely placed there. 
 He was accompanied by his confessor, 
 the abbe Edgeworth who, as the monarch 
 laid his head on the fatal block, exclaim- 
 ed with energetic force, “ Ascend, O son 
 of St. Louis, ascend to heaven !” The 
 letters of Louis, which have been pub- 
 lished by Helen Maria Williams, with 
 notes which would have disgraced his 
 greatest persecutors, manifest an amiable 
 heart, an upright mind, and a refined and 
 enlarged understanding. His son, Louis 
 Charles, the last dauphin of France, was, at 
 the death of his father, only eight years old; 
 the inhuman murderers caused him to be 
 placed with a shoemaker named Simon ; 
 who treated him with savage barbarity. 
 The innocent victim died shortly after, and 
 it was generally believed of poison. The 
 daughter of Louis, after the murder of her 
 patents and brother, was suffered to quit 
 France, and site married her cousin, the 
 duke of Angouleme. — Nouv. Diet. Hist 
 
 Jmuis I. king of Germany, was the third 
 son of Louis le Debonnaire, and proclaimed 
 king of Bavaria, in 817 : Ha joined his bro- 
 thers in rebellion against his father, and af- 
 terwards assisted Charles the Bald in de- 
 feating Lothaire in 841. He died in 876, 
 aged 70. His son Louis II. succeeded him, 
 but was defeated by his uncle Charles, and 
 died in 882. — Univ. Hist. 
 
 Louis I of Anjou, king of Hungary and 
 Poland, was born in 1326, and succeeded 
 his father, Charles Robert, in 1342: He 
 
 fxpelled the Jews from Hungary, and made 
 
 LOU 
 
 war on the Transylvanians, Croats, Tar- 
 tars, and Venetians. In 1370 he was 
 sen king of Poland, and died in 13 -• 
 — Univ. Hist. . , . 
 
 Louis II. king of Hungary, succeeded hi* 
 father t adislaus, in 1516. He was drowned 
 in the Carasse, a river in Hungary, m 15z6, 
 aged 20. — Ibid. 
 
 Louis (Anthony), secretary of the aca- 
 demy of surgeons at Paris, was boi n at 
 Mentz in 1723, and died in 1792. He was 
 a very , able anatomist and surgeon, and 
 wrote a Course of Practical Surgery, 8vo., 
 Essav on the Mind, and on its Union with 
 the Body, 12mo.; Observations ®n Electri- 
 city and its Effects on the Animal Eco- 
 nomy, 12mo. ; Observations on the Effects 
 of the Cancerous Virus; Positiones Ana- 
 tomico-chirurgicse de Capite, quarto; De 
 Partium externarum generatione m mu- 
 lieribus, quarto; Dissertatio de apoplexia 
 curanda; and several memoirs and eulogies. 
 — Nouv Diet. Hist. 
 
 Louptie e (John Charles de Relongue 
 de la), a member of the academy of arcane* 
 at Rome, was born in the diocese of Sens 
 in 1727, and died in 1784. He is known 
 by a collection of Poems in 2 volumes 
 12mo. written with spirit and grace. We 
 have also by him six parts of a journal tor 
 Ladies, 1761. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Louvet (Peter), a French advocate and 
 master of requests to queen Margaret, was 
 the author of the History and Antiquities 
 of Beauvais, octavo ; Nomenclatura . et 
 Chronologia rerum Ecclesiasticarum Dice- 
 cesis Bellovacensis, octavo; Remarks on the 
 Nobility of Beauvais, and of the principal 
 Families of France, octavo ; See. There 
 was another writer of this name, who was 
 a physician, and wrote several historical 
 pieces of no merit. — Ibid. 
 
 Louvet De CouVray (John Baptist), a 
 writer, and one of the members of the na- 
 tional convention of France: He had the 
 courage to oppose Robespiere when at the 
 height of his power ; yet he escaped the 
 vengeance of the tyrant and died at Paris 
 in 1797. Fie wrote a romance entituled. 
 The Amours of the Chevalier Faublas; a 
 Political Journal called the Sentinel; a Jus- 
 tification of Paris, 1789, octavo; Emily de 
 Varmont. or the necessary Divorce, 3 vo- 
 lumes, 12mo.; an Account of himself, and 
 of the Dangers wh'ch he passed through, 
 1795, octavo — lid. 
 
 ImuviLLE (Eugenie D’Allonville, che- 
 valier de), a French astronomer, was born 
 of a noble family in 1671, and died in 1732. 
 He had been a colonel in the Spanish ser- 
 vice, but after the peace of Utrecht he 
 quitted the army, and applied to the study 
 of the mathematics, particularly astronomy. 
 In 1715 he went to London to observe the 
 great total eclipse ; there he was admitted a 
 member of the royal society, as he also was, 
 of the academy of science* at Paris. H? 
 
 S s 2 
 
L O \Y 
 
 L O W 
 
 wrote several curious Dissertations on Phi- 
 losophy and Astronomy in the memoirs of 
 the academy. — Nonv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Love (Christopher), a presbyterian di- 
 vine, who was beheaded on Tower-hill in 
 1 (id 1 , for conspiring against the govern- 
 ment of Cromwell. lie wrote some books 
 on practical divinity. — Neale's Puritans. 
 
 Love (James), an English actor and dra- 
 matic writer: His real name was Dance, 
 and his father was survevor to the city of 
 London; his son was a performer on Drurv- 
 lane stage many years, and excelled in the 
 character of Falstaff, but was not equal to 
 Henderson. He wrote Palema, a comedy ; 
 and some other pieces. He died in 1774. — 
 Dio r . Dram. 
 
 Lovelace (Richard), an English poet, 
 was born in Kent about 1618, and educated 
 first lilt the Charter-house, and next at Glou- 
 cestcr-hall, Oxford, where he took his de- 
 gree of M. A. He was a zealous royalist, 
 and suffered much for his attachment to 
 Charles l. He died in 1658. His poems 
 are elegant, and lie wrote also two plays, 
 The Scholar, a cornedv, and The Soldier, a 
 tragedy — Wood. 
 
 Lovibonu (Edward), an English poet, 
 was born in Middlesex and educated at 
 Kingston school. He wrote some papers in 
 the periodical paper called The World, 
 and some pleasing poems, which were col- 
 lected and published in a volume in 1785. 
 hie died at his seat near Hampton in 1775. 
 • — Antler son. 
 
 Lowe (Peter), an English surgeon of me- 
 rit, who was many years in the service of 
 foreign states, as an army-surgeon : In 1612 
 
 he settled at Glasgow, and had an autho- 
 rity from the king of Scotland to examine 
 all practitioners in surgery, in the western 
 parts of that kingdom. He wrote several 
 books in the line of his profession. — Gen. 
 Diog. Did. 
 
 Lowen (John-Frederic), a German poet, 
 was born at Klansthal in 1729, and died at 
 Rostock in 1773. W c have by him a col- 
 lection of Poems, printed at Hamburg in 
 1765; Romances, at Leipsic in 1774 The 
 last is a work of reputation. — Nonv. Diet. 
 Hist. 
 
 Lower (sir William), a zealous royalist in 
 the reign of Charles 1., was horn at Tremare 
 in Cornwall. On the decline of the royal 
 cause he retired to Holland ; but returned 
 at the Restoration. He Wrote six plays, and 
 died in 1662. — Biog. Dram. 
 
 Lower (Richard), an English physician, 
 was the son of the above : I le was educated 
 at Westminster school, and at Christ church, 
 Oxford. At the university he studied under 
 Dr. Willis, and assisted him in his anato- 
 mical dissections. When that great man 
 removed to London, Dr. Lower followed 
 him, and became a fellow of the royal so- 
 ciety and of the college of physicians. Fie 
 wrote a celebrated Treatise on the Heart, 
 1 
 
 in Latin ; and several papers in the Philo- 
 sophical Transactions. He died in 1691. — 
 Wood. 
 
 Lowman (Moses), an eminent dissenting 
 minister, who wasmore than 40 years pastor 
 of a congregation at Clapham in Surrey. 
 He was a man of great learning, and well 
 versed in Jewish literature and antiquities: 
 His book on tire Revelations is still held in 
 high repute ; and a tract by him, proving 
 mathematically “ The Unity and Perfec- 
 tions of God a priori,'' has been esteemed 
 demonstrative, but is now very scarce. Af- 
 ter his death were published his three 
 Treatises cm the Shechinah and Logos..- He 
 died in 1752, aged 72. — Toulmans Life of 
 Neale. 
 
 LowTir (William), a learned divine, was 
 horn at London in 1661, and educated at 
 Merchant Taylors’ school, from whence he 
 was elected to St. John’s college, Oxford, 
 where he took the degree of B. D. Dr. 
 Mew, bishop of Winchester, appointed him 
 his chaplain, and gave him a prebend in his 
 cathedral, and the rectory of Buriton, with 
 the chapelry of Petcrsfield, in Hampshire. 
 He died in 1732. He wrote Commentaries 
 on all the Prophets, published first in quarto 
 and afterwards in one volume folio ; 2. Di- 
 rections for the profitable Reading of the 
 Holy Scriptures, 12mo.; 8. A Vindication 
 of the Divine Authority and Inspiration of 
 the Old and New Testament, in answer to 
 Leclerc, 12mo. ; A Sermon on the Charac- 
 teristics of an Apostolical Church, which 
 brought him into a short controversy with 
 one Norman, a dissenting teacher at Ports- 
 mouth.— Diog. Brit. 
 
 Lowth (Robert), a learned prelate, was 
 the son of the above, and born at Winches- 
 ter in 1710. After receiving his education 
 at Winchester school, he .went to New col- 
 lege, Oxford, where he prosecuted his stu- 
 dies with ardour and reputation. In 1741 
 he was elected^ professor of poetry, on 
 which occasion he delivered his admirable 
 lectures, which were printed at Oxford 
 in 1753, under this title, De Sacra Poesi 
 Hebrxorum, quarto. A second edition ap- 
 peared in octavo ; and Michadis re-printed 
 this valuable work in Germany, with addi- 
 tions. While at college he was appointed 
 tutor to the marquis of Hartington, with 
 whom he made the toer of Europe. In 
 1750 bishop Hoadlev gave him the arch- 
 deaconry of Winchester; and in 1754 the 
 university of Oxford conferred on him the 
 degree of D.D. The year following he 
 went to Ireland as chaplain to his pupil, 
 then appointed lord lieutenant: While 
 there he was promoted to the. bishopric of 
 Limerick, but having a greater inclination 
 to settle in England, he exchanged that dig- 
 nity for a prebend of Durham. In 1766 he 
 was advanced to the bishopric of St. Da- 
 vid’s, from whence he was translated the 
 same year to Oxford, and in 1777 to the see 
 
LOY 
 
 LUC 
 
 <^f London. On the death of Dr. Corn- profession, and obtained a commission in' the 
 wallis, archbishop of Canterbury, in J 783, Spanish army; but breaking his leg at tiie 
 he was offered the metropolitical chair, siege of Pampeluna he made a vow to the 
 which lie declined on account of bis infir- Virgin, that if he recovered he would, 
 mities. ^ I he same year his daughter died go on pilgrimage to Jerusalem, and devote 
 while sitting with him and bishop Newton himself to a religiouscour.se of life, whidi 
 at the tea-table, 'i bis learned and excel- resolution he fulfilled. After studying Latin 
 lent pi elate died in 1787. I. earning and a short time at Barcelona, he commenced 
 taste, however, did not constitute Bishop preacher, and began to gather disciples, for 
 Low tu s highest excellence. Eulogium it- which he was imprisoned ; hut still perse- 
 self can scarcely ascend to extravagance verecl in adding to the number of the bre- 
 V hen spe.King ot him, either as a private thren of the order of Jesus, as they were 
 individual, or as a pastor of the church of called, and for which at length he obtained 
 Christ. Iiis amiable manners rendered a confirmation by pope Paul III. This 
 bun an ornanvent to his high station, whilst order encreased prodigiously during the 
 they endeared him to all with whom lie life-time of Loyola, who, however, was 
 conversed ; ant his zeal for the interests of not the author of the pernicious maxims 
 true religion made him eager to promote to which afterwards disgraced it. He died in 
 places of trust and dignity such clergymen 1556, and was canonized by Gregory XV. 
 as he knew were best qualified to fill them, in 1622. The order of jesuits, after being 
 He united in an eminent degree the qualities expelled from Portugal and France, was 
 of the gentleman with those of the scholar; finally suppressed hv pope Clement XVI. in 
 he conversed with elegance as he wrote 1773, hut has since been revived in Russia, 
 vutli accuracy. As a husband, a father, or and subsists secretly in several countries. — 
 the father of a family, he was as nearly iVIoreri. Nouv . Did. Hid. 
 faultless as the imperfections of humanity Lubienetski (Stanislaus), a Socinian 
 will permit. His temper, when roused by minister and writer, was horn at Cracow, 
 what he thought improper conduct, was in Poland, of a noble family, in 1623, and 
 indeed susceptible of considerable warmth; received his education at Thorn. Beim* 
 but if lie could be highly offended; upon a persecuted in his own country he went to 
 slignt concession he could likewise forgive. Denmark, from whence he removed to 
 His heart was tender and sympathetic: he Hamburgh, where he was poisoned with 
 possessed a mind which felt its own strength, his two daughters, by a servant maid, in 
 and decided upon whatever came before it 1 675. He wrote a History of Comets, ‘J 
 w ith piomptitu.de and firmness. In those vols. folio ; and the History of the Refor- 
 trials where affliction was to he suffered or mation in Poland. 1. vo!. ; Vo. — Moral 
 subdued he behaved as a man and achristian. Lu bienetski (Theodore)', a Polisli painter 
 
 Lis piety had no tincture of mcroseness; of portrait and history, was bornat Cracow 
 his cliaiitv no leaven of ostentation. To in 1053, and died in 1716. His brother 
 his whole diocese he was endeared by his Christopher was also a good painter.- — Pil- 
 laudable discretion and his useful zeal. V To iw^tou. 
 
 tne world lie was a benefit liy his cxem- Lubin (Eilliard), a protestant divine, was 
 plary life andsp'endid abilities; and whilst born at Westerstede in Germany, in 1565. 
 virtue and learning are reverenced among He died at Rostock, where he was professor 
 men, his memory will he respected and of divinity, in 1621. His principal work 
 admired Besiues the above work, hi- is a treatise, entitled, Phosphorus, on the 
 shop J.owth published a translation of Cause and Nature of Evil, in which he 
 Isaiah fiom the Hebrew; an English maintained the strange notion that there 
 Grammar, universally esteemed; the Life are two co-eternal principles, God and no- 
 ot William of W ykeham, octavo; the late thing: the first good, and the other evil. 
 ot his lather in t lie Biographer Britannica; He added that sin v'as onlv a tendency 
 a Poem on tne Genealogy of Christ; some towards nothing, and that it is necessary to 
 Controversial J.etters with bishop War- make known the nature of good. — Morcri , 
 hui ton; and Sermons on public occasions. Lukin (Augustin), geographer to the 
 - (rent. G 7i. Hiog. Did. king of France, was a monk of the Au- 
 
 Loyek (Peter le), a learned French gusttn order He wrote several works, 
 writer, was born in Anjou in 1550, and died as a Description of Lapland; Sacred Geo- 
 at Angers in 163d. He wrote a curious graphy, &c. He died in 1695, aged 72. — 
 History of Spectres, dto.; a treatise enti- JbiJ. 
 
 tied, Edom, or the Idumean Colonies in Luca (John Baptist de), a learned car- 
 Europe and .Asia, 8vo. ; and some miscel- dinal, was a native of Venosa. in the king- 
 laneous works in prose and verse. — JVla- d«m of JJaples. He was at first A lawyer 
 rev - u . of eminence, hut entered into orders and 
 
 Lo yolv (Ignat ius), the founder ofthennler arrived to the dignity of cardinal. His 
 o£ jesuits. was horn of a considerable family, forem ie works are uncommonly numerous ; 
 id the province of Guipuscoa in Spain, in bnt his greatest performance is' an Analysis 
 l lfil. He was brought up to the military of the Civ i,l Law, 4 vok. 4 to. ; wiuch may 
 
LUC 
 
 justly be called the philosophy of jurispru- 
 dence. The author died in 1683, aged 66. 
 — JSIouv . Did. Hist. 
 
 Lucan (Marcus Annaeus), a Latin pcet, 
 was born at Cordova in Spain, about A. D. 
 39. His father was Annaeus Mela, brother 
 of Seneca. He was for some time a fa- 
 vourite of Nero, but being discarded by 
 him he joined in a conspiracy with Piso, 
 for which he was sentenced to death, and 
 was suffocated in a bath, A. D. 65. His 
 Pharsalia is an epic poem of merit, though 
 harsh and irregular. The best edition is 
 that of Strawberry hill, 1760, 4to. — Diog. 
 Classics.. 
 
 Lucas (Tudensis), bishop of Tudse, or 
 Tuy, in Gallicia, in the 13th century, 
 who wrote ; 1. a work against the Albi- 
 genses, printed at Ingoldstadt in 1G12.; 2. 
 A History of Spain from the Creation to 
 J236; 3. The Life of Isidoie of Seville. — 
 Moreri. 
 
 Lucas of Leyden, a painter and engraver, 
 was born in 1494. Albert Durer went to 
 Holland to see him. Lucas spent the last 
 six years of his life in bed, under an appre- 
 hension that he had been poisoned ; but he 
 still employed himself in painting and en- 
 graving, saying that he chose to die in the 
 bed of honour. He died in 1533. — De 
 files. 
 
 Lucas (Brugensis Francis), dean of St. 
 Omer,was a learned divine, and well skilled 
 in the Oriental languages He died in 1619, 
 aged 67. He wrote a Commentary on the 
 Gospels; Remarks on Latin Bibles; and 
 other works of a like kind — Moreri. 
 
 Lucas (Richard), a pious divine, was 
 horn at Presteign,in Radnorshire, in 1648, 
 and educated at Jesus college, Oxford, 
 where he took his degree of D. D. In 
 1683 he became vicar of St. Stephen, Cole- 
 man street, London, and lecturer of St. 
 Olave, Southwark. In 1691 he was in- 
 stalled prebendary of Westminster. He was 
 blind some years before his death, which 
 happened in 1715. He wrote, 1. Practical 
 Christianity ; 2. An Enquiry after Happi- 
 ness, 2 vols. 8vo.; 3. Five volumes of Ser- 
 mons, 8vo. — Wood, A. 0. Great Hist. Did. 
 
 Lucas (Paul), a French traveller, was 
 born at Rouen in 1664. f ie went several 
 times to the East, where he collected a 
 quantity of curiosities, with which he en- 
 riched the cabinet of Louis XV. who ap- 
 pointed him his antiquary. He died at 
 Madrid in 1787. His travels have been 
 published in 7 vols 12mo. but are inaccu- 
 rate. — Noun,. Did. Hist. 
 
 Lucas (Charles), an Irish patriot, was 
 at first an apothecary, and afterwards a 
 phvsician. He became a member of the 
 Irish house of commons, and distinguished 
 himself by his zeal on the side of opposi- 
 tion. He wrote some pieces on medical sub- 
 jects, anil died in 1771, aged 58. His fu- 
 neral was attended by the corporation of 
 
 LUC 
 
 Dublin, who settled a pension On his widow. 
 
 — Mortimer. 
 
 Lucchesini (John Vincent), an historian, 
 was a nobleman of Lucca, where he was 
 born in 1660. He was educated first in the 
 college of Tolommei at Sienna and after- 
 wards at Pisa, after which he obtained the 
 office of papal secretary, and a canonry of 
 St. Peter’s at Rome. His translation of 
 Demosthenes, published in 1712, was in 
 the opinion of Rollin an unrivalled piece of 
 modern latinity ; and his Historic sui Tem- 
 poris, published in 1738, 3 vols. 4to. is 
 much admired. He died in 1744. 
 
 Lucian, a Greek writer, was born at 
 Samosata. His father, who was poor, 
 placed bim with a sculptor, but disliking 
 that business he applied to the law, which 
 profession he also abandoned, and devoted 
 himself to philosophy and eloquence. Mar- 
 cus Aurelius had a great esteem for his 
 talents, and appointed him registrar of 
 Egypt. He died A.D. 180, in his 90th 
 year. His works, which are written in the 
 Attic dialect, consist mostly of satirical 
 dialogues, abounding with witticisms, but 
 profane and obscene. The best editions 
 of Lucian are that of Gravius, 2 vols. 8vo. 
 Amsterdam, 1687, and that of Reitzius, 
 4 vols. Sto. Amsterdam, 1743. — Biog. Clas- 
 sica. , 
 
 Lucifer, bishop of Cagliari in Sardinia, 
 was the author of a schism in refusing to 
 acknowledge the electee of the council of 
 Alexandria, A.D. 362, which enacted that 
 arians recanting their errors should be ad- 
 mitted to communion. Inflexible in bis 
 sentiments, he retired from his see, and ga- 
 thered followers, who assumed the name of 
 Luciferians. He died in 370. His works 
 were printed at Venice in 1779. — Dupin , 
 Moreri. 
 
 Lucit.ius (Caius), a Roman satirist, who 
 served under Scipio in his expedition against 
 the Numantians. Pie is considered by some 
 as tire author of a poetical satire ; but only 
 a few of his verses remain, which arc in the 
 Corpus Poeiarum of Maiittire. l ie died at 
 Naples B C. 108. 
 
 Lucius I. pope and saint, succeeded Cor- 
 nelius in 253, and was martyred the year 
 following. — Dupin. Moreri. 
 
 Lucius II. a native of Bologna, succeed- 
 ed Celestin II. in 1 144, and died in 1 145, of 
 a blow which he received in a popular 
 commotion.— -Ibid. 
 
 Lucius III. succeeded Alexander III. in 
 1181. The Roman people having risen 
 against him he retired to Verona, hut after- 
 wards returned to Rome, and by the help 
 of the Italian princes subdued his enemies. 
 A new commotion compelled him, however, 
 to retire again, and he died at Verona in 
 1185. He made a constitution for the ex- 
 tirpation of heresies, which laid the founda- 
 tion of the inquisition. — Ibid. 
 
 Lwcrstia, a celebrated Roman lady* 
 
LUC 
 
 LUG 
 
 was the daughter of Lucretius, governor 
 6f Rome, and the wife of Collatinus, a 
 relation of Tarquin. Her husband being 
 at the siege of Ardea, a conversation took 
 place one evening at supper between him 
 and the three sons of Tarquin, respecting 
 the prudence of their wives. At length it 
 was agreed upon to ride to Rome to see 
 how the ladies were employed. The daugh- 
 ters-in-law of Tarquin were regaling with 
 some companions of their own age, while 
 Lucretia was engaged with her maidens in 
 working upon wool. The dispute having 
 terminated in her favour, the young men 
 returned to the camp, but Sextus, the eldest 
 of the king’s sons, conceived a violent pas- 
 sion for Lueretia, which he was determined 
 to gratify without any regard to the prin- 
 ciples of honour. Accordingly some days 
 after, he secretly left the camp and visited 
 .Lucretia, who treated him with the civility 
 due to his rank. After supper he was con- 
 ducted to his chamber, and when he thought 
 that the family were asleep he stole softly, 
 with a sword in his hand.toLucretia’s room, 
 and made use of every effort to prevail 
 over her virtue. Finding his artifices fruit- 
 less, he threatened, that after slaying her he 
 would kill a slave, and lay the body byher’s, 
 then report that, having caught them toge- 
 ther, he had slain them both. Tins menace 
 succeeded, for the dread of dishonourable 
 reproach prevailed over Lucretia, and the 
 base seducer in the morning returned to 
 the camp. Lucretia the next day sent for 
 her father and her husband, to whom she 
 related the shocking circumstance. They 
 endeavoured to console her, but in vain, 
 for drawing forth a dagger she plunged it 
 into her breast. Lucretia’s death occasioned 
 the liberty of the Romans, who, excited by 
 Brutus, expelled the Tarquins from their 
 city. Sextus fled to a town of the Gabii, 
 where he soon after perished, B.C. 509. — 
 
 JSr.yle. 
 
 Lucretius (Titus Carus), a Roman poet 
 and philosopher, was born of a good fa- 
 mily, and educated under Zeno and Phai- 
 drus, both of the epicurean sect. Cicero 
 highly commends him for his learning and 
 eloquence. He is said to have been thrown 
 into a phrenzy by his mistress Lucilia, who 
 gave him a philtre, or love potion, of 
 which he died or killed himself, B. C. 54, 
 aged 42. His poem on the Nature of 
 Things is elegant, but is founded on the 
 atheistic doctrine of atoms or materialism. 
 The best editions are that of Havercamp, 
 2 vols. 4to. I,. Bat. and that of Wakefield, 
 4 vols. 4to. London. Lucretius has been 
 translated into English with curious notes 
 bv Creech. — Ring. Classica. 
 
 Lucullus (Lucius Licinius),a celebrated 
 Roman general and consul, who gained a 
 great victory over Mithridates on the 
 borders of the Granicus, B. C. 74, and con- 
 quered Bithynia. He also defeated Yigranes 
 king of Armenia, father-in-law of Mithri- 
 
 dates, and took his capital. But the seve- 
 rity of Lucullus to his soldiers gave such 
 offence, that he was recalled, and the com- 
 mand given to Pompey. On his return to 
 Rome he obtained a triumph, and then re- 
 tired to a private life, possessed of immense 
 riches. He collected a prodigious library, 
 and patronised ingenious men. He died at 
 the age of 68. — Unfa. Hist. 
 
 Ludi.ow (Edmund), an English general 
 and regicide, was born at Maiden Bradley, in 
 Wiltshire, about 1620. He studied first at 
 Oxford, and afterwards in the Temple, but 
 the civil wars breaking put, he quitted the 
 law for the army, and served under the earl 
 of Essex. He was a firm republican, and 
 was one of the members of the pretended 
 high court of justice which sentenced Charlea 
 I. to the scaffold. On the death of Ireton 
 he had the command of the army in Ire- 
 land ; but was deprived of it for opposing 
 the usurpation of Cromwell, in the par- 
 liament under Richard Cromwell he ob- 
 tained a seat, and was restored to his sta- 
 tion in Ireland, but wa6 again recalled. 
 Just before the restoration of the king he 
 went to Vevay in Switzerland, where he 
 resided till 1688, when he ventured to 
 return to England, but the house of com- 
 mons applying to king William to cause 
 him to be apprehended, he withdrew again 
 to Vevay, where he died in 1693. His 
 Memoirs, which are curious and accurate, 
 were printed after his death in folio and 
 octavo. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Ludolph (Job), a learned German, was 
 born at Erfurt, in Thuringia, in 1624. He 
 applied with great assiduity to the study of 
 the Oriental languages, and travelled into 
 several countries, where he acquired the 
 acquaintance of the most learned men. On 
 his return home he was made counsellor of 
 state, which office he discharged with great 
 reputation eighteen years, and then resign- 
 ed it. He died at Frankfort in 1704. Hi*_ 
 principal works are ; LA Grammar and 
 Dictionary of the Abyssinian or Ethiopic 
 Language; 2. History of .Ethiopia, with 
 an Appendix, 1691, folio ; 3. Dissertatio d$ 
 Locustis, folio. His nephew, 
 
 Ludolph (Henry William), being secre- 
 tary to prince George of Denmark, who 
 espoused queen Anne of Englaad, settled 
 at London, where he died in 1710, aged 
 54. He wrote a Grammar of the Russian 
 language, printed at Oxford in 1696' ; he 
 also published the New Testament in mo- 
 dern Greek, and other works. — Moreri. 
 
 Ludwig (John Peter), a privy counsellor 
 to the king of Prussia, chancellor of the 
 duehy ©f Magdeburg, and professor of law, 
 who died in 1743, aged 73. He published, 
 Scriptorum Rerum Germanicarum, 2 vols.; 
 Manuscripta omnis aevi, Diplcmata ac Mo* 
 numenta Inedita, 12 vols, 8vo. ; The Lives 
 of Justinian and Tribonian ; Miscellaneous 
 W orks, 2 vols. — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Lugo (John), a Spanish jesuit and car* 
 
L U I 
 
 L U T 
 
 dinal, was horn in 1583 at Madrid, and 
 educated at Salamanca. He was successively 
 divinity professor at Valladolid and Rome, 
 where Urban VIII. made him a cardinal. 
 He died in 1 660. Cardinal Lugo wrote se- 
 veral theological works, making seven vo- 
 lumes folio. His brother Francis was also a 
 Jesuit, and after being a missionary in India, 
 became rector of two colleges in Spain, 
 where he died in 1 0.^2. He wrote a Com- 
 mentary on Thomas Aquinas, 2 vols. folio. 
 He introduced the jesuit’s bark into Europe. 
 
 • — 71 Foret i. 
 
 Luisino or Luisini (Francis), a native of 
 Venice, who taught Greek and Latin with 
 reputation at Reggio, and was secretary to 
 the duke of Parma. He died in 1568, 
 aged 45. He wrote, 1. Illustrations of ob- 
 scure Passages in classic Authors, which 
 are to be found in Gruter’s Fax Artium; 2. 
 De Componendis Animi Affectibus ; 3. A 
 Latin Commentary on Horace. In his time 
 and country lived a physician of the same 
 name, who turned the Aphorisms of Hip- 
 pocrates into Latin verse, 8vo. 1552. — 
 Find. 
 
 Luitpkand, king of the Lombards, suc- 
 ceeded his father Ansprand in 712. He 
 made several conquests in Italy, and formed 
 a code of laws for his country. He died in 
 744. — Moreri. Univ. Hist. 
 
 LuiTPRAND,a Lombard historian of the 
 tenth century, was a native of Pavia. He 
 was secretary to Berenger II. king of Italy, 
 who also employed him as his ambassador; 
 but falling into disgrace he fled to the em- 
 peror Otho, and was sent by him, in 963, as 
 his ambassador to Constantinople ; where 
 he was thrown into prison bv the orders of 
 Nicephoros Phocas, for his zeal in defending 
 the interest of his master. After conti- 
 nuing in confinement some months, he re- 
 turned to Italy, where he had the bishopric 
 of Cremona. He wrote the History of the 
 Affairs of Europe in his time, and other 
 works, printed at Antwerp in 1640, folio. 
 — Moreri. 
 
 Luke (St.), the evangelist, was a native 
 of Antioch, the capital of Syria, and bred 
 a physician, and according to some a paint- 
 er. He was the companion of St. Paul, by 
 whom he was converted to the Christian 
 faith. lie wrote the gospel under his 
 name, and also the Acts of the Apostles. 
 His Greek is remarkable for its purity. St. 
 Jerom says that he lived to the age of S3. 
 
 - — Cave. 
 
 Lui.i.e (Raymond j, called, according to, 
 the custom of li is age, the Ilium in;; ted Doctor, 
 was a native of Majorca Falling in love 
 with a young woman who had a cancer, lie 
 applied to the study of chemistry and physic, 
 for the purpose pf discovering a remedy 
 for her complaint, in which he is said to 
 have succeeded. He afterwards became a 
 preacher, and went on a mission into Mau- 
 ritania, where he was stoned to death by 
 the natives in 1315, at the age of 80. ITis 
 
 works on theology, physic, philosophy, che- 
 mistry, and law, have been frequently 
 printed, but are very obscure.— Moreri. 
 
 Lulj.i (John Baptist), a celebrated niu« 
 sician, was horn at Florence, in 1634. He 
 became page to madame Monlpensier, niece 
 of Louis XIV. who caused him to be taught 
 music, in which he acquired such excellence 
 as to he made superintendant of music to 
 that king. He died of a gangrene in his 
 foot in 16S7. Lulli composed a number of 
 operas and the music of several of Mo- 
 liere’s plays. — Burny. 
 
 Lumley (Joanna, lady), an ingenious 
 English 1 fitly, was the eldest daughter and 
 co-heiress of Henry Fitz-Allan, earl of 
 Arundel, and the first wife of Johnlord Lum- 
 ley, who died in 1 609. She translated from 
 Greek into Latin three Orations of Iso- 
 crates, the MS. of which is still preserved 
 in the Westminster library. She also trans- 
 lated the Iphigenia of Euripides into Eng- 
 lish. She died about 1620. — Ballard. 
 
 Luneau de Boisjerm ain (Peter Joseph 
 Francis), a laborious and voluminous French 
 writer, who died in 1S02. Elis principal 
 works are, 1. a Course of History and Ge- 
 ography, 2 vols. 12mo ; 2. the True Prin- 
 ciples of Reading and Orthography, 4 vols. 
 8vo. ; 3. Course of the Italian Language; 
 4. Course of the English Language, 2 vols.; 
 8vo.; 5. a complets edition of the Works 
 of Racine, 7 vols. 8vo. — JVoUv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Lu sign an (Guyde), a celebrated French 
 nobleman, who went to the Holy Land in 
 the time of the crusades, and espoused Sibyl- 
 la, daughter of Amaury king of Jerusalem, 
 whom he succeeded, but he afterwards con- 
 ceded that title to Richard I. king of Eng- 
 land, and received the isle of Cyprus in re- 
 turn. He died in 1 194 — Ibid. 
 
 Lussan (Margaret de), a French ro- 
 mance writer, was the daughter of a coach- 
 man, and born in 1682. Attracting the 
 notice of the famous 1 duet, bishop of Avran- 
 ches, he gave her an education which she 
 highly improved. She died in 1758. Her 
 works ar^ numerous, the best of which is 
 entitled, Anecdotes of the Court of Philip 
 the August, 6 vols. 12mo — Moreri. 
 
 LuTHF.it (Martin), the great reformer, 
 was born at Islehen in Saxony, of mean pa- 
 rentage, in 1483, In 1501 he was sent to 
 the university of Erfurt, where he studied 
 philosophy and the civil law, but walking 
 one day in the fields with a fellow-student, 
 his companion was struck dead with light- 
 ning, which so affected Luther, that he de- 
 termined to retire from the world. Fie 
 accordingly went into a monastery of the 
 order of St. Augustine, where he led a pi- 
 ous and studious life; and happening to 
 meet with a Latin bible in the monastery, 
 he read it with the utmost care and avidity, 
 and was struck with trie manifest difference 
 between the doctrines of the Gospel and 
 the practices of the Roman church. This 
 impression became deeper in 151 2, when htf 
 
L U T 
 
 LUT 
 
 wont to Rome on some business belonging 
 to his monastery. On his return he was 
 created DD. and became professor of divi- 
 nity at the university of Wittemberg, then 
 founded by Frederic elector of Saxony. In 
 1517 Leo X. published plenary indulgences 
 for all sins committed by those who should 
 purchase them. These pardons were sold 
 in Germany by the domiuicans in the most 
 shameful manner, and gave offence to all 
 religious persons, and to I.uther in particu- 
 lar, who published a Thesis on Indulgences 
 at Wittemberg, in which he exposed in the 
 strongest manner the iniquity of this odi- 
 ous traffic. The propositions of Luther s 
 Thesis were opposed by Tetzel, the papal 
 agent ; but the people at large were con- 
 vinced that tli e truth lay on the side of Lu- 
 ther. The dispute growing serious through- 
 out Germany, the emperor earnestly press- 
 ed the pope to exert his influence to 
 put a stop to it ; and accordingly Luther 
 was cited to appear at Rome, which he 
 prudently declined. Leo also demanded of 
 the elector Frederic to deliver Luther up to 
 the papal legate, which he refused; at the 
 same time requesting that the cause might 
 be heard in Germany. To this the pope con- 
 sented, and Luther appeared before the car- 
 dinal Cajetan, at Augsburg, to whom he 
 gave a full account of his faith, but being 
 required to make an implicit submission to 
 the decrees of the pope, he zealously re- 
 fused. On this Leo issued a brief, threat- 
 ening to excommunicate all who should pre- 
 sume to deny his power to grant plenary 
 indulgences. Luther on the other hand ap- 
 pealed in a public declaration front the pope 
 to a general council. The followers of Lu- 
 ther encrfcaSed rnpidlv. Erasmus approved 
 of his Conduct in a great measure, and cor- 
 responded with him, but had not the cou- 
 rage to declare himself fully. The learned 
 and amiable Melancthon attached himself 
 firmly to Luther, and by his prudence and 
 moderation rendered him essential service. 
 In 1519 I.uther had a dispute at Leipsic 
 with Eceius, professor at Ingoldstadt. In 
 1520 the pope issued a formal condemna- 
 tion of Luther, who immediately wrote 
 book, in which he called it “ the execru-' 
 blc bull of Antichrist and calling the . stu- 
 dents of Wittemberg together, he flung the 
 pope’s bull and decretals into the fire. The 
 year following he attended the diet of 
 Worms, by virtue of a safe-conduct from 
 the emperor, and when his friends endea- 
 voured to dissuade him from going, by urg- 
 ing the case of Huss, he said, that “ If 
 there were as many devils at Worms as tiles 
 upon the houses lie would go.” l ie was 
 here required to retract his opinions, and 
 to promise submission to the pope, both 
 which he resolutely refused On his return 
 through a wood lie was seized by a patty of 
 horse, who conveyed him to a castle belong- 
 ing to the elector of Saxony, where he wn8 
 «o secretly kept, that no one knew what was 
 
 become of liint except the persons concerned 
 in the affair. In the meat; time the empe- 
 ror Charles V. published an edict against 
 him, and put under the ban of the empire 
 those who should defend him. I.uther, 
 however, was secure in his retreat, which 
 lie called his Hermitage and his Paunos ; 
 and employed his time in conferences with 
 his chosen friends, and in writing books. 
 After an absence of ten months he made his 
 appearance again at Wittemberg, where he 
 wrote a severe and uncourtly reply to Hen- 
 ry VIII. of England, who had published a 
 book against him on the doctrine of the 
 eucharist. About this time he published a 
 translation of the New Testament into Ger- 
 man, which was universally read, though 
 proscribed by imperial authority. In 1524 
 Erasmus was prevailed on to write against 
 Luther, and chose for his subject the free- 
 dom of the human will, which he defended 
 against our reformer, who replied in a trea- 
 tise entitled, DeServio Arbi trio, which was 
 answered by Erasmus in another, called Hy- 
 peraspistes. In 1525 Luther married Ca- 
 therine de Bore, a nun, who had escaped 
 from a convent, on which his enemies ac- 
 cused him of immorality and impiety, but 
 I.uther defended his act on scriptural 
 grounds. In 1529 the emperor convened a 
 diet at Spires, to procure aid from the Ger- 
 man princes against the Turks, and to de- 
 vise means for allaying religious disputes. 
 In this assembly it was ordered that the mass 
 should he universally observed throughout 
 the empire. Against this decree the electors of 
 Saxony and Brandenburg and other princes 
 entered their protest, on which account the 
 reformed party acquired the name of pro- 
 testants. These princes then entered into 
 a league for their mutual defence against the 
 emperor. In 1530 was drawn up by Me- 
 lancthon the confession of Augsburg, which 
 was received as the standard of the prote?- 
 tant faith in Germany. In 1535 Luther’s 
 translation of the bible into German was 
 published. In 1537 an assembly for religi- 
 ous affairs was held at Smalcald, at which 
 Luther and Melancthon were present. At 
 this meeting I.uther was seized with so se- 
 vere a fit of the stone, that his life was de- 
 spaired of. He however recovered, and 
 went on writing books, and labouring to 
 promote the great work for which be was 
 raised up by Providence. Ele died at Isle- 
 ben in 1546, and his remains were interred 
 with great solemnity at Wittemberg. By 
 his wife Catherine de Bore, who died in 
 1552, he had three sons, and several of his 
 descendants were living latterly in Germa- 
 ny. The mind of Luther was ardent and 
 impetuous, but honest, and earnestly bent 
 to the discovery and propagation of religi- 
 ous truth. His manners were becoming 
 his profession, and his whole life evinced 
 a zeal for the glory of God, and the wel- 
 fare of man. His works were collected in- 
 to seven vols,. folio, at Wittemberg, alter 
 
LYE 
 
 LYC 
 
 his death. Life by Seckendorf. Moshcim . 
 
 Lupin. 
 
 Lutti (Benedict), a painter, was born 
 at Florence in 1666. The emperor of Ger- 
 many conferred on him the honour of 
 knighthood. His paintings are rare and 
 valuable. The principal is a miracle of St. 
 Peter, in the palace of the Albani at Rome. 
 He died in that city in 1724. — D' Argenville . 
 
 Luxembourg (Francis Henry de Mont- 
 morency, duke of), a famous general and 
 marshal of France, was the posthumous son 
 of Francis de Montmorency, count of 
 Boutteville, beheaded under Louis XIII. for 
 fighting a duel. He was born in 1628, and 
 at the age of 15, was at the battle of Ro- 
 croi, under the great Conde. He served as 
 lieutenant-general at the taking of Franche- 
 Comte, in 1668, and in the Dutch campaign 
 of 1672, about which time he effected a fa- 
 mous retreat with an army of 20,000 men 
 against 70,000. In 1675 he was made mar- 
 shal of France. In 1690 he gained the bat- 
 tle of Fleurus, which was followed by the 
 victories of Leusen, Steinkirk, and Ner- 
 vvinde. Fie died in 1695. — Moreri. 
 
 Luyken (John), a Dutch engraver, 
 whose works are in considerable estimation. 
 He was born at Amsterdam in 1649, and 
 died in 1712. His plates, illustrative of a 
 Bible, and a Theatre of Martyrs, are much 
 valued. — Moreri. 
 
 Luyts (John), a philosopher and astro- 
 nomer, was born in North Holland, in 1655. 
 He became professor of philosophy and 
 mathematics at Utrecht, where he died in 
 1721. He wrote, 1. Astronomica Institu- 
 tio, 4to. ; in which he rejected the Coper- 
 nican System. 2. Introductio ad Geogra- 
 phiam novam & veterum, 4to. — Ibid. 
 
 IjYCOPuhon, son of Periander, king of 
 Corinth about 628, B. C. His mother Me- 
 lissa, having been put to death by Perian- 
 der, the young prince and his brother were 
 taken by their maternal uncle Proclus, king 
 of Epidaurus, who informed them in time 
 of the manner of their mother’s death. 
 This made such an impression on the mind 
 of Lycophron, that on his return to Co- 
 rinth he would not speak to his father, who 
 banished him to Corcyra. Fie afterwards 
 relented, and offered to resign the throne 
 to Lycophron, while he himself should live 
 at Corcyra, but in the mean time Lyco- 
 phron was put to death by the Corcyrans. 
 
 I.vcopiiron, a Greek poet and gramma- 
 rian, was a native of Chalcis, in Eubcea, 
 and slain by an arrow, B.C. 304. He wrote 
 an obscure poem called Alexandra; the best 
 editions of which are that, of Basil, 1546, 
 fol. and that of Potter, Oxon, 1702, fol.-r- 
 V-ossius de Poet. Grose. Fabricius , 
 
 Lycurgus, the famous Spartan legislator, 
 was the son of Eunomus, king of Sparta, 
 and brother of Polydectes, who succeeded 
 his father. After the death of Polydeetes, 
 his widow offered the crown to Lycurgus, 
 though she was then with child, but he re- 
 6 
 
 fused, and faithfully discharged the duty of 
 regent and guardian during the minority 
 of his nephew, Charilaus. When the young 
 prince came of age, Lycurgus left Sparta, 
 and travelled into several countries, to ob- 
 serve their laws and manners. On his re- 
 turn home he found the kingdom in a stats 
 of confusion; the king endeavoured to reign 
 despotically, and the people would not 
 obey Lycurgus undertook to reform the 
 government, and he introduced the most 
 rigorous laws . yet such as were admirably 
 adapted to civilize a disordered people. Af- 
 ter this he quitted Sparta, and is supposed 
 to have died in Crete, at an advanced age, 
 about 870, B. C. — Plutarch. 
 
 Lycurgus, an Athenian orator, born 
 403 years B. C. and died about 328. Fie 
 studied philosophy under Plato, and rheto- 
 ric under Isocrates. He was the friend of 
 Demosthenes, and a zealous advocate for 
 liberty. There is an oration of his in 
 Reiske’s collection of Greek Orators. Fie 
 died B. G. 356.-- Lossius de Script. Grecc. 
 
 Lydgate (John), an Augustine monk of 
 St. Edmund’s Bury, in the reign of Henry 
 VI. lie was a disciple of Chaucer, and 
 wrote some poems, which possess merit. 
 He died in 1440, aged 60. He is said to have 
 been a good mathematician, and an accom- 
 plished scholar. — Pits.' Bayle. 
 
 Lydia. This was a very ancient nation, 
 and governed by a succession of kings, till 
 Croesus, who in 544 B. C. was conquered by 
 Cyrus. After this Lydia underwent the 
 revolutions of the Persian empire, till 283 
 B. C., when it became part of the kingdom 
 of Pergamus,and was seized by the Romans 
 in consequence of the will of king Attains, 
 133 B. C. It remained a part of the eastern 
 Roman empire till about 132G, when it was 
 conquered by the Turks. — Uni<v. Hist. 
 
 LydjaT (Thomas), an English mathema- 
 tician, was born at Okerton, m Oxfordshire, 
 in 1572, and educated at Winchester school, 
 from whence he was removed to New col- 
 lege, Oxford, where he obtained a fellow- 
 ship. Archbishop Usher appointed him to 
 a situation in the college at Dublin, where 
 he continued two years. In 1612 he was 
 presented to the rectory of Okerton. He 
 was a great sufferer for nis loyalty in the ci- 
 vil wars, and died poor in 1646. Fie wrote, 
 1. De variis annorum formis, 1605, octavo, 
 against Clavius and Scaliger, and the latter 
 having replied to it r Lydiat published a De- 
 fence in 1607; 2. On the Origin of Foun- 
 tains, octavo; 3. Several Treatises on Phi- 
 losophy and Astronomy. Some of his Let- 
 ters have been also printed. — Wood. A. 0. 
 
 Lye (Edward), a learned antiquary, was 
 born at Totness, in Devonshire, in 1704; 
 and educated at I Jart-hall, Oxford, where 
 he took his degree in arts. He died rector 
 of Yardley, in Northamptonshire, in 1769, 
 In 1772 appeared his Anglo-Saxon and Go- 
 thic Dictionary, 2 vols. folio, with a gram- 
 mar of the two languages. He was also the 
 
LYS 
 
 LYT 
 
 editor of Junius’s Etymologicon Anglica- 
 num. — Gen. Biog. Dicl. 
 
 Lykbe (sir Humphrey), an English gen- 
 tleman, was born in Dorsetshire, and edu- 
 cated at Westminster-school, from whence 
 he removed to Christ-church, Oxford. He 
 sat in parliament many years, and died in 
 1638. Sir Humphrey wrote some smart 
 books against popery — Wood. 
 
 Lyonnet (Peter), an eminent naturalist, 
 was born at Maestricht, in 1707. He ac- 
 quired a knowlege of several languages, 
 ancient and modern ; he also understood 
 -music, and was a good engraver and sculp- 
 tor. Being bred to the law, he became one 
 of the secretaries to the states of Holland ; 
 and their law translator from the Latin and 
 French. In his latter years he applied to 
 the study of natural history, particularly 
 insects ; on which subject he wrote several 
 esteemed books. He died at the Hague, in 
 1789, aged 81. Lyonnet was a member of 
 the royal society of London, and of several 
 foreign academies. — Noim. Did. Hist. 
 
 Lyons (Israel), was born in 1739 at Cam- 
 bridge ; where his father, a Polish Jew, 
 taught the Hebrew language. Israel ac- 
 quired a good education, and distinguished 
 himself by his knowlege in mathematics 
 and botany. In 1758 he published a good 
 Treatise on Fluxions, and in 1763, a work 
 end tilled, Fasciculus plantarum circa Can- 
 tabrigium nascenttum, 8vo. He was ap- 
 pointed by the board of longitude to go 
 with captain Phipps (since lord Mulgrave), 
 in his voyage of discovery to the north, in 
 1773. He also calculated the Nautical Al- 
 manack, for which he had a salary of 'OOh 
 per annum. He died about 1775. His fa- 
 ther published a Hebrew Grammar, and 
 Observations on the Scripture History.-— 
 (Jdn . Biog. Did. 
 
 Lysander, a famous Spartan comman- 
 der in the Peloponnesian war. He prevail- 
 ed on Ephesus to withdraw from its alli- 
 ance with Athens, and he entered into a 
 league with Cyrus the younger. He also de- 
 feated the Athenian fleet, after which the 
 city itself fell into his hands and thus ter- 
 minated the Peloponnesian war, which had 
 lasted twenty-seven years. Lysander over- 
 turned the democracy, and restored the go- 
 vernment of the Archons. After this lie 
 endeavoured to seat himself on the throne 
 of Sparta, but was unsuccessful. He was 
 slain, fighting against the Thebans, B. C. 
 366. — Univ. Hist. 
 
 Lyserus (Polvcarp), a learned divine, 
 was born at Winendeen, in Germany, in 
 1552. He became minister at Dresden, and 
 died there in 1601. He wrote voluminous 
 commentaries on the Scriptures. — Melds , 
 Adam. Vi. Germ. Tbeol. 
 
 Lyserus (John), a protestant divine, of 
 the same family as the preceding. He pub- 
 lished several books in behalf of Polygamy, 
 and died at Paris in 1684. — Moreri. 
 
 LywaSj Vi Athenian orator. He distin- 
 
 guished himself bv his eloquence and pro- 
 bity, and died B.C 378, aged 81. Only 
 thirty-four of his orations are extant, the 
 best edition of which is that of Taylor, 
 Cantab, octavo, 1740. Vosdus de Script. 
 
 Giiec. 
 
 LYSiMACuus,oneof the generals of Alex- 
 ander the Great, after whose death he made 
 himself master of part of Thrace where lie 
 built a town called by his own name. He 
 afterwards seized Macedonia, and expelled 
 Pyrrhus from the throne. He was killed 
 in battle by Seleucus, 281 B. C. — Univ. 
 Hht. ' 
 
 Lysippus, a Grecian sculptor, who flou- 
 rished B. C. 350, was a native of Sicyon. 
 He was first a blacksmith, which business 
 he quitted and studied painting, and after- 
 wards sculpture. His greatest works were, 
 the statue of a man wiping and anointing 
 himself after bathing, which was placed 
 before Agrippa’s baths at Rome and a sta- 
 tue of the sun, represented in a car, drawn 
 by four horses, at Rhodes. His three sons 
 were all eminent in the same line, and his 
 brother, Lvsistr.dus, was the inventor of 
 plaister moulds. — Pliny. Nat. History. 
 
 Lysis, a Pythagorean philosopher, and 
 the preceptor of Epaminondas. borne at- 
 tribute to him the golden verses of Pytha- 
 goras, and there also passes under his name 
 a letter to Hipparchus. He lived about 
 388 B. C. — V ssius de Phil. Gr*cc. 
 
 Lysons (Daniel), a physician. He was 
 entered a gentleman commoner of Magda- 
 len-college, Oxford, and was afterwards 
 chosen fellow of All Souls, where he took 
 the degree of bachelor of laws in 1755: 
 that of doctor in the same faculty, in 1759. 
 He commenced doctor in medicine in 1764. 
 He practised first at Gloucester, and attcr 
 wards at Bath, where he died in 1800. Dr. 
 Lysons published, 1. An Essay upon the 
 Effects of Camphire and Calomel in 1 evers,. 
 8 vo. 2. Practical Essays upon intermitting 
 fevers, dropsies, diseases of the liver, the 
 epilepsy, cholic, dysenteric fluxes, and the 
 operation of Calomel, 8vo. 3. Further con- 
 siderations on the Effects of Camphire and 
 Calomel, 8vo. — F.urop. Mag. 
 
 Lyte (Henry), an English botanist, wai 
 born in Somersetshire, in 1529, and receiv- 
 ed his education at Oxford, after which he 
 travelled abroad, and on his return settled 
 in his native country, where he greatly 
 improved his paternal estate, and formed 
 one of the first botanical gardens in Eng- 
 land. He died in 1607. Mr. Lvte published 
 at Antwerp, in 1578, quarto, a translation 
 of Dodoen’s Herbal, with many additions 
 of his own. This edition has figures, but 
 the subsequent ones, printed in England, 
 are without prints. His son drew up a 
 genealogy of Janies I., for which that mo- 
 narch gave him his picture in gold, set 
 with diamonds . — Pultcneys Sketches oj Bo. 
 tany. 
 
 Lyttelton (Edward), lord Lyttelton, 
 
M A B 
 
 M A B 
 
 keeper of the great seal in the reign of 
 Charles I., was eminent for his probity and 
 moderation at the commencement of that 
 monarch’s disputes with his subjects. With- 
 out forfeiting his fidelity to the king, he 
 preserved the esteem of the parliament till 
 1644, when he was made colonel of a re- 
 giment in the king’s army at York. Me 
 died in 1645. Besides several of his speeches 
 which have been printed, be wrote Reports 
 111 the Common Pleas and Exchequer, 
 printed at London, in 1683, folio several 
 arguments and discourses, &c. — Bio ^ hut. 
 
 Lyttelton (George lord), a noble wri- 
 ter, was the eldest son of sir Thomas Lvttel- 
 ton, of Ifagley in Worcestershire, and born 
 therein 1709. Me was educated at Eton, 
 from whence he removed to Christ-chureh, 
 Oxford. In 17-4! he went on his travels, 
 and on his return he obtained a seat in par- 
 liament, where he distinguished himself as 
 a frequent speaker on the side of opposi- 
 tion, on winch account he became secretary 
 to Frederick prince of Wales, who adhered 
 to the opposition party. In 1741 he mar- 
 ried Miss Lucy Fortescue, sister of lord 
 Fortescue, by whom lie had a son and two 
 daughters. This amiable woman died in 
 1747, and Mr. Lyttelton wrote a beautiful 
 monody to her memory. In 1749 lie took 
 for his second wife the"daughter of sir Ro- 
 bert Rich. On the change of ministry, by 
 the resignation of sir Robert Walpole, he 
 was made one of the lords of the treasury. 
 In 1747 he published his Observations on 
 the Conversion of St. Paul, a work of ines- 
 timable value. He acknowledges that in his 
 younger years be had been led into scep- 
 ticism ; but maturer research made him a 
 Christian. In 1751 he succeeded to the title 
 of baronet, by the death of his father : and 
 in 1754 he was made cofferer and privy- 
 
 counsellor. He was raised to the peerage 
 in 1757. His last work was the History 
 of Henry lb which appeared in 1764, in 
 quarto; and a third edition in 1768. His 
 lordship died the death of a Christian in 
 1773. Besides the performances above- 
 mentioned, he wrote Poems, Persian Let- 
 ters, and Dialogues of the Dead. — Dodsley’t 
 A:ni Reg. 
 
 Lyttelton (Thomas lord), son of the 
 preceding, was a young nobleman of pro- 
 mising talents, but of dissipated manners : 
 his death is said to have been preceded by 
 a verv extraordinary circumstance: he savr 
 in a dream, or otherwise, a young woman 
 dressed in white, who warned him of his 
 dissolution in three days from lhat time. 
 On the third day, his lordship had a party 
 to spend the evening with him, and about 
 the time predicted said, he “ believed he 
 should jockey the ghost,” but a few mi- 
 nutes afterwards he was taken faint, and 
 carried to bed, from whence he rose no 
 more. He died in 1779, aged 35. — London 
 Mag. 
 
 Lyttf.lton (Charles), an English pre- 
 late and antiquary, was third son of sir 
 Thomas, and brother to George, lord Lyt- 
 telton. He received his education at Eton, 
 from whence he went to ETnivcrsity college, 
 Oxford, and afterwards entered of the in- 
 ner Temple, where he was called to the 
 bar. He, however, quitted the law, en- 
 tered into holy orders, and in . 1747 was 
 appointed chaplain to the king. The year 
 following he was made dean of Exeter, 
 and in 1769 promoted to the bishopric of 
 Carlisle. He was many years president of 
 the society of antiquaries, and contributed 
 several valuable articles to their Archaio- 
 logia. His lordship died in 1768. — Gat. 
 Biog. Diet. 
 
 M. 
 
 TVTAAS (Dirk), a Dutch painter, was born 
 ^ at Haerlem in 1656. He excelled iu 
 painting landscapes and battles. There were 
 two others of this name, Arnold and Nico- 
 las : the first panged conversations in an ad- 
 mirable style, and the other portraits. The 
 fast died in 1693, aged 6L — Hmibraken. 
 
 Mabillon (John), a learned writer, was 
 born in the diocese of Rheims in 1632. He 
 took the habit among the benedictines of 
 St. Remy in 1658, and assisted father 
 d’Acberi in compiling his Spicilegium. 
 The congregation of St. Maur appointed 
 him to superintend their edition of the 
 works of St. Bernard. I-Ie afterwards pub- 
 lished the Acts of the Saints of the Order of 
 Benedictines, in 9 volumes folio. Colbert 
 sent him to Germany in 1683, to search for 
 manuscripts and other works, tending to 
 
 illustrate the history of France. Mabillon 
 returned with several valuable literary 
 treasures, of which he published an account 
 in a relation of his journey. Afterwards he 
 went to Italy for the same purpose, and was 
 gratified at Rome with many honourable 
 marks Of distinction. Though hislearning 
 and acquirements were immense, he was 
 extremely modest and diffident. He died at 
 Paris in 1707. His principle works besides 
 the above are, 1. Analecta, four volumes, 
 octavo; 2. Dere Diplomatica, two ■volumes, 
 folio ; 3. Musaum Italicum, two volumes, 
 quarto. — Moteri. 
 
 Mabi.y (Bonnot de), a French abbe.was 
 born at Grenoble in 1709, and died at Paris 
 in 1785: His chief works are, 1. Observa- 
 tions on the Greeks.: 2. Observations upon 
 the Romans ; 3. Parallel of the Romans a u4 
 
MAC 
 
 French, 2 volumes 4to.; 4* Observations on 
 the History of France, 2 volumes, 12mo.; 
 5. Discourses on History, 12mo. This last 
 has been translated into English. — Nouv. 
 Diet. Mist. 
 
 Mabuse (John), a painter of Hungary, 
 so called from the village of which he was a 
 native. Several of his pictures are at Am- 
 sterdam, particularly one representing the 
 decapitation of St. John. Fie died in 1562. 
 ■ — De Piles. 
 
 Mac Ardell (James), an excellent Eng- 
 lish engraver in mezzotinto, who died in 
 1765. He engraved several admirable por- 
 traits with great expression and accuracv ; 
 also some fine prints after Rembrandt, and 
 other masters. — Strutt's Diet. 1' ’gravers. 
 
 Macarius (St.), the elder, a famous an- 
 choret of the fourth century, was a native 
 of Alexandria. He spent 60 years in a mo- 
 nastery, and died in 391 , aged 90. His Ho- 
 milies were published at Leipsic, 2 volumes, 
 octavo, 1698. — Dupin. Moreri. 
 
 Macarius, the younger, a celebrated 
 monk, was a native of Alexandria, and had 
 near 5000 monks under his direction. The 
 Arians banished him to an island inhabited 
 by heathens, whom he converted to Chris- 
 tianity. He died about 394. — Ibid. 
 
 Macartney (George, earl), a distin- 
 guished nobleman, was the only son of 
 George Macartney, esq. of Auchinleck, in 
 Scotland, but the son was born in Ireland, 
 in 1737. His education was liberal, and 
 in the early part of his life he travelled 
 with the two sons oft^e late lord Holland. 
 In 1764 he was appointed envoy extraor- 
 dinary to the empress of Russia. In 1767 
 he was constituted embassador extraor- 
 dinary to the same court: but soon after- 
 wards he returned, and was employed as 
 secretary to lord Townsend, viceroy of 
 Ireland. In 1768 he represented Cocker- 
 mouth in parliament. In 1772 he was no- 
 minated a knight of the bath: and in 1775 
 went out as governor of Grenada and 
 Tobago. He continued there till 1779 
 when on the capture of those islands by 
 the French he was made prisoner and sent 
 to France. In 1776 he was created an 
 Irish peer by the title of lord Macartney. 
 In 1780 he was appointed governor of Ma- 
 dras, where his conduct obtained such uni- 
 versal approbation that in 1785 he was 
 appointed governor-general of Bengal. 
 But this office he declined accepting, and 
 returned to England. In 1786 he received 
 a flattering testimony of respect from the 
 court of directors, who granted him an an- 
 nuity of 1500/. for his life. The same year 
 Jie fought a duel with general Stuart, whom 
 he had superseded in India. In this affair 
 his lordship was slightly wounded In 
 1792 he was selected to go on an embassy 
 to the emperor of China, which mission 
 employed near three years. After his 
 return he was created an earl of Great 
 
 MAC 
 
 Britain. His lordship died at London in 
 
 1806. — Europ . il lag. 
 
 Macaui .ay (Catherine), a female histo- 
 rian, was the daughter of John Sawbridge, 
 esq of Ollantigh in Kent, and born in 1783. 
 In 1760 she married Dr. George Macaulav, 
 a physician, who left her a widow. In 1778 
 she married Mr. Graham, a clergyman, and 
 brother to the noted empiric of that name. 
 In 1785 she went to America, for the pur- 
 pose of visiting general Washington, with 
 whom she maintained a correspondence 
 during her life. She died in 1791. Her 
 works are, 1. The History of England from 
 James 1. to the Accession of the House of 
 Hanover 8 volumes, octavo, once very po- 
 pular, but now sunk into contempt; 2. 
 The History of England from the Revolu- 
 tion to the present time, i volume, quarto, 
 1778; 3. Remarks on Hobbes's Rudiments 
 of Government and Society; 4. Observa- 
 tions on a Pamphlet, entiuded, Thoughts on 
 the Causes of the present Discontents, oc- 
 tavo ; 5. A Trgatise on the Immutability of 
 Moral Truth, octavo; 6. Letters on Edu- 
 cation, octavo ; 7. An Address to the Peo- 
 ple of England, Scotland, and Ireland, on 
 the present important Crisis of Affairs, 
 1775, octavo; 8, A modest Plea for the Pro- 
 perty of Copy-right, quarto ; 9. Observa- 
 tions on the Reflections of Mr. Burke on 
 the Fre neh Revoluton; octavo. Dr. Wilson, 
 prebendary of Westminster, had so great an 
 esteem for her as to place her statue, in the 
 character of Liberty, in his parish church 
 ot Walbrook; but afterwards lie caused 
 this instance of folly to be removed. — 
 Hay s Fern. Biog. 
 
 Macbeth, a usurper and tyrant of Scot- 
 land in the 11th century. He murdered 
 his kinsman Duncan at Inverness, and then 
 seized upon the throne. Fie also put to 
 death Mac Gill and Banquo, the most pow- 
 erful men in his dominions ; Macduff next 
 becoming the object of his suspicions, lie 
 escaped into England, but the inhuman tv- 
 rant wreaked his vengeance on his wife and 
 children, whom he caused to be butchered. 
 Macduff and Malcolm, son of Duncan, 
 living obtained assistance from' v h e Eiiglish, 
 entered into Scotland, and forced Macbeth 
 to retreat into the higlilands, where hesoon 
 afterwards was slain in battle by Macduff. 
 — Buchanan. 
 
 Macbkide (Dr. David), an eminent phy- 
 sician and philosopher, was descended from 
 an ancient Scottish family. He was born 
 at Ballymony, in Ireland, in 1726. After a 
 proper school education, he was sent to the 
 university of Glasgow to study medicine. 
 He entered into the navy as a surgeon’s 
 mate, but his merit soon raised hint to the 
 rank of surgeon; and in this situatb n he 
 turned his thoughts to the discovery of a 
 remedy for . the sea-scurvy, with ; \e re- 
 sult of which he atterwa'rds communicated, 
 to the world in a treatise upon that sub- 
 
M A C 
 
 MAC 
 
 ject, which added considerably to bis repu- 
 tation. In 1749 he settled in Dublin, where 
 his industry and genius were directed to 
 medical researches, and were productive 
 of discoveries which will trans-nit his name 
 with honour to the latest posterity. Though 
 some of them might have been successfully 
 turned to his own emolument, they were 
 freelv given to the world in different publi- 
 cations; and he did not shew greater inge- 
 nuity in making discoveries, than liberali- 
 ty of sentiments in publishing them for the 
 advantage of others. He is celebrated for 
 his discoveries in the art of tanning leather. 
 His most extensive publication, more im- 
 mediately in the line of his profession, was 
 a “ Methodical Introduction to the Theory 
 and Practice of Medicine,” a valuable 
 work, which atforded a concise and con- 
 nected view of the principles and practices 
 of the healing art, as best established by 
 sound reason, and confirmed by accurate 
 observation. His reputation, and conse- 
 quently his employment, encreased so ra- 
 pidly, that he found himself incapable of 
 undergoing the fatigue inseparable from 
 the duties of his station. His health began 
 to be impaired, and he was attacked by a 
 fever, which put a period to his valuable 
 life in December 1738 After his death, 
 several of the playful trinkets of his infants 
 were found among his papers, with the sig- 
 nature of dulcet cxuv'ue : an incontrovertible 
 proof that in him at least the great mind of 
 the philosopher wasconjoinedwith the feel- 
 ing heart ofthe affectionate father. His con- 
 duct was exemplary, his manners amiable, 
 and his polite and benevolent conduct, joined 
 to his taste for the fine arts, conciliated the 
 affection and esteem of all who knew him. 
 JSncyc. Brit. 
 
 Maccabees, seven brothers of Judsea, 
 •who suffered martyrdom at Antioch, in the 
 persecution of Antiochus Epiphanes, with 
 their mother and Eleazar, 168 B.C. There 
 were several princes of this name, who dis- 
 played great courage in the defence of their 
 country.^ particularly Judas and Simon Mac- 
 cabaeus. 
 
 Mace' (Francis), a French divine, who 
 died at Paris in 1721. He wrote, 1. A 
 Chronological Abridgment, Historical and 
 Moral, of the Old and New Testament, 2. 
 volumes, quarto • 2. A Moral History enti- 
 tuted, Melania; History of the four Cice- 
 ros ; 4. An Analysis of the Works of Saint 
 Augustine. — Noun. Diet. Hist 
 
 Mace (Thomas), an English musician, 
 who was an excellent performer on the lute. 
 He published a work, entituled, Musk’s 
 Monument, or a Remembrance of the best 
 Practical Music, &c. folio. He was about 
 63 when this book was published in 1676, 
 but when he died is not known. — Burney. 
 Half kins. 
 
 Macedo (Francis), a learned Jesuit, was 
 born at Coimbra, ia Portugal. He re- 
 
 nounced the habit of bis order for that of 
 the Cordeliers. Pope Alexander VII. made 
 him master of controversy in the collcgejof 
 the propagandists, professor of ecclesiastical 
 history, and consultor of the iwqitisitson of 
 Rome. He afterwards fell into disgrace, 
 on which he went to Venice, where he gave 
 offence by meddling with the affairs of go-* 
 vernment,andwas thrown into prison. He 
 died in confinement in 168 J. He wrote a 
 great number of pieces, of little or no value. 
 His brother Anthony was a Jesuit, and was 
 entrusted by Christina, queen of Sweden, 
 with her design Of renouncing the protes- 
 tant religion. He wrote Lusitania msulata 
 et purpurata, quarto. — Mereri. 
 
 Macedonia. This kintrdom was found- 
 ed by Ceranus and Perdiccas E. C. 596. 
 Under Philip and Alexander the Great it 
 became considerable; subdued its neigh- 
 bours, and destroyed the Persian empire. 
 Macedonia continued in the family of Alex- 
 ander, or under some of his generals, till 
 168 B. C.; when, by the defeat of Perseus, 
 it became a Roman province; and so con- 
 tinued till 1393, wdien the Turks under 
 Bajazet IV. invaded Macedonia, which was 
 finally conquered by them in 1429. — Uuiv. 
 Hist. 
 
 Macedokius, patriarch of Constantinople, 
 in which see he was placed by the Arians in 
 341, in opposition to Paul ; the council of 
 Constantinople deposed him in 360, and 
 he died soon afterwards He held that the 
 Holy Ghost was a mere creature, and he 
 had many followers. — Dupin. Mcsbcim. 
 
 Macer (iEmilius), an ancientl.atin poet, 
 was born at Verona, and flourished under 
 Augustus. lie wrote a poem on birds, ser- 
 pents and herbs, and another on the ruin 
 of r Iroy, which are lost. One which passes 
 under his name, on the quality of herbs, is 
 spurious. — Vossius de Poet. hut. 
 
 Macer (Lucius Claudius), proprietor of 
 Africa in the reign of Nero, on whose death 
 he assumed ti e imperial dignity, and com- 
 mitted many cruelties. By order of Galba 
 he was arrested and put to death, A.D. 68. 
 
 Mace a. lane (Henry), an historical 
 writer, was a native of Scotland, and edu- 
 cated at Edinburgh. lie came wdien young 
 to London, and was for some years a re- 
 porter of speeches in parliament. He af- 
 terwards kept a respectable seminary at 
 Walthamstow, in which some very eminent 
 characters veere brought up. Mr. Mac- 
 farlane published the History of George 
 III. in 4 vols. 8vo. ; and translated the 
 poems of Ossian into Latin. He died in 
 1 804. — Monthly Mag. 
 
 Macham (Robert), an Englishman, in 
 the reign of Edward III. who having con- 
 ceived a passion for Anne Dorset, a lady of 
 rank, and her parents being against their 
 union, Macham eloped with his mistress on 
 board a ship to go to France. At sea the 
 wind blew the vessel out of the channel. 
 
M A C 
 
 MAC 
 
 end she was driven to the westward, when 
 they discovered the island of Madeira, 'i'he 
 rest of the crew went from thence, and 
 reached the coast of Morocco, where they 
 were made prisoners. They recounted 
 their adventures to a Spaniard named John 
 de Morales, who, on his return to his own 
 country, refated the Englishmen’s narrative ; 
 in consequence of which ships were sent in 
 search of the island, where the remains of 
 Mac ham and his mistress were discovered 
 interred at the foot of a great tree. — Morcri. 
 
 Machault (John de), a French jesuit, 
 and rector of the college of Clermont, at 
 Paris, died in 1619, aged 58. He wrot# 
 notes on the history of Thuanus,4to. There 
 were two other jesuits of this name, John 
 Baptist, and James, both writers of ability ; 
 the first died in 1640, and the latter, who 
 died in 1680, wrote De missionibus Paragua- 
 rix & aliis in America meridionali ; De re- 
 bus Japonicis ; De Provinces Goana Mala- 
 burica, & aliis ; De Regno Cochincinensi ; 
 De missione Religiosorurn Soc. Jesu in Per- 
 sLe, &C. — Morcri. 
 
 Machavel (Nicholas), a celebrated poli- 
 tician, was born at Florence, in 1469, of a 
 noble family. He at first distinguished him- 
 self as a dramatic writer, and produced 
 plays which were performed at Rome; but 
 being suspected of taking part in the con- 
 spiracy against Julius de Medicis, after- 
 wards pope Clement VII. he quitted Rome. 
 He then became secretary and historiogra- 
 pher of the republic of Florence, where he 
 died in 1530. Besides liis plays, he wrote, 1. 
 The Golden Ass, in imitation of Lucian 
 and Apuleius; 2. Discourse on the First De- 
 cade of Livy; 3. A History of Florence, 
 4tc>. ; 4§ Life of Castruccio Castracani ; 5. 
 A Treatise on the Military Art . 6. A Trea- 
 tise on the Emigration of the Northern Na- 
 tions ; 7. a Treatise entitled, the Prince. 
 This last work contains the most pernicious 
 maxims of government, founded on the 
 vilest of principles. A translation of his 
 works appeared in English in 1761, in 2 
 vols. 4to. — Bayle. 
 
 Mackenzie (sir George), an ingenious 
 writer, was born at Dundee in 1636, and 
 educated at St. Andrew’s and Aberdeen. 
 He became an eminent advocate, and was 
 appointed judge in the criminal court. 
 When James II. abrogated the papal laws, 
 he resigned, but was afterwards restored by 
 that prince. Not approving the measures 
 of the prince of Orange, he again retired, 
 and went to London, where he died in 
 1691. He wrote several pieces on the laws 
 of Scotland ; A Defence of the Antiquity 
 of the Royal Line of Scotland; Essays on 
 Moral Subjects ; and some Poetical Pieces. 
 — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Mackey (John), an Englishman, who 
 followed James IL to France after the Revo- 
 iurjpn, and was admitted by that unfortu- 
 
 nate monarch to his confidence, which he. 
 basely betrayed, by giving information of 
 every secret with which he was entrusted to 
 William. He died at Rotterdam in 1726. 
 His Picture of the Court of St. Germain 
 was published in 1691 ; and his Memoirs of 
 the Court of England, in the reigns of Wil- 
 liam and Anne, at the Hague in 1733. 
 They abound with many curious Anecdotes. 
 — Nouv. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Macklin (Charles), a comedian and 
 dramatic writer, was born in the north of 
 Ireland in 1690. His real name was Mac 
 Laughlin, which he altered to Macklin. He 
 became a performer in the Lincoln ’"s-inn 
 company in 1725, and not long after was 
 tried for killing another player in a quarrel, 
 and found guilty of manslaughter. He had 
 so strong a set of features, that Quin ex- 
 claimed, “ If God writes a legible hand, 
 that fellow’s a villain.” His greatest cha- 
 racter was Shylock, his performance of 
 which drew from Mr. Pope this remarkable 
 compliment : 
 
 This is the Jew 
 That Shakspeare drew. 
 
 Macklin wrote two plays, Love-a-la-Mode, 
 and the Man of the World, which possess 
 considerable merit, and are freqentlv per- 
 formed, though very satirical uponcourtiers 
 and the Scotch. His last appearance on the 
 stage was at Cevent-Garden theatre, Jan. 
 10, 1790, in the character of Shyock, at 
 his own benefit; but his memory failed, so 
 that he could not go through with the part. 
 He died ill 1797. — Gent. Mag. Rut op. Mag. 
 
 Maclaine (Archibald), a learned divine, 
 was born at Monaglmm, in Ireland, where 
 his father was a dissenting minister. He was 
 also educated for that profession at Glas- 
 gow. after which he went to the Hague as 
 assistant to his uncle Mr. Milling, minister 
 of the English church, whom lie succeeded 
 in the office. l ie married the daughter of 
 M. Chais a distinguished minister of the 
 French church by whom he had our chil- 
 dren. Dr .Maclaine left Hollaed in 1796, 
 and settled at Bath where he died in 1804. 
 He is advantageously known by Letters to 
 Soame Jennyns on his View of the Internal 
 Evidence of Christianity ; a Translation of 
 Mosheim’s Ecclesiastical History; and a vo- 
 lume of Miscellaneous Sermons. — Fun. Ser- 
 mon by Gardiner. 
 
 MaclAurin (Colin), an eminent mathe- 
 matician was born at Kiimoddan, in Scot- 
 land, in 1698, and educated at the univer- 
 sity of Glasgow, where he applied himself 
 assiduously to the study of the mathematics. 
 In 1717 he obtained the mat hematicai pro- 
 fessorship in the Marischal college of Aber- 
 deen, and two years afterwards became a 
 fellow of the Royal Society of London 
 In 1725 he was chosen to supply the place 
 of Mr. James Gregory, professor of ma- 
 thematics at Edinburgh. In 1742 lie pub-. 
 
MAC 
 
 MAD 
 
 lished his System of Fluxions, 2 vols. 4tO. 
 the most considerable of his works, in 
 1745, having been active in fortifying 
 Edinburgh against the rebels, he was com- 
 pelled to fly, on which he took refuge with 
 archbishop Herring at York. He died of 
 a dropsy the year following. Maclaurin 
 was a good as well as great man. llis pe- 
 culiar merit as a philosopher was, that all 
 his studies were accommodated to general 
 utility; and in many places of his works 
 are found an application even of the most 
 abstruse theories tothe perfecting of themc- 
 chanical arts. It may be said of such a man 
 “that he lived to some purpose;” which 
 can scarcely be said of those, how uncom- 
 mon soever their abilities and attainments, 
 who spend their whole time in abstract spe- 
 culations, and produce nothing to the real 
 use and service of their fellow-creatures. Be- 
 sides the above work, he wrote several pa- 
 persinjthe Philosophical Transactions; Geo- 
 metric Organica; on the Percussion of Pod; es; 
 a Treatise of Algebra; And an account of sir 
 Isaac Newton’s Philosophical Discoveries, 
 -ItO. and 8vo — Bing. Brit. Martin's Biog. Phil. 
 
 Magphkrson (James), a .Scotch writer, 
 was horn in 1738. His first work, and that 
 which brought him mostly into notice, was 
 a translation of poems attributed by him 
 to Ossian. These poems possess great 
 beauty ; but their authenticity has been 
 disputed by Dr. Johnson and other writers, 
 and as zealously maintained by the editor 
 and Dr. Hugh Biair. Mr. Macpherson was 
 greatly irritated at Dr. Johnson’s remarks, 
 and wrote him a threatening letter, which 
 the doctor answered in indignant terms. 
 In 1773 our author published a translation 
 of the Iliad into heroic prose, which fell 
 into contempt. He was also the author 
 of an Introduction to the History of Great 
 Britain and Ireland; a History of Great 
 Britain from 1660 to the Accession ot the 
 House of Hanover; 2 vols. 4to,; and of 
 some political pamphlets in defence of lord 
 North’s administration, for which he ob- 
 tained a place and a seat in the house 
 
 of commons. He died in 1796. Gent. 
 
 Mug. 
 
 Macquer (Philip), a French advocate in 
 the parliament of Paris, was originally ot 
 a Scotch family, who quitted that country 
 on account of their attachment to the house 
 of Stuart, and the catholic religion. Pie 
 wrote an abridgement of Ecclesiattical I lis- 
 tory, 3 vols. 8vo.; Roman Annals, 8vo. ; 
 Abridgment of the History of Spain and 
 Portugal, 2 vols. Svo. He died in 1770, 
 aged 50. — Noun. Diet. Hist. 
 
 MAcyuER (Peter Joseph), brother of the 
 last-mentioned, was born at Paris in 171th 
 l ie studied physic, and became professor in 
 the king’s garden at Pans. He was also 
 member of the academy of sciences, and 
 died in 1784. Pie wrote elements of Che- 
 
 mistry, theoretical and practical, 3 vols.'* 
 a Dictionary of Chemistry, 2 vols.; and 
 other works. — Nou-v. Diet. Hist. 
 
 Macrinus (Titus Fulvius Julius), an 
 Egyptian, who, from being a private sol- 
 dier, rose to the rank of general, and when 
 Valerian was taken prisoner by the Per- 
 sians in 258, Macrinus, though in the de- 
 cline of life, assumed the imperial title, and 
 distributed large sums among the soldiers. 
 He maintained the war with great success 
 against the Persians, but marching into the 
 west to dethrone Gallianus, he was defeated 
 and put to death with his son, A. D. 262. — - 
 Unit/. Hist. 
 
 Macrinus (Marcus Opilius Severus), a 
 native of Africa, who rose from the mean- 
 est station to he emperor, on the death.of 
 Caracalla, in 217. The beginning of his 
 reign was popular, but at last his soldiers 
 mutinied, and he fled in disguise to Cap- 
 padocia, where he was taken and beheaded, 
 A. D. 2 1 8. — Ibid. 
 
 Macinus (John), a Latin poet, whose real 
 name was Salmon. He was born at London, 
 and died there in 1557, aged 67. lie 
 wrote llymns, Narnia:, and other pieces of 
 Latin poetry. His son Charles surpassed his 
 father in his knowledge of the Greek, aud 
 equalled ldm in his Latin poetry. He was 
 tutor to Catharine of Navarre, sister of 
 Henry IV. and perished in the massacre of 
 .St. Bartholomew, 1572. — Moreri 
 
 Macrobius (Ambrosius Aurelius Theo- 
 dosius), a Latin writer of the 4th century, 
 is supposed to have been a Greek, but whe- 
 ther a Christian or pagan is unknown. He 
 wrote a Commentary on Cicero’s piece, en- 
 titled, The Dream of Scipio ; and also Sa- 
 turnalia, or Miscellanies. The be^t edition 
 of Macrobius is that of London, 1694 8vo. 
 — Kossius tie Ltd. Siri.pt. 
 
 Madam (Martin), an English divine, 
 was born about 1726, of a respectable 
 family, and brought up to the bar, which 
 profession he quitted for the church. The 
 chapel at the Lock Hospital was built 
 chiefly by his means, and he ofliciated as 
 the chaplain for many years, without any 
 emolument. He brought upon himself some 
 considerable obloquy for defending the 
 cm duct of Mr. Haweis, his assistant, who 
 retained the rectory of Aldwincle, as was 
 said, contrary to a previous agreement ; 
 but he suffered more for publishing a fa- 
 mous book, called Thelvpthora, or a Trea- 
 tise on female Ruin, 3 vols. 8vo. 1781. In 
 this work he maintained the lawfulness of 
 - polygamy, in cases of seduction. Mr. 
 Madan afterwards published a translation 
 of Juvenal and Persius, 2 vols. Svo. He 
 was also the author of a pamphlet, enti- 
 tled, ThoughtsuponExecutive Justice; Let- 
 ters to Dr. Priestlev ; and some sermons. 
 He was of the Calvinistic class, and died in 
 1790. — Gait. Mag. Monthly Mag. 
 
M JE C 
 
 . Madden (Samuel), an Irllh divine, of 
 french extradtion. In 1731 he proje&ed a 
 fcheme for promoting learning in the col- 
 lege of Dublin, by premiums. The year 
 following he printed Memoirs of the Twen- 
 tieth Century, being original Letters of 
 State under George VI. 8vo. ; but this work 
 was immediately fupprelTed. In 1740 he 
 fet apart the annual fum of 1001. to be di- 
 vided into premiums, for the encouragement 
 of arts and manufactures in Ireland. He 
 had fome preferment, and died in 1765. Dr. 
 Madden was the author of a poem called 
 Boulter’s Monument. — Europ. Mag. 
 
 Maddersteg (Michael), a Dutch 
 painter, was born at Amfterdam in 1659. 
 He was a difciple of Ludolph Backhuyfen, 
 And painted fea pieces with great fuccefs. 
 He died in 1709 — Pilkir.gton. 
 
 Maddox (Ifaac), an eminent prelate, 
 Was born at London in 1697. He ferved his 
 apprentice fhip to a cook, which profelTion he 
 quitted, and entered of Queen’s college, 
 Oxford, where he took his degrees, and en- 
 tered into orders. In 1729, he was appoint- 
 ed clerk of the clofet to queen Caroline, 
 and in 1733 dean of Wells ; in which year 
 he publifhed a Vindication of the Church of 
 England, againft Neale’s Hiftory of the Pu- 
 ritans. In 1736 he was made bifhop of St. 
 Afaph, from whence he was tranflated to 
 Worcefter in 1743. His lordfhip was a great 
 benefactor to feveral hofpitals, and other 
 public charities, and died in 1759. Hepub- 
 lilhed fermons on public occafions. — Gen. 
 Biog. Dili. 
 
 Madog, the fon of Owain Gwynedd, a 
 V/el/h prince, who is faid to have gone to 
 lea in ten fhips with three hundred men, in 
 1170, a^er which no tidings were ever 
 heard of him. It is fuppofed that Madog 
 reached the American continent, as, it is 
 faid, there is a tribe of white Indians on the 
 northern branches of the MifTouri river, 
 who l'peak the Wellh language. 
 
 C'avibr. Biog. 
 
 Madox (Thomas), an Englifh antiquary, 
 and hiftoriographer royal, who publifhed, in 
 1702, a Collection of antient Charters and 
 Inftruments of divers kinds, taken from the 
 Originals, from the Conqueft to the End of 
 the Reign of Henry VIII. In 1711 ap- 
 peared his Hiftory and Antiquities of the 
 Exchequer, which was reprinted in 1769. 
 His Juft work was the Firma Burgi, or Hif- 
 torical EBay concerning the Cities, Towns, 
 and Boroughs of England.— •Gen. Biog. Difi. 
 
 Maecenas (Caius Cilnius), the intimate 
 friend of Auguitus, and fo great a patron of 
 men of letters, that his name has been pro- 
 Verbialized to exprrfs perfons of the fame 
 difpofition. According to Horace, he was 
 defeended from the kings of Etruria. Au- 
 guftus one day being on the tribunal, palling 
 fentence of death on feveral perfons, Mae- 
 cenas fent him a paper with this infeription, 
 “ Come down, butcher $” which ftruck the 
 
 MAG 
 
 emperor fo forcibly that he immediately de- 
 feended from his feat. He was the great 
 friend of Virgil and Horace, who immorta- 
 lized him in their works. He diftinguifhed 
 himfelf alfo in the field, particularly at the 
 battles of Modena and Philippi. When Au- 
 guftus and Agrippa went to Sicily, Maecenas 
 had the adminiftration of the government, 
 though he was not a man of ambition. He 
 died eight years B. C. He wrote l’ome tra- 
 gedies, which are loft.— Bayle. Voffius. 
 
 Maes (Godfrey), an hiftorical painter. 
 Was born at Antwerp in 1660. He became 
 diredlorof the academy in his native city. 
 His pictures are held in great efteem.— 
 Pilkington. 
 
 M^stlinus (Michael), a German aftro- 
 nomer, was born in the duchy of Wirtem- 
 berg, and became mathematical profefTorat 
 Tubingen, where he died in 1590, aged 48, 
 leaving feveral works on mathematics and 
 aftronomy.— Martin's Biog. Phil. 
 
 Mapfsus (Vegio), a Latin poet, was 
 born at Lodi in the Milanefe, in 1407. He 
 blended the. charms of poetry with the gra- 
 vity of jurifprudence. After pro elling law 
 at Pavia he was called to Rome, where he 
 was appointed datary and canon of St. John 
 de Lateran. He died in 1458. His works 
 are: 1. De Educatione Liberorum, 4to. j 
 
 2. Of Perfeverance in Religion ; 3. Lives of 
 Saints ; 4. Poetical Pieces, the molt remark- 
 able of which is a Latin poem, called a Con- 
 tinuation of the r*Eneid of Virgil. It has 
 been tranflated into Englifh burlel'que by Mr. 
 John Ellis — Tirabojchi. 
 
 Maffasus (Bernardin), a learned cardi- 
 nal, who died at Rome in 1553, aged 40. 
 He wrote a Commentary on Cicero’s Epif- 
 tles, and a Treatife on Medals and Inlcrip- 
 tions . — Merer L 
 
 Maffsus (JohnPeter), a learned je- 
 fuit, was born at Bergamo in 1536, and died 
 at Tivoir In. 1603. He wrote the Life of 
 Ignatius Loyola ; Hiftory of the Indies ; and 
 other works, in Latin.— Ibid. 
 
 MAFFA:usor Maffei (Francis Scipio), 
 an Italian marquis, was born at Verona in 
 1675. He ferved as a volunteer at the bat- 
 tle of Donawert in 1704; but quitted the 
 military profeflion and returned to his own 
 country, where he fet himfelf to reform the 
 ftage, for which purpofe he produced his 
 excellent tragedy of Merope. He died in 
 1755- He wrote, befides the above, a valu- 
 able work in Italian againft Duelling, 4to • 
 Hiftory of the Diplomatic Science ; Mufte- 
 um Veronenfe, folio; Verona Illuftrata, 
 fol. ; a Tranflation of the Firft Book of the 
 Iliad, and feveral other works. — Nouv. Dibi 
 
 Magalotti (count Lorenzo), an ele- 
 gant poet and learned naturaliit, was born at 
 Florence in 1637. He was member of the 
 academy of Crufca, and of that of Cimento. 
 He wrote many philofophical and poetical 
 works, of which latter the moft valued i« 
 
 Tt 
 
MAG 
 
 his Canzonette Anacreontiche, pubTiftied un- 
 der his Arcadian name, Lindoro Elateo , in 
 8vo. He died in t71‘2.—-Tiratofchi. 
 
 Maoanza (John Baptift), an Italian 
 painter of hiltory, was born at Vicenza in 
 15 77, and died in 1617. — Pilk. 
 
 Magelhaens (John Hyacinth de), a 
 learned Portuguel'e eccleliaftic, who was a 
 member of the royal fociety, and of feveral 
 foreign academies. He refided in London 
 the greateft part of his life, and died in 
 1790. He was well acquainted with every 
 branch of natural philofophy, and publiihed 
 fome ufeful traCls on experimental fubjcCts. 
 •—Gent. Mag. 
 
 Magellan (Ferdinand), a famous Por- 
 tuguefe navigator. In 1510 he ferved under 
 Abuquerque, and diftinguifhed himfelf by 
 his bravery, and by his exaCt knowledge of 
 the Indian feas. On his return to Portugal 
 he afpired to the rank of commander, but 
 being difappointed he entered into the fer- 
 vice of the emperor Charles V. who gave 
 him the command of a fleet, with which, 
 in 1519, he difcovered the itraits called by 
 his name at the extremity of Soutli America, 
 after which he took poffefiion of the Philip- 
 pine iflands, in the name of the king of 
 Spain. He was llain at thofe iflands in a 
 ikirmilh \vith the natives in 1521. One 
 velTel only of this expedition, with eighteen 
 men, returned to Europe. — Moreri. 
 
 Macikus (John Anthony), profefl'or of 
 mathematics at Bologna, was born at Padua, 
 and died in 1617. He is faid to have pre- 
 dicted his own death by aflrological calcula- 
 tion. He wrote Aftronomical Tables, Ep.he- 
 merides, and other works.— Moreri. 
 
 Maggi (Jerome),, or Magius , a learned 
 Italian, was a native of Tufcany. He ftudied 
 jurifprudence, to which he added a great 
 knowledge of mathematics and military 
 architecture. The Venetians appointed him 
 judge of the admiralty in the ifland of Cy- 
 prus, where by his (kill the city of Fama- 
 goufta refilled a long time the attacks of the 
 Turks. When it was taken he was carried 
 in chains to Conftantinople, and thrown in- 
 to prifon, where he wrote a Treatife on 
 Bells, and another on the Wooden Horfe, 
 which lie dedicated to the French and Impe- 
 rial ambafladors, his correfpondence with 
 whom being difcovered, he was ftrangled by 
 order of the vizir in 1573. Befides the 
 above he wrote De Mundi exitio per com- 
 buftionem; Commentaries on the Inllitutes 
 of Ju-ftinian, and a Treatife on Fortifica- 
 tions, folio. His brother Bartholomew was 
 a phyfician, and died at Bologna in 1552. 
 He wrote a book on Gun-fhot wounds, 4to. 
 
 Maggi (Charles Maria), an Italian poet 
 of the 17th century, and one of the rello- 
 rers of good talfe in Italy, alter the barba- 
 rous ravage of the fchool of Marini. He 
 was born at Milan in 1630, and was fecre- 
 tary to the fenate of that city. He died in 
 1699. His work's and life.weie published by 
 Murattiri at Milan in 4 Vols. 12mo, in 1700. 
 
 MAH 
 
 Magliabecchi (Anthony), a learned 
 Italian, was born at Florence in 1633. He 
 was defigned by his parents for the bufinefs 
 of agoldlinith, but having a ftrong inclina- 
 tion to learning, he abandoned that profef- 
 fion, and acquired fuch a (lore of knowledge 
 as to be appointed librarian to the grand 
 duke of Tufcany. He correfponded with 
 molt of the learned men in Europe, and. 
 aftonifhiiag things, bordering on the mar- 
 vellous, are told of his memory. His de- 
 light was wholly in books and manuferipts, 
 and he refufed preferments and riches. An 
 old cloak ferved him for a garment by day 
 and a covering by night. He had one ftraw 
 chair for his table, and another to fleep on. 
 He died in 1714. A Collection of Letters, 
 to him was publiihed at Florence in 1745 in 
 8vo . — Life by Spence. Moreri. 
 
 Magnentid s, a German, who ro-fe from 
 being a private foldier to the firlt employ- 
 ments in the empire. The emperor Con- 
 flans had a great efteem for him, and in a 
 mutiny among the troops delivered him from 
 the fury of the foldiers by covering him 
 with his robe. Magnentius murdered his 
 benefaCtor in 350, and afiumed the title of 
 Emperor ; but Conftantius II. avenged the' 
 death of his brother, and after a bloody bat- 
 tle took Magnentius prifoner, and put him 
 to death at Lyons in 3 O&.—Unm. Hifi. 
 
 Magnon (John), a French poet and ad- 
 vocate, was born at Tournns. He exercifed 
 his profeffion fome time at Lyons, and then- 
 quitted it for dramatic writing. His plays 
 however are very indifferent. He was affaf- 
 finated in the night in 1662, by fome ftreet 
 robbers at Paris. He projected but never 
 completed an Encyclopedic in vepfe.— Mo- 
 reri. 
 
 Magnus (John), archbilliop of Upfal in 
 Sweden, was born in 1488. Be oppofed the 
 reformation in Sweden, and finding his ef- 
 forts ineffectual, he retired to Rome, where 
 he died in 1544. Fie wrote a Fliftory of 
 Sweden, and Lives of the Archbilhops of 
 Upfal, in folio. — Moreri. Bayle. 
 
 Magnus (Olaus), brother and fuccefior 
 of the preceding. He was at the council of 
 Trent, where he difplayed confiderable abi- 
 lities. He died at Rome in 1560. His 
 greateft work is aHiftoryof the Northern 
 Nations, fol. 1555. — Ibid. 
 
 Mahomet, or Mohammed, a famous 
 impoftor, was born in 570, at Mecca, a 
 city of Arabia, of the noble family of Ko- 
 reiih. Loiing his father in his infancy, the 
 guardianfhip of him devolved on his uncle 
 Abu Taleb, who employed him to go with 
 his caravans from. Mecca to Damafctis. Ira 
 this employment of camel driver he conti- 
 nued till he was twenty-eight years of age, 
 when he married Cadiga, a rich widow-. 
 Becoming hereby one of the wealthieft men 
 in Mecca, he formed the aefign of obtain-: 
 ing the lovereignty ; and judging there was 
 no way fo likely to gain his end as by efteCt- 
 ing a change in the religion of his ceuntry- 
 
MAH 
 
 men, he fuddenly afiumed a very fan&ified 
 appearance. Having remarked in his travels 
 the infinite variety of fedts which prevailed, 
 lie conceived that his projedt was not im- 
 practicable. He accordingly fpent much of 
 his time in a cave near Mecca, feemingly 
 alone, and employed in meditation and 
 prayer, but in reality he called to his aid a 
 Perfian jew, well verfed in the hiftory and 
 laws of his perfuafion, and two Chriitians, 
 one of the Jacobit - and the other of the 
 Neftorian fedt. With the help of thefe 
 men he framed his Koran, or the book 
 which he pretended to have received at dif- 
 ferent times from heaven by the hands of 
 the angel Gabriel. At the age of forty he 
 publicly affumed the prophetical character, 
 calling himfelf the apoftle of God. At fil'd 
 he had only his wife and eight other follow- 
 ers ; but in three years his difciples were 
 Confiderably numerous. On thele he im- 
 pofed the mod marvellous tales, but well 
 adapted to deceive ignorant and fuperftitious 
 minds. He pretended to have palled into 
 the higheft heavens "in one night, on the 
 back of a beautiful afs called A1 Borak, and 
 accompanied by the angel Gabriel. There 
 he had an interview with Adam, Abraham, 
 Mofes, David, and Jefus Chrift, who acknow- 
 ledged his fuperio'rity, which was confirmed 
 to him by the Deity himfelf. This romance 
 daggered even fome of his belt friends, and a 
 powerful confederacy being formed againft 
 him, he was forced to quit Mecca, and to 
 feek a refuge in Medina. This retreat oc- 
 cafioned the foundation of his empire, and of 
 his religion. The Mohammedans adopt it 
 as their chronological ftandard, calling it the 
 Hegira, that Is the Flight or Perfection, be- 
 ing the firft day of our July, A D. 622. 
 Mahomet had ftill a number of dilciples, 
 upon whom he inculcated this principle, 
 that they were not to difpute (or their reli- 
 gion by word but by the fword. This was 
 a dodtrine well adapted to a lawlefs and wan- 
 dering people, and was foon carried into 
 pradtice by them. The jewilh Arabs were 
 the fil'd who experienced its eftedts. Maho- 
 mut committed upon them the mod lhocking 
 cruelties, put numbers to death, lold others 
 for Haves, and didributed their goods among 
 his loldiers. A faith thus propagated could 
 not but fucceed in a country like Arabia, 
 He rewarded his adherents here by plunder, 
 and held out to them a certain happinefs of 
 the mod fenfual kind hereafter. In 627 he 
 made a treaty with the inhabitants of Mec- 
 ca, which two years afterwards he violated, 
 and ftormed the place with fire and fword. 
 Having made himfelf mader of Arabia, he 
 extended his conquefts into Syria, where he 
 took feveral cities, and laid fome of the 
 princes under* tribute. While engaged in 
 this victorious career, a jewels poil'oned a 
 /boulder of mutton which was laid before 
 him, and of which he and his companions 
 ate heartily. One of them died immedi- 
 ately, but the prophet lingered fom# time. 
 
 MAH 
 
 When the woman was examined, (lie <3e-’ 
 dared, that Ihe had perpetrated the deed on 
 purpofe to try whether he was really a true' 
 prophet. Of the efi"edts of this poifon he 
 died, A.D. 632, and of the hegira 8, aged 
 62. After the death of Cadiga he had feve- 
 ral wives and concubines, by whom he had 
 many children, but left only a daughter 
 named Fatima, who married his fuccefi’or 
 Ali. It is a vulgar error, that the body of 
 Mahomet was laid in a fieel coffin, and fuf- 
 pended in his tomb at Medina between two 
 magnets. The Koran of this impoftor con- 
 tains a good deal of practical morality, 
 drawn from the fcriptures, but blended with 
 extravagant tales, and blafphemous doc- 
 trines. The beft printed edition is - that of 
 Maracci, in Arabic and Latin, Padua, 2 vols. 
 fol. 1698. It has been well tranflated into 
 Engli/h by - Sale, in 2 vols. 4to. and 2 vols. 
 8vo. and into French by Du Ryer and Sa- 
 vary. — Prideaux's Life of Mahomet . Great 
 
 Hift.Dia. 
 
 Mahomet I. emperor of the Turks, was 
 the fon of Bajazet I. and fvicceeded his bro- 
 ther Mofes in 141.3. He re-eftablilhed the 
 glory of the Ottoman empire, which had 
 been ravaged by Tamerlane, and fixed the 
 feat of government at Adrianople, where he 
 died in 1421, aged 47. — ■ Rycauth Hip. of the 
 Turks.- 
 
 Mahomet II. was born at Adrianople in 
 1430, and i'ucceeded his father Amurath II. 
 in 1451. He made many conquefts, and was 
 the firft who afiumed the title of grand fignior. 
 His death in 1481 occafioned public rejoic- 
 ings at Rome and Italy. Mahomet is faid 
 to have been a free-thinker, and to have ri- 
 diculed throughout the religion in which he 
 was brought up. His letters, colledted by a 
 knight of Rhodes, have been printed. — Ibid. 
 
 Mahomet III. fucceeded his father, 
 Amurath III. in 1505. Fie commenced his 
 reign by ftrangling nineteen of his brothers, 
 and drowning ten of his father’s wives. He 
 entered Hungary, took Agria by capitula- 
 tion, and then mafiacred the whole garril'on. 
 The archduke Maximilian marched againfl: 
 him, and nearly obtained a complete vidko- 
 ry, when Mahomet, who had made a talfe 
 retreat, fuddenly returned to the charge, and 
 routed the Imperialilts. Fie was afterwards 
 lei's fuccefsful, and obliged to lue for peace 
 to the chvifiian princes, whole Hates he had 
 ravaged. He died in 1603. — Ibid. Un'rv. Hip . 
 
 Mahomet IV. was born in 1642. He 
 became emperor in 1649, after the tragical 
 death of his father, Ibraham I. The Turks 
 were at this time engaged in a war with the 
 Venetians, and made themfelves mailers of 
 the ifle of Candia in 1669, after loling 
 100,000 men. Mahomet marched in per- 
 fon againft Poland, and having taken feveral- 
 places, made peace with -that country on 
 condition of an annual tribute being paid ta 
 him. Sobieflci, irritated at 'this treaty, 
 
 .■ railed an army, and thwyear. following de- 
 feated the Turks near Choczuu, lie alfo 
 
 ; t 1 2 
 
M A I 
 
 obtained a number of other advantages over 
 them, and a peace was concluded favourable 
 toPoland in 1676. In 1(583 the Turks laid 
 liege to Vienna, on which Sobielki marched 
 to its relief, and routed the bellegers. 1 he 
 year following a league was entered into 
 againft the Turks between the emperor, the 
 king of Poland, and the Venetians. The 
 janiffaries, attributing their misfortunes to 
 the indolence of the fultan, depofed him ill 
 1687, and gave the feeptre to his brother 
 Solyman III. who lent him to the fame pri- 
 fon from whence he had himfelt been taken. 
 Mahomet died there in 1 6 9 1 . — Univ. Hiji. 
 
 Maiiomet V. or rather Mahmou d, the 
 fon of Muftapha II. was born in 1696, and 
 placed on the throne in 1730, after the de- 
 jpofition of his uncle Achmet III. Thamas 
 Kouli Khan took from him Georgia and Ar- 
 menia. He died in 1754.— Ibid. 
 
 Mahudel (Nicolas), a learned writer, 
 was born at Langres in 1673. He was at 
 firft a jefuit, afterwards a monk of the order 
 of LaTrappe, and laftly a phyfician at Paris, 
 where he was confined in the Baftille for 
 fome time. He died in 1747. He wrote 
 an Hiftorical Difiertation on the Antient 
 Money of Spain, and a Letter on a Medal of 
 the City of Carthage. — Nowv. DIB. Hiji. 
 
 Maier (Michael), a German alchemift 
 and rofycruc.ian of the 17th century, who 
 ruined himfelf by his ridiculous purfuits. 
 He wrote many books on alchemy and the 
 rofycrucian reveries. — Morcri. 
 
 Maignan (Emanuel), a French ecclefi- 
 aftic and philofopher, was born at Touloufe 
 in 1601, and educated among the jefuits, 
 but afterwards he took the habit among the 
 minims. In 1636 he went to Rome, and oc- 
 cupied a profeflbr’s chair with great reputa- 
 tion. In 1650 he returned to his native city, 
 where he died in~1676. He publifiied, 1. 
 t)e Perfpedliva HorarJa ; 2. a Courfe of Phi- 
 lofophy, 4 vols 8vo — Ibid. 
 
 Maigrot (Charles), a doctorof the Sor- 
 bonne, who was made bilhop of Conon, and 
 vicar apoftolic, and lent to China. He ltre- 
 nuoufiy oppofed the jefuits, who permitted 
 the C-hinefe converts to pay religious adora- 
 tion at the tombs of their anceftors. Mai- 
 grot died at Rome, about 1720. He wrote 
 an Examination of the Chinefe Worfhip, &e. 
 — Noun:. DiB. Hift. 
 
 Mailea (Jcl'eph Anne Marie de Moyriac 
 de), a learned jefuit, was born in Savoy in 
 1670. Having made himfelf acquainted 
 with the Chinefe language, he was fent 
 'miffionary to that country in 1703, and was 
 greatly efteemed by the emperor Kang-Hi, 
 who employed him to make a map of China 
 and Chinefe Tartary. He tranflated the an- 
 nals of China into French, part of which 
 has been publilhed by Grolier. He died at 
 Pekin in 1748.— Nouv. DiB. Hift. 
 
 Maillard (Oliver), a French cordelier 
 and doctor in divinity, w'ho was celebrated 
 both as a ftatefman and a preacher. He died 
 at T#uloufe in 1502. His fvmsons were 
 
 M A I 
 
 printed at Paris in 1730, in 3 vols. 8va.-* 
 Morcri. 
 
 Maillebois (John Baptift Defmarets, 
 marquis of), a French general, was the fon 
 of Nicholas Defmarets, comptroller general 
 of the finances. He reduced Corfica to the 
 dominion of France, for which he after- 
 wards received a marlhal’s ftaff. He after- 
 wards ferved with reputation in Germany, 
 but in 1746 was defeated at the battle of 
 Placentia. He died in 1762, aged 80. The 
 account of his campaigns was publifiied in 
 1755, in 3 vols. 4to. There was another 
 French general of this name, who com- 
 manded with fuccefs in Germany, and in 
 1784 was fent to Holland, to fupport the 
 party theie oppofed to Pruflia. Being obliged 
 to leave France at the beginning of the re- 
 volution, he died at Macftricht in 1792.— 
 Noun). DiB. Hift. 
 
 Maillet (Benedict de), aFrench write*, 
 was born in 1659. He was fixteen years 
 conlul-general in Egypt, and enjoyed after- 
 wards the fame poll; at Leghorn. He died 
 at Marfeilles in 1738. He wrote a work 
 on the Origin of the Earth, publifiied under 
 the name of Tel/iamed, in 1 vol. 8vo. and a 
 Defcription of Egypt, 2 vols. 12mo. — Ibid. 
 
 Maimbourg (Louis), a learned French 
 writer, was born of a noble family at Nan- 
 cy in Lorrain in 1610. He entered into the 
 fociet.y of jefuits, but was expelled by order 
 of pope Innocent XI. in 1682, for defending 
 the liberty of the Gallican church. But 
 Louis XIV. gave him a confiderable penfion. 
 He retired to the abbey of St. Vi&orat Paris, 
 where he died in 1686. He wrote hiftories 
 of Arianifm, of the Croifades, of Calvinifm, 
 Lutheranifm, and other works. — Morcri. 
 
 Maimonides (Mofes), or Mofes the fon 
 of Maimon, a jewifh rabbi, was born at 
 Cordova in Spain in 1131. He is commonly- 
 called Mofes Egyptus, becaufe he lived in 
 that country as phyfician to the fultan. He 
 was verfed in feveral languages and fciences, 
 but particularly mathematics and medicine. 
 He was alfo learned in theology, and the 
 jews account him as lccond only to Mofes 
 the legifiator. He expoled the fabulous tra- 
 ditions of the rabbins, and explained the 
 feriptures in a rational manner. His prin- 
 cipal works are, the Jad, or Mifchnse Te- 
 rah ■, the More Nevochim; and the l’eru- 
 lchim, or Commentaries on the Mifchna. 
 He died at the age of 70. — Buxtorf. 
 
 MaiKfroy, prince of Tarento, was the 
 natural fon of the emperor Frederic II. Af- 
 ter the death of Conrad IV. king of Sicily, 
 he had the guardianlhip of his fon Conradin, 
 fmm whom he took the throne, and caufed 
 himfelf to be crowned at Palermo. Having 
 quarrelled with pope Innocent IV. he in- 
 vaded the ecclefiaftical eftates, and laid fiege 
 to Rome. The pope excommunicated him, 
 and gave his kingdoms of Naples and Sicily 
 to Charles of Anjou. A war enfued, and 
 Mainfroy was fiain on the plains of Beneven- 
 to in 1266.— Univ. Hiji. 
 
 ] 
 
M A I 
 
 Maintenon (Frances D’Aubigne, mar- 
 ehionefs de), was the grand-daughter of 
 Theodore Agrippa D’Aubigne, and born in 
 1635 in the prifon of Niort, where her fa- 
 ther was confined. When he recovered his 
 liberty he went to Martinico with his family 
 for the purpofe of recruiting his fortune ; 
 but a propenfity to gaming proved his ruin. 
 On his death his widow returned to Europe, 
 leaving Frances behind, but (he was foon af- 
 ter fent to France by thofe who had the care 
 of her. She was at firft patronized by her pa- 
 ternal aunt, madame de Villette, from whom 
 (he was removed by an order of court, left 
 Ae (hould be brought up a proteftant. In 
 1651 (he married the celebrated Scarron, 
 from whom the learned the Latin, Spanifh, 
 and Italian languages. In 1660 ihe became 
 a widow in very narrow circumftanees, but 
 the queen allowed her a penfion, with which 
 fhe retired to a convent at Paris. The 
 death of her patron deprived her of her pen- 
 fion, and reduced her to great difficulties ; 
 but by means of her old friend madame de 
 Montefpan, the king’s miltrefs, (he obtained 
 the renewal of her penfion. By the com- 
 mand of his majefty the undertook the edu- 
 cation of the children he had by madame de 
 Montefpan, which truft (he difcharged with 
 great fidelity. In this fituation die acquired 
 the efteem of the king, who in 1674 pur- 
 chafed for her the eftate of Maintenon, 
 which name (lie affirmed. The royal infti- 
 tution of St. Louis, for the young and indi- 
 gent female nobility, was founded by ma- 
 dame de Maintenon, and liberally endowed 
 by the king. This was afterwards called 
 the fociety of St. Cyr, and was diftinguiflied 
 by many excellent regulations. In 1685 the 
 king, over whom (he had a complete al'cend- 
 ancy, made her his wife ; but the marriage 
 was never publicly avowed. She has been 
 accufed of moving him to revoke the edidt of 
 Nantes, but this is improbable, as it is cer- 
 tain (he exerted all her influence in behalf 
 of the fullering proteftants. At her requeft 
 Racine wrote his religious dramas of Either 
 and Athaliah, which were originally per- 
 tormed by the young ladies of St. Cyr. For 
 a confiderable time (he lived on terms of in- 
 timacy with Fenelon, and on his recommen- 
 dation patronized madame Guyon ; but af- 
 terwards (lie joined the perlecutors of that 
 excellent man. On the death of Louis (lie 
 retired to St. Cyr, where (he died in 1718. 
 Many of her letters have been publiflied.— 
 Memoirs of Madame de Maintenon. Moreri. 
 
 Major (John), a Scotch divine and hif- 
 torian, was born near North Berwick, in 
 1469. He ftudied at Paris, where he took 
 his do&or’s degree, and on his return to 
 Scotland became profeflor of divinity at St. 
 Andrew’s, of which univerlity he was ap- 
 pointed provoft. He died about 1550. He 
 wrote the Hiftory of Scotland ; the Mirror 
 of Examples ; a Commentary on the Gof- 
 pels, Sec.— Moreri. 
 
 Major (John Dqniel), a phylician anc} 
 
 M A I 
 
 naturalift, was born at Breflaw in 1634. He 
 became profeflor of medicine at Kiel, where 
 he founded a botanic garden. He died at 
 Stockholm in 1693. His principal works 
 are, 1. Lithologia curiofa five de animalibus 
 et plantis in lapidem converfis, 4to. j 2. De 
 Cancris et ferpentibus petrefa&is, 4to. ; 
 3, Hiftoria anatomiae, folio .—Moreri, 
 
 Majoragio (Marc Anthony), fo called 
 from a village of that name in the Milanefe, 
 where he was born in 1514. He became 
 profeflor of belles lettres at Milan, and died 
 there in 1555. He wrote Commentaries on 
 Ariftotle’s Rhetoric, Cicero’s Orator, and 
 on Virgil, folio ; and other works.— Moreri. 
 
 Majorianus (Julius Valerius), emperor 
 of the weft, was raifed to the throne in 457. 
 He was of a good family, and his virtues 
 rendered him deferving of his elevation. 
 He made war againft the Vandals with fuc- 
 cefs, and concluded an advantageous peace 
 with them. He was murdered hy Ricimer, 
 one of his generals, in 461. — Crevier. Gibbon . 
 
 Mairan (John James d’Ortous de), an 
 ingenious Frenchman, was born at Beziers in 
 1678. He was a member of the academy of 
 fciences, and fucceeded Fontenelle fecre- 
 tary in 1741. He died at Paris in 1771. 
 His principal works are, a Diflertation on 
 the caufe of the phofphoric Light ; Hiftori- 
 cal and Philofophical Treadle on the Aurora 
 Borealis; Letters concerning China ; Difler- 
 tation upon Ice ; and a number of Memoirs 
 and Elogies. — Nou--v. DiSi. Hiji. 
 
 Maire (John le), a French poet, was 
 born in Ilainault in 1473, and died in 1524. 
 He wrote among other pieces an allegorical 
 poem called the Three Tales of Cupids and 
 of Atropos, See. Paris 1525, 8vo .—Ibid. 
 
 Maire (James le), a Dutch navigator, 
 who failed from the Texel in 1615 with two 
 veflels. In the following year he difeovered 
 the ftraits which bear his name in South 
 America. After vifiting New Guinea, he 
 failed to Batavia, where he was made pri- 
 foner, and the only veflel he had left was 
 confifcated, under the pretence of his hav- 
 ing infringed on the rights of the Dutch Eaft 
 India Company. He died on his paflage to 
 Europe in 1617. — Moreri. 
 
 Maiket (John), a French poet, v/as 
 born at Befancon in 1604. He was page to 
 the duke of Montmorency, who gave him a 
 penfion, and he alfo received fome confider- 
 able favours from cardinal Richelieu. He 
 died in 1686- Befides his poems he wrote 
 twelve tragedies of little merit.— Moreri. 
 
 Maistre (Antony le), a French writer, 
 was burn at Paris in 1608. He w'as brought 
 up to the bar, which profeilion he quitted, 
 and entered into the focicty of Port Royal, 
 where he died in 1658. He publilhed a 
 tranflation of Chryfoftona on the Priefthood ; 
 the Life of St. Bernard ; and other works.— 
 Moreri. 
 
 Maistre (Louis Ifaac le), better known 
 by the name of Sacy, was brother of the pre- 
 ceding, and born at Paris in 1613. He eh- 
 Tt 3 
 
M A L 
 
 tsred into orders, butrbeing a zealous janfe- 
 nilt he was fent to the Baftille, where ha 
 continued two years, and wrote foroe works, 
 particularly one entitled, the Figures of the 
 Bible. He alio began there, his tranflation of 
 the Scriptures, In 1668 he recovered his li- 
 berty. He died in, 1681. Betides his tranf- 
 lation of the Bible in 3 vols. 4to. and 4 vols. 
 folio, he wrote Letters of Piety ; an Attack 
 on the Jefuits, and other works. — Ibid 
 
 Maitland (John), lord of Thyelftane, 
 and chancellor of Scotland, was born in 
 1 545. In 1589 he attended king Janies VI. 
 to Norway, where his confort the princefs 
 of Denmark was detained by contrary winds. 
 He died in 1595. He wrote Epigrammata 
 Latina, published in the Deliciae Ppetarum 
 Scotorunr, Amfterdam, 163'!. — Gen. Biog. 
 
 Dm. 
 
 Maitland (William), a Scotch writer, 
 was born at Brechin .about 1693. He was 
 originally a dealer iri hair, which profelhon 
 he quitted for that of literature. He com- 
 piled a Hiftory of London, in 2 vols. folio ; 
 another of Edinburgh, folio ; a.lfo the Hif- 
 tory and Antiquities of Scotland, 2 vols. 
 folio. He died at Montrofe in 1757. — Gen. 
 Biog. Dm. 
 
 Mai 7 1 t air e (Michael), a learned gram- 
 marian and bibliographer, was born in Lon- 
 don in 1668, and educated at Weltminfter 
 fchool, from whence he was removed to 
 Chrift church, Oxford, where he took his 
 degrees. In 1695 he was appointed fecond 
 mafter of Weftminfter fchool, which place 
 he held only four years. He died in 1747. 
 Mr. Maittaire published accurate editions of 
 the Latin Claflics; an edition of the New 
 Teltament in Greek; the Corpus Poetarum 
 Latinorum, 2 vols. fol. ; Annales Tvpogra- 
 phici, 5 vols. 4to. ; Hiftoria Typegrapho- 
 rum, 2 vols. 8vo. ; 'Hiftoria Stephanorum, 
 8vo. ; Grrecae Linguae Dialecfi, Bvo ;. Mif- 
 cellanea Graecorum aliquot Scriptorum Car- 
 mi na, 4to. He w as alio the author of two 
 pamphlets againft Whiftonon the Trinity. — 
 BJicbols's Amcd. of Boivyer. 
 
 Maids, or May, (John Henry), a lu- 
 .thcran divine, was born in 1653 at Pfortz- 
 hei.n. He became profeffor of the riental 
 languages at Gieffen, and died there in 
 ,1719. His works are, 1. Hiftoria Anima- 
 lium Scripturae Sacrae, 8vo. ; 2. Vitie Johan- 
 nis Reuchlini, 8vo. ; 3, Synopiis Theologias 
 Symbolicae 4, Hiftoria Rcformationis Lu- 
 thcri, See. — Morcri. 
 
 Malachi, the laft of the twelve pro- 
 phets. He lived in the time of Nehemiah, 
 in the reign of Artaxerxes Longomanus, and 
 is faid to have died young. He prophefud 
 the coming of John the Baptift, under the 
 name of Elias. — Gray's Key 0. T. 
 
 Malachy (St), yvas born at Armagh in 
 Ireland, in 1.094. He was fuecejfively ab- 
 bot of Benetor, bifhop of Connor, and arch- 
 bilhop of Armagh, The. laft dignity he re- 
 figned, after greatly reforming his dioccfc. 
 
 U A L 
 
 in 1135. He died at Clair2aux, in the arms 
 of Iris friend St. Bernard, in 1148. Seve-< 
 ral prediiflions have been attributed to him, 
 but thofe which paf$ under his name are mere 
 inventions. — M oreri. 
 
 Malagrida (Gabriel), an Italian Je- 
 fuit, who was fent by his fuperiors as a mif- 
 fionary to Portugal, where he gained great 
 popularity, by his eloquence. When the 
 king banifhed the jefuits from his dominions, 
 he fuftered Malagrida, Alexander, and Ma- 
 thos, to remain, who are fuppofed to have 
 joined in the duke of Alveiro’s confpiracy. 
 Malagrida publifhed an extravagant book, en- 
 titled, The Life of St. Anne; he a Ho pre- 
 tended to be a prophet, and preached fome 
 vifionary notions, for which he was taken up 
 by the inquifrtion, and burnt as a heretic, 
 in 1761, aged 75. — Nowv. Difi. Hiji. 
 
 Malcolm IV. king of Scotland, was the 
 grandfon of David, and afeended the throne 
 in 1153. Fie founded feveral churches and 
 monafteries, and died in 1165. — Buchanan, 
 
 Mai donat (John), aSpanifh jefuit, was 
 born at Eftramadura, in 1534. lie ftudiedat 
 Salamanca, and entered among the jefuits at 
 Rome in 1562. l'he year following he went 
 to France, where he became profeffor of di- 
 vinity and philofophy. But being accufed 
 of holding heretical notions, he retired to 
 Bourges, from whence he was called to Ron. e 
 to fut. erintend the publishing of the Septua- 
 gint verlion of the Bible. He died there in 
 1533. Fie wrote. Commentaries on the Pro- 
 phets, and on the Gofpels, which are highly 
 efteemed. He was alfo the author of a Trea- 
 dle on Grace, another on Original Sin ; a 
 Treatife on Angels and Demons, and other; 
 works. — Morcri. 
 
 . Malesranche (Nicolas), a philofopher, 
 was born at Paris in 1638. He was admitted 
 into the congregation or the Oratory in 1660, 
 and died in 17 15. He wrote leveral books, 
 the principal of which is the Search after 
 Truth, printed at Paris in 1674. His ob- 
 ject in tin.; work is to Drew, that the only 
 way of discovering truth is to obierve every 
 thing in God ; or, in other words, to abftradt 
 the mind from allobjcdts but in reference to 
 the Fountain of Existence. His fublequent 
 works are all on the fame principle. — Morcri. 
 
 Maleguzzi-Valeri (Veronica), an in- 
 genious lady, was born at Reggio in Italy. 
 She fupported two thefes in public on the 
 liberal arts, which have been published ; 
 alio a drama , entitled, Innocence Recog- 
 nized. She died in 1.690, in the convent of 
 Modena. — ‘Tirabojcbi. 
 
 Malei.as (John), a teacher of rhetoric 
 at Antioch, in the year 900. He wrote a 
 Chronicle from t-hc Creation to the Reign 
 of Juilinian, which was printed at Oxford 
 in 1691. — Volf- de Scrip. Grace. 
 
 Malehmi or Ma l er b i (Nicolas), a Ve- 
 netian monk of the loth century, who. 
 tvanfiated tiie Bible into the Italian language, 
 which was printed at Venice, in 2 vols loi. 
 
M A L 
 
 •1 171, under the title of Biblia Volgare 
 Iftoriuto. He alfo wrote La Legenda di 
 Tutti Santi, Vend. 1474 tol- — Tirabofcbi. 
 
 Malesherbes (Christian William La- 
 jnoignon), an eminent French counfellor, 
 was born at Paris in 1721. His talents pro- 
 cured him the place of prefident of the 
 court of Aids in 1750, which place he held 
 with great reputation above twenty years, 
 and then retired to his paternal eftate. In 
 1775 he was recalled from his retreat, and 
 made minifterot ftate for the interior. Un- 
 der his dminiftration prifens were vifited, 
 and numerous abufes removed \ but the 
 year following lie refigned. Malefherbes 
 then travelled into different countries, in a 
 plain attire, and under an aflumed name. 
 At the beginning of the revolution he con- 
 ceived a hope that it would have been pro- 
 dudtive of good ; but the illufion foon va- 
 nished He voluntarily pleaded the cauie of 
 the virtuous and unfortunate Louis AVI. 
 and defended him with all the ardour of con- 
 feious redtitude. ffhis excellent man was 
 condemned to death, with his daughter and 
 grand daughter, by the revolutionary tribu- 
 nal, April 22, 1793. He wrote a treatife 
 •on Rural Economy ; Thoughts and Max- 
 ims ; Two Memoirs on the Civil State of 
 the Proteftants. — Nowv. Dibi.HiJt. 
 
 Malesieu (Nicolas de), a learned 
 Frenchman, was born at Paris in 1650. He 
 was preceptor to the dukes of Maine and 
 Burgundy, a member of tlie French academy, 
 and alfo of that of fciences. He died in 
 1727. He wrote, 1. Elements of Geome- 
 try, 8vo. ; 2. Mil'cellanies in verl’e, 1712.— 
 .Mover} . 
 
 Maiberse (Francis de), a French poet, 
 was born at Caen about 1555, and died at 
 .Paris in 1628. Balzac and Boileau give 
 him a high charadter. His works confift of 
 .Paraphrales on the Pfalms, Sonnets, Odes, 
 and Epigrams ; the bed edition or which is 
 that of Paris, in 1757, 8vo. He alfo tranf- 
 of lated fome of Seneca’s letters, and part 
 Livy. — Ibid. 
 
 Malingre (Claude), a French hiftomn, 
 who publiflxed feveral works of littie merit. 
 He was a native of Sens, and died at the 
 beginning of the 17th century. His bell: 
 work is a Hlltory of the Honorary Digni- 
 ties of France, 8vo — Ibid. 
 
 Maupikrra (Olympia), an Italian lady, 
 was born of a noble Venetian family, and 
 died about 1559. Her poems are' in a col- 
 lection, publiihed at Naples by Bulifon. — 
 
 ' Tirabofcbi . 
 
 Mai.lemans (Claude), a French pr'ieft 
 and mathematician, was born at Beaune. 
 He was a member of the congregation of the 
 oratory, and was many years profeffor of 
 philoiophy at Paris. He died in 1723, aged 
 77. His principal works are ; A New Phi- 
 •lofophical Syftem of the World, 12mo. ; the 
 Famous Problem of the Quadrature of the 
 Circle, 12mo. His brother John was a cap- 
 tain of the dragoons, and afterwards entered 
 
 M A L 
 
 into orders. He died in 1740, aged 91.. 
 He tranflated Virgil into French, and wrote; 
 Differtations on Difficult Faflages of Scrip- 
 ture j a Hiftory of Religion from the Be- 
 ginning of the World to the Reign of Jo- 
 vian, &c. — Nowv. Dili. IIJi. 
 
 MALLET,orMALi.ocH(David),a Scotch 
 writer, was born about 1700, and educated 
 at Edinburgh. He was tutor to the fons of 
 the duke of Montrofe, with whom he; tra- 
 velled, and on his return fettled in London, 
 where he became an author by profefiion. 
 
 In 1740 he publiihed a Life of Lord Bacon, 
 which is a very infignificant work, and to- 
 tally unworthy of the fubjedE The duchefs 
 of Marlborough employed him to write the 
 life of her hulband, on which it was obferv- 
 ed, that as lie had forgot Bacon was a philo- 
 l'opher, fo he would probably omit to notice 
 Marlborough as a general. This life, how- 
 ever, never appeared. Frederick prince of 
 Wales appointed him his under-lecretary j 
 and he aflifted Mr. Thompfon in compofing 
 the mafque of Alfred, which was performed 
 before his royal highnefs at Ciiefden-houfe. 
 Lord Bolingbroke left him his philofophical 
 works, which lie publiihed after the author’s 
 death. Mallet died in 1765. Ilis poetical 
 performances ate indifferent. — Gen B.D. 
 
 Mali. et (Edmund), a French divine, 
 was born at Melun, in 1713. He became 
 profeffor of theology in the college of Na- 
 varre at Paris, where he died in 1755- He 
 wrote fome works on the principles of Po- 
 etry and Eloquence ; EBay on the beft Ora- 
 tors j Pliftory of the Civil Wars of France, 
 tranflated from Davila j the articles in Divi- 
 nity, and the Belles Lettres in the FrenchEncy- 
 clopedie, were alfo by hint.— Nouv. DiSi. Hift. 
 
 Mali.et du pan (James), was born at 
 Geneva in 1750. Voltaire became his pa- 
 tron, and obtained for him the prpfefibrlhip 
 of belles lettres at Caffel. After difeharg- 
 ing the duties or this fituation with applaufe, 
 he engaged in politics, and continued the 
 Annals of Linguet. He alfo conduced the 
 political part of the Mercure de France. 
 When the revolution broke out he efpouled 
 the royal caufe, and defended it at the rilk 
 of his life. Being driven from his country 
 he came to London, where he publiihed his 
 Mercure Britannique, a Journal of great me- 
 rit and moderation. He died at Richmond 
 in 1800, and being in low circumftances,' a 
 liberal fubfeription was formed for his widow 
 and children. Beftdes the above, he wrote a 
 Dilcourfe on the Influence of Philofophy 
 upon Letters, 8vo. ; Di courfe on Eloquence 
 and Political Sy items, 12mo ; Confiderations 
 upon the French Revolution, 8vo. ; Corref- 
 pondence for a Hiftory of French Reuubli- 
 canil'm . — Monthly Mag. Nouv. Diff. Hft. 
 
 MallinkrotT (Bernard), dean of' the 
 cathedral of Munfter, to which fee he af- 
 pired, but was difappointed ; and confpiring 
 againft the bilhop, he was degraded from his 
 dignity, and imprifoned in the caille of Ot- 
 teinzheim, where he died ir^ 1664. He 
 
MAN 
 
 wrote 1. De Natura etufu Literarum, 4to . : 
 2. De Ortu et Progreflu attis Typographies, 
 4to. ; and fome other works.— Moreri. 
 
 Malouin (Paul James), profeft'or of me- 
 dicine in the royal college of Paris, and phy- 
 fician to the queen, was born at Caen in 
 1701, and died at Paris of an apoplexy in 
 1777. Ilis principal works are ; a Treatife 
 on Chemiftry, 12mo. 5 another on Medical 
 Chemiftry. He was alfo the author of the 
 articles on that fubjett in the Encyclopedic. 
 There was another phyfician of the fame 
 name and family, who died in 1718- He 
 wrote a Treatife on Solid and Fluid Bodies. 
 —Nowv . Dili. Hijl. 
 
 Malpighi (Marcello), an Italian anato- 
 miit, was born in 1628, and educated at 
 Bologna, where he applied to the ftudy of 
 phyfic, and took his doctor's degree. In 
 165 6 he obtained a profeffbrfhip in that 
 univerfity ; but removed from thence to 
 Pifa, on an invitation from the grand duke 
 of Tufcany. In 1659 he returned to Bo- 
 logna; but in 1691 pope Innocent XII. fent 
 for him to Rome, where he died in 1694 
 His works were printed in folio at London 
 in 1697, and at Amfterdam in 1698, 4fo. 
 He made fome anatomical difeoveries. — Hal- 
 leri B'tbl. An at. 
 
 Malvasia (Charles Caefar), an Italian 
 ecclefiaftic, was a native of Bologna, of 
 which cathedral he was a canon. He wrote 
 in Italian a Hiftory of the Painters of Bo- 
 logna, 2 vols. 1678, alfo a work entitled, 
 Marmora Fulfinea, 4to. 1660. — Tiratofchi. 
 
 Malvezzi (Virgilio, marquis of), was 
 born at Bologna in 1599. In 1619 he took 
 his degree of doctor of laws, after which 
 he turned foldier, and was admitted into the 
 council of war by Philip IV. of Spain. He 
 died at Cologne in 1654. His difeourfes 
 upon Tacitus have been tranflated into Eng- 
 lilh. He was the author of feveral other 
 works. — Tirabojj-hi. 
 
 Mambrun (Peter), a French jefuit, was 
 born in the diocefe of Clermont in 158!, 
 and died in 1661. He is celebrated for his 
 Latin Eclogues and Georgies, in which he 
 has imitated Virgil — Moreri. 
 
 Mammea (Julia), w'as the daughter of 
 Julius Avitus, and mother of the emperor 
 Alexander Scverus, to whom fhe gave an 
 excellent education. In his minority fhe 
 governed with great judgment, baniihed 
 flatterers, and filled the public ftations with 
 men of merit. She embraced the chriftian 
 religion, and patronized Oiigen; but fhe is 
 charged with being cruel and avaricious. 
 In an infuneftion of the foldiers fhe was 
 murdered with her fon at Mayence, in 255. 
 —Cn-vier. Gibbon. 
 
 Man (Cornelius de), a Dutch painter, 
 was born at Delft in 1621. He ftudied nine 
 years in France and Italy, where he copied 
 alter the beft mailers, and then returned to 
 his own country. He died in 170 6. He 
 painted hiftory, converfations, and portraits. 
 
 ■ —Pilkington. 
 
 MAN 
 
 Man ass eh, king of Judah, fucceeded 
 his father, Hezekiah, at the age of 12 years. 
 The commencement of his reign was dif- 
 graced by all manner of crimes and idola- 
 trous abominations. In 677 B.C. Afarhad- 
 don king of Affyria invaded his dominions, 
 and carried Manaffeh captive to Babylon, 
 where his misfortunes produced repentance. 
 The king of Babylon gave him his liberty 
 and reftored him to his kingdom. On his 
 return to Jerufalem he eftablifhed the wor- 
 fhip of the true God, and died in 643 B. C. 
 There is a fine prayer by him in the Apo- 
 crypha . — Grafs Key 0. T. 
 
 Mancinell 1 (Antonio), an Italian writer, 
 was born at Velletri in 1452, and died about 
 1506. He wrote fome Italian and Latin 
 poems, and notes on clafiic authors. — Tira- 
 bofehi. 
 
 Manco-Capac, founder and firft inca of 
 the empire of Peru. He civilized and re- 
 united the different tribes of Peruvians, to 
 whom he pretended that the fun was his 
 father. After his death they worfhipped 
 him as a deity. — Uni-v. Hijl. 
 
 Man de vill e (hr John), an Englifh tra- 
 veller, was born at St. Alban’s about the be- 
 ginning of the 14th century. He fpent 
 thirty-four years in vifiting various countries. 
 And on his return publifhed a Relation of 
 his Voyages, which abound in much curious 
 matter, but blended with the moll extrava- 
 gant fictions. The firft edition is dated 
 Liege in 1455, with this title, Itinerariis a 
 terra Anglias ad Partes Jerofolymitanis, 4to. 
 The author died at Liege in 1372. Great, 
 Hijl. DIB. 
 
 Mandlville (Bernard), a Dutch phy- 
 fician, was born at Dort about 1670. He 
 fettled in London at the beginning of the 
 18th century, and publifhed in 1709 a licen- 
 tious book entitled, The Virgin Unmafked. 
 In 1711 appeared his treatife on Hypochon- 
 driac and Hyfteric Paffions, 8vo. But the 
 work by which he is moft known, is his 
 Fable of the Bees; or^ Private Vices Public 
 Benefits, 2 vols. 8vo. This book was at- 
 tacked by feveral writers on account of its 
 pernicious principles, equally oftenfive to 
 religion and government. He died in 1733. 
 -—Gen, Bieg. Diet. 
 
 Manes, an herefiarch of the third cen- 
 tury. He was a native of Perlia, and taught 
 that there were two principles of all things, 
 co-eternal and co-equal, that all good pro- 
 ceeded from the former, and all evil from 
 the latter ; that the good being was the 
 author of the New Teftament, and the bad 
 of the Old ; the one the creator of the body, 
 and the other of the foul. His followers be- 
 came numerous, and were denominated Ma- 
 nichees. Manes was flayed alive by order of 
 Sapor king of Perfia, for failing to cure his 
 fon — Bayle. Mojhenn. 
 
 Manetko, an Egyptian hiftorian, who 
 flouriihed in the time of Ptolomy Phila- 
 delphus, about 304 B.C. He was high 
 prielt of Heliopolis, and compofed in Greek 
 
MAN 
 
 •a Hlftory of Egypt, which is k>ft, but fome 
 extracts remain, as alfo does a poem of his on 
 the influence of the ftars, publilhed by Gro- 
 novius at Leyden in 1698 .— •VoJJius de Hiji. 
 Grtec. 
 
 Manetti (Gianozzo), a celebrated Ita- 
 lian, who was the fcholar of Chryfoloras, 
 and one of thofe who in the 15th century 
 contributed to the revival of letters. He 
 was a native of Florence, in which univerfity 
 he explained the philofophy of Ariftotle. 
 He was alfo employed on affairs of govern- 
 ment, in which he Ihewed confiderable /kill 
 and prudence : but being purfued by envy 
 he retired to Rome, where pope Nicholas V. 
 made him his fecretary. He afterwards be- 
 came the confidential minifter of Alphonfus, 
 king of Naples ; he died in 1459, aged 63. 
 He tranflated the New Teftament into Latin; 
 and wrote pieced on the works of Ariftotle ; 
 a Treatife againft the Jews ; the Lives of 
 Dante, Petrarch, Boccacio, and pope Nicho- 
 las V., and a Latin Treatife on the Dignity 
 of Man. — Tirabojcbi. 
 
 Manetti (Rutilio),an hiftorical painter, 
 was born at Sienna in 1571. His works 
 were highly efteemed at Florence and Pifa. 
 He died in 1639 .—Pilkington. 
 
 Manetti (Xavier), profeffor of medi- 
 cine and botany at Florence, where he died 
 in 1785. He was keeper of the Imperial 
 Garden, and wrote Catalogues horti acade- 
 mic Florentine, and Viridarium Florenti- 
 num, 8vo. ; Ornithologiae, tomus quintus et 
 ultimus, 1775, folio. — Noun. Diet. Hiji. 
 
 Manfredi (Euftachio), an eminent ma- 
 thematician, was born at Bologna in 1674, 
 and became profeffor of mathematics in 
 the univerfity of that city. He was member 
 of feveral foreign academies, and died in 
 1739. He publilhed Ephemerides, in 4 
 vols. 4to. ; De Tranfitu Mercurii per Solem, 
 anno. 1723; De Annuis inerrantium Stel- 
 larum aberrationibus, 4to. He was alfo an 
 ingenious poet, and his fonnets and canzo- 
 nets were publilhed in 1713. — Noun. DiB. 
 
 Manfredi (Bartolomeo), an eminent 
 painter, was born at Mantua in 1574. He 
 was the difciple of Caravaggio, whofe man- 
 ner he imitated. His fubjedts were foldiers, 
 or peafants, gaming fcenes, and fortune-tel- 
 lers. — D' Argennille. 
 
 Mangeart (Thomas), a learned bene- 
 didtine, who was antiquary, librarian, and 
 counfellor, to the duke of Lorraine. He 
 died in 1763. His great work is, an Intro- 
 duction to the Science of Medals, folio.— 
 Noun. Dili. Hiji. 
 
 Mangenot (Louis), a French ecclefi- 
 aftic and poet, was born at Paris in 1694, 
 and died in 1768. He w'rote Eclogues, 
 Fables, Tales, and Madrigals, publilhed at 
 Amfterdam, in 1776. — Noun. Diff. HJi. 
 
 Man get (John James), an eminent phy- 
 fician, was born at Geneva in 1652. He 
 was firft phyfician to the elector of Bran- 
 denburg, and died at Geneva in 1742, He 
 
 MAN 
 
 publilhed, Bibliotheca Anatomica; Biblio- 
 theca Pharmaceutico Medica ; Bibliotheca 
 Chemica ; Bibliotheca Chirurgica ; Biblio- 
 theca Scriptorum Medicorum, all in 13 vols. 
 folio.— Haller's Bibl. Anat. 
 
 Mangey (Thomas), a learned Englifh 
 divine, was bred at St. John’s college, 
 Cambridge, where he took his degree of 
 D. D. He became prebendary of Durham, 
 and publilhed an edition of Philo Judreus, 
 2 vols. folio ; an Anfwer to Toland’s Naza- 
 renus, 8vo. ; a volume of Sermons on the 
 Lord’s Prayer. He died in 1755.-—Anecd. 
 of Boivyer. 
 
 Manilius (Marcusj, a Latin poet in 
 the time ofTiberius. His Aftronomicon was 
 difcovered by Poggius- in the 16th century. 
 The belt editions are that of Bentley, 4to. 
 London, 1739, and that of Stoebur, Straf- 
 burg, 1787, 8vo. — Vojfuts de Poet. Lat. 
 
 Manley (Mary), an Englilh writer, was 
 born in the ifiand of Guernfey. She was 
 deceived into a falfe marriage by a relation 
 ot the fame name, but who, it afterwards 
 appeared was already married. She wrote 
 a tragedy called the Royal Mifchief, which 
 was perlbrmed with fuccefs at the theatre 
 in Lincoln’s inn-fields. After this fhc pub- 
 lilhed Memoirs of the New Atalantis, a fa- 
 tirical and indecent romance, in which lire 
 expofed the firft characters in the kingdom. 
 She was taken up for this publication, and 
 examined by the privy-council ; but the 
 profecution was dropped. She was alfo the 
 author of Lucius, the firft Chrillian King 
 of Britain, a tragedy ; a volume of Letters ; 
 and other works. She became the miftrefs 
 of Mr. Barber, alderman of London, and 
 died in 1724. — Biog. Drum. 
 
 Manlius Torqjjatus, a famous Ro- 
 man, who difplayed great courage in his 
 youth as military tribune. In a war againft 
 the Gauls lie accepted a challenge given by 
 one of the enemy, and having flain him took, 
 his collar from his neck, on which account 
 he afftimed the name of Torquatus. He 
 was the firft Roman advanced to the didta- 
 torlhip without being previoully a conful. 
 But he tarnilhed his glory by putting his ion 
 to death for defeating the enemy without 
 having received o-ders to attack them. 
 This gave great difguft to the Romans, and 
 on account of his feverity in Ills government, 
 all edicts of extreme rigour were called Man- 
 liana EdiEla. He flourilhed B.C. 340. — 
 Unin. HJi. 
 
 Manlius Catitolinus (Marcus), a 
 celebrated Roman conful and commander, 
 who when Rome w 7 as taken by the Gauls re- 
 tired into the capitol and preferved it from a 
 fudden attack made upon it in tire night. 
 The dogs which were kept in the capitol 
 made no noile, but the geefe by their cry 
 awoke Manlius, who had juft time to repel 
 the enemy. Geefe from that period were 
 always held facred among the Romans, and 
 Manlius was honoured with the ftirnamc of 
 Capitolinus. He afterwards endeavoured to 
 
M A N 
 
 *btam the fovereignty of Rome, for which 
 he was thrown from the Tarpeian rock 3 34, 
 Ji.C.—Uni'v. HiJi. 
 
 Mannory (Louis), an advocate in the 
 parliament of Paris, where he died in 1778, 
 aged 8th His Memoirs and Pleadings in 18 
 vols. 12-mo. tire full of curious and lingular 
 cafes. Having been engaged in a caufe 
 againft Voltaire, he became the objedl of the 
 poet’s fatire. — Noun. DiFt. lift. 
 
 Mannozzi (John), an Italian painter, 
 was born near Florence. He ornamented 
 the palafe of Lorenzo de Medici with feve- 
 ra] admirable pidtures in frcfco, and died in 
 1636, aged 46. — D' Argenville. 
 
 Mansar p (Francis), a French architedl, 
 was born in 1598, and died in 1666. He 
 built feveral edifices at Paris and other 
 .places, was appointed ill'll architedl to the 
 king, and l’uperintendant ot the royal build- 
 ings, in which ofiices he was fucceeded by 
 his nephew of the fame name, who was ho- 
 noured with the order of St. Michael, lie 
 died in 1708, aged 69. — D' Argenville Vies 
 ties ArchiteEls. 
 
 Mansfeld (Peter Erneft count de), a 
 German ftatefman and commander. He 
 was made prifoner in 1552 at Ivoy, which 
 place he governed. He afterwards became 
 governor of Luxemburg, where he main- 
 tained tranquillity, while the reft of the 
 Low Countries was in a ftate of civil war. 
 He had afterwards the entire command of 
 Brabant. lie died in 1604, aged 87. — Mo- 
 rer'i. 
 
 Mansff.lb (Erneft de), natural fon of 
 the above, by a lady of Mechlin. He ferved 
 with fuch reputation in the army, that the 
 emperor Rodolph II. declared him ligitimate. 
 But being difappointed of his father’s piaces 
 and poffeffions, he joined the protelhuit 
 party, and ravaged feveral of the provinces 
 belonging to the houfe of Auftria. He died 
 in 1626. — Ibid. 
 
 Mansfield. See Murray. 
 
 Man stein (Chriftopher Herman de), 
 a Ruffian general and writer," was born at 
 Peterlburg in 1711. He entered into the 
 Prulfian fervice, and was ihot in a battle in 
 1758. Ilia Riftovical Memoirs of Ruflia, in 
 2 vols. 4to, aie curious and faithful. They 
 were publiihed in Engliih by Mr. Flume, 
 2 vols. 4to. The French edition appeared 
 at Leipfic in 1781. — Ncuv. DiEl Hift. 
 
 .Man teg n a (Andrew), an Italian painter, 
 was born in 1151, near Mantua. He was 
 at frit a /hepherdp but his genius being dif- 
 fer, red, he was placed ,vith a painter, and 
 at the age of fourteen he painted an altcr- 
 piece for the church of St. Sophia at Padua. 
 He alio painted the triumph of Julius C;c- 
 Jar, which picture is at Hampton- court. He 
 died in 1517. — D'Argenmiie Via ties P si li- 
 tres. 
 
 Man tic a ( Francis), a learned writer, 
 was Lorn at Udina in 1534. Fie proiefied 
 lav. with gieat reputation at Padua, from 
 whence pope Sixtus V. called him to Rome, 
 
 M A N 
 
 and Clement VIII. made him a cardinal!. 
 He died in 1614. His works are, De con- 
 jedturis ultimarum voluntatum, fol. ; Lucu- 
 brationes Vaticinrej Decifiones Rotae Ro- 
 manae. — Tirabofchi. 
 
 Mantinus (James), a learned Spanifh 
 phyfician, who pradlifed with great repute 
 at Venice in the ltith century. Fie tranf- 
 lated fame of the works of Averroes and 
 Avicenna into Latin ; and wrote a book on 
 the Republic of Plato. — Morcri. 
 
 Manton (Thomas), an Engliih non- 
 conformift divine, was born at Lawrence 
 Lydiard, in Somerfetftrire, and received his 
 academical education at Wadham college, 
 Oxford. He was epifeopally ordained and 
 entered upon the miniftry at Colyton in 
 Devonshire. Afterwards he fettled at Stoke 
 Newington, and frequently preached before 
 the parliament. He was appointed chaplain 
 to Charles II. at the reftoration; but was de- 
 prived in 1662 for non-conformity. In 1671 
 lie was imprifoned for preaching in a conventi- 
 cle, but was foon releafed. Dr. Manton died in 
 1677, aged 57, and was buried in the church 
 of Stoke Newington. His works, in five 
 vols. folio, confiit chiefiy of Sermons in a 
 high Calvaniftic Strain. — Calar.: v. 
 
 Mantuan (Baptift).a celebrated Italian 
 poet, was born at Mantua in 1448, and was 
 the natural lou or Peter Spagnolo, a perfon 
 of great confequence. He entered -among 
 the Carmelites, of which order he became 
 general, but afterwards quitted that digni- 
 ty. He died in 1516. His works were 
 publiihed at Paris in 1513, in 3 vols. folio; 
 but the belt edition is that o. Antwerp in 
 1576, in 4 vols. 8vo — Pirabofcbi. 
 
 Manuel (Comnenus), emperor of the 
 Eaft, was the fon of John Comnenus, and 
 born in 1120. Fie was crowned in I 143 ta 
 the prejudice of Ilaac his ekieft brott.er, 
 whom his father had dinnherked. Roger 
 king of Sicily invaded the empire i-n his 
 reign, but Manuel expelled him, and then 
 turned his arms againft Dalmatia and Hun- 
 gary, with various fuccefs. He alio march- 
 ed into Egypt, which country lie would 
 have conquered, had he not been betrayed 
 by Aniaury, king of Jerulalem, his ally. He 
 died in 1180. — XJni’v. lift. 
 
 Manu el (Pakeologus), emperor of Con- 
 ftantinoplc, was the fon and fuccefior of 
 John IV. The Turks having invaded his 
 dominions, he a puli cd to the Latins for 
 fuccour, but without eftedt, on which he re- 
 ligned his feeptre to John VII. his fon, And 
 took a religious habit. He died in 1425, 
 aged 75. — Ibid. 
 
 Man ut i u s, the name of three celebrat- 
 ed printers of Venice ; Aldus, tile father, 
 and his two Ions, Paul and Aldus. The 
 firft died, in 1516. His editions of the Claf- 
 fics are held in great eftimation. He intro- 
 . duced the form 11 i Id called Italic printing. 
 Paul had for fonie time the care of the Va- 
 tican library at Rome, and acquired, by 
 reading Cicero often, an elegant Latin ftyie> 
 
MAR 
 
 He wrote Commentaries upon that author, 
 in 4 vols. folio. He pubUihed feveral other 
 works, the heft of wnich is his treatife De 
 Legibus Romanorum. He died in 1574. 
 Aldus Manutius, the younger, was alfo a 
 learned printer, and had the care of the 
 Vatican prefs, notwithftanding which he 
 died poor in 1597. He wrote a Treatife on 
 Orthography 5 Commentaries on Cicero ; 
 three books of Epiftles ; the Lives of Cof- 
 tno de Medicis, and Caftruccio Caftricani.— - 
 TiraLofchi. 
 
 Manzuoli (Tomafo), an Italian painter, 
 was born in 1531. He painted h ftorical 
 fubjedls and portraits, with beautiful land- 
 fcapes. He died in 1570. — PUklngton. 
 
 Manzo (John Baptift), marquis de Villa, 
 an Italian foldier and writer. He ferved in 
 the Spanilh army with reputation, and af- 
 terwards retired to his native city of Na- 
 ples, where he was one of the principal 
 founders of the academy degli Oxiofi. He 
 died in 1645, aged 84. He wrote, 1 Dell 
 amore Dialoghi, 8vo. ; 2. Rime, 12mo. ; 3. 
 Vita dell Taffo, 12m o. — •Tirabojchi. 
 
 Mapes (Walter), an old Englith poet, 
 who was chaplain to Henry II Lie wrote 
 in Latin, and fome of his verfes, which 
 are light and fatirical, are ftiil extant. — 
 Pits. 
 
 Mapletoft (John), a learned Englilh 
 divine, was born in Huntingdomliire in 
 1631, and educated at Weftminfter fchool ; 
 after which he went to Trinity college, 
 Cambridge, of which he was chol'en fellow. 
 He ftudied phylic, and having taken his 
 doctor's degree in that faculty, he com- 
 menced practice in London, where he lived 
 on terms of intimacy with Willis, Syden- 
 ham, Locke, and other eminent men. In 
 1675 he was chofen profefi'or of phyfic at 
 Greiham college 5 but, in 1682, he entered 
 into orders, and obtained the redtory of 
 Braybrooke, in Northamptorrlhire. In 1685 
 he was appointed vicar of St. Lawrence 
 Jewry, London. He died in 1721. Dr. 
 Mapleto't publilhed a Latin tranflation of 
 Sydenham's Medical Obfervations ; and a 
 ufeful book, entitled, the Principles and 
 Duties of the Chriftian Religion, 8vo.— 
 Great llifl. DA. 
 
 Maracci (John), an hiftorical painter, 
 was born at Lucca in 1637. His invention 
 was good, his figures elegantly dilpofed, 
 and his colouring agreeable. He died in 
 170' k — Pilkington. 
 
 Maracci ; Louis), a learned ecclefiaftic, 
 was born at Lucca in 1612. He acquired a 
 great reputation by hia. edition of the Ko- 
 ran, printed at Padua, in Arabic and Latin, 
 1698, 2 vols. folio. He alfo allifted in 
 publilhing the Arabic Bible, 3 vols. folio, 
 at Rome. Hediedin 17.60. — Moreri. 
 
 Makaldi (James Philip), a celebrated 
 mathematician, was born in the county of 
 jSlice in 1665. He was employed under 
 Calftni, in couftrudting the great meridian 
 
 M A R 
 
 through France, and died in 1729, leaving 
 behind him a valuable catalogue of the fixed, 
 ftars. — Martin's Biog. Phil. 
 
 Marana (John Paul), the author of the 
 Turkiih Spy, a work once in great repute, 
 and which produced a number of imitations, 
 was born at Genoa in 1642. He refideii 
 many years at Paris; but, in 1683, retired 
 to his own country, where he died in 1693. 
 —Moreri. 
 
 Marat (John Paul), an incendiary, wa* 
 born in 1744 in Switzerland. He'went to 
 Paris, where he ftudied phyfic, and fet up 
 as an empyric, felling his noftrums at an 
 extravagant price. On the breaking out of 
 t he revolution, he became a leader among the 
 moft violent of the revolutionary factions. In 
 his firft journal, the Publicifte Parifien, he 
 attacked Necker, and other eminent men. 
 This was followed by his Friend of the 
 People, in which he recommended revolt, 
 pillage, and murder. Marat excited the 
 troops againft their generals, the poor to 
 plunder the rich, and the people at large 
 againll the king. Named deputy of the de- 
 pa] tment of Paris m the convention, he ap- 
 peared there armed with piftols. The moft 
 atrocious murders, were committed by his 
 means, and he appeared to delight in nothing 
 but the cH'ufion of blood, when he was af- 
 faffinated in the midft of his career, as he 
 came from the bath, by Charlotte Corday, 
 July 14, 1793. Marat pubiilhed a work on 
 man, or Principles of the reciprocal In- 
 fluence of the Soul and Body, two volumes, 
 !2mo ; and tracts on Electricity and Light, 
 in which he attacked the Newtonian fyftem. 
 — Nouns. Dipt. Hijl. 
 
 Maratte (Carlo), an excellent Italian 
 painter, was born atCamerino, in the march 
 of Ancona, in 1625. He became the pupil 
 of Andrea Sacchi, and chiefly applied him- 
 felf to painting female faints. Pope Cle- 
 ment XL gave him a penfion, and conferred 
 on him the order of knighthood. He was 
 alfo painter in ordinary to Louis XIV. He 
 died in 1713 — D'Argen c ville, 
 
 Mareach (John), a German proteftant 
 divine, was born at Lindau in 1521, and 
 died at Straiburg in 1581. He was the au- 
 thor of a Angular baok publifhed in 1578 
 with this title, “ Fides Jelu et Jefuitarum ; 
 hoc eft Collado Dodtrinae Domini noftris Je- 
 fu Chrifti cum DoCtrina Jefuitarum.”— t 
 Moreri. 
 
 Marbodus, or Mae boda us, bilhop of 
 Rennes in 1096. He wrote De Gemmis, 
 and facred poems ; all’o the Life of Magno- 
 boldus, bilhop of Angers He died in 1123, 
 having resigned his bifhopric fome time be- 
 fore.. — Ibid. 
 
 Marca (Peter de), a French divine, w'as 
 born in 1594, in the province of Bearn, and 
 educated among the Jefuits. He was for 
 fome time counlellor of ftate, but having de- 
 fended the liberties of the Gallican church, 
 he was made bilhop of Conlerans j after 
 
MAR 
 
 which he- publifhed a book to prove that 
 St. Peter wars the only head of the church, 
 to ingratiate himfelf with the court of 
 Rome. In 1652 he was nominated to the 
 archbifhopric of Touloufe, and the year 
 following diftinguifhed himfelf in an afl'em- 
 blv of the French clergy againft the janfe- 
 nifts. He was afterwards made archbifhop 
 of Paris, but died in 1602, on the day the 
 bulls for his promotion arrived. He wrote 
 the Hiftory of Bearn, folio; Marca Hilpa- 
 niea, folio; and other works. — Moreri. 
 
 Marcel (N.), a painter, was born at 
 Frankfort in 16211. He painted vafes, filled 
 with different kinds of fruits and flowers, 
 and alfo curious fhells. He died in 1683.— 
 PilPngton. 
 
 Marcel (William), a French advocate 
 and commiffary at Arles, where he died in 
 1708, aged 6l. He wrote a Hiftory of the 
 Origin and Progrefs of the French Monar- 
 chy, four volumes, 12mo. ; Chronological 
 Tables of Profane and Ecclefiafticai Hiito’-y. 
 — ■ Moreri. 
 
 Marceli.i (Benedict), an eminent com- 
 pofer, and denominated in Italy the Prince 
 of Mufic , was born at Venice in 1 686, of a 
 noble family. What is very remarkable of 
 this extraordinary man is his having been as 
 eminent a poet and philolopher as a mu- 
 fician. His compofitions in mufic are nu- 
 merous ; and his beft poetical performance 
 is the comedy Tofcanifmo, o la Crufca, o 
 fia il Crufcante iropazzito. His principal 
 profe work is hisTeatro alia moda (the Fa- 
 ihiunable Stage), intended as a ludicrous eri- 
 ticifm on modern operas. He died in 1739. 
 Pirabojcht. 
 
 Marc el linus, a pope and faint, fuc- 
 ceedei Caius in 296. He fignalifed himfelf 
 by his courage in a fevere perfccution. The 
 Donatifts charged him with having facri- 
 fieed to idols ; from which he was vindi- 
 cated by Auguftine. He died in 3o4. — 
 Dupin. 
 
 Marcellus, furnamed Sidetes, from 
 Side, a town in Pamphylia, where he was 
 horn. He flourifhed under Adrian and the 
 Antonines, and was by profellion a ph.y fi- 
 cian. He wrote a Poem on Medicine, of 
 which only a few fragments remain. There 
 was another phyfician of this name, who 
 flourifhed at Bourdeaux about 381, and 
 wote poems on medical Tubjedbs.— 
 
 MarcellusI. pope, fuccceded Marcelli- 
 nus in 308. The emperor Maxentius ba- 
 niihed him from Rome for excoinmunicat- 
 ing an apoftate. He dmd in 310. — Dupin. 
 Pie. tin a. 
 
 Makcellus II. was a native of Monte- 
 pulciano, and became fecretury to Paul III. 
 who made him a cardinal, and one of the 
 prefidents at the council of 1 rent. He l'uc- 
 teeded Julius III. in 1555, but died a tew 
 weeks after his election. — Ibid. 
 
 March (Auiias), a Spanilh poet in the 
 lfilh century. He wrote amatory poems, 
 but he and Petrarch are acculed ox having 
 
 MAR 
 
 ftolen from each other ; however, it is fup- 
 pofed that they both copied fome earlier 
 poet. — Moreri. 
 
 Marchand (Profper), a French writer, 
 who quitted France on account of his reli- 
 gion, and fettled in Holland, where he con- 
 duced a Literary Journal. He died in 1756. 
 He was alfo the author of a Hiftory of Print- 
 ing, an Hiftorical Dictionary, and other 
 works. — Noun. Dili. Hifl. 
 
 Marche (Oliver de la), a French author 
 of the 15th century, was gentleman to 
 Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy. He 
 afterwards ferved under Charles the Rafh, 
 who fell at the battle of Nancy in 1477. 
 He was next employed by Maximilian of 
 Auftria. He died in 1501. His works are, 
 1. Memoirs or Chronicles, BrufTels, 1616, 
 quarto ; 2 A Treadle on Duels, oCtavo; 3. 
 Triomphe des Dames d’Honneur, 1528, 
 oCtavo. — Ibid. 
 
 Marchetti (Alexander), aphyficianof 
 Pifa, was born in 1633. He fucceeded his 
 friend Borelli as profeffor of mathematics at 
 Pifa, and died in 1714. He wrote, 1. 
 Poems, quarto ; 2. Several Philofophical 
 Treadles; 3. A tranflation of Lucretius in- 
 to Italian, quarto ; 4. A tranflation of Ana-, 
 creon. — Life prefixed to bis poems. 
 
 Marcianus, a Thracian of obfeure fa- 
 mily, who obtained the imperial throne on 
 the death of Theodofius II. A.D. 450. He 
 made great preparations againft the harba- 
 rians who had invaded Africa, and conduct- 
 ed himfelf in luch a manner as to give pro- 
 miling hopes of a glorious reign. But in 
 the mid ft of his popularity he died in 457, 
 aged 69. — Unin. Hifi. 
 
 Marcilius (Theodore), a learned Ger- 
 man, was born at Arnlieim in 1548, and 
 educated at Deventer and Louvain. He af- 
 terwards became profeftbr of belles-lettres 
 at Touloufe, and laftly royal prqifeffor of the 
 Latin tongue at Paris, where he died in 1617. 
 He publifhed Pythagoras’s Golden Verfes, 
 with a Latin verfion and commentaries, 
 and alfo fome works of his own, as Hiftoria 
 Strenarum, the — Moreri. 
 
 Mar cion, a heretic of the fecond cen- 
 tury, was a native of Sinope on the Euxine, 
 where his father was bifhop, who excommu- 
 nicated him for incontinence. He then 
 withdrew to Rome ; but not being received 
 to communion, he efpouled the notions of 
 Cerdo, to which he added the doctrine of 
 Manes, and fome peculiarities of his own. 
 The year of his death is unknown.— 
 Dupin. 
 
 Mardonius, the fon-in-law of Darius, 
 and the general of Xerxes, who entrufted 
 him with the conduct of the war in Greece, 
 where he took Athens, but was (lain at the 
 battle of Plattea, B. C. 479 .—Sianyatt. 
 
 Mare (William de la), or Mara , a mo- 
 dern Latin poet, was born of a noble family 
 in Normandy. He became reCtor of the 
 uniyerfity of Caen, and canon of the church 
 of Coutances. He died about 1520. His 
 
MAR 
 
 jpoems are, Chimxra, printed at Paris in 
 1514, quarto; De tribus fugiendus venere, 
 Ventre et Pluma, 1512, quarto. — Moreri. 
 
 Mare (Philibert de la), counfellor in the 
 parliament of Dijon, and an elegant Latin 
 writer, died in 1687, after publifhing feve- 
 ral works, the chief of which are the Hilto- 
 ricorum Burgundiae confpeftus, quarto 5 
 and Commentarius de Bello Burgundiae con- 
 fpedtans, quarto.— Ibid. 
 
 Mare (Nicolas de la), chief magi (Irate 
 of the Chatelet under Louis XIV. with 
 wliom he was in favour. He died in 1723, 
 aged 82. He wrote an elaborate Treatife 
 on the Police, in 3 volumes, folio, to which 
 a fourth volume was added after his death. 
 —Ibid. 
 
 Mar ec hal (George), an eminent French 
 fu rgeon, was born at Calais in 1658. He was 
 diftinguifhed by his Ikill in cutting for the 
 ftone, and in 1696 attended Louis XIV. who 
 had an abfcefs in his neck. He became 
 principal furgeon to that monarch, who ap- 
 pointed him maltre d’hotel, and gave him a 
 patent of nobility. He died in 1736. He 
 prefented the academy of furgery at Paris 
 feveral papers, but publilhed no feparate 
 work. There was a mifcrable writer of this 
 name, who figured in the revolution by fe- 
 veral indecent and irreligious books, and 
 ■one entitled, the Voyage of Pythagoras, in 
 imitation of the Travels of Anacharfis.— 
 Nowv. DiEi. Hijl. 
 
 Marets (Rolland des), a French advo- 
 cate, was born at Paris in 1594, and died in 
 1653. He wrote Latin letters of confider- 
 able merit. They were publilhed with this 
 title, Rollandi Marefii Epillolarum Philo- 
 logicarum, lib. ii ,—Bayle. 
 
 Marets (John des), brother of the above, 
 was born at Paris in 1595, and died in 1676. 
 lie led a difiblute life in his youth, but in 
 his advanced years he became a fanatic, and 
 predicted that Louis XIV. was ordained by 
 Providence to overturn the Turkilh empire, 
 and to unite all Chriftians to the Papal fee. 
 He wrote fome poems and plays , a para- 
 phrafe of the pfalms of David ; romances ; 
 and religious pieces. — Ibid. 
 
 Marets (Samuel des), a French protef- 
 tant divine, was born in Picardy in 1599. 
 He ftudied at Saumur and Geneva, and after 
 officiating as minifter in different places, 
 became profeffor of divinity at Groningen, 
 where he died in 1673. He wrote feveral 
 books againfl the Roman Catholics and So- 
 cinians, and alfo againft Grotius. His Col- 
 legium Theologicum, quarto, is mod ef- 
 teemed. He left two fons, Henry and Da- 
 niel : the former publilhed an edition of the 
 Bible in French, with notes, 3 volumes, 
 folio; and a Latin Catechifm on Grace.— 
 Ibid. 
 
 Margaret, daughter of "Waldemar III. 
 king ofDepmark, and wife of Haquin king 
 of Norway, was placed on the throne of 
 both kingdoms, on the death of her fon 
 Olaus in 13£7. The Swedes, diffafisfieA with 
 
 M A R 
 
 their king Albeit, offe&d their crown to 
 Margaret, who accepted it, and defeated 
 Albert in 1394. Three years afterwards 
 the dates of Denmark, Sweden, and Nor- 
 way, pafied a law known by the name of 
 the Union of Calmar, by which the three king- 
 doms were united, and the monarchy limit- 
 ed. Margaret, however, violated the con- 
 ditions of the union, and was called the 
 Semiramis of the North. She died in 1412, 
 aged 59 .—Unvv. Hijl. 
 
 Margaret, daughter of Rene of Anjou, 
 king of Sicily, and wife of Henry VI. king 
 of England. The duke of Glouceder hav- 
 ing oppofed this marriage, file effected his 
 ruin and he was ftrangled in prifon. In the 
 civil wars between the houfes of York and 
 Lancader fhe difplayed the character of a 
 heroine. Her huiband being taken prifoner 
 in 1455 by the duke of York, Ihe levied 
 forces, defeated the duke, fet Henry at li- 
 berty, and entered London in triumph. But 
 in 1460 her army was defeated at North- 
 ampton by the Earl of Warwick, and Henry 
 again became a prifoner, but the queen ef- 
 caped, and gathered another army, with 
 which file marched againd the duke of York, 
 who fell in the battle of Wakefield. She 
 next defeated Warwick at St. Alban’s, but 
 was routed after a bloody conteft at Tawtan, 
 on which fhe fled to France to implore fuc- 
 cour from Louis XI. who refufed her any 
 affidance. This intrepid woman then re- 
 turned to England, where fhe was joined 
 by feveral of her party, but was defeated at 
 Hexham. In 1471 fhe was taken prifoner, 
 and in 1475 file puvehafed her liberty by 
 a large ranfom. She then returned to 
 France, where fhe died in 1482, aged 59.— 
 Rapin. Moreri. 
 
 Margaret, countefs of Richmond and 
 Derby, was born at Bletfoe in Bedfordfhire, 
 in 1441. She married Edmund Earl of 
 Richmond, by whom file had a fon, who be- 
 came king of England by the title of. Henry 
 VII. After being a widow lbme time, file 
 married fir Henry Stafford, on whole death 
 fhe united herfelf to Thomas lord Stanley, 
 created earl of Derby in 1485. He died in 
 1504. The countefs was a liberal patron 
 of learning, and founded two colleges at 
 Cambridge, Chr ill's and St John’s. She 
 alfo inftituted in thac univerfity a theolo- 
 gical profefforfiiip, and endowed a fchool at 
 Torrington in Devonfliire. She tranfiated 
 from the French a work entitled, the 
 Mirroure of Golde for the Sinful Soule ; alfo 
 the fourth book of Gerfon’s or Kempis’s 
 treatife of the imitation and following the 
 Vieffed Life of our Saviour Chrift, printed in 
 1504. Shelled in 1509,— Biog. Brit. run. 
 Semi, by Bp. Fijber. 
 
 Margaret ofValois, queen of Naples, 
 and filter to Francis I. king of France, was 
 the daughter of Charles of Orleans, duke of 
 Angouleme, and born in 1492. In 1509 the 
 married Chatles duke of Aler.con, who died 
 in 1525. Her next huiband was Henry 
 
M A R 
 
 d’AlJjeft, king of Navarre, by wham fhe had 
 Joan d’ Albert, mother of Henry IV. Mar- 
 garet affifted her hufband in improving his' 
 dominions, and fhe greatly encouraged the 
 proteftants. She wrote a trad*, entitled, 
 “ The Mirrour of the Sinful Soul,” which 
 was condemned as heretical by the Sor- 
 honne. This excellent woman died in 1549 
 of a catarrh caught while ihe was obferving 
 a comet Befides the above woik, Ihe wrote 
 poetical pieces, printed in 1540, under the 
 title of Marguerites de la Marguerite des 
 .Princefies tres-illuftre Reinc de Navarre, 
 quarto. She alfo wrote, in the manner of 
 Boccace, a heptameron of novels, printed 
 in 1560.: — Bayle . 
 
 Margaritoxe, an Italian painter, was 
 born at Arezzo in 1198. He invented the 
 art of gilding with leaf-gold upon Arme- 
 nian bole, and painted hiftorical fubjects in 
 frefco and diftemper. He died in 1975, 
 aged 77. — Pilkington. 
 
 Margon (William de), a French eccle- 
 fiaftic, was a native of Languedoc. He 
 wrote againft the janfenitls, and fatirized 
 feveral perfons of diftindtion with fo much 
 acrimony, that he was banifhed and after- 
 wards imprifoned. Fie obtained his liberty 
 in 1746, on condition of retiring to a mo- 
 naftery of Bernardins, where he died in 1760. 
 His principal works are, Memoirs of Mar- 
 fhal Villars, 3 volumes, 12mo. ; Memoirs of 
 the duke of Berwick, 2 volumes,' 12mo. ; 
 Memoirs of Tourville, 3 volumes, 12mo. ; 
 Letters of Fitz Morris. — Nouv. D.8. Kift. 
 
 Margraaf (Andrew Sigifmund), an 
 eminent cbemift and director of the acade- 
 my of Berlin, was born in that city in 1709. 
 He ftudied under Newman, Juncker, and 
 Henckel. He applied affiduoufly to mine- 
 ralogy, which fcience he enriched hf the 
 difcovery of a demi- metal called manganefe. 
 He alfo made numerous experiments on pre- 
 cious Bones and platina, and introduced into 
 chemical operations a fimple and intelligible 
 fyftem. He died in 1782 . — Memoirs of the 
 Academy of Sciences at Paris. 
 
 Margunio (Maffineo), the fon of a mar- 
 fhal of Candia, went to Venice with his 
 father in 1517. He there eftablilhed a 
 printing office, and publifhed feveral Greek 
 works. His houfe having been burnt by 
 an incendiary, he returned to his own coun- 
 try, and became bilhep of Cerigo. He died 
 in 1602, aged 80. We have by him in 
 Greek, Anacreontic odes, printed at Augf- 
 burg in 1592, 8vo. Some of his poems are 
 In the Corpus Poetarum Graecarum, Geneva, 
 2 vols. fol. 1606.— Mcreri. 
 
 Maria Theresa, emprefs, queen of 
 Hungary and Bohemia, was the daughter of 
 the emperor Charles VI. and of Elizabeth 
 Chriiiina of Brunfwick Wolfcnbuttlc. Her 
 lather having loll his only fon, the archduke 
 Leopold, conilituted Maria Therefa the 
 heirefs of his efiates. In 1713 was lovmed 
 the famous pragmatic far.Bien, by which, in 
 dcfruii of male iflue, the fucceffion palled 
 
 M A R 
 
 to the eldeft of his daughters. Maria The- 
 refa married, in 1736, Francis Stephen of 
 Lorraine, afterwards emperor by the name 
 of Francis I. In 1740 her father died, 
 which event plunged Europe into war. The 
 king of Pruffia laid hold of the advantage 
 offered him of invading Sileha, to which 
 conqueft he added Moravia. Charles Al- 
 bert afpired to the crowns of Bohemia and 
 the empire, and was fupported by France 
 in violation of the pragmatic fanction. He 
 was crowned emperor at Frankfort in 1742. 
 In the mean while Maria Therefa threw 
 herfelf upon her Hungarian fubiedts ; to 
 whom, with her child in her arms, Ihe 
 made this pathetic addrefs : “ Abandoned 
 by my friends, perfecuted by my enemies, 
 attacked by my neared relations, I have no 
 other refource than in your fidelity, in your 
 courage, and my conftancy ; I commit to 
 your hands the child of your kings.” At 
 this fpedtade the Hungarians, a warlike peo- 
 ple, drew their fabres and exclaimed, as with 
 one voice, “ We will die for our queen, Ma- 
 ria Therefa.” A powerful army was formed, 
 with Kevenhuller at their head, who reco- 
 vered feveral important places. Maria formed 
 a treaty with England, which fupplied her 
 with money and troops, and what was of 
 greater confequence, detached Pruffia from 
 the league, on condition of his retaining Si- 
 lefia and Gratz. Maria Therefa was crowned 
 queen of Bohemia. at Prague, May 11, 1743.' 
 On the 11th of June the king of England 
 and his fon the Duke of Cumberland, in per- 
 fo'n, gained a great vidtory at Dettingen. 
 The king of Sardinia now declared himfelf 
 for the queen of Hungary ; who, in 1745, 
 had placed the imperial crown on the head of 
 her hufband at Frankfort. After eight years 
 of war a peace was concluded at Aix-la-Cha- 
 pelle, by which Maria Therefa was fecured 
 in her rights. She employed the interval of 
 peace in organizing her armies, repairing or 
 condrudting fortifications, regulating and en- 
 couraging commerce, founding military 
 fchools, and in eredting colleges of learn- 
 ing. She alfo caul'ed obi'ervatories to be built 
 at Vienna, Gratz, and Tyrnau, which fhe 
 fupplied with the bed inftruments. The 
 wounded and infirm 1'oldiers were provided 
 for in hofpitals, and the widows and children 
 of officers were liberally provided for. In 
 1756 this calm was difturbed by the king of 
 Pruffia, who marched into Saxony and Bohe- 
 mia. Marfhal Brown oppofed him under the 
 walls. of Prague, but being wounded he was 
 obliged to retire into that city, which was 
 immediately bombarded. Count Daun, 
 however, forced the Pruffians to raife the 
 fiege, by gaining the vidtory of Chotzemitz. 
 On this occalion Maria Therefa intticuted 
 the military order ca'led by. her name. After 
 a variety of engagements, by the peace -of 
 1763, Aullria was placed in the Bate in 
 which ihe was before the war. The year 
 following Jofeph, fon of Maria Therefa, was 
 elected king of the Romans, In 1765 ffift 
 
MAR 
 
 loft her hufband. In 1772 (he joined the 
 king of Pruffia, and the emprefs Catherine, 
 in the cfifmemberment of Poland. By the 
 death of Maximilian Jofeph, eleftor of Ba- 
 varia, in 1777, war was re-kindled between 
 Auftria and Pruffia, but was terminated in 
 1779, by the peace of Tefchen, which added 
 to the former ftate a fmall portion of Bavaria. 
 Maria Therefa died, after a long and a glo- 
 rious reign, at V enna in 1789, aged 63. 
 She left at her death all her children on 
 thrones, or nearly fo. Antoinette was queen 
 of France ; Charlotte queen of Naples ; Ma- 
 ria Amelia allied to the duke of Parma ; Jo- 
 feph II. fucceeded to the hereditary elbates of 
 Auftria J Leopold poffefied the crown of the 
 Medicis j Ferdinand was governor of Lom- 
 bardy j Maximilian grand mafter of the Teu- 
 tonic order, and coadjutor of the eledforate 
 of Cologne ; and Maria Therefa, wife of' the 
 duke ot Saxe-Tefohen,' governed the Low 
 Countries'. Such was the ftate of the houfe 
 of Auftria when Maria Therefa defeended to 
 the grave, after meriting the name of mother 
 if her country. — Noutr. Diti. Hi/i. 
 
 Maria Antoinette, queen of France 
 and arcliduchefs of Auftria, was the daugh- 
 ter of the emperor Francis I. and of Maria 
 Therefa. She was born at Vienna in 175.5, 
 and married to the dauphin of France, after- 
 wards Louis XVI., in 1770. At the cele- 
 bration of the ceremony on the 16th of May, 
 two tremendous thunder-ftorms happened ; 
 and at the fete given by the city of Paris on 
 the 30th of the fame month, above 1200 
 perfons perifhed by the falling of a building 
 ereifted for the letting off fire-works j and a 
 great number of fpeftaton who were on the 
 pont-royal fell into the Seine and were 
 drowned. The dauphinefs, on that melan- 
 choly occafion, fent all the money fhe pof- 
 fefled to the lieutenant of police for the re- 
 lief ol the diftrelfed. A number of other 
 benevolent aftions of this amiable and in- 
 j uredprincels arealfo recorded, and fome have 
 been made the fubjesft of beautiful pitftures. 
 At the death of a monarch in France it was 
 the cuflom for the people to pay a tax to the 
 new queen, this file caulcd to be difpenfed 
 with, when by the demife of Louis XV. lhe 
 afeended the throne. In the great froft of 
 1788 fhe difplayed the tendered: lenfibility 
 for the calamities of the people, and diftri- 
 butedallthe money fhe could raife to fupply 
 their wants. Notwithftanding this the 
 baled calumnies and moft atrocious libels 
 were circulated againft her character. In 
 the revolution which commenced the follow- 
 ing 'year the public fury was directed againft 
 her, but fire fupported herlelf amidft the 
 vileft indignities and brutal feenes with un- 
 fliaken fortitude. On the famous 6th of 
 Oiftober, w'hen the cannibals led the royal 
 family in triumph from Verfaillcs to Paris, 
 and uttered dreadful exclamations againft 
 the queen, fhe prefented herlelf before 
 them alone, when her intrepid air difarmed 
 the wretches, and turned their menaces into 
 4 
 
 MAR 
 
 applauTe. On that memorable journey the 
 mob carried before the carriage the heads of 
 two of the king’s guard on pikes. The cou- 
 rage of the queen, after being arrefted at 
 Varennes and conducted back to the Thuil- 
 leries, was calm and heroic. In the Tem- 
 ple her behaviour was Hill greater. When 
 apprized of the condemnation of her huf- 
 band fhe felicitated him on the termination 
 of his fufferings, and upon his near ap- 
 proach to an immortal crown. July 4, 
 1793 ,fhe was feparated from her fon, which 
 excited in her the moft affeifting fenfations. 
 Tiie 5th of Auguft fhe was conducted in the 
 night to the Conciergerie, where fhe was 
 confined in a dark and damp dungeon. In 
 Odtober fhe was brought to trial on the 
 charge of having embezzled the public pro- 
 perty, correfponded with foreign enemies, 
 and transmitted large funis to the emperor, 
 Accufations of crimes the moft unnatural 
 were alfo produced ; to w'hich fhe oppofed a 
 fpirit and vefolution of confeious innocence. 
 Though nothing was proved, fentence of 
 condemnation was pafied againft her, which 
 fhe heard with triumph. On the 16th of 
 that month fne was conduced in a cart to 
 the fcaffold, where after elevating her eyes 
 to Heaven, fhefuftered the fatal ftroke, aged 
 38 years and fome months. Her body was 
 thrown into a grave and confumei by quick 
 lime. Her misfortunes had made great ra- 
 vages in her beautiful countenance, and al- 
 tered the colour of her hair. Maria Antoi- 
 nette poflefled an accomplilhed mind. She 
 fpoke the French language with purity, and 
 the Italian as her own tongue. She alfo un- 
 derftood Latin, and had a perfeft knowledge 
 of geography and hiftory. She had four 
 children, 1. Maria Therefa Charlotte, born 
 in 1778. She married her coufin the duke 
 of Angoulcmc. 2. Louis, born in 1781, and 
 died in 1789. 3. Charles Louis, born in 
 
 1785, and died in 1793. 4. A daughter who 
 
 died an infant . — Vie de Marie Antoinette par 
 Weber. 
 
 Mariamne, the wife of Herod the 
 Great, by whom fhe had two Tons, Alexander 
 and Ariftobulus, and two daughters. Herod 
 was very fond ot Mariamne, hut fhe had 
 little regard for him, especially after he put 
 to death her brother Ariftobulus. When 
 Herod went to Rome to court the favour of 
 Auguftus, he left fecret orders with Jofe-. 
 phus and Sohemus, to deftroy, Mariamne and 
 her mother, if any misfortune fhould happen 
 to him. Mariamne having obtained this fe- 
 cret from Sohemus, upbraided Herod, at his 
 return, with his inhumanity, for which he 
 put both her and Sohemus to death, B. C. 
 28. — Jofepbus. 
 
 Mariana (John), a Spanifh hiftorian, 
 was born at Talavera in Ca iilein 1,537. At 
 the age of'feventeen he entered among the 
 jciuits. He diftinguiflied himlelf by a fa- 
 mous book, entitled, De Regc Sc Regis Infti- 
 tutione, in which he juftified the aftalfi na- 
 tion of heretical princes. It was burnt t.t 
 
MAR 
 
 Paris by order of parliament. His greatell 
 work is, The Hiftory of Spain, written firft 
 in Latin, and afterwards in Spanifh. The 
 beft edition of the latter is that of Ibarra, at 
 Madrid, 1780, 2 vols. folio ; and of the La- 
 tin, that of the Hague in 1722, 4 vols. folio. 
 Mariana died in 1624. He wrote a Treatife 
 on Weights and Meafures, and another on 
 the Faults of Government and Society, in 
 Spanilh. — Moreri. 
 
 Mauianus Scotus, a learned Scotch 
 monk, who died in 1086, aged 58. He was 
 a relation of the venerable Bede, and wrote 
 a Chronicle from Jefus Chrift to 1083. It 
 was continued by another hand to 1200.— 
 Moreri. 
 
 Mariette (Peter John), a man of let- 
 ters, was the fon of John Mariette, a book- 
 feller and engraver of Paris. He became fe- 
 cretary to the king, and comptroller of the 
 chancery, and died in 1774. His works are, 
 
 1. Traite des Pierres gravees, 2 vols. folio; 
 
 2. Lettres a M. de Caylus ; 3. Lettres fur la 
 Fontaine de la rue Grenelle ; 4. Defcriptions 
 of Plates engraved after the Pictures of M. 
 Crozat, 2 vols. fol. ; 5. A Catalogue of the 
 Plates of M. Bafan, 8vo. He had the 
 nobleft colledion of engravings in Europe. 
 •—Nouv. DiEl. Hiji. 
 
 Marignan (John James Medichino, 
 marquis de), a celebrated commander of the 
 16th century, was born at Milan. In his 
 youth he gave great proofs of his valour, 
 which procured him the favour of Francis 
 Sforza, duke of Milan, who employed him 
 and another officer to murder Vilconti, a Mi- 
 lanefe nobleman ; after which ire determined 
 to facrifice the two inftruments lelt he lhould 
 be difeovered as the author of the aflaflina- 
 tion. The one perilhed, but Medichino 
 efcaped, and obtained the government of 
 Mufi'o, a ftrong place on the fake of Como. 
 In 1528 he entered into the iervice ot the 
 emperor, and exchanged Muflo tor Marignan, 
 and thence affirmed the title ot marquis. In 
 1554 he defeated the French commanded by 
 marfhal Strozzi in Tufcany, and took the 
 city of Sienna, where .he committed horri- 
 ble cruelties. He died the year following at 
 Milan, aged about 60. — Moreri. 
 
 Marigny (James Carpentier de), was 
 born at a village of that name near Nevers. 
 Fie was an eccleflaftic, but his rite did not cor- 
 refpond with his profeflion. He attached 
 himfelf to the cardinal de Retz, and was dil- 
 tinguilhed by his fatires againft Mazarine. 
 He died in 1670. He was a man ot great 
 wit and humour. A collection ot his letters 
 was printed at the Hague in 16~8. He has 
 aifo lome poems in print; and there iaafenh- 
 ed tohim a curious book under the name ot Al- 
 leyn, in which it is attempted to he proved, 
 that to flay a tyrant is lawful. There was 
 an abbe of the fame name, who died at Paris 
 in 1762. He wrote a Hiltory of the 12th 
 Century ; and a Hiftorv of the A’-abs, 8 vols. 
 —Ncu-v. Di&. Hift. 
 
 Marikowszky (Martin), a phyfician, 
 
 M A R 
 
 was born at Rofenau in Hungary in 1728* 
 and died in 1772, at Sirmich in Sclavonia. 
 He applied himfelf indefatigably to examine 
 the caufes of the epidemic which ravaged the 
 Hungarian and Turkilh armies, and publiihed 
 his Obfervations in the Ephemerides Sirmi- 
 enfes, 1763. He alfo tranflated Tiffot’s 
 Advice to the People on Health, into the 
 Hungarian language.— Nouv. Diet. Hift. 
 
 Marin (Michael Angelo), a French 
 novel writer was born at Marfeilles in 1697. 
 He embraced the ecclefiaftical ftate, and 
 was in great favour with pope Clement 
 XIII. who employed him to publilh the 
 Ads of the Martyrs. He died in 1767. 
 Moll of his novels are of a religious 
 call .—Ibid. 
 
 Marinari (Onorio), an Italian painter, 
 was the difeiple of Carlo Dolce, whofe ftyle 
 he imitated. lie painted portraits in an 
 admirable manner, alfo hiftorical fubjeds. 
 He died in 1715, aged 88. — Pdkington. 
 D' Argen-jille. 
 
 Marin el i. a (Lucrctis), a Venetian lady 
 in the 17th century, who wrote a curious 
 book on the fuperiority of her fex, and fome 
 other works, as the Lite of the Bleff'ed 
 Virgin, poems, See. — Frabofchi. 
 
 Mar i it* i (John Ambrofo), a native of 
 Genoa, was the firft Italian who delineated 
 in profe romances the ufages, manners, 
 dangers, and exploits, of ancient chivalry. 
 His romances are entitled, I. II Caloandre 
 Fiddle , printed at Venice in 1641, 8vo. 
 This work has been tranflated into French 
 by Scudery, and Caylus; 2. Nuove Gare 
 de' difperati , of which there have been ten 
 editions, and a French tranflation. — Ibid. 
 
 Marino (John Baptift), an Italian poet, 
 was born at Naples in 15 69. His father 
 having dil'carded him for refuflng to ftudv 
 the law, he became fecretary to the grand 
 admiral of Naples, after which lie went to 
 Rome, where he w*as patronized by cardi- 
 nal Aldobrandino. He died at Naples in 
 1625. His princip»l performance is entitled 
 Adone, dedicated to Louis XIII. at the time 
 when Marino was at Paris, whither he 
 he had been invited by queen Mary de Me- 
 dicls. His other works are, de Strage de git 
 Innocenti ; Rime, 3 parts ; La Sampagna ; 
 La Murtoleide, a fatirical poem on Murtola, 
 a poet at Turin, who was fo enraged that he 
 wounded Marino with a piftol. — Ibid. 
 
 Mario Nuzzi, better known by the 
 name of Mario di Fiori, becaufe he excelled 
 in painting ftow*ers, was born in the king- 
 dom of Naples in 1603, and died at Rome in 
 1673. His pidures are very valuable. — ■ 
 D'Argenviile. 
 
 Mariotte (Edme) a, French eccleflaftic 
 an! mathematician, was born at Dijon, and 
 admitted a member of the academy of 
 fciences at Paris in 1666. He died in 1684. 
 He diftinguifhed himfelf by his hydraulic, 
 experiments: his principal works arc; 1. A 
 Treatife on Philofophy ; 2. On the Motion 
 of Waters; 3. On the movement of Pen- 
 
MAR 
 
 rlwlums ; 4« Experiments on Colours ; 5. 
 Treatife on Levels. The whole were pub- 
 
 3 ifJied together at Leyden in 1717, 2 vols. 
 4t o.—Moreri. 
 
 Marivaux (Peter Carlet de Chamblain 
 de), a French writer, was born at Paris in 
 1638. His comedies and romances are dif- 
 tinguifhed by their moral tendency. Thofe 
 ©f the latter defcription are, 1. The Poor 
 Philofopher, 2 vols. 12mo. ; 2. Marianne, 
 
 4 vols. 12mo. The concluflon of this ex- 
 cellent novel is by another hand ; 3 Le 
 Payfan parvenu, 3 vols. 12mo. ; 4.,Pharfa- 
 mon, 2 vols. He alfo wrote a work enti- 
 tled, The French Spectator, 2 vols. He 
 died in 1763. — Nou-v. DiEl. Hiji. 
 
 Marius (Caius), a celebrated Roman, 
 who was feven times conful. He was of 
 oblcure origin, and in his youth was a 
 hulbandman, which employment he quitted 
 for the army, and became a lieutenant under 
 Scipio and Metellus. Fie ended the war 
 ■with Jugurtha, whom he conduced in tri- 
 umph to Rome. After this he fcrved againft 
 the Cimbri and other barbarous nations 
 who had invaded Italy. With a very infe- 
 rior force he completely routed them, for 
 which a pyramid was erected to his honour. 
 Rut he tarnifhed the glory of his vidtories 
 by the bafelt cruelties to the vanquifhed, 
 efpecially the women. Plutarch . reports 
 that, having experienced fome difadvantages 
 in contending with the Cimbri, he was 
 warned in a dream to avert the wrath of 
 the gods by facrificing his daughter Cal- 
 purnia, which inhuman direction be obeyed. 
 In his fix th confulate he had Syila for his 
 rival, who marched to Rome with his army, 
 and obliged Marius to quit the city. After 
 wandering fome time he was recalled to 
 Rome by China, with whom he was chofen 
 conful, B. C. 86, in which year he died of 
 excefiive drinking. His fon Marius the 
 younger had all the ferocious character of his 
 lather. He ulurped the confular dignity 
 B. C. 82, but was defeated by Sylla, and 
 flew himfelf at Praenefle. — Plutarch. 
 
 . Marius (Marcus Aurelius), a fmith and 
 common foldier in the reign of Gallienus, 
 who raifed himfelf to a fupreme command 
 in the army, and on the death of Victorinas 
 afeended the imperial throne by the intereft 
 of Victorina, mother of that emperor ; but 
 was flain fliortly after by a foldier. lie is 
 laid to have been a man of prodigious 
 ftrength, and to have flopped a chariot 
 running full fpeed with one of his fingers,— 
 Un'rv. HiJ}. 
 
 Mark (St.), the Evangelift, wa3 the dif- 
 ciple of St. Peter, who employed him in 
 writing the gofpel which bears his name, 
 and in his firft epiftle, calls him his fon. 
 He is believed to have been the John, lur- 
 named Mark, to vvhofe mother’s houfe St. 
 Peter retired when releafed from prifon, and 
 who accompanied St. Paul and Barnabas in 
 their travels. He wrote his gofpel for the 
 uie of the Roman chriftians, about A. D. 72. 
 
 MAR' 
 
 Me is faid to have founded the church of 
 Alexandria.— Cave. 
 
 MarX, a pope and faint, fucceeded Syl- 
 vefter I. in 336, and died the fame year. 
 There pafles under his name, an epiftle 
 addrefied to St. Athanafius. — Dup'in. 
 
 Markham (Gervafe), an Engl ifh author 
 in the 17th century, was born in Notting- 
 hamfhire. Fie was a captain in the army of 
 Charles I. and diftinguifhed’ himfelf by his 
 valour. He wrote fome dramatic pieces, 
 and others on Hufbandry, Horfemanfhip, 
 Fowling, and Military Difcipline. — Gen. 
 B.D. 
 
 Markland (Jeremiah), a learned critic, 
 was the fon of the reverend Ralph Mark- 
 land, author of the Art of Shooting flying, 
 and was born in 1693 He received his edu- 
 cation at Chriit’s hofpital, from whence he 
 removed. to Peter-houfe, Cambridge, where 
 he took his degrees in arts, and was eledted 
 fellow. In 1723 he diftinguifhed himfelf by 
 his Epiftola Critica, after which he publifh- 
 ed Remarks on the Epiftles of Cicero to 
 Brutus, and of Brutus to Cicero; with a 
 Differtation on tour Orations alcribed to 
 Cicero In 1761 appeared his trail, en- 
 titled, De Grtecorum quinta Declinatione 
 imparifyllabica et inde formata Latinorum 
 tertia, quseftio Grammatica, 4to. He wrote 
 feveral other pieces, and aflifted many learn- 
 ed men in their labours. He died at Dork- 
 ing in Surrey in 1776. — Artec d. of Botoyer. 
 
 Marloe (Chriftopher), an Englifh dra- 
 matic writer, was born in the reign of Ed- 
 ward vT. and educated at Cambridge. 
 Wood fays that he was an atheift, and kept 
 a girl, but being je.flous that fhe .was partial 
 to his footman, Marloe aimed a dagger at 
 the fellow, which he wrefted out of his 
 hand, and ftabbed his mailer about 1593. 
 His plays are now little known. — Wood, 
 A. 0. 
 
 Mar lor at (Auguftin), a learned divine, 
 was born in Lorraine in 1506. He. entered 
 into the order of Auguftines, which he quit- 
 ted on embracing the proteftant religion. 
 He appeared with advantage at the con- 
 ference between the catholics and pro- 
 teftants at Poifly in 1561. When Rouen 
 was taken by the king in 1562, Marlorat, 
 who was a minifter there, was bafely put to 
 death. His Commentaries on the Bible are 
 juftly efteemed, as alfo is his work entitled, 
 Tht-faurus locorum communium fancl» 
 Scriptune, London 1574, fol. and Geneva 
 16 2 4- — /l doreri. 
 
 Marmion (Shakerley), a dramatic wri- 
 ter, was born in Nortnamptonfhire in 1602, 
 and educated at Wad ham college, Oxford. 
 He fquandered away a good eftate, on 
 which he commenced author. His pieces 
 are, 1. Holland’s Leaguer; 2. A Fine Com- 
 panion ; 3- The Antiquary ; 4. The Crafty 
 Merchant, or the Soldier’d Citizen ; all co- 
 medies. He died in 1639. — Blog. Dram. 
 
 Mar mol (Louis), a Spanifh writer of 
 the 16th century, was a native of ijrenada. 
 
 U u 
 
MAR 
 
 He was taken at the liege of Tunis, and 
 was eight years a prifoner in Africa. His^ 
 principal work is a' General Defcription ot 
 Africa, printed at Grenada in 1573, in 3 vols. 
 folio. — Moreri. 
 
 Marmontel (John Francis), a cele- 
 brated French writer, was born at Bort, in 
 the Limoufin, in 1719. He w r as educated 
 fit Touloufe, w'here he obtained an academi- 
 cal prize, ancWlbr fome time w'ore the habit ot 
 an abbe. In 1745 he went to Paris, and 
 obtained the friendfhip of Voltaire. His 
 talents and virtues procured him a penfion, 
 and the place of historiographer of the royal 
 buildings, and alio the management ot a 
 journal called the Mercury. But having 
 written a fatire againlt noblemen, he was 
 fent to die Baltille. He commenced his li- 
 terary career by tragedies, and an opera. 
 But his fame refts principally, it not wholly, 
 upon his Moral Tales ; a work univerlally 
 known and esteemed. The French academy 
 appointed him perpetual fecretary in 1789. 
 During the revolution he led a retired lite, 
 and remained fecure, though reduced to low 
 circumftances, amidft all the violent, feenes 
 of that event. In 1797 he was chofen de- 
 puty of the council of ancients by the de- 
 partment of Eure ; but died the year follow- 
 ing at Abbeville ot an apopleftic ftroke. 
 Beiides his dramatic pieces and Moral Tales 
 he wrote the romance of Belifarius ; the 
 Literary Obferver; the Charms of Study, 
 an epistle ; a French translation of Lucan’s 
 Pharfalia ; Poetiquc Franjoife, 3 vols. 8vo. ; 
 the Incas, or the Destruction of the Empire 
 of Peru, 2 vols. ; EBay on the Revolutions 
 »f Mufic, 8vo. ; Elements ot Literature, 
 6 vols. ; feveral articles in the French Ency- 
 clopedic, See. — Nowv. Die! . Hijl. 
 
 Mar NEziA(N.de Lezai),a French writer, 
 was born at Befancon. He was tor fome 
 time in the army, and at the commence- 
 ment of the revolution became a member 
 •f the national affembly, but disapproving 
 the violent meafures that were purfued, he 
 retired to America. He returned in 1793, 
 ar.d vras confined in prifon feveral months. 
 On the fall of Robefpierre he gained his li- 
 berty, but never recovered his health. He 
 died in 1797. His works are, 1. Dc la Na- 
 ture champetre, a poem ; 2. ESTay on tae 
 Mineralogy of Orgelet inFranche Compte ; 
 :i. Le Bonheur dans les Campagnes ; 4 Plan 
 *f Education for a Young Lady; 5. 4 he Vir- 
 tuous Family, a romance ; &c. — Now v. 
 
 Via. lift. 
 
 Mar o l e s (Michael de) , a French writer 
 and ecclefiaitic, was born in 1600, and died 
 in 1681. He wrote Memoirs of his own 
 Life, published in 1775, 3 vols. 12 mo. He 
 translated feveral ot the ancient authois into 
 Fiench, and wrote a curious work, entitled, 
 Tablaux da Temple des Mufes, tolio. His 
 epigrams and poems are very indifferent. 
 —Moreri. 
 
 Mahot (John), a French poet, was born 
 at Matthieu, in Normandy, in 1463. He 
 
 MAR 
 
 was patronized by Anne of Bretagne, queett. 
 of France, and was afterwards in the ler- 
 vice of Francis I. He died in 1523. His 
 poems are appended to the works of hlg 
 fon, the fubjett of the next article. 
 
 Marot (Clement), w'as bora in 1495. 
 He w'as valet de chambre to Francis 1. but 
 was obliged to leave France, on embracing 
 the reformed religion. He refided fome 
 time at Geneva, and died at Turin in 1544. 
 He translated l'ome of David’s pfalms into 
 French, which were printed in 1543 at Ge- 
 neva, with a preface by Calvin. His other 
 poems are epigrams, elegies, fonnets, and 
 ballads. His fon Michael was alfo a poet, 
 but not equal either to John or Clement. 
 The works of the three were printed toge- 
 ther at the Hague in 1731, 6 vols. 12mo.— - 
 Moreri. Bayle. 
 
 Marot (Francis), a painter, was the pu- 
 pil of La Fofl'e, and an aflociate and pro- 
 feffor of the French academy of painting. 
 He died at Paris in 1719, aged 52. He is 
 not to be confounded with an architect ot 
 -that name, whofe defigns have been engraved 
 in quarto.-— D' Argenwlle. 
 
 Marqjtet (.Francis Nicholas), a French 
 phyfician and botanist, w'asborn at Nancy in 
 1687, and died in, 1759. He published, 
 
 1. An Account of Plants which grow in 
 Lorraine, 10 vols. 8vo. ; 2. Methode pour ap- 
 pendre par les notes de la muSique a con- 
 noitre le pouls, 12mo.; 3. Obfervations on 
 the Cure of feveral Difeafes, 2 vols, 12mo.— « 
 Noun. DiB. Hijl. 
 
 Marsais (Caefar Chefneau du), a French 
 erammarian, was born at Marfeilles in 1676. 
 He was for Some time a member of the con- 
 gregation of the oratory, which he quitted, 
 and went to Paris, where he applied to the 
 law ; but left that proteflion alfo, and be- 
 came a fchoolmalter. He wrote fome ar- 
 ticles in the Encyclopedie, and died in 1756. 
 His principal works are, 1. An Explanation 
 of the Dodtrine of the Gallican Church with 
 refpect tothe Pretences of the Court ol Rome, 
 12mo. ; 2. A Rational Method of Learning 
 the Latin Language, 12mo. ; 3. ATreatile 
 on Tropes, 8vo. ; 4. The True Principles of 
 Grammar, 4to. ; 5, Logic, or Reflections 
 on the Operations of the Mind, 12mo.— • 
 Nowv. DIB. Hijl. 
 
 Marsh (Narciflus), a learned prelate, 
 was born in Wiltlhiie in 1638, and educated 
 at Magdalen-hall, Oxford. In 1678 he was 
 appointed provoft of Trinity college, Dub- 
 lin, and in 1682 promoted to the bishopric 
 of Leighliri and Ferns, and in 1703 translated 
 to the archbishopric of Armagh. He re- 
 paired feveral decayed churches, and built 
 an alms-houfe for clergymen’s widows.' He 
 died in 1713. His works are, 1. Inftitu- 
 tiones Logkae in ufum Juventuds Acade- 
 micre, Dublin 1681. 2. An introduction to 
 the Doctrine of Sounds, containing fome 
 Propofals for the Improvement of Acoul- 
 tics, Nc. — Wood. Biog. Brit. 
 
 Marshal (Walter), a nonconformist" 
 
MAR 
 
 tnlnifter, was educated at New college, Ox- 
 ford, of which he became fellow, as he alfo 
 was of that at Winchefter. He was ejected 
 from the living of Hurfley in Hampfhire in 
 1662 ; after which he officiated to a diffent- 
 ing congregation at Gofport. He died about 
 1690. His book entitled the Gofpel Myftery 
 of SanCtification, printed firft in 1692, 8vo. 
 Was reprinted with a recommendatory pre- 
 face by Hervey, author of Meditations. — 
 Cal amy. 
 
 Marshall (Thomas), an Englilh divine, 
 was born in Leicefterihire, about 1621, and 
 bred at Lincoln college, Oxford; but when 
 the univerfity fell into the hands of the 
 Preibytcrians he went to Rotterdam. He 
 returned at the reftoration, be, came fellow 
 of his college, and took his doftor’s degree. 
 He was afterwards reCtor of Lincoln college, 
 and preferred to the deanry of Gloucester, 
 He died in 1685. His works are, 1. Obfer- 
 vationes in Evangeliorum Verfioncs per an- 
 tiquas duas, fcilicet Gothicas & Anglo Saxo- 
 nicas ; 2. An Explanation of the Catechilm ; 
 •'?. Epiftle prefixed to Dr. Hyde’s tranflation 
 into the Malayan language of the four Gof- 
 pels, and the Adds of the Apoftles. — Wood. 
 
 Marshall (Nathaniel), an Englilh di- 
 vine of the 18th century, who was chaplain 
 to George II. and publilhed, 1. The Works 
 of St. Cyprian, fol. 1717 ; 2. A Defence of 
 our Conftitution in Church and State, 1717, 
 8vo. His Sermons were publilhed by his 
 
 widow in 1730, in 3 vols. 8vo Anecd. of 
 
 Bowyer. 
 
 Marsham (fir John), a learned writer, 
 was born in London in 1602, and educated 
 firft at Weftminfter fchool, and next at St. 
 John’s college, Oxford. He afterwards Itu- 
 died the law, and became one of the fix 
 clerks in chancery. In the civil wars he ad- 
 hered to the royal caufe, and in 1660 was 
 chofen member of parliament for Rochefter. 
 Charles II. conferred on him the honour of 
 knighthood. He died in 1685. He is dif- 
 tinguilhed for his Diatriba Chronologica, or 
 a Chronological Differration, wherein he 
 examines the principal difficulties which oc- 
 cur in the chronology of the Old Teftament, 
 1649, 4to He afterwards enlarged this work 
 tinder the following title, Canon Chronicus, 
 yEgyptiacus, Ebraicus, Grreciis, & Difqui- 
 fitiones, London J6T2, fol. ; andLeipfic 16 76, 
 4to. His Ion fir John Marfham made large 
 collections for a Hiftory of England, but 
 never publilhed them. He alfo wrote a 
 Hiftory of the Englilh Boroughs. His bro- 
 ther Robert was created a baronet by queen 
 Anne, and was fucceeded by his fun Robert, 
 created Lord Romney in 1716. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Marsigli (Louis Ferdinand), an Italian 
 writer, was born in 1658, of a noble fami- 
 ly, at Bologna. He ferved with great re- 
 putation in the imperial army, and in 1683 
 was taken prifoner by the Tartars, who fold 
 him to the Turks. The year following he 
 was ranl'omed, and obtained a colonel’s com- 
 xniilion. Lie was afterwards advanced to the 
 
 MAR 
 
 rank of marfhal ; but when the count d’ArCo 
 was condemned, forgiving up the fortrefsof 
 Brifac to the duke of Burgundy, Marfigli, 
 who commanded under him, was difmiffed 
 the fervice. He then retired to Bologna, 
 where he formed a mul'eum, and ereCted a 
 printing-houfe; the firft he bequeathed to 
 the fenate, and the laft to the dominicans. 
 He alfo founded the academy of arts and 
 feiences at that place. He died in 1730. 
 Count Marfigli was a member of the academy 
 of feiences at Paris, and of the royal fociety 
 of London. His works are, 1. A Philofo- 
 phical F.flay on the Sea, tranflated into 
 French by Le Clerc, and publilhed at Arn- 
 fterdam in 1725, fol.; 2. a Defcript.on of 
 the Danube, 6 vols. fol. ; 3 De polione Afi- 
 auca Cafe, 12mo, ; 4. De fungorum gene- 
 rafione, fol. ; 5, State of the Ottoman Forces, 
 folio; 6. Treatife on the Bofpborus, 4to.— 
 Nou-u. Dia. Hifi. 
 
 Marsollier (James), an hiftorian, was 
 born at Paris in 1647. He died archdeacon 
 of Ulez in 1724. He wrote, 1. The Hiftory 
 of Cardinal Ximenes, 2 vols. 12mo. ; 2. Hif- 
 tory of Henry VII. king of England, 2 vols. 
 12mo. ; 3. A Hiftory of the Inquifition, 
 12mo. ; 4. Life of St. Francis de Sales, 
 
 2 vols. 12mo. ; 5. Lire of Madame de Chan- 
 tal, 2 vols.; 6 Life of Dom. Ranee, abbot 
 and reformer of La Trappe, 2 vols. ; 7. Dil- 
 courles on the Duties of Civil Life, 12mo. ; 
 8. Hiftory of Henry de la Tour d’ Auvergne, 
 duke de Bouillon, 3 vols. ; 9. An Apology 
 for Erafmus, endeavouring to prove that he 
 was a good catholic. — Moreri. 
 
 Marston (John), an Englilh dramatic 
 writer, who was a ftudent of Corpus Chrifti 
 college, Oxford, and an intimate friend of 
 Ben Johnfon. He contributed eight plays 
 to the ftage, an account of which may be 
 feen in the Biographia Dramatica. He "was 
 living in 1633. — Wood. 
 
 Marsy (Francis Marie de), a French 
 writer was born at Paris, and bred among 
 the jefuits, from which order he was expell- 
 ed. He publilhed an Analyfis of the Works 
 of Bayle, 4 vols 12mo. ; which was pro- 
 feribed by the parliame it of Paris, and the 
 author lent to the Baftille. On regaining 
 his liberty, he wrote a Modern Hiftory, 26 
 vols. 1 2mo. ; the Life of Mary Queen of 
 Scots, 3 vols. 12mo. ; A Dictionary of Paint-, 
 ing and Architecture, 2 vols.; the Modern 
 Rabelais, 8 vols ; and a Poem, entitled, 
 PiCtura, 12mo. ; which poffeifes merit. l-]e 
 died in 17 63—Nouv. Dia Hift. 
 
 Marsy (Balthazar), a fculptor, was a na- 
 tive of Cambray, and died in 1674, aged 54. 
 His brother Galpard was alfo a good fculptor, 
 and died in 1681, aged 56. "Thefe artifts 
 executed a beautiful vafe, on which were 
 reprefented Latona and her children. This 
 was placed in the royal gardens at Verfailles. 
 Nouv. Dia. Hift. 
 
 Martel (Francis), furgeon to Henry IV. 
 of France at the end of the 16th century* 
 
 He wrote an Apology for Surgeons : Para- 
 
 U u 2 
 
MAR 
 
 *iox«s on the Pra&ice of Surgery, and other 
 works, printed together at Paris in 1633.— 
 Morcri. 
 
 Martelli (Louis), an Italian poet, was 
 born at Florence about 1500, and died at 
 Salerno in 1527. His poems were printed 
 at Florence in 1548. Vincent Martelli his 
 brother was alfo a poet, and his works were 
 printed atFlorence in 1607, 8vo. — c Tir«bofcbi. 
 
 Martelli (Peter James), fecretary to 
 the fenate of Bologna, and profeffor of belles 
 lettves in that city. He wrote plays, poems, 
 and effays, in 7 vols. 8vo. He died in 1729. 
 —Ibid. 
 
 Martenne (Edmund), a benedictine 
 tnonk of St. Maur, was born in 1654. He 
 publifhed, 1. A Commentary on the Rules 
 of St. Benedict ; 2- De Antiquis Monacho- 
 rum Ritibus, 2 vols. 4to.j and other works. 
 He died in 1739.— Moreri. 
 
 Martial (Marcus Valerius), a Latin 
 poet, was a native of Spam, and went to 
 Rome in his 20th year. The emperor Do- 
 mitian conferred on him many favours, and 
 raifed him to the office of tribune. Martial 
 in return complimented him as more than 
 human ; but after his death he painted Ins 
 enormities in glowing colours. Being ne- 
 glected by Trajan, he retired to his native 
 country, where he died A. D 104. his epi- 
 grams are very pointed and fevere. I he 
 beft editions of Martial are that of Leyden, 
 cum notis variorum, 1670, 8vo. ; and that 
 of Amfterdam, 1701, 8vo .—Biog. Clajfica. 
 VoJJius de Poet. Lat. 
 
 Martial d’Auvergke, a French poet 
 of the 15th Century, was a notary of the 
 Chatelet of Paris, and died in that city in 
 1508. He wrote, 1. Arrets l’Amour, 
 
 “ Love Caufes 2. An Hiftorical Poem on 
 Charles VII. j 3. L’Amint rendu Cordelier 
 de l’Obfervance d’ Amour j 4. Devotes Lou- 
 anges a la Vierge Marie. His poems were 
 re-printed at Paris in 1724, in 2 vols. 8vo. 
 *— Morert . 
 
 Martianay (John), a -French benedic- 
 tine, of the congregation ol St. Maur, who 
 publifhed a good edition of the w orks of Je- 
 rome, in 5 vols. folio j alio a Life of that 
 Father in 1 vol. 4to. 1706, and fome other 
 works. He died in 1717, aged 70.— Ibid. 
 
 Martignac (Stephen Algai fieurde), a 
 French writer, who tranflated Terence, Ho- 
 race, Juvenal, Perfius, \ irgii, and Ovid into 
 profe, and w'rote the Lives or the Bifhops of 
 Paris of the 17th century, quarto. He died 
 in 1698, aged 70.— Ibid. 
 
 Martin (St.), Was born in 316 at Sa- 
 baria in Pannoma, now Hungary, of lien- 
 then parents. He ferved in the army 
 fome years but being converted to chrifti- 
 anity, he embraced a religious life, and was 
 the meant of converting his mother. In .17 4 
 he was made biihop of lours, but it ill re- 
 tained the fimplicity and aufterity of the re- 
 el ufe. He erected the monaftery of Mar- 
 montier, and is coniidcrcd as the apoftle of 
 the Gauls. He died in 397. There goes 
 
 MAR 
 
 under his name a Confeffion of Faith on the 
 Dodtrine of the Trinity .— Baillet Vies des 
 Saintcs . 
 
 Martin I. pope and faint, fuccecded 
 Theodore in 649. He held a council at 
 Rome, in which the herefy of the Monothe- 
 lites was condemned. Conftantius caufed 
 him to be fent to Coulbantinople, from 
 whence he was removed to the Crimea, 
 where he died of ill ufage in 655 ,—Dupitt. 
 Bower. 
 
 Martin II. fucceeded John VIII. in 
 882. He condemned Photius patriarch of 
 Conftantinople, and died in 884. — Ibid. 
 
 Martin III. a Roman, fucceeded Ste- 
 phen VIII. in 942, and died in 946, after 
 founding many churches and charitable infti- 
 tutions .—-Ibid. 
 
 Martin IV. a Frenchman of noble birth, 
 fucceeded Nicholas III. in 1281. He ex- 
 communicated the emperor Michael Palaeo- 
 logus and Peter III. king of Arragon, and 
 gave the kingdom of the latter to Charles 
 de Valois, fon of Philip the Hardy, king of 
 France. The pope died in 128 5.— Ibid. 
 
 Martin V. (Otho Colonna), was born 
 at Rome of an illuftrious family. He was 
 eledted pope in 1417, after the abdication of 
 Gregory XII. His inauguration was very 
 pompous, and he was attended, in a fubmif- 
 live manner, by the emperor and the ele&or 
 palatine. He perfecuted the followers of 
 Hufs in Bohemia, and prefided at the coun- 
 cil of Conitance in 1418. He died in 1431. 
 — Ibid . 
 
 Martin (David), aFrench proteftant di- 
 vine, was born at Revel, in the diocefe of 
 Lavaur in 1639. On the revocation of the 
 edidt of Nantes he went to Holland, and 
 became paftor of a church at Utrecht, where 
 he died i« 1721. He wrote, 1. Hiftory of 
 the Old and New Teltament, 2 vols. fol. ; 
 2. Sermons, 1 vol. 8vo. ; 3. Notes on the 
 Bible ; 4. A Treatife on Revealed Religion, 
 
 2 vols. Bvo. ; 5. Two Difiertations, one on 
 the Difputed Paflage ot 1 John v. 7, and the 
 fecond on the Teftimony of Jofeplius to our 
 Saviour. Thele have been translated into 
 Englifh, 8vo. The author alfo communi- 
 cated fome valuable additions to the fecond 
 edition of the Dictionary of the French Aca- 
 demy. — Mcreri. 
 
 Martin (James), a benediCtine of the 
 congregation of St. Maur, was born in Lan- 
 guedoc in 1694, and died in 1751. He 
 wrote, 1. A Treatife on the Religion of the 
 Ancient Gauls, 2 vols ; 2. Hitrovy of the 
 Gauls, 2 vols ; 3. Explication of difficult 
 Texts of Scripture, 2 vols. 4. Explanation 
 of Ancient Monuments, &c — Nouu. Dili, 
 lhji. 
 
 Martin (Raymond), ~a Spanifh monk 
 of the Dominican order, was employed in 
 1264 by James I. king of Arragon to ex- 
 amine the Talmud, and fent in 1268 to "1 u- 
 nis to labour for the converfion of the Moors. 
 He died in 1286. Martin wrote an excel- 
 lent Treatife agaiaft the Jews, printed at 
 
MAR 
 
 Paris in 1651, with the fitle of Pugio fidel 
 Chriftiante. The beft edition is that of Leip- 
 fic, 1687.— Moreri. 
 
 Martin (Thomas), anEnglifh antiqua- 
 ry, was born at Thetford in Suffolk, in 
 1697, and died in 1771. He wrote Monu- 
 ments Anglicana, a Hiftory of his Native 
 Town in 4to. and contributed to the Fafti of 
 Le Neve — Life by Sir J. Cullum. 
 
 Martin (Benjamin), an Englifli mathe- 
 matician, was born in 1704. He was the 
 fon of a farmer, and became a fchoolmafter 
 at Chichefter, where he wrote fome good 
 hooks on mathematics He afterwards pro- 
 cured a valuable apparatus of inftruments, 
 and travelled about the kingdom as a leffu- 
 rer in experimental philofophy. He finally 
 fettled in Fleet-ftreet, London, as an opti- 
 cian, and made feveral improvements on 
 mathematical and philofophical inftruments ; 
 but being reduced to poverty by domeftic 
 troubles, he attempted his own life. Though 
 the wound was not immediately mortal, it 
 produced a diforder of which he died in 1782. 
 Mr. Martin was an ingenious and induftrious 
 writer. He wrote a Philofophical Gram- 
 mar, which went through feveral editions ; 
 Young Gentleman and Lady's Philofophy, 
 2 vols. 8vo, ; Philofophia Britannica, 3 vols. 
 8vo. ; a Treatife on Decimal Arithmetic, 
 8vo. ; a Treatife on Trigonometry, 2 vols. 
 8vo. ; Treatife on Optics, 1 vol. ; Mathema- 
 tical Inftitutes, 2 vols. ; Philological Library 
 of Arts and Sciences, 1 vol. ; Natural Hif- 
 tory of England, 2 vols.; Biographia Phi- 
 lofophica, 1 vol. ; and feveral Mifcellaneous 
 Trafts. He concluded for fome years a Ma- 
 gazine of Arts and Sciences, which dropped 
 ior want of encouragement. — Gen. Biog. 
 DiB. 
 
 Martin (Claude), an ingenious officer 
 in the Englifh fervice in India, was born at 
 Lyons in 1732 of mean parents. He re- 
 vived a good mathematical education at a 
 public fchool, and at the age of 20 entered 
 into the army with one of his brothers. His 
 regiment was fent to India with general Lnl- 
 ly, and in the war of 1756 he behaved with 
 great gallantry, but, being ill-treated, he 
 went into the Englifh fervice, in which he 
 rofe to the rank of colonel. Being employed 
 to make a map of the eftates of the nabob of 
 Oude, he recommended himfelf to his pa- 
 tronage. The nabob loved the European 
 arts, in which he was afiifted by Martin, 
 who opened a profitable bank, and other 
 commercial inftitutions, under his protec- 
 tion, and thereby gained prodigious wealth. 
 Haying fettled at Lucknow, he built there a 
 magnificent but curious work, in a ftyle of 
 h.s own, and in which he could enjoy all the 
 mildnefs and coolnefs of an European cli- 
 mate with the fervour of the Ahatic. He 
 alfo eredled another on the banks of the 
 Ganges, which was fortified in the European 
 manner. He formed a large mulcum of na- 
 tural hiftory ; conftrudled an immenfe gar- 
 den Hocked with a prodigious variety of 
 
 MAR 
 
 plants ; and built an obfervatory, which he 
 furnifhed with the beft: aftronomical inftru- 
 ments. He died in 1799. His great wealth 
 he diftributed principally in charity.— Europ. 
 Mag. Nairn. DiB. Hiji. 
 
 Martindale (Adam), a mathemati- 
 cian, who was deprived of the living of 
 Rofthorn in Chefhire for non-conformity in 
 1662, after which he lived as chaplain in 
 the family of Lord Delamere. He died about 
 1700. Mr. Martindale wrote a ufeful little 
 book on furveying, called the Land Meter’s 
 Vade Mecum, 12mo. ; alfo twelve Problems 
 about intereft; and two Almanacks, called 
 Country Almanacks. He kept a mathema- 
 tical lchool at Warrington in Lancafhire, and 
 afterwards at Dunham in Chefhire In theo- 
 logy he was the author of Divinity Knots 
 Unloofed, 1649, 8vo.; and Truth and Peace 
 promoted, 12mo. 1682.— Calamy. 
 
 Martini (Martin), a jefuit, who re- 
 futed many years in China, of which coun- 
 try he wrote fome curious memoirs. He re- 
 turned to Europe in 1651, but is faid to 
 have again viftted China, where ‘he died at 
 the age of 74. He wrote, 1. Sinicas Hifto- 
 riae decas prima a gentis origine ad Chriftum 
 natum, 4to. ; 2. China illuftrata, Amfter- 
 dam, folio; 3. a Hiftory in Latin of the 
 Wars of the Tartars againft China, 8vo. ; 
 4. Relation of the Number and Quality of 
 Chinefe Chriftians.— Moreri. 
 
 Martinius (Matthias), a proteftant di- 
 vine, was born in the county of Waldeck in 
 1572. He was the difciple of Pifcator, alter 
 which he taught with reputation at Pader- 
 born and Bremen. He diftinguifhed himfelf 
 at the fynod of Dort, and died in 1630. 
 His principal work is a Lexicon philologicum, 
 
 2 vols. fol. — Moreri. 
 
 Marti nusius (George), or Vtifmvifch, 
 cardinal, was born in 1482 in Croatia, of 
 mean parentage, but he raifed himfelf by 
 his talents to the favour of John Zapol, king 
 of Hungary, who made him minifter of ftate, 
 and on his death in 1540, confided to him 
 the tuition of his fon John Sigifmund. He 
 had before been made biftiop of Great Waradin. 
 He incurred the difpleafure of lfabella, mo- 
 ther of his pupil, on which he attached him- 
 felf to the emperor Ferdinand I. who ob- 
 tained for him the cardinalihip. But being 
 fufpefted of entering into a treacherous ne- 
 gotiation with the Turks, he was affaflinated 
 in 1551 — Moreri. De'Thov.. 
 
 Mar it re i li, a landfcape painter, was 
 born at Naples in 1670, and died in 1720. 
 His pictures are very beautiful.— Pilkington. 
 
 Martyn (John), an eminent botanift, 
 W'as born in London in 1699, and was in- 
 tended for trade, but his love of learning 
 and fcience overruled that defign. He had 
 from his youth an attachment to botany, in 
 which he was encouraged by Dr. Sherard. 
 In 1720 he tranflated Tournefort’s Hiftory 
 of the Plants growing about Paris, which 
 induced him to make a like catalogue of plants 
 about London, He co-operated with DilSe* 
 Uu 3 
 
MAR 
 
 nus In forming a fociety of botanifts, which 
 continued till 1726. About this time he 
 read botanical ledlures in London, and on 
 the death of Bradley he was chofen profeffbr 
 ot botany at Cambridge- In 1727 he was 
 admitted a member of the royal fociety, and 
 he was fo active in the committee for regu- 
 lating the library and muleum, that his bond 
 for annual payment was cancelled by order of 
 council. He pratlifed phyfic in the city, and 
 afterwards atChelfea, but in 1752 he retired 
 to Streatham. In 1761 he refigned his pro- 
 feflorihip, and died at Chelfea in 1768. His 
 other works are. Tabulae Synopticae planta- 
 rum officinalium admethodum Raianunr dif- 
 pofitae, folio ; Methodus plantarum circa 
 Cantabrigiam nafcentium, 12mo. ; Hiftoria 
 plantarum rariorum decades quinque, fol. \ 
 the firft Ledture of a Courfe of Botany, be- 
 ing an introdudlion to the reft, 8vo. ; a 
 Tranflation of the Georgies and Bucolics of 
 Virgil, with notes, two volumes 8vo. ; Dif- 
 fertations on the AEneid of Virgil, 12mo. ; 
 Abridgment of the Philofophical Tranfac- 
 tions ; Tranflations of Boerbaave’s Treatife 
 on the Powers of Medicine ; Harris on the 
 Difeal'es of Infants ; and an Abridgment of 
 Philofophical Papers from the Memoirs of 
 the Academy of Sciences at Par s, 5 vols. 
 8vo He alio wrote papers in the Philofo- 
 phical Tranfudtions ; and fome articles in 
 the General Didbionary. He was fucceeded 
 in the profefl'orfhip by his fon, Thomas Mar- 
 tyn, B.D. — Life frefxed to his DiJJhrtations on 
 the JEneid. 
 
 Martyr (Peter), of Anghierra, in the 
 Milanefe, was born in 1455. He diftin- 
 guiihed himfelf as an able negociator, and 
 Ferdinand V. king of Caftille and Arragon 
 employed him in the education of his chil- 
 dren. He alfo obtained fome ecclefiaftical 
 benefices, and died in 1525. He wrote a 
 Hiftory of the Difcovery of America in 
 Latin, under the title of, De navigatione et 
 Terris de nova repertis, 1587 ; alfo a curious 
 relation of his embafly to Egypt in 1500, 
 fol. ; and a collection of letters relating to 
 the Hiftory of Spain, printed at Amfterdam 
 in 16(0, fol. — Moreri. 
 
 Martyr (Peter), a celebrated proteftant 
 divine, was born at Florence in 1500. His 
 family name was Vermilius, but his parents 
 gave him that of Martyr, from one Peter, 
 a martyr, whofe church flood near their 
 houfe. After receiving a private education 
 he entered into an Auguftine monaftery 
 at Ficfoli He became a diftinguift.ed 
 preacher and had a fituation in the cathe- 
 dral of Naples which he relinquilhed after 
 reading the writings of Luther and other 
 reformers. This change in his religious 
 fentiments rendering it expedient for him to 
 quit italy, he went to Stralburg, where he 
 married a nun, who for the lame principles 
 had left her convent. On the invitation of 
 Edward VI. he came to England, and was 
 made profeffor of divinity at Oxford, and ca- 
 non of Chrilt church. But in the fucceed- 
 4 
 
 MAR 
 
 ing reign he was obliged to leave the king'-* 
 dom ; on which he went to Switzerland, and 
 died at Zurich in 1562- His wife died at 
 Oxford, and in the reign of Mary her remains 
 were taken up and buried beneath a dunghill y 
 but when queen Elizabeth came to the throne, 
 they were honourably interred in Chrilt 
 church, Peter Martyr wrote feme pieces 
 againft the errors of the church of Rome, 
 and explications of the Scripture. — Holt's 
 Hijl. lleform. kVoed, A.O. 
 
 Marucelli (John Stephen), an Italian, 
 hiftorical painter, was born in 1646, and 
 died in 1706. One of his principal per- 
 formances was a reprefentation of Abra- 
 ham entertaining the angels. — Pilkington. 
 
 Marvel (Andrew), a political writer, 
 was the fon of a clergyman at Hull in York- 
 lhire, where he was born in 1620. At the 
 age of 13 he was fent to Trinity college, 
 Cambridge, and in 1657 he became afiiftant 
 to Milton, as Latin fecretary. In the Par- 
 liament which met at the reftoration, he was. 
 chofen to reprefent his native town. He 
 diftinguifhed himfelf by his integrity as a 
 fenator, and by his wit as a writer againft 
 the corruptions of the court. Charles II. 
 delighted in his converlation, but could 
 never prevail with him to fupport his mea- 
 fures. To efledt this he one day fent Lord 
 Danby to Marvel’s lodgings, which were 
 very mean, in an obfeure court in the Strand. 
 Marvel was much furprifed at this vifit, 
 but was told by the earl, that his majefty 
 wiihed to know in what way he could ferve 
 him, to which the other replied, “ that 
 it was not in the king’s power to lerve him.” 
 His lordihip, after fume other difeourfe, of- 
 fered him any place at court that he Ihould 
 chufe. Marvel anfwered, “that he could 
 not accept the offer without being ungrateful 
 either to the country, by betraying its in- 
 terefts, or to the king, by voting againft 
 him.” Danby in conclufion told him, that 
 “his majefty had fent him one thoufand 
 pounds, as a mark of his private efteem.” 
 This alfo he refufed, though when his lord- 
 fliip was gone, he was obliged to borrow a 
 guinea of a friend. He died in 1678. He 
 wrote fome pieces againft Parker, bilhop of 
 Oxford, and mifcellaneous poems, and 
 trails ; all of which have been published 
 in 3 vols. 4Bo. A poetical piece of his in 
 recommendation of Paradife Loft, is ulually 
 prefixed to that great work :.—Biog. Brit. 
 
 Mar v li. us (Tacitus), a poet of Calabria 
 in the 5th century, who wrote a panegyric 
 on Attila king of the Huns, which the bar- 
 barian requited by caufing the poet and his 
 poem to be burnt together. — Vofs . de Poet. 
 Lat. 
 
 , Marullus (Michael), a learned Greek, 
 who went to Italy on the taking of Con- 
 ftantinople. He was a poet and foldier ; 
 but an atheift and extravagantly fond of 
 Lucretius. He was drowned in the river 
 Caecina in 1500. His poetical pieces in 
 Greek and Latin were printed at Florence 
 
MAR 
 
 In 4te. In 1497, and at Paris in 1561* 
 They are very licentious.— Moreri. 
 
 Mary, the mother of Jefus Chrift, was 
 of the tribe of Judah, and of the royal 
 laoufe of David. She efpoufed Jofeph, but 
 when betrothed fhe miraculoufly conceived 
 by the Holy Ghoft, agreeable to the decla- 
 ration of the angel Gabriel. When delivered 
 fhe went into Egypt with the child, and 
 afterwards fettled at Nazareth. Little is 
 faid of her in the Gofpels, and nothing af- 
 ter the afcenfion of our Saviour ; but that 
 fhe refided with St. John the Evangeli'ft, to 
 vvhofe care fhe was entrufted by our Lord. 
 The Roman church pretends that fhe was 
 immaculate, and afcended to heaven without 
 patting through death, whence it has the 
 feaft called the affumption of the Virgin. 
 
 • Alary the wife of Cltophas, is called the 
 filler of the Virgin. She was the mother 
 of the Apoftles James the Lefs, Simon and 
 Jude. She accompanied our Lord to his 
 crucifixion, and was one of the women to 
 whom his refurredtion was announced by 
 the angels. — Cave. 
 
 Mary, queen of England, was the daugh- 
 ter of Henry VIII. by Catherine of Arra- 
 gon, and born in 1517. Her education was 
 liberal, and fhe acquired id great a know- 
 ledge of the Latin language as to undertake 
 a tranflation of Erafmus’s paraphrafe on St. 
 John’s golpel, which, however, file did not 
 complete. During the life of her father 
 fhe experienced many marks of his brutal 
 temper, and her inflexible oppofition to his 
 will made him fometimes form a refolution 
 of putting her to death, from which he was 
 diverted by archbilhop Cranmer. The 
 treatment which ker mother had experi- 
 enced, contributed much towards encrealing 
 her diflike to Henry, and to the alterations 
 which he introduced into the church. Du- 
 ring the reign of Edward fhe could not be 
 prevailed with to join in communion with 
 the proteftant divines. On this account 
 that amiable prince was perluaded by the 
 duke of Northumberland, to let afide his 
 fiflers from the fucceflisn, and to declare 
 lady Jane Gray his heir. At his death in 
 1553 that lady was proclaimed queen ; but 
 her reign lafted only a few days. The par- 
 tifans of Mary became numerous, and fhe 
 entered London without oppofition. In put- 
 ting to death lady Jane and her hulband 
 lord Dudley fhe betrayed that fanguinary 
 and vengeful temper which was foon dis- 
 played in a violent perfecution of the pro- 
 teflants. Even Cranmer, to whom fhe was 
 indebted for her life, could not efcape her 
 bigotry and cruelty. In 1554 file married 
 Philip of Spain, eldeft fon of Charles V. 
 with whom fhe lived on indifferent terms. 
 A difappointment occafioned by a fuppofed 
 milcarriage, and aggravated by the lofs of 
 Calais, produced a fever, of which fire died 
 in 1558, and with her ended the domi- 
 nation of the papal power in England.— 
 Rabin. Hume. 
 
 MAR 
 
 Mary II. queen of England, the wife of 
 William lit. was the daughter of James II. 
 by Anne Hyde, daughter of the earl of Cla- 
 rendon. At the age of 15 fhe was married 
 to William prince of Orange, whom fhe fol- 
 lowed to England in 1689. The fame year 
 parliament having declared the crown vacant 
 by the abdication of James, conferred it upon 
 William and Mary. She was of a meek 
 difpofition, and did not interfere in matters 
 of governmeirl, except when her hulband 
 was abfent. She died without iflue of the 
 fmall pox in 1694, aged ot.— Hume. Fun. 
 Sermon by Burnet. 
 
 Mary Stuart, the daughter of James 
 V. king of Scotland, by Maria of Lorraine, 
 was born in 1542. She was only eight days 
 old when her father died, on which fhe be- 
 came heirefs to the throne. Henry VIII. 
 .of England endeavoured to unite the two 
 kingdoms by a marriage between his fon 
 Edward and the infant queen of Scots, but 
 his otter being rejected, he fent his troops 
 into Siotland, where they took and plunder- 
 ed Edinburgh, but were foon obliged tore- 
 turn. In 1548 Mary was contracted to 
 Francis dauphin of France, at which court 
 fhe acquired thofe accomplifhments which 
 rendered her an objedt of univerfal admira- 
 tion, and there alfo file imbibed thofe pre- 
 judices which proved the foerce of her mif- 
 fortunes. In 1558 the marriage was cele- 
 brated, and by the Jiredlion of their father- 
 in-law Mary and her hufband aflumed the 
 title of king and queen of England, on the fup- 
 pofed ground of the illegitimacy of Elizabeth, 
 an act of ridiculous ambition, which was 
 afterwards fatal to Mary. In 1559 Henry 
 II. died, and Francis became king of France, 
 but in lefs than two years he left Mary a 
 widow, on which fhe returned to her native 
 country, and was received by her fubjedts 
 with joy. Scotland was at this time a prey 
 to fanatical zeal. The preibyterian party 
 carried reformation to ihocking lengths, by 
 deftroying abbeys, carhedrals, libraries, and 
 even the monuments of the dead. Such 
 was the Hate of the kingdom at the landing 
 of Mary, who, the firft Sunday after her ar- 
 rival, ordered mafs to be faid in her chapel. 
 This gave great offence to the people, and 
 it was with difficulty they granted to their 
 fovereign that liberty of conference which 
 they claimed themfelves. Mary fhewed a 
 different temper, , for file proclaimed, that 
 any attempt towards a change or fubverfion 
 of the reformed church, fhoyld be treated as 
 a capital offence. Notwithftunding this If, 
 berality on her part, the people in every 
 pageant and fpedtacle, delighted to infultr 
 the queen by ridiculing her religion. Even 
 the royal chapel was affaulted by the mob, 
 at the mitigation of. Knox the reformer. 
 Several otters of marriage were made to 
 Mary, who rejedted them, and bellowed her 
 hand on Henry Lord Darnley, fon of the 
 earl of Lennox, a young nobleman of pre- 
 poffeffmg appearance, but weak and impetu- 
 U v 4 . 
 
MAR. 
 
 ou5 in his mind and temper, and mean and 
 intemperate in his habits. This inaufpici- 
 eus marriage foon ended in difguft, and the 
 enemies of both took the advantage of widen- 
 ing the breach. They perfuaded Darnley 
 that David Rizzio, an old Italian mufician, 
 ■whom the queen had appointed her foreign 
 ft cretary, had fupplanted him in her affec- 
 tions. A confpiracy was formed, and one 
 night, while the queen was at fupper with 
 the countefs of Argyle, Henry conduced 
 his confederates to the royal apartment, 
 where Rizzio, was murdered in the prefence 
 of Mary, who was then advanced in her 
 pregnancy. James Hepburn, earl Bothwell, 
 became now a favourite in the court of Scot- 
 land j a man of confiderable intrigue, but 
 of unprincipled conduct. By his arts he 
 gained an afeendanev over the mind of Mary, 
 who appointed him lieutenant of the 
 marches. In 1566 fhe was delivered of a 
 fon, afterwards James VI. of Scotland, and 
 the firft of England. Darnley in ,the mean 
 time feeing himfelf deprived of- power, and 
 generally defpifed, retired to his country 
 houfe, which was blown up one night, and 
 the body of the king found in a garden ad- 
 joining, without any marks of violence, 
 This deed of darknefs occafioned univerfal 
 horror, and as it left no doubt that Bothwell 
 was the principal caufe, fo it drew on Mary 
 fufpicions which were never effaced till our 
 own days. After a mock trial Bothwell 
 was acquitted, and he was ftrengthened in 
 the power he had acquired. Pie now laid 
 afide the mafk, and on the 24th of April, 
 1567, feized the queen, and carried her to 
 the caftle ol Dunbar, were by entreaties and 
 force he prevailed on her to marry him. 
 This is the great ftain on the charadter of 
 this ill-fated woman, which has called 
 forth the utrnoft exertions of her enemies 
 and heradvocates. The conduit of Bothwell 
 towards her after this, in keeping her a pri- 
 foner under a ftrong guard, does certainly 
 carry ftrong prefumption that Ihe was forced 
 into this union againft her own inclination. 
 A confederacy of tine mod powerful lords, 
 in the kingdom was formed againft Bothwell, 
 who finding himfelf unable to oppofe them, 
 left the kingdom, and died miferably in 
 Denmark. Mary was committed to the 
 charge of her greateft enemy, the mother 
 of the earl of Murray, who had affumed the 
 title or regent, and the lords of the confe- 
 deracy forced the queen to fign a renuncia- 
 tion of her crown in favour of her fon, and 
 he was accordingly crowned at Stirling. Af- 
 terthis, the enemies of Mary, who had fuf- 
 fered Bothwell to qu:t the kingdom, caufed 
 different perfons to be executed for being 
 concerned in the king’s murder. All thefe 
 l'olemly acquitted Mary of being privy to 
 that tranfadfion. Notwithftanding this, the 
 council, for the purpofe of rendering her 
 odious, and colouring their own tyranny, 
 produced letters, purporting to be written 
 by her, which if true, would clearly eftablilh 
 the fact. But they have been proved for- 
 L 
 
 MAR 
 
 genes. Mary having efcaped from her pri- 
 fon in the ifland of Lochleven, haftened to 
 Hamilton, where Ihe found many friends, 
 but the regent Murray marching againft: 
 them the royal party was defeated. On 
 this Mary fled into England, where fhe im- 
 plored the protection' of Elizabeth, who 
 adted with great duplicity for fome time, and 
 at length declared that no affiftance could be 
 afforded her unlefs fhe fubmitted to a legal 
 trial. After fome difficulties this was agreed 
 to, and the caufe was to be determined at 
 York by a commiffion, which finally, re- 
 moved to London, where it was declared, 
 that “ nothing had been produced whereby 
 the queen of England could conceive or take 
 any evil opinion of her good After, for any 
 thing yet feen.” This is a fufficient vindi- 
 cation of Mary’s innocence, and yet Are was 
 ftill kept in elefe confinement. The duke 
 of Norfolk formed the defign of marrying 
 Mary, in which he was encouraged by fe- 
 veral of the EngliJh nobility, and alfo by the 
 regent Murray. But this being difeovered 
 by Elizabeth, the duke was lent to the 
 Tower, from wihence he was not releafed 
 till he promifed to renounce all ccrrefpon- 
 dence with the queen of Scotland: — but af- 
 terwards renewing his ambitious projedl, 
 he was tried and executed. After a long 
 confinement at Coventry, Mary was removed 
 to Fotheringay caftle, where (lie was to un- 
 dergo the mock formality of a trial on the 
 charge of fomenting confpiracies againft Eli- 
 zabeth. When brought before the com- 
 mifiioners ihe difclaimed their authority, and 
 afferted her innocence. The commiffioners, 
 after hearing her defence, removed the mat- 
 ter to Weftminfter, and, though no proof 
 appeared of the charges, Are was declared 
 guilty of confpiring the death of Elizabeth. 
 Mary received the tidings with complacency, 
 being wearied by her unparalleled perfec- 
 tions. Many foreign powers interefted 
 themfelves in her behalf, and her fon James 
 endeavoured to fave her life, but in vain. 
 A warrant was fent down, and read to 
 the royal captive, who only entreated that 
 file might be permitted the confolations of 
 her own religion. Even this favour was in- 
 humanly refufed. She was beheaded in the 
 caftle of Fotheringay, Feb. 3, 1587, after 
 praying to God to forgive all who had thirft- 
 ed for her blood. Thus fell Mary Stuart, a 
 princefs of uncommon beauty and accomplilh- 
 ments as well as misfortunes. Her remains 
 were interred in Peterborough cathedral, 
 from whence they were removed by her fon, 
 and depoiited in Weftminfter abbey. Her 
 memory has been fuccefsfully vindicated by 
 the learned Whitaker and other writers. — Ro~ 
 bcrtfm's Scotland. Stuart's Life of Mary. Hume. 
 Whitaker's Hind, of Mary . 
 
 Mary de Medicis, daughter of Fran- 
 cis II. grand duke of Tufcany, and wife of 
 Flenry IV. king of France, was born at Flo- 
 rence in 1573. On the death of her huiband 
 in 1610 fhe was named regent of the king-, 
 dom, She was a woman of great political in- 
 
MAS 
 
 trigue, and of unbounded ambition. Differ- 
 ences arofe between her and Louis, which 
 were compromifed by means of Richelieu, 
 whom Ihe introduced to the favour of that 
 monarch. But afterwards a violent breach 
 occurred between her and the cardinal, who 
 was fupported by the king. Alary was exiled 
 to Bruflels, and all her favourites, and even 
 her phyfician, were either banilhed or fent to 
 the Baftille. She died in poverty at Cologne, 
 in 164-2. Mary built the elegant palace 
 called the Luxemburg at Paris, and adorned 
 that city with aquedudts and other ornaments. 
 
 • — Henault. Nouv. DIB. HJl. 
 
 Mary, queen of Hungary, was lifter to 
 the emperor Charles V. and married in 1521 
 to Louis king of Hungary, who foon after 
 was killed at the battle of Mohatz. His wi- 
 dow was appointed governefs of the Low 
 Countries in 1531, and in that ftation be- 
 haved with great courage and prudence. She 
 headed the troops in feveral adbions, and was 
 fo fond of hunting as to be called Diana and 
 the huntrefs. She favoured the protellants, 
 and had a tafte for literature. Between her 
 and Henry II. king of France there was a 
 great animofity, and Ihe committed confider- 
 able ravages in the French provinces. Henry 
 on his part invaded Flanders, and deftroyed 
 the palace of Mary, who in return carried de- 
 vaftation into Picardy. The Spanilh fol- 
 diers called her the mother of the camp. She 
 refigned the government in 1555, and died 
 in Spain in 1558. — Bayle. 
 
 Mary, an Anglo-Norman poetefs in the 
 13th century, was born in France, but refi- 
 ded chiefly in England. There are feveral 
 of her poems on the adventures of chivalry, 
 in the Britifh Mufeum. M. le Grand iias 
 publilhed her fables in French prole. Ano- 
 ther work of hers is a tale in French verfe of 
 St. Patrick’s Purgatory. — Archatologia^’vcl. xiii. 
 
 Masaccio (Thomas), a celebrated Ita- 
 lian painter, was born in 1417. He was ac- 
 counted the principal artift of the fecond age 
 ol modem painting, from its revival under 
 Cimabue. , He died in 1443. — De Piles. Pilk. 
 
 Mascardi (Auguftin), alearned Italian, 
 was born in the republic of Genoa in 1591. 
 Pope Urban VIII. tounded for him a profef- 
 forlhip ot rhetoric in the college of Sapienza ; 
 but being of a licentious turn he died in po- 
 verty in 1640. He wrote Latin and Italian 
 poems ; a Hiftory of the Confpiracy of the 
 -Count Fiefc.o ; and a curious work entitled, 
 Dell’Arte. [ftorica, 4to. — Tirabofchi. 
 
 Mascaron (Julius), a French bifliop, 
 was born at Marfeillcs in 1634. His repu- 
 tation as* a preacher procured him the bithop- 
 ric ot Tulles, from whence he was tranflated 
 to that of Agen. He died in 1703. His fu- 
 neral orations are much efteemed Mover], 
 
 Mascheronj (Laurent), an ingenious 
 mathematician, was born at Bergamo, in the 
 Venetian States, Jn 1750. He publilhed 
 notes on the Integral calculus ol Euler, and 
 had a lhare in the experiments performed by 
 ihe inllitute of Bologna with a view of prov- 
 
 M A S 
 
 ing the figure of the earth by the defeent of 
 bodies. The invention, however, which has 
 rendered his name confpicuous was his cele - 
 brated Geometria del compaJJ'o, “ the compafs 
 Geometry.” He died at Paris in 1G00. 
 
 Mascj.ef (Francis), a French divine, who 
 was deprived of a canonry in the cathedral of 
 Amiens for being a janlenift. He died in 
 1728, aged 66. His works are, 1. A He- 
 brew Grammar, 2 vols. 12mo.; 2. Ecclefi- 
 aftical Conferences of the Diocel'e of Amiens ; 
 3. The Catechifm of Amiens — Ibid. 
 
 Mascrier (John Baptift de), a French 
 writer, was born at Caen in 1697, and died 
 at Paris in 1700. He publilhed, 1. A De- 
 feription of Egypt, 4to.; ‘2 An Idea of the 
 ancient and modern Government of Egypt, 
 12mo.; 3. Chriftian Refiedtions on the great 
 Truths of Faith j and other works.— Nouv. 
 DiB. Ilijl. 
 
 Masenius (James), a jefuit, was born 
 at Dalen in the duchy of Juliers in 1606. 
 He was profeflbr ot eloquence at Cologne, 
 and died in 1681. He wrote, 1. Palmftra 
 Eloquentiae ligatie, 4 vols. 12mo; 2. Palte- 
 ftraftyli Romani ; 3 Anima Hiftoria, feu Vita 
 Caroli V. et Ferdinandi, 4to.; 4. Notes, See, 
 to the Annals of Treves, fol.j 5. Epitome 
 Annalium Tri venfium, 8vo.; 6. Latin Poems, 
 particularly one on the Fall of Man, which 
 Lauder falfely charged Milton with having 
 ftolen from, when writing his Paradife Loft. 
 ~Moreri. 
 
 AIasham (Damaris lady), an ingenious 
 lady, was the daughter of Dr. Ralph Cud- 
 worth, and the wife of fir Francis Maiham, 
 ot Oates in Efiex, by whom ihe had a fon. 
 She was the intimate friend of Mr. Locke, 
 who died at her houle. Lady Mafhatu wrote 
 a difeourfe concerning the Love of God, 8vo ; 
 and Thoughts in reference to a virtuous and 
 chriftian Life, 8vo. She died in 1708, aged 
 50, and was buried in the abbey church at 
 Bith. — Ballard’s Brit. Ladies. 
 
 Masius (Andrew), a learned man of the 
 16th century. He was born atLinnich near 
 Bruflels, and became counfellor to the duke 
 ot Cleves. He died in 1573, aged 57. Ma- 
 fius was uncommonly well verfed in antient 
 hiftory and geography. His principal works 
 are, a Syriac Lexicon and Grammar, folio; 
 a Commentary on the Book of Jolhua, fob; 
 and Difputatio de carna domini, 1575. — Mo-. 
 reri. 
 
 Maso (Thomas), or Finiguerra, a gold- 
 fmith ot Florence in the 15th century, who 
 is laid to have Invented the art of engraving 
 on copper. He flourilhed about 1480.— 
 
 Mover]. 
 
 Mason (Francis), a learned divine, was, 
 born in the county of Durham about 1566, 
 and educated at Oxford, where he became fel- 
 low of Merton college. In 1599 he was pre- 
 fented to the redtory of Orfoid in Suffolk. 
 He was afterwards appointed chaplain to James 
 I. and made archdeacon of Norfolk. He (tied 
 at Orford in 1621. His learned work, enti- 
 tled, Viiidicia; Eocldue Anglican*, has been 
 
MAS 
 
 tranflated into Engli/h with a preface and 
 notes by Lindfay .—Wood, A. 0. 
 
 Mason (John), a diiTenting divine of con- 
 fiderable meric, who was a mailer of arts of 
 one of the Scotch univerfities. He wrote an 
 excellent little volume of ethics, entitled, 
 Self-Knowledge, of which there have been 
 feveral editions; he was alfo the author 
 of fifty-two Practical Difeourfes for the ufe 
 of Families, 2 vols. 8vo.; An EiTay on Elo- 
 cution, 8vo.; two Efl'ays on the Power of 
 Poetical and Profaic Numbers, 8vo. ; a plain 
 and modeft Plea for Chriftianity, 8vo.; and the 
 Student and Pallor, or Diredlions how to at- 
 tain to eminence and ufefulnefs in thofe re- 
 fpedtive characters, 12mo. He died in 1763* 
 He is not to be miftaken tor John Majon of 
 Water Stratford, near Buckingham, who 
 being bewildered in the dodtrines of Calvin- 
 ifm, perfuaded himfelf and others that he was 
 the Elias appointed to proclaim the approach 
 of Chrilt, and the glorious ilate of the mil- 
 lenium. lie died in 1695. — Granger. 
 
 Mason (William), an Engliih poet and 
 divine, was the Ion of a clergyman in Yovk- 
 ihire, and educated at St. John’s college, 
 Cambridge. In 1749 lie was elcdted tellow 
 of Pembroke hall through the intereft of Mr. 
 Gray. In 1748 he published a poem entitled, 
 Ms, which being conlidered as an attack on 
 the univerfity of Oxford, was anlwered by 
 Mr. Warton in another, called, the Triumphs 
 of His. In 1754 he entered into orders and 
 was appointed chaplain to the king, and pre- 
 fented to the valuable living of Alton in York - 
 /hire. lie alfo obtained the precentor/hip of 
 York cathedral, which leading hie mind to 
 church mufie, he compofed a book on that 
 fubjeft. Mr. Gray the poet, appointed him 
 one of his executors, and Mafon wrote the 
 life and publilhed the letters of his friend.- He 
 alfo compofed the epitaph on Gray’s monu- 
 ment in Weftminfter-abbcy. In the Ame- 
 rican war, Mr. Malon /hewed himfelf warm 
 on the fide of thofe who were called the pa- 
 triotic party; for which he was /truck out of 
 the lift of royal chaplains. The dilorders of 
 the French revolution, allayed Iris political 
 fervour, and lie renounced the Whig notions 
 for which he was once fo zealous. In getting 
 out of his carriage, he bruifed his leg, which 
 being neglected occafioncd a gangrene, of 
 which he died, in 1797. His Elhida and 
 i’aradlacus, two dramas on the Greek mo- 
 del, are efteemed the belt of his perform- 
 ances. He alfo wrote a poem, entitled, The 
 Engliih Garden ; and .tranflated into Engiilh 
 verf : Du Frefnoy’s Art of Painting, to which 
 fir J dhua Reynolds added valuable notes. — 
 Ai utbly Mug. Gent. Mag. 
 
 Mason (fir John), an eminent ftatefman, 
 was born at Abingdon in Berkfhire, anu edu- 
 cated at All Souls’ college, Oxford Becom- 
 ing a favourite with Henry VI II. he was em- 
 ployed in leveral embaffies, and made a mem- 
 ber of the privy council. He afterwards fer- 
 ved Edward VI.; and contrived to hold his 
 places under Mary. Queen Elizabeth made 
 
 M A S 
 
 him treaiurer of her chamber, and he wag 
 chefen chancel lor of the univerfity of Oxford, 
 He died in 1566. His favourite mardm was, 
 “ do, and. fay nothing." — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Masque be Fer, or the “ Iron Mafk," 
 the name of an unknown perfon in France, 
 who was conveyed in the moil fecret manner 
 to the caftle of Pignerol, from whence he was 
 transferred to the ifles St. Margaret. He 
 was a man taller than ordinary, and extreme- 
 ly well made His accomplilhments were 
 evidently great, and he had a fine tafte for 
 mufie. He always wore a maik with Heel 
 fprings, which was fo con/lrudled as to allow 
 him free liberty- to eat and drink. His keep- 
 ers treated him with the great eft relpedl. At 
 Pignerol he was entrufted to the charge of an 
 officer named St. Mars, on whofe appointment 
 as lieutenant of the illes this unknown per- 
 fonage accompanied him, as he finally did to 
 the Baftille, where he died in 1703, and was 
 buried under the name of Marchiali. 1 wo 
 gentlemen who were prifoners in the room 
 over him contrived to hold fomc converfation 
 with him by means of thechim'ney, and found 
 that he was a man of general learning ; but 
 he informed them that a dilcovery of his name 
 and rank would be death both to him and 
 them. Numerous conjectures have been 
 formed, and diffiertations written on this hif- 
 torical fubjeEt, which for all that has been 
 laid Hill remains in impenetrable obfeurity. 
 It is remarkable that no perfon of diitindlion 
 was milling at tiie time of his being confided 
 to the cuftody of St Mars. — Nouv. DtSi. Hiji. 
 Voltaire's Age of Louis XIV. 
 
 Mas-sac (Raymond), a phyfician of Or- 
 leans in the 16th century. He wrote, 1. 
 Paean Aurelianus, 4to.; 2. Pugeae, five de 
 lymphis pugiacis, lib. ii. 1.599 — Moreri. 
 
 Massanielio, or Anello (Thomas), 
 a fifherman at Naples, who caufed a revolt 
 in that city on account of taxes, and gather- 
 ed a rabble of near 50,000 perfons, by which 
 means he ufurped the fovereign power, and 
 ruled the city with great terror about ten 
 days, and was then killed and his body call, 
 into a ditch, A. D. 164-6.—- Moreri. 
 
 Massaiu (Lucio), an hillorical painter, 
 was born at Bologna in 1569. He ltudied 
 under Ludovico Caracci, and improved himfelf 
 at Rome. He died in 1 6.33. — D' Argenmille. 
 
 Massahia (Alexander), a celebrated 
 phyfician, was born at Vicenza. He died at 
 Padua in 1.598, at an advanced age His 
 works are, 1. De Ptftc, 4to.; 2. Diiputa- 
 tiones duae, quarum prima de fcopis mitten- 
 di fanguinem in lebribus, altera de purgatione 
 in morborum principio, 4-to-; 3. PracticaMe- 
 dica, folio. — Moreri. 
 
 Masse (John Baptille), miniature painter 
 to the French king, was born at Paris in 
 1687, and died in 1767. He copied the 
 great pidlures of Le Brun at Verfailles, from 
 which fomc fine engravings were publilhed 
 in 17.5 3.—Newv. Dili . Hifl. 
 
 Massevii.l e (Louis le Vavaffeur de), a 
 French topographical writer, was born at 
 
MAS 
 
 Montebourg, and died at Valogne in 1733, 
 aged 66. He wrote the Hiftory and Geogra- 
 phy of Normandy, 8 vols. 12mo. — Nouv, 
 Did. Hiji. 
 
 Massieb (William), a French writer, 
 was bom at Caen in 1665. He was a jefuit, 
 but afterwards quitted the order, and became 
 tutor to the children of M. de Sacy. He 
 was penfionary of the academy of infcriptions, 
 and a member of the French academy. He 
 died in 1722. He publiihed an edition of the 
 Greek Teftament ; a Tranflation of Pindar ; 
 Hiftery of French Poetry ; a Latin Poem on 
 Coffee, and feveral difiertations in the Me- 
 moirs of the Academy of Infcriptions.— Mo~ 
 reri. 
 
 Massillon (John Baptifte), a famous 
 French prelate, was born at Idieres in Pro- 
 vence in 1663. At the age of 18 he entered 
 into the congregation of the oratory. He 
 acquired a fuperiority over all the preachers 
 of his time, and Louis XIV. once faid to him, 
 H Father, when I hear other preachers 1 go 
 away much pleafed with them, but when I 
 hear you [ go away much difpleafed with my- 
 ielt.” In 171 7 he was appointed biihop of 
 Clermont, and in 1719 admitted a member 
 of the French academy. lie died in 1742. 
 His works have been printed in 14 vols. 
 12 mo. — Nouv. Did. Hift. 
 
 Massinger (Philip), a dramatic wri- 
 ter, was born at Salilbury in 1585, and edu- 
 cated at Oxford, but he left the univerffty 
 without taking a degree. He publifhed 14 
 plays of his own, and fome in which he was 
 ailifted by others His works have been re- 
 printed in 176 1, in 4 vols 8vo. and again in 
 1779. He died in 1639 .—Dangbaine. 
 Wood. 
 
 Massi nissa, king of a fmall country in 
 Africa, who took part with the Carthaginians 
 againft Rome ; but his nephew being taken 
 prifoner by Scipio, lie fent him back to his 
 uncle with prelents, which fo affected Mafli- 
 niffa that he became the ally of the Romans, 
 who were indebted to him for many vitto- 
 nes. At his death he made Scipio HSmilia- 
 nus guardian of his kingdom. He died B. C. 
 149. 
 
 Massolino (da Panicale), a painter, was 
 born at Florence in 1413. His greateft per- 
 formance was a large picture of the hiftory of 
 St. Peter. He died in 1450. — Filkirigton. 
 
 Masson (Papirius), a French writer, was 
 born in 1544. He was at firft a jefuit and 
 afterwards a lawyer. He died in 1611. His 
 Annals were printed in 1598, 4 books, 4to. 
 He wrote fome other works.— M.or eri. 
 
 Masson (John), a French proteftant di- 
 vine, who died in Holland about 1750. He 
 wrote a Critical Hiftory of the Republic of 
 Letters, 15 vols. l‘2mo.; Lives of Horace, 
 Ovid, and Pliny the Younger, 3 vols. 8vo.; 
 Hiftory of Peter Bayle and his Works, 12rno. 
 — Noun . Did. Hift. 
 
 Masson (Anthony), a French engraver 
 who excelled in portraits ; his plates of the 
 difciples at Emmaus, Turenne and the duke 
 
 MAT 
 
 d’Harcourts, are moft efteemed. He died at 
 Paris in 1702, aged 66 .—Ibid. 
 
 Masson (Innocent le), a Carthufian and 
 general of his order, was born in 1628. He 
 rebuilt the Grande Chartreufe after it had 
 been burnt down. He died in 1703. Maf- 
 fon colledfed the ftatutes of his order with 
 learned notes, printed at Paris in 1703, folio. 
 Anthony Maffon , a religious of the order of 
 Minims, who died at Vincennes in 1700, 
 wrote a Hiftory of Noah and the Deluge, 
 l2mo.; Hiftory of Abraham, and other 
 works . — Moreri. 
 
 Masson di:s Granges (Daniel), a 
 French prieft, who died in 1760, aged 60. 
 He wrote an excellent work entitled, The 
 Modern Philofopher, or the Unbeliever Con- 
 demned at the Tribunal of Reafon, 1765, 
 12mo. — -Nouns. Did. Hift. 
 
 Massuet (Renatus), a learned benedic- 
 tine, of the congregation of St. Maur, was 
 born in 1665, and died in 1716. He pub- 
 liihed an edition of Ireuaeus, 1710, folio; 
 alfo a fifth volume of the Ails of Saints of 
 the Order of St. Benedict, and other works. 
 — — Moreri . 
 
 Ma stelleta (John Andrew), a painter, 
 was born at Bologna in 1577. He was in- 
 ftruCted in the fchool or the Caracci, and af- 
 terwards ftudied the works of Parmel'an. 
 Employing black more than any other colour, 
 he thereby leffened the value of his works. 
 Being of a melancholy turn he entered into a 
 monaftery, where he "died — De Piles. 
 
 Matani (Anthony), a phytlciun, was 
 born at Piftoia in Italy in 1730. He be- 
 came medical profeffor at Pifa, and died at 
 his native place in 1769- His principal works 
 are, 1. De Aneurilmaticis Prascordiorum mor- 
 tis Animadverfiones ; 2. Heliodori Lariliaei 
 capita opticorum e graeco latine converfa ; 3. 
 Account or the natural Produftions of the 
 .1 erritory of Piftoia ; 4. De Nofocomiorum 
 Regimme ; .5. De Remediis Traftatus.— 
 Nou-v. Did. Hift. 
 
 Maternus de Cilano (George Chrif- 
 tian), a learned German, was born at Pref- 
 burg, and died at Altena in Lower Saxony in 
 1773. Ilis works are, i. De Terrae con> 
 cufiionibus ; 2. Dc caufis Lucis Borealis; 3. 
 De motu humorum progrellivo veteribus non 
 ignoto ; 4. De Saturnulium origine et cele- 
 brandi ritu apud Romanos, &c. — Nouv. Did. 
 HiJl. 
 
 Mather (Increafe, D.D ), a puritan di- 
 vine, was born in New England. In the time 
 of Cromwell he had a church at Gloucelter, 
 but on the approach of the reftoration he re- 
 turned to America. He died in 1723, aged 
 84. lie wrote a Brief Hiftory of the' Wars 
 with the Indians in New England, 1.676 ; 
 Drvine Right of Infant Baptifm ; Difoourfe 
 on the Perfon of Chtift, 8vo.; Diatribe de 
 figno Filii Hominis, et de fecundo Meffiae ad- 
 ventu, 8vo.; De fucceflu Evangelii apud In- 
 dos in Nova Anglia, 8vo.; Dilcourfe concern- 
 ing Comets, 8vo.j and feveral other pieces; 
 mm Life by his font 
 
MAT 
 
 Mather (Cotton), an eminent divine, 
 was the fon of the laft-mentioned, and born 
 at Bolton in 166 ‘ . He became affftant to his 
 father, and diftinguilhed himfelf by his piety 
 and learning. In 1710 the univerfity of 
 Glafgow conferred on him the degree of D.D. 
 and in 1714 he was chofen a member of the 
 royal Society of London. He died in 1728. 
 He wrote a number of books, among which 
 are an Ecclefiaftical Hiftoryof New England, 
 folio ; the Chriftian Philpfopher, 8vo ; the 
 Wonders of the Invisible World, being an 
 Account of the Trials of feveral Witches, 
 lately executed in New England, See. In 
 this laft work he fhewed an altoniibing degree 
 of credulity. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Mathias (St.), one of the twelve apof- 
 tles, and elected after the death of Judas. 
 He is raid to havejireached the gofpel in E- 
 thiopi.i, where he fuffered martyrdom. The 
 ancient heretics had a gofpel which they pre- 
 tended was written by this apoftle. — Gave. 
 
 Mathias, emperor of Germany, was the 
 fon of Maximilian II. and fucceeded his bro- 
 ther Rodolph II. in 1612. The empire was 
 then at war with the Turks, with whom 
 Mathias concluded a peace in 1615, but the 
 war was renewed in 1618, and continued 
 thirty years. Mathias died at Vienna in 
 1619, aged 62.—CW Hift. 
 
 Matjjias Corvikus, called the great, 
 king of Hungary and Bohemia, was the Ion 
 of John Huniadcs. The enemies of his fa- 
 ther confined him in prifon in Bohemia, but 
 on regaining his liberty he was eledted king 
 of Hungary in 1158. His election, how- 
 ever, was eppofed by many of the Hungarian 
 lords, who offered the crown to Frederick 
 III. The Turks profiting by thefe divifions 
 invaded the country, but were expelled by 
 Mathias, who compelled Frederick to yield 
 to him the crown of St. Stephen, of which he 
 had obtained poffeffion. The war was after- 
 wards renewed, and Mathias overrunning Auf- 
 tria took Vienna and Ncultadt, on which the 
 emperor was obliged to make a peace in 1187. 
 Mathias reformed many abufe-s particularly 
 with refpeft to duels and law-l'uits, and was 
 preparing an expedition again!! the Turks 
 when he died of an apoplexy in 1490.— 
 Ibid. 
 
 Mathi A 3' (Chriftian), a Lutheran divine, 
 was born at Meldarp in Holltein in 1581. He 
 became fuccefiively profeffor of pHilofophy 
 and divinity in feveral univerfities, and died 
 at Utrecht in 1655. His principal works 
 are, Hiiloria Patriarcharum, quarto; and 
 Theatruni Hiftoricum, 4to. — Merer i. 
 
 Math on* pb la Codr (James), a ma- 
 thematician, was born at Lyons in 1712, and 
 died in that city in 1770. He was a member 
 or the ac.Jcmy in his native place, and pub- 
 Itfhcd a memoir on the belt mode of Apply- 
 ing the action of wind upon large veffels ; 
 Elements of Dynamics and Mechanics, 3 vols. 
 12mo ; Eflay on Calculating the Movements 
 or Machines by the Reaction of Water. His 
 fon Chc.rhs Jojc-pk was born at Lyons in 1738, 
 
 MAT 
 
 and put to death by the revolutionary tribu- 
 nal in 1793. He wrote Letters on the Pub- 
 lic Pidtures exhibited ; a Differtation on the 
 Alteration of the Laws of Sparta, by Lycur- 
 gus ; Idylls in Profe ; and feveral other inge- 
 nious pieces.— Nouv. Dibl. Hift. 
 
 Matilda or Maud, the daughter of 
 Henry 1. king of England, and wife of Hen- 
 ry IV. emperor of Germany, was nominated 
 in 1135 fucceffor to the Engiifh throne by 
 her father ; but in her abfence Stephen ufur- 
 ped the title. Arriving in England with a 
 large army in 1139 fhe defeated Stephen, 
 and was acknowleged queen in a parliament 
 Held in 1141. Stephen afterwards defeated 
 the einprefs, on which the national fynod 
 declared for him, and Matilda was obliged to 
 leave the kingdom. On the death of the 
 emperor fhe married Geoffrey Plantagenet, 
 earl of Anjou, by whom ihe had a fon, af- 
 terwards Henry II. king of England. Matil- 
 da died in 1167, aged 67. — Rapin. Hume. 
 
 Matignon (James de), prince of Mon- 
 tagne, and count of Thorigni, a famous ge- 
 neral of France, was born in 1526. He dif- 
 played great courage when young in fe veral 
 battles, and in 1572 commanded the royal 
 army in Normandy. In 1579 he w r as made 
 a marfhal of France, and affiled as conltable 
 at the coronation of Henry IV. He died 
 in 1597. — Moreri. 
 
 Mattei (Paolo da), an hiltorical pain- 
 ter, was born at Naples in 1661. He was 
 the difciplc of Luca Giordano, and diftinguifh- 
 ed himfelf by the exadtnefs with which he 
 copied the works of great mailers. He died 
 in 17 28. — Pilkir.gton. 
 
 Mats vs (£>uintin), an hiltorical and por- 
 trait painter, was born at Antwerp in 1460. 
 He was brought up a blackfmith, which trade 
 he abandoned, and became an excellent artifl. 
 A defeent from the crofs, in the cathedral of 
 Antwerp, is his mafter-piece. He died in 
 1529- His fon, John Matfys, was a good 
 painter, but not equal to his father. — De 
 Piles. D' Argenville. 
 
 Matthew', or Levi, thefon of Alphaeus, 
 an apotcle oi'Jefus Chrill, before which he 
 was a publican, i. e. a tax-gatherer or recei- 
 ver of tribute. Elis gofpel is fuppofed to 
 have been written A. D. 64. Some critics 
 think that it was originally written in He- 
 brew or Syriac, whence it was tranfl ted into 
 Greek, but this is mere conjedture. Mat- 
 thew is faid to have been put to death in Par- 
 thia, where, and in Perfia, he had propagat- 
 ed chriftianiy with zeal and fuccefs — Cwve. 
 Dupin. Percy's Key to the N ■ T- 
 
 Matthew Cantacuzenus, the fon of 
 John, emperor of the Halt, and his alfociate 
 in the empire in 1354. John abdicated the 
 throne fome time after, on which Matthew 
 remained emperor with }ohn Pakeologus. 
 Thefe princes at length difagreed, and had 
 recourl’e to arms. A battle was fought be- 
 tween them in Thrace, and Matthew being 
 taken prifoner, w’as compelled to renounce 
 the throne to his rival. He the* retired to 
 
MAT 
 
 tke monaftery of Mount Athos, where he 
 compofed commentaries on the Song of Solo- 
 mon. — Univ. Hi/l. Moreri. 
 
 Matthew of Weftminfter, an Engl i fh 
 monk and liiftorian of the 14th century. He 
 wrote a chronicle entitled, Flores Hiftoria- 
 rura, praecipue de Rebus Britannicis ab ex- 
 ordio Mundi, ufquc ad ann. 1307, publifned 
 at London in 1567, and at Frankfort in 1601, 
 folio. The author was faithful but fnperfti- 
 tious.— Nkholfon's Hiji. Lib. 
 
 Matthews (Tobias), archbifliop of York 
 in the reign of James I, was a great ornament 
 to the univerfity of Oxford, and an eloquent 
 and frequent preacher. He was tranflated 
 from Durham to York in 1606. He died in 
 1628, aged 82. The only piece of his in 
 print is a Latin Sermon againft Campiun. His 
 fon Tobias was educated at Chrit't church, 
 Oxford, after which he turned Catholic and 
 entered among the jefuits. He was a man of 
 coniiderable political intrigue, and acted as a 
 fpy for the court of Rome. He died in 1655- 
 Biog. Britt. Wood. 
 
 Matthews (Thomas), an Englilh admi- 
 ral, -was a native of Glamorganlhire. He 
 commanded in the Mediterranean in 1744, 
 and fought an obftinate but indecilive battle 
 ofl Toulon with the combined fleets, in which 
 the brave captain Cornwall tell. Owing to 
 his not being fupported by Leftock, his fe- 
 cond in command, admiral Matthews failed 
 in gaining a complete victory ; and yet for 
 this he was difmifled the lervice, and Lef- 
 tock was acquitted. Matthews retired to his 
 eftate in Glamorganlhire, and died there in 
 1751. Smollet. 
 
 Matthieu (Peter), a French liiftorian, 
 was born in 1583. He was a zealous parti- 
 fan of the league, and attended Louis XTlI. 
 to the fiege of Montauban. He died at Tou- 
 loufe in 1621. He wrote, 1. A Hittory of 
 memorable Events in the Reign of Henry the 
 Great; 2. The Hiftory of the Death ot that 
 Monarch; 3. The Hiftory of St. Louis; 4. 
 The Hiftory of France from Francis I. to 
 Louis XIII. 2 vols. folio, tic,.— Moreri. 
 
 Matthiolus (Peter Andrew), an emi- 
 nent phyfician, was born at Sienna in Italy 
 about 1500, and died of the plague at Trent 
 in 1577. He publifhed Commentaries on 
 Diofcorides, in Italian, 1548, 4to. They 
 were afterwards tranflated Into Latin, and 
 publifhed by Dcfmoulins at Lyons in 1572, 
 folio. This is a work of great value. All 
 his writings were collected and printed at 
 Bafle in 1598, folio, with the notes of Gaf- 
 pard Bartholin. lie is not to be-confounded 
 with another phyfician of the fame name, 
 who was profeflor at Padua, where he died 
 in 1498. He wrote a fcarce bpok, entitled, 
 Ars Memorativa, 4to . — Halleri Bill. Bot. 
 Moreri. 
 
 Matti (Emanuel), a Spanifl? poet, was 
 horn in 1663 at Otopefa in New Caftile. 
 Pope Tnnocent XII. appointed him dean of 
 Alitant, where he died in 1737, His poems 
 
 M A U 
 
 were publifhed in 1682, and his letters 
 Latin poetry at Madrid in 1735, in 2 vols. 
 12mo. — Moreri. 
 
 Maturing, an hiftorical painter, was 
 born at Florence in 1490. He was the dif- 
 ciple of Raphael, who employed him in exe- 
 cuting feveral of his defigns. He afterwards 
 ailifted Fbdidoro de Carravaggio, and his works 
 are equal to thofe of that mailer. He died in 
 1527 . — De Piles D’ Argennmle. 
 
 Maty (Matthew), an eminent phyfician, 
 was born in Holland in 1718. He took his 
 doctor’s degree at Leyden, and in 1740 fet- 
 tled in England. In 1750 he commenced a 
 periodical work, printed at the Hague, called 
 Le Journal Britannique, giving an account o£ 
 the principal produdlions of the Englilh prefs. 
 In 1758 he waschofen fellow of the royal fe- 
 ciety, to which, in 1765, he became fecre- 
 tary. He was alfo librarian of the Brkifti 
 mufeum, and died in 1776. He wrote the 
 Memoirs of the Earl of Chefterfield, prefixed 
 to that nobleman’s works, in 2 vols. 4to.— 
 Gen. Bio J. Dili. 
 
 Maty (Paul Henry), fon of tlve preced- 
 ing, was born in 1745, and educated at Weft- 
 minller lchool, from whence he removed to 
 Trinity college, Cambridge, where he ob- 
 tained a fellowlhip. In 1774 he became chap- 
 lain to lord Stormont, ambalTador at Paris- 
 His advancement in the church was hindered 
 by fome fcruples he entertained refpeQing the 
 doctrine of the Trinity. Pie was appointed 
 one of the librarians of the Britifti mufeum, 
 and in 1778 a fecretary of the royal -fociety- 
 In 1782 he began a literary Review, which 
 he continued till 1786. In 1784, when there 
 were great divifions in the royal fociety, oc- 
 calioned by the difmiflal of Dr. Hutton from 
 the poll of foreign fecretary, Mr. Maty re- 
 figned His place. He died in 1787. The 
 year following was publilhed a volume of his 
 lermons, in which, by millake, were inferred 
 fome that he had trunferibed from Seeker’s 
 works. Ibid. 
 
 Mauchard (Burchard David), a learned 
 phyfician, was born at Mavbaeh in 1696. He 
 became phyfician to the duke of Wirtemburg, 
 and profeflor of phyfle and anatomy at Tu- 
 bingen, where he died in 1751. He wrote 
 feveral thefes on medical fubje£ls.— Neu-v. 
 Dill. Hiji. 
 
 Mau croix (Francis de), a French ecclc- 
 fiaflic, and canon <}f the cathedral of R helms, 
 where he die! in 1708, aged 90. He t ■ .inf- 
 lated the Philippics of Demofthenes : the Eu- 
 thydema and Hippia of Plato ; fome of the 
 Orations of Cicero ; and other works, into 
 French. He alfo wrote fome pieces in con- 
 jundlion with La Fontaine : and in 1726 ap- 
 peared his Miscellaneous Works, including 
 Poems. — Ibid. 
 
 Maudujt (Michael), a prieft of the ora- 
 tory, was born at Vire in Normandy, and 
 died at Paris in 1709, aged 75. He publish- 
 ed, 1. A Treadle on Religion againft the 
 Sceptics; 2. A Tranflation of the Pfalros iiue 
 
M A U 
 
 French Yerfe ; 3. Analyfes of molt of the 
 Books of the New Teftameat, 8 vols. 12mo. 
 Scc.i—Ncu-v. Did. Hijl- 
 
 Mauduit (Ifrael), an Englifh po'itical 
 writer, was born at Exeter in 1708, and edu- 
 cated at the academy of Mr. Hallet, with a 
 view to the niiniftry among the difl'enters. 
 After officiating in that capacity iome time 
 he quitted it, and became partner with his 
 brother, who was a merchant in London. He 
 greatly diftinguifhed himfelf as a political 
 writer, and his Confiderations on the Ger- 
 man War, printed in 1760, made much noille, 
 and had a great eff'ett on the public mind. lie 
 was appointed agent for the province of Maf- 
 fachufetts, and in 1769 he publifhed a lhort 
 View of the Hiftory of the New England Co- 
 lonies. In 1774 he printed a pamphlet, en- 
 titled, The Cafe of the Diflenting Minifters. 
 He alfo wrote feveral pamphlets during the 
 American war again!! adminiftration. Mr. 
 Mauduit died in 1787. — Europ. Mag. 
 
 Maugin (John), a French writer of the 
 16th century, was a native of Anjou, whence 
 he is called the Angevin. He wrote a work 
 entitled, the New Triftan, Prince of Leon- 
 nois, printed at Paris in 1.154. He alfo tran- 
 flated Machiavel’s Difcourfes upon Livy into 
 French.— Morer'i. 
 
 Maupertuis (Peter Louis Moreau de), 
 a celebrated philofopher, was horn at St. 
 Malo in 1698. He was fome time in the mi- 
 litary fervice, which he quitted and devoted 
 himfelf to fcientific purluits. In 1793 he 
 became a member of the French academy, 
 and about five years after was chofen fellow 
 of the royal fociety of London. In 173(5 he 
 was fent with other academicians to the 
 North, to determine the figure of the earth, 
 which fervice they performed with reputa- 
 tion. At the invitation of the prince of 
 Prufiia, afterwards Frederick the Great, he 
 went to Berlin in 1740, and was appointed 
 prefident and director of the academy- He 
 accompanied that king in his campaigns 
 againft the Auftrians, but expofing himfelf 
 too much at the battle ot Molwitz, he 
 was made prifoner and fent to Vienna, where 
 he was well received by the emperor. He 
 was foon permitted to return to Berlin, after 
 receiving feveral marks of the Imperial boun- 
 ty. He was of an irritable temper, and had 
 a difpute with Koenig, profeffor of philofophy 
 at Franeker, and another with Voltaire, who 
 exerted his fatirical talents againft him. This, 
 however, was not much to the credit of the 
 poet, who had before paid tiie higheft com- 
 pliments to Maupertuis, and from whom he 
 had received no injury to juftify his wanton 
 attacks. Maupertuis died at Baiil on a vifit 
 to the Bernouillis in 1759. His works are, 
 1. The Figure of the Earth determined ; the 
 Meafurement of a Degree of Meridian ; Dif- 
 courfe on the Figure of the Stars ; Elements 
 of Geography ; Nautical Attronomy ; Ele- 
 ments of Aftronomy ; Phyfical Dillertation 
 on a White Negro; EBay on Cofmography ; 
 Refle&ions on the Origin of Languages ; Ef- 
 
 M A U 
 
 fay of Moral Philofophy ; and feveral papefl 
 and clogies in the Memoirs of the Academy 
 of Berlin. — Nouv. Did. Hijl. Hutton. 
 
 Maupertuy (John Baptift Drouet de), 
 a French ecclefiaftic and mifcellaneous wri- 
 ter, was born at Paris in 1650. He was fome 
 time at the bar, and had a place under go- 
 vernment, but afterwards he entered into or- 
 ders and obtained a canonry. He died in 
 1786. He wrote the Sentiments of a Chrif- 
 tian on the True Love of God; the Hiftory 
 of the Holy Church of Vienne; on the Ve- 
 neration due to Relics; of the Dangerous 
 Commerce between the Sexes ; and feveral 
 tranil iti»ns into French.— Nowv. Did. Hi/}. 
 
 Maur (St.), a difciple of St. Eenedidt, 
 and abbot of Glaufeuil in Anjou. He died 
 about 584. At the beginning of the 17th 
 century was founded a tfongregation of bene- 
 dictines of St. Maur, which has produced 
 many learned men. — Dupin. Moreri. 
 
 Maur (Don Charles le), brigadier in the 
 Spanifh army and diredtor-general of the en- 
 gineers. lie was an excellent mathemati- 
 cian and mechanic ; and conftrudled feveral 
 canals and other great works. Ilis Treatife 
 on Dynamics, and his Elements of Mathema- 
 tics are elteemed. He died in 17Q5.—Nouv. 
 Did. Hijl. 
 
 Maur ep as (John Frederic Philippeaux, 
 count de), a French ftatefman, was born in 
 1701, and in 1715 was appointed fecretaryof 
 ftate; which confidering his youth, muft 
 have been a finecure. In 1723 he was made 
 fuperintepdant of the marine, and in 1738 
 minifter of ftate. By the intrigues ofma- 
 dume Pompadour he was exiled to Bourges in 
 1749. Fie was not recalled till 1734, when 
 Louis XVI. entrufted the public affairs to his 
 management. He attended greatly to the 
 marine department, and was a liberal encou- 
 rager of the fciences ; but the part he took in 
 aliifting America againft England is a reflec- 
 tion on his political prudence. He died in 
 1781. His memoirs, by himfelf, are curious 
 but carelefsly written; they were printed at 
 Paris in 1792, 2 vols. Svo.—Nouv. Did. 
 Hijl. 
 
 Maurice, of NafTau, prince of Orange, 
 was the fon of William, afcer whofe death 
 in 1584 he governed the Low Countries, 
 being then only eighteen years old. He 
 evinced, however, great courage and ta- 
 lents ; and being named captain-general of 
 the United Provinces, eftabliflied that liber- 
 ty which his father had begun. He made 
 himfelf mafter of Breda in 1590, and this 
 was followed by the capture of Zutphen, 
 Deventer, Halit, Nimeguen, and Gertury- 
 denburg. He defeated the archduke Albert 
 in 1597, and compelled the Spaniards to 
 abandon the Low Countries the fame year. 
 In 1600 he was forced to raife the liege of 
 Dunkirk, but he foon after gained a great 
 victory over Albert near Nieuport. This was 
 followed by numerous conqueiis. Maurice 
 now aimed at the fovereignty of Holland-, 
 but was oppoled by the virtuous Barneveldt* 
 
MAX 
 
 who loft his life for relifting the ambition of 
 the prince, who died in 1 625.— Hi/fi of the 
 Princes of Nafjau. 
 
 Mauriceau (Francis), a furgeon of Pa- 
 ris, who diftinguilhed himfelf chiefly in 
 midwifery, and the difeafes of women. His 
 works are, 1. a Treatife on the Diforders of 
 Pregnant women ; 2. Observations on Mid- 
 wifery, the Difeafes of Mothers and of New- 
 born Children, The author died in 1707. 
 —Moreri. 
 
 Mauritius (Tiberius), a Roman em- 
 peror, was born in Cappadocia in 559. He 
 was of a noble family, which originally came 
 from Rome. After filling feveral places in 
 the court of Tiberius Conftantine, he ob- 
 tained the command of the army again!! the 
 Perfians, and diftinguilhed himfelf fo well 
 as to obtain the emperor’s daughter in mar- 
 riage. In 582 he was crowned emperor. 
 He re-eftablilhed Chofroes II. on tire throne 
 of Perfia ; and was engaged in a war with 
 the Arabs, who had ravaged his territories, 
 when his general, Phocas, caufed himfelf 
 to be proclaimed emperor, and having taken 
 Mauritius pril'oner at Chalcedon, put him to 
 death with his five fons, A.D. 602. — Cre- 
 vier. Uni-u. Hi/?. 
 
 Ma urolico (Francis), a mathematician, 
 was born at Meliina in 1194. He was ab- 
 bot of Santa Maria del Porto in Sicily, and 
 taught mathematics with reputation. He 
 died in 1575. His works are, 1, An edition 
 of the Spherics of Theodofius ; 2. Ernendatio 
 et reftitutio Conicorum Apollonii Pergaei ; 
 3. Archimedis Monumenta omnia ; 4. Eu- 
 clidis Phaenomina, &c. — T.rabofcbi. 
 
 Maurus (Terentiauus), a Latin poet and 
 grammarian, who flourilhed under Trajan. 
 He wrote a poem, de Literis, Syllabis, Pedi- 
 bus, & Metris, which is in the Corpus Po- 
 etarum of Maittaire, under the title ol de 
 Arte Metrica. — Vojjius de poet. Lat. 
 
 Maussac (Philip James), a counfellor 
 in the parliament of Touloufe, and prelident 
 of the court of aids at Montpellier, died in 
 1650, aged 70. He wrote notes on Harpo- 
 cration, Paris 1614, 4to. and l'ome mifcella- 
 neous trudls, which fhew his critical abili- 
 ties to advantage. — Moreri. 
 
 Mautour (Philibert Bernard Moreau 
 de), auditor of the chamber of accompts at 
 Paris, and member of the academy of inferip- 
 tions. Fie was born at Beaune in 1654, and 
 died in 1757. He wrote fome papers in the 
 Memoirs of the academy of belles lettres, 
 and poems. He was alio the editor of an 
 abridgment of Petavius’s Chronology, 4 vols. 
 12mo. — Moreri. 
 
 Max e n ti u s (Marcus Aurelius Valerius), 
 Roman emperor, was the fun of Maximia- 
 rus Hercules, and declared hirnfelf Au- 
 guftus in 306. He was oppofed by Galeri- 
 us Maximianus, who was defeated, and. flew 
 himlclf. Maxentius then marched into 
 Africa, where he became odious by his cruel- 
 ties. Conftantine afterwards defeated him 
 in Italy, and he was drowned in crofting the 
 Tiber in 312.— Uui’v. Hip. Crevier. 
 
 MAX 
 
 Maximilian I. archduke of Auftrkr* 
 was the fon of Frederic IV. created king of 
 the Romans in I486, and eledled emperor 
 on the death of his lather in 1493. He had 
 feveral wars with France, which were moft- 
 ly fuccefsful. He formed the defign of 
 making himfelf pope, tor which purpofe he 
 afiumed the antient title of the Roman em- 
 perors ol Pontfex Maximus, and he endea- 
 voured to prevail on Julius II. to admit him 
 as coadjutor. Maximilian united with Eng- 
 land again!! France, and ferved under'Henry 
 VIII. in 1513. He was a man of fcience, 
 and wrote Memoirs of his own life, and 
 poems. He died in 1519. — Moreri. 
 
 Maximilian II. emperor of Germany, 
 was the ton ot the emperor Ferdinand I. and 
 eledled king ot the Romans in 1562. He 
 was chofen king of Hungary and Bohemia, 
 and lucceeded his father in 1564. He died 
 at Ratilbon in 1576, aged 50. — Ibid. 
 
 M aximi li a n, duke of Bavaria in the 
 17th century, was called, on account of 
 his courage and fuccets, the defender of 
 Germany ; and, for his lingular prudence, 
 he acquired the name of Solomon. He zea- 
 loutly oppofed the protellants, arid was eon- 
 fidered as one of the principal l'upporters of 
 the catholic religion. In 162(1 he gained 
 the battle ot Prague again!! Frederic prince 
 Palatine, who had been eledled king of Bo- 
 hemia. For thele fervices Maximilian was 
 named an eledlar of the empire. He died 
 
 in 1651, aged 70 Moreri. 
 
 Maximilian-Emanuel, eledlor of 
 Bavaria, rendered great fervice to the em- 
 peror Leopold. lie fignalized himfelf at 
 the fiege of Neuheufel in 1635; at that of 
 Buda in 1(386 ; and the year following in 
 the battle of Mohatz. Fie commanded 
 about this time the army of Hungary, and 
 took Belgrade fword in hand in 1689. He 
 was afterwards governor of the Low Coun- 
 tries : but taking the part of France in the 
 war about the Spanifh fuccellion, he was put 
 to the ban of the empire, and deprived of 
 his ellates in 1706, but was reftored at the 
 general peace. He died at Munich in 
 1726. — Ibid. 
 
 Maximianus (Marcus Aurelius Valerius 
 Herculius), a Roman emperor, who from 
 being a common foldier, was. aflociated in 
 the government by Diocletian. He difti-n- 
 guifhed himfelf by his military. Ikill and 
 bravery again!! the barbarians, and defeated 
 Aurelius Julius, who had aflumed the im- 
 perial title in Africa. When Diocletian ab- 
 dicated the crown in 304, he compelled 
 Maximianus, much again!! his will, to do 
 the fame; but about a year afterwards 
 he refumed the dignity, and oppofed his fon 
 Maxentius. The troops, however, muti- 
 nied again!! Maximianus, who fled into 
 Gaul, where he was put to death by order 
 of Conftantine, A.D. 310, aged 60 — CW- 
 vier. Moreri. 
 
 Maximianus (Galerius Valerius), em r 
 peror of the Eaff, was originally a lhap- 
 herd in Dacia, afterwards a foldier, and 
 
MAY 
 
 raifed to the imperial dignity by Diocletian, 
 ■who alfo gave him his daughter in mar- 
 riage. He conquered the Goths and Dal- 
 matians, but was defeated by the Perfians, 
 over whom he afterwards gained a com- 
 plete vidtory. In 505 he compelled Diocle- 
 tian to abdicate the throne ; but his cruelty 
 foon rendered him odiou3 to the Romans, 
 ■who rarfed Maxentius to the throne. Max- 
 imianus died wretchedly, A.D. 311. lie 
 was a bitter perfecutor of the ehriftians, 
 whofe God he implored for relief in his lalt 
 lllnefs, after vainly feeking aid from the 
 heathen deities. — Ibid. 
 
 Maximinus (Caius Julius Verus), em- 
 peror of Rome, was the fori of a peafant in 
 Thrace, and having difplayed great cou- 
 rage in the Roman armies, he rofe to com- 
 mand. On the death of Alexander Severus, 
 he caufcd himfelf to be proclaimed empe- 
 ror A.D. 235. He was a great perfecutor; 
 and put to death above four thoufand per- 
 fons, on fufpicion of their being concerned 
 in a ccnfpiracy igainft him. His foldiers 
 aflaflinated him near Aquileia, A.D. 256. 
 His ftature and ftrength were very extraor- 
 dinary, and his difpofition proportionably 
 brutal. Forty pounds of meat and eighteen 
 bottles of wine, were his ordinary allowance 
 for a day. His ftrength was fuch that he 
 is faid to have flopped a chariot in full lpeed 
 with one of his fingers. — Ibid. 
 
 Maximus (Magnus), a Spaniard, was 
 general of the Roman army in Britain 
 when lie proclaimed himfelf emperor A.D. 
 303. Gratian marched againft him, but 
 was defeated, and aflaflinated. Maximus, 
 having made himfelf mafter of Gaul, Britain, 
 and Spain, fixed the feat of his empire at 
 Treves. He next marched into Italy, 
 where lie committed dreadful cruelties, but 
 was at laft befieged in Aquileia, by the em- 
 peror Theodofius. Ilis foldiers delivered 
 him up to Theodofius, who caufed him to 
 be beheaded in 388. — Ibid. 
 
 Maximus of Tyre, a platonic philofo- 
 pher, who vifited Rome in 146, but died 
 in his own country in the reign of Commo- 
 dus. Forty-one of his difcourfes are ex- 
 tant, the beft edition of which is that of 
 Reifke, 8vo. 1774. They have been tranf- 
 lated into French by Form cy.— Stanley. 
 Fa br id us- 
 
 Maximus the cynic, and tutor of Julian 
 the apoftate, was a native of Ephefus. Ke 
 profefl'ed magic, and allured Julian of fuc- 
 cefs in his Perfian expedition. Fie alfo flat- 
 tered that prince by faying, that the foul 
 of Alexander had palled into him. Max- 
 imus was put to death by the emperor Va- 
 lens in 366. — Ibid. 
 
 May (Thomas), a poet and hiftorian, 
 was born in Suflex in 1594, and educated 
 at Cambridge ; after which he entered of 
 Gray’s-inn, where he wrote fome plays 
 snd tranilated feveral authors, particularly 
 Lucan. Charles I. employed hini iji writ- 
 
 M A Y 
 
 ing two hiftorical poems ; one on the life 
 ot Henry II. and the other on the reign of 
 Edward III. But in the civil war, May 
 joined the parliament, and was appointed 
 their fecretary and hiftoriographer. He 
 publiihed the Hiftory of the Parliament 
 which began in 1640, folio ; and a Breviary 
 of the Hiftory of the Parliament of England, 
 1650, 8vo. He died in 1650. — Biog. Brit. 
 Blog. Dr.rm. 
 
 May (Louis du), a French hiftorian, was 
 a proteftant, and fpent the greateft part of 
 his life in Germany. Tie died in 1681. He 
 wrote, 1. State of the Empire, or an Abridg- 
 ment of the Public Law of Germany; 2. 
 Science des Princes ; 3. The Prudent Tra- 
 veller, 12mo. — Moreri. 
 
 Maysnne (Charles of Lorraine, duke 
 of), fecond fon of Francis of Lorraine, 
 duke of Guife, was born in 1554. He dif- 
 played great courage at the fieges of Poic- 
 tiers and Rochelle, and at the battle of 
 Montcontour. He alfo defeated the proteft- 
 ants in Guienne, Dauphiny, and Saintonge. 
 When his brothers were killed at the meet- 
 ing of the ftates at Blois, he declared liirn- 
 felt head of the league, and aflumed the 
 title of lieutenant-general of France. He 
 proclaimed the cardinal of Bourbon king, 
 by the name of Charles X. ; but was defeated 
 by Henry IV. at the battle of Arques, and 
 again at Ivry. In 1599 he was reconciled 
 to the king, who made him governor of the 
 Ifie of France. He died in 1611. — Moreri. 
 llenault. 
 
 Mayer (John Frederic), a lutheran di- 
 vine, was born at Leipfic in 1650. He be- 
 came l'uperintendant of the churches of 
 Pomerania, and profeiTor at Stettin. He 
 died in 1 42. Ills greateft work is the Bib— 
 bother lblica, printed at Roftock in 1713, 
 4to. ies this he wfote a Treatife on 
 the Mr ..rod of Studying the Holy Scrip- 
 ture ; Differtalions on particular Parts of 
 the Bible ; and a piece entitled, Tradtatus 
 de Ofculo Pedum Pontificis Romani, 4to. 
 —Moreri. 
 
 Mayer (Tobias), a celebrated aftrono- 
 mer, was bom at Marfpach in the duchy 
 of Wirtemburg, in 1723. He was felf- 
 taught, and by his own application acquired 
 a knowledge of the Latin language. In 
 1750 the univerfity of Gotiingen appointed 
 him mathematical-profeflbr. tie- died there 
 in 1762. Mayer made feveral difeoveries 
 in geometry and aftronomy, and publiihed 
 fome excellent works, the chief of which 
 are, his Table of Refra&ions, Theory of 
 the Moon, and Aftronomical Tables and 
 Precepts, for which laft the Englifh board 
 of longitude gave his widow 30001. There 
 was another aftronomer of this name, who 
 was a native of Moravia, and a jefuit. In 
 1719 he became proleffor of philofophy at 
 Heidelberg, and the eledtor palatine built 
 for him an obfervatory at Manheim.. He 
 died ia 1783. His works are, Eafn Palav 
 
MAY 
 
 tinaj De tranfitu Veneris; De novis in 
 C;nlo fidereo phaanomenis — Nouu. DiH. Hijl. 
 Hutton. 
 
 Ma VERNE (fir Theodore), a celebrated 
 phyfician, was born at Geneva in 1572, and 
 had for his godfather Theodore Beza. He 
 took his doctor's degree at Montpelier, after 
 which he was appointed phyfnian to Henry 
 IV. of France, who made him great offers 
 provided he would change his religion, 
 which Mayerne refufed, though cardinal 
 I’erron laboured much for his converfion. 
 About .11316 he vifited England, and became 
 phyfician to James I. He enjoyed the high- 
 eft reputation in his profeffion, and died in 
 1<>55 at Chelfea, leaving a large fortune to 
 an only daughter, who married the marquis 
 de Montpouvillan. His works were printed 
 jj 1 ^ V °^' ^°^ 0 ’ * n ^ 700. — Hutchinjon's Biog. 
 
 Maynard (Francis), a poet, and one 
 ot the forty members of the French acade- 
 my. was born at Touloufe in 35132. He 
 was fccretary to Queen Margaret, and died 
 in 16J6. He wrote fcngs, odes, epigrams, 
 &c. — Morcri. 
 
 Maynard (fir John), an eminent Eng- 
 liffi lawyer, who diffinguiffjed hinal'elf by his 
 pitriotifm, as well as his knowledge ofjurif- 
 piudence and integrity in his profeffion. 
 When the prince of Orange was declared 
 king after the abdication of James II. fir 
 Jo nil waited upon the new monarch with 
 an addrefs ; and William having obferved 
 to him that trom his age he muff have out- 
 lived moft ot the judges and eminent law- 
 yers ot his (landing, he replied, " and I 
 ihould have outlived the law too had it not 
 been for the arrival of ypur majefty-” He 
 died in 1690, aged 88 —Biog. Brit. 
 
 Mayne (Jaiper), an Englilh divine and 
 poet, was born at Hatherleigh in Dcvon- 
 ffiire, in 1604, and educated at Weftminffer 
 fchool, from whence he removed to thrift 
 church, Oxford, of which he became ftu- 
 dent. In 1646 lie was created L). D. and 
 two years afterwards was deprived of his 
 ftudentlhip for his loyalty. At the reftora- 
 tion he was promoted to a canonry of thrift 
 church. He died in 1(372. Mayne was 
 a man of great wit and humour, which 
 iic often carriear o a low excels, particular- 
 ly in iiis will, wherein he left his fervant 
 man, who was fond of tippling, an old 
 flunk in which (fays he) there is lomething 
 to make him drink. The man eagerly fought 
 for his legacy, and on opening the trunk 
 found a red herring. Dr. Mayne wrote 
 fame poems now’ obfolete ; lermons ; and 
 
 a play called The tity Match Bicg Brit. 
 
 H ood. 
 
 Maynw’aring (Arthur), an ingenious 
 g ntleman, was born in Shropfhire in 1668, 
 
 He received his education at thrift church, 
 Oxford, after which he became a commiffioner 
 of the .cuftoms, At the beginning of the 
 reign of queen Anne he was made auditor of 
 the imprefts, and fat in parliament for Prefton 
 
 M A Z 
 
 in Lancafliire. He died in 1712, leaving 
 Mrs. Oldfield, the a&refs, his executrix, by 
 whom he had a fon. Maynwaring pub- 
 
 lifhed feveral pieces in profe and verle Bio? 
 
 Brit. 
 
 .Mayo (Richard), a non-conformift di- 
 vine, w ho w'as ejedted from Kingfton in Sur- 
 rey by the Bartholomew adt, for enforcing 
 conformity, in 1662. He died in 1695. 
 His works are, a lift of Dr. Staunton ; 
 two Conferences, one between a Papift and 
 a Jew, the other between a Proteftant and 
 a Jew ; Comment on the Epiftle to the Ro- 
 mans, in Pool’s Annotations; and Sermons. 
 —Calamy. 
 
 Mayow (John), a learned phyfician, was 
 born in Cornwall in 1645. He was fellow 
 of All Soule college, Oxford, and took his 
 degrees in civil lawy but pradfifed phyfie. 
 He died in London in 1679. Dr. Mayow’, 
 though little known in his own age, was one 
 of the greateft chemifts this country has 
 produced; and Dr. Beddoes lias proved, 
 that moft of the modern difesveries in che- 
 miffry were known to him. His works 
 
 were publilhed at Oxford in 8vo. 1674 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Mazarjn (Julius), a Roman cardinal and 
 minifter of ftate, was born in Pifcina in Ita- 
 ly, in 1602. Being appointed nuncio extra- 
 ordinary to France, lie acquired the friend.- 
 fhip. ot Richelieu and the confidence of 
 Louis XIII. In 1641, pope Urban VIII. 
 made him cardinal; and on the death of 
 Richelieu, Louis appointed him minifter of 
 ftate. He was alfo nominated one of the 
 executors of the king’s will, and had the 
 principal management of affairs during the 
 minority of Louis XIV ; but at length the 
 murmurs of the people rofe fo much againft 
 him, thqt he found it expedient to quit the 
 kingdom, and a price was fet on his head. 
 He afterwards recovered his power, and con- 
 tinued to render the ftate the moft important 
 fcrvices, the principal of which was the 
 reftoring peace between France and Spain in 
 1659 His application to bufmefs produced 
 a difeafe, of which he died in 1661. His 
 letters have been publilhed in 2 vols. His 
 niece, Hortenfia, Mancini, duchefs of Maza- 
 nn, was celebrated for her uht and beauty. 
 She married in 1661 Armand Charles de la 
 Porte de la Meillraie, from whom (he fepa.ra- 
 ted, and came to England, where (he patro- 
 nized St. Evremond. She died in London in. 
 1699. — Morcri. 
 
 Ma z e as (John Mathuirin), a mathema- 
 tician was born at Landernau in Rrittmy in 
 171.), and died in 180 J. He wrote Ele- 
 ments otArithmetic, Algebra, and Geometry, 
 with an Introduction to Conic Sections; he 
 
 was alfo the author of Inftiiutiones Philofo- 
 
 pliicm, ,> vols. 12mo. He was an ecclefiaftic, 
 and held a canonry in the church of Notre 
 
 Dame at Paris, before the revolution Nowv. 
 
 Dia. Hijl. 
 
 Mazeline (Peter), a fculptor of Rouen, 
 and a member of the French academy of 
 X x 
 
M E A 
 
 painting and fculpture, died in 1708, aged 
 76. His principal works are in the gardens 
 of Verfailles — D'Argetuville. 
 
 Mazochi (Alexis Symmachus), an Itali- 
 an antiquary, was born near Capua in 
 1684. He was theological profeffor at 
 Naples, where he died in 1771. He wrote 
 fome ingenious works, the chief of which 
 is the Antiquities of Campagna. — Now. Dici. 
 IiiJ}. 
 
 Mazzuchelli (John Marie), a Venetian 
 nobleman, who wrote fome biographical 
 works of eminent Italians, and died in 1766. 
 
 Mazzuchelli (Peter Francis), a paint- 
 er, was born at Rome in 157 1 . There are 
 feveral grand altar-pieces of his painting at 
 Milan. Charles Emanuel duke of Savoy 
 conferred on him the honour of knighthood. 
 Ele died in 1626 — Pilkingten. 
 
 ■ Mazzuoli (Francis), commonly called 
 Parmefiano, a famous painter, was born at 
 Parma in 1504. He lias been called the in- 
 ventor of the art of etching. He had an 
 admirable genius; his invention was ready ; 
 and he had a peculiar talent in giving grace 
 and fweetnefs to his figures. He died in 
 1540. There was another of this name in 
 the 16th century who was the coufin or 
 Parmigiano. He excelled in hiilorical paint • 
 ing. — laid. 
 
 Me ad (Matthew) r a diffenting divine, who 
 held the living ot Great Brickhill in Bucking- 
 hamfhire, and afterwards the valuable one of 
 Stepney, from whence he was ejected for non- 
 conformity, in 1662. He was in fome trou- 
 ' ble about what was termed the Rye-Houfe 
 Plot, and obliged to attend the council board 
 on that charge, but was difmiffed. He offici- 
 ated to a congregation of diffenters in Stepney 
 to his death, which happened in 1699. He 
 wrote, the Almoft Chriftian Tried and Caft, 
 8vo. a good practical book ; the Good of Ear- 
 ly Obedience, 8vo ; Sermons on Ezekiel’s 
 Wheels, &c. — Calamy. 
 
 Mead (Richard), a celebrated phyfician, 
 was the fon o c the above, and born at Stepney- 
 in 1673. In 1689 he was fent to Utrecht, 
 where heftudied under Graevius, after which 
 he removed to Leyden, and contracted aclofe 
 intimacy with Boerhaave. On completing 
 his ftudles in that celebrated fchool ofphyfic, 
 he went to Italy, and took his doctor's degree 
 at Padua. In 1696 he returned to his native 
 country, and commenced the practice ofphy- 
 fic at Stepney, where he reiided feven years, 
 In 1702 he publilhgd his creatife on Poifons, 
 which procured him confiderable reputation. 
 In 1704 he was admitted a member of the 
 royal fociety, of which, in 1707, he became 
 vice-prcfident. In 1717 the univerfity of 
 Oxford conferred on him his doctor’s degree 
 by diploma. In 1727 he was appointed phyfi- 
 cian to George II. Dr. Mead diedin 1754, and 
 - vvas interred in the Temple church, near the 
 remains of his brother, who was a counfellor. 
 The other works of Dr. Mead are a Difcourfe 
 concerning the Plague ; a treatife Delmperio 
 Solis ac Lunae; De Morbis Biblicis ; and 
 
 MED 
 
 Monita Mcdica ; all which were collected 
 into one volume, 4to. 1762. He was a very 
 liberal man, and the greateft patron of lite- 
 rature in his day. His library, which was 
 one of the fined: in Europe, was fold by auc- 
 tion after his death. He was twice married, 
 and left three children; two daughters, mar- 
 ried to Drs. Wilmot and Nichols, and a fon, 
 named Richard, who inherited his fortune.— 
 Biog. Brit. 
 
 Meadowcourt (Richard), an Engliffi 
 divine, was born in 1697, and educated at 
 Merton college, Oxford. He became canon 
 of Worcefter cathedral, where he died in 
 1769. He publiifhed in 1732 a Critical Dif- 
 fertation, with notes, upon Milton's Paradife 
 Regained. — Ante, of Bozuyer. 
 
 Mechain (M. ), an aftronomer, was born 
 at Lyons in 1744. His memoir on an eclipfe 
 obferved at Verfailles, was approved by the 
 academy in 1774. He then belonged to the 
 marine arfenal, in which he executed im- 
 menfe calculations for the improvement of 
 charts. In 1782 he gained the prize of the 
 academy on the comet of 1661, which was 
 expected to return in 1790. He became edi- 
 tor of the “ Connoiffance des Temps,” which 
 work he greatly improved. In 1792 he was 
 employed in the great work of the meridian 
 from Dunkirk to Barcelona: he returned from 
 it in 1798, but wifhing to extend it as far as 
 the Balearian iflancU, he fet out for them in 
 1803. He died on the coaft of Valencia of a 
 fever, in 1805 . — Lalandds Hifl. of Aftrcnomy. 
 
 Mede (Jofcph), a learned divine, was 
 born in 1586, at Berden in Eflex, and hi 
 1602 entered of Chrift’s college, Cambridge, 
 where he ftudied with intenle application, 
 was chofen fellow, and proceeded to his de- 
 gree of bachelor in divinity. He refufed fe- 
 vcral preferments, particularly the provoft- 
 fnip of Trinity college, Dublin, which was 
 repeatedly offered him by archbilhop Ufher. 
 He died in 1638. His works have been col- 
 lected into one volume folio. The principal 
 is his Commentary on the ApoCalypfe, in 
 explaining which his plan has been tallowed 
 by bifhop Newton, and a number of other 
 great divines. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Media was probably conquered by Pul, 
 the founder of the Affyrian empire. In 711 
 B. C. it revolted, and became independent. 
 Some time after this the Medes became pof- 
 feffed of Perfia; but Cyrus having defeated 
 Darius in 536 B.C. Media was attached to 
 the Perfian empire, and underwent the lama 
 revolutions.— Anc. Univ. Hift. 
 
 Medicis (Gofmo), called the elder, the 
 founder of an illuftrious family at Florence, 
 vvas a merchant, and born in 1399. He ac- 
 quired great wealth, which he appropriated 
 to the noble purpofes of advancing learning, 
 and fup parting learned men. He collected a 
 noble library, which he enriched with in- 
 eftimable manuferipts. The envy excited 
 againft him by his riches, raffed him many 
 enemies, by whofe intrigues he was obliged 
 to quit his native coufritr). He then retired 
 
MED 
 
 to Venice, where he was received as a 
 prince. His fellow-citizens afterwards re- 
 called him, and he bore a principal lhare in 
 the government of the republic thirty-four 
 years. He died in 1464. On his tomb was 
 engraved this inscription : The Father of his 
 People, and the Deliverer of his Country.— 
 Moreri. 
 
 Medicis (Lorenzo de), furnamed the 
 Great, and Father of Letters, was the fon of 
 Peter, grandfon of Cofmo, and brother of 
 Julian de Medicis. Thefe two brothers, who 
 enjoyed almoft an abfolute power in Flo- 
 rence, were viewed with a jealous eye by 
 Ferdinand IV. king of Naples, and pope Six- 
 tus IV. At their inftigation the potent fa- 
 mily of Pazzi formed a confpiracy againft the 
 Medicis in 1478, and Julian was all'afl'inated 
 as he was attending mafs. Lorenzo was alfo 
 wounded, but efcaped with his life, and was 
 conducted to his palace by the people with 
 loud acclamations of joy. Having inherited 
 the great qualities of his grandfather, Col'mo, 
 he was accounted the Maecenas of his age. 
 It was a Angular but noble fpeCtacle to ob- 
 ferve the citizen engaged in commerce on 
 the one hand and managing public affairs on 
 the other ; now entertaining merchants, and 
 next receiving ambaffadors ; giving public 
 fhews to the people, and ereCting afylums for 
 the lick; and unfortunate ; ornamenting his 
 country with magnificent buildings, and fend- 
 ing learned men into the Eaft in fearch of 
 valuable Greek manufcripts : fuch a man was 
 Lorenzo, whom the grateful Florentines de- 
 clared, for all thefe benefits, chief of their 
 republic. He drew to his court a number of 
 learned men ; add fent John Lafcaris into 
 Greece to purchale literary treafures to enrich 
 his library. Lorenzo himfelf cultivated let- 
 ters, particularly poetry, and his compofi- 
 tions have been feveral times printed. He 
 was fo univerfally efteemed that the princes 
 of Europe were glad to choofe him to arbi- 
 trate their differences. This illuftrious man 
 died in 1492. His glory was fomewhat tar- 
 nifhed by his paffion for women ; and he has 
 been accufed of irreligion, but the laff may 
 have been owing to the continual feu,ds be- 
 tween him and Sixtus IV. He had two 
 fons, Peter who fucceeded him, and John 
 who became pope by the name of Leo X. — . 
 Life by Rcfcce. 
 
 Medicis (Peter de), an hiftorical painter, 
 was defcended from the family of that name 
 at Florence, where he was born in 1586. He 
 was a dilcipie of Cigoli, and had q pleafing 
 manner of colouring, a correCtnels of out- 
 line, and an exprcflion that was very natural, 
 —Pilkington. 
 
 Medina (John Baptifte), an eminent 
 painter, was born at Brufiels in 3660. He 
 itudied the works of Rubens with fuch fuc- 
 cefs, that his pictures were confidered as little 
 inferior to thole of that artift. He refided in 
 Great Britain many years, and was the laft 
 perlon knighted in Scotland by the high com- 
 p\i)lioner. He died in 17 1U— Ibid, 
 
 M E I 
 
 Megasthenes, an ancient Greek hlfto- 
 rian, who lived under Seleucus Nicanor 
 about 292 B. C. He wrote a Hiftory of Ju- 
 dea, quoted by many authors, but now loft.— 
 
 V -fj. de Hijl. Grac. 
 
 Me h e g a n (William Alexander), a French 
 hiftorian, but of Irifh extraction, was born 
 at Salle, in the Cevennes, in 3721. He 
 wrote, 1. The Origin of the Guebres ; 2. 
 Confiderations on the Revolutions of Arts ; ' 
 
 3. The Origin and Progrefs of Idolatry ; 
 
 4. A Picture of Modern Hiftory, which has 
 been tranflated into Englifh, and is the beft 
 of his works. He died in 1766.— Noun. 
 DiH. Hiji. 
 
 Meibomius (Henry), a phyfician of 
 Helmftadt, who died in 1623. To a great 
 knowledge of his profeflion he added profound 
 erudition and great critical talents ; as ap- 
 pears by fome ofhis works, in the collection 
 entitled, Rerum Germunicarum Scriptores, 
 4to. — Moreri. 
 
 Meie omius (John Henry), profeffor of 
 Medicine at Helmftadt, and afterwards firft 
 phyfician at Lubeck, died in 165:5, aged 65. 
 His chief works are, 1. Maecenas, fieve de 
 C. Clinii Mecaenatis vita, 4to. ; 2. De Cere- 
 vifiis, 4to ; 3. TraCtatus de Ufu Flagrorum 
 in re Medicaet Venerea, 4to. and 8vo. To 
 the laft edition Thomas Bartholin fubjoined 
 notes. — Ibid. 
 
 Meibomius (Henry), fon of the laft- 
 mentioned, was born at Lubeck in 1638. He 
 profefied medicine, hiftory, and poetry, at 
 Helmftadt, where he died in 1700. His 
 works are, 1. Scriptores rerum Germanica- 
 rum, 3 vols. folio ; 2. Ad Saxoniae inferioris 
 Hiftoriam introduCtio, quarto ; 3. Valentini 
 Henrici Vogleri IntroduCtio Univerfalis in 
 Notitiam cujufcumque generis bonorum 
 Scriptorum, 4to ; 4. Chronic.on Bergenfe ; 
 
 5. De Vafis Palpebrarum novis, quarto.— 
 Ibid. ** 
 
 Meibomius (Mark), of the fame family 
 as the preceding, was a learned critic, and 
 died in 1711. He publiged, 1. An Edition 
 of the Greek Mytholpgifts ; 2. De Fabrica 
 Triremium, quarto; 3. A Tranflation of an- 
 cient Greek Authors, who wrote on Mufic ; 
 
 4. Corrections' for an Edition of the Bible in 
 Hebrew 7 . — Ibid. 
 
 Meier (George Frederick), a German 
 writer, was born in Saxony in 1,718. His 
 principal works are, 1 . InftruCtions how 
 one may become a modern Philofopher ; 2. 
 Introduction to the elegant Arts and Sciences ; 
 both in German. He died in 1777.— 
 Gen. Biog. Dili. 
 
 Meisner (Balthafar), a Lutheran divine 
 and proteflor of theology at; Wirtemberg w 7 as 
 born in 1587, and died in 1628. He w-rotc, 
 
 1. Anthropologia, 2 volumes, quarto; 2. 
 Moderate Philofophy^ 3. volumes, quarto.— 
 Moreri. 
 
 Meissonier (Juitus Aurelius), an artift, 
 was born at Turin in 1695, and died at Paris 
 in 1750. He was a painter, fculptor, archi- 
 tect, and goldfmith, and his talents pro* 
 
 X x 2 
 
MEL 
 
 cured him the appointment of defigner and 
 goldfmith to the French king. His perfor- 
 mances in the latter department are very 
 beautiful. — Nouv. DiB. Pli/i. 
 
 Mela (Pomponius), a Latin geographi- 
 cal writer, was a native of Spain, and flou- 
 r i(hed A. D. 45. His valuable work, en- 
 titled, De Situ Orbis,' was publiihed by Il'aac 
 Vofiius in 1658, quarto. James Gronovius 
 alfo gave an edition in the lame year, 12mo. 
 n VoJj. de Scrip. Lat. 
 
 Melancthon (Philip), a famous refor- 
 mer, was born in 1497 at Bretten, in the 
 palatinate of the Rhine. The family name 
 was Schwardflierdt, or Black-earth, which 
 Reuchlin, the friend of Philip, altered to 
 the correfpondent Greek word MBanclhon. 
 He made a rapid progrefs in his ftudies at 
 the univeriitv ot Heidelberg, from whence 
 he- removed to Tubingen, where he conti- 
 nued fix years. In 1518 he obtained the 
 Greek proleflorihip at Wittemberg, where 
 he formed a clofe friemifhip with Lutner, 
 whofe opinions lie defended both in his public 
 ledlures and by his writings. In l.)‘J? the 
 eleCtor of Saxony appointed him to v i lit the 
 churches in his territories ; but his greatell 
 labour w ! as in drawing up theAugiburg Con- 
 fellion of Faith. His learning and moderation 
 fpread his fame through Europe, and the kings 
 of France and England invited him to tneir 
 kingdoms, with flattering offers, which he 
 declined. In the progrels ot the reformation 
 lie exhibited a different temper from Luther, 
 being more cautious and timid, on which ac- 
 count he was often reproved by him in le- 
 vere terms. The prudence ol MelanCthon, 
 however, was ot important ferviee, and tend- 
 ed confiderably to the propagation ot the pro- 
 teftant doctrines, by guarding them from the 
 abufes of intemperate zeal- In 1559 Me- 
 lanfthon aff'ifted in the conferences at Spires, 
 and in his journev thither vilited his mother, 
 a pious woman, who afked him what die 
 ihould believe, and how ffie Ihould pray amid 
 thefe religious difputes, at the fame time re- 
 peating her ffmp'.e creed and form ol devo- 
 tion. “ Continue,” faid her Ion, “ to be- 
 lieve and to pray as you do at pirefent, and do 
 not trouble yourfelf about controverfies.” He 
 diltinguifhed himfelf in the conferences held 
 at Ratifbon in 1541 and 1548. He wrote a 
 Cenfure of the Interim, arid all the papers 
 prel'ented at thofc conferences. This learned 
 and amiable man died at Wittemberg in 1560. 
 His works were printed at Wittemberg, in 
 four vols. folio, 1601. — Cameras'll vit . Me- 
 lar Bhon. 
 
 Melanippides. There were two Greek 
 poets of this name : The one lived B.C. 520 ; 
 the other who was the grandfon or the for- 
 mer, flourilhed 60 years after, and died at 
 the court of lffrdicas II. king of Macedon- 
 Fragments of thei-r poems'ure in Maittaire’s 
 Corpus Poetarum — FoJJ'vus de Poet. Grate. 
 Fabr'.cius. 
 
 Melchiseoeck, king of Salem, and 
 prieff of the moil high God, who met Abra- 
 
 M E L 
 
 ham after his victory over Chederlaomer* 
 king of Sodom, and prefented to him bread 
 and wine with his benediction. St. Paul 
 having faid in his epiftle to the Hebrews that 
 Melchifedeck was without father and with- 
 out mother, led fome ancient heretics to 
 afiert that he was a celeftial being, fuperior 
 to angels, and even to Jefus Ghrift. They 
 were called Melchifedecians — Cave. Dupin. 
 Mojheim. 
 
 Mklcthal (Arnold de), one of the foun- 
 ders of the Swifs liberties. With Tell, Furff, 
 and others, he fliook off' the Auftrian yoke in 
 1307.— Univ. Hi/i. 
 
 Meleager, a Greek poet, was born at 
 Gadara, in Syria, and flourilhed about 186 
 B. C. His epigrams are in the collection of 
 Greek poetry called the Anthologia. A fe- 
 parate edition was printed in 1789 by 
 Brunck, with notes, at Leipffc . — Hojjins de 
 Poet. Gr. 
 
 Meietius, bifliopof Lycopolis, inEgypt, 
 was depofed in a fynod by Peter, bilhop of 
 Alexandria, for having facrifieed to idols in 
 the time of a perfecution. He afterwards 
 formed a feCt under his name, and joined the 
 Arians againft Athanalius. He died about 
 326. — Dupin. 
 
 Melissus sf Samos , a philofopher, was 
 the difciple of Parmenides, ot Elea, where he 
 commanded a fleet. He pretended that the 
 univerfe is infinite and immoveable, and that 
 there can be no knowledge of a Deity. This 
 is the fyftem of Spinoza, Melifius lived absut 
 444 B. C. — Stanley. Bayle. 
 
 Melito (St.) biihop of Sardis, in Afia. 
 lie compol'cd feveral works, of which only 
 a few fragments remain in Eufebius. He 
 flourilhed about A.D. 170.— Ibid. 
 
 Meli tus, a Greek orator and poet, and 
 the principal accufer of Socrates. The Athe- 
 nians out ot compunction for their unjult 
 treatment of that great man, put Melitus to 
 death, B.C. 400. — Moral. 
 
 M ei.la N (Claude), a French engraver, 
 was born at Abbeville in 1601, and died in 
 1688. His engravings are capital, and moftly 
 from hisowndefigns — Nouv.DiB. Hi/}. 
 
 Melmoth (William), an excellent wri- 
 ter, w as born in 1666. He was a bencher of 
 Lincoln’s-inn, and, in conjunction with Mr. 
 Peeve Williams, edited Vernon’s Reports, 
 lie was the author of The Great Impor- 
 tance of a Religious Life ; a valuable little 
 book which has gone through many edi- 
 tions. He died in 1743, and was buried in 
 the cloifter of Lincoln’s-inn chapel. — Life by 
 bis fon 
 
 Melmoth (William), fon of the preced- 
 ing, was born in 1710. He publifhed tranl- 
 lations of Pliny’s and Cicero’s Epiltles, well 
 executed. He was alfo the author ot the 
 Letters which bear the name of fir Thomas 
 Fitzolborne ; fome poems in Dodfley’s Col- 
 lection, and Memoirs of his father. He died 
 in 1799. — Monthly Mag. Gent. Mag^ 
 Melot (John Baptift) , a learned french- 
 man, was born at Dijon in 1697, and died at 
 
MEN 
 
 •Paris in 1760. He was librarian to the 
 king, and wrote fome papers in the memoirs 
 of the academy of infcriptions, of which he 
 was a member. He alfo edited Jourville’s 
 Life of St. Louis, with a glofi'ary.— Ncitv. 
 Dia. Hift. 
 
 Melvil (fir James), a Scotch writer, was 
 the fonof lord Keith, and born in 1530. He 
 became page to Mary queen of Scots, whom 
 he attended in her laft moments ; afterwards 
 he entered into the fervice of the duke of 
 Montmorency. On his return to Scotland 
 in 1561, he was appointed privy counfellor, 
 'and gentleman of the bed-chamOer. He died 
 in 1606. His Memoirs of Affairs of State, 
 in 1 vol folio, were printed in 1633. — Great 
 Hift. Diet. 
 
 Mimmi (Simon), a painter, was born at 
 Sienna, and died in 1345, aged 60. His 
 principal talent was in portrait ; and he 
 painted that of Laura, miltrefs of Petrarch, 
 whom Memmi greatly efleemed. — De Piles. 
 
 Memnon, of the ifle of Rhodes, an able 
 general of Darius, king of Perfia, whom he 
 advifed to defolate his country in order to 
 impede the progrefs of Alexander the Great, 
 and then to attack Macedon; but this counfel 
 was over-ruled by the other generals. Af- 
 ter the battle of the Granicus Memnon de- 
 fended Miletus with vigour, took the ifies 
 of Chios and Lelbos, carried terror into 
 Greece, and was near putting a ftop to the 
 conquefts of Alexander when he was taken 
 oft by death. His wife was taken prifoner 
 wi ll the family of Darius, and became the 
 miftrefs of Alexander.— 1^.. Curtins. Moreri. 
 
 Menage (Giles), a learned Frenchman, 
 was born at Angers in 1613. He became 
 an eminent pleader, but quitted that pro- 
 feffion and entered into orders. He obtained 
 fome preferment, and died in 1692. Ilis 
 principal works are, two books on the Ori- 
 gin and Nature of the French Language ; 
 Mifcellunies $ Latin Poems ; on the Italian 
 Language; an edition of Diogenes Laertius; 
 Hiftoite de Sable, folio ; Juris civilis Amceni- 
 totes, &c.— Moreri. 
 
 Menander, a Greek pcet, was born at 
 Athens about 342 B. C. lie was called the 
 prince of new comedy, and preferred to Ari- 
 ftophanes. All his plays are loft; but the 
 fix comedies of Terence were borrowed from 
 him, by which we may form fome judgment 
 of his excellence. His fragments have been 
 colleded by Stephens and Le Clerc. The 
 laft edition was printed in Holland in 1709, 
 in 8 vo. — IScjjius de Poet. Gref c. Merer i. 
 
 M enandrIino (Marfilio), or Mariilius of 
 Padua, a lawyer of the 14th century, who 
 wrote an apology for the emperor Louis of 
 Bavaria, entitled, Defenfor Pads, in which 
 he maintained, that t lie imperial was fupe- 
 uior to the papal power. For this he was ex- 
 communicated by the pope. lie wrote fome 
 other works.— Tirabojchi. 
 
 Menard (Claude), a French antiquary 
 and magistrate of Angers, where he died in 
 1652, aged 72. He publiihed, 1. Jvitmlle’s 
 
 MEN 
 
 Hiftory of St. Louis, with notes ; 2. Re- 
 fearches concerning the Body of St. James 
 the Great, faid to have been buried in the 
 church of Angers; 3. The two Books of 
 Auguftin againft Julian; 4. Hiftory of Ber- 
 trand du Guefclin.i— Moreri. 
 
 Menard (Nicholas Hugh), a benedidine 
 of the congregation of St. Maur, who died 
 in 1644, aged 57. He wrote a Martyrology 
 of the Benedidines, and fome other works. 
 — Ibid . 
 
 Menard (Leo), a counfellor of Niirnes, 
 who wrote, 1. The Hiftory of the City of 
 Nifmes, 7 vols. 4to. ; 2. Manners and Cuf- 
 toms o: the Greeks, 12mo. ; 3. The Amours 
 ot Callilthenes and Ariftocliae, T2mo. He 
 died in 1767, aged 61.— Now. Dia. Hift. 
 
 Men asseh-Ben-Isr ael, a celebrated 
 rabbi, was born in Portugal in 1604. His 
 father was a rich merchant, whom he ac- 
 companied to Holland, where Menaffeh fuc- 
 ceeded the j-abbi, ifaac Urie, in the fyna- 
 gogue of Amfterdam. He afterwards went to 
 Bafil, and next to London, where lie had a 
 negociation with Cromwell for a toleration 
 ot the Jews, which was oppofed by the pref- 
 byterians. Menaffeh then retired to Middle- 
 burg, where he died about 1660. He was 
 of the fed: of the pharifees. His works are, 
 1. An edition of the Hebrew Bible, without 
 points, 2 vols. quarto, Amft. 1635, with a 
 Latin preface ; 2. The Talmud correded with 
 notes, 8vo. ; 3. El Conciliador, quarto; De 
 Refurredioue Mortuorum, 8vo. ; 4. De Fra- 
 gilitate Humana ex lapfu Adami, deque di- 
 vino auxilio; 5. Spes Ifraelis, 12mo. ; 6. 
 The Breath of Life, in Hebrew, 12mo. ; 7. 
 The End of Life, 12mo. The laft was trunfi- 
 lated into Englifti by Pocock, with the life 
 of Menaffeh prefixed. 
 
 Mencke (Lewis Otto), a learned Ger- 
 man, was born at Oldenburg, in Weilphalia, 
 in 1614. He became profeftor of morality 
 at Leipfic, and redor of that univerfity, 
 where he died in 1707. lie was the firft 
 author of the Ada Eruditorum, or Literary 
 Journal of Leipfick, and wrote hefides, 1. 
 Micvopolita feu Refpublica in microcofmo 
 confpicua, quarto; 2- Jos Majeftatis circa 
 Venationem, quarto — Moreri. 
 
 Mencke (John Burchard), fon of the 
 preceding, was born at Leipfic in 1674. in 
 1699 he was appointed profeftor of hiftory, 
 and gained great reputation by his ledurcs. 
 He was alfo hiftoriographer and Aulic coun- 
 cilor to Frederic Auguftus of Saxony, king 
 of Poland, a member of the academy of Ber- 
 lin, and ot the royal fociety ot London He 
 died in 1732. He continued the Ada Eru- 
 ditorum, and publiftied, 1. Scriptures rerum 
 C-ermanicarum, fpeciatim Saxonicarum, 3 
 vols. fol. ; 2. Two Dilcourfes in Latin upon 
 the Empiricifm of learned Men, 12 no. The 
 title page promiles more than the reader will 
 find in the book. — Moreri. 
 
 Mendez (Moles), an Englifti poet and 
 dramatic writer, who died in 17 53. He was 
 of Jewifti extradion, and wrote leveral poems 
 
 X x3 
 
MEN 
 
 in Dodflev’s Colle&ion. The univerfity of 
 Oxford conferred on him the degree oi M.A. 
 — Europ . Mag. 
 
 M kndei.sohn (Mofes), which fignifies 
 Mofes the fon of Mendel , a Jew of Beilin, 
 was born of a honeft but poor family at Def- 
 fau in 1729. He was bred to merchandize, 
 but devoted himfelf to literature, in which 
 he attained a diftinguilhed reputation. In 
 1755 he publiihed his firft piece, entitled, 
 Jerufalem ; in which he pretended that the 
 principle of the Jewifh religion is deifm. His 
 next work was Phaedon, or a Difcourfe on 
 the Spirituality and Immateriality of the 
 Soul, 8vo. This is an excellent treatife, in 
 which that important principle of the Imma- 
 teriality of the Soul is acutely maintained. 
 On account of this book the author gained 
 the appellation of the Socrates of the fetus. 
 He died in 1785. He alfo wrote, 1. Philo- 
 fophical Works, 2 vols. 8vo. ; 2. Letter to 
 Lavater, 8vo. ; 3. Commentary upon Ec- 
 clcfiaftes ; 4. Tranflation of the firft Book of 
 the Old Teftament ; 5. Letters on Senfa- 
 tions ; 6. Treatife on the Sublime, & c. — 
 Now v. Dili. Htfl. 
 
 Mendoza (PeterGonsalezde), a Spanifh 
 cardinal, and archbifhop of Toledo, was born 
 in 1428. He became an eminent llatefman, 
 and Sixtus IV. made him cardinal. He died 
 in 1495. He is faid to have tranflated the 
 Iliad and ZEnfeid, alfo Salluft, into Spaniih. 
 — Merer i. 
 
 Mendoza (John Gonzales de), an Auguf- 
 tine friar, who was fent by the king of Spain 
 as ambaffador to the emperor of China in 1584. 
 After obtaining feveral preferments he was 
 appointed in 1608 bilhop of Popajan in the 
 Weft Indies. He wrote a Pliftory of China 
 in Spaniih, 1589, 8vo. — Ibid.- 
 
 Menecrates, a phyfician of Syracufe, 
 who rendered himfelf famous tor his fooiilh 
 vanity. He habited his attendants, who 
 were perfons that he had cured, in the drefs 
 attributed to the minor deities, while he him- 
 felf affumed that of Jupiter. He carried his 
 extravagance, fo far as to write a letter to 
 Philip father of Alexander the Great, thus 
 inscribed: “ Menecrates-Jupiter to king Phi- 
 lip, faluting.” That prince returned this 
 anfwer, “ Philip to Menecrates, health and 
 good fenfe.” He wrote a book on Remedies, 
 which is loft.— Ibid. 
 
 Menedemus, a Greek philofopher of the 
 Cyreniac fe£t, was born in the iliand of Eu- 
 boea. He bore arms iijj the defence of his 
 country, and exercifed feme important em- 
 ployments ; but being treated with ingratitude, 
 he became a philofopher. Pie died in the 
 reign of Alexander the Great. —Diog. Lart. 
 Vit. Phil. 
 
 Menedemus, a cynic, who lived at a 
 later period than the preceding. He wore a 
 black gown, a fcarlet girdle and a cap where- 
 on were reprefented the figns of the zodiac. 
 This madman, falfely called a philofopher, 
 pretended to have been fent froei hell to ob- 
 
 M E N 
 
 ferve the adtions ofmen, that he might report 
 the fame to the infernal deities. — Ibid. 
 
 Meneses (Alexis de), a Portuguefe pre- 
 late, was born at Lilbon of a noble family. 
 He enteredinto a convent of Auguftine monks, 
 but was called from thence and fent to Goa 
 as archbifhop. He there held a fynod, in 
 which were paffed the adts publiihed under 
 the title of Synodus Diamperenfis. On his 
 return to Portugal he was made archbifhop of 
 Braga and viceroy of the kingdom, by Philip 
 11. of Spain. He died at Madrid in 1617 . 
 He wrote the hiftory of his order in Portugal. 
 —Moreri. 
 
 Menestrier (John Baptift), a learned 
 antiquary, was a native of Dijon, and died in 
 1634, aged 70. His works are, 1. Meda's, 
 Coins, and ancient Monuments of the Roman 
 Emperors; 2. Illuftrious Medals of the 
 ancient Emperors and Empreftes of Rome.— 
 Ibid. 
 
 Menestrier (Claude Francis), a jefuit, 
 was born at Lyons in 1633, and died in 1705. 
 His principal works are, 1. Hiftory of Louis 
 the Great, by Medals, Emblems, Devices, 
 & c. ; 2. Confular Hiftoryofthe City of Lyons ; 
 3. The Art of Heraldry. He is not to be 
 confounded with Claude le Menefrier, a na- 
 tive of Dijon, who wrote Symbolica Dianae 
 Ephefiae Statua Expofita, quarto. He died 
 about 1657. — Moreri. Ihctroi:. 
 
 Mengoli (Peter), profeffor of mechanics 
 at Bologna in the 17th century, diftinguifhed 
 himfelf by the excellence of his ledtures and 
 his writings. The latter are, 1. Geometria 
 Speciola, quarto; 2- Arithmetica rationalis ; 
 3. Treatife on the Circle; 4. Mufica Specu- 
 lativa, &c. He died about 1690. — Tirabofchi. 
 
 Mengs (Anthony Raphael), a celebrated 
 painter, was born in Auflig in Bohemia in 
 1726. He ftudied under his father, who 
 was painter to Auguftus 111. king of Poland, 
 after which he greatly improved himfelf at 
 Rome. Charles III. of Spain became his 
 patron, and provided for his family after his 
 death, which happened in 1779. Mengs 
 formed his ftyle after Raphael, Correggio, 
 and Titian. To his excellence as an artift 
 he added a literary tafte, and wrote feveral- 
 pieces in Italian, as the Life of Correggio ; 
 Reflcdtions on Beauty and Tafte in Painting; 
 On the Principal Pictures at Madrid, Sec. 
 They have been tranflated into Englilh with 
 his life prefixed, in i! vols. 8vo. 
 
 Meninski or Minin (Francis de Meg- 
 nien), a learned Orientalift, was born in 
 Lorraine in 1623. He was counfellor of war 
 to the emperor, and principal interpreter. 
 He died at Vienna in 1698. His work en- 
 titled, Thefaurus Linguarum Orientalium. 
 Vienna, 5 vols. folio, 1687 is of ineftimable 
 value. — Moreri. 
 
 Menno Simonii, chief of a fedt of Ana- 
 baptifts who were called after his name, was 
 originally a miniller in Frifeland, but left 
 his parilh and was rebaptized by Ubbo Phi- 
 lippi. He gathered a number of difciples ii> 
 
MEN 
 
 Germany , Holland, and Flanders. He main- 
 tained tire necelTity of rebaptifm in adults ; 
 and den : ed that Jcfus Chrift received a hu- 
 man body from the Virgin. A price was fet 
 upon the head of this fanatic, who, died a 
 natural death at Oldeflo near Hamburgh, in 
 1565. His works were publiihed at Amller- 
 dam in 1681. The Mennonites continue 
 {till a confiderable fedl in the Low Countries. 
 •—Brandt's HJi. Ref. 
 
 Menochius (James), an eminent civilian 
 of Pavia who was called the Baldus and Bar- 
 tholius of his age. After being profeffor in 
 feveral u’niverfities he became prefident ot the 
 council at Milan, where he died in 1607, 
 aged 75. His works are, 1. De recuperanda 
 polTelTione, de adpifeenda polTeffione, 8vo; 
 
 2. De prefumptionibus, 1670, 2 vols. fol. ; 
 
 3. De Arbitrariis Judicum quaeftionibus, et 
 c.iufis Conciliorum, fol. His fon 'John Ste- 
 phen became a jefuit, and died in 1656, aged 
 80. He wrote Political and Economical In- 
 flitutions ; a learned Treatife on the Hebrew 
 Republic ; and a Commentary on the Holy 
 Scripture, 2 vols. folio. — Moreri. Tirabofcbi. 
 
 Mknippus, a cynic philofopher, and the 
 difciple of Menedemus, was born at Gadara 
 in Paleftine. He wrote fome fnarlilh fatires, 
 for which reafon, writings of that ftamp have 
 been fometimes called Menippean. There 
 was an orator of the fame name who gave lef- 
 fons to Cicero — D og. Laert. 
 
 Mentel (John), a printer of Stralburg, 
 to whom fome have attributed, but not on 
 fufficient grounds, the invention of printing. 
 He was originally a writer and an illuminator 
 of manuferipts, after which he exercifed his 
 ingenuity in printing, and was the fifft who 
 introduced that art at Stralburgh, where he 
 finifhed a Bible in 1466, 2 vols. folio. He 
 printed feveral other works. He died in 1478. 
 —Ncuv. Dicf. HJi. 
 
 Mentz el (Chriftian), a phyfician and 
 botanift, was born at Furftenwal in Germany. 
 He made great refearches, and travelled 
 through feveral countries for improvement. 
 His works arej 1. Index nornina plantarum, 
 1696, fol. and reprinted in 1715 with addi- 
 tions } 2 A Chronology of China, 4to ; 5. 
 Natural Hillary of Brazil. 4 vols, fol.; 4. 
 On. the Flowers and Plants of Japan, 2 vols. 
 folia. He died in 1701, aged 7 9.— Haller's 
 Bibl. Botan. 
 
 Menzikoff (Alexander), a prince of the 
 Rudkin empire, was the fon of a peafant, and 
 the fervant of a paftry-cook who employed 
 him to cry pies about the «ieets. His ap- 
 pearance pleafing Peter the Great, he took 
 him into his fervice. Menzikoff loan infinu- 
 ated kimfelf into the confidence of his i'o- 
 vereign, who made him governor of Ingria, 
 with the rank of fhajor-general, and at lengtli 
 conferred on him the title of prince. In 1713 
 he was accufed of peculation, and condemned 
 to pay a heavy fine, which the czar remitted 
 and re ft or ed him to favour. Under the czarina 
 Catherine he had ftili more power, and his 
 
 M E R 
 
 daughter was married to Peter IT. who made 
 Menzikoff duke of Cozel, and grand mailer 
 of the imperial hotel. But by the intrigues 
 of Dolgoroucki, miftrefs of the czar, he fell 
 into difgrace, and was banifhed to his eilate ; 
 where he lived in fuch magnificence that 
 Peter was perfuaded to fend him, for his own 
 fafety, into Siberia, where he died in a poor 
 hut in 1729. — Hiji. Rujfia by Tooke. Nouzr. 
 Dibi. H ijl. 
 
 Menzini (Benedid), an Italian poet was 
 born at Florence in 1646, and died at Rome, 
 where he was profefior in the college da Sa- 
 pienza, in 1704. He wrote a book entitled, 
 Conltruzione irregolare delia Lingua Tofca- 
 na; and another, De Arte Poetica. His Sa- 
 tires are efteemed ; they were printed at Am- 
 flerdam in 1718, 4to. Befides thefe he was 
 the author of the Art of Poetry, Elegies, 
 Hymns, &c. ; collected into 2 vols. 4to, 
 Florence 1731 .—Tirabofcbi. 
 
 Mercado (Michael de), a learned phyfi- 
 cian, was born in Tufcany, and became firft 
 phyfician to Clement VIII. and other popes ; 
 alfo keeper of the botanical garden of the Va- 
 tican, where he formed a fine cabinet of me- 
 tals and folfils, the defeription of which ap- 
 peared at Rome in 1717, folio, and an Ap- 
 pendix in 1719. Mercado died in 1593, 
 aged 53. He was raifed to the rank of 
 nobility by Ferdinand, grand duke of Tuf- 
 cany. He wrote a treatife, De gli Obelilchi 
 di Roma, 4to; and other works. — Ibid. 
 
 Mercator (Marius), an ecclefiaftical 
 author, and the friend and pupil of St. Au- 
 guftine. Fie wrote againft: the Neftorians and 
 Pelagians, and died about 451. His works 
 were publiihed at Paris in 1684, 8vo. — Dupin. 
 
 Mercator (Gerard), a geographer, was 
 born at Ruremonde in 1512. He compofed 
 a Chronology, a Greater and Lefler Atlas, 
 and Geographical Tables; alfo Havmonia. 
 Evangeliftarum, 4 to ; a Treatife on the Cre- 
 ation, &c. He was fo exad as to engrave 
 and colour his own maps. — Moreri , Martin' $ 
 Blog. Phil. 
 
 Mercator (Nicholas), an eminent ma- 
 thematician, was born in Holftein. He fet- 
 tled in England, where he became fellow of 
 the royal foriety, and died about 1690. Ilis 
 works are: 1. Cofmographia ; 2. Rationes 
 Mathematics;; 3. De emendatione annua di- 
 atribx dure, See. ; 4. Hypothefis Aftronomica, 
 &c. ; 5. Logarithmotechnia ; 6 Inftitutio- 
 num Aftronomicarum, See.— Moreri, Mar- 
 tin's Biog. Phil. 
 
 Mercikr (John), a learned writer, was 
 a native of Languedoc. He fucceeded Var.a- 
 tlus in 1547 as profefior orHebrewin the roy- 
 al college ofParis, and died at his native place 
 in 1562. Flis works are; 1.' Ledures on 
 Genefis and the Prophets, Geneva, 1598; 2. 
 Commentaries on Job, the Proverbs, Eeclefi- 
 ailes, and the Canticles, 2 vols. fol. ; 3. Ta- 
 bulae in Grammaticam Cbaldaicam, 4to, 
 Mercier was inclined to Calvinifm. His ion 
 Jcfas whs a man of learning, and died iu 
 
 X x 4 
 
M £ R 
 
 1656. He published, 1. an excellent edition 
 of Nonius Marcellus, 4to.; 2. Notes on An- 
 cient Authors. — Merer':. 
 
 Mercies (Bartholomew), known under 
 the name of the abbe St. Lcger, was born at 
 Lyons in IT'S*!. He entered intothe religious 
 fociety of St. Genevieve, of which he became 
 -librarian. Louis XV. gave him the abbey of 
 St. Leger of Soiflbns, of which he was de- 
 prived and reduced to indigence in the revo- 
 lution. He died in 1799. Mercier was a 
 man of erudition, and one of the firlt biblio- 
 graphers in Europe. His works are, 1. Let- 
 ters on the Bibliography of Debure, 8vo. ; 
 2. Letters on the True Author of the Political 
 T diament of Cardinal Richelieu; 3. Sup- 
 plement to Marchand’s Hirtory of Printing, 
 4to. ; 4. Letter concerning the Maid of OV- 
 leans ; 5. Difiertation on the Author of the 
 Book on the Imitation of Jefus Chrift [Kern- 
 els] ; 6. Notice of a rare Book entitled, Pe- 
 dis Admirandoe, by J. d’Artis ; 7. On the 
 Letters attributed to pope Ganganelli ; 8. 
 Letters on different rare Editions of the 15th 
 century, 8vo. ; 9. Library of Romances, 
 tranflated from the Greek, 2 vols. &c. He 
 was concerned in the Journal de Trevoux, 
 and the Magazine Encyclopedique.— N:uv. 
 DM. IV ft. 
 
 Mercuriaeis (Jerome), an Italian phy- 
 fician, was born at Forli in 1530. He was fo 
 highly eftecnied by his countrymen that they 
 fent him ambailador to Pius IV. and erected 
 a ftatue to his honour. He obtained feveral 
 profefl'orlhips, and died at Forli in 1606. His 
 principal works are ; 1. De Arte Gymnaftica ; 
 2. De Morbis Mulierum; 3. De Morbis 
 Fuerorum ; 4 . Confultutiones et refponfa 
 Medicinaliaj 5. Medicina pradtica. They 
 were printed in folio at Venice, 1644. He 
 was alio tlie editor of Hippocrates's Works 
 with notes, 1588.— ’Haller's Bibl. A/. a'. Tira- 
 b of chi. 
 
 M e r d r> i n ,th e fon of Mervyn, a celebrated 
 Wel/h poet who flourifhed about A. D. 560. 
 He ranked with Mcrddin Emyrs, and Tali- 
 esin, as the three principal CJiriltian bards of 
 Britain. Merddin is faid to have flain his 
 nephew in battle; on which account he In- 
 cluded himfelf from lociety in a wood, vvher.ee 
 tie iscalledMerddinthe Wild — Oivcn'sCamb. 
 Blog. 
 
 Mere (George Broihn chevalier de), a 
 French writer, who died at his feat in Poitou, 
 in 1690. His works are, 1. Difcourfes on 
 Wit and Convcrfntion ; 2. The Elegances 
 «t Difcourfe ; 3. Treatifes on Politenefs, Elo- 
 quence, and Speech; 4. Letters See. — Mom:. 
 
 Meri an (Maria Sibylla), an ingenious 
 lady, was the daughter of an engraver, and 
 and Dorn at frankiortin 16-17- idle painted 
 flowers and infects after nature with ferupu- 
 lous exadtnefs ; and undertook a voyage to 
 Surinam to draw the infedts and reptiles pecu- 
 liar to that country, of which, on her return, 
 the publifhed a delcription with beautiful 
 coloured plates, m2 vols 4to. tier daughter, 
 Who accompanied her to Surinam, added a 
 
 M E R 
 
 third volume to this work. The mother 
 publifhed another valuable performance on 
 the Generation and Transformations of the In- 
 fers of Surinam, 1705, 4to. Thele works 
 are in German. She died in 1717, at Am- 
 fterdam. Her father publifhed tlie Topogra- 
 phy of the Enivgrfe 31 vols. folio, and a Flo- 
 rilegiufn, 2 vols. fol — Mo> eri. 
 
 Merlin ( Ambrofe), a Britiflt writer, who 
 lived about the year 480. Fie was regarded 
 in his time as a magician and prophet. The 
 idled tales are told of him by fomc ancient 
 writers, fuch as that he was engendered of an 
 incubus, and that he conveyed by enchant- 
 ment the dupemlous drones on Salilbury plain 
 from Ireland. There alfo pafs under his name 
 feme extravagant predi&ions. Printed at 
 Paris in 1530, in folio, near Caermarthen is 
 a mount called Merlin’s Hill, beneath which 
 tradition relates that he was buried.— Gen. 
 DM. Hift. 
 
 Merov^us, king of France, fucceeded 
 Clodius in 448, and defeated Attila in 451. 
 He is faid to have extended the bounds of his 
 kingdom from the banks of the Somme to 
 Treves, which city he took and plundered. 
 He died in 456. He began the race of kings 
 called Merovingian.— Mi zeray. 
 
 Me r ret (Chridopher), a phyfician, was 
 born at Winchcombe in Gloucefterfhire in 
 1614. He took his degrees at Oxford, after 
 which he fettled in London, where he became 
 fellow of the college ofphyficians, and of the 
 royal fociety. He died in 1695. Dr. Mcr- 
 ret publifhed, 1. Pinax Rerum Naturalium 
 Britannicarum, contincns Vegetabilia, Ani- 
 malia, et Fodilia, in hac Infula reperta, 8vo. ; 
 2. A Collection of Adis, Charters, See., rela- 
 tive tothe College of Phyficians, 4to. ; 3. A 
 Short View of the Frauds and Abides prac- 
 tifed by Apothecaries, 4to. ; 4. The Art of 
 Glafs ; or how to colour Glafs, &c., tranf- , 
 lated from Ncri’s treatifeon tliatfubjedl with 
 notes ; 5. Several papers in the Philofophical 
 Tranfadlions. — Pultcr.ey's Sketches of Botany. 
 
 Merrick (James), an ingenious divine 
 and poet, was born about 1718, and edu- 
 cated at Trinity college, Oxford, where 
 he took his degrees in arts, and was 
 ’elected fellow, lie died at Reading in 1769. 
 Fie publifhed a tranflation of Tryphiodorus ; 
 and poems on facred fubjedts ; but his prin- 
 cipal performance is a verfion of the Pfuims, 
 with annotations — Gen. Biog. DM. 
 
 Merry (Robert), an Englifh poet, was 
 the fon of a tradefman in London, and edu- 
 cated at Harrow lchool, from whence lie re- 
 moved to Clirift church, Oxford. He after- 
 wards purchaled a commifilon in the guards, 
 and diflinguifhed hiir.fe'fas a man of fafhion 
 and a wit. He wrote many trifling pieces in 
 the papers, under the fignature of Della Cruf- 
 ca ; and a tragedy cal le .1 Lorenzo, which was 
 performed at Covent Garden. He married 
 Mifs Brunton, an adtrefs, with whom he 
 went to America, vThere he died in 1798,-* 
 Monthly Mag. 
 
 Mersennijb 'm?jiiius),a learned matiie- 
 
MES 
 
 *ftaticlan, was born in the province of Le Maine 
 in 1588, and ftudied at La Fleclie with Des 
 Cartes, for whom he ever retained the great- 
 eft affection. Merfenrius entered into the 
 religious order of minims, and diftinguiffied 
 liimfelf equally as a mathematician and a di- 
 vine. He difeovered the curve called a cycloid, 
 to which was alfo given the name o ( Rtulette, 
 This difeovery excited the admiration of the 
 gre.iteft geometricians in Europe. Father 
 Merfennus died at Paris in 1648. Ilis prin- 
 cipal works are ; 1. Quaeftiones in Gcnefim, 
 162/5, fol. ; 2. Univerfal Harmony, concerning 
 the Theory and Pradtice ofMulic, 2 vols. fol. j 
 
 3. De fonorum Natur.i ; 4. Cogitata Phylico- 
 mathematica, 4 to. ; 5. The Truth of Sciences ; 
 6. Recreations ofthe Learned ; 7. An edition 
 of the Spherics of Menelaus ; 8. The Impiety 
 of lleifts and Libertines refuted, 2 vols. 8vo. 
 —Moreri. 
 
 Mervii.i. e (Michael Guyot de), a French 
 writer, was born at Verfailles in 1696. After 
 travelling through various countries, he fet- 
 tled as a bookfeller at the Hague, where he 
 publilhed a literary journal. His affairs be- 
 coming embarrafted, he went to Switzerland, 
 and drowned liimfelf in the lake of Geneva in 
 1765. He wrote 1. Voyage Hiftorique, 
 2 vols. 12mo. ; 2. feveral Comedies, &c., 
 publilhed at Paris, 3 vols. 12mo.— Nouv. 
 
 Dia. Hi/i. 
 
 Merula (George), a learned critic, was 
 born in 1120. He taught Latin and Greek 
 at Venice and Milan, and died in the latter 
 city in 1494. His principal works are, 1. 
 Antiquitatis Vicecomitium Mediolanenfium, 
 fol. ; 2. Defcriptiori of Mount Vefuvius, and 
 Montferrat; 3. Commentaries on Martial, 
 Statius, Juvenal, Varro, and Columella ; 
 
 4. Epiftles, &c. Erafmus and other learned 
 men have greatly prailed him. — .Moreri. 
 
 Meriua (Paul), an able writer, was 
 born at Dordt in 1558. He became profefl'or 
 ci! hiftory at Leyden, and died there in 16(/7. 
 He was the author and editor of feveral el- 
 teemed works, as, 1. j(). Ennii Annalium, 
 1595, 4to. ; ‘2. Urbis Romae delineatio, 
 1599; 3. Vita'D. Erafmi ; 4. Cofmographise 
 generalis, 1605, 4to. ; 5. Opera Pofthuma, 
 4co. — Ibid. 
 
 Mery (John), a French furgeon, was born 
 at Vatan in Berry in 1645- He was appointed 
 principal furgeon of the liofpital of invalids at 
 Paris, and cholen a member of the academy 
 of fciences. Fie died in 1700. His works 
 are, 1. Dilfevtations in the Memoirs of the 
 Academy; 2. Obfervatiuns on the Method 
 of Operating for the Stone, of Brother James ; 
 3. Phyikal Problems upon the Fcetus. — 
 Moreri. 
 
 Mesenguy (Francis Philip), a French 
 divine, was born at Beauvais in 1677, and 
 died in 1769. He wrote, 1. Expofition of 
 the Christian Doctrine, 6 vols. 12mo. [con- 
 demned by Clement XU1.J ; 2 Abridgment 
 of the Hiftory ofthe Old and New Teftament, 
 10 vols. 12rno. ; 3. An edition of the New 
 Tettameiit, with notes, 3 vols. ; 4 The Con- 
 4 
 
 MES 
 
 ftltution Unigcnitus, with remarks ; 5. Dif- 
 courfes on Religion.— Ibid. 
 
 Mesnager ( Nichslas ) , an able negociator, 
 was born at Rouen in 1658, of a rich com- 
 mercial family. He was fent by Louis XIV. 
 to Spain on fome important millions relative 
 to the commerce of the Indies ; and afterwards 
 to Holland; on which occafions he gave fo 
 much fatisfaclion as to be created a chevalier 
 of the order of Sp, Michael, with patents of 
 nobility. In 1711 he figned the preliminary 
 treaty of peage between France and England 
 at London, and he was next employed 
 with the abbe Polignac as plenipotentiary at 
 Utrecht. He died at Paris in 1714. His 
 memoirs have been printed. — M'jreri. 
 
 Mesnardiese (Hippolytus Julius Pilet 
 de la), a French poet, was born at Loudun 
 in 1610, anddied in 1663. He was a member 
 of the French academy, and patronized by 
 cardinal Richelieu. His works are, 1. A 
 treatife on Melancholy, 8vo. ; 2. Poetique, 
 4to. ; 3. The tragedies of Alinde and La Pu- 
 celle de Orleans; 4. A CollefFion of Poems, 
 &c. ; 5. Relations of War, See.— Ibid. 
 
 Messalina (Valeria), daughter ofMef- 
 ffta Bacbatus, and wife of the emperor Clau- 
 dian. She was of a moll libidinous charafter, 
 and committed adultery with all the officers 
 of her court. She alfo compelled her ladies 
 to proftitute themfelves, and that in the pre- 
 fence of their huibands. Having been repu- 
 diated by Claudian ffie efpoufed her favourite 
 Silius, who was put to death with her by or- 
 der of the emperor, A. D. 46. There was 
 another of this name, who was the third wife 
 of Nero after her firft hufoand Atticus had 
 been put to death by that tyrant. On the 
 death of Nero ffie devoted the remainder of 
 her days to ftudy, and acquired a great repu- 
 tation. — Lives of the Roman EmpreJJcs. 
 
 Messenius (John), a Swede, celebrated 
 by his learning and misfortunes. Guftavus 
 Adolphu appointed him profellbr of law at 
 Upfal, in which office he diftinguiffied him- 
 felf with fuch credit as to eclipfe the other 
 profefibrs, by whofe envious machinations 
 he was accufed of holding a fecret correlpon- 
 dcnce with the enemies of Sweden, on which 
 he was thrown into prifon in 1615, anddied 
 in confinement in 1636- He wrote a great 
 work in prifon, entitled, Scandia iiluftrata, 
 14 vols. fol. Stockholm 1714. His fon Ar- 
 nold Miff vnitis was biftoriographer of Swe- 
 den, but was beheaded in 1 6 48, together with 
 his fon, who was only leventeen years old, 
 for writing fatircs on the royal family. Ar- 
 nold wrote a hiftory of the Nobility of Swe- 
 den, folio, 1616. — Moreri. 
 
 Meston (William), a Scotch poet, was 
 bom in Abcvdeenffiire in 1688. In 1714 he 
 was appointed proielibr of philofuphy in the 
 marifehul college of Aberdeen; but taking 
 part in the rebellion, he loft his place, anl 
 was obliged to keep himlelf concealed till the 
 a6t of indemnity was palled. He died in 
 1745. His poems were publilhed in 1 \o- 
 lume 12 mo. at Edinburgh, in 1765, and 
 
MET 
 
 pofiefs confiderable merit. They are chiefly 
 fatirical.— Gen. Blog. Diet. 
 
 Metastasio (the abbe Peter Bonaven- 
 ture), an Italian poet, was born at Affifi in 
 1698. He fhewed an early genius for poetry, 
 and wrote verfes at the age of fix years $ and 
 he was only fourteen when he compofed his 
 tragedy, 11 Giuftino. Gravina was his in- 
 ftruCior, who formed the greateft expedla- 
 tions of him, and made him his heir when 
 lie died in 1717. In 1724 Metaftafio produced 
 his play of Dido, a&ed at Naples, with the 
 mufic of Sarro. The fuccefs of this piece 
 Simulated him to proceed in that career ; and 
 in 1729 the emperor Charles VI- called him 
 to Vienna, where he gave him a confider- 
 able penfion. The emprefs Maria Therefa 
 beftowed upon him magnificent prefents, as 
 alfo did Ferdinand VI. king of Spain. The 
 emperor offered him the title of nobility, and 
 the emprefs the order of St. Stephen, but he 
 declined both. This ingenious man died of 
 a fever in 1782. He wrote a great number 
 of operas and other dramatic pieces, which 
 are highly admired, and have gone through 
 numerous editions, and have been tranflated 
 into French in 12 vols. 12mo. — Nou-v. Die?. 
 H:Ji. 
 
 Metelli ( Auguftin), a painter, was 
 horn at Bologna in 1609- He excelled in 
 painting perfpeftive and architecture; and 
 in conjunction with Michael Angelo Colon- 
 na produced feveral great works. _ They 
 were both employed by Philip IV. of Spain. 
 Metelli died at Madrid in 1660. — D'Argen- 
 rnlle. Feljbien. 
 
 Me tell us (O. Caecilius), an illuftrious 
 Roman, who diffinguilhed himfelf againft 
 Jugurtha the Numidian, and from thence 
 acquired the name of Numidicus. He had 
 for his lieutenant in this expedition the fa- 
 mous Marius, who railed himfelf to power by 
 defaming the character ofMetellus; in con- 
 lequence of which tire latter was recalled. 
 But he vindicated himfelf fo well, that he 
 was acquitted of the charges brought againft 
 him. There were feveral Romans of this 
 name. — Sallujl. 
 
 Methockitus (Theodore), an hiftorian, 
 who held feveral employments under the 
 emperor Andronicus the elder at Conftanti- 
 nople, and died in 1832. He wrote, 1. a 
 Roman Hiftoryffrom Caefar to Conftantine, 
 4to. ; 2. Sacred Hiftory j 3. Hiftory of Con- 
 ftantinople. — Mor.eri. 
 
 Methodius, bifliop of Olympus or Ta- 
 tars, in Lycia, and afterwards of Tyre, fuf- 
 fered martyrdom at Chalcis about the year 
 311. He wrote fome works, of which only 
 fragments remain, printed at Paris by Com- 
 befis in 1644, 4t o.—Dupin. 
 
 Metius (James), a native of Alcmaer in 
 Holland, who invented telefcopes about 4609. 
 His brother, Adrian,, was profefl'or of mathe- 
 matics and medicine at Franeker, where he 
 died in 1636. He v, -rote, 1. Dodlrina fphse- 
 riete * 2. Aftronomite univerfae inftitulio, 
 8 vo. ’j 3. Arithmetical et Geometric* prac- 
 
 M E U 
 
 tica, 4to. ; 4. De gemino ufu utriufque Globiy 
 4to. ; 5. Geometrices per ufum Circini nova 
 praxis, 8vo. — Moreri. 
 
 Meton, an Athenian mathematician 
 who invented what is called in chronology, 
 the golden number. He flourished B.C. 432. 
 ~Vc[f. dc Mathem. 
 
 Metr.odorus, a difciple of Democritus, 
 and the mailer of Anaxarchus and Hippo- 
 crates. He was a phyfician of Chios, and 
 maintained that the matter of the univerfe 
 is eternal. — Stanley. Diog. Laertius. 
 
 Metkodorus, a famous painter and phi- 
 lofopher, fiourifhed B. C. 171. He was fent 
 by the Athenians to Paulus HSmilius, who, 
 after the defeat of Perfeus, had demanded a 
 painter and philofopher ; the former to paint 
 his temples, and the latter to inftruCt his 
 children. Metrodorus gave him futisfadtion 
 in both capacities. — Ibid. 
 
 Mettrie (Julien Offray de la), a French 
 phyfician, was born at St. Maloes in 1709. 
 He wrote the Natural Hiftory of the Soul, 
 in which he denied its immateriality. This 
 book occafioned much noife, and the author 
 fome trouble. He afterwards wrote againft 
 the faculty with fuch virulence, that he was 
 obliged to retire to Leyden, where he wrote 
 an atheiftical book, called Man a Machine , 
 which was publicly burnt, on which the 
 author went to Berlin, and was patronized 
 by Frederic the Great. He died in 1751. 
 His works were publilhed at Berlin in 1 vol. 
 4to. and 2 vols 12mo — Nouns. Die?. FUJI . 
 
 Metzu (Gabriel), a Dutch painter, was 
 born at Leyden in 1615. His fubjects were 
 women felling fiih, fowls, or game ; phyfi- 
 cians attending the tick; chemical lhops ; 
 painted in an excellent ftyle. He died ia 
 16,58. — Honbraken. 
 
 Meursius (John), a learned critic, was 
 born at Utrecht in 1579. He received his 
 academical education at Leyden, where he 
 wrote at the age of fixteen, a Commentary 
 on Lycophron. In 1610 he was appointed 
 piofeffcr of hiftory, and afterwards of Greek. 
 He was alfo chofen hiftoriographer 'of the 
 United States. Meurfius fuflered much per- 
 fecution in confequence of his connexion with 
 Barneveldt ; on which he went to Denmark, 
 where he died in 1639. He was profoundly 
 verfed in the Greek language, and antiqui- 
 ties. His chief works are, 1. De populis 
 Attic*; 2. Atticarum lettionum lib. iv. ; 
 
 8. Archontes Athenienfes ; 4. Fortuna At- 
 tica, de Athenarum origine ; 5. De Feitis 
 Graacorum ; 6- lliftoria Danica ; 7 . Atneiiae 
 Batavae, [this is a hiftory of the univerfity 
 ofLeyden;} 8. Gloffarium Grseco-Bavbarum j 
 
 9. Rerum Belgicarum. They have been 
 printed in 12 vols. folio, Florence, 1741. 
 Ilis fon, John Meurfius, who died in Den- 
 mark, in the flower of his age, wrote 1. Ar- 
 borentum Sacrum, five de Arborum conler- 
 vatione, 1642, 8vo. j 2. De Tibiis veterum. 
 — Moreri . 
 
 Meusnier (Philip), a painter, was born 
 at Paris in 1655, and died there in 1734,- 
 
m r c 
 
 Me was a member of the French academy, 
 and patronized by Louis XIV". and XV. 
 His fubjefts were architefture and views 
 in perfpeftive, painted in a fine manner. — 
 D‘ Argenville. 
 
 Meyer (James), a Flemifh hiftorian, was 
 born in 1491, near Bailleul, whence he is 
 fometimcs called Baliolianus. He was reftor 
 of Blankenberg, and died in 1552. His works 
 are, 1. Annales Rerum Flandricarum, folio; 
 2. Flandricarum Rerum Decas 4to .—Mo~ 
 reri. 
 
 Meyer (Felix), a German painter, was 
 born in 1653. He painted fome fine views 
 after nature in Italy and Switzerland, and 
 died in 1713. ~Ibid. 
 
 AIezerai (Francis Eudes de), a French 
 hiftorian, was born in Lower Normandy in 
 1610, and educated at the univerfity of Caen ; 
 cn leaving which he obtained a military em- 
 ployment, and ferved two or three campaigns 
 in Flanders. Having abandoned the army, 
 he projefted the Hiftory ofFrancc, in writing 
 whicli he was liberally encouraged by cardi- 
 nal Richelieu, and on its completion in 1651 
 he obtained a penfion from the king. He 
 was alfo admitted a member of the academy, 
 and had a principal concern in the compila- 
 tion of their dictionary. He died in 1683. 
 Beftdes his Hiftory of France, 3 vols. fol. ; 
 and an Abridgement in 3 vols. 4 to. ; he 
 wrote a Treatile on the Origin of the French ; 
 a Continuation of the Hiftory of the Turks ; 
 feveral Satires againft the Aliniftry ; Hiftory 
 of a Mother and Son, 2 vols. 12mo. — Life 
 by La Roque . 
 
 Meziriac (Claude -Gufpard Bachet de), 
 a French writer, was born at Breffe, of a 
 noble family. He became a jefuit, and at 
 the age of twenty was appointed profdfor of 
 rhetoric at Milan. He was alfo a member 
 of the. French academy, and died in 1638, 
 aged 60. He wrote a Life of zTIfop ; a 
 Tranfiation of Diophantus in Latin, with a 
 Commentary ; Poems, Latin and French ; 
 &c . — Moreri . 
 
 Micah, the fixth of the lefier prophets, 
 lived in the reigns of Jotham, Ahaz, and 
 Hezekiah. He prophefied the captivity of 
 the tribes, and their deliverance by Cyrus, 
 alfo of the coming of the Mofiiah .—G toy's 
 Key 0. T. 
 
 Michael I. emperor of the Eaft, fiic- 
 ceeded to the throne in 811. He \fcas a great 
 prince and tire father of his people ; but was 
 ■depefed by Leo the Armenian, his general, 
 in 813. He then retired to a monaftery, 
 where he fpent the remainder of his days in 
 devotion. — Unit;. Hlfl. 
 
 AIichael II. was born in Upper Phrygia 
 of an obfeure family, but was ennobled by 
 Leo the Armenian. That monarch after- 
 wards fent him to prifon, and condemned 
 him to death ; but the night previous to his 
 intended execution Leo was afiaflinated, and 
 Michael placed on the throne, A. D. C 20. 
 He endeavoured to force his fubjefts t® ce- 
 lebrate the Jewilh fabbath and tfce pullover, 
 
 m i e 
 
 and was guilty of great cruelties ; on whiftr 
 his general Euphemius revolted, and pro- 
 claimed himfelf emperor, but was Haiti near 
 Syracule in Sicily. Michael died in 8 z9.— 
 Ibid. 
 
 Michael III. fucceeded Theophilus h’s 
 father in 842, under the regency of his mo- 
 ther Theodora j a princefs of great virtue and 
 talent, whom lie compelled to enter a mo- 
 nailery with her daughters. He had at firft 
 for an aflcciate in the empire Bardas, brother 
 of Theodora ; and at his inftigation fent St. 
 Ignatius, patriarch of Conftantinople, into 
 exile. Michael afterwards put Bardas to 
 death, and elevated Bafil the Alacedonian to 
 the title of Caefar, by whom he was afiafli- 
 nated in 867. — Ibid. 
 
 Michael IV. or the Paphlagonian, from 
 the country where he was born of obfeure 
 parentage. He obtained the imperial throne 
 in 1034, by the influence of the emprefs 
 Zoe; who, being enamoured of his perfon, 
 murdered her lmlband Pvomanus Argyrus to 
 obtain her wilhes. Michael made war with 
 fuccefs againft the Saracens and Bulgarians ; 
 and afterwards retired to a monaftery, where 
 he died in 1041. — Ibid. 
 
 AIichael V. fucceeded his uncle the pre- 
 ceding emperor in 1041, after having been 
 adopted by the emprefs Zoe, whom he ex- 
 iled a few months afterwards, which fo ir- 
 ritated the people that they deprived him of 
 his eyes, and fent him to a monafte> , Zoe 
 and her lifter Theodora then reigned in cca- 
 j u n fti on. — Ibid. 
 
 Michael VI. or the Warrior, reigned! 
 after the emprefs Theodora in 1056 ; but the 
 year following he was compelled to relin- 
 quifh the (ceptre to If.ta’c Comnenus, on which 
 Michael retired to a monaftery. 
 
 Michael VII. emperor of the Eaft, was 
 the eldeft fon of Conitantine Ducas and of 
 Eudocia. That princefs, a few' months after 
 the death of her hufband, married Diogenes 
 a Roman, whom Ihe caufed to be proclaimed 
 emperor ; but in 10? 1 the ufurper was taken 
 prifoner by the Turks, and Michael regained 
 the throne. In 107S Nicepherus took Con- 
 ftantinople by the help or the Turks, and 
 AIichael was obliged to retire to a monaftery. 
 He afterwards took orders, and became aa-ch- 
 bilhop of Ephefus.— Ibid . 
 
 AIichael VIII. Palaeologus, regent of the 
 empiie during the minorit y of John L ifcaris, 
 whom he deprived of his throne and his eye? 
 in 1260. The year following he retook Con- 
 ftantinople. He ligned an aft for eftefting a 
 union between the Greek and Latin chore he':, 
 which however did not fucceed. Pope A'lar- 
 tin IV. excommunicated him, as the fup- 
 porter of herefy and fchifm. AIichael died 
 in 128.2- He is not to be confounded with 
 M.chael Palegologus, who was crowned empe- 
 ror in 1214, governed the empire under his 
 fathc* Andronicus the elder, and died in 
 1220. — Uni’u. Hiji. Moreri. 
 
 Michael (Ftedorow’itz), czar of RulTh, 
 was elefted in 1615, in times of great 
 
m i e 
 
 culty. He was defended from the czar John 
 Bafilowitz; and distinguished himfelf by his 
 pacific fpirit and gcnerofity. He died in 1645. 
 —Uni'u. Hiji. 
 
 Michael Angelo of Battles , a painter, 
 was born at Rome in 1602, and died in that 
 city in 1660. His real name was Cerynczzr, 
 and he afiumed the other from the l'ubjedls 
 which exercifed his pencil, and which he re. 
 prefeinted in a forcible manner. — Felibien vies 
 ties Peintres. 
 
 Michael is (John David), profefior of 
 divinity in the univerfity of Gottingen, who 
 died in 1791, aged 75. His works are nu- 
 merous and chiefly defigned to explain the 
 difficulties attending the fludy ot the facred 
 writings. That by which he is bc't known 
 in this country is his Introduction to the New 
 Teftament, a tranllation of which into Eng- 
 lifh appeared firft in 1761. The learned 
 author afterwards greatly enlarged and en- 
 riched this valuable performance, w hich has 
 been tranfiated by Mr. March in 3 vols. 
 Svo. There are, however, fome hypothe- 
 tical opinions in it which ought to b« at- 
 tended to with caution. — Gen. Btog. Diet. 
 
 Micheli (Peter Anthony), an eminent 
 botunift, was born at Florence in 1679. His 
 parentage w'as very mean, and he became 
 errand-boy to a bookleller. Being fond of 
 fifliing, and told of a plant (the titbymalus 
 cbaracias ) which had the quality of ftupify- 
 ing fifes, he had a great curioiity to disco- 
 ver and examine it. Some monks of the 
 abbey of Vallombrofa, perceiving his genius, 
 took him under their inftru&ion ; and he 
 profited by their leflons fo as to gain the ad- 
 miration and efteem of feveral learned men, 
 particularly Tournefort and Sherard, when 
 they travelled into Italy, Micheli became 
 affociate with Tilly in the fuperintendance 
 of the botanic garden at Pifa, director of that 
 at Florence, and botanift to the grand duke, 
 by w hole order he made feveral journies into 
 Italy, Greece, and /Egypt, to diicover plants. 
 He died in 17 37. The principal of his nu- 
 merous w : orks are. Nova Blantarum Genera , 
 printed at Florence 1729 5 and Catahgus 
 Blantarum Horti Cajarci Florentini , 1748, fol. 
 Haller's Bib!. Botan. 
 
 Micheli (Jarnes-Bartholomew), an able 
 mathematician, was born of an ancient fa- 
 mily at Geneva in 1692. lie entered into 
 the French military fervice, and became a 
 captain. In 1738 he retired to his native 
 country, where he applied chiefly to mathe- 
 matical and philofophical Studies. He con- 
 structed a number of charts, invented a new 
 thermometer, and conspofed feveral Me- 
 moirs, printed at Balle. Thcfe are on Me- 
 teorology and the Temperature of the Globe ; 
 Light ; the Comet of 1680 ; the Univerfal 
 Deluge, &c. He lu vv eyed the Glaciers of 
 Switzerland, of which he took feveral views, 
 which have been engraved. In the trebles 
 which agiti.tsd his country he was a fliarer, 
 and a> in prifoned a long time by order of 
 
 M I D 
 
 the government of Berne. He died in 1766. 
 —Nouv. Did. H’Jli 
 
 Mickle (William Julius), a poet, was 
 born at Langholm, in the Slure of Dumfries, 
 in 1734, and educated at Edinburgh ; after 
 which he was apprenticed to a weaver, but 
 abandoned that bufinefs and, vifuing England, 
 became corrector of the Clarendon prefs at 
 Oxford, during his refidence in that city he 
 printed fome poems, and a pamphlet againft 
 Harwoodls Liberal Translation of the New 
 Teftament. But his greatest work was a 
 translation of the Lufiad from the Portuguefe 
 ofCamoens. Of this poem there were two 
 editions published in Mr. Mickle’s life-time, 
 and one Since. It is a very accurate and ele- 
 gant verfion, and was approved by Dr. John- 
 fon. In 1779 Mr. Mickle went out as Secre- 
 tary to commodore Johnftone, and at Lisbon 
 was appointed agent of the prizes. While 
 there he wrote a pleafing poem called Almida 
 Hill. On his return to England he fettled at 
 Wheatley in Oxfordshire, where he died in 
 1788. Besides the above works he wrote a 
 pamphlet in quarto on the affairs of the Eaft 
 India Company.— Europ. Mag. 
 
 Micrjelius (John), a Lutheran divine, 
 and profeSTbr of divinity at Stettin, was born 
 in Pomerania in 1597, and died in 1658. 
 His principal works are, 1. Lexicon philo- 
 fophicum, 4to. j 2. Syntagma hiftoriarum 
 mundi et ecclefiae, 8vo. ; 3. Ethnophronium 
 contra Gentiles de priricipiis religionis Chrif- 
 tianae, 4to. } 4. Tradfatus de copia verbo- 
 rum; 5. Archceologia ; 6. Iiiftoria Ecclefia- 
 ftica, 2 vols. 4to. ; 7. Ovthodoxia Lutheran*, 
 contra Eergium. — Moreri. 
 
 Middleton (Richard de), an English 
 fcholaftic, called the profound and abundant, 
 was a monk of the order of Cordeliers, and 
 diftinguiflied himfelf at Oxford and Paris. 
 He wrote Commentaries on Peter Lombard, 
 and other works. He died in 1304. — Pitts. 
 Bale. 
 
 Middleton (fir Hugh), a public-fpirit- 
 ed gentleman, was a native of Denbigh, and 
 a citizen of London 5 to which city he ren- 
 dered the moft important fervice in fupply- 
 ing it with water, by uniting two Slreams in 
 Hertfordshire and Middlefex, and conveying 
 the lame through various loils for a courie of 
 fixty miles. This junction, called the New 
 River, was begun in 1608, and completed 
 in 1613. The projector encountered great 
 difficulties in his undertaking, but his per- 
 fevering fpirit and ingenuity overcame them 
 all. King James I. who held fome Shares in 
 the concern, conferred on Middleton firft the 
 honour of knighthood, and afterwards the 
 title of baronet. He alfo incorporated the 
 proprietors by f.he name of the New Rives 
 Company. Sir Hugh, who greatly injured 
 his circumstances by this fcheme, gave 011c 
 Share to the Goldsmiths’. Company, for the 
 benefit of poor members of their body, ^He 
 cued about 1636. — Btog. Brit. 
 
 Zuiddleton (William), a Welfli poet. 
 
M I E 
 
 was born at Gwenynog, iti Denbighfliire, 
 and died about 1600. He feryed in the ar- 
 mies of queen Elizabeth, and afterwards com- 
 manded a fhip of war : and when at fea t«rncd 
 the book of Pfalms into Welfh verfe. This 
 work was finilhed in the Weft Indies in 1 595. 
 He was alio the author of a Grammar and 
 Art of Poetry; published in 1593.*— Owen's 
 Camb. Biog. 
 
 Middieton (Conyers), a celebrated di- 
 vine and critic, was the fon of a clergyman, 
 and born at York in 1683. He received his 
 academical education at Trinity college, Cam- 
 bridge, of which he was chofen fellow in 
 1706. In 1717 he was created D. D. by 
 mandamus, on which occafion he refilled the 
 claim of Dr. Bentley, regius profefior, to ex- 
 orbitant fees. This occafioned a law fuit, in 
 which Middleton triumphed. A perfonal 
 enmity was the coniequence of this affair; 
 and when Bentley printed his propofals for a 
 new edition of the Greek Teftament, Mid- 
 dleton attacked them witli fuch force that 
 the defign was abandoned. In 1724 Dr. Mid- 
 dleton was in Italy, and having a near ob- 
 fervation of the ecclefiaftical pomp and cere- 
 monies, he wrote his famous letter from 
 Rome, to Ihew that the religious rites ofthe 
 Roman church were drawn from the hea- 
 thens. An attack on Dr. Waterland’s Vin- 
 dication of the Scripture in 1730, drew upon 
 Middleton the charge of infidelity, and he 
 narrowly efcaped academical cenfure. The 
 year following lie was appointed Woodwardian 
 profefior, but refigned that place in 1734. 
 In 1741 appeared his Life of Cicero, in 2 vols. 
 4to.; afterwards reprinted in 3 vols. Ovo. 
 This is a very curious and valuable work, and 
 highly necefl'ary towards forming a juft idea 
 of the character and writings of that great 
 man, as well as exhibiting an exadt pidture 
 of the Roman republic in his time. In 1743 
 Dr. Middleton publiflied the Epiftles of Cicero 
 to Brutus, and thofc of Brutus to Cicero, in 
 Latin and Engliih, with a vindication of their 
 authenticity. In 1747 appeared his Difcourfe 
 on the Miraculous Powers fuppofed to have 
 fubfifted in the Chriftian Church from the 
 earlieft ages, 4to. This performance gave 
 great alarm to the clergy, and numerous an- 
 swers were written againft it. Middleton 
 died in 1750; and in 1752 appeared all his 
 works, with the exception of the Life of 
 Cicero, in 4 vols. 4to. His ftyle is admirable, 
 and his learning was profound and multifa*. 
 rious ; but from his letters to lord Hervey it 
 is evident that he was fceptical in his reli- 
 gious opinion.— Biog. Britt. 
 
 Middleton (Thomas), a dramatic wri- 
 ter, who wrote in conjundlion with Johnfon, 
 Fletcher, and Madinger. He died about 
 1640. — Langbalne. Biog. Dram. 
 
 Miel (Jan), a Flemilh painter, was born 
 near Antwerp in 1599. His pidtures of 
 huntings are greatly admired. He died at 
 Turin in 1664. Many engravings have been 
 made from his pictures- — D' Argetiville, 
 
 Miekis (Francis), the Elder, was born at 
 
 M I L 
 
 Leyden in 1635, and died in 1681. He was 
 the difciple of Gerard Douw, whofe manner 
 he imitated. His pictures are very valua- 
 ble. He had a fon, William Mieris , called 
 the Younger , who was a good landlcape 
 painter, and a modeller in clay and wax. 
 He died in 1747. His fon Francis was alfo 
 an artift in the fame line.— Ibid. 
 
 Mignard (Nicholas), a French hiftori- 
 cal and portrait painter of eminence, was 
 born at Troyes about 1608. He became 
 redtor of the academy of painting at Paris, 
 and died in %668-—Ibid. 
 
 Mignard (Peter), called the Roman from 
 his long refidence at Rome, was the brother 
 of the preceding, and born in 1610- He 
 was ennobled by Louis XIV. and died in 
 lb95 .—D' Argenmille . 
 
 Mignon (Abraham), a painter, was born 
 at Frankfort in 1640. He painted flowers, 
 inledts, and fruit, after nature, with won- 
 derful exactnefs. He died in 1679 — / id. 
 
 Milbourn (Luke), an Engliih divine, 
 was the fon of Mr. Luke Milbourn, a non- 
 conformift minifter, who was ejedted from 
 the living of Wroxhall in Warwickfhire in 
 1662, and died at Newington in 1667. His 
 fon received a good education, became maf-* 
 ter of arts, and obtained the redlory of 
 St. Ethelburg in London. He publiflied 
 fermons, and theological tradls, 2 vols. 
 8vo. ; a poetical verfion of the Pfalms ; and 
 feveral poems, for which Pope gives him a 
 place in the Dunciad. He died in 1720.— 
 Gen. Biog. Ditt. 
 
 Mildmay (fir Walter), the founder of 
 Emanuel college, Cambridge, was furveyor 
 of the court of augmentations in the reign 
 of Henry VIII. and privy counfellor, chan- 
 cellor, and under treafurer of the exche- 
 quer, in that of Elizabeth. He is celebrated 
 for his uncommon merits in his private and 
 public character. Sir Walter died in 1589. 
 — Lloyd's State Worthies. 
 
 Mill (John), a learned Engliih divine, 
 was born at Shap in Weftmoreland about 
 1615. He was fird fervitov, and after- 
 wards fellow, of Queen's college, Oxford, 
 where he proceeded to his degree of dodtor 
 in divinity. In 1681 he was appointed 
 chaplain to the king, and in l(58.o eltdled 
 principal of Edmund hall. His ineftimable 
 edition of the Greek Teftament, with va- 
 rious readings, was publiflied about a fort- 
 night before his death, in 1707. — Biog. 
 But. 
 
 Mill (Henry), principal engineer to the 
 New River company, was born in London 
 about 1690, and educated at one of the 
 univerfities. His [kill in mechanics recom- 
 mended him to the N - ew River company, 
 in whofe lervice he was for many years be- 
 fore his deatli in 1780. He was employed 
 in various other works, particularly in Ap- 
 plying the town of Northampton with wa- 
 ter, for which he received toe freedom of 
 that corporation.— Gen. Biog. DILI. 
 
 Millar (John), profefior of law at Glaf- 
 
M I L 
 
 gow, was bred to the Scotch bar, and filled 
 the chair in the univerfity with great repu- 
 tation near forty years His ledtures were 
 generally attended and greatly admired. 
 He died in 1801. Mr. Miller publilhed a 
 good work entitled, the Origin of Diftinc- 
 tion of Ranks in Society, 1 vol. 8vo. ; and* 
 an Hiftorical View of the Engliih Govern- 
 ment, 4to .-—Monthly Mag. 
 
 Miller (James), a divine. and dramatic 
 writer, was born in Dorfetihire in 1703. 
 He received his education at Wadham col- 
 lege, Oxford, and while there he wrote a 
 comedy called, The Humours of Oxford, 
 performed in 1729. He was the author of 
 feveral other pieces, the lalt of which was 
 Mahomet a tragedy, during the run of which 
 the author died in 1744. He alfo pub- 
 fifhcd a volume of fermons, andfome poems. 
 —Biog. Dram. 
 
 Miller (Philip), a celebrated gardener, 
 was born in Scotland in 1691. His father 
 was gardener to the apothecaries’ company at 
 Chelfea, and his fon fucceeded him in 1722, 
 He was a fellow of the royal fociety, and 
 of the botanical academy at Florence. He 
 correfponded with Linnaeus, who faid of his 
 dictionary of gardening, non erit Lexicon 
 Hortulaimrum , Jed Botanicorw::, and by fo- 
 reigners he was emphatically called Hortu- 
 letnoruni princcps . On account of his infir- 
 mities he reiigned his office in the garden 
 fome time before his death, which happen- 
 ed in 1771. He left a large Herbarium of 
 exotics in MS. Befides his Gardener’s Dic- 
 tionary, folio, he publilhed the Gardener’s 
 Calendar, 8vq. ; Catalogus Plantarum Offi- 
 cinalium quae in horto botanico Chelfeiano 
 aluntur, 8vo. ; and forr.e papers in the Fhi- 
 lofo; hical Tranfactions.-— Pultcncy's Sketcha 
 tf Botany . 
 
 Miller (lady), an accomplifhed wo- 
 man, of fome literary talents, who publilhed 
 Letters from Italy, 3 vols. 8vo. She re- 
 fided at Bath Kali on near Bath : where /he 
 entertained feveral ingenious perfons, who 
 compol'cd a collection of poems, which was 
 afterwards publilhed. She died in 1781. — 
 Gent. Mag. 
 
 Milles (Jeremiah), a learned divine 
 and antiquary, was born at High Cleer, in 
 Hampfhire, of which place his father was 
 roiniftcr, in 1713. He fucceeded Dr. Lyt- 
 tlcton as dean of Exeter, and alfo as prefi- 
 dent of the focicty of antiquaries, to whole 
 Archa?ologia he was a great contributor. 
 Dr. Milles was a zealous champion for the 
 genuinenefs of the Rowley poems, of which 
 he printed an eddition in 4to. with gloffa- 
 ri.tl annotations. This work laid him open 
 to the attacks of the critics, who were 
 fceptical on thefe fuppofed relics of anti- 
 quity. The dean died in 1784. — Ibid. 
 
 Milletilre (Theophiius Brachet fieur 
 de la), a protellant advocate, who mitigated 
 the re.ormed at Rochelle to take up arms in 
 defence of their religion. In 1628 he was 
 arrclted at Touloule, and kept in pril'on 
 
 M I L 
 
 four years. On regaining his liberty he 
 turned -catholic, and wrote againft: the Cal- 
 vanifts. He died in 1665, defpifed by hath 
 parties. — Moreri. 
 
 Mil lot (Claude Francis Xavier), a 
 French hiftorian, was born at Befanjon in 
 1726. He was for fome time a member of 
 the fociety of jefuits, which order he was 
 permitted to quit, after officiating as a 
 preacher at Verfailles and Luneville. He 
 was profefi'or of hiftory at Parma many years, 
 and on his return to France became tutor to 
 the duke D’Enghien. Millot died in 1783. 
 His works are, Elements of the Hiftory of 
 France, 3 vols. 12mo. ; Elements of the 
 Hiftory of England, 3 vols. ; Elements of 
 Univerfal Hiftory, 9 vols. ; Hiftory of the 
 Troubadours, 3 vols. ; Memoirs for a Hif- 
 tory of Louis XIV. and XV. 6 vols. ; Trans- 
 lations of Orations from the Latin Hifto- 
 rians. — Non-v. DiB. IHJi. 
 
 Milo, a famous athlete of Crotona in 
 Italy, who is faid to have carried on his 
 fhoulders a bullock above forty yards, and 
 then killed it with one blow of his fift, after 
 which he made a meal of it in one day. 
 He received the prize feven times at the 
 Pythian games, and fix at Olympia. Many 
 other marvellous things are related of his 
 enormous ftrength. He w’as devoured by 
 wild beafts about 500 B.C. — Moreri. 
 
 Milo (Titus Annius), a Roman, whf» 
 made feveral parties for the purpofe of ob- 
 taining the confulate. He was oppofed by 
 Clodius, and fupported by fome of the firlV 
 members of the fenate. In a quarrel be- 
 tween Clodius and Milo on the Appian 
 way, the former was (lain by fome of the 
 domeftics of the latter. Cicero undertook 
 the caufe of Milo; but the roftrum being 
 furrounded by foldiers, and a crowd of 
 people, who exprefled their difapprobation, 
 he was fo difmayed as to be unabJe to pro- 
 ceed. Milo was exiled to Marfeilles, whi- 
 ther the orator fent him his difeourfe, on 
 which he faid: “Oh Cicero! if thou hadit 
 fpoken this, Milo would not have been now 
 at Marleilles.”— Cicero. Or at. Life of Cicero. 
 
 Mhtiadis, an Athenian general, wha 
 founded a colony in the Cherlonefus, after 
 conquering the people who oppofed his ef- 
 tablilhmetit. The Perfians, having declared 
 war againft Athens, advanced with a pro- 
 digious army towards Marathon. The 
 Athenians, under Miltiades, were very few; 
 yet by his fuperior Ikill the Perfians were 
 defeated with great Daughter, and part of 
 their fleet deftroyed, B.C. 490. Aiter this 
 he had the command of a naval fquadron, 
 with which he took feveral iflands; but 
 being obliged to raife the fiege of Paros, 
 and alio dangeroufty wounded, lie returned 
 to Athens, where he was accufed of holding 
 intelligence with the Perfians, and con- 
 demned to death, which fentence was altered 
 to imprilonment. He djed fhortly after of 
 his wound, B.C. 48 V.—Flutarcb. Sum'an't, 
 Hi/l. Grace. 
 
M I L 
 
 Milton (John), an illuftrious poet, was 
 the fon of a fcrivener in London, and horn 
 in Bread-ftreet in 1608. From St Paul’s 
 fchool he went to Chri'ft’s college. Cam- 
 bridge, where he took his degrees in arts, 
 being defigned for the church j but not 
 having an inclination to that calling, he 
 returned to his father, who had retired from 
 bufinefs with a good fortune, and fettled at 
 Horton in Btickinghamlhire. Here our poet 
 wrote his Comus, L’ Allegro, II Penferofo, 
 and Lycidas, poems of fuch merit as would 
 alone have immortalized his name. In 
 1638 he travelled into France and Italy, 
 where he was greatly carefied by people of 
 the higheft rank and talents. On his re- 
 turn to England he fettled in London, and 
 undertook the tuition of fome youths, for 
 which profeffion he appears by his ['radiate 
 on Education to have been well calculated. 
 The troubles breaking out between the king 
 and parliament, Milton engaged as a politi- 
 cal writer on the popular lide ; and having a 
 great animofity to the hierarchy, he pub- 
 lifhed fome virulent pamphlets againft the 
 bifhops. In 1613 he married the daughter 
 of a juftice of peace in Oxfordlhire ; but his 
 wife having been brought up with different 
 fentiments from her hufband, and difapprov- 
 ing of his zeal, eloped frum him and return- 
 ed to her friends. The impetuolity of Mil- 
 ton’s temper carried him into an opinion 
 that this furnifhed him with a fufficient 
 reafon for taking another wife. , He accord- 
 ingly publiflied fome tracts on divorce, to 
 vindicate this notion ; which he was about 
 to carry into elfedt, when his wife’s fiends 
 brought about a reconciliation. He con- 
 tinued an ardent champion for the rebellious 
 party, even after the murder of Charles I., 
 which fang-uinary deed he defended with his 
 pen againft Salmaftus ; but he was not dif- 
 interefted in this, for the parliament re- 
 warded him with one thouland pounds. Fie 
 alfo wrote with great afperity againft the 
 king’s book of prayers and meditations, en- 
 titled, the Icon Bafilike. About this time 
 he was wholly deprived of his fight, owing 
 to a natural weaknefs, and an intenfe ap- 
 plication to his ltudies. In 1632 he loft his 
 wife, and foon afterwards took another. 
 Though he was a determined republican, 
 and wrote with energy and intemperance 
 againft monarchical government, “ the very 
 trappings of which,” he faid, “ would fup- 
 port a commonwealth,” yet he readily fub- 
 mitted to the ufurpation of Cromwell, to 
 whom he became Latin fecretary. Milton 
 endeavoured to prevent the reftoration ; 
 which event he had undoubted caule to dread, 
 conlidering the adlive part taken by him in 
 the rebellion. And when the ancient con- 
 flitution was re-eftablifhed, he was excepted 
 out of the aft of indemnity, on which he 
 kept himfelr concealed for lome time. By 
 the kindnels, however, of lir William Da- 
 venant, and others, he obtained his pardon ; 
 Jioon alter which he loll his fecund wife 
 
 M I L 
 
 and was not long without another. In the 
 time of the plague he removed with his 
 family to Chalfent, in Buckinghamfhire, 
 where he completed his Paradife Loft, 
 which was printed firft in 1667. For this 
 immortal work he had only fifteen pounds, 
 and that by inftalments. For the idea of it 
 he is laid to have been indebted to an Italian 
 drama on the Fall of Man ; and it is cer- 
 tain thac he had himfelf an intention at firft 
 of writing only a tragedy on the fame fub- 
 je£t. As the work grew under his hand, 
 his foaring genius gave it the form and con- 
 fluence, the variety and elegance, of an epic 
 poem. After this he engaged in another 
 called Paradife Regained ; the occafion of 
 which was as follows ; John Elwood, the 
 quaker, who was his amanuenfis, calling 
 upon him at Chalfont, and the converfation 
 turning upon Milton’s great work, Elwood 
 obferved, “ Thou has faid much upon Para- 
 dife Loft, but what haft thou to fay upon 
 Paradife Found?” Milton paufed, and the 
 next time they met he Ihewed Elwood the 
 hitter poem, faying, “This is owing to 
 you.” The Paradife Regained, though pof- 
 1 effing many beauties, is in all refpefts in- 
 ferior to the Paradife Loft ; yet it is remark- 
 able that the author gave it the preference. 
 Milton died at his houfe in Bunhill-row in 
 1674, and lies interred in the parifh church 
 ot St. Giles, Cripplegate, where a monu- 
 ment has been erected to his memory, and 
 there is another in Weftminfter-abbey, fet 
 up by auditor Benfon. But his beft monu- 
 ment is Paradife Loft. This poem was un- 
 known in the poet’s lifetime, and many 
 years after. It was not till Mr. Addifon 
 gave his admirable critique upon it in the 
 Spectator, that the beauties of it became 
 generally underftood, and the whole merits 
 of the poem to be admired. Mr. Dryden, 
 indeed, had given his approbation of the 
 work and his opinion of the author in an 
 excellent epigram, which is ufually prefixed 
 to the Paradife Loll, or fubjoined to the 
 portrait of the author. Befides this and the 
 other poems mentioned above, Milton wrote 
 a drama on the Greek Model, entitled, 
 Samfon Agoniftes, which poffeffes uncom- 
 mon beauties, though not adapted to the- 
 atrical reprefentation. His Comus has been 
 l'evcral times performed, and the firft time 
 was for the benefit of the author’s grand- 
 daughter, Mrs Clarke, a widow in reduced 
 circumftances. On that occafion Dr. Sa- 
 muel Johnfon wrote a prologue. The beft 
 edition of Milton’s poetical works is that of 
 Mr. Todd, in 6 vols. 8vo. The late Mr. 
 Thomas Warton publilhed his fmaller poems 
 in one volume, 8vo. enriched with very 
 curious notes. Bilhop Newton and Mr. 
 Hayley havewritten the life of Milton, the 
 firft as a biographer and the latter as a poet. 
 •Among the profe works of Milton 'we fhall 
 only mention his Hillory of England, 1 vol. 
 4to. which comes down only to the conqueit ; 
 and his Areopagitica, in which hd pleaded 
 
M I M 
 
 tlie caufe of a free prefs.with great force. 
 The whole of his political works have been 
 printed in 3 vols. folio, and alfo in quarto 
 and odtavo. Of the religion of Milton it is 
 difficult to fpcuk. In his youth he was a 
 calvinift, but afterwards he became inclined 
 to arminianifm. From being a prefbyterian 
 he turned independant, and laftly he feems 
 to have joined no particular communion. 
 He was, however, a firm believer in the 
 truths of revelation. When at Cambridge 
 he was fo handforue as to be called the Lady 
 of Chrift’s college ; and he retained his 
 comelinefs to the laft. He died in good cir- 
 cumftances. By his firft wife lie had three 
 daughters, two of whom ufed to read to him 
 in eight languages, though they underltood 
 only their own, it being a ufual faying with 
 him that “one tongue was enough for a wo- 
 man.' — Bi[bop Newton’s Life of Milton. 
 £icg. Brit. 
 
 Mimnermus, a Greek poet and mufi- 
 cian, was a native of Colophon, and flourifh- 
 ed in the time of Solon. He excelled in ele- 
 giac poetry, the invention of which has been 
 aferibed to him. Some fragments of his are 
 in the collections of Stobteus, 1568, ottavo. 
 — VoJJius de Poet. Grate. 
 
 Minos 1. the ion of Jupiter and Europa, 
 reigned in Crete B.C. 1432. lie founded 
 feveral cities, and reformed his fubjefls by 
 excellent laws and cultoms. The laws of 
 Minos were in force even in the time of 
 Flato, above a thoul'and years after the 
 death of the legif.ator. His grandfon Minos 
 II. exercifed juftice with fo much ftriiftnefs 
 as to be made by the fabulifts one of the 
 judges of the infernal regions. 
 
 Minos ill. of the fame family as the 
 preceding, reigned B.C. 1300. He imitated 
 the feverity of his anceltors in the admi- 
 niftration of juftice, and made feveral new 
 laws, which he pretended to have received 
 from Jupiter. He defeated the Athenians 
 and Megarians, againft whom he cellared 
 war, to avenge the death of his foil Androfus. 
 He took Megara, and reduced -Athens to 
 fuch extremity that the people were obliged 
 to make peace on condition of delivering to 
 him yearly feven youths of each fox, whence 
 arofe the fable of the Minotaur. — S: any an. 
 Moreri. 
 
 Minot (Lawrence), an Englilh poet, 
 who is fuppofed to have died about 1352. 
 Mr. Tyrwhit firft dil'covered his MSS. in 
 ihe Cottonian library,, and they were pub- 
 liftied in 8vo. in 1725. — Gent. Mag. 
 
 Minelt.tus (John), a Dutch critic, was 
 born at Rotterdam about 1625, and died in 
 1683. He published editions of feveral of 
 the Latin claffics with curious notes — 
 Moreri. 
 
 Minutius-Felix, a famous Roman ora- 
 tor in the . d ccntuVy. He wi ote a dialogue 
 under the title of Octavius, in which he in-, 
 troduccs a pagan and a cbriltian deputing. 
 It is a production of confuieraLle merit, and 
 written witfi eloquence in favour o; ihrif- 
 
 M I R 
 
 tianity. The belt editions are that of DaviS 
 at Cambridge in 1707, and that of Leyden 
 1709, both in 8vo. — Dupin. 
 
 Mihabaud (John Baptifte), perpetual 
 fecretary to the French academy, who died 
 in 1760, aged 86. He was at firft a mem- 
 ber of the congregation of the oratory, and 
 afterwards in the army. His works arc, 
 Tranflations of Taffo’s Jerufalem, and Ari- 
 ofto’s Orlando into French; Alphabet de la 
 Fee Gracieufe, 1734. In 1770 was pub- 
 liftied under his name, but falfely, an athe- 
 istical book, entitled, the Syftem of Na- 
 ture, two vols. This ftupid attack on reli- 
 gious truth has been mandated into Englifh. 
 — Ncwv . Did?, lift. 
 
 MitABEAU ( Vitftor Riquetti, marquis de), 
 w'as born of an ancient family in Provence, 
 but originally of Naples, and died, in 1790. 
 He w-as one of the principal inftitutors of a 
 political fedt called Economilts. For his 
 Theorie de 1’Impot, a tradt in which he 
 made fome free remarks on the finances and 
 government he was font, to the Baftile for 
 lome time. His principal work, was enti- 
 tled, L’Ami des Ilomrnes ( the Friend of 
 Mankind), 3 vols. 12mo. 1753, and after- 
 wards publiihed in 8 vols. In this perform- 
 ance the author difplaycd a confiderable 
 jcnowlege of rural and political economy, 
 and threw out lome judicious hints for the 
 good of fociety. Fie ' alfo wrote Homines a 
 cclebrer, 2 vols. 8vo — Nowv. Dill. lift. 
 
 Mir a beau (llonore Gabriel Riquett), 
 count de), one of the leaders in the French 
 revolution, was born in 1749. After ferv- 
 ing fome time in the army lie efpoufed a rich 
 heirefs of Aix, but he loon fquandered away 
 the fortune he received with her and plunged 
 himfelf in debt. He was confined in dif- 
 ferent prifons, and on obtaining his liberty 
 eloped to Holland with the daughter of the 
 prefident of the parliament ofBefancon. For 
 this he was afterwards imprifoned in the caftle 
 o: Vincennes, and remained there a confider- 
 abie time. In 1780 he regained his liberty, 
 and his firft ad was to reclaim his firft wife, 
 who refuted to live with him. lie had the 
 audacity to plead his caufe before the parlia- 
 ment of Aix, but without ’ fuccefs. The 
 French revolution offered Mirabcau an ample 
 element for his activity. Imbibing the delu- 
 five doctrine of equality, he opened a lhop, 
 over the door of which was inferibed Mmabeau, 
 dealer in drapery. He w as de&cd deputy of 
 the third ettate of Aix, and the courtiers 
 termed him the plebian count. In the. na- 
 tional affembly he difplaycd great powers us 
 an orator, but was extremely violent and 
 vindictive, fie d.cd in the midft of his poli- 
 tical career, as it is fuppof.d ofpoifon, 17 91, 
 and his obfequies were celebrated with great 
 pomp. Mirabcau wrote, 1. A Comparifon 
 between the great Conde and Scipio Africanus ; 
 2. Hiftory of Pruliia under Frederick the 
 Great, 8 vols. 4to. ; 3. Collection of hijs La- 
 bours in the National Affembly, 5 vols. 8vo. ; 
 Original Letters, containing an Account of 
 
/ 
 
 MIS 
 
 his Life and Amours, 4vols. 8vo. ; 4. Secret 
 Hiftory of the Court of Berlin, 2vols.8vo. 
 This book was burnt by the common execu- 
 tioner; 5. On Lettres de Cachet, 8vo. ; 6. 
 Several political pamphlets.— ‘Ibid. 
 
 Mirabel la (Vincent), an Italian hiflo- 
 frian, who died in Sicily in 1674. He is 
 known by a curious but fcarce Hiftory of 
 the Ancient Syracufe, printed at Naples in 
 1713, folio, under the title of Dichiarazione 
 della Pianta dell Antiche Syracufe.— Tira- 
 iojcbi. 
 
 Mirandula (John Picus, lord of), a ce- 
 lebrated genius, was born in 1463. In his 
 youth lie gave aftonifhing proofs of his ge- 
 nius, and when little more than twenty he 
 fet up in all the univerfities of Italy a 
 number of difficult problems in the fciences, 
 which he engaged publicly to defend. Pope 
 Innocent VII. however condemned, fome of 
 thefe as heretical, and Picus, was prohibited 
 from lefturing upon them. In 1491 he re- 
 nounced all other learning, and devoted him- 
 felf to the ftudy of divinity. This promifmg 
 young man died in 1494. Though his life 
 was ffiort he compofed feveral works, which 
 were printed together at Bologna in 1496. 
 
 Mirandula (John Francis Picus, prince 
 of), nephew of the preceding, was bora about 
 1469. In 1499 he fucceeded to his paternal 
 eftates, but his two brothers combining againft 
 him, with the affiftance of the emperor Max- 
 imilian I. and the duke ofFerrara, they drove 
 him from his principality in 1502. He was 
 reftored by pope Julius II. in 1511, but again 
 expelled by the French the year following. 
 In 15 15 he recovered his territories, and con- 
 tinued in the quiet pofieffion of them, till 
 1 533, when Galeoti Picus, his nephew, en- 
 tered his caftle in the night, and aflaffinated 
 him with his eldeft fon. He was a lover of 
 learning, and wrote feveral books.— Tira- 
 bojehi. 
 
 Mire, or Miraus (Aubert), a learned di- 
 vine, was born at Bruffels in 1573. He was 
 almoner and librarian to Albert duke of Auf- 
 tria, and died at Antwerp in 1640. He 
 wrote Opera Hiftorica et Diplomatica, 2 vols. 
 folio ; Elogia illuitrium Belgii Scriptorum, 
 4to. ; Vita Jufti Lipfii, 8vo. ; Ovigines Be- 
 nediflinae ; Origines Carthufianorum, 8vo. ; 
 Bibliotheca Ecclefiaftica, 2 vols. folio; &c. 
 — Moreri . 
 
 Mirevelt (Michael Janfon), a Dutch 
 painter, was born at Delft in 1588, and died 
 there in 1641. He painted portraits and hif- 
 torical fubjebls.— Huu.br aken. 
 
 Misson (Maximilian), an eminent law- 
 yer, who diilinguifhed himfelf by his plead- 
 ings before the parliament of Paris in behalf 
 of the proteftants. He retired to England 
 ®n the revocation of the edidt of Nantes, and 
 afterwards travelled as tutor to an Englilh 
 nobleman. He died at London in 1721. 
 He publiffied, 1. A Voyage to Italy, 3 vols. 
 12nao. ; 2. La Theatre facra des Cevennes. 
 This is a fuperftitious book, in which the 
 author betrayed his credulity by. efpoufmg 
 
 MO C 
 
 the caufe of the French prophets; 3. Me** 
 moirs of a Traveller in England, 12mo.— 
 Moreri. 
 
 Mitchell (JofephJ, a dramatic writer, 
 was born in Scotland in 1684. He was pa- 
 tronized by fir Robert Walpole, but died 
 poor, owing to his extravagance, in 1738. 
 He wrote, 1. The Fatal Extravagance, a 
 tragedy; 2. The Highland Fair, a ballad 
 opera, 8vo.j 3. Poems, 2 vols. 8vo.— Bio?, 
 Drami 
 
 Mithridates king ofPontus, fumamed 
 the Great, fucceeded his father at the age of 
 11 years, B.C. 123. He murdered his mo- 
 ther, who had been left co-heirefs of the 
 kingdom ; and alfo his two nephews. For his 
 treachery the Roman fenate declared war 
 againft him, and in revenge he ordered all the 
 Romans in his dominions to be maffacred.- 
 He then marched with a powerful army 
 againft Aquilius, whom he defeated; but 
 Sylla, after fome victories, forced Mithridates 
 to make peace B.C. 84. He renewed the 
 war in alliance with Tigranes king of Arme- 
 nia. After conquering Bithynia, Mithridates 
 laid fiege to Cyzicum, in the Propontis; but 
 Lucullus having marched to its relief be- 
 fieged Mithridates in his camp. The king 
 of Pontus defeated the Romans in two com- 
 bats, but was completely vanquifhed in a 
 third. Glabrio being fent to fuperfedtf Lucul- 
 lus in the command, this change was advan- 
 tageous to Mithridates, who recovered the 
 beft part of his kingdom. Pompey, how- 
 ever, obtained a great victory over him near 
 the Euphrates, B.C. 65. Mithridates fled 
 to Tigranes, who refufed him an afyium. 
 He then fent ambaffadors to Pompey to fue 
 for peace, but the Romans infilled upon hav- 
 ing his perfon. The people ofPontus in the 
 mean time proclaimed Pharnaces in the_ room 
 of his father Mithridates, who put an end to 
 himfelf, B. C. 64— Plutarch. Stanyan. 
 
 Mittarelli (John Benedict), anhifto- 
 rical writer, was born at Venice in 1708. 
 He became a monk, and at lafl general of 
 his order ; which was that of the Camaldu- 
 lenfes. His greateft work is the hiftory of 
 that fraternity, 8 vols. folio. He died in 
 1777. 
 
 Moavia, general of the caliph Othman, 
 whofe death he avenged, after which he ob- 
 tained the fovereignty about A.D 643. He 
 took Rhodes, where he deftroyed the famous 
 Coloffus in 653. He afterwards ravaged 
 Sicily, and razed Syracufe. But he was un- 
 fuccefsful in his attempts upon Conftanti- 
 nople, which he befieged feven years, and 
 being defeated purchafed a peace by paying % 
 yearly tribute to the emperor of the eaft. At 
 this famous fiege the Greek fire was discovered 
 and made ufe of by the befieged to annoy 
 their aflailants. The caliph died'in 680.— 
 Mod. Un. Hift. K.nolles's Hif . Turks. 
 
 Mocenigo (Lewis), a noble Venetian 
 whofe family gave leveral doges to that re- 
 public, and he obtained that dignity himfelf 
 in 1570. He joined with the pope aadSpaia 
 Yy 
 
M O I 
 
 isglhvff the Turks, who had taken the ifle of 
 Cyprus. Sebaftian Veneri commanded the 
 Venetian gallies; Marc Antony Colonna 
 thofe of the pope ; and Don John of Auftria 
 the Spanilh. This allied force gained the fa- 
 mous battle of Lepanto, 061. 7, 1571. The 
 doge died in 1576. One of the fame family, 
 Andrew Mocenig", who lived in 1522, was 
 employed in feveral public tvufts by the re- 
 public, and wrote two hiftorical works, 1. 
 De Bello Turcarum'; 2. La Guerra di Cam- 
 brai.— Moreri. 
 
 ModreVius (Andrew Fricius), fecretary 
 to Sigifmund Auguftus king of Poland. He 
 wrote feveral works, of which the beft is the 
 treatife de Republica Emendanda, printed in 
 1554. Modrevius was very unfettled in his 
 opinions, being at one time a Lutheran, and 
 another a Socinian. His Treatife on Ori- 
 ginal Sin is in favour of the latter fedt.— 
 Moreri. 
 
 Moebius (Godfrey), profeffor of medi- 
 cine at Jena, was born in Thuringia in 1611, 
 and died at Halle in Saxony in 1664. His 
 works are, 1. Phyfiological Principles of 
 Medicine, 4to. ; 2. Abridgement of the Ele- 
 ments of Medicine, folio ; 3. Anatomy of 
 Camphire, 4to. ; all in Latin. His fon 
 Godfrey was alfo a phyfician, and publilhed 
 Synopfis Medicinae Pradlicae, fol. 1667.— 
 Ibid. 
 
 Moebius (George), a Lutheran divine, 
 was born at Laucha in Thuringia in 1616. 
 He was profeffor of theology at Leipfic, and 
 died there in 1697. Moebius wrote a learn- 
 ed and able work on the Origin, Propagation, 
 and Continuance of the Pagan Oracles, againft 
 Vandale, 12mo .—Ibid. 
 
 Moine (Stephen le), a proteftant divine, 
 was bornatCaenin 1624. He became profeffor 
 of divinity at Leyden, where he died in 1689. 
 He wrote Varia Sacra, 2 vols. 4to. j and 
 other works.— Ibid. 
 
 Moine (Peter le), a French poet, was 
 born at Chaumont in Baffigny in 1602. He 
 was a jefuit, and wrote an epic poem on St. 
 Louis, and fome other pieces, in profe and 
 yerfe. He died in 1672 .—Ibid. 
 
 Moine (Francis le), a French painter, 
 was horn at Paris in 1688. He painted the 
 apotheofis of Hercules in the feloon at Ver- 
 failles,for which he was appointed firft painter 
 to the king. He ftabbed himfelf in a fit of 
 lunacy in X737.—-D'Argen-viUe. 
 
 Moine (Abraham le), was born in France 
 at the end of the feventeenth century. On 
 account of his religion he came to London, 
 where he officiated to a congregation of 
 French proteftants, and died in 1760. He 
 tranflated into French bifhop Gibfon’s Pafto- 
 ral Letters ; bifhop Sherlock on the Witneffes 
 ®f the Refurredtion ; and the fame prelate’s 
 Ufe and End of Prophecy, 8vo. To thefe 
 tranflations he prefixed curious and learned 
 iiffertations. — Now. Dili. lift. 
 
 Moivre (Abraham de), an able mathe- 
 matician, was born at Vitry in Champagne 
 1661. On the revocation ef the edidt of 
 
 MOL 
 
 Nantes he dame to London, where he per- 
 fedted his ftudies in the mathematics, and 
 was chofen fellow of the royal fociety. He 
 alfo became a member of the academy of 
 fciences at Paris. His merit was fo well 
 known in the firft: learned body, that he was 
 appointed to decide in the famous difpute be- 
 tween Newton and Leibnitz on the differen- 
 tial calculus. De Moivre wrote an excellent 
 Treatife on Chances, 8vo. This is a ftand- 
 ard book on the fubjedt. He was alfo the 
 author of another on Life Annuities, and 
 of feveral valuable papers in the Philofo- 
 phical Tranfadtions. He died in 1754. To 
 his other excellent qualities he added that of 
 being a fincere chriftian ; and when a perfon 
 once faid to him, by way of compliment, that 
 all mathematicians denied religion, De Moi- 
 vre anfwered, u 1 will prove that I am a 
 Chriftian by pardoning the foolifh infult you 
 have committed.” — Hutton. Nowv. DiB.Hfi. 
 
 Mola (Peter Francis), a painter, was born 
 in the Milanefe in 1621. He was the dif- 
 ciple of D’Arpino, and of Albano ; but 
 by ftudying the works of other mafters, 
 he acquired a ftyle of his own. He painted 
 hiftory and landfcape, and died in 1666.— 
 Ibid. 
 
 Mola (John Baptift), a painter, was bom 
 about 1620. He ftudied at Paris under 
 Vouet, and afterwards attended Albano at 
 Bologna. He excelled in landfcape painting, 
 and the foliage of his trees is admirable.— 
 Ibid. 
 
 Molamis orViRMEunN (John), pro- 
 fefl'or of theology at Louvaine, was born at 
 Lifle in 1533, and died in 1585. His works 
 are; 1. An edition of Ufuard’s Martyro- 
 logy, with an appendix and notes, 8vo. ; 2. 
 Natales Sandtorum Belgii, 12mo ; 3. Hif- 
 toria SS. Maginum et Pidturarum, 8vo. ; 4. 
 De Canonicis, 1670. This is a curious and 
 learned book. 5. De Fide Hereticis fer- 
 vanda; 6. De Piis Teftamentatis; 7. Theo- 
 logiae pradticae Compendium ; 8. Militia fa- 
 craducum Brabantia; Rerum Lovenenfium. 
 Fie is not to be confounded with Gerard 
 Walter Molamis, a Lutheran divine who died 
 in 1722. He held a correfpondence with 
 Boffuet concerning a union between the Lu- 
 therans and catholics.— Ibid. 
 
 Mola y (James de), the laft grand-mafter 
 of the order of Templars. The prodigious 
 wealth of the knights having excited the 
 envy and hatred of Philip the Fair, king of 
 France, he refolved to fupprefs the order. 
 Accordingly a violent profecution broke out 
 againft the knights on charges the moft 
 abfurd and abominable. Molay was tried, 
 condemned, and burnt alive near Paris, 
 March 11, 1314. He endured his fuft'erings 
 with the greateft fortitude, and vindicated 
 the innocence of his order to the laft. — V tv- 
 tot's Hiji. of the Knights of Malta. 
 
 Molesworth (Robert, lord), an ingeni- 
 ous nobleman, was the fon of a merchant at 
 Dublin, and born there in 1656. He con- 
 tributed fo effedtually to the revolution that 
 
MOL 
 
 MOL 
 
 king William admitted him of the privy 
 council, and fent him ambaffador to the court 
 of Denmark. Having given fome caufe of 
 offence at Copenhagen he was difmiffed, and 
 on his return to England he wrote an ac- 
 count of Denmark, which is fuppofed to be 
 fome what partial though well written, and 
 was once very popular. George I. appointed 
 him a commiffioncr of trade and plantations, 
 and advanced him to the Irifh peerage in 
 1716. He died in 1 725. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Molier e,( John Baptifte), a French co- 
 mic writer, whole real name was Pocqnelin , 
 was born at Paris in 1620. His father, who 
 was a tapeitry maker, intended him for the 
 lame buftnefs ; but young Pocquelin being in 
 the habit of vifiting the theatre, conceived a 
 violent inclination for the ftage. At the 
 age of fourteen he commenced his ftudies 
 under the jefuits, and made a rapid progrefs 
 in the belles lettres. Ris father becoming 
 reduced, tie youth affociated himfelf with 
 fome perfons of his own age, who had a like 
 attachment to dramatic reprefentation. It 
 was in confequence of this connexion that he 
 took the name of Moliere ; and it is rather 
 remarkable that this cuftom of changing their 
 names has been common to other actors in 
 France and England. He now joined a com- 
 pany of comedians who adted at Lyons, and 
 in 1653 he produced in the fame party his 
 firth comedy, called L’Etourdi, or the Blun- 
 derer. This piece was received with great 
 applaufe, and procured him the friendlhip of 
 the prince de Conti, who had known the 
 author at college. That prince offered 
 to make him his fecretary, which honour- 
 able llution Moliere declined, faying, that, 
 
 “ though he was a paffable author, he thould 
 make but a bad fecretary.” After perform- 
 ing at various places, the company of Mo- 
 liere vifited Paris, where they performed 
 feveral of his plays before Louis XI V. who 
 took the company into his own fervice, and 
 gave their leader a penfion. His iaft piece, 
 the Hypochondriac, or lc Malade Imaginaire, 
 occafioned his death, for by his exertions in 
 performing the principal charadtev he was 
 feized with a cunvulfion, of which he died 
 in 1673. The archhiihop of Paris refufed to 
 allow his remains to be interred in confe- 
 crated ground on account of his profeflion, 
 till he was compelled to it by the king. Mo- 
 liere left a widow, who married a comedian 
 named Guerin, and died in 1723, aged 92. 
 The works of Moliere have been often Debit- 
 ed ; the beft edition is that of Paris in .1772, 
 in 6 vols. 8vo. They have been translated 
 into Englifh ; and leverul of his comedies 
 have been adapted to our ftage with fuccefs. 
 Moliere is juftiy called the French Arifto- 
 phanes. — Moreri. 
 
 Molier.es (Jofeph Privat de), a French 
 philofopher, was born at Tarafcon of a noble 
 family in 1677. He received his education 
 in the congregation of the oratory, after 
 which he went to Paris to converfe with 
 Malebranche, of whole works he was paf- 
 
 fionately fond. The academy of feiences ad- 
 mitted him a member in 1721, and two 
 years afterwards he obtained the chair of 
 philofophy in the royal college. He died in 
 1742. His works are p 1. Mathematical 
 Leffons neceffary for underftanding the 
 Principles of Philofopfiy, 12mo. ; 2. Leffons 
 of Philofophy, or the Elements of Phyfics, 
 determined folftly by the laws of mechanics, 
 explained In the royal college, 3 vols. 8vo. 
 In this work he endeavoured to improve 
 upon the fyftems of Dcs Cartes and New- 
 ton. 3. Elements of Geometry, 12mo.— 
 — Hc-uv. Dili. Hi/?. 
 
 Molina (Louis), a celebrated jefuit, was 
 born at Cuenca in New Caftille, of a noble 
 family, in 153.5. He completed his ftudies 
 at Coimbra, after which he was profeffor 
 ot divinity at Ebora twenty years. He died 
 at Madrid in 1600. Molina wrote Com- 
 mentaries on the Summa of Aquinas ; a 
 treatife de Juftitia et Jure; another de 
 Concordia Gratiae et Liberi arbitrii, 4to. 
 This laft is a work of merit, and occufi- 
 oned great difputes afterwards between 
 the jefuits and dominicans, the latter order 
 accusing Molina of reviving pelagianifm. 
 There was a SpaniA lawyer of this name 
 who wrote a learned work on the heridi- 
 tary eftates of the nobles of Spain.-— Moreri. 
 
 Mot.inet (John), librarian and almoner 
 to Margaret of Auftria, and canon of Va- 
 lenciennes, wrote feveral works, the mod 
 known of which is a curious one, entitled, 
 Les Dits et Faits de Molinet, 8vo. He all'o 
 wrote a Commentary on the Romance of 
 the Rofe. The author died in 1607. — Mo- 
 reri. 
 
 Molinet (Claude du), canon-regular 
 and procurer- general of the congregation of 
 St. Genevieve, Was born at Chalons in 1620, 
 and died in 1687. He publiihed, 1. An 
 edition of the Epiltles of Stephen, bifhop of 
 Tourrtay, with notes; 2. Hillory of the 
 Popes from Medals, fol. Latin; 3. On the 
 Origin and Antiquity of the Canons, Regu- 
 lar and Secular; 4. On the Mitre of the An- 
 cients; 5. The Cabinet of Saint Genevieve, 
 fol .—Ibid. 
 
 Molinetti (Anthony), an Italian phy- 
 fician, was a native of Venice, and practifed 
 medicine at Padua with great reputation. He 
 died at Venice in 16 75. The work by which 
 he is beft known is a Treatife on the Organs 
 ot Ser.l'e, in Latin, printed at Padua in 1669, 
 4to. — Ibid. 
 
 Molinos (Michael), a Spanifh divine, 
 was born at Saragoffa in 1627. He publiihed 
 a book called the 1 Spiritual Guide, in which 
 he maintained that man muft annihilate him- 
 felf, or reduce his mind to an abfolute quief- 
 cence, in order to enjoy God. For this he 
 was fent to the prifon of the inquifition, 
 where he died in 1696. The religious opi- 
 nions of Molinos occalioned great difputes ia 
 France, where they we rc known by the name 
 of quietijm, on account of the paifive difpo- 
 htion of mind which they inculcate. Feng- 
 
MOL 
 
 I©n and Madame Guyon were the great ad- 
 vocates and improvers of this fyftem.— 
 Ibid. 
 
 Moll (Herman), an Engliiii geographer, 
 whofe maps were once held in confiderable 
 efteem. He died in 1752. 
 
 Moller (Henry), a proteftant divine who 
 diftinguilhed hiinfelf as Hebrew profeffor a\. 
 Wirtemburg. He died at Hamburg, of 
 which place he was a native, in 1589, aged 
 59. He wrote Commentaries on Ifaiah and 
 the Pfalms ; and fome Latin poems. — Mdcb , 
 jddam, nit. Germ. Theol- 
 
 Moller (Daniel William), a native of 
 Freiburg. He travelled through the greateft 
 part of Europe, and became profeffor of 
 hiftory and metaphyfics, alfa librarian in 
 the univerfity of Altorf. He died in 1712, 
 aged 70. His works are: 1. Meditatio de 
 Hungaricis quibufdam Infedlis Prodigiofis 
 ex sere una cum nive in agro delapfis, 12mo. J 
 2. Opufcula Ethica et Problematico-critica, 
 12mo. ; 3. Opufcula Medico hiftorico-phi- 
 lologiea ; 4. Menfa Poetica ; 5- Indiculus Phi- 
 lologorum ex Germania oriundorum, 4to.— 
 Jldoreri. 
 
 Moller (Jolin), a learned writer, was 
 born at Fleinlburg in the duchy of Slefwick, 
 in 1661, and died in 1725. His works are: 
 1. Introduftio ad Hiftoriam Ducatuum Slef- 
 wicenfis etHolftacici, 8vo. ; 2. Cimbria Lit- 
 terata, 3 vols. fol. ; 3. Ifagoge ad Hiftoriam 
 Cheri'onefi Cimbriacae, 8vo. ; 4. De Cornutis 
 et Hermaphroditus, 4to.— Ibid. 
 
 Molloy (Charles), a dramatic writer, 
 was a native of Dublin, and educated in the 
 college of that city. He afterwards became 
 a ftudent of the Middle Temple, and was 
 the editor of a periodical paper, called Com- 
 mon Senfe. He died in 1767. His plays 
 are, The Perplexed Couple ; The Co- 
 quet j The Half-pay Officers j comedies.— 
 Biog. Dram. 
 
 Molo, a rhetorician who went to Rome 
 B.C. 87. He taught rhetoric with great 
 reputation, and had Cicero for an auditor, 
 who followed him to Rhodes to profit by 
 his inftrudlions. Some years afterwards 
 Molo was fent ambaffador by his country- 
 men to the Roman fenate, and was received 
 with great honour. 
 
 Molsa (Francis Maria), an Italian poet 
 •f the 16th century. He was a native of 
 Modena, and a man of learning, but his 
 manners were licentious. He died in 1544. 
 He wrote poems in Latin and Italian of 
 great merit. The former are in the De- 
 liciae Poetarum Italorum, and the latter 
 were printed feparately in 1750, 2 vols. 8vo. 
 m—TiraboJchi. 
 
 Molsa (Tarquinia), grand-daughter of 
 the preceding, was one of the molt acoom- 
 pliihed women of her time. She under- 
 stood Latin, Greek, and Hebrew; and was 
 an extraordinary proficient in mufic. The 
 Homan fenate bellowed the rights of citi- 
 zenlh;|> upon her and her family in 1600, 
 
 MON 
 
 She tranflated feveral pieces from the Greek 
 an) Latin.— Ibid. 
 
 Molyneux( fir William ) ,a gallant knight 
 in the reign of Henry VIII. who difplayed 
 gregt bravery at the battle of Flodden-field. 
 On his death-bed he gave this advice to his 
 foil; “ Let the underwood grow; the te- 
 nants are the fupport of a family, and the 
 commonalty are the ftrength of a kingdom. 
 Improve this fairly ; but force not violently, 
 either your bounds or rents, above your fore- 
 fathers.”— Gen. Biog. Did. 
 
 Molyneux (William), an ingenious ma- 
 thematician, was born at Dublin in 1656, 
 and educated at Trinity college in that city, 
 after which he entered as a ftudent of the 
 Middle Temple, London. The philofo- 
 phical fociety, eftablilhed at Dublin in 1683, 
 owed its origin to his endeavours, and he 
 became the firft fecretary. Soon after he 
 was appointed furveyor-general of the 
 works, and chief engineer. In 1685 he 
 was chofen a member of the royal fociety, 
 and in 1689 he fettled with his family at 
 Chefter, where he employed himfelf in 
 finilhing his Treatife on Dioptrics, which 
 was publilhed in 1692. . In this year he re- 
 turned to Dublin, and was chofen one of 
 the reprefentatives for that city. He died in 
 1698. Befides the above he wrote Sciothe- 
 ricum Telefcopium, or a defeription of a 
 Telefcopic Dial invented by him ; alfo the 
 Cafe of Ireland ftated, in Relation to its 
 being bound by A6ts - of Parliament in 
 England; fome papers in the Philofophical 
 Tranfa&ions ; and feveral letters between 
 him and Mr. Locke. His fon Samuel was 
 born at Chefter in 1689. He became fecre- 
 tary to George II. when prince of Wales, 
 and was diftinguilhed by his fkill in aftro- 
 nomy. He improved the method of making 
 telefcopes and prefented one made by himfelf 
 to the king of Portugal. But being appointed 
 a commiffioner of the admiralty, a flop was 
 put to his enquiries. He gave his papers on 
 the fubjerft to Dr. Smith, profeffor of aftto- 
 nomy at Cambridge, who printed them in his 
 Treatife on Optics. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Mombritius (Boninus), a writer of 
 Milan, whofe curious work, entitled The 
 Lives of the Saints, 2 vols. folio, is very 
 fcarce, and much fought for. It was printed 
 about 1479- There are alfo poems by this 
 author. — Moreri. 
 
 Monaldeschi (Lewis), a gentleman of 
 Orvietta, was born in 1326. He lived at 
 Rome, where he wrote in Italian, Roman 
 Annals from 1228 to 1340. He died about 
 1380. — Tirabofchi. 
 
 Monaldeschi (John), equerry to queen 
 Chriftina of Sweden, who having written 
 an account of his miftrefs’s intrigues, was 
 put to death by her orders at Fontainbleau, 
 1657. This fanguinary deed, in a country 
 where ffie was only a gueft, gave great and 
 Juft difpleafure to the French government. 
 f—Moveri. 
 
 4 
 
MON 
 
 Monamy (Peter), a painter of fea- 
 jneces, was bdrn at Jerfey. There is a 
 large picture painted by him in painters’ 
 hall. He died in Weftminfter in 1749.— 
 Vertue. Pilkwgton. 
 
 Monantheiul (Henry de), profefibr 
 of mathematics at Paris in 1577. He was 
 alfo dean .pf the faculty of phyfic in that 
 univerfity, and publilhed there a Latin tranf- 
 lation of Ariftotle’s Mechanics, with a Com- 
 mentary. — Moreri. 
 
 Monardes (Nicholas), a Spanilh phyfi- 
 cian, was born at Seville. His work on the 
 Drugs of the Indies procured him a great 
 reputation. He was alfo the author of fome 
 other medical performances, and died in 1577. 
 — Ibid . 
 
 Monceaux (Francis de), a native of 
 Arras, who was fent ambaffador to Henry 
 IV. by Alexander Farnefe. He wrote, 1. 
 Bucolica Sacra, 8vo, Paris, 1589; 2. Aaron 
 purgatus five de Yitulo aureo, lib. ii. 8vo. ; 
 3. L’Hiftoire des Apparitiones divine faites 
 a Moyfe, Arras, 1524, 4to. ; 4. Templum 
 Juftitire, a poem, 8vo. ; 5. Lucubrationes 
 in Cantici Canticorum, 4to. — Ibid. 
 
 Monconys (Balthafar de), the author of 
 Travels to the Eaft, in 3 vols. 4to. was a 
 native of Lyons, where he died in 1665.— 
 Ibid. 
 
 Moncrif (Francis Auguftin Paradis de), 
 a member of the French academy, was born 
 at Paris in 1687. He wrote An Eftav on 
 the Neceffity and Means of Pleafing ; The 
 Friendly Rivals, a romance ; the Abderites, 
 a comedy ; Poems and fmall pieces, the 
 whole collected into 4 vols. 12mo. He died 
 in 1770. — Noun. Diet. Hijl. 
 
 Mondonviue (John Jofeph Caflanea 
 de), a celebrated mufician, was born at 
 Narbonne in 1715, and died at Belleville, 
 near Paris in 1772. He excelled on the 
 violin, and his fonatas, fymphonies, and 
 operas, fhew great tafte and judgment. He 
 alfo compofed fome religious pieces in a fine 
 ftyle, as Magnus Dominus, the 'Jubilate, and 
 Dominus regna-vit Nouv. j DiSS. Hijl. 
 
 Mongault (Nicholas Hubert de), a 
 learned ecdefiaftic, was born at Paris in 
 1674, and educated in the congregation of 
 the oratory. He became a member of the 
 academy of inferiptions, and tutor to the 
 duke de Chartres. The abbey of Char- 
 treuve, was the reward of his fervices, after 
 which he obtained that of Villeneuve. He 
 died in 1746. His works are ; a French 
 tranflation of Herodian, and another of 
 Tully’s Letters toAtticus; and difiertations 
 in the Memoirs of the Academy of Inferiptions. 
 — Moreri . 
 
 Mo him (jf 'nn Edward du), a modern 
 Latin poet, was born in the province of Bur- 
 gundy, and publilhed in the reign of Henry 
 III. of France, a number of poems, in Latin 
 and French, which have been highly cele- 
 brated. The author was affaflinated in 1586, 
 aged twenty-nine. — Moreri. 
 
 Monk (George), duke of Albemarle, was 
 
 MON 
 
 barn of an ancient family- at Potheridge, 
 near Toriington.in Devonfhire, In 1608. 
 Being a younger fon, he entered as a volun- 
 teer under his elation fir Richard Grenville. 
 On the breaking out of the war between 
 Charles I. and the Scotch in 1639, he ob- 
 tained a colonel’s commiflion, and attended 
 his majefty in both his expeditions to the 
 north. When the Irifh rebellion began in 
 1641, he was fent thither, and did fuch 
 fervice that the lords juftices appointed him 
 governor of Dublin. On his return to Eng- 
 land he was fent to relieve Nantwich, where 
 he was taken prifoner by the army belong- 
 ing to the parliament, by whom he was fent 
 to the Tower, where he remained till 1646, 
 when the royal caufe being ruined, he ob- 
 tained his liberty on condition of taking 
 a command in Ireland, where he concluded 
 a peace with the rebels, which difpleafed 
 the parliament, who palled a vote of cen- 
 fure upon him for it. Cromwell, who 
 thought highly of his military talents, made 
 him lieutenant-general, and gave him the 
 chief command in Scotland. But the faga- 
 cious ufurper had ftrong fufpicions of Monk’s 
 fincerity and not long before his death wrote 
 him a letter to which he added this pollfcript : 
 “ There be that tell me that there is a cer- 
 tain cunning fellow in Scotland, called George 
 Monk, who is faid to lie in wait there to in- 
 troduce Charles Stuart : I pray you ufe your 
 diligence to apprehend him and fend him up 
 to me.” Monk aCted with great caution 
 after the protestor’s death, and though he 
 marched into England with a powerful army, 
 no party could guefs to which fide he inclined. 
 The republican faction courted him, and the 
 royalifts were afraid that he intended to fet 
 up for himfelf. Moderate men prefled 
 him to call a free parliament, to which, 
 meafure he acceded, as the one molt favour- 
 able to his own views. This afl'embly voted 
 the res'Hption of the king, with whom the 
 general . ; d carried on a fecret correlpon- 
 dc. j i'ius was this great event brought 
 abci/ by his prudence without bloodlhed. 
 Honours were defervedly heaped upon him, 
 and he was equally efteemed both by the 
 kmg and people. He was created duke 
 of Albemarle with a penfion of leven thou- 
 fand pounds a year, in 1664 he was ap- 
 pointed admiral of the fleet in conjunction 
 with prince Rupert, and obtained a great 
 victory over the Dutch. During the plague 
 in London he continued in the city to the 
 great comfort of the inhabitants, who look- 
 ed up to him in that awful vifitation as their 
 tutelary angel. This great man, whole 
 private virtues were equal to his valour and 
 political talents, died of a dropfy in 1670. 
 His corpl'e, after lying in ftate fevetal 
 weeks, was interred in the chapel of Henry 
 VII. in Weftminfter abbey. He wrote an 
 excellent book, entitled, Obfervations on 
 Military and Political Affairs, 1671, folio j 
 and a Collection of his Letters was printed 
 in 1715. Though the general was never 
 Y y 3 
 
MON 
 
 afraid of a cannon fhot, it is faid that he 
 flood in fear of his wife, who was the 
 daughter of a blackfmith, and was bred a 
 milliner. She was a bitter enemy of 
 lord Clarendon, and a great miftrefs of 
 abufive language. She was at firft the 
 miftrefs of Monk, when he was a prifoner 
 in the Tower ; and had by him a fon, 
 Chriftopher duke of Albemarle, who died 
 governor of Jamaica in 1688.— Skinner's Life 
 of Monk. Biog. Brit. Granger. 
 
 Monk (Nicholas), an Englilh prelate, was 
 the brother of the above, and educated at 
 Wadham college, Oxford. He became rector 
 of Kilkhampton, in Cornwall, and a.flifted 
 his brother in the reftoration or the king, 
 by whom he was made provolt of Eton, 
 and bifhop of Hereford. He died in 1661.— 
 Ibid. 
 
 Monk (the honourable Mrs.) was daugh- 
 ter of lord Molefworth, and wife of George 
 Monk, elq. She was /killed in the Latin, 
 Italian, and Spanilh languages, and had a 
 fine turn for poetry. She died in 1715. 
 Her poems were publilhed the year follow- 
 ing, under the title of Murinda, 8vo, — 
 Jacobs's Lives of the Poets. 
 
 Monmouth (James duke of), a natural 
 fon of Charles II. was born at Rotterdam in 
 1649. At the reftoration of his father, he 
 was created earl of Orkney; and afterwards 
 duke of Monmouth and knight of the garter. 
 He was fome time in the fervice of France 
 with an Englilh regiment, and fignalized 
 himfelf againft the Dutch, for which lie was 
 made lieutenant-general. On his return to 
 England' he was fent to quell an infurreition 
 in Scotland. After this he joined the dif- 
 affedted party, who were for excluding the 
 duke of York from the throne. lie was alfo 
 concerned in a plot againft his father, for 
 which he was pardoned, and then went to 
 Holland, from whence he returned at the ac- 
 cefiion of James II. and having landed in 
 Dorfetlhire obtained feveral followers, who 
 Were defeated at Sedgemoor in Somcrfet- 
 fhire. The duke was taken in a corn-field 
 and fent to London, where he was tried 
 and beheaded on Tower-hill in 1685. — Rapin. 
 Jlume. 
 
 Monnier (Peter le), profeffor of philo- 
 fophy in the college of Harcourt at Paris, 
 and a member of the academy of fciences, 
 died in 1757, aged 82. He wrote Curfus 
 philofophicus, 6 vols. 12mo. His fon Charles 
 le Monnier was profeffor of philofophy in 
 the royal college. He was one of the ma- 
 thematicians fent in 1736 to meafure a de- 
 gree of the meridian near the pole. He was 
 a member of the academy of fciences, and 
 died in X799.-Nouv.DiB. Hijl. 
 
 Monnoye (Bernard de la), an ingenious 
 writer, was born at Dijon in 1641. In 1671 
 he gained the prize of poetry given by the 
 French academy, and again in 1675 and 
 1677. He alfo wrote fome excellent pieces 
 in profe, as Remarks on the Menagiana ; a 
 JDiffeitation on the famous book De Tribus 
 
 MON 
 
 Impoftoribus ; a Differtation on Pomponius 
 Laetius, &c. His poems were printed in 
 1716, and in 1721, 8vo. He died in 1728. 
 — Moreri. 
 
 Monro (Alexander), a celebrated phyfi- 
 cian, was born in Scotland in 1697. He 
 fcudied at Leyden, and contradled an inti- 
 mate friendfhip with Boerhaave. In 1719 
 he returned to Edinburgh, where he read 
 ledlures on anatomy He died in 1767, af- 
 ter publishing fome valuable works ; as, 1. 
 Ofteology; 2. Anatomy of the Nerves; 3. 
 Several papers in the Medical Efl'ays of 
 Edinburgh. 4. On the Succefs of Inocula- 
 tion in Edinburgh'. They were colledledand 
 publilhed together in 1781, in one volume, 
 4to. — Hutckinfon's Biog. Med. 
 
 Monro (John), an eminent phyfcinn, 
 was born at Greenwich in Kent, In 1715, 
 and educated at Merchant Taylors’ fchool, 
 London, from whence he removed to St. 
 John’s college, Oxford, of which he be- 
 came fellow. While he was abroad the 
 univerfity conferred on him his doctor’s de- 
 gree. In 1757 he was appointed joint phy- 
 fician to Bridewell and Bethlem hofpitals. 
 He publilhed an anfwer to Dr. Battie’s 
 treatise on Madnefs. He died in 1791.— 
 Ibid. 
 
 Monro (Alexander), an epifcopal divine, 
 was born in the (hire of Rots in 1648, and 
 educated at King’s college, Aberdeen, where 
 he was chofen profeffor of philofophy. In 
 1686 he was appointed principal of the uni- 
 verfity of Edinburgh, and died in 1713. He 
 wrote feveral pieces againft the prelby terians. 
 —Gen, Biog. Diet m 
 
 Monsey (Meffenger), an Englifh phyfi- 
 cian, was. a man of great originality of 
 manners, and or confiderable talents. He 
 was for many years phyfician of Chellea 
 hofpital, and died in 1788, at the age of 
 96. He ordered by will that his body fhould 
 be anatomized, and the fkeleton preferved in 
 Chellea hofpital, having a great averfion 
 to interment in churches and church- yards. 
 Europ. Mag. 
 
 Mon sign or i (Francefco), an Italian 
 painter, was born at Verona in 1455. He 
 was the difciple of Andrea Mantegna, and 
 painted hiftorical fubjedls, and portraits. 
 He died in 1519. — Pilkington. 
 
 Monson (fir William), a gallant admi- 
 ral, was born in Lincoln fhire in 1569. He 
 ferved in feveral expeditions in the reign of 
 queen Elizabeth- In 1604 he was appoint- 
 ed admiral in the North Sea, and honoura- 
 bly maintained the Englilh flag. In 1616 
 he fell into difgrace, and was imprifoned in 
 the Tower, from whence he was foon re- 
 leafed. He died in 1643. fjis Naval Trails 
 were printed in 1682 in pne volume fqfio. — 
 Campbell. 
 
 Mont (Deodate del), a painter, was born 
 at St. Tron in 1581. He was the difciple 
 of Rubens, with whom he travelled to Italy. 
 Hisftyle refembled that of his mailer. He died 
 in 1 Qo4,—D'ArgetrvUle. 
 
' MON 
 
 Montagu (lady Mary Wortley), was 
 the eldeft daughter of Evelyn Pierrepoint, 
 earl and afterwards duke of Kingfton. She 
 was born at Thorefby in Nottinghamfhire, 
 about 1690. She received a liberal educa- 
 tion, and vyas taught the elements of the 
 Creek and Latin languages, under the fame 
 tutors as her brother lord Newark. In 1712 
 ihe married Edward Wortley Montagu, efq. 
 grandfon of the gallant earl of Sandwich. 
 This gentleman diftinguifhed himfelf as an 
 able and upright fenator in parliament, and 
 was the intimate friend of Addifon. In 1716 
 he was appointed ambaflfador to the court of. 
 Coriftantinople, whither he was accompanied 
 by his lady. During this embafiy ihe wrote 
 an elegant and interefting defcription of Cori- 
 ftantinople in letters to her triends. Of 
 thefe a furreptitious edition appeared in 1763, 
 in 3 vols. 12mo. to which was afterwards 
 added a fourth volume. The editor was the 
 well known Cleland. So well were thefe 
 letters received as to pafs through feveral 
 impreffions, and to be tranflated into many 
 languages. A genuine edition of thefe, and 
 lady Mary’s other works was publilhed un- 
 der the authority of her fon, the marquis of 
 Bute, in 1803, 5 vols. 8vo. While at Con- 
 flantinople ihe obtained information ot a 
 pradlice among the villagers of inoculating 
 for the fmall-pox. This operation ihe had per- 
 formed on her fon, and by this means was 
 the inftrument of introducing inoculation into 
 this part of Europe. At the end of 1718 lady 
 Mary returned to England, and fettled at 
 Twickenham, where ihe formed an intimacy 
 with Pope ; but the friendihip was afterwards 
 broken, and the poet did not fcruple to write 
 fatires againft her talents and reputation, 
 which fatires, when charged with, he was 
 mean enough to deny. In 1739, on account 
 of her health, ihe fettled at Brefcia in the 
 Venetian territories, where ihe remained till 
 1761, when, at the requeft of her daughter, 
 lady Bute, ihe vifited England. She died in 
 ,1762.— Life prefixed to her Works. 
 
 Montagu (Edward Wortley), fon of the 
 above, was born at Warnclift'e-lodge in York- 
 fhire about 1714. In 1716 his father going 
 on an embafiy to Conftantinople, Lady Mary 
 caufcd her fon to be inoculated with the 
 fmall-pox. He received his education at 
 Weftminfter fchool, from whence he eloped, 
 and entered into the fervice of a chimney- 
 fweeper. His family had given him up as 
 loft, when a gentleman recognized him in 
 the ftreet, and took him home to his father. 
 He efcaped a fecond time, and engaged with 
 the mafter of a fifhing fmack j after which he 
 fhipped himfelf on board a veil'd bound to 
 Spain, where he ferved a muleteer. In this 
 iituation he was difeovered and conveyed 
 home to his friends, who placed him under a 
 tutor, with whom he travelled abroad. His 
 father being rather fcanty in his remittances, 
 owing probably to the fon’s extravagance, the 
 tutor is faid to have committed a curious 
 fraud to obtain a fupply. This was the print- 
 
 M O N 
 
 ing a book entitled, “ Obfervations on the 
 Rife and Fall of the Roman Empire, by Ed- 
 ward Wortley Montagu, efq.” This work, 
 whether the production of the fon or not, 
 gave great pleafure to the old gentleman, 
 who acknowledged it in a handfome manner. 
 Edward was for l'ome time in parliament, 
 and conducted himfelf in a manner becoming 
 his rank. Afterwards he went to the Le- 
 vant, where he adopted the drefs and man- 
 ners of the Turks. Out of pique againft 
 his family he caufed an advertifement to be 
 inferted in the Engliih papers, for a wife 
 without fortune, that by having an heir he 
 might difappoint his relations. The expe- 
 dient however failed ; and this Angular man 
 died in Italy in 1776. He wrote Obl'erva- 
 tions on Earthquakes ; an Account of the 
 Written Mountains in Arabia ; and other cu- 
 rious papers in the Philol'ophical Traafac- 
 tions. — Gent. Mag. Gen.Biog. DiR. 
 
 Montague (Richard), a learned prelate, 
 was born in Buckinghamfhire about 1377, 
 and educated at King’s college, Cambridge, 
 of which he became fellow. In 1616 he 
 was made dean of Hereford ; and in 1621 
 he publilhed a learned anfwer to Selden’s 
 Hiftory of Tithes. He was afterwards en- 
 gaged in a controverl'y with the papifts, oa 
 which occafion he wrote his Appello Cae- 
 farem, for which he was ordered to appear 
 at the bar of the houfe of commons in the 
 firft parliament of Charles I. on the charge 
 of maintaining arminian and popilh errors. 
 He was made bilhop of Chicelter in 1628, 
 from whence he was tranflated to Norwich in 
 1638. He died in 1641. His principal work 
 is an Ecclefiaftical Hiftory in Latin, in which 
 his learning appears to great advantage.— 
 Blog. Brit. 
 
 Montague (Charles'), earl of Halifax, 
 was born of an ancient family in Northamp- 
 tonlhire in 1661. He received his education 
 at Weftminfter fchool, from whence he re- 
 moved to Trinity college, Cambridge. In 
 1687 he wrote, in conjunction with Prior, a 
 piece called the Country Moufe and City 
 Moufe, to ridicule Dryden’s poem in favour 
 of the church of Rome, entitled, the Hind 
 and Panther. The fatire was happy, and 
 had fo good an effedl, that, at the revolution, 
 Mr. Halifax received a penfion. In 1691 he 
 was made one of the commiffioners of the 
 treai'ury, and three years after chancellor of 
 the exchequer. In 1698 he was appointed 
 firft commifiioner of the treafury, and in 
 1700 was advanced to the peerage, by the 
 title of baron Halifax. He was, however, 
 twice impeached of high crimes and mifde- 
 meanors by the commons, but the accufations 
 were rejected by the houfe of lords. At the 
 accefiion of George I. he was created earl of 
 Halifax, and inftalled knight of the garter. 
 His lordihip died in 1715. He was the pa- 
 tron of Addifon, and intimate with Swift, 
 Pope, and the moft eminent writers and wits 
 of his day. He wrote poems and other works. 
 m-Bicg. Brit. 
 
 Vy 4 
 
MON 
 
 Montague (Edward lord), earl of Sand- 
 wich, a gallant Englilh admiral, ferved un- 
 der Cromwell, and afterwards concurred 
 heartily in the reftoration of Charles II. by 
 whom he was created an earl. In the battle 
 of Southwold bay, after he had by his con- 
 du6l refcued a great part of the fleet from 
 the mod imminent danger, and given afto- 
 nifhing proofs of his bravery, his fhip caught 
 fire, on which he leaped into the fea and was 
 drowned, in 1672. He amufed himfelf in 
 engraving. He tranflated from the Spanifh 
 a book on the Art of Metals, 8vo. ; and his 
 Letters and Negociations have been printed in 
 2 vols.— Walpole's Rnyal and Noble Authors. 
 Campbell's Admirals. 
 
 Montague (Elizabeth), an ingenious 
 lady, was the daughter of Matthew Robin- 
 Ion, efq. of Yorkfhire, and of Horton in 
 Kent. The care of her edpcation was un- 
 dertaken by the celebrated Dr. Conyers Mid- 
 dleton. About 1742 lhe married Edward 
 Montague, of Allerthorpe, in the county of 
 York, efq. foil of Charles, fifth fon of Ed- 
 ward, the firll earl of Sandwich. By him 
 fhe had a fon, who died before he was two 
 years old. She became early a widow with 
 an ample fortune and honourable connexions. 
 In 1769 Mrs. Montague pubiifhed “ An 
 Effay on the Writings and Genius of Shak- 
 fpearc,” which obtained a great and deferved 
 reputation. She formed a literary fociety 
 known by the name of the Blue Stocking 
 Club, from the circumftance that a gentle- 
 man belonging to it wore dockings of that 
 colour. Mrs. Montague was noticed for ano- 
 ther peculiarity, that of giving an annual 
 dinner on May-day to the chimney- fweepers 
 of the metropolis. She died in 1800. George 
 lord Lyttleton was a warm admirer of Mrs. 
 Montague, and was afiifted by her in the 
 compofition of his Dialogues of the Dead.— 
 Gent. Mag. 
 
 Montaigne (Michael de), a celebrated 
 French writer, was born at a feat of that 
 name in Perigord in 1533. He was intended 
 for the bar, but difliking that profeffion he 
 quitted it, and travelled into different coun- 
 tries, making his obfervations rather on hu- 
 man nature than places and curiolities. At 
 Rome he was honoured with the eitizenfhip. 
 In 1581 he was chofen mayor ofBourdeaux, 
 in which port he gave luch fatisfadlion as to 
 be eledled for four years fucceffively. He 
 appeared with applaufe at the meeting of the 
 Hates ofBlois in 1588, and was honoured by 
 Charles IX with the order of St. Michael. 
 After an adlive life he retired to his feat of 
 Montaigne, where he devoted himfelf to 
 philofophical ftudies, and died as a Chriftiail 
 in 1592. The Effays of Montaigne fiiew 
 great knowledge of the human mind, and 
 contain many valuable leffons of inftrudion. 
 Cardinal Du Perron, emphatically called 
 them the breviary of honeit men. The bell 
 edition is that of Colle, with notes, in 1725, 
 or 1739, 3 vols. 4to. The Travels ol'Mon- 
 
 MON 
 
 taigne were printed in 1772, 3 vols. l%$no, 
 
 — Moreri. 
 
 Mont alb ani (Ovidio), profeffor of phy-> 
 fic and aftronomy at Bologna, was born about 
 1602, and died in 1672. He wrote Index 
 Plantarum, 4to. ; Bibliotheca botanica, un- 
 der the name of Bumaldi, 4to. ; Epiftolas 
 de rebus in Bononienfi ; traftu indigenis $ 
 Caenotaphia clarovum dodtorum Bononien- 
 fium ; Arboretum libri duo, foYio.—Halleri. 
 Bibl. Botan. 
 
 MoNTAi.EMBERT(Mark-Rene),aFrench 
 general, and a member of the academy of 
 Sciences, was born of an ancient family at 
 Angouleme in 1714. He difplayed great 
 military talent in the French, Ruffian, and 
 Swedilh fervice ; but is bell known by his 
 works, which are, 1. Perpendicular Forti- 
 fication, or the Art Defenfive fuperior to the 
 Offenfive, by a New Manner of Employing 
 the Artillery, 1776, 11 vols. 4to.j 2. Cor- 
 refpondence with Minifters and Generals, 
 3 vols. ; 3. Comedies and Poems. In 1794 
 this man divorced his wife, and at the age 
 of 80 married another, by whom he had a 
 daughter. Hedied in 1799. — Nouw. Dicl.HiJl. 
 
 Mont amy (Didier Francis d’Arclais, 
 fiegneurde), was born at a place ot the fame 
 name in Normandy. He was in the fervice 
 of the duke of Orleans, and made chevalier 
 of the order of St. Lazarus. His works 
 are, 1. La Lithogeognofie, eranfiated from 
 the German of Pott, 2 vols. 12mo. ; 2t Trca- 
 tife on Colours for Painting in Enamel and 
 upon Porcelaine, l2mo. Hedied in 1765. 
 •"’-Ncti'v. Di£l. Hjl- 
 
 Montanus, an herefiarch of the fecond 
 century, was born in Myfia. Fie pretended 
 that the Holy Spirit had defeended into him, 
 and two female followers of his, Prifcilla and 
 MaximiUa, women of confiderable property. 
 Montanus denied the doctrine of the Trinity, 
 condemned fecond marriages as adulterous, 
 and alierted the neceffity of immediate infpi- 
 ration. His followers, who were numerous, 
 affedted extraordinary agitations of body as 
 the effect of the fpirit, and pretended to re- 
 velations. Among others who were fe- 
 duced by this ftrange fedl was the learned 
 Tertullian, who at laft feparated from them. 
 — Dupin . Mofreim. Eufebius. 
 
 Montanus (Benedidt Arias), a learned 
 Spanilh divine, was born about 1528. Philip 
 II. employed him in editing a Polyglot Bible, 
 after the Complutenfian ' edition ; and this 
 work he executed with fuch reputation that 
 the king offered him a bifhopric, which he 
 refufed, accepting only a penfion. He died 
 about 1 600.— Moreri. 
 
 Montanus (John Baptilt), an Italian 
 phyfician, was born at Verona in 1488. He 
 lludied at Padua, where he obtained a pro- 
 fefforlhip. He died in 1551. He wrote, 1. 
 Medicina univerfa ; 2. Opufcula varia me- 
 dics ; 3. De gradibus et facultatibus medica- 
 mentorum ; 4. Ledliones in Galenum & 
 
 Avicennam. — Moreri . 
 
MON 
 
 Montarani (Geminiano), an aftrono- 
 mer of Modena, who taught mathematics at 
 Bologna with reputation, and died at the 
 clofe of the 17th century. He wrote a Dif- 
 fertation on Comets ; on the Fixed Stars ; and 
 Agronomical Obfervations.*— Moreri. 
 
 Montarroyo Mascadenhas (Freyre 
 de), a native of Lifbon, who wrote, 1. A 
 Natural, Aftrological, and Political Hiftory 
 of the World ; 2. An Account of Oudenarde 
 and Peterwaradin ; and other works. He 
 died in 1730, aged 60. — Ibid. 
 
 MoNTAirtiER (Charles de Sainte-Marie 
 duke of), a peer of France, and governor of 
 Louis the dauphin, was born of an ancient 
 family in Touraine. He was a man of in- 
 flexible integrity; and auftere virtue. When 
 the plague broke out in Normandy, of which 
 province he was governor, he refolved to go 
 thither, which occafioned his family to re- 
 monftrate with him on his imprudence; 
 tl forme ,” anfwered the duke, “ I believe 
 that governors are obliged to refidence as well 
 as bifhops, and if at other times, certainly 
 in thofe of public calamity.” He inculcated 
 on the mind of the dauphin the pureft fenti- 
 ments, and always difcouraged flattery. One 
 day he took him into a miferabie cottage, and 
 faid to him, “ See, my prince, in this cot- 
 tage, in this miferabie retreat, lodge the 
 father, and the mother, and the children, 
 who labour inceffantly to pay the gold which 
 ornaments your palace, and provide the luxu- 
 ries for your table.” When his office as go- 
 vernor ceafed, he faid to his pupil, “ If you 
 are a honelt man, you will love me ; but if 
 Gtherwife you will hate me, and I ffiall con- 
 fole myfelf.” This virtuous nobleman died 
 in 1690, aged 80. His duchefs was Jidia- 
 Lucia d'slrgennes, of the noble family of 
 Rambouiuet. She was a woman of high 
 talent, and great virtue. She died in 1671, 
 aged 64. — Moreri. Noun). Dili. Hiji. 
 
 Montbelliakd (Philibert Guenequ de), 
 a French naturalift, was born in 1720, and 
 died in 1785. He afilfted Buft'on in his hif- 
 tory of birds, and alfo in the account of in- 
 • feels. Montbelliard was the editor of the 
 CoileElion ulcademique, which contained the 
 molt interefting memoirs, extradfed from the 
 publications of the different learned focieties 
 in Europe.— -Noun). DiB. Hiji. 
 
 Montcalm (Louis Jofeph de St. Veran, 
 marquis de), a celebrated French general, 
 was born of a noble family at Candiac in 
 1712. He entered early into the army, and 
 diftinguifted himfelf gallantly in many bat- 
 tles, particularly that of Piacenza in 1746. 
 In 1756 he became a field- marfhal, and was 
 appointed to command the French army in 
 Canada, where he oppofed lord Loudun 
 with confiderable Ikill and fuccefs. He af- 
 terwards defeated Abercromby, the fucceflor 
 of his lprdftup ; but in the battle fought 
 under the walls of Quebec, in 1759, Mont- 
 calm received a mortal wound, as did like- 
 wife the brave Engliffi general Wolfe.—* 
 —Noun/. DiB. Hiji. 
 
 MON 
 
 Montecuculi (count Sebaftlan), an 
 Italian gentleman, who was introduced at the 
 French court, and became cup-bearer to the 
 dauphin Francis, fon of Francis I. He was 
 accufed of having poifened the young prince 
 at Valence, and being put to the torture, 
 confelTed that he was hired to do it by the 
 partifans of Charles the fifth. The friends 
 of the emperor, however, fully refuted the 
 abominable charge, and threw it back upon 
 Catherine de Medicis, wife of Henry II. 
 brother to the dauphin. This happened ia 
 1536 . — Moreri. 
 
 Montecuculi (Raymond de), a famous 
 general, was born at Modena in 1608. He 
 entered early intp the army under his uncle, 
 who commanded the artillery of the emperor. 
 The firft aftion in which the nephew diftin- 
 guiffied himfelf, was in 1644, when at the 
 head of 2000 men lie furprifed ten thoufand 
 Swedes, whom he compelled to abandon their 
 baggage and artillery. General Bannier being 
 informed of this difafter, marched againft 
 young Montecuculi, and took him priloner. 
 He did not regain his liberty till two years 
 after, but he employed that time to great 
 advantage in ftudy. On returning to his 
 profeflion he defeated the Swedes in Bohemia. 
 After the peace of Weftphalia he travelled 
 in different countries. In 1657 he was ap- 
 pointed field-marfhal, and font to the relief 
 of John Cafimir, king of Poland, who was 
 attacked by Sweden, and the prince of Tran- 
 fylvania. After defeating the latter, he 
 took Cracow from the Swedes, and gained 
 feveral fplendid aftions, which produced a 
 peace. He next ferved againft the Turks, 
 and drove them out of Tranfylvania, for 
 which he was made prefldent of the imperial 
 council. In 1673 he was fent againft the 
 French, and had to oppofe the great Tu- 
 renne, who fell in the conteft, and Monte- 
 cuculi, in bis letter to the emperor, regrets 
 the lofs of a man who was an honour to hu- 
 manity. He afterwards a&ed with great 
 courage and Ikill againft the prince de Conde. 
 He died in 1680. — Ibid. 
 
 Monte-Mayer (George de), a poet of 
 Caitile, who flourilhed in the reign of Phi- 
 lip II. and died about 1560. His poems, 
 under the title of Car.cionero , were printed ia 
 2 vols. 8vo. 1554.— Moreri. 
 
 Mo n t e n a u l t ( Charles Philip ) ,a F rench 
 writer, was born at Paris. He wrote, The 
 Hiftory of the Kings of the Two Sicilies, of 
 the Houfe of France, in 4 vols. 12mo. He 
 alfo conducted many years the Journal de 
 Verdun ; and tranflated into profe the Latin 
 poem of Quillet, entitled, Callipaedia. He 
 died in 1749. — Moreri. 
 
 Montespan (madame de), a celebrated 
 French lady, who was wife of the marquis 
 of that title, and miftrefs of Louis XiVV 
 over whom ffie gained a complete afeend- 
 ancy, which file maintained till that mo- 
 narch became attached to madame de Main- 
 tenon. Madame de Montefpan had childten 
 by the king, one of whom became duke 
 
M O N 
 
 of Main, and two daughters, who were 
 nobly married. She died in 1717. — Msreri. 
 
 Montesquieu (Charles de Secondat, 
 baron of), an eminent writer, was born of 
 a noble family near Bourdeaux in 1689. 
 His firft literary performance, entitled, Per- 
 fian Letters, publilhed in 1721, gave proofs 
 of a fine genius, and a folid judgment. 
 The year following he pleaded with fo 
 much eloquence againft the impofition of a 
 new duty that it was fupprefl'ed. In 1728 
 he was admitted a member of the French 
 academy, though not without oppofition 
 from cardinal Fleury, who conceived there 
 were fome things dangerous to religion in 
 his Perfian Letters. Montefquieu having 
 formed the defign of his great work the 
 Spirit of Laws, travelled into Germany and 
 Holland, and laftly to England, where he 
 refided two years, calling this the country 
 for thinking, and France for living. On his 
 return home he publilhed his Treatife on 
 the Caufes of the Greatnefs and Declenfion 
 of the Romans. In 1748 appeared his 
 Spirit of Laws 2 vols. 4to. ; which ought 
 rather to have been termed the Spirit of 
 Nations. In it the author has diftinguilhed 
 three forts of government, the republican, 
 the monarchical, and the defpotic, all of 
 which he has examined with fo much clear- 
 nefs as to have rendered his work the code 
 of the Law of Nations ; and he has himfelf 
 been called the legiflator of the human race. 
 Montefquieu fucceeded his uncle as prefi- 
 dent of the parliament of Bourdeaux, and 
 died in a manner becoming a chriftian and 
 philofopher in 1755 His Familiar Letters 
 were printed in 17 67, in 1 vol. 12mo. His 
 fon John Baptifte de Secondat, counfellor 
 of the parliament of Bourdeaux, and a 
 member of the academy of that city, and 
 of the royal fociety of London, died in 
 1796, aged 79. He wrote, Obfervations 
 on the: Mineral Waters of the Pyrenees; 
 on the Commerce and Navigation of Great 
 Britain ; and on the Military Marine of 
 France.— Nowv. Diet. Hift. 
 
 Montezuma, the laft emperor of Mex- 
 ico, was a prince of noble qualities. He 
 oppofed the invaders of his country with 
 firmnefs ; but at laft was feized by Cortes, 
 who forced him to acknowledge himfelf a 
 vafial of Spain. The Mexicans having af- 
 fembled in great numbers againft the Spa- 
 niards, and Cortes apprehenfive that he 
 was not fufficiently ftrong to refill them, 
 obliged his royal captive to appear in his 
 robes, in order to appeafe his fubjefts. The 
 infurgents, however, difeharged their ar- 
 rows while he was fpeaking, and wounded 
 him mortally in 1520. Montezuma left 
 two fons and three daughters, who em- 
 braced the chriftian religion. The eldeft 
 received an eftate and the title of count 
 from Charles V. He died in 16o8.—Ibid. 
 
 Montfaucon (Bernard de), a learned 
 benedi&ine, was born in Languedoc in 
 
 MON 
 
 1655. In his youth he ferved as a cadet m 
 the army, but the death of his parents 
 made fuch an impreflion on hi9 mind that 
 he entered into the congregation of St. 
 Maur in 1675. He ftndied with intenfe ap- 
 plication, and acquired a prodigious know- 
 lege in languages, theology, hiftory, and 
 literature in general. In 1698 he went to 
 Italy to confult the public libraries there, 
 and was received with great diftindlion by 
 the cardinals and pope Innocent XII. On 
 his return to Paris in 1701 he publilhed a 
 curious relation of his journey, under the 
 title ol Diarium Italicum, 4to. He died in 
 1741. His principal works are, 1. Analedta 
 Graeca, 4to. ; 2. an edition of the, works of 
 St. Athanafius, Greek and Larin, with notes, 
 3 vols. folio; 3. a Collection of Ancient 
 Greek writers, 2 vols folio ; 4. a French 
 Tranilation of Philo’s Contemplative Life, 
 with notes; 5. Palatographia Graeca, folio; 
 6. Antiquities explained, in French and 
 Latin, 10 vols. folio, and a Supplement to 
 the fame of 5 vols. This is a work of im- 
 menfe erudition and value ; 7 « Monuments 
 of the French Monarchy, 5 vols. fol. ; 8. an 
 edition ot the Works of Chryioftom, 13 vols. 
 folio; 9. Differtation on the Hiftory of Ju- 
 dith. —Moreri. 
 
 Montfleuev (Zachary), whofe .family 
 name was Jacob , a French adtor and dra- 
 matic writer, was born in Anjou. He be- 
 came page to the duke of Guife, but a paf- 
 fion tor the ftage induced him to join a 
 company of ftrolling players in Burgundy. 
 He was one of the firft performers in the 
 Cid in 1637. He was the author of a tra- 
 gedy, entitled, the Death of Afdrubal ; and 
 he had the. honour of inftrufting the cele- 
 brated Baron. Montfleury died in 1667. 
 His fon, Anthony Jacoby was defigned by 
 his father for the bar, but being difgufted 
 with the ftudy of the law, he alio became 
 an adlor and writer. He died in 1685. 
 He wrote fome trifling comedies. — Moreri. 
 
 Montfort (Simon, count de), a famous 
 French general, who in 1209 condudled the 
 croifade againft the Albigenfes, on which 
 occafion he tarniihed his reputation by his 
 cruelties. In 1213 he gained a complete 
 vidlory over Peter king of Arragon. Pie 
 was killed at the fiege of Toulpul'e in 1218. 
 His younger fon came to England, and was 
 created earl of Leicefter. — ■ Moreri . 
 
 Montgaillard (Bernard de), called 
 the Petit Feuillante of the league, was a 
 mendicant friar, and a famous preacher. He 
 bore a diftinguifhed part in the atrocities 
 committed by the leaguers, and is faid to 
 have iuborned an afl'aflin to murder Henry 
 IV. He died abbe of Orval in 1628.— Ibid, 
 Montgeron (Louis Bafile Carre de), a 
 French fanatic, who pretended to be con- 
 verted from infidelity by the miracles 
 wrought at the tomb of the deacon Paris, 
 in 1731, and of which he wrote an account 
 in a large volume. For this he was fent to 
 
MON 
 
 the Baftile, and afterwards to the citadel 
 of Valence, where he died in 1754, aged 
 68 .-—Nouv. Dili. Hiji. 
 
 Montgolfier (James Stephen), was 
 born at Anrionay in France. He became 
 celebrated by his paper manufacture, and 
 he was the firft who fabricated the vellum 
 paper, fo remarkable for its fmoothnefs 
 and colour. In 1783 he invented air-bal- 
 loons, for which he. was admitted a member 
 ot the academy of fciences, created cheva- 
 lier of the order of St. Michael, and re- 
 warded with a penfion of two thoufand li- 
 vres. He died in 1799. — Nouv. DiH. llift. 
 
 Montgomery (Gabriel de, count of), a 
 celebrated French nobleman, was born of 
 an ancient Scorch family. In 1559 he had 
 the misfortune to kill Henry II. by acci- 
 dentally wounding him in the eye as they 
 were tilting at a tournament given by that 
 monarch, on occafion of the marriage be- 
 tween his daughter Elizabeth and the king 
 of Spain. After this unrortunate dil'after 
 Montgomery went to Italy and other coun- 
 tries till the civil wars recalled him to 
 France, where he attached himfelf to the 
 proteftants, and became one of their prin- 
 cipal chiefs. He defended Rouen in 1562 
 againft the royal army, and when the city 
 was taken by afl'ault he efcaped to Havre. 
 In 1569 he railed the liege of Bearne in Na- 
 varre, then clofely preffed by the catholics ; 
 after which he followed the befiegers to Or* 
 thez, which he took by alTault. Montgo- 
 mery was at Paris at the time of the malfa- 
 cre of the proteftants in 1572, but efcaped 
 though clolely purfued. With his family 
 he retired to jerfey, and from thence to Eng- 
 land. In 1573 he returned to Normandy, 
 where he was joined by fome of the pro- 
 tellant nobility at St. Lo, at which place he 
 was befieged by Matignon, lieutenant-gene- 
 ral in Lower Normandy. But Montgomery 
 efcaped from thence and went to Domfront, 
 whither he was followed by Matignon, who 
 after a long combat made him prifoner. 
 This gallant nobleman was beheaded at Paris 
 in 1574. — Moreri. 
 
 Montgon (Charles Alexander), a French 
 writer, was born at Verfailles in 1690. Fie 
 was an eccleliaftic, and confeffor to Philip V. 
 of Spain, where he adted as the fpy of the 
 duke of Bourbon, but being negle&ed by 
 cardinal Fleury, who fucceeded that noble- 
 man as prime minifter, he publifhed his Me- 
 moirs in 8 vols. 8vo. in which he is very 
 fevere on the cardinal’s adminiftration. 
 
 Montgon died about 1770 Nouv. DPI. 
 
 Hiji. 
 
 Monti (Jofeph), profeffor of botany 
 and natural hiftory at Bologna, where he 
 died about 1750. He wrote, 1. Prodromus 
 Catalogi Plantarum agri Bononienfis, 1719, 
 4to. ; 2. Plantarum Varii Indices, 1724, 
 4to. ; 3. Exoticorum fimplicium Medica- 
 Mentorum Varii Indices, 1724, 4to. His 
 foil Cajetan tranflated from the Italian into 
 
 MON 
 
 Latin, Zannoni’s Hiftory of rare Plants, 
 printed at Bologna in 1742, folio.— Nouv 
 DiH. Hiji. 
 
 Monticf.lli (Andrew), an Italian 
 painter, was born at Bologna in 1641. He 
 painted fruit, vafes, carpets, flowers, and 
 landfcapes, in an excellent tafte. He died 
 in 1716. There was another artift of this 
 name who excelled in painting landfcapes 
 and battles — Pi’kington. 
 
 Mon tig hi (Stephen Mignol de), was 
 born at Paris in 1714. He was an able me- 
 chanician, and a member of the academy of 
 fciences. France was indebted to him for 
 introducing the manufacture of different 
 kinds of fluffs from England, alfo tor an im- 
 provement in the art of printing cottons, 
 and making carpets. He printed a Me- 
 moir on the Mathematics, and in the me- 
 moirs of the academy are feveral of his ob- 
 fervations on mechanical fubjeCts. He died 
 in 1782 — Nouv. Di&. Hiji. 
 
 Montjosieu (Louis de), in Latin Monf- 
 jofiuiy a gentleman of Rouergue, who taught 
 mathematics to fome of the french princes 
 and accompanied the duke de Joyeufeto Rome 
 in 1583. He wrote a book, entitled, Gal- 
 lus Rom* hofpes, printed at Rome in 1585, 
 4to. In this work he treated of the painting 
 and fculpture of the antients. It was re- 
 printed in an edition of Vitruvius at Am- 
 lterdam in 1649. — Moreri. 
 
 Mon tl uc(Blaifede), a celebrated French 
 general, was born in 1500, of a noble fa- 
 mily, near Condom. He rofe through the 
 different ranks in the army to that of mar- 
 fhal of France. His firft fervices were in 
 Italy, and at the battle of Pavia in 1525 he 
 was taken prifoner. In the wars of Pied- 
 mont he ferved with great reputation; and 
 in 1546 he recovered Boulogne from the 
 Englifh. The city of Sienna in Tufcany 
 having driven out the imperial garrifon, 
 and folicited the protection of France, 
 Monti uc was appointed to command the 
 forces fent thither in 15.54. He fuftained a 
 fiege of eight months againft the imperial 
 army, commanded by the marquis de Marig- 
 nan, who was obliged, after feveral attacks, 
 to convert the fiege into a blockade. It was 
 not till the garrifon and inhabitants had en- 
 dured the utmoft extremity of famine that 
 the place capitulated, when Montluc and his 
 troops marched out with the honours of war. 
 He commanded in Guienne during the wars 
 which ravaged France on account of religion, 
 and defeated the calvanifts in feveral sCtions. 
 But he was guilty of great cruelties to the 
 vanquished. At ’the fiege of Rabaftens in 
 1570 he was fo feverely wounded in the 
 face as to lie obliged always to wear a maik 
 to hide his deformity. He died on his ef- 
 tate in 1577. At the age of 75 he wrote 
 the Hiftory of his own Life, printed at 
 Bourdeaux in 1592, folio, and feveral times 
 fince. — Moreri. 
 
 Montmaur (Peter de), profeflor of 
 
MON 
 
 Greek at Paris in the reign of Lou’s XIII. 
 He was bred a jefuit, but quitted that or- 
 der* and became fucceflively an empiric, a 
 druggift, an advocate, and laftly Greek pro- 
 fefi'or. He wrote a number of trifling poems, 
 and fatires in verle ; and being of a bad cha- 
 racter himfelf, feveral writers attacked 
 him, particularly Menage. Montmaur en- 
 dured the ftorm with great addrefs, and died 
 in 1648, aged 74. Sallengre publifhed a 
 Collection or the fatires written againlt him 
 in 1715; under the title of the Hiftory of 
 Jtfontmaur — Moreri. 
 
 Montmorency (Matthew de), called 
 the Great , a diitinguifhed general, who fig- 
 nalized his valour at the battle of Pont-a- 
 Bouvines in 1214, and the year following 
 ■was employed againlt the Albigenles in Lan- 
 guedoc, for which fervices he received the 
 fwsrd of conftable ot France, and was made 
 general of the army. He afterwards took 
 feveral places from the Englifh. Louis YHI. 
 committed his fon to the care of the confta- 
 ble, who by his prudence diffoiveu a league 
 which had been formed againlt the queen 
 mother during the minority of Louis IX. 
 He died in 1230. — Ibid. 
 
 Montmorency( Anne de), a defeendant 
 of the above, difplayed great military ta- 
 lents at an early age, and was at the battle 
 ot Marignon in 1515. In 1521 he defended 
 the city of Meziers, and compelled the count 
 of Naflau to raife the fiege. He accompanied 
 Francis I. to Italy, as marlhal of France, 
 and . was taken with him at the battle of 
 Pavia; The important lervices he had ren- 
 dered to the ftate were rewarded with the 
 fword of conftable in 1538 ; but fome years 
 afterwards he fell under the difpleafure of 
 Francis. In the reign of Henry II. he was 
 taken into favour at court and employed in 
 jnilicary fervice, but was again dil'graced by 
 the intrigues of Catherine de Medicis. 
 Charles IX. recalled him, and he ferved 
 againft: the calvinilts, but was taken prifoner 
 by them at the battle of Dreux jn 1562. 
 Plaving obtained his liberty the year follow- 
 ing, he took Havre from the Englilh. He 
 was killed at the battle of St. Dennis in 
 1567, after performing prodigies of valour. 
 His grandion became duke de Montmorency, 
 and was beloved by the people of France for 
 his bravery, generofity, and other great 
 qualities. But having joined Gallon of Or- 
 leans againft cardinal Richelieu, Montmo- 
 rency took up arms in the province of Lan- 
 guedoc, of which he was governor. The 
 king fent againft him the marftials de la 
 Force and Schorriberg, and a battle enl'ued 
 at Caftelnaudari, where the duke was made 
 prifoner, and, notwilhftanding the earned 
 and general folicitations ;or his pardon, he 
 was beheaded at Touloufe in 1632.-— Mo- 
 reri. 
 
 Montpensier (Anne-Marie Louifa, du- 
 chefs de), the daughter of Galloja, duke of 
 Orleans, brother of Louis XIII. Shb was 
 generally known by the name cf Madhnoi- 
 
 M O O 
 
 felle, and took the part of Conde In the cl* 
 vil wars. She caufed the cannon of theBaf- 
 tile to be fired on the French troops, andi 
 fhewed on many occafions a mod impetuous 
 fpirit. After trying in vain to efpoufe feve- 
 ral fovereign princes, among the reft Charles 
 II. of England, fhe fecretly married, the 
 count de Lauzun, who ul'ed her with great 
 infolence. She died in 1693. Mademoi- 
 felie wrote her Memoirs, which are curious 
 and full o. anecdote, 8 vols 12mo. $ the was 
 alfo the author of two books of devotion.— 
 Moreri. 
 
 Montpetit (Arnaud Vincient), was 
 born at Majon in 1713, and educated at 
 Dijon. He was bred to the law, but quitted 
 that profeflion, and applied to the Itudy of 
 mechanics and painting. He invented a 
 plough to be ufed by two men without oxen ; 
 alio lome curious horological machines. In 
 1759 he difeovered a mode of painting, cal- 
 led eludoric, which confifts of fupporting a 
 defign in water colours with a coat oi oil t 
 on this fubjedl he wrote a Memoir. He 
 painted feveral portraits after this manner, 
 particularly of Louis XV. He all'o difeover- 
 ed a white paint preferable to white lead. 
 In 1753 he began to make machines for the 
 more eafy manu fa flu re of wheels for 
 watches ; he alfo made improvements on 
 fteam engines, and in 1779 prefented to the 
 academy of fciences obfervations on iron 
 bridges. In 1783 he laid before the king 
 the plan of one to conftft of a tingle arch of 
 400 feet fpan. He died at Paris in 1800. 
 — Nairn. DiEi. HJi. 
 
 Montrose (James Graham, marquis of), 
 a brave and loyal nobleman in the reign of 
 Charles I. He railed a conftderable force 
 at his own charge, and in a little time had 
 nearly reduced Scotland to obedience, when 
 he received the royal command to dilband 
 his army. He then went to Germany, 
 where he ferved with fuch reputation as to 
 be created a marlhal of the empire. Charles 
 II. having landed in Scotland, recalled the 
 marquis who made himfelf mailer of the 
 Orkneys, but on entering Scotland he was 
 defeated, and efcaped in dil’guife. Being 
 betrayed by a farmer, he was conveyed to 
 Edinburgh, where he was hung and quar- 
 tered in a mod inhuman manner in 1650, 
 
 • — Life by JViJbart. 
 
 Montucla (Jofeph de), an afi'oeiate of 
 the national inftilute, and a member of the 
 academy of Berlin, was born at Lyons in 
 1725. He accompanied Turgot to Cay- 
 enne as fecretary of the government and 
 royal ailronomer. On his return to France 
 he was appointed firft commiflioner of pub- 
 lic buildings. He died at Verfailles in 1800. 
 His principal works are, Rcfearches on the 
 Quadrature of the Circle, 12mo. ; Collec- 
 tion of Pieces upon Inoculation, 12mo. j 
 Hiilory ,of the Mathematics, 4 vols. 4to. j 
 This laft is valuable, and has been, tranilateb 
 into Englifh. — JVou<v. Vi cf. Hiji. 
 
 Moore (fir Jonas), an eminent maths* 
 
MOO 
 
 fhatlclan, was born about 1620 at Wlutby 
 in Lancafliire. Ilis Ikill in mathematical 
 learning recommended him to Charles II. 
 by whom he was employed in feveral 
 works, and made furveyor general of the 
 ordnance. He was alfo one of the gover- 
 nors of Chrift’s holpital, and was the princi- 
 pal means of the above monarch’s endowing 
 a mathematical fcftool in that feminary. 
 Sir Jonas compiled for the ule of that infti- 
 tution a General Syftem of Mathematics, 
 in 2 vols. 4to. which was publilhed after his 
 death in 1681 — Martin's Biog. Phil. 
 
 Moore (John), an Englilh prelate, was 
 born in Leicefterihire, and educated at Clare- 
 hall, Cambridge, where he took his degree 
 of D.D. in 1681. He was confecrated 
 biihop of Norwich in 1691; and tranflated 
 to Ely in 1707. He died in 1714. His 
 fermons were publi/hed by his chaplain, Dr. 
 Samuel Clarke, in one vol. 8vo. and his li- 
 brary was purchafed by George II. who gave 
 it to the univerfity of Cambridge. — Gen. 
 Biog. DiEl. 
 
 Moore (Philip), redlor of Kirkbridge 
 and Douglas in the Ifie of Man, was the in- 
 timate friend of the pious Dr. Wilfon, bi- 
 ihop of that fee, whole funeral fermon he 
 preached. He revifed the tranflation of the 
 Bible into the Manks language : and died in 
 1783.— -Gen. Biog , DiEl . 
 
 Moore (Edward), an Englifli poet, who 
 died in 1757. He wrote Fables for the Fe- 
 male Sex ; the Gamefter, a tragedy ; Gil- 
 blas, a comedy, and other pieces. He is 
 not to be taken for James Moore, alfo the 
 author of fome plays, and honoured by Pope 
 with a place in the Dunciad. He died in 
 1734t.—Biog. Dram. 
 
 Moore (Francis), an ingenious mecha- 
 nic, who contrived and brought to eft'edl 
 fome admirable machines, which have been 
 of great l'ervice in affuting the manufac- 
 tures of England. He died in 1787.-— Gent. 
 Mag. 
 
 Moore (John), a phyfician and mifcella- 
 neous writer, was the fon of a clergyman 
 and born at Stirling, in Scotland, in 1730. 
 He received his education at Glafgow, where 
 he applied to the ftudy of medicine. In 
 1747 he_became furgeon’s mate in the army 
 in Flanders, where he remained till the ge- 
 neral peaee. After the war he purfued his 
 medical ftudies at London and Paris ; at the 
 latter place he was appointed furgeon to the 
 houfehold of lord Albemarle, the Englifh 
 ambaffador. On his return to Scotland he 
 became partner with Dr. Gordon, an eminent 
 practitioner at Glafgow ; but in 1773 he ac- 
 cepted an invitation to travel with the young 
 duke of Hamilton. After fpending five 
 years abroad Dr. Moore fettled in London and 
 in 1779 publilhed the fruits of his travels in 
 <c A View of Society and Manners in France, 
 Switzerland, and Germany,” 2 vols. 8vo. 
 This work was fo well received that in 1781 
 he adaed two volumes more, entitled, “A 
 View of society aad Manners in Italy.’’ la 
 
 MOR 
 
 1785 he publilhed et Medical Sketches,” in 
 one vol. 8vo. ; which work is faid to have 
 given offence to his brethren, by betraying 
 fome fecrets in the proreilion. His next 
 performance was a novel of a very fuperior 
 charaCIer entitled, Zeluco, 2 vols. which 
 abounds with incident, though the principal 
 character is fo atrocious as rather to excite 
 horror than to afford inftrudtion. In 1792 
 Dr. Moore accompanied Lord Lauderdale to 
 Paris, and witneffed fome of the principal 
 fcenes in the revolution, of which he pub- 
 lilhed an interefting account in 1795, in 2 
 vols. 8vo. The year following appeared his 
 novel, entitled, “ Edward,” intended as a 
 contrail to Zeluco, but inferior to it. In 
 1800 he gave to the world “ Mordaunt,” 
 being Sketches of Life, Characters, and Man- 
 ners in various Countries, 2 vols. This 
 work is neither a romance, novel, nor tra- 
 vels, but it contains many lively and inftruc- 
 tive obfervations. Dr. Moore died in Lon- 
 don in 1802. His fon, general Moore, dil- 
 tinguilhed himfelf in Egypt, and on other 
 occafions, in the late war.— Monthly Mag » 
 Europ. Mag. 
 
 Moore (John), archbilhop of Canter- 
 bury, was the fon of a grazier at Gloucefter, 
 and educated at the grammar-fchool of that 
 city, after which he went to Pembroke col- 
 lege, Oxford. Being taken into the family 
 of the duke of Marlborough as tutor to one 
 of his fons, he obtained by that intereft a 
 prebendal Hall in the cathedral of Durham ; 
 in 1771 the deanry of Canterbury, and in 
 1776 the bilhopric of Bangor ; from whence, 
 in 1783, he was raifed to the metropolitical 
 chair. Dr. More was an amiable prelate, 
 very liberal in his patronage, and of refpecta- 
 bie talents. He died in 1801. The arch- 
 bifhop married Mil’s Eden, filler to lord 
 Auckland, by whom he had feveral chil- 
 dren. — Gent. Mag. 
 
 Morabin (James), a French writer, who 
 was fecretary to the lieutenant-general of 
 police at Paris, and died in that city in 1762. 
 He wrote, a Hi (lory of Cicero, 2 vols. 4to ; 
 Nomenclator Ciceronianus, 12mo. He alfo 
 tranflated fome of that author’s works into 
 French, and the Confolations of Boethius. 
 —Noii'v. Dm. Hiji. 
 
 Morales (Ambrofe), a Spanifh divine, 
 hifloriographer to Philip II. and profelfor in 
 the univerfity of Alcala. He was author of 
 a Spanilh Chronicle, 2 vols. folio, and other 
 works. He died in 1590.— Moreri. 
 
 Moran o (Sauveur Francis), a celebrated 
 furgeon, was born at Paris in 1697. He 
 came to England in 1729 to avail himfelf of 
 the inftruftions of Chel’elden, who always 
 had a great efteem for him. On his return 
 to his own country he- became furgeon ma- 
 jor of the guards, and direflor of the aca- 
 demy of furgeons. He was alfo made che- 
 valier of the order of St. Michael, and ad- 
 mitted a member or the academy of fciences 
 and of the royal fociety of London. He died 
 in 1773, He wrote, a Treatif# on the Higla 
 
M O R 
 
 Operation for the Stone; anElogeon Mare- 
 chal ; Dil'courfe on the Neceffity that a Sur- 
 geon fhould be Learned ; Experiments and 
 Obfervations on the Stone ; Mifcellaneous 
 Works, 2 vols. 4to. &c. His fon, John 
 Francis, became phyfician to Staniflaus, king 
 of Poland, and died in 1784, aged 58. He 
 wrote fome medical and chemical works,— 
 i Vouv. Diet. Hift. 
 
 Morandi (John Maria), an Italian painter, 
 was born at Florence in 1625. He was pa- 
 tronized by the imperial family at Vienna, 
 and painted the portraits of mod of the Ger- 
 man princes. He was alfo excellent in hif- 
 torical fubjeds. He died in 1715.— P//- 
 kington. 
 
 Morant (Philip), an ingenious anti- 
 quary and divine, was horn in the illand of 
 Jerfey, and educated at Pembroke college, 
 Oxford. He became redor of Aldham, in 
 Effe*, and was appointed by the houfe of 
 peers to prepare the votes of parliament for 
 the prefs. He was employed in this work 
 at the time of his death, which happened in 
 1770. He edited feverul works, and wrote a 
 Hiftory of Colchefter ; the Hiftory of Effex ; 
 and thofe Lives in the Biographia Britan- 
 nica which are marked C. — Anecd. o/Bo-wyer. 
 
 Morata (Olympia Fulvia), an Italian 
 lady, was born at Ferrara in 1526. Her fa- 
 ther was a learned profeffor, and gave her 
 an excellent education. She became tu- 
 torefs to the princefs of Ferrara, and de- 
 claimed publicly in Latin and Greek, Olym- 
 pia married Grunthler, profeffor of medicine 
 at Heidelberg, where Ihe died in 1555. Her 
 works, confuting of orations, letters, dia- 
 logues, and tranflations, were printed at 
 Bafle in 1562, 8vo. — Tirabojchi. 
 
 Mordavnt (Charles)', earl of Peterbo- 
 rough, was born about 1658, and fucceeded 
 his father, John lord Mordaunt, in 1675. 
 He entered into the navy, and diftinguifhed 
 himfelf at Tangier when it was befieged by 
 the Moors. In the reign of James II. he 
 went to Holland, and accompanied the 
 prince of Orange on his expedition to Eng- 
 land in 1688. The year following he was 
 created earl of Monmouth, and appointed 
 firft commiffioner of the treafury, from 
 which poft he was removed in 1690. In 
 1697, on the death of his uncle the earl of 
 Peterborough, he fucceeded to that title. 
 In the reign of queen Anne he dilplayed 
 great bravery and fkill as commander of the 
 Englilh forces in Spain, where he took Bar- 
 celona, and brought feveral provinces to ac- 
 knowledge Charles III. as their king. He 
 was afterwards employed in feveral embal'- 
 fies, and in 1714 appointed governor of Mi- 
 norca. He died in 1735. Some of his 
 letters are in the works of Pope, with whom 
 he was intimate .— Englijh Peerage. Gen. 
 Biog. Dicl. 
 
 More (fir Thomas), chancellor of Eng- 
 land, was the fen of fir John More, judge of 
 the King’s-bench, and bom in London in 
 148Q, He received his education at Oxford, 
 
 2 
 
 M O R 
 
 where he made great proficiency In learning ; 
 and afterwards became a ftudent at Lincoln’s- 
 inn. As foon as he came of age he obtained 
 a feat in parliament, where he oppofed a 
 (ubfidy demanded by Henry VII. with fuch 
 force that it was refufed by the houfe. At 
 the acceffion of Henry VIII. he was called 
 to the bar, and in 1508 appointed judge of 
 the Iherift’s court, in London, which was 
 then a confiderable poft. By the intereft of 
 Wolfey he obtained the honour of knight- 
 hood, and a place in the privy council. In 
 1520 he was made treafurer of the exche- 
 quer, and in 1523 chofen fpeaker of the 
 hopie of commons, where he refilled a mo- 
 tion for an oppreffive fubfidy, which gave 
 great offence to cardinal Wolley. Sir Tho- 
 mas was made chancellor in 1530, and by 
 his indefatigable application in that office 
 there was in a ffiort time not a caufe left un- 
 determined. To the high qualities, of 
 learning, wit, and liberality, he joined a bi- 
 goted adherance to the roman catholic reli- 
 gion, and the papal authority. This led 
 him to oppofe the king’s lupremacy, and 
 alfo his divorce from Catherine o r Arragon, 
 for which he was lent to the Tower, brought 
 to trial, and condemned to lofe his head, 
 which fentence he endured with firmnefs 
 and pleafantry in 1535. Sir Thomas wrote 
 feveral pieces againft the reformation, and 
 epiftles to Erafmus and other learned men. 
 The heft of his works is a kind of political 
 romance, entitled, Utopia, which has been 
 tranflated into Englilh by biffiop Burnet. 
 Sir Thomas had four children. His eldeffc 
 daughter, Margaret, married a gentleman 
 of the name of Roper, and died in 1544. 
 She was an accompliihed woman, and well 
 read in the Greek and Latin languages. She 
 wrote a Treatife on the four laft Things. 
 A grandfon of fir Thomas became a prieft^ 
 and died at Rome in 1625. He wrote the 
 life of his grandfather. — -Biog. Brit. Lives 
 of the Lord Chancellors. 
 
 More (Henry), a pious divine, was born 
 at Grantham in Lincolnfiiire in 1614, and 
 educated at Eton fchool, from whence he 
 was fent to Chrift’s college, Cambridge, 
 where he applied himfelf to the ftudy of the 
 platonifts. He was very modeft, and refufed 
 the highqft dignities in the church, being 
 contented with a prebend in the cathedral of 
 Gloucefter. Dr. More died in 1687, and 
 was buried in the chapel of Chrift’s college. 
 His philofophical and theological works, 
 which were once popular, have been col- 
 
 leded into two volumes, folio Biog. Brit. 
 
 More or Morus (Alexander), a protef- 
 tant divine, was born at Caftres in Langue- 
 doc, where his father, a native of Scotland, 
 was prefident of the college. After finifh- 
 ing his ftudies at Geneva he became a mi» 
 nifter at Middleburg, from whence he re- 
 moved to Amfterdam, and laftly to Paris, 
 where he was chofen paftor of the reformed 
 church. He died in 1670. He wrote fome 
 treatifes of controverly oa the Subjed q£ 
 
MOR 
 
 Of ace, and a Reply to Milton’s fecond De- 
 fence of the People of England.— Moreri. 
 Bayle. 
 
 More (fir Francis), a learned Englifh 
 lawyer, was a member of the Middle Tem- 
 ple, and died in 1621. His works are, 1. 
 Cafes collected and reported, Lond. 1696, 
 folio ; 2. Readings upon 4 Jac. I. in the 
 Middle Temple, folio, 1676.— Gen. Bing. 
 DiB. 
 
 Mork (fir Anthony), a celebrated painter, 
 was a native of Utrecht, and a difciple of 
 John Schorel. He painted the portraits of 
 l'everal fovereign princes, particularly Mary 
 queen of England. He died at Antwerp in 
 1597, aged 56. — PUkington. Walpole. 
 
 More (Henry), a difienting minifter, 
 was a native of Devonlhire, and became paf- 
 tor of a congregation at .Lilkeard in Corn- 
 wall, where he died in 1802. His poems, 
 which evince confiderable ingenuity, have 
 been publifhed in one volume, quarto, with 
 a ihort account of Mr. More, by Dr. Aikin. 
 
 Moreau (James), a French phyfician, 
 was born at Chalons in 1647. He was the 
 difciple and friend of Guy Patin, Moreau 
 attracted the envy of the other phyficians by 
 oppofing their errors in his public thefes. 
 He died in 1729. His works are, Conful- 
 tatrons upon Rheumatifm ; a Treatife on 
 the Knowlege of Continual Fevers ; and a 
 Differtation on Dropfy. — Moreri. 
 
 Moreau (Jacob Nicholas), counfellor of 
 the court of aids, hiltoriographcr of France, 
 librarian to the queen, and cenfor royal, 
 was born at St. Florentine in 1717. He 
 wrote feveral works, the chief of w„hich are, 
 1. Memoires pour fervir a l’Kiftoire des Ga- 
 eouacas, Tinro. ; 2 Memoires pour fervir a 
 l’Hift. de notre terns, 2 vols. 12mo. ; 3. Ob- 
 fervateur Hollandois ; 4. Principes de Mo- 
 rale, de Politique et de droit Publique, ou 
 Difcours fur l’Hift. de France, 21 vols. 8vo. 
 He was guillotined in 1794. — Nouv. DM. 
 Hifi. 
 
 Moreelse (Paul), a famous painter, was 
 born at Utrecht in 1575. He was a pupil 
 of Michael Mirevelt, and died in 1 6.J8. 
 Some wood-cuts by him in chiaro-fcuro are 
 held in great elbeem PUkington. 
 
 Morel, the name of l'everal learned 
 printers in France. William Morel was 
 royal profeffor of Greek, and direftor of the 
 king’s printing-houfe at Paris, where he died 
 in 1564. Frederick, who was interpreter 
 of the Greek and Latin tongues, and alfo 
 printer to the king, died in 1586. His ton 
 Frederick Morel, was alfo a learned man, 
 and died in 1630, after having printed a 
 number of valuable authors. — Moreri. 
 
 Morel (Andrew'), a famous antiquary, 
 was a native of Bern in Switzerland. He 
 excelled in the fcience of medals, and was 
 the, author of a work of great value, which 
 he never completed, entitled, Specimen uni- 
 verfae rei nummariae antiquae, 2 vols. 8vo. 
 He was offered the place of keeper of the 
 royal cabinet of medals at Paris, on condition 
 
 MOR 1 
 
 of renouncing the proteftant religion, which 
 he refuted. He was confined fome time in 
 the Baftile, and on gaining his liberty he 
 went to Armftadt, in Germany, where he 
 died in 1703. In 1734 was publifhed, in 
 2 vols. folio, Thefaurus Morellianus, five 
 Familiarum Romanorum Numifmata omnia, 
 et dilpofita ab Andrea Morellio cum com- 
 mentariis Havercampi. — Moreri. 
 
 Morell (Thomas), a learned Englifh di- 
 vine and lexicographer, was bom in 1701, 
 and died in 1784. He publiihed valuable 
 editions of Ainfworth’s Latin Didtionary, 
 and Hedericus’s Greek Lexicon ; and was the 
 author of Annotations on Locke’s Eflay. on 
 the Human Underftanding ; he alfo afiifled 
 Hogarth in writing his Analyfis of Beauty, 
 and feledied the paffuges of Scripture for Han- 
 del’s Oratorios. — Anecd. of Boivyer. 
 
 Morely (lord), an ingenious nobleman, 
 was the fon of fir Thomas Parker, in the 
 county of Effex, and a great favourite with 
 Henry VIII. who railed him to the peerage. 
 He fecured that monarch’s favour by con- 
 curring in his divorce from Catherine, and his 
 marriage with Anne Boleyn. He died in 
 1547. Lord Morely wrote feveral Latin 
 poems. — Walpole's Royal and Noble Authors. 
 
 Moreri (Louis), a French divine and 
 hiftoriographer, was born in Provence in 
 1643. He publifhed in 1673, in one volume, 
 folio, the Hiftorical Didtionary which bears 
 his name. His intenfe application in pre- 
 paring a fecond edition of this great under- 
 taking, produced a diforder of w'hich he 
 died in 1680. The firft volume of this 
 edition came out a little before his death, 
 and the lecond fome months afterwards. 
 This dictionary has been feveral times re- 
 viled and augmented. The beft editions are 
 that of 1749, &c. 10 vols. folio; and 1759, 
 10 vois. — Nouv. DIB. Hift: 
 
 Mores (Edward Rowe), an Englifh an- 
 tiquary, was born in 1730 at Tunftall in 
 Kent, and educated at Merchant Taylor’s 
 fchool, from w’hence he removed to Queen’s 
 college, Oxford, where he publifhed an an- 
 cient fragment, entitled, Nomina et lnfignia 
 Gentilitia Nobilium Equitumque fub Ed- 
 vardo primo Rege Militantium, 4to. In 
 1752 he was chofen a fellow of the foclety 
 or antiquaries ; and he projected the equi- 
 table fociety for infurance on lives and fur- 
 vivoifhip by annuities. He was the author 
 of the Hillary and Antiquities of Tunftall 
 in Kent, and a Differtation on Founders and 
 Founderies. He died in 1778 .—Pref. to 
 lift. of-Tunftall. 
 
 Morett, an ingenious artift in the reign 
 of Henry VIII. He was a goldfmith, and 
 executed feveral curious works after the de- 
 figns of Holbein. — Granger. 
 
 Morgacni (John Baptift), a celebrated 
 anatomift, was born at Forli, in Italy, in 1682. 
 He became profeffor of medicine at Bologna, 
 from whence he removed to Padua on being 
 elected to the chair of anatomy. He died 
 in 177 1. His works are, 1. Adverfaria Ana-. 
 
M O R 
 
 tomlca ; 2. Nova Inllitutionum Medfcarum 
 Idea} 3. De Seclifaus et Caufis Morborum 
 per anatomem indagatis ; 4. Epiftoloe An- 
 atomicae. An edition of his works appeared 
 in 1765, in 5 vols ,-Nou-v. Diff. 
 
 Morgan (William), an eminent Welfh 
 prelate, was educated at St. John’s college, 
 Cambridge, after which he obtained the vi- 
 carage of Welfhpool, and in 1595 was made 
 bilhop of Landafr, from whence he was 
 tranflated to St. Afaph in 1601. He died in 
 1604. He had a principal concern in the 
 tranflation of the Bible into Wellh, printed 
 firft in 1588.— Owen's Camb. Biog. 
 
 Morgan Mwynvawr, or Morgan the 
 courteous, a Wellh prince, who was a lover 
 of peace, though a great warrior. He was 
 the friend of Edgar, king of England, and died 
 in 1001, aged 129. — Ibid. 
 
 Morgan, the fon of Cadwgan, prince of 
 Powys, a ferocious character ; who, in his 
 latter days, repented anti went on a pilgri- 
 mage to Jerufalem, but died at Cyprus on his 
 return, A. D. 112 6 — Ibid. 
 
 Morgan (George Cadogan), a diffenting 
 minifter, was born in Bridgend, in Giamor- 
 ganthire. He was the nephew and pu- 
 pil of the celebrated Dr. Price ; and became 
 teacher of a congregation at Norwich. He 
 died in 1798. His works are Le&ures on 
 Ele&ricity ; Obfervations and Experiments 
 upon the Light of Bodies in a ftate of Com- 
 fcuftion, — Gent. Mag. Monthly Mag. 
 
 Morgues (Matthew de), fieur de St. Ger • 
 main, preacher to Louis XIII. and almoner 
 to Mary de Medicis, was born in Languedoc 
 in 1582. He wrote feveral pieces againft 
 cardinal Richelieu, on w’hich account he was 
 obliged to quit the kingdom, but after the 
 death of that minifter he returned to Paris, 
 where he died in 1670. He wrote Sermons 
 and other works.— Moreri. 
 
 Morhoff (Daniel George), a learned 
 writer, was born in the duchy of Mecklen- 
 burg in 1639. In 1660 he was chofen 
 profelfor of poetry at Roftock, from whence 
 he removed to Kiel, where he difcharged 
 the fame office, but afterwards became pro- 
 feffor of hiftory and librarian. He died in 
 1691. His principal works are, 1. Poly- 
 hiltor. five de Notitia AuCtorum et Rerum, 
 2 vols. 4to. ; 2. Princeps Medicus, 4to. 
 This is a curious diflertation on the preten- 
 fions of the kings of France and England to 
 the power of curing the fcrofula or king’s 
 evil; 3. Differtationes, 4to. ; 4. Orationes. 
 — Moreri. 
 
 Morice (fir William), anEnglilh gentle- 
 man, memorable for the fhare which he had 
 in bringing about the reftoration of Charles 
 II. He was the kinfman of general Monk, 
 who procured him the place of fecretary of 
 ftate, which he refigned in 1668, and died in 
 1676. He wrote a book called, The Com- 
 mon Right of the Lord’s Supper aliened, 
 printed in 4to. in 1651, and in folio, 1660. 
 —Granger. 
 
 MOR 
 
 Moriho (Bartholomew), i. Spanifh pain* 
 ter, was born at Seville in 1613. He ftu- 
 died in Italy, where he was greatly admired, 
 and compared to Paul Veronefe. On his 
 return to Spain he was offered the poft of 
 firft painter to the king, which honour he 
 declined from extreme modefty. He died in 
 Argenville. 
 
 Morin (Peter), a learned French critic, 
 was born at Paris in 1531. He fpent feve- 
 ral years in the printing office of Paul Ma- 
 nutius at Venice ; and afterwards taught 
 Greek and geography at Vicenza, from 
 whence he was invited to Fewara, Cardinal 
 Borromeo being apprized of his merit called 
 him to Rome, where he was employed on 
 tlie edition of the Septuagint, on that of the 
 Vulgate, andlaftly on the great edition of the 
 Bible tranflated from the Greek verfion. 
 He died in 1608. Morin publifhed a col- 
 lection of General Councils, and other works. 
 —Moreri. 
 
 Morin (John Baptift), an aftrologer, was 
 born at Vi lie Franche in 1583. He ftudied 
 phyfic at Avignon, and took his doctor's de- 
 gree in that faculty. His pretended /kill in 
 aftrology, and the fame acquired by the ca- 
 fual fulfilment of fome of his predictions, re- 
 commended him to the cardinals Richelieu 
 and Mazarine, the latter of whom procured 
 him the place of mathematical profefifor in 
 the royal college, with a handfome penfion. 
 Morin died in 1656. He wrote Aftrologia 
 Gallica, folio ; and a curious little book againft 
 againft the Praeadamites.— Moreri. 
 
 Morin (John), a learned Frenchman, 
 was born at Blois in 1591, and brought up 
 in the proteftant religion, which he abjured 
 in confequence of the arguments of cardinal 
 du Perron, or from other motives. He then 
 entered into the congregation of the oratory, 
 and publifhed many learned works, particu- 
 larly Exercitations upon the Samaritan Pen- 
 tateuch, and an edition of the Septuagint. 
 He died in 1659.— Ibid. 
 
 Morin (Simon), a French fanatic was 
 bom at Richemont. In 1647 he publifhed 
 a ftrange book, in which he called himfelf 
 Jefus Chfift, and the fecond Meffiah. Not- 
 withftanding his extreme ignorance he ob- 
 tained numerous followers, but was burnt alive 
 at Paris in 1663. — Ibid. 
 
 Morin (Stephen), a proteftant divine, was 
 born at Caen in 1625. He ftudied divi- 
 nity under the learned du Moulin, and af- 
 terwards became minifter at his' native place, 
 but on the revocation of the ediCt of Nantes 
 he retired to Holland and was chofen pro- 
 feflbr of the oriental languages at Amiter- 
 dam. He died in 1700. He wrote dififer- 
 tations in Latin on feveral fubjeCts of an- 
 tiquity which are very curious and erudite. 
 The edition of Dordt, 1700, 8vo. is the" beft. 
 Morin alfo wrote the Life of Samuel Bochart. 
 His fon Henry was a learned man. He be- 
 came a cathdlic, after being a proteftant 
 minifter, and died in 1728. He wrote Dif- 
 
M O R 
 
 M O R 
 
 fertations in the Memoirs of the Academy 
 ef lnfcriptions, of which he was a member, 
 —■Ibid. 
 
 Mof.in (Louis), a French phyfician, was 
 born at Mans in 163.5, and died in 1715. 
 He was a member of the academy of fciences, 
 and made a valuable index to the works of 
 Hippocrates, in Greek and Latin.— Ibid. 
 
 Morin (John), profeffor of philofophy 
 at Chartres, was the author of a piece en- 
 titled, Mechanifme Univerfel, and a Treatife 
 on Electricity. He died in 1764, aged 59. 
 —Noun. Diet . Hift. 
 
 Mohiniere (Adrian Claude le Fort de 
 la), a French writer, was born at Paris in 
 1696, and died in 1768. His principal works 
 are, 1. Choix des Poefies Morales ; 2. Bib- 
 IiothequePoetique ; 3. Paffe-temps Poetiques, 
 Hiftoriques, et Critiques, See.— Ibid. 
 
 Morison (Robert), a phyfician and pro- 
 fefi'or of botany at Oxford, was born at Aber- 
 deen in 1620. lie ftudied in the univerfity 
 of his native place till interrupted by the 
 civil wars, in which he difplayed great zeal 
 and courage in behalf of royalty, particularly 
 on the bridge of Aberdeen, in a battle be- 
 tween the inhabitants and the republicans. 
 After this he went to France, where he took 
 his doCtor’s degree, and was appointed direc- 
 tor of the royal garden at Blois. In 1660 
 he returned to England, and was nominated 
 phyfician to Charles II. and regius profeffor 
 of botany at Oxford. DoCtor Morifon died in 
 1683. He read botanical leCtures in the 
 garden at Oxford. His works are, Preludia 
 Botanica, 2 vols. 8vo. ; Plantarum umbilli- 
 ferarum diftributio, folio ; and Hiftoria Plan- 
 tarum, folio. He finilhed only the fecond 
 part of this laft, which is a performance that 
 does him great honour. It was continued 
 by Jacob Bobart.— Pulteney's Sketches of Bo- 
 tany. 
 
 Morisot (Claude Bartholomew), a 
 French writer, was born at Dijon in 1592, 
 and died in 1661. He wrote Peruviana, or 
 the Secret Hiftory/of Cardinal Richelieu, 
 Mary of Medicis, and the Duke of Orleans, 
 4to. 1615. He was alio the author of fome 
 other works . — Merer i. 
 
 Morlai/d (fir Samuel), an Englilh ftatef- 
 man, was born in Berklhire. He was under 
 fecretary to Thurlow, and employed by 
 Cromwell in feveral embaffies. The fer- 
 vices he rendered to Charles I. gained him 
 the title of baronet. He wrote a book in 
 8vo. entitled, Urirn of Confcience. His fon 
 was mafter of mechanics to Charles II. and 
 invented the fpeaking trumpet, alfo a fire 
 engine, and a capftan for heaving up anchors. 
 Sic . — • Granger . 
 
 Morland (George), a celebrated painter, 
 was the fon of an artift in London, who em- 
 ployed him conftantly in making drawings 
 for fale. By this means young Morland ac- 
 quired a wonderful facility of invention and 
 rapidity of execution ; but owing to the nar- 
 row and illiberal manner in which his ta- 
 
 lents were ufed by his father, be contracted 
 low habits, and formed bad connexions. His 
 pictures, however, foon became objects of 
 eltimation and inquiry ; and the perfons who 
 adminiitered to his intemperance profited by 
 his weaknefs to get into their poffeffion pieces 
 of ineftimable value. Hence he was always 
 at work, and always poor. Many of his belt 
 pictures were painted in fpunging-houfes, ta 
 dear him from arrell, or in ale-houfes to dis- 
 charge his reckoning. He died in one of the 
 former defcription in 1804, aged 40, and his 
 wife onlyfurvived him two days. The pic- 
 tures of this incomparable artift are faithful 
 reprefentations of rural nature and human 
 life. In the defcription of farm yards, rural 
 landfcapes, cattle, fiihermen and fmug- 
 glers on the fea-coalt, he is not excelled.— 
 Monthly Mag. 
 
 Morley (George), an Englilh prelate, 
 was born in London in 1597, and educated 
 at Weltminfter fchool, from whence he was 
 eleCted to Chrift church, Oxford. He was 
 appointed by Charles I. canon of Chrilt 
 church, and was one of the divines who af- 
 fifted him at the treaty of Newport. In 1649 
 he went abroad, and did not return till the 
 reiloration, when he was made dean of Chrift 
 church, and foon afterwards bilhop of Worcef- 
 ter. In 1662 he was tranfiated to Winchef- 
 ter, to which fee he was a great benefactor. 
 He died in 1684. He was a munificent pre- 
 late, and gave large benefaCtions to feveral 
 inftitutions. He publilhed religious treatifes 
 in one vol. 4to. — Blog. Brit. 
 
 Morn ac (Anthony), a French advocate 
 and poet, who was refpeCted for his learning 
 and probity. He wrote verfes under the title 
 of Ferite Forenfes, 8vo. ; alfo feveral works 
 on Jurifprudence, in 4 vols. folio. Ke died 
 in 1619.— Moreri. 
 
 Mornay (Philip de), lord ofPleffis Mar- 
 lay, a celebrated French nobleman, was 
 born in 1549, of a noble family. He was 
 bred in the proteftant perfuafion, and ftudied 
 at feveral univerfities. In 1576 he went to 
 the court of the king of Navarre, afterwards 
 Henry IV. who made him a member of his 
 council. In 1578 he publilhed a Treatife 
 on the Church} and in the year following, 
 began his work on the Truth of the Chril- 
 tian Religion. In 1598 he publilhed his 
 book on the Euch.irift, which occafio.ned a 
 conference between him and Du Perron; the 
 refult of which was that Mornay obtained 
 the appellation of the Proteftant Pope. Tn 
 1607, he printed a famous book entitled, 
 The Myftery of Iniquity, or the Hiftory of 
 the Papacy. He died at his feat in Poidtou 
 in 1623. Befides the above he wrote feveral 
 other works. — Bayle. 
 
 Morosoni (Francis), a brave comman* 
 der, was born at Venice in 1618. He ihewed 
 great bravery in feveral navaj adtions, and 
 defended Candia againft the Turks with un- 
 common valour. The befiegers loft 120,000 
 men, and the Venetians about a fourth of 
 Z z 
 
MO S 
 
 the number. The grand vizier endeavoured 
 to bribe him, and offered to make him 
 prince of Wallachia and Moldavia, but Mo- 
 rofoni was nor to be corrupted. When the 
 place furrendered- in 1669 he was treated with 
 great honour by the vidtors ; but on his re- 
 turn to Venice he was arrefted by order of 
 the fenate. However, he foon recovered his 
 liberty, and was made procura'.or of St. 
 Mark. The war being renewed he refumed 
 the command, and took feveral places from 
 the Turks, and gained a great naval vidtory 
 near the Dardanelles. In 1688 he was eledt- 
 ed doge. He died in 1694. — Moreri. 
 
 Mop.ris (Lewis), a Welfh antiquary and 
 poet, was born in the ifle of Anglefey in 
 1702, and died in 1765 at Penbryn in Car- 
 diganftiire. He furveyed the coaft of Wales 
 tn 1737, by order of the admiralty board, 
 and his work was publiihed in 1748. Some 
 of his poetical pieces in the Welfh language 
 have been printed, and he left above 80 vo- 
 lumes of MSS. of antiquity now depofited 
 in the Welfh charity fchool, London. — 
 Given' s Camb. Biog. 
 
 Morris (Richard), brother of the above, 
 was alfo a poet and critic in his native lan 
 guage. He was clerk in the navy pay office, 
 and fuperintended. the printing of two va- 
 luable editions of the Welfh Bible. He died 
 in 1779. William Morris, another brother, 
 was a great colledtor of Welfh MSS. and 
 died comptroller of the cuftoms at Holyhead 
 in 1764.— Ibid. 
 
 Mortimer (John Hamilton), an Engliih 
 painter, was born at Ealt Bourne, in Sufiex, 
 in 1739. He received his drib inftrudtions 
 from his uncle, who was an eminent painter ; 
 but afterwards he became a pupil of Hud- 
 fon, at the fame time with fir Jofhua Rey- 
 nolds. Mortimer obtained one of the fil'd 
 prizes for an hiftorical pifture from the fo- 
 ciety for the encouragement of the arts. 
 His fubjetb was the converfion of the Bri- 
 tons. In 1779 he was appointed by his ma- 
 jefty a royal academician, without any foli- 
 citation ; he died the fame year . — Monthly 
 Mag. Vol I. Pilkington. 
 
 Mortimer (John), an Englifh agricul- 
 tural writer, who is known by a good piac- 
 tical Treatife on Hufbandry. Fie died in 
 3736- — Mortimer's Student's Dibl. 
 
 Morton (Thomas), a learned bifhop, was 
 born at York in 1564, and educated at St. 
 John’s college, Cambridge, where he was 
 chofen fellow. In 1603 he attended lord 
 Eure, ambaffador to the emperor of Ger- 
 many, as his chaplain ; after which he was 
 advanced to the bifhopric of Chefter, from 
 whence he was tranflated to Lichfield and 
 Coventry in 1618 and in 1632 to Durham. 
 He fullered many liardfhips in the great re- 
 bellion from the republican party, notwith- 
 ftanding his great moderation and piety, 
 which were acknowledged and efteemed by 
 all. He died in 1659. He wrote fome prac- 
 tical bocks in divinity .— -Life by Dr. f, Bar - 
 vdch. 
 
 M O S 
 
 Morton (James carl of) regent of Scot- 
 land, was born at Dalkeith in 1530, and edu- 
 cated under the famous Buchanan at Paris. 
 He returned to Scqtland in 1554, and greatly 
 promoted the reformation ; but being ac- 
 cufed of a concern in the murder of lord 
 Darnley he fled to England. He was arter- 
 wafds made chancellor of Scotland, and in 
 1574 fucceeded the earl of Mar as regent, 
 which office he refigned in 1579. He was 
 condemned for high treafon in 15RJ, and 
 what is remarkable was beheaded by a ma- 
 chine the model of which he had feen in 
 England. It was called the Maiden , and re- 
 fembled the guillotine, fince fo much ufed 
 in France. Morton was the firft and laft 
 who fuftered by it in Scotland. — Robertjon's 
 PUJl. Scotland. 
 
 Morton (John), an Engliih prelate and 
 ftatefman, was a native of Dorchefter, and 
 became fo eminent for his flcill in jurispru- 
 dence as to become privy couniellor to both 
 Henry VI. and Edward IV. He was alfo 
 made hifhop of Ely, from whence he was 
 tranflated to Canterbury. He was in great 
 favour with Henry VII. who appointed him 
 chancellor of England, and obtained for him 
 a cardinalfnip, Fie died in 1500 . — Lives of 
 Chancellors. Biog. Brit. 
 
 Moschopul r s(Ernanuel),a Greek gram- 
 marian of the 14th century. He was a na- 
 tive of Crete, and wrote a Treatife on Gram- 
 mar, printed firft in 1545, 4to. His ne- 
 phew Emanuel was a good mathematician and 
 antiquary. He compoied a Greek Lexicon, 
 1545 . — Moreri. 
 
 Moschus and Bion, two Greek poetsof 
 antiquity, who were contemporaries, and 
 wiiofe works are ufually printed together in 
 the Poetae Minores. They lived in the time 
 of Ptolemy Philadelphus . — Vojjws de Port- 
 Grac. 
 
 Moses, the celebrated Jewifli legiflator, 
 was born in Egypt of Hebrew perents, 
 1571 B.C. and bred up in the court of Pha- 
 raoh, but having (lain an Egyptian, he fled 
 into Midian, where he received the divine 
 commiffion to deliver Iris captive country- 
 men. He then returned to Egypt, and after 
 performing a number of miracles before 
 Pharaoh, conducted the Ifraelites through 
 the R.cd Sea, and gave them laws and ordi- 
 nances during their journey through the wii- 
 dernefs. He died at the age of 120. — Gray's 
 Key 0. T. 
 
 Moses (Micofti), a Spanifti rabbi of the 
 14th century, who publiihed at Venice a 
 folio volume entitled, The Great Book oi 
 Precepts, which is explanatory of the Jewiik 
 law. — Buxtorf. 
 
 Mosheim (John Lawrence), a learned 
 German divine, was born in 1695 of a noble 
 family at Lubeclc. He became profeflor of 
 divinity at Helmftadt, and was afterwards 
 chancellor of the univerfity of Gottingen, 
 where he died in 1755. Fie tranflated Cud- 
 worth’s Intellectual Syftem of the Univerfe 
 into Latin, with learned notes j but his 
 
MOU 
 
 greatcft work is an ecclefiaftical hiftory, 
 written in Latin, and tranflated into Engliih 
 by Dr. Maclaine. He was alfo the author 
 of DifTertationes Sacrae, Leipfic, 4to. ; and 
 Sermons. — Now. DiEi. Hijl. 
 
 Moss (Robert), an Engliih divine and 
 dean of Norwich, was born at Gillingham, 
 in Norfolk, in 1666. He took his degrees at 
 Cambridge, and became chaplain to queen 
 Anne, and a popular preacher. Dr. Mofs 
 died in 1729. His fermons have been printed 
 in 8 vols. 8vo. — Gen. Blog. Did. 
 
 Mothe le Vayer (Francis de la), 
 counfellor of ftate, and preceptor to the duke 
 of Anjou, was born at Paris in 1588. He 
 was one of the firft members of the French 
 academy, and obtained feveval advantageous 
 pods. He died ir) 1672. His works confift 
 of 15 volumes in 12mo.— Moreri. 
 
 Mothe le Vayer de Boutigni 
 (Francis de la), matter of requefts, and of the 
 fame family with the preceding, died in 
 1685. He wrote a popular romance called, 
 Thariis et Zelie, and other works. — Ibid. 
 
 Motherby (George), an Engliih phyfi- 
 cian, who compiled a Medical Didiionary, 
 in one vol. folio, a work of great merit. He 
 died in 1793, at the age of 62 .—Hutcbinjon's 
 Biog. Med. 
 
 Motte (Antony Houdart de la), an in- 
 genious French writer, was born at Paris in 
 1672. At the age of 20 he produced a play, 
 called, Les Originaux, which met with a 
 bad reception. His fucceeding pieces had 
 better fuccefs. His Difeourfe upon Homer 
 is a mafterly produdtion, but it was attacked 
 by madame Dacier. He died in 1731. His 
 works were published in 11 vols. 8vo. 1754. 
 “—Nowv. Did. Hijl. 
 
 Mptteux (Peter Anthony), a French 
 writer, was born in Normandy % in 1660. On 
 the revocation of the edidt of Nantes, he 
 vifited England, and turned merchant. He 
 tranllated Don Quixote into Engliih, and 
 wrote feveral pieces. He died in 1718. — 
 Gen. Biog. Did, 
 
 Motteville (Francis Bertrand, dame 
 de), a French lady, was born in Normandy 
 about 1615. She was attendant on Anne of 
 Auftria, whofe hiftory {he wrote, in 5 vols. 
 which has been frequently printed. She died 
 in 1689 .— ’Moreri 
 
 Mottley (John), an Engliih gentleman, 
 was born in London in 1692. He wrote 
 five dramatic pieces, and the Life of the 
 czar Peter the Great. He died in 1750. — 
 Biog. Dram. 
 
 Moucheron (Ifaac), a landfcape painter, 
 was born at Amfterdam in 1670. He fketch- 
 ed a number of fine views in Italy after 
 nature. He died at Amfterdam 'in 1744.— 
 Pilhington. 
 
 Moufet (Thomas), an Engliih medical 
 writer, and the firft who introduced che- 
 mical remedies into this country. He took 
 his dodtor’s degree abroad, and fettled at 
 Ipfwich, but fpent the latter part of his life 
 sear Wilton, in Wiltlhire. He died about 
 
 MOU 
 
 1600. His principal work is entitled, 
 
 Theatrum InfeClorum, 1634, folio Gen. 
 
 Biog. Dldf. 
 
 Moulin (Charles du), a French advo- 
 cate, who on account of an impediment in 
 his fpeech quitted the bar and applied to the. 
 compofition of feveral works on jurifpru- 
 dence, which procured him the tit 1 e of the 
 Papinian of France. Being a proteftant the 
 people of Paris pillaged his houfe in 1552, 
 on which he went to Bade, from whence he 
 removed to feveral other places. On his re- 
 turn to Paris in 1564 he was fent to the 
 prifon of Conciergerie, for fome reflections 
 made by him on the council of Trent. • At 
 the folicitation of the queen of Navarre, he 
 obtained his liberty. He died a Roman ca- 
 tholic in 1566, aged 66. His works were 
 printed in 1681, in 5 vols. folio. — Bayle. 
 Moreri. 
 
 Moulin (Peter du), a proteftant divine, 
 was born at the cjftle of Buhny, in the 
 Vexin, in 1568. After ftudying at Leyden 
 he became minifter at Charenton. In 1615 
 he vifited England, and James I. gave him a 
 prebend in the cathedral of Canterbury. He 
 afterwards went to Sedan, and became pro- 
 feflor of divinity, and had the principal ma- 
 nagement of the concerns of the proteftants 
 in France. He died in 1658. His principal 
 works are, the Anatomy of Arminianifm, in 
 Latin, folio; Treatile on the Keys of the 
 Church ; the Capuchin, or the Hiftory of 
 the Monks ; the Novelty of Popery ; a 
 Defence of the Reformed Churches. — Bayle . 
 
 Moulin (Peter du), fon of the above, 
 was chaplain to Charles II. and prebendary 
 of Canterbury, where he died in 1684, aged 
 84. He wrote, I the Peace of the Soul, 
 l‘2mo. ; 2. Clamor Regii Sanguinis, which 
 being anonymous was attributed by Milton 
 to Alexander More ; 3. a Defence of the 
 Proteftant Religion in Englifh. Lewis du 
 Moulin, his brother, became a violent Inde- 
 pendent, and wrote, 1, Parrenefis ad aedili- 
 catores Imperii, dedicated to Oliver Crom- 
 well ; 2. Patronus Bonae Fidei, a fierce 
 
 invedlive againft the church of England. 
 He died in 1680, aged 77 .—Great Hijl. Did. 
 Bayle. 
 
 Moulin (Gabriel), a Romifh ecclefiaftic, 
 who had the benefice of Maneval in the dio- 
 cefe of Lifieux in France. He wrote a Hif- 
 tory of Normandy under the Dukes, 1631, 
 folio ; Hiftory of the Conquefts of the 
 Normans in Naples and Sicily, 1658, folio. 
 Moreri. 
 
 Mountfort (William), an Englifh adlor 
 and dramatic writer, was born in StafFord- 
 lhire in 1659. Cibber defences him as an 
 excellent performer in the comic line. He 
 was murdered by captain Hill and lord Mo. 
 hun in Norfolk-llreet, in the Strand, in the 
 winter of 169,2. Hill made his efcape, and 
 lord Mohun, for want of fuificient evidence, 
 was acquitted. Mr. Mountfort wrote fix 
 dramatic pieces.— Biog. Dram. 
 
 Mouret (John Jofcph), a French muli- 
 Z z 2 
 
M U D 
 
 clan, was born at Avignon in 1682. He 
 eonipofed feveral elegant works, and died in 
 1738.-— Nouv. DiB. Hfi. 
 
 Mourgues (Michael), a French jcfuit, 
 who wrote a treatife on French Poetry, ano- 
 ther on Geometry, and other works. He 
 died in 1713 ,—Mortri. 
 
 Mouvans (Paul Richard), furnamed the 
 Brave a proteiiant officer, who greatly dif- 
 tinguifhed himfelf i" the civil wars of France 
 in the 16th century, and died in battle in 
 1368 — Ibid. 
 
 Moxon (Jofeph), hydrographcr to Charles 
 II. and a mathematical writer, was born at 
 Wakefield, near Yorkshire, in 1627, and 
 died about. 1700 He taught mathematics, 
 and made maps and globes, in Warwick- 
 lane, London. Befides his book on Navi- 
 gation, Aftronomy, &c. he publifhed one 
 on Mechanic Exercifes, or the Dodtrines 
 of Handy-Work. It is now very fcarce.— 
 Granger. 
 
 • Moyle (Walter), an ingenious writer, 
 was born in Cornwall in 1672. He received 
 his academical education at Oxford, and re- 
 moved from thence to the Temple, where 
 he fludied the law with great application. 
 He was for fome years a member of parlia- 
 ment, and refided in London. Butonquit- 
 ting his feat he retired to his eflate, where 
 lie devoted himfelf to fludy, the fruits of 
 which appeared in feveral ingenious pieces, 
 the principal of which is a Differtation on the 
 Miracle of the Thundering Legion. He died 
 in 1721. His works have been publifhed in 
 2 vols. 8vo. — Blog. Brit. 
 
 Moyse (Henry), a Scotch gentleman, 
 who was page to king James I. and one of 
 the gentlemen of his privy-chamber. He 
 wrote a diary of what palled at court in his 
 time, which was printed in 1753. He died 
 in 1630, aged 57.— Gen. Bicg. DIB. 
 
 Mozart (Wolfgang), a famous mufician, 
 was born at Saltzburg in Germany in 1756. 
 He received his inftrudtions from his father, 
 who was mailer of the chapel at Saltzburg ; 
 and his proficiency was fo great, that when a 
 child he played before the emperor, who 
 called him the “ little forcerer.” In 1763 
 he accompanied his father and filler to Lon- 
 don, where he performed before the king, 
 and publilhed fix fonatas for the harpfrehord. 
 In 1766 this mufical family returned to Saltz- 
 burg. Three years afterwards young Mozart 
 went to Italy, where his talents excited great 
 admiration, and the pope conferred on him 
 the order of the golden fpur. In his twenty- 
 fifth year he fettled at Vienna, and was 
 greatly elleemed by the emperor Jofeph II. 
 This ingenious man died in 1791. His 
 works are Highly admired by the bell judges. 
 — Monthly Mag. 
 
 Mudge (John), an Englifh phyfician, 
 and an excellent mechanic, was the fori of 
 Mr. Zachary Mudge, vicar of St. Andrew’s, 
 Plymouth, and well known by a volume of 
 excellent Sermons, and an ingenious ellay 
 for a new verfion of the Pfalms. Dr. John 
 
 MUM 
 
 Mudge fettled as a phyfician at Plymouth, 
 where he wrote a Treatife on the Catarrhous 
 Cough, 12mo. He improved the Conflruc- 
 tion of reflecting telef.opes, and died in 
 1793 His brother Thomas was an excellent 
 watchmaker, and made great improvements 
 in time-keepers, on which he wrote a treatife. 
 — Gent . Mag. 
 
 Mvdo (Hernandez), a Spanifh painter, 
 who was both deaf and dumb. He was the 
 difciple of Titian, and was employed by 
 Philip II king of Spain in ornamenting 
 the Efcurial.— Cumberland's Account of Spanijh 
 Painters. 
 
 Muet (Peter le), an architect, was born 
 at D jon in 1591. He fuperintended the 
 fortifications of feveral ''owns in Picardy, 
 and was employed by Anne, ot Auftria in 
 building the church of Val de Grace at 
 Paris He wrote fome treatifes on architec- 
 ture, and died in 1669. — D' Argenville , •vies 
 des ArchiteBs. 
 
 Muggleton (Lodowick), an Englifh 
 taylor and fanatic, who wrote feveral books 
 full of abfurdity and blafphemy, which were 
 burnt by the hangman, and the author pil- 
 loried j however, he obtained fome fol- 
 lowers, and his fedl is not quite extindl to 
 this day. He died in 1697, aged 90. — Gen. 
 Biog. Dili. 
 
 Muis (Simeon de), profefior of Hebrew 
 in the royal college at Paris, died in 1664, 
 aged 57. He was wellverfed in the oriental 
 languages, and wrote an efteemed Com- 
 mentary on the Pfalms, in Latin, 2 vols. 4to. 
 —Morcri. 
 
 Mulgrave (Conftantine Phipps, lord), 
 was the eldefl fon of lord Mulgrave, by the 
 daughter of the earl of Briftol. He was born 
 in 1746, fucceeded to his Irifh title in 1775, 
 and created an Englifh peer in 1790. He 
 entered early into the fea l’ervice, and became 
 pofl-captain in 1765. At the- general elec- 
 tion in 1768'he was member for Lincoln, and 
 took an adlive part in parliament on feveral 
 popular queflions, particularly thofeon libels 
 and the Weflminfler election: on the latter 
 of which he wrote a pamphlet, entitled, 
 “ A Letter from a Member of Parliament to 
 one of his Conflituents on the late Proceed- 
 ings in the Houfe of Commons on the Mid- 
 dlelex Election,” 8vo. In 1773 he went 
 towards the North Pole on a voyage of dif- 
 covevy with two fhips, one commanded by 
 him and the other by captain Lutwidge. Of 
 this voyage lord Mulgrave publifhed a Narra- 
 tive, in quarto. His lordfhip was a good 
 navigator and mathematician, and died in 
 1792 . — Bur op. Mag. 
 
 Muller (John), a celebrated engraver 
 of Holland, who fiourifhed about the year 
 1600. He was brought up under Goltzius, 
 whofe manner he imitated with fuccefs.— • 
 
 Morcri. 
 
 Mummius (Lucius), a Roman conful, 
 v.'ho, for his victories over the Achaeans, 
 was called Achaicus. Lie deflroyed Co- 
 rinth, Thebes, and Chakis, and lent the 
 
MUR 
 
 ■works of the ancient artifts which he found 
 to Rome, A.D 146. He was afterwards 
 difgraced, and exiled to Delos, where he 
 died.— Strabo. Livy. 
 
 Muncer (Thomas), a furious German 
 anabaptift, was born at Swickaw in Mifnia. 
 He united with one Storck, and gained a 
 great number of followers, who were re- 
 baptized naked, and li .cd in common. Thefe 
 enthulialts committed Ihocking outrages, and 
 pretended to prophecy and divine vifions. 
 Muncer preached againft Luther as well as 
 againft the pope. At Mulhaufen he efta- 
 blilhed a fenate, and affumed the title of 
 king. The landgrave of Heffe, and other 
 princes, marched againft Muncer, whofe 
 army was defeated notwithftanding his pro- 
 mife of viftory. He then fled to Franc- 
 haulen, where he w'as difeovered and fent 
 back to Mulhaufen, and executed in 1525.— - 
 Pluquet , DiEl. des Herejies. 
 
 Muncker ( Thomas), a learned German, 
 who published, 1. Mythographi Latini $ 2. 
 An edition of Hyginus, with notes. He 
 died in 1680. — Moreri. 
 
 Mundinus, a celebrated anatomift, was 
 born at Florence, and died at Bologna in 
 1318. His treatife on anatomy was printed 
 at Paris in 1478, folio. — Ibid. 
 
 Munich (Burchard Chriltopher), a mar- 
 Ihal in the fervice of Ruflia, was a native of 
 Oldenburgh. He ferved with great glory 
 againft the Turks in 1737 ; but in 1741, by 
 order of the' emprefs Elizabeth, lie was fent 
 to Siberia, where he remained twenty years. 
 At the acceflion of Peter III. he w'as re- 
 called, and appeared at court in the fheep- 
 ikin drefs which he ufed to wear in his 
 exile. The emperor reftored him to his 
 former rank, and he enjoyed the favour of 
 Peter and Catherine till his death, which 
 happened at Riga in 1767. — Tooke's Hi/}. 
 RuJJia. 
 
 Munnicks (John) profelfor of anatomy, 
 botany, and phylic, at Utrecht, died in 
 1711, aged 59. He wrote, 1. Difiertatio de 
 Urinis earumdemque infpedtiona ; 2 Chirur- 
 gia ad praxim hodiernam adornata ; 3. De 
 Re Anatomica, &c. — Moreri. 
 
 Munster (Sebaftian), a learned divine, 
 was born at Ingelheim in 1489. He en- 
 tered among the cordeliers, but afterwards 
 became a proteftant. He died of the plague 
 at Bafil in 1552. Munfter was called the 
 Efdras and Strabo o! Germany. He wrote 
 a Hebrew Grammar and Didfionaryj and 
 publifned a Colmography in folio j and a 
 Latin verfion of the Old Teftament, with 
 other learned works, - — Mekh. Adam, in vit. 
 Germ. Theol. 
 
 Munting (Abraham), a learned botanift, 
 was born at Groningen in 1626, and died in 
 1683. His principal works are, 1. Phyto- 
 graphia Curiola, folio ; 2. De Herba Britan- 
 nica, 4to. ; 3. Aloes Hiftoria, 4to.— Halleri 
 Bill. Botan. 
 
 Muralt (Beat-Louis de), was born at 
 Berne. He wrote Letters upon the French 
 
 MUR 
 
 and Englilh, 2 vols. 12mo. ; and Fables, 
 1753, 8 vo. Muralt died in 1760.— Ncuv. 
 D;B. Kfl. 
 
 Muratori (Louis-Anthony), a learned 
 writer, was born at Vignola in the duchy 
 of Modena, in 1672. At the age of 22 he 
 was invited to Milan by the count Charles 
 Borromeo, who employed him as librarian 
 of the Ambroftan college. The duke of Mo- 
 dena in 1700 recalled him to his own coun- 
 try, and made him his librarian, and keeper 
 of the public archives. Muratori was a 
 member of the royal fociety of London, and 
 of feveral other learned bodies But he was 
 expofed to the calumnies and perlecutions of 
 fome bigots of his church, who accufed him 
 of holding heretical notions, and even ac- 
 cufed him to Benedict XIV. That pontiff', 
 however, had too much liberality to attend 
 to the charge, and wrote a flattering letter, 
 in which he did ample juftice to the charac- 
 ter of Muratori, who died in 1750. His 
 works have been printed in 46 vols. folio. 
 The principal are, 1 Anecdota qu:e ex Am- 
 brolianre Bibliothecae codicibus nunc pnmum 
 eruit, notis et difquifitionibus, &c. ; 2. 
 
 Anecdota Graeca, quae ex MSS codicibus 
 nunc primum eruit j 3 Rerum Italicavum 
 Scriptores ; 4. Antiquitates Italicae medii 
 
 zftivi; 5. Xovus Thefaurus veterum inlcrip- 
 tionum ; 6 . Annali d’ltalia 5 7. Della per- 
 fetta Pocfiana italiana. — Life ‘written by bis 
 nephew J. F. S. Muratori. 
 
 Mu ret (Marc Anthony), a learned 
 French critic, was born near Limoges, in 
 152 6. At the age of eighteen he read lec- 
 tures upon Cicero and Terence in the col- 
 lege of A.chj from whence he proceeded 
 to the capital, where he taught with great 
 reputation. But the vivacity of his charac- 
 ter railed him enemies, and he was accufed 
 of an ab#minable crime, which obliged him 
 to quit Paris. He then went toTouloufe, 
 where he was charged with the fame offence, 
 and to avoid capital punifhment he eicaped to 
 Italy. At Rome he was well received, ad- 
 mitted to orders, and obtained fome rich bene- 
 fices. He died there in 1585. His works 
 conflft of valuable notes on the Latin daf- 
 fies, poems, orations, &c. The whole 
 were publiihed together at Verona, in 5 vols, 
 8 vo. j but badly printed, and on vile paper.— 
 Bayle. Moreri. 
 
 Murillo (Bartholomew), a Spanifh 
 painter, was born near Seville, in 1610, 
 and died at Madrid in 1685. He painted 
 hiftoncal pieces and landfcapes in a beautiful 
 ftyle, and he has been reckoned equal to Paul 
 Veronefe. The king of Spain gave him a 
 patent of nobility. — Cumberland's Account of 
 Spani/h Painters. 
 
 Mup.phv (Arthur), a dramatic and mif- 
 cellaneous writer, was born at Cork in 
 1727, and educated at St. Omer’s. At the 
 age of eighteen he returned to Ireland, and 
 Was placed under a merchant who Was his re- 
 lation, But not likmg that proteiiiun he 
 came to London, and having a great indiua- 
 Z z 3 
 
MUR 
 
 tion to the ftage he made an effort in the cha- 
 racter of Othello, but without fuccefs. He 
 then commenced writer, and produced the 
 Orphan of China, a tragedy, which was well 
 received. He alfo wrote a weekly paper, 
 called the Gray’s Inn Journal; and two others 
 In defence of government, entitled, the Teft 
 and Auditor. Having ftudied the law he was 
 called to the bar by the fociety of Lincoln’s 
 Inn, but never had much practice. His 
 plays of the Grecian Daughter; All in the 
 Wrong ; the Way to Keep Him, and the Ci- 
 tizen, had great fuccefs, and produced the 
 author wealth and fame. Mr. Murphy alfo 
 acquired confiderable reputation by his Lives 
 of Fielding and Johnfon ; and above all by 
 his tranfiation of Tacitus. He was a com- 
 miffioner of bankrupts, and for the laft two 
 years of his life had a penfion of 2001. a year. 
 His laft literary performance was the Life of 
 Garrick, which is by no means equal to his 
 former works. Kedied at Brompton in 1805. 
 Mr. Murphy was the intimate friend of Dr. 
 Johnfon, Burke, Garrick, Foote, and other 
 eminent men .—Public Characters, •vol. I. 
 TAonthly Mag. 
 
 Murray (James earl of), the natural 
 fon of James V. king of Scotland, by the 
 daughter of the earl of Mar, was born in 
 1529. He was created earl of Murray by 
 queen Mary, whom he treated in the mod 
 ■ungrateful manner. In 1567 he affirmed the 
 regency of Scotland, during the minority of 
 James VI. tie was ffrot at Linlithgow, in 
 1571, by a man named Hamilton, whole 
 wife he had debauched. — Robertfon. 
 
 Murray (William, earl of Mansfield), 
 an illuftrious lawyer, was the fourth fon of 
 David earl of Stormont, and born at Perth in 
 1705. He received his education at Welt- 
 minfter fchool, from whence he was eledted 
 ftudent of Chrift church, Oxford, in 1723. 
 After taking his degrees in arts he went on 
 his travels, and at his return entered of 
 Lincoln’s Inn, where he was called to the bar. 
 His eloquence gained him numerous admi- 
 rers, and when he pleaded, the court was 
 crowded. Pope, with whom he was inti- 
 mate, complimented him with the appella- 
 tion of ‘ filver-tongued Murray.’ Tn 1742 
 he became l'olicitor-general, and was eledled 
 member of parliament. In 1754 he was 
 made attorney-general, and in 1756 chief 
 juftice of the king’s bench, foon after which 
 he was created baron Mansfield. The year 
 following he accepted the office of chan- 
 cellor of the exchequer, which was done 
 merely to effedl a coalition of parties ; and 
 thereby an adminiftration was formed, 
 ■which carried the Britilh arms to the higheft 
 pitch of glory, In 1776 his lordfhip was 
 created an earl, with remainder to Louifa 
 vifeountefs Stormont, and her heirs male. 
 In 1780, when the metropolis was a feene 
 of lawlefs riot, his lordlhip’s houfe in 
 Blqomfbury-fquare was burnt down by the 
 mob, who alfo threatened his life. By that 
 iififter he loft a prodigious number of yalua- 
 
 M U S 
 
 ble manuferipts and books; yet when the 
 houfe of commons voted him a compenfation 
 for the injury he refufed to accept it. After 
 filling his high office with great dignity many 
 years, he reiigned it on account of his infir- 
 mities in 1783. His lordfhip died with the 
 reputation of a great lawyer, an upright man, 
 an elegant fcholar, and a fincere chriftian, at 
 his feat of Caen Wood in 17 93. His remains 
 were interred in Weftminfter abbey. The 
 title deicended to his nephew lord Stormont. 
 —Life by Holliday. 
 
 Murray (Thomas), a portrait painter, 
 was born in Scotland about 1666. He 
 was employed by the royal family, and fe- 
 veral of the nobility,, and died in 1724.— 
 
 Pilk. 
 
 Murr ay (William), a diffenting minifter, 
 was a native of Scotland, and fettled as 
 paftor of a congregation at Birmingham, 
 where he died in 1753, aged 62. He wrote 
 a book entitled, Clofet Devotions, 12mo. 
 
 Murray (James), a Scotch divine, was 
 born at Dunkeld, and educated at Aberdeen, 
 where he took his degree of M.A. After 
 refuting a living in his own country, he 
 came to London, where he officiated to a 
 congregation in Swallow-ftreet. He wrote 
 a work, entitled, Aletheia, or a Syftem of 
 Moral Truths, 4 vols. 12mo. He died in 
 1758, aged 55. There was another difient- 
 ing minifter of this name who wrote a 
 Hiftory of the American War, 4 vols. 8vo. ; 
 Sermons to Afles 12mo. ; and a Hiftory ot 
 the Churches of England and Scotland, 
 3 vols. He died in 17 82.— Gen. Biog. Di£t. 
 
 Murtola (Gafpard), an Italian poet, was 
 born at Genoa, and died at Rome in 1624. 
 He wrote a poem entitled, Della Creazione 
 dell Mondo, which was criticifed by Marini 
 in a poem called the Murtolcide ; and Murtola 
 was fo exafperated that he fired a piftol at 
 Marini, and wounded him. Betides the 
 above, Murtola wrote feveral other poems of 
 indifferent merit. — Tir.abofchi. 
 
 Musa (Antonius), a Greek phyfician, 
 who cured Auguftus of a dangerous fit of 
 illnefs by bathing He was the firft who 
 advifed the ufe of the cold bath. The 
 Romans eredled a ftatue to his honour. 
 Two trails, De Herba Botanica, and De 
 tuenda Valetudine, are attributed to him. 
 They were printed at Venice with the other 
 remains of ancient phyficians, in 1547, folio. 
 — Merer} . 
 
 Mu s. s us, an ancient Greek poet, who 
 fiouriihed before Homer, about 1180 B.C. 
 All his works are loft ; but there paffes 
 under his name a piece, entitled. The Loves 
 of Hero and Leander, in the Corpus Poe- 
 tarum Graecorum . — VoJJius de Poet. Grac. 
 
 Musculus (Wolfgangus), a learned pro- 
 teftant divine, was born at Dieuze in Lor- 
 raine in 1497. He entered among the bene- 
 didlir.es, and became an eminent preacher; 
 bur on embracing the dodtrines of Luther 
 he went to Stralburg, where he was reduced 
 to work for his bread. Bucer being ap- 
 
MUS 
 
 prized of his merit took him into his houfe. 
 He afterwards became minuter in the prin- 
 cipal church of Strafburg, from whence he 
 removed to Augfburg ; but when that place 
 was taken bv Charles V. he retired to Swit- 
 zerland, and in 15-19 was chofcn profeflor of 
 divinity at Bern, where he died in 1563. He 
 was a man of great learning, and tranflated 
 feveral works of the Greek fathers into 
 Latin. He fllfo publilhcd Commentaries 
 on the Scriptures There was another 
 Lutheran divine of this name who wrote 
 fome controveriial books. He was protefl'or 
 of divinity at Frankfort, and died in 1580.— 
 Mdcb. Adam Vit. Theol. 
 
 Musgrave (William), anEnglith phyfi- 
 cian and antiquary, was born at Charlton 
 in Som.erfetthire, m 1657. He was fellow 
 of New college, Oxford, and in_ 168-1 was 
 chofen fecr#tary to the royal iocietv Fie 
 took his do&or’s degree in 1689, after which 
 he fettled at Exeter, where he died in 1721. 
 He wrote, 1. Geta Brltannicus, 8vo. 5 2. 
 Belgium Britannicum, 8vo. ; 3. De Aquilis 
 Romanis ; 4 De Legionibus, &c. His fon 
 became an eminent phylician at Exeter ; 
 and wrote l'ome critical pieces of merit. 
 He diltinguiflied himfelf by a charge which 
 he brought again!! minifters of being bribed 
 to make the peace of 1763; but he could 
 prove nothing before a committee ot the 
 houfe of commons when examined. He 
 died in 177 7 .— Gen. Biog^Did. 
 
 Musius (Cornelius), or Muys, profelTor 
 of belles lettres and the languages at Lou- 
 vain, or Ghent, was born at Delft in 1503. 
 He afterwards became diredtor of a con- 
 vent in his native country, but was inhu- 
 manly put to death, on account of his reli- 
 gion, by William Lumei, in 1572. He wrote 
 feveral Lathi poems of merit. — Moreri. 
 
 Mussati (Albertin), an hiflorian and 
 poet of Padua, and the minilter of the em- 
 peror Henry VII. died in 1329. He wrote, 
 1. De Geftis Henrici VII. Imp. ; 2. De Geftis 
 Italorum poll Henrieum. His works were 
 collected at Venice in 1636, folio. — Tira- 
 bofebi. 
 
 'Musschenbroeck (Peter de), an eminent 
 natural philofopher and mathematician, was 
 born at Geyden in 1692. He became pro- 
 feflor of mathematics and natural philofo- 
 phy at his native place ; and he was alio a 
 member of the royal fociety of London 
 and of the academy of fciences at Paris. 
 He died in 1761. His Courfe of Natural 
 and Experimental Philofophy is a valuable 
 work, and has been tranflated into Knglifh 
 by Colion, in 2 vols. 8vo. Muffchen- 
 broeck was alfo the author of Tentamina 
 Experinientorum, 4to. ; Inftitutiones Phy- 
 fiCEe, 4 to. ; and Compendium Phyfiete Expe- 
 rimentalis, 12mo. — Nouv. Did. 
 
 Musso (Cornelius), an Italian prelate, 
 was born at Piacenza in 1511. Pope Paul IV. 
 jnade him a bilhop, and lent him to affilt at 
 the council ofTrent. He died in 1574, aged 
 £,i. His fermons arc a curious mixture ol 
 
 M U Y 
 
 mythological allufions and fcriptural quota- 
 tions. The author cites Homer and Virgil as 
 of equal authority with the Scriptures and 
 Fathers. — Tirabojcbi. 
 
 Mustapha I. emperor of the Turks, fuc- 
 ceeded his brother Achmct in 1617 ; but the 
 fame year he was depofed by the Janiflaries, 
 and thrown into prifon. He was afterwards 
 releafed, and placed upon the throne, but 
 depofed again by the Janiffaries, and ftran- 
 gled in 1623. — Un'ru. Hi/i. 
 
 Mustapha II. Ion of Mahomet IV. fuc- 
 ceeded Achmet II. his uncle, in 1695. He 
 defeated the imperialifts at Temefwar, and 
 made war, with fuccefs, againft the Vene- 
 tians, Poles, and the Ruffians ; but, at length, 
 his fortune turned, and he was forced to 
 make peace. He was. depofed by his fub- 
 jedts, and died in 170 3.— Ibid. 
 
 Mustapha III. the fon of Achmet III. 
 afeonded the throne in 1757. He was a 
 weak prince, and by fruiting to his favou- 
 rites greatly exhausted the public treafury. 
 He died in 1774. — Ibid. 
 
 Musunus (Marcus), a native of Candia, 
 who taught Greek at Venice, and after- 
 wards at Rome with great reputation. 
 Pope Leo X. made him archbifhop of Mai- 
 valla in the Morea, but he died of a dropfy 
 fhortly after, in 1517. He publiffied edi- 
 tions of Ariftophanes and Athenteus, and 
 his Etymologicon Magnum Grscorum is a 
 valuable work. It appeared at Venice in 
 1499, folio, and again at Heidelburg in 1594. 
 — F'abricius de Script. Greet. 
 
 Mbtiano (Jerome), an eminent painter, 
 was born at Brefcia in 1528, and died at 
 Rome in 1590. He ftuJied after Titian, 
 and painted landfcapes in an excellent ftyle. 
 He alfo painted hiftorical fubjedts. — D'Ar - 
 genvilte. 
 
 Mutius (Crelius), firft named Codrus, 
 and afterwards Scsevola, an illultrious Ro- 
 man who diftinguifhed himfelf in the war 
 againft Porfenna. When that prince be- 
 fieged Rome, Mutius entered his camp to 
 aflaffinate him, and, by miftake, ftabbed one 
 q( his attendants. Being feized and brought 
 before Porfenna, he faid that he was one of 
 300 who had engaged, by oath, to flay him, 
 and added, “ This hand, which has miffed 
 its purpofe, ought to fufler.” On faying this 
 he thrult it into the coals which were burning 
 on the altar, and fullered it to be confumed. 
 Porfenna, ftruck with his intrepidity, made 
 peace with the Romans. The name of 
 Scsevola, or left-handed, was given as a mark 
 of diftindtion to Mutius and his family. 
 
 Mutius (Ulric), profelTor at Baiil, who 
 publilhcd a Hiftory of Germany in 1559, 
 tolio. — Moreri. 
 
 Muys (William), a phyfician was b;orn 
 at Sleenvick in Overyflcl, and became fuc- 
 celTively profeflor of medicine, chemiftry, 
 and laftly of botany, at Franeker, where 
 he died jn 1744- He wrote Elements of 
 Natural Philofophy, 4to. ; Inveftigatio fa- 
 brics .quse in partibus mufculos componea- 
 
 Z * 4 
 
N JE V 
 
 t'bus extat, 4to. ; de Virtute Seminal!, quae 
 Plantae et animalia generi fuo propagando 
 fufficiunt, and feveral orations and other 
 pieces of confideiable merit. — Nouv. Dili. 
 Hiji. 
 
 Muzio (Jerome), or Mutius, a learned 
 Italian, was born at Padua in 1466. He 
 took the furname of Guiftinopolitano, on 
 account of his family’s being fettled at Cape 
 de Iftria. His principal works are; 1. Delle 
 Vergeriane, lib. iv. 1559, 8vo. ; 2. Lettere 
 Catpliche ; 3. Di fefa della Meffa, de Santi, 
 del Papato ; 4. Le Mentite Ochiniane ; [this 
 was againft Ocbinus ;] 5. II Duello, et las 
 Fauftina. Muzio wrote feverely againft 
 the proteftants, and died in 1576.— Tira- 
 bofcbi. 
 
 Mydorge (Claude), a learned mathema- 
 tician, was born at Paris in 1585, and died 
 in 1647. He wrote four books of Conic 
 Sections, and other works .-—Moreri. 
 
 Myn (Herbert van der), a Dutch painter, 
 ■was born at Amfterdam in 1684. He ex- 
 celled in painting fruits and flowers, but 
 afterwards applied himfelf to hiftory and 
 portrait. He died in 1741 Pilkington. 
 
 N A L 
 
 Myrepsu.s (Nicholas), a phyftcian of 
 Alexandria, who publilhed a Pharmacopoeia 
 collefted from the Greek and Arabian 
 writers about the clofe of the thirteenth 
 century. It has been often printed. — Friend's 
 Hi ft. Phyfic. 
 
 Myson, one of the feven wife men of 
 Greece. Anacharfis the Scythian having 
 inquired of Apollo, who was the wifeft 
 man in Greece, was anfwered, He who is 
 now plowing his fields.” This was Myfon. 
 —Diog. Lart. 
 
 Mytens (Arnold), a painter, was born 
 at Brufl'els in 1541. He painted feveral ca- 
 pital pictures for churches in Italy. He died 
 in 1602. — Pilkington. 
 
 Mytens (Martin), a Swediih painter, 
 was born at Stockholm in 1695, and died in 
 1755. He painted the portraits of feveral 
 princes, particularly of Peter the Great, 
 who prefled him to fettle at Peterlburgh ; 
 which he declined from an inclination to 
 vifit Italy. He afterwards fixed his re- 
 fidence at Vienna, where he was greatly 
 efteemed by the emperor Charles VI. — Ibid. 
 
 N 
 
 aei effekdi, a Turkilh poet of the 
 17th century. He was a man of con- 
 fiderable learning, and verfed in the Latin 
 writers. His poems are much efteemed by 
 his countrymen. — D'HerbeTot. 
 
 Naeis, tyrant 01 Lacedemon, whom 
 Philip king of Macedon appointed gover- 
 nor of Argos. He was guilty of the great- 
 eft cruelties, and had a ftatue habited as 
 a female, which, by fprings, would embrace 
 any one that touched it, and then pierce the 
 victim through the body with fpikes. This 
 machine Nabis deviled as a means of extorting 
 money from his people, and when any one re- 
 fufed he threatened to introduce him to his 
 wife. lie was /lain B,C. 194. — Plutarch. 
 
 Nabonasser king of Babylon. He is 
 celebrated by the famous epoch which bears 
 his name, and which commenced in the 
 year 747 B.C. He is fuppofed to be the 
 fame with Baladan, the father of Merodach, 
 mentioned in Scripture. — UJher. 
 
 Naeopolassar, prince of Babylon, unit- 
 ed with Aftyages againft Syria, which coun- 
 try they conquered, and having divided it 
 between them, founded two kingdoms, that 
 of the Medes under Aftyages, and that of 
 the Chaldeans under Nabopolaffar, B C. 
 626. Necho, king of Egypt jealous of the 
 power of the latter, declared war againft 
 him and defeated him. Nabopolaffar died 
 after a reign of 21 years .—Ibid. 
 
 Naevius (Cncius), a Latin poet who 
 wrote feveral comedies, one of which was 
 fo difpleafing to Metellus, the conful, that 
 he expelled him from Rome. Nacvius re- 
 
 tired to Utica, where he died 230 B.C. 
 Some fragments of his are extant. He ferved 
 with reputation in the firft punic war. — . 
 Vofiius dcPoet, Lat. 
 
 Nahum, one of the 12 minor prophets, 
 was a native of Galilee, and prophelied in 
 the reign of Hezekiah. He prophefied 
 with great force againft Nineveh. His lan- 
 guage is vehement and his deferiptions glowa 
 ing. — Gray's Key 0. T- 
 
 Naip.on (Fauftus), a learned Maronite 
 and proieffor of the Syriac language in the 
 college la Sapienza at Rome, was born on 
 Mount Libanus,andwas the nephew of Ecchel- 
 lenfis. He died at Rome, aged 80, in 1711. 
 His works are ; Euoplia fidei Catholics ex 
 Syrorum, monumentis Adverfus aevi noftri 
 novatores, 1694 ; Dif.'ertatio de origine, 
 nomine ac religione Maronitarum, 1679. 
 In thele books he endeavours to prove that 
 the Maronites were orthodox, and did not 
 take their name from Maro, a Monothelite, 
 but from St. Maro, a celebrated anchoret 
 in the 4th century. — Moreri. 
 
 Nalson (Valentine), a divine of the 
 church of England, was born at Malton 
 in York/hire, in 1611. He received his edu- 
 cation at St. John’s college, Cambridge, 
 after which he obtained a prebend in York 
 cathedral, and the living of St. Martin in 
 that city. He died in 1724. Mr. Nalfon 
 
 publilhed a volume of Sermons Gen. BiosrI 
 
 DiEl. 
 
 Nalton (James), a nonconformift divine, 
 was ejedled from the living of St. Leonard’s, 
 Fofter-lane, by the Bartholomew aft in 
 
N A R 
 
 1662 ; after which he lived privately. He 
 was concerned in what was called Love’s plot, 
 on which account he fled to Holland. He 
 died in 1663. Mr. Nalton was a pious 
 man, and printed fome Sermons. —Calamy. 
 Palmer. 
 
 Nancel (Nicholas de), a French phyfi- 
 clan, was born at a village of the fame 
 name near Soifl'ons. After being a profeffor 
 at different places he became phyfieian in 
 the abbey of Fontevrault, where he died in 
 1610. He wrote, 1. Stichologia Graeca, La- 
 tinaque, informanda et reformanda, 8vo. ; 
 2. The Life of Peter Ramus ; 3. De Immor- 
 talitate Animae, 8vo. — Moreri. 
 
 Nani (John Baptift), a noble Venetian, 
 was born in 1616. In 1641 he was ad- 
 mitted of the college of fenators, and fent 
 ambaflador to France. He returned to Ve- 
 nice in 1648, having obtained from Louis 
 XIII. confiderable fuccours for carrying on 
 the war againft the Turks. In 1654 he was 
 fent ambaflador to Germany, where he ren- 
 dered confiderable fervices to the republic. 
 He continued to ferve his country on many 
 great occafions, and was appointed procurator 
 of St. Mark. He died in 1678. He wrote 
 the Hillory of Venice} printed in 1679, 2 
 vols. 4to. — Tirabojcbi. 
 
 Nannius [Peter), a learned writer, and 
 profeflor at Louvain, was born at Alcmaer 
 in Holland, in 1500, and died in 1557. 
 His works are j Notes on Claflic Authors ; 
 Milcellaneorum decas, cum acluario et re- 
 tradlationibus, 8vo. ; Dialogues of Hero- 
 ines, 4to. [This is reckoned his bed per- 
 formance.] A tranflation of the Pfalms 
 into Latin verle ; In Cantica Canticorum 
 paraphrafes et Scholia, 4to. — Moreri. 
 
 Nantiuil (Robert), a celebrated minia- 
 ture painter and engraver, was born in 
 Rheims in 1630. He drew the portrait of 
 Louis XIV. in crayons, with fuch elegance, 
 that the king appointed him defigner and 
 engraver to his cabinet. He died at Paris in 
 1673. His engravings of portraits are highly 
 valued. — D' Argcnville. 
 
 Nantigni (Louis Chazot de), a French 
 writer, was born in 1690, and died at Paris 
 in 175.5. His works are ; 1. Hiftorical Ge- 
 noa 1 ogies of Kings, Emperors, and of all 
 the Sovereign Houfes in Europe, 4 vols. 
 4to. ; 2. Geographical Tables, 12mo. } 3. 
 Hiftorical, Genealogical, and Chronologi- 
 cal Tables, 9 vols. } 4. The Genealogies in 
 the Supplement to Moreri, 1749. — Newv, 
 DiEi. Hijl. 
 
 Naogeorge (Thomas), a Lutheran di- 
 vine, was born at Slaubing in Bavaria in 
 l5ll, his real name being Kirchmayer , which 
 he altered according to the pedantic cuilom 
 of that age. He wrote fatirical poems againft 
 the Romilh church, the principal of which 
 is entitled, Regnum Papifticum, 1559, 8vo. 
 He died in 1578 — Melch. Mam. Pit, Germ. 
 Tbeol. 
 
 Hares (James)., doctor of mulic, was 
 
 NAT 
 
 born at Stanwell, in Middlefex, in 1715. 
 He was one of the children in the royal 
 chapel, and ftudied under Dr. Pepufch, af- 
 ter which he became organift of York ca- 
 thedral. In 1755 he fucceeded Dr. Green as 
 organift and compofer to the king } and was 
 created doctor of mufic at Cambridge. In 
 1757 he was appointed mafter of the cho- 
 rifters, which place he refigned in I78O. 
 He died in 1783. Dr. Nares left feveral 
 compofitions of merit. — Europ. Mag. 
 
 N arses, king of Perfia, fucceeded his 
 father Varennes in 294. He conqu-red Me- 
 sopotamia and Armenia Maximianus-Ga- 
 lerius being fent againft him by Diocletian, 
 was repulfed, but afterwards he defeated the 
 Perfians, whom he laid under tribute. Narfes 
 died in 303. — Unioj. Hijl. 
 
 Narses, a Perfian eunuch, and one of the 
 greateft generals of his time, commanded the 
 Roman army againft the Goths, whom he 
 defeated in two battles in 552, and put to 
 death their king Totila. There was another 
 of this name who revolted againft Phocas, 
 and was put to death at the end of the fixth 
 century. Baronius makes them to be one and 
 the fame, but without any juft ground. — Ibid. 
 
 Nash (Thomas), an Englifh writer, was 
 born in Suffolk, and educated at Cambridge. 
 He entered into orders, but never obtained 
 any preferment, on account of his profligacy. 
 He wrote many fatires againft the puritans, 
 and a humorous poem, entitled, Pierce 
 Pennylefs. He died about 1600. — Phillips's 
 Theatrum Poetarum. 
 
 Nash (R'chard), a Angular chara&er, was 
 born at Swanlea in Wales in 1674, and re- 
 ceived his education at Caermarthen, from 
 whence he was fent to jefus college, Ox- 
 ford, where he remained but a fhort time. 
 He afterwards had a pair of colours, but 
 foon quitted the army, and entered of the 
 Temple, but never followed the law. A 
 love of pleafure and gaming drew him in 
 1704 to Bath, which place of amufement 
 by his excellent management became a place 
 of fafhionable refort. He was c'hofen mafter 
 of tire ceremonies } and was lb much efteem- 
 ed as to be called King of Bath } but com- 
 monly he was termed, from the peculia- 
 rity of his drefs, beau Najh. Though much 
 given to gambling, he was very liberal, 
 and numerous inftances are recorded of his 
 benevolence. He died in 1761. — Life of 
 Najh, 8 vo. 
 
 Nasini (Jofeph Nicolas), an hiftorical 
 painter, was born near Sienna in 1660. Pie 
 was the difciple. of Ciro Ferri, at whole re- 
 commendation he was employed by the 
 grand duke of Tufcany. He died in 1736.— 
 Pilkington. 
 
 Natalis (Michael), an eminent engra- 
 ver, was born at Liege in 1609. He ftudied 
 under his father, after which he went to 
 Rome, where he profited by the inftrudliuns 
 of Joachim Sandraart, and engraved repre- 
 lentations of fome of the ftatues in the Juf- 
 
N A U 
 
 tinian gallery, after Titian, Rubens, &c. 
 He died in 1670. — Moreri. 
 
 Nathan, a prophet who lived in the reign 
 of David. At the divine command he denoun- 
 ced judgment on that monarch for his guilt 
 in the murder of Uriah, and adultery with 
 Bathlheba. On that occafion he brought the 
 monarch to repentance by the relation ofa beau- 
 tiful parable of the poor man’s lamb.— Bible. 
 
 Nathan (Ifaac, or Mordecai), a rabbi, 
 was the firft who compiled a Hebrew Con- 
 cordance, which he began in 1438, and 
 finifhed in 1448. It was printed at Venice 
 in liSS, and afterwards by the care of Bux- 
 torf, at Bafle in 1632, folio. — Buxtorf. 
 
 Nattier (John Mark), a French paint- 
 er, was born at Paris in 1685, and died in 
 1766. He was proleffor in the academy of 
 painting at Paris, and was patronized by 
 Louis XIV. The czar Peter the Great, 
 when in France, folicited Nattier to accom- 
 pany him to Rufiia, which he declined. His 
 deligns of the Luxemburgh gallery were en- 
 graved in 1 vol. folio, 1710. There was 
 another artift of this name who was an en- 
 graver of intaglios, and died at Peterlburgh 
 in 1763. He publilhed a book of ancient 
 gems — D' Argeivville. 
 
 Nauclerus (John), profefl'or of law at 
 Tubingen, and provoft of the cathedral at 
 that place, was born of a noble family in 
 Suabia named Vergeau, which, according to 
 the cuftom of his age, he altered to Nau- 
 elerus. He lived about 1501. His Chronicle 
 from the beginning of the world to 1500 
 polTefl'es merit, and has been continued by 
 different writers. The belt edition is that of 
 Cologne in 1570, folio. — Moreri. 
 
 Naude (Gabriel), or Naudeeus, a learned 
 writer, was born at Paris in 1600. After 
 ftudying at his native place he went to Pa- 
 dua, where he took his degrees in phyfic, 
 after which he became librarian to cardinal 
 Bagni at Rome, and on his death was patro- 
 nized by cardinal Barberini. On being re- 
 called to France he was made librarian to car- 
 dinal Mazarine, who conferred on him feveral 
 benefices. Chriftina queen of Sweden invited 
 him to her court, but he foon returned. He 
 died at Abbeville in 1653. His principal 
 works are, 1. An Apology for Great Men 
 who have been accufed of Magic, 12mo. ; 
 2. Advice for Forming a Library ; 3. Addi- 
 tion to the Life of Louis XI. j 4. Bibliogra- 
 phia politica; 5- Syntagma de ftudio mili- 
 tari ; 6- De Antiquitate Scholae Medicse 
 Parilienfis; 7. Syntagma de lfudio liberali ; 
 8. A Difcourfe againft Libels. — Merer i. 
 
 Naude (Philip), a mathematician, was 
 born at Metz in 1654. Being a proteftant 
 he went to Berlin on the revocation of the 
 edidf of Nantes, and became a member of 
 the academy and profeffor of mathematics in 
 that city, where he died in 1729. He wrote 
 a Treatife on Geometry, in quarto. He was 
 fucceeded by his Ion, who was an able ma- 
 thematician, and died in 1745 ,—lbid. 
 
 N A V 
 
 Navagero (Andrew), or Naugerius, a 
 noble Venetian of the 16th century, who 
 was employed in different embaffies, and 
 died in 1529, aged 44. He was appointed 
 to write the Hiftory of Venice, the manu- 
 feript of which he burnt in his laft illnefs. 
 His poems are in the colledlion entitled, 
 Carmina Illuftrium Poetarum Italorum ; and 
 his other works were printed at Padua in 
 1718, 4to. A relation of his, Bernard Na- 
 va c. ero, became bilhop of Verona and a 
 cardinal. He alTifted at the council of Trent, 
 and died in 1565, aged 58. He wrote the 
 Life of Pope Paul IV. — Tirabofchi. 
 
 Navarette (Ferdinand), a Spanifh do- 
 minican, who difplayed his zeal and talents 
 as a preacher, in China, and was chofen by 
 the other miffionaries to plead againft the 
 jefuits before the pope. Charles II. king of 
 Spain appointed him bifhop of St. Domingo. 
 He died in 1689. His Treatife of the Mo- 
 narchy of China was printed at Madrid in 
 1676, folio, in .Spanifh. There were two 
 other volumes which the inquifition caufed 
 to be fuppreffed. Balthazar Navarette, 
 another Spanifh dominican, who lived at the 
 end of the 16th century, wrote, Contro- 
 verfiae in Divi Thomse ejufque Scholae defen- 
 fionem, 3 vols. fol. — Moreri. 
 
 Navarre (Peter), a fapaous foldier in 
 the 16th century, was a Bifcayan of low ex- 
 traction. He commenced his career as a 
 feaman, after which he became a menial 
 fervant in the family of the cardinal of Ar- 
 ragon. He next entered among the Floren- 
 tine troops, and after lome time returned to 
 the fea fervice, where he difplayed great fkill 
 and courage. The reputation he acquired 
 recommended him to Gonfalvo de Cordova, 
 who was employed in the war of Naples. In 
 the taking of that city Navarre was princi- 
 pally concerned by the conftru&ion of a 
 mine. The emperor recompenfcd him for 
 this fervice by the grant of Alvito in that 
 kingdom, whence he aftumed the title of 
 count Pedro de Navarre. Being appointed 
 to the command of a naval expedition againft 
 the Moors, he took Oran, Tripoli, and other 
 places. On his return to Italy he ferved in 
 the army, and was taken prifoner at the 
 battle of Ravenna in 1512. After continu- 
 ing in France two years in hopes of being 
 ranfomed, he entered into the French fervice, 
 and fignalized himfclf on feveral occafions ; 
 but being fent to the fuccour of Genoa in 
 1522, he was taken prifoner by the Imperial- 
 ifts, and conduced to Naples, where he was 
 confined in the caftle de l’Oeuf. After th<£ 
 treaty of Madrid he regained his liberty, and 
 in 1528 ferved under Lautrec at the fiege of 
 Naples, but in the unfortunate retreat of 
 that general at Averfa he was again captured, 
 and fent the fecond time to l’Oeuf. The 
 prince of Orange, by command of the empe- 
 ror, having ordered a number of prifoners to 
 be beheaded, barburoufiy included Navarre in 
 the direction ; but the governor, pofi'eUinj 
 
 4 
 
• NEA 
 
 more humanity, parted him over, and he died 
 there foon after. Some pretend that he 
 was ftrangled in that citadel. — Life by Paul 
 jfon/ius. 
 
 Navier (Peter-Touflaint), a phyfician, 
 was born at St. Dizier in France, and died 
 at Chalons in 1779. He is known by the 
 difcovery of the nitrous-ether, and of the 
 combination of mercury with iron He was 
 a fkilful phyfician, and a man of great hu- 
 manity. He wrote, a Diflertation on Po- 
 pular Difeafes • Obfervations on a Softncfs of 
 the Bone ; on the Danger of Hafty Burials, 
 and the Abufes of Interments in Churches j 
 on Arfenic; De Thermis Borbonienfibus, &c. 
 —Nouv.Diff. Hijl. 
 
 Nayler (James), a quaker, was born in 
 Yorkfhire about 1616. He was a foldier in 
 the army of Cromwell, but on hearing 
 ■George Fox, he quitted the military pro- 
 feffion and turned preacher. His extrava- 
 gance was fo great that he was imprifoned 
 at Exeter in 1656. On gaining his liberty he 
 went to Briftol, which he entered furrounded 
 with quakers, ihouting “ Holy, holv, holy, 
 Lord God of Holts ; Hofanna in the higheit.” 
 On this the magiftrates caufed Nayler to be 
 apprehended, and fent him to London, where 
 he was tried, and being convicted of blai- 
 phemy, was fentenced to ftand in the pillory, 
 to have his tongue bored with a hot iron, 
 and to be branded in the forehead. After 
 this lie became reafonable, and died on his 
 way to his native place in 1660. — Sewel's 
 Hifi. of Quakers. 
 
 Neal (Daniel), a non-conformift divine, 
 was born in London in 1678. After receiv- 
 ing his education at a difi'enting academy, he 
 was fent to Utrecht and Leyden. In 1706 
 he was chofen paftor of an independent con- 
 gregation in Alderfgate-ftreet, and after- 
 wards in Jewin-ftreet. He wrote, a Hirtory 
 of New England, 2 vols. 8vo ; a Hirtory of 
 the Puritans, 4 vols. 8vo. and fome Ser- 
 mons. He died in 1745. — Life prefixed to 
 hit Hifi. of Puritans. 
 
 Neander (Michael), a proteftant divine, 
 was born in Silefia in 1513. Fie became 
 redtor of the univerlity of Ilieldt, and after- 
 wards of Pforzheim. He died in 1595. 
 His principal works are, 1. Erotemata Lin- 
 guae Graecce, 8vo. ; 2. a Hebrew Grammar ; 
 3. Pindarica Aviftologia ; 4. Gnomologia & 
 Stobaeo confedfa, 8vo. Fie is to be diftin- 
 guifhed from Michael Neander, a phyfician 
 of Jena, who died in 1581. He wrote, Sy- 
 nopfis menfurarum el ponderum, 1555, 4to. 
 —Alelch. Adam. "jit. Germ. 'Tbeel.'t, 
 
 Nearchu s, one of the captains of Alex- 
 ander the Great, who fent him to explore 
 the Indian feas. Nearchus made a voyage 
 from the Indies to Harmufia, now called 
 Ormus, of which expedition an account is 
 extant equally curious and exact. It has 
 been published in England, with very inte- 
 refting notes and illuftrations by Dr. Vincent. 
 Alexander rewarded Nearchus in a very li- 
 beral manner, and after the death of that 
 
 NEC 
 
 prince he obtained the countries of Lyfia 
 and Pamphylia.— Arrian. 
 
 Nebuchadnezzar I. or Nabuchadonofor , 
 king of Nineveh and Babylon. He is fup- 
 pofed to be the fame with Nabopolafl’or, go- 
 vernor of Eabylon, who founded the king- 
 don of Niijiveh. He fent Holophernes 
 againft Judaea, who was flain by Judith. 
 
 Nebuchadnezzar II. king of AfTyria 
 and Babylon, is fuppofed to have been the 
 fon of the preceding. He invaded Judea, 
 took Jerufalem, and carried the treafures of 
 the temple and a number of captives to Ba- 
 bylon. After this he fet up a golden ftatue 
 in the plain of Dura, which he commanded, 
 all his fubjefls to adore, on pain of being 
 call: into a fiery furnace. Three young 
 jews, named Shadrac, Mefhac, and Abecj- 
 nego, refuled to fubmit to this idolatry, and 
 the fentence was executed upon them, but 
 they were preferved amidll the flames. Hav- 
 ing loll his fenfes, be became an outcaft front 
 the fociety of men, and lived among wild 
 hearts in the forert, but on recovering hi* 
 reafon he again alcended the throne, and 
 died B.C. 562, after leigning 43 years.— 
 Ibid. Book of Daniel. 
 
 Necho, king of Egypt, called in ferip- 
 ture Pharaoh Necho, fucceeded his father, 
 Pfammeticus, B.C. 616. He undertook to 
 make a canal from the Nile to the Arabian 
 gulf, which undertaking he was forced to 
 abandon, after lofing a great number of men- 
 The fhips of Necho failed from the Red Sea 
 round the coart of Africa into the Mediter- 
 ranean, and returned to Egypt, after a voy- 
 age ot three years. This monarch invaded 
 Aflyria, and on his march was attacked by 
 Jofiah, king of Judah* who was flain in the 
 battle. The king of Egypt was defeated in 
 his turn by Nebuchadnezzar, and obliged to 
 return to his own country, where he died 
 B.C. 600. — Herodotus. Bible. 
 
 Neck (John Van), a Dutch painter, was 
 horn at Naarden in 1635. He excelled in 
 painting naked figures ; but his heft picture 
 is one reprelenting Simeon with the infant 
 Jefus, in a church at Amrterdam. He died 
 in 1714. — Piikington. 
 
 Necker (Noel-Jofeph), a phyfician and 
 botanirt, was born in Flanders in 1729. 
 He applied in his youtli to the rtudy of 
 botany, and acquired a great knowlege of 
 plants. He died at Manheim in 1793. His 
 works are, 1. Deliciae gallo belgicae fylvef- 
 tres, 2 vols. 12mo. ; 2. Methodus mufeo- 
 rum, 8vo. ; 3. Phyfiologia mufeorurq, 8vo.; 
 4. Edairciffemens fur la propagation de* 
 filieees, 8vo. ; 5. Hirt. nat du Tallilage, 
 See. 8vo : 6. Elementa Botanica, See. 8vo. 
 Noun/. DID. Hifi. 
 
 Necker (James), a celebrated financier, 
 was born at Geneva in 1732. He com- 
 menced his political career by becoming a 
 member of the council of two hundred in his 
 native city. He was afterwards appointed 
 minifter of the republic of Geneva at Paris, 
 where by degrees he rofe to the higheft em- 
 
NEE 
 
 ployments. In 1765 he was appointed fyndic 
 of the Eaft India company ;i in 1775 director 
 of the royal treasury ; and was twice prime 
 minifter of France. But the revolution, 
 which his hafby projects of finance and re- 
 form greatly affifted, obliged him to retire 
 to Switzerland, and he died at Copet in 1804. 
 M. Keeker wrote three volumes on the 
 finances of France ; a book on the influence 
 of religious opinions, and other works. He 
 married the daughter of a proteftant clergy- 
 man, by whom he had a. daughter, madams 
 de S-tael Ilolftein, the wife of the Swedifh 
 ambafl'ador of that name, Madame Necker, 
 who died in 1794, wrote a piece againft 
 Ilafty Interments; a Memoir on the Efta- 
 bliftiment of Ho.pitals; and Refledions on 
 Divoice. The daughter has gained a fort of 
 celebrity by a very indecent and irreligious 
 novel entitled, Delphine — Noun. Did . Il'jt. 
 Monthly Mag. 
 
 Neckham (Alexander), canon of Exeter, 
 and abbot of St. Mary’s, Cirencefter. He 
 was a good poet, and a man of coniiderable 
 learning for his age, particularly in the 
 fineness. He died in 1227. He wrote, 
 Commentaries on the Ffalms ; a Treatife de 
 nominibus utenfilium, &c — Pits. 
 
 Nectari u s, patriarch of Conftantinople, 
 was born, at Tarfus, and elected to the patri- 
 archate in 381. He was a man of piety, and 
 died in 397. — Dufin. Tiilemont. 
 
 Needham (Marchamont), an Englilh 
 writer, was born at Burford in Oxfordfliire 
 in 161:0, and educated at All Souls college, 
 Oxford. He afterwards became a lawyer’s 
 clerk in London, and at length turned phy- 
 fieiun. in the civil war he diftinguifhed 
 himfelf by his political writings, firft againft: 
 the parliament, and afterwards again!! the 
 king ; io that at the restoration lie obtained 
 his pardon with difficulty. He died in 
 1678 He conducted periodical journals 
 fomewhat, in the manner of newfpapers, the 
 titles of which were, Mercurius Britannicus, 
 Mercuriu's Pragmaticus, and Mercurius Poli- 
 ticus. — Wood. 
 
 Needham (John Tuberville), a roman 
 catholic divine, was born in London in ii 13, 
 and educated at Douay, where he entered 
 into orders. His fuperiors appointed him 
 profeflor of plrilofophy in the Engliili col- 
 lege at Liibon. He afterwards became tra- 
 velling tuior to a nobleman : and on his re- 
 turn fettled in London, where he was chofen 
 fellow of’ the royal fociety. Fie died redtor 
 of the academy of feiencesut Bruffels in 1781. 
 Mr Needham wrote observations inierted in 
 Bufion’a Natural Hiftory ; alfo, New En- 
 quiries upon Microfcopical Pilcoveries, and 
 tne Generation of Organized Bodies, 8 voj 
 P aris ; Obfervations on Spallanzani’s Micro- 
 fcopical Difcoveries ; Enquiries concerning 
 Nature and Religion. — Noun. Did. Hjt. 
 
 Njsedler (Benjamin), a nonconformift 
 mir.ifter, was born at Lalam, in Miudlefex, 
 and educated at St. John's college, Ox.ord, 
 oi which he was chofen iciiow. lie was 
 
 NEt 
 
 ejeded from the living of St. Margaret Met* 
 fes, London, in 1662, and died in 1682. He 
 wrote an Expofition on the five firfl: chapters 
 of Genefis. — Calamy. 
 
 Needler (Thomas), an Englifh writer, 
 had a place in the navy-office, and died in 
 1718, aged 28. His works in vevfe and 
 profe were printed in 1 vol. 12mo. by Dr. 
 Duncombe, in 1724. — Gen. Biog Did. 
 
 Neefs (Peter), a Flemiih painter, was 
 the difeiple of Steenwiqk, and excelled in 
 painting perfpedive, particularly the in- 
 fide view of churches. His fon was alfo a 
 good painter, but not equal to the lather.— 
 Pilkington. 
 
 Neer (Arnold van der), a painter of 
 landfcapes and moonlight feenes, was born 
 at Amfterdam in 1619, and died in 1633. 
 His fon Hendrick painted hiftory, portrait, 
 and landl'cape. Fie died in 1703. — Hou- 
 braken. 
 
 Nehemiah, a celebrated Jew, was the 
 fon of Hachaliah, and born in Babylon 
 during the captivity. He became cupbearer 
 to Artaxerxes Longomanus, who permitted 
 him to return to his own country, and to 
 rebuild Jerufalem. He achieved this work 
 B.C. 454, though greatly oppofed by the 
 enemies of the Jewifh nation. After go- 
 verning that people with great wifdom and 
 zeal, he died at Jerufalem, B.C. 430.— 
 Grey's Key 0. T. Ujher. 
 
 Neller (George Chriftopher), an eede- 
 fiaftic of the cathedral church of Treves, 
 and counfellor to the prince eledor, died in 
 1783, aged 74. Fie wrote, 1. Diflertatio de 
 Decretis Bafilenfibus ; 2. De Primatu Sandte 
 Ecclefias Trevirenfis; 3. Flermania inaugu- 
 ralis in magni Balduini Trevirenfis documen- 
 tum anecdotum ; 4. De genuina idea et fig- 
 nis parocliialitatis primitivae ejufque princi- 
 pio, incorporatione ex chartis Trevireniibus 
 confeda; 5. De Juribus parochi primitivi } 
 6. De facro eledionis proceffi ; 7. De Solido 
 fido ; de folido fpeciei argenteae, de moreta 
 rotata; de gloftb Turonenfi et Trevirenfi, 
 &c. — Noun. Did. Hift. 
 
 Nelson (Robert), ufually termed the 
 pious Nelfon, was born in London in 1656, 
 anil educated at Trinity college, Cambridge. 
 In 1680 he was chofen a fellow of the 
 royal fociety, and the fame year went on his 
 travels. In J682 he married lady Lucy, 
 widow of fir Kingfmill Lucy, and thereby 
 added confiderably to his fortune ; but the 
 Iqdy was a zealous Roman catholic, and it is 
 remarkable that though they publiflied trads 
 in defence of their relpedive and religious 
 fentiments, the controveriy did not leffen 
 their afiedion for each other. After the re- 
 volution, Mr Nelfon, who could not transfer 
 his allegiance from king James, joined in re- 
 ligious worihip with the nonjurors, and con- 
 tinued l'o to do till 1709, when he returned 
 to tire church as eftublifhed. His triendfhip 
 with men of oppofite fentiments was not 
 abated; and the great archbiihop Tillotfon 
 died in his arms. Mr. Nelfon died in 1711, 
 
NEL 
 
 His works are ; 1. The Practice of True De- 
 votion, 12mo. ; 2. Tranfubftantiation contrary 
 to Scripture, 4to. ; 3. Companion for the 
 Feftivals and Fafts of the Church ot Eng- 
 land, 8vo. ; [a very valuable work, ot which 
 there have been numerous editions.] 4. 
 The Great Duty of frequenting the Chrif- 
 tian Sacrifice, 8vo. ; 5. The Life of Bilhop 
 Bull, 8 vo. ; 6. A Letter to Dr. Clarke on his 
 Scripture Doftrine of the Trinity, 8vo ; 7. 
 A Letter on Church Government ; 3. An Ad- 
 drefs to Perfons of Quality and Eftate, 8vo. ; 
 9. The Whole Duty of a Chriftian, by way of 
 Queftion and Anfwer, 12mo. — Biog. Brit, 
 Nelson (Horatio, vifcour.t), a gallant 
 admiral, was the fourth fon of the Rf-v. Mr. 
 Nelfon, redor of Burnham Thorpe in Nor- 
 folk, where Horatio was born Sept. 29. 1758. 
 By his mother's fide he was related to the 
 Walpoles, Cholmondelys, and Townihends. 
 He received his education at the ichool of 
 North Walfham ; but at the age of twelve 
 year's he was taken to fea by his maternal 
 uncle, captain Suckling of the Raifonable 
 man of war. Soon afterwards the fhip was 
 put out qf commillion, and young Nelion 
 went on board of a merchant-man to the Weft 
 Indies. On his return he again joined his 
 uncle, who had obtained the command of 
 the Triumph. In 1773 a voyage was under- 
 taken for the difeovery of a north weft paf- 
 fage, under the command of commodore 
 Phipps and captain Lutwidge. Our young 
 fearoan entered on board the fhip commanded 
 by the latter, and diftinguilheci himfelf in 
 that perilous voyage by his ikill, courage, 
 and promptitude. Soon after his return he 
 was appointed to a ftation in the Seahorfe, 
 in which he failed to the Eaft Indies. He 
 palled for a lieutenant in 1777, and received 
 his commillion as fecond of the Loweftoff 
 frigate ; in which he cruized againft the 
 Americans. In 1779 he obtained the rank 
 of poll captain, and was appointed to the 
 command of the Hinchinbrooke, with which 
 he failed to the Weft Indies, and while there 
 effentially contributed to the taking of Fort 
 Juan in the gulph of Mexico. We find 
 him next commanding the Boreas, having 
 under him the duke of Clarence, who was 
 captain of the Pegafus. While thus engaged 
 he married the daughter of William Wood- 
 ward, efq judge ol the ifland ot Nevis, and 
 the widow of Dr. Nelbit, a phyfician of that 
 ifland, by whom he never had any ilfue. 
 On the breaking out of the war with France 
 he was nominated to the Agamemnon ot 64 
 guns, on board of which he tailed to the 
 Mediterranean, and was prefent at the taking 
 pofleflion of Toulon. He was alio prelent 
 at the fiege of Baftia, where he feryed at the 
 batteries with a body of feamen ; as he after- 
 wards did at Calvi : and while employed be- 
 fore that place he loft an eye. He was fo 
 adtive on that ftation that his name was dread- 
 ed throughout the Mediterranean. He was 
 with admiral Hotham in the adlion with the 
 French fleet, March 13, and the fame 
 
 NEL 
 
 year he took the ifland of Elba. In 1796 
 he was appointed commodore on board La 
 Minerve, in which frigate he captured La 
 Sabine, a forty gun lhip. Soon after this he 
 deferied the Spanilh fleer, and fleered with, 
 the intelligence to Sir John Jervis oft St, 
 Vincent. He had fcarcely communicated the 
 news, and Ihifted his flag on board the Cap- 
 tain of 74 guns, when the enemy hove in 
 fight. A clofe attion enfued, which termi- 
 nated in a complete victory on the, fide of 
 the Britilh, who were inferior in numbers. 
 On this occafion commodore Nelfon attacked, 
 the Santiflima Trinidada of 136 guns; and 
 afterwards he hoarded and took t.ie San Ni- 
 colas of 80 guns, from whence he proceeded 
 in the fame manner to the San Jofef of 
 112 guns ; both of which furrendered to him. 
 For his lhare in this glorious victory, the 
 commodore was honoured with the order of 
 the Bath ; and having foon afterwards hoifted 
 his flag as rear admiral of the blue, he was 
 appointed to command the inner fquadron at 
 the blockade of Cadiz. He there made a 
 bold but unfuccefsiul attempt to bombard 
 the city, heading his men himfelf The 
 next exploit in which he was engaged was 
 an attempt to take pofleflion of Tenerifte, 
 which deftgn alfo failed, with the lofs of 
 captain Bowen of the Terpfickore. in this ex- 
 pedition admiral Nelfon loft his right arm by 
 a cannon fhot, and was carried oft’ to the boat 
 by his fon-in-law captain Neibit, on his back. 
 He now returned to England for the recovery 
 of his health, and received, the grant of a 
 penfion of one thoufand pounds a year. The 
 brave admiral, however, did not long remain 
 inadlive : he rejoined earl SwVincent, who, 
 on receiving intelligence of the failing of 
 Buonaparte from Toulon, detached fir Hora- 
 tio Nelfon with a fquadron in purfuit of him. 
 After exploring the coaft of Italy, this inde- 
 fatigable commander fteered for Alexandria, 
 where to his great mortification not a French 
 lhip was to be feen. He then failed to Si- 
 cily, and having taken in a frefli fupply of wa- 
 ter, and obtained more correct information, 
 returned to Alexandria, which he deferied 
 Auguft 1, 1798 at noun. The enemy we:e 
 difeovered in Aboukir bay, lying at anchor 
 in line of battle; and fupported by ftrong 
 batteries on an ifland, and ftrengthened by 
 gun boats. ^Jotwithftanding this formidable 
 appearance, the Britifh admiral made the 
 tignal for battle ; and by a mnfterly and bold 
 manoeuvre, gave directions for part of his 
 fleet to lead in'flde tile enemy- who were thus 
 expoled between two fires. The conteft was 
 hot and bloody. Several of the French 
 fliips were foon difmafted; and at laft the 
 admiral’s lhip L’Orient of 120 guns took fire, 
 and blew up. The firing, however, con- 
 tinued, but by the dawn of day only two 
 fail of the line were difeovered with their 
 colours flying, all the reft having ft ruck. 
 Thefe two, and two frigates,, cut their cables 
 and ftood to fea. The confcquence of this 
 fpleuded vi£tory, in which eleven fail oi the 
 
N E L 
 
 ll*e were taken or deftroyed, were, that the 
 emperor of Germany broke off the con- 
 ferences for peace at Raditadt, and the Otto- 
 man porte declared war againft the French. 
 On the Eritiih admiral honours were de- 
 fervedly poured, he was created lord Nelfon 
 of the Nile. The grand fignior fent him a 
 plume of triumph of diamonds 5 and the king 
 of Naples created him duke of Bronte, and 
 gave him an eftate. Soon after this he fail- 
 ed for Sicily, and from thence to Naples, 
 where he quelled a rebellion and reftored the 
 king. Having performed thefe and other im- 
 portant fervices, lord Nelfon returned to 
 England, and was received with enthufiaftic 
 joy. A confederacy of the northern powers 
 having alarmed the government, he was em- 
 ployed to diffolve it. A fleet was fitted out, 
 the command of which was given to admiral 
 fir Hyde Parker, aflifted by lord Nelfon. 
 On their arrival off the Cattigat, and being 
 refufeda paffage, lord Nelfon offered his fer- 
 vices for conducting the attack on the Danifli 
 force which was ftationed to oppofe an en- 
 trance. This being accepted, he fluffed his 
 flag to the Elephant, and palled the found 
 with little lofs. On the 2d of April the 
 action commenced at ten o’clock, and after 
 a fharp conflict feventeen fail of the Danes 
 were funk, burnt, or taken. A negotiation 
 was then entered into between his lordlhip 
 and the crown prince ; in confequence of 
 which the admiral went a-fnore,and an ar- 
 miftice was fettled. He next obtained from 
 the Swedifti government an order for taking 
 off the embargo on Englifh ihips in the Bal- 
 tic. Having accomplilhed thefe great objedfs, 
 he returned to England, and was created a 
 vifeount. In Augufi: 1801 he bombarded 
 the enemy’s flotilla of gun boats at Boulogne, 
 but without any material efl'ett. A treaty 
 fuddenly taking place, his lordlhip retired to 
 his ieat at Merton in Surrey ; but lioftilities 
 recommencing he failed for the Mediterra- 
 nean, and ia March 1803 took the com- 
 mand of that flation on board the Vidlory. 
 Notwithftanding all his vigilance, the French 
 fleet efcaped from Toulon, and was joined 
 by that ol Cadiz ; of which being apprifed he 
 purlued them to the Well; Indies with a far 
 inferior fores. The combined fquadrons, 
 however, llruck with terror, returned with- 
 out effecting any thing ; and after a partial 
 adlion with fir Robert Calder off Ferrol, re- 
 entered Cadiz. Admiral Nelfon returned to 
 England, but foon fet fail to join his fleet off 
 Cadiz. The French under admiral Ville- 
 neuve and the Spaniards under Gravina, 
 ventured out with a number of troops on 
 board, Odober 19 1805, and on tiie 211t, 
 about noon, the a&ion began off Cape Tra- 
 falgar. Lord Nelfon ordered his Ihip the 
 Victory to be carried a-longfide his old anta- 
 gonift, the Santilfima Trinidada, where he 
 was expofed to a ievere fire of mulketry; 
 and not having the precaution to cover his 
 coat, which was decorated with his liar and 
 •ther badges of diltindtion, he became an ob- 
 
 N E P 
 
 jeft for the riflemen placed purpofely in the 
 tops ot the Bucentaur, which lay on his 
 quarter. A fhot from one of thefe entered 
 ju!t below his fhoulder of which he died in 
 about two hours. In this adion the enemy’s 
 force conlifted of thirty three Ihips of the 
 line and feveral of extraordinary magnitude $ 
 while the Britifh were only twenly-feven. 
 After the fall of lord Nelfon, the command 
 devolved on admiral Collingwood, by whofe 
 bravery and fkill a complete vidory was ob- 
 tained. Four lail were carried to Gibraltar, 
 fixteen were dellroyed, and fix of thofe which 
 efcaped into Cadiz were reduced to mere, 
 wrecks. Four French line of battle fliips 
 which hauled off in the adion were after-* 
 wards taken by fir Richard Strachan. The 
 remains of lord Nelfon were interred with 
 great pomp in St. Paul’s cathedral, January 
 9, following. 
 
 Nemf.sianus (Aurelius Olympius),- a 
 Latin poet, was a native of Carthage, and 
 lived about A.D. 281. It is fuppofed that 
 he perifhed in the proscriptions which dis- 
 graced the beginning of Diocletian’s reign. 
 His poem, entitled, Cynegetica, was difeo- 
 vered by Sannazarius at Tours, and publiih- 
 ed, with lour eclogues, by Peter Manuzio, 
 at Venice in 1538. They have alfo been 
 printed in the Poetae rei Venaticae, 1730, 
 2 vols. folio. — Vojjius de Poet. Lat. 
 
 Nemesius, a Greek philolbpher, who 
 embraced the chriftian religion, and was 
 made bifliop of Emefla ? in Phoenicia. He 
 fiourilhed in the 5th century. We have by 
 him a piece, entitled, De Natura Hominis, 
 an edition of which appeared at Oxford in 
 I671.—Dnpin. 
 
 Nemours (Mary de Longueviile, duchefs 
 of), was the daughter of the duke de Lon- 
 gueville, and the wife of the duke de Ne- 
 mours. She died in 1707, aged 82. Her 
 Memoirs of the Court of France during the 
 Minority of Louis XIV. are written with life 
 and fidelity. They are commonly united 
 with thofe of Joly, but have alfo been printed 
 feparately. — Nou-v. DiB. Hifi. 
 
 Nennius, a Britilh writer of the 9th 
 century, who wrote the Hiftory of Britain; 
 a Latin MS. of which is among the Cottonian 
 MSS. in the Britilh Mufeum. — Owen's Camb. 
 B;og. 
 
 Nepek (John), or Napier, commonly 
 called lord Neper, and baron of Merchifton, 
 was delcended of an ancient family near Edin- 
 burgh, and born in 1550. He received a 
 liberal education, and devoted himlelf prin- 
 cipally to the cultivation of mathematical 
 learning, and has immortalized his name by 
 the difcovery of logarithms, which he publifli- 
 ed in 1614. This invention he greatly ex- 
 tended and improved in 1619, when he pub- 
 lilhed his Rabdologia. Neper alfo invented 
 the five circular parts in trigonometry 5 and 
 a mechanical mode of arithmetic, called 
 Neper’s Bones, or Rods, lie was likewife 
 deeply read in theology, and published a 
 myftarious book on Antichrift and the Reve- 
 
N E R 
 
 ktlons. He died in 1622. -—Life of Neper 
 by lord Buchan. 
 
 Nepos (Cornelius), a Latin hiftorian in 
 the reign of Auguftus, .whole patronage he 
 enjoyed. Of all his works, we have only 
 his lives of illuftrious Greek and Roman ge- 
 nerals ; the belt editions of which are, that 
 of Leyden, 1773, and that of Glafgcw, 
 12mo. 1761 .— Vojfius de Hijl. Lat. Blog. 
 Clajjica. 
 
 Nepos (Flavius Julius), emperor of the 
 weft, was a native of Dalmatia, and having 
 married a niece of Leo 1. that monarch gave 
 hint the wefterr, empire. Nepos marched to 
 Rome to lecure his throne; after which he 
 fixed the feat of government at Ravenna, 
 hut was obliged to quit that city by his ge- 
 neral Oreites. He then retired to Dalmatia, 
 where he was aflkflinated in 480. — Uni-v. Hijl. 
 
 Neri (Philip de), an Italian writer, was 
 born at Florence in 1485, of a noble family. 
 In 1532 he was chofen by duke Alexander 
 one of the magiftrates, afterwards denomi- 
 nated fenators. He died at Florence in 
 1 556. His Hiftory of Florentine Affairs, 
 from 1215 to 1537, was printed at Augiburg 
 in 17 28. — Tirabofchi. 
 
 Neri (St. Philip de), founder of the con- 
 gregation of priefts of the oratory in Italy, 
 was born at Florence in 1515. He founded 
 his celebrated congregation in 1550. Their 
 engagements were to relieve poor ftrangers 
 and pilgrims, and to adminifter to the fick. 
 Neri died in 1595, and was canonized in 
 1622. — Nouv. Diet. 
 
 Neri (Pompeio), a native of Florence, 
 who became profeTTor of law at Pifa, and 
 was employed in ftate affairs by the duke of 
 Lorraine and the emprefs Maria Therefa. 
 He founded the academy of botany at Flo- 
 rence, and died there in 1776, aged 69. He 
 wrote Obfervations on the ancient and pre- 
 fent State of the Tufcan Nobility; on the 
 Imports of Milan; on the Legal Value of 
 Coin, and the difficulty of fixing and main- 
 taining the fame. There was alfo of this 
 name and family Anthony Neri, who printed, 
 at Florence in 1 6 12, a curious book on the 
 Art of Making Glafs, 4to. — Ibid. 
 
 Nero (Claudius Domitius Caefar), a Ro- 
 man emperor, was the fon of Caius Domi- 
 tius, and of Agrippina, daughter of Germa- 
 nicus. He was adopted by Claudius in A.D. 
 50. and four years after fucceeded him on 
 the throne. The commencement of his 
 reign promifed to be very advantageous to 
 the Romans, who regarded him as a gift 
 from Heaven. He was juft, liberal, affable, 
 polifhed, complaifant, and his heart feemed 
 to polfefs every excellent quality. But all 
 this was mere exterior, and a mafk which 
 hid the moft depraved mind that ever dif- 
 graced a human being: he foon laid afide 
 
 his artificial virtues, and releafed himlelf 
 from the eontroul of his mother, whom he 
 caufed to be aflaffhw^d \ an( ^ vindicated the 
 unnatural adt to the fenate on a pretence 
 that Agrippina had plotted againft him. 
 
 N E S 
 
 Many of the Courtiers lhared the fame fate, 
 and Rome was deluged with the blood of her 
 fceft citizens. Nero plunged himfelf as deep 
 in debauchery as in cruelty. He difguifed 
 himfelf in female attire, and was publicly 
 married to one of his eunuchs. He turned 
 actor, pretended to excel in mufic, and even 
 appeared as a competitor in wreftling at the 
 Olympic games, where, though he was de- 
 feated, the affeflbrs and fpedcators, out of 
 flattery, adjudged him the vidtor. After 
 putting to death his wife Odtayia, he facri- 
 ficed his tutor Seneca, Lucan the poet, Pe- 
 tronius, and many other eminent perfons. 
 He alfo commenced a dreadful perfecution of 
 the Chriftians ; and having read of the burn- 
 ing of Troy, he caufed Rome to be fet on fira 
 in feveral places, and during the conflagration 
 the inhuman monfter beheld the feene from 
 a high tower, where he amufed himfelf by 
 finging to his lyre. After this he built a 
 magnificent palace, and faid that he could 
 now lodge like a man. His cruelties, extra- 
 vagance, and debauchery, at length roul'ed 
 the public refentraent. Pifo formed a con- 
 fpiracy againft the tyrant, but it was dif- 
 covergd and defeated. That of Galba, how- 
 ever, proved more l’uccefsful, and Nero be- 
 ing abandoned by his flatterers, put an end 
 to himfelf, A.D. 68. Suetonius in ‘vita Nero, 
 Tacitus. 
 
 Nerva (Coccius), a Roman emperor, 
 who fucceeded Domitian, A.D. 96. He be- 
 came the favourite of the Romans by his 
 mildnefs and generofity. He would not al- 
 low any ftatues to be eredted to his honour ; 
 at the clofe of life his foldiers mutinied 
 againft him, on which occafion he behaved 
 with calmnefs and intrepidity. He then 
 appointed Trajan his fuccdfor amidft the ac- 
 clamations of the people. Nerva died in 
 98, aged 72. He was the firft Roman em- 
 peror of foreign extraction, his father being 
 a native of Crete.— Uninj. Hijl. 
 
 Nessit (Thomas), a Scotch antiquary, 
 was the fon of the lord prefident Nefbit, 
 and born at Edinburg in 1672. He wrote 
 an excellent book on heraldry, and a vindi- 
 cation of Scottifh antiquities, which is in 
 MS. in the advocates’ library at Edinburgh. 
 He died in 1725. — Gen. B. D. 
 
 Nesse (Chriftopher), a nori-conformift 
 divine, was born in Yorklhire in 1621, and 
 educated at St. John’s college, Cambridge, 
 He became ledturer at Leeds, but was ejected 
 in 1662; after which he preached privately 
 and taught youth till 1672, when he opened 
 a meeting heufe. In 1675 he removed to 
 London, where he preached to a congrega- 
 tion of diffenters till his death in 1705. He 
 wrote, the Crown and Glory of a Chriftian, 
 12mo. ; the Chriftian’3 Walk and Work on 
 Earth, 8vo. ; A Proteftant Antedote againft: 
 the Poifon of Popery, 8vo. ; a Church Hif- 
 tory from Adam ; the Hiftory and Myftery 
 of the Old and New Tefiament, 4 vols. fol. ; 
 a Divine Legacy, '&c. — Calamy. Palmer. 
 
 Nestos, a Ruffian monk, was born ,r 
 
NEW 
 
 1 056, and died about 11 15. He wrote a 
 defcription of Ruffia, and the annals of that 
 country from 858 to about 1113 ; a German 
 tranflation of which was publifhed by Mul- 
 ler in 1732-— Nouv. DiEI. 
 
 Nestorius, a biihop of Conftantinople, 
 in 431. He was a native of Syria ; and was 
 depofed from his bifhopric for denying the 
 dodtrine of the incarnation, or the two na- 
 tures of Chrill. His opinions fpread widely 
 over the Eafl, and Hill have followers in 
 thofe parts .—Bayle. 
 
 Netsc her (Gafpard), an eminent por- 
 trait painter, was born at Prague in 1636, 
 and died in Holland in 1681. — D'Argtn-ville. 
 
 Neubauer (Erneft Frederick), a protef- 
 tant divine, was born at Magdeburgh in 
 1705. He was profeffor of antiquities and 
 afterwards of theology at Gieffen, where he 
 died in 1748. His works are, Academic 
 Diflf rtations ; Explications of Paffages of 
 Scripture ; Sermons ; Lives of Profeffors of 
 Divinity at Gieffen.— Nouv. DiEI. Hifi. 
 
 Nevbau-er (Franci.O, a mulician, was 
 born in Bohemia and educated at Prague and 
 Vienna. He became mufic-mafler in the 
 chapel of the prince of Naffiru, and diftin- 
 guifhed himfelf by fome beautiful compofr- 
 tions; but he was exceffively addifted to 
 drinking. He died in 1795.— -Necrology. 
 
 Neve (Timothy), anEnglifh divine, was 
 born in Shropfhire, and educated at St. 
 John’s college, Gambridge. He became pre- 
 bendary of Lincoln, archdeacon of Hunt- 
 ingdon, and redtor of Alwalton, in Hunting- 
 donihire, where he died about 1710. He 
 communicated to the Spalding fociety an 
 Effay on the Invention of Printing, and on 
 our firft Printers. — Biblioth. Topog. Brit. 
 
 Nevers (Philip-Julien Mazarin Mancini, 
 duke de), was the nephew of the cardinal 
 Mazarin, and born at Rome in 1631. He 
 diftinguifhed himfelf as the patron of Pra- 
 don againft Racine, which produced fharp 
 controverfies among the wits. The duke 
 wrote fome fonnets on that occafion, and 
 other poems of little merit. He died in 1707. 
 —Nouv. DiEI. HiJ}. 
 
 N ewc o m b (Thomas), an ingenious divine, 
 was born in Herelbrdfhire, and educated at 
 Corpus Chrifti college, Oxford. In 1734 
 he became redtor of Stopham, in Suffex, af- 
 ter which he kept a refpedtable fchool at 
 Hackney. He wrote excellent poems, and 
 turned Hervey’s Meditations into blank 
 verfe. — Gen. Blog. DiEI. 
 
 Newcome (William), fucceffively biihop 
 of Offory and Waterfowl, -and archbifhop of 
 Armagh, was a divine of profound learning 
 and amiable manners. He was a member 
 of the royal Jrilh academy, and died in 1799. 
 He pubLlhed a Harmony of the Gofpels ; 
 Letter to Dr Prieftley on the Duration of our 
 Lord’s Miniftry, 8vo. ; Obfervations on our 
 Lord’s Conduit, 4to. ; an improved Vernon 
 of the twelve Minor Prophets, 4to. ; another 
 of Ezekiel ; a Review of the chief Difficulties 
 in the Gol'pel Hiltory relating to our Lord’s 
 
 NEW 
 
 Refurreftion ; an Hiftorical Review of the 
 Englilh Biblical Tranflations. After his death 
 1 was publifhed his Verfion of the New Telia - 
 ment, 2 vols. 8vo.— Gent. Mag. 
 
 Newcomen (Matthew), a non-confor- 
 mift divine, who was ejedted from the living 
 of Dedham, in EiTex, in 1662. He was of 
 St. John’s college, Cambridge, where he took 
 the degree of M. A. He was alfo a member 
 of the Weltminller affembly of divines, and 
 had a concern in drawing up their catechifm. 
 Mr. Newcomen was one of the five who 
 wrote Smedtymnuus, a piece againll biihop 
 Hall’s Vindication of Epifcopacy. That 
 barbarous word, pretty well fuited to the 
 treatilc, was made up of the initials of the 
 author’s names, viz. S,tephen, M,arfhal, 
 E,dmund C,alamy, T,homas Y,oung, Mat- 
 thew N,ewcomen, W,illiam S.purftow. Af- 
 ter Newcomen was ejedted for non-formity 
 he went to Leyden, where he died in 1666. 
 —Calamy. 
 
 Newhoff (Theodore Baron), commonly 
 called king of Corf, ca, was the fon of Anthony, 
 baron de Newhoff, and de Stein, in Well- 
 phaliaq who, marrying the daughter of a 
 merchant, thereby incurred the hatred of 
 his relations, and was obliged to emigrate to 
 France. By the interell of the duchefs of 
 Orleans he obtained a place at the court of 
 Lorrain. Theodore -Steven, his fon, was 
 
 born at Metz about 1696. He was for fome 
 time in the fuite of baron de Gortz, the 
 Swedilh minifter, but when that intriguing 
 ffatefman was executed at Stockholm, Theo- 
 dore entered into the Spanilh fervice. Soon, 
 after this he married mademoifelle Kilman- 
 feg, maid of honour to the queen, by whom 
 he had a fon, who was afterwards known in 
 this country by the name of Colonel Frede- 
 rick. Theodore next went to France, and 
 had fome concern with Law, the Scotch ad- 
 venturer. From thence he paffed into Hol- 
 land and England, and in 1736 was at Leg- 
 horn. The Corficans being at that time in 
 ftjitc of inlurredtion, Theodore went to that 
 ifland, where the inhabitants chofe him for 
 their king. The Hate of Genoa declared him 
 and his adherents traitors, but Theodore hav- 
 ing muftered an army of25,000inen,tookthe 
 city of Baftia. He relied on fome foreign 
 powers for lupport, but England and France 
 forbade their fubjedts from affifling the mal- 
 contents. However, he received large fums 
 of money, and inllituted a military order, 
 called the order of deliverance ; but the 
 failure in the expedted fuccours changed the 
 face of his affairs; and he therefore refolved 
 on quitting the ifland, but firrt appointed de- 
 puties to manage affairs in his abfencc. He 
 went from thence in dlfguife, but was feized 
 at Naples, and call into the fortrefs of Cueta. 
 On obtaining his liberty he vifited England, 
 where he was reduced to poverty, and thrown 
 into the king’s bench for debt. In 1756 he 
 took the benefit of the aft of infolvency, and 
 regiftered his kingdom for the benefit of His 
 creditors at Guildhall. He died at his tay- 
 
NEW NEW 
 
 ior’s In 3796, and was interred in the bury- 
 ing-ground of St. Anne’s, Soho, where a 
 monument was eredled to 'his memory by 
 Horace Walpole, afterwards earl of Orford. 
 — Necrology , 1798. 
 
 Newl an d (Peter), the fon of a carpenter 
 at Dimmcrmeer, near Amfterdam, was born 
 in 1764. In bis childhood he evinced proofs 
 of an extraordinary genius, and at the age 
 of ten produced fome pieces of poetry, and 
 refolved problems in the mathematics with- 
 out having had a trailer. The Batavian 
 government appointed him one of the com- 
 miffioners of longitude ; and he was fuccef- 
 fively profeffor of mathematics and philoso- 
 phy at Utrecht and Amfterdam. He died in 
 1794. His works are, 1. Poems in Dutch ; 
 
 2. On the Means of enlightening a People ; 
 
 3. On the general Utility ofthe Mathematics ; 
 
 4. Of the Syltem of Lavoifier; 5 On the 
 Form of the Globe;. 6. On the Courfc of 
 Comets, and ofthe Uncertainty of their Re- 
 turn; 7. On afeertaining the Latitude at 
 Sea ; 8. Treatife on Navigation. — Now. 
 Biel . Hift. 
 
 Newton (John), an Engliffi divine and 
 mathematician, was born at Oundle, in 
 Northamptonfhire, in 1622, and educated at 
 Edmund hall, Oxford. In 1661 he was 
 created D. D. appointed king’s chaplain, and 
 reftor of Rofs, in Hereford fhire, where he 
 died in 1678. His works are, 1. Aftrono- 
 mia Britannica, 4to. ; 2. Help to Calculation, 
 with Tables of Declination, Afcenfion, &c. ; 
 3. Trigonometria Britannica, folio. ; 4. Geo- 
 metrical Trigonometry; 5. Mathematical 
 Elements, &c. — Martin's Blog. Phil 
 
 Newton (fir Ilaac), the prince of philo- 
 fophers, was defeended of an ancient family 
 in Lincolnfhire, and born at Woolftrope, in 
 that county, on Chriftmas day in 1642. 
 Lofing his father in his childhood the care of 
 him devolved on his mother ; who gave him 
 an excellent education, though fhe married 
 a fecond time. In 1654 he was fent to 
 Grantham fchool, and at the age of eighteen 
 removed to Trinity college, Cambridge, 
 where lie had the learned Mr. (afterwards 
 Dr.) Ifaac Barrow for bis tutor. Under that 
 able mathematician Mr. Newton made a ra- 
 pid progrefs. After going through Euclid’s 
 Elements, the moll difficult problems in 
 which were very eafv and familiar to him, 
 he proceeded to the ftudy of Defcartes’s geo- 
 metry, with Oughtred’s Clavis, and Kep- 
 ler’s Optics, in all of which he made mar- 
 ginal notes as he went along ; and this al- 
 ways continued to be his method of ftudy. 
 It was in this early courfe that he invented 
 the method of feries and fluxions, which" he 
 afterwards brought to perfe&ion, though his 
 claim to the difeovery was unjuftly con- 
 tefted by Leibnitz, who obtained a knowledge 
 of it in 1676 from the author himfelf. At 
 the age of twenty-two Mr. Newton took his 
 degree of bachelor of arts, and about the fame 
 time he applied to the grinding of optic 
 giafles tor telefcopes ; and having procured a 
 
 glafs prifm in order to try the phenomena of 
 colours lately dilcovered by Grimaldi, the 
 refult of his obfervations was his new theory 
 of light and colours. On the breaking out of 
 the plague in 1665 he retired to his country 
 feat, where, fccluded from convcrfution and 
 books, his active and penetrating mind ftart- 
 ed that hint which gave rife tu his celebrated 
 fyftem of the univerfe. He was fitting alone 
 in his garden when fome apples falling from 
 a tree led his thoughts to the fubjeft of gra- 
 vity; and reflecting on the power of that 
 prirxiple, he began to conlider that as it is 
 not diminifhed at the remoteft diftance from 
 the centre ofthe earth, it may be extended 
 as far as the moon, and to all the planetary 
 bodies. This fubjeCl he afterwards refumed 
 on the occafion of the great comet in 1680, 
 and in 1687 the important principle which 
 forms the foundation of the Newtonian p hi - 
 lofophy was firft publifhed under the title of 
 Pbilojophia Naturalis principta Mathematic a. 
 On our author’s return to the univerfity, in 
 1667, he was chofen fellow of his college, 
 and took his degree of mailer of arts. Two 
 years afterwards he fucceeded Dr. Barrow ia 
 the mathematical profefforfhip, on which oc- 
 cafion he read a courfe of bptical leClures in 
 Latin. Fie had not finifhed them in 1673, 
 when he was chofen fellow of the royal fo- 
 ciety, to which learned body he commu- 
 nicated his theory of light and colours, which 
 was follovved'by his account of a new telef* 
 cope invented by him, and other interefling 
 papers. When the privileges ofthe univer- 
 fity of Cambridge were attacked by James II. 
 Mr. Newton was appointed to appear as one 
 of her delegates in the high-commilTion court, 
 where he pleaded with fo much ftrength that 
 the king thought proper to flop his proceed- 
 ings. He was next chofen a member of the 
 convention parliament, in which he fat till 
 it was diftolved. In 1696 he was made war- 
 den of the mint, and afterwards mailer of 
 that office ; which place he dilcharged with 
 the greateil honour till his death. On his 
 lalt promotion he nominated Mr. Whifton 
 to fill his chair at Cambridge with all the 
 profits of the place, and reiigned it entirely 
 to him in 1703. The fame year our author 
 was chofen prefident of the royal fociety, in 
 which llation he continued twenty-five years. 
 He was alfo a merrber of the academy of 
 fciences at Paris, having been chofen in 
 1699. In 1704 he publilhed his treatife of 
 the RefleClions, Refra&ions, Inflections, and 
 Colours of Light, which was afterwards tranf- 
 lated into feveral languages, and went 
 through many editions. The next year queen 
 Anne conferred on him the honour of knight- 
 hood. In the fucceeding reign he was very 
 often at court, and the princefs of Wales, 
 afterwards queen Caroline, frequently .con- 
 vened with him on pnilofophical fubjeCts. 
 About 1718 he communicated to her royal 
 highnefs the outlines of his treatife on an- 
 cient chronology, with which ffie was fi> 
 pleafed that ffie nevar would part with it. a 
 3 A 
 
NEW 
 
 furreptitious copy of it was, however, ob- 
 tained and carried to France by the abbe 
 Conti, who tranflated aqd printed it with 
 oblervations. On this fir Ifaac publifhed a 
 paper on the fuhjedt in the Philofophical 
 Tranfaflions, and the work at length in 
 Fnglifh, in quarto. After enjoying an un- 
 common {hare of health, owing to his acti- 
 vity and temperance, till he was fourfcore 
 years old, this great man began to be arfliCted 
 with an incontinence of urine, which was 
 followed by a hone in the bladder. The lail 
 twenty days of his life were attended with 
 much" pain, yet amidft the feverelt agonies 
 he never cried out or exprefl'ed the flighted: 
 impatience. He died March 20th, 1726, 
 and after lying in Rate in the Jerul'alern cham- 
 ber the body was interred in Weftminfter ab- 
 bey, 1 the lord chancellor, the dukes of Mon- 
 trole and Roxburgh, and three earls, bear- 
 in" the pall. A {lately monument has been 
 erefled over his remains at the. entrance into 
 the choir. Sir Ifaac was of a middling ftature, 
 and his countenance was pleafing and venera- 
 ble. He never made ufe of fpeftacles, anddur- 
 ing his whole life loft but one tooth. He was^ 
 of a very meek difpofition, and a great lover of 
 peace. " To his other great qualities he added 
 a ferious. and devout reverence for religion. 
 His favourite ftudy was the Bible ; the pro- 
 phecies of which he illuftrated by his re- 
 fearches. He conformed to the church of 
 England, but he lived in friendfhip with 
 good men of all communions; and he was an 
 enemy to every kind of perfecution. Sir Ifaac 
 had a great abhorrence of infidelity, and ne- 
 ver failed to reprove thofe who made free 
 with revelation in his prefence, of which 
 the following is an inftance : The learned 
 Dr. Halley was fceptically inclined, and 
 fometimes took the liberty of fportmg with 
 the fetiptures. On one fuch occafion iir 
 Ifaac faid to hin — < Dr. Halley, I am al- 
 ways glad to hear you when you i'peak about 
 aftronomy, or other parts of mathematics, 
 becaufe that is a fubject which you have ftu- 
 died, and well underftand; but you fhould 
 not talk of Chrifttanity, for you have net 
 ftudied it; I and know you know no- 
 
 thing of the matter.” Sir Ifaac was never 
 jnarried, and, perhaps, had never time to 
 think of it, being conftantly immerled in the 
 profoundeft ftudies, and not being willing to 
 have them broken by domelfic concerns. A 
 complete and elegant edition of his works 
 was publifhed with illuftrations by Dr. (now 
 bilhop) Horfley, in 1779, in five volumes, 
 quarto.— B'tog. Brit. 
 
 Newton (Thomas), a divine and pbyfi- 
 cian, was born at Prelbury, in Cntlhire, 
 and educated firft at Ox ord and next at Cam- 
 bridge. He taught fchool at Macclesfield, 
 and pradtifed phyfic, after which he obtained 
 the living of Ilford, in Eflex, where he died 
 in 1607. He wrote the Hiftory of the Sara- 
 cens, 4to. ; Approved Medicines and cordial 
 Recepts, iivo. ; Illuftrium aliquot Anglorum 
 
 N I C 
 
 encomia, 4to ; Directions for the Health of 
 Magiftrates and Students ; Herbal ot the 
 Bible, 8vo. & c. — Wood. 
 
 Newton (Richard), an Engliih divine, 
 was born in Kuckinghamfhire, and educated 
 at Weftminller fchool, from whence he was 
 eledled to Chrift church, Oxford. In 1710 
 he was appointed principal of Hart-hall ; 
 which houie was converted into a college by 
 his means in 1740, under the name ofHert- 
 ford college. Dr. Newton was alfo canon of 
 Chrift church, and died in 1753. He wrote 
 a book againft pluralities and non-refidence ; 
 another on Univerhty Education; and he 
 publifhed an edition of Theophraftus' with 
 notes. — Get! Biog. DiEi. 
 
 Newton (Thomas), an eminent prelate. 
 Was born at Lichfield, in Staffordftiire, in 
 1704. After finilhing his education at Weft- 
 minfter fchool he wus eledleJ to Trinity 
 college, Cambridge, of which he was chofen 
 fellow. After entering into orders he be- 
 came curate of St. George, Hanovcr-fquare, 
 and afiiftant preacher to the redder, Dr. 
 Trebeck, whofe daughter he married He 
 was alfo reader and afternoon preacher at 
 Grofvenor chapel. In 1744 lie obtained the 
 redtory of St. Mary le Bow, London, and 
 the year following took his degree ol dodtor 
 in divinity. In 1747 he was chofen lecturer 
 of St. George, Hanover fquare ; and in 1749 
 he publifhed an edition ot the Paradiie Loft, 
 with notes feledled from various authors and 
 and many of his own. lie alfo prefixed a 
 curious and well-written liie ol the author. 
 In 1756 he was appointed chaplain in ordi- 
 nary to the king ; and afterwards obtained a 
 preaendal Hull in St. Peter’s church, Weft- 
 minfter. Having loft his wife, he married in 
 1761 the widow of the rev. Mr. Hand, and 
 daughter of John lord Lilburrte. The lame 
 year he kifi'ed the king’s hand on being pro- 
 moted to the bilhopric ot Briftol. He was 
 offered the primacy of Ireland in 1764, but 
 declined it. Four years afterwards he ac- 
 cepted the deanry ol St. Paul’s, London, 
 which, with his oifhopric, he held to his 
 death in 1782. Biftiop Newton was a man 
 ol considerable learning and piety, of much 
 obfervation and liberality. His principal 
 work is a eourle of Diflertations on the Pro- 
 phecies, in two vols. 8vo. After his death 
 were publifhed bis Milcellaneous Works, 
 with his Memoirs, written by himlelf. 
 
 Nicaise (Claude), a French antiquary 
 and eccleliaftic, was born at Dijon. lie re- 
 fided many years at Rome ; and died at Vel- 
 ley, in his own country, in 1701, aged 78. 
 lie publifhed, 1. De Nummo Pantheo ; g. 
 A Difcourfe on the Form and Figure of the 
 Syrens ; 3. A Difi'ertation on two of Ra- 
 phael’s Pidtures. — Moreri. 
 
 Nicander of Colophon, a grammarian, 
 poet, and phyfician, who flourifbed B.C. 
 140. Two poems of his are extant, entitled, 
 Theriaca and Alexipharmaca, which have 
 been printed in the Corpus Poetarum Gra:- 
 
N I C 
 
 cerum, 2 vols. folio; and feparately at Flo- 
 rence in 1764, 8vo . — Vofftus de Poet. Grac. 
 
 Nicausis, or, according to the Arabians, 
 Balkis, queen of Sheba, who vifited Solo- 
 mon upon the report of his wifdom. Her 
 country was probably that part of Arabia 
 Felix which was inhabited by theSabeans; 
 but Jofephus pretends that file reigned over 
 Egypt and Ethiopia — Moreri. 
 
 Nicholls (Richard), an Englifti poet, 
 was born in 1584. He wrote additions to 
 the Mirror for Magiftrates ; England’s 
 Eliza ; and other potms.—Pbii/ips's Theatrum 
 Poetarum. 
 
 Nicephorus I. emperor of the eaft, was 
 chancellor of the empire, but took the 
 throne, in 802, from the emprefs Irene, 
 whom he banifhed to the ifle of Mytylene. 
 The firft part ot his reign was aufpicious ; 
 but afterwards he committed fuch cruelties 
 that his fubjects revolted, and proclaimed 
 Bardanes, furnamed the Turk, emperor. 
 'Bardanes however was defeated, and fent 
 to a monaftery, where lie was deprived of 
 his eyes. The Bulgarians having invaded 
 the empire, and ravaged Thrace, Nicepho- 
 rus marched againft them, but was van- 
 quished and (lain, A D. 811. — Un'vv. Hift. 
 
 Nicefhor us II. (Phocas), a nobleman of 
 Conftantinople, whofe charadler was fo 
 popular, that he was raifed to the imperial 
 feat in 968. He married the widow of his 
 predecefTor, Romanus the Younger, and 
 drove the Saracens out of a great part of 
 Afia. He was afiaflinated by John Zimif- 
 ces, and other confpirators in 969 Ibid. 
 
 Nicephorus III. wai inverted with the 
 purple by the army which he commanded 
 in 1077. He was deprived of this dignity 
 in 1081, by his general Alexis Comnenus, 
 who fent him to a convent, where he died 
 fhortly after. — Ibid. 
 
 Nicephorus (Gregorius), a Greek hifto- 
 rfan ot the 14th century, who compiled a 
 biftory of the Eaftern empire from 1204 to 
 1841 ; which was printed in France in 1702, 
 in 2 vols. folio. — Moreri. 
 
 . Nicephorus (Calliftus), a Greek hifto- 
 nan of the fame age with the preceding. 
 He wrote an ecclefiaftical hiftory from the 
 birth of Chrift to A D. 6i0, the heft edition 
 of which is that of Paris in 1630 Ibid. 
 
 Nicephorus (Blemmidas), a monk of 
 Mount Athos, in the 13th century. He re- 
 fufed the patriarchate of Conftantinople 
 from his partiality to the Roman church. 
 He wrote two treatifes concerning the pre- 
 ceffion of the Holy Ghoft, printed at Rome 
 in 1659.— Ibid, 
 
 Niceron (John Francis), an ingenious 
 divine and mathematician, was born at Pa- 
 ris in 1613. Pie diftinguifhed himfelf by 
 his (kill in optics, on which fubjedl he 
 wrote fome curious works, the beft of 
 which is entitled, Thaumaturgus Opticus : 
 live, Admiranda Optices, Catoptrices et Dioo- 
 trices. He died in 1646.— Ibid. 
 
 Niceron (John Peter), an eminent b'io- 
 
 N I C 
 
 grapher, was born at Paris in 1685. He 
 entered into the religious order of the Barna- 
 bites, and became a celebr ted preacher He 
 was alfo (ucceflively profefTor of philofophy 
 and theology, and librarian to his fociety. 
 He died in 1733- His works are, 1. Memoirs 
 of Men illuftrious in the Republic of Letters, 
 with an Account of their Works, in 44 vols ; 
 
 2. a Tranflation of Dr. Hancock’s book cn 
 the Virtues ofCoinmon Water, 2 vols. 12mo. ; 
 
 3. the Converfion of England to Chriftianity, 
 Soc.—Aotrv. Dili. Hiji. 
 
 Nicet*s (David), a Greek hi dorian of 
 the 9th century, who wrote the Life of St. 
 Ignatius, patriarch of Conftantinople, of 
 which a Latin tranflation was printed at In- 
 golftadc in 1504. — Moreri. 
 
 Nicetas (furnamed Serron), bifhop of 
 Heraclea in the 11th century, who wrote 
 Panegyrics on St. Gregory Nazianzen ; 
 Commentaries on the Scriptures ; and other 
 works — Ibid. 
 
 Nicetas (Achominates), a Greek hifto- 
 rian, who died at Nice in 1206. He wrote 
 Annals from 1118 to 1205, of which a La- 
 tin verfion appeared at Bafil in 1557, and 
 at Geneva in 1593. — Moreri. 
 
 Nicholas (Abraham), an Englifti pen- 
 man, was born in London in 1692. He 
 publiftied Examples of Penmanlhip; the 
 Penman’s Affiftant ; and the Complete 
 
 Writing-mafter. He died about 1744. 
 
 Gen. Biog. Dili. 
 
 Nicholls (William), an Englifti divine, 
 was born in Buckinghamftiire in 1664, and 
 educated at Magdalen hall, Oxford, after 
 which he became fellow of Merton college, 
 and took his degree of D.D. in 1695 ; at which 
 time he was reitor of Selfey in Suflex. He 
 died about 1712. Dr. Nicholls publhhed 
 feveral valuable works : the principal of 
 -which were, 1. A Conference with a theift, 
 
 2 vols. 8vo. ; 2. Defenfio Ecclefiae Angli- 
 canae, 1707, 12mo. ; of this ufeful book he 
 afterwards publilhed an edition in Engli/h 
 in odlavo; 3. A Commentary on the 
 
 Book of Common-prayer, folio and oilavo 
 
 lb. 
 
 Nicholls (Frank), an eminent Englifti 
 phyfician, was born at London in 1699. 
 He wgs educated at Weftminfter fchool, 
 from whence he removed to Oxford, where 
 he took his degrees, and became reader of 
 anatomy. On leaving the univeriity he 
 fettled in London, and in 1743 married a 
 daughter of Dr. Mead, by whom he had 
 five children. He was eminent as a lec- 
 turer on anatomy and the pradlice of ph v _ 
 fic; but he was gudty of a culpable cu'f- 
 tom in perverting the minds of his pupils 
 to infidelity while teaching them the principles 
 of medical fcience. He was phyfician to 
 George II. an account of whofe death he pub- 
 lished in the Philofophical Tranfadlions He 
 died in 1779. Dr. Nicholls was alfo the au- 
 thor of a trail De Anima Medicd, andadiftTer- 
 tacion De IV1 ot u Cordis et Sanguinis in Hornine. 
 —•Gen. Biog. Dili. 
 
 3 A L Z 
 
N 1 C 
 
 Nicias, an Athenian commander, who, 
 by his merit, rote to the higheft offices in 
 his country. He fignalized himfelf in the 
 war of the Peloponnefus, which he had 
 the honour of finifhing. Afterwards he 
 was appointed to command with Eurymedon 
 and Demofthenes againft Sicily. Thefe three 
 generals laid fiege to Syracufe for two years, 
 but finding it impregnable they were about to 
 retire, but were attacked by the Syracufans, 
 and Nicias and Demofthenes, with a great 
 part of their troops, made prifoners. Nicias 
 was put to death by the Syracufans B.C. 413. 
 There were two others of this name, the one 
 a painter mentioned by Pliny, and the other 
 a grammarian, who was the triend of Pompey 
 and Cicero. — Piut. Plin. Suet. 
 
 Ni cod em us, a jewiffi fenator who vi- 
 fited our Saviour by night, and afterwards 
 became his difciple, though feoretly. But 
 when Jefus Chrift was crucified he avowed 
 himfelf, and, together with Jofeph of Ari- 
 Tnathea, paid the laft duties of regard to his 
 jnafter. The jews, it is faid, intended to 
 have put him to death, but were hindered 
 by his relation Gamaliel. They, however, 
 depofed and excommunicated him. Them 
 is a pretended gofpel under the name of. 
 Nicodemus ; but it is full of errors, and was 
 compofed by the Manichees. — Dupin. Cave. 
 Moth elm. 
 
 Nicoi a I (John), a dominion, was born 
 at Monza, in the diocefe of Verdun, in 
 1594. He profeft'ed theology above twenty 
 years with great reputation at Paris, and 
 died in 1673. He publiffied a complete edi- 
 tion of the works of Thomas Aquinas, in 
 19 vols. folio. ; alfo five diflevtations on points 
 of ecclefiaftical difeipline ; apiece againft Ar- 
 nauld, and other works. — M.oreri. 
 
 Nicolas, one of the feven deacons men-^ 
 tinned in the Ads. He was a profelyte of 
 Antioch ; hut afterwards founded a fed 
 called by his name which allowed adultery, 
 •and to eat meats offered to idols. Some wri- 
 ters, however, diftinguifh the author of 
 this- herefy from Nicolas the Deacon. — Du- 
 pin Cave. 
 
 Nicolas I. pope, called the Great, was a 
 native of Rome, and fucceeded Benedid III. 
 in 858. He had a conteft with Pf:*. ius, the 
 intruding patriarch of Conftantinople. Nico- 
 las died in 867. — Dupin. B- wer. 
 
 Nicolas II. was a native ot Burgundy, 
 and became archbifhop cf Florence, and 
 was cleded pope in 1058. He was oppofed 
 by a rival who called himfelf Benedid X. 
 who was foon depofed. Nicolas died in 1061. 
 —•Ibid. „ 
 
 Nicolas III. an Italian ot noble family, 
 obtained the tiara in 1'277. He lent mifli- 
 onnries to convert heathen countries, and 
 died in 1280. — Ibid. 
 
 Nicolas IV. a native of Arcoli, was 
 chofen pope in 1288. He endeavoured to 
 excite a new croifade, but without l'ucccfs. 
 This disappointment hailened his death, 
 which happened in 1292. He comp fed 
 
 N I C 
 
 feme Commentaries on the Scriptures, and 
 on the Sentences of Lombard — Ibid 
 
 Nicolas V. cardinal bifhop of Bologna, 
 was eleded pope after Eugenius 1 V. in 1447. 
 
 He reftored peace to the church and to 
 Europe, and celebrated on that account a 
 jubilee at Rome in 1450. The misfortunes 
 of the chriftians in the eaft oppreffed him 
 with grief, and he died in 1455 —Ibid. 
 
 Nicolas di Lyra, fo named from the 
 place of his birth, a town in Normandy. 
 
 He is faid to have been a jew, but on turning 
 chriftian, became a member of the order ot 
 friars minors in 1291. lie read ledures in 
 divinitv with great reputation, and was ad- 
 mitted to the confidence of Jane, wile of Phi- 
 lip VI. who named him one of the executors 
 of her will. He died at Paris in 1840. His 
 works are, Commentaries upon the Bible; 
 Antwerp, 6 vols. folio.; a Dilputation 
 againft the Jews ; another In defence of the 
 New Teftament, ag'.inft a Rabbin,— 
 Moretv. 
 
 Nicolas of Munjier, author of a fed 
 called the family of love, about 1540. He 
 pretended to infpiration, and fa-id that, as the 
 divine fpirit rehded in him, he was greater 
 than Jefus Chrift. He wrote fome books, as, 
 the Gofpel of the Kingdom ; the Land of 
 Peace, &c. His fed made their appearance in 
 England in the reign of Elizabeth, and in the 
 fuccesding one they addreffed a conleffion of 
 their faith to James I. — Mojbeim. Neal's 
 Puritans. 
 
 Nicolas of Plfa , an archited and fculp- 
 tor, who flourifhed in the 15th century. : 
 He built a magnificent church at Bologna, 
 where he conftruded a fuperb monument for 
 St- Dominic. — D’Argenville. 
 
 Nicole (Claude), couniellor to the king 
 of France, was born at Chartres in 1611, 
 and died in 1683. A colledion of his po- 
 ems, of indifferent merit, was printed at Paris, 
 
 2 vols. 12mo. 1693 .—Morcri. 
 
 Nicole (Peter), a relation of the pre- 
 ceding, was born at Chartres in 1625. He 
 became a member of the fociety of Port . 
 Royal, where he taught youth with great 
 reputation, and affifted Arnauld in many of 
 his works. In 1677 he quitted France on ac- 
 countofthe periecution againft the janfeniftsj ) 
 but fome ti,me after he obtained leave to re- 
 turn to Paris. In his latter years he efpoufed 
 the caufe of Boffuet againft the quietifts, and 
 was engaged in other cotttroveriies. He died 
 in 1695 His moral effays areefteemed; as 
 alfo is his treadle on preferring peace in foci- 
 ety. His other works are chiefly polemical. 
 — Niceroti . 
 
 Nicole (Francis), a mathematician, was 
 born at Paris in 1683, and died in 1758. He 
 became a member of the academy of fet- 
 ences in 1706. Nicole was a profound geo- 
 metrician, and gave to the academy feveral 
 valuable papers, particularly one on lines of 
 the third order. — Nouv. Dili. Hlfl. 
 
 Nicolo del Ablate, an eminent painter, 
 was born at Modena in 4512. He obtain- 
 
N I E 
 
 ed h is lurnnme from being patronized by 
 Primatice, abbot of St. Martin, who took 
 him to France in J 532, and employed him 
 in feveral works. The ftyle of Nicolo ap- 
 proached to that of Julio Romano, and of 
 Parmefan . — De Piles. 
 
 Nicolson (William), a learned prelate, 
 was born at Orton in Cumberland, about 
 16)5, and educated at Queen’s college, Ox- 
 ford, of which he became fellow. .He was 
 at /irft archdeacon, and afterwards bifhop 
 of Carlifie, from whence in 1717 he was 
 tranllatcd to the bifhopric of Derry in Ire- 
 land. He died in 1727, jult as he was pro- 
 moted to the archbifhopric of Cailiel. He 
 was a learned antiquary, and publilhed fe- 
 veral curious works, the chief of which is his 
 Eneiilh Hiftorical Library, folio, 1714. — Biog. 
 Brit. 
 
 Nicomedi'.s, an ancient mathematician, 
 who is celebrated for his dii'covery of the 
 curve called the conchoid. He flourifhed 
 in the fecond century of the chriftian rera. 
 — VoJJius de Mathem. 
 
 Nicot (John), a French courtier, who 
 was lent by Francis I. ambafTador to Portu" 
 gal, from whence he brought the plant 
 named tobacco, but which in France has 
 been, out of compliment to the importer, 
 called nicotiana. He died in 1600. Nicot 
 wrote a book on navigation; and the Trea- 
 fure of French language, a Didfionary, Sec.— 
 Moreri. 
 
 Nidhard (John Everard), a German je- 
 fuit, who accompanied the archduchefs 
 Maria to Spain, when the married Philip 
 IV. That monarch made him his con- 
 fidential minifter, which occafioned many 
 difputes between the jefuit and the duke of 
 Lerma, to whom Nidhard once laid, “ it is 
 you that ought to refpett me, as I have every 
 day your God in my hand, and your queen at 
 my feet.” He was however a mifeVable mi- 
 nifter, and brought the affairs of the nation to 
 a bad condition. On being difgraced he re- 
 tired to Rome, where he was made ambaflador 
 by the pope to the court of Spain, with the title 
 of cardinal. He died in 1681. Nidhard wrote 
 fome books on the immaculate conception of 
 the Virgin Mary. — Moreri. 
 
 Nieuhoff (John de), a Dutch voyager 
 in the middle of the 17th century. He 
 wrote a curious account of his enibafly 
 from the Dutch Eaft India company to the 
 ernperor of China. It is in Churchill’s 
 Collection of Voyages and Travels.— 
 Moreri. 
 
 Nie.uwentVt (Bernard), an eminent 
 Dutch philofopher and mathematician, was 
 born at Weftraadytte, in North Holland, in 
 1654. He ftudied medicine, and became 
 a phyfician and magiitrate at Pureme- 
 rend, where he died in 1730. His 
 works are, Confiderations on the Analyfis of 
 Quantities infinitely fmall ; Analyfis of 
 Curves by the Doflrine of Infinites ; Con- 
 fiderations on the Principles of the Differ- 
 
 N I S 
 
 ential Calculus ; Contemplations on the 
 Univerfe ; this has been truncated into 
 Englifh, under the title of The Religious 
 Philofooher, in 3 vols. ‘iso.— Martin's Biog. 
 
 Phil: 
 
 Nigeh (C. Pefeennius Julius), governor 
 of Syria, and fo diftinguilhed by his valour 
 and prudence, that the Roman foldiers 
 proclaimed him ernperor at Antioch A.D. 
 193. He had many virtues, but did not long 
 enjoy his high dignity, being defeated and fiain 
 by Severus in 195. — Crevier. 
 
 Nigidius Ficulus (Publius), a learned 
 Roman in the time of Cicero, whom he af- 
 fifted in defeating the conipiracy-bf Cataline, 
 but having taken part with Pompey againft 
 Caefhr, he was exiled, and died in 4.5. B.C. 
 He was addidfed to altrology, and fome of his 
 pieces are extant. 
 
 NiGKisoLi (Jerome), a learned phyfician, 
 who died at Ferrara in 1689, aged 69. He 
 Wrote, Progymnafmata Medica, printed 
 at Guaftalla in 1665. His fon Francis was 
 alfo a phyfician, and a learned writer. He 
 died in 1797, aged 79. He wrote fome 
 medical works ; but it is uncertain which of 
 thefe perfons was the author of a curious book 
 De chart a veterutn, ejujque ufu.— Moreri. 
 
 Nikon, patriarch of Ruffia, was born 
 of an obfeure family in Novogorod He 
 was advanced to the patriarchate in 1659, 
 and enjoyed the particular favour of the 
 czar Alexiowitz. Nikon introduced into 
 the Ruffian church the method of chanting, 
 and called a council for reltoving the facred 
 text according to the ancient verfions. A 
 new edition of the Bible was accordingly 
 publithed at Mofcow, under the fandtion of 
 the patriarch ; but it gave great diflatisfadlion 
 to the priefts. Nikon compoled a Chronicle 
 of Ruffian Affairs to the reign of Alexiowitz, 
 which was printed at Peterlburg in 1767, in 
 2 vols. 4to. By the intrigues of his enemies 
 he was deprived of his dignity and fent to 
 prifon ; but the emperor Feodor reftored 
 him to liberty. He died in 1681.— Hijl. 
 RnJJia. Morci. 
 
 Ninus, the founder of the Affyrian em- 
 pire, was the fon of Belus. He built Ni- 
 neveh, after which he conquered the Bac- 
 triuns, as he had before a part of Egypt 
 and India. Minus married Semiramis, tof 
 whom he left his throne about 2164 B.C, 
 — Unim. Ifiji. ^ 
 
 Niphus (Auguftinl, an Italian writer of 
 the 16th century, was born in Calabria* 
 Pope Leo X. made him count pulatin, and 
 gave him other marks of his favour. He 
 died about 1550. His principal works are, 
 Commentaries on Ariitotle and Averroes, 
 14 vols. folio; and treadles de A more and 
 de falfa dil uvii prognoilicatione, 4to. — T:,a- 
 bojehi. 
 
 Mis bet (fir John), lord advocate o Scot- 
 land in the reign of Charles II. He mtfin- 
 guiffied himfeif by pleading againft tqe fta:.c ■ 
 ing militia in that country, and he was : . 
 3 A 3 
 
N O A 
 
 of the commiffioners appointed to treat with 
 thofe of England, concerning the union of the 
 two kingdoms. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Nivklie de la Chaussee (Peter 
 Claude), a French poet, was born of a 
 wealth, family at Paris in 1692, and 
 died there in 1754. He was a member of 
 the French academy and diftinguifhed him- 
 fel by fome eftermed plays, as the School 
 of Mothers } Melanides, and the Gover- 
 nant, comedies ; and Maximian, and 
 George Barnwell, tragedies. His works 
 were printed at Paris in 1763, 5 vols. l2mo. 
 —AW. DIB. Hft. 
 
 Nivern’ois (Louis-Julius Mancini, duke 
 de), mi/iifter of ftate, member of the French 
 academy, and of that of belles lettres, was 
 born at Paris in 1716. After ferving in the 
 army fome time he was fent ambuflador to 
 Rome, next to Berlin, and laftly to London, 
 where he negotiated the peace of 1763. 
 Oil liis return to France he devoted himfelf 
 chiefly to literary purfuits, and produced 
 feveral poetical imitations or Virgil, Horace, 
 Tibul ' us, Ovid, Ariofto, and Milton, which 
 diipl ■ v a fine tafte. He all'o wrote Letters 
 on the Ufe of the Mind; Dialogues of the 
 Dead ; Reflections on the Genius of Horace, 
 that o ' Boi'eau, and that of John Baptift 
 Roufleau ; the Lite or Abbe Barthelemi ; 
 Reflections on Alexander and Charles XII. ; 
 T ranfla. ion o: Tacitus’s Life or Agricola; 
 another of Pope’s EBay on Man ; Collec- 
 tion of Fables, Sec. The duke died in 
 1798. — Noirv. DIB. Hift. 
 
 Nizor.ius (Marius), an Italian gramma- 
 rian, who publifhed in 1553 a treatife De 
 veris Principiis et vera Ratione Philoio- 
 phandi contra pfeudo philolophos. He alfo 
 compiled a Latin dictionary of the words 
 and exprefiions which are in Cicero, folio.— 
 Tiraiofcbi. 
 
 Noah, the fon of Lansech, was born 
 2978 B.C, The Almighty, defigning to pu- 
 jiifh the wickednefs of mankind, command- 
 ed Noah to build an ark to fave himfelf and 
 family, and when it was completed a deluge 
 of waters overwhelmed the globe, and 
 every living creature perilhed, except thofe 
 in the ark Seven months after the com- 
 mencement of the flood, the ark relied on 
 mount Ararat ; and Noah offered a facrifice 
 to the Lord who made him a covenant with 
 him- After this, Noah cultivated the land, 
 and planted the vine ; but having drank of the 
 juice of the grape, he was difeovered lying 
 affeep by his fon Ham, who inftead of being 
 concerned at his father’s weaknefs, called his 
 brothers Shem andjaphet towitnefs the inde- 
 cent fpeCtacle. They, however, covered Noah 
 with a mantle, and when he awoke and under- 
 iiood what had pafied, he uttered a prophetic 
 curfe on the polterity ofllam. 1 he patriarch 
 died B.C. 2029- Almoft all nations have re- 
 tained traditionary notions of the deluge, 
 and veftiges of it are to be feen in various 
 parts of the world. Noah appears evidently 
 
 NOB 
 
 to be the fame with the Saturn or the heathen 
 mythology. — Bible. Univ. Hft. 
 
 Noailles (Adrian Maurice, duke de), a 
 celebrated French general, was born of a 
 noble family, and evinced early in life 
 eminent talents for the military profeffion. 
 He ferved with his father in Catalonia, and 
 afterwards under Vendome, both in Spain 
 and Flanders. In 1708 he commanded in 
 Roufillon, and gained feveral advantages^ 
 over the enemy. In 1710 he made himfelf 
 maker of Gironne, one of the mod important 
 places in Catalonia, for which Philip V. cre- 
 ated him a grandee of Spain, and Louis XIV. 
 made him field marlhal. In the fucceeding 
 reign he was appointed president of the coun- 
 cil of finances ; but when Dubois obtained 
 the afcenduncy in the miniftry, Noailles was 
 exiled. On the death of that minifter he was 
 recalled and reftored to his place. In the 
 war of 1733 he commanded at the fiege ot 
 Philipfburg, and obliged the Germans to 
 abandon Worms, lie afterwards lervedwith 
 great reputation in Italy. The duke died in 
 17 66- — Nowv. DiEl . Hft. 
 
 Noailles (Louis-Anthony de), uncle of 
 the preceding was born in 1651. He devoted 
 himfelf to the ecclefiaf ical Hate, and in 
 1676 was nominated bifhep of Cahors, hom 
 whence he was removed to Chalons, and 
 laftly to the fee of Paris, in 169.). He made 
 excellent rules for the conduct of his clergy ; 
 but his peace was difturbed by the jeluits in 
 confeejuence of the approbation which he 
 gave to Queinel’s Reflections on the New 
 Teftament. In 1700 he was honoured with 
 the dignity of cardinal, on which occafion 
 Louis XIV. laid to him, “ 1^ have more 
 plealure in procuring for you the cardinal’s 
 hat than yo'u have in receiving it.” Not- 
 withftanding this the king was afterwards pre- 
 judiced againft him by lather I ellier, the 
 jefuit. Pope Clement XL was all'o fet againft 
 the archhilhop, and ifiued his famous bull of 
 Unigenitus, on occafion of (tueinel s book, 
 which the latter had fandtioned. The car- 
 dinal was exiled ; but a. ter the death ot 
 Louis, Tellier was banifhed in his turn, and 
 the archbiihop recalled. He died in 1/29. 
 His brother Gallon fucceeded him in the 
 bilhopric of Chalons, and died in 1720.— 
 — Aloreri. 
 
 Noei-e (Euftache de), a French writer, 
 was born at Troyes in 1643. He became 
 procurator-g cncrai in the parliament ot Metz, 
 but being accufed ol corruption in that office 
 he was lent to the prifon of the Chatelet, 
 and condemned to be banifhed lor nine years. 
 From this fentence he appealed, and was re- 
 moved to the Conciergerie, where he con- 
 traded an intimacy with a female prifoner 
 called Gabrielle Perreau, but generally 
 known by the name ot La Belle Eftictere. 
 The confequcnce of this connexion was three 
 children. After leading a wandering and 
 diflolute life he died in 17 11. He wrote a 
 Iliftory of the Republic ot Holland ; Rela*. 
 
N O L 
 
 t’on of the State of Genoa; DifTertation on 
 the Year of Chrift’s Nativity ; Secret Hif- 
 tory of the Confpiracy or the Family o: Pazzi 
 againft the Medici ; and feveral romances and 
 other works. — Nouv. Dipt. H'Ji. 
 
 No gar ola, the name o!' feveral ladies of 
 V erona who were diftinguifhed in the 1 6th 
 century. Antoinette, celebrated for her becuty 
 and learning,' married Salvatico Bonacolti, a 
 gentleman of Mantua. Her daughter Angela 
 devoted herfelfto the ftudy of the feriptures, 
 and wrote an Explanaton or the Prophecies. 
 Ijotta underftood the languages, philofophy, 
 an.! theology ; and acquired io great a tame 
 that cardinal BefTanon made a journey to 
 Verona on purpofe to converfe with her. Sae 
 died in 1468, aged 38. Her letters are 
 highly eftcemed. She alio Wrote a diflerta- 
 tion on this queftion, whether the fin of 
 Adam or Eve was the greater ? She took the 
 part of the woman againft Louis Fofcaro, who 
 defended Adam as the leait culpable. Gene- 
 'li'u've and Laura, lifters or Ifotta, were alfo 
 diftinguifhed for their literary talents Louis 
 Nogarola, of the fame family, publifhed fe- 
 veral trauflations from the Greek. He 
 appeared with advantage at the council ot 
 Trent, and died at Verona in 1559. — Lira- 
 bo [chi. 
 
 Noldius (Chriftian), a Danifh divine, 
 was born in 4 626- He became rector of 
 the college of Landfcroon, and afterwards 
 profeffor of divinity at Copenhagen, where 
 he died in 1683. His Concordantia particu- 
 larum Hebraeco-Chaldaicarum Veteris Tefta- 
 menti is an excellent work. The belt edi- 
 tion is that of Jena in 1734, 4to. Noldius 
 was alfo the author of Hiftoria ldumtea; Sa- 
 crarum Hiftoriarum et Antiquitatum Synop- 
 fis ; Logica, Scc.— Moreri. 
 
 Nollet ( John Anthony), a French di- 
 vine and philofophical writer, was born at 
 Pimbre in the diocefe of Noyon in 1700. 
 He ftudied at Beauvais and Paris. In 1734 
 he vifited London, and was cholen a member 
 of the royal fociety. On his return to Paris 
 he commenced a courfe of ledtures in expe- 
 rimental philofophy, to which lie added illuf- 
 trations of chemiftry, anatomy, and natural 
 hiftory. In 1738 he was appointed profeffor 
 of experimental philofophy at Paris, and the 
 year fallowing admitted a member of the aca- 
 demy of lciences. About the fame time he 
 went to Turin on an invitation from the 
 king of Sardinia, who appointed him pro- 
 feifor of philofophy in that univerfity; but 
 lie was recalled in 1744 to give leffons to the 
 dauphin of France. In 1753 he was nomi- 
 nated firft profeffor ot experimental philo- 
 lbphy in the college of Navarre. He was 
 alio appointed philofophical tutor to the royal 
 family. The abbe Nollet died in 1770. 
 His Ledlures in Experimental Philofophy 
 were printed in 6 vols. 12mo. Iielides thefe 
 he wrote fome excellent works on Electricity ; 
 the Art of making Experiments ; and levcral 
 papers in the Memoirs of the Academy.— 
 Nouv. Diet. lUJt. 
 
 NOR 
 
 Nollet (Dominick), a painter of hiffo- 
 rv, landfcape,. and battles, was born at Bruges 
 in 1640, and died in 1736. — Pilkington. 
 
 Nollucf.ns (Jofeph Francis), a painter, 
 was born at Antwerp, but came young to 
 England. He ftudied under Tillermns, and 
 a terwards copied Watteau and Paolo Pan- 
 r.ini. He painted landfcapes, figures, andcon- 
 verfutions, and particularly the amufements 
 of children. He was much employed by lord 
 Cobham at Stowe, and by the earl of Tyl- 
 ney. He died in 1748, aged 42. His Ion 
 Jofeph is an admirable fculptor, and ferved 
 under Scheemaker. He has executed feveral 
 capital works. — Walpole's Anted, of Painting. 
 
 Nonius (Marcellus), a grammarian and 
 peripatetic philofopher, whufe treatife dc 
 Proprietate Sermonum was printed in 1471, 
 and again at Paris in 1611, 8vo. with the 
 notes of Jofias Mercier. It is a work of va- 
 lue. — Moreri. 
 
 Nonnius (Louis), a learned phyfician. 
 of Antwerp in the 17th century. He wrote 
 a famous book, entitled, Dieteticon, five De 
 Re Cibaria, full of learning and curious dif- 
 quifition. He alfo printed a Commentary on 
 the Greek Medals; a Defcription of Spain, 
 in Latin ; a Commentary on Greece ; Ich- 
 thyophagia ; and other works. — Moreri. 
 
 Nonnius (Peter), or Nuvness, a Portu- 
 guefe mathematician, was born in 1497 at 
 Alcazar. He became profelTor of mathema- 
 tics at Coimbra, and was preceptor to don 
 Henry, fon of king Emanuel. He died in 
 1577. Nonnius wrote a Treatife on Navi- 
 gation, folio; De Crepufcu.lis, 4to. ; Opera 
 Mathematica, folio His book on Algebra 
 is efteemed. — Moreri. Martin's Biog. Phil. 
 
 Nonnus, a Greek poet, who was a native 
 of Panopolis in Egypt in the 5th century. 
 He wrote an account of his embalfy to Ethio- 
 pia and among the Saracens : alfo a work 
 entitled, Dionyfiaca, printed at Antwerp, in 
 1569 ; and a paraphrufe in Greek verfe, on 
 the gofpel of St. John, edited by Heinfius, 
 1627. — Moreri. 
 
 Noodt (Gerard), a famous civilian, was 
 born in 1647 at Nimeguen, where he was. 
 chgfen profeffor of law in 1671. He after- 
 wards accepted the profefforfhip at Franeker, 
 from whence he removed to Utrecht : but in 
 1686 he fettled at Leyden, or which uni- 
 verfity he became reClor. He died in 1725. 
 He publifhed a colleftion • of his works in 
 1713, 4to. ; they are wholly on fubjefts of 
 jurifprudence, and are efteemed of high au- 
 thority. — Nicer on . 
 
 Noradin, the fon of Sanguin, or Eras- 
 deddin, l'ultan of Aleppo and Nineveh. When 
 his rather was (lain by his eunuchs at the 
 fiege of Calgembar in 1145. Noradin and 
 his brother Se ff.ddin divided his flutes be- 
 tween them. The former obtained the fo- 
 vereignty of Aleppo, and by ii is prudence 
 became one of the moft potent princes in the 
 eaft. He diftinguifhed hirmelf greatly againft 
 the Chriftians in the time oi the crufades, 
 and defeated Jofcelyn, count of Edciik, and 
 
NOR 
 
 Raymond, prince of Antioch, after which he 
 made himfelf mailer of Egypt. He died in 
 1 1 .’4. Pie was a brave and generous prince, 
 and many inftauces are related of his libe- - 
 rality. — Mambourg's H ft. ofC’-uJades. D'lL r- 
 belot . 
 
 Nordberg (J. A ), chaplain to Charles 
 XII of Sweden, whom he accompanied in 
 all his campaigns, and whofe hiftory he wrote 
 in Swedi/h. The author died about 1745. — 
 Noun. Diff H Ji. 
 
 Nor din (Frederick Lewis), a Daniih gen- 
 tleman, 1 was born at Glucklladt in Holftein, 
 in 1708. He was a volunteer in the Englilh 
 fleet under fir john Norris in the Mediterra- 
 nean The king of Denmark lent him to 
 Egypt to make drawings and obfervations of 
 the ancient monuments of that country. 
 Thele he executed with great fidelity, and 
 his travels with plates have been fplendidly 
 printed in 2 volumes folio. Being elected a 
 member of the royal fociety of London, 
 he prefented to that learned body his draw- 
 ings of ruins and coloflal llatues at Thebes. 
 Captain Norden died in 1742. — Gen. Biog. 
 Da. 
 
 Norden (John), an old Engli/h writer, 
 who is conjectured by Wood to have been 
 a native of Wilts. He had his education at 
 Oxford, and wrote fome ltrange books in 
 divinity with very whimfical titles, as the 
 Sinful Man’s Solace, 1585, 8vo. ; Antithefis, 
 or Contrariety between the Wicked and 
 Godly fet forth in a pair of Gloves fit for 
 every man to wear, 1517. He was alio the 
 author of the Surveyor’s Dialogue, 4to. ; 
 Labyrinth of Man’s Life, a poem ; and a 
 Survey of the County of Middlefex, and 
 another of Hertfordfhire. He was furveyor 
 of the king’s lands, and died about 1625.— 
 Wood , A. 0. 
 
 Nordenfleicht (Chederig Charlotte 
 dc), a Swedilh lady, was born at Stockholm. 
 She wrote feveral efteemed and elegant 
 poems, particularly one on the paffage of the 
 Belts, two ftraits in the Baltic which Charles 
 Guflavus palled when frozen over in 1658. 
 She is alfoknowifas the author of an inge- 
 nious peace, entitled, An Apology for Wo- 
 men. She died in 1793, aged 44. 
 
 Nordenschold, a Swede, who was go- 
 vernor of Finland, and knight .of the order 
 of the fword. He was diftinguifhed for his 
 knowledge of political economy. He died 
 in 1764. Several of his Memoirs are in the 
 collection of the academy of Stockholm, of 
 which he was a member. — Nowv. Diet. 
 
 Nores (Jaion de), a native of Nicofia in 
 the ifle of Cyprus, on the taking of which 
 place by the Turks he went to Padua, where 
 he became teacher of moral philofophy. 
 Elis Explication of Elorace’s Art of Poetry 
 is very fcarce He died in 1590 — Moreri. 
 
 Norgate (Edward), an Englilh illumi- 
 nator, who died in 1611. In the initial 
 letters of an old patent done by him are 
 the portraits of James I. fitting on his 
 throne, delivering the patent to earl Stir- 
 
 N O R 
 
 ling; and round the border, reprefentations 
 in miniature of huntings, filhings, &c.-~ 
 Walpole. 
 
 Noris (Henry), a celebrated cardinal, 
 was born at Verona in 1631, and educated by 
 his father, who was a native of Ireland. 
 He afterwards entered into the monaftic or- 
 der of St. Auguftine, and acquired great re- 
 putation on account of his learning. In 
 1673, he publilhed the Hiliory of Pelagia- 
 nifnr, which gave offence to feveral perfons, 
 who accufed him to the pope as being here- 
 tically inclined, but Clement X. fo little re- 
 garded the charge that he made Noris under- 
 librarian of the Vatican. In 1695 he was 
 honoured with t' e purple. He ded in 1704. 
 His works were publilhed at Verona in 1730, 
 in 5 vols. folio. — Moreri. 
 
 Norris (John), an Englilh divine, was 
 born at Collingboume in Wiltlhire, in 1657, 
 and educated at Winchefter fchool, from 
 whence he removed to Exeter college, Ox • 
 ford. In 1680 he was chofen fellow of All 
 Souls college, where he took h'S degree of 
 M.A. In 1689 he was prefented to the rec- 
 tory of Newton St. Loo in Sornerferfhire ; 
 and afterwards to that of Bemerton in Wilt- 
 fhire. lie died in 1711. Mr. Norris was a 
 pious, learned, and ingenious man ; hut 
 ftrongly tinftured with the Platonic myfti- 
 cifm. He wrote againft Mr. Dodwell on 
 the Immortality of the Soul ; an Idea of 
 Happinefs, 8vo. ; Poems and Difcourfcs, 8vo.j 
 the Theory and Regulation of Love, 8vo.; 
 fome pieces againft the Quakers, the Calvi- 
 nifts, and Mr. Locke’s Effay on Underftand- 
 ing. He was alfo the author of feveral vo- 
 lumes of Sermons written in a clear and pa- 
 thetic ftyle. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Norris (John), an Englilh gentleman, 
 was born in Norfolk, and educated at Eton 
 fchool, and King’s college, Cambridge. On 
 leaving the univerfity he fettled on hiseltate. 
 He was twice married, and left a daughter 
 when he died, in 1777, aged 43. Mr. Nor- 
 ris was of a ferious difpofition, but not en- 
 thufiaftic. He left to the univerfity of 
 Cambridge an eftate of 1901. a year for the 
 purpofe of eftabiifhing a theological profeffor- 
 fhip, and paying an annual prize on fome 
 fuhjedt of divinity. — Eurcf. Mug. mol. v. 
 
 North (Francis), lord Guildi’o d, keeper 
 of the gr at feal in the reigns of Charles II. 
 and James II. was the third fon of Dudley 
 lord North, and educated at St. John’s col- 
 lege, Cambridge, from, whence he removed 
 to the Middle Temple. After bping foli- 
 citor and attorney-general, he was made 
 chief juftice of the king’s bench, and in 1683 
 he was appointed lord keeper with the title 
 of lord Guildford. He died in 1685. His 
 lordlhip wrote, 1. An Index of Verbs neu- 
 ter, printed with Lilly’s Grammar; 2.- A 
 paper on the Gravitation of Fluids in the 
 Bladders of Fifties, printed in the Philofo- 
 phical Tranfadlions ; 3. A philolophical Effay 
 on Mufic ; 4. Several Concertos, &c. &c.— » 
 Life oftbe Lord Keeper North , 4to. 
 
NOS 
 
 North (John.), brother of the preceding, 
 ■was born in 1645. He became fuceeffively 
 fellow of Jefns college, Greek profefTor, 
 cleric of the king’s clufet, prebendary of 
 Weftminfter, and matter of Trinity college, 
 Cambridge. Dr. North died in 1683. He 
 published fome of the works of Plato. — Ibid. 
 
 North (Frederic), earl of Guildford, an 
 eminent English ftatefman, was born in 
 1 ?3z. He fucceeded Mr. Charles Town- 
 fhend as chancellor of the exchequer ; and in 
 1770 was made fir ft lord of the tr.eafury, in 
 which office he continued till t ie dole of 
 the American war. He was a man of ftrong 
 powers, an excellent orator, and his private 
 life was very amiable. Before his death he 
 became wholly blind. He died in 379-2. — 
 Englifh Peerage. Gen. B D. 
 
 North (George), a learned divine, was 
 born in London, and educated at St. Paul’s 
 fchool ; from whence he removed to Bene’t 
 college, Cambridge, where he took his de- 
 grees in arts. He was a fellow or the focicty 
 of antiquaries, and vicar of Codioote in He- 
 refordfhire He died in 1772. He wrote 
 a Table of Englifh Silver Coins, rrom the 
 conqueft to the commonwealth. — minted, of 
 Bo^uyer. 
 
 Norton (Thomas), an Englifh writer, 
 was born in Bedfordfhire, and is fuppoied 
 by Wood to have been a barrifter. He was 
 a zealous Calvinift, and wrote an Epiftle to 
 the Queen’s poor deceived Subjefts ot the 
 North Country, l5'69 ; a Warning ngainfl 
 the dangerous Praftic.es of the Papifts; and 
 other trafts again!! Popery. He tranfiated 
 Calvin’s Inllitutions into Englifh, and the 
 larger Catechifm of Alexander Nowell ; alio 
 twenty-feven of the Pfalms of David, in the 
 verfion of Sternlmld and Hopkins ; and he 
 alTifted Thomas Sackville in his tragedy of 
 Ferrex and Porrex. He died about 1600. — 
 BPood, A 0. 
 
 Norton (lady Frances), was defeended 
 from the ancient family of the Frekes in 
 D .rfetfhire, and was born about the middle 
 of the 1 7lli century. She received a learned 
 education, and was firll married to fir George 
 Norton of Somerfetfhire, by whom fhe had 
 three children one of whom was married to 
 fir Richard Cethin [fee Get hi n]. On the 
 death of that amiable woman lady Norton 
 wrote two books : one entitled the Applaule 
 of Virue, 4to. 1705 j the other Memento 
 Mori, or Meditations on Death. After the 
 death of fir George, file married colonel Nor- 
 ton, and on his death gave her hand Mr. 
 Jones. She died in 1720.— Bafard's Britifh 
 Ladies. 
 
 Norton (John), a writer in the reign 
 of Charles 11. who publifhed a curious 
 book, called, The Scholar’s Vade-mecum, 
 in which he endeavoured to alter the or- 
 thography of the Englifh language. — 
 Granger. 
 
 Nostradamus (Michael), a French af- 
 trologer and phyfician, was born at St. Remi 
 in Provence in 1503. He ftudied phyfic at 
 
 NOV 
 
 Montpellier, where he took his doctor's de- 
 gree. Having rendered l’ome eminent lervice 
 to the inhabitants of Aix when the city was 
 vifited by a contagion, he received a yearly 
 penfion many years. In 155.5 he uublilhed 
 his prophecies, which, though very obfeure 
 and abfurdj gained the author a confiderabie 
 reputation. Thele were followed by lev oral 
 others : the whole making one volume folio, 
 in barbarous verfe. Noftradamus was ho- 
 noured with marks of diftinftion by perfons 
 of the higheft rank, particularly Charles IX. 
 king of France. He died in 1566 Moreri. 
 
 Noue (Francis de la), fuvnamed the Arm 
 of bon, a French foldier, was born in Bri- 
 tanny in 1531. He diftinguifhed himfelf ia 
 the wars ofltaly, and on his return to France 
 efpouled the party of tire protelfants, then in 
 arms again!! the catholics. He took Orleans 
 in 1567. He had a principal fhare in the 
 battle of Jarnac, in 1569, after which he 
 made himfelf mailer ofFontenoy, on which 
 occafion he loft his left arm, and had another 
 conftrufted of iron, from whence he had his 
 name. He was at the fiege of Rochelle, and 
 in 1578 entered into the lervice of the States 
 General in the Low Countries, where he 
 took the count Egmont prifoner, hut he was 
 taken himfelf in 1580, and did not gain 
 his liberty till five years after. In the time 
 of the league he ferved the king and was 
 killed by a mufket fhot at the fiege of Lam- 
 balle in 1.591. He wsote a difeourfe political 
 and military, printed in 1587, 4to. His fon 
 was alfo a brave officer and a writer. He 
 died in 1618, leaving fome religious poems 
 printed, at Geneva in 8vo. — Moreri. 
 
 Noue (Stanifkus- Louis de la), count de 
 Vair, was of the fame family as the pre- 
 ceding, and bern in 1729. He dilfinguilhed 
 himfelf as a gallant officer in the war of 1741, 
 and in that of 1756. He was fiain in the 
 aftion of Saxenhaufen, in 1760. Louis XV. 
 faid, on hearing of his death, that “ he had 
 loft the Loudon of France.” The count 
 wrote New Military Conftitutions, printed 
 at Frankfort in 1760, 8vo. with plates.— 
 Nouv. Ditd- Hift. 
 
 Move (John-Sauve de la), a French aftor 
 and dramatic wr ter, was born at Meaux in 
 1701. » The duke of Orleans gave him the 
 direftion of his theatre at St- Cloud, and 
 Voltaire wrote fome pieces purpofely for 
 him. Fie died in 1761. His tragedies and 
 comedies were publifhed at Paris in 1765, 
 12mo. — Ibid. 
 
 Nova ti an, a pagan philofopher, who 
 embraced Chriftianity, and was admitted to 
 orders. Being of an ambitious turn, he was 
 perfuaded by Novatus to get himfelf ordained 
 bifhop, which was done in an irregular man- 
 ner by three of that order in Italy. He then 
 endeavoured to get poffeflion of the fee of 
 Rome, after the death of pope Fabian, but 
 was oppofed by Cornelius. Novation fta ted 
 the doftrine, that it was finful to admit per- 
 fons who had once elapfed to idolatry, to com- 
 munion } a praftice then univerfal in the 
 
N U G 
 
 church. This produced a fchifm, in which 
 Novatian had many partifans, who called 
 themfelves Cathantcs, or purs. By others, 
 however, they were named Novatians To 
 the above er.or they added many others, 
 particularly thofe of the Montanifts. There 
 are feveral pieces of Novatian extant, pub- 
 lilhed by Jaekfon at London in 1728, 4to. 
 
 — fad. 
 
 Novatus, a prieft of Carthage, who, be- 
 ing cited to appear before his fuperiors, for 
 fgcrilege, and other crimes, in the 3d cen- 
 tury, itarled an opinion, that it was proper 
 to admit perfons who had fallen into idolatry 
 again to Communion, without penitence. 
 He afterwards joined Novatian, fpolcen of in 
 the article above, againft St. Cyprian, and 
 then he embraced an oppofite error to his 
 former one. This union earned a great fchifm 
 in the church. — Dupin. Cave. Mojhcim. 
 
 Nowell (Alexander), a learned divine, 
 was born at Read in Lar.cafhire. Ac the 
 age of 13 he was entered of Brafenofe col- 
 lege, Oxford, where he obtained a fellow- 
 ship. He was fucceffively maiter of Weft, 
 minftev fchool, prebendary of Weftminfter, 
 and dean of St. Paul’s. In the reign of Eli- 
 zabeth he was chofen member of parliament, 
 but the election was fet afide on account of 
 his being in orders. He died in 1602. Dean 
 Nowell is advantageoufly known *by a cate- 
 chlfm, which he drew up for public ufe in 
 Latin, printed firft in 1.572, and again in 
 1578. It was tranflated into Greek, and 
 into Englifh. His brother, Lawrence Nowell, 
 was alfo a divine, of confiderable abilities, 
 and died dean of Lichfield in 1576. He left 
 in MS. a Saxon Englifh Dictionary, whicli is 
 in the Bodleian library, Oxford.— -Fuller's 
 Worthies. Biog. Brit. 
 
 Noy (William), an eminent kwyer, was 
 a native of Cornwall, and educated at Exeter 
 college, Oxford, from whence he removed 
 to Lincoln’s inn. At the beginning of the 
 reign of Charles I. he fat in parliament and 
 oppoled the court ; but being made attorney- 
 general in 1631, he aided the molt unpo- 
 pular meafures, particularly that of lhip- 
 money, which was of his propofing. He 
 died in 1634. He wrote a Treatife of the 
 Grounds and Maxims ofthe Laws ofEngland, 
 4to. — Wood. 
 
 Nuck (Anthony), a Dutch phyfician, 
 and profeffor of anatomy at Leyden. His 
 principal works are, Adenographia, Sedlo- 
 graphia, et operationes et experimenta Chi- 
 rurgica, 3 vols. 1722 . — Gen. Biog. Did. 
 
 Nugent (Robert, earl), an ingenious 
 nobleman, was born of an ancient family in 
 the county of Weftmeath, in Ireland, in 
 1709. He was bred a Roman catholic, which 
 religion he abjured, and became a member of 
 the Britifh parliament in 1741. He was alfo 
 appointed comptroller of the houlehold to the 
 prince of Wales, with whom he was a great 
 favourite. In 1754 he was made a commif- 
 fioner of the treafury ; and in the parliament 
 which met that year he was chofen for Brii- 
 
 N Y M 
 
 tol, and continued to fit for that place till 
 1774, when he was chofen again for St. 
 Mawe's. In 1766 he was appointed one of 
 the commiflion rs of trade and plantations, 
 and at the fame time created a peer by the 
 title ot baron Nugent and viicouut Clare. 
 He was afterwards advanced to the rank of 
 earl, and died in 1788. His lordihip pub- 
 lifiied a Collection of Odes and Epiftles in 
 1738, which pofi’efs great merit. He was 
 alfo the author of an Ode to Mankind, in 
 1741; Verfes addreffed to the Oueen with 
 a New Year’s Gift of Iriih Manufacture ; 
 Verfes to the Memory of Lady Townfhcild, 
 &c. — Eueop. Mdg. 
 
 Nugent (Thomas), an Iriih writer and 
 dodtor of laws, who died at London in 1772. 
 He publifhed a Tour in Europe, 4 vols. ; 
 Tranflations ofthe PortRoya! Latin and Greek 
 Grammars ; a Pocket Dictionary of the 
 French language; andaufeful Vocabulary of 
 the Greek Primitives, in one volume, 8vo, 
 Mr. Burke married his daughter. — Mortimer. 
 
 Numa-Pompi Lius, fuccefi'or ofRomulus, 
 king of the Romans, B.C. 714. He was of a 
 pliilofopbical turn, and introduced among 
 his fubjects religious feitivals, and a code of 
 laws. Fie died B.C. 672. — Livy. 
 
 Numenius, a Greek philofopher of the 
 fecond century, was a native of Apamea, in 
 Syria, and followed the opinions of Pytha- 
 goras and Plato ; but lie charged the latter 
 philofopher with having ftolen, without ac- 
 knowledgement, from the works of the 
 Jewifli legifiacor, and therefore called him, 
 “ Mofes fpeaking Greek.” There are frag- 
 ments of Numenius extant — Moreri. 
 
 Mumeiiianus (Marcus Aurelius), fon of 
 the emperor Carus, by whom hfe was ho- 
 noured with the title of Ccdary and fuc- 
 ceeded him with his brother Carinus in 284. 
 He was murdered fhortly after by his father- 
 in-law Arrius Aper, who fell a facrifice to 
 the irritated foldiers. — Ibid. 
 
 Nye (Philip), a non-con formi ft divine, 
 was born in Suffex about 1596, and educated 
 at Oxford, where he took his degrees in arts, 
 after which he entered into orders, and in 
 1620 became curate of St Michael’s, Corn- 
 hill; but turning puritan he went to Hol- 
 land, and did not return till the civil wars, 
 when he was chofen a member of the afiem- 
 bly of divines. He was a zealous champion 
 for the folemn league and covenant. He 
 died in 16C2. He wrote feveral fermons and 
 tradts. Butler thus whimlkally alludes to 
 this perfon in his Hudibras : ‘ Philip Nye’s 
 thankfgiving beard.’ — Calamy. 
 
 Nye (Nathanael), an Englifh mathema- 
 tician in the reign of Charles II. and mafter- 
 gunner of Worcefler. He wrote a Treatife 
 called the Art of Gunnery, 1670 — Granger. 
 
 Nymannus (Gregory), profefi'or of ana- 
 tomy and botany at Wjrtemhurg, died there 
 in 1638, aged 43. He wrote a Treatife on 
 Apoplexy, 4to. ; a Differtation on the Life 
 of the Ecetus, 12mo. This loft is a curious 
 wosk.—Marcru 
 
OCH 
 
 O D A 
 
 O ATES ("Titus), a Angular charader, was 
 boru about 1619. He was originally of 
 the baptift perfuafion, but afterwards ob- 
 tained orders in the church ol Ehgland, and 
 was appointed chaplain of a (hip of war. 
 Being difmiffed the fei vice for his immoral 
 conduit, he became a lecturer in London; 
 and, in conjunction with Dr. Tongue, in- 
 vented a pretended pot, of which feveral 
 perfons were accufed, on the teftimony of 
 Oates, and executed. For this diicovery 
 Oates received a confiderable penfion, but in 
 the fucceeding reign lie was convided of per- 
 jury, pilloried, and fentenced to be impri- 
 soned for life. He obtained his releafe at the 
 revolution, and died in 1705.— •Collier's Hijt. 
 
 Dia. 
 
 Obadiak, the fourth of the minor pro- 
 phets is by fome fuppofed to have been co- 
 temporary with Hofea, but St. Jerome 
 maintains him to be the fame with Obadiah 
 the fervant of Ahab, and friend of Elijah. — 
 Cray's Key 0. T. 
 
 Obrecht (Ulric), a learned German, 
 was born in Strafburg in 16-16. He became 
 profeffor of law at his native place ; but in 
 1684 he turned roman catholic, on which 
 Louis XIV. made him prefident of the fe- 
 nate of Strafburg. He died in 1701. His 
 works are, 1. Prodromus rerum Alfatica- 
 rum, 4to. ; 2. Excerpta hiftorica de natura 
 fuccefiionis in monarchia Hifpanias, 3. toms. 
 4to. ; 3. an edition of Quintilian, with 
 notes, 2 vols. 4to. ; 4. the Life of Pythago- 
 ras, from Iamblichus. — Moreri. 
 
 Obse q_u e n s (Julius), a Latin writer, who 
 flourifhed about A.D. 395. He wrote a 
 Treatife De Prodigiis, publifhed by Aldus 
 Manutius in 1508 ; but the beft edition is 
 that of Scheffer in 1679. — Moreri. 
 
 Occam or Occham (William), an Eng- 
 lifh feholaftic divine of the 14th century. 
 He was the difciple of Duns Scotus, and 
 obtained the name of the invincible dodor. 
 Occam was a member of the order of cor- 
 deliers, the general of which, Michael de 
 Cezena, appointed him to write againft 
 pope John XXII. who excommunicated 
 both. Occam afterwards made his l'ubmif- 
 fion, and was abfolved. He died in 1347. 
 His works were publifhed at Paris in 2 
 vols. folio, 1476-— Pits. 
 
 Ocellus, a Greek philofopher of the 
 fchool of Pythagoras, and called on ac- 
 count of his birth-place Lucanus. He wrote 
 a piece on kings and kingdoms, of which 
 only fome fragments remain ; but his work 
 on the univerfe is extant. The beft edition 
 is that of Amfterdam, 1683, 8vo .-—Moreri. 
 
 Ochin (Bernardin), an Italian monk, 
 was born at Sienna in 1487. Pie entered 
 vvlien young into the religious order ot St. 
 
 Francis, but quitted it and turned phyfician. 
 He afterwards took the religious habit among 
 the capuchins, and became general of that or- 
 der. His eloquence was fo much admired, 
 that Pope Paul 111 made hirn his confeffor. 
 Ochin, however, on meeting with die work* 
 of Luther, turned proteftant, and went firft 
 to Geneva, and next to England, where he 
 obtained a prebend in Canterbury cathe- 
 dral, but on the acceftkm of Mary he re- 
 tire 1 to Straiburg, fvorp whence he re- 
 moved to Zurich, and became minifter of 
 the Italian church ; but was banilhed in 
 1563 for writing his dialogues in defence of 
 polygamy. He then went to Moravia, where 
 he joined the focinians, but died of the plague 
 the year following. His fermons in Italian, 
 5 vols. 8vo. are lcarce. Some of them have 
 been tranflated into Engliih. He wrote fc- 
 veral controverfial books — Bayle- 
 
 Ockley (Simon), a learned divine, was 
 born at Exeter in 1678, and educated at 
 Queen’s college, Cambridge, where he took 
 the degree of B.D. and in 1705 was pre- 
 fented to the vicarage of Swavefey, in 
 Cambridgefhire. In 1711 he was chofen 
 profeffor of Arabic, and died in poor cir- 
 cumftances in 1720. Fie publifhed, 1. Iu- 
 trodudio ad Linguas Orientales, 1706 j 2. 
 The Hiftory of the prefent Jews throughout 
 the World, 12mo. 1707 ; 3. The Lite of 
 Hai Ebn Yokhdan, written by Abu Jaafar 
 Ebn Tophail, 8vo. 1708; but his moft con- 
 fiderable work is. The Hiftory of the Sara- 
 cens, 2 vols. 8vo .— Great Hifl. DiEl. 
 
 Octavia, daughter of Caius Odavius, 
 and filler to Auguftus. She was fir ft mar- 
 ried to Claudius Marcellas, by whom file 
 had two children before his death, which 
 happened a little after the war of Pevfia, 
 when fhe was pregnant ot a third child. 
 She then marri.ed Anthony, to whom fhe be- 
 haved with the greateft refped ; his conduit, 
 however, was fo bafe as greatly to inflame 
 the people againft him. But the lofs of 
 her foil Marcell us, an accomplifhed youth, 
 gave her the deepeft concern. She died 
 B.C. 11. — Tacitus. 
 
 Octavia, daughter of Claudius and 
 Mefifalina. She was betrothed to Lucius 
 Silanus, but that marriage was broken oft" 
 by the intrigues of Agrippina, and Odavia 
 married Nero, who afterwards divorced 
 her, and at the inftigation of Poppaea fent 
 her to a lmall ifland, where fhe was put to 
 death at the age of twenty years . — Ibid 
 
 Odazzi ( John), a celebrated painter and 
 engraver, was born at Rome in 1663, and 
 died in 1731. He was a member of the 
 academy of St. Luke, and the pope con- 
 ferred on him the order of knighthood.—* 
 P'MrgenviUe. 
 
O G D 
 
 Opui. (Thomas), a dramatic ■''••riter, was 
 Born in Buckinghamfhire. He b.uilt a 
 theatre in Goodman’s-fields, which he af- 
 terwards fold to Mr. Gifford. In 17. >8 he 
 was appointed deputy-maker of the revels. 
 He died in 174-9. Odell was the author of 
 four dramatic pieces of little merit. — Blog. 
 Dram. 
 
 Opehatus, king ofPalenyra, who made 
 war againlt Sapor, king of Perlia, with 
 great fuccefs. The emperor Gallienus af- 
 fociated Odenatus with him in the empire, 
 and ‘‘conferred the; title of Augurta on his 
 wife Zenobia. Odenatus was affaffinated 
 with his Ion Herodian, by Meonius, a relation 
 on whom they had conferred many favours, 
 A.D. 267. Zenobia then affumed the go- 
 vernment under the title of queen of the 
 Baft. — Moreri. 
 
 Odin, a northern hero, who lived about 
 TO years B C. in Denmark. He was mo- 
 narch, prieft, and a poet ; and after his 
 death was regarded by his countrymen as a 
 god. The mythological work called the 
 Jidda, and a poem entitled, Hawtnaal, are 
 attributed to him. — Mallet's Eifl cf Denmark. 
 
 Ono (St.), abbot of Clugni, in France, 
 was born at Tours in 879. His piety 
 greatly contributed to increafe the congrega- 
 tion of Clugni, and his talents were refpedl- 
 able. He wrote feveral religious pieces, and 
 died about 943. — Moreri. 
 
 O no of Kent, abbot of the benedidlines in 
 his native country in the 12th century, who 
 wrote a legend on the Miracles of Thomas a 
 Becket. — Ibid: 
 
 Odor an, a monk of Sens, who flouriihed 
 about 1046. He wrote a chronicle entitled. 
 Chronica rerum in orbe gefrarum, which 
 ends in 1032. — Ibid. 
 
 Oicoiampapics (John), a German di- 
 vine, was horn in Franconia in 1482. In 
 3622 he became profelTor of divinity, and 
 principal preacher at Bafle. He joined with 
 Zuinglius againft Luther on the l'acrament, 
 and wrote a fmart book on the fubjetl. In 
 1628 he married, on which Erafmus thus 
 writes, Oecolampadius hath taken to him- 
 felf a wife, a pretty girl He wants, I fup- 
 pofe, to mortify the flefh. Some call Lu- 
 theranifm a tragedy, I call it a comedy, where 
 diftrefs ufually ends in a wedding.” He died 
 in 1531. His works are numerous. — Melcb. 
 Adam. 
 
 Oecumenius, a Greek writer of the 10th 
 century, whofe works on the New Teka- 
 rrient were printed at Paris, with thofe of 
 Aretas, in 2 vols. folio — Moreri. 
 
 Offa, king of Mercia, fucceeded Ethel- 
 bald in 755. He murdered Ethelbert, king 
 of the Eaft Angles, and took poffcffion of 
 his kingdom. To make atonement for his 
 guilt he gave the tenth of his goods to the 
 church, made a journey to Rome, infti- 
 tuted the tax called Peter-pence, and built 
 the monaftery at St. Alban’s. He died in 
 794. — Rapin. 
 
 Ogden (Samuel), an Englifh divine was 
 
 O I s 
 
 born at Manchefter in 1716, and educated 
 at St John’s college, Cambridge, where he 
 was chofen fellow in 1740. In 1744 he was 
 appointed maker of the free-fehool at Hali- 
 fax in Yorkshire, but reftgned that fitua- 
 tion in 1753, and returned to the univer- 
 lity, where he was chofen Woodwardian 
 profelTor, and took his degree of dodlor in 
 divinity. In 1766 he was preiented to the 
 redfory of Lawford, in Effex, and to 
 that of Stansfield, in Suffolk. Dr. Ogden 
 died in 1778. His fermons in 2 vols. 8vo. 
 are very ingenious, and written in an ani- 
 mated-ftyle. They were, however, animad- 
 verted on by Mr. Mainwaring, and de- 
 fended by biiliop Halifax . — Life prefixed to 
 bis Sermon s. 
 
 Ogilby (John), a voluminous writer, 
 was born near Edinburgh in 1600. He 
 was originally a dancing-maker, and em- 
 ployed in the family of the earl of Strafford, 
 as teacher to his children. That nobleman 
 appointed him deputy-maker of the revels at 
 Dublin, where Ogilby eredled a theatre. On 
 the breaking out of the Irifh rebellion he re- 
 turned to England, and fettled at Cambridge, 
 where he appli.d to the kudy of the learned 
 languages. He was appointed in 1661 to 
 conduce the ceremonies at the king’s corona- 
 tion, and of which he publifhed a pompous ac- 
 count in folio with plates. Ogilby tranflated 
 Virgil and Homer into Englifh verfe and pub- 
 lifhed a magnificent Bible with prints, for 
 which he was remunerated by the houfe of 
 lords. He was appointed geographical printer 
 to the king, and died in 1676- The other 
 works of this indukrious writer are, on Ac- 
 count of Japan, folio; an Atlas, folio; the 
 Fables of /Efop in Verfe, 2 vols. 8vo. ; and 
 a Book of Roads, 8vo. This laft went 
 through numerous editions, but has been 
 fuperfeded by Pa-tterfon’s. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Oglethorp e( James), an Englifh general, 
 was born in Wekminlter about 1688. He was 
 the fon of fir Theophilus Oglethorpe, of God- 
 almin in Surrey, and entered into the army as 
 enfign in 1710. He afterwards ferved under 
 prince Eugene, to whom he became fecretary 
 and aid-de-camp. On the reftoration of peace 
 he was returned member of parliament, and 
 dikinguifhed himfelfasa ufeful fenutor by pro- 
 pofing feveral regulations for the benefit of 
 trade, and a reform in the prifons. In 1732 
 he went to America, where he fettled the 
 colony of Georgia, and eredled the town of 
 Savannah. He again vilited that country, 
 and made an unfuccefsful attempt upon Au- 
 gufiine in Florida, belonging to the Spa- 
 niards. For this he was tried, on his return 
 to England, and acquitted. In 1745 he was 
 promoted to the rank of major-general, and 
 was fent againk the rebels, but did not over- 
 take them, for which he was again brought 
 to a court-martial, and honourably acquitted. 
 He died in 1785, at the advanced age of 97, 
 being the oldek general in die fervice.— - 
 Eurcp.Mag. Vol.Vni. 
 
 Oisel (James), profeffor of law at Gr&» 
 
OLD 
 
 sfingen, was born at Dant.zic in 1631, and 
 died in 1086. His works are, Corrections 
 and Notes on various Authors; a Treadle, 
 entitled, Thefaurus felectorum Numifmatum 
 antiquorum :ere exprellbrum, 4to. ; and a 
 Catalogue of his Library, which was latge 
 and valuable. — Moreri. 
 
 Okolski (Simon), provincial of the or- 
 der of jacobins in Poland in 1619. He wrote 
 a curious hiftory of his native country, under 
 the title of Orbis Polonus, 3 vols. folio, 
 printed at Cracow in 1611 — Moreri. 
 
 Olaf, king of Norway in the 10th cen- 
 tury. He djpnt mifiionaries into Greenland 
 to convert the inhabitants of that country to 
 chciftianity. — Moreri. 
 
 Olahus (Nicholas), archbiftiop of Stri- 
 gonia, in Hungary, and chancellor of that 
 kingdom, was born at Hermenftadt in 1163, 
 and died in 1568- He was a liberal prelate, 
 and published a Chronicle of his own Times ; 
 a Hiftory of Attila; and a Defcription of 
 Hungary. — Moreri. 
 
 Olavides (the count de), was born in 
 Spaniih America, but had his education at 
 Madrid, where he became l'ecretary to the 
 count de Aranda, whom he accompanied in 
 his embafly to France. On his return to 
 Spain Charles III. created him a count, and 
 appointed him fuperintendant of Seville. 
 He undertook the great work of fertilizing 
 the Sierra Morena, or the Black Mountain ; 
 a defert region barren to the very fummit. 
 By his perfeverance, however, and the colo- 
 nies of Germans which he brought thither, 
 it alfumed a new face. Notwithstanding the 
 benefits which this worthy man had thus 
 rendered his country, he fell into difgrace, 
 and was fent to prifon, from whence he ef- 
 fected. his efcape to Venice, where he died 
 aged 65. There is attributed to him an ex- 
 cellent book entitled, El Evartgelio en tri- 
 umfo, the Triumph of the Gofpel, 4 vols. 
 4to. — Nouv. DiB. Hift. 
 
 Oi. dcastle (fir John), lord Cobham, 
 was born in the reign of Edward III. In 
 that of Henry IV. he commanded the Engliih 
 army in France, where he compelled the 
 duke of Orleans to raile the fie ge of Pari?. 
 He was an adherent of Wickliffe’s doctrines, 
 which he propagated with fuch zeal, that in 
 the reign of Henry V. he was fent to the 
 Tower, from whence he made his efcape, but 
 was taken in Wales. Being conveyed to 
 London he was condemned to be hanged and 
 burnt, which fentence was executed with 
 circumftances of peculiar barbarity in St. 
 Giles’s, in 1417. He wrote Twelve Con- 
 clufions, addreffed to the parliament of Eng- 
 land. — Great Hift. DIB. Fox's ABs and Mon 
 
 Oldenburg (He'nfy), a native of Ger- 
 many, who was appointed conful for the 
 town of Bremen, at London, during Crom- 
 well’s ufurpation. Fie afterwards became 
 tutor to fome Englifli gentlemen, and re- 
 fided at Oxford, where he was admitted a 
 member of the philolophical fociety, of 
 which he \fas appointed l'ecretary and pub- 
 4 
 
 O-L D 
 
 lilhed thirty-fix numbers of their Tranfac- 
 tions. He died in 1678. — Great Hift. DiB „ 
 Oldenburg er (Philip Andrew), pro- 
 fefior of hiftory and law at Geneva, where 
 lie died in 1678. His principal work is en- 
 titled, Thefaurus Rerum Publicarum totius 
 Orbis, 4 vols. 8vo. — Moreri. 
 
 Older man (John), a learned German 
 writer, was born in 1686. Fie became 
 Greek profeffor at Helmlladt, where he died 
 in 1723. He wrote feveral ingenious Dif- 
 fertations, as, De Imperfedtionis Sermonis 
 humani ; De Phraarte fluvio, &c. — Ibid. 
 
 Oldfield (Ann), a celebrated drama- 
 tic performer, was born in London, in 1683- 
 Sir John Vanburgh recommended her to 
 Mr. Rich, patentee of the king’s theatre, 
 by whom the was engaged. Her abilities 
 were of the firft order, and her perfon ex- 
 tremely pleafing. She was at firft the mif- 
 trefs of Mr. Arthur Maynwaring, and after 
 his death of general Churchill. She had a 
 fon by each of thofe gentlemen, and died in 
 1730. Her remains were interred in Weft- 
 minder abbey.— Biog. Brit. 
 
 Oldham (John), an Engliih poet, was 
 born at Shipton in Gloucefterlhire, in 1653. 
 He received his academical education at Ed- 
 mund hall, Oxford, where he proceeded B.A. 
 and afterwards became uiher to the free- 
 fchool at Croydon. Some ot his poems be- 
 ing read by the earls of Rocbefter and Dor- 
 fet, they relealed him from that fituation, 
 arid he was appointed tutor to the grandfons 
 of fir Edmund Thurland, and afterwards to 
 a Ton of fir William Hicks. He nextre- 
 fided with the earl of Kingfton, and died of 
 the hnall-pox in 1683. His works have 
 been printed in 3 vols. 12mo. — Gibber's Lives 
 of the Poets. 
 
 Oldisworth (William), an Englifh 
 writer, who was one of the authors of a pe- 
 riodical paper called the Examiner. He alio 
 publifhed a volume, called State Trarils, and 
 another entitled State Mii'cellany Poems, 
 8vo. &c. Fie died in 1734. — Gen. Biog. 
 DiB. 
 
 Oldmixon (John), apolitical writer and 
 hiftorian, was born near Bridgewater in $o- 
 merletihire. Fie was a violent opponent of 
 the Stuart family, in the reign of queen 
 Anne, and attacked the beft writers of that 
 period with fo much violence, that Pope 
 gave him a confpicuous place in the Dunciad. 
 He became collector of the cuftoms at Bridge- 
 water, where he died in 17-42. lie wrote, 
 1. A Hiftory of tile Stuarts, folio; 2. A 
 Volume of Poems, 8vo. ; 3. The Life of 
 Queen Anne, and other works. — Gen. Biog. 
 DiB. . 
 
 Oldys (William), an hiftorical and bio- 
 graphical writer, was the natural Ion of Dr. 
 Oldys chancellor of Lincoln, and advocate 
 of the court of admiralty. Of the early life 
 and education of the fon little is known, but 
 he is faid to have fquandered in extravagance 
 the patrimony which had. been left him. 
 He afterwards became keeper of lord Oxford’s 
 
OLE 
 
 library, of which he formed the catalogue 
 ■when that colledtion was fold by Ofborne the 
 bookfeller. He was all'o employed to fuper- 
 intend the publication of the Harleian mif- 
 cellany. The only public port: he ever had 
 was that of norroy king at arms. His man- 
 ners were low', and he died of irregular living 
 in 1761, aged 74. His principal w'orks are; 
 The Lite of Sir Walter Releigh ; fome ar- 
 ticles in the Ceneral Hiltorical Didtionary ; 
 thofe in the Biographia Britannica figned G ; 
 The Britiih Librarian, 8vo; Introduction to 
 Hayward’s Bricifh Mule, 3 vols. 12mo. ; 
 Life ot Richard Carew the Antiquary.— 
 Europ. Mag. 
 
 Olearius (Adam), miniller to the duke 
 of Holftein, who appointed him fecretary 
 to the embaffy which he fent to Mufcovy 
 and Perlia. Olearius was lix years in this 
 employment, and on his return wrote an ac- 
 count of his travels, published in 1656, folio. 
 He alfo wrote an Abridgment of the Chro- 
 nicles of Holftein from 1443 to 1663. He 
 died in 1671, aged 68. — Moreri. 
 
 Olearius (Godfrey), a German divine, 
 was born at Hall in Saxony, in 1639, and 
 died piofeflor of divinity at Leipfic in 1713. 
 He was one of the principal writers of the 
 Atta EruJitorum; the author of an Intro- 
 duction to Divinity ; and of another work 
 on theology. Ilis fon Godfrey was born at 
 Leipfic in 1672. He ftudied under his fa- 
 ther, after which he went to Holland and 
 England, and on his return to his native 
 place became profeffor of the Greek and La- 
 tin languages. In 1708 he fucceeded to the 
 divinity chair. He died in 1715- He pub- 
 lished a Diftertation on the Worfhip of God 
 the Father by Jefus Chrift ; a good edition 
 of Philoftratus, Greek and Latin, folio; a 
 tranflation of Stanley’s Hiftory of Ptiilofo- 
 phy, 4to. ; a Hiltory of Rome and Germany, 
 8 vo. — Moreri. 
 
 O’Leary (Arthur), a Roman catholic 
 divine, was a native of Cork, and received, 
 his education at St Omer’s, after wdiich he 
 entered into the order of St. Francis. He 
 was for fome time chaplain in a French re- 
 giment, but having refufed to engage his 
 countrymen in that fervice in the time of 
 war he was difmifled, He then returned to 
 Cork, where he officiated to a congregation 
 iome years ; and in the American war he 
 was fo ferviceable in encouraging the Irilh 
 catholics to loyalty as to be rewarded with a' 
 penfion. He afterwards fettled in London, 
 w-here he was greatly admired as a preacher. 
 He died in 1801. Mr. O’Leary publifhed 
 political tracts in 1vol. 8vo., 1783; and 
 lome Sermons . — Public Characters , ‘vol. I. 
 
 Oleaster (Jerom), a Portuguefe domi- 
 nican who allifted at the council of Trent as 
 chaplain to John 111. king of Portugal. He 
 refufed a biftiopric on his return, but accept- 
 ed the office of grand inquifitor. He died 
 in 1563. His works are : Commentaries 
 oil the Pentateuch, 1 vol. folio ; a Com- 
 
 O L I 
 
 mentary on Ifuiah, folio, Paris, 1628.— • 
 
 Moreri. 
 
 Olen, a Greek poet, who lived before 
 Orpheus. He compoled hymns which were 
 fung upon folemn feftivals, but none of them 
 are extant. — Vojjius de Poet. Grace. 
 
 Olesniki (Sbigneus), a polifh prelate 
 and ftatelman, was born of a noble family, 
 and became fecretary to king Ladifiaus Ja- 
 gellon. He afterwards embraced the ec- 
 ciefiaftical ftate, and obtained the biftiopric 
 of Cracovia, and a cardinalfhip. He w'as 
 alfo employed on feveral embaffies. He died 
 in 1435, aged 66. — Moreri. 
 
 Olimpo (Balthafar), an Italian poet of 
 the 16th century, w'ho wrote Pegajea mftanje 
 Amoroje, Venice, 1525, 8vo; La Gloria d' 
 Amorc , 1530, 8vo. All his works were 
 printed in 2 vols. 8vo. , 1559 — Tirabojchi. 
 
 Oliva (Alexander), a cardinal and ge- 
 neral of the order of St. Auguftin, was born 
 at Saffoferrato in Italy in 1408. On account 
 of his talents and virtues pope Pius II made 
 him a cardinal, and employed him in feveral 
 important negociations. He died at Tivoli 
 in 1463. His works are: De Chrifti ortu 
 Sermones centum; de Coena cum apoftolis 
 facia ; De peccato in Spiritum fanctum.— 
 Moreri. 
 
 Oliva (John), a learned writer, w'as 
 born at Rovigo in the ftate of Venice in 
 1689. He embraced the ecclefiaftical ftate, 
 and in 1722 became librarian to cardinal Ro- 
 han, by whofe intereft he was appointed fe- 
 cretary to the conclave. He died at Paris in 
 175 7. He wrote diflertations on antiquarian 
 fubjedts; and publifhed an edition of the 
 works of Poggio, and another of Silveftri’s 
 work on an ancient monument of Caftor and 
 Pollux, with the life of that author. —-Nou-v. 
 DA. FIJI. 
 
 Olivares (Gafpar de Guzman count do), 
 an eminent Spanifh ftatefman who was in 
 great favour with Philip IV. He became 
 prime minifter in the room of the duke de 
 Uzeda, and beg^n his political career by fe- 
 veral ufeful regulations ; but his haughty 
 conduit occafioned a revolt in Catalonia, and 
 the feparation of Portugal from Spain. Oli- 
 vares was dilgraced, and died of chagrin at 
 Toro in 1643. — Moreri. 
 
 Oliver (Ifaac), an Englifh painter in the 
 reign of queen Elizabeth. He painted hif- 
 torical pieces, but chiefly miniatures in a 
 ftyle of exquifite beauty. His pictures are 
 marked with <1>. He died in 1617. — Vertue. 
 IValpole. 
 
 Oliver (Peter), the eldeft fon of the 
 preceding. He was alfo an excellent painter 
 of portraits in miniature, and died in 1661, 
 aged 59. — Ibid. * 
 
 Oliver (Claude Matthew), advocate of 
 the parliament of Aix, was born at Mar- 
 feilles in 1701. He was one of the inftitu- 
 tors of the academy of Marfeilles, and dif- 
 tinguiihed himfelf by his eloquence. He 
 died in 1736. His works are; 1, Iliftory 
 
O M A 
 
 of Philip of Macedon, father of Alexander 
 the Great, 2 vols. 12.mo. ; 2, Memoir on the 
 Succour given to the Romans by the People 
 of Marseilles in the 2d Punic War, and in 
 that ot the Gauls.— Moreri. 
 
 Oliver of Malmfbury, a benedidtine 
 monk, who was well Ikilled in mechanics, 
 but in attempting to fly from a tower with 
 wings of his own contrivance, he fell and 
 broke his legs. He died 1060. — Gen. Hiji. 
 
 D\a. 
 
 Oliver (William), an eminent phyfician, 
 who re Tided many years at Bath, and wrote 
 a treatife on the virtues of the Bath waters. 
 He profefl'ed himfelf an unbeliever till a 
 Ihort time before his death, when he became 
 a fmcere penitent. -He alfo wrote on tar 
 water, and died in 1764. — Gent. Mag. 
 
 Olivet (Jofeph Thoulier de), a learned 
 critic, was born at Salins in 1682. He ltu- 
 <liei under his uncle who was a jefuit, and 
 acquired a great knowledge of the learned lan- 
 guages. In 1740 Oliver publifhed an ex- 
 cellent edition of the works of Cicero in 
 9 vols. 4to., with notes. He died in 1760. 
 Befides the above he publifhed a tranflation 
 ot Cicero’s Treatife on the Nature of the 
 Gods into French : a tranflation of forne of 
 the orations of Demofthenes and Cicero ; a 
 Hiftory of the French Academy, or which he 
 was a member; and lbme other works.— 
 Nouv. D]B. Hiji. 
 
 Olive tan (Robert), a printer of Neuf- 
 chatel, was a near relation of Calvin. He 
 printed in 1535 a tranflation of the Bible in 
 French, which was the rirft done from the 
 Hebrew and Greek. It is called the Bible 
 of the Sword, on account of that emblem be- 
 ing adopted by the printer. It is now very 
 fcarce — Moreri. 
 
 Gliveyr a (Chevalier Francis de), an in- 
 genious Portuguese, who was employed by 
 bis court in feveral embaffies, but on turn- 
 ing protellant he retired to England, where 
 he died in 1786, aged 83. He wrote a con- 
 folatory pamphlet to his countrymen on the 
 octafion of the earthquake at Lilbon, and 
 l'ome other pieces. — Gen. Blog. DM. 
 
 Olybrius (Flavius Anicius), emperor of 
 the Bait after Anthemius, and fon-in-law of 
 the emperor Leo. He was (lain loon after 
 bis accelTion by the Goths, who placed Gly- 
 cerins on the throne, A.D. 47°2. — Un'vv. Hiji. 
 
 Olympiodorus, a peripatetic philofo- 
 pher of ./Egypt, who lived in the time of’ 
 Theodoflus II. and wrote a hiltory of Hon o- 
 rius in Greek ; alfo Commentaries on the 
 Meteors of Ariftotle, and the Life of Plato. 
 — Diogenes Laertius. 
 
 Olzoffski (Andrew), archbifhop of 
 Guelne in Poland, and chancellor of the 
 crown, w.as born in 1618. He was a man of 
 learning, and an accomplilhed ftatefman. He 
 refilled the dignity of cardinal, and died in 
 1678. -—Moreri . 
 
 Omar I. fecond caliph of the muffulmans 
 after Mahomet. He deieated Ali, whom 
 the impoflor had appointed to be his fuccef- 
 
 O P I 
 
 for. After this Omar made rapid conquefts 
 in the eaft, and committed the greatei't vio- 
 lences to eftablifh the mohammedan faith. 
 This barbarian, after taking Alexandria, 
 burnt the famous library which had been 
 founded there by Ptolomy Philadelphus. In 
 638 he took Jerufalem, afterafiege of two 
 years, but was aflaliinated in that city in 
 6 14, by a Perfian Have. — D'Htrbelot. Umnj. 
 
 Hiji. 
 
 Omar II the 13th caliph of the race of 
 the Ommiades, fucceedeu his coufm Soly- 
 man, in 717. He laid flege to ConAanti- 
 nopie, but was forced to raiie it on account 
 of a violent ftorm which deftroyed a great 
 part of his fleet. He was poifoned at Emefa 
 in Syria, in 720. — Ibid. 
 
 Omeis (Magnus Daniel), profefTor of 
 belles-lettres at Altorf, where he died in 
 1708, aged 63. He wrote Ethica Pythago- 
 rica; Ethica Platonica ; Theatvum virtutum 
 et vitiorum ab Arillotele omiflorum ; [u- 
 
 venci hilloria Evangel ica cum notis. — Moreri. 
 
 Onesicritus, a cynic philofopher, who. 
 attended Alexander the Great in his Indian 
 expedition. He had feveral conferences with 
 the Brahmins, particularly Calanus, who 
 was fo plealed with him as to accompany 
 him to Perfla. Oneficritus wrote a Hiftory 
 of Alexander. — Diog. Laertius. 
 
 One sim us, a Phrygian, was the Have of 
 Philemoo, the friend of St. Paul. Having 
 fled from his mailer, he met with the apof- 
 tle at Rome, by whom he was converted to 
 chriitianity, and fent back to Philemon with 
 an artedtionate epiftle. He is faid to have 
 been made bifhop of Berea in Macedonia, 
 where he fullered martyrdom. — Baronins. 
 D.nJ>in. Cave. 
 
 Onkelos, furnamed the Profelyte, a 
 Jewifli rabbi in the time of our Saviour. He 
 was the author of the Chaldee Targum on 
 the Pentateuch, which is highly elteemed 
 by the Jews. — Buxtorf. 
 
 Onomacritus, a Greek poet, to whom 
 has been attributed the poems which go un- 
 der the names of Orpheus and Mufleus. He 
 flourilhed B.C. 516. — Vojjius de Poet Greet. 
 
 Onuphkius (Panvinius), an Auguilin 
 monk of Verona, was born in 1529. He 
 continued the Lives of the Popes, which were 
 begun by Platina. He died in 1568. 
 Onuphrius was the author of feveral other 
 vv o r k s . —Moreri. 
 
 Oort (Adam van), a painter of perfpec- 
 tive and architecture, was born at Antwerp 
 in 1537. He was the maker of Rubens and 
 Jurdaens, and died in 1641. — Houbraken. 
 
 Oost (James van), an hiftorical painter, 
 was born at Bruges in 1600. He ftudied the 
 manner of Annibal Caracci with fuccels. 
 His principal painting is a defcent from the 
 crofs at Bruges. He died in 1671. His fon 
 James was alfo a good artiit, and died in 
 1713, aged 76 — Pilkington . 
 
 Opitius (Henry), a Lutheran divine, 
 was born at Altenuurg in Mifnia in 1612. 
 He became profefibr of theology and of the 
 
o r r 
 
 oriental languages at Kiel, where he died In 
 17 12. He publifhed an edition of the He- 
 brew Bible, 2 vols'. 4to. and fome works on 
 Hebrew antiquities — Moreri. 
 
 Gpitius (Martin), a poet, was a native 
 of Breflaw. He diftinguilhed himfelf by his 
 poems in Latin and German. They were 
 printed at Amflerdamin 1633. The author 
 died in 1639 b — Moreri. 
 
 Oporinus (John), a German printer, 
 was born at Bafil in 1507. He was a man 
 of confiderable learning, and died in 1568. 
 He wrote Notes on Cicero and Dcmoilhenes ; 
 and publifhed an edition of the Bucoiic poets. 
 —Ibid. 
 
 Offian, a Greek. poet and grammarian 
 in the lecond century. He was a native of 
 Cilicia, and wrote a poem on fifhing, entitled, 
 Halieutics, which is extant ; alio fome works 
 an painting. He died at the age of 30. 
 The befl edition of Oppian is that of Rit- 
 terfhufius, Leyden, 1597, 8vo . — Vofjius de 
 Poet. Grac. 
 
 Op so pa; us (John), a German critic and 
 phyfician. He was profeffor of Phyfic at 
 Heidelberg, and pu'olifhed fome pieces of 
 Hippocrates, and an edition of the Sibylline 
 oracles. He died in 1596, aged 40. His 
 brother, Simon Opfupteus, was alfo a learned 
 phyfician, and died in 1619, aged 44. There 
 was alfo one Vincent Opfopaeus, a German, 
 of the fame age, who wrote a Latin poem on 
 the art of drinking, 1578., 8vo .—Moreri. 
 
 Optatus, an African bifhop in the 4th 
 century, who wrote a piece on theichifm of 
 the donatifts in a fine ftyle. It was pub- 
 lilhed by Dupin with notes in 1700. He 
 died in 384.. — Diipm. 
 
 Orellana (Francis), a Spaniard, w'ho 
 deferred from Pizarro, and difeovered the ri- 
 ver of the Amazons. On his arrival in 
 Spain he gave a marvellous account of the 
 countries he had palled through, and af- 
 ferted that he had teen a nation of women, 
 whence the name of Amazons was given to 
 that river. He perilhed at the mouth of the 
 fame river about 1550. — era's Hift. of 
 Mexico and Peru. 
 
 Orgagn a (Andrew,), an Italian painter, 
 was born at Florence in 1329. He was alfo 
 a feulptor and architect. In a picture of the 
 Lall Lav he reprelented his friends in para- 
 eife, and his enemies in hell. He died in 
 1889.— De Piles 
 
 Oribasius cf Fergamus, phyfician tej Ju- 
 lian the Apellate. He wrote Medical Col- 
 lections, compofed from the works of Galen, 
 and two others on anatomy. His works were 
 publifhed at Leyden in 1745, 4to. — Friend's 
 Sift. Pl-yfc. 
 
 Origen, a father of the church, was 
 born at Alexandria A.D. 185, of chriftian 
 parents. He devoted much of his time to 
 t~e lludy of the feriptures, and by his ex- 
 hortations his father was encouraged to en- 
 dure martyrdom. Origen taught grammar 
 for his own fupport, and that of his mother 
 and brethren. Demetrius bifhop of Alexan- 
 
 O R L 
 
 dria relieved him from this employment bf 
 appointing him catechift of his^cliurch. His 
 aullerities were very great, and taking the 
 feripture in the molt rigid i’enfe, he caflrat- 
 ed himfelf, to become qualified for the king- 
 dom of heaven. From Alexandria he went 
 to Rome, where he began his famous Elex- 
 apla, or the Bible in different languages. 
 At the command of his bifhop he returned to 
 Alexandria, and was ordained. Soon after 
 this he began his Commentaries on the 
 Scriptures; but Demetrius, who envied Iris 
 reputation, perfecuted him with violence, 
 and in a council, affembled in 231 , it was 
 decreed that Origen fhould defift from preach- 
 ing, and quit the city. On this he went to 
 Caelarea, where he was well received by the 
 biihop, and permitted to preach, which gave 
 additional offence to his perfecutors, who ex- 
 communicated him. Though he was thus 
 treated at home, he met with the greateft 
 refpeCl wherever he went. He was confut- 
 ed in leveral epifcopal fynods ; but in the 
 perfecution under Decius he was thrown into 
 prifon, and put to the torture. On his re- 
 leaie he applied himfelf to his minifterial 
 labours, and to writing. He died in 254. 
 In the works of Origen, which make 4 vols. 
 folio, there are many conjectural opinions, 
 particularly with refpect to the Trinity, and 
 the puniihment of devils and fintul men. 
 — Cave. Dupin. 
 
 Origen, a platonic philofopher, who was 
 the difciple and friend of Porphyry. He 
 made a panegyric on the emperor Gallienus. 
 There was an Egyptian of this name, who 
 faid that marriage was the invention of the 
 Devil. — Moreri. 
 
 Origny (Peter Adam de), aFrenchfol- 
 dicr and writer, who publifhed a Hiflory of 
 Ancient Egypt; and a Syftem of Egyptian 
 Chronology. He died at Rheims in 1774. 
 
 Orkan, fon ofOthoman, emperor of the 
 Turks, feized t he throne in 1326, after de- 
 feating his elder brothers. He extended the 
 bounds of his empire by taking Gallipoly 
 and feveral cities from the Greeks. Elis 
 reign was long and cruel. He married the 
 daughter of John Cantacuzenus, and died in 
 1360 — Unh> Hift. 
 
 Ort.andi (Pellegrini- Antony), an Italian 
 bookfeller, who hied in 1730. Ele wrote on 
 the Origin and Progrefs of Printing^ from 
 1457 to 1500, in Italian; a Hiflory of 
 Writers of Bologna, 4 to. ; Abecedario Pit- 
 torico, 4to — Nouv. Diet. Hift. 
 
 Or lay (Bernard van), a Flemifh painter, 
 was born at Bruffels, about 1490. He was 
 the difciple b: Raphael, and became princi- 
 pal painter to the governor of the Nether- 
 lands. He died in 1560. — Pilkington. 
 
 Orleans (Charles, duke of), the fon of 
 Louis of France, bore the title of duke 
 of Angouleme during the life of his father. 
 Ele was made prisoner at the battle of Agin- 
 court in 1415. He remained in England 
 twenty-five years, and on his return to France 
 he undertook the conqueft of the duchy of 
 
O R L 
 
 Milan, to whom he conceived himfelf en- 
 titled in right of his mother. He was not, 
 however, fucccfsful in this enterprile, and 
 died in 1465. He was an encourager of let- 
 ters, and wrote fome poems, which hrfve 
 been printed.— Mover]. 
 
 Orleans (Louis, duke of), a prince of 
 the blood royal of France, W'as the Ion of 
 Philip regent of the kingdom, and born at 
 Versailles in 1708. In his youth he led ra- 
 ther a diflipated life, but alter the death of 
 his father and fpoufe, he renounced his for- 
 mer courfe, and devoted himfelf to works of 
 piety, and the ftudy of religion and fcience. 
 In 1730 he retired to the abbey of St Gene- 
 vieve, where he pwrdifed extreme aufterity, 
 and performed numerous ads of humility 
 ^and charity. He died in 1752. He under- 
 stood the Hebrew, Greek, and Latin lan- 
 guages; and was verfed’m-ec.clefiaftical and 
 civil hiftory, botany, geography, philofophy, 
 and the fine arts. He tranllated the Pfalms 
 from the original Scriptures, and wrote Pa- 
 Taphrafes on feveral books of the Old Tefta- 
 ment ; Diflertations againft the Jews; a li- 
 teral tranfiation of St. Paul’s Epiftles, and 
 feveral other works. His fon, Louis Philip, 
 duke of Orleans, died in 1785, aged 60. He 
 was alfo a benevolent prince.— Nouv. DiH. 
 HA. 
 
 Orleans (Philip Louis Jofeph, duke of), 
 w'as born at St. Cloud in 1747. He had the 
 title of duke of Chartres in his youth. In 
 1778 he ferved on board the fleet command- 
 ed by count d’Orvilliers, but in the adion 
 with admiral Keppel, he went down into the 
 hold, and would not come up till the en- 
 gagement was over. His condud after- 
 wards w'as extremely diflipated, and he join- 
 ed the parties of malecontents againft the 
 court, for which he was exiled. On the 
 death of his father he took the title of duke 
 of Orleans. In the beginning of the revolu- 
 tion he difplayed the greateft hatred to his 
 royal relations, and became a member of the 
 national affembly. He alfo affirmed the ti- 
 tle of citizen Egalite. This fanguinary 
 monfter voted for the death of Louis XVI. ; 
 but fome time afterwards he was abandoned 
 by his partifans, feized at Marfeilles, from 
 whence he was removed to Paris, where he 
 was condemned to fuller death by the revo- 
 lutionary tribunal,- which fentence was ex- 
 ecuted Nov. 6, 1 793. — Nouv. D:cl. HiJ'l. 
 
 Orleans (Louis), an advocate in the 
 parliament of Paris, who fignalized himfelf 
 by his fanacicifm in the wars of the league. 
 He wrote againft Henry IV. with great vi- 
 rulence ; but was pardoned by that monarch. 
 He died in 1627, aged 87. He wrote an 
 Addrefs to the Catholics of England ; Com- 
 mentaries on Tacitus and Seneca, and other 
 works Moreti . 
 
 Orleans (Peter Jofeph), a jeftiit, was 
 horn at Bourges in 1641. He was profefibr 
 of the belles lettres in his fociety, and died 
 at Paris in 1698. He wrote a Hiftory of the 
 ‘Revolutions of ^England, 3 vqis. 4co, and 
 
 O R S 
 
 4 vols. 12mo. a work of fome merit ; Hiftorj* 
 of the Revolutions of Portugal, 5 vols. 
 12ir,o. ; Hiftory of the two Tartar Con- 
 querors, Chunchi and Ganhi, 8vo ; the Life 
 of Father Cotton, 12mo. ; Live8 of Lewis 
 de Gonzaga, an! other Jefuits; 2 vols. of 
 Sermons, &c. — M.reri. 
 
 Os me (Robert), an hiftorical writer, was 
 the fon of a furgeon on tbe Bombay eftab- 
 liflmient, and born in that country in 1728. 
 He received his education at Harrow l'chool, 
 after which he went to India as a v/riter in 
 the company’s fervice. He returned in 1752 
 in the company of captain, afterwards lord, 
 Clive, with whom he lived many years oil 
 terms of intimacy. In 1755 he went to 
 Madras as fourth member of the council. 
 He alfo held the office of commiflary-general, 
 but in 1759 lie returned to England with a 
 very fmall fortune. Soon after his return he 
 began to write the Hiftory of the Military 
 Tranfadions of the Britifli Nation in India, 
 the firft volume of which appeared in 1763, 
 but the fecond not till 1775 The court of 
 diredors appointed him hiftoriographer to 
 the company at a falary of 3001. per annum. 
 He completed his Hiftory in 3 vols.; and he 
 alio publilhed Hiftorical Fragments of the 
 Mogul Empire, during the reign of Aurengze- 
 be. He died in 1801.— Ajiatic Annual Rtjrijlcr. 
 
 Orobio (Balthafar), a famous Spanifli 
 jew, was born at Seville, and fecretly bred 
 up in the jewifli religion, though he out- 
 wardly profefled himfelf a roman catholic, 
 and became profelTor of metaphyfics at Sala- 
 manca. He applied to the ftudy of medi- 
 cine, but being iufpeded of judaifm, he was 
 feized by the inquifition, and kept in prifon 
 three years, during which he buffered dread- 
 ful tortures. On regaining his liberty he 
 went to France, and from thence to Amfter- 
 dam, where he prudifed phyfic, and was cir- 
 cumciled, on which occafion he changed his 
 name to Ilaac. He died in 1687. Orobio 
 wrote a book againft- Spinoza, entitled Certa- 
 men philofophicum. Limborch had a con- 
 ference with him on the fubjed of the chrif- 
 tian religion, of which he publilhed a ce- 
 lebrated book with this title, Arnica Col- 
 lado cum crudito Judso, 4to. — Bafnages's 
 HA. of tbe Jews. 
 
 Orosius (Paul), a Spanifli divine in the 
 5th century, was the difciple of St Auguitin, 
 who feet him to Jerufalem to conlult Je- 
 rome concerning the origin of the foul. By 
 the advice of the fa/ne father, he undertook 
 a Hiftory of the World to A D. 316. He 
 alfo w rote a Treadfe on Free Will, and other 
 works.— Morerj. Dupln. 
 
 Orpheus, of Thrace, a Greek poet, who 
 flourifhed before Homer. He was the difci- 
 ple of Lin ; us, and the mafter of Muheus. 
 His works are loft, except a few fragments, 
 and their authenticity is doubted.— yojfius. 
 
 Orsato (Sertorio), an Italian writer, 
 was born at Padua in 1617. He wrote fe- 
 veral volumes of lyric poetry in Italian ; the 
 Hiftory oF Padjia, and fome works on unti- 
 3 B 
 
O S B 
 
 quarisn fubjedls. He died in 1678.— Trra- 
 bofcbl. 
 
 Ok sato (John Baptift), a learned phyfi- 
 cian and antiquary, was born at Padua in 
 1673, and died in 1720. He wrote, Differ- 
 tatio ep'fftolaris de Lucernis antiquis ; De 
 Sternis veterum ; Differtatio de Patera anti- 
 quorum. ~Tirabofchi. 
 
 Or si (John Jofeph), an Italian writer, 
 was born at Bologna, in 1652, of a noble 
 family. He ftudied mathematics and natu- 
 ral philofophy and had a good tafte for poetry. 
 He died in 1733. His works are, Sonatas, 
 Paftorals, and other poems ; a Defence of 
 feme Italian Authors ; Letters ; Life of Louis 
 de Sales. He is not to be confounded with 
 Francis Jofeph Or si, a dominie an and car- 
 dinal, who wrote an Ecclefiaftical Hiftory in 
 20 vols. 4to. ; and a Treatife entitled, In- 
 /allibilitas Act. Romani Pontificis, 3 ■vols. 
 4to. He was a native of Tufcany, and died 
 in 1761— Ibid. 
 
 Ortiuus (Abraham), a celebrated geo- 
 grapher, was born at Antwerp in 1527. He 
 became fo eminent for his mathematical and 
 geographical knowledge as to be called the 
 Ptolemy of his age. He was appointed geo- 
 grapher to the king of Spain, and died at 
 Antwerp in 1598. His works are, Thea- 
 trum Orbis Terrarum, folio; Synonyma 
 Geographia ; Aurei Seculi Imago; Itirte- 
 rarum per nonnullps Galliae Belgicae partes ; 
 Syntagma herbarum encomiafticum. — Moreri, 
 
 Ort on (Job^, an eminent non-confor- 
 mift divine, was a native of Shrewfbury, 
 where he received part of his education, which 
 was completed under Dr. Doddridge at 
 Northampton. On entering into the mi- 
 niftry he became paftor of a congregation at 
 Kidderminfter, and afterwards at his native 
 place: fome years before his death here- 
 tired from minifterial duty, and died in 
 1783, aged 66. Mr. Orton wrote, 1. the 
 Life of Dr. Doddridge, which is an excel- 
 lent piece of biography ; 2. Sermons to the 
 Aged, 12mo. ; 3. Sacramental Medi- 
 
 tations, 12mo. 4. Difcourfes on Chriftian 
 Worihip, 12mo. ; 5. Difcourfes on Practi- 
 cal SubjeCls, 8vo. After his death was 
 printed his Practical Expofition of the Old 
 Teftament, 6 vols. 8vo. ; and Mr. Stedman, 
 a clergyman at Shrewfbury, publifhed a 
 volume of excellent Letters, which fhew 
 Mr. Orton’s piety and liberality of fenti- 
 ment to great advantage.— Biog. Brit. Or- 
 ton's Letters. 
 
 Orville (James Philip de), a learned 
 critic, was born at Arcfterdam in 1696. He 
 became profeffor of hiftory, eloquence, and 
 Greek, at his native place, but reiigned that 
 office in 1742, and died in 1751. He wrote, 
 1. Obfervationes milcellaneae novae, in con- 
 junction with Rurman ; 2. Critica Vannus 
 in inaneS Joannis Cornelii Pavonis paleas, 
 See. ; 3. Obfervations on Sicily.— Nouv. Ditl. 
 
 Hfi, 
 
 Osborne (Francis), an Englifh gentle- 
 sr.an, was coin in Bedfordfhire about 1588. 
 
 O S M 
 
 He became mafter of the horfe to the earl of 
 Pembroke, and in the civil wars he joined 
 the parliament. Mr. Olborne wrote. Advise 
 to a Son, and Letters and Poems, 2 vols. 
 which were once popular. He died in 1658. 
 — Great Hiji. Difi. 
 
 Osiander (Andrew), a German divine, 
 was born in Bavaria in 1498. He ftudied 
 at Witteniberg and Nuremberg, and was one 
 of the fir ft difciples of Luther. He became 
 miniiter and profeffor at Konigfberg, where 
 he diftinguifhed himfelf by a peculiar doc- 
 trine on juftification, which he aflerted to be 
 effected in us by the union of God with ous 
 fouls. This notion he zeuloufly defended, 
 and oppofed Luther with great fury. He 
 died in 1552. He wrote, Harmonia Evaa- 
 gelica, folio ; Epiftola ad Zuingliunv.de Isu- 
 chariftia; Differtationes duse, de Lege et 
 Evangelio et Juftificatione ; Liber de Imagine 
 Dei, quid fit. His fon, Luke QJiander, be- 
 came a Lutheran minifter, and died atlu- 
 bingen in 1604. He wrote, an lnltitution 
 of the Chriftian Religion ; an Abridgement 
 of the Centuriators of Magdeburg, and other 
 works. There was another Luke Ofiander, 
 who was chancellor of Tubingen, and died 
 in 1638. He wrote on the Omniprefence of 
 thrift as Man, &c. — Melch. Adam. Vit. 
 Germ. ’Theol. 
 
 Osius, bifhop of Cordova in Spain, was 
 born in 2.57. He became the confident of 
 Conftantine who, by his perfuafions, con- 
 vened, in 323, the council of Nice, where 
 Ofius prelided. The emperor Conftantius 
 perfecuted him with fo much cruelty to make 
 him turn Avian, that Ofius, at the age of 
 100, was induced to fign a confeffion of faith 
 preferibed to him. He was then permitted 
 to return to his diocefe, where he died loon 
 after extremely penitent for his weakneis 
 and renouncing the arian herefy with great 
 fervour. — Dupin. 
 
 Osius, or Oslo (Felix), a learned Italian, 
 was born at Milan in 1587. He became 
 profeffor of rhetoric at Padua, where he died 
 in 1631. His principal works are, 1. Ro- 
 mano-Grcecia ; 2. TraClatus de Sepulchris et 
 Epitaphiis Ethnicorum et Chriftianorum ; 
 3. Elogia Scrip tqyu m illuftrium ; 4. Ora- 
 tiones ; 5. Epiftolarum duo; 6. Remarks on 
 the Hiftory of Muffati ; 7. Collection of 
 Writers on the Hiftory of Padua. — Tirabojcbi. 
 
 Osman I. emperor of the Turks, was ibe 
 fon of Achmet I. and lucceeded his uncle 
 Muftapha in 1618. He declared war againft 
 Poland in 1621 ; but afterfever.il defeats he 
 was obliged to conclude a diludvantageous 
 peace. Attributing his bad fuccefs to the 
 janjffaries, he refolved to fubftitute a militia 
 of Arabs in their room, which fo provoked 
 them, that they depofedhim and placed Muf- 
 tapha on the throne, who caufed Oiman to 
 be ftrangled in 1622. — Unt-v. Hft. 
 
 Osman II. fucceeded his brother Maho- 
 met in 1754, and died in 1737. 
 
 Osmond (St.), was. born in Normandy of 
 . a node family, in lUtki he xollowed VVil- 
 
O S T 
 
 Ham the Conqueror to England, and was 
 made, chancellor of the kingdom, and biihop 
 ol Salifbury. He reformed the liturgy for 
 his diocefe, which form became general 
 throughout the kingdom, under the name of 
 the liturgy of Salifbury. He died in 1099, 
 and was canonized by Calixtus III.— 
 Dupin. 
 
 Osorio (Jerome), a Portuguefe bilhop 
 was horn at Lilbon in 1.506. He was pro- 
 feffor of divinity at Coimbra, and afterwarck 
 bilhop of Sylves. He died in 1.580. His 
 works were publilhed at Rome in 1592, in 
 4 vols. folio. On account of the elegance 
 of his Latin ftyle he was called the Cicero 
 of Portugal. His nephew, Jerome Oforio, 
 wrote his Life. He was canon of Evora.— 
 Mereri. 
 
 Ossat (Arnaud d’), a cardinal, was born 
 in the county of Armagnac, of poor parents, 
 in 1536. By the kindnefs of a gentleman 
 he received a good education, and was ap- 
 pointed tutor to fome young noblemen. He 
 afterwards pradlifed the law; but forfook 
 this profelliort, and became fecretary firft to 
 cardinal d’Efte, and next to cardinal de Joy- 
 eufe. He obtained the papal abfolution for 
 Henry IV. for which he was made bilhop of 
 Rennes in 1596 ; and the year following 
 counfellor of ftate. In 1598 he was made car- 
 dinal. He died in 1604. Elis Letters have 
 been printed in 2 vols. 4to.and 5 vols. 12mo. 
 — Moreri . 
 
 Ossian, an ancient Scotch bard, was the 
 fon of Fingal, whom he accompanied in fe- 
 veral military expeditions. He lived to an 
 advanced age, and at the clofe of life became 
 blind. ^ Mr. Macpherlbn publilhed a tranfla- 
 tion of poems, in a fort of poetical prole, 
 which he aferibed to Oflkn ; but their au- 
 thenticity has been difputed by feveral critics, 
 
 and as zealoufly defended by others Gen. 
 
 Biog. Difi. 
 
 Ostahe (Adrian van), a painter, was 
 born at Lubec, in 1610. His l'ubjedts are 
 people fmoking and drinking in alehoufes 
 and kitchens, which lie reprefented in a 
 mafterly manner. He died at Amftcrdam 
 in 1685 —Houbraken. Pitkivgton. 
 
 Ostervald (John Frederic), a proteft. 
 ant divine, was born at Neufchatel in 1663, 
 and died in 1747. His works are 1. A Ca- 
 fechifm of the Chriftian Religion, 8vo. , 
 
 2. Arguments and Reflections on all the 
 Books of the Bible, 2 vols. £5vo. ; 3. Trea- 
 tife again ft Unclgannefs, 8vo. ; thefe have 
 been transited into Englifh ; 4. Treatife on 
 the Sources of Corruption, 12 mo. ; 5. ACol- 
 ledtion of Sermons, (jvo. His fon, John Ro- 
 dqlph Oftervald, was paftor of the French 
 churen at Bafil, where he was greatly efteem- 
 ed. He wrote a Difcourfe on the Duties of 
 Communicants, 12mo —■Mereri. 
 
 Osterwyck (Maria van), an Ingenious 
 female an;ift, was born near Delft in 16,50, 
 and died in 1693. Her favourite fubjedts 
 were flowers and ftill life, which fhe painted 
 in a delicate manner, and with great freedom. 
 i—Pilkingten. 
 
 O T H 
 
 Oswald, king of Northumberland, was 
 obliged, after the death of Ethelfrid his fa- 
 ther, to take refuge in Ireland; his uncle, 
 Edwin, having taking pofleffion of the thronq. 
 He became a chriftian in his retreat ; and re- 
 turning to his own country, defeated Cerdo- 
 walla, king of the Britons, who loft his life. 
 Ofwald re-united the turn kingdoms of 
 Northumberland; but was flain in a battle 
 with Penda, king of Mercia, A.D. 643. 
 Ihe Monkifh hiftorians relate many miracles 
 performed by his relicks, for which he was 
 canonized. — Merer i. Papin. 
 
 Oswald (Erafmus), profeflor of Hebrew 
 and mathematics at Friburg. He publilhed 
 a tranflation of the New teftament into He- 
 brew, and other works. He died in 1579. 
 —Moreri. 
 
 Osvmandyas, an Egyptian king, and 
 the fir ft monarch who formed a library. He 
 caufed a coloffal ftatue of himfelf to be eredl- 
 ed, o.a which was this infeription : “I am 
 Oiymandyas, king ot kings, whoever will 
 difpute this title with me, let him furpals 
 my works.” — Ibid. 
 
 Otho (Marcus Sal vius), Roman emperor, 
 was born at Rome, A.D. 32, of a family 
 which defeended from the antient kings of 
 Tufcany. Nero, whofe companion he w'as 
 in his debaucheries, elevated him to the 
 highelt offices in the empire. After Nero’s 
 death he attached himfelf to Gulba, but 
 that emperor having adopted Pifo as his heir, 
 Otho excited an infurredlion, murdered Gal- 
 ba and Pifo, and afeended the throne in 69. 
 was oppofed by Vitellius, who was fupported 
 by the German army, and, in a batttle be- 
 tween the two rivals near Cremona, Otho 
 was defeated, oil which he flew himfelf, af- 
 ter reigning three months. — Crevier. 
 
 Otho I, emperor of Germany, called the 
 Great, was the eldeft fon of Henry the Fow- 
 ler, and crowned in 936, at the age of f4. 
 Berenger having ufurped the title of empe or 
 in Italy, Otho entered Rome, where he was 
 crowned by John XII. That pontiff aftei- 
 wards leagued with Berenger, on which Otl o 
 caufed him to be depofed, and put Leo XIII. 
 in his place in 963. On the emperor’s re- 
 turn to Germany, the Romans revolted, and 
 imprifoned Leo ; for which Otho again viflt- 
 ed Rome, where he feverely exercifed his 
 vengeance on the fenate. He next tufnrd 
 his arms againft Nicephorus, emperor of t 1 e 
 Eaft, whofe army he- defeated, and, aftir 
 cutting off their nofes, fent the prifoners to 
 Conftantinople. John Zimifces, the fuc- 
 cefiov of Nicephorus, made peace with Otho, 
 who died in 973. — XJnvv. lift. 
 
 Otho IL furnamed the Bloody, fucceeded 
 his father, the preceding emperor, at the 
 age of 18. His mother Adelaide oppofed 
 his acceffion, on which he expelled her from 
 court. Her party proclaimed Henry duke 
 of Bavaria emperor; but he was defeated by 
 Otho, who alfo repulfed the Danes and Bo- 
 hemians. He afterwards marched into Italy 
 againft the Saracens, by whom he was taken 
 prifoner in 98'2, but ranfomed for a larg* 
 
O T W 
 
 Turn. Uc died at Verona tfie year folio w- 
 "Ing.— ibid. 
 
 Otho III. the fon of the preceding, was 
 '•nly three years old at the death of his fa- 
 ther. On coming to age he took the reins 
 of government, and went to Italy, which 
 ■Was in a ftate of confulion, owing to the 
 oppofition of different popes. Otho having 
 re-eflablifhed order, returned into Germany, 
 and made Boleflas king of Poland. He was 
 obliged again to pafs into Italy, to quell a 
 'revolt, and died there in 1002, aged 22 years. 
 —Ibid. , r 
 
 Otho IV. called the Superb, was the fon 
 'of Henry duke of Saxony, and chofen empe- 
 ror in 1197. He was excommunicated by 
 'the pope for feizing the lands which the 
 countefs Matilda bequeathed to the holy fee. 
 The princes of the empire elefted Frederic 
 Tring of Sicily in the room of Otho, who re- 
 tired to Brunfwdck. He died in 1218.— 
 Ibid. . . 
 
 Otho (Venius), a painter, and the m- 
 flrudlor of Rubens, was born at Leyden in 
 1556. After refiding at Rome feveral years, 
 he went to Germany, where he was em- 
 ployed by the emperor. He died at Bruf- 
 fels in 1634. He had two brothers, Gilbert, 
 an engraver, and Peter, a painter.— Hoit- 
 traken. 
 
 Otrokotskiforis (Francis), an Hun- 
 garian, who completed hisftudicsat Utrecht, 
 and became a minifter in his native country. 
 He afterwards renounced the proteftant reli- 
 gion, and obtained fome preferment in the 
 ftate. He died at Tirnau in 1718. He wrote, 
 
 1. Origines Hungaricae, 2 vols 8vo. ; 2. An- 
 ticjiua Religio Hungarorum vere Chriftiana 
 et Catholica, 8vo. — Mortri. 
 
 Ott (Henry), a Swifs divine, was born in 
 ' 1617. He became profeffor of ecclefiaftical 
 hiftory at Zurich, and died there in 1682. 
 
 ‘ •— Moreru 
 
 Otter (John)* a learned Swede, was 
 born in 1707, and died in 1748. He pub- 
 - lifhed Travels in Turkey and Perfia, and an 
 Account of the Expeditions of Kouli Khan. 
 —Ibid. 
 
 Otway (Thomas), a dramatic writer, 
 was born in Suffex in 1651, and educated at 
 Winchefter fchool ; from whence he remov- 
 ed to Chrift church, Oxford, which he left 
 without taking a degree, and went to Lon- 
 don, where he became a performer and writer 
 for the ftage. The earl of Plymouth gave 
 him a cometcy in a regiment in Flanders, 
 fcut Otway being difgufted with the army, 
 returned to London, vvlicro he died milerably 
 In 1685. Having been compelled by his 
 iicceffities to contraCt debts, and haunted by 
 the terriers of the law, he retired to a pub- 
 lic-houfe on Tower-hill, where he died of 
 want, by fwallowing, a' ter a long faft, a 
 piece of bread which charity had fupplied. 
 Otway excels in touching the tender paf- 
 fions in tragedy, of which his Orphan and 
 Venice Preferved ate proofs. His works 
 
 o u s 
 
 have been collefted in 3 vols. lSrrto.— John- 
 for.': Line: of the Poets. 
 
 Oudenarde (Robert van), a painter, 
 was born at Ghent in 1663. He svas the 
 difciple of Carlo Maratti, after which he fet- 
 tled at his native place, where he painted 
 many fine piftures for churches, convents, 
 and noblemen's 'palaces. He died in 1743. 
 
 — Pdkington 
 
 Oudim (Cafimir), -a French monk, was 
 born at Mezieres in 1638. In 1690 he 
 quitted France, and went to Leyden, where 
 he profeffed the proteftant religion, and was 
 made under-librarian of the univerfity. He 
 died there in 1717. His works are, 1. Corn- 
 mentarius de Scriptoribus Ecclefix antiquis, 
 illorumque feriptis, 3 vols. tolio , 2. Vete- 
 rum aliquot Galliae et Belgii Scriptorum 
 Opufcula facra nunquam edita, 8vo. ; 3. 
 Supplement to Kcclefiuftical Authors, omit- 
 ted by Btllarmine, 8vo.$ 4. the Monk o. 
 Premontre untrocked.— Moreri. 
 
 Oudin (Francis), a French jefuit, w’as 
 born in 1679 at Vignori in Champaigne. 
 After profeffing theology and the languages 
 at Langres with reputation, he fettled at Di- 
 jon, where he died in 1752. His principal 
 works are, 1. Somnia, a Latin poem of great 
 merit } 2.1’oemata Didafcaljea, 2 vols. l»mo ; 
 
 3. Bibliotheca Scriptorum Societatis Jefu ; 
 
 4. a Commentary on St. Paul’s Epiftle to the 
 Romans ; 5. Celtic Etymologies > 6. Iliftonu 
 Dogmatics Conciliorum \ 7. Lives of feveral 
 Perfons in the Collection of Niceron.— » 
 Nmv. Dili. Hiji. 
 
 Ourinet (Mark Antony), a medallift, 
 was born at Rhcims in 1643. He was pro- 
 feffor of law at his native p’ace, and after- 
 wards keeper of the royal cabinet ot medals. 
 He was alfo a member of the academy of in- 
 feriptions, and died in 1712. He wrote three 
 Memoirs on Medals.— Ibid. 
 
 Ou dr i (John Baptift), a French painter, 
 was born in Paris in 1686, and died there in 
 1755. He was the difciple of Largillieres, 
 and excelled fn painting animals, and hifto- 
 rical fubjedts, with landfcape feenery — 
 D' Argtnwlle. 
 
 OughTred (William), a divine and ma- 
 thematician, was born in Buckinghamlhire. 
 in 1573, and educated at Eton, from whence 
 he was elected to King’s college, Cambridge., 
 where lie obtained a fcllowlhip. About 1603 
 ho was prelented to the living of Albury in 
 Surry, where he devoted himfclf to mathe- 
 matical purfuits, and wrote feveral treadles, 
 particularly his Clavis, the plan ot which 
 was adopted by fir Ifaac~ Newton. In the re- 
 bellion he fuffered conliderably for his loyal- 
 ty, and died of joy in 1660, on hearing that, 
 the king was about to be reftored. His Opuf- 
 ■cula were printed in 1676.— Biog. Brit. 
 
 Ousel (Philip), a learned proteftant di- 
 vine) was born at Dantzic in 1671, of a fa- 
 mily which originally came from Franc#. 
 He was profeffor of theology at Frankfort on 
 the Oder, where he died ia 1724. Hij, 
 
O W I 
 
 Storks are, 1. Introdudlio in Accentuationem 
 Hebrceorum metricam, 4to. ; in this work 
 he fupports the Angular notion, that the He- 
 brew points and accents are of equal antiquity 
 tvitli the facred books; 2. De Acccntuatione 
 Hebraeorum profaica, 8vo. ; 3. De Lepra, 4to. 
 — Afo reri. 
 
 Ouwalkr (Albert), a Dutch painter, 
 was born at Haerlem in 1414, and died in 
 1)15. He painted hiftorical fubjecls. —Ibid. 
 
 Overall (John), a learned prelate, was 
 born in 1559, anil educated at St. John’s 
 College, Cambridge, in which univerlity he 
 became regius profefl'or of divinity. In 
 1601 he was preferred to the deanry of St. 
 Paul’s, and in 1614 to the biihopric of Lich- 
 field and Coventry from U’hence he was 
 ♦ranflated to Norwich, where he died in 
 3 61 0.- Bilhop Overall wrote a book on 
 Convocations and fome other works.— Bio?. 
 Brit. 
 
 Overbury (fir Thomas), an Englifh 
 gentleman, was born in Warwickshire in 
 1581, and educated at Queen’s college, Ox- 
 ford, from whence he removed to the Tem- 
 ple, after which he attached himfelf to Car, 
 earl of Somerfet, by whofe means he was 
 knighted. Though he had alfifted that un- 
 principled nobleman in his amour with the 
 countefs of Efl'ex, he oppofed his marriage 
 with her, for which he incurred the hatred 
 of both. On a frivolous charge he was fent 
 to the Tower, where, by the contrivance of 
 Somerfet and his wife, he was poifoned in 
 1613. Two years afterwards the circum- 
 ftance of Overbury’s death was difeovered, 
 but though the inftruments were executed, 
 ihe noble delinquents received the royal par- 
 don. Sir Thomas was the author of feveral 
 pieces in verfe and profe, which were reprint- 
 ed in 1753 in 3vo. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Ovid (Publius Ovidius Nafo), a Latin 
 poet, was born at Sulmo in Italy, B.C. 43. 
 Being intended for the law, he was fent to 
 Rome for education, and from thence to 
 Athens. He made a confiderable progrefs 
 in eloquence; but poetry had more charms 
 for him than the art of pleading. On fet- 
 tling at Rome, his accomplilhments procured 
 him many friends, particularly Auguftus, 
 who, however, ordered him to be banifhed 
 to the banks of the Euxine lea, where he 
 died, A.D. 17. The occafion of his dilgrace 
 is varioufly related. Some afifert that it was 
 for writing his Art of Love ; others fay, that 
 it was for an intrigue with Li via, the wife of 
 Auguftus; and there are thofe who maintain, 
 that the true caufe was Ovid’s difeovering 
 ^he emperor’s unnatural attachment to his 
 own daughter Julia. The works of Ovid 
 extant are, his Metamorphofes : the Art of 
 Love ; Elegies ; Epiftles ; and Fragments. 
 They are characterifed by fweetnels of 
 ftyle, glowing expreflion, and elegance of 
 defeription, mixed, however, with much li- 
 centioufnefs. The belt edition is that of 
 JJurmann, 4 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Oviedo (John Gonfalvo de), was born at 
 
 O W A 
 
 Madrid in 1478. He became page to Ferdi- 
 nand king of Arragon, and Ifabella queen of 
 Caftile. He accompanied Columbus on his 
 firft voyage to Ilifpaniola. In the war of 
 Naples he rendered great fervices to Spain, 
 for which Ferdinand appointed him infpedfor- 
 general of the commerce of the New World ; 
 in which capacity he went to Hifpaniola, 
 where he took great pains in enquiring into 
 the caufes and remedies of the venereal dif- 
 eafe, fuppofed to have been carried thither 
 from Naples, and the virtues of the guiacum 
 in that difeale are faid to have been difeover- 
 ed by him. On his return to Spain he pub- 
 liibed Summario de la Hiftoria general y na- 
 tural de las Indias Occidentales ; printed at 
 Salamanca 1535, folio.— Moren. 
 
 Ow ain, fon of Cadwygan ab Blcddyn, a 
 prince of Powys. Having carried of}' NeflT, 
 the wife of Gerald, conflable of Pembroke, 
 he and his father were obliged to fly to Ire- 
 land, but they afterwards returned to their 
 own country. Owain fucceeded his father 
 in 1110, and the year following was in Nor- 
 mandy with Henry I. who knighted him. 
 He was killed by Gerald, the hufband of 
 Ncfs, in tll4.— Owen's Cambr. Biog. 
 
 Owain, the fon of Maxen Wledig, an 
 eminent character in the. Welih annals. He 
 broke oft' the connexion between Britain and 
 the Romans, and was in confequence chofen 
 fovereign of the country. He was alfo ac- 
 counted a faint in the Britifh church. — Ibid. 
 
 Owain, commonly called Owen Tudor, 
 lord of Penmynydd in Mona, or Anglefea, 
 was born about 1385. He iludied the law, 
 which profeflion he quitted and went abroad. 
 Catherine, the wife of Henry V. after her 
 hufband’s death, fell In love with Owain, and 
 privately married him in 1426. They had 
 three children; the eldeft entered a monaf- 
 tery, Edmund became earl of Richmond, and 
 Jafper was earl of Pembroke. After the 
 death of Catherine, Owain was confined in 
 Newgate, from whence he effected his 
 efcape, but was retaken; however he foon 
 obtained his liberty, and died on his eftate. 
 —Ibid. 
 
 Owain Civeilog, a prince, a warrior, 
 and a poet, who made war again!} Hywel ab 
 Cadwygan and Rhys ab Grufydd. He died 
 in 1 197. A fpecimen of his poetry is in 
 the Welih Archaiology.— Owen's Catnb. 
 Biog. 
 
 Owain Glandwr, commonly called 
 Owen Gler.dower, the laft of the defendants 
 of the Welfh princes who ftruggled for their 
 independence, was born in 1348. He was bred 
 to the law and became efquire to Richard 
 H. but Henry IV. confifcated Ids lands, and 
 gave them to lord Grey, who had reprefented 
 Owain as a difloyal fubjedf. On this Owain 
 afiembled his friends, burnt the town of 
 Ruthyn, and took lord Grey; whom, how- 
 ever, he ranfomed for a confiderable fum. 
 In 1402 Owain defeated Edward Mortimer 
 In Radnorfhire, and made him prifoner ; after 
 fubduing Glamorganfhire, he afl'enobled a 
 3.B3 
 
P A A 
 
 parliament, by which he was acknowledged 
 fovereign of Wales. In 1404 Owain obtain- 
 ed fuccours from France, but the capture of 
 Caermarthen was the only confequence. 
 His affairs declining he was obliged to lead a 
 feduded life, and died in the difguife of a 
 Jhepherd in 1415. — Ibid. 
 
 'Owen (John), the epigrammatift, was 
 born in Caernarvonlhire, and bred at Win- 
 chefter fchool, and from thence defied to 
 New college, Oxford, after which he became 
 fchoolmafter, firft at Trylegh in Monmouth - 
 Ihire, and next at Warwick. He died in 
 1622. His Latin epigrams poffefs great 
 point, and are inferior only to thofe of Mar- 
 tial — Wood. 
 
 Owen (George), a phyfician, was edu- 
 cated at Oxford, and became fellow of Mer- 
 ton college in 1519. Henry VIII. to whom 
 he was phyfician, left him a legacy of one 
 hundred pounds. He ferved in the fame ca- 
 pacity Edward VI. and queen Mary, and died 
 in 1 558. Dr. Owen wrote, A Meet Diet for 
 the New Ague, 1558, folio.— Atkin's Biog. 
 Ann. of Medicine. 
 
 'Owen (John), a learned independent di- 
 vine, was born at Hadham in Oxfordlhire in 
 1616, and educated at Queen’s college. In 
 the civil wars he was a zealous advocate for 
 the parliament againfl the king. Cromwell 
 made him his chaplain, and gave him the 
 deanry of Chrift church, Oxford, where he 
 ferved the office of vice-chancellor in 1652, 
 and the year following took his doftor’s de- 
 gree. He is faid to have been of tolerant 
 principles, though a rigid Calvinift. At the 
 reftoration he was deprived of his deanry ; on 
 which he retired to his eftate in Effex. He 
 died in 1683. Dr. Owen was a very volumi- 
 nous writer. His greateft works are, an 
 Expofition of the Hebrews, 4 vols. folio; 
 Difcourfe on the Holy Spirit, folio; Trea- 
 tife on Original Sin, 8vo. ; and Sermons 
 apd Trails, 1 vol. folio. — Calamy. 
 
 Owen (Charles), a native of Montgome- 
 ry, was ordained minifter of adiffenting con- 
 gregation, at Bridgenorth in Shopfhire, which 
 place he was forced to leave, till king James 
 publifhed his declaration granting liberty of 
 confcience. He died in 1712, aged 58. 
 Mr. Owen wrote feveral pieces in defence of 
 the non-conformifls. — Ibid. 
 
 Owen (Henry), a learned divine of the 
 ehurch of England, was born in Monmouth- 
 thire, and educated firft at Ruthin fchool, 
 and next at Jefus college, Oxford, where he 
 took his degree of M.D. but afterwards en- 
 
 paAS (Crifpin), an able engraver, was a 
 * native of Cologne, and the difciple of 
 Cornhard. The king of Denmark invited 
 him to his court, and he died there about the 
 commencement of the 17th century. He 
 engraved plates cf the Hiltory of phe Bible, 
 
 P A A 
 
 tered into orders, and obtained the vicarage 
 of Edmonton in Middlefex, and St. Olave, 
 Hart-ftreet. He died in 1795, age$ 80. 
 His works are, 1. Obfervations on the Scrip- 
 ture Miracles ; 2. Remarks on the four Gof- 
 pels ; 3. An Enquiry into the Septuagint 
 Verfion ; 4. Sermons preached at Boyle’* 
 Ledlure, 2 vols.; 5. An Introduction to He- 
 brew Criticifm ; 6. The Modes of Quotation 
 ufed by the Evangelical Writers explained 
 and vindicated ; 7. Pofthumous Sermons, 
 2 vols. — Eurof. Mag. Gen. Biog Died. 
 
 Owtram (William), a learned Englilh 
 divine. He was prebendary of Weftminfter 
 in the reign of Charles II. and wrote an ex- 
 cellent treatife De Sacrificiis. He died in 
 1679. A volume of his fermons was printed 
 after his death by biihop Gardiner.— Preface 
 to his Sermons. 
 
 Oxf.nstiern (Axel), grand chancellor 
 and prime minifter of Sweden, was born in 
 1583. He was the confidential favourite of 
 Guftavus Adolphus, which diftindlion he 
 merited by his ability and integrity. After 
 the death of that monarch he had the entire 
 management of the affairs of the Swedes, and 
 of their allies in Germany, in the quality of 
 direClor general. He died in 1654. The 
 Hiftory of Sweden, written in German, has 
 been attributed to him. He had three fons 
 who came to diftinguifhed rank. John, was 
 ambuffador’and plenipotentiary at the peace 
 of Munfter. Gabriel became grand marfhal 
 of Sweden ; and BencdiB was grand chancel- 
 lor of that kingdom Morcri. 
 
 Ozanam (James), a French mathema- 
 tician, was born in 1640. He was educated 
 for the ecclefiaftical (late, which, he re- 
 nounced for the lludy of mathematics and 
 philofophy, which he taught with great repu- 
 tation at Paris, where he died of an apoplexy in 
 1717. His principal works are, 1. a Didtion- 
 ary of Mathematics, 4to. ; 2. a Courfe of 
 Mathematics, 5 vuls. 8vo. ; 3. Mathematical 
 Recreations, 4vols.8vo. ; 4. life of the Com- 
 pafs of Proportion, 12mo. ; 5. Elements of 
 Algebra, 4 to ; 6. Practical Geometry.— 
 Mortri. Hutton. 
 
 Ozell (John), an induftrious writer, was 
 born in Leicefterlhire, and educated at the 
 fchool of Alhby de la Zouch. He was au- 
 ditor-general of London, and of the accounts 
 of St. Paul’s cathedral, and St. Thomas’s 
 hofpital. He died in 1743. Mr. Ozell 
 tranflated Moliere, and other French authors, 
 and wrote fome poems. Mr. Pope gave him 
 a place in the Dunciad. — Cibber. 
 
 P 
 
 and a great number on other fubjefts. His 
 daughters, Magdalena and Barbara, inherited 
 his talents. There were two other engra- 
 vers of this family) namely, Simon and Crif- 
 pin Paas, called the younger — Sandraart. 
 
 Paaw (Peter), a phyfician and botaniftj 
 
PAG 
 
 was born at Amfterdam in 1564. He became 
 eminent as a profeflor at Leyden, where he 
 died in 1617. His works are, 1. Commen- 
 tary on Vefalius, 4to. ; 2. a Treatife on the 
 Plague, 4to ; 3 ■ Hortus-Lugduno Batavus.— 
 Halleri Bibl. Anat. Moreri. 
 
 Pa bo, a Britifh prince and warrior in the 
 fifth century, was defeated and fought re- 
 fuge in Wales, where he was hofpitably en- 
 tertained by the king of Powys, who gave 
 him lands. He afterwards led a religious 
 life, and was accounted a faint. He founded 
 a church in Mona, where his monument 
 with an infcription yet remains. — Owen's 
 Catnb. Blog. 
 
 Pacatianus (Titus Julks Marinus), a 
 ufurper, who excited the Gauls to revolt in 
 his favour in the reign of the emperor Philip ; 
 but he was defeated and put to death, A. D. 
 249, by the troops which raifed Decius to 
 the throne. There are medalsof Pacatianus 
 e x i ft in g . — Moreri. 
 
 Pace (Richard), a learned divine, and 
 dean of St. Paul’s, London, was employed 
 by Henry VIII. in feveral embaffies, but 
 Wolfey being jealous of his riling merit, 
 procured his difgrace. He died of chagrin 
 in 1532. Pace was held in great efteem by 
 the mod learned men of his time, particu- 
 larly Erafmus, fir Thomas More, cardinal 
 Pole, &c. He wrote, 1. Epiftles ; 2. De 
 frudtu Scientiarum, 4to. ; 3 De lapfu Hebrai- 
 corum Interpretum, Soc.—Erafmi Epifi. Pit- 
 fats. 
 
 Pacheco (John de), marquis de Villena, 
 the favourite and prime miniftcr of Henry 
 IV. king of Caftille. His authority was fo 
 great that he difpofed at pleafure of all places 
 in the kingdom. Louis' XI. of France cor- 
 rupted him by a penfion, and this perfidious 
 minifter betrayed his matter’s interetts in 
 the peace of 1443, by many articles preju- 
 dicial to the kingdom of Caftille. Henry 
 having difeovered his treachery reproached 
 him with it, which fo provoked Pacheco that 
 he confpired againft him, and proclaimed 
 prince Alphonfus king' of Caftille in 1465. 
 But this infamous minifter caufed the young 
 king to be poifoned Toon afterwards, and was 
 reconciled to Henry, Who continued him in 
 his authority and favour till his death in 
 1473. — Mariana's HJl. of Spain. 
 
 Pachymerus (George), a Greek writer, 
 was born at Nice. His talents procured him 
 the favour of Michael Palteologus, who con- 
 ferred on him feveral offices in church and 
 flate. He died in 1310. He wrote a va- 
 luable Hiftory of the Eaft, which is inferted 
 in the colledtion of Byzantine hiftorians, and 
 was publifhed at Rome in 1669, in folio, 
 with a Latin tranflation. —Moreri. 
 
 Paciaudi (Paul Marie), a religious, of 
 the order of Theatins, correfpondent of the 
 academy of belles lettres at Paris, and libra- 
 rian to the duke of Parma, was born at Tu- 
 rin in 1710, and died in 1785. His works 
 are, 1. Monumcnta Peloponnefiaca, 2 voU. 
 4to> ; 2. Memorie de gran maettri dell’ordine 
 
 PAD 
 
 Gerofolimitano, 3 vols. 4to ; 3. Letters be* 
 tween him and count Caylus.— -Nouv. Diif. 
 Hi/}. 
 
 Pacificus Maximus, a Latin poet, was 
 born at Afcoli, of a noble family, in 1400. 
 His poems were printed at Florence in 1489, 
 4to. under the title of Hecatelegiam five 
 Elegiae ; this is a very fcarce edition. That 
 of Parma, with his other works, in 1691, 
 4to. is purged of many licentious paffages, 
 which occur in the former. Pacificus men- 
 tions the venereal difeafe in his poems, be- 
 fore the voyage of Columbus.— Tirabofcbi. 
 
 Pacius (Julius), chevalier of the order 
 of St. Mark at Venice, was born at Vicenza 
 in 1550. He wrote a Treatife on Arithmetic 
 at the age of thirteen, after which he ftudied 
 the law, and profetted it with reputation in 
 various universities. He died in 1635. His 
 principal works are, 1. De Contradlibus, fo- 
 lio ; 2. Synopfis Juris, folio; 3. De Jure 
 Maris Adriatic!, 8vo. ; 4. Decretales, lib. v. 
 8vo. ; 5. Corpus Juris civilis, folio; 6. Arifto- 
 telis Organum, 8vo. ; this laft is a tranfla- 
 tion of Ariftotle’s Logic. Pacius became a 
 zealous proteftant, and his friend Peircfc en- 
 deavoured in vain to recover him to the Ro- 
 man catholic religion.— 1 Tirabofcbi. 
 
 Pacorus, fon ofOrodes king ofParthia, 
 fignalized himfelf by the defeat of Craflus, 
 whofe army he nearly cut to pieces, B.C. 53. 
 He took the part of Pompey, and declared 
 himfelf for the aflaflins of Caefar. After ra- 
 vaging Syria and Judaea, Ventidius defeated 
 him, and Pacorus was (lain in the battle, 
 B.C. 39. — Juftin. Floras. Eutropivs. 
 
 Pacuvius (Marcus), nephewof the poet 
 Ennius, diftinguilhed himfelf both in poetry 
 and painting. He wrote fatires and feveral 
 dramatic pieces, particularly one entitled 
 Oreftes. Fragments of his are in the Corpus 
 poetarum Latinorum of Maittaire. Pacuvius 
 died at Tarentum, B. C. 154, aged 90.— 
 Moreri. 
 
 Pa darn, a Britifh bifhop and faint, to 
 whom feveral churches in Wales are dedi- 
 cated. He is ranked with Dewi and Teilo, 
 under the appellation of the three bleffed. 
 vifitors ; becaufe they went about preach- 
 ing the Gofpel to all ranks of people.— 
 Owen's Camb. Biog. 
 
 Paderna (Paul Anthony), an hjftorical 
 and landfcape painter, was born at Bologna 
 in 1649, and died in 1708. His pictures are, 
 executed in a fine ltyle, and much valued.— 
 Pilkington. 
 
 Paduan (Louis Leo, furnamed the), a 
 painter, was a' native of Padua, and died 
 about 1615, aged 75. He excelled in por- 
 trait painting, and was (killed in engraving 
 of medals. His fon Odtavian was alfo a good 
 portrait painter.— Fe/ibien. Depiles. " 
 
 Paduanino (Francifco), an hiftorical 
 painter, was born in 1552, and died i* 
 1617. There is a fine pidture of his at Vo- 
 nice, reprefenting the deliveran:e of tvr 
 malefactors at the intercellion. of a fainta< 
 Pilkington. 
 
 3 B 4 
 
PAG 
 
 Faez (Francis Alvarez), a Portuguefe di- 
 vine. He was of the order of cordeliers, 
 and became a favourite with pope John 
 XXII. who gave him fcvcral dignities, and 
 appointed him nuncio in Portugal. Paez 
 wrote a famous book entitled De Planflu 
 Ecclefia, in which he fupported the autho- 
 rity o f the pope in the liigheft degree. He 
 was alfo the author of a Summary of Divi- 
 nity, and other works. He died in 1352. 
 — • Mcreri . 
 
 Pagan, or Pacanus (Peter), a Ger- 
 man poet, and profeiTor of poetry and hiltory 
 at Marpurg, was a native of Wanfrid in the 
 Lower Hefi'e, and died in 1576. He wrote, 
 Praxis Metrics ; the Hi (lory of the Horatii 
 and Curiatii, in Latin verfe ; and other poems 
 in the fame language. — Merer], 
 
 Pagan (Blaife-Francis), a celebrated 
 French mathematician, was born near Mar- 
 feillesin 1604. He bore arms in his youth, 
 and demonilrated a valour beyond his years, 
 particularly in the paflage of the Alps, and 
 at the barricade of Sufa, Louis XIII. made 
 him held rnarlhal, and lent him envoy to 
 Portugal in 1642. The fame year lie be- 
 came entirely blind by the lofs of his eye at 
 the liege of Montauban, having before been 
 deprived of the fight of the other by a difop- 
 der. He then turned his attention to mathe- 
 matical ftudies, and wrote, 1. a Treatife on 
 Fortifications; 2. Geometrical Theorems; 
 3. Theory of the Planets; 4. Agronomical 
 Tables; 5. an Hiftorical Relation of the 
 River of the Amazons, 8vo. He died in 
 1665- — Merer]. 
 
 Pacani (Gregorio), an eminent painter 
 of Florence, was born in 1529, and died in 
 1560. His pi&uiqs have been fometimes 
 taken for thofe of Michael Angelo Buonar- 
 otti — Pilkington . 
 
 Pagano (Paul), a painter, was born at 
 Milan in Ifi61, and died in 1716. There is 
 a beautiful picture by him at Venice, repre- 
 fenting one of the works of mercy, viz. that 
 of cleathing the naked — Ibid- 
 
 Page (William), a learned divine, was a 
 native of Middlefex, and educated at All 
 Souls college, Oxford, of which he became 
 fellow in 1619. He fuft'ered confiderably in 
 the civil wars, and died in 1669. He wrote, 
 1. Gemi'fiexionis ad nomen Jefu defciifio, Ox- 
 fords 16,41 ; 2. Animadverhons on John 
 Hales’s Trait of Schifm; 3. a Trunilation of 
 Thomas a Kempis de Imitatione Chriiti into 
 Englilh.— lEood, A. 0. " ' 
 
 Paget (William, the firft lord), was the 
 fon of a‘ ferjeant at mace in the reign of 
 Henry VIII. who taking a liking to the fon, 
 made him'tlerk of the fig net, afterwards of 
 the council, and df the privy feal. He eon- 
 dudted hinilelf with'fd rinVch'difcretion and 
 (kill that Henry fent hirri ambaffadot to the 
 French court, and on his' return conferred on 
 him the honour of knighthood. “ Hi’ alfo 
 made ■ him fecretary of (tale, and appointed 
 him one ot the executors of his will. At the 
 beginning of Edward’s reign he yas fent on 
 
 P A K 
 
 an embafiy to the emperor Charles V. and of! 
 his return received new dignities, of which 
 he was deprived and fent to the Tower in 
 confequenre of his connexion with the duke 
 of Somerfet. Paget was re-eftablilhed in his 
 employments by queen Mary, and continued 
 in favour by Elizabeth. He died in 1564, 
 and was buried at the public expenfe. — Dug- 
 dale's Baronage of England. Collins's Peerage. 
 
 PApi (John Baptift), a painter and en- 
 graver, was born at Genoa in 1555, and 
 died there in 1629. He wrote 5 book on 
 painting entitled, Defniaione e diviasione della 
 Pittuna, folio.— Dr Piles. 
 
 Pag i (Anthony), a cordelier, was born at 
 Rogne in Provence in 1624- Fie became 
 provincial of his order, and undertook the 
 laborious work of examining the Annals of 
 Baronius. The firft volume of his critique 
 appeared at Paris in 1689, folio, with this 
 title, Critica Iliftorico-Chronologica in An- 
 nalcs Ecclefiafticos Cardinulis Baronii. The 
 three remaining volumes were printed after 
 his death at Geneva. Father Pagi died at 
 Aix in 1699. Befides the above he wrote 
 Difiertatio iiypatica, feu de Cpnfulibus Cae- 
 fareis, 4te. His nephew Francis Pagi was 
 born at Lambefe in 1 654, and died in 1721. 
 He aflifted his uncle in his examination of 
 Baronius, and publiftied the three pofthumous 
 volumes. He was the author of a Hiltory of 
 the Popes, 4 vols. 4to. There was a jefuit 
 oi this name who was a nephew of the laft 
 mentioned, and wrote a Hiltory of Cyrus the 
 younger, Paris, 1736, 12mo. ; and a Hiltory 
 of the Revolutions in the Low Countries, 
 1727, 12mo.— Moreri. 
 
 Pacninvjs (Sandies), a learned domini- 
 can, was born at Lucca in 1466. He em- 
 ployed twenty-five years in examining the 
 Vulgate Bible by the originals; 5n the 
 courfe of which he completed-an entire new 
 tranflation from the Hebrew and Greek. 
 He alfo compiled a Hebrew grammar anft 
 Lexicon of great pierit. Pagninus died in 
 1536.— Moreri. 
 
 P.s JON (Claude), a French proteftant di- 
 vine, was born at Raniorantih in 1626. H$ 
 became profefl’ov of divinity at Saumur, and 
 minifter at Oilcans. He had a controverfy 
 with Jurieu on the efficacy of grace and tli^ 
 planner of convevfion. He died in 1685. 
 His other works arc a Defence of the Cal- 
 vinifts, 2 vols. ; and Remarks upon the Pal- 
 (oral Advert iferherit. — jj ay le. 
 
 Pa jot (Lo'uis-'Leo), count of Ofembray, 
 was born at Paris in 1678. He ftudied 
 pbilofojihy and mathematics with great fuc- 
 cefs. His cabinet was enriched with a great 
 number of curiofitics, particularly in me- 
 chanics and natural hiltory, on which ac- 
 count it was vifited by Peter the Great and 
 Other princes. In the memoirs of the aca- 
 demy of feiences, of w'hich he was a member, 
 are feveral of hi$ papers. He bequeathed hi? 
 fnufeum to that learned body. Pajot died 
 in 1753.— Naum. DiEl. H 
 
 Pakington (Dorothy, lady), an inge- 
 
PAL 
 
 pious Engliftr.voman, was the daughter of 
 Thomas lord Coventry, and wife of fir John 
 Pakington of Worcefterfhire. She was the 
 intimate friend of Dr. Hammond, bifhop 
 Fell, Dr, Sanderfon, Dr. Hickes, and other 
 eminent divines. She died in 1679, and 
 was buried in the church of Hampton Lovct, 
 Worcefterfhire There feerrs to be little 
 doubt but that fhe was the author of the 
 whole Duty of Man, of which we have the 
 teftimony of no lefs a man than Dr- Hickes. 
 r— Ballard's Briti/b Ladies. 
 
 Pai.aemon (Q. Rhemmiut), a celebrated 
 grammarian, was originally a Have at Rome 
 in the reign of Tiberius, but by attending 
 his matter's fon to the academy lie acquired 
 fo much knovvlege that his matter gave him 
 his freedom. He then became a preceptor, 
 and gained great reputation as a rhetorician 
 -and poet. His piece de Ponderibus et Men- 
 furis was printed at Leyden in 1587, 8vo.-w 
 Ju-venaf. V ijjius 
 
 Pai*fhatus, a Greek philofopher, of 
 whom remains a treatife on incredible things, 
 printed at Amfterdam in 1688, 8vo. ; and 
 by Elzevir in 1649, 12mo. He lived before 
 the Chriftian a?ra and after Ariftotle. — VoJ- 
 fi-JS de Hiji. Greet. 
 
 Palafox (John de), a Spanilh prelate, 
 was born in Arragon in 1600, of a noble 
 family. He ftuviitjd at Salamanca, after 
 which he was appointed a member of the 
 council of war, and next of that of the In- 
 dies ; but he renounced civil diftinftions for 
 the eccleliaftical ftate, and was made abithop 
 in Spanilh America with the title of judge 
 of the adminiftration of the three viceroys of 
 the Indies. While there he adminiftcred 
 juttice with drift impartiality, and had a 
 iharp contelt with the jefuits. His conduft 
 gave fuch fatisfaftion to the king of Spain 
 that lie made him bilhop of Olma. This 
 excellent prelate died in 1659. Palafox 
 wrote, the Hiftory of the Siege of Fotitara- 
 bia, 4to. ; Hiftory of the Conqueft of China 
 by the Tartars; Sermons, and a variety of 
 jreligious pieces amounting to 13 vols. folio. 
 
 — Morer't. 
 
 Palaprat (John), a French lawyer and 
 poet, was born at Touloufe in 3 650. He 
 dittinguiflied himfelf at the bar, and was 
 made chief of the confittory in 1685. He 
 was alio employed in ftate affairs, which he 
 difcfcurged with reputation. He died at Paris 
 in 1721. Palaprat wrote tome dramatic 
 pieces of the comic caft, and poems, making 
 in ail 5 vols. l‘2mo- — Ibid. 
 
 Pal ati (John), a Latin hiftorian, was 
 born in the dates of Venice, and died about 
 1680. His principal work is entitled, Mo- 
 narchia Occidentalis, five Aquila inter I ilia j 
 et aquila Saxonica, 2 vols. folio. This 
 book is ornamented with figures of medals, 
 &c Ibid. 
 
 Palate (N. de la Curne), member of 
 the French academy, and of that of inferip- 
 tions and belles lettres, was born at Auxerre 
 jn 1697* and died at Paris in J781. Ke wrote 
 
 PAL 
 
 Memoirs of ancient Chivalry, 3 vols. l2mo. ; 
 a work full of curious Tefearch. He is alfo 
 the author of a Memoir upon the Chronicle 
 of Glaber in the memoirs of the academy of 
 inferiptions. — Nouv. DIB. Hiji. 
 
 Palearius (Aonius), a learned writer, 
 was born at Vcroli in Italy, and after ftu- 
 dying at different places he became profef- 
 for of Greek and Latin, at Sienna, but being 
 fufpefted of Luthcranifm, he found it ne- 
 ceffary to withdraw to Lucca, and from 
 thence to Milan, where he was arretted and 
 fent Co Rome. The inquifition caufed him 
 to be burnt for h»refy in 1570. He wrote a 
 Latin poem on the Immortality of the Soul, 
 the beft edition of which is that of Amfter- 
 dam, 1696, 8 vo. — Tirabajcbi. 
 
 Falit (William), a learned divine of the 
 Englifh church, was bom at Peterborough, 
 in Northamptonfhire, in 1743, and edu- 
 cated under his father, who was matter of 
 Gigglefwick fchool In Yorklhire. After- 
 wards he was fent to Chrift’s college, Cam- 
 brige, where in 1763 he took the degree 
 of B. A. Soon after this he became affiftant 
 in the fchool at Greenwich, where he con- 
 tinued three years, and then returned to his 
 college, of which he was elefted fellow. 
 He diftinguilhed himfelf as a tutor, and had 
 for coadjutor Dr. John Law, now bilhop of 
 Elphin ; by whofe recommendation Mr. Pa- 
 ley was patronized by his father, Dr. Edmund 
 Law, bilhop of Carlifie; W’ho gave him a 
 living in Cumberland, and afterwards that 
 of Appleby in Weftmoreland. He alfo ob- 
 tained a prebendal ftall in the cathedral of 
 Carlifie, with the living of Dalfton, About 
 1780 he became chancellor of Carlifie. In 
 1785 he publifhed his Elements of Moral and 
 Political Philofophy, inonevol. 4to. ; fince 
 frequently printed in 2 vols. 8vo. His next 
 work was Horee Pauli nee, or Obfervation* 
 upon the Fpiftles of St. Paul, in 1 vol. 8vo. 
 In 1789 the bifhop of Ely ottered him the 
 malterfhip of Jefus college, Cambridge, which 
 he declined ; but in gratitude to his lordfhip 
 he dedicated to him in 1794 his incomparable 
 work on the Evidences of Chriftianity , 2 vols. 
 8vo. /After this Dr. Paley obtained a pre- 
 bend of St. Paul’s from the bifhi^i of London; 
 the l'ub- deanry of Lincoln from the bifhop of 
 that diocefe ; and the valuable living of 
 Bifhop Wearmouth from the bifhop of Dur- 
 ham To the latt-mentioned prelate he de- 
 dicated his book, entitled, Natural Theology, 
 in one vol. 8vo. Befides the above excellent 
 produfticis Dr. Paley publifhed lome fermono 
 and trafts. He died at Bifhop Wearmouth in 
 1805.— Monthly Mag. 
 
 Palfin (John), an eminent furgeon, was 
 a native of Ghent, where he gained a great 
 reputation as a Lefturer, and died is 1730. 
 His principal works are, 1. On Oftaeology, 
 which is much efteemed ; 2. Anatomy of 
 the Human Body, tranfiated into French by 
 Devaux, 1753, 2 vols. 12mo. — Halleri Bibl. 
 Anat. 
 
 Pax-incenius (Mqrcellus), a Latin poet 
 
PAL 
 
 of the 16th century, whofe true name was 
 Veter Angelo Manzoli. He was a native of 
 Stallada, in Italy, and was entertained at the 
 court of the duke of Ferrara, to whom he de- 
 dicated a curious poem entitled, Zodiacus 
 Vitae ; which contains many fevere ftrokes 
 againft the Romifh clergy, for which the 
 poem was publicly burnt and profcribed.— — 
 Bayle. 
 
 Palissi (Bernard de), a French potter 
 and chemift, was born at Agen, and for his 
 ingenuity in painting on glafs and other 
 works was patronized by Henry III. who 
 endeavoured to perfuade him to become a 
 Roman catholic. But Palifii was an inflexi- 
 ble Calvinift, and would not comply. He 
 wrote feveral works, printed at Paris in 
 1636, in two vols. 8vo. ; and again in 1777 
 in quarto, with the notes of M. Faujas de 
 St. Fond. Palifli made confiderable difco- 
 veries in natural hiftory, and is faid to 
 have been the firft who gave a true theory 
 of fountains. He died in 1590. — Nou-v. DiB. 
 lift. 
 
 Palladini (Arcangela), an ingenious 
 female artift, was born at P'rfa iri 1599, and 
 tiled in '1692., She learnt the principles of 
 the art of painting frpm her father, and af- 
 terwards became diftinguifhed as a portrait 
 parnrer. — PUkingtcn. 
 
 Palladino (James), an ecclefiaftical au- 
 thor of the 14th century, known by the 
 Bsme o f fames de Taranto, on account of his 
 Icing born in that city in 1349. After re- 
 ceiving feveral preferments he became arch- 
 crlhop of Spoletta, and legate in Poland, 
 where he died in 1417. He wrote a pious 
 tomance entitled, Jacobi de Teramo per 
 breve, Confolatio piccatorum nuncupatum, et 
 apud nonr.ullos Belial vocitntum ; id eft, pro- 
 eeflus Luciferi contra Jefum, printed at Augf- 
 burg in 1572, folio. — Moreri. 
 
 Palladio (Andrew), a celebrated archi- 
 tetl, was born at Vicenza in 1508. His pa- 
 rents were in middling circumftanees, but 
 he rofe by his merit to the rank of nobility. 
 He began with fculpture ; butTriflino the 
 poet perceiving his inclination for the mathe- 
 matics, explained to him the architecture of 
 Vitruvius, and made with him three journies 
 ro Rome, where Palladio ftuftied and deiign- 
 ed after the ancient monuments of that city. 
 Jn thefe purfuits he difcoveved the true 
 principles of an art which, in his time, was 
 buried in gothic barbarity. Among the noble 
 ftruftures which this illultrious architect 
 built, one of the principal is the theatre 
 called Degli Olimpici at Vicenza. He pub- 
 lifhed a valuable treatiie on architecture in 
 1.570, in folio, with plates; and after his 
 death, which happened in 1580, was pub- 
 lifherl a w ork of his on the antiquities of an- 
 cient Rome. — D y Argcnvilit. Felibien. 
 
 Palladios (Rutilius Taurus .CEmili- 
 anus), a Latin writer and phyfieian, who 
 lived after the decline of letters at Rome,' 
 but in what year is uncertain He left a 
 treatife de Re RufUca, which is in the col- 
 
 P A L 
 
 leCtion of ancient writers who have treated on 
 rural affairs, at Leiplic, 2 vols. 4to .— blander 
 Linden, de Script. Med. 
 
 Palladios, a native of Cappadocia, be- 
 came a hermit in ,388, and in 4OI was cho- 
 fen bifhop of Helenopolis, in Bithynia. On 
 account of his attachment to St Chryfoftom 
 he was greatly perfecuted and driven from 
 his diocefe. At the defire of Laufus, go- 
 vernor of Cappadocia, he wrote the Hiftory 
 of Anchorets, to which he gave the title of 
 Hiftoria Luliaca. It was printed at Paris in 
 1555, 4to. There is alfo attributed to him 
 the Life of Chryfoftom, in a dialogue, Greek 
 and Latin, "printed at Paris in 1680; but this 
 is fuppofed to be the work of another bifliop 
 of the fame name. — Dupin. 
 
 Pallajuolo (Antony and Peter), two 
 painters of Florence, who were among the 
 firft that painted in oil. They were re- 
 markable for their afleClion as brothers, and 
 worked together. They both died in 1498, 
 aged above 70 . — De Piles. Pilkington. 
 
 Pallas, the freedman of the emperor 
 Claudius, over whom he had fo great an af- 
 cendancy as to perfuade him to efpoufe 
 Agrippina his niece, and to adopt Nero for 
 his fucceflor. Pallas, in concert with Agrip- 
 pina, is charged with having battened the 
 death of Claudius. Nero caufed him to be 
 put to death fccretly, but ereCled a fuperb 
 monument to his memory. Pallas was bro- 
 ther to the Felix before whom St. Paul 
 pleaded.— Suetonius. ‘Tacitus. 
 
 Pallavicini (Antony), a cardinal and 
 bifliop of Pampeluna, was born at Genoa in 
 1441 of a noble family, from whence has 
 i flued many great men. He rendered emi- 
 nent fervices to the papal fee, and died in 
 1507 . — Lives of the Cardinals, 8 vo. 
 
 Pallavicini (Sfovza), a cardinal, was 
 born at Rome in 1607. Though the elder 
 (on of a noble family, he renounced the 
 advantages of birth, and entered among 
 the jefuits. After his noviciate he prifeffea 
 philolbphy and theology in his fociety. 
 Innocent X. employed him in feveral impor- 
 tant affairs, and Alexander VII. made hirti 
 cardinal. He died at Romeinl667. His 
 principal work is a Hiftory of the Council of 
 Trent, w'ritten in oppofition to that of father 
 Paul. The ftyle is good, blit the book is par- 
 tial The beft edition is that of Rome, 1656, 
 
 2 vols. folio. Befides this hiltory, Pallavici- 
 ni, wrote a treatife on ftyle, and on dialogue 
 in Italian ; alfo letters, 12fno — Tirab. 
 
 Pal l avion 1 (Ferrante), an Italian wri- 
 ter, was born at Placentia about 1615. He 
 became a canon regular of the order of St. 
 Auguftine, but having written fome fevere 
 fatires againft pope Urban VIII. and the fa- 
 mily of Banberini, he found it expedient t'o 
 retire to Venice, as a price was fet upon his 
 head. A Frenchman, who pretended to be 
 his friend, perfuaded him to go to France, with 
 the offer of great advantages Ferrante fol- 
 lowed his advice, but was no fooner out of 
 the Venetian territory, than he was feized 
 
PAL 
 
 and conduced to Avignon, where he was 
 beheaded in 1614. The traitor who had 
 betrayed him was affaffinated fome time after 
 by a friend of Pallavicini’s. His works were 
 printed at Venice, in 4 vols. 12mo. 1655. 
 The principal is entitled. The Celeftial Di- 
 vorce, or the Separation of Jefus Chrift from 
 the Roman Church. — Bayle. 
 
 Palliot (Peter), aprinterand bookfeller 
 of Dijon, was born at Paris in 1608, 3nd 
 died in 1698. He had a great knowledge of 
 heraldry and genealogy, and publilhed two 
 works, embellished with plates of his own en- 
 graving, one on the genealogies of Burgundy, 
 and the other on heraldry and emblazoning of 
 arms, both in folio. He alfo left 13 fo- 
 lio volumes in manufcript on the fame fub- 
 je£ts.— Morer't. 
 
 Palliser (fir Hugh), an Englilh ad- 
 miral, was born in 1721. He early diftin- 
 guifhed himlelf in the navy, was with ad- 
 miral Matthews in the Mediterranean, 
 in 1744, and made poll captain in 1746; 
 he was alfo at the taking of Quebec, and 
 was made comptroller of the navy, and 
 created a baronet in 1773. Serving as fe- 
 cond in command under admiral Keppel in 
 the famous engagement oft' Ulhant, July 
 27th, 1778, a mifunderftanding arofe be- 
 tween them; and fir Hugh preferred a 
 charge againft admiral Keppel, who was ac. 
 quitted. Sir Hugh was then tried in his turn, 
 and reprimanded. He was, however, a brave 
 and experienced officer, and was made gover- 
 nor of Greenwich hofpital, where he died in 
 1796.— ■ ‘Gent. Mag. 
 
 Pallvel (Francis Cratte de), an eminent 
 agriculturift, was born at Dugny in France 
 in 1742. After receiving an ordinary edu- 
 cation at Paris, he returned to his father, the 
 poft-mafter of St. Denis, who appointed 
 him fuperintendant of his farms at Dugny, 
 which he greatly improved. He became one 
 of the firft members of the fociety of agri- 
 culture at Paris on its revival under Male- 
 ffierbes in 1779 ; and he difcufled very ably 
 a prize queftion offered by the fociety at Laon, 
 on the beft mode of draining marlhes. The 
 records of the fociety contain a number of his 
 memoirs and obfervations. In the revolu- 
 tion he became a member of the legifiative 
 affembly, and was appointed a juftice of peace, 
 in which capacity he formed a colledtion of 
 the laws relative to agricultural police, which 
 was printed with reflections on the office of a 
 juftice of peace. He died in 1799 .— Memoir 
 read before the Society of Agricidture. 
 
 Palma (James), called the elder, a paint- 
 er, was born at Sermaletta in Italy in 1548. 
 He ftudied under Titian, whofe manner and 
 that of Giorgione he adopted but in an inferior 
 degree. His talents, however, were re- 
 fpedlable, and his pictures are efteemed. He 
 died in 1588 .—D'Argetrville. 
 
 Palma (James), th eyounger, was nephew 
 of the above, and born at Venice in 1544. 
 Tintoret was his mafter, and Palma added 
 tonfiderable elegance to the ftyle of that 
 
 PAL 
 
 mafter. His figures are expreffive, and 
 the draperies beautiful. He died in 1628.— 
 Ibid. 
 
 Palmer (Samuel), a learned printer, 
 who exercifed his profeffion with great re- 
 putation in London, and in whofe office the 
 celebrated Dr. Franklin was employed. 
 Mr. Palmer died in 1732. He wrote a 
 Hiftory of Printing, in quarto.— Anted, of 
 Bowyer. 
 
 Palmer (John), an eminent adtor, was 
 born in 1741. His father was door-keeper 
 of Drury-lane theatre, by which means the 
 fon had every opportunity of gaining an 
 inclination for the ftage. He was at firft 
 placed with a fruiterer, which profeffion 
 he quitted, and became an under performer 
 at fo low a falary that he went to Norwich, 
 where he played with credit, and married. 
 On leaving that place he became an itine- 
 rant performer, and a lecturer on heads. 
 After purfuing this courfe fome time he re- 
 turned to London, and was engaged, firft at th& 
 Haymarket, and next at Drury-lane, where 
 he rofe to the firft order as a comedian; but 
 he involved himfelf in embarraffments by 
 building a theatre near Wellclofe-fquare, for 
 which he could not obtain a licenfe. Owing 
 to this, and other extravagancies, he was re- 
 duced to low circumftances, and died fuddenly 
 while playing in the Stranger at Liverpool, in 
 1798 .—Monthly Mag . 
 
 Pai.mieri (Matthew), a native of Flo- 
 rence, who diftinguilhed himfelf with applaufe 
 at the council held at that place. He died in 
 1475, aged 70. His works are, 1 . a Continua- 
 tion of Profper’s Chronicle; 2. A Treatil’e on 
 Civil Life, in Italian, 1529, 8vo. ; 3. a Poem, 
 entitled, Citta Divina, in 3 books ; in this 
 piece he fuppofes, that our fouls are thofe an- 
 gels which in the revolt of Lucifer neither 
 preferved their allegiance to God, nor joined 
 with that apoftate, and in confequence were 
 fent hither to pafs through a probationary 
 ftate. This poem was condemned to be burnt. 
 There was one Matthias Palmier i, a native of 
 Pifa, in t he fame age, who tranflated Arif- 
 teas’s Hiftory of the Septuagint Verfion, 
 printed with the Bible at Rome in 2 vols. fo- 
 lio, 1471. He continued Profper’s Chroni- 
 cle to 1481. — Moreri. 
 
 Palomino (Anthony), a Spanifh painter, 
 was a native of Cordova. He embraced 
 the ecclefiaftical ftate, and many of his 
 paintings are in the cathedral of Valentia. 
 He wrote a work on Painting, and the 
 Lives of Painters, in 2 vols. folio.— Pilking- 
 ton. 
 
 Palsgrave (John), an Englilh divine, 
 who ftudied at Cambridge and at Paris. He 
 became tutor in the French language to prin- 
 cels Mary, on her marriage with Louis XII, 
 of France ; and after his return to his own 
 country he obtained fome preferment. He 
 tranflated a Latin comedy called Acolajlus into 
 Englilh. He died about 15 bO.—Langbaini, 
 Biog. Dram. 
 
 Pal u dan us (John), a learned divine of 
 
PAN 
 
 *fiK Reman church, and profeflor of theo- 
 logy at Louvaine, where he died in 3630, 
 He wrote, 1. Vindiciae Theologicx, advdr- 
 fus Yerbi Dei corruptelas, 2 vols. 8vo, ; 2. 
 A r ologetkus Marianus, 4to. ; 3. De Sanc- 
 tc Ignatio Concio Sacra, 8vo. ; 4. Officina 
 Spiritalis facris Concionibus adaptata, 4to. 
 He is not to be milaken for Bernard Pa’uda- 
 xh i, profeflor of phkofophy at Leyden, 
 where he died in 1634. He wrote Motes on 
 Linfchotcn’s Voyages, and other works.— 
 Moreri. 
 
 Pamilibs (James), was born at Bruges 
 in 1636 . He entered into orders, and be- 
 came canon of Bruges and archdeacon of 
 St. Omet’s. Philip U. of Spain nominated 
 Lien bithop of that diocefe in 1587, but he 
 died the fame year. His works are, 1 • Li- 
 turgica Latinorum, 2 vols. 4to. ; 2. Miqro- 
 logus de Ecclefiaflicis obfervationibus ; 3 . 
 Catalogus Commentariorum veterum Se- 
 ledtorum in univerfam Bibliam, 8vo. ; 4. 
 Conciliorum Paralipomena, &c. He alfo 
 publifhed the works of Tertullian and Cyprian 
 with notes ; the T reatife of Caffiodorus de 
 divinis nominibus, &c .—Moreri. 
 
 Pammachus (St.), a fenator of Rome, 
 who alfo enjoyed the confulur dignity. He 
 efpoufed Paulina, the fecond daughter of 
 Paula, the friend of Jerome, who fpeaks 
 highly of the talents of Pammachus. He 
 built an hofpital at Porto, and attended the 
 poor himfelf. He refuted the errors of Jo- 
 vinian, and died in 410.— Dufin. 
 
 Pamfhyuus, a painter of Macedon, who 
 ftourifhed under king Philip ; he was the 
 firfl who applied the mathematics to his art, 
 which he honoured by his manners and his 
 talents. He founded a fchool at Sicyon, 
 and procured an edied that none but thofe 
 of noble birth ihould be inftrufted in paint- 
 ing. The fame law was afterwards extend- 
 ed throughout Greece. Apelles was the 
 difciple of this matter ,—Sandraarti Academia 
 BiElura. 
 
 Pamfhtt.us (St.), a pried: and martyr of 
 CaeUrea in Paleftine, to which city he pre- 
 Fentcd a library, confuting of mod of the 
 works of the ancients. He tranferibed the 
 Bible with his own hand, and with the utmod 
 exaetnefs. Montfaucon has publifhed his 
 'Explication of the Adis of the Apodlcs. He 
 vfes put to death about 308 .—Dupirt. 
 
 Panagioti, .a noble Greek, who was 
 principal interpreter to the grand fignior, 
 was born in the ifle of Chios, and died in 
 0673. He oppofed the patriarch Cyril Lu- 
 ear with great fury, and wrote a book in 
 modern Greek, which was printed in Hol- 
 land under this title, the Orthodox Conjfeftion 
 6? the Catholic and Apodolic Eaftern Church. 
 —Moreri. 
 
 PanaRO (Charles Francis), a French poet, 
 was born at Courville near Chartres in 1691, 
 and died at Paris in 1765. He wrote come- 
 dies and operas, fables, anacreontic pieces, and 
 allegories, which podcfs confiderable merit.— 
 Jftttrv. DiB . Hi ft. 
 
 ^ANeiKOii-vs (Guy), a celebrated pro- 
 
 P A N 
 
 feflor of jurifprudence, was born at Reg- 
 gio in 1523, of a didiBguilhed family. He 
 made a great progrels in the law, and in 1547 
 was named fecond profedor of inditutes at 
 Padua. He filled the chair in that univerfi- 
 ty with reputation feveral years, and in 1571 
 was invited to Turin. He afterwards re- 
 turned to Padua, where he died in 1597. 
 His works are, 1. De rebus inventis et per- 
 ditis ; it was written in Italian, but tranf- 
 lated into Latin by Salmuth ; 2. Commen- 
 tarii in notitiam utriufque Imperii et de ma- 
 gidratibus, folio ; 3. De numil'matibus an- 
 tiquis; 4. De Juris Ar.tiquitate ; 5. De 
 Claris Interpietibus, 4to. , 6. De magiftru- 
 tibus municipalibus et corporibus artificum; 
 7. De quatuordccim rcgionibus urbisRomte, 
 earumque a'dificiis tarn publicis quarn privatis, 
 &C. — Moreri . 
 
 Panckoucke (Andrew Jofepli), a book- 
 feller of I.iile, was born in 1700, and died 
 at Paris in 1753. He wrote, 1. Studies 
 for Young Ladies, 2 vols. 12mo ; 2. Hidory 
 of the Counts of Flanders, Bvo. ; 3. a Col- 
 ledtion of Bon Mots, 2 vols. 12mo. ; 4. Dic- 
 tionary of French Proverbs, 8vo. ; 5. Philofo- 
 phical Manuel, 2 vols. 12mo.; 6. Elements of 
 Geography and Adronomy, 3 2mo. ; 7. ElT.tys 
 on Philofophers, 1 Vmo— • Nou-v. Di£r» 
 
 lift. 
 
 Panckoucke (Charles- Jofeph), foil of 
 the above, was born at Lide in 1736. He 
 followed his father’s profeflion at Paris 
 with reputation, and his knowledge of typo- 
 graphy made him celebrated all over Europe. 
 His w orks are, 1. Mathematical Memoirs ad- 
 clrefled to the Academy of Sciences ; 2. 
 
 TranfiationsofLucretius,of Tado’b Jerulalem, 
 and the Orlando of Ariodo; 3. Philofophical 
 Difcourfc on Beauty, 8vo ; 4. another on Plea- 
 lure and Grief, See. He died at Paris in 1799. 
 — Ibid. 
 
 Panel (Alexander Xavier), ajefuit, was 
 born in Franche-covntc, but refilled tlie^ 
 greatell part of his life in Spain, where he 
 was preceptor to the children of the king, 
 and died in 1777, aged 82. Pic wrote 
 feveral works on antiquities and numif- 
 maiics; the principal are, Dillertation on a 
 Medal of Alexander; De Cidiphgris; De 
 Colonire Tarracona: nummo. — Nowv. Dili U 
 Hiji. 
 
 Panetius, a doic philofopherof Rhodes, 
 who flouriihcd about 150 B.C. He ftudied 
 at Atliens with fuch credit as to be offered 
 the rights of citizenship, wh ch he retuied, 
 faying, “ a model! man is content with one 
 country.” He afterwards went to Rome, 
 where he had numerous difciples, among the 
 red Etelius and Scipio. Panetius accompa- 
 nied the latter in his expeditions, and ren- 
 dered eminent l'ervices to the Rhodians by his 
 intered with "chat commander. Cicero men- 
 tions a work of his on the Duties of Man, 
 which is lod.— Suidas. Moreri. 
 
 Panicarola (Francis)’, an Italian pre- 
 late, was born at Milan in 1548. Sixtus V. 
 made him bifhop of Adi, and fent him with 
 Bellarmine and cardinal Gaetan to France, 
 
PAN 
 
 to ftrengthen the. party of the league agalnft 
 Henry IV. On that occafion Panigarola 
 difplayed great zeal and eloquence. On his 
 return he fet about reforming his diocefe, 
 which is faid to have given fuch ofience that 
 he was poifoned in 1594. His Sermons were 
 printed at Rome, in 1596, 4to. ; but his prin- 
 cipal work is a treatile on the Eloquence of 
 the Pulpit, under the title of ll Predicatore, 
 Venice 1609, 4to — Moreri. 
 
 Panin (Nakita Ivanowitz, count de), a 
 Ruflian ftatefman, was born in 1718. His 
 father, who \va6 lieutenant-general in the 
 ferviee of Peter I. was originally ol Lucca 
 in Italy. Young Panin commenced his ca- 
 reer by being a l'oldicr in the horfe-guards 
 of the emprefs Elizabeth ; but by means of 
 the prince K.ourakin he became gentleman 
 #f the chamber. By his artful addrefs he 
 |ained the favour of his l'overeign, who 
 fent him in 174? to Copenhagen, and after- 
 wards to Stockholm with the title of minif- 
 tcr plenipotentiary. On his return he was 
 made governor of the grand duke Paul, and 
 laftly prime minifter to Catherine II. He 
 was a man of confiderable powers and en- 
 larged views; tmt during his (lay in Sweden 
 he conceived a great admiration of its form 
 of government, which he wiihed to intro- 
 duce into Ruflia, but could not attempt it. 
 He died in 1783 — Coxe's Raffia. look's 
 Htji. Catherine. 
 
 Paninj (Paul), an Italian painter, was 
 born at Placentia in 1691, and died ifi 1738. 
 He painted fubjefls in architecture with great 
 accuracy and beauty.— Pdkington. 
 
 Pannonius (James), or rather John the 
 Hungarian, was born in 1434. He was a 
 bifhop, and died in 1-579. His poems, . ele- 
 gies, and epigrams, were printed at Venice in 
 15;, 3, 8vo. ; they are alfo in the Delicise poe- 
 tarum Ilungavorum, 1619.— Moreri. 
 
 Panopion, a Roma ri , who was p'ro- 
 f ribed. A flave belonging to Panopion, 
 hearing that the foldicvs were criming, 
 changed cloaths with bis reader, then went 
 into his bed and fullered himfelf to be llain in 
 his room. — Vatutin Maxirpus 
 
 Panormita (Anthony), nn Italian poet 
 of the 15th century, was a native ot Sicily, 
 and became private fecretary to Alphonlo 
 king of Naples. He fold an eftate to pur- 
 .vhale a copy of Livy. He died in 1411.— 
 Tirabtjcbi. 
 
 Pansa (Cains Vibius), a Roman confui, 
 and the intimate friend of Cicero. lie 
 •joined CarfaV, and rook the part of OfLivius 
 aaainft Antony, but diee! ot a wound received 
 m a battle near Bologna. — Moreri. 
 
 Pa NT ttNVs, a ftoic philofopher, was a 
 native of Sicily, and became p red: dent of 
 the fchool at Alexandria in the reign of 
 CommoJus. He was a chriftian, and em- 
 ployed in the conveifion of the Ethiopians. 
 On his return to Alexandria he employed him-, 
 felf in writing Commentaries on the Scrip- 
 tures, which are loft. — Eufelius. Dupin. 
 
 Pa nt in (William), a phyfician of Bru- 
 
 V A P 
 
 ges, who died in 1583. He wrote a Cara- 
 mentary on Celfus’s treatife De Re Medics* 
 Bade 1552, folio. His nephew, Peter Panesto, 
 was profeflbr of the learned languages at 
 Louvain, and dean of the church of Brulfel*. 
 He died in 1611. He wrote a Treatife Dedig- 
 nitatibus et officiis regni ac domus regiae 
 Gothorum, folio.— Moreri. 
 
 Panzachia ‘(Maria Helena), an inge- 
 nious artift of Bologna, was born ol a noble 
 family in 1668. She painted landfcapes is 
 a beautiful manner, and alfo hiftorical fub- 
 jefts.— Pilkington. 
 
 Paoli (Sebaftian), an Italian antiquary, 
 was born at Lucca in 1684. He became an 
 eccleilaftic, and died in 1751. Several of 
 the Italian Journals are enriched with paper* 
 by him on fubjefls of antiquity, facred cri~ 
 ticiftn and philofophy. He wrote the lives 
 of eminent Italians. — Tirahojchi. 
 
 Paoli (Hyacinth), a native of Corfica, 
 who was defied one of the chief magis- 
 trates of the illand in 1735. On account 
 of the revolutions which diftratled his 
 country, and the oppreffions of the Genoefe, 
 he retired to Naples, where he died. liis 
 fon Pafcal made a confiderable figure in the 
 hiftory of Corlica, which he endeavoured 
 to relcue from the Genoefe and French, 
 but after a hard ftruggle was forced to 
 abandon the illand and feek an afylum ia 
 England in 1769.— Nourj. Dill. Iiijh. 
 
 P a o l v c c i o ( Paul’ A nafefte) , the firft doge 
 of Venice. Before him that republic was 
 governed by tribunes chofen every year. 
 But in 697 the Venetians defied Paoluccio 
 doge, or duke. Lie died in 717. — Uui-o. Hifi. 
 
 Pa pet. roch (Daniel), a jefuit of Ant- 
 werp, was horn in 1628. He peofefied the 
 belles-lettres and philofophy with luccels, 
 and was aflociated with the fathers Boilandus 
 and Heufchenius in making a colleflion of 
 of the Afis of the Saints; the hiftorical part 
 of which- fell to Papebroch, who was incon- 
 fequence the fubjefi of a violent perfection 
 for having denied fome of the moil abfurd le- 
 gends of the Roman church. The Carme- 
 lites were his bittereft enemies, becaufc he de- 
 nied that Elijah was theirfounder. The in- 
 quifition condemned the work, but afterward^ 
 only prohibited any farther ^ontroverfy on 
 the fubjefi. Papebroch died in 1714. He 
 was alfo the author of an hiftorical catalogue 
 of the popes — Dupin „ Aloreri. 
 
 Pa r h n v tiu s,bifhop ofThcbaisin Egypt, 
 who in the perfections ol Galerius and 
 Maximinus fullered great tortures, and. had 
 his right eye Wrenched out, after which he 
 was fent to the mines. He athlted at the 
 council of Nice in 325, and was lodged i*. 
 the palace, of • Conftantine. He oppoied 
 a motion tor enforcing celibacy on the clergy ; 
 and defended Athanaiius at the. council of 
 Tyre.— -Eufebius. Tillemont. 
 
 Papias, bilhop of Hierapolis in Phrygia, 
 is faid to have been the dilciple vf St. John 
 the Evangelift. He was the author of the 
 millensnan notion, or the vihhk reign of 
 
PAP 
 
 Chrift upon earth one thoufand years before 
 the refurredtion. He is not to be miftaken 
 for Papias a grammarian who lived about 
 1053, and wrote Vocabularium Latinum, 
 printed at Milan in 1476, folio.— Dupin. 
 
 Papillon (Thomas), advocate in the 
 parliament of Paris, and one of the greateft 
 pleaders of his age, was a native of Dijon, 
 and died at Paris in 1596, aged 82. Pie 
 wrote, 1. Libellus de jure accrefcendi ; 2. 
 De diredtis Haredum fubltitutionibus, 8vo. ; 
 3. Commentavii in quatuor priores titulos 
 libri primi Digeftorum, 12mo. — Moreri. 
 
 Papin (Ifaac), a learned divine, was 
 torn at Blois in 1657. He ftudied at Ge- 
 neva and Orleans, under his uncle Pajon, 
 whofe fentiments on the dodtrine of grace 
 he defended againft Jurieu. That violent 
 controvertift in return accufed Papin with 
 being a papift. Being perl'ecuted by the 
 Calvanilts, Papin retired to England, from 
 thence to Germany, and about 1690 returned 
 to France, where he abjured the proteflant 
 religion. He died in 1709. In 1723 his 
 works were colledted into 3 vols 12mo. His 
 uncle Nicholas Papin was an able phyfician, 
 and wrote a treatife on the faitnefs of the 
 fea, and its flux and reflux ; the origin of ri- 
 vers and fountains, &c. Denis Papin , the 
 coufin of Ifaac, was alfo a phyfician, and the 
 author of fome medical works. — Moreri. 
 
 Papinian, an eminent advocate of the 
 od century. He was prefect under Septimus 
 Severus, w'ho had a great efteem for him, and 
 recommended to his care his two fons, Cara- 
 calla and Geta. The former of thefe having 
 murdered his brother, required Papinian to 
 vindicate the deed to the fenate, and for his 
 refufal put him to death in 212. He wrote 
 Determinations of Quellions of Law, and other 
 works. — Ibid. 
 
 Papirius, furnamed Curfot-, or the cou- 
 rier, from the fwiltnefs of his courfe, was 
 didtator of Rome about 320 B.C. He de- 
 feated the Samnites ; and his fon Lucius Pa- 
 pirius having obtained a great victory over 
 the fame enemy, appropriated the fpoils to 
 the building of a temple to Fortune. — 
 Livy. 
 
 Papirius Pbatixtatus, a Roman 
 youth fo called from a remarkable ftrata- 
 gem which he pradtifed. He was the fon of a 
 fenator, and according to the cuftom of that 
 period was taken by his father to hear the 
 debates. On his return he was preffcd by 
 liis mother to inform her what had palled 
 in the alfembly. After refilling her impor- 
 tunities a long time, young Papirius told 
 her tha$ the queftion under the cunlideration 
 of the fenate was whether it would net be 
 more advantageous to the republic for every 
 man to have two wives inltead of one? The 
 mother i/nmediately revealed this important 
 fecret to feveral Roman ladies, who aliens bled 
 in a great body, and befieged the fenate, ut- 
 tering violent complaints. The fenators 
 were fuiprifed, but on being made acquainted 
 with the ftjratagem made ufe of by Papirius, 
 
 PAR 
 
 they pafled a decree that no youths fhould be 
 admitted into their afl'embly for the future, 
 except himfelf. — Aulus Gellius. Boyle. 
 
 Papon (John Peter), an ingenious writer, 
 was born in Pujet near Nice in 1736. He 
 was a prieftof the congregation ofthe oratory, 
 and died at Paris in 1803. His works are ; 
 an Ode upon Death ; the Art ofthe Poet, and 
 the Orator, with an Efifay on Education ; this 
 went through five editions; Funeral Oration 
 for Charles Emmanuel III. King of Sardinia, 
 8vo. ; Travels in Provence, 2 vols. 12mo. ; 
 Hiltory of Provence, 4 vols. 4to. ; Hiltory 
 of the French Government, from the Aflem- 
 bly of the Nobles, 1787, to the end of 1788, 
 8vo. ; Memorable Epochs of the Plague, &c. 
 —Nowv. Dill . Hift. 
 
 Pappus, a philofopher and mathemati- 
 cian of Alexandria in the 4th century. The 
 moll confiderable of his works are, Mathe- 
 matical Collections, a Latin verlion of which 
 appeared in 1588 ; a Comment upon the 
 A Imaged of Ptolemy; Defcription of the 
 Rivers of Lybia ; Treatife on Military En- 
 gines ; Commentaries on Ariitarchus con- 
 cerning the Magnitudes and Diltances of the 
 Sun and Moon. An editi. w» if this was pub- 
 lilhed by Dr. Halley. — Fsjjius de Mathem. 
 Martin's Biog. Phil. 
 
 Parabosco (Jerome), an Italian drama- 
 tic writer of the 16th century, was born at 
 Placentia. He was the author of feveral 
 comedies in profe ; and fome novels in the 
 ftyle of Boccacio, printed in 8vo. at Venice, 
 1558, under the title of “ Diporti di Giro- 
 lemo Parabofco.” — Tirabofcbi. 
 
 Paracelsus (Aurelius - Philip - Theo- 
 phraltus Bombaft de Hohenheim), was born 
 at Einfidlen, in Switzerland, in 1493. His 
 father was the natural fon of a prince, and 
 gave him an excellent education. Paracelfus, 
 who had a fertile genius, applied to the ftudy 
 of phyfic, in which he made a great progrefs. 
 He travelled into France, Spain, Italy, and 
 the empire, for improvement, and on his re- 
 turn to Switzerland fettled at Bafil, where 
 he acquired a great name by his practice, in 
 which he made ufe of tliofe two powerful 
 medicines mercury and opium, and was fa- 
 mous for curing the venereal difeafe. His 
 charges, however, like thofe of empyrics in 
 general, were exorbitant ; and having reco-, 
 vered a canon from a dangerous complaint, 
 his demand was fo great that the patient re- 
 futed to pay it, which produced a hearing 
 before the council, w ho ordered the canon to 
 pay only the accuftomed fee. This fo irri- 
 tated Paracelfus that he left Bafil and went 
 into Alface, where lie became noted as an 
 alchemilt, and pretended to have found not 
 only the philofopher’s ftone, but the art of 
 prolonging life by an elixir. Notwithftanding 
 his boalt he died poor, in 1541. The belt 
 edition of his works is that of Geneva, 1658, 
 
 3 vols. folio.— Melch. Adam- Fit. Germ. 
 Med. Moreri. 
 
 Paradin (William), an induftriops 
 French writer ofthe loth century, who j>uh- 
 
PAR 
 
 PAR 
 
 iifhed, 1. Arilteas’s Hiftory of the Scptua- 
 gint, 4to. ; 2. Hiftory of his own Times, 
 1552; 3 Annals of Burgundy, folio ; 4. De- 
 Moribus Galliae Hiltoria; 5. Memoirs of 
 the City of Lyons; 6. Hiftorke Ecclefiae 
 Gallicanae, See. Paradin was dean ot Beau- 
 jeu, and died about 1581. — Nloreri. 
 
 Paramo (Louis de), a Spanifh inquifitor, 
 who published at Madrid in 1598, folio, a 
 curious work called The Holy Office. It is 
 a Hiftory of the Inquifition, written with 
 great candour and accuracy. — Ibid. 
 
 Parcelles (John), a painter, was born 
 at Leyden in 1597. He excelled in painting 
 fea pieces, particularly ftorms. HiS fon 
 "Julius was alfo a good artift in the fame line. 
 —Houbraken. 
 
 Parcieux (Anthony de), a French ma- 
 thematician and member of the academy 
 of foiences, was born in the diocefe of Uzes 
 in 1703 Pie taught the mathematics at 
 Paris with great reputation, and died there 
 in 1768. His works are, a Treatife of Tri- 
 gonometry, 4to. ; Effays on the Probability 
 of the Duration of Human Life, 4to. ; Me- 
 moirs on the Pradticability of bringing to 
 Paris the Water of the River d’ Yvette, 4to. 
 —Nou'v. Dili. Hifi. 
 
 Parcieux (Anthony), nephew of the 
 preceding, was educated at the college of 
 Navarre at Paris, where he Studied the ma- 
 thematics and philofophy, and at the age of 
 twenty-four gave public lectures. In 1779 
 he began a courl'e of experimental philofophy 
 in the military fchool of Brienne, and laftly 
 occupied the philofophical profelforlhip at the 
 Lyceum in Paris, where he died in 1798. 
 Pie wrote an Elementary Book on Geome- 
 trical and Aftronomical Calculations; and in 
 his youth he compofed a tragedy entitled, 
 Ozorio. — Ibid. 
 
 Parries (Ignatius Gallon), a mathema- 
 tician, was born at Pau in 1636. He en- 
 tered into the order of jefuits at the age of 
 fixteen, and became afterwards profefl'or of 
 rhetoric in the royal college at Paris. He 
 died in 1673. His principal works are, 
 
 1. Horologium ThAimanticum duplex, 4to.; 
 
 2. Differtatio de Motu et Natura Cometa- 
 rum, 8vo. ; 3. Difcourfe on Local Motion, 
 12m o. ; 4. Elements of Geometry, lgmo. ; 
 5. Difcourfe on the Knowledge or Beads, 
 8 vo. — Niceron. 
 
 Park (Ambrofe), a celebrated furgeon, 
 was born .at Laval in the province of Maine. 
 Though a proteilant he became furgeon to 
 feveral kings of France, and at the time of 
 the malTacre of St. Bartholomew Charles IX. 
 favei him by Shutting him up in his own 
 clofet. Pare made feveral difeoveries in ana 
 tomy, and wrote fome efteemed books on 
 furgery. He died in 1590.- — Bayle. 
 
 Pare or Paracus (David), a proteftant 
 divine, was born at Francke'nftein, in Silelia, 
 in 1548. He was apprenticed to a Shoe- 
 maker, which profeffion he quitted and ftu- 
 died at Heidelberg, where he obtained the 
 theological profefibrfhb, and died in 1622. 
 
 He wrote feveral treadles againft Bellar- 
 mine ; and Commentaries on the Scriptures, 
 That on the Epiftle to the Romans, being 
 tranflated into Englilh, was burnt by order 
 of James I. for containing feditious principles. 
 John Philip ParjeuS, the fon of the above, 
 was a learned grammarian, and died in 165iL 
 He publilhed, 1. Lexicon Critican, 8vo. ; 
 2. Lexicon Plautinum, or a Vocabulary to 
 the Comedies of Plautus, of which author 
 he printed a good edition ; 3. CalligraphLa 
 Romana, 8vo. and other works. His fon 
 Daniel publ.fhed Mellificium Atticum, 4to. j 
 Hiltoria Palatina, 4to ; Medulla Hiltorias 
 Ecclefiaitica;, & c — Brandt's Hifi. Ref. Bayle. 
 
 Pareja (Juan de), a painter, was born 
 in the Weft Indies, and became the Have of 
 Diego Velafquez. In the abfence of his 
 mailer, Pareja amufed himfelf. in drawing 
 and copying his works, but fecretly for fear 
 of giving offence. Philip IV. king of Spain, 
 coming one day to vilit Velafquez, Pareja 
 contrived to place one of his own pictures in 
 his way with which his mnjefty was ex- 
 tremely pleafed. The Have then fell on his 
 k.iees, and befought the king to alk his maf- 
 ter to forgive him. Philip not only did this, 
 but obtained him his liberty ; but the faith- 
 ful Pareja would not quit Velafquez till his 
 death. His portraits are very fine. He died 
 in 1670, aged 60.— Cumberland's Hfory of 
 Spanifh Painters. 
 
 Parennin (Dominic), a celebrated je- 
 fuit, who was a miffionary in China, where 
 he was greatly efteemed by the emperor 
 Kang-Hi, for whom he tranflated into Chj- 
 nefe feveral articles from the memoirs of the 
 academy of fciences. A difference ariline 
 between the Chinefe and Ruffian courts, Pa- 
 rennin was charged to negociate a recon- 
 ciliation, which he eftedted. He died at 
 Pekin in 1741, aged 77, and was magnifi- 
 cently interred by order of the emperor. In 
 the Letters, edifying and curious, relative 
 to China, are feveral of this father. — Nouv. 
 
 Dili. Hifi. 
 
 Parent (Anthony), a mathematician, 
 was born at Paris in 1666. He was bred to 
 the law, which he renounced for the fei- 
 ences. He became a member of the acade- 
 my, and enriched ito memoirs with many 
 valuable papers. He died of the fmall-por 
 in 1716. His works are, Mathematical aruf 
 Philofophical Refearches, 3 vols. 12 mo. ; 
 Theoretical and Practical Arithmetic, 8vo j 
 Elements of Mechanics and Natural Phila- 
 l'ophy, 12mo. — Eulogy by Fcntenelle. 
 
 Pare ait (Francis), was born at Paris in 
 1698 of a diftinguifhed family, and died in 
 1753. His works are, 1. General Hiftory 
 of the French Theatre, 15 vo'ls; 2. Hiftory 
 of the ancient Italian Theatre, 2 vols. ; 3. 
 Dictionary of Theatres, 7 vols ; 4. Drama- 
 tic pieces never added. — -'Nowv. Dili. Hifi. 
 
 Paris (Mathew), an Englilh hiftori.m. 
 was a monk u. the order of benedidtines ac 
 St Alban’s in the J .'Jr h century. He was i 
 max of general knowlaae and integrity ; 
 
PAR 
 
 was employed in reforming the monafleries, 
 which fervice he difcharged with wifdom and 
 zeal. His principal work is a Hiftory ot 
 Englifh Affairs from the Conqueft to the 43d 
 of Henry III. It was publifhed by arch- 
 bifhop Parker at London in 1571, folio, and 
 fince with additions by Dr. William Watts, 
 in 1640, 2 vols. folio — Caue Hif. Lit. Nicol- 
 fon's Hijl. Biog. Brit. 
 
 Paris (Francis), was born at Chatillon, 
 near Paris, of a poor family. He became a 
 fervant to the grand vicar of Sens, by whofe 
 means he was ordained and obtained the be- 
 nefice of St. Lambert. He died at Paris in 
 1718. He wrote the Lives of the Saints and 
 •ther works. — Moreri. 
 
 Paris (Francis), a celebrated deacon of 
 Paris, was the eldeft fon of a counfellor of 
 parliament. He refigned the family eftate 
 to his brother, and embraced the ecclefiaftical 
 ftate, but refufed a living, and led a redufe 
 life in a religious houfeat Paris, where he died 
 in 1727, aged 37. His brother erefted a tomb 
 to his memory in the cemetery of St. Me- 
 dard ; and fo highly was his piety efteemed 
 that many perfons who had been edified by- 
 his inftruftions, went to vifit his monument, 
 and fome pretended to be cured of maladies 
 there. This induced others to do the lame, 
 and fo great was the delufion, that the go- 
 vernment found it neceffary to order the ce- 
 metry to be clofed up. The abbe Paris 
 wrote Explanations of fome of the Epiftles. 
 — . Ibid . 
 
 Parker (Matthew), archbifhop of Can- 
 terbury, was born at Norwich in 1501, and 
 educated in Corpus-cluifti college, Cam- 
 bridge, of which he became fellow. By the 
 means of Anne Boleyn he was made chap- 
 lain to Henry VI II., and in the lucceeding 
 reign he was chofen mafter of his college \ 
 but in that of Mary he was deprived of his 
 preferments. On the accellion of Elizabeth 
 Dr. Parker was preferred to the archbi- 
 fliopric of Canterbury, being duly confecrated 
 at Bow church j though the papifts, byway 
 of Invalidating the ecclefiaftical orders of the 
 church of England, afferted that he was con- 
 fecrated in the Nag’s-Head ta vern £ a calum- 
 ny which has been refuted by fome of their 
 own writers. The archbifhop was zealous in 
 promoting the reformation, and in reftrain- 
 ing the encroachments of the puritans. He 
 improved the tranflation of the feriptures 
 called the Bifhops’ Bible, and died in 1575. 
 He was particularly verfed in Saxon litera- 
 ture, ant( the early Englifh hiftory, and he 
 publifhed an edition of Matthew Paris, folio} 
 an hiftorical work on the Antiquity, of the 
 Englifh church, folio ; and other works. — 
 Life by Stryfe. 
 
 Parser (Samuel), an Englifh bifhop, 
 was born at Northampton in 1640, and edu- 
 cated at Wadham college, Oxford. His fa- 
 ther was a member of what was called the 
 high court of juftice, and one of the barons 
 of the exchequer, but at the reftoration he 
 became king’s ferjeant at law. The fon 
 
 PAR 
 
 followed his example by complying with all 
 changes. He was at firft a zealous puritan, 
 but conformed to the church of England, 
 and obtained preferment. In the reign ol 
 James II. he was made for his fervility to 
 the king’s arbitrary meafures bifhop of Ox- 
 ford and privy counfellor. He was alfo con- 
 ftituted by mandamus prefident of Magdalen 
 college, in violation of the privileges ot that 
 fociety. He wrote fome pieces favourable 
 to the popifh dodlrines, and died in 1687 . 
 His hiftory of his own times, has been print- 
 ed in Latin and Englifh.— Biog. Brit. 
 
 Parker (Richard), a feaman, who was 
 the chief of the mutineers at the Nore in 
 1797. He was a native of Exeter, and had 
 received a good education, after which he 
 went into the navy and became a midihip- 
 man, but was broke for fome mifeondudh 
 Having a good addrefs and great fluency of 
 fpeech he was cholen principal of the dele- 
 gates when the tailors rofe on account of their 
 wages and prize-money ; on which oceafion 
 he affumed the command of the fleet, and 
 was called admiral Parker. He ruled with 
 great authority for fome time, to the alarm 
 of the nation, but when the infurredtion was 
 fupprefied he was tried and executed on board 
 the Sandwich, June 30, 1797. — Gent. Mag. 
 
 Parker (George), earl of Macclesfield, 
 W'as the eldeft fon of Thomas Parker, lord 
 chancellor of England, and the firft earl, who 
 died in 1732. The fecond earl was a dif- 
 tinguifhed mathematician, and became pre- 
 fident of the royal fociety. He was the pro- 
 moter of the alteration in the ftile, the hill 
 of which he prepared, and publifhed his 
 fpeech on the oceafion. His lordfhip died in 
 17 0>6.— Englifh Peerage. 
 
 Par khu a st (John), a learned divine, 
 was born in London, and educated at Clare 
 Hall, Cambridge, of which, in 1751, he was 
 admitted fellow. He took his degrees in 
 arts, and afterwards fettled at Eplom in Sur- 
 rey. Mr. Parkhurft was the intimate friend 
 of bifhop Horne, and like him had a great 
 partiality to the opin'ons of the celebrated 
 Hutchinfon. He publifhed a Greek and 
 Englilh Lexicon, all'o a Hebrew and Englifh 
 Lexicon, both in 4 to. j but fince reprinted 
 in 8vo. He was likewife author of an an- 
 fwer to Dr. Prieftley on the Pre-exiftence ol 
 Chrift, 8vo. ; and a pamphlet agajnlt John 
 Wefley. He died in 1797 .—Monthly Mag. 
 
 Parkinson (John), an Englifh botanift, 
 was born in 1567. He was an apothecary in 
 London, and eminent in his profelfion. His 
 garden was well ftored with rare plants, and' 
 he became botanift to king Charles I. He 
 died about 1645. Parkinlon was the firft 
 author who deferibed and figured the fubjedts 
 of the flower garden. He publifhed in 16 10 
 his “Theatrum Botanicum, or Theatre op 
 Plants,” folio. He had before publilhed hi 
 defeription of a flower garden, with this fin? 
 gulai title, Paradiji in foie Paradifus Terrejir - 
 1629, fol. This was intended as a- eono H'/'t 
 on the author’s name, Paradifus in ftlit 
 
 e » 
 
PAR 
 
 Park -in-fun ,—Pulteney's Sketches of foot. 
 Granger • 
 
 Parmenides of Elis, a Greek philofo- 
 pher, was the difciple of Xenophanes B C. 
 436. He aflerted the rotundity of the earth, 
 which he placed in the centre of the fyftem. 
 He alio maintained that heat and cold were 
 the principles of all things. In metaphy- 
 fics he held that ideas are real, and have no 
 dependence on the will. Xenophanes com- 
 pofed his fyftem in verle, fragments of which 
 have been publifhed by Stephens. — Stanley. 
 
 Par men io, one of the generals of Alex- 
 ander, whom hd lerved with fidelity, and 
 gained many victories, which that monarch 
 repaid with bafenefs by putting him and his 
 Ion to death on a flight fufpicion . — Quintus 
 Curtins. Plutarch. 
 
 Parmentier (John), a French naviga- 
 tor, was born in 1494 at Dieppe, and died in 
 the ifland of Sumatra in 1530. He was the 
 firft who Conducted veflels to the eoaft of 
 Brazil. He was well flailed in aftronomy, 
 and drew feveral good maps. — Morerii 
 
 Parmentier (James), a French hitto- 
 rical and portrait painter, was born in 1658. 
 He ’fettled in England, and refilled chiefly 
 in Yorklhire, in which county are feveral of 
 his paintings, particularly the altar-piece of 
 
 St. Peter’s at Leeds. He died in 1730 
 
 Walpole. Pilkington. 
 
 Parnell (Thomas), a poet and divine, 
 was born in 1679 at Dublin, and educated in 
 Trinity college in that city, where he took 
 his degree ot M A. and entered into orders. 
 He obtained a living in Ireland, and the arch- 
 deaconry ot Clogher ; after which he took 
 his doctor’s degree. He was the friend and 
 correlpondent of Pope, Swift, Gay, Arbuth- 
 not, and other eminent wits of that period. 
 Dr. Parnell wrote the Life of Homer for 
 Pope, and alhftcd him in his tranflation. He 
 died at Chefter in 1717. His poems were 
 pubklhed in one volume odtavo; the princi- 
 pal is that entitled £{ The Hermit.” He alfo 
 wrote fome papers in the Spectator. His 
 pofthumous pieces were printed feparately in 
 one volume. — Life by Jobnjon, alfo by Gold- 
 fmith. 
 
 Paropi (Domenico), a painter and ftatu- 
 ary of Genoa. He painted many altar- 
 pieces and portraits, and died in 1740. — Pil- 
 kington. 
 
 Parr (Catherine), fixth wife of Henry 
 VIII. She was the daughter of fir Thomas 
 Parr, and received, according to the cuftom 
 0 that age, a learned education. She was 
 a friend of the reformation, on which ac- 
 count biihop Gardner and other zealous of the 
 Romifh church endeavoured to effect her 
 ruin; but by her prudence lhe preferved the 
 king’s favour to his death. In 1547 lhe 
 married fir Thomas Seymour, lord admiral of 
 England, who is faid to have treated her fo ill 
 that flic died of it the year following. She 
 wrote Praters, Meditations, and other reli- 
 gious pieces. — -Walpole's Royal and f\tblc 
 Authors. 
 
 .Parr (Thomas), a htifbandman of Shnjp- 
 
 P A R 
 
 fhire, who lived to the age of, one hundred 
 and fifty-two .years and nine months. At 
 the age of one hundred he did penance for a 
 baftard child 5 and at one hundred and twenty 
 he married a fecond wife, by whon he had a 
 child. In 1635 he was brought to London 
 by lord Arundel, and introduced at court to 
 king Charles the firft; but the change of 
 air, and mode of living, particularly drinking 
 wine, occafioned his death the fame year.— 
 Life in the Harleian MiJ cell 'any. 
 
 Parrhasius, a celebrated painter of 
 Athens, who was the contemporary and rival 
 ot Zeuxis, B.C. 420. He ftudied under So- 
 crates, by which means he was enabled to 
 give to his figures the expreflion of ftrong 
 pardons. In an allegorical picture he repre- 
 sented the people of Athens with all the d if— 
 tinftive traits of their national character ; 
 for which he was crowned king of pointin'?. 
 — Pliny Nat. Hift. Milan Var. HJl. 
 
 Parrhasius (John Paul), an eminei t 
 grammarian, was born at Cofcnza, near Na- 
 ples, in 1470. His real name was Pariiio, 
 which he altered according to the pedantic 
 cuftom of the age to Parfhalius. He taught 
 grammar and rhetoric at Milan with great 
 reputation, and wrote Commentaries upon 
 Horace and Ovid. — Beyle. 
 
 Parrocel (Jofeph), a painter and en- 
 graver, was born in 1648, at Brignoles in 
 Provence. He ftudied firft under one of his 
 brothers, and afterwards under Bpurnignon, 
 the famous painter of battles. He was a 
 member of the French academy of painting, 
 and died in 1704. Parrocel painted portrait, 
 hiftory, and battles; he alfo engraved in a 
 good ltyle. His fon Charles was an excellent 
 painter, and a member of the academy. He 
 died in 1752, aged 53. He painted the con- 
 quefts of Louis XV . Peter Parrocel , nephew 
 and pupil of Jofeph, died at Avignon in 1739, 
 aged 74. He was an liiftorical painter of 
 great merit — D' Argentine. Pilkington. 
 
 Parry (Richard), a learned divine, was 
 educated at Oxford, and in 1604 made biihop 
 of St. Alaph. He revifed the firft edition 
 ot the Welih Bible publiflied in 1620. Be- 
 fore his elevation to the epilcopal dignity he 
 was matter of Ruthin fchool, Denbighfhire. 
 Owen's Cair.br. Biog. 
 
 Parry (Richard), an Englifh divine, was 
 a ftudent of Chrift church, Oxford, where 
 he took the degree of M. A. in 1747, and tnat 
 of D.D. in 1757. He was redtor of Wich- 
 ampton, in Dorfetfhire, and miniller of Mar- 
 ket-Harborcugh, in Leicefter’hire, where he 
 died in 1780. Dr. Parry wrote again!! Dr. 
 Kennicott’s Collations, in a fpienetic ltvle, 
 
 alfo fome pamphlets and fermons. Gen, 
 
 Biog. DiSf. 
 
 P arson s (Robert), or Pc-fons , a cele- 
 brated Englifh jefuic, was burn at Ncther- 
 ttowey in Somenetfhire, in 1516. He was 
 educated at B.iliol college, Oxford, of which 
 he became burfar and dean in 1572, but being 
 charged with embezzling the college money, 
 he went to R^mc, and turned catholic. Jle 
 there obtained: leave from the pope to eftab- 
 3 C 
 
PAS 
 
 PAS 
 
 lEh a ferninary for the education of Englifh 
 ftudehts defigned for mifiionaries in tl’.eir 
 native country for the propagation of thy ro- 
 man catholic faith. Parfons frequently vi- 
 fited England where he endeavoured to fo- 
 ment fedition, and a price was fet upon his 
 head. He died at Rome in 1610. He was 
 a fubtle difputant, and wrote feveral pOlemi- 
 e.;l hooks, and others on practical divinity. 
 Some of the latter arc ufeful. — Blog. Brit. 
 
 Parsons (fames), a learned phvlician, 
 was born at Barn'ftaple in Devonlhire, in 
 17f>5. His father being appointed barrack- 
 matter at Bolton, in Ireland, he received his 
 education at Trinity college, Dublin.; from 
 whence he went to Paris, where he attended 
 the medical leCtures and thoic of chemiftry 
 and botany. He afterwards ftudied at 
 Rheijns, where he took his doctor's degree 
 in 1736, and the fame year came to London. 
 In 17d6 he was elected a fellow of the royal 
 fociety. He was alfo admitted a licentiate 
 of the college of phyficians, and became phy- 
 feian to St. Giles’s infirmary. He died in 
 1770. Dr. Parfons wrote an erudite work 
 on the variety of languages, entitled Japhet, 
 dto. and other works which fhew his learn- 
 ing and ingenuity. — Anted, of Boivyer. 
 
 Par then a v (Anre de), an ingenious 
 lady of the illuftrious houfc of Parthenay, 
 was the wife of Anthony de Pons, count rie 
 Marennes. She was one of the brighter! 
 ornaments of the court of Renata, duchefs of 
 Ferrara, and as well as that prir.cefs, was a 
 zealous proteftant. This lady was highly ac- 
 tomplifhed, being a great proficient in mufic, 
 and well .v cried in the Greek and Latin lan- 
 guages. — Mover ] . 
 
 Parthenay (Catharine de), niece of 
 theaboye, and he ire fs to the loidlhip ofSou- 
 bife, was married in 1368 to the baron de 
 Pons; and in 1575 to Rcnat'us, vifeount Ro- 
 han. The famous duke de Rohan, who fo 
 courageoufly defended the proteftant caule in 
 France during the civil wars of Louis the 
 Xlllth. was her eldett loo. Catharine one 
 of her daughters, who married the duke of 
 Deux-Ponts, made the following anfwer to 
 Henry IV. who folicited her favours; “I 
 am too poor, fire, to be your wife, and too 
 proud to be your miflrefs.” Catharine de 
 Parthenay was at Rochelle in the time of its 
 liege, and when the place furrenderetl lhe 
 and her daughters were tent to the cattle of 
 Niort. She died in 1661 , aged 77. She 
 publilhed poems in 1572, and two years after- 
 wards a tragedy entitled, Holofernes, was 
 performed at Rochelle. She alfo tranilated 
 the Precepts of liberates into French, and 
 wrote tome other pieces. — Bayle. 
 
 Paruta (Paul), a nobleman of Venice, 
 was born in 1540. He difeharged feveral 
 great offices and embaffies with honour. He 
 ’■wrote in Italian “Notes upon Tacitus,” “A 
 Hiftory of Venice,” “Political Difcourfes,” 
 and other works. He died in 1598 — Tira- 
 bojebi. 
 
 Pas (Manaffes de), marquis de Feuquic- 
 
 res, was the poflhumous fon of Frartcis de 
 Pas, who was flain at the battle of Ivry. 
 He was born at Saumur in 1590, and dif- 
 tinguiihed himtelf as an abie general ana ne- 
 gotiator. At the fiege of Rochelle he was 
 taken prifoner, and continued in confinement 
 nine months. The reduction of that city 
 was principally owing to him He was 
 afterwards ambnffador to Sweden and Ger- 
 many, where he lhewed great talents. In 
 1635 he commanded the army in conjunction 
 with the duke of Saxe Weimar. He died in 
 1639. His negotiations In Germany were 
 printed in 1753, 3 vols. l£mo. — Mover]. 
 
 Pas (Anthony de), marquis de Feuquic- 
 res, grandfon of the above, was one of the 
 greateft generals of his age Pic fitnalized 
 himfelf at the battle of Stafarde, at the tak- 
 ing of Suza, and other places in Italy ; but 
 he was fo fevere a difeiplinarian that it was 
 ufually fail, “ He mull be the braveft man 
 living fince he fiept every night in the midlt 
 of a hundred thoufand enemies.” He died 
 in 1711, aged 63. His memoirs have been 
 printed in -1 vols. l2mo. — Mover]. 
 
 Pascal (Blaife), was born at Clermont, 
 in Auvergne, in 1623. His father, who 
 was prelldent of the court of aids, luperin- 
 tended his education ; lut though he was 
 himfelf a mathematician, he interdicted his 
 fon from that Rudy. Young Pafcal, how- 
 ever, in l'ecret applied to geometry, and with- 
 out any affiitan.ee derronflrated one of the 
 molt difficult propofitions in Euclid. His 
 father then permitted him to purfue his in- 
 clination, and at the age of 16 the youth pub- 
 tiihed his Treatife on Conic Sections, which 
 Doi’cartcs would not believe was his, but the 
 production of his father. At 19 he invented 
 an arithmetical machine, which, though fim- 
 ple, was unequalled. The Torricellian ex- 
 periment next engaged his attention, and at 
 the age of twenty-three be made confitlerable 
 improvements upon it. Not long afterwards 
 he halved a problem propefed by Mcrfennus, 
 and which had perplexed all the mathemati- 
 cians in Europe. He now took a fudden 
 turn, renounced the faiences and profane 
 learning, and devoted himfelf to religious 
 Audits. Becoming more abltracted from the 
 world, he retired to the congregation of the 
 Port-Royal, where he applied to the reading 
 of the holy feripturcs. But he was not al- 
 together indifferent to the paffing feenes of 
 fociety. He efpoufed the caufe of the jan- 
 feniits, and expofed their enemies, the je- 
 fuits, io ridicule, by Ills work, entitled, Pro- 
 vincial Letters, in which the principles and 
 practices of that celebrated order were laid 
 open in a fine (train of ridicule, and with the 
 irrefiftible force of truth. Boileau and Vol- 
 taire have pronounced them the flneft pro- 
 ductions in the French language. The au- 
 thor died in the flower of his age, at Paris, 
 in 1662. The works of Palcul were printed 
 at Paris in 5 vols. 8vo. 1799. — Mover]. 
 
 Paschal I. pope, was a Roman of the 
 name of Pafchafms, and fucceeded Stephen 
 
PAS 
 
 IV. in 817. He countenanced image wor- 
 ship, and crowned Lothaire the emperor at 
 Rome. Pafchal died in 824. — Platina. 
 
 Paschal II. was a native of Tufcanv, 
 and fucceeded Urban II. in 1099. He had a 
 conteft with the emperor Henry IV. and alfo 
 ■with Henry I. king of England, refpefting 
 the right of inveftitures. The former vi- 
 fited Rome to be crowned by the pope, who 
 refufed to perform the ceremony unlefs he 
 yielded the matter in difpute ; on this Henry 
 caufed Pafchal to be feized by .his troops. 
 This gave fo much offence to the Romans 
 that they rofe in behalf of their pontiff; and 
 Henry retired from Rome, but carried the pope 
 with him, who, to gain his liberty, conceded 
 his claim to the inveftitures ; this conceflion 
 was afterwards cancelled in two councils. 
 Pafchal died in 1118. His letters have been 
 publifhed — Ibid. 
 
 Paschius (George), a proteftant divine, 
 was born at Dantzic in 1661. He became 
 profeffor of divinity at Kiel, where he died 
 in 1707. His works are, 1. Traffatus de 
 novis inventis, quorum accurationi cultui 
 facem preetulit antiquitas, 4to. ; 2. De fictis 
 Rebufpublicis, 4to. ; 3. De variis modis mo- 
 ralia tra&andi, 4to. — Moreri. 
 
 Pasor (George), a learned divine, and 
 Greek profeffor at Franeker, died in 1637. 
 His works are, 1. Lexicon novi Teftimenti, 
 12mo. ; [a. book of great utility, efpeciully 
 to ftudents.J 2. Manuale Teftamenti, &c. 
 12mo. ; 3. Collegium Hefiodneum. His 
 fon Matthias became profeffor of the oriental 
 languages at Oxford, and died in 1658. He 
 wrote fome learned pieces. — Ibid. 
 
 Pasq_uier (Stephen), an eminent advo- 
 cate, was born at Paris in 1528. He plead- 
 ed fo ably againft Verforis, the defender of 
 the jefuits, that Henry III. made him advo- 
 cate-general to the chamber of accounts. 
 He died in 1615. His works are, letters, 
 portraits, epigrams, and epitaphs. The moft 
 celebrated is a poem, called Puce, occafioned 
 by the author’s feeing a Jiea on the bofom of 
 a lady. — Moreri. 
 
 Passe man t (Claude Simeon), a mathe- 
 matician, was born at Paris in 1702. He 
 was bred to trade, but having a great inclina- 
 tion to fcientific purfuits, he devoted him- 
 felf to the conftrudfion of mathematical in- 
 ftruments. He publifhed an account of a 
 large refiedfing telelcope made by him in 
 1788. He alio conftruded an aftronomical 
 pendulum furmounted on a celeftial fphere, 
 which he prefented to Louis XV. He died 
 in 1769. — Ncwv. Pi&.Hrfl. 
 
 Passerat (John), was born in 1534, at 
 Troyes, in Champagne. He ftudied law 
 under Cujas, and afterwards became pro- 
 felfor of the belles lettres at Paris. On the 
 death of Ramus he obtained the’ royal profef- 
 forfliipofeloquer.ee. He died in 1602. His 
 poems in French were publifhed in 1606, 
 8vo. He a'fo wrote, De CognatioQe Litte- 
 rarum, Svo. ; Oratfones et Prrefationes, 8vo. ; 
 
 PAT 
 
 Commentaries on Catullus, Tibullus, and 
 Propertius, See.— Moreri. 
 
 Passer i (John I’ap tiff), a painter and 
 poet, was the difciple of Dominichiao. He 
 wrote, “ Lives of the Painters, Sculptors, 
 and Architeds,” of his time. Pafferi died 
 at Rome in 1679. "Jofeph Pafferi, his ne- 
 phew and pupil, excelled in portrait paint- 
 ing. He died in 1714. — D' Argcnville. 
 
 Passeri (John Baptift), a learned anti- 
 quary, was born at Gubio, in the duchy of 
 Urbino, in 1694. Fie was bred to the law, 
 but entered into orders, and became apoftolic 
 prothonotary and vicar-general of Pefara. 
 Fie died in 1780. His works are, l.Lu- 
 cernae fiddles mufei Pallerii, 3 vols. ; 2. On 
 the Hiftory of Foflils ; 3. Pidurae Etiufco- 
 rurn in vafeulis, inunum colledse, diflerta- 
 tionibus illuftratae, 3 vols. ; 4. Thefaurus, 
 C-emmarum Aftrii ferarum antiquarum, tom. 
 2 & 3 ; the firft volume of this work was 
 publifhed by .Gori ; 5. Thefaurum Gemma- 
 rum Selediffimarum. — Noutr. Dicl. Hiji. 
 
 Passerotti (Bartholomew), a painter, 
 was born at Bologna. He was the difciple 
 of Zucchero, and painted feveral church 
 pieces ; but his chief merit was in portrait 
 painting. He died in 1595. His Tons, 
 Tiburzio and Ventura, were alfo eminent 
 painters.— De Piles. Pilkington. 
 
 Pasqj/a lino, an Italian painter of great 
 merit, who died in 1700, aged 59. He 
 painted converfations with fpirit and ele- 
 gance. — Ibid. 
 
 Passinelli (Lorenzo), an hiftorical 
 painter of Bologna, in which city are fome 
 capital pieces by him. He died in, 1700, 
 aged 71. — Ibid. 
 
 Passion ei (Dominic), a cardinal, was 
 born of an illuftrious family, at Foffombrone, 
 in the duchy of Urbino, in 1682. He 
 formed a rich library and colledion of ma- 
 nuferipts. In 1706 he went to Paris, where 
 he was much refpeded, particularly by 
 Montfauyon ; from thence he went to Hol- 
 land, and was at the congrels at Utrecht in 
 1712. He was employed in various nego- 
 ciat ions /particularly in Switzerland, of w Inch 
 he publifhed an account under the title of 
 “ Ada Legationis 'Helvetic®” Fie pro- 
 nounced the funeral oration of prince Eu- 
 gene, and was made archbifhop of Ephefus. 
 He died in 1761-— Noutr. DIB. HiJl 
 
 Patel, a painter, commonly called by 
 h : s countrymen the French Claude, from 
 his imitation of that mafter. His landscapes 
 are very beautiful, but it is unknown when 
 he lived. — D' Argent’} lie . 
 
 Pater (Papl), a mathematician, was 
 born in Hungary in 1656. Being a proteftant 
 he was obliged to quit his native country, 
 on which he went to Thorn, whee he ob- 
 tained a profefforfhip. He was alio librarian 
 to the duke of Woifenbuttle. He after- 
 wards became profeiior of mathematics at 
 Dantzic, where he died in 1724. His prin- 
 cipal works are, ’1. Labor foils five de ecliph 
 
PAT 
 
 Chrifto patlente Hierofylymis vifa ; 2. De 
 Ailrologia Perfica; 3. De Maria Cafpio; de 
 Gaelo Empyrio; 4. De infignibus Turcieis, ex 
 variis Supepllitionum tenebris Orientalium 
 maxime illuftratis, &c Moreri. 
 
 Pater (John Baptirte), a landfcape pain- 
 ter, was born at Valenciennes in J695. He 
 had a good tafte for colouring, but negledlod 
 dehgn. He died in 1736. — D' Ar'genwllc. 
 
 Paterson (Samuel) an eminent biblio- 
 grapher, was born in London in 1728. He 
 received a principal part of his education in 
 France, after which he fettled in the Strand 
 as a foreign bookleller; but without fuccels. 
 lie next became an audlioneer, and having 
 difcovered the manufcripts of Sir Julius Ca:- 
 lar, which were about to be fold as wafte 
 paper, he digefted a catalogue of them, and 
 difpofed of them by audlion for 3501. In 
 177 6 he went to the Continent, and bought 
 a capital colledlion of books, of which on 
 his return he framed a catalogue, entitled, 
 Bibliotheca Univerfalis Seledta. Soon after 
 this he was appointed librarian to the mar- 
 quis of Lanfdovvne ; and lie was employed in 
 forming catalogues of mod great colledtions 
 of books which were publicly fold, as the 
 libraries of Beauelerk, Crofts, Pinelli, &c. 
 Mr. Paterfon wrote Curfory Remarks made 
 upon a Journey through the Netherlands, 
 by Coriat, junior, 3 vols. 12mo. ; Joineriana, 
 or Book of Scraps, 2 vols. 8vo. ; the Tem- 
 plar, a periodical paper; Speculations on 
 Law and Lawyers, 8vo. He died in 180.2.— 
 Monthiy Mag. vol. xv. 
 
 Paterculus (Caius Velleius), a Roman 
 hiftorian, who flourifhed A.D. 8. He com- 
 manded the cavalry in Germany under Ti- 
 berius, and was rewarded with the pnetor- 
 fhip. He wrote an epitome of the Roman 
 hi dory, which is extant. — Voffius de Hi/}. 
 Lat. 
 
 Pa tin (Guy), a phyfieian, was born in 
 1601 at Houdan, in the Beauvais. He was 
 prolef.br of phytic in the royal college of 
 Paris, and difiinguifhed himfelfby his zeal 
 in defending the ancients againtt the mo- 
 derns, and in oppofing the ule of antimony 
 as a medicine. He wrote a flrange work 
 called the Martyrology of Antimony, or a 
 lift of perfons who he pretended were vidtims 
 of that remedy. Putin died in 1672. He 
 wrote Letters in 5 vols. and fume medjeal 
 books. — M orcri. 
 
 Patin (Charles), ion of the above, was 
 born at Paris in 1 633. He made a great 
 progrefs in learning, and after travelling in 
 various countries fixed his refidcnceat Padua, 
 where he became profeffor of forgery, and 
 chevalier cf the order of St. Mark. He died 
 in 169 4. His works arc, i. Itinerarium 
 Comitis Brennej 2. Familhe Romanic ex 
 antiquis fu miimatii us, folio; 3. Introduction 
 to Hi!to'V by the Knowledge of Medals, 
 12mo. ; i. Iir.peratorum Romanorutn Numil- 
 Kiata, to!.; 5. i ravels in different Parts of 
 Europe 3 6 PraSica della MeJaglle ; 7, 
 
 / . 
 
 / 
 
 PAT 
 
 Suetonius ex Numifmatibus illuftratus, 4td. ; 
 8. De Optima Medicorum Sedta, See. The 
 wife and two daughters of Patin were learned 
 women, and members of the academy of 
 Ricovrati at Padua, of which he was the 
 director. They publifhed lome works.— 
 Ibid. 
 
 Patkul (John Reinhold), a Livonian 
 gentleman who defended the liberties of his 
 country with great firmnels againft the op- 
 preflions of Sweden. In 1689 he was de- 
 puted to addrefs a memorial on behalf of the 
 diilrefied people of Livonia to Charles XI. 
 who took it as an adl of treafon, and caufed 
 a procefs to ifi'ue a^iinft Patkul, who was 
 condemned to be beheaded. On this he fled 
 to Rufiia, and afterwards to Poland. When 
 Charles XII. forced Auguftus to make peace 
 he made it one of the conditions that Patkul 
 fliould be delivered up, and this brave and. 
 unfortunate man was broken on the wheel 
 in 1707. — Moreri. 
 
 Patrick (St.), the tutelar faint of Ire- 
 land, is averted by fome to have been a na- 
 tive of Cornwall, and bv others of Wales. 
 In the Catalogue of Britifh Saints he is faid 
 to have been principal of a college in Wales, 
 but was taken captive by fome pirates of Ire- 
 land; the inhabitants of which country he 
 converted to Chriftianity. It appears certain 
 that he was archbifhop «f Armagh, and 
 founded many churches and fchools of learn- 
 ing. He died about 460, aged 83. Sir James 
 Ware publifhed fome pieces in Latin under 
 the name of St. Patrick, at London in I6a8, 
 c 2\o.—Ibid. 
 
 Patrick (Peter), a native ofTheffalo- 
 nica, who was employed by Juftinian in im- 
 portant negotiations, for which lie was made 
 mailer of the palace. He wrote “ The 
 Hi (lory of Ambaffadors,” in the colledlion of 
 Byzantine hiftorian#, folio — Mirer:. 
 
 Patrick (Simon), a learned divine, was 
 born at Gainlborough, in Lincolnlhiic, in 
 1626. He was educated at Queen’s college, 
 Cambridge, and on entering into orders ob- 
 tained the living of Batterfea, in Surry, and 
 afterwards that of St. Paul, Covent-garden. 
 During the plague of 1665 lie continued in 
 London, adminiftcrin g,the offices of religion 
 to his pa rilhi oners. Dr. Patrick was made 
 dean of Peterborough in 1678, and in 1689 
 biihop of Chicliefter; from whence he was 
 t radiated to Ely in 1691. He died in 1707. 
 He is well known for his valuable commen- 
 tary on the Old Tellamcnt, ufuaily pub- 
 liihed with Lowth on the . Prophets, and 
 Whitby on the New Tefterr.cn t'. He was 
 alio the author of fome controverfia] tradls. 
 againft the Romanifts and Difientirs; and 
 feveral books of pradlical divinity. — Blog. 
 Brit. 
 
 Fatrix (Peter), a French poet, was born 
 at Caen in arid died at t aids in 1672. 
 
 His poems, which are generally revile, turn 
 on religious iubjeols; tire ir.olf known is 
 one which has keen tranftated into Lnaluh 
 
PAT 
 
 under the name of the Dream, “ I dreamt, 
 that buried in my fellow clay, &c.”— 
 Moreri. 
 
 Patrizi (Francis), or Patrreius, bifirop of 
 Gaieta, in Italy, where he died in 1494. 
 He was the author of, 1. Dialogues, in Ita- 
 lian, on the Manner of Studying and Writ- 
 ing Hiftory, 4to. ; 2. De Regno et Regis In- 
 Aitutione, folio. ; 3. De Inftitutione Rei- 
 publicae ; 4. Del vero Reggimento ; 5. 
 
 Poemata de Antiquitate Sinarum — Tira- 
 
 bofehi. 
 
 Patrizi (Francis), a native of Cherfo, 
 in Iftria. He, taught philofophy at Ferrara, 
 Padua, and Rome, with great reputation. 
 He died in the lalt city in 1597, aged 67. 
 Patrizi, who was an enemy to Ariftotle’s 
 philofophy, published an edition of the works 
 attributed to Mercu'rius T rifniegftus ; and 
 wrote Parallel! Militari, or a parallel be- 
 tween the ancient military art and the mo- 
 dern. He was alfo the author of Italian 
 poems. — Ibid. 
 
 Patru (Oliver), an eminent lawyer, was 
 born at Paris in 1604. His talents pro- 
 cured him a place in the French academy in 
 1640 ; on which occalion he made an elegant 
 fpeech, and this gave rife to the cuftom for 
 all new members to deliver introductory ora- 
 tions. The critical judgment of Patru was 
 fo great that he was called the Quintilian of 
 France, and Vaugelas regarded him as an 
 oracle. He died in 1681. His works were 
 printed in 1732, in 2 vols. 4to. — Moreri. 
 
 Patten (Thomas), a learned divine, 
 who was educated at Corpus Chrilti college, 
 Oxford, of which he became fellow. He 
 took his degree of DD. in 1754. Dr. Patten 
 was prefented to the reftory of Childery in 
 Berlcihire, where he died in 1790. He was 
 the author of, 1. The Cliriltian Apology, a 
 fermon, 8vo. ; 2. St. Peter’s Chriftian Apo- 
 logy, as fet forth in a fermon, preached and 
 further illuftrated and maintained againft the 
 objections of the rev. Ralph Heathcote, 8vo. ; 
 3. The Sufficiency of the external Evidence 
 of the Gofpel farther fupported againft the 
 Reply of the rev. Mr. Heathcote, 8vo ; 4. 
 The Oppolition between the Gofpel ofjelus, 
 and what is called the Religion of Nature, a 
 fermon ; 5. King David vindicated from a 
 late Mifreprefentation ot his Character, 8vo. 
 1762 Europ. Mag. 
 
 Pattison (William), an Englifh poet, 
 was born at Peatman'll, in Sufiex, in 1706, 
 and educated firft at Appleby ichool in Weft- 
 moreland, and next at Sidney college, Cam- 
 bridge, which he left without taking a de- 
 gree. He then fettled in London, and was 
 employed by Curl], the hookfeller, in whole 
 houfe he died of the final! pox in 1727. His 
 poetical -works were printed in 2 vols. l2mo. 
 in 1723. — Gen. Biog. Dili. Cibber. 
 
 1’atu (Claude Peter), a dramatic writer, 
 was born at Paris in 1729, and died in 1757. 
 H e wrote fome comedies, and tranflated others 
 from the Englifh, which were well received. 
 
 Nouv . DM. lift . 
 
 P A U 
 
 Pa u c t:on (Alexis), a mathematician, was 
 born near Laffay, in Mayenne, in 1732. He 
 received his education in the mathematical 
 and naval academy at Nantes, after which 
 he went to Paris, where his integrity and 
 talents procured him patronage and a place. 
 He died in 1799. His works are, 1. Theory 
 of the Force of Archimedes, 12mo. ; 2. Me- 
 trology, or a Treatifeon the Weights, Mea- 
 fures, and Monies of all Countries ancient 
 and modern; 3. Theory oi the Laws ot Na- 
 ture, with a Difiertation on the Pyramids of 
 Egypt. — Ibid. 
 
 “Pavilion (Nicholas), a French divine, 
 was born in 1597. Cardinal Richelieu made 
 him bifhop of Alet, where he introduced a 
 reform among the clergy, and inftituted a 
 number of fchools ; but lome enemies ac- 
 cufed him to the government, and Pavilion 
 refufing to fubmit to the regale was dis- 
 graced. He died in 1677. Fie wrote paf-. 
 toral pieces, and other religious works.— 
 Moreri. 
 
 Pavillon (Stephen), nephew of the 
 above, was born at Paris in 1652. He was 
 a member of the French academy, and of 
 that of inferiptions, and firft diftinguifhed 
 himfelf as advocate general to the parlia- 
 ment of Metz: but the delicacy of his con- 
 ftitution, and the love ofrepofe, occalioned 
 him to withdraw from public life. He died 
 in 1705. Flis poems were printed in 1720, 
 2 vols. 12mo. In profe he wrote the Portrait 
 of Pure Love; Dilinterefted Counfels ; and. 
 other moral pieces, which fhew juft fenti- 
 ment and a good judgment. — Ibid . 
 
 Paul (St.), originally called Saul, an 
 apoftle of Jelus Chrift, was born at Tarfus, 
 of Jewiflr parents, and educated in the Ichool 
 of the pharifees under Gamaliel. He was 
 very zealous againft the gofpel, was prelent 
 at the martyrdom of Stephen, and commif- 
 fioned by the Sanhedrim to go to Damafcus 
 to perfecute the Chriftians. But on the road 
 he was overpowered by the appearance of our 
 Saviour, and Saul entered Damafcus a dif- 
 ciple, and was received into the church by 
 the name of Paul. After this he became a 
 diftinguilhed preacher ot Chriftianity, and de- 
 nominated the apoftle ot the gentiles. His 
 eloquence was (o great that it made Fehx 
 tremble, converted Dionyfius the areopagite 
 at Athens, and drew from Longinus expref- 
 fions of admiration. The epittlesot St. Paul 
 are models of pathetic remonftrance and clofe 
 reafoning. 1 He was beheaded at Rome A.D. 
 66. — Cave. 
 
 Paul III. (pope). His name was Alex- 
 ander Farnefe, and he was defied to the 
 papal chair in 1534. In his reign the coun- 
 cil of Trent was called ; he eftablifhed the 
 inquifition, confirmed t he fociety of jefuits, 
 condemned the interim or Charles V. and 
 atled with rigour againft Henry VIII. ot 
 England. Paul died in 15111, aged 82.— 
 Dupin Moreri. 
 
 Paul IV. (Johi Peter paraffa),' wai 
 elected in 1555, at the age of eighty. Hf 
 5C 3 
 
P A U 
 
 P A U 
 
 was a bigoted prelate ; and when queen Eli- 
 z beth announced to him by the English am- 
 baffador her accefiion to the throne, he 
 haughtily declared that the kingdom was a 
 Eet ot the holy fee, and that fhe had no right 
 to aflame the crown without his leave, par. 
 tkularly as (he was illegitimate. In 1559 he 
 iflued a flaming bull againft heretics, and 
 died the lame year, generally difiiked. He 
 wrote on the creed, and other works. — Ibid. 
 
 Paul V. (Camillus Borghefe), waseledt- 
 ed in 1605, after the death of Leo XI. He 
 had a difpute with the fenate of Venice, over 
 which he pretended to have a right, but it 
 was fo firmly refilled that the pope excom- 
 municated the doge and fenate. He alfo 
 raifed iorces againft the republic, but by the 
 interference or the emperor and other Hates 
 peace was rellored in 1607. He ornamented 
 Home with many excellent works of fculp- 
 ture and painting, and an aquedudt. He died 
 in 1621, aged 69.— Ibid. 
 
 Paul Petrowitz, emperor of Ruflia, 
 was the fon of Peter III. and Catharine II., 
 and born in 1754. He married Wilhelmina, 
 daughter of the landgrave of Hefle Darm- 
 ftadt, who died two years after their union 
 in 1776. Paul took for his fecond wife the 
 princefs of Wirtemberg, niece of the great 
 king of Pruflia. In 1796, by the death of 
 his mother, he fucceeded to the throne, and 
 for fome time gave promifing hopes of prov- 
 ing a great prince. In 1799 he entered into 
 the war againft France, and fent Suwarrow 
 with a large army into Italy ; but on a hid- 
 den Paul changed his fentiments, recalled 
 his forces, formed a northern confederacy, 
 and feized the perfons and property bf the 
 E.iglifli in his dominions. His conduul fo 
 his lubjetls alfo became capricious and dif- 
 gufting j and he died fuddenly, or rather was 
 aflblTinated in 1801. This alteration in the 
 emperor is faid. to have been occafioned by 
 means of a favourite French miftrefs fent to 
 Ruflia for the purpofe of gaining his affec- 
 tions. — Gent. Mag. Nou-v . DiFt. lift. 
 
 Paul of SAMOSATA,an hen fiarch of the 
 third century, received his furname from 
 the place of his birth, a city on the Eu- 
 phrates. He became patriarch of Antioch 
 in 26 Of and^being entertained at the court 
 of Zen.obia, queen ot Syria, he endeavoured 
 to gain her to the chriftjjm faith, by ex- 
 plaining away its inyfteries, For this pur- 
 poie he held that Chrift was a mere man, 
 and that the Trinity confifted not of per* 
 fons but attributes. His errors were con- 
 demned in the council of Antioch, A.D. 
 270, and Paul was excommunicated. His 
 difciples were called Paulinifts. — Duput. 
 Mcjheim. 
 
 Pa u l, the Silentiary , fo called from an of- 
 fice vvlilch he held in the lacred palace at 
 Coaftantinople, flourished under the em- 
 peror Juftinian in the 6th century. He 
 wrote a Hiftory, in Greek verle, of the 
 Church G. St. Sophia j Epigrams, &c.— 
 ilih/ar;. 
 
 Paul ie Santa Maria, a learned jew, wa* 
 a native of Burgos, and is faid to have been 
 converted to chriftianity by reading the 
 works' of Aquinas. After the death of his 
 wife he entered into orders, and became 
 preceptor to John II. king of Caftille, who 
 made him bifhop of Carthagena, and after- 
 wards of Burgos. He died in 1445. Some 
 fay lie was patriarch of Aquileia. Fie 
 wrote Scrutinium Scripturarum, tbl. 1474. 
 His three Ions were baptized with him ; the 
 eldefl became bifhop of Burgos, and wrote 
 a Hiftory of Spain; the fecond was bi- 
 fhop of Placentia ; and the third, Alvarez, 
 wrote the Hiftory of John II. King of Caf- 
 tilie. — Ibid. 
 
 Paul (Mark), a Venetian of the 13th 
 century, who vifited the capital of Cublai 
 Chan, the fixth monarch in delcent from the 
 great Genghis Chan. The city of Cambalu, 
 which he deferibes as the feat of the empire, 
 is fuppofed to be the modern Pekin.— 
 Ibid. 
 
 Paul, deacon of Aquileia, who wrote the 
 Pliftory of the Lombards ; Lives of the 
 Saints, and of the Bifhops of Metz ; alfo a 
 work called Hilloria Mifcella. He was fe- 
 cretary to Didier, king of the Lombards, 
 and afterwards in the fervice of Charle- 
 magne, who banifhed him to an ifland in 
 the Adriatic fea on a falfe accufation of 
 having confpired againft him. The prince 
 of Benevento invited him to his court, and 
 on rite death of that prince Paul embraced 
 the monaftic life, and died about 801. — lb. 
 
 Paula (St.), a Roman lady, was born in 
 347, and defeended from the Scipios and the 
 Gracchi. On becoming a' widow file 
 retired to Bethlehem, where fhe founded a 
 monaftery and houfes of hofpitality, of which 
 St. Jerome had the management. She py<*c- 
 t'Jfed the fevereft aufterities and felf-denial, 
 which Jeiome, in vain, endeavoured to 
 moderate. Paula was acquainted with the 
 feriptures in the original Hebrew, in which 
 file had Jerome for her matter. She died in 
 407. — Dupin. Baillet -viesdes Saints. 
 
 Pa u let (William), marquis of Win- 
 Chefter, was the foil of fir John Paulet of 
 Somerfetfliire. He enjoyed feveral oilices 
 under Henry VIII., Edward the Vlth., 
 Mary, and Elizabeth. Being afked how he 
 contrived to maintain his fituation in fuch pe- 
 rilous times, wherein fo many great changes 
 had taken place in church and ftate, he 
 anfvvered, by being a •zviilow, and not an cab. 
 He died in 1572, aged 97 — EngliJJo Peerage. 
 
 Paui,i (Simon), profeflbr of medicine in 
 the university of Copenhagen, and firlt phyfi- 
 cian to the king of Denmark'. Chriftiern V. 
 gave him the bishopric’ of Arrhul'en. Fie 
 died in 16.80, .aged 77. He wrote a Treatile 
 on Malignant Fevers; another againft To- 
 bacco and Tea; Flora Daniea, 4to ; and 
 other works. — Niccron. 
 
 Pa u lin u s (St.), bifhop of Nola, was born 
 at Bourdeaux about 3,58. He discharged 
 the office of coniul in 37 3, and about the 
 
P A U 
 
 fame time married a Spanifh lady, by whofe 
 means he embraced chriftianity. He then 
 retired to Spain with his wife, where Pau- 
 linas beflowed his goods in charity, and led 
 a life of mortification. In 393 he entered 
 into orders, and going to Italy, was cholen 
 bifhop of Nola. Fie died in 431- Paulinus 
 wrote fomc Latin Poems, Letters, and other 
 works. There was another faint of this 
 name who was patriarch of Aquilea, and dif- 
 tinguiflied himfelfutthe council ol Frankfort 
 in 794. Fie died in 804. Fie wrote a T rea- 
 tife on the Trinity. — Uupin. Moreri. 
 
 Paulmier oe Grentemesnil (Julian 
 de), a French phyfician, was the difciple of 
 Fernel, and when all the other phyficians 
 had reduced Charles IX. to a very bad {late 
 Paulmier fucceeded in refloring him. He 
 afterwards attached himfelf to the duke ol 
 Anjou, whom he accompanied to the Low 
 Countries, where he diftinguifhed himiell in 
 his own profeflion and as a foldier. Fie 
 died at Caen in 1588. His works are, 1. 
 De Vino et Pomaceo; 2. De Lue Venerea; 
 3. De Morbis Contagiofis. His fo.n 'Janus 
 was born in 1587, and educated by his pa- 
 rents in the reformed religion. He died in 
 1670. His works are, 1. Obfervationes in 
 Optimos Auftores Grsecos , 4to. ; 2. De- 
 fcription of ancient Greece, 4to. ; 3. Poems, 
 Greek, Latin, French, Italian, and Spanifli. 
 — Moreri . Nicercn. 
 
 Paulmy (Mark Antony Rene de Voyer, 
 marquis de), miniiler of Hate and a member 
 of the French academy, was the Ion ol the 
 marquis de Argenfon, and born at Va- 
 lenciennes in 1722. He collected one of 
 the moil magnificent libraries in Europe, 
 which was fold to the count d’Artois, bro- 
 ther to Louis XVI. M. de Paulmy pub- 
 lifhed Melanges d’une grande Bibliotheque, 
 69 vols. 8vo. To him alfo is attributed a 
 work entitled, Eflays in the Style of thole 
 of Montaigne, ft vols. 8vo. 1778. I-Ie died 
 in 1787. — Noun/. DID. Hijl. 
 
 Pausanias, the fon or Cleombrotus king 
 cf Sparta, governed the kingdom for his 
 nephew during his minority. He alfo dif- 
 played great Ikill and valour in the war 
 again!! Athens, which city he took and ex- 
 pelled the ten tyrants. Paufanias after- 
 wards fqrved againft the Perfians with equal 
 glory; but being dilcontented with his 
 country, he entered into a feeret treaty 
 with the king of Pcrfia, which being dii- 
 covered by the ephori, to avoid the pu- 
 nifliment due to his treafon.he fled into the 
 temple of Minerva, which being held fa- 
 cred, the Lacedemonians blocked it up 
 with Hones, the firft of which was placed by 
 Paufanias’s mother. He was there flawed to 
 death, B.C. 474. — Cornelius Neps 
 
 Pausanias, a Gieek hiltorian pnd ora- 
 tor in the lecond century, who fettled at 
 Rome in the reign of Antoninus the ptulo- 
 fopher. Paufanias wrote, Travels in Greece, 
 the belt edition of which is that or Kuh- 
 jiius, 1696, foYiu.—VoJJius de Hijl. Ciuc. 
 
 PAY 
 
 PausIas, a painter of Sicyon, and the 
 difciple of Pamphilus, flourifhei about 352 
 B.C. Fie was the firft who applied colours 
 to wood and ivory by five, now called cn- 
 cuuftic painting. He drew a beautiful pic- 
 ture of his miftrefs Glycere, which was 
 brought by Lucullus for two talents. After 
 Paufias’s death, the Sicyonianrs fold his pic- 
 tures to S.caur us', the grandfon of Syria, 
 who built a gallery tor them at Rome.— 
 P lin’d Nat. Hijl. 
 
 Pautre (Anthony le), an arch it eft, was 
 born at Paris, in which city he built the 
 church of the religious of Port Royai, and 
 other works. He excelled In the orna- 
 mental parts .of his edifices. He was a 
 member of the academy of fculpture ; and 
 his works were publifhed at Paris in 1652, 
 folio. A relation of his, John le Pautre, 
 born at Paris* in 1617, was a member of 
 the academy of painting and fculpture. 
 He became an excellent defigner and en- 
 graver, efpecially or architectural orna- 
 ments. He died in 1682. His plates have 
 been collected in 3 vols. folio. Peter le Pau- 
 tre, fon of the laft mentioned, applied to 
 fculpture, and became direftor of the aca- 
 demy-of St. Luke at Rome, where he exe- 
 cuted a fine groupe of Aneas and Anchifes. 
 On* of his greateft works is a Lucretia 
 {tabbing herfelf. Pautre died in 1744, aged 
 
 81. — D'Argen-vilh. 
 
 Pauw (Cornelius), a learned writer, was 
 born at Amfterdam, and died near Aix la 
 Chapelle in 17y9. He is known by his 
 Dricourles on the Greeks, the Americans, 
 the Egyptians, and the Chinefe, 7 vols. 8vo. 
 Thefe works are curious, and !hew consider- 
 able ability, but they are too conjectural. 
 There was another of this name who lived 
 at Utrecht, and publifhed feveral valuable 
 editions of Greek authors, particularly 
 Anacreon, in 1732, 4to.— Ncuv. DiD. IPJl. 
 
 Payne (Nevil), a dramatic author in the 
 reign of Charles IF His plays are. Fatal 
 Jealoufy, a tragedy; The Morning Ram- 
 ble, or the Town Humours, a comedy; Ibe 
 Siege of Conttantmople, a tragedy, 4to. 1675, 
 — Blog. Dram. 
 
 Payne (Rogcrl, a bookbinder, who was 
 remarkable far "the elegance and ftrength of 
 his binding. He was chiefly employed on 
 fcurce books, for binding of which he had 
 an extraordinary price. An /Eichylus 
 done by him for earl Spencer coft fifteen 
 guineas the binding. Payne lived in a cel- 
 lar, and never, worked while he had any 
 money. He made all his own tools, and 
 would never fuffer any perfon to fee hip? at 
 work. He died at St. Martin's lane'in 
 1797, and was buried art’ne expend ora 
 bcoklellcr ox the fame name, hue not a rela- 
 tion- — Gent. Mag. 
 
 Pays (Renatus lc), a French poet, was 
 born at Nantes in 1686. He was comptrol- 
 ler -general • of the impafts in Provence, and 
 pubfiftied a milceUany ip prole and verie, 
 entitled, “ Amities, Amoui#} and Afcoi* 
 8 C 4 
 
r p e c 
 
 rettes,” 1685, 12mo. ITe died in 3690. 
 He was alfo the; author of a romance called 
 Zelotide, and other pieces of a like kind.— 
 Jldoreri. 
 
 Peacock (Reginald), a worthy prelate, 
 was fucceffively bifhop of St. Afaph and 
 Chicefter, by the favour of Humphrey, 
 the good duke of Gloucefter. But he was 
 depofed for refilling the papal authority, 
 and denying tranfunllantiation, with other 
 articles of the roman catholic faith. He 
 was obliged to recant his notions, and his 
 books were publicly burnt. He then retired 
 to an abbey, where lie died about I486.— 
 Life by Bifoop Peaccck, 8vo. 
 
 Peaps (William), a dramatic writer in 
 the reign of Charles I. He was a lludent at 
 3'. ton, where he wrote a piece, entitled, 
 “ Love in its Extafy ; or, the Large Prero- 
 gative,” publifhed in 4to. in 1649, which is 
 all that is known of him.— Bi og. Dram. 
 
 Pearce (Zachary), a learned prelate, 
 was born in 1690, and educated at Weft- 
 minfler fchool, from whence he was eledted 
 to Trinity college, Cambridge, where he 
 wrote fome papers in the Guardian and 
 Spectator. He publifhed an excellent edi- 
 tion of Longinus in 1724, and the fame 
 year obtained his doctor's degree. When 
 Woolfton rudely attacked the miracles of 
 our Saviour, he was replied to by Dr. 
 Pea rce, in an anonymous pamphlet, entitled, 
 a Vindication of the Miracles, which went 
 through feveral editions. Dr. Pearce was 
 preierred to the deanry of Winchefter in 
 1739, advanced to the fee of Bangor in 
 1748, and in 1756 tranflated to Rochefter, 
 with the deanry of Weflminfler annexed. 
 Some time before his death he folicited 
 leave to refign his preferments ; as this how- 
 ever was unufual, it was refufed with re- 
 fpe£t to the bifhopric, but he was permit- 
 ted to give up the deanry, which was 
 given to Dr. Thomas. Bifhop Pearce died 
 in 1774. Befidcs the above he publifhed, a 
 Review of the Text of Milton ; on the 
 Origin of Temples ; an Account of Tri- 
 nity college, Cambridge, and other works. 
 Atter his death were publifhed his Comment- 
 ary on the Gofpels and Adis, 2 vols. quarto; 
 and Seimons in 4 vols. 8vo. — Gen. B'wg.DiB. 
 
 Pearson (John), an eminent Englifh bi- 
 fhop, was born at Snoring, in Norfolk, in 
 I6l2. Pie received his education at Eton, 
 from whence he was eledled to King's col- 
 lege, Cambridge. In 1640 he obtained the 
 livang of Tenington in Norfolk, and in 
 1650 was chofen minifter of St. Clement, 
 Eaft Cheap, London, Pie was promoted to 
 the bifhopric of Chefter in 1678, and died 
 in 1686. Bifhop Pearfon is principally 
 known by his valuable Expofition on the 
 Creed, of which there have been feveral 
 editions. He alfo wrote Vindiciae Ignatii, 
 or a Defence of the Epiftles of St. Igna- 
 tius, and other learned works. — Biog. Brit. 
 Pechantr,e (Nicholas de), a "French 
 
 PEC 
 
 poet, was born at Touloufe in 1638. He 
 gained the poetical prize from the academy 
 des Jeux Floraux three times. His tragedy 
 of Geta was performed at Paris in 1687 
 with great applaufe. This was followed by 
 Jugurtha, the Death of Nero, and fome 
 others. Pechantre died in 1708.— Moreri. 
 
 Pechlin (John Nicholas), a phyfician, 
 was born at Leyden in 1667. He became 
 profeffor of medicine at Kiel, and firfl phyfi- 
 cian to the duke of Holftein-Gottorp, who 
 appointed him preceptor to the hereditary 
 prince. Pechlin died at Stockholm in 1706. 
 Ilis chief works are, 1. De Purgantium me- 
 dicamentorum facultatibus : 2. De vulneribus 
 fclopetorum ; 3. De reris et alimenti defedlu et 
 vita fub aquis ; 4. De habitu et colore ZEthi- 
 opum; 5. A Panegyric, on Tea, in a poetic 
 ftyle, in Latin ; 6. Obfervationum phyfieo-me- 
 dicarpm.— Nouv: Di£l. Hifi. 
 
 Pechmeja (John), a French writer, wtu 
 born at Villa Franca in 1741. He became 
 profefibr of elocution in the college of La 
 Fleche, and died in 1785. His eulogy on 
 Colbert was crowned with the approbation of 
 the academy in 1773 ; but lie is principally/ 
 known by a work in poetic profc, called, 
 Telephe, 2 vols.’ — Nouv. DA. HJi. 
 
 Peck (Francis), an eminent antiquary, 
 was born at Stamford, in Lincolnfhire, in 
 1692, and educated at Cambridge, where 
 he took his degrees in arts. He obtained 
 the living of Godeby in Leicefterfhire, 
 where he died in 1743. Mr. Peck wrote, 
 the Annals of Stamford; the Life of Mil- 
 ton, 4to. ; and publifhed a colledlion of 
 Hiftorical Tradls, entitled, Defiderata Cu- 
 riofa, folio.— Gen. Biog. DiEl. 
 
 Peckwei.l (Henry), an Englifh divine, 
 was born in 1747. He became a popular 
 preacher among the Calviniitic mcthodills, 
 and obtained the redtory of Bloxhain in 
 Lincolmhire, but lived chiefly in London, 
 where he fludied anatomy and phyfic, chat 
 he might be the more ferviceuble to the lick 
 ot his fociety. Opening the body of a young 
 perion who died of a putrid fever, he flightly 
 wounded himfelf in the hand, and this turning 
 to a mortification he died in 1787. Dr. 
 Peckwell printed feveral fermons.— Gent. 
 Mag. 
 
 Pecquet (John), a phyfician, was born 
 at Dieppe. He difeovered the ladteal vein 
 that conveys the chyle to the heart, and which 
 is therefore called the refervoir of Pecquet. 
 In 1654 lie publiihed a work entitled “ Ex- 
 perimenta nova Anatumica,” and in 1661, 
 another, “ De Thoracis Ladteis.” He died 
 at Paris in 1674. — Moreii. Haller Bill. Anat. 
 
 Pecquet (Anthony), a French writer, 
 was born in 1704, and died in 1762. He 
 was grand maker of the water-works and 
 forells of Rouen, and fuperintendant of the 
 military fchool. His principal works arc, 
 Analyfis ot the Spirit of Laws, and the 
 Spirit of Political Maxims, 3 vols; the 
 Foreft Laws of France, 2 vols; Thoughts 
 
PEL 
 
 on Man. He alfo tranflated the Pallor Fido 
 of Guarini, and other Italian works, into 
 French.' — Noun;. Dili. Hiji. 
 
 Peele (George), a dramatic writer in 
 the reign of queen Elizabeth, was a na- 
 tive of Devonfhire, and a ftudent of Chrift 
 church college, Oxford, where he took his 
 degree of M.A. in 1579. He was a good 
 paftoral poet, and his plays Were adted 
 with great applaufe in the univerfity.— 
 Wood, A.O. 
 
 Peir esc (Nicholas-Claude Fabri, feigneur 
 de), was born in Provence in 1580,. of a 
 family originally from Italy. He ftudied at 
 firft under the jefuits, alter which he viflted 
 various univerhties, and took his dodtor s 
 degree at-Aix in 1604. His Thefts on that 
 occafion was greatly admired. Vifiting 
 Pa ris foon after, he obtained the friendlhip 
 of the mod: learned men in that city, parti- 
 cularly De Thou, and Cafaubon. From 
 thence he made a voyage to England, and 
 was received with marks ol diftindtion by 
 James I. He next went to Holland, and 
 became acquainted with Julius Scaliger and 
 Grotius. On his return to France he was 
 admitted a counfellor of the parliament of 
 Aix, where he died in 1686. '1 he learning 
 
 of Peirefc was various and profound; and 
 he particularly excelled in the knowledge ot 
 medals. He wrote, Hiftoria. Prov incite 
 Gallicre Narbonenfis ; Nobilium ejuldem 
 Proviriciae familiarum Origines ; Commen- 
 tarii rerum omnium memoria dignarum lua 
 cetate geflarum ; Nummi Gallici, Saxonici, 
 Britannici, &c. Linguae Orientales, & c. &c. 
 —Life by GaJJ'endi. Bay/e. 
 
 Pelagius I. (pope), was a native of 
 Rome, and afcended the papal chair in 555. 
 He endeavoured to reform the clergy ; and 
 when the city was befieged by the Goths, he 
 obtained from Totila, their general, many 
 concefiions in favour ol the citizens. He 
 died in 560 . — Platina and Bower. 
 
 Pelagius II. lucceeded Benediiil I. in 
 578. He oppofed John, patriarch of Con- 
 llantinoplc, who had affirmed the title of 
 oecumenical bifhop. Pelagius died ot the 
 plague in 590. — Ibid. 
 
 Pelagius, the founder of a herefy in 
 the 5th century, was a native of Wales. 
 His real iwme was Morgan, which he changed 
 to the Greek appellation of Pelagius. He is 
 fuppofed to have been a monk of Bangor, 
 but went to refide at Rome, where he denied 
 the dodtrine of original fin, and maintained 
 free will. He afterwards retired with his 
 friend Celeftius to the Holy Land, where 
 Pelagius is fuppofed to have died. His opi- 
 nions were condemned in the council of Car- 
 thage.. — Dupin. Mojheim. 
 
 Peletier (Claude le), was bornat Paris 
 in 1630. He was the friend of Bignon, La- 
 moignon, Defpreaux, and other learned man. 
 Fie became fucceffively counfellor of the c'na- 
 telet, and of the parliament, prefident of the 
 chamber of requells, and provoft ot the mer- 
 chants. The quay at Paris which bears his 
 
 PEL 
 
 name was built by him. He fucceeded Col- 
 bert as comptroller of the finances in 1683. 
 Six years afterwards he refigned his place, 
 and in 1697 he retired from court to lead a 
 life of ftudy and devotion. He died in 1711. 
 His principal works are, the Body of Canon 
 Law in Latin, folio ; Comes Sene&utis & 
 Comes Rufticus. His brother Michael was 
 counfellor of (late, and occupied other dif- 
 tinguifhed ollices, which he quitted at the 
 age of 80, and retired into the abbey of St. 
 Vjdtor at Paris, where he died in 1725. He 
 was a member of the academy of inferiptions, 
 and has fome articles in the memoirs of that 
 fociet y. — Morcri. 
 
 Pell (John), a mathematician and divine, 
 was born at Southwick in SufTex in 1610, 
 and educated firft at Cambridge, and after- 
 wards at Oxford. In 1643 he went to Am- 
 flerdam, where he became profeffor of ma- 
 thematics; but afterwards he removed to 
 Breda, and read ledtures with applaufe. In 
 1652 he returned to England, and was fer.t 
 by Cromwell as refident to the proteftant 
 cantons of Switzerland. In 1661 he was 
 ordained by the bilhop of Lincoln, and the 
 fame year was prelented to the redtory of 
 Fobbing in Effex. He died poor in 16854 
 Dr. Pell wrote, 1 . Controverfia cum Chrif- 
 tiano Longomontano de vera circuli menfura, 
 4to. ; 2. an Idea of the Mathematics, 12mo.; 
 3. a Table of 10,000 fquare numbers, & c. 
 folio; 4. an Inaugural Oration at Breda; 5. 
 Demonftration of the fecond and tenth books 
 of Euclid; and feveral letters, &c. in manu-» 
 feript. — Hutton. Martin. 
 
 Pellegrin (Simon Jofeph), a French 
 poet and eccleliaftic, was born at Marfeilles. 
 He obtained, in 1704, the prize of the aca- 
 demy for his “ Epiftle to the King on the 
 fuccefs of his arms ” Fie entered into the 
 religious order of the Servites, but after- 
 wards he obtained leave to remove into that 
 of Cluny. He wrote feveral pieces for the 
 theatres, and dramatized the hiftory of the 
 Old and New Teftament, the Pfalms of 
 David, See. He alfo tranflated into French 
 the works of Horace, with notes, 2 vols. 
 He died in 1745. — Noun;. Dici. Hiji , 
 
 Pellegrini (Antonio), an hiflorical 
 painter, was born at Padua in 1674, and died 
 in 1741. He came to England with the 
 duke of Manchefter, and painted feveral fine 
 pidtures in this country. — Pilkington. 
 
 Pellegrini (Camillus,), a celebrated an- 
 tiquary was born at Capua in Italy in 1598. 
 He was the firft who formed the plan of col- 
 lecting into a regular feries the fcattered, 
 partial, and infulated hiftories and chronicles 
 of the middle ages, which delign was after- 
 wards carried into effedt by Muratori and 
 others. His Apparato Alle Antichita di Ca- 
 pua, appeared in 1651 ; and his Hiftoria 
 Principium Longobardorum was publifhed at 
 Naples in 1749. He died in 1663. 
 
 Pellegrino (q; Modena), was born in, 
 1511. He was of the fchool of Raphael, 
 and employed in the Vatican. He died of 
 
PEL 
 
 PEN 
 
 a wound received in endeavouring to refeue 
 his fon, who had committed a murder. — De 
 riles. 
 
 Pellegrino (Tibaldi), called Pellegrin 
 of Bologna, an eminent painter and architedl, 
 died" in 1592, aged 70. He was employed 
 upon the church of St. Ambrofe at Milan; 
 and afterwards was. invited to Spain, where 
 he dlfplayed his talents in the El'curial both 
 as a painter and architect, for which he was 
 created a marquis — D' Argcnn.nl le . 
 
 Pell E niN (Jofeph), a medallic writer, 
 who died at Paris in 1782, aged 99. He was 
 eommilTury general and firft clerk of the 
 French marine. His cabinet of medals, in 
 pujxhafing which he was ailifled by the king, 
 was very large and valuable. He published 
 nine quarto volumes illuftrative of medals, 
 with plates — Noun. Dili. Hifl. 
 
 Pelletier (James), a phyfician, was 
 horn at Mans, in 1517. His writings are 
 numerous ; the principal are. Commentaries 
 on Euclid, in Latin; Defcnpiioii of Savoy; 
 e Treadle on the Plague ; poetic works ; 
 Dialogues on Orthography, in which he 
 propofed to write words according to their 
 pronunciation. He died principal of the col- 
 lege of Mans at Paris, in 1582 Morcri. 
 
 Pi lletier (Johnle), a learned writer, 
 was born at Rouen in 1033. In his youth 
 he ftudied painting, which he abandoned for 
 literature, and without a mailer acquired a 
 knowlege of the ancient and modern lan- 
 guages, mathematics, phyfic, and chemiftry. 
 Fie died in 1711. His works ate, 1. A D;fler- 
 tation on' Noah's Ark; £?. Ilifcourfes in the 
 Journal de Travoux ; 3. A truncation of 
 Leti’s Life of Sixtus V. ; and another of fir 
 Robert Naunton’s Fragmenta Regalia, from 
 the Englifh.— Ibid. 
 
 Pelletier (Gafpard), a phyfician, of 
 Middleburg in Zealand, who acquired a great 
 reputation by his pra&ice, and died in 1659. 
 He wrote Plantarum, turn patriarum, turn 
 exoticarum in Walachia Zelandiae infula naf- 
 centium, fynonyma, 8vo. 1610,—Haleri 
 Bill. Bo ten. 
 
 Pelletier (Bertrand), a French che- 
 niift, was born at Bayonne, in 1761. He 
 fettled as an apothecary at Paris, where, on 
 account of his chemical knowlege, he was 
 eledled a member of the academy, and after- 
 wards of the inftitute. He pu’olifhed obfer- 
 vatiuns on arfenic, and aflifted in the Journal 
 of Natural Hiftory. He died in 1797. _ 
 Nou-v. Diet. H’ft . 
 
 Pel li can (Conrad), a learned divine, 
 was born in A] face, in 1178. He entered 
 into the order of cordeliers, and had the 
 charge, of a convent at Bafle ; but turning 
 proteflant he went to Zurich, where he be- 
 came Hebrew profetTor, and died in 1556. 
 His works, which are chiefly illuflrations of 
 the Scriptures, make 7 vols. folio. Father 
 Simon gives them a high charader. — Mclcb. 
 Nui.-.m Vit Germ Thiol. 
 
 P e l I I s s o n - Fo n T A N 1 E R ( Paul ),a French 
 writer, was born at Beziers in 1621, ana 
 
 bred to the bir, which profefTton he quitted. 
 Having written the hiftory of the origin of 
 the French academy, he was chofen a mem- 
 ber. Fouche became his patron, but when 
 that miniiter was difgraced Pellifl'on was 
 fent to the Baflille, where he was confined 
 four years. On his releafe he received a 
 penfton, and became a favourite of Louis 
 XIV. whom he attended in his campaign^. 
 He died in 1693. He wrote the Hiftory of 
 Louis XIV . ; the Life of Anne of Auftria ; 
 Hiftory of the Conqueft of Franche- Comte; 
 Hiftorical Letters ; Poems ; Refledions on 
 Differences in Religion ; Trcatife on the 
 Facharift, d;c. — Ncnri. 
 
 Pelloutier (Simon), a ppoteftant di- 
 vine of Berlin, and member of the academy 
 in that city, was a native of Leipfic, and 
 died in 1757, aged 63. He wrote a Hiftory 
 of the Celts, and particularly of the Gauls 
 and Germans, 2 vols. 4to Noun. DiEl. 
 
 Pelopidas, a Theban general, who in- 
 herited from his father a large fortune, which 
 he difpoled of liberally among liia fellow 
 citizens. There was the clofclt amity be- 
 tween him and Epaminondas, from which 
 friendfhip the Thebans derived the moil 
 important benefits. When the Lacedemo- 
 nians gained the fovereignty of Thebes, 
 Pelopidas went to Athens, where he af- 
 femblcd the reft of his exiled countrymen, 
 with whom he returned, and -in one night 
 feized upon Thebes, and broke the yoke 
 by which it had been oppreffed. This was 
 B.C. 378. Afterwards lie defeated tbg La- 
 cedemonians at Tigyra, and with Epami- 
 nondas fhared the great victory of Leudlra. 
 He was next fent by his countrymen on an . 
 embafly to Artaxcrxes, king of Perfia, who 
 received him with honour and granted his 
 requelt. On his return he perfuaded his 
 countrymen to make war againfl Alexander, 
 tyrant of Pliares, by whom he was taken 
 priioner, but was refeued by Epaminondas. 
 
 He fell fhortly after in battle, B.C. 564.— 
 Plutarch. Corn. Nepos. 
 
 Pemberton (Henry), a learned phyfi- 
 cian or London, who was fellow of the royal 
 focicty, and diltinguiflied himfelf by an ex- 
 cellent work, entitled, a View of Sir Ifaac 
 Ne\vton‘s Philofophy, in one volume quarto. 
 
 He was qlfo the author of a Treatife on 
 Chemiftry. Dr. Pemberion died at an ad- 
 vanced age in 1771. 
 
 Pemble (William), an Englifh divine, 
 was tutor, and divinity reader of Magdalen 
 hall, Oxford, and a great ornament to that 
 univeriity. He died in 1623, aged only 32. 
 
 His works were primed in one volume folio, 
 
 and pofTeis confiderable merit Wood. 
 
 Pembroke (Thomas), an Englifhpai.it- 
 er, was the pupil ot Larroon, whole manner 
 he imitated. He painted feveral pictures for 
 the earl of Bath, and died in London about 
 
 1730, at the age of 28 VVaJfde. 
 
 Penn (William), an Eiigliih admiral, was 
 born at biitlol, in 1621. He commanded 
 the fleet, and Venables the Laid forces, .4 
 
PEN 
 
 the taking of Jamaica, in 1 655- The fame 
 a ear he was elected member of parliament 
 for Weymouth. He was fent to the tower 
 by Cromwell, for quitting his command 
 without leave, but was foon releafed. After 
 the reitoration he ferved under the duke of 
 York, in the fuccefsful battle with the Dutch 
 fleet, in 1664, for which he was knighted. 
 
 He died at Wanltead, in Effex, in 1670. — 
 Campbell's Admirals. 
 
 Penn (William), an eminent quaker, 
 was the fon of the above, and born in Lon- 
 don, in 1644. He received a good educa- 
 tion, which was completed at Clirift church, 
 Oxford ; but he difappointed his father’s ex- 
 pectations by turning quaker, and w'as dif- 
 carded by him. Young Penn, however, was 
 confirmed in his opinions by Thomas Loe, a 
 leading quaker, with whom he travelled to 
 propagate this new faith. At Cork in Ire- 
 land, he was taken up for preaching and lent 
 to prifon, but was releafed through the in- 
 tereft of his father. After his return to 
 England he was fent to-the Tower, on account 
 of a book which lie had written, and while 
 there he compofi d his principal work, en- 
 titled, “ No Crofs, no Crown;” intended 
 to fhew the benefit of fuffering. On his re- 
 leale he went on in the fame courfe, and 
 was apprehended with fome others, and tried 
 for preaching at a conventicle in Grace- 
 church-itreet The jury perrtfted in finding 
 them not guilty, and were fent to prifon for 
 aCting contrary to the dictates of the judge. 
 Admiral Penn was reconciled to his Ion be- 
 fore his death, and left him all his property. 
 He continued firm in his attachment to the 
 • Friends, and went on a million to Holland 
 and Germany, with Fox and Barclay. In 
 1681 he obtained from the crown, in lieu ot 
 the arrears due to his father, the grant of 
 the province in North America, now called 
 Pennlylyania. Penn took over with him a 
 colony of quakers, and founded Philadelphia • 
 but before he entered upon pofleffion he made 
 a treaty with the Indians. The code of 
 laws which he formed for the government of 
 his province was limple, but would have 
 done honour to the protoundeft legiflators. 
 Penn died at Beaconsfield in Berkfhire,_ of an 
 apoplexy, in 1T113. H.s works are nume- 
 rous. — Biog- Brit. 
 
 Penn -NT (Thomas), an eminent natu- 
 jalill and antiquary, was born at Downing, 
 the family feat in Flintlliire, in 17176. After 
 receiving his grammatical education at Wrex- 
 ham fchool, he was lent to Oxford, where 
 he principally applied to the ltudy of natural 
 phiiofophy. After travelling over England, 
 he went abroad, and was introduced to Vol- 
 taire, Bufi’on, Linnaeus, and other eminent 
 men. In 1750 he published the Britifh Zoo- 
 logy, a work of confiderable merit. In 1771 
 appeared his Tour in Scotland, which parted 
 through leverai editions. This was followed, 
 at different periods, by a great number of 
 ingenious performances, as 'Fours in Wales ; 
 a journey from Chefter to London ; an Ac- 
 
 PEN 
 
 count of London, &c. He alfo published his 
 Literary Memoirs; and at the time of his 
 death was engaged on a defcription or India, 
 of which one volume was printed. 4 his in- 
 genious and indefatigable man died at Down- 
 ing in 1798. —Europ Mag. Necrology. 
 
 Penni (John Francis), a painter, was 
 born at Florence in 1488. He was the tlif- 
 ciple of Raphael, to whom he became ftew- 
 ard, on which account he obtained the title 
 of il fattore. He painted landfcap,es, in a fine 
 Ryle. He died in 1578. His brother Lucas 
 was alfo a good avtift, and painted fome pic- 
 tures in France and England. — Pilkington. 
 
 Pennicuik (Alexander), a phyfieian of 
 Nevv-hall, in the county of Edinburgh, was 
 defcended from an ancient family ot that 
 place, and his father had been furgeon in 
 the Swedilh army under the famous general 
 Bannier. Dr. Pennicuik, the fon, was born 
 in 1652, and after fpending his youth abroad, 
 returned and died in his own country in 1722. 
 He wrote a topographical account of Twee- 
 dale, and a number of poems characterifirc 
 of the manners of the gentry and peafantry 
 in his time. He is alfo laid to have given to 
 Allan Ranqfay, the plot of his Gentle Shep- 
 herd, the fcenes of which were laid on his 
 eftate of New-hall . — Private Communication. 
 
 Pennington (Ifaac), a quaker, was 
 born in 1617. He was one of the ftrft and 
 moft zealous difciples of George Fox, and 
 wrote feveral pieces in defence of quakerifm. 
 He alfo fuftered imprifonment feveral times, 
 and died at Goodneftone in Sufiex, in 1679. 
 He is not to be confounded with Ifa'ac Pen- 
 nington, lord mayor of London iu 1640. He 
 headed moft of the riots againft Charles I. 
 and was one of that king’s judges. At the 
 restoration lie was tried and condemned, but 
 refpited, and died in the Tower. From a 
 curious print of him it fhould feem that he 
 alfo became a quaker . — Sewells Hifi. Shakers. 
 Granger. 
 
 Penny (Thomas), an ingenious natura- 
 lift, who was fellow' of the college of phy- 
 ficians, London. He had been a great tra- 
 veller, and refided a confiderable time in 
 Switzerland, and . alfo in the Ifland of Ma- 
 jorca, from whence he brought the plant 
 called Hypericum Valeraricum, but honour- 
 ed by Cluiius with the name of Myrto ciftus 
 Pennsei. He explored moft parts of England 
 in fearch of plants, and made large commu- 
 nications to Lobel, Gerard, Gelner, and other 
 botanifts. He alfo wrote letters on infects, 
 which are in Trew’s collections — Pulteney's 
 Sketches. 
 
 Penrudiiock (colonel John), a brave 
 and loyal Englirtiman, was the fon of fir 
 John Fenruddock, in Wilt/hire. In the great 
 rebellion he took up arms in defence of the 
 king, whom lie proclaimed at Blandford, but 
 he was overpowered and defeated by colonel 
 Croke, who, notwithftanding his protnife of 
 quarter, caufed him to be beheaded in 1655. 
 Penruddock died as became a foldier and a 
 Chriitian. The letters that parted between 
 
PER 
 
 him and his wife after their la ft forrowful 
 interview, were printed by Steele in liis 
 Lovei. They are very attesting. — Granger. 
 
 Pf.nhy (John), dr Ap-Hcnry, a puritan 
 minifter, was born in the countv of Breck- 
 nock, and educated both at Cambridge and 
 Oxford, where he took his degrees in arts. 
 He afterwards became an itinerant preacher, 
 and was much followed; but imbibing the 
 principles of the puritans, he wrote with 
 virulence againft the epifcopal government, 
 under the a flurried name of Mar-Prelate. 
 Thel'e were printed at a private prefs : and 
 fornc of them were fo feditiotis that the 
 author was apprehended, tried and executed 
 in 1 — Wood, locale. 
 
 Pens (George), a painter and engraver, 
 of Nuremburg, who flourifhed at the be- 
 ginning of the Kith century. His pidlures 
 and plates are greatly eftcemed. — Nouv. 
 
 Dia Hfi. 
 
 Pepin ( the peri ) the. fon of Charles 
 Martel, was elected king of France atSoiffons 
 in 752, and became the firft monarch of the 
 fecond race of fovereigns of that kingdom. 
 'I hough Imall ot ftature he was very he- 
 roic. He allifted the pope againft Attol- 
 p'nus, king of Lombardy, whom he de- 
 feated and compelled to make peace. He 
 afterwards turned his arms with fuceefa 
 againft the Saxons, and added Aquitaine to 
 his dominions, fie died in 768, aged 54. 
 —Heneult. 
 
 Pepusch (John Chriftophcr), an eminent 
 mufreian, was a native of Pruflia, where at 
 the age of fifteen he had the honour of 
 teaching the prince royal. Fie afterwards 
 fettled in England, and was engaged as 
 compofer at Drury-lane theatre. The uni- 
 verfity of Oxford conferred on him the de- 
 gree of doftor of ik u lie. Fie acquired a con- 
 fi.ierable fortune by teaching, and by his 
 marriage with an Italian linger. Dr. Fepufch 
 died in 1752, aged 85, and was buried in 
 the chapel of the Charter Houfe. — Burney. 
 Hawkins. 
 
 Pepys (Samuel), fecretary to the admi- 
 ralty in the reigns of Charles II. and James 
 II. was. defeended from a good family at I in — 
 pington in Cambridgefhire, and related to 
 the great earl of Sandwich, who loft his life 
 in the engagement with the Dutch fleet. 
 Mr. .Pepys firft reduced t : e affairs of the 
 admiralty to order and method. His me- 
 moirs relating to the navy is a well-written 
 piece; and his collection of MSS. with his 
 library, now at Magdalen college, Cam- 
 bridge, is an invaluable treafure of naval 
 knowledge. Ke was prefident of the royal 
 fociety. He died in 1703. — Evelyn's Numij- 
 mata. Granger. 
 
 Peranda (Santa), an hiftorical painter 
 ofVenice, was born in 1466, and died in 
 1538. He imitated the ftyles of Titian, 
 Tintoretto, and Paul Veronefe. — PUkington. 
 
 Perau (Gabriel Louis CaJabre), a French 
 ecclefialtic and licentiate of the Sorbonne, 
 died in 1767, aged 67. Pie continued the 
 
 P Y R 
 
 Lives of illuftrious Frenchmen begun bv 
 D’Auvigny. He was alfo the editor of the 
 works of BofTuet, and the author of the 
 Life of Jerome Bignon, Ac. — Nouv. Dia. 
 Hijl. 
 
 Percival (Thomas), a phyfician, was 
 born at Warrington in 1740. He received 
 his education in the fchool of his native tow r n, 
 after w'hich he went to ^Edinburgh, where he 
 applied to the ftudy of phyfic. In 1764 he 
 was chofcn fellow of the royal fociety, and 
 about the fame time went abroad. Having 
 paffed feme time at Paris, Hamburgh, and 
 other places, but principally Leyden, where 
 he took his doctor's degree, in 1765 he re- 
 turned to his native town. In 1766 he mar- 
 ried, and the year following fettled at Man- 
 chefter, where he continued in considerable 
 practice, and uniVerfally refpedted till his 
 death in 1804. Dr. Prrcival is known in 
 the literary world by his Father’s Inftruc- 
 tions to his Children ; Moral and Literary 
 Diflertations ; Medical Ethics; and feveral 
 excellent papers in the Memoirs of the Man- 
 chefter fociety, of which he was one of the 
 principal founders and ornaments . — Monthly 
 Mag. 
 
 Percy (William), came to England with 
 William the conqueror, was created a baron 
 by that monarch, and received feveral lord- 1 
 fliips in Lincoln and York. Henry Percy was 
 created earl of Northumberland by Richard 
 II. in 1^177. He diitinguilhed himfelt againft 
 the Scots, and took Berwick. Seven years 
 afterwards the Scots, by corrupting the go- 
 vernor, made themfelves matters of it again ; 
 on which the duke of Lancafter brought an 
 accuf.ition againft the earl into parliament, 
 and he was fentenced to lofe his life and 
 eflates. But the king revoked this fentence, 
 on which Percy laid fiege to Berwick and 
 took it. When the duke of Lancafter a ft. 
 fumed the crown by the title of Henry IV. 
 he made the earl of Northumberland con- 
 ftable of England. In the 4th year of that 
 reign, the earl and his fon Henry (common- 
 ly called Ilottpur), defeated the Scots at 
 Halidown-hill, and took the earl of Douglas 
 prifoner. Having demanded the pay due to 
 him as keeper of the marches, and not re- 
 ceiving a fatislaclory anfwer, the earl took 
 up arms againft the king, and placed Hot- 
 fpur at the head of his troops, but he was 
 (lain at the battle of Shrewsbury in 1403. 
 On this Percy made his fubmifiion, and was 
 pardoned. Not withftanding this, he col- 
 ledted another army, and was defeated and 
 flain in Yorkthirc in 1406 . — Englip Peerage. 
 Rapin. 
 
 Pyroiccas, one of the generals of Alex- 
 ander the Great, after whofe death he af- 
 pired to the crown of Macedon, to accom- 
 plitli which defign he divorced his wife and 
 efpoufed Cleopatra, filler of Alexander. His 
 project being difeovered by Antigonus, he 
 entered into a league with Cratbrus and Pto- 
 lemy, governor of Egypt, againft Perdiccas, 
 who marched to Memphis, but w.s flain in 
 
PER 
 
 his tent by fome of his foldiers, B.C. 322.— 
 Quintus Cur tws, 
 
 Perefixe (Hardouin de Beaumont de), 
 a French prelate, was born of an ancient 
 family in Poitou. His father was in the fuit 
 of the cardinal Richelieu, who became the 
 patron of the Ion. Perefixe was admitted a 
 dodlor of the Sorbonne, and was diltinguifhed 
 as a preacher. He was appointed preceptor 
 to Louis XIV. and in 1664 obtained the 
 archbiihopric of Paris. He died in 1670. 
 His works are, 1. the Hiftory of Henry IV.; 
 2. Inllitutio Principis ,—Mcreri. 
 
 Per eira-Gomez (George), a Spanilh 
 phyfician, was born at Medina del Campo. 
 He wrote a piece to prove that brute animals 
 are mere machines. His book printed in 
 1554 in folio is very fcarce. Pereira is all'o 
 the author of another work entitled, Nova- 
 ver.ique Medicina, Experimentis et Ra- 
 tionibus Evidentibus comprobuta, folio, 1568. 
 —Mcreri. 
 
 Pereira de Fig u fire do (Anthony), 
 a Portuguele eccleftaftic, was born in 1725, 
 and died at Lifbon in 1797. In the disputes 
 between the court ot Portugal with Rome 
 lie diftingtiilhed himlelf in maintaining the 
 power of kings in eccleliaftical matters. He 
 alio wrote anew Method of Latin Grammar, 
 which palled through feveral editions ; the 
 Bible, truncated into Portuguele, 23 vols. 
 Gvo.; Teutaviva Theologica ; Elements of 
 Ecclefiaftical Hiftory, 2 vols. 8vo — Nowv. 
 Din. Sift. 
 
 Perez (Anthony), a Spanilh writer, 
 was tile nephew of Gonfalvo Perez, le- 
 cretary to Charles V. He was employed in 
 Hate affairs, but afterwards fell into difgrace, 
 on which he retired to France, and died at 
 Paris in 1611. His Letters, in which he 
 gives an account of himlelf, are ingenious. 
 Kb works were printed at Paris in 1598, 4 to. 
 — Moreri, 
 
 Percolese (John Baptift), a mufical 
 compofer, was born at Caforia in the king- 
 dom' of Naples in 1704. He Studied under 
 Gsetano Greco, one of the ableft muficians 
 in Italy; after which the prince ofStigliano 
 took him under his protection. Young Pcr- 
 golele went to Rome, where he produced 
 his Olympiade ; an opera which was vaitly 
 applauded. He died at Naples in 1737. His 
 countrymen itile him the Domenichino of 
 jnuiic. His Salve Regina and Stabat Mater 
 ..are the molt admired of his compofitions. — 
 Burnt"/. Hawkins. 
 
 Pxringskioi. D (John), a learned Swede, 
 was born in Sudermania in lo5 L .It be- 
 came lecretary or antiquities and counfellor 
 to- the king- of Sweden, and protetfor at Up- 
 lal. He died, in 17 20. His works arc, a 
 Hiftory of the Kings ol the North, 8vo. ; 
 Hiftory of the Kings of Norway, 2 vols. fo- 
 lio; Hiliorical and- Chronological Tables 
 from Adam to Jsl'us Chrift, folio. He was 
 alfo thd editor or the works of Meflenius. — 
 Nou v. Dial. Iliji. 
 
 i’Eit iAKDER, the tyrant of Corinth, who 
 
 PER 
 
 was called by ills flatterers one of the feven 
 fages of Greece. But this lage was a man-* 
 iter. He began with overturning the con- 
 ltitution and liberty of his country, and 
 ufurping the fovereignty B.C. 628. The 
 commencement of his reign was mild, but 
 lie foon altered his conduct, and aflumed an 
 iron lccptre after confulting with the tyrant 
 on the fureft mode of governing. He com- 
 mitted dreadful cruelties on the Corinthians, 
 and inceft with his own mother; put to 
 death his wife Melilla, and banilhed his foa 
 Lycophron for lamenting her late. lie died 
 B. C. 585. 
 
 Periander (Giles), a learned writer, 
 was born at Bruflels in 1540. lie protefled 
 the belles iettres at Mayence, and wrote, 
 
 1. Germania in qua dottillimorum virorum 
 elogia et judicia continentur, 1567, 12mo. ; 
 
 2. Nobilitas Moguntin® diaecefts, Metropoli- 
 tanseque Eccleflis, 1568, Gvo. — Merer]. 
 
 Pericles, an Athenian, who diftingu ifh- 
 ed himfeif as a general, ftatciman, and ora- 
 tor. Flaving acquired a great popularity 
 among his countrymen, he prevailed with 
 them to alter their government. He caulc-d 
 Cimon and his other rivals to be banilhed by 
 the oftracifm, and thus made himfeif foie 
 mailer of Athens. He commanded the army 
 in the Peloponnefus, and gained a great vic- 
 tory near Nemaea over the Sicyoniuns. He 
 next ravaged Arcadia, and took Samos ; at 
 the flege of which place were invented fe- 
 vcral warlike machines. Pericles advifed the 
 Athenians to continue the war again'.! Sparta, 
 for which he was ccnfurcd and difgvaced; 
 but he recovered his popularity and the go- 
 vernment, and died of the plague B.C. 429- 
 — Plutarch. 
 
 Perizonius (James), a learned writer, 
 was born at Dam, in Holland, in 1631. lie 
 ftudied firft at Deventer, and afterwards at 
 Utrecht under Grcevius, by whofe means i e 
 obtained the redlorlhip ot the Latin lciu ol 
 at Delft, and the profclTorihip of hiftory a; d 
 eloquence at Fruneker. In 1695 he removed 
 to Leyden, where he filled the c hair of 
 Greek and hiftory with reputation, and died 
 in 1715. liis works are, 1. Animadver- 
 fiones Hiiloric®, Gvo ; 2. Difiertations on 
 feveral i’oints of Antient Hiftory; 5. O a- 
 tions; 4. Origines Babylonicte et ./Egypt li- 
 cit, 2 vols. Gvo-.; 5. An edition of /Elian, 
 
 2 vols. Gvo.; 6. ililtoric.il Commentaries. — 
 Ntceron. 
 
 Perkins (William), an Englifh divine, 
 was born'. at Marfton, in Warvvicklhire, n 
 1558', and educated at Chrift’s college, Can - 
 bridge, of which he became fellow, lie was 
 a rigid Calvinift, and publiihed feveral works 
 on that fcheme; fome of which being tran - 
 lated into Dutch, were replied to by Armi- 
 nius, and this occafioncd thole famous di.- 
 putea for the fettling of wiiicn the lynod of 
 Dordt was called. Mr. Perkins died in 1602. 
 His works make three vols. folio — -But Ur's- 
 Hbcl Redivh'us. 
 
 Perovse (John Francis Galcup de la), 
 
PER 
 
 a celebrated navigator, was born at Albi in 
 1741. He entered young into the fea fer- 
 vice, and in 17 64 obtained the rank of 
 enfigrfe de vaifieau, after which he fe.ved 
 feventeen years in the Indian feus. In 1778 
 he added under D’Eftaing in America, and 
 diftinguifhed himfelf at the taking of Gre- 
 nada. In 178? he deftroyed theEnglilh fet- 
 tlements inHudfon's Bay. The French go- 
 vernment having refolved to fend out fhips 
 on a voyage of difcovery, the charge of the 
 expedition was committed to Peroufe; who, 
 after traverfing the fees which Cooke had 
 explored before him, loft his life in the en- 
 terprife; but in what way has not been af- 
 certained, no account having been received 
 of him or his fhips fince their departure from 
 Botany Bay in 1788. An expedition under 
 Entrecafteaux was lent out in fearch of him, 
 but without fuccefs. The voyages of Pe- 
 roufe have been publilhed in 4 volumes, 4to. 
 •— Nowv. Dili. FUJI. 
 
 PernetTi (James), hiftoriographer of 
 the city of Lyons, and a member of tire aca- 
 demy of that place, was a native of Forez. 
 He afTumed the title of Miles Ecdefia Lugdu- 
 venjisy but he was a man of pleafant manners 
 and void of pedantry. He died at Paris in 
 1777, aged 81. The abbe Pernetti’s works 
 are, 1. Hiftory of Cyrus, 3 vols. 12mo. ; 2. 
 Counfels of Friendfhip ; 3. Letters on Phy- 
 iiognomy, 3 vols.; 4. The Abul'es of Edu- 
 cation, 12mo. ; 5. Picture of the City of 
 Lyons, &c. — Ibid. 
 
 Pern£tti (Anthony Jofeph), a benedic- 
 tine, was the relation of the above, and 
 born at Boan in 1716. He became librarian 
 to the king of Prufiia, and wrote a Dictionary 
 of Painting, Sculpture, and Engraving, 
 42m o. ; Difl'ertation on America againft 
 P-auw, 2 vols. 8vo. The time of his death 
 is uncertain. — Ibid. 
 
 Pf.rrault (Claude), an ingenious 
 Frenchman, was born at Paris in 1613. He 
 Itudied phyfic, and publilhed l'ome works on 
 that fubject, but did not pradtife. His tafte 
 lor the fine arts, particularly architecture, 
 drew him from that profeflion. He deligned 
 the entrance into the Louvre, and the obfer- 
 vatory at Paris, with other great works. He 
 alio tranflated Vitruvius into French, which 
 he illuftrated with fine defigns ot his own. 
 Perrault was admitted a member of the aca- 
 demy ot fcicnces, though Boileau had fatirized 
 him as a phyfician turned mafon. He died 
 in 1688. Flis other works are, 1. An 
 Abridgment of Vitruvius, 12mp. ; 2. L'e- 
 icription of Machines of his Invention; 3. 
 On the Ancient Columns of Architefture and 
 their Ornaments; 4. Memoirs for a Na- 
 tural Hiftory of Animals, folio.— D'Arger.- 
 •t>i!!e. Felibien. 
 
 Per r ault (Charles), brother of the 
 above, was born at Paris in 1633. He had 
 Irom his youth a fine tafte for literature, par- 
 t eularly poetry. Colbert appointed him 
 comptroller general of the public buildings ; 
 and Pcrrav.lt made ufe of the favour which he 
 
 PER 
 
 had with that minifter in promoting the arts 
 and aftifting worthy men. He became a mem- 
 ber of the French academy, and was one of 
 the inftitutors of that of belles-lettres and in- 
 feriptions. He alfo contributed to the me- 
 moirs of the academy of painting, fculpture, 
 and architecture. After the death of Colbert 
 he was difehareed from his place, on which 
 he devoted himfelf wholly to letters. His 
 poem on painting was greatly admired, 
 but another on the Age of Louis the C-rent, 
 in which he exalted the modern authors 
 over all the ancients, was highly cenfured 
 and ridiculed. He then ventured to pub- 
 lifh his Parallel of the Ancients and Mo- 
 derns, wdiichgave ftill more offence, and oc- 
 calloned a violent controverfy between him 
 and Boileau. When this war fuhlided i'er- 
 rault published his Hiftorical Eulogies of 
 great Men of the 17th Century, 2 volumes, 
 folio. He died in 1703. His other works 
 are, 1. The Cabinet of the Fine Arts, folio ; 
 2. Reflections on Longinus, 8vo. ; 3. Poems. 
 — Mtreri . Nicerov. 
 
 Perrier (Francis), a French painter, was 
 born at Macon in 1590. Flaving quitted 
 his parents in his infancy, he went to 
 Borne, and was taken into the ferviceofa 
 picture dealer, who perceiving his facility 
 in managing crayons, employed him in co- 
 pying the pictures of the beft mafters. He 
 foon became a good artift, and on his return 
 to his own country had confiderable em- 
 ployment, and was named firft profefTor of 
 the academy. He died in 1650. He painted 
 after the manner of Lanfranc, and in land- 
 fcape he imitated Carracci . — De Piles. 
 
 Perrier (Charles du), a poet, was born 
 at Aix. He wrote fome excellent Latin 
 poemsin his youth ; and was complimented 
 by Menage with the title of prince of lyric 
 poets. He obtained two prizes of the 
 French academy, and died in 1692. BefTdes 
 his Latin odes he wrote feveral poetical 
 pieces of merit in French. — Moreri. 
 
 Perron (James Davy du), a celebrated 
 cardinal, was born of proteftant parents at 
 Berne in 1556. He was educated under his 
 father, and acquired a great knowledge of 
 the Latin, Greek, and Hebrew languages, as 
 well as of the mathematics, philolophy, and 
 hiftory. His proficiency wasfuch that Phi- 
 lip Delportes, abbot of Tryon, reported him 
 to Henry HI. of France as a prodigy of me- 
 mory. Having renounced the protellant 
 religion he entered into orders, and became 
 famous as a preacher, but more as a dil- 
 putant. His fuccefs in converting proteftants 
 was great, and among others whom tie brought 
 over to lus church were Henry and John 
 Spondanus. In 1593 Perron was made 
 biihop of Evreux. In 1600 he had a con- 
 ference on matters of religion with du Mor- 
 nay in the prefence of the king, in which 
 Perron was equally 'matched. Hits confe- 
 rence procured him the dignity of cardinal. 
 He was employed on feveral important ne- 
 gotiations, and was made grand almoner of 
 
PER 
 
 France and archbifhop of Sens. He died in 
 1618. Du Perron was a man of great policy 
 and ambition ; and his learning was various 
 and profound. Pie wrote, a Treatife on the 
 Eu chari ft ; another againft king James I. of 
 England ; Letters, &c. ; which were all col- 
 lected into 3 vols. folio, with his Life pre- 
 fixed Moreri. 
 
 Perronet (John Rodolphus), diredlor of 
 the bridges and roads of France, was born 
 in 1708. He w'as brought up by Beaufire, 
 architedl to the city of Paris, under whom 
 he made a great progrefs. About 174.5 he 
 became infpedtor of the fchool of engineers, 
 ef which he was afterwards oiredtor. France 
 is indebted to him for feveral of its fineft 
 bridges and beft roads, the canal of Bur- 
 gundy and other- great works. He was for 
 his public fervices honoured with the order 
 of St. Michael, and he was admitted a 
 member of the academy of fciences at Paris, 
 «f the royal lociety of London, and of the 
 academy of Stockholm. He died 3t Paris 
 in 1594. He wrote a Defcription of the 
 Bridges which he had conftrudted, 2 vols. 
 12mo. ; Memoirs on the Method of Con- 
 ftrudting Grand Arches of Stone from 200 to 
 500 Feet, 4 to. — Ngiev. Ditf. Hi/}. 
 
 Perrot (Nicholas), archbifhop of Si- 
 ponto, in the kingdom of Naples, was a na- 
 tive of Saflofenato ip the ftates of Venice. 
 He tranflated Polybius into Latin ; alfo a 
 Treatife of Hippocrates; and was the au- 
 thor of a Commentary on Martial. He died 
 in 1480 — Tirabojchi. 
 
 Perrot (fir John), an eminent ftatefman, 
 was born of an ancient family in Pembroke- 
 fbire about 1527. He was bred up in the 
 houle of the marquis of Wmchefter, that he 
 might profit by the difcourles and examcle 
 of fo great a man. He was one of the 
 knights of the bath at the coronation of 
 Edward VI. who had a great partiality for 
 him. At the beginning of the reign of Mary 
 he was fent to prifon for harbouring pro- 
 teftants, but by the interference of friends 
 he was difeharged. He allifted at the co- 
 ronation of Elizabeth, who fent him in 
 1572 to It eland as lord prefident of Mun- 
 ftcr, which was hi a ftate of rebellion, but by 
 his promptitude was quickly reduced to obe- 
 dience. He was afterwards appointed admi- 
 ral of a fleet on the coaft of Ireland, wh ich 
 was threatened to be invaded by the Spa- 
 niards ; and he continued cruifing there till 
 .the reafon for fuch an enterprife was over. 
 In 1583 he was made lord deputy of Ireland, 
 where he carried thing-s with fo high a hand 
 as gave great offence, and he was recalled in 
 1588, and fent to the Tower. In 1592 he 
 was tried by a fpecial commiflion, brought in 
 guilty ofhigh treafun, and fentenced to death, 
 'i he queen, however, was perfuaded of his 
 innocence and refpited him ; but he fell 
 fiok and died in confinement the lame year. 
 — Biog Brit. 
 
 .Perrot (Nicholas), fieur dc Alhncwt, 
 was born at Chalons upon the Marne in 1506 . 
 
 PER 
 
 He was educated for the bar, and admitted 
 a counlellor of the parliament of Paris ; but 
 not liking that profellion he devoted him« 
 felf to pleafure and the belies lettres. In 
 1657 he was admitted a member of the 
 French academy. He died at his feat in 
 1664. D’Ablancourt was bred up in the 
 proteftant religion, which he abjured early 
 in life, but returned to it again before he 
 died. He tranflated Minutius Felix, Taci- 
 tus, Lucian, Arrian, Caefar, Thucydides, and 
 other ancient authors into French. One 
 of the mol curious of his productions 
 is the Hiftory of Africa, 3 vols 4to.— Mo- 
 rtri. 
 
 Perry (John), an English engineer, whu 
 went to Ruflia on the invitation of Peter the 
 Great, and was there employed in forming 
 a communication between the Wolga and 
 the Don ; alfo in making the river Veronife 
 navigable, and in improving the Ruffian navy ; 
 for which fervices he was badly requited. 
 In 1712 he returned to England, and was en- 
 gaged in flopping the Dagenham breach in 
 Eflex ; of which he ptiblilhed an account. 
 He was alfo the author of the prefent State of 
 Ruflia, 8 vo. Captain Perry died in 1733.— 
 Gen. Biog. Difl. 
 
 Perseus or Perses, fon of Philip, king 
 of Macedon. lie declared war againft the 
 Romans, but was defeated near Padua by 
 Patilus zEmilius, in 168 B.C. From thence 
 he fled to Samothracia, where he was taken 
 prifoner, and brought to Rome in triumph. 
 He is faid to have died in confinement. 
 His two fons were bred to mechanical pro- 
 fellions. — Livy. Plutarch. 
 
 Persia, was originally part of the Afly- 
 rian empire, and in 596 B.C. was con- 
 quered by Nebuchadnezzar. Afterwards it 
 became a province, of Media; but in 536, 
 Cyrus, king of Perfia, .obtained the domi- 
 nion over the Modes, and formed a mighty 
 empire, which, in 332, was deftroyed by 
 Alexander the Great. In 250, the Pcrfians, 
 under Arfaces, revolted from Antiochus 
 Theus, and founded the Parthian empire, 
 A D. 229. Perfia became again a dillindt 
 kingdom under Artaxerxes, and in 651 it 
 was diflolved by the Saracens. In 1037 
 Togrul Beg conquered Perfia, and formed 
 the two Scljukian dynalties, which were 
 deftroyed by the king of Karafm in 1193. 
 Zinghis Khan completely fubdued this 
 country in 1218 ; as did Timur Beg, the 
 Tartar, in 1392. It continued in the pof- 
 fellion o" his fucceflors till 1500, when 
 Ifmael Soft made a conqueft of Perfia, in 
 whole family it has ever fince remained. 
 — Uniat. Hift . 
 
 Peksius (Aulus Flaccus), a Latin poet, 
 was born in Hetruria, A.D. 34. He ftudied 
 with Lucijn under Comutus, the ftoic, 
 for whom he had a great regard. 'Perhus 
 wrote in the reign of Nero, whom he inti- 
 riled with great ,everity. He died in, 62. 
 His works are enigmatic, and have been com- 
 pared in this retpecl to t ,e Creek Lyeopiiron. 
 
P E t 
 
 The heft edition is that of Cafaubron, Lon- 
 don, 1 2 mo, 1647.— Bitig. Clajpca. Beyle. 
 
 Pertinax (Publius Helvius), born of 
 poor parents near Alba, A.D. 126. How- 
 ever lie obtained a good education, and was 
 fome time an inftrudor of youth in Liguria, 
 after which he entered into the army, and by 
 his bravery rofe to preferment The em- 
 peror Aurelius made him conful, and on the 
 death of Commodus in 103 he was eleded to 
 tne imperial dignity by the foldiers ; he dis- 
 tributed his lands among the people, and 
 fold the property accumulated by his prede- 
 cefibr to pay off the public debt. He alfo 
 abolilhed the heavy imports which had been 
 laid on by Commodus. But thefe virtuous 
 ads did not pleale the. licentious Romans, 
 who were fond of luxury, and they bafely 
 afiaffmated him a few' months after his elec- 
 tion. — Herodian. Cr^vier. 
 
 Perucino (Peter), an Italian painter, 
 was born in 1446 at Perugio. He was the 
 dilciple of Andrea Verocchio, but he is chief- 
 ly celebrated for being the maftet of Raphael, 
 lie was employed by Sixtus IV. to paint fe- 
 veral pieces for his chapel. Perugino was 
 very avaricious, and amaffed considerable 
 wealth, of which being robbed, the lofs oc- 
 casioned his death in 1524 . — De Files. 
 
 Peiiuzzi (Balthafar), a painter and ar- 
 chitect, wasbornat Vol terra in Tufcany, in 
 1481. He was employed at Rome by popes 
 Julius II. and Leo X. the former in orna- 
 menting his palace, and by the latter as 
 one of the architects of the church of St. 
 Peter. He was taken prifoner w'hen Rome 
 was tacked by Charles V. but he obtained 
 his liberty on painting a picture of the con- 
 liable Bourbon. lie died in 1556. — Ibid. 
 
 Peselli (Pefello), a painter, was born at 
 Florence about 1440. He was a dilciple of 
 Andrea del Caftagno, whofe ttyle he adopt- 
 ed. He painted hiftorical fubjeCts, and 
 animals. He died in 1517. — Ibid. 
 
 Pesselier (Charles Stephen), member 
 of the academies of Nantz, Amiens, Rou- 
 en and Angers, was born at Paris in 1712. 
 He was intended for the Jaw, which pro- 
 lelfton lie renounced for poetry ; but alter- 
 wards he obtained a place in the financial 
 department, in which capacity he wrote, 
 a General Idea of the Finances, 1759, folio; 
 Doubts addreffed to the author of the The- 
 ory of Taxation, 12mo. He is chiefly 
 known by his Fables, in the manner of 
 Fontaine ; Letters oa Education : the Maf- 
 querade of Patnaflus ; xElop in Parnaffus ; 
 and ti e School of the Times ; comedies, 
 lie died in 1765. — Noi.v. Difi. Hi/I. 
 
 Petavius (Dionylius), or Denis Petau, 
 was born at Oileans in 1583. He entered 
 into the Ibciety of jefuits at the age of 
 twenty-two, and became a great ornament 
 and defender of that order. His knowledge 
 was general ; but he particularly excelled 
 in chronology, in which lcience he flood 
 unrivalled. Philip IV. of Spain and pope 
 
 PET 
 
 Urban VIII. folicitcd him to fettle in theff 
 relpedive ftates with the mod flattering 
 promiles, which he declined onvaceount of 
 the bad ftate of his health. He died in the 
 college of Clermont in 1652. His prin- 
 cipal works are, 1. De Dodrina Temporum, 
 2 vols. folio, and with his Uranologia, 3 
 vols. j 2. Rationarium Temporum, folio, 
 alfo at Leyden in 2 vols* 8vo. ; 3. Dogmati- 
 ca Theologica, 5 vols. fol. ; 4. the Pfiilms, 
 tranflated into Greek verfe, 12mo. ; 5. De 
 Ecclefiaftica Ilierarchia, folio. He had fe- 
 veral controverfies w’ith Scaliger, Sal- 
 mafius, and Cufaubon ; and he publifhed 
 editions Of fohie of the works of the ancient 
 fat h ers. — Niceroti. 
 
 Peter (St.), an apoftle, was a filherman 
 with his brother Andrew at Bethfaida when 
 called to be a difciplo of Jefus Chrift. Peter 
 was remarkable for his zeal, which he dif- 
 played on many occafions, particularly in the 
 garden, when his mafter w'as apprehended, 
 on which occafion he drew his fword, and cut 
 oft the ear of the fervant of the high-pried. 
 But when he entered the hall of Caiaphas, 
 and w'as recognized as one of the difciples, he 
 repeatedly denied the charge, till tiie cock 
 crew, and then remembering our Lord’s pre- 
 diction, that before the cock crew twice he 
 would deny him thrice, Peter went out and 
 wept. After the afeenlion of our Saviour, he 
 preached a famous fermon at Jerufalem, by 
 which fome thoufands were converted He- 
 rod Agrippa threw him into prifon, A D. 44, 
 but he was releafed by an angel. He was cru- 
 cified with his head downwards in theperfe- 
 cution under Nero, A.D. 66. Two of his 
 epiltles are in the facred canon. — Cave. 
 Du/in. 
 
 Peter III. king of Arragon, fucceeded 
 his father James 1. in 1276. He laid claim 
 to the kingdom of Navarre, but was unfuc- 
 eefstul. Having married the daughter of 
 Mainfroy, king of Sicily, he refolved to 
 make himlelf mafter of that ifland, and to 
 effed his purpofe contrived the horrid maf- 
 facre of the Sicilian -vef/icrs, or the murder 
 of all the French in the iiland at the hour 
 ofvefpers, on Eailer-day in 1282. For this 
 crime pope Martin IV. excommunicated 
 Peter and the Sicilians, and laid' Arragon 
 under an interdid. Peter died in 1285.— 
 Unrj. Hijl. 
 
 Peter the Cruel, king of Caftile, fuc- 
 ceeded his father Alphonlus XI. in 1550/ 
 at the age of 16. Fie commenced his reigra 
 by feveral wanton, ads of barbarity. Having- 
 married the daughter of Philip, duke of 
 Bourbon, he repudiated her three days after, 
 and fent her to prilon, that he might renew 
 his connexion with Maria de Padilla, his for- 
 mer mill refs. Flis cruelties provoked his 
 fubjeds to take up arms againft him in 
 1366, and they placed at, their head Henry 
 or Trar.ftamarc, his natural brother, who 
 Hew Philip in battle in 1369 Ibid. 
 
 Peter the hermit, a French gentle* 
 
PET 
 
 man of Amieos, in Picardy, who renounced 
 the military life to embrace that of a pil- 
 grim. At the end of the eleventh century a 
 . general alarm was fpread that the lad day 
 was approaching, on which numbers of per- 
 (ons fidcktd to the Roly Land from all coun- 
 tries, kvith a view of fin'fhing their days near 
 the holy fepulchre. Peter was of the num- 
 ber; and on his return to Europe made lo 
 pathetic a reprefentation of the date of the 
 Chrlftians in Paleftine to pope Urban II. that 
 he gave Peter leave tp preach up the ne^effity 
 of a croiiade throughout Chriftendom. The 
 appearance, zeal* and difcourfe&ot the her- 
 mit produced a prodigious effect, and all 
 ranks and ages, of both fexes, prefled eagerly 
 into the fe. vice. With a numerous and 
 morlay army Peter palled through Hungary, 
 and after 1 ding a great number of his fol- 
 lowers entered Paleftine. He was at the 
 fiege of Jerufalem in 1099, where he dif- 
 played great bravery, and when the place was 
 taken was made vicar-general- Peter on his 
 return to France founded the abbey ofNeu- 
 Moutier, where he died. — Memmbourg's Hift. 
 Cru fades. Moreri. 
 
 Peter Ai.f.xiowitz I. called the gnat, 
 the fon of Alexis Michnelowicz, czar of 
 Mufcovy, was placed on the throne after 
 the death of his elder brother Theodore, 
 or Fasdor, to the prejudice of his other 
 brother Iwan, who was as weak in his in- 
 telleft as in his conftitution. The Strelitz, 
 a militia which greatly refembled the Janif- 
 faries in Turkey, being excited by the princefs 
 Sophia, revolted in favour of Iwan; and to 
 avert a civil war it was refolved that the 
 two princes ihould reignjin conjunction. Rul- 
 fia was at that time little better than in a 
 ftate of barbarifm. The firft aft of Peter 
 was to introduce a reform among the troops, 
 in which, notwithftanding the difficulty of 
 the talk, he had great fuccefs. In 1696 he 
 took Azoph, which he placed in a flute of 
 defence againft the Tartars. He next turned 
 his attention to the finances, and correfted 
 many grofs abides. The year following he 
 undertook a journey into various parts of 
 Europe, for tire purpole of acquiring a 
 knowledge of arts, fciences, and mechanics. 
 After paffing through Germany he vifited 
 Amfterdam, where he entered himfelf in the 
 company of fhipwrights in the dock-yard, and 
 worked with great diligence by the name of 
 majlcr Peter. In 1698 he came to England, 
 and paid attention to manufaftures, and to 
 every public inftitution. Having conceived 
 the idea of forming a junftton between the 
 Don and the Wolga, he engaged fome Eng- 
 lish engineers to enter into his fervice, for 
 the accomp’lilhment of that great undertak- 
 ing. From Engl; nd the czar went to Vienna, 
 intending to go to Italy, but the news of an 
 infurreftjpn in Ruffia obliged him to haften 
 home, where he compelled the princefs Sophia, 
 the caulk of the revolt, to go into a rnona- 
 flery ; feveral of the iofurgents were execu* 
 
 PET 
 
 ted, and the greateft part of the Strelitz de- 
 cimated or fent to Siberia. In 1699 Peter 
 inflituted the order of St Andrew, by way 
 of railing a fpirit of emulai on among his 
 fubjefts. The next year he declared war 
 againft Charles XII. of Sweden, but with- 
 out fuccefs. This, however, did not dif— 
 courage Peter, who faid, “ I knew that 
 the Swedes would beat us at firft; but they 
 will in time teach us to beat them.” This 
 was verified in 1709 by the important vic- 
 tory of Pultowa ; by which the greateft: 
 part of the Swedilh troops were made pri— 
 foners, and their king obliged to leek an 
 afylum in Turkey. Peter avaied himfelf 
 of this advantage by feizing Livonia, In- 
 gria, Jfinland, and part of Swedilh Pome- 
 rania. In the mean tune the Turks, at the 
 inftigation of Charles XIII. broke their 
 truce with the czar, whom they completely 
 hemmed in with his army on the banks of 
 the Pruth in 1711. In this perilous fitua- 
 tion he was faved by the prefence of mind 
 of the czarina Catherine. She lent fecretly 
 a perfon to negociate with the grand vizir, 
 whoeonfented to the terms and a peace was let- 
 tied. In memory of this event was mftituted 
 the female orderof St. Catherine, of which the 
 czarina became the head. 'I he reftoration 
 of tranquillity enabled the czar to make ano- 
 ther tour in Denmark, Germany, Holland, 
 and France. When in the latter country he 
 vifited the tomb oi cardinal Richelieu, on the 
 fight of which he exclaimed, “ Great minif- 
 ter, why was you not born in my lime ? I 
 would have given you one half of my domi- 
 nions for teaching me how to govern the 
 other.” He is alfo faid to have propofed the 
 plan of a treaty between the two countries to 
 the duke of Orleans, which was declined. 
 The doftors of the Sorbenne prelented to 
 the czar apian for reconci ing the. Ruffian 
 church to that of Home, which Peter re- 
 ceived with grace ; but after his return he 
 made the pope the fubjeft or a public farce, 
 which gave great offence to the catholic 
 courts, particularly Vienna. Prince Alexis, 
 his fon, having joined a party of malecon- 
 tents, who were dilplealed at the changes 
 which had taken place both in ecclefiaftical 
 and civil matters, the czar caufed him to be 
 tried, and the judges fentenced him to death. 
 This decree was not executed, -but the prince 
 foon after died as was faid of an apoplexy. 
 Some degree of fufpicion, however, fell 
 upon the father, which was not removed by 
 the ligorous execution of feveral o; the fritends 
 of Alexis. The Tartars having maffiacred a 
 Ruffian garrifon on the borders of Perfia in 
 1722, Peter embarked on the Cafpian fea, 
 and took the city of Derbent, with three 
 province^ which were afterwards recaptured 
 by Kouli Khan. After thjs expedition the 
 czar devoted himfelf to the internal regula- 
 tion of his empire, and of the many im- 
 portant eftablilhments and improvements 
 of -which he was the author, the following 
 3 D 
 
PET 
 
 were the principal ; a reform among the 
 clergy, and rhe abolition of the patriarchal 
 dignity; the organization of a numerous 
 army; the formation of a formidable navy ; 
 fortifications in all the principal towns; and 
 an excellent civil government in the cities; 
 an academy for naval education ; colleges at 
 Mofcow, Peterfburg, and Kiof; a college of 
 ph vlldans, and a dilpenfury at Mofcow; pub- 
 lic ledlures in anatomy, a branch of fcience 
 in winch the czar himfelf had made great 
 proficiency under Ruyfch at Amfterdam; an 
 obfervetovy , which was alio a repo' t.ry of 
 natural curiofities ; a botanical garden, 
 flocked with plants from all parts of (he 
 world; printing-offices; and a royal library 
 But one of the moft extraordinary works of 
 this great man was the building the city of 
 Peter r burg in a inorafs, tl^e foundations of 
 which confift of piles. He died or the ftran- 
 guvy caufed by an impofthume in the neck 
 of his bladder, in 1725, aged 63 He wiote 
 feveral pieces upon naval affairs, and he was 
 a member of the academy of fciences at 
 Paris, to which he fent a chart of the Cafpian 
 fea. By his lad will he conftituted the em- 
 prefs Catherine his lucceffor — Voltaire's Hiji 
 Peter the Great. Tooke's RuJJia. 
 
 Petf. * II. emperor of Rufiia, was the fon 
 of Alexis Petrowitz, and fucceeded, in 1727, 
 the emprefs Catherine, who had declared him 
 grand duke of Rufiia the year preceding. 
 The moft remarkable event of his reign was 
 the difgrace of the prime minifter Menzi- 
 koff, who was baniftied to Siberia. The em- 
 peror died in 1738, aged 15- — Ibid. 
 
 Peter HI. the ion of Anne Petrowna, 
 daughter of Peter the Great, and of Charles 
 Frederic duke of Holftein Gottorp, was de- 
 clared grand duke of Ruffia in 1712, by his 
 aunt the emprels Elizabeth, whom he fuc- 
 ceeded in 1762. He was a warm admirer of 
 the charailer of Frederic the Great, king of 
 Prufiia, and would have imitated him, but 
 his abilities were not equal to his wiihes. 
 Peter was weak, paffionate, and irrefolute ; 
 and a few months after his acceffion was de- 
 throned by his wife Catherine, who was pro- 
 claimed emprefs. The emperor died Ihortly 
 after. [See Catherine II.] 
 
 Petep. (St ), biihop of Alexandria, A.D. 
 300. He was regarded as one of the moft 
 illufttious prelates o! his time, and fuffered 
 martyrdom in 311. He formed the peniten- 
 tial canons. Some of his letters have been 
 preferved by Theodoret. — Dupin. Bullitt. 
 
 Peter Nolasq_ue, founder of the order 
 of mercy for the redemption of captives, was 
 born in Languedoc in 1189- He was in tne 
 fervice of James, king of Arrugon, and by 
 his intereft with that prince he inftituted a 
 religious and military order, in 1223, whofe 
 province it was to refeue ehriftian Haves from 
 the infidels. He was very fuccefsful in this 
 good work, and died in 1256. — Moreri. Ibid. 
 
 Peter of Sicily, anhiftorian of the 
 y-h century, who wrote a Hiftory of the 
 Manichees, which contains many curious 
 4 
 
 PET 
 
 particulars. It was printed at Ingolftadt In 
 1604, in Greek and Latin. — Moreri. 
 
 Peter de Cluny, or Pete' the Vene- 
 rable , was born in Auvergne, of a noble 
 family. He became a monk of the order of 
 Cluny, and in 1121 was chofen een lal of 
 that fociety. He entertained Innocent II. at 
 C uny in 1130, and afforded an afylum to 
 Abelard. lie died in 1156. Among other 
 works he wrote a Treatife on the Divinity 
 of Chrift ; another againft the Jews, and 
 one on Infant Baptifm. — Dupin. 
 
 Peter de B/ois, fo called from the place 
 of his birth. After itudying at Paris and 
 Bologna, he became prec”ptor and feeretary 
 to the king of Sicily. At the invitation of 
 Henry II. lie came to England, and ob- 
 tained the archdeaconry of Bath. He died 
 in 1200. His letters, fermons, and other 
 works were printed in 1667, folio — Ibid. 
 
 Peter, commonly called the Wild Boy, 
 was lound in the woods near Hamcln in Han- 
 over in 1725 lie was fuppoied to be then 
 about twelve years of age, and had fubfifted in 
 thofe woods upon the bark of trees, leaves, 
 berries, Ac. for a confiderable time. How 
 long lie had been in that Hate could never be 
 ascertained, but when found, the remains of 
 a Ihirt collar were about his neck In the 
 following year he was- brought to England 
 by order of queen Caroline, but he could 
 never be brought to fpeak. He was placed 
 under the care of a farmer at North Church 
 in Hertfordihire, where he lived on a ftipend of 
 351 a year allowed by government. Not- 
 withftanding his living fo long in a favage 
 ftate, and his being quite an idiot, he was 
 harmlefs and tractable. He died in 1785.— 
 Europ. Mag. 
 
 Peters (Gerard), a Dutch painter, was 
 born at Amfterdam about 1580. His pieces 
 are moftly converlations and landfcapes.— 
 Houbraten 
 
 Peters (Bonaventure), aFlemifh painter, 
 was Lorn at Antwerp, in 1614. He excel- 
 led in painting fealtOrms. He died in 1652. 
 His brother "John Peters painted fea views, 
 engagements, and landfcapes — Ibid. 
 
 Peters (Francis Lucas), a landfcape 
 painter, was born at Mechlin in 1606. He 
 was a difciple of Gerard Segers, and was 
 much efteemed and employed by the arch- 
 duke Leopold. He died in 1651 Piiking- 
 
 ton. 
 
 Petep.s (Hugh), an Engliih fanatic, 
 was born at Fovrey in Cornwall, in 1.599, 
 and educated at St. John’s college, Cam- 
 bridge, from whence he was expelled for irr 
 regular behaviour. He afterwards went on 
 the flage, where he acquired that buffoonery 
 which fubfequently diftinguiihed him in the 
 pulpit. He was ordained by biihop Moun- 
 taine, and was for fome time ledtuier of St. 
 Sepulchre’s London; but having an intrigue 
 with another man’s wife, he fled to Rotter- 
 dam, where he joined the independents. He 
 went from thence to New England, and at 
 the beginning of the rebellion returned to 
 
P E T 
 
 London, where he became a zealous preacher 
 in the caufe of the parliament. For his ac- 
 tivity in the rebellion, efpecially at the mur- 
 der ot the king, he was hung and quartered 
 in 1660. — Life by Dr. Young in 1663. 
 
 Petit ( |ohn-Louis), an eminent furgeon, 
 was born at Paris in 1674. He ftudied under 
 Lettre, Caftel, and Marefchal, and in 1726 
 he was invited to attend the king of Poland, 
 whom he cured, as he alfo did the prince of 
 Spain in 1734. He was admitted a member 
 ot the academy of fc.iences, and redfor of that 
 of furgery. Petit died in 1750. He invented 
 feveral furgical inltruments, and wrote a 
 Syftem of Surgery, 3 vols. 8vo. ; Treatife 
 on Difeafes of the Bones, 2 vols. 12mo. ; 
 Confultations on Venereal Complaints ; and 
 diflertations in the Memoirs of the Academy 
 of Sciences. He is not to be miftaken for 
 Antony Petit, aphyfician, who was alfo a mem- 
 ber ot the academy of fciences, and died near 
 Orleans, in 1794, aged 72. He was the au- 
 thor of Chirurgical Anatomy ; Difcourfe on 
 Surgery ; Report in favour of Inoculation ; 
 on a Reform in Medical Pradlice, &c. — 
 JSTowv. Dipt. Hiji. 
 
 Petit (Samuel), a learned proteftant di- 
 vine, was born at Nifmes, in 1594, and edu- 
 cated at Geneva, where he became profeffor 
 of theology, and alfo of Greek and Hebrew. 
 He died in 1645. His principal works are ; 
 1. Mifcellanea; 2. Eclogae Chronologicae, 
 4to. ; 3. Variae Le£tiones j 4. Leges Atticae, 
 folio . — Iphreri 
 
 Petit (Peter), a French mathematician, 
 was born at Montlujon, in 1598. He be- 
 came geographer to the king, and intendant 
 of the fortifications of France. He was the 
 intimate friend of Des Cartes, and died in 
 1677. His works are : 1. A Treatife on the 
 Compafs of Proportion 5 2. On the Conftruc- 
 tion and Ufe of the Calibre of Artillery $ 3. 
 On Sight ; 4. Of Eclipfes ; 5. On prevent- 
 ing the Inundations of the Seine ; 6. On 
 Come.s, See — Ibid. 
 
 Petit (Peter), a phyfician, was born at 
 Paris, in 1617. lie was a member of the 
 academy of Padua, and died in 1687. He 
 wrote fome Latin poems of merit, particu- 
 larly one, entitled, Codrus. His other works 
 are ; 1. A Treatife on the Motion of Ani- 
 mals ; 2. Homeri Nepenthes, 8vo. ; 3. 
 Treatife on the Amazons, in Latin, 8vo , 
 an, French, 2 vols. Hvo. ; 4. On the Sibyls, 
 8vo j 3. Mifcellaneous Obfervations j 6. De 
 Natura et Moribus Authropophagorum, 8vo. 
 —Ibid. 
 
 Pet i tot (John), an unrivalLed painter 
 in enamel, was born at Geneva, in 1607- 
 Ile vifited England, where he was greatly 
 patronized by Charles I. after whofe death 
 he went to France, and was employed bv 
 Louis XIV. He painted the face and hands, 
 and his brother-in-law, Bord.ier, added the 
 drapery. He died in 1691 — Walpole. 
 
 Petiver (James), an F.nglifh botanift, 
 who was apothecary to the charter -houfe, 
 and died in 1718. He was fellow of the 
 
 PET 
 
 royal fociety, and made fo great a collection 
 of rare and curious plants, animals and in- 
 fedts, that Sii Hans Sloane, who afterwards 
 purehafed it, offered him in his life time 
 40001. for his collection. Mr. Petiver pub- 
 lifhed , J. Mufiaei Petiveriani Centuriae decern, 
 8vo. ; 2. Gazophylacii Naturae et Artis de- 
 cadis decern, folio ; 3. A Catalogue of Plants 
 found on the Mountains about Geneva j 4 
 Pterigraphia Americana, folio. He was the 
 author of feveral other pieces, and commu- 
 nications to Mr Ray, and others. — Pulteney's 
 Sketches. 
 
 Petrarch (Francis), a celebrated Italian 
 poet, was born at Arezzo, in 1304 On ac- 
 count of the diffenfions which rage! in his 
 native country, his father removed with him 
 to Avignon, and afterwards to Carpentras, 
 where Petrarch began his education, which 
 was completed at Montpellier and Bologna. 
 He was intended for the law, but Virgil had 
 more charms for him than )u(tinian. On 
 the death of his parents he returned to Avig- 
 non, where he became paffionately in love 
 with a young lady named Laura de Noves, 
 upon whofe heart he could make no imprefi 
 fion, neither by his conftancy nor his verfes. 
 Petrarch retired to Vauclufe, a romantic lpot, 
 where he poured out his amorous complaints 
 in feveral pieces. He afterwards travelled 
 into different countries, but with his return 
 to Vauclufe his paffion for Laura returned. 
 Again he celebrated her chaims and the de- 
 lights of his retreat. His name became 
 famous ; and he 'received invitations from 
 the fenace of Rome, from the king of Naples, 
 and the univerfity of Paris. He accepted 
 the former, and on Eafter day, in 1341, he 
 was crowned with laurel in the capitol with 
 great pomp. Fie was alfo declared aRoman citi- 
 zen. In 1348 hereceived the news of the death 
 of Laura ; he was then at Parma, but imme- 
 diately fet out for Vauclufe, where he pafi'ed 
 Come time in grief. In 1352 he returned to 
 Italy, and at Padua obtained a canonry. He 
 died near that city, in 1374. The fonnets 
 of Petrarch are tender, but his poem on the 
 Punic war, entitled, Afr;ca, poflefies little 
 merit. His Latin poems are inferior to the 
 Italian. He alfo wrote, 1. De remediis 
 utriufque fortuns ; 2. De otio religioforum ; 
 3. De vera Sapientia ; 4 De vita bolitariaj 
 5. De Corrtemptu mundi ; 6. Rerum memo- 
 rabilium ; 7. De republica optime adminil- 
 tr. nda j 8. Itir.erarium Syriac u m ; 9. Epif- 
 tolas ; 10. Orationes. All his works have 
 been publilhed in 4 vols. folio. The beft 
 editions of his poems is that of Venice, 2 vols. 
 4to., 17 56 —Tirabofchi. Dodjori's Life of Pe- 
 trarch. 
 
 Petre (fir William), an eminent ftatef- 
 man, was born at Exeter, and educated at 
 the college of that name at Oxford ; but in 
 1523 he was elected fellow of All Souls He 
 took his doctor’s degree in civil law, and be- 
 came principal of Peckwater Inn. His abi- 
 lities recommended him to Thomas Crom- 
 well, by whofe means he was employed in. 
 
PET 
 
 ftate affairs, and was in the commiffion for 
 vifiting the monafteries. He obtained a 
 large foare of the church lands, which he 
 contrived to keep in the reign of Mary, to 
 whom he was counfellor, as he had been to 
 her father and brother. This complying 
 courtier found means to ingratiate himfelf 
 with queen Elizabeth, who appointed him 
 one of her fecretaries of ftate, and member 
 of the privy council. Sir William was a 
 great benefadlor to Exeter and All Souls col- 
 leges, Oxford, and founded feveral charitable 
 inftitutions. He died in 1571. His manors 
 in Eflex were very confiderable, and are pof- 
 fefl'ed by lord Petre, his defendant. — Biog. 
 Brit. 
 
 Petronius Maximus, emperor of 
 Rome, was born in 395, of an illuftrious fa- 
 mily, and after being a fenator and conful he 
 feized the throne by affaffmating Valentinian 
 III. in 455. He then married Eudoxia, the 
 widow of his predeceffor, but foe was igno- 
 rant of his crime. On becoming acquainted 
 with it foe applied to Genferic, king of the 
 Vandals, who entered Italy with fire and 
 fword, took Rome, and flew the ufurper. 
 The Romans were fo enraged with Maximus 
 that they dragged his body about the ftreets, 
 and threw it into the Tiber. — Cre-vier. 
 
 PETkoNius Arbiter (Titus), a Latin 
 poet, was born near Marfeilles. He was 
 one of the favourites of Nero, and became 
 pro-conful of Bithynia ; but being accufed by 
 Tigellinus, another of Nero’s friends, of be- 
 ing engaged in a confpiracy againft that ty- 
 rant, he was put to death by the opening of 
 his veins, A.D. 65. His fatire againft Nero 
 is extremely well written, though very li- 
 centious. His other works are ; a poem on 
 the Civil War between Caefar and Pompey ; 
 on the Education of the Rorqan Youth ; on 
 the Corruption of Eloquence, and on the 
 Caufes of the Decline of the Arts ; the Ship- 
 wreck of Lycas, &c, The beft edition of 
 Petronius is that of Burman, 1743, 2 vols. 
 4to. The ftyle is fo good, and the matter 
 fo bad, that Petronius has been called Auter 
 purijfinue impuritatis.—Biog. ClaJJiea. VoJJius 
 de Poet. Lat . 
 
 Pettus (fir John), a native of Suffolk, 
 was member of parliament for Dunwich in 
 that county in the reign of Charles II. and 
 one of the deputy governors of the royal 
 mines. He died about 1690. He was the 
 author of the Hiftory, Laws, and Places of 
 the Chief Mines and Mineral Works in Eng- 
 land and Wales, 1670, folio; England’s In- 
 dependency of the Papal Power, 4to. ; Vola- 
 tiles from the Hiftory of Adam and Eve, 8vo. ; 
 Fleta minor, or the Laws of Art and Nature, 
 in Knowing, Judging, Allaying, &c. of Me- 
 tals, tranflated from the German, folio, 1683. 
 When he tranflated this book he was in the 
 Fleet prifon.— • Granger. 
 
 Petty (fir William), a celebrated writer, 
 was the fon of a clothier at Rumfey in 
 Hampfoire, and born there in 1623. He 
 received the firft part of his education at the 
 2 
 
 P E U 
 
 fchool of his native town, after which he 
 went to the univerfity of Caen, in Normandy. 
 On his return to England he began to ftudy 
 phyfic and anatomy, to complete himfelf in 
 which he went toL,eyden, Amfterdam and Paris. 
 In 1647 he returned home, and having invent- 
 ed an inftrument for double writing, he obtain- 
 ed a patent for feventeen years ; but this pro- 
 ject failed. About this time he went to Ox- 
 ford, where he became affiftant to the pro- 
 feffor of anatomy, and fellow of Brafenofe 
 college. He was alio one of the firft mem- 
 bers of the alibciation, afterwards called the 
 royal fociety. In 1650 he was chofen pro- 
 feffor of anatomy at Oxford, and the fame 
 year mufical profeffor of Grefoam college. 
 In 1652 he was appointed phylician to the 
 army in Ireland, where he became fecretary 
 to Henry Cromwell, lieutenant of that king- 
 dom. He was one of the commiflioners for 
 dividing the forfeited lands ; but in 1658 he 
 was difmiffed from his employments on a 
 charge brought againft him in the houfe of 
 commons. At the reftoration he was 
 knighted, and made furveyor general of Ire- 
 land. About this time he invented a double- 
 bottomed foip, a model of which he gave to 
 the royal fociety. He was alfo the author of 
 feveral other ingenious fchemes, and wrote 
 a great number of books on fubje&s of 
 pradtical or political utility. He died in 1687 , 
 leaving a fortune of 12,0001. a year to his 
 children. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Petyt (William), a law antiquary, was 
 born near Skipton in Yorkfoire. He became 
 bencher and treafurer of the Inner Temple^ 
 and keeper of the records in the Tower. He 
 died at Chelfea in 1707. His colledlion ot 
 parliamentary tradts is in the Inner Temple 
 library. He was author of the Ancient 
 Rights of the Commons Affertcd, 8vo ; a 
 Review of the Kings and Government of Eng- 
 land ; and of Jus Parliamentarium, or the 
 Ancient Power and Rights of Parliament, 
 folio .—Granger. 
 
 Peucer (Gafpard), a phyfician and ma- 
 thematician, was born at Bautzen in Lufatia, 
 in 1525. He became medical profcfibr at 
 Wirtemberg, where he married Melancthon’s 
 daughter. He was imprifoned ten years on 
 account of his opinions, and while in con- 
 finement wrote his thoughts on the margins 
 of old books, with ink made ot burnt crufts 
 foaked in wine. He diedin 1602. His works 
 are, 1. De pratcipuis divinationum generibus ; 
 2. Metliodus curandi morbis internos ; 3. De 
 febribus ; 4. Vitae illuftrium Medicorum ; 5. 
 Hvpothefes Aftronomicae ; 6. On Monies, 
 Weights, and Meafurcs. He alfo edited Me- 
 landlhon’s works, in 5 vols. folio. — JVLdcb. 
 Adam. Vit. Germ. Med. 
 
 Peuteman (Peter), apainter, was born 
 at Rotterdam in 1650. Being employed to 
 paint a pidlure of mortality, he went into an 
 anatomical room where ieveral ikeletons were 
 fufpended from the ceiling, and bones and 
 Ikulls lay on the floor. While there he fell 
 aflsep, and being fuddenly roufed by the 
 
P E Z 
 
 fhock of an earthquake, he faw the fkeletons 
 moving in all directions, and the loofe Ikulls 
 rolling about the room, which ftruck him 
 with fuch horror, that he ran home half- 
 dead; and though the tranfadtion was ex- 
 plained to him, he died fhortly alter in 1692. 
 — Pilkington. 
 
 Peutincer (Conrad), was born at Augf- 
 burg, in 1465. After travelling into Italy, 
 he returned to his native place, where he 
 became fecretary to the fenate, and counlel- 
 lor to the emperor. He died in 1574. Peu- 
 tinger is known by a chart which bears his 
 name, and on which are laid down the roads 
 purfued by the Roman armies in the weftern 
 empire. It was publilhed at Vienna in 17 55, 
 with dilTercationS and notes by Scheib. The 
 other works of Peutinger are ; Convivial 
 Difcourles, 8vo. ; De lnclinatione Romani 
 imperii, et Gentium commigrationibus ; De 
 rebus Gothorum, folio ; Romanic vetuftatis 
 fragments in Augufta Vindelicorum, folio. 
 —Moreri. 
 
 Peyrere (Ifaac), the author of a book 
 endeavouring to prove that Adam was not 
 the firft man, for which he was fent to prifon 
 at Bruffels. By the intereft of the prince of 
 Conde, to whom he was librarian, he obtain- 
 ed his liberty and went to Rome, where he 
 abjured his errors. He died in 1676. He 
 alio wrote a book on the reftoration of the 
 Jews, 8vo. ; a Relation ot Greenland ; and 
 other pieces. — Moreri. 
 
 Peyssonnel (Charles), was born at 
 Marseilles in 1700. He accompanied the 
 French ambaffador toConftantinople, in 1735, 
 as fecretary ; and travelled through Afia Mi- 
 nor, collecting medals and marking the geo- 
 graphical pofitions of ancient places. He 
 wrote feveral difiertations inferted in the 
 Memoirs of the Academy of Infcriptions, of 
 which he was a member. He was alfo the 
 author of an Eulogy on Marlhal Villars; a 
 Difcourfe on Coral ; and other pieces. He 
 died in 1757. His fon became conful at 
 Smyrna, and died in 1790, at the age ot 80. 
 He wrote Hiftorical Obfervations on the Bar- 
 barous People who inhabit the Borders of the 
 Danube, and the Euxine, 4to. ; Obfervations 
 on the Memoirs of the Baron de l ott, 8vo. ; 
 Les Numeros, 4 vols. ; Treatife on the Com- 
 merce of the Black Sea, 2 vols. ; Political 
 Situation of France, 2 vols. ; Difcourfe 04 
 t.he Alliance of France with the Swdfs and 
 the Grifons, 8vo. — Nouv. DiB. lift. 
 
 Pezay (Maflon, marquis de), was a na- 
 tive of Blois He was a captain in the dra- 
 goons, and had the honour of inllrudting Louis 
 XVI. in the military taftics, for which he 
 was appointed infpeclor-general of the coafts : 
 but conducting himfelf in too arbitrary a 
 manner, complaints were preferred againft 
 him, and he was exiled to his eltate, where 
 he died in 1778. He wrote fome agreeable 
 poems, and tranflated Catullus and Tibullus 
 into French. He was alfo the author of the 
 Campaigns of Maillebois, 3 vols- 4to., and 
 other works .—Ibid. 
 
 Pezenas (Elprit), a learned jefuit, was 
 
 PH/E 
 
 born at Avignon in 1692. He was profefTor 
 of philofophy and hydrography at Marfeilles, 
 and died at Avignon in 1776. He tranflated 
 Maclaurin’s Algebra and Fluxions into 
 French ; alfo Defaguliers’s Experimental 
 Philofophy ; Baker on the Microfcope ; 
 Ward’s Young Mathematician’s Guid§ ; 
 Smith’s Optics, and other works, from the 
 Englilh. His own writings are ; a Treatife 
 on Pilotage, 8vo. ; Theory of Gauging, 
 8vo. ; Memoirs of Mathematics and Philofo- 
 phy, Scc.—Nowv. DiB. 
 
 Pezron (Paul), an ingenious French- 
 man, was born at Hennebon in Britanny, in 
 1639. He became a Bernardin, was admitted 
 a dodlor of the Sorbonne, and in 1697 nomi- 
 nated abbot of Charmoy, which he afterwards 
 refigned. He died in 1706. Pezron was a 
 learned antiquary, and wrote, 1. L’Antiquite 
 des Temps retablie, 4to. In this work he 
 defends the chronology of the Septuagint 
 againft that of the Hebrew text. 2- A Vin- 
 dication of the above work ; 3. EBay towards 
 a Commentary on the Prophets; 4. The 
 Evangelical Hiftory, confirmed by the Jewifh 
 and Roman hiftories ; 5. On the Antiquity 
 of the Nation and Language of the Celts, 
 otherwife called the Gauls — Moreri. 
 
 Pfanner (Tobias), was born at Augf- 
 burg, in 1641. He was fecretary of the 
 archives to the duke of Saxe-gotha, and was 
 called the living archives of the houfe of Sax- 
 ony. He died in 1717. His works are; the 
 Hiftory of the Peace of Weftphalia, 8vo. ; on 
 the Theology of the Pagans; Treatife on 
 the Principles of Hiftorical Faith, &c. all 
 written in Latin. — Ibid. 
 
 Pfeffercorn (John), a converted 
 Jew, who endeavoured to perfuade the em- 
 peror Maximilian to order all the Hebrew 
 books to be burnt, except the Bible, becaufe 
 they contained blafphemies and dangerous er 
 rors : the execution of which was prevented 
 by Reuchljn. Pfelfercorn, who lived about 
 the year 1520, wrote, 1. Narratio de ratione 
 celebrandi Pafcha apud Judaeos ; 2. De 
 
 abolendi? Judaeorum Scriptis, & c. — Mo. 
 rerj, 
 
 Pfeiffer (Auguftus), a learned orien- 
 talift, was born at Lawenbourg, in 1640. 
 Jle profefted the eaftern languages at Leipfic, 
 and was fuperintendant of the churches in 
 Lubec, where he died in 1698. His princi- 
 pal works are; 1. Panfophia Mafaica; 2. 
 Critica Sacra; 3, De Mafora ; 4. De Tri- 
 hxreft Judaeorum; 5. Sciagraphia Syftematis 
 Antiquitatum Hehraeorum. His philofophi- 
 cal works were publifhed together at Utrecht, 
 in 2 vols. — Moreri* 
 
 Pfiffer (Lewis), a gallant officer, was 
 born at Lucerne in Switzerland, in 1530. He 
 was in the fervice of Charles IX. of France, 
 whofe life he faved by a fkilful manoeuvre 
 at the retreat of Meaux. He alfq contributed 
 to the victory of Montcontour, in 1569: and 
 became chief magiftrate of Lucerne, where 
 he died in 1594.— Nauv. DiB. Hijb. 
 
 Pb/edon, a difciple of Socrates, who 
 purchafedhim of fome pirates. Afterthe death 
 3D 3 
 
P H E 
 
 of his mailer, Phaadon returned to Elis, his 
 native country, where he formed a fedt of 
 philofophers called Eicon. Plato affixed his 
 name to a dialogue on the death of Socrates. 
 ~—Dicg. Laertius. 
 
 Ph^edrus, a Latin poet, was a native of 
 Thrace, and appears to have been the freed- 
 naan of Auguftus. Under Tiberius he was 
 perfecuted by Sejanus, to which circum- 
 ilance he has alluded in nis Fables, which 
 poffefs confiderable merit, and are written 
 ■with great purity of ftyle ; though they are 
 evidently borrowed from the popular fables 
 of the Greeks — Bayle. Eiog. Clajftca. 
 
 Phaer (Thomas), an Engliih phyfician, 
 was a native of Pembrokefhire He took 
 his dodlor’s degree in phyfic, at Oxford, in 
 
 1559. Fie wrote feveral trails on difeafes 
 and their remedies, and tranliated a great 
 part of the .rEneid into Engliih. He died in 
 
 1560. — Wood. 
 
 Phalaris, the tyrant of Agrigentum in 
 Sicily, which city he took R.C 571. He 
 was a native of Crete, and from his youth 
 difplayed a cruel and ambitious temper. He 
 delighted in the invention of new inftru- 
 ments of torture. An ingenious artiffc made 
 a brazen bull, which was hollow, and fo con- 
 trived that when a fire was kindled under 
 the body, the cries of the unhappy vidlim 
 within refembled the roarings of the animal 
 it reprefented. Phalaris, after commending 
 the work, ordered the artill to be the firft to 
 make trial of it. The tyrant was himlelf 
 put to death by his fubjedls in the fame way, 
 B.C. 561. The letters of Phalaris have 
 been much difputed ; particularly between 
 Boyle and Bentley. The bed edition is that 
 of Oxford, 1718, 8vo. — Moreri. 
 
 Pharamond, according to many hiftori- 
 ans, was the name of the firft king of France, 
 who reigned at Treves about A.D. 420. 
 He is, however, fuppofed by others to have 
 been only the general of an army, or the 
 chief of a military fociety of Franks. To 
 him is attributed alfo the celebrated Salique 
 Lanu, by which females were excluded from 
 the fucceffion to the throne. — Henault . 
 Millet. 
 
 Pharnaces, fon of Mithridates, king of 
 Pontus, revolted with the army againft his 
 father, who flew himfelf in defpair B.C. 64. 
 Pharnaces cultivated the friendlhip of the 
 Romans, and in the war between Caefar and 
 Pompey he remained neutral: but the for- 
 mer declared war againft him and defeated 
 him B.C. 47, on which occafion the vidlor 
 wrote to one of his friends this laconic letter : 
 Veni, • vidi , vici. — Florus, Appian de Bello 
 Mithrid. 
 
 Pherecrates, a Greek comic poet, was 
 the contemporary of Plato and Ariftophanes. 
 iNcne or li is comedies have reached us, only 
 fome fragments which have been preferved by 
 Hertelius and Grotius. There i3 in Plutarch 
 a piece of his on the mufic of the Greeks.— 
 Suidas Mcreri. 
 
 Phekkcydes, a philofopher of the ifle of 
 
 PHI 
 
 Sryros, B.C. 560. He was the difeiple of 
 Pittacus, and the firft who wrote upon natu- 
 ral things and the eft’ence of the gods. He 
 was the mafter of Pythagoras, who regarded 
 him as a father. There are different accounts 
 o, his death; fome fay he was devoured by 
 lice, and others that he threw himfelf from the 
 top of mount Corycius. It is moll probable 
 that he died of extreme age. Diogenes Laer- 
 tius aferibes to him the invention of profody. 
 He is not to be confounded with another of 
 this name, who lived 456 B C. and wrote 
 the Hiliory of Athens. — Stanley. Moreri. 
 
 Phidias, a fculptor of Athens. He con- 
 ftrudled a beautiful ftatue of Minerva ; but 
 being accufed of embezzling fome of the 
 gold entrufted to him for that work, lie was 
 banifhed. On this he went to Elis, where, 
 by way of revenge, he made a colofial ftatue 
 of Jupiter Olympius, which infinitely furpaf- 
 fed his Minerva, and was deemed one of the 
 wonders of the world. He died B.C. 432.— 
 Paujanius Plutarch. 
 
 Philander (William), a French divine, 
 was born at Chatillon in 1505. He was fe- 
 cretary to cardinal d’Armagnac, and archdea- 
 con of St. Antoninus. He died at Touloufe 
 in 1 565. His works are ; 1. A Commen- 
 tary on Vitruvius, 1552, fol. ; 2. A Com- 
 mentary on part of Quintilian. — Moreri. 
 
 Philelphus (Francis), prolelfor of elo- 
 quence at Padua, was born in 1398. In 
 1419 he was fent by the republic of Venice 
 to Conftantinople, where he married the 
 daughter o'f Emanuel Chryfoloras. The em- 
 peror, John Paleologus, fent him to the em- 
 peror Sigifmund, to implore fuccours againft 
 the Turks. He died at Florence in 1481. 
 His works were printed at Bade in 1739, 
 folio. The mod known are his Treatiles 
 de Morali difeiplina; De Exilio ; de Jocis 
 et Seriis : Convivorium, and poems.— Tira- 
 bofehi. 
 
 Philemon, a Greek comic poet, was the 
 fon of Damon, and contemporary with Me- 
 nander. Plautus imitated fome of his pieces. 
 His death Is laid to have been occafioned by 
 laughing at feeing an afs eat figs, B.C. 274, 
 aged 97. — Vojjius de Poet. Grate. 
 
 PniLETAS, a Greek grammarian and poet 
 of Coos, and preceptor to Ptolemy Philadel- 
 phus. He wrote elegies and epigrams, which 
 are loft — Ibid. 
 
 Philip (St ), an apoftle of Jefus Chrift, 
 was a filherman of Betbfaida, a city of Gali- 
 lee, on the Lake of Gennefareth, when cal- 
 led by our Savour. Ecclefiaftical ftiiftorians 
 relate that he was married and had feveral 
 children, that he preached the Gofpel in 
 Phrygia, and died at Hierapolis in that 
 country. He is, however, enrobed among 
 the martyrs by fome antient writers. He is 
 not to be confounded with Philip the deacon 
 mentioned in the Adis, who converted the 
 eunuch of Candace queen of Ethiopia. — New 
 Left. Cane. Bail let. 
 
 Philip 11. king of Macedon, was the fon 
 of Amyntas, and fuccceded his brother Per- 
 
P H I 
 
 diccas 360 B C. In his youth he difplayed 
 great military talents, which were improved 
 under Epaminondas. At the beginning of 
 his reign he had to oppofe the Illyrians, 
 Pteonians, and Thracia s. The two former 
 he difarnied by pref nts and promifes, and 
 the atter were not able to act againft i im. 
 He then made war againft Athens, and hav- 
 ing gain d a great Vi ory over the troops of 
 that republic, he reftoved all the priloners 
 without a ranfom ; which generolity pro- 
 duced a peace. Philip then turned his arms 
 againft the Illyrians, whom he defeated. 
 After this be took Crenides, a c ty belong- 
 ing to the Thracians, and having made h.m- 
 ferli miller of th^ gold mines near that place, 
 he employed a number oi men in working 
 them, and was the firft who had gold coin 
 ftam’ped with his name. 1 1 is ambition now 
 
 knew no bounds, b e formed the defign of 
 fubduing all Greece ; and he began with 
 taking Olynthus. a City belonging to Athens, 
 and having corrupt'd the principal inhabi- 
 tants, he obtained pofTe.Tion of the place 
 The Athenians were routed againft Philip 
 by the eloquence of Demofthenes, but all 
 the efforts o the orator proved ineffetlual, 
 when oppoied to t.ie arms and gold of the 
 king of Macedon. Aft r vanquifhing Greece 
 Phdip reiolved to attempt the conqueft of 
 Perfia, and was f. r that purpofe elected chief 
 of the expedition in a geneial aflembly of 
 the Grecian ftates ; but w rile he was preparing 
 for the enterprife he was alfaliinated by Paufa- 
 nias, o e o. his guards. B.C. 33b, leaving his 
 vaft defigns to be accornplilhed by Ins fon 
 Alexander. — Pluturch StAnyan. Univ. Hjl. 
 
 Philip V. king o Macedon, obtained 
 the crown after the death of his coufin An- 
 tigonus, 220 B.C. The beginning or his 
 reign was aufpicious, owing to the conquefts 
 of his general ^ratus, wnom Philip out of 
 jealoufy cawed to be poil'oned He a ter- 
 warfs joined Hannioal againft the Romans, 
 but the conful Laivinus marched into Mace- 
 don, and compelled Philip to fue for peace. 
 The Roman fenate being apprized of a fccret 
 treaty between Philip and Hannibal, fent 
 Fl.iminius againft the former, who was de- 
 feated, and obliged to yield to difhonoutable 
 toms. At the mitigation of his fon Perfeus 
 he put to death his eld e It fon Demetrius, who 
 was accufcd of defigns upon the throne. 
 Phi'ip died 178 B.C 
 
 Philip (Marcus Julius), called the A>ab y 
 from his being a native of Bol'ra in Arabia, 
 was born cf an obf ure family, and became 
 a common l'oldier in the Roman army ; but 
 by his merit he role to the rank of captain 
 of the imperial guard In 244 he uflafli- 
 nated the emperor Gordian the younger, arid 
 feired upon the throne. He gained great 
 pop air ity at Rome by his generality, and by 
 making a canal 1 for fuppiying the city with 
 water. He celebrated the fecuiar games 
 with great pomp, and gave toleiation to the 
 Chriltians. Philip was fiain by his foldters 
 near Verona in 219, after having been ti«- 
 
 P H I 
 
 feated by Decius. His fon Philip, aged 
 twelve years, was affa I'nated in t e arms of 
 his mother. — Aure ius V 'clor. Crevier 
 
 Philip, a native of Phrygia, and gover- 
 nor o Jerufalem, where he gredtly perfecuted 
 the Jews. Antiochus Ep phanes, who had 
 appointed him to that poft, left him regent 
 of his kingdom during t ie m nority of his 
 fon ; but Philip was oppofed by Lylias, and 
 fiain in b i tele —JojejLu j. 
 
 Philip, duke of Suabia, fon o r Fred<rick 
 Barbaroffa, was elected emperor on the death 
 of his brother Henry VI in 1198. But ano- 
 ther party o: the electors chole Otho, duke 
 of Saxony, which occafioned a civi war; the 
 pope excommunicated Philip, but afterwards 
 ablolved him, and endeavoured in vain to 
 reconcile the contending princes. Philip was 
 alfaliinated at Bamberg in 1208. — Univ. 
 
 Hft. 
 
 Philip I. king of France, fucceeded ^is 
 father Henry I. in 1060, under the regency 
 of Baldwin V. count of Flanders Philip at 
 the age of fifteen loft his faithful guardian. 
 The young king fhewed at firft a warlike 
 fpirit ; but afterwards gave himfelf up to li- 
 centious pleafures He divorced his wife 
 Bertha, and married Bertrade, the wife of 
 the count of Anjou, for which he was ex- 
 communicated by the council of Poitiers in 
 1100 ; but four years afterwards he was ab- 
 folved by the pope, who alfo approved of his 
 marriage with Bertrade. Philip died in 1108. 
 — - Renault . Meneray. 
 
 Philip II. lurnamed the Auguft, was 
 born in 1166, and fucceeded his father Louis 
 VL1 in llcO, at the age of fifteen. The 
 king of England taking advantage cf his 
 youth, invaded France ; but Philip put him- 
 fel. at the head of Iris forces, and compelled 
 him to renew the antient treaties between 
 the two kingdoms After this he turned 
 his at'.ention to the regulation of abufes, and 
 in improving the city of Paris. He expelled 
 the Jews :rom his dominions with circum- 
 ftances of great injuftice and cruelty. In 
 1190 Philip accompanied Richard I. of Eng- 
 land to the Holy Land, where they took 
 Acre ; but jealoulies arifing between the. two 
 ntonurchs, Philip returned to France. 
 Though he had lwom on the gofpels not to 
 undertake any thing againft the inierefts of 
 Richard in iris abfenee, he invaded Nor- 
 mandy, and took feme places, but being re- 
 pulfed at Rouen, he made a truce for five 
 y .-ars; and in tl e interval married Ingle- 
 burga, princefs of Denmark, whom he after- 
 wards divorced, and efpuufed the daughter of 
 the duke of Moravia, for which he was ex- 
 communicated by the pope, and not absolved 
 till he took back his former wife. Philip 
 gave his afiifthnce to prince Arthur againft 
 his uncle John icing of England ; but John 
 having declared himfelf a vafial of the holy 
 fee, the pope took his part. This giving 
 offence to the Englifh nobility, they made 
 an offer of the throne to Philip, who declined 
 it, but fent them his fon Louis, who was 
 3 D 4 
 
PHI 
 
 crowned at London in 121 6. On the death of 
 John, however, the l ngli/h acknowledged his 
 fon Henry ill. and Louis returned to France. 
 Ph ip died in l^^S.—HenauIt. Meaeray. 
 
 i ' h i l i p I II furnamed the Hardy, was pro- 
 claimed king of France in Africa on the death 
 of St. Louis his father in 1270. * After gaining 
 a great victory over the 'laracens, and making 
 peace with the king of Tunis, he returned to 
 France, and was crowned at Rheims. Peter 
 of Arragon having occafioned the horrible 
 maflacre of the French in Sicily, called the 
 Sicilian Veiprrs , Philip marched againft him, 
 and took Gironne ; but died of a fever on his 
 return at Perpignan in 1285 — Ibid. 
 
 Philip IV. called the Fair, fucceeded his 
 father, the preceding monarch, at the age 
 of 17 He became king of Navarre_by mar- 
 rying Jane, daughter and heirefs of Henry I. 
 Philip made war againft Edward I king of 
 England, who formed a league with the em- 
 ■peror. In 1302 Philip loft the battle of 
 Courtray, where perifhed^the count of Artois 
 with 20,000 men. But in 1304 he gained 
 that of Mons-en-Puelle, in commemoration 
 of which a fine equeftrian ftatue of this mo- 
 narch was fet up in the church of Notre Dame 
 at Paris. This victory was followed by a 
 peace , but Philip foon after was embroiled in 
 a conteft with pope Boniface VIII. who pre- 
 tended to a. right of difpofing of benefices, 
 which was refilled by the king. On this 
 the pope ifiuedhis bull of excommunication, 
 which Philip eaufedto be burnt. The vio- 
 lent adls of Boniface were condemned by the 
 popes •Benedidt and Clement V. the latter of 
 whom allifted Philip in perfecuting and abo- 
 lilhing the order of knights templars in 1311. 
 Philip died in 1314 — Ibid. 
 
 Philip V. furnamed the Long, was the 
 younger fon of the laft-mentioned, and fuc- 
 ceeded his brother Louis Hutin, by virtue of 
 the Salique law, in 1316. He made war 
 againft Flanders, formed an alliance with 
 Scotland, and expelled the ‘Jews from his 
 kingdom. The leprofy prevailed in a great 
 degree in his reign. He died in 1321 . — Ibid. 
 
 Philip de Valois, the firft king of 
 France of the collateral branch of Valois, 
 was the fon of Charles, count of Valois, bro- 
 ther of Philip the fair. He afcended the 
 throne in 1328, on the death of his coufin 
 Charles le bel. In 1329 Edward III. king 
 of England did homage for the duchy of 
 Guienne, but not long after he affumed the 
 title of king of France, on the pretence of 
 being a grandfon of Philip the fair by his 
 mother. This produced a difaftrous war, 
 which lafted with a feW intervals many years. 
 In 1346, Edward gained the great battle of 
 Crecy, in which the French loft near 30,000 
 men, among whom was John king of Bohe- 
 mia, and the flower of the nobility. This 
 Was followed by the lofs of Calais and other 
 important places. Edward fent a challenge 
 to Philip to decide their pretenfions by fingle 
 combat, which the latter refufed. Philip 
 died in 1350, aged 57 .—Ibid. 
 
 P H I 
 
 Philip I. king of Spain, was the fon of 
 the emperor Maximilian I. and by his mar- 
 riage with the heirefs of Ferdinand V. king 
 of Arragon, and Ifabella queen of Caftilic, 
 he obtained the Spanifh Grown . He died at 
 Bruges in 1506, aged 28. — Mariana. 
 
 Philip II was the fon of (Jharies V. In 
 1.554 he became king of Maples and Sicily 
 by the abdication of hi; father, and the fame 
 year he married Mary queen of England. In 
 1.556 his father refigned to him the crown 
 of Spain. He declared war againft Fiance, 
 and was prefent at the battle of St. Quintin, 
 where it is fuid he made two vows, the one 
 never again to hazard his perfon in an en- 
 gagement, and the o' her to build a monaftery 
 by the name of -St. Laurence. This laft he 
 executed at Efcurial near Madrid. In 1559 
 he made peace with France, and on his re- 
 turn to his own country he caufed an auto da 
 fe to be celebrated, by which leveral unfor- 
 tunate victims of the inquifition were burnt 
 alive His bigotry and cruelty weie fo great 
 that the Low Countries revolted, and thofe 
 called the United Provinces fucceeded in 
 throwing oft the Spanifh yoke. In 1.588 
 Philip fitted out his famous expedition called 
 the Invincible Armada, for the invafion of 
 England. This fleet was nearly all deftroyed 
 by the ftorm, or the Englifh fbips. When 
 Philip heard of the difafter, he laid, “I 
 fent my fleet to combat fTie Englifh, not the 
 elements; God’s will be done.” At the fame 
 time that he attacked England he gave his 
 affiftance to the leaguers in France, who 
 called him their protedlor He died in 1598, 
 aged 72. — Mariana. 
 
 Philip 111 the fon of Philip II. and of 
 Anne of Auftria, fucceeded his father at the 
 age of twenty. His reign was unfortunate 
 and imprudent. Spinola took Oflend after 
 a fiege of three years, but with the lofs of 
 80,000 Spaniards. The United Provinces 
 
 eftablifhed. their independence under the houfe 
 of Nafiau Philip ifiued a decree that all 
 the Moors fhould quit his kingdom in three 
 days, by which Spain loft above a million of 
 its mod ufeful inhabitants. 'I h s prince 
 was the viiflim of etiquette Being at a coun- 
 cil, he complained of the fume arifing from 
 a pan of charcoal which was burning in the 
 room. The proper perfon who had the 
 charge of the fire was not prefent, and no 
 one would undertake the office of removing 
 it ; which point of order coft the monarch his 
 life, in 1621. — Unin. Hiji. 
 
 Philip IV. fucceeded his father Philip 
 III. at the age of iixteen. The fame year 
 war was renewed with Holland, and the Spa- 
 niards under Spinola gained fome advantages, 
 but at lea they were unfuccefsful. . In 1635 
 Philip, at the inftigation of Olivarez, his 
 mini tier, declared war againft France, which 
 proved very difaftrous. He loft Artois j the 
 Catalonians revolted, and put theml’dves 
 under the protection of France; and Portugal 
 taking advantage of the dillradled ftate of 
 Spain, fecured its independence, and placed on 
 
P H I 
 
 the throne the houfe ofBraganza. Olivarez 
 the author of thefe misfortunes, by his neg- 
 ligence and bad conduct, was difgraced ; and 
 in 1659 a difadvantageous peace was conclu- 
 ded with France Philip died in 1665. — Ibid. 
 
 Philip V. duke of Anjou, the fecond fon 
 of Louis dauphin of France, arid of Mary- 
 Anne of Bavaria, affamed the title of lung 
 of Spain in 1700, by virtue of the will of 
 Charles II. His claim, however, was con- 
 te'.fed by the houfe ot Auttria in ravuur of 
 the archduke Charles. This produced the 
 grand- alliance in which Auftria was fup- 
 ported againft France and Spain, by England, 
 Holland, Savoy, Portugal, and Prufiia The 
 beginning of this war was very difaftrous to 
 Philip, who loft Arragon, Gibraltar, and the 
 Ifiands of Minorca and Majorca, alio Sardi- 
 nia, and the kingdom of Naples. In this 
 exigency lie was about to retire to Spanifli 
 America, when the duke de Vendome ar- 
 rived with fuccours, and by gaining the bat- 
 tle or’ Vi’laviciofa, gave a turn to his affairs. 
 The victories of that great general, and 
 thofe of marfh.’.l Villars in Flanders, con- 
 firmed Philip on tbe throne, and reftored 
 peace to Europe by tiie treaty of Utrecht in 
 1716 The war was renewed in 1717, and 
 the Spanifh fleet was defeated in the Medi 
 terra nean by fir George Byng. Peace was 
 reftored in 1720, after which Philip became 
 melancholy , and-in 1724 abdicated the throne 
 to his fon Lewis, and retired to a monaftery. 
 Lewis died a few months after of the fmall- 
 pox, and Philip refumed the government. 
 His vapours ware now banifhed, and he 
 reigned with fpirit and judgment. In 1733 
 he leagued with France ugaihft the emperor, 
 and his fon Don Carlos conquered Sicily and 
 Naples, of which he became king. In 1734 
 the royal palace was burnt, and a great num- 
 ber of fine paintings deftroyed. In 1736 
 peace was concluded, but a new war broke 
 out in 1739. Philip died in 1746, aged 63. 
 —Ibid. 
 
 Philip the good , duke of Burgundy, was 
 born in 1,396. Our of revenge for the death 
 of li s father, who was (lain in 1419, he 
 leagued with the Englifh againft Charles II. 
 of France and his fucceffor. He defeated the 
 dauphin at the battle of Monsin 1431, about 
 which time he made war with luccefs againft 
 the countefs of Hainault, and compelled her 
 to acknowledge him for her heir In 1435 
 he was reconciled to Charles VII. The 
 people o. Dinan, in the province of Liege, 
 having committed fome outrages, Philip fent 
 againft them his fon the count of Charolois, 
 who burnt the city to allies, and put the in- 
 habitants to the f .-'ord. This inhuman ac- 
 tion being approved of by the father, proves 
 that he had no right to be called the good. 
 He died in 1167. — Msreri. 
 
 Philip de Dreux , the fon of Robert 
 count de Dreux, embraced the ecclefiaftical 
 ftate, and became bifhop of Beauvais. But 
 he had a greater turn for warlike affairs than 
 religious exeixifes. He joined the crufaders, 
 
 PHI 
 
 and diftinguifhedhimfelf before Acre in 1191J 
 Philip the auguft having declared war againft 
 the Englifh, the bifhop took up arms in his 
 favour, but was taken pr Toner, and kept in 
 clofe confinement. He complained to the 
 pope, who demanded him as his fon from 
 Richard II.. That monarch, however, fent 
 to the pope the bloody armour in which the 
 bifiiop was taken, accompanied with thefe 
 words, “ See, holy father, if this be thy 
 fpn’s coat.” The pope would not recognize 
 the habiliments as canonical, and the bifhop 
 remained a prifoner till 1202. He after- 
 wards fought againft the Albigenfes, and 
 died at Beauvais in 1217. — Ibid. 
 
 Philips (Fabian), an Englifh antiquary, 
 was born at Preftbury in Gloucefterihire in 
 1601. He was a zealous loyalift in the civil 
 wars, and wrote feverul pamphlets in be- 
 half of the king. As ftlazer in the court of 
 records lie employed hirnfelf much in Larch- x 
 
 ino- for precedents in favour of extending 
 the royal prerogative. He died in 1690.— 
 
 Gen. Biog. DiEt. 
 
 Philips (John), an Englifh poet, was 
 born in 1676, at Bampton, in Qxfordfhire, 
 and educated at Chrift church, Oxford. He 
 wnote, the Splendid Shilling; Blenheim; 
 and a poem entitled Cyder ; which poffefs 
 confiderable merit, particularly the laft. As 
 he was greatly addicted to fmoking, he ge- 
 nerally contrived to introduce- an encomium 
 upon tobacco into his poems. He died in 
 1708 . — Cibber's V-des of the Poets. 
 
 Philips (Ambrofe), a dramatic writer 
 and poet, was educated at St. John’s college, 
 Cambridge, where he wrote his paftorals, 
 which were once greatly admired, and praifed 
 by fome good writers. Pope, however, ri- 
 diculed them with great feverity, at the fame 
 time that he exempted Philips’s winter piece 
 from his cenfure. He was alfo the author 
 of a tragedy of merit, entitled, the Diftreffed 
 Mother ; and an abridged Life of archbilhop 
 Williams. He died in 1749, aged 78.— 
 
 Biog. Dram . 
 
 Philistus, a Greek writer, was a native 
 of Syracufe, and the favourite of the tyrant 
 Dionylius, who afterwards banifhed him. In 
 his exile he wrote the liiftory of Sicily, and 
 that of Dionylius, which Cicero has com- 
 mended. He was recalled by Dionyfius the 
 younger, but wis defeated by Dion, and put 
 to death B. C. 367. — Vojjhis Hifl. Cnvec. 
 
 Phillips (.Catherine), an accomplifhci 
 lady, was the daughter of Mr. Fowler, a mer- 
 chant in London, and born in 1681. At 
 the age of fixteen fhe became the wife of 
 James Phillips, efq. of Cardiganfhire. She 
 died of the fmall-pox in 1664 Her poems 
 under the title of Orinda were printed in one 
 volume folio, 1667, and a fecond edition 
 in 1678. In 1705 a fmall volume of her 
 letters was publifhed, with the title of 
 Letters from Orinda to Poliarchus. — Ballard's 
 Britijh Ladies. 
 
 Phillips (Thomas), a divine of the Ro- 
 man church, was born at Ickfcrd, in Buck- 
 
P H I 
 
 Tngjiamfhire in 1708.. He was educated at 
 Ss. Omer’a, after which he entered among 
 #he Jefuits-f but did not long continue a 
 member of that fociety. In 1756 he pub- 
 lished a Letter to a Student in Divinity, 8vo. 
 ■which pafled through three editions, and 
 contains fome excellent rules and obferva- 
 «kvns. But the work by which he is moll 
 Jknown is the Life of Cardinal Pole, 2 vols. 
 4ta. 1764, and 2 vols. 8vo. 1767. In this 
 performance he endeavoured to vindicate his 
 church at the expenf* of the reformers. He 
 was airly a.nfwered by feveral writers. By 
 the intevefl of the pretender he obtained a 
 prebend in the cathedral of Tongrefs. Mr. 
 Phillips died at Liege in 1774. His filler 
 was abbels of the Bencdidline nuns at Ghent. 
 
 Ear op. Mag. V il. XXX. 
 
 Philo, a learned Jewilh writer of Alex- 
 andria, was born of an illuftrious family. 
 He was one of the deputation fent by the 
 Jews to lay their complaints againft the 
 Greeks of Alexandria before the emperor 
 Caligula, A. D. 40. He wrote feveral works 
 in Greek, the principal of which is entitled, 
 of the Contemplative Life. He was a zea- 
 lous Platoniftj and on that account has been 
 fliled the Jewilh Plato. The bed edition 
 of his works is that of London, 2 vols. folio, 
 1742 — Moreri . 
 
 PHitoofByblos, a grammarian in the full 
 century, who tranflated into Greek the Phoe- 
 nician hiftory of Sanconiathon, fragments of 
 which remain. — Moreri. 
 
 Philo of Byzantium, an architect, who 
 fburiflied 300 B. C. He wrote a treatife of 
 machines ufed in war, which is printed with 
 the Mathematics veteres, 1693, folio. There 
 Is aTo attributed to him a piece, entitled, 
 De feptem Orbis Spedaculis, Pv.ome, 1610. 
 •—Felibien. 
 
 Philolaus, a Pythagorean philofopher 
 of Crotona. He maintained that all things 
 were made bv harmony and necellity. He 
 alfo aflerted that the earth was round and 
 has a circular motion. The golden verfeS of 
 Pythagoras have been attributed to him. 
 He lived B. C. 392. — Diog. Laertius. 
 
 Philopgemen, general of the Achaeans, 
 was born at Megalopolis in Arcadia. He 
 difplayed great bravery in de. ending his na- 
 tive city againft Cleomenes, king of Sparta ; 
 and in 208 he gained the famous battle of 
 Meflene over the fEtolians. For this he 
 was made captain-general, and he rtew foon 
 after near Mantinea, Mechanidas, tyrant of 
 Lacedemon, with his'owri hand. Nabis, the 
 fuccefibr of Mechanidas, defeated Philopce- 
 men at fea ; but he recovered this lofs on 
 land, took Sparta, razed its walls, and abo- 
 li/hed the laws of Lycurgus. T he Mefle- 
 nians having revolted, Philopcrmen marched 
 againft them, but was taken prifoner by fall- 
 ing from his horfe. Dinocrates the Merte- 
 nian general threw him into prifon, and 
 caufed him to be poifoned, B. C. 183. — 
 Plutarch. 
 
 PHO 
 
 Philopoku 9 (John), a grammarian of 
 Alexandria in the 7th century. He was the 
 chief o t the Tritheifts and wrote a Commen- 
 tary on the Hexameron or Creation, and 
 other works. — Dupin. 
 
 Phi los tok g i u s, an hiftorian of the 5th 
 century, was a native of Cappadocia, and 
 an Arian. He wrote an Ecc'efiaftical Hif- 
 tory ot his own 1 ime, which was publifhed 
 by Yalefius at Paris with Eufebius in 1673 ; 
 but the feparate edition of Godefroi, 1642, 
 4 to. is the bed. — Dupin. 
 
 Philo stratus (Flavius), a famous fo- 
 phift, was born at Lemnos or Athens. He 
 refided at Rome in the court oi Julia, wife 
 ot Septimus Severus. He wrote the Life of 
 Apollonius Tyaneus, a pretended philofo- 
 pher. It is an extravagant romance full of 
 fables. Phdoftratus alfo left four books 
 eallcd pictures Iiis works were printed 
 at Leipnc in Creek and Latin, iolio, 1709. 
 Elis nephew wrote the Lives of the Sophifts. 
 — X 'jjjius de Ilf:. Gtac. 
 
 Philoxenus, a dithyrambic poet of Cy- 
 thera, lived at the court of Dionyfius of Sy- 
 lacule, who baniftied him to the ltone quar- 
 ries for centering his verfes. He d ed at 
 Ephefus about 380 B. C. — JEHan Vur. piiji. 
 
 Philfot (John), ?.n Englilh divine, was 
 born in Hamprture, and bred at New Col- 
 lege, Oxford. He became a zealous reform- 
 er, and in the reign o: Edward VI. was made 
 archdeacon of Winchefter; but in that of 
 Mary he was brought betore bifnop Gardiner, 
 convtided of hereiy, and burnt in Smithfteld 
 in 1555. — Strype's Bede:. Mem. Fox's uidls and 
 Mon. 
 
 Phineas, the fon of Fleazar, and grand- 
 fon o. Aaron, was the third high prieft o: the 
 Jev/s. Zambri, one ot the princes of llrael, 
 having taken a Midianitiih woman into his 
 tent, Fhineas followed and Hew them, B. C. 
 1455 — Bible. 
 
 Phi r ps, fee Mul^rave. 
 
 Pit l egon, furnamed Trallian from the 
 p! ce of his birth, a city of Lydia. He was 
 the freedman or Adrian, and wrote a Hiftory 
 ot Marvellous Things; alfo a Hiftory of the 
 Olympiads; part of which is extant. He is 
 faid to have mentioned the darknefs at our 
 Saviour’s crucifixion. '1 he belt edition of his 
 remains is that of Meurfius at Leyden, Gieek 
 and Latin, 1612, 4to. — Fcjfius de Hje.Grac . 
 
 Phocas, emperor of the eait. He ufurp- 
 ed the throne by murdering the emperor 
 Maurice and his children in 602. He put to 
 death a great number of pcrlons, and having 
 inveigled Nurics, a Perfian general, by fair 
 promiles, to Conftantinople, he caufed him 
 to be burnt alive. Heraclius, governor of 
 Africa, confpired againft this monfter, and 
 rtew him in 610.— Uiut>. llift. 
 
 Phocas (John), a monk of the 12th cen- 
 tury, was a native o: the if.e of Crete, but 
 others fay O; Calaijria. He had ferved in the 
 armies of the emperor Emanuel Comnenos, 
 but dilgufted with the military life, he join- 
 
P H O 
 
 ed a religious fociety on Mount Carmel. 
 He wrote a Defcription of the Holy Land, 
 Syria and Phenicia. — Morer'i. 
 
 Phocion, a celebrated Athenian, was the 
 difciple or Plato and Xenocrates. He dif- 
 played great eloquence, and oppoled Demof- 
 thenes, when that great orator endeavoured 
 to raife the Athenians to declare war againft 
 Philip. Phocion favv in that meafure the 
 ruin of Athens 5 but when the war com- 
 menced he manifefted the patriotiim and ta- 
 lents of a brave general. Philip and Alex- 
 ander made feveral attempts to corrupt him, 
 but in vain. Phocion held the government 
 of Athens forty-five tunes; but notwith- 
 ftanding his fplendid virtues and abilities, he 
 could not efcape perfecution. He was ac- 
 cufed of treachery, and depoled, on which he 
 fled, but was taken and poilbned B.C. 318. 
 His fon Phocus was a man of licentious cha- 
 radler, but he avenged the fate of his lather 
 upon his accuiers, and eredted a ftatue to his 
 memory. — Plutarch. Corn. Nepos. 
 
 Phocymdi s, a Greek poet and philofo- 
 pher, was a native of Miletus, and lived 
 about .540 B.C. There is a poem extant 
 which goes by his name, but it is not ac- 
 counted genuine . — Hojfius de Poet Greec. 
 
 Phokmio, a peripatetic philolopher, who 
 taught with reputation at Jiphefus. Han- 
 nibal being of that city, and going to his aca- 
 demy, Phorrr.io had the folly to make a dif- 
 courfe to him on the military art, which 
 only ferved to render him ridiculous in the 
 eyes of the warrior. — Cicero de Oratore. 
 
 Phormio, an Athenian general, who fuc- 
 ceeded Callias B C. 432, and gave great 
 proofs of his courage in the l-’eloponneflan 
 war, and in defeating the fleets of the Lace- 
 demonians, He fold his eftates to pay his 
 army, and refufed the rank Oj commander in 
 chief. — Thucydides. 
 
 Photinus, bilhop of Surmium, and the 
 chief of a fed called Photinians. He main- 
 tained that Chrift was only a man, ,for which 
 he was depoled in the council of Sirmium, 
 in 351. He was exiled by Conftantius, re 
 called by Julian, and again banilhed by Va- 
 lentinian. He died in 376. — Cave. Dupin. 
 
 Photius, patriarch of Conftantinople, 
 was born of a noble family in that city. His 
 talents were great, and advanced him to fe- 
 vcral high offices in the ftate ; after which 
 he entered into orders ; and on the depofi- 
 tion of Ignatius afpired to the patriarchate, 
 which he obtained in an irregular manner 
 in 857 This occafioned a fchifm, and Pho- 
 tius exercifed great fe verities on thofe who 
 adhered to Ignatius. Bal'd, the Macedo- 
 nian, expelled him in 869. By flattery, 
 however, he gained the favour of Bafd, who 
 reftored him in 877. But in 886 Leo caufed 
 him to be again deprived, and confined in a 
 monaftery, where he died in 891. His works 
 are, 1 Bibliotheca, or Commentary on feve- 
 ral authors of antiquity, printed at Rouen 
 in 1653, folio, witn notes; 2. Nomoranon, 
 or a collision of the canons of the church. 
 
 P I A 
 
 printed at Oxford in 1672, folio; 3. a Col- 
 ledtion of Letters, 1651, fol. — Dupin. Fleury . 
 Eccl. Hijl. 
 
 Phr*as (John), a native of London, and 
 fellow of Brafenofe college, Oxford. He 
 profeffed phyfic and the belles lettres at Pa- 
 dua ; and pope Paul, to whom he dedicated 
 his Latin verfions of Xenophon and Diodorus 
 Siculus, gave him the bilhopric of Bath. 
 He died in 1465 — Pits. Bayle. 
 
 Phr a ates III. king of Parthia, fucceeded 
 Pacorus. He married his daughter to Ti- 
 gnnes, fon of the king or Armenia, and at- 
 tempted to place his fon-in-law on that 
 throne, but witnout fuccefs. He was mur- 
 dered by his two Tons, Orodes and Mithri- 
 da e ., B.C. 36. — Univ. Hijl. 
 
 Phraates IV. was placed on the throne 
 by his father Orodes, whom he foon after 
 murdered, as lie did his brothers. Pie was 
 depofed by his fubjedls. who placed Tiridates 
 on the throne, but Phra ites, Ly the aid of the 
 Scythians, recovered his throne B.C. 23. He 
 was poifoned by his fon, who was expelled 
 by the Parthians for the atrocious a<St.— 
 Ibid. 
 
 Phranza (George), a Greek hiftorian, 
 was mafter of the wardrobe to the emperors 
 of Co •ftantinople, when that city was taken 
 by the Turks He then went to Corfu, 
 where he wrote a Chronicle which ends with 
 the year 1461 . — Fojjius de Hijl. Greec. 
 
 Phryne, a famous courtezan of Greece 
 about 328 B.C. She was the miftrefs of 
 Praxiteles, who made a ftatue of her. She 
 acquired immenfe riches, and offered to re- 
 build Thebes, provided this infeription fliould 
 be placed on the walls, “ Alexander de- 
 ftroyed this city, and the harlot Phryne re- 
 ftored it.” But her offer was rejedted.— > 
 Quintilian. 
 
 Phuynicus, a Greek orator, vr. s a native 
 of Bithynia, and flourifhed under Commodus. 
 There remain of his works, 1. A Treadle on 
 the Attic Dialed!, printed in Greek and La- 
 tin feveral times, in 4to ; 2. The Sophifti— 
 cal Apparatus, a colledtion of Greek phrafes. 
 There were two others of this name, the one 
 a tragic and the other a comic poet . — Vojfius 
 de Script. Greec. 
 
 Phrynis, a mufician of Mitylene, who 
 gained the prize at the mufical meeting at 
 Athens, 438 B C He added two firings to 
 the lyre, which before his time had only 
 feven —Morer'i. 
 
 Pi a (Philip-Nicholas), an eminent che- 
 mift, was born at Paris in 1721. He was 
 principal apothecary to the hofpital at Straf. 
 burgh, and eledled Iherift' of Paris in 1770. 
 He diftinguiffied himfelf by an eftabliihment 
 for the recovery of drowned perfons, and he 
 invented inftruments proper to be ufed on 
 fuch fubjedls. The revolution deftroyed the 
 ufeful work, and reduced the author to po- 
 verty. He died in 1799. He wrote feve- 
 ral volumes on his favourite and humane 
 projedt. — Nouv. Died. Hijl. 
 
 Piazza (Jerom Bartholomew), a native 
 
P I c 
 
 P I c 
 
 ef Alexandria in Italy, who had been a judge 
 in the inquifition, but on embracing the pro- 
 teftant religion he quitted Italy and fettled in 
 England. He taught Italian and French at 
 Cambridge, where he died about 1745. He 
 wrote a curious account of the inquifition. — 
 Gen. Biog. Dili. 
 
 Piazetta (John Baptift), a celebrated 
 painter of Venice, was born in 1682, and 
 died in 1754. His figures are well defigned 
 and executed, and are much in the ftyle of 
 Michael Angelo Buonarotti. — D'Argcn>ville. 
 
 Picard (John), a French prieft and prior 
 of Rillein Anjou, was a native of La Flec.he. 
 He had a great knowlege of the mathematics, 
 particularly aftronomy. He became a mem- 
 ber of the academy of fciences in 1666 ; and 
 five years afterwards was fent by the king 
 to Uranienburg, which was built by Tycho 
 Brahe to make celeftial obferverfations. Pi- 
 card brought with him from Denmark many 
 manufcripts of Tycho’s: and was the firft: 
 ■who obferved the mercurial phofphorus in 
 the barometer. He was engaged in meafur- 
 ing a degree of the meridian, and in deter- 
 mining the meridian of France. Picard died 
 in 1683. He wrote a Treatife on Levelling ; 
 On Dioptrics ; On Meafures ; On the Mea- 
 furement of the Earth ; Journey to Uranien- 
 burg, or Aftronomical Obfervations made in 
 Denmark, &c. He was the firft who applied 
 the telefcope to a quadrant. — Moreri. Hut - 
 ten . 
 
 Picard (Michael), a learned German, 
 was born at Nuremburg in 1574. He be- 
 came profeffor of philofophy and poetry at 
 Altorf, where he died in 1620. He wrote 
 Commentaries on Works of Ariftotle ; De- 
 putations ; Harangues ; Critical Efi'ays ; and 
 a Latin Tranilation of Oppian. After his 
 death was publiihed his treatife, entitled, 
 Liber Singularis periculorum criticorum. — 
 Mid. 
 
 Picart (Bernard), an eminent engraver, 
 was born at Paris in 1673. He ftudied en- 
 graving under his father, and architecture 
 under Sebaftian le Clerc. On account of his 
 religion he went to Amfterdam, where he 
 was chiefly employed by the bookfellers. 
 He died in 1733. A fine collection of his 
 engravings was publifhed at Amfterdam in 
 folio, 1734 : but his greateft performance is 
 an illuftration of religious ceremonies of all 
 nations in the world. His plates alfo for a 
 work, entitled, the Temple of the Mufes, 
 are very fine. Stephen Picart, the father, 
 died at Amfterdam in 1721, aged 90. — Mo- 
 reri. 
 
 Piccini (Nicholas), a celebrated mufi- 
 cian, was born in the kingdom of Naples. 
 Leo and Durante were his firft mailers : the 
 latter called him his fon. From Italy he 
 went to Paris, where the connoifieurs were 
 divided in opinion between him and Gluck. 
 Jn the revolution Piccini returned to Naples ; 
 where he was deferibed as being a Jacobin, 
 on which he went again to France, and died 
 at Pafl'y in 1800, aged 72. His principal 
 
 operas are, Roland ; Atys ; Iphigenia in 
 Tauris; and Dido. — Nou-v. Dili. Hiji. 
 
 Piccolomini (Alexander), archbilhop 
 of Patras, and c.o-adjutor of Sienna, where 
 he was born in 1508. He wrote feveral 
 dramatic pieces of reputation. His other 
 works are, a Treatife on the Sphere; The- 
 ory of the Planets; Moral Inlritutes, Sec. 
 He was the firft who wrote on philofophical 
 fubjedls in Italian- There is alfo attributed 
 to him a woi;k, entitled, Dialogo della bella 
 Creaivza della Donne , 1574, 8vo. He died in 
 1578. — T irabo fchi. 
 
 Piccolomini (Francis), of the fame fa- 
 mily as the preceding, was profelTor of phi- 
 lofophy many years at feveral univerfites in 
 Italy, and died at Sienne in 1604, aged 84. 
 His works are ; 1. Commentaries on Arifto- 
 tle ; 2. Univerfa Pliilofophia de Moribus — 
 Ibid. 
 
 Piccolomini (James), a cardinal, whofe 
 real name was Ammanati, but which he 
 changed out of refpedt to pope Pius II. his 
 patron. He was born at Lucca in 1422, and 
 became fuccefiively bilhop of Maflii and Fref- 
 cati, and in 1461, cardinal. He died in 
 1479. Sixtus IV. feized his property after 
 his death, and applied it to the building of a 
 hofpital. He wrote a Hiftory of his Own 
 Times, and Letters which have been printed. 
 — Moreri. 
 
 Pjchegru (Charles), a French general, 
 was born in 1761, at Arbois in Franche- 
 conrte. His parentage was mean, but he 
 received a good education under the monks 
 in his native town ; after which he entered 
 into the army, and rofe to be ferjeant. The 
 revolution elevated him to the rank of gene- 
 ral, and in 1793 he gained a vidfory over the 
 combined armies at Hagenau ; in confequence 
 of which he fucceedtd to the command of the 
 army of the north. Shortly after he relieved 
 Landau, and compelled prince Cobourg to 
 abandon the Netherlands. He next marched 
 into Holland, of which he made a complete 
 conquelt. In 1797 he was ele&ed a member 
 of the legiflative body, but his oppofition to 
 the directory, and his fpeeches in favour of 
 the emigrants, occafioned an accufation againft 
 him of his defign to reftore royalty. He 
 was ordered without trial to be tvanfported 
 to Cayenne, from whence he efcaped to Eng- 
 land, where he remaind till the l'pring of 
 1804, when he went to Paris, where he 
 was apprehended and fent to the Temple. 
 April 6, in the morning, he was found 
 ftrangled in his bed by means of a black filk 
 handkerchief twifted tight round his neck 
 and fattened with a fliort ftick. The body 
 was examined and expofed, and a laboured 
 account publifhed, to make it appear that he 
 had laid violent hands on himfelf ; but all 
 the circumftances warrant a different conclu- 
 fion, and prove that he was aftaflinated.— . 
 Anted . of French Republic. Gent. Mag. 
 
 Picq^uet (Francis), a celebrated miiTion- 
 ary, was born at Lyons in 1626. He was 
 nominated conful at Aleppo in Syria, in 
 
P I E 
 
 1652. He rendered great Cervices there to 
 the chriftians, and having embraced the ec- 
 clefiaftical (bate was appointed by pope Alex- 
 ander VIII. vicar apoftolic ot Bagdad, and a 
 bifhop in Macedonia. The king of France 
 nominated him ambaCTador to the court or 
 Perfia, where he died in 1685. He furnifned 
 feveral pieces to Nicole for his great work on 
 the Perpetuity of the Faith. — Moreri. 
 
 Pictet (Benedict), profeffor of divinity 
 at Geneva, where lie was born in 1655. He 
 was folicited to accept the theological chair 
 at Leyden, which he declined, and died in 
 his native city in 1724. He wrote Chriftian 
 Theology, in Latin, 3vcls.. 4to ; Chriftian 
 Morality, 8 vols. 12mo ; Hiftory of the 11th 
 and 12th Centuries, 2 vols. 'I to. ; Treatile 
 againft Religious Indifference, and other 
 works. — Ibid. 
 
 Pidon (Francis), lord bf St. Olon, was 
 born in Touraine in 1640. He was gentle- 
 man in ordinary to Louis XIV. whofe me- 
 moirs he wrote. He was fent ambaflador to 
 Genoa, Madrid, and Morocco. Ot the latter 
 country he publifhed a curious account in 
 1694, 12mo. He died in 1720 — Ibid. 
 
 Pierce (Edward), an hiftorical and land- 
 scape painter in the reign of Charles 1. He 
 had considerable (kill alfo in arehitedural 
 defigns, but the fire of London in 1666 de- 
 stroyed molt of his works. He died in Lon- 
 don about 1715 .-—Walpole. Virtue. 
 
 Pierce (James), a learned prefbyterian 
 divine, was born at Exeter, where he had a 
 confiderable congregation till 1725, when on 
 account of his preaching arianifm, a violent 
 conteft arofe, and a number of pamphlets 
 were publiihed; one of which, entitled the 
 Weftern Inquifition, was written by our au- 
 thor, who was difmified from his meeting, 
 on which he and Mr. Plallet opened a new 
 one. Mr. Pierce publifhed a Vindication ol 
 tiie Proteftant Diflenters, in Latin and Eng- 
 li(h, 8vo. ; a Commentary on St. Paul’s 
 Epiftles, 4to. ; and Several Sermons. He 
 died about 1750. 
 
 Piering, a Tufcan painter, was born 
 about 1500, of poor parents. He was brought 
 up by a painter called Vaga, whofe name he 
 aiTumed. Raphael employed him in feveral 
 great works; and he ornamented the palace 
 of the prince of Doria at Genoa. He died in 
 1547. — Filwien. Dc Piles. 
 
 Pierqjiin (John), a French ecclefiaftic, 
 was born at Chnrleville, and ftudicd at 
 Rheims. He held the living of Chatel in 
 the diocefe of Rheims forty years, and died 
 in 1742, aged 70. His works are on the 
 Colour of NAgroes; on the Sabbath of Sor- 
 cerers; on Magical Transformations; on 
 Amphibious Men ; DilTertation on the Con- 
 ception of Jefus Chrift ; Life of St. Juvinis; 
 on the Conjuration of the Dead, and other 
 curious fubjcds.— Nowv. Dici. Hf. 
 
 Pierson (Chriftopher), a painter, was 
 born at the Hague in 1631. He painted 
 hiltory and portraits, but excelled chiefly in 
 
 P I L 
 
 reprefentations of hunting. He died in 17 14. 
 
 — Piikington. 
 
 Pi e T r AS AN t a (Sylvefter), better known 
 by his Latin name PetrafanBa, a clafiical 
 author in heraldry. He was the ingenious 
 contriver of the method of diftinguifhing by 
 points, dots, and lines, the different colours 
 in engravings. His capital work, entitled, 
 Tejjera Gcntilitia , would be read with plea- 
 fure if it were not encumbered with barba- 
 rous Latin terms. Of his life nothing more 
 is known than that he was an Italian jefuit ; 
 and by the dates of his feveral works, the 
 lad of which, Nora in Per rum Molineeum , 
 was reprinted at Antwerp in 1638, we may 
 prefume that he lived at the end ot the 16tli 
 century. 
 
 Pietro di Petri, an hiftorical painter, 
 was a native ot Rome, and died in 1716, 
 aged 5l. He was the difciple of Carlo Ma- 
 ratti, whofe manner he imitated. — Ibid. 
 
 Pietro hella Francisca, a painter, 
 was a native of Florence, and died in 1443. 
 He was employed by Nicholas V. in painting 
 the Vatican ; 'and wrote books on arithme- 
 tic and geometry. — Ibid. 
 
 Pig all e (John Baptifte), a fculptor, was 
 born at Paris in 1714. By the generofity of 
 Coufton the elder, he was enabled to vifit 
 Italy, where he ftudied the works of the 
 greateft mafters. On his return to France he 
 executed feveral beautiful defigns, as a Venus, 
 which Louis XV.' prefented to the king of 
 Pruflia, a ftatue of Mercury, another of Vol- 
 taire, and a fine one in bronze of Louis XV. 
 who conferred on him the order of St. Mi- 
 chael. He was chancellor of the academy 
 of painting at Paris, and died there in 1785. 
 — Nowv. Dili. lift. 
 
 Pighius (Albert), a Roman catholic di- 
 vine, was born at Kempen in Overyffel, in 
 1490, and ftudied at Cologne and Louvaine. 
 He died at Utrecht, where he was provoft of 
 the church of St. John, in 1542. He wrote 
 againft Luther, Melandhon, and other re- 
 formers. His principal performance is enti- 
 tled, AlTertio Hierarchise, folio. — Moreri. 
 
 Pighius (Stephen Vinand), nephew of 
 the preceding, was born at Kempen in 1620. 
 He fettled at Rome, and became librarian to 
 cardinal de Granville. He died in 1604. 
 His works are ; 1. Annals ot Rome, in La- 
 tin, 3 vois. folio. ; 2. Hercules Prodicius, 
 ful. This is an account of the author’s tra- 
 vels in Italy.— Ibid. 
 
 Pig non i (Simon), an hiftorical painter, 
 was burn at Florence in 1612. His fubjeds 
 are chiefly religious, and his pieces are fcarce 
 and valuable. — Piikington. 
 
 Pignorius (Laurence), a learned Italian, 
 was born at Padua in 1571, and died of the 
 plague in 1631. He was canon of Trevifo, 
 and wrote, 1. De Servis et eorum apud Ve- 
 teres minifteriis ; 2. Charaderes ^Egyptii ; 
 3. Origini di Padoua. — Tirnt-ofcbi. 
 
 Pilate (Pontius), a Roman, who be- 
 came governor of Judea A. D, 26. He com- 
 
P I L 
 
 mantled in that country ten years. The 
 Jews brought JefusChrift before Pilate, who 
 perceiving that malice and envy occafioued 
 their charges, would have fcourged the pri- 
 foner and difmifi'ed him. But being threat- 
 ened with the wrath of Caefar, Pilate deli- 
 vered Jeliis, whom he had pronounced in- 
 nocent, to be crucified This governor was 
 guilty of great opprefifion and cruelties, for 
 ■which he was recalled by Tiberius and ba- 
 nilhed to Gaul, where he flew himfelf A.D. 
 37. A letter pafl'es under his name, giving 
 an account of the miracles and refurredlion of 
 Chriftto Tiberius, but it is generally deemed 
 a forgery. — Cane. 
 
 Pilatre nu Rosier (Francis), was 
 born at Metz in 1756. After ferving his ap- 
 prenticeihip to an apothecary he vifited 
 Paris, where he applied chiefly to the ftudy 
 of chemiftry. The difeovery of Montgol- 
 fier opened a field for the genius of Pilatre. 
 He was one of the firft aerial navigators ; and 
 after feveral afeenfions he undertook, with 
 another perfon named Romain, tc make a 
 voyage to England. They afeended at Bou- 
 logne, June 15, 1785, but at the height of 
 1500 feet the balloon took fire, and the aero- 
 nauts were dalhed to pieces in the fall. — 
 Noun. DiEi. H:Jl. 
 
 Piles (Roger de), a painter, was born at 
 Clameci in 1685. He was entered a ftudent 
 of the Sorbonne ; and in 1662 became tutor 
 to the fon of the prefident Amelot, with 
 whom he made a tour to Rome, where De 
 Piles had ample opportunities for gratifying 
 the tafte which he pofiefled for the fine arts. 
 The younger Amelot, being appointed um- 
 bafiador to Venice, De Piles accompanied 
 him as fecretary. He afterwards attended 
 him in the fame capacity to Lilbon and 
 Switzerland. In 1592 he was fent by the 
 minifter to the Plague as a pi&urc-deuler, 
 but in fait to negociate with thofe who were 
 friends to France. The objeit of his million 
 being difeovered, he was fent to prifon, where 
 he wrote his Lives of the Painters. On his 
 return to France he obtained a penflon. He 
 died in 1709. He was a member of the aca- 
 demy of painting. De Piles was a great ad- 
 mirer of Rubens, whom he imitated with 
 fuccefs. Befides the above work he wrote 
 an Abridgment of Anatomy, adapted to paint- 
 ing and fculpture ; a Courfe of Painting, and 
 
 other pieces of merit on that fubjeit D'Ar- 
 
 gen-ville. Moreri. 
 
 Pilkington (Laetitia), a female author, 
 was the daughter of Dr. Van Lewen, a phy- 
 fician ofDublin, where fhc was born in 1712. 
 She married Mr. Pilkington, an Iriih clergy- 
 man of literary talents; but this marriage 
 proved unhappy, owing to the levity of the 
 wife and jealoufy of the huiband. They fe- 
 parated : and Mrs. Pilkington came to Lon- 
 don, where fhe fupported herfelf by her pen, 
 and upon charity. She was intimate with 
 Swift, of whom Ihe relates feveral curious 
 anecdotes. Her poetical talents were ref- 
 peduble, and her letters lively and fenfible. 
 
 P I N 
 
 She died at Dublin in 1750.— Memoirs ly 
 herfelf. 
 
 Pilon (Frederic), a dramatic writer, was 
 born at Cork in Ireland in 1750. He ftudied 
 at Edinburgh under Cullen, but forfook the 
 medical line and went on the ftage. His fuc- 
 cels, however, as a performer was indifferent, 
 and he came to London, where he turned au- 
 thor. Among the firfl of his performances 
 was “ An Eflay on the Character of Plamlet 
 as performed by Mr. Henderlon:” which 
 procured him the friendlhip of the elder Col- 
 man. In 177 8 he produced the Invafion, or 
 a Trip to Brighthelmflone, wbicli was well 
 received He died of diflipation in 1788. 
 His principal pieces are, The Humours of an 
 Election, a farce, 1780 ; and He would be a 
 Soldier, a comedy, performed with applaufe 
 at Covent Garden in 1786 — Europ. Mag. 
 
 PlLFAY, an Indian bramin, gymnofo- 
 pbift and philofopher, was, it is felieved, a 
 governor of part of Hindoftan, and coun- 
 fellor to an Indian king, whom he inftrudted 
 by fables, which have been tranflated into 
 numerous languages. The Shipwreck, or 
 Floating Iflands, is another work attributed 
 to Pilpay, who lived before the chriftian sera. 
 — Life ly Galland. 
 
 Pi neus, or Pineau fSeverin du), was 
 born at Chartres, and died at Paris in 1619. 
 He was principal of the king’s furgeons, and 
 excelled in operating for the Hone, on which 
 he wrote a Treadle, and another on the 
 figns of virginity. — Moreri. 
 
 Pin a s (John), a painter, was born at Haer- 
 lem, about 1596. He ftudied in Italy, and 
 his ftyle of colouring was imitated by Rem- 
 brandt. His brother James was alfo an emi- 
 nent artift. — Houbrakcn. 
 
 Pindar, the prince of lyric poets, was 
 born at Thebes in Bajotia about 500 B C, In 
 his youth be bore away the poetical prize 
 from Myrtis ; but was lei's fuccefsful in his 
 conteft with Corinna, who defeated him five 
 times, it is faid, how’ever, by fome authors, 
 that file owed her victory lei's to her poetry 
 than to her charms. At the Olympic games, 
 where women were excluded, Pindar con- 
 quered all his rivals, and received the great- 
 eft honours. Part of the prefents allotted to 
 Apollo were ordered to be given to him, and 
 a ftatuc w'as erected to his honour at 
 Thebes. He died at the public theatre about 
 440 B.C. When the Spartans took Thebes 
 they lpared the lioufe of Pindar, as did 
 Alexander the Great. The bell editions of 
 this poet are thofe of Heyne, 4to. Gottin- 
 gen, 1773 ; and Glafgow, 12mo. 1774.— 
 Bwg. Clajfica. 
 
 Pineau (Gabriel du), a French lawyer, 
 was born at Angers in 1573. He was con- 
 fulted in all the great (affairs of his time, and 
 Mary de Meaicis made him mafter of re- 
 queils. Louis XIII. conferred on him the 
 poll of major and captain-general of Angiers, 
 where his conduit gained him the appella- 
 tion ot lather of the people. He died 0 u 
 1641. His works are, Notes on the Can 
 
p I p " 
 
 J,aw; Commentaries, Obfervations, and Con- 
 fultations, on Important Queftions, 2 vols. 
 folio. — Vloreri 
 
 Pineda (John), a learned jefuit, was 
 bon at Seville in l57‘2. He taught philo- 
 fophy and theology in feveral colleges ; and 
 wrote Commentaries on (ob and Ecclefi- 
 aftes ; alfo a cur ous work entitled, De rebus 
 Salomoms, folio; a Univerfal Hiftory of the 
 Church, in Spaniih, 4 vols. folio ; and a 
 Hiftory of Ferdinand III. in the fame lan- 
 guage. He died in 1637 .—Moreri. 
 
 Pinelu (John Vincent), a learned Ita- 
 lian, was born at Naples of a noble Genoefe 
 family. After receiving an excellent edu- 
 cation he fixed his refidence at Padua, where 
 he formed a magnificent library, ftored with 
 rare books and valuable manufcripts. The 
 moll learned men in Europe wera among his 
 correfpondents, and his literary treafures 
 were, always open for their u fa. He died in 
 1601. A defcendant of his, Maphccus Pi- 
 nf.lli, was a printer at Venice, where he 
 died in 1785. He formed a very valuable 
 library, which was purchafed by a London 
 bookfeller, and fold by auCtion in 1790. — 
 Life of Pinelli by Gualdo. Nowv. DiB. Hijl. 
 
 Pingp.e (Alexander Guy), an eminent 
 aftronomer, was born at Paris in 1711. He 
 ftudied the Sciences with intenfe application, 
 and became librarian of St Genevieve at Pa- 
 ris. In 1760 he was feat to the South Sea 
 to obferve the famous tranfit of Venus over 
 the fun’s difk. Be was afterwards employed 
 to prove the time-pieces of Le Roy, and was 
 admitted a member of the French academy, 
 and of the inflitute. He died in 1796. His 
 works are, 1. State of the Heavens from 
 1754 to 1757 ; 2. Memoirs of Discoveries 
 made in the South Seas, 4to. ; 3. an Hifto 
 rical and Theoretical Treatile on Comets, 2 
 vols. 4to. ; 4. I ranfiation of Munilius’s 
 
 Aftronomics, 8vo.; 5. Hiflory of Aftro- 
 nomy in the 17th century. — Nowv. DiB. 
 H.ft. 
 
 Pinson (Richard), printer to Henry VII, 
 and VIII. was a native of Normandy, and 
 became Servant to William Caxton. He 
 printed Magna Charta, and Several books 
 which are now Scarce and valuable. He 
 died about. 1530. — Ames’s Hijl Printing. 
 Granger. 
 
 Pintor (Peter), a Spanish phyfician, was 
 a native of Valentia in Spain, and phyfician 
 to pope Alexander VI. He died at Rome in 
 1503, aged 83. Two works by him are ex- 
 tremely Scarce, 1. Aggregator Sententiarum 
 doctorum de curatione peftilentis, 1499, fo- 
 lio: 2. De morbo fredo ct occulto, his tem- 
 poribus afHigenti, 1500, 4to. In this laft he 
 makes the venereal difeafe to be known be- 
 fore 1496- — Moreri. 
 
 Pinturiccio (Bernardin), a celebrated 
 painter, was born at Perufia in 1454 He 
 principally painted hiftory, but excelled in 
 portraits He died in 1513 — Pilk. 
 
 Piper (Francis), a painter, was born in 
 Kent. Being of z facetious difpofuian, he 
 
 P I s 
 
 delighted in drawing ugly faces ; fotfratsf 
 a man were not handfome enough to defire to 
 fee his picture, he fat in danger in his cons- 
 pany. Ashe was in affluent circumftances, 
 he took nothing for his pieces. Piper died im. 
 London in 1740, by a Surgeon’s pricking aa 
 artery in bleeding him Walpole. 
 
 Piranesi (John Baptift), au architect an4 
 engraver of Venice. He was remarkatile 
 for a bold and free Style of etching; which 
 he generally drew upon the plate at once. 
 He died in 1778. His engravings confift 
 15 vols. folio. His daughter Laura Piranefi, 
 who died in 1785, engraved views in .the 
 manner of her father. She had alfo two 
 brothers who were good engravers.-— Nowa. 
 Dici. HJl. 
 
 Piromalli (Paul), a Dominican of Ca- 
 labria, who diftinguifhed himfelf as a mifiou- 
 ary in the Ea(t, and as the papal nunci® 
 in Poland, where he reconciled feveral Ar- 
 menians to his church. On his return by 
 fea to Italy he was taken by the corfairs, 
 and carried to Tunis. Being ranfomed he 
 went to Rome, where he was employed ia 
 revifing the Armenian verfion of the Bible- 
 He was afterwards Sent to the Eaft, with the 
 title of bilhop. After Spending nine years he 
 returned to Italy, and died in 1667. lie 
 compiled two dictionaries, the one Latin and 
 Perfian, the other Armenian and Latiag 
 alfo an Armenian Grammar. — Moreri. 
 
 Pi ron (Alexis), a dramatic poet, was 
 born at Dijon in 1689. He was the a.uthar 
 of an excellent comedy called “ Metroma- 
 nie,” and died in 1773. His plays, poems, 
 tales, epigrams, &c. have been collected in 
 7 vols. 8vo. Piron was a man of infinite 
 wit and humour. — Nowv. DiB . Hijl. 
 
 Pisan (Thomas), an aftrologer ®f Bo- 
 logna, who was invited to Venice by Dr. 
 Forli, counfellor of the republic, whofe 
 daughter he married. At the invitation of 
 Charles V. of France he went to his court. 
 He died thereabout 1380; and on the very 
 day, as it is Said, which he had predicted.-— 
 Moreri. 
 
 Pisan (Chriftina de), daughter of the 
 above, was born at Venice about 1363. She 
 accompanied her father to France, where fhe 
 married, but became a widow at the age of 
 25. She wrote the Hiftory of Troy in 
 verfe: Treafure of the Ladies ; a Collection 
 of Poems; the Hiftory of Charles V. king of 
 France, by whom fhe was peniioned. She 
 died about 1420. — Moreri. 
 
 Piscator (John Fifcher, or), a German 
 divine, who pipfefi'ed theology at Stralburg, 
 but on embracing Ca-lviniim, he was obliged 
 to retire to Kerborn. He died in 1546. 
 His works are, 1. Commentaries on the Old 
 and New Teftamerit, much efteemedh 2. 
 Arnica Collatio de Religione cum C Vorftio, 
 4to.~ Melch. Adam. Vit. Germ. Theol. 
 
 Pisistratus, an Athenian general, was 
 a defendant of Codrus, and diftinguifhed 
 himfelf early in life by his courage, particu- 
 larly at the taking of baluaiis; but after ferv- 
 
PIT PIT 
 
 ing his country with glory he endeavoured to 
 enflave it. For this purpofe he affumed the 
 convenient mafk of patriotifm ; but Solon 
 was not to be deceived, and exposed his am- 
 bitious views. Pififtratus to effect his ob- 
 ject had recourfe to an extraordinary device. 
 Having inflicted feveral wounds on himfelf, 
 he appeared before the people, and pretended 
 that an attempt had been made to affaffinate 
 him. The credulous Athenians believed 
 the tale, and affigned him a guard, which 
 he increafed, and by that means made him- 
 fel I matter of the citadel. The citizens out 
 of fear acknowleged him their fovereign, but 
 Megacles and Lycurgus united their forces, 
 and expelied Pififtratus from Athens. Short- 
 ly after Megacles offered to aftift Pififtratus 
 on condition of his marrying his daughter, to 
 which the tyrant confented ; and to fecure 
 the affefitions of the Athenians, he caufed a 
 woman drefled as Minerva to ride through 
 the city in a car, proclaiming the praifes of 
 Pififtratus. The people thinking that the 
 goddefs had actually defeended from hea- 
 ven, joyfully received the tyrant, who mar- 
 ried the daughter of Megacles, but after- 
 wards ufed her fo ill, that her father gather- 
 ed a force, and compelled him to quit the 
 city. Some years after he made himfelf 
 mailer of Marathon, and having taken 
 Athens by furprize, put to death all the 
 friends of Megacles. He built an academy, 
 which he furnifhed with a valuable library ; 
 and died in poffeftion of the fovereign 
 power, B.C. 528 .—Plutarch* Thucydides. 
 JuJlm. 
 
 Pi so, an eminent Roman family, which 
 produced fome great men, as, 1. Lucius 
 Calpurnivs Piso, furnamed Frugi, on ac- 
 count of his frugality. He was conful B.C. 
 149, and fini/hed the war in Sicily. He 
 compofed annals and orations which are loft. 
 2. Caius Piso, conful 67 B.C. was the au- 
 thor of a law to reftrain the factions which 
 ufually attended the election of the chief 
 magiftrates. 3. Cneius Piso, was conful 
 under Auguftus, and governor of Syria under 
 Tiberius, in which fituation he behaved with 
 great- cruelty. He was charged with poifon- 
 ing Germanicus, on which account he de- 
 ftroyed himfelf A. D. 20. 4. Lucius Piso, 
 
 a fenator who attended the emperor Vale- 
 rian into Pcrlia in 258. On the death of 
 that emperor he affumed the imperial title, 
 but was defeated by Valens, who put him to 
 death in 261 .—Tacitus. Suetonius. 
 
 Pis tor i us (John), was born at Nidda 
 in 1546. He applied to the ftudy of medi- 
 cine, afterwards to the law, and laftly to di- 
 vinity. From being a zealous proteftant he 
 turned catholic, and became counl'ellor to the 
 emperor, and provoft of the cathedral of 
 Ereflaw. He died in 1608. His works are, 
 1. Artis Cabalifticae Scriptores, which is a 
 curious collection ; 2. Scriptores rerum Po- 
 lonicarum; 3. Scriptores de rebus Germani- 
 cis, 3 vols. folio.— Moreri. 
 
 Pitav (Nicholas), an engraver of Ant- 
 
 werp, who difplayed great talents by his en- 
 gravings of the holy family after Raphael. 
 He alfo executed fome line portraits, parti- 
 cularly one of St. Francis de Sale.s. He died 
 in 1671, aged 38. — Nou<v. Dif?. hJ>fl. 
 
 Pitcairne ( Archibald), an eminent 
 phyftcian, was born at Edinburgh in 1652. 
 He ltudied divinity and afterwards law at 
 the univerfity of his native place; but quit- 
 ted both thofe profeffions for mathematics 
 and medicine. After publifhing a thefts, in 
 which he endeavoured to prove that the doc- 
 trine of the circulation of the blood was 
 known to Hippocrates, he accepted an invi- 
 tation from the curators of the univerfity of 
 Leyden to be profeffor of pbyftc, in 1692. He 
 did not continue at Leyden above a year, 
 but returned to Edinburgh and married. In 
 1701 he publilhed Differtationes Mediae, 
 1 vol. 4to. of wdiich he printed a more correft 
 edition in 1713. He alfo wrote fome Latin 
 poems of the fatyrical kind, chiefly againft 
 the principal authors of tiie revolution. He 
 died in 1713. His ledures delivered at Ley- 
 den were printed after his death. — Biog. 
 Brit. 
 
 Pithou (Peter), a learned Frenchman, 
 was born at Troyes in 1539. He was bred 
 a proteftant, and narrowly efcaped in the 
 maffucre of St. Bartholomew. Afterwards 
 he turned Roman catholic, and became at- 
 torney-general in the chamber of juftice of 
 Guienne. Fie defended the rights of the 
 kings andchurch of Fiance againft the court 
 of Rome with great ability, and died in 1596. 
 His works are, J. Treatife on the Liberties 
 of the Gallican Church, 4 vols. folio; 2. 
 Commentaries on the Cuftoms of Troyes, 
 4to. ; 3. Notes on various Authors To 
 Pithou we are indebted for drawing Phaedrns, 
 the Novella of Juftinian, and other antient 
 remains, from obfeurity — Life hy Grojley. 
 
 Pithou (Francis), Jsrother of the pre- 
 ceding, was born at Troyes in 1544. He 
 became attorney-general in the chamber of 
 juftice eftabliihed under Henry IV. He died 
 in 1621. He difeovered the manufeript of 
 the fables of Phaedrus, which he publifticd 
 in conjunction with his brother. His own 
 works are, 1. Body of the Canon Law, 2 vols. 
 folio ; 2. the Laws of the Romans compared 
 with thofe of Mofes ; 3. Obfervtitiones ad 
 Cod ice m, &c Moreri. 
 
 Pitiscus (Samuel), a learned antiquary, 
 was born at Zutphen in 1637. He became 
 redtor of the college at his native place, and 
 afterwards of that of St. Jerome at Utrecht, 
 where he died in 1717. His works are, 1. 
 Lexicon Antiquitatum Romanarum, 3 vols. 
 folio ; 2. editions of antient authors with 
 notes. He is not to be miftaken for Bar- 
 tholomew Pitifcus, author of a hook entitled 
 Thefaurus Mathematicus, folio, 1613, in 
 which year he died. He alfo wrote a Trea- 
 tife on Trigonometry. — Moreri. 
 
 Pitot (Henry), a French mathematician, 
 was born at Aramont in Languedoc in 1695, 
 He learnt the mathematics without a matter. 
 
PIT 
 
 and in 1724 was admitted a member of the 
 academy of fciences. His work on the theory 
 of manoeuvring of (hips was tranflatcd into 
 Englifh, in one volume oCtavo, and for which 
 he was elected a member of the royal fo- 
 ciety. He was appointed chief engineer of 
 l.anguedoc and infpedlor general of the ca- 
 nal. The city of Montpellier being in want 
 of water, Pitot conftru&ed an aquedudt, 
 
 [ which fupplies that place from a diftance of 
 three leagues. He died in 1771. He wrote 
 papers in the memoirs of the academy.— 
 Noun. DiEl. Hift. 
 
 I’its, or Pitseus (John), an Engliih 
 biographer, was born at Alton in Hamplhire, 
 in 1560, and educated at Wvkeham’s ichool 
 near Winchefler, after which he went to 
 Rheims, where he taught rhetoricand Greek. 
 The civil wars breaking out in France, he 
 retired to Lorraine, and obtained a canonry in 
 the church of Verdun. The duchefs of 
 Cleves appointed him her confeffor ; and on 
 l.er death he became dean of Verdun, where 
 he died in 1616. His work. De illuftribus 
 • . Anglias Scriptoribus, was printed after his 
 death in 1 voi. folio. It contains the lives 
 of Engliih roman catholic writers. He was 
 alfo the author of fome religious pieces.— 
 Biog. Brit. 
 
 Pitt (Chriftopher), an Engliih poet and 
 divine, was horn at Blandford in Dorfet- 
 fhire in 1699. He was a member of New 
 college, Oxford, where lie took the degree 
 of M.A. in 1724. On entering into orders 
 he obtained the living of Pimpern. in his na- 
 tive countv, where he died in 1748. Mr. 
 Pitt is known by an excellent tranflation of 
 the TEneid. He alio tran’flated Vida’s Art 
 of Poetry, and wrote fome ingenious poems 
 in 1 vol. ■ 8vo. — Gen. Biog. DiEl. N.cbcls's 
 Poets- 
 
 Pitt (William), a celebrated ftatefman, 
 was the fon of Robert Pitt, efq. of Bocon- 
 nock in Cornwall, where he was born in 
 1708. He was educated at Eton, from 
 whence he temoved to Trinity college, Ox- 
 fotd. He was for fome time a cornet of 
 ! dragoons, but in 1735 he quitted the army, 
 on being chofen into parliament for the bo- 
 rough of Old Sarum. His talents as an ora- 
 tor were foon difplayed in oppofition to fir 
 Robert Walpole, and had lb great an elicit 
 that the duchefs of Marlborough, who had a 
 deadly hatred to that minifter, bequeathed to 
 Mr. Pitt, by her will, a legacy of 10,0001. 
 On the change of adminiftration he was made 
 joint vice-treafurerof Ireland, and paymafter- 
 general of the army, which places he refign- 
 ed in 175.3; but the year following he was 
 appointed fecretary of Bate for the lbuth de- 
 partment. In a few months afterwards he 
 was again out of office; but an efficient ad- 
 miniftration being wanted in 1757 he return- 
 ed to his fituation as fecretary of Bate. The 
 war in which the nation was then engaged 
 afifumed a new afpedl ; adlivity prevailed in 
 every department of the government ; the Eng- 
 ’ilh forces conquered by land and fea j the 
 
 P I T 
 
 moil brilliant achievements were attained on 
 the Continent, and in different parts of the 
 world. The power of France was humiliat- 
 ed, and England ad ;ed to her colonial pofifef- 
 fions feveral valuable places in th; E ift In- 
 dies and America. Such was the .Bate of 
 affairs on the death of George II. foon after 
 which a change taking place by the coming 
 of lord Bute into power, Mr. Pitt refigned. 
 The peace of 1763 followed ; but it was not 
 popular; and a new adminiftration was form- 
 ed in 1766, of which Mr. Pitt had a lhare as 
 lord privy leal, and at this time he was cre- 
 ated earl of Chatham. This miniftry, how- 
 ever, being ill arranged, was diflolved in 
 1768. From the beginning of the differences 
 between England and the American colonies 
 his lordfhip was a vigorous, an eloquent, but 
 an ineffectual oppoler of coercive mealures ; 
 and his popularity, which had for fome years 
 been on the wane, revived with lplendour. 
 As he was fpeaking with his accuftomed 
 energy on the lubjedt of the American inde- 
 pendencein the houfe of lords, April 8,1778, 
 he was overpowered, and fell do-vn in a con- 
 vulfive fit. He died cn the 11th of the fol- 
 lowing month, and his ondy, after lying in 
 (fate, was folemnly interred in Weftminfter- 
 abbey, where a monument was ereCfed to his 
 memory at the national expenfe, on which 
 is the following infeription: 
 
 Eredted. by the King and Parliament 
 as a Teftimony to 
 The Virtues and Ability 
 of 
 
 WILLIAM PITT, Earl of Chatham j 
 During vvhofe Adminiftration 
 Divine Providence 
 Exalted Great Britain 
 To an height of Profperity and Glory 
 Unknown to any former age. 
 
 His lordfhip left a widow, who was created a 
 baronefs in her own right, with a penfion of 
 30001. a year. She died in 1803 at Burton 
 Pynfent, in Somerfetfhire, an eftate which 
 had been left to lord Chatham by fir Thomas 
 Pynfent, from a veneration of his character. 
 By his lady, the daughter of Richard Gren- 
 ville, efq. of Wotton in Buckinghamffiire, 
 lord Chatham had five children; John the 
 prefent earl, William the inheritor of his fa- 
 ther’s great talents, Charles who died young, 
 Hefter who married earl Stanhope an 1 fince 
 dead, Harriot who married lord Eliot and is 
 alfo dead. In 1804 lord Grenville publilbed 
 a fma.l volume of Letters written by earl 
 Chatham, to his relation, Thomas Pitt, the 
 firft lord Camelford, when a ftudent at 
 the univerfity .— ^ Annual Regifter. Life of Lord 
 Chatham , 3 nols. l\no. 
 
 Pitt (William), an illuftrious fiatefman, 
 was the fourth child of the great earl 
 Chatham, by Hefter Grenville, After of 
 Richard, late earl, Temple, and born May- 
 28, 1759. The town of Blandford in Dor- 
 fetfhire was the (pot where the Pitts were 
 originally fettled, and Thomas Pitt, gover- 
 nor of Fort St. George, the firft of the name 
 3 E 
 
P I T 
 
 who attained any confiderable eminence. 
 Having refided feveral yeais in India, he 
 purchafed for 20,4001- fterling that extra- 
 ordinary diamond called the regent, weighing 
 127 carats, which he fold to the French 
 lting for 135,0001. This enabled him to 
 purchafean eftate at Boconnoek in Cornwall $ 
 which ftill appertains to the family. The 
 fubjedt of the prcfent article was bred up un- 
 der the eye of his father at Burton Pynl'ent, 
 in Somerfetlhirc. His private tutor was the 
 Rev. Dr. Wilfon, fince canon of Windfor, 
 but the principal part of his education was 
 conduced by the earl himfelf, who faw in 
 him the feeds of that great nefs which would 
 confer additional glory on the name of Pitt. 
 At a proper period he was fent to Pembroke 
 Hall, Cambridge, where his tutors were Dr. 
 Turner, lince' dean of Norwich, and Dr. 
 Pretyman, now bilhop of Lincoln. At Cam- 
 bridge, Mr. Pitt proceeded to the degree of 
 M.A. and eftablifhed a high character tor in- 
 duftry, talents, and propriety of demeanour. 
 On leaving the univerfity he was entered at 
 Lincoln’s Inn, and in three years was called 
 to the bar. He went the weftern circuit 
 once or twice, but never had much practice. 
 In 1780 he flood candidate for the univerfity 
 of Cambridge, but was unfuccefsful. By 
 means, however, of fir James Lowther he 
 was returned to that parliament for the bo- 
 rough of Appleby. Asa lenator he foon dif- 
 played his great oratorical talents on the fide 
 of oppofition againft lord North and the 
 American war. In 1782 he brought forward 
 a motion for an enquiry into the ftate of the 
 reprefentation in parliament, which was re- 
 jected by a fmall majority. On the death of 
 the marquis of Rockingham, lord Shelburne 
 obtained the office of firft lord of the treafury, 
 and Mr. Pitt was appointed chancellor of the 
 exchequer. Peace was concluded by this ad- 
 miniftration, which foon gave way to what 
 was called the coalition miniftry, formed be- 
 tween lord North and Mr. Fox, and their re- 
 fpeftive friends. But Mr. Fox’slndia Bill, which 
 was carried in the Commons, occafioned an- 
 other change, and the miniftera 'being de- 
 prived of tl eir places, Dec. 18, 1783, the 
 important offices of firft lord of the treafury 
 and chancellor of the exchequer were con- 
 ferred on Mr. Pitt. In the following month 
 he brought forwards a new bill for the bet- 
 ter government of India, which was rejected. 
 On this the parliament was difiblved, and 
 the premier, who was returned for the univer- 
 fity of Cambridge, brought forward again his 
 bill for the regulation of India, and carried 
 it triumphantly in both houles. Soon after 
 this, a commercial treaty with France was 
 entered into, and it has been always allowed 
 that the terms were highly advantageous to 
 England. About this time alfo he adopted 
 another beneficial plan, relative to the 
 finances, for extinguifhing the national debt 
 jjy a finking fund. It is impoflible to go 
 over all the great points of his adminiftra- 
 tion, as it embraces fa much of the hiftary 
 c f England and of the world. During the 
 
 P I u 
 
 king’s illnefs Mr. Pitt gained great popula- 
 rity by taking conftitutional ground in ftre- 
 nuoufly denying the right of the prince of 
 Wales tothc regency. A moft important and 
 eventful feene now open d to view, which 
 has produced the greateft change in the po- 
 litical ftate of things ever experienced. 
 This was the French Revolution. The ex- 
 ecution of Louis XVI. occafioned the mi- 
 niftry todifmifs the French ambaflador ; and 
 this was followed by a war which lafted 
 eight years. In 1800 Mr. Pitt effected the 
 union of Ireland to Britain, and foon after- 
 wards he retired from office. The pence of 
 Amiens, effected under the Addington admi- 
 niftration, was of fhort duration, and a new 
 war cnlued. In 1804, Mr. Pitt returned to 
 his former ftation, but he was furrounded 
 with difficulties, as many of his former col- 
 leagues had joined the llandard of oppofition, 
 and he may almoft be faid to have been left 
 to wield the energies of the ftate alone. He 
 effected another coalition with Ruffia and 
 Auftria againft France, which from the bad 
 management of the latter of thofe power* 
 failed of fuccefs. In the mean time, a gouty 
 habit and unremitted mental exertions had 
 completely undermined the conftitution 
 of this wonderful man : and he died at his 
 huufe, near Putney, Jan. 23, 1806. His 
 character muft be left to pofterity, fully and 
 juftly to appreciate. But all that his great- 
 eft enemies pretend to charge him with is 
 ambition j while they are compelled to allow 
 him the merit of vigorous application t* 
 bufinefs, uncommmon eloquence, pro- 
 found financial wifdom, and above all per- 
 fedt diiintereftednels. Though he had been 
 fo many years in power he died in debt, which 
 the parliament have refolved to difeharge. 
 His remains were alfo interred at the public 
 expenfe, in the fame vault with his father. 
 Befides his official lituations, he was warden 
 of the cinque ports, governor of the Charter 
 houfe, mafter of the Trinity houfe, and high ; 
 fteward of the univerfity of Cambridge.— 
 Public CharaElcrt , nul. I. 
 
 Fittacus, one of the feven fages of 
 Greece, was born at Mitylene in Lclbos, 
 B.C. 650. He was eledted fovereign of Mi- 
 tylene for having defeated the Athenians.! 
 Pittacus governed as a philofopher, and form- 
 ed a code of laws in Verfe, that they might 
 be the ealier remembered. After this he re- 
 figned his dignity, and when a grant ot land 
 was offered him, he refufed it, faying, “ It 
 is more pleafing to convince my country of 
 my diiintcreftednefs, than to poffefs great 
 riches.” Ke died B. C. 579. — Diog. 
 
 Laert. 
 
 Pius I. pope and faint, fucceeded Hyginus 
 in 142. He condemned the herefy of Va- 
 lentinian, and was martyred in 1 bT.-Pla- 
 tina. Bower. 
 
 Pius II. (./Eneas Sylvius Piccolomini), 
 was born in 1405 at Corlini in Sienna. In 
 1431 he became fecretary to cardinal Capra- 
 nica at the council ot Bafil, and adled in the 
 fame capacity to cardinal Albergotti, wh# 
 a 
 
P I u 
 
 fent him to Scotland to negotiate a peace be- 
 tween England and that country. He after- 
 wards difplayed great talents at the council 
 of Bafil, which he defended againft the pope. 
 The emperor I rcderic III. who awarded him 
 the poetic crown, employed him in feveral 
 embafiies ; and pope Nicholas V. made him 
 bifhop of Triefie. which he quitted for the 
 archbifhopric of Sienna. In M 56 he obtain- 
 ed a cardinalfhip, and two years after was 
 cledled pope He began his pontificate by 
 annulling ail that he had maintained at the 
 council of Bafil ; iffuing a bull, in which he 
 declared void all appeals from the papal de- 
 cree to a general council, Fius was prepar- 
 ing a fleet againft the Turks when he died 
 at Ancona in Id 64. His principal works are, 
 Memoir of the Council of Bafil; Hii’.ory of 
 the Bohemians; two books on Cofmogra- 
 phy ; Treatil'e on Education; Poem on the 
 Crucifixion; Letters; Hiftoria rerum ubi- 
 cumque geftarum ; Euryalus and Lucretia, a 
 romance ; Memoir of his own Li e. They 
 were publifhed at Ilelmftadt in 1700, folio. 
 His nephew lucceeded Alexander VI. as pope 
 in 1503, but died a few weeks after his elec- 
 tion. Fie afl'umed the name of Pius III.— 
 Moreri ■ Dupin. 
 
 Pius IV (cardinal de Medicis), was born 
 at Milan in 1499, and rofe by his- merit to 
 fe=eral high employments. In 1.0-19 he ob- 
 tained the cardinality, and on the death of 
 Paul IV. in 1539 was elected pope He 
 confirmed the decrees of the council of Trent, 
 when that affembly clofed in 1564. The 
 year following a confpiracy was formed 
 againft his life by Bened.ct Accolti and 
 others, who were executed. The pope died 
 foon after. He was of a different family 
 from that of Florence — Ibid. 
 
 Pius V. was born at Bofco, in the diocefe 
 of Tortona, in 1504. He was a dominican, 
 and made by Paul IV. bifhop of Sutri, and 
 cardinal and inquifitor-general in the Mila- 
 nef-e, where he uilplayed great bigotry and 
 crueltry. After the death of Pius IV. he 
 Vvas elected pope in 1566. He iffued the 
 bull called In Coena Do:- uni, in which the ju- 
 rifdidtion of the Roman church was carried 
 to an extravagant pitch. Pius made war 
 againft the Turks, which produced the fa- 
 mous battle of Lepanto, wherein the latter 
 were defeated. The pope died in 1572. 
 His letters were printed in 1640, 4to. — 
 Ibid. 
 
 Pius VI. (John Angelo Brafchi), was 
 born at Cefena, in the papal territories, in 
 1717. Renedidt XIV. made him treal'urer 
 of the apoftolic chamber; and Ganganelii 
 conferred on him the cardinallhip. He fuc- 
 ceedcd that pontiff in 1775. Soon after his 
 eledtion he made a reform in the public 
 treafury ; and completed the magnificent 
 mufeuna in the Vatican, which he filled 
 with monuments, vafes, medols, and other 
 ancient remains found in the ecclefiaftical 
 ftates. But the greateft adt of his pontificate 
 was the draining of the Pontine ir.arfhes ; a 
 
 P I V 
 
 project which had baffled feveral of the Ro- 
 man emperors, and many of the popes. 
 Thefe marihes occupied the whole of the 
 valley extending from the Apennines to the 
 fea, commencing at the port of Aftura, co- 
 vering ihe coaft of Terracina, and reaching 
 to the kingdom of Naples. To render this 
 vaft fpace ul'eful, and to purge away the 
 peflileutial vapours ariling from it, was con- 
 fidered as rather to be defired than hoped 
 for, when- the perseverance of Pius VI. car- 
 ried it into effedt. He employed the belt 
 engineers, and went every year to infpedt 
 the progrefs of the work. He caufed im- 
 menfe canals to be dug to receive the water 
 from the marflies, and thus rendered a consi- 
 derable part of the land fit for hulbandry. 
 He alfo conftrudled on the fide of the canals, 
 a beautiful road near 40 miles long, orna- 
 mented with rows of poplars, interfperfed 
 with houfes of accommodation ; and at its ter- 
 mination an elegant palace. Befides this 
 great enterprife this pontiff built a handfome 
 church at Rome, and founded fome hofpitals. 
 The emperor Jofcph I!, having fuppreffed 
 feveral monafteries, and decreed all the reli- 
 gious orders in his dominions free from papal 
 jurifdidtion, Pius, apprehenfive of the con- 
 fequences of this revolution to the holy fee, 
 went in perfon to Vienna in 1782 ; but 
 though he was honourably received, his ef- 
 forts could not divert the emperor from his 
 defigns. On his return to Rome the pope 
 had a difference with the courts of Naples, 
 Modena, and Venice, chiefly with regard to 
 the right o. prefenting to ecclefiaftical bene- 
 fices. The French revolution, how'ever, 
 was of mote lerious confequence to the papal 
 fee. It was natural for the pope to favour 
 the caufe of the allies, againft the deftroy- 
 ers of all government, civil and religious. 
 Buonaparte entered the ecclefiaftical territo- 
 ry, and having taken feveral places, compelled 
 the pope topurchafe a peace by a contribution 
 of feveral millions, and delivering up the 
 fineft works of painting and lculpture. Baf- 
 feville was then fent as envoy from the re- 
 public to Rome, w'here he behaved with fo 
 much infolence that the people aifaffinated. 
 him in 1793. General Duphot entered the 
 city with his troops to reftore order, but the 
 papal loldiers routed them, and Duphot was 
 flain. Oir this Buonaparte again entered 
 Italy, and made the pope pvilbner in hi. capi- 
 tal, which was plundered. The venerable 
 pontiff was carried away by the victors, and 
 huiried over the Alps to Valence, where he 
 died of exceifive fatigue and ill-ufage, Au- 
 guft 29, 1799. His body was interred in a 
 private manner ; but in 1802 it was taken 
 up and conveyed to Rome, where it was in- 
 terred with great pomp .—•////?. by Duppa. 
 Nouv. Dili. Iliji. 
 
 Pivati (John Francis), a Venetian law- 
 yer, who undertook an immenfe compilation 
 under the title of a General Didtioniry of 
 Arts and Sciences, which was adttally pub- 
 lilhed at Venice in 1746 in 10 vols. folio. 
 
 5E 2 
 
P L A 
 
 Pix (Mary), a dramatic writer, was the 
 daughter of Mr. Griffith, a clergyman, and 
 born at Nettlebed in Oxlbrdfhire. She mar- 
 ried Mr. Pix ; and was the author of ten 
 plays, none of which became popular. She 
 died about 1720. — Biog. Dram. 
 
 Pizarro (Francis), a famous Spaniih ad- 
 venturer, was born at Truxillo, being the 
 baftard of an officer of the fame name. His 
 firft fituation in life was very low, but the 
 dil'covery of the weftern world opened to his 
 enterprifing fpirit fources of wealth and re- 
 nown. He made leveral voyages with Diego 
 Ahnagro, by which he acquired confiderable 
 wealth. In 1525 Pizarro difcovered Peru, 
 where he inhumanely caufedthe inca Ataba- 
 lipa to be burnt alive in 1533. Some time 
 afterwards a difference arofe between the 
 conquerors, and Pizarro was affaifinated by 
 the friends of Almagro in 1541. — Mariana . 
 
 Ptzzi (Joachim), an Italian poet, was 
 born at Rome in 17 16. He ftudied in tire 
 college of the jefuits, where he gave proofs 
 of a poetical genius by fome good pieces in 
 his native language. He was early alloci- 
 ated with the academy of Arcades, and in 
 1759 obtained the directorlhip of that fociety. 
 He died in 1790. His principal works are ; 
 
 1. Difcourfe on Tragic and Comic Poetry ; 
 
 2. Differtation on an antique Cameo ; 3. 
 The Vifien of Eden, a poem : 4. The Tri- 
 umph of Poetry. — Nowv. DIB. Hiji. 
 
 Placcius (Vincent), a learned writer, 
 was born at Hamburg in 1642. He ftudied 
 at Leipfic, after which he travelled, and on 
 his return to his own country profeffed mo- 
 rality and eloquence with reputation, be 
 died in 1699. His works are; 1. Thea- 
 trum anonymorum et pfeudonymorum, 2 
 vols. fol. ; 2. Liber de Jurifconfulto perito, 
 8vo. 3. De Arte excerpendij 8vo. &e. ; 4. 
 Carmina Juvenilia, tlvo. — Moreri. 
 
 Place (Francis), a gentleman of York- 
 fliire, who painted and etched for his amufe- 
 ment. He alfo did feveral portraits in 
 mezzotinto, particularly that of archbifhop 
 Sterne, and Henry Gyles, a glafs-painter of 
 York. His prints are very lc.irce. He died 
 In 1728. — Granger. Strutt. 
 
 Placentius (John Leo), was born in 
 the principality of Liege, and entered into 
 the order of St. Dominic, He died at Maef- 
 tricht in 1548. His Works are; 1. Catalo- 
 gs antiftitum Leodienfium, [a Hiltory of 
 the Biffiops of Tongres and Liege]; 2. a 
 poem, entitled; Pugna porcorum, in which 
 every word begins with P. — Moreri. 
 
 Placette (John de la), a protelfant 
 minifter, was born at Pontac in Bearn, in 
 1639. By the revocation of the edidt of 
 Nantes he was obliged to retire -to Denmark, 
 from whence he removed to the Hague, and 
 afterwards to Utrecht, where he died in 17 1 8. 
 He wrote 1. Moral Effays, 6 vols. 12mo. ; 
 2. Treatifc on Pride, 8vo. ; 3. Another on 
 Confcience, 8vo. [This was tranflated into 
 Englifh by Bafil Kennett]. 4. On Reltitu- 
 tion; 5. On Good Works j 6. Chriftian Re- 
 
 P L A 
 
 fledlions on various fubjedls, & c. He alfo 
 wrote again!! Bayle on the Origin of Evil, 
 and the Trinity. — Moreri. 
 
 Plantin (Chriftophcr'l, a celebrated 
 printer, was born near Tours in 1514. Fie 
 fettled at Antwerp in 1555, and carried the 
 printing art to perfediion. He died in 1589. 
 His editions are extremely valuable, though 
 he was not a man of learning. His chief 
 work is a polyglot. — Ibid. 
 
 Planudes (Maximus), a monk of Con- 
 ftantinopie in the fourth century, who v’.as 
 lent by the emperor in the retinue of the am- 
 baffidor to Venice, where he became fo par- 
 tial to the Latin church, that on Ifis return 
 he was fent to prifon. To recover his liber- 
 ty he wrote again!! that church. He was 
 the author of a Life of AEfop, full of roman- 
 tic tales, and grofs anachronifms. He alio 
 publiffied a collection of Greek epigrams, 
 under the title of Anthologia . — Vcjjiut de 
 Script. Grac. 
 
 Flatina (Bartholomew Sacchi), was 
 born in 1421, at Piadena, near Mantua. On 
 going to Rome he was patronizeJ by cardinal 
 Bcffarion, by wb.dfe means he obtained lome 
 benefices, and was appointed apoftolical ab- 
 breviator, of which poll he was deprived by 
 Paul 11. Platina wrote a fmart letter to that 
 pontiff, who fent him to prifon and caufed 
 him to be tortured. Sixtus IV. made him 
 librarian cf the Vatican He died ot the 
 plague in 1481. His Hiftory of the Popes 
 was firft printed at Venice in 1479, folio, in 
 Latin. He alfo wrote a Hiltpry ot Mantua ; 
 the Life of Nerio Capponi ; and other works, 
 printed together in Latin, in folio, 1572.— 
 Moreri. 
 
 Plato,, an illuftrious philofopher, was 
 born at Athens B.C. 429- His ather was 
 Arillo, a defeendant ot Solon, as his mother 
 was from Codrus. His fir!! m after was Dip- 
 nyfius the grammarian; and afterwards he 
 received inftrudlions in gymnaltio exercifes 
 from Arillo, the Argive, who gave him the 
 name of Plato, on account of the bro.tdn 
 of his Ihoulders and the ro bull nets ot his per- 
 fon. His former name was Ariftocles, which 
 was. that of liis grandfather. He next ap- 
 plied to the ftudy of mufic and poetry, and 
 compofed fome pieces intended tor the Olym- 
 pic exercifes ; but on hearing Socrates deli- 
 ver a long dilcourle he burnt them, and be- 
 came his difciple. Some of his epigrams, 
 however, are ftill prelerved. He refided 
 with Socrates eight years, during which he 
 committed to writing a great part ot ins maf- 
 ter’s dilcourfes, which lie digefted into philo- 
 fophical converfations : but he madefo many 
 improvements on them, that Socrates hear- 
 ing him one day repeat his Lyfis, exclaimed, 
 “ Ye Gods, how many fine things has this 
 ^’oung man made me lay which I never im- 
 agined ?” On the death of his mailer, Plato 
 left Athens and travelled into different coun- 
 tries in fearch of knowlege. At Cyrene he 
 ftudied geometry and other parts of the ma- 
 
 tkeniatics j from thence he went into Egypt 
 
I 
 
 P L A 
 
 under the appearance of a merchant, but In 
 reality to converfe with the priefts, and to 
 gain information of their religious myfteries. 
 Having refided in Egypt a long time, and ad- 
 ded confiderably to his mental riches, he vi- 
 fited Italy and fettled at Tarentum, where 
 he formed an intimacy with Eurytus and Ar- 
 chytas. He afterwards made a voyage to 
 Sicily to obferve the wonders of that illand, 
 particularly mount /Etna. On his return 
 to Athens, he fettled at a place in the neigh- 
 bourhood called the Academy, whence his 
 philosophy was called the Academic. His 
 fame was now fo great that Dionyfius, the 
 tyrant of Syracufe, invited him to his court, 
 but the reedom of his difeourfe gave fuch 
 offence that Dionyfius ordered him to be fold 
 for a Have. His purchafer was one Anni- 
 ceres, a native of Cyrene, who gave him his 
 liberty, and he returned to Athens. At the 
 requell o r Dionyfius the younger he once 
 more made a voyage to Sicily, where he was 
 received with great honour, but finding that 
 his advice was not attended to by the tyrant, 
 who chofe to copy alter his lather, he re- 
 turned to Athens, where he gained a number 
 of followers. He preferved his health by 
 temperance and exercil'e to the age of 81, 
 and died B.C 348. The philofophy of Plato 
 is fo fublime, his morality fo pure, and his 
 views of the divine being and a future ftate 
 fo clear, that he has been thought to have 
 had a knowlege of the Mofaic writings ; a 
 fuppofition which, conlidering his long reli- 
 rience in Egypt, is not improbable. The 
 heft editions of his works are, that of Ste- 
 phens, 3 vols. folio, 1878 ; that of Ficinus 
 at Frankfort, fol. 1602; and that of Deux 
 Fonts, 1788, 10 vols. 8vo. Dr. Clarke, of 
 Cambridge, in 1803 brought from Greece a 
 fine MS. of the works of Plato on vellum. 
 It was tranferibed by John the Calligrapher 
 in the reign of Leo, the lbn of Baiil. This 
 is the oldelt Greek copy of Plato which is 
 known. — Diag. Laert. Stanley's Hijl. of Phi- 
 lofophers. 
 
 Plautus (Marcus Acdus), a comic 
 poet, was horn at Sarfina, in Umbria, and he 
 acquired the furname ol Plautus from the ill 
 fhape of his feet. He fettled at Rome, 
 where his plays were performed with great 
 applaufe. There is move intrigue and plot 
 in his pieces than in chofe of Terence. The 
 humour alfo is extremely natural and enter- 
 taining. Only nineteen are extant. The 
 beft editions are that of Erneft, Leipfic, 2 
 vols 8vo 1760; and Glafgow, 1763. Plau- 
 tus died B.C. 184. — Biog. ClaJJica. 
 
 Playford (John), a writer on mufic, 
 was born in 1613. He kept a mufic-fhop in 
 Fleet-ftreet, London, and publiihed an in- 
 troduction to the Skill of Mufic, 1655, and 
 often reprinted. He was alfo editor of the 
 Book of Pfalms and Hymns in Metre, with 
 their ufual and proper tunes, 8vo. ; and 
 Airs and Songs for the Theorbo-Lute, or 
 Bafs Viol. He died in 169 3.— Hawkins. 
 Granger. 
 
 P L I 
 
 Pl EMPiu s (Vopifcus Fortunatus), a Phy- 
 fician, was born at Amfterdam in 1601. He 
 took his dodtor’s degree at Bologna, after 
 which he became profefibr of medicine at 
 Louvain, where he died in 1671. His works 
 are; 1. Ophthalmographia, five, de Oculi 
 fabrica, 4to. ; 2. De affedlibus capillorum et 
 unguium natura ; 3. De Togatorum vale- 
 tudine tuenda ; 4. Loimographia, five Trac- 
 tatus de Pefte ; 5. Antimus Coningius Peru- 
 viani pulveris defenfor, repulfus a Melippo 
 Protymo. Coningius is the fuppofed name of 
 Fabr:, a jefuit ; Protymus is that which 
 Plempius affumed, under which he endea- 
 voured to diferedit the bark. — Moreri. 
 
 Pliny (Caius Plinius Secundus), called 
 the elder, was born at Verona of an illuftri- 
 ous family, and in his youth bore arms with 
 reputation, after which he was admitted into 
 the college of augurs. Vefpafian appointed 
 him governor of Spain, where he condudted 
 himfelf with Arid! intregrity, devoting the 
 day to public affairs, and the night to ftudy. 
 His mind was rtored with various know- 
 lege, and lie was an inquifitive obferver of 
 the works of nature. To this fpirit of cu- 
 riofity he facrificed his life ; for lying at 
 Mifenum with a fleet which he commanded, 
 he was furprized at an extraordinary cloud 
 ifluing from Vefuvius. He immediately put 
 to fea, and landed at the foot of the moun- 
 tain to afeertain the caul'e of the phaenome- 
 non ; but the fulphureous exhalation from 
 the burning lava overcame him, and he was 
 fuflocated, A D. 59. Of all the works of 
 Pliny none remains but his Natural Hiftory, 
 which is a compilation of fairs and obferva- 
 tions, extremely curious and valuable. The 
 bell editions are that of Ilardouin, at Paris, 
 1723, 3 vols. folio; and that of Brotier, 
 4779, fix vols. 12mo. It has been tranfiated 
 into Englifh by Philemon Holland, folio.— 
 Voffius 
 
 Pliny th e. younger (Caecilius Plinius Se- 
 cundus), was the nephew of the preceding, 
 who adopted him for his fon and heir. He 
 had Quintilian for his mailer, and made fo 
 great a progrefs that at the age of nineteen he 
 pleaded in the forum, with an eloquence 
 equal to that of the greateft orators of his 
 time. When Trajan was elevated to the 
 throne he conferred the eonfular dignity on 
 Pliny, who, at the delire of the fenate, pro- 
 nounced that fine oration which is extant, 
 entitled, the Panegyric on Trajan. He was 
 fome time after appointed governor of Pontus 
 and Bithynia, where he aholifhcd the arbi- 
 trary impolitions, and flopped the perfecution 
 of the chriftians, of whom he gave a liberal 
 account to the emperor. After his return to 
 Rome he went and fettled at Come, his na- 
 tive place, where he eflablilhed an academy 
 and library for young men who had not the 
 means of education. Pliny was the liberal 
 patron of men of virtue and learning. For 
 Quintilian he always retained the greateft 
 regard, and gave his daughter a handfame 
 dowry on her marriage. Pliny died A.D, 
 5E3 
 
P L U 
 
 113. Of the writings of this excellent 
 writer, only his Epiftles, and Panegyric on 
 Trajan remain. He wrote the Hiftory of his 
 Own Times, of which Tacitus fpeaks in 
 high terms. The beft editions of Pliny are 
 that of Gefner, Leipfic, 1770 ; that of Pa- 
 ris by Barbou ; the Variorum, 1669, 8vo. ; 
 the Elzevirs, 1640, 12mo. This laft is 
 rare. — Fabricius. 
 
 Plot (Robert), a learned antiquary and, 
 naturalift, was born at Borden in Kent, in 
 1641, and educated at Magdalen hall, and 
 Univerfity college, Oxford, where he took 
 his degree of LL D in 1671. He became 
 fecretary to the royal fociety in 1682, and 
 publilhed their Tranfafrions from number 
 143 to 166. He was appointed firft keeper 
 of the Alhmolean mufeurn, and profeflor of 
 chemi ry at Oxford. Dr. Plot was alfo no- 
 minated hiftoriographer to the king, and 
 Mowbray herald extraordinary. He died in 
 1696. His works are, the Natural Hiftories 
 of Oxfordfhire and btaftordlhire, in folio ; 
 papers in the Philofophical Tranfadlions ; 
 and an Effay on the Origin of Springs, in 
 Latin. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Plotinus, a platonic philofopher, was 
 born at Lycopolis, in Egypt After ftudy- 
 ing under Ammonius, he travelled into 
 Perfia and India, where he acquired a great 
 flock of knowlege. He ferved in the army 
 under Gordian, but when that emperor was 
 flain Plotinus effected his efcape, and went to 
 Rome, where he opened a fchool of philo- 
 fophy, and had many difciples. He died in 
 Campania in 270, aged 66. His works were 
 publilhed by Ficinus, at Balil, folio, in 1580. 
 —Bayle Stanley. 
 
 Plowden (Edmund), an eminent lawyer, 
 was born in Shroplhire in 1517, and educated 
 at 'Cambridge, from whence he removed to 
 Oxford, where he took his degrees in phyfic, 
 v'hich profefiion he quitted for the law. 
 His “Commentaries and Reports” are 
 greatly efteemed. He died in 1584. — Wood. 
 
 Pluche (Antony), a French writer, was 
 born at Rheims in 1688- He received his 
 education at his native place, where he be- 
 came profelTor of rhetoric and entered into 
 orders. The intendant of Rouen, on the 
 recommendation of Rollin, appointed him 
 tutor to his fon; and having difcharged that 
 truft he went to Paris, where he taught 
 geography and hiftory. In 1749 he obtained 
 the abbey of Valence St. Maur, where he 
 died in 1761. His works are ; l.Spedbacle 
 de la Nature, 7 vols. 12mo. of which there 
 are two Englilh tranflations. It is a per- 
 formance of great excellence. 2. The Hif- 
 tory of the Heavens, an enquiry into the 
 origin of mythology and idolatry. This has 
 alfo been tranflated into Englilh, in 2 vols. 
 12mo ; 3. On the Mechanifm of Lan- 
 guages, 12mo. ; 4. Harmony of the Pfalms, 
 and the Gofpels, 12mo. — Nowv. Diet. Hijl. 
 
 Plukenet (Leonard), an eminent Eng- 
 lilh botanift, was born in 1642, *and is fup- 
 
 P L U 
 
 pofed to have received his education at Cam- 
 bridge. He was dodlor of phyfic, but not- 
 withstanding his great merit he was ftrangely 
 negledted till the clofe of life, when he was 
 appointed fuperintendant of the garden at 
 Hampton Court, and royal profeflor of bo- 
 tany. He died about 1706. His Phyto- 
 graphia, publilhed in four parts at different 
 times, is an honourable proof of his abilities. 
 He alfo publilhed, 1. Almageftum botani- 
 cum, 4to. 1696; 2. Almngelti Botanici 
 
 Mantilla, 1700, 4to. In this work he is 
 very levere on Sloane and Petiver. 3. Amal- 
 theum Botanicum 4to. 1705. In 1769 his 
 works were reprinted in 4 volumes, to 
 which in 1779 Dr. Gifeke of Hamburgh ad- 
 ded a Linnean index. — Pultenry. 
 
 Plumier (Charles), an eminent French 
 botanift, was born at iVlarfeilles in 1646. 
 He entered into the religious order ol Mi- 
 nims, and ftudted mathematics ; but after- 
 wards quitted that fcience, and applied him- 
 felf to natural hiftory. Louis XIV. fent 
 him to America to colled; plants ufclul in 
 medicine, and he made three voyages for 
 that purpofe. The king rewarded him with 
 a penlion, and appointed him his botanift. 
 At the defire of Fagon, he undertook a 
 fourth voyage, but died as- lie was about to 
 embark near Cadiz in 1706. His works 
 are; 1. Nova Plantarum Americanarurn ge- 
 nera, 4to. ; 2. Defcrip’tion of the Plants ot 
 America, folio; 3. Treatife on American 
 Ferns, ,’olio ; 4. The Art of Turning, lolio, 
 with plates ; 5. Two Diffevtations on Co- 
 chineal, in the journal des Savans. — Nou-v. 
 DIR. HJi. 
 
 Pluqjjet (Francis-Andrew), a French 
 writer, was born at Bajeux in 1716. He 
 entered into orders and obtained a canonry, 
 which he quitted for the profelTorlhip of 
 hiftory in the univerfity ol Paris. He died 
 of an apoplexy in 1790. His works are, 
 1. An Examination or Fatulifm, 3 vols. 
 l2mo. ; 2- Dictionary or Heretics, 2 vols. 
 8vo. ; 3. On Sociabi'ity, 2 vols. In this 
 work Pluquet combats the opinion of Plob- 
 bes, and proves that man is beneficent and 
 religious. 4. The claflical Books of the 
 Empire of China, 7 vols. 12mo. ; 5. On 
 Luxury, 2 vols. 12mo .—New. DR. Hift. 
 
 Plutarch, a celebrated hiftorian, was a 
 native of Cheronea in Bceotia. He ftudied 
 philofophy in the fchool of Ammonius at 
 Delphos ; and fo greatly was he efteemed 
 by his countrymen, that when but a young 
 man he was affociated in a deputation to 
 the proconful of the province, on an im- 
 portant concern, which he difcharged with 
 honour. He afterwards travelled through 
 Greece and into Egypt, and his oblervations 
 in the latter country produced his treadle on 
 Ifis and Ofiris. On vifiting Rome he was 
 received with flattering marks of diftinftion 
 by Trajan, who railed him to the confular 
 dignity, and appointed him governor of 
 Illyria. After the death of his patron. 
 
P o c 
 
 Plutarch returned to Cheronea, where he 
 died at an advanced age, A. D. 140. He 
 left two fons, Plutarch and Lamprias. The 
 laft wrote a memoir of his father, and pub- 
 lished an account of his. writings, which 
 were numerous. The moil celebrated of 
 his works are ; his Lives of Illuftrious Men, 
 in delineating which he has Shewn great 
 impartiality, an abhorrence of tyranny and 
 ■vice, and an accurate acquaintance with the 
 human mind. His Morals alfo contain 
 many valuable obfervations and curious nar- 
 ratives. The beft editions of his works are, 
 that of Henry Stephens, Greek and Latin, 
 1572, quarto ; that of Maufl'ac, 1624, 
 2 vols. folio ; and that of London, 1729, 
 5 vols. 4to. His Lives have been tranflated 
 Into Englifh by Dryden, and by Langhorne. 
 His Morals have alfo been tranflated into 
 Engiifli . — Vojfius de Hiji. Grac. 
 
 Pluvinel (Antony), a native of Dau- 
 phiny, was the firft who opened a riding 
 fchool in France. Henry IV. appointed 
 him his grand equerry and chamberlain, 
 and fent him ambaflador to Holland. He 
 died at Paris in 1620. He wrote a Treatife 
 on the Art of Riding, folio. — Idorcri. 
 
 Pococke (Edward), a learned divine, 
 was born at Oxford in 1604. At the age of 
 fourteen he was entered of Magdalen hall, 
 from whence he removed to Corpus Chrifti 
 college, where he obtained a tellowfhip. 
 In 1628 he entered into orders, and was ap- 
 pointed chaplain to the Englifh fadtory at 
 Aleppo. While there he improved himfel: 
 in the oriental languages, which he had be- 
 fore ftudied at the univerfity. He was alfo 
 employed by archbifhop Laud in purchaling 
 ancient manuferipts and coins ; and that 
 prelate having founded an Arabic lecture at 
 Oxford, appointed Mr. Pococke the firft 
 profefibr. He returned home in 1636 ; but 
 afterwards made another voyage to the Eaft, 
 in company with Mr. Greaves, and conti- 
 nued there four years. On his arrival in 
 England he found his patron in the Tower, 
 and the kingdom in contufion. In 1643 
 lie was prefented by his college to the 
 redtory of Childrey in Berkihire. In 1648 
 he was nominated to the Hebrew profefl'ur- 
 lhip with the prebend of Chriftchurch an- 
 nexed, but he was deprived by .he parlia- 
 ment for not taking the engagement. How- 
 ever he (till continued his Arabic ledtures, 
 and publifhed the (fame year his Specimen 
 Hiftoriae Arabum. In 1651 he was one of 
 thofe concerned in preparing the intended 
 edition of the Polyglot Bible. At the re- 
 ftoration he recovered his canonry and He- 
 brew profed'or/hip, and took his dodlor’s 
 degree ; but never obtained any other pre- 
 ferment. He died in 1691. His other 
 works are, 1. Porta Mohs, or the fix Pre- 
 fatory Difcourl'es of Mofes Maimonides; 
 2. The Annals of Eutychius ; 3. Abul Fe- 
 rajii Hiftoria Dynailarum, 4to. ; 4. Com- 
 mentaries on Micali, Malachi, Hofea, and 
 
 P O I 
 
 Joel, folio; 5. a Syriac Verfion of the ^d 
 Epiftle of St. Peter, the 2d and 3d of John, 
 and that of Jude ; 6. Letters between him 
 and feveral learned men, publifhed by 
 Mr. T wells in 2 vols. folio, 1740. His 
 fon, Edward Pococke, publifhed under his 
 father’s direction an Arabic piece, entitled, 
 Pbilofophus AutodidaBus : five Effiola Abu 
 Jaafir Ebn Toy had de Hai Ebn Tokbdan . — 
 Blog. Brit. 
 
 Pococke (Richard), an eminent prelate, 
 was born at Southampton in 1704. He was 
 educated at Corpus Chrifti college, Oxfoid, 
 where he took his doftor’s degree in laws 
 in 1733, after which he went to the eaft, 
 where he travelled five years. On his re- 
 turn to England he became chaplain to lord 
 Chefterfield, and when than nobleman was 
 viceroy of Ireland, he conferred on Dr. Po- 
 cocke the archdeaconry of Dublin. He was. 
 afterwards promoted to the hifhopric of 
 Ofjory, from whence he was tranflated to 
 Meath in 1765; but died the fame year. of 
 an apoplexy. His Travels, in 3 vols folio, 
 are very valuable.— Gen. Biog. DIB. 
 
 Poerson (Charles Francis), a painter, 
 was born at Paris in 1653, and died in 172.). 
 He excelled in hiftory and portrait, and 
 was diredtor of the French academy at 
 Rome. His father, who died in 1660, was 
 a native of Lorraine, and alfo a good art- 
 ift. — D' Argenville. 
 
 Poggio Bracciolini (John Francis), a 
 learned Italian, was born at Terra Nova, 
 in the territory of Florence, in 1380. He 
 ftudied Latin under John de Ravenna, and 
 Greek under Emanuel Chryfoloras. He is 
 alfo faid to have made a pvogrefs in Hebrew ; 
 but this is not certain. His merits procured 
 him the ollice of fecretary to the popes ; and 
 while he was at the council of Conftance he 
 was employed in fearching for ancient ma- 
 nuferipts in that city, of which he difeo- 
 verpd feveral. To the honour of his huma- 
 nity he felt great compafiion for Jerom of 
 Prague, and wrote a letter in his favour, 
 but without efteef. From Conftance, Pog- 
 gio came to England, where he continued 
 l'orne time, and then returned to Rome ; 
 but in 1435 lie lettled at Florence and 
 married. He alfo became fecretary to that 
 republic, and died there in 1459. His 
 principal works are, 1. Funeral Orations; 
 2. Hiftory of Florence, Latin, 4to. ; 3.' De 
 Varictate Fortune, 4to. ; 4 Epiftles; 5. 
 Facetiie ; this is a collettion of wittieifms ; 
 
 6. a Latin tranflation of Diodorus Siculus ; 
 
 7. feveral ancient writers dil'covered by 
 him, particularly Quintilian, Ammia/ius, 
 Marcellinus, See. His fon James tranflated 
 his father’s Hiftory of Florence into Ita- 
 lian ; alfo the Life of Cyrus, from the 
 Greek; and other works. Fie was put to 
 death for being concerned in the conlpiracy 
 of the Pazzi in 1478. — Ti rabojcbi. Life if 
 Poggio by Bbefbei d. 
 
 T'oilly (Francis), a French engraver* 
 3 E 4 
 
P O I 
 
 was born at Abbeville in 1622. Peter Du- 
 ret was his rr, after ; and after improving 
 himlelf at Rome he was made engraver to 
 the kin». He died at Paris in 1693. His 
 plates are neat and accurate. Ilis brother 
 Nicolas was alfo a good engraver of por- 
 traits. He died in 1696 Nouv. Did. 
 
 Poinsinet (Anthony Alexander Hen- 
 ry). a dramatic writer, was born at Fon- 
 tainbleau in 1735, and was drowned in 
 Spain in 1769. He wrote comic operas, 
 which poffefs no other merit than the mulic. 
 —‘Noun). Did. Hifi. 
 
 Po j ret (Peter), a proteftant minifter, 
 was born at Metz in 1646. He ftudied at 
 Heidelberg, and in 1674 obtained a paftorkl 
 charge at Anweil. By reading the works 
 of m.idame Bourignon and other myltics, 
 a complete change was wrought in his 
 mind, and he retired to Rheinlberg in Hol- 
 land, where he died in 1719. His works 
 are, 1. Cogitationes Rationales de Deo, ani- 
 ma, et malo ; 2. the Divine Economy, 
 7 vols. 8vo. ; this has been tranfiated into 
 Englifh ; 3. Peace ot Good Souls, 12 mo.; 
 
 4. Solid Principles of the Chriftian Religion ; 
 
 5. Theology of the Heart, 2 vois^lSmo. ; 
 6- D<- eruditio e triplici, 2 vols, 4to. ; 
 7. Lite of Madame Bourignon prefixed to 
 her works — Nic'eron. 
 
 Poirier (Germain), was born at Paris 
 in 1724. He u’as of the order of bene- 
 didtines of St. Maur, which he quitted in 
 1769, and died in 1803. Poirier was one 
 of the writers of the Art of Verifying 
 Dates ; and he undertook in conjunction 
 with Precieux the 18th volume of the Col- 
 lection of the Hiftories of Gaul and France, 
 begun by Bouquet. — Nowv. DiEl. Hifi. 
 
 Pois (Anthony le), plqyfician to Charles 
 III. duke of Lorraine, was well verfed in 
 antiquities, and died at Nancy in 15' 8. 
 He was the author of a Difcourfe upon Me- 
 dals and Ancient Engravings, 4to. 1579. 
 His brother Nicholas was an able phyfician, 
 and had a foil named Charles in the fame 
 line, who died in 1655. Thefe two called 
 themfelves in Latin Pifoncs. They wrote 
 fome pieces which Boerhaave publifhed at 
 Deyden, in 2 vols. 4to. — Moreri. 
 
 * Poisson (Nicholas jofeph), a prieft of 
 the oratory, who was the intimate friend 
 of Defcartes, and fuperior of the houfe of 
 Vendome. He died in 1710. His works 
 are, 1. Delectus Audtorum Ecclefice u»i- 
 verfalis, Jeu, nova gemma conciliorum, 2 
 vols. folio; 2. Rem irks on Defcartes’s Dif- 
 courfes of Method, Mechanics, and Mufic ; 
 3. Account of his Travels in Italy ; 4. a 
 Treadle on Benefices ; 5. another on the 
 Rites and Ceremonies of the Church. — Mo- 
 reri. 
 
 Poisson (Raymond), a comedian and 
 dramatic writer, was born at Paris, and 
 became .gentleman of the chamber to the 
 duke de Crequi, whofe fervice he quitted 
 for the ftage. He died in 1690. His pieces 
 
 POL 
 
 are, . the Baron de la Craife, and the Good 
 Soldier, comedies; the Fool of Quality; 
 and fome others publifhed at Paris in 2 vols. 
 1 2mo. His nephew Philip PoiJJcn, who died 
 in 1743, was the author of fix comedies, 
 printed in 2 vols .—Ibid. 
 
 Poisson nier (Peter-Ifaac), profeflor of 
 phyfic at Paris, was born at Dijon, in 1720. 
 He was one of the firft who read chemical 
 ledfures in the capital ; and in 1758 was 
 fent by the government to Peterfburgh at 
 the requeft of the emprefs Elizabeth, who 
 was then in an ill ftate of health. On his 
 return to France he received feveral marks 
 ot diftindlion, and was admitted a member 
 of the academy of fciences. In the revolu- 
 tion he was thrown into prifon, but was re- 
 leafed after the fall of Robefpierre. He 
 died in 1797. His works are, 1. a Courfe 
 of Surgery, 8vo. ; 2- ori the Means of ren- 
 dering Sea-water potable ; 3. on the Fevers 
 of St. Domingo ; 4. on the Difeafes of Sea- 
 men, 2 vols. 8vo. ; 5. Abridgement of Ana- 
 tomy, 2 vols. 12mo. — Nouv. Did. Hijl. 
 
 Poivre (N.), a French naturalift, was 
 born at Lyons in 1719- He entered into 
 the congregation of mifiionaries, and was 
 fent to China, where he was imprifoned 
 two years. In his paffage to Europe the 
 vellel was attacked by the Englifh, and 
 Poivre had his arm carried off, on which 
 he quitted the ecclefiaftical ftate. The In- 
 dia company fent him in 1749 to open a 
 commercial eftabliihnient in Cochin China, 
 and he was alfo appointed intendant of the 
 ifles of France and Bourbon, where he in- 
 troduced the bread-fruit tree, and other va- 
 luable plants. Poivre returned to his own 
 country, and died at Lyons in 1786 He 
 wrote, 1. the Voyage of a Philolopher, 
 12mo. ; 2. on the Dying of Silks; 3. on 
 the Hiftory and Manners of China, &c.— 
 Nouv. Did. Hifi. 
 
 Poland. This country was formerly 
 inhabited by the Vandals. In 694 Lechus, 
 the firft duke, began his reign. In the year 
 1000 it became a kingdom under Boleflaus, 
 whofe fuceeffor added Red RufTia to his do- 
 minions by marriage in 1059. In 1384 
 Poland was converted to Chriftianity by 
 means of the king Jagello. The crown 
 continued hereditary in that prince’s family 
 till 157 2, after which it became eledfive ; 
 and occalioned many contentions and wars 
 till 1795, when Poland was partitioned be- 
 tween RufTia, Auftria, and PruiTia.— Univ. 
 Hift. 
 
 Pole (Reginald), cardinal and archbi- 
 fbop of Canterbury, was the fon of Richard 
 Pole, lord Montague, coufin-german to 
 Henry VII. and of Margaret daughter to 
 George duke ot Clarence, youngor brother 
 of Edward IV. He was born at Stourton 
 in StafEordfhire, in 1500. At the age of 
 twelve he was eledled of Magdalen college, 
 Oxford, where he made a confiderable pro- 
 grefs in learning. In 1517 he obtained a 
 
POL 
 
 prebend in the cathedral of Salifbury* and 
 two years after the deanry of Exeter. About 
 this time he went to Italy for improvement, 
 and had a liberal eftablilhment from his re- 
 lation Henry VIII. He returned to Eng- 
 land in 1525, and was held in great fa- 
 vour by the king on account of his en- 
 gaging manners and accompliihments. But 
 when that monarch avowed his defign of 
 divorcing his queen, Foie oppofed it, and 
 went to Italy. Henry having aiTumed the 
 fupremacy over the church, and caufed 
 Dr. Sampfon to write a defence of that title, 
 fent the book to Pole, who returned an 
 anfwer to it under the title Pro Unitate Ec- 
 c'ejiajlica. This gave l'uch offence that his 
 preferments and penfions were taken from 
 him ; but he was abundantly compenfated 
 by the pope and emperor. The former made 
 him cardinal in 15.36, and appointed him 
 nuncio to France and Flanders. At home, 
 however, he was declared a traitor, and a 
 price was fet upon his head. He was one of 
 the legates at the council of Trenc, where 
 he attended as long as his health permitted. 
 On the death of Paul III. he was twice 
 eledted to fucceed him, but refufed the dig- 
 nity. Queen Mary was no fooner fettled on 
 the throne than Poie was appointed legate 
 to reduce England to the papai fee; but be- 
 fore he fet out, the act of attainder which 
 had been palled againft: him was repealed. 
 He arrived in 1554, and was magnificently 
 received and lodged in the palace at Lam- 
 beth. Shortly after he met the parliament, 
 and pronounced the papal absolution of the 
 kingdom. The day after the death of Cran- 
 mcr he took upon him the title of archbi- 
 lhop of Canterbury, having been promoted 
 to that dignity fome time before He was 
 alfo eledted chancellor of both univerfities, 
 which he vifited by commiilion. He be- 
 haved with moderation to the protoftants, 
 and was difpleafed with the condudl of Gar- 
 diner and the other perfecting prelates. 
 He furvived queen Mary only fixteen hours, 
 dying at Lambeth of an ague Nov. 18, 1553. 
 Befides his book againft Flenry VIII. and his 
 defence of it, he wrote feveral pieces in fa- 
 vour of the papal authority, and the doc- 
 trines of the church of Rome. — Blog. Brit. 
 
 Polemberg (Cornelius), an eminent 
 painter, was born at Utrecht in 1.586. At 
 the invitation of Charles 1. he vifited Eng- 
 land, where he painted feveral cabinet 
 pictures of exquisite beauty. His land- 
 scapes are particularly fine. On the dif- 
 turbances breaking out between the king 
 and parliament he returned to Utiecbt, 
 where he died in 1660. — D' Argcrmille. Fell - 
 hie77. Pilkington. 
 
 Polemon, a Greek philofopher, was 
 born at Oeta, in the territory of Athens, 
 and in his youth led a diffolute life. Palling 
 by the fchool of Xenocrates one day, in- 
 flamed wich wine, he entered in order to 
 ridicule the philofopher. But the difeourfe 
 of Xenocrates on the mifery of intempe- 
 
 P O L 
 
 ranee, had fuch an effe<2 that Polemta* 
 became his difciple and fucceffor. He died ' 
 B. C. 270. After his change he drank no- 
 thing but water during the reft of his life. 
 There was an orator of this name who 
 lived in the reign of Trajan, and left 
 Orations, which were printed in Greek and 
 Latin at Touloufe in 1637, 8vo.— Diog, 
 Laert. Morer'i. 
 
 Poleni (John, marquis ), was born at 
 Padua in 1635, and died in that city in 
 1761. He was profefTor of aftronomy and 
 mathematics in that univerfity, and after 
 gaining the prize three times of the academy 
 of fciences at Paris, was eledted a member 
 in 1739. He was alfo a fellow of the royal 
 fociety of London, and other learhed bodies. 
 He excelled in hydraulic architecture, and 
 was employed by feveral ftates in the con- 
 ftruCtion of waterworks. He was alfo well 
 /killed in civil architecture, and correfponded 
 with the greateft mathematicians in Europe. 
 The marquis added to his other accomplifti- 
 ments a great knowledge of antiquities, as 
 appears from his Supplement to Graevius 
 and Gronovius’s Collections, 5 vols. folio, 
 1737, Venice. — Tirabojch't. 
 
 Poli (Martin), a chemift, was born at 
 Lucca in 1662. He ftudied at Rome, where 
 he made feveral dilcoveries, particularly one 
 of a very deftruCtive nature in military 
 operations, which he communicated to 
 Louis XLV. who liberally rewarded him, 
 but charged him to bury the fecret, as the 
 means of deftroying life were already futfi- 
 ciently numerous. Pali was admitted an 
 afiociate of the academy of fciences. He 
 died in 1714. He wrote a Treatife in De- 
 fence of Acids, entitled II trlomfo degli 
 Acidi.—Ihid. 
 
 Poeiboro da Caravaggio, a painter, 
 fo called from the name of a village in the 
 duchy or’ Milan, where he was born in 
 1495. He was employed at the Vatican 
 in preparing ltucco for the painters, from 
 whom he learnt the principles of their art, 
 and made fuch a rapid improvement as to 
 be employed in ornamenting molt of the 
 public buildings in Rome. He was mur- 
 dered by his fervant for the fake of his mo- 
 ney in 1.543 . — De Piles. 
 
 Polier (Charles de), was born at Lau- 
 fanne in 1755. He was educated at the 
 univerfity of Gottingen, on leaving which 
 he obtained a lieutenancy in a Swifs regi- 
 ment in the French fervice, but foon re- 
 figned it and returned to Laufmne, where 
 he formed an acquaintance with lord Tyrone, 
 who employed him as tutor to his children. 
 Thefe pupils he accompanied to England, 
 and fettled with them at Manchefter, of 
 the fociety at which place he became a 
 member. M. de Polier died at lord Ty- 
 rone’s feat near Waterford in 1782- He 
 has fome ingenious papers in the firft volume 
 of the Tranfadtions of the Manchefter So- 
 ciety, where alfo is a Memoir of him writ- 
 ten by Dr. percival. 
 
PO L 
 
 Pot IGNAC (Melchior de), a celebrated 
 cardinal, was born at Puy-en-Velay in 1661, 
 of a very ancient family in Languedoc. He 
 received his education at Paris, where he 
 defended the philofophy of Ariftotle and 
 that of Defcartes at the fame time with 
 great ingenuity. The cardinal de Bouillon 
 took him to Rome, where he was employed 
 in feveral important concerns. In the dis- 
 putes between the pope and the court of 
 Fr ance Polignac rendered great fervice by 
 bringing about a reconciliation. Louis XIV. 
 fent him ambafi'ador to Poland to procure 
 the eledfion of the prince of Conti after the 
 death of John Sobiefki. In this he failed, 
 and on his return t® France was for fome 
 time in difgrace. He afterwards recovered 
 the loyal favour, and in 1709 was employed 
 as one of the plenipotentiaries in the con- 
 ferences at Getruydenberg for negotiating a 
 peace, and in 1712 he allifted in the fame 
 capacity at the treaty of Utrecht. A little 
 before this pope Clement XL had conferred 
 on him the dignity of cardinal. After the 
 death of Louis XIV. he was exiled to his 
 abbey of Anchin, and was not recalled till 
 1721. In 1726 he was made archbifhop of 
 Auch, and in 1732 commander of the order 
 of the Holy Ghoft. He died at Paris in 
 3741. Cardinal Polignac wrote an excel- 
 lent Latin poem entitled, Anti- Lucretius, 
 feu, de Dto Natura , lib. ix. 8vo. and 
 
 12mo —Life by Faucher, 2 -vols. Paris, 1777. 
 
 Poliniere (Peter), a French mathema- 
 tician, was born at Coulonce, near Vire, in 
 1671. He ftudied in the college of Har- 
 court at Paris, where he took his degree of 
 dodtor in medicine. He was the firft who- 
 read ledtures on experimental philofophy in 
 that capital, and in the prefence of the 
 king. He died in 1734. His works are, 
 1. Elements of Mathematics ; 2. Treatife on 
 Experimental Philofophy, 2 vols. l2mo. — 
 Nou'u. Dili. Hiji. 
 
 Politi (Alexander), a learned Italian, 
 ■was born at Florence in 1679. He entered 
 into orders, and became fucceffively profefTor 
 of rhetoric, philofophy, and divinity, at 
 Genoa, from, whence in 1733 he removed to 
 Pifa, where he was profeffor of Greek and 
 eloquence. He died there in 1752. Plis 
 principal work is an edition of Euftathius’s 
 Commentary on Homer, with a Latin ver- 
 fion and notes, 5 vols. folio. He alfo pub- 
 lifhed a corre&ed edition of the Roman 
 Martyrology, folio ; Difcouvfes in the aca- 
 demy of Pifa, &c FUJI. Lit. Ital. 
 
 Politian (Angelo), was born at Monte 
 Pulciano in Tufcany in 1454. His real 
 name was Angelo Baffi. Andronicus of 
 Theffalouica was his mafler, under whom 
 he acquired a great kuowlege of the Greek 
 language. His poetical talents recommended 
 him to the patronage of Lorenzo and Julian 
 de Medici, the former of whom made him 
 tutor to his children. Politian dilcharged 
 his truft fo well as to be appointed profeffor 
 o; Greek and Latin at Florence. He died 
 
 POL 
 
 of grief - on account of the banilTiment of 
 the Medici family, in 1494. Picus Miran- 
 dula was his moft intimate friend. Politian 
 wrote, 1. the Hiftory of the Confederacy of 
 Pazzi ; 2. a Latin tranflation of Herodian ; 
 3. Greek Epigrams; 4. Latin Epiftles; 
 5 Bucolic Poems; 6. a Treatife on Anger, 
 &c. His works were printed in 1550, 3 
 vols. Rvo. and at Bafil in 1533, folio. — Life 
 by Mencke’i 1736, 4 to. 
 
 Poi.lio (Caius Afmius), a Roman cor.fu! 
 and orator, who gained a great reputation 
 in the reign of Au-guftus, by his military ex- 
 ploits and his writings. Virgil and Horace 
 were his intimate friends, and have immor- 
 talized his name in their works. He wrote 
 tragedies, orations, and a hiflory, which are 
 loft. He is faid to have formed the firft 
 public library at Rome. Pollio died at Fref- 
 cati A. D. 4, aged 80. — Vo(Jiirs de Poet. Lat . 
 
 Pollux (Julius), a Greek author, was 
 born at Naucrates in Egypt, and fiourilhed 
 in the reign of the emperor Commodus, to 
 whom he was preceptor, and for whofe ufe 
 he compofed an “ Onomafticon,’’ a Greek 
 vocabulary. — Vofftus. 
 
 Polyainus, a Macedonian, who wrote 
 Stratagems of War, dedicated to the em- 
 perors Antoninus and Verus. There are fe- 
 veral editions of this book in Greek and 
 Latin; the beft: is that of Mnvicius, 8vo. 
 1691 . — V iff. de Scrip. Grac. <£? Fabricius. 
 
 Polybius, a Greek hiftorian, was born 
 at Megalopolis, in the Peloponnefus, about 
 203 B. C. His father, Lycortas, was go- 
 vernor of Aehaea, and was diftinguilhed by 
 his virtues. He taught his fon the princi- 
 ples of philofophy and policy, and Fhilo- 
 poemen was his inftrudtor in the art of war. 
 Polybius difplayed gFeat Ikill and courage 
 in feveral expeditions during the war be- 
 tween the Romans and Perfeus king of 
 Macedon. When that monarch was de- 
 feated, Polybius was taken prifoner, and fent 
 to Home, where he gained 1 the friendfhip of 
 Scipio, whom he accompanied to the liege 
 of Carthagena, and to that of Numantium. 
 Polybius on the death of Scipio was greatly 
 afflidled, and retired to a private ftate. Fie 
 died B C. 121, of a wound received by a fall 
 from his horfe. Part only of his Univerfal 
 Hiftory of his own- time, in Greek, remains. 
 The firft edition is that of Rome, 14-73, 
 folio ; and the beft thofc of Cafaubon, fol. 
 Paris, 1609 ; and Anifterdam-, cum notis va- 
 riorum, 3 vols. 8vo. 1670. Polybius has 
 been well tvanflated into English by Hamp- 
 ton. — Vojfius de Hifi. Grac. 
 
 Polycaep (Saint), bilhop of Smyrna, 
 and a martyr of the Chriftian church, was 
 the difciple of St. John the evangelist. He 
 made a journey to Rome, A. D. 160, to 
 fettle the controverfy refpedting the proper 
 time for the celebration of Ealler. On his 
 return to Smyrna he was condemned to the 
 flames by the pro-conful, but efcaped un- 
 hurt; his perfecutor then demanded of him, 
 whether he would abjure Chrilt, to whom 
 
POM 
 
 he anfwered, “ Eighty-fix years have I 
 ferved him, and received nothing but good, 
 how then would you have me now to re- 
 nounce him ?” On this he was pierced 
 through with a fword, at the age of 95, in 
 the year 166. His martyrdom is afteCtingly 
 related in a letter from the church of Smyrna 
 to the churches of Pontus ; and there is alfo 
 extant an Epiftle of Polycarp’s to the Philip- 
 piuns, publifhed by Ufher with thofe of Igna- 
 tius, 1647, 4to. It has been tranflated into 
 Englifh by Dr. Wake, 8vo. 1705 .—Duyin. 
 Baillet. Cave. 
 
 Polycletus, a fculptor of Sicyone, in 
 the Peloponnefus, who lived B. C. 232, and 
 was considered the firft of artifts, Phidias 
 being efteemed the fecond. It is reported, 
 that Polycletus, by way of convicting the 
 critics, exhibited a ftatue for public animad- 
 verfion, offering to correft the faults that 
 fhould be noticed On producing it a fecond 
 time amended exaCtly according to the errors 
 which had been pointed out, he placed by it 
 another formed according to his own judg- 
 ment. The obfervers unanimoufly approved 
 this laft, and cenfured the former ; on which 
 Polycletus faid, “ That which you condemn 
 is your own work ; that which you admire is 
 mine." — Plin. Nat. Hiji. 
 
 Polydorf. - Virgil, an hiftorian, was 
 born at Urbino in Italy, and vifited England 
 in the fuite of cardinal Corneto, the pope’s 
 legate. Henry VIII. was fo pleafed with 
 his wit and addrefs that he gave him the 
 archdeaconry of Wells ; in return for. which 
 he wrote the Hiftory of England in Latin, 
 more elegant than faithful. It was printed 
 at Balil in 1534, folio. Polydore having a 
 difference w'ith cardinal Wolfey returned to 
 his own country, where he died in 1555. 
 His other works are, 1. De Inventoribus 
 Rerum, 12mo. ; 2. Treatife on Prodigies, 
 folio j 3. Adagiorum, or Proverbs ; 4. Cor- 
 rections of Hildas. — Bay/e. 
 
 Polygnotus, a Greek painterof Rhodes, 
 who is celebrated for a picture of the battle 
 ot Marathon, which was fixed on a portico 
 at Athens, and is faid to have refifted the 
 effeCts of the weather for many centuries. 
 Pliny and Quintilian fpeak highly of his 
 powers. 
 
 Pombal (Sebaftian Jofeph Carvalho, 
 marquis de), a flatefman, was born 1699, 
 at Some in Portugal. He ftudied in the 
 univerfity of Coimbra, after which he ferved 
 fome time in the army, but being dilgufted 
 with a military life, he retired to. his eftate. 
 In 1745 he was lent ambaffador to Vienna, 
 where he married the countefs Daun, a re- 
 lation of the famous marfhal of that name. 
 In 1750 he was appointed fecretary for fo- 
 reign affairs, and had the principal lhare in 
 the adminiftration. Pie displayed great ta- 
 lent, encouraged agriculture and commerce, 
 placed the marine on a refpeftable footing, 
 and inllituted feveral excellent regulations ; 
 but he difgraced his public ads by his avarice. 
 
 POM 
 
 However he procured great honour by hi* 
 conduCt after the earthquake which deftroy- 
 ed Lifbon in 1755- By his means the city 
 was fpeedily reftored, and the public calamity 
 relieved. But his influence at court created 
 him many enemies; and at length a con- 
 fpiracy was formed againft him and the king, 
 which was difeovered, and the authors and 
 agents feverely punilhed. Being fufpicious 
 that the jefuits were concerned in this plot, 
 he caufed them to be expelled the kingdom. 
 On the death of Jofeph II. in 1777, the 
 power of Pombal was deftroyed, and he fell 
 into difgrace, and died in exile on his eftate 
 in 1782. — Memoirs of the M. de Pombal f 
 4 •aols. 1783. 
 
 Pomet (Peter), a druggift of Paris, 
 where he acquired a confiderable fortune. 
 He was fuperintendant of the royal phyfic 
 garden, and formed a catalogue of its con- 
 tents ; but the work which does him the 
 greateft credit is a Hiftory of Drugs, of which 
 his fon Jofeph Pomet publilhed an improved 
 edition in 1735, in 2 vols. 4to. The firft 
 was printed in 1694, folio. The author 
 died in 1699. — Moreri. 
 
 Pomey (Francis), ajefuit of Lyons, who 
 publilhed, 1. a Dictionary, French and Latin, 
 4to. ; 2. FlosLatinitaus ; 3. Indiculus Univer- 
 falis, French and Latin ; 4. Libitina, or a 
 Treatife on the Funerals of the Ancients; 
 5. Pantheum Myfticum, 8vo. ; this is a 
 good work on Heathen Mythology, of which 
 Andrew Tooke gave an Englilh tranfiation 
 without acknowlegement ; 6. Novus Rheto- 
 licae Candidatus, 12mo. He died in 1673, 
 aged, 55 .—Moreri. 
 
 Pomfret (John), an Englilh poet and 
 divine, was born about 1667, at Luton, in 
 Bedfordlhire, and educated at Cambridge. 
 On entering into orders, he obtained the liv- 
 ing of Malden, in Bedfordlhire. He died of 
 the fmall-pox in 1703. On account of a 
 palfage in his poem entitled the Choice, 
 bifliop Compton, of London, was for fomc 
 time very much prejudiced againft him. In 
 his piece entitled Cruelty and Lull, he has 
 related the ftory of colonel Kirk in a very 
 affeCting manner. His poems poflefs merit, 
 and were once very popular. — - fohnjon's 
 Poets. 
 
 Pompadour (Jane-Antoinette Poiffon, 
 marchionefs of), miftrefs of Louis XV. was 
 the daughter of a corn-dealer, and the wife 
 of Etoile, nephew of the farmer-general 
 Normand Tournehem. The king being 
 hunting in the foreft of Senar, on the borders 
 of which Tournehem had an eftate, had an 
 opportunity purpofely afforded him of feeing 
 madame PoilTon, with whofe charms he was 
 immediately enamoured. She was created 
 marchionefs of Pompadour in 1745, and ac- 
 quired a complete afcendancy over the heart 
 of Louis till her death in 1764, a *- the age of 
 44. She was a liberal encourager of the arts, 
 and of men of genius. The marchionefs is 
 ftated in her memoirs to hive had a confider- 
 
P O M 
 
 able eonrern in the political affairs of her 
 time, particularly the war of 1756 — Nou-v. 
 
 D\a. i nj}. 
 
 Pcmpet, the Great , horn B. C. 106, was 
 the fon of Pompey, an able general, under 
 whom he learnt the art of war, and with 
 fuch fuccefs that at the age of twenty-three 
 he railed three legions with which he joined 
 Sylla. Three years afterwards he recovered 
 Sicily and Africa ; and became fo great a fa- 
 vourite with the army that Sylla recalled 
 him. He obeyed the mandate, though his 
 foldiers wiffied him to refill: the orders of the 
 di&ator. Sylla received him with expreffions 
 of friendfhip, and fainted him with the ap- 
 pellation of the Great. He alfo obtained 
 the honours of a triumph. Alter the death 
 of Sylla, Pompey compelled Lepidus to quit 
 Rome, and he finilhed the war in Spain 
 againft Sertorius ; for which he obtained a 
 fecond triumph, B. C. 73 ; and at the lame 
 time was eledled conful. In his confulate 
 he reftared the tribunes, exterminated the 
 pirates, gained great advantages over Ti- 
 granes and Mithridatcs, and made numerous 
 conquefts in the Eaft. After thefe exploits 
 he entered Rome as a private citizen, and 
 was honoured with a third triumph. But 
 his glory procured him many enemies, to 
 counteract whom he joined with Crafllis and 
 Caefar in forming the firft triumvirate, B. C. 
 60. To ftrengthen this alliance he married 
 Julia, daughter of Caefar ; but thefe two 
 great men became rivals in confequence of 
 Pompey’s being created foie conlul, B. C. 
 52. On the death of Julia he married Cor- 
 nelia, daughter ofMetellus Scipio, whom he 
 aflbciated with him in the confulate. Cxfar 
 held the government of Gaul, when the l'e- 
 nate, at the folicitation of Pompey, pafied 
 a decree, commanding him to quit the army, 
 on pain of being declared an enemy to his 
 country. War now broke out between the 
 two parties, who encountered each other on 
 the plains of Pharfalia, where Pompey was 
 defeated, and fled, but was afiaflinated by two 
 of his officers, on board of the veffiel in 
 which he made his efcape, B. C. 49. He 
 left two Tons, Cncius, who was (lain in the 
 battle of Munda, and Sextus, who was put 
 to death by Antony, B. C. 35. — Plutarch. 
 
 Pompigkan (John James le Fiance, mar- 
 quis of), was born at Montauban in 1709. 
 He gained a great reputation by his tragedy 
 of Dido, acted in 1734. He was admitted a 
 member of the French academy in 1769, on 
 which occafion he had the courage to deliver 
 an inaugural djfcourfe in deiente of Chrif- 
 tianity, which drew upon him a number of 
 fatires and lampoons from Voltaire and the 
 other infidels of that fociety. The marquis 
 died at his caftle of Pompignan in 1784. 
 His works have been publiihed in' 6 vols. 
 8vo. They confitt of dramatic pieces, facred 
 odes, moral difeourfes, a tranfiation of the 
 Georgies, &c. — Noun/. Lief. Eft. 
 
 Pompignan (john-George le Franc de), 
 brother of the above, was born at Montauban 
 
 PON 
 
 in 171.5. He was educated for the church) 
 and fucceffively became bill’.op o: Pi:;\ nd 
 archbifhop of V’enr.e. In 1789 he was de- 
 puted a member of the conftituent affeir.bly 
 by the province of Daup! ' ly, and the fame 
 year he received a letter f, om the pope, ex- 
 horting him to oppofe all innovations in the 
 church. He died in 1790. He wrote, Cri- 
 tical £flay on the prefent ftate of th '.pub- 
 lic of Letters ; on the Secular Authority in 
 matters of Religion; Sccpticifm convicted 
 by the Prophecies; Religion avenged on in- 
 credulity by Incredulity itfelf; Letters from 
 a Bifliop, 2 vols ; and feveral paftoral letters, 
 and other pieces.— Ibid. 
 
 Pomponatius (Peter), was born at 
 Mantua in 1-162. He taught philofophy at 
 Padua and other cities in Italy with extraor- 
 dinary reputation. In his hook “ De 1m- 
 mortalitute Animae,” printed at Eologna in 
 1516, he maintained that a future Hate w'as 
 no part of the Ariftotelian philofophy, but a 
 matter of religious faith. This pofition oc- 
 cafioned a violent controverfy, and Pompona- 
 tius, though fupported by Cardinal Bembo, 
 w-js regarded as an atheift. He died in 1525. 
 The works of Pomponatius were printed at 
 Venice, in folio, in 1525. — Niccron. Bajle. 
 T.ralojchi. 
 
 Pomponibs L*tbs (Julius), a name 
 given to Peter of Calabria, who vv^s boin in 
 1425, at Amendolara in Calabria. He went 
 to Rome, where he was dillinguiihed for his 
 talents, till he was falfelv accufed of con- 
 fpiring againft pope Paul II. He then re- 
 tired to Venice; but after the death of that 
 pontiff he returnee to Rome, where he be- 
 came fufpccted of atheifm, on account of his 
 enthufiafm for the ancient philofophy. He 
 died in 1495. His works are: 1. The Lives 
 of the Caefars, fol. ; 2. De exortu Mahume- 
 dis, fol. ; 3. De Sacerdotiis, de Legibus, &c. 
 4to. ; 4. De Romans urbis Vetultate, 4to. ; 
 5. Vita Statii Poetae et Patris ejus ; Ue Arte 
 Grammatics ; 6 editions of Salluft, Pliny 
 the younger, and lome of the works of 
 Cicero; 7. Commentaries on Quintilian, 
 Columella, Virgil, & c. — FoJJius de Eft. Lat. 
 Nicer on. 
 
 Pona (John Baptift), a critical writer and 
 poet, was born at Verona, and died there in 
 the flower of his age in 1588. His works 
 are: 1. Diatribe de rebus Phikrfophicis* 
 
 1590; 2. Latin Poems; 3. 11 Tirreno, a 
 paftoral. His brother, John Pona, was 
 an able botanift and apothecary at Verona ; 
 he wrote, Plantee quae in Baldo monte rc- 
 periuntur, 4to. 1595, and reprinted in the 
 Hiftoria rariorum Stirpium of Charles de 
 FEclufe at Antwerp, 1601, folio. Pona 
 was alfo the author of a Treatife, entitled, 
 Del n/era Balfamo degli Antichi, Venice, 1623, 
 4to. He is not to be confounded with Bran- 
 ch Pona, a native of Verona, and a phyfi- 
 cian, who died in 1652. He wrote Medi- 
 cina Animx, 4to. ; La Lucerna di Eureta 
 Milofcolo, 4to. ; Saturnalia, 8vo. ; Or- 
 monde, and Mefialina, romances j tragedies 
 
PON 
 
 and comedies ; Galleria delle Donnp cele- 
 bs! ; Adamo, Poems. ; Della contraria forza 
 di due belliocchi. — ‘Tirabcfchi. 
 
 Pons (John Francis de), a French writer, 
 was born of a noble family at Marly, in 
 1683. He obtained a canonry in the colle- 
 giate church of Chaumont, which he after- 
 wards renounced and went to reiide at Paris, 
 where he zcaloufly defended de la Mothe 
 a gain ft madame D. icier. He died in 1732. 
 Pie wrote, a New Syftem of Education 5 and 
 four Diftertations on Languages, which with 
 other pieces were printed together.— Noun. 
 
 DiB. aft. 
 
 Pont-pf.-Vesle (Anthony de Ferric!, 
 count de), a French dramatic writer, was 
 born in 1697, and died at Paris in 1774. 
 He was governor ot Pont de Vefle, and in- 
 tendant- general of the marine. He wrote 
 the Comukiifunt, a comedy ; the Coxcomb 
 Punilhed ; the Sleep-walker, a farce ; Son- 
 nets and fugitive pieces. His uncle Ftrrio!, 
 ambaflador to Conftantinople, painted tome 
 fine pidtures of the coftume of the Turks, 
 of which engravings were publilhed in 1715, 
 folio. — Ibid. 
 
 Pontanus (John Jovian), a learned 
 writer, wasborn at Cerreto in I486 He 
 fettled at Naples, and became preceptor to 
 Alphonfus the younger, king of Arragon, 
 who having revolted againft his father, a re- 
 conciliation was effected between them by 
 Pontanus. Not being rewarded agreeable to 
 his merit, he vented his refentment in a dia- 
 logue on Ingratitude. He died in 1.503. He 
 wrote the Hiftory of the Wars of Ferdinand 
 I. and John of Anjou, printed at Baiil in 
 1556, .4 vols. 8 vo. His other works were 
 published at Venice, in 3 vols 4to. His 
 poems are indecent. — Ntccrcn. Tirabojchi. 
 
 Pontanus or Du font (Peter), a gram- 
 marian of Bruges, who was blind from the 
 age of three years, yet acquired a great reputa- 
 tion as teacher of the belles lettres at Pa- 
 ris. He wrote Treatifes on Rhetoric and 
 Vcrfification. He flouriflied at the begin- 
 ning of the 16th century. — Moral 
 
 Pontanus (James), ajefuitof Bohemia, 
 who died at Auglburg it 1626, aged 84. He 
 wrote, Inilitutiones Poetiae, 8 vo. ; Com- 
 mentaries upon Ovid and V(rga : and Trans- 
 lations of feverul Greek authors in prole and 
 verl'e. — Ibid 
 
 Pontanus (John Ifaac), hiftoriographer 
 to the king of Denmark, was born in that 
 kingdom of a Dutch family in 1591 He 
 wrote, Hiftoria Urbis et Rerum Anrfteloda- 
 menfium, folio, 1611 5 Itineriarum Galileo 
 Narbonenfis, 1606; Rerum Danicarum 
 Hiftoria, una cum chorographica ejufueni 
 regni urbiumque deferiptione, folio, 1631; 
 Difceptationes chorographica? de Rheni di- 
 vortiis atque oltiis et accolis Populis, adverfus 
 P. Cluverum, 8 vo. ; Obfervationes in Trac- 
 tatum de Globis Ccelefti et Terreftri, 8 vo. 5 
 Difcufliones Hiftoricse, 8 vo. [This book 
 was written againft Selden’s famous treatife 
 on the fea.J Hiltoria Ggldrica, tolioj Life 
 
 POO 
 
 of Frederick II. King of Denmark; Rifto- 
 ria Ulrica, folio, & c. He died at Harder - 
 wyk in 1640 .—Merer'i. 
 
 Pont chasteau (Sebaftian-Jofeph du 
 Cambont, baron de), a near relation of car- 
 dinal Richelieu, was born in 1634. He re- 
 nounced the world and retired to the congre- 
 gation of Port Royal, of which he became 
 gardener. In 1679 he went to Rome, and 
 afterwards entered the abbey of Orval; but 
 died at Paris, whither he had gone on fome 
 works of charity, in 1699. He wrote, On 
 the Cultivation of Fruit-trees, 12mo. ; On 
 the Moral Practice of the Jel'uits; Letter to 
 Perefixe, &c. — Ibid. 
 
 Pon te d era (Julius), an Italian botanift, 
 was born at Vicenza, in 1688. In the early 
 part of his life he evinced a difpontion for 
 thofe purfuits which have immortalized his 
 name. He became profeff'or of botany at Pa- 
 dua, and fuperintendant of the botanic garden 
 there. He was alfo a member of the acade- 
 my of inscriptions and belles-lettres at Paris. 
 He died in 1757. His principal work is his 
 Compendium tabularum Botanicaruni, in 
 quo plantae 272 ab eo in Italia nuper detedlat 
 recenientur, Eatavii, 1718, in 4lo.— Ibid. 
 
 PoNTOPPioAN (Eric), a Danifh divine, 
 was born in the ille of Fuhnen, and preferred 
 to the bilhopric of Drontheim, in Norway, 
 where he died in 1678, aged 62. He pub- 
 lilhed fome learned works, particularly a 
 grammar of the Danilh language. His ne- 
 phew, Eric Pont oppidan,, became bilhop of 
 Bergen, and diftinguilhed himfelf by a Hiftory 
 of the Reformation in Denmark, folio ; and 
 another of Norway, which laft has been trqnl- 
 lated into Engliih. He died about 1750'— ■ 
 Moreri. 
 
 Pontormo (James), a painter, was bom 
 at Florence in 1493, and died there in 1556. 
 His early performances were admired by Ra- 
 phael and Michael Angelo ; but by copying 
 the German Ityle he acquired a hard and un- 
 natural manner, which renders his fubfe- 
 quent pi&uves lefs valuable.— -De Piles. Eb* 
 libien. 
 
 Poor. (Rachel Van), a female painter, 
 was born at Amfterdam in 1664. She ex- 
 celled in painting flowers and fruit, and died 
 in 1750. Her hulband, Jurian Pool, was a 
 good portrait-painter, and died in 1745, aged 
 79 - — Pilkir.ntmi . 
 
 Poole (Matthew), a nonconformift mi- 
 nifter, was born at York in 1624, and edu- 
 cated at Emanuel college, Cambridge, where 
 he took his degrees in arts, and having en- 
 tered into orders, according to the prefby- 
 terian mode, became letlor of St. Michael- 
 le-Quern, London, of which he was deprived 
 at the reftoration for nonconformity. He 
 difplayed fo much zeal againft popery, that, 
 according to the depofition of Titus Oates, 
 his name was among thofe intended to be 
 taken oft" in the popilh plot. On this he 
 went to Amfterdam, where he died in 1679. 
 Befides fermons, he wrote Annotations on 
 the Bible, in Engliih, whiqh were completed 
 1 
 
POP 
 
 and publifhed after his death, in 2 vols. folio. 
 But his greateft work was the Synopfis Cri- 
 ticorum, or a Collection of Elucidations on 
 the Scripture by different authors, in 5 vols. 
 folio, pubiifhed in 1669. — Calamy. 
 
 Pope (fir Thomas), a patron of learning, 
 was born at Dedington in Oxfordfhire, in 
 1508. He received his education at Eton 
 fchool, and afterwards ftudied the law. At 
 the age of twenty-eight he became treafurer 
 of the court of augmentations, and foon after 
 was appointed vifitor of religious houfes, in 
 which htuation he conducted himfelf with 
 moderation. In 1540 he was knighted, and 
 made matter of the jewel-houfe in the Tower. 
 He was the intimate friend of fir Thtimas 
 Move, to -whom, by order of the king, he 
 communicated the fad tidings of his intended 
 execution. In 1554 he founded Trinity 
 college, Oxford. He died in London in 1558. 
 —Life by T. Wartan. Blog. Brit. 
 
 Pope (Alexander), a celebrated poet, 
 was born in 1688, of a good family, in Lon- 
 don, where his father was a confidera'ble 
 merchant. His parents being of the Romilh 
 perfuafion he was placed at eight years of age 
 under one Taverner, a prieft, who taught 
 him the rudiment^of the Latin and Greek 
 languages together. About this time meet- 
 ing with Ogilby’s Homer, he was fo much 
 pleafed that it became his favourite book : 
 and when he was at lcliool at the age of ten 
 he turned fome of the events of Homer into 
 a play, which was performed by the upper 
 hoys and the matter’s gardener, who repre- 
 fented Ajax. At the age of twelve lie retir- 
 ed with his parents to Binfield in Windfur 
 Foreft, where his father had purchafed an 
 eftate. Here he wrote his Ode on Solitude, 
 which appears as the firft fruits of his poetic 
 genius. It was here alfo that he firft met 
 with the works of Waller, Spenfer, and Dry- 
 den ; but on perufing Dryden he abandoned 
 the reft and ftudied him as a model. In 1704 
 he wrote his paftorals, which being commu- 
 nicated to Mr. Wycherly, he lent a copy to 
 JVIr. Wallh, who was highly delighted with 
 them, and became a valuable friend to the 
 juvenile poet. This year alfo he produced 
 the firft part of his Windfor Foreft, which 
 was not publilhed till 1710, with a dedica- 
 tion to lord Lanfdown. At the age of twenty 
 appeared his Effay on Criticifm, which, not- 
 withftanding the youth of the author, is one 
 of the fineft poems in the language, and con- 
 tains the founded rules. But his genius 
 /hone to a greater advantage in his Rape of 
 the Lock, founded on the circumftance of 
 lord Petre’s cutting off a lock of Mrs. Fer- 
 mor’s hair. This poem was written to effect 
 a reconciliation between the parties, and 
 was fuccefsful. It was printed in 1712, and 
 was followed by the Temple of Fame. The 
 following year he publilhed his propofals for 
 a tranfiation of the Iliad, in which he met 
 with uncommon encouragement, and it en- 
 abled him to purchafe a houfe at Twicken- 
 ham, whither he removed with his parents 
 
 P O R 
 
 in 1745. After completing the Iliad, he un- 
 dertook the Odyffey, for which alfo he ex- 
 perienced a liberal lubfcviption. He was, 
 however, materially allifted in thefe works 
 by the learning and abilities of others, par- 
 ticularly Broome, Fenton, and Parnell The 
 notes from Euftathius were chiefly extracted 
 by Mr. Jortin. in 1721 our author pub- 
 lifhed an edition of Shakfpeare, which fhews 
 that therein he conlulted his fortune more 
 than his fame. The reputation he had ac- 
 quired by the fuccefs, as well as the merit of 
 his works, procured him numerous enemies 
 among writers of the minor claffes, from 
 whom he experienced frequent fplenetic at- 
 tacks. Perhaps it would have been more 
 to his honour had he taken no notice, of them ; 
 but in 1727 he vented his refentment in a 
 mock heroic, entitled, The Dunciad, in 
 which he took more than warrantable re- 
 venge, and, what was worfe, expoled to ridi- 
 cule many ingenious and refpedtable perfons 
 who had given him no offence. In 1729, 
 by the advice of lord Bolingfcroke, he turned 
 his pen to a moral and philofophical fubjeCt, 
 the refult of which was his Effay on Man, 
 an ethical poem addreffed to that ftatefman. 
 Of this work it is needlefs to fpeak, for what- 
 ever may be the thought of its leading prin- 
 ciple, it poffefl'es refined thoughts and fub- 
 ltantial beauties. He next wrote fatires, in 
 which he attacked feveral perfons of rank. 
 Mr. Pope was engaged in preparing a complete 
 edition of his works, when he was carried off 
 by adropfy in thecheft,in 1744. ( He bequeath- 
 ed the property of his works to Dr. Warbur- 
 ton, who publilhed a collection of them with 
 notes, in 1751, in 9 vols. 8vo. Dr. Jofeph 
 Warton alfo publilhed an edition, to which 
 he prefixed, what he had before printed, an 
 admirable Effay on the Genius and Writings 
 of Pope. 'Fhe perfon of Mr. Pope was lit- 
 tle, and crooked; yet there was much life 
 and elegance in his countenance, except 
 when he was labouring under his hereditary 
 complaint, the head-ache. His friendftiips 
 appear to have been capricious ; and he had 
 no fmall portion of vanity in his difpofition, to 
 which and felf-intereft almoft all coniidera- 
 tions were readily facrificed. Of his religi- 
 ous opinions it is difficult to fpeak. From 
 his Effay on Man it Ihould feem as if he was 
 a mere theift ; and though he continued to 
 profefs the religion in which he was bred, he 
 occafionally attended his parilh church.—- 
 Biog. Biit. John Jon's Poets. 
 
 Popham (Sir John), an eminent judge, 
 was born in Somerfetlhire in 1531. He was 
 a ftudent of Baliol college, Oxford, whence 
 lie removed to the Middle Temple, and was 
 made ferjeant at law in 1570; after ferving 
 the offices of attorney and folicitor- general, 
 he was appointed in 1581 chief juftice of the 
 king’s bench. He died in 1607. His “ Re- 
 ports and Cafes,” in folio, fliew his abilities 
 to great advantage. — Gen. Biog. DiSI. 
 
 Pordage (John), a fanatic, was born in 
 London, and became pallor of St. Laurence 
 
POR 
 
 Reading in the civil wars. But engaging 
 much in aftrology, chemiftry, and other ab- 
 ftrufe fubjecrts, he was accufed before the 
 commiftioners for Berkfhire of magical prac- 
 tices, and was deprived of his living. He 
 cxercifed medicine, arid was called doftor 
 Pordage. He wrote a book, entitled, Mani- 
 feft Innocence ; againft Fowler’s Dxmonium 
 Meridianum. Pordage was alfo the author 
 of fome myftical treatifes, according to the 
 nutions of Behme.n. He died about 1670. — 
 
 mod, a.o. 
 
 Pordenone (John Anthony Licinio Re- 
 gillo), a painter, fo, called from rhe place of 
 his birth, a village in Friuli. He died in 
 1540, aged 56. He was the difciple of Gi- 
 orgioni, and the rival of Titian, who re- 
 garded his great merit with envy. The em- 
 peror Charles V. conferred on him the ho- 
 nour of knighthood. His nephew, called 
 Pordenone the younger , was alfo a good painter. 
 He was born at Venice, and died at Augf- 
 burg in 1570. He ftudied under his uncle. 
 — P’.lklngton . D' Argeni’ille. 
 
 Pon e e (Charles), a Jefuit, was born 
 near Caen in Normandy in 1675. After ac- 
 quiring a great reputation as a teacher in his 
 native province, he became profeflor of rhe- 
 toric in the college of Louis the Great at 
 Paris, where he died in 1741. His works 
 are, Orations, 3 vols. ; Comedies and Trage- 
 dies in Latin; and Poems. Piis biother, 
 Charles Gabriel , was member of the l'ociety 
 or the oratory, and canon of Bayeux. He 
 died upon his cure of Louvigny, near Caen, 
 in 177 0, aged 35. He wrote Le Mandari- 
 nade, ou Fliftoire du Mandarinat de l’Abbe 
 de St. Martin, 3 vols. 12mo. ; Letters on 
 Burying in Churches, See. — Nouv. Dill. 
 Hifl. 
 
 Porphyry, a platonx philofopher, was 
 born at Tyre, A.D. 223. Fie itudied at 
 Athens, under Longinus, and philofopby at 
 Rome under Plotinus, whofe life he wrote. 
 He died in the reign of Diocletian. His 
 learning was great, arid he compofed many 
 works ; one of which againft the Scriptures 
 was burnt by order of Theodofius the Great. 
 His Treatil'e de Abftinentia ab Animalibus 
 Viandis, et de Vita Pythagoras, were printed 
 at Cambridge in 1655, 8vo. We have an- 
 other of his, entitled, De Antro Nympha- 
 rum, 4to. ; and Porphyrii Ifagoge, folio. 
 He is not to be confounded with Porphyry, a 
 Latin poet, who wrote a panegyric in verfe 
 <m the emperor Conftantine, which occasion- 
 ed his being recalled from exile. — Foffius. 
 Moreri. 
 
 Porsenna, king of Etruria, who de- 
 clared war againft the Romans for refilling to 
 reftore Tarquin, in which he was at firft luc- 
 cefsful, and laid fiege to Rome, but Codes 
 and Scaevola obliged him to retire. Fie died 
 Ihortly after. — Livy. 
 
 Porta (Jofeph), an eminent painter, 
 was born at Cartel Nuovo in 1535. He ftu- 
 4ied under Salviati, whole name he affumed 
 
 POR 
 
 out of gratitude. He painted in frefco and 
 oil ; and wrote fome pieces on mathematics, 
 which he burnt. He died at Venice in 1585. 
 — De Piles. 
 
 Porta (John Baptift), a gentleman of 
 Naples, who acquired a great reputation by 
 h s application to the belle's let - res, and the 
 fciences, particularly the mathematics, medi- 
 cine, and natural hiftory. He held aflem- 
 blies of learned men in his houfe, which 
 were condemned by the court of Rome, on 
 the abfurd charge, that the objebF of their 
 meetings was magic. Porta died in 1515, 
 aged 70. His works are, 1. Treatifeon Na- 
 tural Magic, in Latin, 8vo. ; 2. another on 
 Phyfiognomy, mixed with aftrology, and 
 other vanities ; 3. De occultis Litterarutn 
 noth 4. Phyftognomonica, feu Methodus 
 Cognofcendi ex infpettione vires abditas 
 cujufcu.mqiie rei, folio; 5. De Diftillationt- 
 bus, 4to. He was the inventor of the ca- 
 mera obfeura ; and is faid to have conceived 
 the project of an Encyclopedia. — Vander Lin- 
 den de 'Scrip. Med. Moreri. 
 
 Por t a (Simon), or Fortius, was a native 
 of Naples, and the difciple of Pomponatius. 
 He became profeffor of philofophy at Pifa, 
 and died at Naples in 1554, aged 57. He 
 wrote, 1. De Mente humana, de Voluptate 
 et Dolore, & de Coloribus Oculorum, 1 vol. 
 4to. ; 2. De rerum naturalium Principiis libri 
 duo, 4to. ; 3. De Conflagraticne agri Puteo- 
 lani, 4to. ; 4. Opus Phyliologicum, 4to.— . 
 Tirabojchi. 
 
 Porte (the abbe Jofeph de la), a mifcel- 
 laneous vvate'r, was born at Befort in 1718, 
 and died at Paris in 1779. He was a jefuit, 
 which order he quitted, and applied to litera- 
 ture. FI is firft performance was a comedy 
 called the Antiquary ; after which he pub- 
 lilhed a journal, entitled, Obfervations on 
 Modern Literature ; which was followed by 
 the Literary Year. He alfo compiled the 
 School of Literature, 2 vols. 12mo. ; Dra- 
 matic Anecdotes, 3 vols. 8vo. ; Literary 
 Hiftory of French Ladies, 5 vols. 8vo. ; the 
 French Traveller, 24 vols. 12mo. &c.-— 
 Nouv. DILI. Hift. 
 
 Porter (Francis), an Irilh divine of the 
 Roman church, was born in the county of 
 Meath ; he entered into the order of recol- 
 lets, and was profcftbr of theology in the 
 convent of St. Ifidore at Rome. Janies II. 
 appointed him his hiftoriographer. He died 
 in 1702. Flis works are, 1. Securis Evan- 
 gelicaad haerefis radices pofita; 2. Palinodia 
 religionis pra.'tenle reformat* ; 3. Compen- 
 dium Annalium Ecclefiafticorum regni Hi- 
 bernia, 4 to ; 4. Syftema decretorum dog- 
 maticorum ab initio nafeentis Ecclefife per 
 fummos Pontifices, concilia generalia et par- 
 ticularia hue nfque editorum, 1698. — Ibid. 
 
 Portes (Philip des), a French poet, was 
 born at Chartres. He W3S canon of the holy 
 chapel at Paris, and obtained feveral cccle- 
 fiaftical benefnes, but refuled the epifcopal 
 dignity. He died in 1606. His works are, 
 
P o s 
 
 s Tranflatation of the Pfalms ; Imitations 
 of Ariofto ; Chriftian Poems ; the Amours 
 of Hippolytus and Diana, See.— Merer:. 
 
 Portugal, was part of the antient Lu- 
 fitnnia, and conquered by the Romans about 
 200 B.C. It was afterwards poffeffed by the 
 Alans, the Goths, and the Moors.- In 1080 
 count Henry, fon-in-law of the king of Leon, 
 conquered a great part of the country, and 
 Jhis fon Alonzo made himfelf matter of it in 
 1146. On the death of Henry king of Por- 
 tugal, Philip II. of Spain feized upon the 
 kingdom ; but in 1640 John duke of Bra- 
 ganza broke off the Spanilh yoke, and was 
 crowned king of Portugal 5 fince which it 
 has remainad an independant Hate. — Univ. 
 
 Uiji . 
 
 Portus (Francis), a native of Candia. 
 He became profeffor of Greek at Ferrara, but 
 on the death of the duke he quitted Italy, 
 and went to Geneva, where he profeffed the 
 proteftant religion. He died there in 1581. 
 His works are, 1. Additions to the Greek 
 Dictionary of Conltantine, fol. ; 2. Commen- 
 taries upon Pindar, Thucydides, Longinus, 
 Xenophon, and other antient authors. His 
 ion JEmihus Portus was profeffor of Greek 
 at Heidelberg, and the author of DiCtiona- 
 rum Ionicum et Doricum, Grteco-Latinum, 
 2 vols. 8vo. ; a tranflation of Suidas, and 
 Other works. — Merer:. 
 
 Porus, king of part of India, near the 
 liver Hydafpcs, on the banks of which he 
 was defeated by Alexander, who alking him 
 how he would wilh to be treated, “ As a 
 king,” faid Porus. This anfwer fo pleafed 
 the viCtor, that he not only reftored him to 
 his eltates, but added thereto feveral pro- 
 vinces.— Quintus Cur this. 
 
 PosiDippus, a Greek poet, who fiou- 
 lilhed B.C. 280. He wrote feveral drama- 
 tic pieces which are loll. There was another 
 poet of the fame name who wrote epigrams, 
 which are cited by Athenreus and Stobteus. 
 —V ojjius de Poet. Greet . Suidas. 
 
 Possevin (Anthony), a fefuit, was born 
 at Mantua. He Jiftinguifhed himfelf as a 
 preacher, and pope Gregory XIII. employed 
 him in feveral important affairs. He died 
 at Ferrara in 1611, aged 78. His principal 
 works are, 1. Bibliotheca SelcCta de ratione 
 Studiorum, 2 vols folio ; 2. Defcr'-ption of 
 Mufcovy, in Latin, folio; 3. Miles Chriftia- 
 nus ; 4. Confutatio Miniftrorum Tranfil- 
 vanias et Francifi Davidis de Trinitate, Ccc. 
 H is nephew, Anthony Pojfevin, a phyfician of 
 Mantua, wrote Gonzagarum Mantua et Mon- 
 tisferratiDucumHiftoria, 1628,4to. — Adorer:. 
 
 Possidonxus, an aftronomer of Alexan- 
 dria, who flourifhed before Ptolemy, and un- 
 dertook to afeertain the circumference of the 
 earth, which he made to be thirty thoufand 
 furlongs. There was a ftoic philofopher of 
 this name who was a native of Apamea in 
 Syria, and taught with reputation at 
 Rhodes, B.C. 30. Jofephus charges him with 
 having invented the calumny againft the 
 
 POT 
 
 Jews, that they worfhlpped the head of an 
 afs . — V ojflus de Aiatkem. 
 
 Post (Francis), a celebrated painter, was 
 born at llaerlem. In 1647 lie went to the 
 Weft Indies, where he remained many years, 
 and painted leveral fine views. He died at 
 HaerJem ip 1680 — Houbrahn. 
 
 Post el (William), was born at Dolerie 
 in Normandy, in 1510, of poor parents, who 
 died of the plague when he was a child. 
 On going to Paris he aflbeiated himfelf with 
 fame young fcholars, and was admitted a 
 ftudent in the college of St. Barbe, where 
 he made a great pvogrefs in learning. 
 Francis I. fent him into the Eaft, to collect 
 manuicripts, and on his return appointed him 
 royal profeffor of mathematics and lan- 
 guages. But on account of his attachment 
 to the chancellor Poyet, he was deprived of 
 his places by the queen of Navarie. He 
 then went to Rome, were he turned jefuitj, 
 but was expelled from the order, and impri- 
 foned, for maintaining that the authority of 
 councils was fuperior to that of popes. On 
 gaining his liberty he went to Venice, and 
 formed an intimacy with an old woman, who 
 was far gone in myftic reveries. Pollel 
 ftarted artrange notion, that women had been 
 left without redemption, which was now ac- 
 complifhed by mother Joan, the name of this 
 vifionary. For his wild fancies he was again 
 imprifoned, but recovered his liberty, and re- 
 turned to Paris, from whence he removed to 
 Germany. He afterwards wrote a retracta- 
 tion, and was reftored to his profefforfhip, 
 but again relapfed, and was confined in a mo- 
 naftery. He died in 1581. He wrote Clavis 
 abfeonditorum a conftitutione Mundi, 12mo. 
 1547 ; Defcription of the Holy Land ; Hif- 
 tory of the Gauls; De Phcenicum littcris ; 
 de originibus nationum ; Alcorani et Evan- 
 gelii Concordia, 8vo ; De Linguae Phcenicis 
 feu Hebraicat excellentiae, &c.. — Merer:. 
 
 Post humus (Marcus C a thus Latienus), 
 a Roman General, who was elected emperor 
 in Gaul on the death of Valerian, in 261. 
 lie defeated the Get ans in feveral actions, 
 and difplayed talents and virtnes worthy of 
 Ills dignity; but having affociated his fon, 
 who poffeffed eminent virtues and ability, in 
 the government with him, the foldiers mu- 
 tinied and put them to deat.i in 267. — Uni-v. 
 l-hji. 
 
 Postlethwayte (Malachi), a mer- 
 chant of London, who publifhed a ‘‘Com- 
 mercial Dictionary,” in 2 vols folio, a work 
 or confiderable labour and utility He died 
 in 1767. 
 
 Potamon, a philofopher of Alexandra in 
 the reign o< Augufius. Fie was the chief pf 
 a feet called the Ecle&h, becaufe the opi- 
 nions profeffed by it were drawn from the 
 various fyfteins then known.— Diog. Laert. 
 
 Potamon, ot Leibos, or Mitylene, an 
 orator, who flcurilhed in the time of Tibe- 
 rius, was the fi n of the philofopher Lelbo- 
 uax. He was the author of a panegyric on 
 
POT 
 
 Tiberius, Who fhewed him great diftin&ion. 
 —Vojfws. 
 
 Pote (Jofeph), an ingenious bookfeller 
 and printer of Eton, who publilhed the 
 Hiftory and Antiquities of Windfor Cattle, 
 and of the Royal College and Chapel of St. 
 George, 4to. He died in 1787.— Gent. 
 Mag. 
 
 Potemkin (Gregory Alexander), a Ruf- 
 fian prince. Was born in 1736, at Smolenlko, 
 of a Polifh family. He entered into the 
 horfe-guards, and being noticed by the era- 
 prefs Catherine, the made him minifter of 
 war, in which capacity he fuggefted the idea 
 of taking the Crimea, and building the city 
 of Cherfon, the foundations of which were 
 laid in 1778, Potemkin greatly ornamented 
 that city. In 1787 he renewed the war 
 againft Turkey, and put himfelf at the head 
 of the army. The year following he took 
 Oczakow, and put the inhabitants to the 
 fword. For this bloody fervice, he obtained 
 the title of chief of the Coffacks, and other 
 favours from theemprefs. He acquired pro- 
 digious riches, and pofi'efied almoft uncon— 
 troulable power. He was a man of debauch- 
 ed principles., and an inordinate epicure, 
 which produced a diforder that carried him 
 off as he was travelling, in 1791. His re- 
 mains were interred under a magnificent 
 maufoleum at Cherfon. He is faid to have 
 afpired to the duchy of Courlar.d, and to the 
 kingdom of Poland. — Toske's Hijl. Raffia. 
 Code's Travels. Noun. Dill. Hijl. 
 
 Potenger (John), an Englifli writer, 
 was born at Winchefter in 1647. He was 
 educated at Corpus Chrifti college, Oxford, 
 after which he entered of the Temple, and 
 was called to the bar. He died at Dorchef- 
 ter in 1733. Mr. Potenger wrote a poem on 
 Death; and tranflated the Life of Agricola 
 from Tacitus. — Nichols's ColleBion of Poets. 
 
 Poter (Paul), a painter, was born at 
 Enckuyfen in 16*25, and died at Amtterdam 
 in 1654. He excelled in painting landfcapes 
 and cattle; and in reprefenting the effedt of 
 the meridian fun upon objedts he ftands un- 
 rivalled.— Houbrakcn. 
 
 Pott (Percival), an eminent furgeon, 
 was born at London in 1713. Alter ferving 
 his apprenticelhip to Mr. Nourfe, he entered 
 on pradtice ; in 1746 he was eledted furgeon 
 to St. Bartholomew’s hofpital, and in 1761 a 
 fellow of the royal leciety. Mr. Pott in- 
 vented fome furgical inftruments, and wrote 
 a Treatife on the Hernia: another on 
 
 Wounds of the Head ; and Obfervations on 
 the Fiftula Lachrymalis; which with l'ome 
 other pieces were publiflied in 2 vols. 8vo. 
 He died in 1788 — Hutchinfon's Biog. Med. 
 
 Pott (John Henry), a German chemift, 
 who publiihed, 1. De Sulphuribus Metallo- 
 rum, 1738, 4to. ; 2. Obfervationes Circa 
 Sal, 1741, 2 vols 4to. Thefe works are 
 highly efteemed. The author was a mem- 
 ber offeveral learned focieties. — Noun. Dili, 
 Hijl. 
 
 Potter (Chriftopher), a learned divine, 
 
 P o u 
 
 was born in Weftmoreland in 1591. He be- 
 came a ftudent of Quen’s college, Oxford, 
 afterwards fellow, and in 1626 provoft of 
 that fociety. In 1635 he obtained the 
 deanry of Worcefter, and in 1646 the king 
 nominated him to the deanry of Durham, 
 but he died the fame year. He publiihed a 
 fermon at the confecration of his uncle, Dr. 
 Barnaby Potter, bilhop of Carlifle. He was 
 alfo the author of fome pieces on Predeftina- 
 tion, againft the Cal vinjtts. — Wood, A.O. 
 
 Potter (Francis), an ingenious divine, 
 was born in Wiltlhire, and educated at Ox- 
 ford, after which he took orders, and in 
 1637 fucceeded his father in the living of 
 Kilmington. He had a good tafte for paint- 
 ing and mechanics, and having prefented an 
 hydraulic machine to the royal fociety, was 
 chofen a member of that learned body. He 
 wrote a curious book on the myftic number 
 of 666 in the Revelations, and died in 1678. 
 —Ibid. 
 
 Potter (John), a learned prelate, was 
 born at Wakefield in Yorklhite, In 1674, 
 and at the age of fourteen entered a battler 
 of Univerfity college, Oxford, where he took 
 his degree of B A. and publifhed his Varian- 
 tes Letliones ad Plutarchi, &.c. for the uie 
 of young ftudents. In 1694 he was elefled 
 fellow of Lincoln college, and became an 
 eminent tutor. On being appointed chap- 
 lain to archbilhop Tenifon, he removed to 
 Lambeth, and in 1708 became regius profef- 
 for of divinity. In 1715 he was preferred 
 to the fee of Oxford, from whence in 1737 
 he was tranflated to Canterbury. He died in 
 1747. Befides the above work he publifaed, 
 
 1. Antiquities of Greece, 2 vols. 8vo. ; 2. 
 Difcourfe on Church Government, 8vo.; 3. 
 an edition of Lycophron ; 4. an edition of 
 Clemens Alexandrinus. His theological 
 works have been collected in 3 vols. 8vo.— 
 Biog. Brit. 
 
 Potter (Robert), an Englifh divine, 
 was educated at Emanuel college, Cam- 
 bridge, where he took his matter's degree 
 in 1788. Late in life he obtained the living 
 of Lowcftoff, in Suffolk, and a prebend in 
 the cathedral of Norwich. He is advan- 
 tageoufly known in the republic of letters 
 by his excellent tranflations of Sophocles, 
 Euripides, and affifehylus. He was alfo the 
 author of a Vindication of Gray the poet, 
 againft Dr. Johnl'on. He died in 1804. 
 Ger.t. Mag. 
 
 Poucet (Francis Arne), prieft of the 
 oratory, and dodor of the Sorbonne, was 
 born at Montpellier in 1666. He became 
 vicar of St. Roch at Paris, and in that office 
 is faid to have converted La Fontaine ; on 
 which fubjed he wrote a curious letter, pub- 
 liihed by Defmolets. lie died in 1723. Hf 
 wrote, 1. Catechifm of Montpellier; where 
 he fuperintended a femiuary. It is a body of 
 divinity, printed in French in 5 vo’s. 12mo. 
 and tranflated into Latin in 2 vols. folio. ^ 
 
 2. Chriftian Inftrudions oq the Duties oi th? 
 Knights of Malta, l2mo.— « Neuv, Di{l . Hf, 
 
 3 F 
 
P o w 
 
 Foulle (Louis), preacher to the French 
 king, and abbot of Nogent, died at Avignon 
 in 1 7 8 1 , aged 79. His abilities as a preacher 
 were very great, and his fermons, publifhed 
 in 1778, 2 vols. 12mo. pofi'efs a noble elo- 
 quence, enriched with fine images, and full 
 of fentiment. The abbe Poulle had alio a 
 poetical genius, and obtained the prize at 
 Touloufe in 1732 and 1733.— Nouv. DiB. 
 Hijl. 
 
 Poupart (Francis), a naturalift, was 
 born at Mans, and went to Paris early in 
 life, where lie afliduoufly applied to experi- 
 mental philofophy, and natural hiftory. He 
 alfo ftudied furgery, and became dodtor in 
 medicine at Rheims. He died in 1709. He 
 wrote a Defcription of the Leech, in the 
 Journal dis Savons ; a Memoir on the Her- 
 maphrodite-Infedfs ; Hiftory of the Formica - 
 leo, and the Formica-pulex. He was a 
 member of the academy of fciences, in 
 whofe memoirs are feveral of his papers.— 
 Ibid. 
 
 Pourbus (Peter and Francis), father and 
 fon, two Flcmifh painters of the 16th cen- 
 tury. The fir ft painted animals and land- 
 lcapes ; and the other hiftory and portrait. 
 The father died at Antwerp in 1583, and 
 the fon at Paris in 1622. — D' Argenville 
 
 Pourchot (Edme), profefl'or of philofo- 
 phy, in the college ofMazarin, at Paris, and 
 redlor of the un verfity, where he died in 
 1734, aged 83. He wrote lnllitutiones 
 Philofophicae, 5 vols. 12mo. and fome other 
 efteemed works. — Nouv. Dici lift. 
 
 Pourfou r (Francis), a phyfician, was 
 born at Paris in 1664, and died there in 
 1741. He wrote three Letters on a New 
 Syftem of the Brain, 4to. ; l'ifiertation on a 
 New Method of Operating for the Cataradh, 
 12mo; and on Difeal'cs of the Eyes, 4to. 
 He was a good botanilt, and left a MS. 
 Herbal in 30 volumes — Ibid. 
 
 Poussin (Nicholas le), an eminent 
 painter, was born at Andely in Normandy, in 
 1594. He ftudied in Italy, where he ap- 
 plied principally to landfcape. On his re- 
 turn to France he was named firft painter to 
 tlie king. He was alfo appointed to orna- 
 ment the gallery of the Louvre, but being 
 crofted in his deligns in that great wrok, he 
 went to Rome, and died there in 1665. — 
 D' Argenville. 
 
 Poussin (Gufpar), a painter, whofe real 
 name was Dugiiet, but he took that of 
 Poufiin, h's filler having married Nicholas 
 Pouffin His i indfeapes, particularly thofe 
 which reprefent land ftorrr.s, are inimitably 
 fine. He died about 1675. — Ibid. 
 
 Powell (David), a learned antiquary, 
 was bom in Denbighlhirc about 1552, and 
 educated at Oxford, where he took his degree 
 of D.D. He died in 1590, and was buried 
 in the church of Ruabon in Denbigh (hire, of 
 which he was vicar. He pubiiflied Can- 
 doc's Hiftory of Wales, in 1584, 4te. ; An- 
 notationes in Itinerarium Cambrics Script, 
 per Ciraldum, 8vo ; Annot. in Camisr, 
 
 POZ 
 
 Defcriptionum ; De Britannica Hiftoria 
 refte intelligenda. — TVood , A • 0. 
 
 Powell (William Samuel), an eminent 
 divine, was born at Colchefter in 1717, and 
 educated at St. John’s college, Cambridge, of 
 which he became fucceftively fellow and 
 mailer. In 1766 he obtained the archdea- 
 conry of Colchefter, to which were added 
 other preferments. Dr. Powell publifhed a 
 famous Sermon on Subtcription to the Arti- 
 cles ; and fome excellent Difcotirfes. l.e 
 died in 1775. — Gen. Biog. DiB. 
 
 Powell (George), an Englifh a£ior, who 
 was conlidered as the rival of Betterton, but 
 his propenfity to drinking allowed Wilkes, 
 another rival, to furpafs him in his own line. 
 He died in 17 14. He wrote “ Alphonfo 
 King of Naples,” and fome other dramatic 
 pieces. — Biog Dram. 
 
 Powell (Fofter), an Englifh pedeftrian, 
 who frequently walked from London to 
 York in a very Ihort time, upon which great 
 wagers were always laid. He was a writer 
 in an attorney’s office, and died in poverty in 
 1793, aged 59. — Gent. Alag. 
 
 I’ownall (Thomas), a mifcellaneous 
 writer, was born in 1722, and educated at 
 Lincoln. He went to America in 1753, and 
 was appointed governor of New Jerfey, and 
 afterwards of Mafi'achuffetts. In 1760 he 
 removed to the government of South Caro- 
 lina. After his return from America he be- 
 came comptroller general of the expenditure 
 and accounts of the extraordinaries of the 
 army in Germany. He ferved in three par- 
 liaments ; after which he retired wholly from 
 public bufinefs, and died at Bath in 1805. 
 His works are, Memoirs on Drainage and 
 Navigation ; Letter to Adam Smith, on feve- 
 ral points in his Inquiry into the Nature and 
 Caufes of the Wealth of Nations ; Topogra- 
 phical Defcription of Part of North America ] 
 Treatife on Antiquities ; Memorial addreffed 
 to the Sovereigns of America ; Memorial to 
 the Sovereigns of Europe ; the Right, In- 
 tereft, and Duty of Government as concern- 
 ed in the Affairs of the Eaft Indies ; Notices 
 and Defcriptions ot Antiquities of the Pro- 
 vincia Romana of Gaul ; Intellcdlual Phv- 
 fics ; an Eflhy concerning the Nature of Being ; 
 a Treatife on Old Aae, Sec. — Monthly 
 Mag. 
 
 Poymncs (fir Edward), a gentleman of 
 Kent, who was fent by Henry VII. to Ire- 
 land, which he governed with courage and 
 prudence. After fubduing the earls ot Def- 
 mond and Kildare, lie convened a parliament 
 which is render**] famous for the ftatutes en- 
 abled in it. In the reign cf Henry VIII. 
 Poynings was made privy counfellor, and ap- 
 pointed governor of Tournay.— Rapin. 
 
 Pozzo (Andrew), an Italian painter and 
 archite-61, was born at Trent in 1642, and 
 died in 1709. He ornamented the church 
 of Sr. Ignatius at Rome with fome fine pic- 
 tures ; and wrote two volumes on perfpec- 
 tive, • but wrote contrary to the ttue princi« 
 pics of the art. — D' Argenville. 
 
 1 
 
P R A 
 
 Pr a don (Nicholas), a poet, was born at 
 Rouen, and died at Paris in 1698. He wrote 
 fome tragedies, one of which, Phaedra and 
 Hippolytus, acted in 1677, was verv fucccff- 
 ful, and fet up in oppofition to Racine, by 
 thofe who were envious of that writer’s great 
 reputation. The works of Pradon were 
 printed in 1744, in 2 vols. J2mo. — Mcreri. 
 
 Pratt (Charles), earl Camden, was the 
 third fon of fir John Pratt, chief juftice of 
 the court of king’s bench, and born in 1713. 
 He received his education firft at Eton, and 
 afterwards at King’s college, Cambridge, 
 where he took his degree of matter of arts, 
 and then entered of the Inner Temple. In 
 due time he was called to the bar, but did 
 not make any progrefs in that profeffion for 
 feveral years. At length, by the intereft of 
 Henley, afterwards lord chancellor, he ob- 
 tained confiderable practice and the friend- 
 ship of Mr. Pitt. On the advancement of 
 Henley to the houfe of lords in 1757, Mr. 
 Pratt was appointed attorney-general ; and in 
 1762 made chief juftice of the common - 
 pleas. In this elevated ftation he diftinguifli- 
 ed hirafelf by his conduct in the affair of 
 Wilkes, whom, after a very elaborate decla- 
 ration of the law on the cafe, he ordered to 
 be difeharged. For this the corporation of 
 London voted him the freedom of the city in 
 a gold box, and his portrait to be placed in 
 Guildhall. He received fimilar marks of 
 diftinClion from other places. In 3 765 he 
 was created a peer, and the year following 
 advanced to the dignity of lord chancellor, 
 in which office he ailed with great credit to 
 himfelf and juftice to the public. Having 
 on the occafion of the Middlefex election ex- 
 preffed his opinion ngainft the court, the 
 feals were taken from him, on which feve- 
 ral other members of the adminiftration re- 
 figned their places. On the queftion of li- 
 bels, lord Camden always oppofed the doc- 
 trine laid down by high authority, viz. that 
 juries were only the judges of the matter of 
 fail, and not of the law. In the American 
 war he refilled the coercive meafures of go- 
 vernment. In 1782 he was appointed pre- 
 fident of the council, which office he refigned 
 the following year; but was afterwards, re- 
 appointed, and held it to his death in 1791. 
 —Europ. Mug. njol, xxvi. 
 
 Praxagqras, a Greek hiftorian who 
 lived about A.D. 345. He was a native of 
 Athens, and wrote a Iliftory of the Sove- 
 reigns ot that country ; and another of Con- 
 ftantine ; alfo one of Alexander the Great. 
 T~Vojfius de Hj'i. Grac. 
 
 Praxeas, an herefiarch of the fecond 
 century. After oppoftng the Montanifts 
 with zeal, he fell into the error that there is 
 only one perfon of the Trinity, and the fame 
 who was crucified. He was followed by the 
 Sabellians and others. Tertullian wrote 
 againil him. — Dupin. 
 
 Praxiteles, a Grecian fculptor, who 
 flourithed 364 B.C. He executed feveral 
 fine ftatues of Venus, and of the courtefan 
 Phryns Iky Nat -. Hf. 
 
 P R I 
 
 Premontval (Peter le Guay de), was 
 born at Cbarenton in 1716, and became a.* 
 member of the academy at Berlin, where he 
 died in 1767. 'He wrote, 1. Monogamia, 
 or a Treatife on Single Marriages, 3 vols. 
 8vo. ; 2. Prefervative again ft the Corrup- 
 tion of the French Language in Germany, 
 8vo. ; 3. The Mtnd of Fontenelle, 12mo.; 
 
 4. Thoughts upon Liberty, &c. He was a.-. 
 Socinian, and a favourer of the doClrine of 
 Epicurus. — Nowv. Di El. Hift. 
 
 Preston (John), an Engliffi divine, was 
 mafter of Emanuel college, Cambridge, and 
 died in 1618. He was a patron of the puri- 
 tans, and wrote feveral books much efteemed 
 by that party. One Thomas Prefton, of 
 King’s college, Cambridge, performed fo 
 well in the tragedy of Dido before queen 
 Elizabeth, in 1561, that the fettled a pen- 
 fion o; 201. a year on him. He became doc- 
 tor of civil law, and mafter of Trinity hall 
 in that univerfity. — Wood. 
 
 1'reti (Jerome), an Italian poet, was a 
 native or Tuf any, and died at Barcelona in ' 
 1626. His poems, printed in 1666, in 12mo. 
 are highly efteemed. — Tirabofcbi. 
 
 Pr e vil l e (Peter Louis Dubus de), a ce- 
 lebrated French performer, wa6 deftined for 
 the eeclcuaftical llate, but having quic ed his ' 
 parents he became labourer to fome mafons, 
 after which he joined a company of ftudling 
 players. His talents were difeovered at 
 Lyons, from whence he removed to Paris in 
 1753, and on playing before Louis XV. that 
 monarch took him into his company of co- 
 medians. His expreffion was fine, and he 
 adapted himfelf to any age or cbara&er. He 
 died in 1800.— AW. Dili. Hift. 
 
 Prevot d’Exiles (Anthony Francis), 
 was born in 1697 at Hefdin, in the province 
 ot Artois. He had his education among the 
 jeluits, and took the habit of the order, 
 which he afterwards renounced. He next 
 became a Benedictine, but quitted that focie- 
 ty alfo, and went to Holland, where he 
 formed a connection with an agreeable wo- 
 man. Irorn Holland he came to England, 
 and in 1731 returned to Paris, where he died 
 °> an apoplexy in 1763. He tranflated Qa- 
 nfia Harlowe and Sir Charles Grandifon into 
 £ renen ; and was the author of the Memoirs 
 ol a Man of Quality, a romance of merit in 
 6 vols. ; alfo of the Hiitory of Cleveland, 
 natural Son of Cromwell, 6 vols. ; Pro antf 
 Con, a periodical journal ; the Dean of 
 Coleraine, a npvel ; a General Iliftory of 
 Voyages, &c — Ibid. 
 
 i Rfcr. (fir John), an eminent antiquary 
 o: Drecknockihire, was one of the commif- 
 iioners employed to furvsy the monafteries 
 that were to he diffolved. He died about 
 1553. lie wrote a Defence of Britifh Hif- 
 tory in Anfwer to Polydore Virgil, which 
 was publilhed by his fori Richard in 1573 — 
 Ozvcn's Camb. B.eg. 
 
 Price (John), was barn at London in 
 IfiOO. Having fuffered conijdera. ly in the 
 c ivil wars, he went to Florence, where he 
 turned Roman catholic; and the grand duke 
 3 F % 
 
PR! 
 
 appointed him keeper of the medals and 
 Greek profeflor. He afterwards reeioved to 
 Rome, where he died in 1676. He wrote 
 Notes on the Pfalms, the Gofpel of St. Mat- 
 thew, and the Adds ; alfo Notes upon Apu- 
 leius, 1650, 8vo. — Moreri. 
 
 Price (Richard), a diflenting minifter 
 and political writer, was born in Glamorgan - 
 /hire in 1723. He received his education in 
 a private academy, after which he became 
 minifter to a congregation at Newington in 
 Middlefex ; from whence he removed to 
 that of Hackney, lie was alfo ledburer of 
 the meeting-houfe in the Old Jewry. About 
 1764 he became a member of the royal focie- 
 ty, and obtained the degree of dodbor in di- 
 vinity from a Scotch univerAty. At the 
 commencement of the American war he dii- 
 tinguifhed himfelf by his zeal in behalf of 
 republicanifm, and publifhed his Obfervations 
 on Liberty and Civil Government, for which 
 he had the thanks of the city of London , He 
 alfo wrote Oblervations on the National 
 Debt, in which he endeavoured to prove that 
 the kingdoni was on the eve - ot bankruptcy. 
 This was above thirty years ago, and the pre- 
 didbion has not been accompliihed. Soon af- 
 ter the breaking out of the French revolu- 
 tion, Dr. Price preached an inflammatory dif- 
 cOurfe at the Old Jewry, in which he tri- 
 umphed in fuch a manner on the misfor- 
 tunes of the royal family of France, as cal- 
 led forth the keen animadverAons of Mr. 
 Burke. The dodbor died in 1791. His other 
 works are, 1. Four Differtations on Provi- 
 dence and Prayer; on the Importance of 
 Chriftianity ; 2. A Review of the Principal 
 Queftions and Difficulties in Morals, 8vo.; 
 3. Obfervations on Reverfionary Payments, 
 Annuities, &c. 2 vols. 8vo ; 4. Difcuffion of 
 the Dodbrines of Materialifm and Neccffity, 
 in a correfpondence with Dr. Priefbley, 8vu. ; 
 5. Efiay on the Population of England and 
 Wales, Svo; 6. A Volume of Sermons.— 
 Europ. Mag. Gent Mag. 
 
 Pr I c H a r d (Rees ),aWelch divine and poet, 
 was born at Llanymodyfri in Caermarthen- 
 fhire, and educated at St. John’s college, Ox- 
 ford. On entering intoordeishe obtained 
 the vicarage of his native village, and in 
 1613 the redbory of Llamedy. He alfo be- 
 came a prebendary in the colleg’ate church 
 of Brecon, and chancellor of St David’s. 
 He died in 1614. His poems in Welch on re ■ 
 ligious fubjedb# have been oftentimes printed, 
 and are very popular in that country. — JJ^ood. 
 
 Prideaux (John), a learned prelate, was 
 born in 1578, at Stowfort in Devonfhire, of 
 poor parents. He was admitted of Exeter 
 college, Oxford, of which he became fellow, 
 and on the death of Dr. Holland was cholen 
 redbor. He was afterwards appointed regius 
 profelfor of divinity ; in which he difp.layed 
 tonfiderable talents. He alfo ferved the 
 office of vice-chancellor, and in 1641 was ad- 
 vanced to the bifhopric of Worcefter, but was 
 deprived of the revenues by the rebellion. He 
 died in 1650. He wrote Falciculus Contro- 
 feiAarum Theologicarum ; feveral ledtures, 
 
 P R 1 
 
 orations, and other works, in Latin.— Wool} 
 A. 0. 
 
 Prideaux (Humphrey), a learned divine, 
 was born at Padfbow, in Cornwall, in 1648. 
 He was educated at Wcftminfter fchool, and 
 eledbed from thence to C5rfift Church, Ox- 
 ford, where he took his degrees in arts. In 
 1 676 he publifhed the Marmora Oxonienfa, 
 in one volume folio. This is an account 
 of the Arundel marbles, with a comment 
 on them, and it gained the editor univer- 
 fal reputation. It alfo procured him the 
 patronage of the chancellor Finch, who 
 gave him a living in Oxford. In 1681 
 he was promoted to a prebend of Nor- 
 wich, of which cathedral he became dean in 
 1702. In 1710 he was cut for the fbone in 
 his bladder by an eminent operator of Lon- 
 don, but being left to the care of a young 
 furgeon, he was fo ill-treated as ever after to 
 be incapable of voiding his urine by the na- 
 tural paflage. Being difabled from public 
 duty, he devoted himfelf to writing, and 
 produced his Connedbion of the Old and New 
 Telbament, 2 vols. folio, and 4 vols 8vo. 
 This admirable work has been tranflated into 
 feveral languages, and has pafifed through 
 numerous editions. Dean Prideaux died at 
 Norwich in 1724. Bcfides the above work? 
 he was the author of Diredlions to Church- 
 wardens, 12mo ; the Life of Mahomet, Svo. ; 
 the Original Right of Tythes, 8vo ; fome 
 pamphlets, and a Angle fermon. — Blog. Brit. 
 
 Priestley (Jofeph), was born at Field- 
 head in Yorkfliire, in 1733, and educated in 
 the academy of Daventry, under Dr. Afh- 
 worth. At the age of twenty-two he be- 
 came affiftant minjfber to the independent 
 congregation of Needham-market, in Suffolk, 
 after which he was chofen paftor of a con- 
 gregation at Nantwich, in Chefhire, where 
 alfo he kept a fchool. In 1761 he removed 
 to Warrington as tutor in the belles-lettres 
 in the academy there. His connedbion with 
 that inftitution ended in 1768, -when he ac- 
 cepted an invitation from the difienters at 
 Leeds, where he publifhed feveral theologi- 
 cal works which attradbed eonflderable notice 
 and controverfy. In 1770 he went to reAde 
 with the earl of Shelburne, afterwards mar- 
 quis ot Lanfdowne, as librarian and philofo- 
 phieal companion. In 1775 he publifhed 
 his Examination of Dr. Reid, on the Human 
 Mind ; Dr. Beattie on Truth ; and Dr. Of- 
 wald’s Appeal to Common Senfe ; in which 
 lie treated thofe gentlemen with great ridi- 
 cule and contempt. His DifquiAtions on 
 Matter and Spirit, printed in 1777, excited 
 great furprife, even among the author’s ad- 
 mirers, as therein he explicitly denied the 
 foul’s immateriality. At this time he alfo 
 appeared as a champion for the dodbrine of 
 philofopliical neceffity, in which he had Ibis 
 triend Dr. Price lor an opponent. While 
 thus engaged in metaphyfical and theological 
 difputations, he purfued Iris philofopliical en- 
 quiries with ardour, the refult or which ap- 
 peared in the Philofophical Tranfadbions, and 
 in feparate publications, particularly his Ex. 
 
P R I 
 
 perlments and Obfervations on Different 
 Kinds of Air, 2 vols. 8vo. The term of his 
 engagement with lord Shelburne having ex- 
 pired, Dr. Prieftley, with a penfion of 1501. 
 a-year, retired to Birmingham, where he be- 
 came paftor of a congregation of Unitarian 
 diifenters in 1780. He there publiflied fe 
 veral of his works; as, Letters to Bifhop 
 Ncwcome on the Duration ot Chrift’s Mi- 
 niftry ; and the Hiftory of the Corruptions 
 of Chriftianity , 2 vols. 8vo. This laft 
 brought him into a controverfy with Dr. 
 Horfley, fince bilhop of St. Afaph. The hif- 
 tory was alfo anfwered and refuted in the 
 Monthly Review. Dr. Priellley, however, 
 ftill perfevered, and publilhed his Hiftory of 
 Early Opinions concerning the Perfon of 
 Chrift. In 1791 a riot happened at Birming- 
 ham, owing to an imprudent meeting of 
 the inhabitan’s to celebrate the anniverfary 
 of the French revolution. Several houfes 
 were pulled down and burnt ; and Dr. Prieft- 
 ley’s among the reft, by which he loft his 
 library, manufcripts, and philofophieal appa- 
 ratus. In confeauence of this difgraceful 
 tranfadfion he retired to London, and for 
 fome time officiated to the congregation at 
 Hackney, of which Dr. Price had been mi- 
 nifter. He had alfo a fituation in the dif- 
 fering college, at Hackney. But his mind 
 being greatly loured by late events, he went 
 to America in 1794, and fettled at Nor- 
 thumberland, in the, ftate of Pennfylvania, 
 where he died in 1804 Dr. Prieftley was a 
 fellow of the royal l'ociety, and of ether 
 learned bodies in different parts of the world. 
 He lived to fee his phlogiftic fy :em of che- 
 miftry univerfally exploded, yet he perlifted 
 in defending it to the laft. He was alfo 
 equally tenacious of his Socinianifm, and had 
 a controverfy on the fubjedt with Dr. Linn, or 
 Philadelphia. His writings are too various 
 to be enumerated. The principal and heft 
 are his Charts of Hiftory and Biography ; 
 his Hiftory of Eledlricity ; the Hiftory and 
 Prefent State of Difcoveries relating to Vi- 
 fion, Light, and Colours ; Ledftures on the 
 Theory and Hiftory of Language, and on the 
 Principles of Oratory and Criticifm .— Monthly 
 Mag. May, 1804. 
 
 Prieuii (Philip), profeffor of belles-let- 
 tres in the univerfjty ot Paris, was a native 
 of Normandy, and died in 1680. Pie edited 
 tile wot ks of Cyprian, Minutius Felix, Ar- 
 nobius, &c. in folio; and publiflied Differta- 
 tio de Litteris canonicis, 8vo .—Morcri. 
 
 Primatticio (Francis), a painter and 
 architedl , was born at Bologna in 1490. He 
 was employed by Francis I. of France, who 
 appointed him commifi'ary-general ot the roy- 
 al buildings. He died at Paris in 1570.— 
 Ibid. Fchb’cfl. 
 
 Primerose (Gilbert), a Scotch divine, 
 who was created D.D. at Oxford, by manda- 
 mus from James I. He was minifter of the 
 French church in London, chaplain to the 
 king, and canon of Windfor. He wrote, 
 Jacob’s Vow oppol'ed to the Vows of Monks 
 
 P R I 
 
 and Friars, in French, 4 vols. 4to. ; the 
 Trumpet of Sion, in 18 Sermons ; and other 
 theological works. He died in 1642. His 
 fan James Prbnerofe became dodtor of phytic, 
 after which he fettled in Yorkfhire, and 
 wrote, 1. Exercitationes & aniftiadverfiones 
 in Lib. G. Harvaei de motu cordis et circu- 
 latione fanguinis, 4to. ; 2. De vulgi in me- 
 dicina erroribus, 12mo. This laft was trans- 
 lated into Englith by Dr. Wittie, 1651, 8vo. 
 Primerofc was the author of fome other me- 
 dical pieces, now obfolete. 
 
 Prince (John), a divine and antiquary, 
 was born at Axminfter in Devonthire, and 
 educated at Brafenofe college, Oxford. On 
 entering into orders he became curate of 
 Bideford in his native county, and after- 
 wards fucceffively minifter of St Martin’s 
 in Exeter, vicar of Totnefs, and laftly of 
 Berry Pomeroy, where he died about 1720. 
 He publiflied a work, entitled, The Wor- 
 thies of Devon, in one volume folio, 1781 $ 
 which is exceedingly curious and valuable, 
 but very fcarce. Mr. Prince was alfo the 
 author of feveral Sermons ; an Humble De- 
 fence of the Exeter Bill ; for the uniting the 
 Parifhcs and fettling a Maintenance on their 
 Minifters, 4to ; A Letter to a young Divine, 
 containing feme brief diredtions tor com- 
 pofing and delivering of Sermons; the im- 
 prudence and unreafonablenefs of the pru- 
 dential reafons for repealing the penal laws, 
 Sec.—fVood. 
 
 Pringle (fir John), was born in Rox- 
 burghlhire in 1707. He was educated at 
 Edinburgh, where lie applied to the lhidy of 
 phylic, which he completed under Boer- 
 liaave, at Leyden, where he took his doctor's 
 degree. In 1742 he was appointed pbyfician 
 to the army in Flanders. He afterwards at- 
 tended the duke of Cumberland in the fame 
 capacity againft the rebels. He next fettled 
 in London, where lie obtained great pradtice, 
 and in 1761 was appointed phyfician to the 
 queen’s household. In 1766 he was created 
 a baronet, and on the death of Mr. Weft was 
 eledted prefident of the royal fociety. He 
 was appointed phyfician to the king, and died 
 in 1782. Sir John Pringle wrote Obferva- 
 tions on Dil'eafes of the Army, 8vo. ; Me- 
 moirs upon feptic and antifeptic Subftaoces, 
 for which he received the gold medal ot the 
 roval fociety, 8vo. ; Obfervations on the 
 Treatment of Fevers in Hofpitals and Pri- 
 fops ; Anniverfary Difcourfes before the Roy- 
 al Society. — Europ. Mag. Gent. Mag. 
 
 Priolo (Benjamin), was born at St. 
 John-de-Angcly, in the Venetian ftates, in 
 1602. He ftudied at Leyden, and after- 
 wards at Padua. The duke of Rohan took 
 him into his confidence, after wliofe de ch, 
 ij) 1638, Priolo was employed by the court 
 of France in feveral important negotiations, 
 for which he received a penfion. He died at 
 Lyons in 1667. . He wrote a Hiftory 
 of France, in Latin, the heft edition of 
 which is that of Leiphc, in 1686, 8vo.—» 
 Mireri. 
 
 3F 3 
 
P R I 
 
 i 
 
 Prior (Matthew), an Englifh poet, was 
 born in London, in 1664. On lofing his 
 father when young, the care of him dqyolved 
 to his uncle, a vintner, near Charing- crofs, 
 who fent him to Weftminfter fchool, bur af- 
 terwards took him home with an intent of 
 bringing him up to his own bufinefs. He 
 ftill purfued his clatTical ftudies as occafion 
 permitted, which proved the means of his 
 advancement, for happening to explain a 
 difputed paffage in Horace, to fome com- 
 pany at his uncle’s houfe, the earl of Dorfet, 
 one of the party, became his patron, and 
 fent him to St. John’s college, Cambridge, 
 of which he was chofen fellow. In 1 687 
 he wrote, in conjunction with Mr. Charles 
 Montague, the Hind and Panther tranfverfed 
 to tiie (lory of the Country Moufe and City 
 Moufe, by way of burlefquing a pitsce of 
 Dryden’s. In 1690 he was appointed Eng- 
 Iifh fecretary in the congrefs at the Hague, 
 ■iind gave fo much fatisfadtion that king 
 William made him gentleman of his bed- 
 chamber. In 1696 he was fecretary at the 
 treaty of Ryfwick, and the following year 
 went to Ireland, as principal fecretary of 
 Hate. Soon after this he was appointed fe- 
 cretacy to the embaffy in France; and he 
 had not been long there when going to fee 
 the curiofities at Verfailles, the officer in at- 
 tendance l'hewed him the fine paintings by 
 Le Brun of the .victories of Louis XIV. aflc- 
 jng at the fame time whether king William’s 
 aClions were alio to be feen in his palace : 
 “No, fir,” anfwered Prior, “the monu- 
 ments of my mafter’s aftions are to be feen 
 every where but in his own houfe.” In 
 1700 he took his place as one of the com- 
 miffioners of the board of trade, and was alfo 
 eleCtcd into parliament for Eaft Grinftead. 
 He ioined with Swift and others in writing 
 a political paper, called the Examiner, in 
 1710, and next year was appointed minifter 
 plenipotentiary to the court of France, where 
 he continued during the remainder of queen 
 Anne’s reign. In 171.1 he was arretted by 
 order of the houfe of commons, and commit- 
 ted to prifon. He was even excepted out of 
 the aCt of grace; but in 1717 he recovered 
 his liberty without being brought to trial. 
 Fie died at Wimple, the feat of the earl of 
 Oxford, in 1721. Bcfides his poems, which 
 are eafy, lively, and often elegant, he 
 wrote the Hiftory of his Own Times. — Biog. 
 
 Priscianus, a grammarian of Caefarea, 
 who flourithed about A.D. 521. His works 
 were printed by Aldus Manutius, at Venice 
 in 1476, folio. Fie was fo exaCt in his 
 judgment and criticifm, that to ‘ break Prif- 
 cian’s Lead’ is a proverb for falfe grammar. 
 — Moreri . 
 
 P-risci i. lias, an herefiarch of the 4th 
 century, was a native of Spain. To the er- 
 rors ofVne Gnoftics and Manichees, he added 
 fome of his own. Inftantius and Salvianus, 
 
 PRO 
 
 two prelates of his own way of thinking, or-> 
 dained him a bilhop. He was beheaded with 
 fome of his followers about 384 — Dupin. 
 
 Mcjheim. 
 
 Pritz (John George), profeffor of divi- 
 nity at Leipfic, was born there in 1662, and 
 died in 1732. He publilhed an Introduction 
 to the New Teftame.it, 8vo. ; De Immorta- 
 litate hominis ; an Edition of the works of 
 St. Macarius; another of the New Tefta- 
 ment, in Greek; and the Letters of Milton. 
 — Moreri. 
 
 Probus (M, Aurelius Valerius), a Ro- 
 man emperor, was born of ohfeure parentage 
 in P.innonia, and rofe from being a common 
 foldier to the higheft military rank. After 
 the death of the emperor Tacitus, in 276, 
 the eaflern army proclaimed Probus as the 
 reward of his valour and integrity. He was 
 alio acknowleged by the fenate ; after 
 which he turned his arms againft the Gauls 
 and Goths, whom he completely fubdued. 
 Fie next defeated the Sarmatbns, and made 
 an advantageous peace with Periia. The in- 
 terval of peace he employed in rebuilding 
 cities, and occupying his foldiers in uleful 
 works. The Perfians again taking up arms, 
 Probus prepared to attack them, but was 
 murdered by his troops at Sirmich, in 282.— 
 C'tvler. U'til'V. Hifi. 
 
 Procaccini (Camillo), a painter of Bo- 
 logna, was born in 1546, and died in 1626. 
 His fineft piece is a painting of the laft fup- 
 per, in the cathedral cf Genoa, the figures 
 in which are larger than life. His brother 
 Julius , who died in 1626, had more genius, 
 and a finer ftyle of painting than Camillo. 
 Uiere were fome other painters of this fa- 
 mily. — De Piles. 
 
 Proclus, of Lycia, a platonic philofo- 
 pher, who died A.D. 485. He wrote Se- 
 verely againft the Chriftian religion; alfo 
 Commentaries upon Plato, and other works 
 printed in 1-197, at Venice, in folio.— 
 V ofjius de Math. 
 
 Proclus (St.), patriarch of Conftantino- 
 ple, was the difciple of Chryfoftom. He 
 died in 447. His works in Greek were pub- 
 1 i tiled at Rome in 1630, 4to. — Baillet. Moreri. 
 
 Procopius, a relation of the emperor 
 Julian, to wlism he rendered eilential fen- 
 vices, but after the death of Jovian he re- 
 tired among the barbarians of the Cherfone- 
 \fus. When Valens marched into Syria, 
 Proclus returned to Conftautinople, and pro- 
 claimed him felt’ emperor, A.D. 365. Fie 
 forced Valens to abdicate the throne, but the 
 following year he u'as defeated in Phrygia, 
 and beheaded — XJni-v. HiJl. 
 
 Procopius, a Greek hiftorian, who was 
 profeilor or rhetoric at Caefarea, and employ- 
 ed by Belifarius as his fecretary. Juftinian 
 took him into his confidence, and honoured 
 him with the title of Illuftrious. He wrote 
 a Hiftory of the- Wars of the Perfians, the 
 Cauls, and the Goths ; alfo a Secret Hiftory, 
 
PRU 
 
 or Anecdotes. The beft edition of his 
 works is that of Paris in 1662, 2 vols. folio. 
 —Vojflus de Hiji. Crete. 
 
 Procopius, of Gaza, a Greek fophift, 
 who lived about A.D. 560. He wrote Com- 
 mentaries on the Books of the Kings, and 
 Chronicles; and on Ifaiah ; printed in Greek 
 and Latin, folio. — Moreri. 
 
 Prodicus, a fophift and rhetorician of 
 the ifle of Cos, fiourifhed about 396 B C. 
 He taught at Athens, and had for difciples 
 Euripides, Socrates, and Ifocrates. The 
 Athenians put him to death on pretence 
 that he corrupted the morals of their youth. 
 
 Pronapides, a Greek poet, who, ac- 
 cording to Diodorus Siculus, was the ma.ler 
 of Homer. He is alfo faid to have taught 
 the Greeks to write from the left to the 
 right, they being accuftorned before to write 
 in the oriental manner.— Vcjjlus. 
 
 Propertius (Sextus Aurelius), a Latin 
 poet, was born at Moravia, a city in Um- 
 bria. He was in great efteem with Maace- 
 nas, Ovid, and Tibullus. He died about 19 
 B.C. aged 40. His elegies are ufuallv print- 
 ed with thofe of Catullus. — B:sg. Clajjica. 
 
 Prosper (St.), was born in Aquitaine, 
 at the beginning of the fifth century. His 
 youthful life was licentious, but when his 
 country was ravaged by the barbarians, he 
 altered his conduct, and became a penitent. 
 He was a difciple of St. Auguftin, whofe me- 
 mory he defended. He alfo oppofed the 
 Pelagians with confiderable ftrength, and 
 died about 463. The beft edition of his 
 works is that of Paris in 1711, folio. He is 
 not to be confounded with an ecclefiaftical 
 writer of this name, who wrote on the pre- 
 dictions and promifes of God, ar.d other 
 works. He alfo lived in the 5th century.-— 
 — Dupin . Moreri. 
 
 Protagoras, a Greek philofophcr of 
 Abdera, was at firft a potter. He became 
 the difciple of Democritus, to whole fyftem 
 he added atheifm, and w : rote a book in de- 
 fence of it, which was burnt at Athens, and 
 the author banilhed. He died in Sicily 
 about 400 B.C. — Stanley. 
 
 Protogenes, an ancient painter, was 
 born at Caunus, a city of Rhodes, about 300 
 L.C. When Demetrius befieged Rhodes, 
 he gave orders that the quarter in which Pro- 
 togenes refided fhould be fpared. He had a 
 famous conteft with Apelles, whom he van- 
 quished, but there remained a cl&fe friend- 
 ship between them. — Pliny. Ifaintilian. 
 
 PkOvenzai e (Marcello), an Italian 
 painter, was horn in 1575, and died in 1639, 
 His fuperior merit confifted in mofaic, which 
 he executed in an admirable tafte . — De 
 Piles. 
 
 Prudentius (Aurelius Cleinentius), a 
 poet, was born at SaragofU in Spain in 348. 
 He was fuccellively an advocate, a magif- 
 trate, and a l'oldier, and diftinguilhed himfelf 
 in all thefe profefiions. His Latin poems 
 were printeJ by Elzevir in 1667, 12mo. 
 with the notes Heinfius.— Moreri, 
 
 PSA 
 
 Prusias, king of Bithynia, who joined 
 the Romans againft Antiochus. Hannibal 
 having taken refuge in his dominions, Pru- 
 fias was about to deliver him up to his ene» 
 mies, but the unfortunate fugitive perceiv- 
 ing his treachery, flew himfelf. The cru- 
 elties of Prufia9 gave luch offence to his fub- 
 jedls that they put him to death at the altar 
 of Jupiter, to which he had fled as a fandtu- 
 ary, B.C. 149. — Univ. Hijl. 
 
 Prussia. The firft people of this coun- 
 try were called Borullians, who were con- 
 quered by the knights of the Teutonic or- 
 der, in 1228. In 1454 the Poles fubdued 
 part of Pruffia, and completed the conquefl 
 of the whele in 1525. Albert, marquis of 
 Brandenburgh, the laft mafter of the '1 cuto- 
 nic order, obtained from the crown of Po- 
 land the eaftern part of this country, with 
 the title of duke of Pruffia. In 1683 it be- 
 came independent, and in 1702 it was eredted 
 into a kingdom. [Sec Frederick Wil- 
 liam] 
 
 Prynne (William), an Engliih lawyer, 
 was born at Swanfwick, in Somerfetfhire, in 
 1600, and educated at Oriel college, Ox- 
 ford, from whence he removed to Lin.coln’s- 
 inn. In 1632 he was tried in the liar cham- 
 ber for w'riting a libel againft the queen, un- 
 der the title of Hiftriomaftix, or a Difcourfe 
 on Stage Plays. For this he was fentenced 
 to Hand in the pillory, and to pay a heavy 
 fine Notwithftanding this he continued to 
 publilh abufive libels againft the king and 
 bifhops, for which he loft the remainder of 
 his ears in the pillory, and was fentenced to 
 perpetual imprifonment. The houfe of com- 
 mons releafed him in 1610. Fie fat in the 
 long parliament, and was one of the bittereft 
 perfecutors of archbilhop Laud. But though 
 he had been adlive in prompting the rebel- 
 lion, he was an enemy to Cromwell, who 
 caufed him to be imprifoned. At the reilo- 
 ration he was made keeper of the records in 
 the Tower. Prynne died in 1667. Fie 
 wrote a prodigious number oi books, chiefly 
 on politics and religion ; alfo the Hiftory of 
 Archbilhop Laud, folio ; and the Lives of 
 Kings John, Henry 111. and Edward 1.— 
 Wood , A.O. 
 
 Przipcovius (Samuel), a foci nian writer, 
 was driven from Poland vyith his brethren of 
 that fed! ia 1658. He then took refuge in 
 Pruffia, where he died in 1670, aged 80. His 
 works were printed in 1 val. foLo, 1692.— 
 Preface to his Works. 
 
 Psalmanazar (George), an impoftor, 
 who is fuppofed to have Ween a native of 
 France. After obtaining a good education 
 in a monaftery, he went to Germany, 
 where he pretended to be a Japanefe con- 
 verted to chriftianity. Being reduced to dif- 
 trefs he entered into a Scotch regiment in 
 Flanders, the chaplain of which brought 
 him to the communion of the church of Eng- 
 land, and employed him in tranflating the 
 church catechifm into Japanefe. This he 
 (cal to the bifhop of London, who was to 
 3 F 4 
 
P T O 
 
 pJeafcd with it that he fent for Pfalmanazar, 
 who now parted for a native of Formofa, and 
 to fupport the charadler lived upon raw flelh. 
 Here he formed a pretended Fotmofan gram- 
 mar, and a hiftory of that irtand, which im- 
 ported upon many learned perfons. At length 
 the deceit was dirtcovered, and Pfalmanazar 
 was abandoned by his patrons. He next en- 
 gaged with the bookfellcrs in compiling the 
 Antient Univerrtal Hiftory, his fhare of which 
 fhews confiderahle erudition. His latter 
 years made ample amends for his former ir- 
 regularities 5 and he died penitent in 1763. — 
 Life by Himfelf- 
 
 Psammenitus, king of Egypt, fucceed- 
 ed his brother Amafis 525 B.C. Cambyfes 
 declared war againft him, and having taken 
 him prifoner, put him to death after reign- 
 ing fix months. — Unfa/. Hijl. 
 
 PsammetiCUS, king of Egypt, was the 
 fon of Bocoris, who was Haiti by Sabacon, 
 king of Ethiopia. After the retreat of Sa- 
 hacon, the Egyptians recalled Pfammeticus 
 from Syria, and entrufted him with the go- 
 vernment in conjunction with eleven others. 
 His colleagues drove him to the fea coaft ; 
 but with the artiftance of the Ionians and 
 Carians, he defeated his enemies, at Mem- 
 phis, B.C. 670, on which he became mailer 
 of Egypt. He greatly encouraged the Greeks, 
 and enriched his country by commerce. He 
 was alfo a patron of the arts and fciences, and 
 died in 616 B.C.— Univ. Hiji. 
 
 Psellus (Michael), a Greek writer, 
 who lived in the reign of Conflantine Du- 
 cas, to whofe fon Michael he was tutor. He 
 wrote, 1. De quatuor Mathematicis Scientiis, 
 1556, 8 vo ; 2. De Lapidum virtutibus, 8 vo ; 
 3. De Operatione Daemonum, 8 vo. ; 4. De 
 viflus ratione, 8 vo. ; 5. Synoplis Legum, 
 verfibus Grascis edita. — Mtreri. 
 
 Ptolemy Lagus, or Soter, king of 
 Egypt, was the fon of Arfinoe, concubine of 
 Philip of Macedon. Ptolemy became a great 
 favourite of Alexander the Great, on whole 
 death he obtained Egypt, Lybia, and part of 
 Arabia, to which, on the death of Pcrdiccas, 
 he added Ccelortyria, Phoenicia, judaa, and 
 the ifle of Cyprus. He made Alexandria his 
 capital, where he built a light-houfe, called 
 the Pharos, as a guide to pilots for that har- 
 bour. He encouraged literature, and form- 
 ed an academy with a mul'eum at Alex- 
 andria. Ptolemy is laid to have written the 
 Life of Alexander theGreat, and other works, 
 which are loft. Fie died B.C. 285. — Univ. 
 lb ft. 
 
 PtoIemy PhiladelphuS, the fon and 
 fucceflor of the above. He obtained his lur- 
 name in ridicule for having murdered his 
 two brothers. Ptolemy formed an alliance 
 With the Romans. He was a great en- 
 Courager of commerce, for which purpofe he 
 built a city on the Red Sea. He aifo con- 
 ftrudted confiderablt fleels both there and in 
 the Mediterranean He was a liberal patron 
 of learned men, r.d is faid to have caufed 
 the Scriptures u bt rendered into Greek in 
 
 P T O 
 
 that verfion called the Septuagint. He died 
 in 246 B.C. aged 64. 
 
 Ptolemy Euergetes, the fon and 
 fucceftor of the preceding. He declared war 
 againft AntiochusTheus, to avenge the death 
 of his filler Berenice, the wife of that mo- 
 narch. Ptolemy made himfelf mailer of 
 Syria and Cilicia, and was extending his con- 
 quefls when the news of a revolt recalled 
 him to Egypt. He foon quelled the infur- 
 gents, and by the prudence of his reign ac- 
 quired the name of Euergetes , or benefadlor. 
 He died B.C 221 ; and was fucceeded by 
 
 Ptolemy Philopater, fo called from 
 his cruelty in poifoning his father and mo- 
 ther, and feveral of his relations. He is faid 
 to have exported a number of Jews on a plain 
 to his elephants 5 but thofe animals, inftead 
 of deftroying the intended victims, fell upon 
 the Egyptians ; on which the tyrant out of 
 fear conferred great favours on the Jewifh 
 nation. He died B.C. 201. 
 
 Ptolemy Epiphanes, fucceeded his fa- 
 ther Philopater, and at the age of fourteen 
 afiumed the reins of government. He fa- 
 crificed his tutor Ariltomenes, who had go- 
 verned with the greafteft fidelity in his mi- 
 nority. Ptolemy was poifoned B.C. 180. 
 Ptolemy Phiiomctor fucceeded him ; but hav- 
 ing declared war againft Antiochus Epipha- 
 nes, he was taken prifoner by him. The 
 Egyptians then placed Phyfcon his brother 
 on the throne, whom Antiochus deputed, and 
 reftored Philometor, wlto died of a wound 
 received in battle againft Alexander Balas, 
 king of Syria, B.C. 146. — Ibid. 
 
 Ptolemy Physcon, fo called from the 
 prominence of his belly, fucceeded his bro- 
 ther Philometor. On account of the perfe- 
 cutions which they endured, the people of 
 Alexandria emigrated into Alia 5 and his fub- 
 jedls having revolted againft him, he mur- 
 dered his fon Memphitis from fufpicion. 
 He died B.C. 116. — Ibid. 
 
 Ptolemy Lathy* us, fo called from an 
 excrefcence on his nofe, refembling a pea. 
 He fucceeded his father Phyfcon, but was 
 foon after driven to Cyprus by his mother 
 Cleopatra, who placed the crown on her fon 
 Ptolemy Alexander. Lathytus having muf- 
 tered an army invaded Judaea, and commit- 
 ted great cruelties on the Jews j after which 
 he marched to Egypt, but was unfuccefsful. 
 On the death of Alexander he alcended the 
 throne. He died 81 B.C. 
 
 Ptoiemy Auletes, which name he 
 obtained from his /kill on the flute, was the 
 illegitimate (on of the preceding, and alcend- 
 ed thethrone after the death of Alexander HI, 
 He ceded Cyprus to the Romans with a large, 
 tribute, whicli to difpleafed hisfubjedls, that 
 they ievolted, and placed his. daughter Be- 
 renice on the throne. By the help of his 
 allies he recovered his dominions, and put 
 his daughter to death. He died B C. 51.— 
 Ibid. 
 
 Ptolemy Dionysius, or Bacchus, king 
 of Egypt, the fo« of the preceding, afcende$ 
 
PUG 
 
 the throne with his filter Cleopatra, whom 
 he married, according to the will of his fa- 
 ther. Pompey the Great, who had been his 
 guardian, fled into Egypt after his defeat at 
 Pharfalia, and was murdered by him. Pto- 
 lemy, who was no more faithful to Ctefar 
 than he had been to his rival, was drowned 
 in the Nile after being defeated by the Ro- 
 mans, B.C. 46. — Ibid. 
 
 Ptolemy (Claudius), a mathematician 
 of Pelufium, lived about the year 138. He 
 is celebrated for his fyflem of the World, in 
 which he placed the earth as the centre. 
 His Geograohy is a valuable work, and was 
 printed at Amfterdam in 1618, folio; his 
 Treatife on Allrology, in 1535, and his 
 Harmonica, at Oxford in \.6&3 .—Vojftui de 
 Mathem. 
 
 Publius Syrus, a comic poet of Syria, 
 who flouriihed at Rome 44 B.C. He was 
 Have to a patrician named Domitius, who gave 
 him his liberty. A collection of Moral Sen- 
 tences by him was printed at Leyden in 
 1708, 8vo .-—Moreri. 
 
 Pucci (Francis), was born of a noble fa- 
 mily at Florence. He quitted the Roman 
 church and embraced the Proteftant religion, 
 on which he went to Poland, but returned 
 to his former religion at Prague in 1595. 
 Afterwards he went over again to the pro- 
 teftant communion, and being feized at 
 Saltzburg, was fent to Rome, and burnt 
 about 1600. He held thatChrift had made 
 fatisfadtion for the fins of all men ; which 
 opinion he maintained in a book dedicated to 
 Clement VIII. 1592, 8vo. — Bay!e. 
 
 Puffendorf (Samuel de), an eminent 
 civilian, was born at Fleh, in Upper Sax- 
 ony, in 1631. He ftudied at Leipfic, where 
 he applied to philofophy, law, and the ma- 
 thematics. In 1658 he was appointed tutor 
 to the fon of Coyer, ambaffador of the king 
 of Sweden to the court of Denmark ; but war 
 breaking out between the two countries, the 
 family of the ambaffador was thrown into 
 prifon, and Puffendorf with the reft. There 
 he compofed his Treatife on Univerfal Jurif- 
 prudence, which was printed at the Hague 
 in 1660. This work obtained him the place 
 of profeffor of natural law at Heidelberg, 
 from whence in 1670 he removed, by the 
 invitation of the king of Sweden, to Lun- 
 cien, and was appointed hiftoriographer to that 
 monarch, who created him a baron. In 1688 
 he went to Berlin, where he became counfel- 
 lor of hate, and died in 1694. His other 
 works are, 1. Hiftory of Sweden from 1628 
 to 1654 : 2. Hiftory of Charles Guftavus, 2 
 vols. folio ; 3. Hiftory of Frederic William 
 the Great, eledtor of Brandenburg, 2 vols. 
 folio; 4. an Hiftoricul and Political De- 
 fcriptionof the Papal State; 5. Introdudtion 
 to the Hiftory of the Principal States or Eu- 
 rope, bvo. ; 6. Treatife on the Law of Na- 
 ture and Nations, 2 vols. 4to. ; 7. Opulcula 
 juvenilia. See. — Niceron. 
 
 Puget (Peter), a painter, fculptor, and 
 architect, was born in 1623, at Marfeilks. 
 
 P U L 
 
 The groupeof Milo of Crotona, and Perleas 
 and Andromeda, at the entrance of the park 
 of Verfailles, are proofs of his talents, and 
 feveral of bis paintings are in the churches 
 of Marfeilles, Aix, and Toulon. He died in 
 1694i.—D'Argenvi/le. 
 
 Pul cher i a t.St.), was the daughter of 
 the emperor Arcadius, and partook with her 
 brother, Theodofius the younger, the impe- 
 rial throne : on his death in 550 ihe efpoufed 
 Marcianus, and aflociated him In the govern- 
 ment. She convened the council of Chal- 
 cedon in 451, and died in 454. Pulcheria 
 patronized learned and religious men Mo- 
 
 reri. 
 
 Pulci (Louis), an Italian poet, was bora 
 at Florence in 1432, of a noble family. He 
 wrote an epic poem, entitled, Morgante 
 Maggiore, in which are blended facred and 
 obfeene matters in a very difgufting manner. 
 He all'o wrote a poem on a tournament held 
 at Florence in 1468 ; entitled, “ Gioftra di 
 Lorenzo de Medici.” He died about 1487. 
 His brothers Luke and Bernard alfo diftin- 
 guilhed theml’elves by their poetical talents. 
 —Rofcee's Life of Lorenzo de Medici. 
 
 Puligo, or Puglio (Domenico), a 
 painter, was born at Florence in 1475, and 
 died in 1527. He excelled in painting por- 
 traits. — Pilkington. 
 
 Pulm annus (Theodore), or Poelmcm , 
 was born at Cranenburg, in the duchy of 
 Cleves, about 1510. He fuperintended the 
 prefs of Plantin, at Antwerp, and gave edi- 
 tions or Virgil, Lucan, Juvenal, Horace, 
 Aufonius, and other Latin writers. He died 
 at Salamanca about 1580. — Moreri. 
 
 Pulteney (William), earl of Bath, was 
 born in 1682. He became a member of the 
 houfe of commons early in life, and oppofed 
 the miniftry in the reign of queen Anne. In 
 17 14 he was appointed fecretary at war ; 
 but a difference arifing between him and fir 
 Robert Walpole, he became a fevere and 
 conftant antagonift of that minifter, for which 
 his name was erafed from the lift of privy, 
 counfellors, and put out of the co.nmi ton of 
 the peace. This only made him more vio- 
 lent in his oppofition, and at length he fuc- 
 ceeded in depriving fir Robert of his pla e; 
 after which he was created earl of Bath, and 
 admitted again of the privy council. He died 
 without ifl'ue in 1764. — Englijh Peerage. 
 
 Pulteney (Richard), a phyfician and 
 botanift, was born at Loughborough, in Lei- 
 cefterfhire, in 1730. He ferved iiis appien- 
 ticethip to an apothecary, after which he 
 commenced practice at Leicefte.r, where he 
 ftudied botany with ardour, and conrefpond- 
 ed with the Gentleman’s Magazine, in the 
 volumes of which are numerous communica- 
 tions on botanical fubjedts by him, and tome 
 on antiquities. Several of his papers alfo ap- 
 peared in the Pailolophical Tranfadtions. 
 In 1764 lie took his dottor’s degree at Kdia- 
 burgh, his inaugural oration for which 
 was de cinchona officalis. Soon after this he 
 was appointed phyficiaa to his relation the 
 
PUR 
 
 earl of Bath, on whofe death he fettled at 
 Blandford in Dorfetfhire, where he acquired 
 a confiderable pradice. In 1781 he publish- 
 ed his General View of the Life and Writ- 
 ings of Linnaeus; and in 17 90, Historical 
 and Biographical Sketches of the Progrefs of 
 Botany in England, 2 vols. 8vo. ; to which 
 vve have been indebted for much valuable in- 
 formation. He alfo made confiderable com- 
 munications to Nichols’s'Hiftory of Leicefter- 
 ihire, and Gough’s edition of Hutchins’s Dor- 
 fetihire. Dr. Pulteney died in 1801. He 
 was a fellov/ of the royal lociety and other 
 learned bodies at home and abroad. — Life by 
 Dr. Maton , 4to. 1 80.5. 
 
 Pu n tor mo (Giacomo), an Italian painter, 
 was born in 1193. He was the difciple of 
 Leonardo da Vinci, and completed his ftudies 
 under Andrea del Sarto. His fubje&s are 
 chiefly taken from the facred hiftory. ]le 
 died in 1558. — Dc Piles. 
 
 Pur bach (George), fo called from a vil- 
 lage of that name in Germany, where he 
 was born in 1423. He ftudied philofophy 
 and divinity at Vienna, but devoted him- 
 lelf principally to aftronomical purfuits, and 
 died at Vienna in 1462. He tranflated Pto- 
 lemy’s Almageft, invented fome aftronomi- 
 cal inftrument.s, conftrufted tables, and made 
 numerous obfervations. — Melch. Adam, in 
 y it. Germ. Phil. 
 
 Purcell (Henry), an emir.et mufical 
 eompofer, was born in 1658. He was brought 
 up in the king’s chapel, and at the age of 
 eighteen was made orgunift of W dim in iter 
 pbbey, and in 1682 one of the organiits of 
 the chapel royal. His church mufic is in 
 the grandeft ibyle ; and his operas are very 
 fine. Dryden, whofe fongs he fet, has paid 
 a fine compliment to his talents. He died 
 jn 1695, and was buried in Weftminfter ab- 
 bey. His principal work is entitled, Or- 
 pheus Britannicus. Daniel Purcell, his bro- 
 ther, was organ'll! of Magdalen college, Ox- 
 foid, and of St. Andrew, Hoborn. He was a 
 great punfter. — Hawkins. Burney. 
 
 Purchas (Samuel), an Englifh divine, 
 was born at Thaxted in Efi’ex, in 15? 7, and 
 educated at Cambridge. He obtained the 
 vicarage of pa it wood in his native county; 
 but hiving engaged in compiling a collection 
 of voyages, he left his cure to his brother, 
 and fettled in London, where he was pra- 
 lented to the re&ory of St. Martin, Ludgate. 
 
 He was alfo chaplain to afchbifhop Abbot, 
 and died in 1628. His work is entitled, 
 Purchas his Pilgrimage, or Relations of the 
 World, Ac. 3 vols. iolio. It is a collection 
 of great merit and labour.— Blog. Brit, 
 
 Puuver (Anthony), a remarkable in- 
 flan ce oi patient indultry in literature, was 
 born in Kampfhire in 1702 of parents who 
 were quakers. He was bred a lhoemaker, 
 gnd had only an ordinary education, but by 
 uncommon application he is laid to have ac- 
 quired a competent knowlege of the learned 
 languages. Being of a ferrous turn he fat 
 jd-'-put reading the Scriptures in the originals, 
 
 P Y N 
 
 after which he undertook and completed a 
 new tranflation of them ; which was printed 
 at the charge of Dr. John Fothergill, in 2 
 vols. folio. Purver became preacher among 
 the quakers, and died at Andover in 1775.— 
 Gen. Biog. Du'i . 
 
 Pu team us (Erycius), or Du Puy, was 
 born at Venloo, in Guelderland, in 1574. 
 He ftudied at Louvain, after which he be- 
 came profeflbr of eloquence at Milan in 
 1601. He fuecetded Lipfrus in the pr»fef- 
 forlhip at Louvain, and was appointed hifto- 
 riographer to the king of Spain. Lie died in 
 1616. He wrote a treatife entitled, Statira 
 Belli et Pagis, and other political works.— 
 Nicer on. 
 
 Putschius (Elias), a critic, was born 
 at Antwerp about 1580. He publifned Sal- 
 luft with fragments and notes, aifo a col- 
 lection ofthe antient grammarians. He died 
 at Stade in 1606. — Mortri, 
 
 Puy (Peter du), was born at Paris i.u 
 1583. He was tire author of feveral hiitori- 
 cul and political works. He died in 1652. 
 — Ibid . 
 
 Puysfgur (James oe Chaftenet, lord of), 
 a general, was born of a noble familv in Ar- 
 magnac, in 1600. He was forty-three year; 
 inactive fervice, during which he was pre ■ 
 fent at one hundred and twenty lieges, and 
 above thirty battles, without receiving a 
 fingle wound. He died in 1682. Elis Me- 
 moirs from 1617 to 1658, were printed in 
 2 vols. 12mo. 1690. His fon James de 
 Chaftenet, marquis of Puyfegur, became 
 marfhal of France, and died in 17-13, aged 
 88. He wrote a work on the Art Military, 
 in folio, and 2 vols. 4to. 1748. — Nou-v. DiB. 
 Ilf. 
 
 Pyle (Thomas), a learned divine, was 
 born in Norfolk in 1674, and educated at 
 Cambridge, where he took the degree of 
 M.A. after which he became minifter of 
 King’s Lynn. He difplayed great zeal in 
 the defence of Hoadley in the Bangorian con- 
 troverfy, for which, that prelate gave him a 
 prebend in the cathedral of Salifbury. Mf. 
 J’yle wrote an efteemed Paraphrafe on the 
 Ads and Epiftles ; alfo two volumes of Ser- 
 mons. He died in 1715 — Gen. Biog. DiB. 
 
 Pym (John), a leading man againft Charles 
 the firft, was member at parliament for Ta- 
 viftock, and On account of his great influ- 
 ence with the popular party was called “ King 
 Pym ” He was a furious demagogue ; but it 
 is queilioned whether he intended the i evo- 
 lution which He had excited ihould go to the 
 extent it afterwards did He died of an im- 
 pofthume in his bowels, in 1643. — Cla- 
 rendon. 
 
 Pynaker (Adam), a landfcape painter, 
 fo called from a village near Delft, in Hol- 
 land, where lie was born in 1621. His pic- 
 tures are highly efteemed. He died in 
 1673. 
 
 Pyndar (Paul), an eminent merchant, 
 was horn at Wellingborough, in Northanip- 
 tonlhire, in 1566. He received a li»er^i 
 
QUA 
 
 education, and was intended for the univerfi- 
 ty ; but, preferring a mercantile occupation, 
 
 was apprenticed to an Italian merchant in 
 London. His mailer fent him as factor to 
 Venice, and he rel/ded in various parts of 
 Itaty many years. In 1611 he was ap- 
 pointed ambaflador to the grand fignior at 
 Conftantinople, where he rendered great fer- 
 vice to the Turkey company. After his re- 
 turn in 1620, he was ottered the lieutenancy 
 of the Tower, which he retufed, but ac- 
 cepted the place of one of the farmers of the 
 cuttoms. He advanced fuch large fums to 
 king Charles in the rebellion as to reduce 
 himfelf to poverty. He inftituted large 
 alum works, and acquired a fortune of above 
 200,0001. He died in 1650 . — Vox P enta- 
 tis ; or, AbjlraB of the Cafe of G. Carew, ejp. 
 &c. 168.3, 4 to. 
 
 Pyrrho, a Greek philofopher, was a na- 
 tive of Elis, and founder of the fe£l denomi- 
 nated the Sceptics, becaufe they doubted the 
 truth of every thing. After ftudying under 
 Anaxarchus he went into India, where he 
 attended the Gymnofophifts. He died about 
 300 B.C. — Diog. Laert. Bayle. 
 
 Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, was an infant 
 at the bread when his father was (lain j but 
 faved from the fury of the inl'urgents by 
 fome faithful fervants, and conveyed to Glau- 
 cias, king of Illyncum, who brought him up 
 and reftored him to his throne. He was 
 obliged to take Neoptolemus as a partner in 
 the government, but having defeated that 
 ufurper, he reigned alone. He feized a 
 great part of Macedonia, and affifted the Ta- 
 rentines againft the Romans, but was defeated 
 and obliged to fue for peace. He after- 
 wards went to Sicily, and contributed to ex- 
 pel the Carthaginians; but in failing to Ta- 
 rentum his fleet was defeated, and only a 
 few of his fliips efcaped. He atterwards 
 laid fiege to Sparta, but without fuccefs. 
 He was /lain in an attempt on Argos, by a 
 tile which a woman threw on his head Iroin 
 the top ofherhoule, B.C. 272. 
 
 QUA 
 
 Pythagoras, a celebrated phiiokpWr, 
 was born at Samos, where his tathsr was a 
 fculptor, about 600 B.C. He ftudied in 
 Egypt many years, and after travelling over 
 a great pert of Afia, he returned to h>3 na- 
 tive place; but finding that Polycrates had 
 ufurped the government, he went to Cretana 
 in Italy, where he taught philofophy with 
 uncommon reputation. Students came to 
 him from all parts, on whom he impofed a 
 prohationary filence for five years ; after 
 which they were required to place their pro- 
 perly in the common flock. He greatly re- 
 formed the manners of the people of Crotona 
 and its neighbourhood, and leveral of his 
 difciplcs became excellent legiflators, parti- 
 cularly Zeieucus. Pythagoras is fajd to have 
 vifited Phalaris, the tyrant, who was fo pro- 
 voked with his difeourfes as to order him to 
 be put to death, but the aflaflinacion of the 
 tyrant faved his life. He was the firft who 
 affumed the title of philofopher. He difeo- 
 vered the famous demonftration in geometry 
 of the fquare of the hypothenufe, for which 
 he facrificed a hecatomb to the gods He 
 held that the fun is in the centre of the uni- 
 verfe, and that the earth revolves round it 
 with the other planets. His other princi- 
 ples were lefs rational, for he maintained the 
 dodlrine of a tranfmigration of fouls, and 
 the unlawfulnefs of eating animal food. He 
 died about 490 B.C. The Golden Verfes 
 which go by his name are queftionabla.— » 
 Iamblicbus in Vit. 
 
 Pytheas, a Greek philofopher, who 
 was the cotemporary of Ariflotle, and ren- 
 dered h'mfelf famous by his flcill in mathe- 
 matics He travelled into various countries, 
 and made numerous difeoveries, particularly 
 with refpedt to the length of the days in dif- 
 ferent climrrtes, and the obliquity of the 
 ecliptic.-— ’Polybius. Strabo. 
 
 Pytheas, a rhetorician of Athens, who 
 oppofed Demofthenes, awd farcaftically faid 
 that his orations fmelt of the lamp. — Suidas . 
 
 a 
 
 Qiiadratus, a difciple of the apoftlcs, 
 V3 *’ was a native of Athens, and according 
 to fome, the angel or bithop of Philadelphia, 
 mentioned in the Revelations. He is alfo 
 f.tid to have been biihop of Athens He pre- 
 fented an Apology for the Chriftians to the 
 emperor Adrian, of which only a frag- 
 ment remains. — Dupin, Cave. 
 
 Quadrio (Francis Xavier), a learned 
 jefuit, was born in the Valteline in 1695. 
 He became a fecular prieft, and died at Milan 
 in 1756. His works are ; 1. On the Italian 
 Poetry; 2. Hiltory of Italian Poetry, 7 
 vols ; 3. Hiftorical Difiertations upon the 
 Valteline, 3 vols. — Tirabofchi. 
 
 Quaini (Louis), a painter, was born at 
 Bologna, in 1643, and died in 1717. He was 
 
 the difciple or Cignani, whom he afiiiled in 
 fome of his greatefl works. — D' Argenmlle. 
 
 Quarles (Francis), an Englilh poet, 
 was born near Rumford, in Eflex, in 1592, 
 and educated at Chrift’s college, Cambridge, 
 from whence he removed to Lincoln’s Inn. 
 He was cup-bearer to Elizabeth, daughter of 
 James I. and queen of Bohemia, after w’hich 
 he became fecretary to archbilhop Ufhcr, and 
 chronologer to the city of London. He was 
 a zealous royalift, for which his eftates were 
 fequeftrated and his goods plundered. The 
 lois of his manirferipts is faid to have preyed 
 fo much upon his fpirits as to occafion his 
 death in 1644. He wrote feveral ingenious 
 pieces, the mod known of which are, his 
 Emblems, Meditations, and Hieroglyphics. 
 
Q U E 
 
 Pcope is fuppofed to have been canfiderably in- 
 debted to his works. — Biog Brit. 
 
 £uattromani (Sertorio), a learned 
 Italian, was born at Cofenza in the kingdom 
 of Naples about 1541. By the friendfhip of 
 Paul Manutius he was admitted into die li- 
 brary of the Vatican, where he ftudied the 
 Creek writers with great avidity. He was 
 afterwards taken into the fervice of the duke 
 of Nocera, who held him in great efteem. 
 After the death of his patron he accepted an 
 invitation from the prince de Stigliano, but 
 'ha did not long remain in his fervice, owing 
 to the envy of fome of the courtiers. He 
 died shout 1606. He tranflated the JEntid 
 into Italian verfe; and his works were 
 printed together at Naples in 1714, 8vo.— 
 Tmabejsbi. 
 
 guELtiN (Erafmus), a painter, was born 
 at Antwerp in 1607, and died in 1678. He 
 w..s the difciple of Rubens, vvhofe ftyle he 
 Imitated with great fuccefs. His fon John 
 Erajmns was alfo a good artift, and painted 
 fome line pieces for the churches of Antwerp, 
 where he died in 1715. — Pilkington. 
 
 fioENSTEDT (John Andrew), a lutheran 
 divine, was born at Quedlinbuvgh in 1607, 
 and died in 1688. He wrote an Account of 
 learned Men from Adam to 1600, 4to. ; 2. 
 De Sepultura Veterum, 8vo. ; 3. A Syftem 
 of D i vinity, 4 vols. folio — Moreri. 
 
 SJu-exenchi (Anthony), a poet, was 
 born at Padua in 1546. He became fecreta- 
 ry of the facred college, and died at Rome in 
 1633. IJis Latin poems were printed at 
 Rome in 1629, and the Italian in 1616, 8vo. 
 •— Tirabojehu 
 
 gtrEEEON (Anne-Gabriel Meufnier de), 
 
 » French writer, was born at Nantes in 1702. 
 He publilhed a periodical paper in Brittany 
 above twenty years, and he was alfo the edi- 
 tor of the “Journal Encyclopedique,” the 
 Gazette of France, &c. He wrote a romance, 
 entitled. The Innocent Impoftors ; and 
 publilhed editions of Anacreon and Lucretius, 
 with other works. He died in 1780. — Noun. 
 DiB. Hifi. 
 
 Qoer no (Camillus), an Italian poet, 
 who died in a hofpital at Naples in 1528. 
 He went to Rome with a ridiculous poem, 
 called H/exiada, which procured him the 
 place of buffoon to pope Leo X — Ti’abofibi. 
 
 Quesnay (Francis), phyfician to the 
 king of France, member of the academy of 
 fciences of Paris, and of the royal fociety of 
 London, was born at Ecquevilli in 1694, and 
 died in 1774. He was the principal of the 
 fociety called Economics; and in his youth 
 wrote a pleafing poem, called the Farm Houle. 
 His other works are, on the Effedts of Bleed- 
 ing, 12mo; Phyfical Fflay on the Animal 
 Economy, 3 vols. 12mo. ; Treatife on Fe- 
 vers, 2 vols.; On Gangrene, 12mo.; On 
 Suppuratiun, &c. — Noun. DiB. Hiji. 
 
 SJuesne (Abraham, marquis du), was 
 born in Normandy in 1610. He was brought 
 Up to the naval fervice under his father. In 
 1637 he was at the attack of St. Marguerite, 
 and the year following defeated the Spanilh 
 
 Q U I 
 
 fleet before Caftan. In 1644 he entered 
 into the Swedilh fervice, and diftinguifhed 
 himfelt greatly againft the Danes. In 1647 
 he returned to France, and was appointed 
 Commander of a fleet in the Mediterranean. 
 In 16 76 he difplayed great bravery againft 
 the Dutch fleet under de Ruyter. He died 
 at Paris in 1688.— Moreri. 
 
 Quesnel (Pafquier), was born at Paris 
 in 1634. He ftudied theology in the Sor- 
 bonne with great reputation, after which he 
 entered of the congregation of the oratory, 
 and was diftinguilhed by his learning and 
 piety. In 1675 he published an edition of 
 the works o! St. Leo; but being a zealous 
 janfenilt he was obliged ta retire to Bruflels, 
 where he publilhed his Reflections on the 
 New 3 eftament, which work was attacked 
 by the Jeluits, and occafioned fo much con- 
 troverfy that pope Clement XI. iflhed his 
 famous bull, called Unigenitus, againft Quef- 
 nel s book. By means ot the Jefuits he was 
 thrown into prifon, and put in irons, but he 
 effected his efcape, with the afliftance of a 
 Spanilh gentleman, and went to Amlterdam, 
 where he died in 1719. He wrote a number 
 of pieces ot practical and controverfial divinity. 
 One Peter P/uefnel who died at the Hague in 
 1774 wrote a Hiftory of the Tefuits. — Noun. 
 DiB Hi/}. J 
 
 Quesnoy (Francis du), a fculptor, was 
 born at Bruflels, and died at Leghorn ii^ 
 1644, aged 52. His performances are chiefly 
 fmall bas-reliefs in bronze, marble, or ivory, 
 reprefenting children, and bacchanals, ex- 
 ecuted with great elegance. His brother 
 Jerorn was alio a good iculptor. lie died at 
 Ghent in 1054 —D' Argennille. 
 
 Ouevedo DE Villegas (Francis), a 
 Spanifh author, was born at Villeneuve de 
 1 In.antado in 1570, of a noble family. He 
 cultivated poetry, and his. performances were 
 much efteemed ; but fome of them gave fuels 
 offence to count Olivares, that he caufed the 
 author to be fent to prifon, where he remain- 
 ed till that minifter was difgraccd. He died 
 at his native place in 1645. His works were 
 publilhed at Madrid in 1650, under the title 
 of Parnaflo Efpagnolo. His Villons of Hell 
 have been tranllated into Englilh, but very 
 
 indifferently from a French verflon Moreri. 
 
 Qvien (Michael le), a Dominican, was 
 born at Boulogne, in 1661. He publilhed 
 an edition of John Dumafcenus, in 2 vols. 
 folio; and was the author of, 1. Panoplia 
 contra Schifma Graecorum, 4to. ; 2. Nullity 
 ot the Englilh Ordinations, againft Ccurayer ; 
 
 3. Oriens Chriftianus., in quutuor Patriarcha- 
 tus digeftis; in quo exhibentur Eccleliae, 
 Patviarchae caetevique Piaefules orientis, 3 
 vols. fol. ; 4 Defence ot the Hebrew Text* 
 againft Perron. - Ibid. 
 
 Ouien de la Neufville (James le), 
 was born at Paris in 1647. He ferved firft 
 in the army, and afterwards became an advo- 
 cate, but without fuccels, on which he had 
 recourfe to literature for a fupport. He pub- 
 lilhcd the Hiftory of Portugal, in 4to. which 
 obtained him a place in the academy ofinferip- 
 
lions. His Treatife on the Ufe of Pods who ptaCUfed with reputation In London, 
 among the Antients and Moderns, procured and publlihed a Dictionary of Phyiic, 8vo.. J 
 him the dire&ion of the polls of French a Univerfal Difpenfatory, 8vo. 5 Chemical 
 Flanders, and a penfion. He died at Liibon Pharmacopeia, 4to. ; a tranfiation of Sane- 
 
 in 1728 — Aloreri. 
 
 Quillet (Claude), a phyfician and poet, 
 was born at Ghinon in Tourainc about 1602. 
 Having expofed the impoftor of the devils of 
 Loudun [See Grandier], he retired to 
 Italy to avoid the refentment of Richelieu. 
 At Rome he wrote his Callipaedia, a Latin 
 poem, on the art of having beautiful children. 
 In this piece he was very fatirical on cardinal 
 Mazarine, who, inftead of punching him, 
 gave him an abbey. In 1656 Quillet pub- 
 lished a new edition of his poem, dedicated 
 to the cardinal, fubftituting an eulogy inftead 
 et fatire. He died in 1661. He alfo wrote 
 a Latin poem called the Henviade. His Cal- 
 lipadia has been translated into English by 
 Rowe.— Bayle. Niceron. 
 
 Quin (James), was born in London in 
 1693, and died at Bath in 1766. He was 
 intended for the law, but having a Strong in- 
 clination for the Stage, he joined a company 
 et players, and after performing at Dublin 
 and other places with applaufe, was engaged 
 by Rich at Covent Garden, where he played 
 Falftaft to crowded houfes. He became the 
 first actor of his time till Mr. Garrick, ap- 
 peared, and drew the town after him to 
 Goodman’s Fields, on which occafion Quin 
 contemptuously faid, that the rage w r as only 
 like a new feCI, which would foon fink to 
 nothing, and the people return to church 
 again. But in this prediction he was mif- 
 taken. In 1746 thele two rival adtors per- 
 formed together in the Fair Penitent, and ex- 
 hibited an altonilhing display of powers. 
 Quin was employed by Frederic prince of 
 Wales to inftrudt the royal children in elo- 
 cution ; and when Quin was informed of the 
 graceful manner in which his prelent majefty 
 delivered his firft Speech from the throne, he 
 emphatically faid, “Aye, it was I who taught 
 the boyto Speak. ” About this time he obtain- 
 edapenfion,havingretiredfrom the Stage Some 
 years before. He had much roughnefs in 
 his manner, and was a great epicure ; yet 
 there was much benevolence in his difpofi- 
 tion, a remarkable instance of which appear- 
 ed in his condudt to Thomfon, the author of 
 the Seafons, whom he releafed from a 
 fponging houfe, by paying the debt and cofts, 
 without having had any previous acquaint- 
 ance with him. — Europ. Mag. 
 
 Quinault (Philip), a French dramatic 
 poet, was born at Paris in 1636. His firft 
 piece was a comedy called the Rival Mufes, 
 performed with applaufe in 1653. He allb 
 produced feveral tragedies, comedies, and 
 operas, of considerable merit. He married 
 the widow of a merchant, and was appointed 
 auditor in the chamber of accounts. He 
 was alfo admitted a member of the French 
 academy. He died in 1688. The works of 
 Quinault were printed at Paris with his 
 Life in 1778, 5 vols. 12mo. — Morert. 
 Quincy (John), an English phyfician. 
 
 torius’s Aphorifms ; and other works of ®e- 
 rit. He died in 1723. 
 
 Quintilian (Marcus Fahius), a cele- 
 brated orator and critic, is faid by Some to 
 have been a native of Spain, and by otlrers 
 to have been born at Rome. At the com- 
 mencement of the reign of Galba he opened 
 a School of rhetoric in that city, where he 
 taught with great reputation, and was liber- 
 ally rewarded by the government. He alfo 
 pleaded in the forum, and was entrufted by 
 Domitian with the education of his two ne- 
 phews. He is fuppofed to have died about 
 A.D. 68. His Inftitutiones Oratories may- 
 be juftly pronounced the fineft fyftem of rhe- 
 toric ever written. This invaluable work 
 was difeovered by Poggio in 1415, in the ab- 
 bey of St. Gal. The beft edition is that of 
 Burman in 1724, Leyden, 4 vols. 4to.— • 
 Bayle. 
 
 Quintinte (John de la), an eminent 
 gardener, was born at Poitiers in 1626 His 
 education was liberal, and he became an ad- 
 vocate ; but he renounced the law, and ap- 
 plied wholly to agricultural purfuits Louis 
 XIV. appointed him direCtor-general ©f his 
 fruit and kitchen gardens. He died at Paris 
 about 1700. Quintinie wrote an efteemed 
 book on Gardening, in 2 vols. 4to. — Moreri . 
 
 Quirini (Angelo Maria), a cardinal, 
 was born at Venice in 1684. At the age 
 fourteen he entered among the Benedictines. 
 In 1710 he travelled into Germany, trom 
 whence he pall'ed to Holland, England, and 
 France, in which countries he contracted ant 
 intimacy with the moft learned men of the 
 age, particularly Newton, Bentley, Fenc- 
 lon, and Montfaucon. Benedict XIII. made 
 him archbifhop and cardinal, which dignities 
 he filled with great reputation. He died in 
 1755. Cardinal Quhini gathered a magnifi- 
 cent library, which he gave to the Vatican. 
 His principal works are, 1. Prinjordia Ccr- 
 cyrs ex andquiflimis monumentis illuftrata, 
 4to. ; 2. Veterum Brixix Epifeoporum, See ; 
 this work contains the lives of the bilhops of 
 Brefcia who have been canonized ; 3. Speci- 
 men variae Litteraturx, qua; in urbe Brixia. 
 cjufque ditione paulo po!t, Typographic in 
 cunabula fiorebat, 4to. ; 4. Enchiridion 
 Grxcorum ; 5. Gefta et Epiftolc Francifci 
 Barbari ; 6. De Mofaicc Hiftoriee Prcftan. 
 t i a . — Tira bo febi. 
 
 Quiros (Fernand de), a Spanilh naviga- 
 tor, who was employed by Philip III. in 
 making difeoveries in the Pacific Ocean. In 
 1605 he difeovered the Society Ifles, and 
 other places. — Cook's Voyages. 
 
 Quistorp (John), a Lutheran divine, 
 was born at Roftuck in 1584. He attended 
 Grotius in his laft illnefs, and died at Rof- 
 tock in 1646. His works are, 1. Articuli 
 formulae Concordix iliuftratij 2. Manuduc- 
 tio ad Studium I heologicum ; 3. Commen- 
 taries on the Epiftles of St. Paul. — Moreri. j 
 
RAC 
 
 RAC 
 
 R. 
 
 J^aban-Maur fMagnentius), a learned 
 prelate, was born at Fulda in 788, of 
 a noble family. After ftudying under Al- 
 cuinus he entered into orders, and was elett- 
 ed abbot 01 Fulda. In 817 he became archbi- 
 Ihop of Mentz, and diftinguilhed himfelf by 
 writing againft Gotefchalcus the monk, whom 
 he delivered up to Ilincmar, arch bi/hop of 
 Rheims. Raban died in 8 56. His works 
 have been published in 6 vols. folio —More,',. 
 
 Rabaup-Saint-Etienne (John Paul), 
 
 a proteftant minifter, was a native of Nifmes. 
 lie became a member of the national con- 
 vention of France. In the tyranny of Ro- 
 befpierre he was profcribed, and fled' but was 
 Taken and lent to Paris, where he was guillo- 
 tined in 1793. He wrote a Letter on the 
 Life and Writings of Count deGibelin ; Let- 
 ters on the Primitive Hiltory of Greece; 
 Confiderations on the Interefts of the Third 
 Eftate, &x. — Nouv. D\B. Mifi. 
 
 Rabelais (Francis), was the fon of an 
 apothecary at Chinon in Touraine. He en- 
 tered into the order of Cordeliers ; hut on 
 account of an intrigue he was inprifoned in a 
 monaftery, from whence he made his efcape, 
 and obtained permiffion of pope Clement 
 \ II. to quit his order. He then ibudied me- 
 dicine at Montpellier, where he took his 
 doftor’s degree, and became profeffor in 1531. 
 The chancellor Duprat having abolifhed the 
 privileges of that univerfity, Rabelais was 
 deputed to wait on him, and he fuccecdcd in 
 obtaining a reverfal of that decree. The 
 cardinal du Bellay appointed him his phy- 
 fician, and took him in his fuite to Rome. 
 On his return to Prance he was rewarded with 
 an abbey and the benefice of Meudon. About 
 this time lie publilhed his Pentagruel, a co- 
 mic fatire, which is licentious ;fnd obfeene. 
 He died in 1553, aged 70. Bcfides the above 
 piece he wrote fome medical works, and nu- 
 merous letfeis, printed together in 5 vols. 
 
 8 vo. 1715 —M^reru 
 
 Rabirius, a Latin poet in the reiirn of 
 Auguftus, whom lie complimented in a poem 
 on his viCIory over Anthony at A&ium. 
 He is not to be confounded with an architect 
 ut the lame name who built a famous palace 
 for Domitian at Rome, the ruins of which 
 remain. — Ibid. 
 
 Racan (Ilonorat de Bueil, marquis de), 
 a poet, was born at Touraine in 1589. He 
 was one of the firft members of the French 
 academy. He died in 1670. His works 
 were printed in 1660, 8vo. and 1720, 2 vols 
 12mo .—Ibid. * 
 
 R a c c h z tti ( Bernard) , an Italian painter, 
 was born in 1659, and died in 1702. He 
 painted perlpeCtive and architecture in an 
 excellent tafte.— Pifcington. 
 
 Racine (John), a French poet, was born 
 at Ferre-Milon, in 1639, of a noble family. 
 He was educated in the fociety of Port Royal, 
 
 where he devoted his principal attention to 
 the Greek tragic poets. His firft publica- 
 tion was an Ode on the Marriage of the 
 King, which procured him a penfion. In 
 1661 he produced his tragedy of Thebaide, 
 which was followed in 1666 by Alexander. 
 r l ill this time he wore the ecc’efiaftical ha- 
 bit, which he now renounced. Nicole, in a 
 letter written againft Defmarets, having 
 charged the dramatic poet6 as poifoners of the 
 foul, Racine replied in a fevere manner. In 
 1688 appeared his Andromache, which was 
 attacked by feveral critics, particularly St. 
 Evremond. His next piece was the tragedy 
 of Bntannicus, which far furpafled his former 
 productions. In 1677 appeared his tragedy 
 of Phaedra, which was oppofed by one on the 
 fame fubjeCt written by Pradon, and occafi- 
 oned violent heats between the partifans of 
 the refpeCtive poets. The fame year Ra- 
 cine was aflociated with Boiiaau in writing 
 the Hiftory of Louis XIV. which work was 
 never publilhed. About this time he wrote 
 his facred drama of Either, at the defire of 
 madame de Maintenon, and it was aCted by 
 the young ladies of her inftitution of St. Cyr. 
 His belt piece of this kind, was his Athalia. 
 Fie died in 1699, of chagrin, occalioned by 
 the king’s dtfpleafure at a memorial on the 
 miferies of the people, which he had written 
 at the requeft of madame de Maintenon. 
 Befides his dramatic works he wrote, Canti- 
 cles or Hymns for the ufe of St. Cyr; the 
 Hiftory of Port Royal ; Letters and Epigrams. 
 — Life by bis Son, 2 vols. 1747. 
 
 Racine (Louis), fon of the above, was 
 born at Paris in 1692, and died in 1763. He 
 embraced the eccleiiaftical ftate, but cardinal 
 Fleury gave him a civil appointment He 
 wrote lcveral good poems; Reflections on 
 Poetry ; a prole tranflation of Milton’s Para- 
 dile Loft ; Life of John Racine ; and other 
 works. — Nouv. DAB. Hiji. 
 
 Hack (Edmund), an ingenious writer, 
 was born at Ellinghum, in Norfolk, of poor 
 but honeft parents. At the age of eight 
 years he loft his father, and till he was 
 eleven lie was lupported by the labour of an 
 induftrious mother, who kept him at the 
 fpi nning wheel. At length he became er- 
 rand boy to a woollen draper, who put him 
 to a day fchool, where he learned writing 
 and arithmetic. His mafter at the end of 
 two years took him as an apprentice, and he 
 afterwards ferved as a journeyman. In 1758 
 he removed to Bradford, in Efl’ex, where he 
 carried on bufinefs forne years, married, 
 and gained a competency. He then retired 
 to Bath, where he formed the fociety for the 
 encouragement of agriculture, to which he 
 became fecretary. Mr. Rack publilhed a 
 poem, entitled r I he Ruins of an antient Ca- 
 thedral, 1768 ; in 1775, a pocket volume of 
 his Piie ms ; in 1777 , Mentor’s Letters, 
 
R A O 
 
 which were well received ; and in 1781 he pro- 
 duced an odftavo volume ot Poems arid Eflays. 
 lie had alio a concern in Collinfon’s Hiftory 
 of Somerfctihire. Mr. Rack was of the fo- 
 ciecy called Quakers. He died in 1737, 
 aged 52 — Eui op. Mag. 
 
 Raclf. (Leonard), a French architect, 
 war a native ot Dijon, and died at Pont-de- 
 Vaux in 1792. In 1786 he obtained a prize 
 from the academy of Touloufe ior a memoir 
 on the conftruclion of an iron bridge of a An- 
 gle arch of 400 feet fpan. He alio wrote 
 others on the properties of the cycloid, and 
 on regulating the courfe of the Rhone. He 
 was the intimate friend of Voltaire, and 
 built his houfe at Ferney.— Nouv. Dtti. 
 Hjl 
 
 Radcliffe (Alexander), an Engliih 
 poet, who died about 1700. He wrote a 
 burlefque of Ovid’s Epiftles, a poem called 
 “ News from PIcll,” and other works of the 
 like nature. — Gen. Bwg. Dili. 
 
 Radcliffe (John), an eminent phvfi- 
 cian, was born at Wakefield in Yorkfliire in 
 16.50. At the age of fifteen he was entered 
 of Univerlity college, Oxford, but not 
 obtaining a fellowship there, he removed to 
 Lincoln college, where he fucceeded. Hav- 
 ing taken his bachelor’s degree in phyfic, he 
 commenced practice, and obtained a confidcr- 
 able reputation. In 1682 he took his doc- 
 tor’s degree, and not long after removed to 
 London, where he rofe to the height ot his pro- 
 feffion. Aftoniftiing things are related ot his 
 fkill. He attended king William, who hav- 
 ing fliewn him his fwelled ancles, and a iked 
 what he thought of them, “ Why, truly,” 
 faid Radcliflc, “ I would not have your mi- 
 jefty’s two legs for your three kingdoms,” 
 which uncourtly anfwer gave great offence. 
 He died in 1714, having the year before 
 been chofen member of parliament for Buck- 
 ingham. His remains were interred in St. 
 Mary’s church, Oxford, to which univerlity 
 he was a munificent benefactor, particularly 
 by founding the famous library which is cal- 
 led by his name —Blog. Brit. 
 
 Ra demaker (Gerard), a painter, was 
 born at Amfterdam in 1673, and died in 1711. 
 He painted architecture and perfpeCtive. A 
 relation of his, Abraham Rademaker, who 
 died at Haerlem in 173.5, aged 60, was a 
 good lundfeupe painter. — lloubruken. 
 
 Ragotzki (Francis Leopold), prince of 
 Tranfylvania, was font to prilon in 1701, 
 on a charge of exciting the Hungarians to 
 revolt; but after a confinement of fome 
 months he effected his elcape into Hungary, 
 the inhabitants of which declared him pro- 
 testor of tbeir kingdom. He was for fome 
 years very fuccefsful, but the Hungarians 
 making peace with the emperor in 1713, 
 Ragotzki went to France, and from thence 
 to Conltantinople, where he was held in 
 great efteem. He died in Turkey in 1735. 
 There pafles under his name a work entitled, 
 ‘ tiic Political and Moral Testament of 
 
 R A V 
 
 Prince Ragotzki,’ but it is of dub'ous authO” 
 rity. — Nowv. DiEl Hiji. 
 
 Raguenet (Francis), a native ofRouen, 
 and an ecclefiaftic. He obtained a prize 
 from the French academy in 1689, for a dif- 
 courfe on the merit of martyrdom. In 1704 
 he publifhed a Parallel of the Italians and 
 French, with regard to Mufic and the Opera, 
 in which he defended the fuperiority of the 
 former. This work occafioned a literary war 
 fare. Raguenet died in 1722. His other 
 works are, 1. the Monuments of Rome, or a 
 Defcription of the Works of Art, &c. in that 
 City ; 2. the Hiftory of Oliver Cromwell, 
 4to. ; 3. Hiftory of the Old Teftament-; 4. 
 Hiftory of the Vifcount Turenne, 12mo.-— 
 Moreri. 
 
 Rainai.Pi, or, as the French writers 
 fpell it, Raynaud (Theophilus), an eccen- 
 tric genius, was born at Gofpello, in Pied- 
 mont dominions, in 1583, and became a Je- 
 luit. I-Ie was celebrated fora de;p penetra- 
 tion, uncommon memory, and of prodigious 
 learning. But his ideas were fo extravagant, 
 that, notwithflanding. his zeal for the fup- 
 port of the Romifh dodftrines, many of his 
 publications were proferibed. He died at 
 Lyons, in 1663, and his works were pub- 
 liihed at the fame place, in 1665, in 20 vols. 
 fol. This writer is not to be confounded 
 with another of the fame name (Oderic Rai- 
 naldi), the author of the Ecclefiuftieal An- 
 nals, 8 vols. in fol .—Moreri. 
 
 Rainolds (William), an Engliih divine, 
 was born at Pinhoe in Devonfhire, and edu- 
 cated at New college, Oxford, where he ob- 
 -tained a fellowlhip, and entered into orders. 
 His brother John was a member of Corpus 
 Chrilti college, and a zealous Iftomanift, 
 while William was as warm in defence of the 
 reformation. This difference occafioned fre- 
 quent difputes, the refult of which was that, 
 William became a convert to popery, and 
 John turned proteftant. The former went 
 abroad, and was made profefior of Hebrew in 
 the Engliih college at Rheims ; and died at 
 Antwerp in 1594. He wrote a Defence ot 
 the Rhemilh Tranfiation of the New Telia 
 ment, againft Whitaker, 8vo. ; Calvino 
 Turcifmus, 8vo. and other works. His bro- 
 ther John became dean of Lincoln in 1.598, 
 but the year following exchanged that pre- 
 ferment for the ^prefidentlhip of Corpus 
 Chrifti college. He was a man of great learn 
 ing, and called, on account o his memory, a 
 living -library. He died in 1607. His 
 principal works are, Cenfura librorum apo- 
 cryphorum vet. Teftamenti; apologia thefi- 
 um dc Sacra Script Sc Eccleiiu; De Roman® 
 Ecclefiae idolatria in cultu Sandhoium ; 
 and a tranfiation of part of the Old Tefta- 
 ment in the prefent public verfion. — Wood., 
 Prince. 
 
 Raleigh (fir Walter), was born at 
 Hayes, in the parifh of Budley, in Devon- 
 Ihire, of an ancient family, in 1.552 After 
 a props* education he was lent to Oriel cob 
 
R A L 
 
 Itge, Oxford, but did not long remain there, 
 for having an enterprifmg turn he entered 
 Into the troop of gentlemen volunteers, who 
 vent to the affiftance of the Proletlants in 
 France, where he continued about five or fix 
 years. In 1576 he was a ftudent in the 
 Middle Temple, but the year following he 
 ferved under general Norris in the Nether- 
 lands. Soon after his return he engaged 
 with his brother-in-law, fir Humphry Gil- 
 bert, in a voyage to America, from whence 
 they returned in 1579. The next year he 
 was in Ireland, where he diftinguifhed him- 
 felf againft the rebels in Munfter. On his 
 return to England he introduced himfelf to 
 the notice of queen Elizabeth by a piece of 
 gallantry. Her majefty was taking the air 
 in a walk, when flopping at a dirty place, 
 fhe hefitated whether to proceed or not ; on 
 which Raleigh took off his new plufh cloak, 
 and fpread it on the ground. The queen 
 trod gently over the foot-cloth, and foon re- 
 warded the facrifice of a cloak with a hanrt- 
 fome l'uit to the owner. Being ftill intent 
 upon making difeoveries, he failed again with 
 Gilbert, who was loft in the voyage. This 
 however did not difeourage Raleigh, who 
 fitted out another fquadron, which difeover- 
 ed the country called, in honour of Eliza- 
 beth, Virginia. In 1584 he was eledted into 
 parliament for the county of Devon, and 
 knighted. He continued indefatigable in 
 his favourite objeft of improving navigation, 
 and was concerned with his relation fir Rich- 
 ard Greenvile in colonizing Virginia, from 
 whence the firft tobacco was brought by this 
 fleet to England. About this time he was 
 made captain of the queen’s guard, and lord 
 warden of the ftannaries. In the defeat of 
 the Spanifh armada fir Walter bore a glorious 
 part, for which he received diftinguifhing 
 markj of favour from the queen, but having 
 obtained a grant of the manor of Sherborn in 
 Dorfetfhire, which had belonged to the bi- 
 shopric of Salifbury, it gave great offence, 
 ant^he was fiigmatized unjuitly as an atheift. 
 About the fame time he incurred the queen’s 
 dilpleafure by an intrigue with one of her 
 maids of honour, whom he afterwards mar- 
 tied. In 1595 he failed to Guiana, and de- 
 ftroyed the capital of Trinidad. The year 
 following we find him principally engaged 
 in the taking of Cadiz. Honours ivere la- 
 vifhed in abundanceupon him, and he obtained 
 the lordfhip of St. Germaine, in Cornwall. 
 Sir Walter had an aftive concern in the fall 
 of Efiex; and remained in the favour of the 
 queen till her death. But in the fucceed- 
 ing reign the face of his affairs was changed. 
 He was ftripped of his preferments, tried, 
 and condemned for high treafon, on a charge 
 the ffioft frivolous, and without the lead evi- 
 dence. He lay in the Tower twelve years, 
 during which he wrote feveral pieces on va- 
 rious fubjedls of national importance ; but 
 h'S greateft performance was the Hiftory of 
 the World, which was publifhed in folio in 
 1611, The year following he was releafed, 
 
 RAM 
 
 oecafioned by the flattering account which 
 he had given of fome rich mines in Guiana. 
 On gaining his liberty he failed to that coun- 
 try in fearch of thofe pretended mines, in- 
 ftead of difeovering which he burnt the Spa- 
 nifh town, and returned to England, where, 
 in confequence of the complaint of Gonda-- 
 mor, the Spanifh ambafl'ador, he was appre- 
 hended, and, in a moft unprecedented man- 
 ner, beheaded, on his former fentence, in 
 Palace yard, Weftminfter, in 1617. His 
 works are hiftorical, philofophical, poetical, 
 and political. His fon, Careiv Raleigh , who 
 was born in the Tower, became governor of 
 Jerfey in 1659, and died in 1666. He wrote 
 fome fonnets, and a vindication of his father 
 againft James Howell. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Ralph (James), a mifcellaneous writer, 
 was originally a fchoolmafter at Philadelphia, 
 and came from thence about 1729 to Lon- 
 don, where he publifhed a poem entitled 
 Night. He alfo wrote a Hiftory of Eng- 
 land, and feveral political pamphlets, and 
 died in 1762. Pope has given him a place 
 in his Dunciad. 
 
 Ramazzini (Bernardin), an Italian phy- 
 fician, was born at Carpi, near Modena, in 
 1633. After taking his degree at Parma he 
 went to Modena, where he was medical pro- 
 feffor many years, and then removed to Pa- 
 dua. He died in 1714. His works were 
 publifhed at London in 1716, 4to. — Hutcbin- 
 fon's Med. Biog. 
 
 Rameau (John Philip), a celebrated mu- 
 fician, was born at Dijon in 1683. After 
 pradlifing as organift at his native place he 
 difeharged the fame office in the cathedral of 
 Clermont. In 17314 he produced his operai 
 of Hippolytus, which was followed by feve- 
 ral others, and greatly admired. But it is 
 as a theorift in mulic that Rameau fhines ; 
 and on account of his two works, the De - 
 monftracion of the Principles of Harmony, 
 and the Code of Mufic, he has been called 
 the Newton of that fcience. Louis XV to 
 whom he was compofer, conferred on him 
 the title of nobility, and the order of St. 
 Michael, He died in 1764. — Nouv. Did. 
 Hijl. 
 
 Ramelli (Felix), an Italian prieft and 
 painter, was born at Afti in 1666, and died 
 in 1740. He was invited to the court of the 
 king of Sardinia, where he painted many por- 
 traits in miniature with great elegance. 
 
 Ramsay (Andrew Michael), called the 
 chevalier Ram jay , was born at Ayr in Scot- 
 land, in 1686, and educated at Edinburgh, 
 after which he became tutor to a nobleman’s 
 fon at St. Andrew’s. In 1710 he was at 
 Cambray, where he was converted to the ro- 
 man catholic religion by the celebrated Fene- 
 lon, whole life he wrote. He was after- 
 wards employed as tutor to the duke dc Cha- 
 teau Thierry, and made night of the order 
 of St. Lazarus. He was alfo engaged by the 
 fon of James II. called 'the Pretender, in in- 
 ftru&ing his children. He died in 1743. 
 His works are, Difcourfe upon Epic Poetry j 
 
RAM 
 
 EBay upon Civil Government ; Remarks on 
 Shaftelbury’s Charadteriftics ; the Travels of 
 Cyrus; Hiftory of M. de Turenne; Plan of 
 Education ; Philofophical Principles of Na- 
 tural and Revealed Religion, 2 vols. 4to. 
 One Charles Ramfay wrote a Syftem of 
 Shot hand, dedicated to Louis XIV. in 1681. 
 —Bing. Brit. 
 
 Ramsay (Allan), a Scotch poet, was 
 born at Peebles in 1696. He was bred a 
 barber at Edinburgh, but diftinguiihed him- 
 felf by feveral ingenious poems and fongs in 
 the Scotch dialed*. His principal perform- 
 ance is a rural drama, entitled, the Gentle 
 Shepherd, which has been feveral times per- 
 formed,, and oftener read. The author died in 
 1763 Biog. Dram. 
 
 Ramsden (JrfTe), an excellent mecha- 
 nic, was born at Halifax in Yorklhire, in 
 1730. His father was a clothier, which bu- 
 finefs he alfo followed till he was twenty- 
 one, when he came to London and applied to 
 engraving. In the courfe of chis employ- 
 ment, mathematical inftruments were fre- 
 quently brought to him to be engraved, which 
 induced him to try his genius in that way ; 
 and with fuch fuccefs, that in 1763 he made 
 inftruments for feveral of the beft artifts. In 
 1768 he opened a fhop in the Haymarket, 
 but in 1775 he removed to Piccadilly, where 
 he carried on bufinefs till his death. He 
 greatly improved Hadley’s quadrant, or fex- 
 tant; and he invented a machine for divid- 
 ing mathematical inftruments. He received 
 a premium from the board of longitude for 
 this dtfeovery. Mr. Ramfden alfo improved 
 the conftruCtion of the theodolite ; and the 
 barometer for meafuring the heights of moun- 
 tains. The pyrometer for meafuring the 
 dilatation of bodies by heat, alfo employed 
 his talents ; and he made many important dif- 
 coveries and improvements in optics. But 
 his aftronomic.al inftruments appear to have 
 been the principal of his works. He im- 
 proved the retracing micrometer, and the 
 tranfit inftrument and quadrant. He pro- 
 cured a patent for an improved equatorial. 
 His mural quadrants were admirable, and 
 much fought for. Mr. Ramfden was chofen 
 a fellow of the Royal Society in 1786. — 
 Memoir by Lalande 
 
 Ramus (Peter), a philofopher and ma- 
 thematician, was born in 1-515, at Cuth, in 
 Picardy. His birth was mean, and he re- 
 ceived his education in the. college of Na- 
 varre, where he was a fervant. He ftudied 
 with fuch ardour, as to be admitted to the 
 degree of mafter of arts, his theiis on which 
 cccafton was an attack upon the doctrine of 
 Aviftotle, which occafioned a violent contro- 
 versy, and Ramus was prohibited from teach- 
 ing. But in 1551 he was nominated to the 
 regius profeli'orfhip, but was again perl'ecuted 
 for not pronouncing Q in Latin as K. He 
 was alfo ODnoxious to the Sorbonne for being 
 a proteftant, and in the maftacre of St. Bar- 
 tholomew, at Paris, in 1572, this learned 
 and worthy man fell a vRtim, His works 
 
 RAN 
 
 are, 1. Trcatifes on Arithmetic and Geome- 
 try ; 2. De Militia C safaris ; 3. De moribus 
 veterum Gallorum; 4. Greek, Latin, and 
 French Grammars — Moreri. 
 
 Ramusio (John Baptift), fecretary of the 
 council ot ten at Venice, and ambaftador 
 from that republic to France, Switzerland, 
 and Rome ; died at Padua in 1557, aged 72. 
 He wrote a Treatife de Nil i Incremento; 
 and made the firft colledtion of voyages that 
 is known. It was printed in 3 vols. folio at 
 Venice. The fourth periihed by the burn- 
 ing of the printing houfe — Tirabofcbi. 
 
 Ranc (John), a French painter, was 
 born at Montpellier, and died at Madrid in 
 1735. He was received into the academy 
 of painting in 1703, and appointed in 1724! 
 firft painter to the king of Spain. — D' Argen- 
 tine. 
 
 Rance (Armand John le Bouthillier de), 
 was born at Paris in 1626. He led a gay 
 life in his youth, though he cultivated a li- 
 terary tafte, and publifhed an edition of Ana- 
 creon with notes. Returning from a journey 
 he haftened to the houfe of his miftrefs, and 
 on entering her room found her laid out a 
 corpfe. This fpedtacle effected a reforma- 
 tion, he renounced the world, and after en- 
 tering among the regulars, retired into the 
 monaltery of La Trappe, where he died in 
 1700. He wrote Reflections on the Gof- 
 pels ; and other pious works. — Moreri. 
 
 Randolph (Thomas), an eminent ftatefi- 
 man, was born in Kent in 1523, and edu- 
 cated at Oxford, where he became principal 
 of Broadgate hall, but was banilhed to France 
 in the reign of Mary on account of his reli- 
 gion. Queen Elizabeth employed him in 
 feveral embaffies, and rewarded him with 
 knighthood, and the offices of chamberlain of 
 the exchequer, and maflerihip of the pofts. 
 He died in 1590. His letters are in differ- 
 ent collections, and his account of Ruffia in 
 Hackiuyt’s Voyages ,—Biog. Brit. 
 
 Randolph (Thomas), an Engliffi poet, 
 was born at Newnham, in Nortliair.ptan- 
 fhire, in 1605. After receiving his educa- 
 tion at Weftminfter fchool, he was eledted 
 to Trinity college, Cambridge, where he ob- 
 tained a fellowlhip. He was intimate with 
 Ben Jonfon, who ufed to call him his fon. 
 He died in 1634. His poems, which abound 
 with wit and humour, though fometimes 
 grave and moral, were collected by his bro- 
 ther Robert, who was alfo a poet, and died 
 vicar of Donnington, in Lincolnihire, in 
 1671. Thomas was likewife the author of 
 four dramatic pieces. — Wood. Biog. Brit. 
 
 Randolph (Thomas), a learned divine, 
 was a native of Oxfordshire, and educated at 
 Corpus Chrifti college, of which he became 
 fellow, and afterwards prefident He died 
 in 1788. Dr. Randolph wrote an anl’wer to 
 the Eflay on Spirit ; a valuable difeourfe oa 
 Jephthah’s vow; and feveral fennons, col- 
 lected into 2 volumes, 8vo.— Gent. Mag 
 
 Ranne^uin, a celebrated mechanift of 
 Liege, who conftrudted the famous machine 
 3 G 
 
RAP 
 
 of Marty which forces the water of the SelnS 
 to the lummit of a hill, and conveys 5258 
 tuns every 24 hours. He died in 1708, 
 aged 60. — Nouv. Dili . HJi. 
 
 Rantzaw (Jofras count de), marfhal of 
 France, was born of a noble family in Hol- 
 flein. He ferved firft in the Swedifh army, 
 but on vlliting France w ith chancellor Ox- 
 enfticrn he was made field -marfhal by Louis 
 XII{. At the fiege of Dole, in 1636, he 
 loft an eye ; afterwards an arm and a leg, and 
 one of his ears. In 1645, having abjured 
 the protefbnt religion, he was made marfhal 
 of France. He ferved in Flanders, but was 
 lent to prifon in 1650, and died there foon 
 after. — Morer'u 
 
 Raoux (John), an hiftorical and portrait 
 painter, was born at Montpellier in 1677, 
 and died at Paris in 1734. He was a mem- 
 ber of the academy of painting, and had 
 apartments in the palace of the Temple.— 
 D' Argcmiilh. 
 
 Raphael (Sanzio), a celebrated painter, 
 was born at Urbino in 1488. His father 
 firft employed him to paint china, and after- 
 wards placed him under Perugino. At Flo- 
 rence he ftudied the famous .cartoons of da 
 Vinci and Michael Angelo; after which he 
 went to Rome, where he was employed by 
 pope Julius II. in the Vatican. He alfo 
 painted feveral fine pieces for Francis I. of 
 France, who liberally rewarded him. Leo 
 X. employed him in reconftrudting the Bafi- 
 lique of St Peter. He died at Rome in 
 1520 . — De Files. D'Argenville. 
 
 Raphael d’Arezzio, a painter, fo 
 called from a village in Italy, where he was 
 horn in 1552. He was the difciple ofZuc- 
 chero, and became eminent in portrait and 
 hiftorical painting. Fie died in 1580.— 
 Ibid. 
 
 Raphei-ingius (Francis), a learned cri- 
 tic, was bom at Lanoy, near Lille, in 1539. 
 He ftudied the learned languages at Paris, 
 after which he came to England, and taught 
 Greek at Cambridge. On his return to the 
 Low Countries, he married the daughter of 
 Chriftopher Plantin, He publifhed feveral 
 antierit writers with notes ; and was employ- 
 ed on the Polyglot Bible of Antwerp, print- 
 ed in 1571. For his learning he waj. ap- 
 pointed profeflor in Hebrew and Arabic at 
 Leyden, where he died in 1597. His other 
 works are, a Hebrew Grammar ; an Arabic 
 'Lexicon ; and a Chaldaic Di&ionary. — Mo- 
 reri. 
 
 Rafin (Nicholas), a French poet, was 
 bom about 1540, at Fontenai-le-comte, in 
 Poitou. Henry III.- made him grand prevot 
 of that town, from whence lie was expelled 
 by the leaguers, but reftored by Henry IV. 
 He died in 1609. His poems are in the 3d 
 volume of “ Delices des Fo'ctes Latins de 
 France.” — Ibid. 
 
 Rapin (Rene), a jefuit, was born at 
 Tours, in 1621, and died at Paris in 1687. 
 He is chiefly diftinguifhed for his Latin poem 
 ' ©n Gardens, which was trunflated into Eng- 
 
 R A V 
 
 lifh by Evleyn. His Reflections on Eld* 
 quence, Poetry, Hiftory, and Philofophy, 
 have alfo been rendered into our language, 
 in 2 vols. 8vo Moreri. 
 
 Rapin de Thoyras (Paul), an hifto- 
 rian, was born at Cajtres, in 1661, of an an- 
 tient family of Savoy. He ftudied the law, 
 and became an advocate, but being obliged 
 to leave Fiance on the revocation of the edi£t 
 of Nantes he viflted England, and Holland.- 
 In 1688 he accompanied the prince of Orange 
 to this country, and obtained a military rank 
 in Ireland, but being wounded at the fiege ot 
 Limerick, he difpofed ot his commiflion. 
 He afterwards became tutor to the fon of the 
 earl of Portland, whom he accompanied ou 
 his travels. He died at Wefel in 1725. 
 His Hiftory of England, which is very exatl, 
 was printed St the Hague, in 10 vols. 4to. ; 
 and tranflated into Englifh by Mr. Tindal, 
 in folio and octavo. — Ibid. 
 
 Rastall (John), a learned printer, was 
 born at London, and educated at Oxford. 
 He married a After of fir Thomas Mor e, and 
 died in 1556. Raftall wrote a dramatic 
 Delcription of Afia, Africa, and Europe, with 
 cuts ; Canones Aftrologici ; Dialogues con- 
 cerning Purgatory; Apology againft John 
 Fryth ; the Rules of a Good Life ; Anglo-* 
 rum Regum Chronicon, & c. His fon W il- 
 liam became one of the juftices of the com- 
 mon pleas in the reign of queen Mary, but 
 on her death lie went to Louvain, in 1565. 
 He wrote, 1. The Chartuary, 1580; 2- A 
 Chronological Table from William the Con- 
 queror ; 3. Terms of the Englifh Law; 4. 
 Collection of the Statutes ; 5. Lite of Sir 
 Thomas More, Ssc.—PFood. 
 
 Ratramnus, or Bertram, a monk of 
 the abbey of Corby in the 9th century. He 
 defended the doCtrine of pred.eftination with 
 zeal againft Hincmar, archbifhop ot Rheims. 
 He alfo wrote a famous piece on the Eucha- 
 rift, in which he denies tranfubftantiation. 
 This book has been often quoted by protel- 
 tants ,—Dnpin. Cave. 
 
 Ravaillac (Francis), a regicide, was 
 born in Angouleme, and took the religious 
 habit among the Feuillans, but was expel- 
 led on account of his fanatical extravagancies. 
 He afterwards became deranged by the dif- 1 
 courfcs of the leaguers, and conceiving that 
 Henry IV. of France was not a true catholic, 
 he afiaflinated him in 1610. He was tom in 
 pieces by wild horles.—Hcneult. 
 
 Ravius (Chriftian), a learned writer, 
 was bom at Beilin in 1613- He profefTcd 
 the oriental languages fuccellively atUtrecht, 
 Oxford, Kiel, and Frankfort on the Main, 
 at which laft place he died in 1677. His 
 works are; 1. Plan of Hebrew Orthography 
 and Etymology ; 2- A Grammar, Hebrew, 
 Chaldaic, Syriac, Arabic, Samaritan, and Eng- 
 lifh, London, 8vo. ; 3. A Latin tranfiation from 
 the rirabic of Apollonius Pergaeus. His fon 
 ’John Ravius , was librarian to the elector of 
 Brandenburg, and wrote a Commentary upon 
 Cornelius Nepos. — Merer:. 
 
RAW 
 
 Ravesteyn (John ^an), a painter, was 
 born at the Hague about 1580. He excelled 
 in painting portraits. There were two others 
 of this name, 1 .Hubert, who painted ruftic 
 fubjeCts. He died about 1700. 2. Nicholas, 
 
 who died in 1750, aged 89. He was a good 
 portrait painter. — Houbraken. 
 
 Raulin (Jofeph), an ingenious phyfician, 
 was born in 1708, and died at Paris in 1784. 
 He was phyfician to the French king, and a 
 member of feveral learned focieties. He 
 wrote a Treadle on Difeafes occafioned by 
 Variations of the Atmofphere ; another on 
 the Vapours in Females; Treatife on the 
 Fiuor Albus ; on the Prefervation of In- 
 fants ; on Difeafes of Lying-in Women ; on 
 Pulmonary Confumption, Scc.-Nowo. Did. 
 
 \ HI/1. 
 
 Rauwolf (Leonard), a phyfician of the 
 16th century, was a native of Augfburg. 
 In 1573 he travelled into Syria, Arabia, Ar- 
 , menia, and other countries in the eaft, and 
 i returned to his native place in 1576. From 
 1 thence he removed to Lintz, where he died 
 1 in 1606. His Travels were printed at Frank- 
 ! fort in 1582. Mr. Ray Ins published a 
 tranflation in Englilli. Rauwolf’s catalogue 
 of plants in the Levant, was publifhetHht 
 Leyden in 1755, with the title ot Flora Ori- 
 entalis. — Halleri. Biol. Botan. 
 
 Rawlet (John), a pious Englifh divine, 
 was bachelor of divinity, and many years 
 lecturer of Newcaftle-upon-Tyne, to which 
 place he was fo much attached that he re- 
 filled the valuable living of Colefhill, in 
 Warwickshire. He died in 1686, aged 44. 
 Mr. Rawlet was the author of the Chriltian 
 Monitor, which has gone through nume-. 
 rous editions; as alfo hath his Treatife on 
 Sacramental Covenanting.— -Granger. 
 
 Hawley (Dr. William), an Englifh di- 
 vine, was horn at Norwich about 1588, and 
 j, educated at Bene’t college, Cambridge, of 
 : which he became fellow. Dr. Rawley was 
 | chaplain to lord Bacon, lome of whofe works 
 ■ he published. He had the living of Land- 
 j beach, in Cambridgeshire, of which he was 
 1 deprived in the rebellion, but recovered it at 
 the restoration. He died in 1667. — Walker's 
 j Sufferings of the Clergy. 
 
 Rawlins (Thomas), an engraver of the 
 mint in the reigns of Charles J, and II. died 
 I in 1670. He wrote three dramatic pieces, 
 j> called Rebellion, c lom Efjence, and \ J-unbrldge 
 | Wells. — Blog.. Dram. 
 
 Rawlinson (Thomas, knight), lord 
 mayor of London, of which city he was a 
 native. He beautified and repaired Guild- 
 hall, and died in 1724. — Gen. Blog. Did. 
 
 Rawlinson (Thomas), a remarkable 
 1 collector of books, of which he had fo great 
 a number as to oe obliged to take London 
 houfe, in AHerlgate-ltreet, to contain them. 
 He died in 1725. His library was fold after 
 his death. He is drawn in the Tatier under 
 the name of 5 ’em- Folio. — Ibid. 
 
 L Rawlinson (Richard), a learned anti- 
 r quary, was educated at St. John’s college, 
 
 RAY 
 
 Oxford, where he was admitted by diploma 
 to the degree of doCtor of civil law, in 1719. 
 He made collections for a continuation of 
 Wood’s “ Athenas Oxonienfes,” and “ Hi f- 
 tory of Oxford,” which, with an account of 
 his travels, he bequeathed to the univerfity, 
 with a large collection of medals and books. 
 He alfo founded an Anglo Saxon profeflbr- 
 Ihip at Oxford. He died in 1755, and his 
 heart, agreeable to his own defire, was put in 
 a marble urn, and placed in St. John’s col- 
 lege chapel. He publifhed a tranflation of 
 Frefnoy’s Method of Studying Hiftory, % 
 vols. 8vo.—Ibid. 
 
 R AY (John), or Wray, an Englifh divine 
 and botanift, was born at Black- Motley, in 
 Eflex, in 1628. His father was a black- 
 fmith, but gave his fon a good education at 
 Braintree, from whence he removed to Tri- 
 nity college, Cambridge, where he became 
 fellow, and Greek and mathematical lec- 
 turer. While at the univerfity he cultivated 
 the ftudy of botany, which was then in a 
 low frate; but by his example and exertions 
 it became a favourite purfuit. In 1660 he 
 publifhed his “ Catalogus Plantarum Circa 
 Cantabrigiam Nafcentium,” 12mo. ; which 
 laid the foundation of his Synopfis Methodica 
 Stirpium Britannicarum, of which excellent 
 work there are two editions in octavo. The 
 lame year he was ordained by bifhop Sander- 
 fon, but in 1662 he quitted his fellowfhip. 
 After this he made numerous journeys over 
 the kingdom with his friend Mr. Willoughby, 
 and others,' in fearch of plants and other cuu- 
 ofities. He alfo accompanied the fame gen- 
 tlemen abroad, of which tour he publilhed 
 an account in 1673. He was chofen a fellow 
 of the royal focicty in 1667, and he contri- 
 buted numerous papers to the T ranfaCtions of 
 that learned body, on fubjeCts of natural hif- 
 tory. In 1679 he fixed his refidence near 
 Black-Notley, where he continued perfecting 
 his collections ani works till his death, 
 which happened in 1705. The botanical 
 writings of this excellent man have been uni- 
 verfally admired ; befides which he publifhed, 
 
 1. The Wifdom of God Manifefted in the 
 Works of the Creation, 8vo., of which there 
 have been feveral editions ; 2. Three Dil- 
 courfes on the Primitive Chaos, the Creation, 
 Deluge and Conflagration of the World. 
 8vo. ; 3. Synopfis Methodica Animalium, 
 guadrupediulTs, Avium et Pifcium; 4 A 
 tranflation of Rauwolf’s Travels in the Eaft, 
 8vo. ; 5. Perfuafive to a Holy Life, 8vo. ; 6. 
 Collection of Englifli Proverbs, 8vo., which 
 has been reprinted feveral times. After his 
 death were publifhed by Dr. Derham, his 
 History of Inl'eCts, 4to.; and a collection of 
 Philofophical Letters between Mr. Ray and 
 feveral of his correfpondents, 8vo. ; and his 
 Select Remains were printed by Mr. SCott, 
 in 17 60, 8 v o. — General Hijl. Did. Blog, 
 Brit. 
 
 Ray (Benjamin), was born at Spalling 
 in El sex, and educated at St. John’s coilvge, 
 Cambridge, after which he became curate of 
 3 w 2 
 
REA 
 
 Surfleet, and Cowbitt. He wrote an account 
 of a water fpout, printed in the Philofophical 
 Tranfattions. He died in 1760. — HiJl. of the 
 Spalding Society. 
 
 Raymond (Robert, lord), chief juftice 
 of the king’s bench, died in 1733. His Re- 
 ports are in great efteem. 
 
 Raynal (William Francis), was born at 
 St Genies, in Rouergue, in 1718. .He en- 
 tered early into the fociety of jefuits, and 
 on taking prieft's orders became a celebrated 
 preacher. His love of independence induced 
 him to quit his order in 1748, on which he 
 fixed his refidence at Paris, where he had re- 
 courfe to literature fora fupport; and was 
 engaged in feveral works, particularly the 
 Mercury of France. In 1770 he publilhed 
 his celebrated work, the Philofophical and 
 Political Kiftory of the European Commerce 
 in both Indies ; which obtained him a great 
 reputation. With a view to a more correft 
 edition he travelled into Holland and Eng- 
 land ; and when in this country he was ho- 
 noured with a very flattering mark of diftinc- 
 tion ; on vifi ing the houfe of commons, the 
 fpeaker ordered bufinefs to be fufpended till 
 he was accommodated with a convenient feat. 
 Inl781 he publifhed, at Geneva, a new edition 
 of his Fliftory, greatly improved and enlarged. 
 
 It was. however, proscribed by the parliament 
 of Palis, and the author would have been ap- 
 prehended had he not retired to Germany. 
 ]«i 1788 he returned to Paris, and in 1791 
 he ad deeded a letter to the national aflemUy, 
 in which he expoled the dangerous courfe in 
 which they were engaged, and predicted the 
 evils which would refult from the revolution. 
 Raynal died in 1796. His other works are ; 
 
 1 . Hiftory of the Stadtholderlhip, 2 vols. ; 
 
 2. Hiftory of the Parliament of England, 2 
 vols. ; 3. Hiftorical Anecdotes, 3 vols. 12mo ; 
 4. Hiftory of the Divorce of Henry VIII. of 
 England ; 5. The Military School, 3 vols. ; 
 6. Hiftorical Memoirs of Europe, 3 vols. ; 7. 
 On the Revolution of the Englifli Colonies 
 in North America, 12mo. — Noun. Diet. 
 
 HiJl. 
 
 Reap (Alexander), a phyfician, was a 
 native of Scotland, and a man of abilities. 
 In 1620 he was created dodtor of phyfic at 
 Oxford, by royal mandate. He wrote feve- 
 ral books in the line of liis pro.'eflion. He 
 died about 1680.— If cod. 
 
 Real (Csefar Vichard deSt.), an hiftori- 
 cal writer, was born at Cbamberi, where he 
 died in 1692. His works are ; Difeourfes 
 upon Hiftory ; Account of the Confpiracy cf 
 the Spaniards againft the Republic of Venice ; 
 Don Carlos, all hiftorical novel ; the Life of 
 Jefus Chriit ; Difcourfe upon Valour; Rela- 
 tion o ' the Apoftacv of Geneva ; Treatife on 
 Criticifm, &c ; all publilhed together in 8 
 vols. 12mo. — Moreri. 
 
 Real (Gafpard de), feigneur de Cur ban, 
 was born at Sifteron in 1682, and died at 
 Paris in 1752. He wrote a work of great 
 eftimation on the Science of Government, 
 printed at Paris, in 8 vols. Ito. His nephew 
 
 REG 
 
 the abbe de Real, wrote a Diflertation on the 
 Reigning Family of France and Spain. He 
 
 died in 1774 Noun. Diet. HiJl. 
 
 Reaumur ("Rene Antony Ferchault fieuf 
 de), an eminent naturalift, was born at Ro- 
 chelle in 1683. He was bred to the law, 
 which profeflion he abandoned for the ftudy 
 of mathematics, philofophy, and natural hif- 
 tory. In 1708 he was admitted a member 
 of the academy of fciences. He died in 
 1757. The principal of his works is a Hif- 
 tory of Infedts, 6 vols. 4to ; he alfo wrote 
 a Hiftory of Rivers irtTrance, and numerous 
 papers in the Memoirs “"of the Academy of 
 Sciences. — Ibid. 
 
 Reboulet (Simon), a French jefuit, 
 was born at Avignon in 1687, and died at 
 Paris in 1752. He quitted his order on ac- 
 count of ill health, and afterwards married. 
 His works are ; 1. Hiftoire des Filles de 
 l’Enfance, 2 vols 12mo. ; 2. Memoirs of the 
 Chevalier de Forbin, 2 vols.; 3. Hiftory of 
 Louis XIV. 3 vols 4to. ; 4. Hiftory of Cle- 
 ment XI. 2 vols. 4t o.—Ioid. 
 
 Recorde (Robert), an Englifh phyfician 
 and mathematical writer, who died in the 
 king's bench prifon in 1558. He was the 
 firft who wrote on Algebra in our language. 
 — Gen. HiJl. Diff. 
 
 Rede (William), bilhop of Cliichcfter 
 in the year 1369, was the beft mathemati- 
 cian of his time. He built the library of 
 Merton college, Oxford, and the caftle of 
 Ambarley. — lb:d. 
 
 Redi (Francis), a celebrated naturalift, 
 was born at Arezzo in 1626. He was ad- 
 mitted dodtor in medicine, and profeflor of . 
 philofophy at Pila, and the grand duke Fer- | 
 dinand II. appointed him his phyfician. He 
 ailifted in compiling the La Crufca Diction- 
 ary, and wrote fome Italian poems, but he is 
 chiefly known by his works on natural hif- 
 tory, which are; 1. Experiments on the | 
 Generation of Animals, 4to. ; 2. Obferva- 
 tions on Vipers ; 3. Experiments on Natural , 
 Curiofities brought from India, 4to. He 
 was found dead in his bed in 1697.— Tira- 
 iofebi. 
 
 Redi (Thomas), a painter, was born At ■ 
 Florence in 1665, and died in 1728. Seve- ! 
 ra! of his pictures are in the churches in 
 T ufcany. — Pilk'wgton. 
 
 Rica (Henry Jofeph), a phyfician, and 
 profeflor in that faculty at Louvaine, where" 
 he died in 1754, aged 64. He wrote Sym- 
 pathia, feu de Confenfu Partium Corporis 
 Humani, l2mo. ; De Urinis tradlatus duo, 
 8vo ; Accurata Methodus Meuendi per 
 Aphorifmos Propofita, 4to ; Diilertatro Me- 
 dica de Aquis Mineralibu6 fontis Marimon- 
 tenfls - , &c — Noun. DiEl. HiJl. 
 
 Regiomontanus, an aftronorrter, whofei 
 real name was Muller, was born at Konigf- 
 berg- in 1436. He Itudied at Vienna under 
 Purbachius, whom he i'ucceeded. He after- 
 wards learnt the Greek language ot Theodore 
 Gaza, by which means he was enabled to 
 read Ptolemy, and other mathematicians of 
 
UEG 
 
 antiquity i He vifited feveral countries, and 
 received marks of diftindlion from fovereign 
 princes, particularly Sixtus IV. who made 
 him archbiihop of Pavenna, and employed 
 him in reforming the calendar lie died 
 there of the plague, in 1476.— Martin 
 
 Regis (Peter Sylva n), a French philo- 
 fopher, was born in the county of Agenois, 
 in 1632. Heftudiedat Paris under Rohault, 
 and afterwards read ledlures at Touloufe ; 
 from whence he removed to Montpellier, 
 and laftly to Paris, where he was admitted a 
 member of the academy of fciences. He died 
 in 1707. His works are; 1. Syftem or Plii- 
 lofophy, 3 vols. 4to. ; this is according to 
 the Cartefian dodtrine ; 2- Ufe of Reafon and 
 Frtith, 4to. ; 3. Anfwer to a book of Huet’s, 
 entitled, Centura Philofophiae Cartefianse, 
 &c Moreri. JSayle. 
 
 Regius (Urban), or Le Roy, a lutheran 
 divine, was born at Langenargen, on the 
 lake of Conftance. He ftudied at Ingoldftadt, 
 where he taught with reputation, and re- 
 ceived she crown of poetry and oratory from 
 the emperor Maximilian; -but becoming a 
 proteftant he was obliged to retire to Straf- 
 burg. He died at Zell in 134CL. His works 
 make 3 vols. folio. — Mdch. Adam. Vit. 
 Germ. Theol. 
 
 Regnard (John Francis), a comic 
 writer, was born at Paris in 1647. He was 
 lond of travelling, and in a voyage from Ge- 
 noa to Marfeilies, was taken hy a Barbary 
 corfair, and carried to Algiers, where, by 
 his /kill in cookery, he obtained the favour 
 of his matter, but being caught in an amour 
 he was condemned to l'uffer death, or turn 
 Mahometan. The French conful being 
 made acquainted with the affair, ranfomed him 
 and fent him to France ; after which he tra- 
 velled through Flanders, Holland, Denmark, 
 Sweden, arid Poland. Fie died near Paris, 
 in 1709. His works, which rank him next 
 to Moliere, have been publithed in 4 vols. 
 12mo. — Nouv. DiFl. Wifi. 
 
 Regnault (Noel), a French jefuit, was 
 born at Arras in 1683, and died in 1762. 
 He wrote, 1. Philofophical Converfations, 
 3 vols. 12mo. ; 2. Origin of the Old and New 
 Philofophy, 3 vols.; 3. Mathematical Con- 
 verfations, 3 vols. ; 4. Syftem of Logic, 
 12mo.— • ibid. 
 
 Regnier (Mathurin), a French poet, 
 was born at Chartres in 1373. He was in 
 favour with cardinal Joyeule, and obtained 
 a penlion and a canonry. He died at Rouen 
 in 1613. His poems, which are chiefly fa- 
 tirical, were printed at London in 3 733, 
 4to. ; and at Paris in 174 6, 12mo. — Moreri. 
 
 Regniek (Francis Seraphin), a French 
 writer, was born at Paris in 1632. His ta- 
 lents recommended him to the patronage of 
 the duke de Crequi, whom he accompanied 
 to Rome in 1662. While there he wrote 
 Italian fonnets in fo good a ftyle as to be ad- 
 mitted a member of the academy della Cruf- 
 ca. In 1684 he fucceeded Mezeray as fe- 
 ■enyary of the French academy. lie died in 
 
 R E I 
 
 1713. His works are; 1. Tranflation of 
 Homer’s Battle of the Frogs and Mice. 
 This was done at the age of fifteen 2. A 
 French Grammar; 3. An Italian tranflation 
 of Anacreon ; 4. French, Latin, Spanifh, and 
 Italian Poems ; 5. Hiftory of the Difputes of 
 France with the Court ot Rome Moreri 
 
 Reg ulus (Marcus Attilius), a Roman 
 conful, who 267 B.C. reduced the Salen- 
 tins, and in his fecond conluiate defeated 
 Amilcar and Hanno in a naval engagement 
 off the coaft of Sicily. This vidtory was 
 followed by another on land, and the reduc- 
 tion of feveral places. The Carthaginians 
 fued for peace, which was refilled X.inrip- 
 pus, a Spartan commander, coming with a 
 reinforcement to the Carthaginians, defeated 
 Regulus, who was taken prifoner. The Car- 
 thaginians fent him envoy to Rome to pro- 
 pole terms of peace, but on the condition of 
 his return. Regulus advifed the fenate not 
 to comply with the terms, for which the 
 Carthaginians put him to a cruel death B.C. 
 231. The lenate gave his widow leave to 
 avenge her hufband’s death on fome illuftri- 
 ous Carthaginians, which ihe did with fuch 
 barbarity as obliged them to flop her progrefs. 
 —Florus r -Livy . 
 
 Reid, (Thomas), a learned divine of the 
 church of Scotland, was born in 1709, and 
 educated at the univerfity of Glafgow, where 
 he took his dodtor’s degree, and became pro- 
 feffor of moral philofophy. His works are ; 
 an Inquiry into the Human Mind ; and 
 Effays on the Inteliedfual and Adlive Powers 
 of Man. He died in 1796. — Life by Stewart. 
 
 Reinbeck (John Guftavus), a proteftant 
 divine, was born at Zell in 1682, and died 
 at Berlin in 1741. He was chaplain to the 
 queen and princels royal of Pruflia, and Had 
 fome confiderable preferment. He wrote a 
 Treatife on Redemption ; another on Mar- 
 riage ; feveral volumes of Sermons; Confi- 
 derations on the Auglburg Conlelfion ; and 
 Metapliyfical works. — Nouv. DiEl. Bfi. 
 
 Reineccius (Reinier), was born at 
 Steinheim, and taught the belles-lettres in 
 the univerfities of Frankfort and Helmftadt 
 till his death in 1595. Ills works are, 1. 
 Methodu-s Legendi Hiftoriam, fol ; 2. Hif- 
 toria Julia, 3 vols. fol. ; 3. Chronicon Hierofo- 
 lymitanum, 4to. ; 4. Hiltoria Orientals, 4to. 
 —Moreri. 
 
 Reiner (Wenceflaus Laurence), a painter, 
 was born at Prague in 1686, and died in 
 1743. He excelled in painting landfcapes 
 and battles — Pilk ngton. 
 
 Reinesius(T homas), a learned German, 
 was born at Gotha in 1387. After being a 
 burgomafter of Altemburg, and counfellor 
 to the eledtor of Saxony, he retired to Leip- 
 fic, where he pradtifed medicine till his death 
 in 1667. He wrote, Syntagma lnlcriptionum 
 Antiquarum, 2 vols. fol. ; and fome Lec- 
 tures and Lpiftles. — Moreri. 
 
 Rein hold (Erafmus), an aflronotner 
 and mathematician, was born in 1311, at 
 Salfeldt in Upper Saxony. He wrote feme 
 3 G 3 
 
R E M 
 
 ‘Anathema tical and aftronom-ical vvoVks, and 
 died in 1535. — Ibid. 
 
 Reisk (John'), redtor of the collage of 
 Wolfenbuttle, died in 1701, aged 60. He 
 publilhed a learned Treatife on the Sibyls and 
 other Oracles ; on Ahafucrus and Either ; on 
 the Malady of Job ; on the Images of Jefus 
 Chrift ; and other works of erudition. — Ibid. 
 
 Reiske (John James), a learned critic 
 and phyfician, who was profefl'or of Arabic 
 at Leipfic, and died there in 1774, aged 58. 
 He publilhed, 1. Oratores Graeci, 12 vols. 
 8vo. ; 2. an edition of Dionyfius Halicarnaf- 
 fenfis, 6 vols. 8vo. ; 3. the works of Plu- 
 tarch, 7 vols. 8vo. ; 4. a Latin tranflation 
 of Abulfeda’s Hiltory of the Arabs. — Noiev, 
 
 Dia. lift. 
 
 Kei and (Adrian), a learned man, was 
 born at Ryp, in North Holland,, in 1676. 
 At the age of twenty-four he was cnofen pro- 
 le ft or of philofophy at Harderwyk, from 
 whence he removed to Utrecht, on being ap- 
 pointed profefl'or of oriental languages, and 
 ecclefiaftical antiquities. He died there of 
 the fmall pox in 1718. His principal works 
 are, 1, Palahtina Monumentis veteribus il- 
 luftrata, 2 vols. 4to. ; 2. Differtations on the 
 Medals of the Antient Hebrews, 3 vols. 
 12mo. ; 3. Introdudtion to Hebrew Gram- 
 mar ; 4. Antiquitates facrae veterum He- 
 braeorum ; 5. De Religione Mohammedica, 
 8vo. ; 6. De Spoliis templi Hicrofolymitani 
 in arcu Titiano Romae confpicuis ; 7. an edi- 
 tion of Epidetus. His brother Peter Rcland 
 was the learned colledtor of the Fafti Confu- 
 lares, 8vo .—Moreri.. 
 
 Rembrandt (Van Ryn), an eminent 
 painter and engraver, was born at a village 
 on the banks of the Rhine, near Leyden, in 
 16(6. His paintings of hiftorical fubjedts 
 are the mo l rare. In the knowlege of the 
 chro-ofcuro he Hands unrivalled, and his 
 portraits have the force of nature ; but the 
 grounds are very dark, of which being once 
 told, he laid, “ 1 am a painter, not a dyer.” 
 He alfo engraved numerous plates after his 
 own defigns. Rembrandt died at Amfterdam, 
 according to fome in 1668, but to others in 
 1674. — De Piles. Houbraken. 
 
 Remi (St.), archbilhop of Rheims, who 
 converted Clovis to Chritlianity, and bap- 
 tifed that monarch. lie died about 535. 
 There are fome, letters which pafs under his 
 name, but they are l'ufpicious. There was 
 another faint of this name, or Remigius, who 
 was archbilhop of Lyons, and prefided in the 
 council of Valentia in 855. Pie fupported 
 the doctrine of St Auguftii’.e on grace and 
 predeftination in fome works which are 
 extant. He died in 875. — Dupin. Bail- 
 let. 
 
 Remi ( Jofeph Honore), advocate in the 
 parliament of Paris, where he d.ed in 1782, 
 aged 44. At the age of eight years he be- 
 came blind from the fmall pox, but recover- 
 ed his fight at fourteen. He wrote a bui- 
 lefque, called Days, in oppofition to Young’s 
 Night Thoughts; but his principal w'ork is 
 an Elogc on Chancellor de PHopltal, which 
 
 REN 
 
 tvas crowned by the French academy in 1777, 
 and ceufured by the Sorbonne. He alio 
 wrote the" Elegies of Moliere, Colbert, and 
 Fenelon^ and furnilhed the articles of jurif- 
 prudence for the new Encyclopedic.—- ■Nouv. 
 
 Dia. Hift. 
 
 Remicio Florentino, a Dominican 
 of Florence in the 16th century, who trans- 
 lated Arnmianus Marccllinus and Cornelius 
 Nepos into Italian. He was alfo the author 
 of Refledions upon the Hiftory of Guicciar- 
 dini; and Italian poems. He died in 1580. 
 — Tirabofcbi . 
 
 Renau d’Elisagaray (Bernard), a 
 mathematician, was born in Bearn in 1652. 
 He diftinguifhed himfelf by his improve- 
 ments in the conftrudion and management 
 of fhips, and was befides an able engineer. 
 For his fervices he was made counfellor of 
 marine, and chevalier of the order of St. 
 Louis, to which was added a coniiderable 
 penfion. He was admitted a member of the 
 academy' of fciences in 1699, and died in 
 1719. Fie wrote the Theory of Manoeuvring 
 Veflels, printed in 1689, 8vo. ; and feveral 
 letters in defence of his theory, againft Huy- 
 gens and Bernouilli. — Nouv. Dia. Hift. 
 
 Renaudot (Theophraftu3), a French 
 phyfician, was born at Loudon in 1583. He 
 was the firft who publifhed a Gazette in 
 France, fo called, as is fuppofed, from the 
 Venetian coin, una Gaxctta, for which fuch 
 papers were originally fold at Venice. Re- 
 naudot obtained the privilege of publifhing 
 the Gazette of France for himfelf and family. 
 He died in 1653. His other works are, art 
 Abridgment of the Life of the Prince de 
 Conde, 4to. ; the Life of Marlhal Gifiiou ; 
 and the Life of Cardinal Michael Mazarin, 
 4to -—Moreri. 
 
 Renaudot (Eufebius), grandfon of the 
 preceding, was born at Paris in 1646. He 
 entered into orders, and diltinguilhed him- 
 felf by his knowlege of the oriental lan- 
 guages. The cardinal de Nsuailles took him 
 to Rome, where Clement V. paid him great 
 refped, and gave him the priory of Fofiey 
 in Brittany. On viliting Florence the grand 
 duke gave him apartments in his palace ; and 
 the academy in that city chofe him a mem- 
 ber. He was alfo a member of the French aca- 
 demy, and of other learned locieties. He 
 died in 1720. His works are, a Continuation 
 of Nicole’s book on the Perpetuity of Faith, 
 
 2 vols. 4-to. ; Hiftoria Patriarcharum Alex- 
 andrinorum, Jacobitarum, &c. 4to. ; a col- 
 lodion of the Antient Oriental Liturgies, 2 
 vols. 4-to. ; Relations of the Indies and China, 
 with Obfcrvations ; [this is a tranflation 
 from the Arabic, and has been publilhed in 
 Englilh ;] a Tranflation of the Life of Atha- 
 nallus from the Arabic, &e. — Menu. 
 
 Rennell (Thomas), an Englilh painter, 
 was born at Chudleigb in Devonlhire, in 
 1718. He received a good education at Ex- 
 eter, and was then apprenticed to a limner 
 in London. When out of his time he fettled 
 in his native county, as a portrait painter, in 
 which he had great meriy, His Ufldfcapes ‘ 
 
R E U 
 
 are alfo very fine. He had hedges a goad 
 turn for poetry, and fome of his performances 
 in this way have been printed. He died at 
 Dartmouth in 1788. — Europ. Mag. 
 
 Resenius (Peter), a learned Danifh 
 writer, was born at Copenhagen in 1625. 
 He ftudied the law at Leyden, and profefied 
 that faculty at Padua. On his return to 
 Denmark he was made counfellor of Hate. 
 He died in 1688. His works are, Jus auli- 
 cum Norvegicum, 4to. ; an Icelandic Dic- 
 tionary, 4to. ; an edition of the Ivida of the 
 Icelanders, 4to. ; of this laft Mallet gave a 
 tranflation in his Introdudfion to the Hiftoiy 
 of Denmark.— -Bayle. 
 
 Ressius (Rutger), profefibr of Greek at 
 Louvaine, was a native of the principality 
 of Liege, and died in 1545. Erafmus had a 
 high opinion of him. He publifhed lheophi- 
 lus’s Inftitutions of the Greek Law, 1556 j 
 the Aphorifmsot Hippocrates ; and the Laws 
 of Plato, 1533. — Erajmi. Epljl. 
 
 Restaut (Peter), advocate to the king 
 of France, was born at Beauvais in 1694. 
 He was diftinguifhed by his ikill and probity, 
 and died at Paris in 1764. He wrote the 
 Principles of the French Grammar, 12mo. ; 
 which is accounted the belt book on the fub- 
 je<ff. — Nouv. DtEl. H:Ji. 
 
 Restout (John), painter in ordinary to 
 the French king, was born at Caen in 1692. 
 He became director of the academy of paint- 
 ing, and died in 1768. Two of his fineft 
 pictures are Alpheus faved by Diana, and the 
 Triumph of Bacchus. His l'on John Bernard 
 was a member of the academy of painting.. 
 He died in 1797. He was an excellent artiit. 
 — A r »W . Diet- Hjji. 
 
 Retz (John Francis Paul deGondy, car- 
 dinal de), was born at Montmirel in Brie, 
 of a noble family, in 1614. He was edu- 
 cated under the celebrated Vincent de Paul, 
 and in 1643 [received the dodor's degree 
 from the Sorbonne. The fame year he was 
 named coadjutor of the archbiihop of Paris ; 
 and while he was foliciting the bigheft digni- 
 ties in the church he fought leveral duels. 
 Ilis conduct in other reipe&s was alfo very 
 unbecoming his profefiion. In the civil wars 
 he raifed a regiment, to which he gave the 
 name of Corinth, becaufe he was titular 
 archbiihop of that place. At length he made 
 peace with the court on condition ot his being 
 created a cardinal ; but he Hill continued to 
 cabal againft the government, for which he 
 was impriloned at Vincennes and Nantes. 
 He made his efcape from the laft place, and 
 went into feveral countries. In 1661 he 
 returned to France, and obtained his pardon 
 and the abbey of St. Dennis. This turbu- 
 lent prelate died at Paris in 1679. He 
 wrote Memoirs of his own Life, printed in 
 1717, and lince at Amfterdam, in 4 vols. 
 12mo. He alio wrote the Hiftory of the 
 Conlpiracy of Count Fiefco.— Moreri. 
 
 Reuchlin (John), a learned German, 
 was born at Pforzheim in 1 155. His name 
 fignifying jmoke in his native language, he 
 
 R E Y 
 
 altered it to the correfponding Greek word 
 Capfiio , but he is generally known by the 
 former. He acquired a great knowlege of 
 the Latin, Greek, and Hebrew languages. 
 After teaching with reputation at Orleans, 
 he was employed on ftate matters by fome 
 of the German princes. He died at Ingold- 
 ftadt in 1522. He wrote De Arte CabaltftB 
 ca, folio, 1517; and the famous Epiftola: 
 obfeurorum virorum have teen attributed to 
 him, but not on fufficient grounds. — Ibid. 
 
 Rjuven (Peter), a Dutch painter, was 
 born in 1650. He ornamented the palace of 
 Loo in Holland with fome fine pieces, and 
 died in 17 18. — Bilkington. 
 
 Revely (Willey), an Englifh architect, 
 was a difciple of fir William Chambers. He 
 accompanied Athenian Stuart to Greece, 
 and was the editor of his great work on the 
 Antiquities of that country. Mr. Revely 
 was the architedl of the new church at 
 Southampton. He died in 1799. — Gent, 
 Mag. 
 
 Re yneau (Charles Rene), a French ma- 
 thematician, was born at Briffac in 1650. 
 He taught philofophy at Toulon, and was 
 elected to the mathematical chair at Angers, 
 in 1683. He publifhed a work called, “ Ana- 
 lyfis demonftrated,” by which he undertook 
 to reduce into a body the Theories of New- , 
 ton, Defcartes, Leibnitz, fee. He was a 
 member of the academy of fciences, and died 
 in 1728. His other works are, the Science of 
 Calculation, 2 vols 4to. ; Logic, or the Art 
 of Reafoning, 12mo. — Moreri. 
 
 Reyner (Edward), a nonconfurmift di- 
 vine, was born in Yorkfhire, and educated 
 at Cambridge, where he took his degrees in 
 arts, and abou' 1627 fettled at Lincoln ; but 
 in 1662 he was ejefted from his living, and 
 died foon after. He wrote Precepts for 
 Chriftian Pra&ice ; Vindication of Human 
 Learning and Univerfitics, &c. His ion 
 John Reyner was fellow of Emmanuel col- 
 lege, Cambridge ; but being deprived tor 
 nonconformity, he pradlii'ed as a phyfician 
 at Nottingham, where he died in the flower 
 of his age. He was a man of learning.— 
 Calatny. 
 
 Reynoltis (Edward), an Englifh prelate, 
 was born at Southampton in 1595, and edu- 
 cated at Merton college, Oxford, after 
 which he became preacher at Lincoln’s 
 Inn, and retlor of Braynton in Northamp- 
 tonfhire. He took the covenant in the civil 
 wars, and was a member of the affembly at 
 Weftminfter. At the reftoration he was one 
 of the prefbyterian divines in the Savoy con- 
 ference, about the Liturgy, but being 
 offered the bifhopric of Norwich, he accepted 
 it, and gave great offence to his old friends. 
 He died in 1676. His works have been, 
 printed in one volume folio. They are Cal- 
 viniftic.— tyood, A 0. 
 
 Keynolos (fir Jofhua), a celebrated 
 painter, was the Ion of a clergyman at 
 Plympton in Devonfhire, and bdm there in 
 1723. Being intended for the church h« 
 3 G 4 
 
R E Y 
 
 received a fuitable education under his fa- 
 ther, and then removed to Oxford, where 
 he took his degrees in arts ; but having a 
 great tafte for drawing he refolved to make 
 painting his profeiTion, and accordingly was 
 placed under Hudfon the portrait painter. 
 About 1749 he went to Italy, in company 
 with the honourable Mr. Keppel, his early 
 friend and patron. After ftudying the works 
 of the molt illultrious mailers two years, Mr. 
 Reynolds returned to London, where he 
 found no encouragement given to any other 
 branch of the art than to portrait painting. 
 He was of courfe under the neceifity of com- 
 plying with the prevailing tafte, and in that 
 walk foon became unrivalled. The firft 
 picture by which he diftinguilhed himfelf, 
 after his return, was the portrait of Mr. 
 Keppel. He did not however confine bim- 
 fe 1/ to portraits, but painted feveral hiftori- 
 cal pictures of high and acknowleged merit. 
 When the royal academy was inftituted he 
 was appointed prefident, which ftation he 
 held with honour to himfelf and ad vantage to 
 the arts till 1791, and then refigned it. He 
 • was alfo appointed principal painter to the 
 king, and knighted. His literary merits, 
 and other accomplilhments, procured him 
 the irendfhip of the molt diftinguilhed men 
 of genius in his time, particularly Johnfon, 
 Burke, Goldfmith* and Garrick: andfirjolhua 
 had the honour of inftituting the celebrated 
 literary club of which they were members. 
 He was likewife a member of the royal fo- 
 ciety, and of that of antiquaries ; and was 
 created dodtor of laws by the univerfities of 
 Oxford and Dublin. Sir Jofhua’s academi- 
 cal difcourfes dilplay the loundelt judgment, 
 the molt refitted tafte, and a perfect ac- 
 quaintance with the works of different maf- 
 ters ; and are written in a clear and elegant 
 ftyle. He died in 1792, and lies buried in 
 St. Paul’s cathedral. Having no children, 
 he bequeathed the principal part of his pro- 
 perty to his niece, fince married to the earl 
 
 of Iochiqtiin, now marquis of Thomond 
 
 Preface to bis Works, 2 vols. 4 to, and 3 vols. 
 8-vo. 
 
 Reykac (Francis Philip de Laurens de), 
 a French divine, was born at Longueville, 
 in Limoufin, in 17.‘34, and died at Orleans 
 in 1782. He became canon- regular of 
 Chancelade, and a member of the academy 
 of infcriptions and belles-lettres. His 
 works are, 1. A Hymn to the Sun; 2. 
 Idylls, in elegant prole ; 3. Sacred Poems, 
 8vo; 4.'Manuale Clericorum, 12mo.— Nowv. 
 Ditt. Hi/!. 
 
 Reys (Anthony Dos), a learned Portu- 
 guefe divine, was horn in 1690. He ob- 
 tained forne confiderable preferment, and was 
 appointed chronologer of the kingdom, but 
 he refufed feveral biihop.rics. He died in 
 1?33. His principal works are; 1. Latin 
 Poems ; 2. Life of Ferdinand de Meneza, in 
 Latin ; 3. Iritroiudtion to a Mifcellaneous 
 Colledtion of Portuguele Poets ; 4. An edi- 
 tion of the Corpus Illuftrium Poetarum Lu- 
 
 ll H O 
 
 fitanonim qui Latine Scripferunt, 7 vol*. 
 4to— Ibid. 
 
 Rhadamtstus, the fon of Pharafmanes, 
 king of Iberia. He put to death his uncle 
 Mithridates, whofe daughter Zeno'bia he 
 had married. He was defeated by the Par- 
 titions, on which he {tabbed his wife ; for 
 which his father caufed him to be put to 
 death, A. D. 52 — Tacitus. 
 
 Rhazis, an Arabian phyfician of great 
 learning and experience, who died about 
 935. He was the firft who wrote on the 
 fmall pox, which treatife was tranftated and 
 publifhed by Dr. Mead'. All his works were 
 printed in fol. 1548 — Friend's Hift. Phfc. 
 
 Rhenanus (Beatus), a learned German, 
 was born at Rheinac in 1485, and died at 
 Stralburgh in 1547 . He was corrector of 
 the prefs for Frobedius, and by that means 
 formed an intimacy with Erafmus He 
 wrote a Biftory of Germany, 4to ; Illy rici 
 Provinciarum utrique imperio cum Ro- 
 mano, turn Conftuntinopolitano, fervientis 
 Defcriptio, 8vo. He was alfo the editor of 
 Velleius Paterculus, and other works. — Mo- 
 ral. 
 
 Rhenfeed ( James), profeffor of oriental 
 languages and divinity at Franeker, was 
 born at Mulheim in 1654, and died in 1712. 
 He wrote feveral learned tceatifes on fub- 
 jects more curious than ufeful. — Moreri. 
 
 Rhese (John Davjd), was born in the 
 ifle of Anglefey in 1534. He became ftu- 
 dent oi Chrift church college, Oxford, and 
 at the age of twenty-one went to Iraly, 
 where he took his dodtor’s degree in phytic, 
 and was lo {killed in the Italian language as 
 to be appointed moderator of the febool at 
 Piftoia. On his return to his native country 
 he pradtiled pbyfic at Brecknock, and died 
 there in 1609. He wrote De Italic* Lin- 
 guae Pronunciatione ; Cambro Britannic*, 
 Cyrneraeeteve Linguae Inftitutiones et rudi- 
 menta, &c. — Wood. 
 
 Rhodiginus (Ludovicus Caellus), was 
 born at Rovigo in the ftate of Venice in 1450. 
 He taught Latin and Greek at Padua, where 
 he died in 1525. His principal work is 
 Antiquae Ledliones, printed at Bafil in 1566, 
 and at Frankfort in 1666. — Ibid , 
 
 Rhodius (Ambrofe), a mathematician, 
 was born near Wittemberg in 1577. He 
 became profeffor of pbyfic and mathematics 
 at Anfloin Norway, but in the coniufionsof 
 the country he was fent to pril'on, where he 
 died in 1633, He wrote ©n the Tranfmigra- 
 tion of Souls, and other works.— Moreri. 
 
 Rhodius (John), a Danilh phyfician, 
 was born at Copenhagen in 1587, and died 
 at Padua in 1659. His works are ; 1. No- 
 tae Lexicon in Scribonius Largum de com- 
 pofitione medicamentorum, 4to ; 2. Medici- 
 nal Obiervations, 8vo. ; 3. A Treatife on 
 Artificial Baths, 8vo .—Moreri. 
 
 Rhodoman (Laurence), redtor of the 
 univerlity of Wittemberg, was born at Saf- 
 fowerf, in Saxony, in 1546, and died in 
 1606. He wrote Hiitorhc Sacra:, 4to; and 
 
& I c 
 
 tranflated Diodorus Siculus into Latin, with 
 other works. — Ibid . 
 
 Rhotenamer (John), a painter, was 
 born at Munich in 1564. He fettled at Ve- 
 nice, and ftudied after Tintoret. His pieces 
 are diftinguiftied Dv high finiihing, and bril- 
 liant colouring. The time of his death is 
 not known . — De Piles. 
 
 Ribadeneira (Peter), a Spanish jefuit, 
 was a native o! Toledo. He ftudied at 
 Paris, and at Padua, after which he taught 
 rhetoric with replication at Palermo. He 
 died at Madrid in 1611, aged 84. His 
 works are. Lives or' the Saints, folio, 1616 ; 
 the Lives of St. Ignatius Loyola, St. Francis 
 de Borgia, and of the Fathers Lainez and Sal- 
 meron ; a Treutife of the Schif.n of England ; 
 another entitled the J’r.nce, full o. bad poli- 
 tical maxims ; and the Library ot Writers 
 among the Jefu.ts, 8 vo.— Mover':. 
 
 Ribera (Anaitinus Pautaieon de), a 
 Spamlh poet, called the Scarron of Spain, 
 was born at Madrid, and on account of his 
 wit was entertained at the court of Philip 
 IV. His poems, printed at Saragofia in 
 1640, are of the burleique kind. There 
 was a jefuit of tinis name who was a profef- 
 for at Salamanca, where he died in 1591. 
 He wrote Commentaries on the Minor Pro- 
 phets, /ol ; on me Gospel of St. John $ on 
 the Epiftle to the Hebrews: and on the Apo- 
 cal y pfe . — MoreA. 
 
 Ric arp (Dominic), a French ecclefiaftic, 
 was born at Touloul’e in 1743, and died at 
 Paris in 1803. He tranflated the works of 
 Plutarch into French with fidelity ; and 
 wrote a poem entitled, the Sphere, enriched 
 with curious notes. — N.u-v. Dili Hjl. 
 
 Ricaut orRycAUT (fir Paul), an Eng- 
 lifh writer, was the Ion of fir Peter Ricaut, 
 knight. In 1661 he became l'ecretary to 
 the earl of Wincheliea, amoaffador to the 
 Ottoman court, and while at Conftantinoplc 
 he wrote the Prefent State of the Ottoman 
 Empire, printed at London in 1670, fol. 
 and in 1675 in 8vo. He was conful at Smyr- 
 na eleven years ; and in 1685 he became fe- 
 cretary for the provinces of Leinfter and 
 Connaught, in Ireland. King William ap- 
 pointed him his refidentfor the Hans towns, 
 where he remained ten years. In 1700 he 
 returned to England, and died the fame year. 
 His other works are, 1. A Continuation of 
 Knolles’s Hiftory of the Turks, folio. ; 2. 
 A Continuation of Platina’s Lives of the 
 Popes, fol. ; 3 A tranflation of Vega’s 
 
 Royal Commentaries of Peru, folio .—Biog. 
 B/it. 
 
 Riccati (Vincent), a jefuit, was born at 
 Caftel-Franco in the territory of Trevifa. 
 He became profeffor of mathematics at Bo- 
 logna, and publifhed a learned work on the 
 Integral Calculus, 3 vols. 4to. He died in 
 1775, aged 68 — f-Nouv. Dili. Iljl. 
 
 Ricci (Matthew), a jefuit, was born at 
 Macerata in 1552. He went m illionary to 
 the Indies, and having finished his ftudies 
 at Goa, was fent to China, where on ac- 
 
 R1C 
 
 count of his fkill in mathematics Tie obtained 
 the favour of the emperor, and leave to build 
 a church at Pekin. He died in that city 
 in 1610. Several 'of his Letters and Me- 
 moirs on China have been printed. —Mere . 
 
 Ricci (Michael Angelo), a cardinal, was 
 born at Rome in 1619. He was a good ma- 
 thematician, and diftinguiftied himfelf by an 
 able treatife de Maximis et Minimis. Inno- 
 cent XI. honoured him with the cardinalfhip 
 in 1681 ; he died the year following. — 21- 
 rabojehi. 
 
 Ricci (Sebaltian), a painter, was born at 
 Belluno in the Venetian territory in 1659. 
 He vifited Vienna, Paris, and London, at 
 all which places he acquired confiderable dif- 
 tin&ion. He died at Venice in 1734. His 
 nephew Marc Ricci , was a good painter of 
 landfcape and hiftory. He died in 1730.— 
 
 D‘ Argenville. 
 
 Ricci (Laurence), an Italian jefuit, and 
 the laft general of the order, was a native of 
 Florence or a diftinguifhed family. He was 
 eledled general in 1758, but when the fo- 
 ciety was fuppreffed in 1773, Ricci and 
 fome of his fraternity were confined in the 
 caftle of St. Angelo at Rome, where he died 
 in 1775 — Nouv. Dili. Hjl. 
 
 Riccio (Domenico), a painter of Ve- 
 rona, was born in 1494, and died in 1517. 
 
 In a church at Verona is a fine picture by 
 him of the gathering of the manna in the 
 wildernefs . — De Piles. Pilk. 
 
 Riccioli (John Baptift), a' jefuit, was 
 born at Ferrara in 1598. He became pro- 
 feffor of divinity at Parma and Bologna, but 
 he is known chiefly by his mathematical 
 works, which are; 1 Geographiae et Hy- 
 drographiae, lib. xii. 1672 j 2 Chronologia 
 Reformata, folio ; 3. Aftronomia Vetus, 
 
 2 vuls. folio. ; 4. Aftronomia Reformata, 
 folio. He died in 16? 1. — Moreri. 
 
 Riccoboni (Louis), an Italian actor and 
 dramatic writer, was born at Modena. He 
 performed at the Italian theatre in Paris 
 fome years, but in 1729 he renounced the 
 ftage from religious fcruples. He died in 
 1753, aged 76. He wrote feveral comedies, 
 and a Difcourfe ol the Reformation of the 
 Theatre, 12mo. ; Obfervations on Comedy, 
 and on the Genius of Mohcre, 12mo. ; Hif- 
 torical Reflections on the Theatres ofEurope, 
 8vo. ; and a Hiftory of the Italian Theatre, 
 8vo. His wife, madame Riccoboni, was a 
 native of Paris, a good adtrefs, and an inge- 
 nious writer. She wrotfe a number of novels 
 in an agreeable ftyle, printed together at Pa- 
 ris in 9 vols. 12mo. She died in diftrefs in 
 1792. — Nowv. Dili. Hift. 
 
 Richard I. king of England, furnamed 
 Coeur de Lion, alcended the throne on the 
 death of his father Henry II. in 1139. His 
 coronation was diftinguifhed by a maffacre 
 of the Jews. In 1190 Richard joined the 
 croifade with Philip-Augultus ot France, 
 but a divifion taking place between the iwo 
 princes, the latter returned to Europe. 
 Richard remained in the Eail, where he dif- 
 
R I C 
 
 played uncommon valour agalnfl Saladin, 
 whom he defeated near Csefarea, and hav- 
 ing made a truce embarked in a vefiel 
 which was Ihipwrecked on the coaft of Italy. 
 He then travelled in difguife through part of 
 Germany, but being difeovered by Leopold, 
 duke of Auftria, he was made prifoner and 
 fent to the emperor Henry II. who kept 
 him confined in a cattle forne time. At 
 length he was ranfomed by his fnbjedls for 
 a large fum. He landed at Sandwiefj in 1194, 
 after which he was crowned a l'ecqnd time. 
 Philip- A uguftus, having, contrary to treaty, 
 feized on part of Normandy, Richard invaded 
 France with a large army, but a peace was 
 concluded in 1196. The war was renewed 
 in 1199, and Richard, in befieging the caf- 
 tle of Chalons, received a wound from an 
 arrow, of which he died, aged 42. His va- 
 lour was difgraced by ambition and avarice. 
 •—Rap'tn. Hume. 
 
 Richard II. was the fan of Edward, 
 prince of Wales, commonly called the black 
 prince, and fuccecdcd Edward III- his grand- 
 father, in 1377. In his minority he dif- 
 played remarkable promptitude in quelling 
 the dangerous infurredlion headed by Wat 
 the Tyler, in Smithfield. When that in- 
 furgent was ilain by Walworth, mayor of 
 London, the young king, then about fifteen 
 years of age, rode up to the irritated popu- 
 lace, and faid : “ Follow yeur king, I will 
 be your leader and redrefs your grievances.” 
 The people, ftruck withaftonilhment, obeyed 
 the call ; and difperled quietly to their own 
 homes, with the exception of a few ring- 
 leaders, who were executed. The remainder 
 of this reign, however, was lefs fortunate. 
 Dilcontents prevailed among the nobility, of 
 which Henry, duke of Luncafter, availed 
 himfelf, and affumed the title of king. Ri- 
 chard was betrayed into his hands by the earl 
 of Northumberland, in 1399, and confined 
 in Pontefratl cattle, where he abdicated the 
 throne in a written inftrument, but was af- 
 faffinated the fame year. — Ibid. 
 
 Richard III. was the brother of Edward 
 IV. and created duke of Glouccftcr. He 
 was deformed from the womb, but more de- 
 praved in his mind than his perfon. He 
 caufed his nephews Edward V. and Richard 
 duke of York to be fecretly murdered in 
 the Tower, after which he procured himfelf 
 to be proclaimed king, in 1483.' The duke 
 of Buckingham, who had afiifted him in his 
 ufurpation, confpired againft him, but was 
 taken prifoner and beheaded. Henry earl of 
 Richmond, afterwards Henry VII. of the 
 houfe of Lancafter, was abroad, but returned 
 privately and landed at Milford in Wales, 
 where he was joined by a few followers, 
 which foon increafed. He then marched 
 again!! th^yrant, whom he encountered at 
 Bofworth- field, where Richard, after per- 
 forming prodigies of valour, was flain, and his 
 crown being found was placed on the head of 
 Henry, Auguft 22, 148.). — Ibid. 
 
 Richard (Thomas), a native ofDevon- 
 fhire, and a benedidline monk In the abbey 
 
 R I C 
 
 of Tavlftock. He tranflated into Englifft 
 verfe Boctius’s five books of the Confolations 
 of Philofophy, printed in the abbey ofTavi- 
 ftock in 1.525. — Wood . . 
 
 Richard (Martin,) a Iandfeipe painter, 
 was a native of Antwerp, and born with 
 only his left arm ; yet he became an excel- 
 lent artift, and was much admired by Van- 
 dyke. He died in 1636, aged 45. His 
 brother David Richard applied alfo to paint- 
 ing, but was inferior to Martin. — Pilk. 
 
 Richard (Nathaniel), a dramatic writer, 
 was educated at Caius college, Cambridge, 
 where he took his bachelor’s degree in 1634. 
 He. wrote a tragedy entitled Mefialina, and 
 his poems were publilhed in 1645. — Lang- 
 bai tie's Lives of Poms. 
 
 Richardson (Samuel), a printer and in- 
 genious writer, was born in Derby (hire in 
 1.689. His education was confined, and in 
 1706 he was bound apprentice to Mr. Wilde, 
 of Stationers’ hall, and after the expiration 
 of his time he worked as compofitor and 
 corrector of the prefs fome years. At length 
 he took up his freedom and fet up bufinefs for 
 himfelf, firft in a court in Fleet- ftreet, and 
 afterwards in Salilbury-fquare. He became 
 one of the principal in his profeffion, and by 
 the intereit of Mr. Onflow, fpeuker of the 
 houfe of commons, obtained the printing of 
 the Journals of that houfe. In 1754 he was 
 chofen matter of the ftationers’ company; 
 and in 1760 purchafed a moiety of the pa- 
 tent of law printer to the king. In 1740 
 he publilhed his Pamela, a novel which had 
 uncommon fuccefs, and encouraged the 
 author to proceed in the fame career. His 
 next performance was Clariffa Ilarlowe, 
 which is efteemed bis mafterpiece, though 
 his novel of Sir Charles Grandilon poflettes 
 great beauties. Befides thefe works, which 
 have a fine moral tendency, Mr. Richardfon 
 publilhed a volume of Familiar Letters, for 
 theufc of young people; an edition of fop’s 
 Fables, with Refledtions ; and a paper in the 
 Rambler. His correfpondence with perfons 
 of eminence was publilhed in 1804, with 
 his life by Mrs. Barbauld, from whence this 
 is taken. Richardfon pofi'efl'ed an amiable 
 and friendly difpofition, and had a ftrong 
 fenfeof religion. He died in 1761. 
 
 Richardson (John), a native of Che- 
 Ihire, was bred at Trinity college, Dublin, 
 where he took the degree of dodtor in divi- 
 nity. He afterwards became bilhop of Ar- 
 dagh, but on the breaking out of the Irilh 
 rebellion he was obliged to retire to London, 
 where he died in 1654. He wrote Obferva- 
 tions on the Old Teftament, in one volume, 
 folio. — IVood. 
 
 Richardson (Jonathan), an Englilh 
 portrait painter, was born in 1665. He was 
 the pupil of Riley, whofe niece he married. 
 He was, however, but a middling artift, 
 though a worthy and ingenious man. Mr. 
 Richardfon afiifted his foil in publilhing an 
 account of ftatues, has reliefs, drawings, and 
 pidfures in Italy, 8vo. 1722. He died in 
 1745. He publilhed the life of Milton, 8vo. 
 
R I C 
 
 'the younger Richardfon wrote the life of his 
 Father, and died in 1771.-— Gen. Biog Difl. 
 Walpole, 
 
 Richardson (Jofeph), a lawyer and 
 peet, was born at Hexham in Northumber- 
 land, and in 1774 entered of St. John’s col- 
 lege, Cambridge, from whence he removed 
 to the Middle Temple, and was called to 
 the bar. He was brought into parliament 
 by the duke of Northumberland, but did not 
 make any dillinguifhed figure as a fenator or 
 barrifter. He died in 1803. Mr. Richard- 
 fon wrote Cfiticifms on the Rolliad, and Pro- 
 bationary Odes for the Laureatfhip, two fa- 
 tirical works on public characters, which 
 were popular when publifhed. Befides thefe 
 he was the author of the Fugitive, a comedy, 
 performed with fuccefs . — Gent Mag. 
 
 Richelet (Catfar Peter), a Fren«h 
 writer, was born in 1631 at Cheminon in 
 Champagne, and died at Paris in 1698. He 
 compiled a curious Dictionary of the French 
 Language, the belt edition of which is that 
 of Lyons in 1759, 3 vols. folio. He alfo 
 publifhed a Dictionary of Rhimes, and other 
 works. — New. DtSl. Hijl, 
 
 Richelieu (Armand Du Pleflis de), a 
 celebrated cardinal and ftatefman, was born 
 of a diftinguifhed family at Paris in 1585. 
 After completing his Rudies at the Sorbonne 
 he went to Rome, and in 1607 was made 
 bifhop of Lucon. On his return to France 
 he advanced himfelf into favour by an infi- 
 nuating addrefs, and for his eloquence was 
 appointed almoner to Mary de Medicis, by 
 whofe favour, in 1616, he obtained the ap- 
 pointment of fecretary of Rate ; but the deatli 
 of his friend the marihal D’Ancre occafioned 
 his temporary clifgrace, on which he went to 
 Avignon, but Louis XIII. recalled him to the 
 miniRry, and he foon took the lead in the 
 management of public affairs. Having a 
 great hatred to the proteftants, he prefl'ed the 
 fiege of Rochelle in perfon, and by his vigo- 
 rous efforts compelled it to furrender in 1628. 
 After reducing this important place he march- 
 ed againR the Huguenots in other provinces, 
 and by his promptitude and /kill reRored 
 tranquillity to the kingdom. He next com- 
 manded the army in Italy againR the Auf- 
 trians, where he was unlifccel'sful. He was 
 again in difgrace for fome time, but at length 
 recovered the royal favour, which he en- 
 joyed during the remainder of his life. Gre- 
 gory XV. made him a cardinal, and he was 
 alfo created a duke and peer or France. Not- 
 withRanding his ambition and cruelty, he 
 had great qualities. He founded the French 
 academy ; eRablilhed the royal botanical gar- 
 den, and was a liberal patron of men of let- 
 ters. He died in 164-2. His works are, 
 
 1. ThePolitical TeRament, 2 vols. 8vo. ; 
 
 2. Method of Controverfie.s concerning Points 
 of Faith ; 3. Defence of the Catholic Faith ; 
 4. ChriRian Inldrudbion ; 5- Perfection of a 
 OhriRiun ; 6. A Journal, which is very cu- 
 rious ; 7. Letters, Relations, &c. — Life of 
 Richelieu by Le Clerc. 
 
 Richer (Edmund), a french ecclefiaRic 
 and dodbor of the Sorbonne, who became a 
 
 R I D 
 
 furious defender of the faddlon of the league, 
 and vindicated the principle of affaflinaung; 
 heretical princes. He afterwards afferted 
 with equal zeal the fuperiority of councils 
 over popes, which occafioned confiderable 
 controversy. His book on ecclefiaRical power 
 was proferibed at Rome, and Richer was ob- 
 liged to make a retraddaticn. He died in 
 1631. His principal works are ; 1. Vindi- 
 cate Dodbrime majorum de Auddoritate Ec- 
 clefia; in rebus Fideiet Morum, 4to ; 2. De 
 PoteRatc Ecclefne in rebus temporalibus, 
 4to ; 3. HiRory of General Councils, 3 vols. 
 4-to. ; 4. ObRetrix Animorum.— Dupin. Mo- 
 reri. 
 
 Richer (Henry), was born in 1685. He 
 was defigned for the law, which profeffion he 
 renounced and applied wholly to literature. 
 He died at Paris in 1748. His works are, 
 1. A Tranflation of Virgil’s Eclogues 5 2. 
 
 A Colledtion of Fables ; 3. The Life of Ma- 
 ecenas, with notes ; 4. Two Tragedies, Sa- 
 brinus and Coriolanus.— Nowu. Dift. Iiift. 
 
 Ricius (Paul), a converted Jew in the 
 16th century. He was a German, and 
 taught philofophy at Pavia with great repu- 
 tation. The emperor Maximilian appointed 
 him his phyfician. He had a controverfy 
 with Eccius on the queRion whether the 
 heavenly bodies are animated, which Ricius 
 maintained in the affirmative. He wrote, 
 De CaeleRi Agriculturae, folio ; Talnaudica 
 Commentariola, quarto ; De LXXIII. Mo^ 
 faicie Sandbionis Ediddis, 4to. &c. — Moreri. 
 
 Ricoboni (Anthony), profefi'or of elo- 
 quence at Padua, where he died in 1599. 
 aged 58. His works are, 1. HiRoricai 
 Commentaries ; 2. Treatife on Rhetoric, 
 8vo. ; 3. HiRory of the Univerfity of Padua ; 
 4. Commentaries on fome of the Works of 
 AriRotle and Cicero ; all written in pure 
 Lati n. — Tirabofchi. 
 
 Rider (William'), an Englifh divine, 
 fevcral years under maRer of St. Paul’s 
 fchool, and leddurer of St. VedaR, FoRer- 
 lane. He publilhed a HiRory of England ; 
 a Commentary on the Bible; and other com- 
 pilations. He died in. 1785.— Gent. Mag. 
 
 Ri dg l e y (T homas), a diflenting miniRer, 
 was born in 1670 at London, in which city 
 he became paRor of an independent congre- 
 gation, and obtained a doddor’s degree from 
 Scotland. He wrote, a Body of Divinity, 
 in folio, and died in 1737. — Gen. Biog. DiEl, 
 
 Ridley (Nicholas), a learned bifhop and 
 martyr, was born in Northumberland in 
 1500, and educated firib at NewcaRle, and 
 next at Pembroke-hall, Cambridge, where 
 he was eledded fellow in 1524. Idis great 
 abilities and piety recommended him to the 
 notice of archbifhop Cranmer, by whofe in- 
 tereR he was made chaplain to the king, 
 and chofen maRer of Pembroke-hall. In the 
 reign of Edward VI. he was nominated to 
 the fee of RocheRer, and had a principal 
 /bare in framing the liturgy, articles, and 
 homilies. In 1550 he was tranflated to the 
 bifhopric of London, and by his intcrefd 
 with the young king he obtained the foun- 
 dation of thole noble charities of Ohriib’s 
 
R I E 
 
 hofpital, St. Bartholomew’s, St. Thomas's 
 in Southwark, and Bridwell. On the de- 
 ceafe of Edward, he unfortunately joined 
 the friends of lady Jane Grey, for which, and 
 his zeal in the reformation, he washy queen 
 Mary lent to Oxford, to dilpute with feme 
 of the popifh bilhops, and on his refufing 
 to recant was burnt there oppofite Baliol 
 college, in company with bifhop Latimer, 
 in 155.). He wrote againft Tranfubftantia- 
 tion, and after his death were printed his 
 Sermons and Letters. — Bing. Brit. Life by 
 Dr. G. Ridley. 
 
 Ridley (fir Thomas), a learned civilian, 
 vras of t lie fame family as the preceding, 
 but horn at Ely. He was educated at Eton, 
 and next at King’s college, Cambridge. He 
 afterwards became a mafter in chancery, and 
 vicar-general *to the archbifliup of Cartter- 
 bury. He died in 1628. He wrote a View 
 of Civil and Ecclefiaftical Law, 8vo .—Wood. 
 
 Ripley (Glofter), an Englifh divine, was 
 del'cended from bifhop Ridley, whofe Lire 
 he wrote. He obtained his chriftian name 
 from being born on board the Glofter Eaft 
 Indiaman at fea in 1702. He received his 
 education at Winchefter fchool, from 
 whence he was font to New college, Oxford, 
 where he was chofen fellow, and in 1.729 
 took, his degree of bachelor of laws. His 
 only church preferment for a long time was 
 the college living of Wefton, in Norfolk, 
 and the donative of Poplar, in Middlefex. 
 At laft archbiihop Seeker gave him a pre- 
 bend in the cathedral of Saliibury, and con- 
 ferred on him the degree of dodtor of laws. 
 He died in 1774. Belides the Life of his 
 anceftor he wrote an Anl'wer to the Confef- 
 jional, in three Letters ; Sermons at Lady 
 Moyer’s Lectures ; Melampus, a Poem ; 
 and two Tragedies which were never printed. 
 His fon fames, who was educated at Win- 
 chefter, became fellow. of New college, Ox- 
 ford. He obtained the chapclry of Romford 
 in Eflex, and wrote the Tales of the Genii, 
 2 vols., a work of merit j ulfo a novel en- 
 titled, James Lovegrove. He died young. 
 —Anted.. of Botvyer. 
 
 Ridolfi (Claudio), a painter of Verona, 
 was born in 1560, and died in 1644. His 
 portraits and hiftoricul pictures pofiefs great 
 excellence. — D' A 'rgenville. 
 
 Rio path (George), a Scotch mifcella- 
 jieous writer, was born in Stirlingfhire in 
 1665, and died in 1717. He was one of the 
 clerks’ of ft-ftion. — Gen B.og. Biel. 
 
 Riedesel (John Herman, baron de), 
 mini iter from the king of l’rufha to the court 
 of Vienna, where he died in 1785, aged 45. 
 He publilhed his Travels in Greece, in the 
 German language. — Blou-v. Dill. Hift. 
 
 Riecels (M.), governor of the pages at 
 the couit of Copenhagen, publilhed an ex- 
 cellent Hiftory of Denmark. He died in 
 1802, iirhis 74th year. — 1 id. 
 
 Rif.nzi (Nicholas Gabrino de), an ob- 
 feure Roman in the 14th cei tury, who had 
 an excellent education, which was improved 
 bv a itrong memory and vigorous undei hand- 
 ing. He was font by his iellow citizens to 
 
 R I O 
 
 Clement VI. at Avignon in order to prevail 
 with that pontiff to return to Rome. Hif 
 eloquence pleafed the pope, though it did 
 not perfuade him. Gabiino, on his return, 
 formed the defign of making himfelf mafter 
 or Rome, with the title of Tribune. Hav- 
 ing gained l'orne partizans he entered the Ca- 
 pitol, harangued the people, and elevated the 
 llandard of liberty. For lome time he was 
 fuccefsful, his government was popular, and 
 even Petrarch wrote in his favour, comparing 
 him to Brutus. At length a confpiracy waj 
 formed againft him, on which he fled, but 
 was taken and put to death in 1354 . — Life by 
 Brsnoy and Ccretau. 
 
 Rigai.tius (Nicholas) or Rigault, a 
 learned Frenchman, was horn at Paris m 
 1577. He received his education among the 
 jefuits, who endeavoured to prevail on him 
 to enter into their order, which he retufed, 
 and embraced the proieffion of an advocate. 
 On Cafaubon’S going to England, Rigault 
 fucceeded him as librarian to the king, who 
 appointed him procureur-general of the fu- 
 preme court of Nanei. He was afterwards 
 intendant of Metz. He died at Toul in 1664. 
 His works are, 1. Excellent editions or Cy- 
 prian, Turtulliar, and Minutius’s Felix, will) 
 Obfervations and Notes ; 2. Continuat on ot 
 Thuanufs’s Hiftory ; 3. De Verbis quae in 
 Novellis Conftitutionibus poll Juftinianum 
 occurrunt Gloffarium, 4to. ; 4. Diatriba de 
 Satira Juvenalis j 5. Funus Parafyticum ; 
 6. Audfore:. finium R.egundorurrl ; 7. De Mot- 
 tlo fienori Propolito, & c. — Mover i . 
 
 Rigaud (Hyacinth), an eminent painter, 
 was born at Perpignan in 1663. He was di- 
 rector of the academy of painting, and 
 Louis XV. gave him letters of nobility, and 
 the order of St. Michael. He died at Paris 
 in 1743. He has beeji called the Vandych 
 of France — D' Argcmiille. 
 
 Riley (John), a painter, was born at 
 London in 1646. Alter the death of lir 
 Peter Lely he gained conftderable reputation 
 and employment as a portrait painter. H? 
 died in 1691 .—Vertue. 
 
 Rsminaldi (Orazio), an hiflorical pain- 
 ter, was born at Pifa in 1598, and died in 
 1 638. — Eelibien. 
 
 Rincon (Antonio del), a Spanifli pain- 
 ter, was born at Guadulaxara, and died in 
 1500 — Ibid. 
 
 Rinuccini (Ocftavio), an Italian poet, 
 was born at Florence, and accompanied 
 Mary de Medicis to France. He invented 
 operas, though then* are fome who attri- 
 bute rile contrivance, to a Roman gentleman 
 named Emilio del Cavalero. The operas 
 of Rinuccini are greatly admired ; and his 
 poetry is elegant. He died at Florence in 
 162 1. — Tirabo chi. 
 
 Riolan (John), a phyfici.tn, was born at 
 Amiens, and died at Paris in 1605. He was 
 a zealous defender of the dodlrine of Hip- 
 pocrates againft the clua-.ifts, and left feve- 
 ral works on medicine and anatomy, printed 
 at Paris in 1610 in folio. His fon fohn Rio- 
 lan was alfo an able phyfician at Paris, 
 where he uied in io57. He wrote, 1. Compa, 
 
R I T 
 
 tatio vetevit Medieinae cutri rio’va, 12rrio. ; 
 g. Schola Anatomica, 8vo.| reprinted after- 
 wards in folio, under tire title of Anatomiu 
 Corporis Humani ; 3. Gigantomachia, <3vo. 
 This was on the lubjeft ot a ditto very ot the 
 bones of pretended giants.— Moreri. 
 
 Ripley (GeOTge), an English alehemift, 
 who died in 1490. He wrote a work enti- 
 tled “ A Compound of Alchymie, &c.” and 
 “ Aurum Potabile, or the univerfal Medi- 
 cine.” — AJhmole Theat. Chymic. 
 
 Ripperda (John William, baron de,) an 
 extraordinary character, was born of a nob- 
 ble family in Groningen, and ferved fome 
 time as colonel ot infantry in the Dutch fer- 
 vice. Iii 1715 he was nominated ambafla- 
 dor to the court of Spain, where he gained 
 the favour of Philip V., who made him a 
 grandee of the kingdom, and minifter of 
 war and finances. But afterwards he fell 
 into dilgrace, and was imprifoned at Segovia. 
 
 He efcaped from thence, and going through 
 Portugal came to England, from whence he 
 went to Holland. Laftly he made a voyage 
 to Morocco, where he turned Mahometan, 
 but endeavoured to introduce a new religion 
 blended of chriflianity, judaifm, and mo- 
 hammedanifm. He died at Tetuap in 1737. 
 — Nou-U . DiB. Hift. 
 
 Pvisdon (Triftram), a topographical wri- 
 ter, was born at Winfcot, in Devonihire, 
 about 1580. He was educated at Oxford, 
 and died at his family feat in 1640. He 
 wrote the Hiftory of his native county ; 
 many copies of which are extant in MS. 
 There was printed a mutilated edition ot it 
 in 1714, in 2 vols. 8vo. The Chorogra- 
 phical Defcription was printed from the ori- 
 ginal in one volume, quarto, in 1735.— 
 Prince's Worthies of Devon. 
 
 Risley (Thomas), a puritan divine, was 
 born at Warrington, in Lancafhire, in 16c>0, 
 and educated at Pembroke college, Oxford, 
 where he obtained a fellowship, of which he 
 was deprived in 1662 lor nonconformity. He 
 died in 1716. He wrote a book called the 
 Cnrfed Family, 8vo. 1709. — Calamy. 
 
 Ritson ( Jofeph), an Englifh lawyer and 
 antiquary, was born at Stockton-upon-Tees 
 in 1752. He became a conveyancer in Gray’s 
 Inn, and in 1785 purciiafed the office of 
 high bailiff of the liberties of the Savoy. He 
 was a man of extreme irafcibility of temper 
 and felf-conceited. He died in 1803. His 
 works are, O'ofervations on Jchnfon and Ste- 
 vens’s Edition of Shakefpeare; 2- Curfory Cri- 
 ticifms on Malone’s edition of Shakefpeare; 3. 
 Observations on Wartou’s Hilfory of Englifh 
 Poetry; 4. Defcent of the Crown ofEngland; 
 5. Spartan Manual ; 6. Collection of Englifh 
 Songs, 3 vols. and of Scotch Songs, 2 vols, ; 
 7. Englifh Anthology ; «. Metrical Roman- 
 ces, 3 vols.; 9. Bibliographiu Poetica ; 10. 
 Treatife on Abftinence from Animal Food. 
 He had a moft uncouth and wlumiical mode 
 of Orthography.— Gent. Mag. 
 
 Kitten house (Duvid),an American af- 
 tronomer, was a native of Philadelphia, and 
 lervei his apprentice ihip to a dock-maker. 
 
 R I t 
 
 He was alfo a farmer, but purfued his ma- 
 thematical and agronomical ltudies with fuch 
 fuccefs that in 1769 the American philolo- 
 phical fociety requefted him to make obfer- 
 vations on the tranfit of Venus ov<*r the fun’s 
 difk, which he performed with great accu- 
 racy. He fucceeded Franklin as prefident of 
 that fociety, and died in 1796, aged 61. 
 Several of his papers are in the American 
 T ran f aft ions. — Gent. Mag. Month. Mag. 
 
 Ritter shusius (Conrad), a German 
 civilian, was born in 1560 at Brunfwlck, and 
 died profeffor of law at Altorf in 16L3. He 
 publifhed an edition of Oppian’s Cynegeticon, 
 and other works. His fon Nicolas became 
 profeffor cf law at the fame univerfity, and 
 ■died in 1670. He publifhed Genealogiie Ira- 
 peratorum, Regum, Ducum, Comitum, See. 
 
 7 vols. folio ,-a-Mcreri. 
 
 Rivalz (Anthony), an hiftorical arid 
 portrait painter, was born in 1667 at Thou- 
 loufe, and died in 1735. He ftudied under 
 his father, and afterwards at Rome, where 
 he obtained a prize of the academy of St* 
 Luke. — Nou-v. DiB. Hijl. 
 
 Rivarol (Anthony de), a French wri- 
 ter, was born in Languedoc in 1757, and 
 died at Berlin in 1801. He tranflated Dan- 
 te’s Poem on Hell, but his verlion is not 
 exatt. His other works are, a Difcourfe on 
 the Univerfality of the French Language, 
 crowned by the academy of Berlin in 1784 ; 
 Letters on Religion and Morality ; a Little 
 Almanack of Great Men, a fatire ; Letters 
 to the French Nobility, 1792, 8vo. ; the 
 Political Life of La Fayette ; Prolpectus of 
 a new Diftionary of the French Language, 
 with a Difcourfe on the intellectual and mo- 
 ral Faculties of Man, 4to ; Poems.— Nouv. 
 DiB. Hift. 
 
 Rivet de la Grange (Anthony), a 
 learned benedi&ine, was born in Poitou in 
 1683, and died in 1749. He employed 
 thirty years of his life in writing the Literary 
 Hiitory of France, of whidh he publifhed 9 
 vols. in 4to. — Nonv. DiB. Hift. 
 
 Rivinus (Andrew), whole true name 
 was Barchmar.n, a phyfician, was born at 
 Hall in Saxony, in 1600. Fie was profef- 
 for of poetry and philofophy at Leipfic, where 
 he died in 1656. Fie wrote Remarks upon 
 the ancient Chriftian 1’oets, and other pieces 
 printed under the title of Philo-Phyfiologica, 
 1656, 4to. His other works are, 1. Vete- 
 rura bonorum Scriptorum de Medicina Col- 
 le&anea, 8vo. ; %. Myfttria Medico Phyfica, 
 1‘2 mo — Moreri. 
 
 Rivinus (Auguftus-Quirinus), profeffor 
 of phyfic and botany at Leipfic, where he 
 died in 1722, aged 70. His works are, l. 
 Introdudio in rem Herbariam, folio, with 
 plates ; 2. Ordo Piantarum qua l'unt ftore 
 irregulari rnanopetalo-tetvapetalo-pentape- 
 talo, folio ; 3. Centura Medicamentorum 
 Officinalium, 4lo. ; 4. Differtationes Medi- 
 cs, 4to; 5-Manudu6tio ad Chymiam pharroa- 
 ceuricam, 8vo. ; 6. Notitia Morborum. — lb. 
 
 Rizzio or Rlccjo (David), an Italian 
 mufician, was born at Turin. He played 
 
ROB 
 
 and fung with equal excellence, and accom- 
 panying the ambafiador of the duke of Savoy 
 to die court of Mary, queen of Scotland, 
 that princefs {hewed hhn great favour, and 
 made him fecretary for foreign languages. 
 This gave fuch offence to Henry Darnley, 
 her hulband, that he and his affociates afiaf- 
 finated Rizzio in her prefence in 1566.— 
 Mary.] 
 
 Robert, king of France, called the fage 
 and devout, was crowned in 996, on the 
 death of Hugh Capet, his father. He mar- 
 ried his cou fin Bertha, but pope Gregory V. 
 declared the marriage void, and excommuni- 
 cated .he king, who took for his fecond wife 
 the daughter of the count of Arles and Pro- 
 vence. He died in 1031 — Henault. Millot. 
 
 Robert Bruce, a Scotch gentleman, 
 who oppofed John Baliol for the crown of 
 Scotland, which was awarded to the lat- 
 ter by Edward I. of England. When Ba- 
 liol was dcpofed, Bruce was elefted king, 
 and in 1314 defeated the Englifh in the bat- 
 tle of Bannockburn. He afterwards made 
 peace with Edward III. who renounced all 
 claim to Scotland, for himfelf and his heirs. 
 Bruce died in 1329, and on his death-bed 
 defired that his heart might be carried to the 
 HolyLand and depofited in the holy fepulchre. 
 
 * ~Bitcbanan . 
 
 Robertells (Francis), profeffor of phi- 
 lofophy and rhetoric at Padua, where he 
 died in 1567. He wrote “ Commentaries 
 on fome of the Greek and Latin Poets,” 
 and other works. — Moreri. 
 
 Robertson (George) a landfcape pain- 
 ter, was born in London. He made the tour 
 of Italy, where he ftudied nature as well as 
 the beft mafters. His manner bears the 
 neared: refemblance to that of Salvator Rofa. 
 He died in 1788 Europ. Mag. 
 
 Robertson (William), a divine, was 
 horn at Dublin in 1705, and educated at 
 Glafgow, after which he obtained fome pre- 
 ferment in Ireland, which he refigned on 
 turning Arian in 1764. He publifhed an 
 Apology for his Faith and Conduct, and 
 having obtained a doctor’s degree from Glaf- 
 gow was prefented by the company of mer- 
 chant taylors in London to the mafterfhip of 
 th? grammar - fchool at Wolverhampton, 
 where he died in 1783.— Gen. Biog. Die}. 
 
 IIobe'r tson (Jofeph), an ingenious di- 
 vine, was born at Knipe, iiiWedmoreland, in 
 1726, and educated at Appleby fchool, from 
 whence, in 1746, he removed to Queen’s 
 college, Oxford, where he took his degrees 
 in arts, and on entering into orders was pre- 
 fented to the vicarage of Herriard, in Hamp- 
 Ihire. In 1 7 64 he engaged as a writer in the 
 Critical Review', and continued in that capa- 
 city till 1785. In 1770 he was prefented 
 to the redtorv .of Sutton, in Effex, and in 
 17 7 y to the vicarage of Uorncafiie in Lin- 
 colnlhire. In 1782 he publifhed an lntro- 
 dudtion ro the Study of Polite Literature, a 
 hi: all but ufeful volume. This was- followed 
 in 1785 by his EUay on Punctuation, a work 
 
 ROB 
 
 of great merit. In 1788 appeared his Dif- 
 fertanon on the Parian Chronicle, which 
 performance did not receive the encourage- 
 ment it deierved. In 1795 he publiihed a new 
 tranflation of Telemachus, w-ith Notes and 
 the Lite of the Author. In 1798 he printed 
 an Effiy on the Education of Young Ladies, 
 and the year following an Effay on the Na- 
 ture of the Englifh Verfe. He died in 1802. 
 —Monthly Mag. 
 
 Robertson (William), an hiftorian arid 
 divine of the church of Scotland, was born 
 m 1721, and educated at the univerfity of 
 Edinburgh, where he took the degree of 
 doctor in divinity', and having entered into 
 orders became minifter of the Grey Friars 
 church in that city. He was alfo appointed 
 one ot his majefty’s 'chaplains in ordinary for 
 Scotland, and was offered conhderable pre- 
 ferment in the church of England, which 
 he declined. His fir ft performance w'as the 
 Hiftory of Charles V., a work which dif- 
 playcd fuperior powers of diferimiriation, and 
 written in a very luminous ftyle. For this 
 he was appointed royal hyftoriographer for 
 Scotland. He was alfo eledted principal of 
 the univerfity of Edinburgh. His other 
 works were, the Hiftory of Scotland, not 
 altogether void of partiality ; the Hiftory of 
 America ; an Iliftorical Difquilition con- 
 cci ning India; and a Sermon before the Scotch 
 society for promoting Chriftian kn»wlcge. 
 Di. Robertfon was a man of amiable manners 
 and brilliant accomplifhments. He died in 
 1793. — Encycl. Brit. Suppl. 
 
 Roberval (Gilles Perfonnc, fieur de), 
 was born in the diocefe of Beauvais in 1693. 
 He became protefTor of mathematics at Paris, 
 where he acquired the efteem of Gaffendus 
 and Morin. He fucceeded the latter in the 
 mathematical chair of the royal college. His 
 principal works are, 1. A Treadle of Me- 
 chanics, inferted in the harmony of Father 
 Merfcnnus ; 2. An edition of Ariftarchus 
 
 Samius. He died in 1 67 5 Moreri. 
 
 Robespierre (Maximilian-lfidore), was 
 born at Arrat, of a poor family, in 1759, 
 and brought up at the expenfe of the biihop 
 of the diocefe. After finilhing his ftudies at 
 Laris he entered upon the prafeflion of the 
 lav/, but not with fuccefs. On the break- 
 ing out of the revolution he became a mem- 
 ber ot the National Affemblv, and com- 
 menced a newfpaper called L’ Union cu Journal 
 dcla LiLy-te, conduced with extreme violence. 
 
 He became the (thief ot the jacobins, and at 
 length obtained the lupreme command in 
 Fiance. Io maintain his power he had re- 
 course to the mod cruel expedients. The 
 prifons w'ere crow'ded with unfortunate vic- 
 tims of all ages and of both fexes. Num- 
 bers were daily put to death, and the ftreets 
 veic deluged with blood. At length a con- 
 fpiracy wus formed again!! the tyraht, and he 
 was acculed in the convention. An attempt 
 vvas made by the jacobins to fupport their 
 cnief, but in vain. After being wounded by 
 a piftol fhot which broke hi§ja\v, he was led 
 
ROB 
 
 to the guillotine with twenty-two of his ac* 
 complices, July 28th, 1794. — Noun. DiB .Hift. 
 Anted, of the French Republic. 
 
 Robin Hood, a captain of a band of rob- 
 bers who made the foreft of Sherwood, in 
 Nottinghamfiiire, their haunt, from whence 
 they made excurfions into different parts of 
 England. Some writers affirm that this was 
 a name affirmed by Robert, earl of Ilunting- 
 ■don, who was banifhed from court in the 
 reign of Richard I. Robin Hood had a cele- 
 brated fecond under him called Little John, 
 and they continued their marauding courfe of 
 life without being brought to juftice from 
 1189 to 1247.— -Stowe's Chron. 
 
 Robins (Benjamin), an ingenious mathe- 
 matician, was born at Bath in 1707, of pa- 
 rents who were quakers, which profeffion he 
 quitted and fettled in London as teacher of 
 mathematics. He diftinguifhed himfelf by 
 confuting a Memoir of Bernouilli’s on the 
 Force of Bodies in Motion, and by a demon- 
 ftration of the laft propofition of Newton’s 
 Treatife on Quadratures. In 1742 he pub- 
 lifhed his Principles of Gunnery, the refult 
 of his own experiments. On the return of 
 commodore Anfon from his voyage round the 
 world Mr. Robins was employed to prepare 
 the narrative of that famous expedition for 
 the prefs, which he executed in an admirable 
 manner, though the work pafles under the 
 name of Mr. Walker, chaplain of the Cen- 
 turion. Our author alfo contributed to the 
 improvements in the royal obfervatory at 
 Greenwich, and in 1749 was appointed en- 
 gineer-general to the Eaft India company. 
 He died at Madras in 1571. — Martin's Biog. 
 Phil. 
 
 Robinson (Robert), a baptift teacher, 
 was born at Swaft'ham, in Norfolk, and bred 
 a barber, but being converted by Whitfield, 
 the celebrated methodift, he became a zea- 
 lous preacher among the calvinifts. He af- 
 terwards turned baptift and officiated to a con- 
 gregation of that fedl at Cambridge, where 
 Jhe wrote feveral pieces, among which was a 
 Vindication of Chrift’s Divinity. He alfo 
 tranflated into Englilh Saurin’s Sermons, and 
 Claude’s Efl’ay on the Compofition of a Ser- 
 mon. Before his death he turned Socinian, 
 and died at Birmingham fuddenly in 1790. 
 —Life by Dyer. 
 
 Robinson (Tancred), an eminent Eng- 
 lilh phyfician and naturalift, was fellow of 
 the royal fociety and of the college of phy- 
 ficians. He died in 1748, at a very advanced 
 age. He wrote fome medical books and pa- 
 pers on natural hiftory. — Mortimer. 
 
 P.oeinson (Mary), an ingenious Englilh 
 lady, was born at Briftol, where file was 
 educated in the feminary kept by the cele- 
 brated Mifs More and her filters. Her maiden 
 name was Darby, ana her father was captain 
 of a lhip . At the age of fifteen fire married 
 an attorney of the name of Robinlon, which 
 precipitate ftep appears to have embittered 
 the reft of her life Being reduced in cir- 
 cumftaaces Hie had recourfe to the ftage, and 
 
 R O C 
 
 tnade her Srft appearance at Drury lane in 
 the character of Juliet, in which lire was in- 
 ftru&ed by Mr, Garrick. Her reception was 
 very flattering, and Ihe continued to perform 
 in various characters till her reprelentation 
 of Perdita in the Winter’s Tale attracted the 
 admiration of an illuftrious perfonage, in con; 
 fequence of which {he quitted the ftage. A 
 reparation afterwards took place, and fhe re- 
 ceived a penfion. In 1784 lhe had the mif- 
 fortune to be attacked by a violent rheuma- 
 tifm, w'hich progreffively deprived her of the 
 ufe cf her limbs. She died in 1800. Mrs. 
 Robinfon wrote a number of poetical pieces 
 under the name of Laura Maria ; befides 
 which lhe was the author of Vancenza, a 
 Romance ; Poems, 2 vols. 8vo. ; and No- 
 body, an unfuccefsful farce. — Memoirs ’writ- 
 ten by herfelf. 
 
 Robinson (Richard), archbilhop of Ar- 
 magh and baron Rokeby, was born in York- 
 fhire in 1709, He was educated at Welt- 
 minder fchool, from whence he was eleCted 
 to Chrift church, Oxford, afeer which he be- 
 came chaplain to archbilhop Blackburne of 
 York, who gave him a prebend in his cathe- 
 dral. In 1751 he went with the duke of 
 Dorlet to Ireland, and was preferred to the 
 fee of Killala, from whence in 1759 he was 
 tranflated to Leighlin and Ferns, and in 1701 
 to Kildare. In 1765 he was advanced to the 
 primacy, and in 1777 created a peer. He 
 built an elegant palace in his diocefe of 
 Armagh, with an obfervatory. He alfo 
 founded a fchool, and built four new churches. 
 He died in 1794. — Europ . Mug. 
 
 Robison (John), profeffor of natural 
 philofophy at Edinburgh, where he obtained 
 the degree of dodtor of laws. lie became 
 director of the marine cadet academy, at 
 Cronfhdt in Ruffia ; and on his return to his 
 native country, was appointed profeffbr of che- 
 miftry at Glaigow, from whence he removed 
 to Edinburgh, where he died in 1805. Dr. 
 Robifon publifhed, in 179 7, a book entitled, 
 ‘•Proofs of a Confpiracy,” in which he deve- 
 loped the caufes of the Revolution in France, 
 and proved that it was the refult of an orga- 
 nized fyftem formed_by French and German 
 Infidels, to overturn by means of fecret fo- 
 cieties, lbcial order and religion. This work 
 excited confiderable notice and controverfy. 
 He was alfo the author of the Elements of 
 Mechanical Philofophy; and fome articles 
 
 in the Encyclopaedia Britannica Monthly 
 
 Mug. 
 
 Rochefort (William de), a French 
 writer, was born at Lyons in 1731, and died 
 in 1788. He was a member of the academy 
 of inferiptions, and belles lettres, and pub- 
 lifhed a tranllation of Sophocles, faithful and 
 elegant. He wrote alfo a. Refutation of 
 Mirabaud’s Syftem of Nature, and other 
 works. —Nowo. Dud. H:fi. 
 
 Roc'hefoucault (Francis, duke of), an 
 eminent French writer, was born in 1603. 
 He difplayed great talents in a military ca- 
 pacity in the war of thp Fronde, and for lbme 
 
ROD 
 
 time loft his fight by the blow of a mufquet. 
 One of his fons was ftain at the pafiage of the 
 Rhine, and another feverely wounded. The 
 duke de Rochefoucault, however, is rnoftly 
 known as an elegant writer. His works are, 
 1. Memoirs of the Regency of Anne of Auf- 
 tria, 2 vols. 12mo. ; 2. Refle&ions and 
 
 Maxims, often printed in one fmall volume. 
 He died in 16Q0 .—Moreri. 
 
 Rochester (John Wilniot, earl of), a 
 celebrated Englifh nobleman, was born in 
 Oxfordfhire in 1648. He had a liberal edu- 
 cation, and pofi'efTed uncommon powers of 
 ■wit and a fertility of imagination ; but he 
 difgraced his fine qualities by the molt dif- 
 folute principles and licentious condudl. He 
 fhortened his days by intemperance, hut died 
 very penitent in 1680. His fatirical poems 
 are keen, but their obfcenity and impiety 
 render them excefiively difgufting.— See bis 
 Life by Burnet. 
 
 Rodney (George Bridges, lord), a gal 
 Iant Englifh admiral, was born of an ancient 
 family in Somerfetfhire about 1718. He en- 
 tered early into the navy, and diftinguifhed 
 himfelf in feveral aftions. In 1759 he ob- 
 tained a flag, and was employed to bombard 
 Havre-de-Grace. In 1761 he was fent 
 againft Martinico, and for his fervices was 
 created a knight of the bath. Owing to a 
 violent electioneering conteft for Northamp- 
 ton, and other caufes, he was reduced to fuch 
 a ftate of embarrafiment as to be obliged to 
 refide on the Continent, where, in the Ame- 
 rican war, he was tempted by the count de 
 Sartine by brilliant offers to enter into the 
 French fervice. Thefe overtures he refufed, 
 of which Sartine liberally informed the 
 Britilh government, by whom fir George was 
 recalled home, and obtained a command. 
 In 1780 he defeated the Spanifh fleet, and 
 took feveral fhips ; this was foon after fol- 
 lowed by a more fplendid victory, and the 
 capture of the Spanifh admiral don Juan de 
 Langara. But the moft important exploit of 
 this brave officer was the defeat of the French 
 fleet under count de Grade in the Weft In- 
 dies, April 12, 1782, in which the French 
 admiral and a number of his fhips were taken. 
 For this he was created a peer, and obtained 
 a penfion. His lordfhip died in 1792.— Ab/- 
 tiuul Regijler. 
 
 Rodolfh I. of Hapfburg, emperor of 
 Germany, furnamed the Clement , was elected 
 in 127 3. Fie defeated Ottocar, king of Bo- 
 hemia, who did him homage ; but afterwards 
 renewing the war, Ottocar loft his kingdom 
 and his life. Rodolph died in 1291, aged 
 73. — Univ. Hift. 
 
 Rodolfh 11. fon of the emperor Maxi- 
 milian II. was born in 1552, and became 
 king of Hungary in 1572; of Bohemia in 
 1575 ; eledted king of the Romans the fame 
 year; and in 1576 affumed the imperial 
 throne. His reign was unfortunate: the 
 
 Turks ravaged his territories; and his bro- 
 ther Matthias having revolted againft him 
 •Uained the kingdoms of Hungary mad Bo- 
 41 
 
 R O G 
 
 hernia. Rodolph was, however, a patron of 
 fcience, and had fome fkill in aftronomy- 
 He died in 161 %.— -Ibid. 
 
 Roe (fir Thomas), an a !e ftatefman, was 
 born at Low-Layton, in Eflex, about 1580, 
 and educated at Magdalen college, Oxford. 
 In 1614 he was fent ambaflador to the great 
 mogul, at whofe court he remained near tour 
 years, of which embaft'y he pubhfhed a jour- 
 nal. In 1621 Ire went in the fame character 
 to the grand feignior ; and his conduCt proved 
 of great advantage to the Englifh commerce. 
 Doling his refide ice in the Eaft Ke made a 
 large collection of valuable manuferipts in 
 the Greek and Oriental languages, which, 
 in 1628, he prefented to the Bodleian library. 
 He alfo brought over the famous Alexandrian 
 MS. of the New Teftament, fent from Cyril 
 Lucar, patriarch of Conftantinople, to Charles 
 I. In 1629 he was fent to negotiate peace 
 between the kings of Poland and Sweden, in 
 which he fucceeded. In 1641 he went am- 
 baflador to the diet of Radfbon ; and on his 
 return was made a privy counlellor and chan- 
 cellor of the garter. He died in 1644. Be- 
 fides the relation of his travels, which is very 
 curious, there are in print of his, Speeches 
 in Parliament ; Account of his Negotiations 
 at the Porte ; and a Difcourfe on the King 
 of Spain’s furprifing the Valteline. — Biog. 
 Brit. 
 
 Roemer (Olaus), a Danifh aftronomer, 
 was born at Arrhus, in Jutland, in 1644, 
 and educated at Copenhagen. On vifiting 
 Paris he became mathematical tutor to the 
 Dauphin; but in 1681 he was recalled by 
 the king of Denmark, who appointed him 
 profeflor of aftronomy at Copenhagen, where 
 he died in 1710. His obiervations, under 
 the title of Bafts Aftronomite, were printed 
 in 1735, 4to. — Merer':. 
 
 Roepel (Conrad), a Dutch painter, was 
 born at the Hague in 1677. He excelled in 
 painting fruits and flowers, and died in 1748. 
 —Pilkington. 
 
 Roestraeten (Peter), a portrait 
 painter, was born at Flaerlem in 1698. He 
 alfo painted reprefentations ofmufical inftru- 
 ments, vafes, china ware, agates, and fheils. 
 —Ibid. 
 
 Roger I. king of Sicily, was born in 
 1097. He efpoufed the caufe of Anacletus 
 the anti pope, and took Innocent IT. prifoner, 
 whom he releafed on condition of being ac- 
 knowleged in his newly-acquired dominions. 
 Ke died in 1154 —Unit). Hift. 
 
 Roger (of Hexham), prior of Hexham 
 about 1138. He wrote a Hiftory of the 
 Campaign of the Scotch Army under King 
 David, when the battle of the ftandard was 
 fought. — Gen. lift. Diet. 
 
 Rogers (Captain Woods), an Englifh 
 navigator, who failed in a private fhip or war 
 from Briftol againft the Spaniards in the 
 South Sea ; in which voyage he circumnavi- 
 gated the globe, and pubtifhed an Account of 
 his Adventures on his return in 1711. He 
 died in 1732. 
 
R O L 
 
 Rogers (John), an Engliffi divine, was 
 educated at Cambridge, and became chaplain 
 to the factory at Antwerp, where he affifted 
 Tindal and Covevdale in transiting the Bible 
 into Englifh. In the reign of Edward VI. 
 he returned to England, and obtained a pre- 
 bend in St. Paul’s cathedral, where he was a 
 frequent and zealous preacher. He was the 
 firft perfon executed in the fucceeding reign 
 for religion, being burnt at the flake in 
 Smithfield in 1555. — Fox's ABz and Mon. 
 
 Rogers (John), a learned divine, was 
 born at Enftiam, in Oxfordlhire, in 1679, 
 and educated at Corpus-chrifti college, of 
 which he became fellow. He wrote an able 
 Treatife on the Vifibility of the Church 
 againft Hoadlev ; four volumes of Sermons ; 
 and he was alfo the author of a piece in an- 
 fwer to Collins’s Scheme of Prophecy. Dr. 
 Rogers obtained the living of St. Giles’s, 
 Cripplegate, and died in 17 '29. — Gen. Hiji. 
 Diet. 
 
 Roghman (Roland), an eminent land- 
 fcape painter, • was born at Amfterdam in 
 1597, and died in l686-—-Houkraken. 
 
 Rohan (Henry, duke of), prince of Leon, 
 was born at the caftle of Blein, in Brittany, 
 1579. He diftinguifhed himfelf by his bravery 
 at the fiege of Amiens, and thereby obtained 
 the friendfhip of Henry IV. Lie became the 
 chief of the Huguenots in the reign of Louis 
 XIII. but after the taking of Rochelle and 
 the eftablifhment of peace in 1629 he retired 
 to Venice, where he was chofen gegeraliflimo 
 of the armies of the republic againft the im- 
 perialifts ; but he was recalled by the king, 
 who employed him in the Grifons againft the 
 Germans and Spaniards. But the duke in 
 1637 gave up the command, and went to 
 Geneva. He afterwards had the regiment of 
 Nafiau, at the head of which he was wounded 
 in 1638, and died foon after. He wrote the 
 Interefts of Princes, printed at Cologne in 
 1666, 12mo. ; the Perfedt Captain, or an 
 Abridgment of Csefar’s Commentaries, 
 12mo. ; On the Government of the thirteen 
 Cantons; and Memoirs, 2 vols. l2mo. The 
 laft performance is curious, and has gone 
 through many editions. Anr.e de Rohan , 
 filter of the duke, was a woman of fine ge- 
 nius, and wrote fonie poems of merit. She 
 was acquainted with the Hebrew language.— 
 Moreri. 
 
 Rouault (James), a French philofopher, 
 was born at Amiens in 1620. He itudied at 
 Faris, and became a zealous defender of the 
 Cartefian fyftem, of which he publiihed a 
 popular view in 2 volumes. Of this work 
 Dr Samuel Clarke give an edition, with 
 notes, adapting it to the Newtonian lyftem 
 It has been tranflated into Englifh, in 2 vols. 
 8vo. Rohault was alfo the author o c Ele- 
 ments of Mathematics ; and a Treatife on 
 Mechanics. He died in 1675. — Moreri. 
 
 Roland de la Platiere (J. 51.) was 
 born at Villefranche of a reduced lamily. 
 He was deiigned for the church, but difliking 
 that profefiion, he left his native place and 
 
 R O L 
 
 went to Nantes with an intention of going to 
 the Indies, but was prevented by the bad 
 flute of his health. From thence he went 
 to Rouen, where he was employed by fome 
 relations who were engaged in trade. For 
 his commercial abilities he became infpedfor- 
 gen'eral o: the manufactories of Picardy, and 
 afterwards of thole of Lyons, in which fitua- 
 tion he formed an intimacy with Briffot, and 
 in 1789 was nominated deputy for the city of 
 Lyons to the conftituent alfembly. In 1792 
 he became minifter of the interior, but did 
 not long retain that fituation. When the 
 party of Girondists to which he belonged was 
 proferibed, he fled from Paris and retired to 
 Rouen, where he ltabbed himfelf in lr 93. 
 He wrote fomc works on the cotton and linen 
 manufadiures ; Letters from Switzerland, 
 Italy, Sicily, and Malta, 6 vols. ; Diftionary 
 of Manufactures and the Arts depending on 
 them, 3 vols 4to, & c. — Nouv. DiB. Hft. 
 Memoirs of Madame Roland- 
 
 Roland (Marie-Jane-Phlipon), the wife 
 of the preceding, was born at Paris in 1756. 
 Her father was an engraver named Piiltpon, 
 who was eminent in h is profeffion, and gave 
 her an excellent education. At the age ot 
 twenty-five fhe married M. Roland, though 
 there was a great difparity in their ages. 
 She rendered important iervices to him in 
 his capacity as minifter, and molt of the offi- 
 cial writings which he publiihed were the 
 productions of her mafeuline mind. On his 
 flight fhe was Cent to the abbey, and after an 
 imprifonment of fome weeks was reiealed ; 
 but ihe had Rar ely reached her own houfq 
 before lhe was again apprehended. In her 
 laft confinement lhe wrote an interefting 
 work, entitled, an Appeal to Posterity, or 
 Hiltorical Notices, Anecdotes, and Memoirs 
 of herfelf, 2 vols. 8vo At length fhe was drag- 
 ged before the revolutionary tribunal and fen- 
 tenced to the guillotine, which fhe endured 
 with fortitude, faying as lhe looked on the 
 ftatue of Liberty — ‘ O Liberty, how many 
 crimes are committed in thy name !’ She 
 Buffered November 8, 1795.— Noun. Dift* 
 
 m . . 
 
 Rolls (Michael), a mathematician, was 
 born at Ambert, in Auvergne, in 1652. He 
 became a member of the academy of fciences, 
 and died in 1719. His works are, a Treatife 
 of Algebra; Method of Refolving Equations 
 of all Kinds, &c. — Ibid. 
 
 Roll in (Charles), a celebrated writer, 
 was born at Paris in 1661. After ftudying 
 in the college of Pleffis and at the Sorbonne, 
 he became fucceflively profeflor of languages, 
 rhetoric and eloquence. In 1694 he was ap- 
 pointed redlor of the univerfity of Paris, 
 whicti flourifhed uncommonly under his di- 
 reftion. He revived the ftudy or the Greek, 
 and introduced many important regulations 
 in the academical exercifes. He died in 
 1741. His works, are, 1. An edit.oi*. of' 
 Quint lian, 2 vols. ; 2. Treatife on Studying 
 and Teaching, the Belles Lettres, 4 vols. ; 3. 
 Antient Hiftory of the Egyptians, Carthagi- 
 3H 
 
R OjjJM 
 
 inans, Babylonians, &c. 13 vols. ; 4. The 
 Roman Hiftory from the Foundation of that 
 City to the Battle of Adtium ; 5. Mifeella- 
 neous Pieces, as Letlures, Difcourfes, &c.— 
 Ibid. 
 
 Rotr» us (Reinhold Henry), a German 
 pbilologift, who publilhed in 1709 a ufpful 
 work containing the Lives of Philofophers, 
 Orators, Poets, Hiftorians, &c. — Ibid. 
 
 Rollo, a chieftain of Norway, who being 
 driven from that country by the king of 
 Denmark, landed in Normandy, which was 
 ceded to him by Charles the Simple in 912- 
 Rollo embraced the chriftian religion, and 
 was baptized by the name of Robert. He 
 aiTumed the title of duke of Normandy, and 
 was anceftor of William the Conqueror.— 
 
 Mereri, 
 
 Rollock (Robert), a Scotch divine, was 
 born in Stirlinglhire in 1560, and educated at 
 St. Andrews. When James VI. founded the 
 univerfity of Edinburgh Mr. Rollock was 
 appointed the lirfl principal. He wrote 
 feveral works in latin, and died in 1601.— 
 Ibid. 
 
 Romaine (William), an Englilh divine, 
 was born at Hartlepool, in Durham, in 1714, 
 and educated at Hertford college, Oxford, 
 from whence he removed to Chrift church, 
 where he took his degrees in arts. On en- 
 tering into orders he became a frequent 
 preacher before the univerfity till he fell 
 into the calviniftic fcheme. He then re- 
 moved to London, and in 1749 became lec- 
 turer of St. Dunftan in the weft. He was 
 alfo for fome time morning preacher at St. 
 George, Hanover-fquare, and fora Ihort pe- 
 riod Grelham profefibr of aftronomy, which 
 fituation he refigned. In 1764 he was chofen 
 redtor of St. Anne, Blackfriars, where, and 
 at St. Diinftan’s, he continued to preach to 
 large congregations almoft to his death, 
 which happened in 179.5. His works have 
 been printed in 8 vols. 8vo. He was the 
 editor of Calaiio's Concordance to the He- 
 brew' Bible, 4 vols. folio, 1749, in which he 
 made fome unwarrantable alterations to ferve 
 the Hutchinfonian dodlrine . — Life by Ca- 
 dogan. 
 
 Komaneli.i (John Francis), an hiftori- 
 cal painter, was born at Viterbo in 1 tilt 
 He was the difciple of Pietro da Cortona, 
 whole ftyle he imitated. Louis XIII. em- 
 ployed him, and honoured him with the order 
 of St. Michael. He died in 1662. His fon, 
 Urban Romanelii, was alfo a good painter, and 
 died in 1632, aged 44 .—Piifiington. _ 
 
 Romano (Juiio), a celebrated painter and 
 architect, whole family name was Bippi, was 
 bom at Rome in 1492. He was the difciple 
 of Raphael, who made him his heir. His 
 greateft pictures arc, the Fall of the Giants, 
 and the Battles of Conftantine. He built 
 fome fine (trudures at Mantua, where lie 
 was patronized by the duke. He died in 
 1546. — De Piles. Felibien. 
 
 Roman us I. emperor of the Eaft, was 
 born in Armenia. He became a common 
 
 ROM 
 
 foldler in the army of the emperor Bafil, 
 wbofe life he faved in a battle againft the 
 Saracens, which proved the foundation of 
 his fortune. Conftantine X. whofe daughter 
 he efpoufed, affociated him in the empire in 
 919. He difplayed great military talents 
 againft the Mufcovites and the Turks. To 
 his other eminent qualities he added the vir- 
 tues of humanity and piety. He died in 948. 
 — Univ . Hijl. 
 
 Roman us II. cal'ed the younger, was the 
 fon of Conftantine Porphyrogenitus, whom 
 he fucceeded in 959, and died of intempe- 
 rance in 963. He banilhed his mother He- 
 lena, and debauched his lifters. — Hid. 
 
 Roman us III. obtained the imperial 
 throne by his marriage with Zoe, daughter 
 of Conftantine the younger) in 1028. He 
 Was a weak prince, and wa§ put to death by 
 his wife in 1034. — Ibid. 
 
 Romanus IV. fucceeded in 1068 Con- 
 ftantine Ducas, whofe widow Eudocia he 
 married. Fie defeated the Turks w r ho had 
 ravaged the empire, but in 1071 he w r as 
 taken prifoner by them, and w'as generoufly 
 fet at liberty by the fultan Afan. He was 
 afterwards dethroned by Michael the fon of 
 Conftantine, who deprived him of his eyes. 
 He died the fame year. — -Ibid. 
 
 Rombouts (Theodore), a painter of Ant- 
 werp, was born in 1597, and died in 1637- 
 He w'as the difciple of Abraham Janffens, 
 and excelled in painting hiftorical fubjedls 
 and conventions . — De Piles. Hoitbraken. 
 
 Rome, was antiently called Latium, from 
 its king, Latinus, whofe daughter Lavinia 
 married AEneas the Trojan. Romulus found- 
 ed the city of Rome, to w'hich he gave his 
 name, B.C. 753. He and his follow'ers feized 
 upon the Sabine women at a public fpedlacle, 
 750, Alba united to Rome B.C. 675. Sextus 
 Tarquinius having ravilhed Lucretia, the 
 monarchy was abolifhed, and the republican 
 government adopted, with two annual con- 
 luls, 508. The Romans fubdue Carthage 
 , B.C. 146. Pompey and Caefar cbntend for 
 the fovereignty, which occafions a civil w'ar, 
 B.C. 59. Ctefar affafiinated in the fenate- 
 houfe, 44. The republican government de- 
 ftroyed by Odavianu3, who affumes thfc titles 
 of emperor and Auguftus, 27 B.C. The 
 Goths and other northern nations* invade 
 the empire about A.D. 250. The feat of 
 empire removed to Conftantinople by Con- 
 ftantine, 330. Divided into the eaftern and, 
 w'eftern empires, 379. Rome taken by 
 Alaric, king of the Goths, 410 ; again by 
 Genferic the Vandal in 455 ; and by thi 
 Heruli in 476. Belifarius recovers Rome 
 for Juftinian in 537 ; but it is retaken by 
 the Goths in 547. Captured by Narfes, one 
 of Juftinian’s generals, in 553. A.D. 726* 
 it feparated from the eaftern empire, and be- 
 came an independent ftate. In 800 the popes 
 obtained the full pofleflion of Rome, and the 
 furrounding territory, called the ecelefiafti- 
 cal ftate. Taken by the French in 1798.— 
 UkeV. Ilf. 
 
RON 
 
 Rome de l’Isle (John Baptift Louis), d 
 French mineralogift, was born at Gray in 
 Francbe-comte in 1736, and died at Paris in 
 1790. He invented a new fyftem of mine- 
 ralogy, in which he alfc-rts, that all bodies in 
 the mineral kingdom have a primitive form 
 anil figure of their own, to which, after all 
 the various combinations and reparations 
 they may fuffer, they will again return, 
 lie wrote, Criftallographv, 4 vols. 8vo. ; 
 External Charadters of Minerals, 1 vol. ; 
 Metrology, 1 vol. ; the Action of the Central 
 Fire of the Earth, &c. — Nowv. Diff. lift. 
 
 Romiuy (John), a celebrated watch- 
 maker, was born at Geneva in 1714, and 
 died at Paris in 1796. He wrote all the ar- 
 ticles on clock and watch making in the En- 
 cyclopedic j a letter on the impofiibility of a 
 perpetual motion j meteorological obferva- 
 tions, & c. — Ibid. 
 
 Romney (George), an excellent painter, 
 was born in Lancashire of mean parentage. 
 He ferved his time to an itinerant painter, 
 whom he foon furpafled. He came when 
 very young to London with a picture of the 
 Death of General Wolfe, which obtained the 
 fecond prize in the exhibition, and fold for a 
 confiderable fum. As foon as he had realized 
 a fufficiency to enable him to vifit Italy, he 
 eroded the Alps, and after ftudying there 
 with avidity, returned to London, where he 
 obtained great reputation by his portraits, 
 though he alfo painted fome excellent hilto- 
 rical pieces. He died at Kendal in 180^-—— 
 Monthly Mag. 
 
 Romulus, the founder of Rome, and 
 brother of Remus, was the fon of Rhea Syl- 
 via, daughter of Numitor, king of Alba. 
 She was placed among the veftals, but being 
 delivered of t’aefe two children at a birth, 
 declared that the god Mars was their father. 
 Amulius, who had ufurped the throne of Nu- 
 mitor, his brother, caufed the children to be 
 thrown into the Tiber, where they were 
 found by Faufbulus. On coming of age they 
 difeovered their origin, put Amulius to death, 
 and r.-inftated Numitor. A difference, how- 
 ever, arofe between the two brothers, and 
 Romulus put Remus to death, lie after- 
 wards founded the city of Rome by collect- 
 ing a number of ftrangers, and died B.C. 
 7 1 5 — Plutarch. 
 
 Roncalli (Chriftofano), an hiftorical 
 painter, fometimes called Pomerancio from 
 the place of his birth. He was the difciple 
 of Circignano, and died in 1626. — Piik'mgtcn. 
 
 Rondelet (William), prorefl'or of phy- 
 fic and anatomy at Montpellier, was born 
 there in 1.507, and died in 1566. He wrote 
 a Treatife on Fifties, 2 vols. folio, in Latin ; 
 and feveral works on medical fubjects.— 
 Moreri. 
 
 Ronsard (Peter de), a French poet, was 
 born in the Vendomois, in 1524. He was 
 page to the duke of Orleans, and afterwards 
 ferved James V. king of Scotland, in which 
 country he remained two years, and then re- 
 turned to France, where he was employed in 
 
 ROS 
 
 feveral negotiations of importance. He ob- 
 tained fome ecclefiaftical benefices, and died 
 in 1585. His poems were in his age fo much 
 efteetned as to procure him the title of the 
 Poet cf France. They were printed at Paris 
 in 6 vols. 4tn. in 1567.— Moreri. 
 
 Roodseus (John Albert), a portrait 
 painter, wa6 born at Hoorn in Holland in 
 1615, and died in 1674. His pictures are 
 finely coloured and beautifully finiihed.— « 
 Houbraken. 
 
 Rooke (fir George), a gallant admiral, 
 was born of an antient family in Kent, in 
 1650. Ho entered early into the navy, and 
 rofe by his merit to the firft honours of his 
 profeffion. He gave eminent proofs of his 
 /kill and courage in many expeditions, par- 
 ticularly in burning the French flrips at La 
 Hogue, and in the glorious adtion off Vigo. 
 July 23, 1703, he cook Gibraltar by bom- 
 bardment, after which he obtained a decifive 
 victory over the French fleet off Malaga. 
 Notwithstanding thefe eminent fervices, he 
 was, by the influence of the whig party, 
 obliged to refign the command, and to retire 
 to his eftate in Kent, where he died in 1709. 
 —Campbell's Admirals. 
 
 Rooke (Laurence), an Englifh aftrono- 
 •mer, was born at Deptford, in Kent, in 1623, 
 and eduea ed at King’s college, Cambridge, 
 from whence he removed to Oxford. In 
 1652 he was chofen Grefham profeflor 'of 
 aftror.omy, which place he afterwards ex- 
 changed tor that of geometry He was one 
 of the firff members of the royal fociety, and 
 died in 1662. His writings are, Obfervations 
 on Comets ; Directions to Seamen ; Method 
 of obferving the Eclipfes of the Moon ; and 
 Obfervations on the Eclipfes of the Satellites 
 of Jupiter. — Ward's Limes of Grejham Pro- 
 feffors. 
 
 Roome (Edward), folicitor to the treafury. 
 He wrote fome fatirical papers called Paf- 
 quin, againft Pope, who gave him a place in 
 his Dunciad. He was alfo the author of a 
 dramatic piece called, the Jovial Crew. He 
 died in 1729.— Biog. Dram. 
 
 Roore (James), a painter, was born, at 
 Antwerp in 1686, and died in 1747. He 
 painted hiftorical fubjects with great ele- 
 gance. — Pilkington. 
 
 Roos (John Hendrick), a Dutch painter, 
 was born at Ottcrburg in 1631. He painted 
 landlcapes and portraits, but excelled in the 
 former. His brother Theodore was a good 
 artift in the fame line. Fie died in 1698. 
 Philip Roos, fon of John HesJrick, far ex- 
 celled the reft of the family ; he had a bro- 
 ther who was alfo a good painter, and died 
 in 1731, aged 72. — Pilkington. 
 
 Roq_ue (John de la), member of the 
 academy of belles-lettres at Marfeilles, died 
 in 1745 at Paris, aged 84. He aififted his 
 brother Anthony in conducting a periodical 
 journal called the Mercury ; and he alfo 
 publifticd Travels in the Eaft, 3 vols. .and 
 fame operas.— Nou-v. Die?. Hijt. 
 
 Ptos a (Salvator), a painter and poet, was 
 3 H 2 
 
ROS 
 
 K)rn at Renefl'a, near Nap’es, in 1615. 
 He excelled in painting combats, fea-pieccs, 
 and landicapes, generally ro'mantic fcenery, 
 with banditti. He painted with great rapi- 
 dity, and frequently completed a picture in 
 one day. His Satires have entitled him to 
 the appellation of the Juvenal of Italy. 
 They were printed at Amsterdam in 1719, 
 8vo. He died at Rome In 1673. — Felibien. 
 Tirabojchi. 
 
 Rosamond, ufually called fair Rofa- 
 mond, was the daughter of Walter de Clif- 
 ford, baron of Hereford. Sire was the fa- 
 vourite miftrefs of Henry II. who is reported 
 to have fecreted her in a labyrinth, at his 
 palace of Woodftock, where, according to 
 fome writers, Ihe was difcovered, and poifon- 
 ed by Eleanor, queen of that monarch. But 
 it feems more certain that ihe died in the 
 nunnery of Godftow, in Oxfordfhire. She 
 had two fons by Henry: William, called 
 I.ong-fword, and Jeffery, who became arch- 
 bifhop of York. 
 
 Roscius (Quintus), a native of Gaul, 
 who was contemporary with the celebrated 
 performer .fEfop, and became the molt fa- 
 mous aCtor of his age. Cicero, who fpeaks in 
 the higlieft terms of his talents, undertook 
 his defence againfl: Fannius. The Roman 
 Hate affigned him a confulerable penfion, 
 which he appears to have defer ved as much 
 by his virtues as his abilities. He died 
 about 61 B.C. — Cic. pro Rojcio. Quintilian. 
 
 Rose (Alexander), a Scotch prelatp, was 
 born at Aberdeen in 1640, and educated at 
 St. Andrew’s. He was promoted to the 
 biihopric of Edinburgh, but when epifcopacy 
 was .put down in Scotland, he was deprived 
 of the revenues. He died at Edinburgh in 
 1720.— Skinner's Hifi. Ch.,of Scotland. 
 
 Rosewell (Thomas), a preibyterian di- 
 vine, was born in Somerfet/hire in 1630, 
 and educated at Oxford. After leaving the 
 univerfity he was prefented to the living of 
 Strode in his native county, from whence he 
 was ejeCted by the Bartholomew aCt in 1662. 
 In 1674 he officiated to a diffenting congre- 
 gation at Rotherhithe, and in 1684 was lent 
 to prifon on a charge of high treafon. At 
 his trial the charge amounted to nothing 
 more than to his faying in his fermon fome- 
 thing difrefpeCt-'ul of the king’s pretentious 
 to curing the evil or fcrophula. Notwith- 
 ftanding the abfurdity of the indictment he 
 was found guilty, but Charles II. granted 
 him a pardon. He died in 1691- — Cal a my. 
 
 Res in (John), or Rofir.us , an antiquary, 
 was born at Fifenach in 1551, and died of 
 the plague in 1626. He wrote Antiquita- 
 tum Romanarum, a work of value ; the beft 
 edition of which is that of Utrecht in 1701, 
 4 to. — Moreri. 
 
 Ross (Alexander), a native of Aberdeen, 
 was matter of the grammar fchool at South- 
 ampton, and chaplain to Charles [. His 
 works are very numerous ; the molt known 
 of which is, a View of all Religions, in one 
 volume oitave. He was alfo the author of 
 
 ROS 
 
 a curious performance, called, Virgilius Evan- 
 gelizans, which -is a cento on the life of 
 thrift, taken wholly from Virgil. He died 
 in 1654, aged 64. — Granger. 
 
 Ross (John), a learned prelate, was born 
 in Hereford {hire, and educated at St. John’s 
 college, in Cambridge, where he proceeded 
 D.D. 1756. In 1746 he publiffied a pam- 
 phlet in defence of Dr. Middleton againft the 
 criticifms of Mr. Markland and in 1749 an 
 edition of Cicero’s Epiftolas ad familiares, 2 
 vols. 8vo. He was prefented to the vicarage 
 of Froome in Somerfetlhire ; and in 1778, 
 advanced to the bifhopric of Exeter. He died 
 in 1792. — Eutop. Mag. 
 
 Rossi (John Victor), better known under 
 his affumed name Janus Nidus Erithraus, 
 was born at Rome about 1577, of a noble 
 family, and died in 1647. His principal 
 works are, 1. Pinacotheca imaginum illuf- 
 trium virorum, 8vo. j 2. Epiftolae, 2 vols. 
 8vo. ; 3. Dialog!, 8vo. ; 4. Exempla virtu- 
 tum et vitiorum, 8vo. ; 5. Eudemiae, lib. x. 
 8vo.- — Tirabojchi. 
 
 Rossi (Bernard Marie de), a learned do- 
 minican, was born at Forly in Italy in 1687. 
 He was educated at Florence, and became 
 profeffbr of theology in the convent of his 
 order at Venice, but refigned that fituation, 
 and refufed feveral dignities. He died in 
 1775. His works are numerous. The prin- 
 cipal relates to the hiftory and antiquities, of 
 the church of Aquileia. — Ibid. 
 
 Rosslyn (Alexander Wedderburne, earl 
 of), an eminent lawyer, was born of a re- 
 fpeCtablc family in Scotland, in 1733. He 
 received his. education at Edinburgh, and as 
 early as 1752 was admitted an advocate at the 
 Scotch bar. The year following he entered 
 of the Inner Temple, and was called to the 
 bar in 1757. His application was indefati- 
 gable, and in 1763 he obtained a filk gown 
 as king’s counfel. Not long afterwards he 
 was returned to parliament, for Richmond. 
 He joined Mr. George Grenville in oppofition 
 to the adminiftration, and diftinguilhed him- 
 fe If by his eloquence on feveral occafions. 
 On the death of his friend, Mr. Wedderburne 
 accepted the office of folicitor-general, and he 
 zealoufly fupported government in the en- 
 deavour to fubjugate America. In 1778 he 
 was made attorney-general, and in 1780 was 
 appointed chief juftice of the common pleas, 
 being at the fame time created baron Lough- 
 borough. Soon after his appointment to 
 that office, he was called upon to prefide at 
 the trial of the rioters in Southsvark, oil 
 which occaiion he incurred fome cenfure by 
 trying feveral, who were ftrangers to each 
 other, in one indictment. He was, however, 
 popular in the common pleas, particularly 
 by protecting featuring men, who had been 
 ill ufed by their commanders. On the for- 
 mation of the. coalition between lord North 
 and Mr. Fox, we find lord Loughborough 
 giving his aid to that adminiftration, and af- 
 terwards he voted with them in oppofition. 
 But in 1793 hi? was made lord chancellor. 
 
R O U 
 
 and he fupported government with energy 
 during the war with France. In 1801 he 
 was created earl Rofslyn ; and refigned the 
 feals the fame year. He died fuddenly in 
 180.5, and was burred in St. Paul’s cathedral. 
 His lordfhip wrote a pamphlet entitled, “ Ob- 
 fervations on the State of the Englifh Prifons, 
 and the Means of improving them.”— Montb- 
 
 b Ma g- 
 
 Rosso, commonly called Maftcr Roux, a 
 painter, was born at Florence in 1 49(5. He 
 ftudied the works of Michael Angelo and 
 Parmefan, but without the ailiftance of a 
 mailer. His talents recommended him to 
 the patronage of Francis I. king of France, 
 who appointed him fuperintendant of the 
 works of Fontainbleau. He died there in 
 1511 De Pries. 
 
 Rotari (Peter), an hiftarical and por- 
 trait painter, was a native of Verona, and 
 was living in great reputation in 1757. The 
 year before he was at Peterlburg, where he 
 painted the portrait of the czarina, and others 
 pf the imperial family . — Pilklngton. 
 
 Rotgans (Luke), a Dutch poet, was 
 born at Amfterdam in 1645. He bore arms 
 in the war of 1672, but after two years fer- 
 vice retired to his country feat, where he 
 died of the fmull pox in 17 10. He wrote an 
 epic poem on the life of William III. king 
 of England, which is efteemed by the Dutch. 
 He was alio the author of fome other pieces 
 in that language. — Moreri. 
 
 Rothenamer (John), a celebrated his- 
 toric painter, was born at Munich in 1561, 
 and died in 1604. He imitated the manner 
 of Tintoret, and was liberally patronized by 
 the emperor Rudolph II. — Ibid. 
 
 Rotheram (Dr. John), an Englifh phy- 
 f?cian, was a native of Yorkfhire. He took 
 his degrees at Edinburgh; and wrote a phi- 
 lofophical enquiry into the nature and pro- 
 perties of water, and fome other works. He 
 died in 1787. He is not to be miftaken for 
 John Rotheram, A.M. a divine of the church 
 of England, and redlor of Houghton-le-fp.ring 
 in the county of Durham. He died in 1788. 
 He wrote a valuable difeourfe on faith, and 
 its connexion with good works, 8vo. ; Elfay 
 on the Truth of Chriftianity ; Apology for 
 the Athanafian Creed, See .- — Gent. Mag. 
 
 Rothman (Chriftopher), aftronomer to 
 the landgrave of Hefl'e, died in 1592. He 
 wrote a treatife on comets, and aftronomical 
 letters to Tycho Brah o.— Hutton. 
 
 Rotrou (John), a French poet, was 
 born in 1609 at Dreux. Peter Corneille had 
 a great veneration, for him and called him his 
 father in tragedy. He wrote thirty-feven 
 dramatic pieces, of which the Left are, Chof- 
 roes, Antigone, and Venceflas. He died in 
 1650 Moreri. 
 
 Rouelle (William Francis), an apothe- 
 cary at Paris, and demonftrator in chemiftry 
 at the royal botanical garden there, was a 
 native of Mathieu, near Caen, and died in 
 1770, aged 63. He left his lectures on che- 
 millry in manufeript. His brother Hilary 
 
 R O U 
 
 who fucceeded him died in 1779.— Nouv* 
 DiB. Hifi 
 
 Rouille (Peter Julian), a Jefuit, was 
 born at Tours in 1681. He wrote the Ro- 
 man Hiftory in conjunction with father Ca- 
 trou, and had a concern in the Journal de 
 Trevoux. He died in 1740. — Ibid. 
 
 Roubilliac (Francis), an eminent fla- 
 tuary, was a native of Switzerland, but re. 
 fided in London, where he died in 1762. 
 
 He executed leveral beautiful monuments in 
 Weftminfter-abbey. 
 
 Rous (Francis), a violent fanatic in thq 
 reign of Charles I. was born of a good family 
 in Cornwall, and reprefented Truro in the 
 long parliament, where he inveighed againft 
 arminianifm and the bifhops. He was one 
 of the lay-members of the aflembly of di- 
 vines, and fpeakcr of Barebone’s parliament. 
 
 He was appointed provoft pi Eton by the rul- 
 ing party, and was called the illiterate Jew 
 of Eton. He died in 1659. His works, 
 which are highly enthufiaftic, were publilhed 
 in one vol. folio 1657. — Clarendon. Granger. 
 
 Rouse (John), an antiquary, was the au- 
 thor of “A Chronicle of the Kings of Eng- 
 land,” and The Antiquities of Warwick.” 
 
 He died in 1491- — Gen. Biog. DiB. 
 
 Rousseau (James), a French painter, 
 was born at Paris in 1630. He excelled in 
 landfcapes and reprefentations of architec- 
 ture, and died at London in 1693. — Ibid. 
 
 Rousseau ( fohn Baptift), a French poet, 
 was the fon of a ihoemaker at Paris, and born 
 in 1669. His education was liberal, and he 
 wrote fome poetical pieces in his youth, 
 which brought him into fo much notice that 
 marllial Tallard took him to England as his 
 fecretary. But though he had many opportu- 
 nities of advancing Ills fortune, he negledted 
 riches, and refufed fome lucrative offices. 
 Several virulent latires having been circu- 
 lated againft perlons of eminence, to whom 
 Rouffeau was known to have an averfion, 
 the general voice attributed them to him ; 
 when, to rid himfelf of the charge, he fub- 
 orned a witnefs to accufe an innocent per- 
 fon of being the writer. The lubornation 
 being proved, Rouffeau was banifhed the 
 kingdom in 1712. He then went to Swit- 
 zerland, and being introduced to prince Eu- 
 gene, accompanied him to Vienna. He af- 
 terwards loft the favour of the prince, on 
 which he went to Brulfels, where he con- 
 tracted an intimacy with Voltaire, which 
 ended in a quarrel, and the two poets lam- 
 pooned each other without mercy. Rouf-„ 
 feau died in 1741. Belides his epigrams, 
 fonnets, and other poems, he wrote fome 
 comedies, and letters. — Noun. DiB. Hifi. 
 
 Rousseau (John James), was the fon of 
 a watch-maker at Geneva, where he was 
 born in 1712. His mother died in the deli- 
 very, which he fays was the firft of his mis- V 
 fortunes. Some of the firft books which 
 fell in his way were Plutarch and Tacitus. 
 His education, however, was very confined, 
 and he was put apprentice to an engraver.: 
 3H3 
 
R O U ! 
 
 but, according to his own account, he learned 
 nothing but pilfering. He ran away from his 
 mafter, . and in a deftitute condition was 
 taken under the protection of a lady named 
 madame de Warens, who had quitted the 
 pvoteftant religion for the catholic This 
 good woman appears to have had fomewhat 
 of the zeal of profelytifm in her charily, for 
 fhe fent the young fugitive to a feminary of 
 her perfuafion at Turin. He did not long re- 
 main there, but hired himfelf as footman to 
 a lady, who died fhortly after. Having 
 fume talents for mufic, he fet up as a teacher 
 in that art at Chamberi, from whence in 
 1741 he went to Paris, where he lived in 
 great poverty a confiderable time. At length 
 he was taken into the fervice of M. Monta- 
 gue, French ambafTador at Venice, but hav- 
 ing a mifunderftanding with his employer he 
 returned to Paris, where Dupin, farmer-ge- 
 neral, gave him a place in his department. 
 In 1730 he obtained a prize from the academy 
 of Di jon for the beft anfwer to the queftion 
 “ Whether tile re-eftabli/hment of the arts 
 and fciences has conduced to the purity of 
 morals ?” This fuccefs prompted him to pro- 
 duce a difeourfe on the inequality of men, 
 and on the origin of focieties ; a work full of 
 bold flights and dangerous pofitions. In 
 1738 he publifhed a letter to d’Akunbert 
 upon the project of eftablifhing a theatre at 
 Geneva. In. this letter, which was well 
 written, he declared himfelf againft theatri- 
 cal exhibitions, though he had before pub- 
 lifhed a comedy, and alfo a paftoral, both 
 adapted for the ftage. He next published his 
 Dictionary of Mufic, in which are mqny ex- 
 cellent articles. He had before given a let- 
 ter on the French mufic, or rather a cenfure 
 of that mufic. In 1761 appeared his ro- 
 mance of the New Heloife, 6 vols. It is in 
 the form of letters, exhibiting a ftrange mix- 
 ture of beauties and deformities ; but it was 
 read with avidity. This work was eclipl'ed 
 by his Emilius, a moral romance in 4 vols. 
 in which he condemns every other mode of 
 education but that of following nature. 
 RouiTeau in this work attacks the prophecies 
 and miracles of the Chriftian religion, while 
 he praifes the gofpel, and draws a beautiful 
 picture of its divine author. The parliament 
 of Paris condemned the book, and profeeuted 
 the writer, who fled to Switzerland, where 
 he received fo many infults on account of his 
 principles that he returned to Paris, and on 
 the invitation of Mr. Hume went to London 
 in 1766, where he obtained a penfion 5 but 
 having quarrelled with his friend he went 
 back to France, and lometimes appeared in 
 the Armenian drefg. He was of a reftlefs, 
 proud apd fretful difpofition, imagining that 
 there was a confpiracy of the men of letters 
 againft him, and that all mankind were his 
 enemies. He died of an apoplexy, at Erme- 
 ponyiile, near Palis, in 1778. His works 
 have been publifhed in 33 vols. 8vo. and 
 l2mo. — Roujj'eau's Confifliuns. Nouv. ViSl. 
 
 Roux (Auguftin), a pbyfician, was born 
 
 ROW 
 
 in Gafcony in 1726, and took his degrees 
 at Bourdeaux. He died in 1776. He continu- 
 ed Vandermonde’s Journal of Medicine ; and 
 was the author of a treatife on Purifying Li- 
 quors ; Typographical Annals; the New 
 Purtable Encyclopaedia, 2 vols. Uvo. ; Me- 
 moirs of Chemiftry, &c. — Nowv. Dili. Hift. 
 
 Rowe (Nicolas), an Englifh poet, was 
 born at Little - Beekford, in Bedfordfhire, 
 in 1663, and educated at V/eftminfter-fchool, 
 after which he entered of the Middle Tem- 
 ple, where he was called to the bar, but 
 never diftinguifhed himfelf in that profelhon. 
 At the age of twenty-five he produced his 
 Ambitious Step-mother, a tragedy ; which 
 was well received, and encouraged him to 
 purfuc the dramatic career, which he did 
 with increafing -reputation. In 1709 he pub- 
 liihcd an edition of Shakfpeare, with an ac- 
 count of his life. The duke of Quceniberry 
 appointed him under- fecrctary of ftate ; and 
 on the aceefiion of George I. he was made 
 poet-laureut, and land furveyor of the cuf- 
 toms in the port of London. He died in 
 1718. Bolides his tragedies, many of which 
 Hill hold their place on the Englifh ftage, he 
 wrote fome poems, and cranilated Lucan’s 
 Pharfalia, and f>uillet’s Callipatdia, into 
 verfe. — Bkg. Brit. 
 
 Rowe (Elizabeth), an ingenious and pious 
 lady, whofe maiden name was Singer, was 
 born at Ilchefter, in Somerfetlhire, in 1674. 
 At the age of twenty-two fire publifh'-d a col- 
 ledtion of poems, under the nam’e of “ Phi- 
 lomela.” Matt. Prior is faid to have paid his 
 addrefles to her, but fhe declined the offer, 
 and married Mr. Thomas Rowe, an ingeni- 
 ous young gentleman, who foon left her a 
 widow', in vvhich ftate fhe continued the re- 
 mainder of her life. She died fuddenly at 
 Frome in 1737. The principal of her poems 
 is one on the Hiftory of Jofeph. She was 
 alfo the author of a collection of letters, en- 
 titled, “ Friendfhip in Death,” and dfter 
 her deceafe Dr. Watts printed a volume of 
 her thoughts, under the title of Devout 
 Exercifes of the Heart — Ibid. 
 
 Rowe (Thomas), an ingenious gentle- 
 man, was the fon of Mr. Benpni Rowe, 3 
 difi’enting minifter, and born in^London in 
 1687. He was educated at the Charter- 
 houfe, and afterwards at Leyden ; and in 
 1708 returned to London. Two years af- 
 terwards he married mils Singer, mentioned 
 in the preceding article. Some time after 
 this marriage, lie ad! re (Ted a beautiful ode to 
 h's wife, under the name of Delia. He 
 formed the defign of giving a- tranflation of 
 the whole of Plutarch’s Lives, but finiihed 
 only eight. He died in 1715. — Ibid. 
 
 Howe (John), a diflenting divine, was 
 the fon of a pious minifter at Crediton in De- 
 vonfhire, and was educated at Oxford, after 
 which he became ledturer at Witney in that 
 county. In 1654 he was appointed preacher 
 at Weftminfler-ulibey, from whence he was 
 ejedted for nonconformity in 1662. He died 
 in 1677. His works are, Immanuel, or 
 
R O Z 
 
 Chrift’s Love explained ; Heavenly Minded- 
 nefs, and Earthly Mindednefs, 12mo. ; Liie 
 •f his Father; Sermons. — Calamy. 
 
 Rowe (Thomas), a nonconformift divine, 
 was born at North-Petherwin in Devonlhire, 
 and educated at Exeter college, Oxford, after 
 which he became minifter ot Litchet in Dor- 
 f etfliire , where he was filenced in 1662. He 
 then officiated to a diflenting congregation at 
 Wimborn, and died about ,1698. He wrote 
 a pious book called the Chriftian’s VV ork.— 
 Ibid. 
 
 Rowland (Henry), a Welth divine and 
 antiquary, was a native of Anglefey, ot 
 which ifland he publithed an elaborate ac- 
 count, in a quarto volume, entitled, Mona 
 Reftaurata. He died in 1722- — Owen's Camb. 
 Blog. 
 
 Rowley, a monk ofBriftol. [See Chat- 
 terton.] 
 
 Rowley (William), a dramatic writer 
 in the reign of queen Elizabeth. Wood 
 fpeaks of him with commendation, and 
 Shakfpeare affifted him in one of his plays. 
 There was alfo one Samuel Rowley of the 
 fame period, who wrote two hiftorical plays. 
 — Biog . Dram. 
 
 Rowning (John), an ingenious divine, 
 was fellow of MagdalSn college, Cambridge, 
 and redfor of Anderbury in Lincolnlhiie. He 
 died in 1771, aged 72. Mr. Rowning pub- 
 lilhed an excellent Compendium ot Natural 
 Philofophy, in 2 vols. 8vo. which has palled 
 through feveral editions, and uled formerly 
 to be a text book for ftudents at Cambridge. 
 •—Gen. Biog. DiB. 
 
 Roxana, the wife of Alexander the 
 Great, ,was the daughter of a Perfian prince, 
 and celebrated for her beauty. At the death 
 of Alexander llie was pregnant of a lon,^ who 
 was named the young Alexander. Callander 
 murdered both the mother and child. - “J u f~ 
 tin. 
 
 Roy ( Julian le), a celebrated clock and 
 watch maker, was born at Tours in 1686. 
 When very young he Ihewed an uncommon 
 turn for mechanical purfuits, and in 171o he 
 was admitted into the company ot clock- 
 makers at Paris, where he acquired a high 
 reputation, and died in 17.09. His Ion, 
 Peter Le Roy, became watch-maker to the 
 king, and died i» 1785. He publilhed, 1. 
 Memoires pour les Horlogers de Paris, 4to. ; 
 2. Etrennes Chronometriques ; 3. Treatife 
 on the Labours of Harrifon and Le Roy, for 
 the Difeovery of the Longitude at Sea, 4to. ; 
 4. Letter to M'. de Marivetz. — Julian David 
 Le Roy, another fon ot Julian, became a 
 member oi the national inditute, and at- 
 tached himfelf to archite&ure. He w'rote, 1. 
 On the Ruins of the fined Monuments of 
 Greece, folio ; 2. On the Confirmation of 
 Chridian Temples, 8vo. ; 3. Oblervations on 
 the Edifices of the Antients ; 4. Ot the Ma- 
 rine of the Anticnts, &c. — Nouv. DiB. tfiji. 
 
 Rozee (Mademoifelle), an ingenious ar- 
 tid, was born at Leyden in 1632. She nei- 
 ther uled oil nor water eolours in her pic- 
 
 R U D 
 
 turcs, but filk flofs on the ground, difpofed 
 according to the different degrees ot the 
 bright and dark tints, which the applied 
 with great judgment and tade. In this man- 
 ner the executed hillorical lubjefts, land- 
 fcapes, and portraits. She died in 1682 — * 
 Houbraken. 
 
 Rozier (Francis), a French agriculturlft, 
 doftor in divinity and prior of Nanteuil, was 
 born at Lyons in 1734, and llain at the fiege 
 of that place by a bomb in 1793. He made 
 obfervations on the improvement ot lands, 
 and the means of Amplifying the various ob- 
 j efts of hulbandry. His principal work is, 
 
 A Complete Courfe of Agriculture, 10 vols. 
 4to. — Nowv. DiB. Hijl. 
 
 Rubens (Peter Paul), a famous painter, 
 was born at Antwerp in 1577. Alter dudy- 
 tng in his own country, he went to Italy, 
 where he greatly improved himfelt alter 
 the works ot the bed matters, but chiefly 
 Titian. On his return to Antwerp he gained 
 fo great a reputation as to be fent for to Paris 
 to paint the gallery of the palace of Luxem- 
 burg. He was afterwards employed by the 
 infanta Ifabella and the king of Spain in 
 fome important negotiations, which he exe- 
 cuted with fuch credit as to be appointed fe- 
 cretary of the privy council. On going to 
 England with a commiffion from the king of 
 Spain, he obtained the favour of Charges I. 
 who conferred on him tit e honour of knight- 
 hood, and made him fome valuable prefents. 
 While here he painted the banqueting-houfe. 
 Rubens died very rich at Antwerp in 1640. 
 He wrote a treatife on painting, and anot her 
 on Italian architecture, folio. — De Piles. 
 
 D' Argenville 
 
 Rubens (Albert), fon of the preceding, 
 was born at Antwerp in 1614. He was 
 greatly edeemed by the archduke Leopold, 
 governor of the Low Countries, and died in 
 1657. He wrote, 1. De Re Vediaria Ve- 
 terum ; 2. Diatribe de Gemma Tiberiana, 
 de Gemma Augudaea, &c. ; 3. Regum et 
 Imperatorum Romanoruni Numiltnata, folio; 
 
 4. De Vita Flavii Manlii Theodori, 12mo.—» 
 Moreri. 
 
 Ruccellai (John), an Italian writer, 
 was born of a noble family at Florence in 
 1475. He embraced the ecclcfiaftical date, 
 and was fent on an embafly to France by his 
 relation pope Leo X.; but the death of that 
 pontiff dedroyed his hopes of preferment. 
 He died in 1526. He wrote the tragedies V>f 
 Rolamonde, and Oredes ; but his principal 
 performance is an excellent poem on Lee^, 
 printed at Padua in 1711, 8vo — Tirabojchi . 
 
 Rudbeck (Olaus), a Swedith phyfician, 
 who was proteflor of medicine at Upfal, 
 where he died in 1702, aged 73 His chief 
 works are, Exercitatio Anatomic.! , 4to. ; 
 Atlantica, five Manheim, vera japheti pof- 
 terorum fedes i»c Patera, 3 vols. folio, with 
 an atlas in another volume; Leges Wed- 
 Gothlcae, folio ; a Collection of Plants o n- 
 graved on plates, 2 vols folio; Laponia ii- 
 luttraU, et iter per liplaniiana, 4to. ; Dil- 
 3 H 4 
 
RHU 
 
 fertation upon the Bird called Selai in the Bi- 
 ble. His Ton was alio a learned phy Qci:;n 
 and botinift. He pu'ilifhed a Catalogue of 
 Lapland plants ; Specimen Linguae Gothicse, 
 See — Halleri Bibl Botin. 
 
 Ruddjm an (Thomas), a Scotch fchool- 
 mafter and printer, was born in 1674, and 
 died in 1?57. He was near fifty years keeper 
 of the advocates’ library at Edinburgh. He 
 complet 'd the “ Diplornata et Numifmata 
 Scotiae,” to wh ch he prefixed an excellent 
 preface. He alfo publithed Inditutions of 
 Latin Grammar, and - fome other works.— 
 Life by Chalmers 
 
 Rue (Charles de la), a French poet, was 
 born at Paris in 1615. Fie entered among 
 the jeluits, and became profeffor of belles- 
 lettres and rhetoric. In 1667 he publilhed 
 a Latin poem on the Conquefts of Louis XIV. 
 which Corneille tranllated into French verfe. 
 He was an eloquent preacher, and died at 
 Paris in 1725. He wrote Latin tragedies, 
 poems in that language, and 3 vols. o'- Ser- 
 mons. He is not to be confounded with an- 
 other of the fame name, who was a bene- 
 dicline, and publifhed an eoition of Crigen. 
 Ha died ill 1739. — More’i. 
 
 Ruffhead (Owen), an Englifh law 
 writer and biographer, who d : ed in 1769. 
 He wrote the Life of Pope, and publilhed a 
 CoUe&ion of the Statutes at Large, 
 
 Rupiiyus, a father of the church, was 
 born at Aquileia. He was for fome years 
 the mod: intimate friend of St. Jerome, but 
 attaching himfelf toOri^en, a divilion broke 
 out between them, and they wrote againft 
 each other with great afperity. Rufinus re- 
 tired to Paleftine, where he founded a mo- 
 rafteryon mount Olivet, and had numerous 
 followers. He died in Sicily in 410. Ru- 
 finus trandated into Latin the works'or Jo- 
 fephus, and levtral of the writings o- Origuri 
 He alfo gave a verlion and continuation uf 
 Eufebius, and Wrote a Defence of Origen, 
 Lives of the Fathers of the Defert, Explana- 
 tion o. the Creed, and other works. — Cave. . 
 Dupln. 
 
 Rufus, a phyfician of Ephefus, who 
 gained a great reputation in the reign of Tra- 
 jan. Of all his works we have only the 
 Greek names of parts of the body ; and a 
 treatife on the Diieafes of the Reins and 
 Bladder. — Friend. 
 
 Rugendas (George Philip), a painter, 
 •was born at Augfburg in 1666, and died in 
 1742. He painted with his left hand, and 
 
 excelled in reprefenting fieges and battles 
 
 Ptlkington. 
 
 Ruggle (George), fellow of Clare hall, 
 Cambridge, and author of the famous Latin 
 comedy, called Ignoramus, performed in 
 that univerfity before James I. in 1614. He 
 died about 1640 — Bdg. Dram. 
 
 Rhunkenius (David), a learned critic, 
 was born in Prufiian Pomerania in 1723. He 
 became profeffor of hiftory, and librarian of 
 Leyden ; and died in 1798. IJis works are j 
 Epiftola; Crilicie in Homeri et Heliod hyrn- 
 
 R U P 
 
 nos; De Vita et Scriptis Longini ; Timrei 
 Sophiftas Lexicon ; Hiftoria Critica Oratorum. 
 Grnecorum, 2 vols. He alfo publifhed accu- 
 rate editions of Velleius Paterculus, and Ru- 
 tilius Lupus. — Life by Wytt nbuch. 
 
 Rujnart (Thierry), a learned benedlc- 
 tine, was bora at Rheims in 16)7, and died 
 in 1709. He was the coadjutor of Mabillon 
 in his literary labours, and pub ifhed, 1. The 
 Adds of the Martyrs, 4to. ; 2. Hiftory of the 
 Perfecution of the Vandals, 4to ; 3. An edi- 
 tion ot the works of Gregory o. Tours, folio ; 
 4. The Life of Father Mabillon ; 5. Life of 
 Pope Urban V. — Moreri. 
 
 Rut. e (Gilbert), a Scotch djvipe, was 
 born at Elgin in 1628, and educated at 
 Aberdeen. He was ejected from the living 
 o! Alnwick in Northumberland in 1662 for 
 nonconformity. After this he ftudied phyfic, 
 and took his dodfqr’s degree, but at the re- 
 volution he was appointed principal of the 
 univerfity or Edinburgh, where lie died in 
 1705. Fie wrote a defence of Nonconformity ; 
 and fome weak pieces againft epifcopacy. 
 3 here are fome curious fpecimens of his pul- 
 pit oratory in the Scotch Prejhyterian Elo- 
 quence. — Calamy. 
 
 R u l l a n d ( Martin), a German phyfi- 
 cian, was profeffor of medicine at Lawingeig 
 in Suabia, and phyfician to the emperor Ro- 
 dolph II. He died in 1602- His works are, 
 MeJicina Pra&ica, 12mo. ; Lexicon Alchy- 
 mias, 4to ; Hydriaticae, 8vo. This is a trea- 
 tife on Mineral Waters. His fon Martin was 
 aho a phyfician, and wrote fome books, 
 which are now obfolete — Moreri . 
 
 Rumphius (George-Everard), a phyfi- 
 cian and naturalift, was born in 1627. He 
 became conful at Amboyna, where he ap- 
 plied to botanical refearches with ardour. 
 Wh it is aftonifhing, is, that though he be- 
 came blind at the age of forty-three, heftill 
 continued his favourite purfuits. His col-i 
 leClion of the plants. of Amboyna was pub- 
 lifhed in 17.55, in 6 vols. folioi He alfo 
 wrote Imagines Pifcium Teftaceorum, folio ; 
 and the Political Hiftory of Amboyna.— A 
 Nrav. Did. Hijj. 
 
 Rundee (Thomas), an eminent prelate, 
 was of Exeter college, Oxford, where he 
 proceeded to the degree of LL.D. in 1723. 
 He was chaplain to bifhop Talbot, archdea- 
 con ot Wilts, and treafurer of Sarum : col- 
 lated to the redlory of Sedgefield, and pre- 
 ferred to a prebend in Durham cathedral, 
 which preferments he refigned in 173.5, on 
 being conl'ecrated bifhop of Derry. He died 
 in 1743. A volume of his Letters has been 
 printed. — Whijlon's Life , and Hutchinfon's 
 Hifi. of Durham. 
 
 Rupert (Prince), fon of Frederick, 
 king of Bohemia, by Elizabeth, daughter of 
 James I. He came to England at the begin- 
 ning of the civil war, and diftinguifhed him- 
 felf gallantly in defence of his uncle Charles 
 I. In the reign of Charles II. he commanded 
 the fleet, and defeated the Dutch in 1673'. 
 He was vvsll jkilled fa chemiftry j and was 
 
R U S 
 
 he inventor of mezzotinto, of which he is 
 faid to have taken the hint from a foldier 
 fcraping his rufty fufil. It is atfolaid that 
 the firft print executed in this way was 
 done by him. It is in the firft edition of 
 Evelyn’s Sculpture. The prince died in 
 1682. — ' ’ anger. 
 
 Ruscelli (Jerome), an Italian writer, 
 was born at Viterbo, and educated at Venice. 
 His principal works are, Rimario (a Diction- 
 ary o.^ Rhimes), and Imprefe Illuftri (the II- 
 lultrious Coats of Arms). He died at Rome 
 in 1 56 a. — Tirabofcbi. 
 
 Rushworth (John), an induftrious col- 
 lector, was born in Northumberland about 
 1607, and educated firft at Oxlord, and next 
 at Lincoln’s-inn, where he wasealletj to the 
 bar. In 16-10 he was appointed afliftant clerk 
 at the houfe of commons, being expert in 
 taking down fpeeches in fhort hand. He 
 was employed by the parliament in feveral 
 concerns; and Iris relation, fir Thomas lair- 
 fax, general of the forces, made him his fe- 
 cretary. He fat for Berwick in Richard 
 Cromwell’s parliament ; but died in the 
 king’s bench, where he was confined for 
 debt, in 1690 His Biltorical Collections, 
 in 7 vols folio, are uferul, but his fidelity 
 is queftionable. — Bicg - Brit. 
 
 Russel (lord William), the third fon of 
 William, the fifth earl and firft duke of Bed- 
 ford, was born about 1641. In 1667 he 
 married Rachael, i'econd daughter ot Thomas 
 Wriothefley earl of Southampton, and widow 
 of lord Vaughan, a lady of diftinguilhed ta- 
 lents and piety His lordfhip loon obtained a 
 feat in the houfe of commons, where he 
 fided with the whigs, and laboured with 
 great zeal for the exclufion of the duke of 
 York from the fuccefiion. He afterwards 
 entered into various fchemes for efte&ing 
 this objeCt, and fome of them being confi- 
 dered treafunable, he was tried, condemned, 
 and beheaded in 1683. After the Revolu- 
 tion the parliament palled an aCt to conlkler 
 who w 7 ere the advifers of the murder (fo they 
 called it) of his lordfhip. His excellent lady, 
 whole letters have been printed in one vo- 
 lume oCtavo, continued a widow till her 
 death in 1723, at the age of 87, having 
 lived to fee her fecond fon fucceed to the 
 Bedford title and eftates.— Ibid. 
 
 ' Russel (Elizabeth, lady), was the third 
 daughter of fir Anthony Cooke, and born 
 in 1529. She received a learned education, 
 and married firft fir Thomas Hobbey, who 
 died in 1566. Her next hufband was lord 
 John Ruflel, fon and heir of Francis, the 
 fecond earl of Bedford, who left her a widow 
 in 1584. She had by her laft marriage one 
 fon and two daughters, Anne and Elizabeth. 
 The latter was buried in Weftminfter-abbey, 
 where the attitude of the ftatue on her mo- 
 nument leads the vulgar to believe the ftory 
 that Ihe died by pricking her finger with a 
 needle. Lady Ruflel tranflated from the 
 French a religious book on the Sacrament, 
 printed in 1605. She died about 1600. 
 
 RUT 
 
 Russel (Alexander), phyficlan to the 
 Englilh faCtory at Aleppo, was horn and 
 educated at Edinburgh. In 1755 he publifhed 
 the Hiftory of Aleppo, which has been re- 
 printed, and tranflated into different lan- 
 guages. He returned to England in 1759, 
 and became phyfician to. St. Thomas’s hof- 
 pital. He died in 1770. He is not to be 
 confounded with Dr. Richard Ruflel, who 
 wrote an excellent treatife on the Virtues of 
 Sea Water, and died in 1768 .—Gen. Biog. 
 
 Dia. 
 
 Russia. In 862, Rurick, great duke of 
 Novogrod, reigned here, and in 981, Wo- 
 lodimer, the 4th prince, w'as the firft Chril- 
 tian king. About 1058 Bolellaus, king of 
 Poland, conquered Ruflia. Andrew' I. w'ho 
 began his reign in 11.58, laid the foundation 
 of Mofcow. About 1200 the Mungul Tar- 
 tars conquered it, and held it till *1540, 
 when John Bafilowitz threw off their yoke. 
 About the middle of the 16th century the 
 Ruffians reduced Siberia. In 1721 Peter the 
 Great aflunied the title of Emperor. — Uni=u m 
 Hi ft. ' 
 
 Rust (George), a learned bilhop, w r as 
 educated at Chrift college, Cambridge. After 
 the reftoration he became dean of Connor by 
 the intereft of bilhop Jeremy Taylor, whole 
 funeral fermon he preached. He was after- 
 wards advanced to the fee of Dromore, and 
 died in 1670 He wrote a Difcourfe on Truth; 
 and fome other theological pieces. — Wood. 
 
 Ruth, a Moabitilh woman, who married 
 firft Mahalon, fon of Elimelech and Naomi, 
 and afterwards Boaz, by whom fhe had Obed, 
 the father of Jefle, and grandfather of Da- 
 vid. He'r hiftory forms a diftlnCt and beauti- 
 ful book in the facred canon. It is fuppofed 
 to have been written by Samuel.— Gray's 
 Key 0. T. 
 
 Rutherforth (Thomas), an Englilh 
 divine, was born in 1712, He became fel- 
 low of St. John’s college, Cambridge ; and 
 rector ofShenfield, in Effex, and Barley, in 
 Hertfordlhire. He wrote a Syftem of Natu- 
 ral Philofophy, 2 vols. 4to. ; and fome wori s 
 on the nature of moral virtue. He all'o com- 
 municated to the Spalding Society, a cor- 
 rection of Plutarch’s defeription of the in* 
 Itrumcnts ufed to renew the veftal fire. He 
 died in 1771. — lift, of the Spalding Society. 
 
 Rutii.ia, a Roman lady, was the filler of 
 Publius Rutilius, and the wife of Marcus 
 Aurelius Cotta. Seneca, in a book which he 
 wrote in his exile, fpeaks of her as a model 
 for her lex — Mweri. 
 
 Rutiuus-Rufus (Publius), conful of 
 Rome 105 B. C. His love or juftice gave 
 fuch offence to fome of the Roman knights 
 that they accufed him of peculation, and 
 he was banilhed. Upon his paflage from 
 Italy to Aha, all the cities where he came 
 Ihewed him the greateft honours, fo that his 
 progrefs had more the appearance of a triumph 
 than an exile. — Livy. 
 
 K-utilius (Claudius), a Latin writer in 
 the fifth century, was born at Touloufe, 
 
R Y L 
 
 He left an Itinerary in elegiac verfe, printed 
 at Am ft er -lam in I687, 12 mo. — Vofiius de 
 feet. Lat. 
 
 R.uysch (Frederic), an eminent anato- 
 jsraft, was born in 1638 at the Hague. After 
 taking his doftor’s degree he fettled at Am- 
 fterdam ; and when the czar, Peter the Great, 
 vilited that city, he became his pupil, and 
 purchafed his colle&ion of natural curiofities 
 and preparations, lluyfch was a member of 
 the royal fociety of London, the academy of 
 faiences at Paris, and other learned bodies. 
 He died in I73I. Kis anatomical works, 
 which contain many new difeoveries, have 
 been printed in 4 vols. 4 to. His fon Henry 
 publiihed Theatrum Animalium, 2 vols. fo- 
 Bt>. — Halleri Blbl. Anat. 
 
 Ruysdaal (Jacob), an eminent land- 
 scape painter, was born at Haerlem in 1636. 
 His piflures, which exhibit nature with 
 great force and clcarnefs, are very valuable. 
 He died in 1681. His brother, Solomon, 
 who died at Plaerlem in 1679, was alfo a 
 good landscape painter, but not equal to Ja- 
 cob. — Houbraken. 
 
 Ruyter (Michael Adrian), a brave 
 Dutch admiral, was born at Flu filing in 1607. 
 Pie went to fea at an early age, and alter 
 pa fling through the different ranks of the 
 i'ervice, became an admiral in 1641. Not 
 long afterwards he defeated the corfairs on 
 the coaft of Barbary. In 1653 he was 
 fecund in command under Van T romp, whom 
 he ably fupported againft the Englilh in 
 three engagements. In 1659 he was lent to 
 fuccour the king of Denmark againft the 
 Swedes, and for his fervices was ennobled by 
 that monarch. After many gallant aftions 
 he was killed on the coaft of Sicily in a com- 
 bat with the French in I676. — Moreri. 
 
 Ryan (Lacy), a dramatic writer and 
 actor, was born in Weltminfter in 1694. 
 He was the firft performer of Marcus in 
 Cato, and died at Bath in \-]60.Siog. 
 Dram. 
 
 Ryc jchaert (Martin), a landfcape 
 painter of Antwerp, was born in 1591, 
 and died in 1636. He was eftcemed 
 by Vandyck and other eminent artifts. 
 There was alfo one David Ryckhaert, of the 
 fame place and age, who painted rural fub- 
 jecls — Houbraken. 
 
 Ryer (Peter du), a French dramatic 
 writer, was born at Paris in 1605, and died 
 in 1658. He was fecretary to Louis XI I J. 
 which place he fold, and afterwards held a 
 fimilar fltuation under the duke of Vendomc. 
 His works procured him a place in the 
 French academy. — Moreri. 
 
 Rylanp (John), a diffenting minifltr, 
 who kept an academy, and officiated many 
 vears to a Baptift congregation at Northamp- 
 ton. He received the degree of mailer of 
 arts from a univerlity in Scotland ; and was 
 on terms of intimacy with Dr. Johnfon, Dr. 
 Doddiidge, Mr. Kervey, and other pious and 
 learned men. Mr. Ryland publifhed, The 
 Chriftian Student and Pallor; Elements of 
 Mechanics j The Preceptor 5 and feveral 
 
 R Y V 
 
 tra£ls and fermons. He died at Enfield In 
 1792. — Eurof. Mag. 
 
 Ryland (William Wynne), an en- 
 graver, was the fon of a copper-plate printer 
 in London, and bred up under Mr. Francis 
 Ravenet, as an apprentice. On the expira- 
 tion of his time he went abroad, and greatly 
 improved himfelf in France andltaly. Af- 
 ter his return he introduced the ar.t of en- 
 graving copper-plates to yield an impreffion 
 refembling drawings in chalk. He was ap- 
 pointed engraver to his majefty, and had a 
 falary of 3001. a year conferred on him. 
 Some of his firft produdlions were a whole 
 length figure of the king, another of the 
 queen, and one of lord Bute. Mr. Ryland 
 went into partnership with a printfeller in 
 Cornhill, but their affairs becoming embar- 
 raffed a bankruptcy enfued. In I782 lie 
 committed a forgery on the Eaft India com- 
 pany, for which he was tried and executed 
 the year following. — Ibid 
 
 Rymer (Thomas), an Englilh antiquary 
 and critic, was born in Yorklhire, and edu- 
 cated at the fchool of Northallerton, in 
 Yorklhire, from whence he removed to Cam- 
 bridge. He became hiftoriographer royal, 
 and formed an immenfe collection of public 
 aCls, treatifes, conventions, and ftate letters, 
 under the title of Fcedera, publifhed at Lon- 
 don in 20 volumes folio. An edition alfo 
 has been printed at the Hague in 10 vols. 
 P,ymer was the author of a View of the 
 Tragedies of the Laft Age, in which he 
 fhe a's more fpleen than judgment. He died 
 in 1 7 13. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Rvsbrac (John Michael), an excellent 
 ftatuary, who died in London in I77O, aged 
 78. — Mortimer. 
 
 Rysbp. aeck (Peter), an eminent land- 
 fcape painter of Antwerp, was born in I6.57. 
 His figures and trees are well defigned, and 
 he painted expeditioufly, and with fpirit.-— 
 Houbraken. 
 
 Ryves (fir Thomas), a civilian, was edu- 
 cated at Winchefter fchool, from whence he 
 was fent to Oxford, where he ltudied the 
 law, and afterwards became king’s advocate 
 in Dodtor’s Commons. He died in 1651. 
 He wrote, The A’icar’s Plea; Hiftoria Nava- 
 lis Antiqua; Hittoria Navalis Media, &c.— 
 Wood, A. 0. 
 
 Ryves (Bruno), an englilh divine, was 
 a relation of tile above. In the reign of 
 Charles I. he was perfecuted by the prelby- 
 terians ; but at the reftoration he obtained 
 the dcanry of Windlor. He died in I677. 
 Dr. Ryves wrote Mercurius Ruftic.us, a loyal 
 paper in the rebellion, alfo feveral pamphlets 
 and fermons. — Wood. 
 
 Ryves (Eliza), an ingenious lady, was 
 born in Ireland, of a refpeclable but reduced 
 family, and the fmall fortune which was left 
 her was confumed in a law-fuit, on which 
 ftie had recourle to her pen for a lubfillence, 
 and compiled part of the Annual Regiller. 
 She alfo wrote, “The Hermit of Snowdon,” 
 a novel ; and tranflated feveral pieces from the 
 French. Mifs Ryves died in I7H7 M.Mag. 
 
CJa, or Saa (Emanuel), a Portugueze Je- 
 fuit, who was employed by pope Pius V. 
 in reviling a new edition of the Bible. He 
 died in 1:196. His works are, Scholia in 
 tjuatuor Evangelia; Notationes in totam 
 Sacram Scripturam; Aphoriimi Confeflario- 
 rum. — Moreri, 
 
 Sa de Mir AN ifcA (Francis), a Portugueze 
 writer, and chevalier of the order of Chrift, 
 was born at Coimbra in 1495, and died in 
 1553. His poetical works confift of fatires, 
 comedies, and paftorals, printed at Lilbon in 
 1614, 4to. — Ibid. 
 
 Saadas-Gaon, a Jewifli rabbi, who was 
 chief of the fchool at Sora, near Babylon, 
 and died in 943. His works are, a book on 
 the Belief of the Jews ; Arabic tranfiation of 
 the Old Teftament ; and Commentaries on 
 Ezra and Daniel. — Buxtorf . 
 
 Saas (J-'hn), member of the academy at 
 Rouen, was born in I7O0, and died in I774. 
 He was an ecclefiaftic, and wrote, an Account 
 of MSS. of the Cathedral of Rouen ; an 
 Abridgment of the Hilforical Dictionary in 
 4 vols. ; Criticifms on the Supplement to 
 Moreri ; and fome religious pieces.— Nouns. 
 D\a. Hi/}. 
 
 Saavedh a (Miguel Cervantes de), a ce- 
 lebrated Spaniih writer, was born at Madrid 
 in 1549. He appears to have had a liberal 
 education, though of his early life little ;s 
 known, but he i'erved as a common foldier 
 under Colonna, and loll his left hand at the 
 vifitory of Lepanto After this misfortune 
 he became chamberlain to the cardinal Aqua- 
 ■yiva at Rome, but in 15 7 4 he had the mif- 
 fortune to be taken by a Barbary corfair, and 
 Was carried to Algiers, where he continued 
 in flavery above five years. At length he 
 was ranfomed by the religious fociety of re- 
 demption; and on his return to Spain, being 
 in a very reduced ftate, he had recourfe to bis 
 pen for a fubfiltence. He wrote a great num- 
 ber of dramatic pieces, which were perform- 
 ed with fuccefs at Madrid. But he feerns to 
 have gained more fame than fortune, for he 
 wrote the firft part of his immortal work, 
 Don Quixote, in prifon, where he was con- 
 fined for debt! It was printed at Madrid in 
 1605, and the remainder in 1615. Though 
 this romance was written to ^expofe lo- 
 cal and temporary folly,' it will be read at 
 3U times and in all countries with delight. 
 Cervantes wrote befide's this, his exemplary 
 novels, another entitled, Perfiles and Sigif- 
 i ir.unda, and Galatea. He died in 1 6 1 7 . — — 
 Nick. Antonio. Bill Script. Ilifpan. 
 
 Saavedra Fajardo (Diego), a Spaniih 
 writer and Ifatefman, was born of a noble fa- 
 mily in the kingdom of Murcia, and after 
 being ambafiador in Switzerland, was ap- 
 pointed a memner of the fupreme council of 
 the Indies He died in 1643. His works 
 ire, the Idea of a Politic Prince ; the Gothic 
 
 Crown and the Literary Republic: this tail 
 is curious and well written.— Ibid. 
 
 Sabas, the founder of a fedt called Mef- 
 falians, who maintained that the Gofpel is to. 
 be followed liberally. In conformity with 
 this rule Sabas made himfelf an eunuch* 
 This feet appeared about 310, but became 
 extindl at the cldfe of that century. There 
 was a faint of this name who wasTuperior of 
 the monafteries in PaleTfine, and died in 
 531. — Dupin Mojheim 
 
 Sabatei Sevi, a Jewifh impoftor, was 
 born at Smyrna in 1626. He declared him-. 
 felf the Mefiiah, and was acknowleged by 
 feveral rabbins and other Jews, who lent 
 letters to their difperfed brethren in ail parts 
 of the world, announcing the great event. 
 Sabatei, however, was arrefted at Conftan- 
 tinople, andfent to prifon, whither the mif- 
 guided Jews flocked in crowds, and bribed 
 the governor by large prefents for the liber- 
 ty of killing his chains. The fultan Maho- 
 met having ordered him to be brought into 
 his prefence, demanded of him a miracle as a 
 proof of his million, which Sabatei declined. 
 Mahomet then gave him his choice to turn 
 Muflulman or be put to death, on which the 
 pretended prophet accepted the former con- 
 dition, but was afterwards fent to prifon, 
 where he died in 1 67 6. — Kidder's Dcrr.onf ra- 
 tion of the Me/Jias, folio. 
 
 Sabbath ier (Peter), a benedi&ine of 
 St. Maur, was born at Poi&iers in 1682, and 
 died at Rheims in I742. He fpent twenty 
 years in a collefiion of the Latin verfions of 
 the Bible, which was publifhed in 1743, un- 
 der the title of Bibliorum facrorum Latina: 
 verfioijes antiquae, 3 vols. folio. — Nouns. Di£ 1. 
 lift. 
 
 Sabilucus (Mark Anthony Coceeius), 
 an Italian writer, was born at Vicovaro 
 about 1436. He became profeffor of the 
 belles-lettres at Udina, and afterwards libra- 
 rian of St. Mark at Venice. He died in 
 1506. His works are, a Univerfal Hiftory, 
 
 1 vol. folio; Hiftory of the Republic of 
 Venice, fol. ; and fome mifceilanies in profe 
 and verfe. — Tirabofchi. 
 
 Sabellius, the founder of a religious 
 fe£t called by his name in the third century, 
 was a native of Lybia. He maintained, that 
 there is no diftindlion of perfor.s in the Tri- 
 nity, and his followers became very nume- 
 rous. The herel'y was condemned in the 
 council of Conllantinople in 381. — Cave. 
 Dupin. Mofheim. 
 
 ■Sabeo (Fauftus), an Italian poet, who 
 published a good edition of Arnobius at 
 Rome in 1542, folio, and Latin epigrams in 
 1556, for which the emperor gave him a 
 gold chain lie d ed in 1558 — Moreri. 
 
 Sabina (Julia), the wife of the emperor 
 Adrian, and celebrated for her private and 
 public virtues. When Adrian found his end 
 
SAC 
 
 approaching he compelled her to takepoifon, 
 
 that Ihe might not furvive him, A.D. 138, 
 
 Aurelius Vidor. 
 
 Sabinus (Aulus), a Latin poet, who 
 compofed elegant epiftles in verfe, which are 
 kft- was the contemporary and friend 
 cf Ovid. — Moreri.. 
 
 Sabinus (Francis Floridus), a learned 
 Italian, who died in 1.547. He compiled a 
 book of Interpretations of the Civil Law, and 
 wrote an able Apology for the Latin Lan- 
 guage — Ibid. 
 
 Sabinus (George), a modern Latin poet, 
 was born in the deflorate of Brandenburgh, 
 in 1508 : he became profeffor of the belles- 
 lettres at Frankfort on the Oder, reflor of 
 the academy of Konigfoerg, and counsellor 
 to the eleftor of Brandenburgh. He died in 
 1560. — Ibid. 
 
 Sabliere (Anthony de Rambouillet de 
 la), a French poet, who died at Paris in 1680. 
 His Madrigals were publifhed by his fon. 
 Hts wire Heflelin de la Sabliere was greatly 
 efreemed by the moll: celebrated wits of the 
 age. She entertained La Fontaine in her 
 houfe many years, and the poet, in return, 
 has immortalized her in his verfes — Ibid. 
 
 Sacchi (Andrew), an Italian painter, 
 was born at Rome in 1599. He ftudied un- 
 der Albano, and furparted all the artifts of 
 the Italian fchool in the force and beauty of 
 colouring. His pictures are very valuable. 
 He died at Rome in 1661. — Felibiett. D'Ar- 
 getrville. 
 
 Sacchini (Antony Marie Gafpar), an 
 eminent mufician, was born at Naples in 
 1735, and died'at Paris in 1786. His operas 
 are compofed in a fine ftyle, and many of the 
 bell; were executed by him in London. — Nouv. 
 Did. Hijl. 
 
 Sacheverell (Henry), a celebrated di- 
 vine, was born at Marlborough, and edu- 
 cated at Magdalen college, Oxford, of which 
 he became fellow, and proceeded to the de- 
 gree of doflor in divinity in 1709. He tranf- 
 lated into Engliih verfe part of Virgil’s fiift 
 Georgic in Dryden’s Mifcellanies, and Mr. 
 Addilon addrefled to him his Account of Eng- 
 liih Poets : but what has made his name re- 
 markable was his trial by impeachment for 
 two political fermons, before the lord mayor 
 in 1709. This trial occupied the public at- 
 tention in an extraordinary manner ; and 
 though the doflor was fufpended for three 
 years, as fcon as that period expired he was 
 prefented to the valuable living of St Andrew, 
 Holborn. He died in 1724- — Gen. Hijl. Did. 
 
 Sachtleven (Herman), a landl'cape 
 painter, was born at Rotterdam in 1609, and 
 died in 1685. Kis piftures are valuable. 
 There was alfo Cornelius Sachtleven, a land- 
 fcape painter, but he was not equal to Her- 
 man . — Hcubraken. 
 
 Sackviele (Thomas), the firft lord 
 Buckhurft, and earl of Dorfet, was born in 
 1536. He wrote, “ The Induflion, or In- 
 troduction to the Mirror of Magiftrates,” a 
 feries of poems j and a tragedy called Gor- 
 
 8 A C 
 
 boduc, which was afled in 1561 before the 
 queen at Whitehall. He became a member 
 or the pi ivy council, and was one of the com- 
 miffioners on the trial of Mary queen of 
 Scots. In 1.598 he \Vas appointed lord trea- 
 ter, and in 1.601 fat as high Reward on the 
 tiial of the earl ol Eilex, At the accelTion 
 °' James I. he was created earl cf Dcrfet. 
 He died in 1608. — Bicg. Brit. 
 
 Sackvillf. (Edward), earl of Dorfet, 
 grandfon of the above, was born in 1.590. 
 In 1613 he fought a defperate duel in Zea- 
 land with lord Bruce, who was flain, of 
 which an account may be feen in the Guar- 
 dian, vol. 2, No. 129. He was one of the 
 principal commanders Lent in 1620 to afiift 
 Frederick, king of Bohemia, and was at the 
 memorable battle of Prague in 1620. The 
 year following he was fent ambafiador to the 
 court of France. In 1624, by the death of 
 his elder brother, he fucceeded to the title 
 and eilate. He was in great favour with 
 king Charles, and became knight or the gar- 
 ter, prefident of the council, and lord privy 
 feal. He died in 1652. He was fuccceded 
 by his fon Richard, who dying in 1677, the 
 title devolved to his fon. 
 
 Sackville (Charles), vyho was born in 
 1637. He received a private education, af- 
 ter which he went on his travels, and on his 
 return to Lngland was elefled member of 
 parliament for Eaft Grinftead. In the D.utch 
 war or 1665 he ferved as a volunteer under 
 the duke of York, and the night before the 
 famous lea engagement wrote a famous fong. 
 On the death of his uncle the earl of Middle- 
 sex, ire fucceeded to the title and eftate, as 
 he did to bis father’s in 1677. His lordfhip 
 engaged early in the intereft of the prince of 
 Orange, and condufled the princefs Anne to 
 Northampton. For this he was made a 
 member of the privy council, lord chamber- 
 lain, and knight of the garter. He died in 
 1706. Lord Dorfet was a great patron of 
 men of letters, particularly Prior. He was 
 himfelfa man of genius, and wrote fome po- 
 etical pieces of merit. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Sackviele (George, lord vifeount), was 
 the third fon of the firft: duke of Dorfet, and 
 born in 1716. He received his education 
 firft at Weftminlfer fchool, and next at Tri- 
 nity college, Dublin, when his father was 
 lord lieutenant of Ireland. In 1757 he ob- 
 tained a commifiion in the army, and dif- 
 tinguifhed himfelf at the battles of Dettingen 
 and Fontenoy. He was afterwards with the 
 duke ot Cumberland in Scotland, where he 
 contributed to the quelling of the rebellion. 
 
 In 1758 he was appointed lieutenant-general, 
 and fworn a member of the privy council. 
 The fame year he commanded with the duke 
 of Marlborough in the expedition againft St. 
 Malo. Soon afterwards he went to Ger- 
 many, where, at the battle of Minden, Aug. 
 
 1, 1759, he commanded the Britifh and Ha- 
 noverian horfe. In the aflion, orders were 
 fent to bring them up, but thefe were fo con- 
 fufed and unintelligible that the troops aid 
 
SAD SAG 
 
 not arrive in time to have any {hare in the 
 victory. The Britiih general was id confe- 
 rence violently cenfored, his name was 
 ftruck out of the lift of the privy council, and 
 a court martial difmilfed him from the L-r- 
 vice. On the acceffion of the prefent king, 
 he was rcftored to favour; and in 1769, by 
 the will of lady Elizabeth Germaine, he fuc- 
 ceeded to her property, on which occafion he 
 took her name. The next year he fought a 
 duel with governor Johnftone, who had re- 
 flected on him in a fpeech in the h.ufeof 
 commons. In 1775 his lcrdfhip was ap- 
 pointed fecretary of ftate for the American 
 colonies, and firft lord of trade; hut on a 
 change of adminiftration he loft his places, 
 and was advanced to the peerage. He died 
 in 1735.' — Europ. Mag. ”jo\. 
 
 Sacy (Louis de), a French writer, was 
 advocate of the parliament of Paris, and a 
 member of the French academy. Fie d.ed in 
 1727, aged 73. He publilhed a Tranflation 
 of Pliny’s Letters, and the Panegyric on Tra- 
 jan, 3 vols. ; alio Treatifes on Friendship 
 and Glory ; with other pieces in an elegant 
 ltyle — Nouv. Did. Eijl. 
 
 Sadder, or Saahdi, a Perfian poet, was 
 born at Schiraz A.D. 1193. He quitted 
 Perfia when it was invaded by the Turks, 
 and went into Paleftine, where he was taken 
 prifoner by the crufaders, and compelled to 
 labour in the fortifications. He was after- 
 wards ranfomed by a merchant of Aleppo, 
 whofe daughter he efpoufed with a handfome 
 dowry ; but the marriage was unhappy, ow- 
 ing to the bad temper of his wife. Saahdi 
 died in 1291. His poems are highly efteemed. 
 The principal are , Guliftan, or the Garden 
 of Flowers ; Boftan, or the Garden of Fruits ; 
 and Molaamat, the Sparkles ; an Englifh 
 verhon was printed at Calcutta in 1795, fo- 
 lio. — D' Herbelot . 
 
 Sadf.les (John), an engraver, was born 
 at Bruffels in 1550. His merits recommend- 
 ed him to the patronage of the duke of Bava- 
 ria, by which means he was enabled to vifit 
 Italy ; but he died at Venice, not long alter 
 his arrival. His brother and difciple Raphael 
 Sadeler, was alfo a artift. Giles Sadder, 
 their nephew, died at Prague in 1629. He 
 furpaffed his uncles ; and was pensioned by 
 the emperor Rodolph II. His Velfigi della 
 Antichritu di Roma, folio, 1660, is an 
 clteemed work .—Mow;. 
 
 Sadler (fir Ralph), a ftatefrnan, was 
 born at Hackney, in Middleiex, about 1.507. 
 He was educated under Thomas Cromwell 
 earl of Elfex, and became mailer of the royal 
 wardrobe, afterwards a member of the privy 
 council, and fecretary of ftate. He died in 
 1587 —Gen. Hi fi- DlEi - 
 
 Sadler (Anthony), an Englifli divine, 
 was born at Chilton, in Wiltfhire, in 1610. 
 He was educated at Edmund hall, Oxford, 
 where he proceeded to his dodtor’s degree, 
 and at the reftovation was appointed chaplain 
 r.» the king. He died i« 1 680. He wrote 
 
 a divine mafque, dedicated to general Motile, 
 and ieveral fermons and tradts. — IVood , 
 
 A. 0. 
 
 Sadler (John), a law writer, was born 
 in 1615. He publilhed a work, entitled, 
 
 “ Rights of the Kingdom, or Cuftoms of our 
 Ancestors.” He died at Warmweil, in Dor- 
 fetlhire, in 167*1.— Gen. Blog. Did. 
 
 Sadoc, a famous jewiih dodlor, and foun- 
 der of the fed! of Sadducees, lived two cen- 
 turies before Chrift. He taught that virtue 
 is to be piuctifed for its owm fake, and that 
 there are neither punilhments nor rewards 
 hereafter. His followers were very nume- 
 rous - — Jofefhus. 
 
 Sadolet (James), an Italian writer, was 
 born at Modena in 11 78. He became fecre- 
 tary to Leo X. who compelled him to accept 
 the bilhopric of Carpentras, which he would 
 modeftly have declined. Paul III. made him 
 a cardinal, and appointed him. legate to the 
 court of France. He died in 1547. His 
 works are, Difcourfes, Fpiftles ; Expofitions 
 of the Pfalms, and St. Paul’s Epiftles ; and 
 Poems ; all publilhed together at Verona in 
 3 vols. 4to. His Latinity is correcl and 
 beautiful. — - Tirabofchi. 
 
 Sage (Alain-Renele), an ingenious French 
 writer, was born at Ruys, in Brittany, in 
 I677, and died at Paris in 1747- He wrote 
 foine good dramatic pieces, but his greateft 
 performances, are. the Adventures of Gil 
 Bias ; the Bachelor of Salamanca ; and the 
 Devil on Two Sticks; in compoling which, 
 however, it is evident he was much indebted 
 to fome Spanilh works. He alfo publilhed 
 Guzman de Alfarache, or the Spanilh Rogue; 
 the Letters of Ariftemetus, from the Greek ; 
 and New Adventures of Don Quixote, &c.— • 
 No’.av. Did. liiji. ^ 
 
 Sage (David le), a French ppet, w ? as born 
 at Montpellier, and was the author of a col- 
 ledlion of. lonnets, elegies, fatires, and epi- 
 grams, called, “The Follies of Le Sage.’’ 
 He died about 1.6.50. — Moreri. 
 
 Sage (John), a Scotch divine, was born, 
 in Fifelhire in 16.52. He was educated at 
 St. Andrew’s, and in 1684 was epifcopally 
 ordained. After the revolution he was 
 cholen by the emfcopalians bilhop of Edin- 
 burgh, but he was much perfecu’.ed by the 
 preibyterian party. He died in 1 7 1 X . Bi- 
 Ihop Sage wrote an able defence of epilcopacy, 
 entitled, the Principles of the Cyprianic 
 Age ; and fome other works. — Skinner's HJi. 
 Co. of Scotland. 
 
 Sagittarius (Gafpard), a Lutheran di- 
 vine, and profeffor of hiftory at Halle, in 
 Saxony, was born at Lunenburgh in 1643, 
 and dieJ in 1691. publilhed Diflerta- 
 
 tions on the Oracles ; the SuccelTion of the 
 Princes of Orange, to William III. ; Hifto- 
 ry of the City of Hardewyck ; Life of St. 
 Norbert ; Hilloria Antiqua Norbergiae ; Ge- 
 nealogy of the Dukes of Brunfwick, &c. — 
 Moreri. 
 
 Sagredq (John), a noble Venetian, wh® 
 
S A I 
 
 was procurator of St. Mark, and elefted doge 
 in 1675. He publifhed a/JHiftory of the Ot- 
 toman Empire, in Italian, 1 67 7, 4to. 
 
 Saint-Amand (Marc Anthony-Girard 
 de), a French writer, was born at Rouen. 
 He paffed the greateft part of his life in tra- 
 velling and rhyming, by which he did not 
 better his fortune. His befc piece is an ode 
 “ On Solitude.” He died in 1660 — Mo- 
 reri. 
 
 Saint-Aul aire ( Francis- Jofeph de 
 
 Beaupoil, marquis de), an ingenious French 
 nobleman, was born in the Limcmfin, and 
 bore arms in his youth, but afterwards quit- 
 ted that profeflion, and devoted himfelf to 
 cafe and literature. He was admitted a 
 member of the French academy in I7O6, and 
 died at Paris in I7I2, aged 98. He wrote 
 fome lively pieces in the manner of Ana- 
 creon. — Nouv. DIB. Hiji. 
 
 Sainte-Aldeconde (Philip de Marnix 
 lord du Mont), a ftatefman, was born at 
 Bruffels in 1538. The cruelties of the Spa- 
 niards in the Low Countries induced him to 
 retire to Heidelberg, where he became a 
 member of the eccleliaftical council. In 
 1572 he returned to his own country, and 
 was deputed by the Hates to go to England, 
 to folicit aid from queen Elizabeth. He after- 
 wards went to France for the fame purpofe, 
 and to offer the fovereignty of Flanders to 
 the duke de Alenjon, whom he accompanied 
 to England. He wrote a book called Alvea- 
 rium Romanum ; by way of ridiculing the 
 church of Rome. He died at Leyden in 
 1598 .-—Morer'i. 
 
 \ Saint-Cyran. [See Vergir.] 
 
 Saint-John (Henry), vifconnt Bolin- 
 broke, was born at Batterfea in Surry in 
 16y2. He was educated at Eton fcliool, 
 from whence he removed to Chrift church, 
 Oxford. In I7O7 he became member of 
 parliament for Wotton Buffet, when he join- 
 ed the tory party, of which Mr. Harley, the 
 fpeaker, w r as the head. In I7O4 he was ap- 
 pointed fecretary at war, but when his friend 
 Harley refigned the feals in I7O7 Mr. St. 
 John followed his example. In I7IO he be- 
 came fecretary of Hate on Mr. Harley’s being 
 made chancellor of the exchequer. He fuf- 
 tained almoft the whole w : eight of the diffi- 
 culties in negociating the peace of Utrecht, 
 and in 3 7 1 2 was created baron St. John, vif- 
 count Bclinbroke, and at the fame time ap- 
 pointed lord lieutenant of the county of Effex; 
 but thefe honours not anfwering his expe&a- 
 tions he formed the defign of taking the lead 
 in public affairs from his friend Harley, earl 
 of Oxford, which in the end was unfortunate 
 to both. On the arceilion of George I. the 
 feals were taken from the fecretary, and the 
 papers in his office fecured, on which he with- 
 drew to France, where the pretender in- 
 vited him into his fervice, which he declined 
 at firft, but afterwards accepted. In the 
 mean time he was impeached of high treafon 
 in England, and the fame year loll the fa- 
 vour of his new connections. In this fituu- 
 
 S A I 
 
 tion he fet himfelf about making hi3 peace 
 at home, in which he fucceeded, but did not 
 receive a full pardon till I723, on which he 
 returned to England, and recovered his family 
 inheritance. During his refidence abroad he 
 married a niece of madame de Maintenon, 
 with whom he had a large fortune. His 
 ambitious turn led him to joi a the oppofition, 
 againft fir Robert Walpole, whofe udminif- 
 tration he attacked in the Crar'tfman, and ft- 
 veral pamphlets. His lordfhip died of a 
 cancer in his face, at Batterfea, in 1 75 1 . 
 The beft of his works appears to be his Let- 
 ters on the Study and Ufe of Hiftory. His 
 genius was fine and vigorous, and his ftyle 
 flowing and neat; but his prejudices againft 
 Chriftianity were inveterate. All his works 
 were published after his death by Mallet, in 
 .5 vols, 4to. Lord Bclinbroke was the friend 
 of Swift and Pope, the latter of whom has 
 immortalized his name in his Efiay on Man. 
 — B'wg Brit. 
 
 Sainte-Marthe (Gaucher de), more 
 knowm under the name of Scanjola de St. 
 Martbe, was born in 1536. He exercifed 
 feveral ftate employments in the reigns of 
 Henry III. and Henry IV. and died greatly 
 efteemed in 1623. He wrote a number of 
 Latin poems, and fome in French; alfo a 
 work entitled, Gallorum do&rina illuftrium, 
 &c. He had three fons : MbddeSt. Mar they 
 the eldeft, became counfellor of ftate, and 
 keeper of the library at Fontainbleau. His 
 poems were publifhed in one volume quarto. 
 He died in 1652. Scavola and Louis were 
 twins, and refembled each other in perfon arid 
 mind. They were hiftoriographers of France, 
 and publifhed in conjunction fome genealogi- 
 cal works of merit The former died in 
 1650, and the laft in 1656. There were 
 fome other ingeniou perlbns of this family. 
 —Adorcri. 
 
 Saint-Foix (Germain Francis Poullairr 
 de), a French writer, was a native oL Ren- 
 nes in Brittany. He ferved fome time in 
 the army, but quitted that career, and de- 
 voted himfelf to literature at Paris, where he 
 became hiftoriographer of the order of the 
 Holy Ghoft. He died in I77 6, aged 74. 
 His works are, 1. Tuit****'. Letters, an epifto- 
 lury romance; 2- Hiltorical Effavs on Paris, 
 
 7 vols. 12mo. ; 3. Iliftoryof the Order of the 
 Holy Ghoft, 3 vols. 19.mo. ; 4. Comedies, 3 
 vols. 12mo. — Nou-v. Diel. Hifl. 
 
 Saint-Germain (Robert, count de), 
 was born in Franche-Comte in 1708, and re- 
 ceived his education among the Jefuits, after 
 which he entered into the army, and dif- 
 tipguilhed himfelf in the wars of 1741 and 
 1757. Being difgufted with the treatment 
 he received, in his own country, he entered 
 into the Daniih fervice, and was made field- 
 marflial. Having loft his property by the 
 bankruptcy of a houfe at Hamburgh, he re- 
 tired to a fmall cftaie in Alface ; but after 
 the acceffion of Louis XVI. he was drawn 
 from his retreat, and made minifter at war, 
 in which department he introduced feveral 
 4 
 
SAL 
 
 good regulations, and reformed many abufes, 
 He died in 1778. He wrote his own Me- 
 moirs, which were printed in 1779, in 1 vol. 
 8 vo. — Nou'v. DiR. Hi ft. 
 
 Saint-Lambert (Charles Francis de), 
 member of the French academy, and after- 
 wards of the national inftitutc, was born at 
 Nancy in 1717, and died in 1802. His 
 works are, 1. the Feats of Love, a Comedy ; 
 2. Efiay on Luxury ; 3. the Four Parts of 
 the Day, a poem ; 4. the Seafons, a poem. 
 Voltaire gave this the preference to the ce- 
 lebrated work of Thomfon, but without rea- 
 fon. 5. Oriental Tales, &c. — Ibid. 
 
 Saint-Pierre (Euftace de), a burgher 
 of Calais, who fignulized himfelf when that 
 place was befieged by Edw.ird III. king of 
 England, in 1347. The brave refinance 
 made by the inhabitants fo irritated the mo- 
 narch, that he is faid to have demanded fix 
 ■of their principal citizens to be delivered up 
 to him that they might be put to death. 
 Euftace offered himfelf for one, and was join- 
 ed by five others, who went out to the Eng- 
 lilh camp in their Ihirts, with halters about 
 their necks, and bearing the keys ol the city. 
 At the entreaty of queen Philippa Edward 
 pardoned, thefe virtuous men, and difmiffed 
 them with prefents. The ftory, however, is 
 not certain. — Rapin. 
 
 Saint-Pierre (Charles Irenieus Caftel 
 de), a French ecclefiaftic and politician, was 
 born in Normandy in 1658. He accompani- 
 ed cardinal Polignac to the conference at 
 Utrecht, and he was alfo admitted a member 
 of the French academy ; but after the death 
 of Louis XIV. he was excluded for fome po- 
 litical opinions which he had hazarded. He 
 died in 1743. His principal works are, Pro- 
 ject for a Univerfal Peace between the 
 Powers of Europe, 3 vols. l'itno. ; Memoirs 
 for Correcting the Police; Critical Reflec- 
 tions on the Labours of the French Academy, 
 &c. — Nou-u. DiR. lift. 
 
 Saint-Simon (Louis de Rouvroi, duke 
 de), was born at Paris in 1675. After ferv- 
 ing in the army he was employed in ftate af- 
 fairs, and in 1721 fent ambaffador to Spain 
 to demand the infanta in marriage tor Louis 
 XV. Having a difference with the regent, 
 the duke of Orleans, he retired to his eftate, 
 ■where he died at a very advanced age. His 
 Memoirs, which are very curious, have 
 been printed in 13 vols. 8vo. Stralburg.-— 
 Ibid. 
 
 Saint-Yves (Charles), an able oculift, 
 was born near Rocroi in 1667 , and died in 
 1736. His Treadle on Diforders of the Eyes, 
 printed at Amfterdam in 4to. and 8vo. is very 
 much efteemed. — Ibid. 
 
 SA l a d i n , or S A i. a h e n din , a celebrated 
 fultan of Egypt and Syria, lucceeded Adad, 
 and diftinguiihed himfelf in fire time of the 
 crufades by his valour. Fie made great con- 
 quefts in Syria, Arabia, Perfia, and MefopO- 
 tamia; after winch he defeated the Chriitiuis 
 with a great (laughter, near Tiberius, and 
 took Guy de Lufignun, king of Jerufalem, 
 
 SAL 
 
 ptifbner. This was followed by the furren- 
 der of Jerufalem, where he behaved with 
 great generofity to the Chriftians. He died 
 in 1193. Before his death he caufed his 
 winding fheet to be difplayed as a ftandard 
 before his army, and a herald to proclaim 
 this leflon of mortality, “ Behold all that 
 remains to Saladin, the vanquilher of the 
 Eaft, after all his conquefts.” — Hiftory of Sa~ 
 ladin by Marin , 1758. 
 
 Salario (Andrew), a painter of Milan, 
 was a difciple of Leonardo da Vinci. His 
 pidlures are valuable. He died at Florence 
 in 1559, aged 72. — De Piles. 
 
 Sale (George), an Englifh writer, who 
 was well verfed in the oriental languages. 
 His greateft work is an excellent tranflatiaa 
 of the Koran, to which he prefixed a curions 
 diflertation. Mr. Sale was alfo one of the 
 principal authors of the Antient Univerfal 
 Hiftory. He died in ly36. — Gen. Biog, 
 DiR. 
 
 Salf.ssury (William), a Wellh gram- 
 marian at the beginning of the lyth century, 
 was bred to the law. He aillfted bilhop 
 Davies in tranflating the New Teftament 
 into Wellh, printed in 1620. He was alfo 
 the author of a Wellh Dictionary ; a Trca- 
 tife on Rhetoric ; and poems. — Ozuen's Camb. 
 Bwg. 
 
 Sal iMBENi(Venura), an hiftorical paint- 
 er, was born at Sienna in 1557, and died ira 
 1613. At Wilton there is a fine pidture by 
 him of the defeent of the Holy Ghoft.— « 
 
 Pilkingtor.. 
 
 Sallencire (Albert Henry de), an in- 
 genious writer, was born at the Hague in 
 1694. He was educated at Leyden, after 
 which he became an advocate; He died in 
 1723. He wrote the Hiftory of Montmaur, 
 2 vols. nmo. ; Memoirs of Literature, 2 
 vols. ; Novus Thefaurus Antiquitatum Ro- 
 manarum, 3 vols. fol. ; ElTay on the Hiftory 
 of the United Provides, 4C0, — Moreri. 
 
 Sallo (Dennis de), was born at Paris in 
 1626. He was a counfellor in the parlia- 
 ment of Paris, and diftinguiihed himfelf by 
 his literary talents, and the urbanity of his 
 difpofition. He formed the projedb of the 
 Journal des Savans, which commenced in 
 1665, and was the firft literary journal ever 
 published. He died in 1669 — Moreri . 
 
 Sallust (Caius Crifpus), a Latin hifta- 
 rian, was born ac Amitunium, in Italy. He 
 was educated under the grammarian Pretex- 
 tatus, and a ter going through different em- 
 ployments at Rome, became fucceffively 
 quaeftor and tribune. His manners were 
 depraved, and he was degraded from the rank 
 of fenator, but was reftored by Ccefar, who 
 gave him the government of Numidia, to re- 
 pair his diffipated fortune. On his return to 
 Rome he built a fupertr palace, and fpent the 
 reft of his life in luxury and debauchery. 
 He died 13. C. 34. Ic is lurprifing thatfuch 
 a man as Salluft Ihould fpare time to li- 
 terature ; yet his talents were great, and his 
 Hiftories of Catiline’s Conlpiracy, and of the 
 
SAL 
 
 Jugnrthine Wars, throw a veil over the de- 
 fedts of his moral character. The beft edi- 
 tions of Sal'uft are the Elzevir, 1634, tzmo.; 
 the Variorum, Amftel, 8vo. ; and Barbou, 
 Taris, 1761, ilmo . — Biog. ClaJJica. 
 
 Salmanasar, king of Ailyria, fucceed- 
 ed his father Tiglathphalafar, B. C. 72.8. 
 He took Samaria, and carried the inhabitants 
 into captivity, thereby putting an end to the 
 kingdom of llrael. He was defeated at fea 
 by the Tyrians, and died 7 14 B.C. — Jifepbus. 
 
 SALMA$ivs,or taumaije (Claude), a learn- 
 ed writer, was born at Sautuur in 158S He 
 received his firft education under bis father, 
 and afterwards fludied at Paris and Heidel- 
 berg. He fucceeded Scaliger as profeffor of 
 hiftory at Leyden, Richelieu offered him a 
 confiderable penfion on condition of fettling 
 in France, which Salmafius refufed. The 
 king, however, conferred on him the order of 
 St. Michael, and the brevet of a counfellor 
 of ftate. In 1649 he wrote an able defence 
 of Charles I. king of England, which was re- 
 plied to by Milton. The year following he 
 went to Sweden on an invitation front queen 
 Chriftma. He died at the Spa in 1653. 
 His principal works are, Hiftoriae Augultas 
 Scriptores Sex, folio ; De Modo Ufurarum; 
 Differtatio de fasriore trepezeiico, in tres 11- 
 bros divifo ; De re militari Romanorum; 
 De Helleniftica, 8vo. ; and feveral editions of 
 ancient authors, as Florus, Polyhiffor, Sim- 
 plicius on Epidfetus, &c Bayie. 
 
 Salmeron (Alphonfus), a learned Jefuit, 
 was born at Toledo, and ftudied at Paris. 
 He was one of the firft and mod zealous dif- 
 ciples of Loyola ; and gained great reputation 
 at the comncil of Trent. He contributed to 
 the eftablifhment of a college at Naples, 
 where he died in 11585. He left numerous 
 Commentaries on the Scriptures, and other 
 works, in 8 vols. folio. — Moreri. 
 
 Salmon (William), a pradtifer in phyfic, 
 and a voluminous compiler of books, as 
 “ The Complete Phyfician, or Druggift’s 
 Shop opened;” a large Herbal in 2 vols. fo- 
 lio; Treatife on Aftrology; Polygraphice, 
 or the Art of Painting, &c. This laft is the 
 beft of his works. He died about 1700.— 
 Granger. 
 
 Salmon (Thomas), an Englifh hiftorian, 
 and general writer, who died in 1743. He 
 had a concern in the IJniverfal Hiftory ; com- 
 piled a work, called, the Prefent Stale of all 
 Nations ; and was the author of a Geogra- 
 phical Grammar, 8vo ; the plan of which 
 was adopted by Guthrie. Salmon was aifo 
 the author of a valuable book, entitled, the 
 Chronological Hiftory of England, 2 vols. 
 Svo. ; and of an Examination of Burnet’s 
 Hiftory of his own Times, — Gen. Biog. Did. 
 
 Salmon (Nathaniel), brother of the 
 above, was educated at Bene’t college, Cam- 
 bridge. He entered into orders, but becom- 
 ing a non-juror, he turned phyfician. He 
 died in 1742. His works are, a Survey of 
 the Roman Stations in Britain, 2 vols. 8vo.j 
 tiie Hiftory of Hertfordffiire, folio; the An- 
 
 ' S A L 
 
 Equities of Surrv, Svo. ; L’ves of.Bifhoss 
 fince the Reftoration, 2 vol. 8vo — • Ibid: 
 
 SaLonina, wife of the emperor Gallie- 
 nus, was a great benefadtiefs to the city of 
 Rome, and a friend of men of learning and 
 genius. She accompanied her hulband in 
 moft of bis military ex editions, and was 
 murdered with him in 268. — Moreri. 
 
 Salter (Samuel), an Englifh divine, was 
 born at Norwich, and educated at the Char- 
 ter-houfe, from whence he was lent to Bene’t 
 college, Cambridge, where lie obtained a fel- 
 lowfhip. He became preacher to the Chat- 
 ter-houfe, and in 1761 matter, He died in 
 1778 . Dr. Salter was a man of extenfive 
 learning and prodigious memory ; and always 
 preached without notes.— -Gin. Biog. Did. 
 
 Sal vi (John), an hiftorical painter, was 
 born near Urbino in J504, and died in 1590. 
 He copied the works of great matters w itfc 
 fui priffhg accuracy. — Pilkington. 
 
 Salvi (Nicolas', an architedf, was born 
 fit Rome in 1699. The moft confiderable of 
 his works is the fountain of Trevi; executed 
 by the order c f Clement XII. He died in 
 1 7 5 r • — D' ArgenviVe. 
 
 Salvi an, or Sal via n us, a divine of the 
 5th century, is fuppofed to have been a na ; 
 live of Cologne, and died at Marfeilles about 
 484- His principal piece is a Treatife on 
 Providence. His works, which are written 
 in an elegant ftyie, were printed in 2 vols. 
 8vo. 1628. — Di/pin. Moreri. 
 
 Salviani (Hyppolitus), a learned phyfi— 
 cian, was born of a noble family in Umbria, 
 and pra.dtifed with reputation at Rome, where 
 he died in 1572, aged 59. He wrote, J. a 
 ireatife on Fifties, folio ; 2 De Crifibus ad 
 Galeni cenfuram ; 3. Italian Poems and 
 
 Comedies.— Tirahofihi. 
 
 Salviati (Francis), a Florentine paint- 
 er, was born in 1510. His family name was 
 RoiTi, which he changed out of refpedt to his 
 patron cardinal Salviati He died in 1563. 
 His heads are admirably executed, and the 
 draperies and attitudes are alfo very fine. 
 Jofeph Porta, his difciple, altered his name 
 to that of Salviati. He was an excellent 
 painter, and well verfed in chemiftry and the 
 mathematics. He was a native of Venice* 
 and died in 1 58 5 . — De Piles. F dibit n. 
 
 Salviati (Leonard), a learned writer, 
 was born at Florence in 1540, and died in 
 1589. He was a member of the academy 
 Della Crufca, and one of the compilers of the 
 didtionary publilhed under the name of that 
 fociety. He wrote two comedies ; a criticifm 
 on TafTb, called, Infarinato; and Obferva- 
 tions on Boccacio —Tirabojcbi. 
 
 Salvini (Antony Marie), was a native 
 of Florence, and profeffor of Greek in that 
 univerfity. He was a member of the aca- 
 demy Della Crufca, and had a confiderable 
 ftiare in compiling its di&ionary. He alfo 
 publilhed tranllations from feveral Greek au- 
 thors; the Satires and Art of Poetry of Ho- 
 race; the Metamorphofes of Ovid; and 
 other works from the Latin j Boileau’s Art 
 
SAN 
 
 »f Poetry, from the French ; and Addifon’s 
 Cato, from the' Englifii. His own writings 
 are, a Funeral Oration for Magliabechi ; 
 Sonnets ; and Academical Difcourles. He 
 died in 1729. — Firabofchi. 
 
 Same uc us (John), a phyfician, was born 
 at Tirnau, in Hungary, in 1.531. He was 
 counfellor of ftate, and hiftoriographer of the 
 empire, and died at Vienna in 1.584. He 
 \vrote the Lives of the Homan Emperors ; a 
 Hiftory of Hungary ; Emblemata ; leones 
 Medicorum ; and other works. — Lit. Hi/}, of 
 Hungary. 
 
 Sampson (William), an author in the 
 reign of king Charles I. who wrote a play, 
 entitled. The Vow Breaker. He alfo af- 
 fixed Markham in his tragedy of Herod and 
 Avtipater.— Biog Dram. 
 
 Sampson (Henry), an Englifh divine and 
 phyfician, was born at South Lcverton in 
 Nottinghamlhire, and educated at Pembroke- 
 hall, Cambridge, where he took his degrees 
 in arts, and became fellow ; but was ej added 
 at the reftoration for non-coniormity. He 
 then went abroad and ftudied phyfic at Padua 
 and Leyden, where he took his doctor’s degree. 
 On his return to Elngland he was chofen a 
 member of the college of phyficians. He 
 died in 1 705. Pie made collections for a 
 Hillory of Nonconfovmifts, which he never 
 jjublifhcd — Fun. Scrm. by Hoive. 
 
 Samson, the fon of Munoah, of the tribe 
 ot Dan. He w as endowed with extraordinary 
 (trength, and obtained feveral advantages 
 again;! the Philiftines. At length his mif- 
 trels betrayed him into the hands of his ene- 
 mies, who put out his eyes, and made him 
 work at a mill. On a public feftival, when 
 the Philiftine lords were afi'embled in the 
 temple of Dagon, Samfon was fent for to 
 (hew them (port. Laying hold of two pillars 
 of the temple as if to fupport himfelf, he 
 pulled down the building, and was buried in 
 t lie ruins with above 3000 Philiftines, B.C. 
 Ill 7.— Bible. 
 
 Samuel, a prophet of the tribe of Levi, 
 was called in his youth while attending Eli 
 the high piieft. He confecrated Saul king 
 of Ifrael, and afterwards anointed Da . id to 
 that office. The books of Judges and Ruth 
 are attributed to him. He died aged 98, 
 B.C. 1037. A. ter his death Saul had re- 
 courfe to a witch at Endor to bring up his 
 lpirit. — Ibid. 
 
 Samwell (David), a native ofNantglyn 
 in Denbighfhire. He was lurgeon ot the 
 (hip Difcovery, with captain Cook, and Was 
 an eye-witnels of the death of that cele- 
 brated navigator, of which event he wrote a 
 circumftanti.al account in a quarto pamphlet. 
 He was alio the author of fome Welili 
 poems, lie died in 1799.-— Owen's Cambr. 
 Biog. 
 
 Sanapon (Noel Stephen), a learned Je- 
 fuit, w'as born at Rouen in 1676. He be- 
 came pro.eflbr of rhetoric at Paris, and had 
 the charge of educating the prince of Conti. - 
 w'as afterwards appointed librarian to the 
 
 SAN 
 
 king, and died in 1733. His principal wdrki 
 are Latin poems, 2 vols. ; and a Tranflation 
 of Horace, with Notes, 2 vols. 4to. — Nowv. 
 Din HiJ}. 
 
 Sanches (Antonio Nunes Ribeiro), a 
 Portuguefe phyfician, was bom in 1699. He 
 ftudied at Leyden under Boerhaave, after 
 w'liich he fettled in Ruliia, where he became 
 phyfician to the emprefs and to the army. 
 In 1712 he left that country and went to 
 Paris, where he died in 1783. He wrote a 
 Difiertation on the Origin of the Venereal 
 Difeafe ; another on Earthquakes ; and a 
 Method of Studying Medicine. — Nouv. Dili. 
 Hifl. 
 
 f* Sanchez (Thomas), a Spaniffi Jefuit, 
 was born at Corduba in 15.51, and died at 
 Grenada in 1610. His works, in 5 vols. fo- 
 lio, difplay great learning —Nic. Antonio. 
 Bill. Serif. Hi p 
 
 >iancho, called the Strong, king of Caf- 
 tiile, and fon of Ferdinand. He dethroned 
 his brothers, the kings of Gallicia and of 
 Leon, and leized their dominions. He was 
 fiain in 1072. — Mariana. 
 
 Sancho (Ignatius), an extraordinary ne- 
 gro, was born in 1729, on board a Have (hip, 
 in the pafiage to Spaniila America. At Car- 
 thagena he was baptized, and received thg 
 name of Ignatius. He was broughc to Eng- 
 land by fome ladies, and afterwards became 
 butler to the duchefs of Montague, who left 
 him 301 a year. He then fet up a final! 
 (hop in the grocery line, having married a 
 young woman of Weft Indian origin. Being 
 pafiionately fond of the ftage, an attempt was 
 made to bring him forward in the characters 
 of Othello and Oroonoko, but a defect in his 
 articulation put a (top to it. He was inti- 
 mate with Sterne, Garrick, and other emi- 
 nent men ; his correfpondenr.e has been pub- 
 lifhed, and (hews murks of genius and ob- 
 fervation. He died in 1780 .—Life byjekyll t 
 prefixed to his Letters. 
 
 Sanc honiathon, a Phcenician hiftorian, 
 who wrote antiquities of his country, trunf- 
 lated into Greek by Philo of Byblos. But 
 only fome fragments remain in Porphyry 
 and Eufebius. Sanchoniathon is fuppofed to 
 have lived in the time of Gideon, judge of 
 Ifrael. — Vojjius de Hifi. Grac. 
 
 Sancrott ( William), archbiffiop ofCan- 
 terbury, was born at Frefingfield, in Suffolk, 
 in 1616, and educated at Emanuel college, 
 Cambridge, where he obtained a fellowffiip ; 
 which he loft on account of his loyalty, in 
 1 6-J9 After the reftoration he became chap- 
 lain to the bilhop of Durham, who prefented 
 him to the valuable living of Houghton-le- 
 Spring, and a prebend in his cathedral. In 
 I664 he was made dean of York, from 
 Whence he removed to the deanry of St 
 Paul's, towards rebuilding which he contri- 
 buted 14001. In 1677 he was railed to the 
 highelt lfation in the church, where he con- 
 ducted himfelf with zeal and judgment. He 
 was one of the feven biihops fent to the Tower 
 by James II. $_ but at the revolution he Rtu- 
 3 1 
 
SAN 
 
 pled taking the oaths, for which he was de- 
 prived of hit feat. He then led a private and 
 devout life at Frcfingfield, where he died in 
 1693. - He wrote a cutious little dialogue in 
 Latin, againft Culvinifm, called, the Predef- 
 tinated Thief; alfo, Modern Politics, taken 
 from Machiavel, &c. and fever.il fermons. 
 His manuferipts were purchafed by bilhop 
 Tanner, who gave them to the Bodleian li- 
 brary, Oxford. — Blog. Brit. 
 
 Sanctoeics profeiTor ot medicine at 
 Padua, was born at Capo d’lftria in 1.561. 
 He made a number of curious experiments 
 on infenfible perfpiration ; to eftimate which 
 he caufed a balance to be made with a leat, 
 in which he placed himfelf alter his meals. 
 The refult of bis obfervations he publifhed 
 in his Medicina Statica Aphorifmi ; which 
 has been tranflated into Englilh by Quincy. 
 Sandtorius alfo wra'te Methodus Vitandorum 
 Errorum qui in Arte Mcdica Contingent, 4to. 
 He died at Venice in 1636. — Moreri. 
 
 Sandby (Thomas), profeflor otarchitec- 
 ture in the royal academy ot London, was 
 born at Nottingham in 1721, and died in 
 1798. — Gent. Mag. 
 
 San dem an (Robert), a Scotch minifter, 
 was born at Perth in 1723, and educated at 
 St. Andrew’s. He formed a fed! which hill 
 goes by his name. In 1766 he went to New 
 England, where he gathered many followers, 
 and died in 1772. He wrote an An'fwer to 
 Hervey’s Dialogues, in two volumes, ex- 
 hibiting more alperity than argument. — Gen. 
 Blog. Diet. 
 
 Sanders (Nicholas), a zealous Roman- 
 catholic writer, was born at Charlewood in 
 Surry, and educated firft at Wykeham’s 
 fchool near Winchefter, and next at New 
 college, Oxfoid, of which he became fellow. 
 About 1560 he went to Rome, where he en-_ 
 tered into prieft’s orders, was made dodtor ot 
 divinity, and accompanied cardinal Iiofius to 
 the council of Trent, and afterwards to Po- 
 land. Pope Gregory XIII. lent him nuncio 
 to Ireland, where, to avoid falling into the 
 hands of the Englilh, he wandered about in 
 the woods and bogs, and perifhed of want in 
 1581. His principal work is his treatife 
 againft the reformation, entitled, De Origine 
 ac Progreflu Schifmatis Anglicani, 8vo. — 
 
 .Mod, A- 0. 
 
 Sanders (Robert), a literary compiler, 
 was born in Scotland about 17.29. He wrote 
 a novel called Gaffer Greybeard, 4 vols. 
 12mo. ; and put together for the bookfellers, 
 the Complete Englilh Traveller, folio; and 
 the Newgate Calendar. He was alfo ama- 
 puenfis to lord Lyttleton, when his lordlhip 
 was engaged on the Hiftory of Henry II. 
 He died n 1783.— Gen. Blog. DID. 
 
 Sanderson (Robert), a learned Englilh 
 prelate, was born at Rotherham, in York- 
 shire, in 1587, and educated firft at the gram- 
 mar fchool there, and next at Lincoln col- 
 lege, Oxford, where he was cholen fellow in 
 • 1606. He refigned his fellowfhip. in 1619, 
 
 obtaining the redtory of Boathby Pagnel, 
 
 SAN 
 
 in Lincolnlhire, which he enjoyed above 
 forty years. In 1631 lie became chaplain to 
 the king, who always had a great regard for 
 him; and in 1642 apppointed him regius 
 profeflor of divinity at Oxford. Dr. Sander- 
 derlon attended his majeily to the Ifle of 
 Wight; and at his defire wrote his Judg- 
 ment of Epifcopacy, when the parliament 
 propofed to abolilh that form of church go- 
 vernment. At the reftoration he was pro- 
 moted to the bifhopric of Lincoln, and was 
 moderator at the Savoy conference between 
 the Epifcopal and Prclbyterian divines. He 
 died in 1663. The bifhop was one of the 
 mod eminent cafuifts of his time, profoundly 
 learned, and of great piety and moderation. 
 His chief works are, Artis Logicae Compen- 
 dium; a Collection of Sermons, folio; 
 Cafes of Confidence ; Ledtures read in the 
 divinity fchool at Oxfurd ; De Juramenti 
 Obligatione ; De Obligatione Conlcientise ; 
 Pax Ecclefiae, about predeftination, &c.— 
 Life by Walton. Blog. Brit. 
 
 Sanderson (Robert), a learned anti- 
 quary, was ufher of the court of chancery, 
 and clerk of the rolls. He continued Ry- 
 mer’s Fcedera, from the 16th to the 20th 
 volume, and died in 1741 .—Gen. Biog. DID. 
 
 San dius (Chriftopher), a Socinian writer, 
 was born in 1614, at Koniglberg, in Pruffia, 
 and died at Amfterdamin 1680. He wrote, 
 1. Nucleus Hiftoriae Ecclefiafticae ; 2. Library 
 of Socinian Writers, 8vo. ; 3. Interpretu- 
 tiones Paradoxal in Joannem ; 4. De Origine 
 Animse ; 5. Scriptura Sandtee Trinitatis Re- 
 velatrix, &c — Moreri. 
 
 Sandrart (Joachim), a painter, was 
 born at Frankfort in 1606. He was employ- 
 ed by the king of Spain'; but he is principal- 
 ly known by his work, entitled, the Lives 
 of Celebrated Painters; and as the founder 
 of an academy at Nuremburg, where he died 
 in 1683 — Fehbien. 
 
 Sandys (Edwin), an Englifn prelate, 
 was born in 1519, at Hawkfhead, in Lanca- 
 fhire. He received his education at St. 
 John’s college, Cambridge, and about 1347 
 was eledted mafter of Catherine hall. At 
 the accdhon of Alary he was vice-chancel- 
 lor, and on refilling to proclaim her was de- 
 prived of his office, and fent firfl to the 
 Tower, and afterwards to the Alarfhalfea ; 
 but after a confinement of fome weeks he 
 was fet at liberty, on which he went abroad. 
 When Elizabeth came to the throne he re- 
 turned, and was appointed one of the commif- 
 fioners for revifing the Liturgy. He was 
 alfo made bifhop of Worcefler, and had a 
 fhare in the trahflation of the Scriptures 
 commonly called the Bijhops Bible. In 1570 
 he was tranflated to London, and in 1,576 to 
 York, where a wicked confpiracy was form- 
 ed to fix on him the imputation of adultery, 
 which was difeo vered and the adors punifhed. 
 He died in 1588. Ilis fermons and letters 
 have been printed.— Blog. Brit. 
 
 Sandys (fir Edwin), fecond fon of the 
 
 above,' was born about 1561, and educated at 
 
SAP 
 
 OxforJ, under the learned Hooker. He 
 then went on his travels, and the refult of 
 his obfervations he publiihed under the title 
 of Europae Speculum, in quarto. He was 
 knighted by James I. and died in 1629. He 
 left 15001. to the university of Oxford, for 
 the endowment of a metaphvfical ledture.— 
 Ibid. 
 
 Sandvs (George), brother of the prece- 
 ding, was born at Bifhopfthorpe in York- 
 Ihire in 1577. He received his education at 
 Oxford, after which he travelled through fe- 
 veral parts of Europe and Afia. In 1615 an 
 account of his travels was printed in folio, 
 i with plates. Of this curious and accurate 
 work numerous editions have been publiihed. 
 
 | He aifo tranflated the Pfalms into verfe, and 
 ! Ovid’s Metamorphofes ; and both Dryden and 
 Pope beftow upon him great commendations. 
 He died in 1643.— -Wood. Granger. 
 
 Sannaz arius (James), an Italian poet, 
 
 1 was bom at Naples in 1458, and died in 
 1530. His Latin poems were printed at 
 j Naples in 1718, 12mo., and are written in 
 | an elegant ftyle. The mod celebrated of 
 | his Italian poems is his Arcadia, printed fir It 
 in 1502, and feveral times fince. — Ttra- 
 lojchi. 
 
 ' Sanson (Nicholas), a French geographer, 
 was born at Abbeville in 1600, and died in 
 1667. He was engineer and geographer to 
 the king. His maps are accurate and valua- 
 ble. He wrote Difquifitiones Geographic® in 
 Pharum Gallia?, 2 vols. 12mo. •, and other 
 works on geography.— Nicer on 
 
 San so vino (James, called Fatti ), a fculp- 
 tor and arcljitedl, was born at Florence in 
 1479. T*he mint, and the library of St. 
 Marc at Venice, are magnificent fpecimens 
 of his /kill. When a tax was laid upon the 
 inhabitants of Venice, Titian and himfelf 
 were exempted. He died in 1 570. His fon, 
 Francis Sanfovino, took his degrees in law at 
 : Padua, but afterwards let up a printing-office 
 I at'Venice, where he died in 1586. lie pub- 
 li (bed a tranfiation of Plutarch ; Chronology 
 of the World; Annals of the Ottoman Em- 
 pire ; and a collection of novels, entitled, 
 Cento Novelle Scelte de phi Nob'ili Scrittori della 
 I lingua Volgare , 4to. — D' Argen-ville. lira - 
 
 befihi. 
 
 Santeui-, (John Baptift), a poet, was 
 born at Paris in 1630. He became a mem- 
 ber of the fociety of canons regulars of St. 
 Vidlor, and obtained a penfion from the 
 king. He died in 1697. His Latin poems 
 are defervedly admired; they are in 3 vols. 
 12mo. ; and a collection of Hymns in the 
 fame language, in 1 vol. 12mo. His brother 
 i Claude was alfo a good Latin poet. He oied 
 I in 1684. — Moreri. 
 
 I • Santi di Titi, an hiftorical and portrait 
 painter, was born at Florence in 1538, and 
 died in 1603. There are fome beautiful 
 pictures by him in his native city. — De Piles. 
 
 Sapor I. king of Perfia, fucceaded his 
 father Artaxerxes about A D. 233. He 
 WOk M*fopetamia, Syria, and Cilicia, and 
 
 S A R 
 
 made the emperor Valerian prifoner, but after 
 being defeated by Odenatus, he was afiafimated 
 by his fubjcCls, A.D. 273 Sapor 11. iucceeded 
 his father Hormifdas. He was a warlike prince, 
 and gained many advantages over the Ro- 
 mans : but tarni ihed his glory by a dteadful 
 perfecution of the chriftians. He died in 
 380. — Jnvv. FUJI. 
 
 Sappho, was a native of Mitylene, in 
 the ifie of Lefbos. She excelled in lyric poe- 
 try, and flouriihed about 600 B.C. She was 
 held in fuch eftirnation by her countrymen 
 that they ltamped her image on their coins. 
 The manners of Sappho were loofe, and fhe 
 is faid to have fallen in love with a young 
 man named Phaon, who flighted her, on 
 which (he threw herl’elf into the lea. Frag- 
 ments of her poems are extant. 
 
 Sarasin ( jonn Francis), a French au- 
 thor, was born at Hermanville; near Caen, 
 in 1604, and died in 1654. He wrote Odes, 
 Eclogues, Epigrams, and other poems ; alfo 
 a Hiftory of the Confpiracy of Walftein; a 
 Treatife on the Game of Chefs ; Hiftory of 
 the Siege of Dunkirk, &c — Moreri . 
 
 Saravia (Adrian), a proteftant divine, 
 was born at Hefdin in Artois in 1530. Hi 
 became profefibr of divinity at Leyden, but 
 afterwards came to England, where he ob- 
 tained a canonry of Canterbury. He was 
 the intimate friend of the famous Hooker, 
 and attended him on his death-hed. Dr. Sa- 
 ravia died in 1611. His theological works 
 have been printed in 1 vol. folio .—JVood. 
 
 Sarbiewski (Mathias Cafimir), a jefuit, 
 was born in Poland in 1.595. After ltudy- 
 ing at Rome, where lie received marks of fa- 
 vour from pope Urban VIII. he returned to 
 Poland, and became profefl'or of philofophy 
 and theology at Wilna. He was alfo ap- 
 pointed preacher to king Ladifi ius V. He died 
 in 1640. His Latin poems are very elegant; 
 the beil edition is that of Barbou, at Paris, 
 in 1759, 12mo. — Moreri. 
 
 Sardan afalus a famous king of Afiy- 
 ria, who is iuppofed to have been the fame 
 with Phul, memioned in the Scripture. Ar- 
 baces, governor of Media, entering the royal 
 palace, and feeing Sardanapalus drefied as a 
 courts fan, furrounded by his eunuchs and 
 miftrefies, was fo difgufted that he formed 
 the defign of confpiring againft him. Bele- 
 fis, governor of Babylon, entered into his 
 views ; and a civil war commenced, in which 
 the king was defeated and befieged in Nine- 
 veh, where he fet fire to his palace, and pe-- 
 riihed in the fliraes, B.C. 820. — Univ, Hift . 
 
 Sar jf.ant (John), a Romifhprieft, whofe 
 real name was Smith. He was born in L’m- 
 coihfirire about 1621, and educated at Cam- 
 bridge. He became fecretary to the biftiop 
 of Durham, but in 1642 he went to Liibou, 
 and changed his religion In 1652 he re- 
 turned to England, and wrote foipe books 
 againft the proteftant religion, one of which 
 was anfwered by Dr. Tillotfon. SarjeanC 
 died about 1670. — Gen. Hift. DiEi- 
 
 Sap. pi ( Peter Paul), commonly Called 
 3 12 
 
S A V 
 
 Father Paul, was born at Venice in 1 552. 
 He became a member of the religious order 
 of Servites, and when a young man acquired 
 an uncommon reputation for his various 
 learning and penetrating genius. Bcfides 
 his acquaintance with the languages, ancient 
 and modern, he was well verfed in mathe- 
 matics, pbilofophy, theology , and medicine. 
 -Some authors have attributed to him, but 
 without reafon, the dilcovery of the circula- 
 tion of the blood. In the difputes between 
 the republic of Venice and pope Paul V. fa- 
 ther Paul diftinguilhed himfelf with fuch 
 ability in behalf of his country, that the 
 'pope ordered him to Rome, and on his refu- 
 sal to go thither excommunicated him. 
 This did not abate the zeal of this virtuous 
 citizen, who continued to maintain the 
 *rights of Venice againft the protended autho- 
 rity ol the pope with vigour. An attempt 
 was then made to murder him, and he was 
 attacked on the bridge of St. Mark by five 
 affaflins, who left him pierced with wounds. 
 This infamous deed roufed the indignation of 
 the fenate, who proclaimed large rewards for 
 the apprehenfion of the jaftafiins, but they 
 were never difeovered. Though Father Paul 
 recovered from his wounds, they ruined his 
 health, and he died in 1623. His laft words 
 were., pjio perpetua, fuppofed to allude to the 
 libertiesof his country. He wrote feveral ef- 
 teemed works ; 1. The Hiftory of the Council 
 of T rent, printed in Italian at London in 1619, 
 and in Latin the year following ; 2. Confi- 
 derations on the Cenfures of Paul V. againft 
 the Republic of Venice; 3. Treatife on the 
 Interdict ; 4. De Jure Afylurum ; 5. Trea- 
 tife concerning the Inquiiition ; 6. Treatife 
 of Benefices ; 7. Letters. — Memoirs printed at 
 Venice , 1766. 
 
 Sarto (Andrew de), a painter, fo named 
 from being the fun of a tayior, was born at 
 Florence in 1478, and died in 1.5.30. His 
 pictures are admirably defigned, and are re- 
 markable for the excellence of the draperies. 
 <*—Dc Piles. 
 
 Saturn in us, a heretic of the fecond 
 century, who held that the world was cre- 
 ated by angels, and that the intercourfe of 
 the fexes is unlawful.— Dupin. Mojhcim. 
 
 Saturninus (-Publius Sempronius), a 
 Roman general, who having ga : ned feveral 
 ▼idtories over the Barbarians, aflumed the 
 title of emperor A D. 263. He was a man 
 of great bravery, but was murdered by his 
 foldier* for his feverity in 267. There was 
 another of this name who was highly efieem- 
 ed by Aurelian, and regarded as the belt of his 
 generals. The people of Alexandria proclaim- 
 ed him emperor in 280, but he refufed the 
 title. The troops, however, compelled him 
 to accept it. He flew himfelf not long after 
 At Apamea, where he was befieged by Pro- 
 bus.— Crcvier. Univ. Hijl. 
 
 Savage (Richard), an Engiilh poet, was 
 the natural ion of the countefs of Maccles- 
 by earl Rivers, and born ill 1697. 
 
 S A V 
 
 This unnatural woman catafed him t“o be 
 brought up without a knowledge of his ori- 
 gin, and framed a ftory of his death to pre- 
 vent his father from leaving him a proper 
 fupport. By the death of his nurfe he found 
 fome papers which difclofed the fecret ; but 
 every effort made by him to gain his mother’* 
 favour was ineffectual. Having the misfor- 
 tune to kill another man in a drunken quar- 
 rel, his mother deviled every means Ihe 
 could to get him executed ; and when he 
 was condemned ihe endeavoured to prevent 
 his receiving a royal pardon. However his 
 friends procured him a reprieve ; and lord 
 Tyrconnel took him into his family. But 
 the temper and conduit of Savage were moll 
 unfortunate. He quarrelled with his patron 
 and was difearded. Oueen Caroline allowed 
 him a penfion of 501 . which he loft at her 
 death, and was reduced to great diftrefs. He 
 died in the prifon at Briftol, where he W3S 
 confined for a trifling debt, in 1743. Sa- 
 vage had confiderable genius, but it was un- 
 cultivated. The beft of his poems is enti- 
 tled, the Baftard .—Life by Dr. Johnjon. 
 
 Savage (Samuel Morton), a difTentinjf 
 divine, was born at London in 1721. He 
 received his education under Mr. Eames, and 
 afterwards aftifted Dr. Jennings as lecturer 
 in mathematics and pbilofophy. In 1762, 
 when the academy removed to Hoxton, he 
 filled the divinity chair. In 1785 he quitted 
 the academy. The univerfity of Aberdeen 
 conferred on him the degree of uodlor in di- 
 vinity in 1767. He died in 1791. Dr. Sa- 
 vage printed fome Angle difcourles, and a 
 volume of his fermons has been printed finca 
 his death, with his life prefixed, from whence 
 this article is taken- 
 
 Savage (John), an Engiilh divine, was 
 lecturer of St. George, Hanover-fquare, and 
 redtor of Clothall, Hertfordfhire. He was 
 very fond of attending Weltminfter fchool, 
 where he had been bred, and when he died 
 in 1747, the fcholars eredted a monument t» 
 his memory in the cloilters.— Gen. Biog. 
 Dirt. 
 
 Savary (James), a French merchant, 
 was born at Douay, in Anjou, in 1622. He 
 made a fortune by commerce, after which he 
 became fecretary to the king. He wrote the 
 Perfect Negoeiator, which palled through’ 
 many editions, in 2 vols. 4to. He died in 
 1690. His fons, James and Philemon, pub- 
 lifhed their father’s work under the title of 
 a Univerfal Dictionary of Commerce, 3 vols. 
 folio.— Moreri. 
 
 Savary (N.), a French traveller, was 
 born at Vitre, in Brittany. In 1776 he 
 went to Egypt, from whence he travelled 
 through Greece and the ifiands of the Archi- 
 pelago. On his return to France, in 1780, 
 he pOblilhed the Koran, tranflated from the 
 Arabic, 2’ vols. 8vo. ; Letters on Egypt, 3 
 vols. ; and Letters on Greece. He died in 
 1788.— Niu<u. Dipt. 
 
 Savery (Roland), a French painter, waj 
 
S A U 
 
 febrft-. at Cambray in 1576, and died in 16S9. 
 He painted landfeapes* with figures, in an 
 excellent ftyle . — De Piles. 
 
 S a vi t e (fir Henry), a learned EngLfh- 
 ynan, was born at Bradley, in Yorkfhire, in 
 3549, and educated at Merton college, Ox- 
 ford, of which he became fe'rlow.and warden. 
 In 159(3, queen Elizabeth gave him the 
 provoftffiip of Eton college ; and James I. on 
 his accefiinn, conferred on him ihe honour of 
 J^nighthood. He died in 1621, and was bu- 
 ried at Eton. Sir Henry was a munificent 
 patron or learning. He founded two proleftor- 
 flaips at Oxford, one ofaftroriomy and the other 
 of geometry He pubhfhed editions of Chry- 
 foftom’s works, and of Bradvvardin’s Treatile 
 ^e Caufa Dei. He alio tranflated part of 
 Tacitus j and wrote a Treatife on Military 
 Affairs, or the P.oman Warfare, &c. — Biog. 
 Brit. 
 
 Savile {fir Gqorge), baronet, of York- 
 Jhire ; a public fpirited and patriotic Englhh 
 fenator, who died in 1781, aged 59. He 
 diftinguilhed himfelf by his oppofition to 
 the American war, and by bringing in the 
 bill for repealing the penal ftututes againft 
 the Roman catholics, for which his houfe 
 was deftroyed in tlie memorable riots of 
 June, 1780. — Gent. Mag. 
 
 Saul, king of lliael, was the fon of 
 ■Kifh, of the tribe of Benjamin, and anoint- 
 ed king 1095 B.-C. He obtained fignal ad- 
 vantages over the Philiftines and Amale- 
 kites, hut having fpared the fpoil, contrary 
 to the divine command, the prophet Samuel 
 informed him the fee p tie (hould depart from 
 him. Being jealous of David, he endeavour- 
 ed feveral times to take his life. After his 
 defeat by the Philiftines on mount Gilboah, 
 •he flew himfelf.— Bible. 
 
 Saunders (Charles), a dramatic writer 
 in the reign of Charles II. While king’s 
 fcholar at Weftmi-nfter he wrote a play, cal- 
 led, Tamerlane the Great, but the time 
 of his death is not known.— Biog Dram. 
 
 Saunders (Richard), an Engliih aftro- 
 loger and quack, who publilhed the Artrolo- 
 gical Judgment and Praftii e of Phyfic, 4to. 
 1677 ; and a folio volume on Phyfiognomy 
 and Chiromancy, Moles, Dreams, &c. He 
 died in 1680. — Granger. 
 
 Saunders (fir Edmund), a perfon who 
 rofe to be a judge from being a common Beg- 
 gar.’ A lawyer. of Clement’s Inn perceiving 
 his genius, took him into his office and made 
 (him his clerk. He afterwards became an 
 eminent counfei, and rofe to be chief juftice 
 in the court of king’s bench He died in 
 1683 —Life of the Lord Keeper North. 
 
 Saunderson (Nicholas), an eminent 
 mathematician, was born in 1682, at Thurl- 
 fton in Yorklhke, He loft his fight when 
 twelve months old by the Email pox j but 
 was fent to the free fchool at Pennifton, 
 where he made a great proficiency in claffical 
 learning. At the age of eighteen he was 
 introduced to Mr. Weft, a gentleman of for- 
 tune, and a lover of the mathematics, who 
 
 S A U 
 
 inftruSed him in algebra and geometry* and 
 he made fuch a progrefs that his friends lent 
 him to Cambridge, where he delivered lec- 
 tures on mathematics to crouded audiences. 
 Having been created mafter of arts by royal 
 mandate, he was appointed Lucafian profef- 
 for of mathematics in 1711 j and in 17*28 he 
 received the degree of doctor ot laws when 
 the king vifited the univerfity. He died in 
 1759. His Elements of Algebra were print- 
 ed at Cambridge in 1740, in 2 vols. 4to. ; 
 and his Treatife on Fluxions was alfo printed 
 after his death in one volume o&avo. — Mar- 
 tin. Biog. Phil . 
 
 Savonarola, a Dominican, was born at 
 Ferrara in 1452. He became a celebrated 
 preacher at Florence, where he publicly de- 
 claimed againft the vices of the priefts, and 
 the corruptions of the Romai) church, for 
 which he was excommunicated by the pope, 
 and condemned to the flames, which fentence 
 was executed in 1498. He wrote Sermons ; 
 a treatife, entitled, the Triumph of the Crofs, 
 and other works, printed at Leyden in 6 vols. 
 12mo. — Moreri. 
 
 Savot (Louis), a French antiquary, was 
 born at Saulieu, in Burgundy, in 1579. He 
 was phyfician to Louis Xlil. and died in 
 1640. His worksare, 1. Difcourfe on Ancient 
 Medals, 4to. ; 2. Architecture Franfoife des 
 Batimens Pavticuliers, 4 to ; 3. De Caufis 
 Celorum, 8vo. — Moreri. 
 
 Saurin (James), was the fon of a pro- 
 teftant lawyer at Nifmes, where he was born 
 in 1677, and went with his father into exile 
 to Geneva after the repeal of the edidt of 
 Nantz in 1685. In the 17th year of his 
 age he quitted his ftudies for the army, but 
 foon returned to Geneva. On finifhing his 
 education he came to London, and preach- 
 ed with acceptance among his fellow exiles 
 for about five years. Here be married, and 
 foon after went to Holland, where he became 
 minifter of the French church, at the 
 Hague, and died in 1730. He was an e’oquent 
 preacher, and followed by crowds of hearers. 
 His Sermons, in 12 vols. are impallioned, and 
 powerfully perfuafive. They have been 
 tranflated into Knglifh by Robinlbn and Hun- 
 ter. But Saurin’s greateft work is entitled, 
 Difcourles, hiftorical, critical, and moral, on 
 the moft memorable Events of the Old and 
 New Teftament, 6 vols. folio. — Ibid. 
 
 Saurin (Joleph), a mathematician, was 
 born in 1659 at Courtefon, in the principali- 
 ty of Orange. He entered into the miniftry 
 among the proteftants, but in 1690 he ab- 
 jured that religion at Paris, and obtained a 
 penfl n from the government. He was alfo 
 a member of the academy of feienees. 
 Roufleau having been accufed of writing 
 fome libellous verfe^ againft perfons of dif- 
 tinefion, fallely charged Saurin as the au- 
 thor, who was acquitted, and his accufer 
 baniftied He died at Paris in 1737. H« 
 contributed many valuable papers to the 
 Journal des Savans, and wrote his own 
 Life.— Ibid. 
 
 313 
 
SAW 
 
 Saurtn (Bernard jofeph), fon of the laft 
 mentioned, was an advocate of parliament, 
 and a member of the French academy. He 
 was intimate with Voltaire, Montefquieu, and 
 Helvetius, the latter of whom allowed him a 
 penfion. fie died in 1782. He wrote feve- 
 ral plays of great merit, as Spartacus, and 
 Blanche and Richard, tragedies; and the 
 Anglomania, a comedy. His dramatic 
 works were printed in 1783, in 2 vols. bvo. 
 — Ibid . 
 
 Saussure (Horace Benedidt de), a na- 
 turalift, was born at Geneva in 17-10. His 
 father, who was a member of the council of 
 two hundred, wrote feveval works on agri- 
 culture, and died in 1790. The fon aif- 
 played fo early a genius as to be appointed 
 pr.ofdfor ot philofophy at Geneva when he 
 was only twenty-one. He travelled into fe 
 veral countries, particularly Italy, and when 
 at Naples made feveral obfervations on 
 Mount Vesuvius with hr William Hamilton. 
 He afterwards vifited and meafured Mount 
 <7£tua; and afcended the higheft parts of the 
 Alps. This virtuous and ingenious man, 
 after enriching the republic of letters by his 
 enquiries, and rendering his country effential 
 • benefits, was nearly ruined by the French re- 
 volution, and died of chagrin in 1796. He 
 wrote, 1. An Eloge on Bonnet ; 2 Difierta- 
 tio Phyfica de Igne ; 3. Difi'ertatio f’hyfica 
 de Eledfricitate ; 4. ProjetE for Reforming 
 the College of Geneva ; 5 Efiays on Hygro- 
 metry ; 6. Travels in the Alps, 4 vols. 4lo. 
 &c. — Nou'v.DEi Hift. 
 
 Sauvag.es (Francis Eoifiier de), aFrench 
 phyfician, was born at Alais in 1706. He 
 became royal profefi'or of medicine and bota- 
 ny at Montpellier, member of the royal fo- 
 ciety of London, and of feveral other learned 
 bodies. He was called the Boerhaave of 
 Languedoc, and died in 1767. His works 
 are, 1. Theoria Febris; 2. Nolologia Metho- 
 dica, 5 vols. 8vo. ; 3. Phyfiologias Meca- 
 nicae, 12mo. ; 4. Methodus Foliorum, 8vo. ; 
 5. Tranfiation of Hales’s Statiftical Efiays 
 from the Englifh, &c. — Ibid. 
 
 Sauveur (Jofeph), a French mathema- 
 tician, was born at La Fleche, in 1653. He 
 was dumb till he was feven yeais of age, and 
 then the organs of fpeech were fo imper edl 
 that he was never able to fpealc plain. He 
 {hewed an early turn for mathematics, which 
 ltudy he cultivated at the Jefuits’ college, 
 Paris, and at the age of twenty had prince 
 Eugene for a pupil. In 1686 he was ap- 
 pointed mathematical profefi'or of the royal 
 college. He wrote a Treatife on Fortifica- 
 tion ; and another on Mufic; befides feveral 
 papers in the memoirs of the academy of 
 fciences, of which he was a member. He 
 died in 1716 — Martin. 
 
 Sawyer (fir Roatrt), an eminent law- 
 yer, was a great admirer of lord chief juftice 
 Hale, whole virtues he imitated. He was 
 attorney- general from 1681 to 1687, but was 
 removed by James II. for refilling to aflilt 
 him in his arbitrary defigns, Fie died in 
 1692. — Granger. 
 
 S C A 
 
 Saxe (Maurice count), was the natural ; 
 fon of Frederic Auguftus I. eledtor of Saxony j 
 and king of Poland, and of the countefs of 
 Koningfmark. He was born in 1696, and 
 in his childhood evinced proofs of a martial 
 fpirit. In 1709 he lerved with Eugene and 
 Marlborough in the Netherlands. He nex.t' 
 difplayed great valour under his father in the 
 war againft the Swedes, particularly at the 
 fiege ot Stralliind. In 1717 he was with 
 Eugene in Hungary, where he railed the 
 fiege of Belgrade, and contributed much to 
 tlie defeat of the Turks. After the peace of 
 Utrecht he went to France, where the duke ., 
 of Orleans gave him the brevet of field-mar- 
 fhnl. Having obtained a regiment lie em- 
 ployed himfelf in improving military taftics, 
 and introducing a new exercife. In 1726 
 the dates of t'ourland elected him their fo- 
 vercign, on which Poland and Rufila joined 
 againft him, and after a brave defence the 
 count was obliged to quit the government 
 and the country ir. 1’99. He then returned 
 to France, where he applied to the ltudy of 
 the mathematics, and in a fit of illnefs wrote 
 his Reveries, or Military Memoirs ; a work 
 of equal fervice to the genera! and common 
 foldier. On the death of his father in 1733 
 war was rekindled, and the eledlor of Sax- 
 ony, his brother, offered him the command 
 of his forces, which he declined, giving the 
 preference to the French fervice. He then 
 joined marfhal Berwick on the Rhine, and 
 difplayed great /kill and bravery at the fiege 
 of Philipfburg, for which he was made lieu- 
 tenant-general. In 1741 the count took 
 Prague, which was followed by the capture 
 of Agria. In 1744 he was made mar/hal of 
 France, and commander-in-chief in Flanders. 
 The next year he gained the battle of Fontc- 
 noy, though he was fo ill as to be carried on. 
 a litter. This vidtory was followed by the 
 fall ot feveral ftrong towns, particularly 
 Brullels. In 1746 he gained the battle of 
 Rocoux, and the fame year was appointed 
 marlhalof all the French armies, and governor 
 of all the places conquered in the Low Coun- 
 tries. He died in 1715, and was buried in 
 the Lutheran church of Straiburg. — Nowv. 
 Ditl Hiji. 
 
 Saxo, furnamed the Grammarian, was 
 born in the ille of Zealand, in Denmark. 
 He went to Paris in 1177, and became a 
 member of. the religious order of St. Gene- 
 vieve. He died in 1204. He wrote the 
 Hiftory of the Northern Nations, printed at 
 Soni in 1644, folio.— Morcri. 
 
 Say (Samuel), an Englifh poet, and dif- 
 fenting minifter, was born in 1675, and died 
 in 1743. His poems have been printed in 
 one volume 4to. — Gen. Biog. Difl. 
 
 Scacchi (Fortunato), a learned Italian^ 
 was born at Ancona In 1563. He was the 
 illegitimate fon of a gentleman at that place, 
 and fent to the foundling hofpital, after which 
 he was acknowleged by his father, who placed 
 him in a monafteiy of the Auguftines, where 
 he took the habit, but was expelled in purfu- 
 anee of a papal decree excluding baltards. He 
 
$ C A 
 
 then went, to theuniverfity of Alcala In Spain, 
 where he greatly improved himfelf. He died 
 at Fano in 1633. He wrote on the canoni- 
 zation of faints, and Sacrorum GocHrifmatuin 
 Myrothefium, printed at Rome in 3 vols. fo- 
 lio, 1637 ,—Moreri. 
 
 Scala (Bartholomew), an Italian ftatef- 
 man, was born at Florence about 1424. He 
 was held in great efteem by Cofmo, duke of 
 Tufcany, and obtained feveral honourable ap- 
 pointments in his native country ; where he 
 died in 1497. He wrote a Hiftory of Flo- 
 rence in Latin; Letters; and other works. 
 
 — - Tirabojchi . 
 
 Scaliger (Julius Csfar), a learned 
 Writer, was born in 1434, at Ripa, in the 
 territory of Verona, of a noble family. In 
 his youth he ferved in the army, and after- 
 wards became page to the emperor Maximi- 
 lian ; but being obliged to leave Italy he 
 went to France, where he praftifed as a phy- 
 fician, and died at Agen, in 15.43. His 
 works are, 1. Treatife on the Art of Poetry, 
 folio; 2. De Cuufis Lingute Latinae, 4to. ; 
 
 3. Exercitations againft Cardan, 4to. ; 4. 
 
 Commentaries on Ariilotle’s Hiftory or Ani- 
 mals, fob ; 5. Animadverfiones Hiftorium 
 Plantarum, 8vo. ; 6. In Theophrafti iibros ; 
 
 7. De Caufis Plantarum t'ommentarii, fol. ; 
 
 R. Commentarii in Hippocratis librum de in- 
 lomniis, Svo. ; 9.Epiltles, 8vo. ; 10. Latin 
 Poems, Rvo. — Niceron. 
 
 Scaliger (jofeph Juftus), fon of the 
 preceding, was born at Agen in 1540. He 
 ftudied at Paris, where Turnebus was his 
 tutor in the Greek language. Becoming a 
 Calvinift he removed to Leyden, and obtain- 
 ed a profeflorfhip. He died in 1609. Scali- 
 ger was a man ot extenfive learning, but pe- 
 tulant and illiberal His principal works 
 are, 1 De Emendotione Temporum, folio; 
 
 2. Canones Ifagogici ; 3. De Tribus Sedlis 
 Judseorum, 2 vols. 4to. ; 4. Latin Poems, 
 Rvo. ; 5. Notes on Antient Authors — Ibid. 
 
 Scamozzx (Vincent), a celebrated archi- 
 tedl, was born at Vicenza in 1.452, and died 
 at Venice in 1616 His principal works are 
 at Venice, and the moft remarkable is the 
 citadel of Palma. He compofed a treatife on 
 his art, of great merit. The title is Idea 
 della Architettura Umverjale, 2 vols. folio.— 
 Felibien. D' AgenvUle. 
 
 Scanderbeg, or George Caftriot, king 
 of Albania, a province dependent on the 
 grand l'eignior, was born in 1404, and deli- 
 vered by his father John Caftriot, with his 
 three brothers, as hoftages to Amurath 11. 
 who poifoned the reft, but l'pared him on ac- 
 count of his youth. The fultan caufed him 
 to be circumcifed, and gave him the com- 
 mand of fome troops, with the title ol fan- 
 giak. On the death of his father in 1432, 
 he formed the defign of recovering the throne 
 or his anceftors, and being lent againft Hun- 
 gary he entered into a fecret treaty with 
 Huniades Corvinus, king of that country, 
 feized the fultan’s fecvetary, and compelled 
 him to write and feal an order t® the gover- 
 nor of Albania, commanding him to deliver 
 the capital to Scanderbeg. He then repaired 
 
 S C H 
 
 to that country, and afc«nded the throne In 
 1443. Amurath laid liege to Crois, the ca- 
 pital of Albania, but was twice defeated* 
 
 The war was continued by li is fucccflor Ma- 
 homet II. till 1 161, when the independence 
 of the country was fettled by treaty. Scan- 
 derbeg after this went to Italy to afhft Ferdi- 
 nand, king of Arragon, who was clofely be- 
 fieged m Bari. The Albanian hero relieved 
 the place, and contributed to the defeat of 
 the count of Anjou. He died in the Hates 
 of Venice in 1+67 . — Lfe by Poncct, 1709. 
 
 Scapula ( John), a learned lexicographer 
 of the 16i.h century. He completed his 
 education at Laufanne, after which he was 
 employed in the printing-houfe of Henry 
 Stephens, and while engaged in correcting 
 his famous Thcjaurus Lingua Graca, Scapu- 
 la made a fecret abridgement, which was 
 printed in 1580, under the title or a Greek 
 Lexicon, and proved the ruin of Stephens. 
 
 Scarborough (fir Charles), firft phvn- 
 cian to Charles II. Jamesll. and William III. 
 
 He fucceeded Dr. Harvey as lecturer on 
 anatomy and furgery, and was the firft whrj 
 applied mathematical principles to anatomy 
 and medicine. He died in 1693. Sir Charles 
 wrote Syllabus Mufculorum ; and other 
 works — Granger. 
 
 Scarron (Paul), a celebrated writer, 
 was born at Paris in 1610. His father, who 
 was a counfellorot the parliament, compelled 
 him to ent j r into the ccclsfiaftical ftate, and 
 he obtained a canonry at Mans, where he loft 
 the ufe of his limbs, on which he removed 
 to Paris, and procured a penfion. In 1652 
 he married mademoifelle d'Aubigne, after- 
 wards the famous madame de Maintenon. 
 Scarron, who was a man of infinite humour, 
 died in 1 660 Fie wrote a number of come- 
 dies ; a travefty o Virgil’s /Eneid ; and the 
 Comic Romance ; befides feveral poems. His 
 works were printed at Paris in 1786, in 7 
 vols. 8vo. — Niceron. 
 
 Schaaf (Charles'), profeffor of the orien- 
 tal languages at Leyden, was born at Nuys 
 in the electorate of Cologne, in 1646, and 
 died of an apoplexy in 1729. His principal 
 works are, 1. Grammatica Chaldaica et Sy- 
 riaca, 8vo. ; 2. Novum Teftamentum Sy- 
 
 riacum, with a Latin tranflation, 4fo. ; 3. 
 Lexicon Syriacum Concordantiale, 4to. ; 4. 
 EpitomeGrammatices Hebrxas,8vo. — Moreri. 
 
 Schacht (Chriftian Paul), a learned phy- 
 fician, was born at Harderwyk in Holland, 
 where he ftudied and took his doctor's degree 
 in 1781. In 1791 lie became profcflbr of 
 phytic, botany, chemiftry and natural hif- 
 tory of that place. He enriched feveral of 
 tde” Dutch journals with excellent memoirs, 
 and was member o various learned focieties ; 
 but died in 1800, aged .32. 
 
 • Schagen (Giles), a painter, was born 
 at Alkmaar in Holland, in 1616. He te- 
 nded a eonfiderable time at Paris, where he 
 acquired great reputation as a portrait and 
 hiftorical painter. He died in 1668. — Hcub. 
 
 Schai.cken (Godfrey ), an eminent pain, 
 ter, was born- at Dort in 1643. He was a 
 diloiple of Gerard Douw, and. reftded lor 
 
 .SI* 
 
SCH 
 
 (otne time in London, where lie painted a re- 
 j markable portrait of William III. by candle- 
 light, the king holding the candle himfelf. 
 He died at the Hague in 1706 —Houbrakcn. 
 
 Schatin (Nicholas), a German jefuit, 
 who died at the end of the l?th century. He 
 wrote. 1. Hiftoria Weftpbaliae, folio ; 2. An- 
 na 1 es Paderbornenfis, fol.— Mor’eri. 
 
 S c h e e l f. (Charles William), an able 
 chemift, was born at Stralfund in 1742, and 
 died in 1786. He was'a member of the aca- 
 demy of Stockholm, and of the royal lociety 
 of medicine at Paris. His treatife on Air and 
 Fire, written in the German language, has 
 been tranflated into French, and is highly 
 elteemed. — Noun. Dili. Hiji\ 
 
 Sc h eel s ts a t e (Einanuel de), librarian 
 of the Vatican, and canon of St. John de 
 Lateran at Rome, was a native of Antwerp, 
 and died in 1692, aged 43. He wrote, 1. 
 Antiquitatcs Ecclefue Ilhiftratse, 2 vols. to!. 
 2. Ecclefia Africana fob Primate Curthagi- 
 nenfi, 4to. ; and other works on ecclefiaitic.il 
 hiftory ; but he is very partial to the papal 
 authority --Jbid. 
 
 Scheffer (John), a learned writer, was 
 born at Strafburgh, in 1621 He became 
 profefl'or of elocution and politics at Upfal, 
 and librarian of that univerfity, where he 
 died in 1679. He wrote, 1. De Militia Na- 
 vali Veterum; 2. Upfalia Antiqua; 3. La- 
 ponia ; this has been tranflated into Eng- 
 lilh, under the title of the Hiftory ol Lap- 
 Imd, folio; 4, Succia Litterata ; 5. De Re 
 Vehiculari Vetcrum. — Morey i. 
 
 Schegkius (James), a phyfician, was 
 born in the dutchy of Wirteml.erg, and be 
 came profefl'or of philolophy and medicine at 
 Tubingen, where he died in 1587. His 
 works are, 1. De Animae Principatu ; 2. De 
 una Perfona et Duabus Naturis in Chrifto, 
 adverlus Antitrinitarios ; 3. Re.utatio Er- 
 rorum Simonii, folio — Morc’L 
 
 Schemer (Chriftopher), a jefuit, and 
 mathematician, was born at Schwaben, in 
 1573, and died at Nice in 1650. He was 
 mathematician and confeffor to the archduke 
 of Auftria ; and the firft who ouferved the 
 fpots in the fun, of which difeovery he pub- 
 lilhcdan account in 1630, under the title of 
 Ro fa Urfina, folio — Ibid. 
 
 Sc h e x . ha fmer (Gouthier-Chriftopher), 
 flrft phyfician to the duke of Holftein, and 
 profefl'or of medicine fucceilively at Helm- 
 ftadt, Jena, and Kiel. He was born at Je- 
 na in 1649, and died in 1716. He wrote, 
 Introdudtio in artem Medicam, 1 to — Moreri. 
 
 Schellinks (William), a Dutch pain- 
 ter, was born at Amlterdam in 1651, and 
 died in 1678. He painted hiftory, landfcapes, 
 and fea pieces. His principal pidluie is one 
 of Charles II. embarking ior England. His 
 brother Daniel was alfo a good painter of 
 landfcapes, and died in 1701, aged 68.— 
 houbtaken. 
 
 Schenck be Graffenberg (John), 
 
 e phyfician, was born atFriburg in Switzer- 
 land in 1531, ar.d died there in 1598. He 
 wrote, Ubfervationuni Medico-urn, rararum, 
 
 SCH 
 
 admirabilium et Monftrofarum volumen, fh.- 
 lio. His fon, John George Schenck, was alfo 
 an able phyfician, and died at Hague- 
 nau in 1620. He wrote, De formandis. 
 Medicime ftudiis, 12mo. ; Hortus Patavinus, 
 8vo. ; Monitrorum Hiftoria, 4to. — Moreri. 
 
 Schenjcius (John Theodore), profefl'or of 
 medicine at Jena, died in 1671, aged 52. 
 His works are, 1. Obfervationes Medicinse, 
 ml. ; 2. De Sero Sanguinis, 4to. ; 5 Cata- 
 logue of Plants in the Medical Garden at Je- 
 na, 12mo. — Ibid. * 
 
 Scheuchzer ( John James)., aphyfician 
 and profeflor of mathematics at Zurich, was 
 born there in 1672, a.nd died in 1733. His 
 principal works are, 1. The Natural Hiftory 
 of the Bible, 4 vols. in folio ; this has been 
 tianfla'ed into Latin and French, but the 
 German edition is preferred to the others on 
 account of the plates ; 2. Itinera Alpina, 4 
 vols. 4to ; 3.- Pifcium £>uere!ae, 4to ; 4. 
 Herbarium Diluvianum, fol. ; 5. Mufeum 
 l.'ilu v.anunr, 8vo. ; 6 Homo diluvii teftis, 
 4to. ; 7. Fliftorite Helvetica; naturalis Prole- 
 gomena ; 8. Sciagraphia Lithologica, 4to. ; 
 9. Nova Littcraria Helvetica ; this is a jour- 
 nal of Swifs literature ; 10. Treatife on the 
 Mineral Waters of Switzerland. IT i s fon, 
 John GaJpard, died at London in 1729. He 
 publi fired Koernpfer’s Hiftory of Japan, in 2 
 voL. fol. John Scheuchzer, brother of John 
 James, was profefl'or of phyfic at Zurich, 
 where lie died in 1738. He wrote Agrofto- 
 graphia feu Grammura, junconim Hiftoria, 
 dtO. — Haller: Bibl. Botaii. 
 
 Schiavone (Andrea), a painter, was 
 bom in 1522 at Sebenico, in Dalmatia, and 
 died at \ enice in 1582. He was deficient in 
 defign, but his draperies arc fine, and Iris at- 
 titudes graceful — Pilkington. 
 
 Schickard (William), profefl'or of He- 
 brew- in the univerfity oF Tubingen, died of 
 toe plague in 1635, aged 43. He is the au- 
 thor ot an Hebrew grammar, entitled, “ Ho- 
 rologium Schickardi,” and of fome other 
 learned works, as, (< De Jure regio Judaro-. 
 ruin,” 1674, 4to. ; and :e Series Regium 
 1 erfise, 1621, 4to.~ Moreri. 
 
 Schidone (Bartholomew), a painter, 
 was born at Modena in 1560, and died at 
 1 anna in 1616. The duke ot Parma made 
 him his principal painter, but a piopenfity to 
 gaming reduced Inm to poverty. His pic- 
 tures are rare and valuable De Piles. 
 
 Schiller (Frederic).a German dramatic 
 poet, was born at Marbach in Wirtemberg in 
 1759 He was educated in the military 
 fchoul at Stuttgard, where he wrote his 
 pi ay ot trie Robbers, which, on account of 
 tlie dangerous tendency of its fentiments, gave 
 offence to his fuperiors : and Schiller, appre- 
 hend ve or tire confequences, fled toManheim, 
 ujieie lie became lurgeon to a regiment. He 
 afterwards quitted that fturion, and was 
 chofen dramatic to tie theatre at Manheim. 
 Here he produced feveral plays, as the Con- 
 fpiracy of Fiefco ; Intrigue and Love; the 
 RherT h 1 halia, &c. From Mauheiru Ire went 
 to Aleut*, and next to Dreiden, whete he wrote 
 
 T 
 
S C H 
 
 ills <e Tliftory of the Revolt of the Nether- 
 lands from the Spanilh Government.” He 
 then went to Leipzig, where he finifhed his 
 drama of Don Carlos. After a wandering 
 life he fettled at Jena as profefl'or ofhiftory, 
 and his lectures were greatly admired. From 
 Jena he removed to Weimar, and there wrote 
 his Maid of Orleans, and feveral other 
 efteemed dramatic pieces. He died at Weimar 
 in 1805 . — Monthly Mag. 
 
 Schilling (Diebold), a native of So- 
 leurc, in Switzerland, In the 15th century. 
 He wrote a Hiftory, in German, of the War 
 of the Swifs againit Charles, duke of Bur- 
 gundy, publifhed at Berne in 1743, in folio. 
 —Moreri. 
 
 Schlictingius (Jonas de Bukowic), a 
 Socinian writer, was born in 1596, in Po- 
 land, where he exercifed the miniftry till he 
 was exiled by the diet of Warfaw in 1647. 
 He died at Zullikaw in Germany in 1661. 
 His works were printed at Amflerdam, in 
 folio, in 1666. — Ibid. 
 
 Schmidt (Eralmus), profelTor of Gieek 
 and mathematics at Wirtemberg, where he 
 died in 1667. lie left an edition of Pindar, 
 with a commentary, 1616, 4to. — Ibid. 
 
 Schmidt (Sebaftian) , profefl'or of the 
 oriental languages at Slrafburg, died in 1697. 
 He is not to be confounded with John An- 
 drew Schmidt, Lutheran profefl'or of divinity 
 at Mariendal, where he died in 1726. The 
 latter wrote, 1. Compendium Hiftoricas 
 Ecclefiaftiese, 8vo. ; 2. De Bibliothecis, 4ro. ; 
 
 3. Lexicon Ecclefiafticum minus. 8vo. — lb. 
 
 Schmidt (George Frederic), an engraver, 
 
 was born at Berlin in 1712, and died in 
 that city in 1775. He itudied at Paris under 
 Larmeffin, and was admitted a member of the 
 academy of painting. He excelled chiefly 
 in engraving portraits. — Noun. Did. Hiji. 
 
 Schoepflin (John Daniel), profefl'or of 
 hiltory in the univerfity of Stralburg, was 
 born at Sultzburg in the Brifgaw in 1694, 
 and died at r-trafburg in 1771. His u'orks 
 are, 1. Hiftoria Zaringo-Badenfls Carlfruhe, 
 7 vols. 4to ; 2. Alfatia Diplomatica, 2 vols. 
 fob; 6. Alfatia Illultrata, 2 vols. folio; 
 
 4. Alfaticarum rerum Scriptores, fol. ; 5. 
 Vindiciae tvpographicae, 4to. — Ibid. 
 
 Schomberg (Henry de), marihal of 
 France, was defeended of a German family, 
 l ie ferved in 1617 in Piedmont under mar- 
 Ihal d’Eftrees, and afterwards againft the 
 Huguenots in the civil wars. I11 1625 he 
 was made tield-mar(hal, and two years af- 
 terwards defeated the Englifli at the ifle of 
 Rite. In 1629 he foiced the paflage of Sufa, 
 tin which occalion he was feverely wounded. 
 The next year he took Pignerol, and relieved 
 C.tial. In 1632 he defeated the rebels in 
 Languedoc at the famous battle ofCaflelnau- 
 dari,for wdiich he was made governor of that 
 province. He died the fame year of an apo- 
 plexy. He wrote a Rela f ion of the War of 
 Italy, printed lirft iti 1630, and again in 1682, 
 
 ■ — Moreri. 
 
 Schomberg (Frederic Armand, dukeof), 
 
 S C H 
 
 was born of an illuftrious family, but differ-* 
 ent from the preceding. He ferved firft un 
 der Frederic Henry,, prince of Orange, and 
 his fon William, but in 1650 he palled into 
 the French fervice, and obtained the govern- 
 ment of Gravelines, and Furnes. In 1661 hewas 
 fent to Portugal, where he commanded with 
 fuch fuccefs as to force Spain to make a peace. 
 On the relocation .of the edit! of Nantes, hg 
 left France and went to Brandenburg, the 
 elector of which, fiiade him mintfter of (fate. 
 He accompanied the prince of Oi\,oge to 
 England at the revolution, was created a peer, 
 made knight of the garter, and had a large 
 fum voted him by parliament. In 1689 he 
 went with William to Ireland, and was fhot 
 bymiftakeas he was eroding the Boyne, by 
 the French refugees of his own regiment.— 
 Rapin , Moreri. 
 
 Sc hon i:r (John), a mathematician, was 
 horn at Carlttadt, in Germany, in 1477. 
 When very young he was chofen profefl'or of 
 mathematics at Nuremberg, and gained a 
 confiderable reputation by his agronomical 
 tables, published after thofe of Regiomonta- 
 nus. His other works are, Treatife on Dial- 
 ling ; Organicum Uranicum ; Ufe of tnr 
 Globes ; and a Treatife on the Aftrnnomical 
 Equator. Fie died in 1547.— Mdcb. Adam, 
 Niartin 
 
 Schookius (Martin), a Dutch writer, 
 was born at Utrecht in 1614. Fie was Cue- 
 ceflively profefl'or at Utrecht, Deventer, 
 Groningen, and laftly at Frankfort on the 
 Oder, where he died in 1669. His principal 
 works are, Exercitationes variai ; De Hareq-- 
 gis, feu Halecibus ; De Signaturis fattus; 
 De Ciconis ; De fcepticifmo ; De Stern uta- 
 tione ; De Statu Reipublicae fiederati Belgii j 
 De imperio maritimo; De Linguae Hellenif- 
 tica. — Niccron. 
 
 Schoonfiei.d (John Henry), a painter, 
 was born at Bibrach in Germany in 1619. 
 Some fine pictures of his are in the churches 
 and ftate-houfe of Auglhurg. He died ijj 
 1689. — Pilkington. 
 
 Schoonjans (Anthony), a painter of 
 Antwerp, was born in 1665, and died in 
 1726. He ftudied in Italy, after which he 
 let' led at Vienna, where he received great 
 favours from the emperor. He painted many 
 line altar-pieces lor the churches inGermany- 
 —Ibid. 
 
 -Schouel ( John), a Dutch painter, was 
 horn in 1496, at a village or' his name near 
 Alkmaar, and IFudieu under Aloert Durer, 
 a t. r which he went to the i.oly land, where 
 he drew many views. On his return to Eu- 
 rope he was appointed by Pope Adrian VI. 
 fuperintendant of the buildings at Belvidere. 
 He died in 1572 He was alfo a poet and 
 niufician . — De Pile!. 
 
 Schott (Andrew), a learned jefuit, was 
 born at Antwerp in 1552. He was profefl'or 
 or elocution at Rome, and afterw'ards taught 
 Greek at Toledo. He died at Antwerp in 
 1629. He wrote, Hifpania Illultrata, 4 
 vols, jo 1 . io 3 the Lives of Francis Borgia, Fer- 
 
S Cl 
 
 tflnand Nunez, and Peter Ciaeonlus, & c.-~ 
 Hiterort. 
 
 Schott (Gafpard), a jefuit, was born in 
 Franconia in 1603, and died at Wurtzburg 
 in 1666- Herefided many years at Palermo, 
 and at Rome, where he was intimate with 
 Kircher. PTis works are, Phyfica curiofa, 2 
 vols, 4-to. ; Magia naturalis et artifkialis, 4 
 vols. 4to. ; Technica curiofa ; Mathina hy- 
 drarulico pneumatica ; Pantometrum Kirche 
 rianum, five inftrumentum geometricum 
 novum ; Itinerarium ftaticum Kircheria- 
 niimj Encyclopedia; [this is a courfe of 
 mathematics] ; Mathefis Caefarea, 2 vols. 
 4to. ; Anafornia Phyfico-hydroftatica fon- 
 tium et fiuminum, 8vo. ; Arithmetics, 8vo ; 
 Organum mathematicum, & c — Moreri. 
 
 Sckrevelius (Cornelius), a lexicogra- 
 pher, was born at Ilaerlem in 1615, and 
 died in 166?. He publifiied editions of Ho- 
 mer and Fleliod, but his principal work is a 
 Lexicon, Greek and Latin, Bvo Bnyk. 
 
 Sen in embourg (Matthias john.,count), 
 was born in 1661. He was firit in the Po- 
 ll lit fervice, and with a fmall army repelled 
 fe veral attacks made by the Swedes under 
 Charles XII. In 1708, he was at the battle of 
 Malplaquet, where his conduct gained him 
 the efteem of prince Eugene. In 1711 he 
 entered into the Venetian lervice, and com- 
 pelled the Turks to raife the fiege of Corfu. 
 In 1726, he came to England on a vifit to his 
 filler, the countefs of Kendal, but he return- 
 ed again to Venice, where lie died in 1713. 
 •—Nowv. DUB. Hi/}. 
 
 Schultens (Albert), a learned German 
 divine, was born at Groningen, and became 
 profdfor of the Oriental languages, firft at 
 Franeker and afterwards at Leyden, where he 
 died in 1741, aged 70. His principal works 
 are a Commentary upon Job, 2 vols. 4to. ; 
 Commentary on the Proverbs, 4to. ; the Life 
 ©■f Saladin, tranflated from the Arabic, folio ; 
 Animadverfiones Philologicae et Criticae ad 
 varia loca veteris Teftamenti ; a Hebrew 
 Grammar, &c. — ILid. 
 
 Schulze (John Henry), a phyfician, was 
 born at Colbitz, in Germany, in 1637, and 
 died profefl’or of medicine at Hall in 1745. 
 He was well acquainted with the Oriental 
 languages, and wrote, 1. Hifforia Medicinae 
 a return initio ad annum urbis Romas 535 
 dedudla, 4to. ; 2. Phyfiologia Medici, Bvo ; 
 3. Pathologia generalis et fpecialis ; 4. De 
 Materia Medica ; 5. Diflertationcs Meuica? 
 et Hiftoricae, Ac. — Ibid. 
 
 ■ Schurman (Anna Maria de),- a learned 
 lady, was born at Cologne in 1607. At the 
 age of fix years fhe cut out figures in paper 
 with great exadlnefs, and at eight fhe painted 
 flowers in crayons in a pleaiing manner. She 
 alfo made a furprifing proficiency in learning. 
 She underftood the Latin, Greek, and He- 
 brew languages, and was acquainted with fe- 
 veral modern. She applied to muftc, paint- 
 ing, and engraving with great fuccefs, and 
 ■her writing was remarkable tor its beauty. 
 
 5 C I 
 
 In 1650 (he became a difciple of the enthu- 
 iiaft Labadie, after whofc death fhe retired to* 
 Weiwart, in Friefiand, where fhe died in 
 1678. Her Opufcula, or Pieces in Latin, 
 Greek, and Hebrew, were printed in 1652, 
 4to. She alfo wrote Latin Poems, and a De- 
 fence of Female Study. — Niceron. 
 
 Schut (Cornelius), a painter, was bom 
 at Antwerp in 1600, and died in 1660. He 
 w r as a difciple of r ubens, and painted fome 
 fine pi&ures for the churches at Antwerp. — 
 Houbraken. 
 
 Schurtz-fleisch (Conrad Samuel), a 
 learned German, was born at Corbac, in the 
 county of Waldeck, and became profefior of 
 Greek at Wittemburg, and counfellor and 
 librarian to the duke of Saxe Weimar. He 
 died in 1703. His works are, l.Difputa- 
 ti.ones Hiftoricae Civiies, 3 vols. 4to. ; 2. 
 Epiftles, 3 vols Bvo ; 3. a Continuation of 
 Sleidan's Hiflory, 4to. 167 8 ; 4. Difiertations 
 on Mifcellaneous Subjcdts. — Ibid. 
 
 Schuur (Theodore Vander), a Dutch 
 painter, was horn at the Hague in 1628. He 
 fludied at Paris under Sebaftian Bourdon, af- 
 ter which he vifited Italy. He died in 1705. 
 He enriched his back grounds with repre- 
 fentations of ancient ruins. — Pilkingtan, 
 
 Schwartz (Berthold), a monk of the 
 order of Cordeliers at the end of the thir- 
 teenth century, was a native of Friburg, in 
 Germany, and an ablechemilb Ashe w r as mak- 
 ing fome experiments with nitre, he difeover- 
 ed the compofition of gun-powder, which w r as 
 fir ft applied to warlike purpofes by the Vene- 
 tians in 1300. — Moreri. 
 
 Schyndal (Bernard), a Dutch painter, 
 was born at Haeriem in 1659. He painted 
 fhepherds, ale-houfcs, See. lie died in 1716. 
 — Pilkingtan . 
 
 Schwartz (Cornelius), a painter, was 
 born at Ingolftadt in 1550, and died at Mu- 
 nich in 1594. He painted at Venice under 
 Titian, and gained fo excellent a ftyle as to 
 be called the Raphael of Germany. — Felibian. 
 
 Schwerin (Chriftopher, count), a gene- - 
 ral and field-marfhal in the Pruffian fervicc, 
 W’as born in 1684. He entered early into the 
 army, and diftinguiihed himfelf on many oc~ 
 cafions. In 1741 he gained the battle of 
 Molwitz at the moment when the Pruifians 
 thought themfelves loft He was flain at 
 the battle of Prague in 1757. The king of 
 Fruffia. erected a ftatue to his honour, and 
 the emperor of Germany a monument on the 
 fpot where he W’as (lain. — Nowv. DiB. Hifi. 
 
 Scioppius (Gafpar), a learned gramma- 
 rian, was born at Neumark, in the Upper 
 Palatinate, in 1576. He turned roman ca- 
 tholic, but his charadler was bad. He wrote 
 an abufrve fatire on the family of Joleph Sca- 
 liger, who replied by expofmg that of his 
 adverfary. Scioppius alfo wrote againft James 
 I. of England, ar.d attacked the jefuits with 
 great afperity. At the clofe of life he em- 
 ployed himielf rn explaining the apocalvpfe. 
 He died at Padua in 1619. His principal 
 
S C I 
 
 works are, 1. Veriumilium, lib. iv. 8vo ; 2. 
 Commentaries de Arte Critica, 8vo. ; A De 
 fua ad Catbolicos Migratione ; 4. Notationes 
 Critics in Phaedrum, in Priapei'a ; 5. Su-f- 
 pe&arurh Leciionum ; 6. Clafficum Belli Sa- 
 cri ; 7. Collyrium Regium ; 8. Gram.matica 
 Philofpphica, 8vo. — Moreri. 
 
 Sc ip 10 (Publius Cornelius), furnamed 
 Africar.us, a celebrated Roman. He made 
 his firft campaign, at the age of- feventcen, 
 under his father, whofe life he faved in the 
 battle of Tefin. After the battle of Cannae 
 he prevented the < Roman officers from aban- 
 doning their country as they had intended, 
 out of cleJ pair o ' having it. Scipio was elected 
 sedile at the a 0 e of twenty-one. His father 
 and uncle having fallen in battle he obtained 
 the command in Spain, where he dcieated the 
 enemy and took New Carthage in one day. 
 He put an end to the. war in that country by 
 a decifive buttle, and then eroded over into 
 Africa, where he defeated Afdr-ibal and 
 Syphax B. C. 203. He afterwards gained the 
 battle ofZarna, which vidfory produced peace 
 between Rome and Carthage Scipio ob- 
 tained a triumph, and the appellation of At- 
 ricanus for thefe brilliant iervices. He was 
 alfo twice honoured with the confular digni- 
 ty, but envy of his glory brought upon him a 
 charge of peculation. Scipio appeared before 
 the people and defended himfelf fo effectually 
 that his accufers were left alone, and he en- 
 tered the capital with univerfal acclamations. 
 The affair, however, was brought forward 
 again be ore the tribunes, but he had retired 
 to his country houfe, where he died B. C. 
 180. The virtues and generoiity of Scipio, 
 efpecially to his female captives, were as 
 diltinguilhed as his valour and prudence. — 
 Lii y 
 
 Scipio (Lucius Cornelius), furnameed 
 AJiaticus, was brother of the preceding, 
 with whom he ferved in Spain and Alrica. 
 His ferviccs obtained him the confulate B. 
 C 189. He afterwards conducted the war in 
 Afia again ft Antiochus, over whom he gained 
 a great vidtory on the plains of Magneha. 
 For this he was honoured with a triumph 
 and the appellation of Afiaticus. Cato the 
 cenfor, however, prelerred a charge againft 
 him of peculation, and his goods were Sold to 
 pay the fuppofed debt He owed to the repub- 
 lic. — Ibid. 
 
 Scipio-Nastca was the coufin of the 
 preceding, whom he defended with great 
 eloquence beore the people. He was re 
 fufed the coniulihip at firft, but afterwards 
 obtained that dignity, and gained fome fignal 
 victories in Spam. — lb. 
 
 Scipio (Publius YEmilianus), was the 
 fon of Paulus YEmilius, and adopted by the 
 fon of Scipio Africanus. He was called Afri- 
 canus the Youngerin confequence of his vic- 
 tories over the Carthaginians. He ferved 
 the office of sedile and afterwards of conful, 
 in which fituation he laid liege to, and fur- 
 eccded in taking Carthage B. C. 147. For 
 
 SCO 
 
 this he was chofen conful the fecond time, 
 and took Nuniantia B. C 133, whence he 
 acquired the furname of Numantinus. He 
 was affaffinated in his bed five years after- 
 wards, as is fuppofed by the diredlion of the 
 triumvirs, who fufpecled him of a fp bring to 
 the dictatorfhip. — Ibid. 
 
 Scipio (Publius), father in-law of Pom- 
 pey. He retired to Africa with the remains 
 of the vanquiftied army after the battle of 
 Pharfalia, and having joined the troops of 
 Juba, king of Mauritania, was for fome time 
 fuccefsful, but he was defeated by Caefar at. 
 Thapfus, and fell in battle. — P utarch. 
 
 Sclateh (William), an Englifh divine* 
 was born in Somerfetfhire and educated at 
 Oxford, where he became fellow of Brafe- 
 nofe college, and proceeded dodlor in divinity. 
 He obtained the living of Otterden, in Kent, 
 where he died in J o 17. He wrote elegies 
 and epitaphs under the title of Threnodia 
 Britannica, 4to. ; Palte-Albion, or the Hif- 
 tory of Great Britain to the reign of James I. 
 folio, in Latin and hnglifh verfe ; Plalms, or 
 Songs of 3. on ; Genethliacon, live itemma 
 Regis Jacobi, fol. This is a genealogy of 
 that monarch from Adam. There was an- 
 other William Sclater , dodlor in divinity, a 
 member of King’3 college, Cambridge, and 
 vicar ofPitminfter, Somerfetfhire, where he 
 died in 1626. Fie wrote a Commentary on 
 the F.piftles to the Romans and i heffaloni- 
 ans, folio. His fon became mmifter of Cul- 
 lumpton, in Devon, and prebendary of Exe- 
 ter. Fie publifned fome fermons — Wood. 
 
 Scopas, an architect and fculptor of the 
 iile of Paros, flourifhed B. C. 430. He built 
 the famous maufoleum for Artemifia in ho- 
 nour of her huiband, but his chief work was 
 a ftatue of Venus, which was efteemed fu- 
 perior to that of Praxiteles. — Pliny. * . 
 
 Scorza (Sinibaldo), a painter and en- 
 graver, was born at Voltaggio in the terri- 
 tory of Genoa, and died in 1631, aged 41. 
 He 'Engraved afier the defigns of A1 ert Oa- 
 rer, with great exaftnefs and Dainted ani- 
 mals, flowers, and iandfeupes — De Piles. 
 Feibien. 
 
 Scot (Reynolde), an Engliih writer, was 
 born in K nt of a genteel family, and edu- 
 cated at Oxford, after which he retired to 
 his paternal eftate, where he wrote, 1. A 
 perfect Platform of a Hop Garden, quarto, 
 137 6 ; 2. The Difcovery of Witchcraft, 4to. j 
 3 Difcourfe upon Devils and Spirits In the 
 two lail he combats the abl'urdities of witch- 
 craft and incantations with great fuccefs, but 
 he was replied to by many learned men, and 
 alfo by James 1. in his Demonology. Mr. 
 Scot died in 1399 — Wood. 
 
 Scot land. The ancient inhabitantsofthis 
 part of the uland oi Great Britain were called 
 Caledones, and were of Celtic origin In the 
 fourth century they were named Pidls -and 
 Scots. The Romans under Agricola con- 
 quered Caledonia, A. D. 85, but in 121 they 
 built a wall to prevent the iucurfions of the 
 
SCO. 
 
 fith from the Solway Frith to the Tyne. 
 Alter the departure of the Romans the Pitts 
 extended their territories fouthward. The 
 firlt foie k.ngof Scotland was Kenneth il. in 
 &39> In i?96 Edward I. o? England fubdued 
 the country. In 1602 James VI. fucceeded 
 to the crown of England, and thereby became 
 the firft king of Great Britain. In 1~07 the 
 two countries were united by a 61 of parlia- 
 tnent. — Buchanan. Hume. 
 
 Scott (Michael), a native of Fifefhire 
 In Scotland, was greatly efteemed by Alex- 
 ander IT. and knighted by him after the battle 
 of Largo. He died in 1291. His Ikill in 
 chemiftry and mathematics made him pafs for 
 fc magician. Fragments of his works on na- 
 tural hiftofy, mathematics, and philofophy 
 TV mf.itl. — Life by fir Geoige Maelenz'e. 
 
 Scott (Thomas) an Englifh divine, who 
 Was bachelor of divinity and preacher to the 
 Englifh company at Utrecht, where he was 
 ttnurde’ed by a foldier as he was going to 
 church in 1626. He wrote, 1. Vox Populi; 
 2. Vox Dei ; 3. Vox Regis 5 4. Digitus Dei j 
 5. The Btlgicke Fifmire flinging the flothful 
 Sleeper, 4to. ; 6. a Tongue Combat lately 
 happening between two English Soldiers in 
 the l ilt-boat of (Jravefend, 4to ; 7. Sym 
 tnachia ; or a True Love’s Knot tyed be- 
 twixt Great Britain and the United Provinces, 
 4to. ; 8. the Plighwaies of God and the King, 
 In two fermons, 4to.j 9. the Piojedor, A 
 Sermon before the judges at Norwich ; 40. 
 News from Parnaffus, 4ro. — Europ Mag. 
 
 Scott (John) a learned divine, was born 
 at Chippenham, in Wiltfhire, in 1638, and 
 educated at Oxford, w'here he proceeded to 
 his degree of doctor in divjnity. He was 
 fuccelTively minifler of St. Thomas’s, South- 
 v.ark, redtor of St. Peter le— Poor, London, 
 Smf of St. Giles in the Fields, to which was 
 added a canonry of Winufor. He wrote 
 an efteemed work called the Chriftian Life, 
 in one vol. folio, and five vols 8vo, He 
 Was alfo the author of feveral Sermons, Cafes 
 of Conference Refolved, and Ti adfs againft 
 Popery Funeral Semi, by JJham. 
 
 Scott (Daniel), a learned writer, was 
 born in London, and educated for the minif- 
 try under Mr. Jones at Tewkefbury, and af- 
 terwards at Utrecht, where he took the de- 
 gree of dodtor of law's. While there he 
 joined the fociety of mennonites or baptifts, 
 but never entered on the miniftcrial func- 
 tion. In 1723 he published an Eflay towards 
 a Demonftrution of the Scripture Trinity, 
 which pafied through thiee editions. In 1741 
 he printed a new' Verfion of St. Matthew’s 
 Coipel, with critical notes, and in 1743 an 
 Appendix to Stephens’s Greek Lexicon, 2 
 vols. folio. He died in 1739. — Monthly 
 Mag- Jan. 1803. 
 
 Scott (Thomas), brother of the above, 
 WiS a diffentiflg minifler firit at Hitchin in 
 He tioixlihite, and a.terwards at Norwich, 
 where he died in 1716. He published Ionic 
 #ce ifional Sermon^ and an attempt to prove 
 
 SCR 
 
 the Godhead of Chrift, by fettling the fenft 
 of a Angle text, John xx. 28. He had twek 
 Tons, viz. Dr.Jofeph N'.col Scott, who . was for 
 fome time paftor of an independent congrega- 
 tion at Norwich, but quitted the office on 
 turning arian, and became a phyfician. He 
 publiihed two volumes of Sermons, and rc- 
 vifed the folio edition of Bailey’s diftionary. 
 His brother,' Thomas Scott, w - as minifler of » 
 difTenting congregation firft at LoweftofF, in 
 Suffolk, and next at Ipfwich, from whence 
 he removed to Hapton, in Norfolk, where 
 he d.ed about 1773. Pie publiihed feveral 
 Angle Sermons, and a fnsall volume of Lyric 
 Poems ; but be is heft known by a tranfl.ition 
 Oi the book of Job into Englifh verfe, with 
 notes, of w'hich two editions have been 
 printed. — Monthly Mag. Jan. 1803. 
 
 Scott (John), an Englifh poet, was the 
 fon of a tr.idefman in London, and born in 
 1730. His father retiring from bufinefs to 
 Atnwell, in Hertfordfhire, our author had 
 his education there. He wrote, when young, 
 Elegies, deferiptive and motal, which were 
 admiied by fome good poets. His poems 
 were printed in one volume otlavo, in 1782. 
 Mr. Scott vvas alfo the author of Obfervuti- 
 ons on the Poor; a Digeft of the Highway 
 and 1 urnpike Laws ; and a pamphlet on the 
 Authenticity ot Rowley’s Poems. He died 
 in 1783. — Europe Mag. 
 
 Scott (Samuel), an Englifh painter, 
 whofe fea pieces and view's rank with thofe 
 of Vandervelde. He died in 1772. — Pilk. 
 
 Scott (David), an hiftorian, was borft 
 near Haddington, in Eaft Lothian, in 1675, 
 and died in 1742. He was imprifoned feve- 
 ral times on account of his attachment to 
 the houle of Stuart. He was the author of 
 a Hiftcry of Scotland. — Gen. B'tog. DiSi. 
 
 Scocgal (Henry), a Scotch cpifcopal 
 divine, was born at Salroun, in Eaft Lothi- 
 an, and educated at Aberdeen, w'here he 
 took the degree of mafter of arts, after 
 which lie entered into orders ar.d was made 
 profeflor of divinity, but died at the age of 
 twenty-eight in 1678. His principal per- 
 formance is an admirable tradf on the Life of 
 God in the Soul of Man. — Preface to his 
 ‘ivor Its, 8 vo. 
 
 Scr : boNi us - Lar c us, a Roman phyfi- 
 cian in the time of Auguftus or 3 iberius, 
 fome of whofe works are extant, and were 
 printed at Ba .1 in 1529 . — Friend's Hf.Phys. 
 
 Scuimzeor (Henry), a Scots writer, who 
 became fuccelTively profeflor of philofophy 
 ami law at Geneva, where he died in 1571. 
 He wrote a Hiltory of his native country, 
 printed under the name of Henry of Scotland. 
 
 — More'-i. 
 
 Scriverius (Peter), a Dutch w'riter, 
 was born at Haerlem, wheie he died in 
 1633. He wrote “ Batavia Illuitrata,” 4to ; 
 and flataviae Comitumquc Hiftoria. He ; lfj 
 publiihed editions of \ egeiius, and other 
 writers, on Military Affair's — Ibid. 
 
 ■Scroggs (fi- William), an Englilh judge, 
 
SEB 
 
 ykis born at Deddinuton, in Oxfordfliire, *n 
 1623, and educated for the church, but he 
 entered into the royal army, and afterwards 
 of Gray’s Inn, where he was called to the 
 bar. In 1669 he was knighted, and made 
 fergeant at law, and in 1678 chief juiHc'e of 
 the king’s bench. He difplayed io much 
 zeal at the trials of the perfons charged with 
 being concerned in the popilh conspiracy that 
 articles of impeachment were preferred 
 againft him by the Commons, and he was re- 
 moved from his place in 1681. He died in 
 1683. Several of his lpeeches have oeen 
 feinted in the State Trials- — bVood. 
 
 Scdddf.r (Henry), a prefbyterian divine, 
 was minilter of Colingbourne Ducis in Wilt- 
 Ihire, and bachelor of divinity or Cambridge. 
 He wrote a noted book called the Chrif- 
 tian’s Daily Walk,” 8vo. ; and died be ore 
 the reftoration. — Granger. ^ 
 
 Scuderi (George de), was born at 
 Havre de Grace in 1601, and admitted a 
 memberof theFrench academy in 1650. He 
 died in 1665. His works, which are very 
 indifferent, conffft of Plays, Poems, an Apo- 
 logy for the Theatre, Political Difcourfes 
 and Harangues. — Moreri. 
 
 S c u Deri (Magdalen de), lifter of the 
 ■preceding, was born in 1607. She was an 
 -author from neceffity. and wrote a great 
 number of romances and other works, as 
 Clelia, 10 vols. 8vo. ; Artamenes, or the 
 Grand Cyrus, 10 vols. ; Ibrahim, or the Jl- 
 luftrious Baffa, 4 vols. ; Converfations and 
 Difcourfes, 10 vols. ; a Dilcourfe on Glory, 
 &c. She was admitted a member of the aca- 
 demy of Ricovrnti at Padua, and had pennons 
 from cardinal Mazarin and Louis XIV. She 
 died in 1701 —~Niccren . 
 
 Scultetus (Abraham), a German di- 
 vine,was born at Grumberg.in Sileita, in 1566, 
 and died at Embden in 1626. He was pro- 
 feflbr of divinity at Heidelberg, and was 
 fent as deputy from that univerfftv to the 
 fynod of Dordt. He wrote Medulla Patrum, 
 and other learned works, — More/i. 
 
 Scyeax, a geographer and mathemati- 
 cian of Caria, who flourilhed B. C. 522. He 
 was employed by Darius, fon of Hyftafpes, 
 in making difeoveries in India. Some attri- 
 bute to him the invention of geographical 
 tables. His Periplus was publiihed by Gro- 
 novius in 1697 at Leyden . — Vo (fun de Math. 
 
 Seaman (Lazarus), a non-conformift di- 
 tine, was born at Leieefter, and bred at E- 
 jnanuel college, Cambridge. In the civil 
 wars he diftinguiflied himfelf with fo much 
 zeal On the fide of parliament as to be ap- 
 pointed mafter of Peter-houfe, Cambridge, 
 where he took his doctor's degree. Fie was 
 alfo a member of the affcmbly ol divines at 
 Weftminfter. He died in 1675. His libra- 
 ry was the firft fold by auction in England, 
 fie printed feveral lermons. — Qalamy. 
 
 Sjsba (Albert), a native of Etzeel, ir» 
 Eaft Friezland, was the author of a work on 
 eatural hiitoj-y published at Amfterdaim in 
 
 SEC 
 
 173!, in 3 vols. fol. The explanations art 
 in Latin and French. — Nou*<. DiEt. Hifi. 
 
 Sebastian, king of Portugal, was tins 
 pofthumous fon of the Infant John, by a 
 daughter of the emperor Charles V. and fuc- 
 cee'ied John III. in 1557. He engaged in a-rj 
 unfuccels ul war with the Moors in 1574, 
 and in 1578 he went in perfon to alTift Muly 
 Mohammed, fon of Abdalla, king of Mo. 
 rocco, againft the king of Fez; but in a bat* 
 tie fought near Tangier's Sebastian was /lain. 
 As his body was not found two faille Sebaftj* 
 ans appeared afterwards in Portugal, but ong 
 was executed and the other lent to the gal* 
 lies .—Univ. H.Jl. 
 
 Sebastian del Plombo, fo called from a 
 place which was given him by Pope Clg* 
 ment VII., though he is alfo known by the 
 name of Sebjftian of Venice, was born in 
 that city in 1485, and died in 1547. As 4 
 painter he rivalled Raphael, by a beautiful 
 picture of the rel'urredion of Lazarus.— De 
 Piles. Feltbien. 
 
 Seckendorf (Guy Louis de), a German 
 hiftoiian, was bom in Franconia in 1626- 
 He became privy-counfellor to the eleftor of 
 Brandenburgh, and chancellor of the unj* 
 verfity of Hall, where lie died in 1692. Ha 
 wrote a Iliftory of Lutheranil'm, in Latin, 
 vols. fol. ; State of the Princes of Germany, 
 8yo. ; and a Defcription of the Germani* 
 Empire, 8 so.— Moreri, 
 
 Secker (Thomas), a learned and pious 
 prelate, was born at Sibthorpe, in Notting* 
 hamlhire, in 1693. He was educated at 
 Tevvklbury under the learned Mr. Jones with 
 a view to the miniftry among the diftenters j 
 but in 1716 he went to Leyden, where ha 
 ltudied pbyfic and took his degree in that fa* 
 cylty. After his return to England he e«. 
 tered himfelf of Exeter college, Oxford, 
 and proceeded to the degree of doctor of laws. 
 On entering into orders he became, chaplain 
 to bilhop Talbot, and in 1733 was inftituted 
 to the redtory of St, James., Weftminfter, 
 The year following he was confeerateu bi» 
 Iliop of Briftol, and in 1737 tranflated to Ox* 
 ford. In 1750 he obtained the dganry of Se, 
 Paul’s, and in 17 58 was advanced to the 
 archbilhopric of Canterbury. Fie died in 
 1763. The fermons, charges, and lectures 
 of this excellent prelate are dTtinguiihed by 
 their peifpicyity and eloquence.— Life by Bin 
 (hop Portcuf, 
 
 Secondus (John) a Latin poet, was born 
 at the blague in 1511. Fie ltudied law un* 
 dcr Alciatus, and afterwards became feerg* 
 tary to the archbifhop of Toledo. He died 
 at Utrecht in 1536. His poems are various 
 and excellent. The mgft celebrated are thg 
 Bafia, or the KilTes, which have been tranf* 
 lated into. feveral languages. — Moreri, 
 
 Seconi>4t ns Montesquieu (John 
 Baptilt), fon of the celebrated author q. tlitj 
 Spirit of Laws, died in 1796, aged 79. H§ 
 was a cour.fellor in the parliament Q Four* 
 
 deaux, His works are, l, Memoir on Lies* 
 
S E D 
 
 tricky, 8vo. ; ?. Obfervations on the Mine- 
 ral Waters of the Pyrenees, 12mo, ; 3. 
 Confiderations on the Conftitution of the 
 French Marine 8vo. ; 4. Natural Hiltory 
 of the Oak, folio.— Nou-v. Dili. Hifl. 
 
 Secousse (Denis Francis), a French 
 writer, was born at Paris in 1691, and edu- 
 cated under Rollin, after which he became 
 an advocate, but quitted the law for litera- 
 ture. He was employed by the chancellor 
 D’Agueffean as cenfor-royal, and in other 
 public fervices. He became blind, and died 
 in 1754. He publilhed, aColle£tion of Royal 
 Ordonnances ; Memoirs for a Hiftory of 
 Charles the Rad, ‘2 vols. 4to. ; and feveral 
 Diff'ertations in the Memoirs ot the Academy 
 of Infcriptions. — Ibid. 
 
 Securis (John), a phyiician, was born in 
 Wiltihire, and educated at New college, Ox- 
 ford. He p radii fed with reputation at Salis- 
 bury, where he died about 1570. He pub- 
 lilhed an Almanack; alfo apiece entitled, 
 A Dctedlion and Querimony of the dailyEnor- 
 mities and Abufes committed in the three 
 Branches of Phyfic.— Wood. 
 
 Sedaine (Michael John), a French dra- 
 matic writer, was born at Paris in 1719. He 
 was a mafon, but a take for the theatre in- 
 duced him to quit his bufinefs, and to write 
 comic operas, which pofl'efsconfiderable merit, 
 and fome o; them have been tranflated into 
 Englifh, as Richard Cceur de Lion, and Blue 
 Beard. He was a member of the French 
 academy, and fccretary of that of architecture. 
 He died in 1797 — Nou-v. Did. Uijl. 
 
 Sedgwick (Obadiah), u non-conformill 
 divine, was born at Marlborough, in Wik- 
 ihire, in 1600, and educated at Queen’s col- 
 lege, Oxford. On entering into orders he 
 became chaplain to fir Horatio Vere, whom 
 he accompanied in his expedition to the Low 
 Countries. In the rebellion he was a fre- 
 quent preacher before the parliament, and a 
 member of theaflembly of divines. He died 
 at Marlborough in 1657. He wrote religi- 
 ous treatifes and fermions. One William 
 Sedgwick predicted the day of judgment, or 
 which he was nick-named Dcom's-dax Sedg- 
 wick, — - Wood. 
 
 Sedi-ev (fir Charles), a poet, was born 
 St Aylesford, in Kent, about 16.99. He was 
 one of the wits of the court of Charles JL, 
 who had a great regard for him. His daugh- 
 ter became miftrefs to James II. , who created 
 Her countefs of Dorchelter ; but fir Charles 
 v.as zealous for the revolution, and being 
 alked the reafon anfwered, “ from a prin- 
 ciple of gratitude ; for fmee his mujefty has 
 made mv daughter a countefs it is fit 1 fhould 
 do all I can to make his daughter a queen.” 
 He died in 1701. His poems are loofe and 
 indifferent. He alfo wrote fome plays.— 
 Ibid. 
 
 Sedueius ('Caecillus), an ecclefiaftic and 
 poet of the fifth century, who wrote a Poem 
 on the life of Chriil, entitled, Pafchalc Car- 
 wen. It was publilhed by Aldus in 1502, 
 8 vo .— Adorer i. 
 
 S E G 
 
 Sri MA-KoAj)G,-a Chinefe mandarin gne! 
 philofopher of the eleventh century. Her 
 enjoyed the favour of the emperor, and had 
 leveral important places, which he refigned 
 and retired to a folitary place, where he wrote 
 a Hiltory of China, commencing at the 403d 
 year before the chriftian era. He was alfo 
 the anchor of fome moral treatifes. — Nou-v. 
 Did. IHJl. 
 
 Seed (Jeremiah), a learned divine, was 
 born at Clifton, in Cumberland, and edu- 
 cated at Queen’s college, Oxford, where he 
 took his degrees in arts and obtained a fellow- 
 lh:p. He was afterwards prefented to the 
 rettory of Enham, in Hampfhire, where he 
 died in 1717. His Sermons, in tour vols. 
 8vo. , are excellent. — Preface to his Sermons. 
 
 S e g ar (fir ’William), garter king at arms, 
 was author of “ Honour Civil and Mi- 
 litary,” folio, 1602. He was imprilbned for 
 granting the royal arms of Arragon, with a 
 canton of Brabant, to George Brandon, the 
 common hangman ; but it appearing that he 
 was impoied upon he was releafed. He died 
 in 1633 Edmonfon’s Baronage is principal- 
 ly taken from Segar’s MSS. — Granger. 
 
 Sec.hers (Gerard), a painter, was born 
 at Antwerp in 1592, and died there in 1651. 
 Fie ftudied under Janffens, and improved 
 himfelf in Italy after the belt mailers. He 
 painted religious fubjefts, alfo nautical affem- 
 blies and iealls. His brother Daniel was a 
 dilciple of Velvet Breughel, and entered 
 among the jefuits, hut Hill ^continued his 
 profellion. He excelled in painting flowers 
 and infetts, and died in 1660. — Felibicn. 
 
 Segneri (Paul), an Italian jefuit, was 
 horn at Ncttuno in 1624. Flis celebrity as 
 a preacher occalioned him to be called to 
 Rome by pope Innocent XII. to whom he 
 became chaplain. He died in 1694. His 
 works are, Sermons, 7 vols. ; the Unbe- 
 liever without Excufe ; the Pallor Inltrudt- 
 ect ; the Illufions of the Quietills, &c., col- 
 lected in 3 vols. folio. — Moreri. 
 
 Secrais (John Regnault de), a French 
 poet, was born at Caen in 1624, of a noble 
 family, and educated at the jefuits’ college 
 for the priellho.od, which profellion he de- 
 clined. Madame de Montpenlier appointed 
 him her gentleman in ordinary, and he was 
 afterwards patronized by madame de la Fa- 
 yette. In 1676 he retired to his native 
 place, where he married a lady of fortune. 
 He was a member of the French academy, 
 and died in 1701, Segrais wrote fome ele- 
 gant Eclogues ; and tranflated the Georgies 
 and /F.neid of Virgil into French verfe. His 
 profe works are, a Collection of Novels ; and 
 Segraifiana, or a Mifcellany of Hillory and 
 Literature. — Moreri. 
 
 Segui (Jofeph), a French divine, was 
 born at Rodez in 1689. He obtained a poe- 
 tical prize of the French academy in 1732, 
 and was alfo admitted a member of that body. 
 He died at Meaux, where he had a canonry, ia 
 .1761. His works are ; Panegyrics, 2 vols. 
 12 mo. ; Sermons, 2 vols. 5 and Academical 
 
SEL 
 
 S EL 
 
 Difcourfes, 1 vol. His panegyric, on St. 
 Louis is his mafter-piece.— Nowv. Diet. Hjl. 
 
 Seguies (John Francis), an eminent bo- 
 tanift, was born at Nifmes in I/O.; 1 ?. He 
 was bred to the law, but renounced that pro- 
 fefiion to follow his favourite purfuits. He 
 accompanied the marquis Scipio Mallei on 
 his travels in France, England, Holland, and 
 Germany ; and on his return to Ills own 
 country became principal of the academy of 
 Nifmes. He died in 1784. His works are ; 
 Bibliotheca Bo:anica, 4to ; Plant® Vero- 
 nenfes, 3 vol. 8vo. ; and a Tranflation of tne 
 works of Maffei. — Ibid. 
 
 Sejanus (.fElius), a celebrated Roman, 
 was the fon of Seius Strabo, a Roman 
 knight, and captain of the prstorian guards.' 
 Sejanus firft introduced himfelf into the fa- 
 vour of Caius Caviar, t he grandfon of Auguf- 
 tus, and afterwards to that of Tiberius, who 
 made him his confident. He alfo contrived, 
 by his pliability of temper and infinuating 
 addrefs, to gain the affections of the people, 
 the foldiers, and the fenate. lie was ap- 
 pointed commander of the praetorian guards, 
 and had the difpolal of all places of truft and 
 honour, which he gave to his own creatures. 
 Inflamed by ambition, he afpired to the im- 
 perial throne, and to gain his end murdered 
 Drufus, the lbn of the emperor, after which 
 he declared his intention of marrying Livia, 
 the widow of Drufus, but this was oppofed by 
 Tiberius. The emperor at length perceiv- 
 ing the real views of his favourite caufed 
 him to be accul'ed before the fenate, on which 
 he was deferted by his friends and fent to pri- 
 fon, where he was ftrangled A. D. 31. His 
 body, after being dragged about the ftreets, 
 was thrown into the Tiber. — Tacitus. 
 
 Selden (John), a learned writer, -was 
 born at Salvington, in Suflex, in 1584. 
 From Chichefter fchool he removed to Hart 
 hall, and from thence to the Inner Temple, 
 where he was called to the bar, and became 
 dillinguifhed as a profound lawyer and anti- 
 quary. He drew up a Treatife on the Civil 
 Government of England before the Conqueft, 
 at the age of twenty-two, which gained him 
 great reputation. In 1614 he published his 
 Titles of Honour, and in 1618 his Hiftory of 
 Tythes, which gave great alarm to the clergy, 
 and was anfwered by feveral writers. Being 
 profecuted in the high commiilion court, he 
 fubferibed an acknowlegement of his fault. 
 In 1621 he was committed to cuftodv as the 
 principal promoter ot the proteft made by the 
 commons refpedting their privileges. In 
 1623 he was chofen member of parliament 
 for Lancaster, and in the following one he 
 fat for Great Bedwin, in Wi Inline. He af- 
 terwards fat again for Lancafter, and was a 
 ftrenuous oppofer of the duke of Bucking- 
 ham, and had alfo a principal ihare in draw- 
 ing up the petition of right. For his oppo- 
 sition to the court he was fent to the Tower 
 in 1628, from whence he was removed to the 
 king’s bench, and in 1631 admitted to bail. 
 Xu 1636 he published his Defence of the 
 
 King’s Dominion over the Britifli Seas, in an- 
 fwer to Grotius. In 1642 he was offered 
 the great feal, which- he refufed. Though 
 he took the covenant, and was appointed 
 keeper of the records, as alfo a member of 
 the aflembly of divines, he refufed to writs 
 in defence of the parliament. He died' in 
 1654, and was butied in the Tcmple-church. 
 His works were publiihed in 6 vols. folio* 
 1726. — bjkg. Brit. 
 
 Sei.eucus Nicanor, king of Syria, was 
 one of the generals of Alexander the Great, 
 after whole death he feized upon Babylon, 
 but was expelled by Antigonus, on which ha 
 fled to Ptolemy, with whofe afTiftance he 
 formed an army and defeated Antigonus, 
 who was fiain B C. 301. Seleucus began 
 the Syrian race of kings called Sclcucidcs^ bus 
 was aflaffirtated by Ptolemy Ceraunus, B.C. 
 280 
 
 Selim I. emperor of the Turks, was the 
 fecond Ion of Bajazet II. whom he dethroned 
 and murdered, as he did his two brothers in 
 1512. Having fecured the throne by thefe 
 crimes, he turned his arms with l'uccefs 
 againft Egypt and Perfia. The former 
 country he completely conquered, and put an 
 end to the dominion of the Mamelukes, 
 which had lafted above 260 years. He died 
 in 1520. — Univ. Hiji. 
 
 Selim il. grandfon of the above, fuceeed- 
 ed his father Solvman II. in 1566. In 1570 
 he broke the treaty which his father had 
 made with the Venetians, and took the ifland 
 of Cyprus, but the year following he loft the 
 battle of Lepanto, which obliged him to fue 
 for peace. He died in 1574 — 1 bid. 
 
 Selis (Nicolas Jofeph), a French poet, 
 was born at Paris in 1737. He became pro- 
 feffor of the belles-lettres in the . central 
 fchool of the Pantheon, and a member of the 
 national inftitute. He died in 1802. His 
 works are, a Tranflation of Perfiua, with 
 notes, 8vo.; Relation of the Diforder, Con- 
 fefiion, and Death, of M. de Voltaire; 
 Epiftles in Vevl’e ; Letter to la Harpe on the 
 College of France; Difcourfe on Central 
 Schools, Scc.—Nowv. Did. Hft. 
 
 Selkirk (Alexander), an adventurer, 
 was born at Largo in Scotland abopt 1680. 
 He was a good navigator, and made feveral 
 voyages to the South Sea, in one of which, 
 having a quarrel with his commander, he 
 was put afhore on the ifland of Juan Fernan- 
 dez, with a few neceflaries, a fowling piece, 
 gunpowder, and fliot. Here he lived alone 
 near three years, and was then taken off by 
 captain Woods Rogers. During the time of 
 his remaining on the ifland he had nearly 
 forgotten his native language. De Foe is 
 fuppofed to have worked up his narrative into 
 the romance ofRobinfon Crufoe. — Dampier's 
 Voyages. P.ogei s's ditto. 
 
 Si ller (Abednego), a divine of the 
 church of England, was born at Plymouth in 
 1647, and educated at Lincoln college, Ox- 
 ford, which he left without taking a degree. 
 After entering into orders he became reefer 
 
SEN 
 
 tf Combeintfne head, in his native county, 
 and afterwards had a living in London, but 
 was deprived at the revolution for not taking 
 the oaths He died about 1720 His woiks 
 ire, 1. Remarks relating to the State of the 
 Church in the three firft Centuries, 8vo. ; 
 £. The Devout Communicant, frequently re- 
 printed under the title of the Week’s Pre- 
 paration for the Sacrament, 12 mo ; 3. 
 
 T rafts againft: Popery — IVood 
 
 Sellius (Godfrey), a native ofDantzic, 
 who was a member of the royal fociety of 
 London. He relided chiefly in France, and 
 died at Charenton in 1707. His works are 
 ptincipally tranflations, as a Voyage to Hud- 
 fon’s Bay ; the Natural Hiftory of Ireland ; 
 Hiftery or the United Provinces; Hiftory of 
 the Antient Revolutions ot the Globe, &c. 
 — Nou-v . Dia. Hifi. 
 
 Semiramis, queen of Afl'yria, was the 
 wife of Ninus, on whofe death ihe affumed 
 the government during the minority of her 
 fon Ninias She built the famous city of 
 Babylon, which ftie adorned with works of 
 great magnificence. She alio diftinguifhed 
 herfelf as a warrior, and marched with a large 
 army towards India, but was defeated and 
 Compelled to retreat with a prodigious lofs. 
 B.C. 2108 flie relinquifhed the throne to her 
 fon, and died foon after. — Baylt. 
 
 Sinac (John), a French phyfician, who 
 died at Paris in 1770. He was firft phyfician 
 to the king, and fuperintendant general of 
 the mineral waters of the kingdom. His 
 principal works are, a Tranflation of Heif- 
 ter’s Anatomy, with Phyfical Eflbys on the 
 Ufeof the Parts of the Human Body, 3 vols. 
 Jfnio. ; Treatife on the Plague, -Ito. ; On 
 the Strufture of the Heart, 2 vols. quarto; 
 de recondifa Febrium n.ituia et curatione, 
 8vo. ; Refleftiors on drowned Peil'ons, &c. 
 —Noh<t'. Via. Ilf. 
 
 Sen ault (John Francis), a Roman Ca- 
 tholic divine, was born at Antwerp in 1599, 
 and died at Paris in 1672. He was a mem- 
 ber of the congregation of the oratory, and a 
 celebrated preacher. He wrote a Tieatife 
 on the life oi the PafTions , which has been 
 tranflated into F rglifh ; a Purapbrafe on job, 
 8vo, ; the Chriftian Man, and the Criminal 
 Man, 4 to. ; the Duties of a Sovereign, 
 12nict ; Lives of Religious Perfons ; and Ser- 
 mons.— Mot eri. 
 
 Seneca (Lucius Annteus), a celebrated 
 orator, was born at Corduba in Spain. He 
 fettled at Rome, where he was greatly dif- 
 tinguiihed as a pleader II is declamations are 
 printed with the works of his Ion. — Quin- 
 tilian. 
 
 Seneca (Lucius Ann&’us), a philofopher, 
 fon of the preceding, was born at Cordula, 
 A.D. 8. lie received a liberal education at 
 Rome, where he applied hirofelf to elocu- 
 tion, and displayed great abilities as an orator, 
 but being afraid or exciting the jealoufy of 
 Caligula, who afpiied to the glory of elo- 
 quence, he relinquifhed that profeffion and 
 obtained the oihett of qusltor. But a 
 
 Sen 
 
 charge being brought againft him of having 
 an amour with Julia Livilla, h £ was banifh- 
 ed to Corlica, where he wrote his Epiftles, 
 and Books of Confolation. After an exile of 
 fome years he was recalled by Agrippina, 
 wife of the emperor Claudius, and appointed 
 tutor to her fon Nero. This office Seneca 
 difeharged with great honour, and was boun- 
 tifully rewarded; but when his pupil came 
 to the throne, Seneca, who knew his difpo- 
 fition, folicited him to accept of the villas 
 and riches which he had received for his at- 
 ter dance on him, and that he might retire to 
 a life of ftudy and folitude. This the em- 
 peror refufed, but foon found an opportunity 
 of deftroying his preceptor. When the con- 
 lpiracy of Pifo was difeovered, the name of 
 Seneca was implicated, and orders were lent 
 to him to put an end to himfelf. The phi— 
 lolbpher, without expreffing any concern, 
 took poifon, which had no eft'eft ; he then 
 had his veins opened, but the blood flowed fo 
 flowly, that he was removed into a hot bath, 
 and from thence to a ftove, where he was 
 fuffocated A.D 6.5. His wife, Paulina, re- 
 viving to die with him, had alfo her vein* 
 opened ; but Nero being fearful that this 
 would excite a general indignation againft 
 him, commanded that the blood fhoulci be 
 flopped and her life preferved. The moral 
 treadles of Seneca are excellent, and have 
 induerd many to believe that lie was fecretly 
 a Chriftian. Some attribute the tragedies 
 which pals under his name to the father.- 
 The beft edition of this writer is that of 
 Gronovius, at Amfterdam, 1672, 3 vols.— 
 Tiidtus 
 
 Sekecai, or Sen ece (Antony Bauderors 
 de), a French poet, was born at Macon in 
 1613. He was valet- de-chambre to Maria 
 Tnerefa, wife of Louis XIV. and on her 
 death was taken into the fervxe of the du- 
 chefs of Angoulcme. He died in 1737. 
 His works are, epigrams, novels in verfe, 
 fatire.s, and fugitive poems, which pofieis 
 merit — Moreri. 
 
 Sennacherib, king of Syria, fucceeded 
 his father Salmanafar, B.C. 714. Hezekiah, 
 king of Judah, having refufed to pay him 
 tribute, lie entered that country, where be 
 took feveral fortrc.fies, and laid liege to Je- 
 rulalem. But his army being fmitten with 
 a peftilence in the night, lie was obliged to 
 return to his own country, where he was 
 flain m the temple by his two Tons, B.C. 710. 
 —Bible. 
 
 Sennertus (Daniel), a phyfician, was 
 born at Breflaw in 1572. He was at firft a 
 fh> emaker, but having a great turn for me- 
 dical ftudics, he applied with fuch diligence 
 as to become proleflbr of phylic at Wirtem- 
 berg. He applied chemiftry to praftice, and 
 by decrying the antients procured enemies 
 among his brethren. He died in 1637. His 
 works were printed at Venice in 1640, in 3 
 vols. folio, and at Lyons Ln 1676, in 6 vols. 
 folio. His fon, sUndrc'iu Sennertus, became 
 frofftfor of the Oriental languages qt Wia» 
 
SER 
 
 tcVnberg, where he riled in 1689, aged 84. 
 He wrote treatifes on the Hebrewjanguage. 
 —Moreri. 
 
 Sepulveda (John de), a Spanilh writer, 
 Was born at Cordova in 1491. He became 
 chaplain and hiftoriographer to Charles V. 
 and wrote “ A Vindication of the Cruelties 
 of the Spaniards in America,” againft Las 
 Cafas ; and other works. He died in 1572. 
 —Nisb. Antonio tie Scrip. Hip. 
 
 Serapion (John), an Arabian phyfician, 
 who flourifhed about A..D. 890. His works 
 were printed at Venice, in folio, 1497. He 
 is not to be confounded with Serapion of 
 Alexandria, a medical author, who lived in 
 the fifth century. — Friend. 
 
 Serenus Sammokicus, a phyfician in 
 the third century, who was preceptor to 
 Gordian the younger. A Latin poem on me- 
 dicine by him, is in Maittair’s “ Corpus Poe- 
 tarum.” He was put to death by Caracalla. 
 There was another Serenus, a mathema- 
 tician, who wrote a Treatife on Conic Sec- 
 tions, publilhed by Halley. — Morcri. Hof- 
 Jtus. 
 
 Sergardi (Louis), a Roman prelate, 
 famous for his fatyrical works, was born at 
 Sienna in 1640. His fatires were publilhed 
 in elegant Latin under the title of Quinti fec- 
 tani Satyrat, and met with uncommon fuccefs. 
 He wrote, however, with too great afperity 
 againft Gravina. He died in 1726. — Tira- 
 iefebi. 
 
 Sergius, patriarch of Conftantinople in 
 islO, was a native of Syria, and the chief of 
 the feet of Monothelitcs, the principle of 
 which was, that there are only one will, and 
 one operation in Clirift. This herefy was 
 condemned in the council of Conftantinople. 
 Sergius died in 639. — Dupin. Came. 
 
 Seri.io (Sebaftian), a celebrated archi- 
 tect ol Bologna, in the 16th century. Francis 
 I. invited him to France, where he improved 
 and ornamented the royal palaces, particular- 
 ly Fontainbleau. He died about 1552. He 
 wrote a Treatife on Architecture, printed at 
 Venice in 1584, 4to. — Felibien. 
 
 SERRESorSERRANus (John de), a French 
 proteftant divine, who elcaped with difficulty 
 from the maflacre of St. Bartholomew, and 
 became minifter at Nifmes in 1582. He 
 was in the confidence of Henry IV. who 
 employed him in feveral affairs. He wrote 
 a treatife, entitled De Fide Catholica, the 
 objefl of which was to reconcile Catholics 
 and Protefcants, and the confequence was 
 that the author was dilliked by both. He 
 died in 1598. His other works are, an Edi- 
 tion of Plato in Greek and Latin, 3 vols. to- 
 lio ; Treatife on the Inynortajity of the 
 Soul, 8vo. ; Catalogue of the Hiftory of 
 France, 2 vols. folio j De Statu Religionis 
 et Reip. in Francia ; Memoirs of the Third 
 Civil War, 3 vols. 8vo. ; Hiftory of five 
 Kings ot France, &o. — Moreri. 
 
 Serres (Oliver de), a French agric.ultu- 
 rift, was born in 1539, near Viviers. Henry 
 XV . who delighted in his conversation, eni- 
 
 S E R 
 
 ployed him in the improvement of his plan- 
 tations. He died in 1619- He was the fir ft 
 who introduced the culture ot the white 
 mulberry tree into France, on which he wrote 
 a treatife, reprinted in 1785. His Theatre 
 of Agriculture, printed in 4to. is an efteem- 
 rtl book. — Moreri. Haller's Hibl. Botan. 
 
 Sertorjus (Quintus), a Roman general, 
 was born at Nurlia. He made his firft cam- 
 paign under Marius, againft theCimbn, but 
 loft his eye in the firft battle. He after- 
 wards accompanied Marius, and Cinna when 
 they entered Rome, and flew their enemies. 
 On being profcribed by Sylla, he fled to Spain, 
 where he put himfelf at the head of the other 
 exiles, and was regarded as a prince in that 
 country, which he governed with great wif- 
 dom and moderation. He repulfed teveral 
 armies that were fent againft him, but being 
 defeated by Pompey and Metellus, he was 
 aflaflinated by one of his officers, B.C. 73 — 
 Limy. 
 
 Servandoni (John Nicolas), an archi- 
 tect and painter, was born at Florence in 
 1695. He refided the greateft part of his 
 lire at Paris, where he had the management 
 of the feenery belonging to the theatre. In 
 1749 he came to London to defign the edi- 
 fice on Tower-hill, erected for the difplay 
 of fireworks to celebrate the peace of Aix-la- 
 Chapelle. His “ Defcent of AEneas into 
 Hell” is his belt performance as a painter, 
 and the portal of St. Sulpice at Paris is his 
 mafter-piece in architecture. He died in 
 1766. — Nouno, Did. HJi. 
 
 Servetus (Michael), a phyfician, was 
 horn in 1509 at Villaneuva, where his fa- 
 ther was a notary. He was brought up an 
 advocate at Touloufe, but afterwards ftudied 
 phyfic at Paris, where he took his doctor’s 
 degree. Having embraced the Arian doc- 
 trine he held a correfpondence with Calvin 
 on the fubjeCt, and many letters palled be- 
 tween them which only irritated them 
 againft each other. Servetus, who was fet- 
 tled at Vienne, in Dauphiny, publilhed a 
 book in favour of his notions entitled, Chrif- 
 tianifmi reftitutio, but he avoided putting his 
 name to it. The author, however, was dif- 
 covered by Calvin, who gave information of 
 it to the magiftrales of Vienne, by whom 
 Servetus was banilhed, and his effigy and 
 book burnt at the gallows . He then formed 
 the defign of going to Naples to practice as a 
 phyfician, but imprudently palling through 
 Geneva, in difguife, he was dilcovered by 
 Calvin, by whofe means he was apprehended, 
 and having refufed to recant his opinions was 
 burnt alive in 1553. He wrote feveral books 
 on the trinity, a tranflation of Ptolemy’s 
 Geography, and fome medical treatifes. In 
 one of them he fays, “ that the mafs of blood 
 pafies through the lungs by means of the 
 pulmonic veins and arteries,” from which 
 general aflertion fome writers have afcAoed 
 to him the dilcovery of the circulation of the 
 hXooA.—AIoJheim. Mareri. 
 
 Ssrvius (Hoooratus Maurus), a Latin 
 
S E V 
 
 grammarian of the fourth century, who left 
 learned commentaries upon Virgil, printed 
 by Stephens in 1532.— Vojfius. 
 
 Servius Tullius, king of the Ro- 
 mans, was the fon of a female Have. He 
 married the daughter of Tarquin the elder, 
 whom he fuceeded B.C. 577. He diftin- 
 gui/hed himfelf as a warrior and legiflator, 
 introduced the diftindtion of ranks among the 
 citizens, and afcertuined the population ot 
 Rome, to amount to 84,000. Fie was mur- 
 dered by his fon-in-law, Tarquin the fuperb, 
 B.C. 534. — Livy. 
 
 Sesto (Cselare de), a painter of Milan, 
 was the heft of the difciples of Leonardo de 
 Vinci, and died at the beginning of the fix- 
 teenth century. His pictures are diflinguilh- 
 ed by tbe fpirit of the compofijion, and the 
 grace of the figures. — De Files. 
 
 Sesostris, king of Egypt, who lived 
 fome ages before the fiege ot Troy. His fa- 
 ther caufed all the children who were born 
 on the fame day with him to be liberally 
 educated, that they might become his com- 
 panions, by which means Sefoftris obtained 
 a number of faithlul warriors and able mi- 
 nifters. He extend.ed"his conquefts through 
 various countries, and this infcription was 
 found in many places after his death— Sefof- 
 tris, tbe king of kings, has conquered this territory 
 by bis arms. He greatly enriched his coun- 
 try, and cultivated the fcicnces. At a very 
 advanced age, and having loft his fight, he 
 put an end to himfelf.— XJnvo. Hijl. 
 
 Sessa, an Indian philofopher or mathe- 
 matician, and the inventor of the game of 
 chefs, which he communicated to his king, 
 Scheram, who was fo pleafed with it that he 
 ordered him to demand what he pleafed for 
 a reward. Sella alked only for a fingle grain 
 of wheat to be laid on the firft fquare, two 
 for the fecond, and fo on in progreftion 
 through the fixty-four fquares. The king 
 offended that he Ihould demand fo mean a 
 gift, dire&ed that he Ihould have juft what 
 he alked and no more. But before a quarter 
 of the number were gone through it was 
 found that all the granaries in the kingdom 
 would not fupply the demand. Scheram 
 aftonilhed at Sefl'a’s ingenuity, crowned him 
 with honours. He lived about the eleventh 
 century. — Noun). DiEl. Hijl. 
 
 Settle (Elkanah), an Englifli poet, was 
 born at Dunftable, in Bedfordlhirc, in 1648, 
 and educated at Trinity college, Oxford. He 
 wrote the tragedies of Cambyfes King of 
 Perfia, the Emprefs of Morocco, Fatal I.ove, 
 See. alfo poems, particularly the Medal Rc- 
 verfed, and Azariah andHufhai, both againft 
 Dryden, and with fuch fuccefs, fays Dr. John- 
 fon, that he left the palm doubtful, and divided 
 the fuffrages of .the nation. Settle was like- 
 wife the author of political. pamphlets in fa- 
 vour of the whigs. He died in the Charter- 
 houfe in 1724 .-mjokrfin'i Puts. Biog. 
 Dram. 
 
 Severus (Lucius Septimus), a Roman 
 emperor, was born in Africa, of a noble fa- 
 
 S E V 
 
 rhily. Fie palled through various offices 0? 
 the ftate, and was diftinguilhed lor his am- 
 bition, aftivity, and avarice. After the 
 murder of Pertinax he caufed himfelf to be 
 proclaimed emperor on the borders of Illyri- 
 cum, and took a9 his aflociate Albimis, who 
 commanded the army in Britain. His recep- 
 tion at Rome was gratifying to his vanity, 
 but he was oppofed by Pefcennius Niger, 
 who had a numerous army in the Eaft. 
 Many battles were fought between them, but 
 at length Niger was deftroyed and his head 
 fent to Severus, who behaved cruelly to all 
 the partifans of his unfortunate rival. Elated 
 with this fuccefs he pillaged Byzantium, and 
 attempted to put away Albinus by affaflina- 
 tion, but being foiled he had recourfe to arms. 
 Albinus was defeated and (lain in Gaul, and 
 bis family and adherents lhared his fate. Se- 
 verus, on his return to Rome, put to death 
 the wealthieft citizens that he might pofl'cfs 
 himfelf of their property. Tired ot an in- 
 adbive life he marched into the Eaft, where 
 he made numerous conquefts. The revolt 
 of Britain recalled him from Alia ; and hav- 
 ing reduced the ifTand he built a wall acrofs 
 the northern part to defend the Roman pof- 
 feftions from the invafions of the Caledo- 
 nians. While in Britain an attempt was 
 made upon his life by his fon Caracalla, but 
 it tailed ; and Severus calling him info his 
 prefence prefented to him his fword, laying, 
 “ If you are ambitious of reigning murder me 
 infecret, but let not the world be witnefies 
 of your gilt.” This remonftrance checked 
 Caracalla, who withdrew in filence. Seve- 
 rus, worn out with a complication of difor- 
 ders, died at York AD. 211. There were 
 two others of this name who affumed the imr 
 perial title, both of whom were put to death ; 
 the firft by Maximian in 307, and the laft 
 in 461.— Crevier. 
 
 Severus (Caffius), an orator, who was 
 banilhed into Crete by Auguftus for his. fa- 
 tyrical language. Fie was diftinguilhed for 
 his eloquence, but it was more zealous than 
 prudent. His declamations were ordered to 
 be deftroyed by the fenate. — Quintilian. 
 
 Severus (Sulpitius), an ecclefiaftieal 
 hiftorian, and furnamed the Chriftian Salluft, 
 who died A.D, 420. The beft of his works 
 is his Hiftona Sacra, which is very elegant, 
 and extends from the creation to A.D. 400. 
 The beft edition is that of Padua, 1741, two 
 vols. 4to. — Dupin . 
 
 Severus (Lucius Cornelius), a Latin poet 
 in the reign of Auguftus. His poems were 
 printed at Amftcrdam in 12mo. 1715. — Hof- 
 fius de Poet. Lat. 
 
 Severus, a heretic of the fecond century, 
 who maintained, that there are two oppofite 
 principles, the one good and the other evil, 
 by which man was originally made, and by 
 which he .continues to be governed. — Plu- 
 quet D 'iFt. des Herejies. 
 
 Sevigne (Marie de Rabutio, marchioncfs 
 de), an ingenious French lady, was the 
 daughter of the baron de Chantal, and boil* 
 
S E W 
 
 in 1626. She efpoufed at the age of eigh- 
 teen, the marquis de Sevigne, who fell in a 
 duel in 1651, leaving her with one ion and a 
 daughter, to whofe education flie paid ftridt 
 attention. The daughter married in 1669 
 the count de Grignan, commandant in Pro- 
 vence, and it was on a vilit to her that the 
 marchionefs caught a fever, of which fhe died 
 in 1696. Her letters are models of the epif- 
 tolary ftyle, being elegant, familiar, and ani- 
 mated. They have been publiihed often in 
 8 vols. and in 10 vols. 12mo. In 1756 ap- 
 peared a work entitled, Scvlgniana, or a Col- 
 ledlion of Thoughts, Anecdotes, &c. ex- 
 trafted from theft' letters. Her fon Charles, 
 marquis de Sevigne, was one of the admirers 
 of Ninon de l’Enclos, and had a difpute with 
 madame Dacier rel’pedling the fenfe of a pal- 
 iage in Horace. He died in 1713.. — Moreri. 
 
 Sevin (Francis), a member of the aca 
 demy of the belles-lettres, and keeper of the 
 manuferipts in the library of the king of 
 France. He undert.iok, by order of Louis 
 XV. a voyage to Conftantinople with the 
 abbe Fourmont in fcarch of manuferipts, of 
 which they procured about 600. Sevin 
 wrote an account of his travels in Letters, 
 which have been publifhed in one vol. 8vo. 
 He alfo wrote a Difl't nation on Mcnes the 
 firft king of Egypt, and feveral other curious 
 Difcourfcs. He died in 1741.— Nowv. Dili. 
 Jiift. 
 
 Seward (Thomas), an Engliih divine, 
 was born in 1708. He became redtor of 
 Ityam, in Derbyfhire, and prebendary of 
 Litchfield, where he died in 1790. Mr. 
 Seward was father of Mifs Seward, fo well 
 known by her poetical pieces. He publiihed 
 an edition of Beaumont and Fletcher’s dra- 
 matic w orks, and was the author of a Trea- 
 tife on the Conformity between Popery and 
 Paganifm. Some of his poems are in Dodf- 
 ley’s collection. — Gen. Biog. DiEl. 
 
 Seward (William), an ingenious gentle- 
 man, was the fon of a brewer in London, and 
 horn in 1747. He received his education 
 firft at the Charter-houfe and afterwards at 
 Oxford which he left without taking a de- 
 gree. Having a good fortune he devoted 
 his life to literary eafe, and was admitted a fel- 
 low of the royal and antiquarian focieties. 
 Fie publiihed five volumes of Anecdotes of 
 diltinguiihed perlons, extracted from curious 
 old books ; to which he afterwards added a 
 fupplement under the title of Biographiana, 
 in 2 vols. Mr. Seward died in 1799. — 
 Bur op. Mag. 
 
 Sewell (William), the author of the 
 Hiltory of Quakers, in one vol. folio, and of 
 a Dictionary, Dutch and Engliih, 1 vol. 4to. 
 He was born at Amfterdam of Englifh pa- 
 rents, and praCtifed as a furgeon in that city. 
 He died in 1720. — Gen. Biag. DiEl. 
 
 Sewell (George), an Engliih poet and 
 phyfician, was born at Windlor, and edu- 
 cated firlt at Eton and next at Peter houfe, 
 Cambridge. He wrote the Tragedy of Sir 
 Walter Raleigh, adted, at theatre in Liu* 
 
 S E Y 
 
 coln’s-Inn- Fields ; a Vindication of the En- 
 gliih Stage; the Life of John Philips ; and 
 fome Poems. Fie died at Hampftead in 1726. 
 —Bkg. Dram. 
 
 SExfus-F.MPYnicusa philofopher of the 
 Pyrrhonian fedt, and a phyfician of that of 
 the empyiics, or thofe who guided their 
 pradlice wholly upon experience. Ffe is faid 
 to have been one of the preceptors of Anto- 
 ninus the philosopher. We have of his three 
 books called Pyrrhonian inftitutions ; and a 
 large work againft Mathematicians. The 
 belt edition of this author is that of Fabri- 
 cius, Greek and Latin, folio, Leipfic, 1718. 
 —V iffius de Phi/ojoph. 
 
 Sext os, a ftoic philofopher, was a native 
 of Cheronea, and the nephew of Plutarch. 
 He was of the ftoic fedt, and preceptor to 
 the emperors Lucius Verus, and Marcus 
 Aurelins. — Ibid. 
 
 Seymour (Edward), brother of lady Jane 
 Seymour, wife of Henry VIII., ai d uncle 
 of Edward VI., was created vifeount Beau- 
 champ and duke of Somerfet On the ac- 
 cctfion of his nephew to the throne Seymmr 
 became his guardian, and proteftor of the 
 kingdom. He had a brother Thomas Seymour, 
 admiral of England, whom the proteftor 
 brought to the fcafrold, on a pretended charge 
 of t; eafon in 1549, but he was himfelf accufed 
 of abufing his h jgh truft by the earl of War- 
 wick and other courtiers, and was beheaded 
 in 1552. — Rapin. Hume. 
 
 Seymour (Anne, Margaret, and Jane), 
 daughters of the duke ot Somerfet, were 
 diftinguilhed for their poetical talents. They 
 compoled Latin diftichs on the death of Mar- 
 garet de Valois, queen of France, which 
 were tranflated into French, Greek, and Ita- 
 lian, and printed at Paris in 1551. Anne , 
 the eldeft of thefe ladies, married firft the 
 earl of Warwick, and afterwards fir Edward 
 Hunton. The other two lied Angle. Jane 
 was maid of honor to queen Elizabeth.— 
 Bayle. Ballard . 
 
 Seymour (Arabella), better known by 
 the name of the lady Arabella, was daugh- 
 ter of Charles Stuart, earl of Lepnox, 
 youngeft brother of Henry Darnley, huf- 
 band of Mary, queen of Scots. Her mother 
 was daughter of fir William Cavendilh of 
 Chatfworth, in Derbylhire. Her affinity 
 to the crown was the caufe of her misfor- 
 tunes. Several projeCls were formed for plac- 
 ing her on the Engliih throne, f> tlytlhe was 
 kept under confinement in the reigh'of queen 
 Elizabeth. At the beginning of that of James 
 fhe was lecretly married to William Seymour, 
 fecond fon to the earl of Hertford ; which 
 being difeovered they were lent to the 
 Tower, but after a confinement of a year they 
 eftedled their elcape. Seymour got on board 
 a vefi'el, but lady Arabella was taken and 
 conveyed back to the Tower, where Ihe died 
 four years afterwards in 1615. — Bullard. Ra~ 
 pin. 
 
 Sfondrati (Francis), a lenator of Mi- 
 lan, and, qounfelldf fef Rate the emperor 
 
 • as? 
 
S F O 
 
 Chari es V. On the death of h*s wife he 
 entered into orders, and was elevated to the 
 cardinallhip. He died in 1550, aged 56. A 
 poem of his on the Rape of Helen was 
 printed at Venice in 1559. His fon Nicolas 
 became pope by tne name ot Gregory XIV. 
 There was another cardinal of this name and 
 familv, who wrote feveral works againft the 
 liberties of the Gallican church. He died 
 in 1696. — Moren. 
 
 Sforza (James') ; furnamed the great, was 
 born at Cotignola in Romana, in 1369. 
 His father, according to fume accounts, was 
 a labourer, and to others a Ihoemaker. A 
 company of foldiers happening to pafs through 
 his village, young Sforza joined them, and 
 after palling through the inferior military 
 ranks became a general. He was a long time 
 in thcfervice of Joan, queen of Naples, who 
 made him confta’ole of the kingdom. Pope 
 John XXIII. appointed him gonfalonier of 
 the holy church, and created him count de (?o- 
 tignola, to which was added a large penfiom He 
 obliged Alphorifus, king of Arragon, to raife 
 the fiege of Naples, and he retook feveral im- 
 portant places which had revolted. But be- 
 ing too eager in purluing the flying enemy he 
 was drowned in the river Aterno, now Pef- 
 cara, in 1121. — Ibid. 
 
 Sforza (Francis), natural fon of the pre- 
 ceding was brought up to the proteflion of 
 arms under his father, and was with him at 
 the timeof his unfortunate end. He alter wards 
 commanded with glory againft the king ot 
 Arragon, and on the death ot Joan he at- 
 tached himfelf to the duke of Anjou, whom 
 flic had made her heir. The pope, the Ve- 
 netians, and Florentines, elefted him their 
 general againft the duke of Milan, whole 
 daughter lie married. On the duke’s death in 
 1147 the MiUnefe chol'e him for their gene- 
 ral againft the Venetians, but after fome ac- 
 tions be turned his arms againft themfelves, 
 befieged Milan and compelled the inhabitants 
 to elect him their duke. He alfo made him- 
 felf mafter of Genoa, and died in 1466 — lb. 
 
 Sforza (Catherine,) an heroine of the 
 lame family, was the natural daughter ot 
 Galeazzo Sforza, duke of Milan, who was 
 afiaffinated in 1476. She married Jerom 
 Ri ario, lord of Forli and of Imola, which was 
 her own dowry ; but fire was left a widow at 
 the age of twentv-two, with feveral chil- 
 dren. In 1500 Forli was befieged by the 
 duke of Valentinois, fon of Pope Alexander 
 VI. but the defended the fortrefs with the 
 greateft bravery, though the befiegers 
 threatened to put to death her children, who 
 were in their hands. At length the place was 
 taken, and Catherine fent prifoner to Rome, 
 tut fhe foon recovered her liberty, and was 
 married to John de Medicis, to whofe fa- 
 mily Hie rendered eminent fervices. — Ibid. 
 
 Sk'ORZA(Ifabelhi), an ingenious lady of 
 the fame family in the 16th century. Her 
 Letters, which are very ingenious, were 
 printed at Venice in 1512 by Hortenlio Lan* 
 uu.— Jinjle. Maeri. ‘ 
 
 S H A 
 
 SnADWEit. (Thomas), a dramatic poet, 
 was born in 1640, and bred at Cambridge. 
 When Dryden was removed from the offices 
 of laureat and hiftoriographer royal. Shadwell 
 was appointed his fucceflor, which expofed 
 him to the feverity of that poet’s fatire, who 
 ridiculed him under the appellation of Mac- 
 jlcckr.oe. Shadwell, however, was a man of 
 genius, and many of his dramatic pieces pof- 
 fe Is merit. He died in London in 1692. His 
 principal pieces are, F-plom Wells, 4 imon 
 the Mifanthvope, the Virtuolo, the Gen- 
 tleman of Allace, and the Lancafhire 
 Witches, comedies. Charles Shadwell, lup- 
 pofed to have been the fon or nephew of the 
 preceding, wrote fome plays, the beft of 
 which is entitled, the Fair Quaker or Deal. 
 He died in 1726. — Biog. Dram. 
 
 Shakspeare (William), father of the 
 Englifh drama, was born of a good family at 
 Stratford-upon-Avon in 1561. His father, 
 who was a confiderable dealer in wool, had 
 fo large a family that he could give him but 
 a fcanty education. He was indeed for fome 
 time at the grammar fchool at Stratford, 
 where he learnt the rudiments of the Latin 
 language, but was prevented from making 
 any further progrefs by being taken home to 
 follow his father’s buficefs. While he was 
 yet very young he married the daughter 
 one Hathaway, a fubftantial farmer in the 
 neighbourhood. In this kind of lettlement 
 he continued till, by an aft of folly and dif- 
 fipution, be was obliged to leave the country 
 and his family. He had, by a misfortune 
 common to young fellows, fallen into bad 
 company, and amongft them fome who were 
 in the praftice of deer- dealing. By them he 
 was prevailed upon, more than once, to en- 
 gage in robbing the park of fir Thomas Lucy, 
 of Charlecote, near Stratford. For this he 
 was profecuted by that gentleman, and out of 
 revenge he made a ballad upon fir Thomas, 
 which is faid to have been fo bitter that the 
 prolecution was redoubled, and he was 
 obliged to fhelter himfelf in London. Here 
 he formed an acquaintance with the players, 
 and was enrolled among them, as his name is 
 in the lift of performers prefixed to leveral 
 old plays, though what fort ofeharafters he 
 performed does not appear. Mr. Rowe ob- 
 ferves that he never could meet with any 
 further account of him as an aftor than that hi* 
 higheft part was the Ghofi in his own Ham- 
 let. We are equally ignorant which was the 
 firft play he wrote, though the dates of many 
 ot his pieces are eafily fixed by particular pal- 
 fages. Queen Elizabeth had feveral of his 
 plays afted before her, and without doubt 
 gave him many marks of her favour. She 
 was fo plealed with the charafter of FalftafF 
 in the two parts ot Henry IV. that (lie com- 
 manded him to exhibit him in love, on which 
 occafion Shakfpeare wrote his rich and admi- 
 rable comedy of the “ Merry Wives of 
 Windfor.” The earl of Southampton was 
 his particular friend, and hearing that he 
 Jrad an racliudtWil -° make a p archaic but. 
 
S H A 
 
 wanted the means, he generoufly fcnt him 
 one thoufand pounds. Shaklpeare was alio 
 very intimate with Ben Jonlon, who gi»’es 
 him a high character in his Dilcoveries. Al- 
 ter conducting the theatre many years with 
 great reputation, he retiied to his native 
 place, where his wit and good nature intro- 
 duced him to the acquaintance of the gentle- 
 men in the neighbourhood. Amonglt others 
 was one Mr. Combe, an old gentleman 
 noted for his wealth and ufury. In a con- 
 versation one day Mr. Combe told Shakfp care 
 that he fuppofed if he outlived him he would 
 write his epitaph, and fince he could nott e ll 
 what miglrt be laid of him he defired it might 
 he done immediately, on which our poet pro- 
 duced thefe lines : 
 
 Ten in the hundred lies here ingrav’d, 
 ’Tis a hundred to ten his foul is not fav’d ; 
 If any man afk, who lies in this tomb ? 
 Oh 1 oh ! quoth the devil, ’tis my John-a- 
 Combe. 
 
 But the fharpnels of the fatire fo (dung the 
 man that he never forgave it. 
 
 Shaklpeare died in 1616, and was buried 
 in the church of Stratford, where a monu- 
 ment is placed to his memory. On the grave- 
 ftone underneath is the following infeription: 
 Good friend, for Jel'us’ fake forbear 
 To dig the dull: inclofed here. 
 
 Eleft be the man that fpares thefe Hones, 
 And curft be he that moves my bones. 
 
 He had three daughters : two lived to be 
 married, Judith to Mr. Thomas Ouincy, 
 and Sufanna to Dr. Hall, a phyfician. 
 
 The beft editions of Shaklpeare are John- 
 fon and Stevens’s united in 15 vols. llvo., 
 and Reed’s in Id vols . — Life by Rowe. 
 
 Sharp (James), a Scutch prelate, who 
 foon after the reiteration was advanced to 
 the archbifhopric of St. Andrews, and had 
 the management of eccleliaftical affairs in 
 Scotland ; but his conduit gave fuch offence 
 to the bigoted covenanters and preibyterians 
 that he was dragged from his coach and 
 murdered by nine affafiins in 1679, after he 
 had fat in that fee feventeen years. — Gen. 
 Hi/i. Dili. 
 
 Sharp (Dr John), an Englilh prelate, 
 was born at Bradford, in Yorklhire, in 1644, 
 and admitted of Chrilt’s college, Cambridge, 
 in 1660. On entering into orders he be- 
 came chaplain to fir Heneage Finch, attor- 
 ney-general, by whofe recommendation he 
 obtained the archdeaconry of Berks, and in 
 1675 was inftalled prebendary of Norwich. 
 The fame year he was prefented to the. rec- 
 tory of St. Giles’s in the Fields, and in 1 681, 
 to the deanry of Norwich. In 1686 he was 
 lilenced for preaching againft popery, and 
 upon the biftiop of London’s refufal to fufpend 
 him he was himfelf fulpended. Soon after- 
 wards Dr. Sharp was reltorcd, and in 1689 
 was advanced to the deanry of Canterbury. 
 In 1691 he was made archhiftiop of York, 
 and in 1702 he preached the fermon at the 
 coronation of queen Anne. He died at Bath 
 in 1713. The archbilhop’s fermons, in 7 
 
 S H A 
 
 vols. 8vo , are excellent.— Le New's Lives 
 of the Arch ' ijhops, 8vo. 
 
 Sharp (Thomas), younger fon of the 
 above, was born in Yorklhire, and admitted 
 of Trinity college, Cambridge, about 1708, 
 aged 15. He obtained a fellowship in 1729, 
 and took his doctor's degree the lame year. 
 Aich biihop Dawes appointed him his chap- 
 lain, and in 1720 he was collated to the rec- 
 tory of Rothbury, in Northumberland. Fie 
 was afterwards preferred to a prebend in Dur- 
 ham cathedral, anti the archdeaconry of 
 Northumberland. He died in 17.)8. Dr. 
 Sharp wrote two Differtations concerning the 
 Etymology of the Hebrew Words Elohim and 
 Berith, 8vo. ; Difcourfes touching the Anti- 
 quity of the Hebrew Tongue and Character, 
 8vo. His lbn, Granville sharp, efq. is well 
 known by leveral excellent performances, 
 particularly by his Remarks on the Defini- 
 tive Article in the Greek Te (Lament, 12mu. 
 — Hut chin f orP s Hiflory of Durham. 
 
 Sharpe (Gregory), a learned divine, but 
 of a different family from the above, was 
 born in Yorklhire in 1713. He received 
 his education firft: at Weftminfter fchool and 
 afterwards at Aberdeen under the learned 
 Blackwell. On entering into orders he be- 
 came minifter of St. Margaret’s chapel, 
 Weftminfter, was afterwards appointed chap- 
 lain in ordinary to the king, and mailer of 
 the Temple. He was all'o a fellow of the 
 royal and antiquarian focietics, and died in 
 1771. Dr. Sharpe united to great learning a 
 tafte for the fine arts, and etched leveral 
 plates in the edition of Dr Hyde’s Syntagma. 
 His own works are, 1. Review of the Con- 
 troverfy about tile Meaning of Demoniacs in 
 the New Feftament, llvo 5 2. Defence of 
 Dr. S. Clarke againft Leibnitz, 8vo. ; o. Two 
 Differtations upon the Origin of Languages, 
 and on the Power of Letters, See. with a He- 
 brew Lexicon, 8vo. ; 4. Dift'ertation on the 
 Origin and Structure of the Latin Tongue, 
 8vo ; 5. Two Arguments in Defence of 
 Chriftianity $ 6. Tranflation of Flolberg’s 
 lntrodudtion to Univerfal Hitlory, Bvo. ; 7. 
 Sermons, Bvo. — Pref. to his Strm. 
 
 Sharrock (Robert), an Englifti divine, 
 was born at Aditock, in Buckinghamfhire, 
 educated firft at Wykeham’s fchool in Hamp- 
 Ihire, and admitted fellow of New college, 
 Oxford, where he took his doctor's degree in 
 civil law 1661. lie obtained the rectory of 
 Florewood, in Buckinghamfhire, and 0; I3i- 
 fhop’s Waltham, in llampfhire, to which 
 was added the archdeaconry of Winchester. 
 He died in 1684. Dr. Sharrock wrote, 1. 
 the Fliltory of the Propagating and Improve- 
 ment of Vegetables, 8vo. ; 2. Hypochefis de 
 Olhciis lecundum humanae rationis didtaca, 
 fue natura jus, unde cafus omnes Confiden- 
 tial, &c. Bvo. This book was againft Flobbes. 
 3. Judicia (feu Legum cenl'urae) de variis in- 
 continentia! fpeciehus, &e. Bvo. ; 4. De Fi- 
 nibus virtutis Chriftianae, or the Ends of the 
 Chnftian Religion juftified, 4to. — IVood. 
 
 Shaw (John), a divine of the church of 
 3K3 
 
S HA- 
 
 England, was Lorn in the county of Durham 
 and educated at Queen’s college, Oxford, 
 from whence he removed to Bral'enofe, and 
 in 1645 he obtained the redilory of Walton, 
 in Northumberland- After the re (to rat ion 
 he had the chapelry of St. John, in New- 
 cnftle, and was a member of the convocation. 
 Hedied in 1689 He wrote No Reformation 
 of the eftabliihed Religion, 8vo., and traCts 
 againft popery. — Ibid. 
 
 Shaw (Samuel), a non-conformift minjf- 
 ter, was born at Repton, in Derbyfhire, in 
 1635- He took his degrees in arts at St. 
 John’s college, Cambridge, and became mat- 
 ter of the grammar fchool at Tamworth, in 
 Warwickihire, from whence he removed to 
 Mofeley, and laftly to Long-Whatton, in 
 Lcicefterihire, but was ejeCted for non-con- 
 formity in 1 <36t2- In 1666 he became rri-if- 
 ter of tlie fchool at Alhby-de-la-Zouch, which 
 he raifed to cohiiderable reputation He died 
 in 1696. His works are, the Voice of one 
 Cry'rfig in the Wildernefs, 8vo. ; Immanuel, 
 >Wo.-;pLi tin Grammar; the true Chrif- 
 tian’s 'Tell, ot. Meditations ; Words made 
 Vifible, or Grammar and Rhetoric, a Co- 
 medy ; the different Humours of Men, a 
 Comedy. Thefe were added by his fcholars. 
 ■^-Catamy 
 
 Shaw (Thomas), an Engjifh divine and 
 celebrated traveller, was born (at Kendal, in 
 Weftmoreland, about 1692, ’and educated 
 firft at the grammar-fehool of his native 
 town, and next at Queen’s college, Oxford, 
 where he proceeded to his degrees in arts. On 
 taking orders he was appointed chaplain to 
 the factory at Algiers, and reiided there feme 
 years. In his abfence he was ele&ed fellow 
 of his college, and on his return to England 
 5n 1733 took his doctor’s degree. He pub- 
 lilhed his Travels in Barbary and the Levant, 
 jn one volume, folio, a: Oxford in 1733. It 
 is a work of univerfal efteem, and has been 
 feveral times printed. Dr Shaw was ap- 
 pointed principal ot Edmund Hall, Ox.ord, 
 in 1740, and died in 1751. — Gen. Hog. 
 Dili. 
 
 Shaw (Peter), an Englilh phyficiun of 
 confiderable merit, was a member of lhe col- 
 lege of phylicians in London and of the royal 
 fociety. He publiihed the Practice of Phytic, 
 2 vols. 8vo. ; a Courfe of Chemithy, 4to. ; 
 and an edition of Bacon’s works, five vols. 
 4to. He died in 1763. 
 
 Shaw (Cuthbert), a poet, was born at 
 Ravenfworth in Yorklhire, in 1739. He 
 received his education at Scorton fchool, 
 where he became other, and afterwards filled 
 the fame ftation in the grammar-fehool at 
 Darlington. While there he publiihed in 
 1756 a work, called, Liberty, 4to. He did not 
 remain long at Duilington, but removed to 
 London, and from thence to Bury, where he 
 entered into the Norwich company ot players. 
 He publiihed in 1760, under the name ot Sey- 
 mour, “ Odes on the four Seafons,” 4to. 
 In that year he joined Foote's troop at the 
 llaymarketj and performed SirGeorge Wcal- 
 
 SHE 
 
 tliy in the Minor. In 1761 he appeared at 
 Covent Garden, but without fuccels. In 
 1762 he attacked Meflrs. Lloyd, Churchill, 
 Colman, and Shir)ey, in a poem entitled, 
 “ The Four Farthing Candles.” In 1766 
 he publiihed “ The Race, a poem,” in which 
 he fatirized the ebief poets of that period. 
 About this time he wrote an account of the 
 Virtues ofa medicine called, The jBeaume de 
 Vie, ot which he was a proprietor. He foon 
 afterwards married, but loft his wife in 1768 ; 
 on which occafion he publiihed a Monody. 
 He died in urifcruble circumftancesin 1771.— 
 Eu op. Mug. ix. 
 
 Shaw (Stebbing), a divine and antiquary, 
 was born at Stowe, in Staffordlhire, in 1762, 
 and educated firft at Repton fchool and after- 
 wards at Queen’s college, Cambridge, where 
 he took his degrees in arts, and obtained a 
 fellowftrip. In 1787 he made a tour in the 
 Highlands of Scotland, of which he publiih- 
 ed an account but anonymoutly. The fol- 
 lowing year he made another tour in the 
 Weft ot England, of which he alfo printed 
 an account in one volume, octavo, thefe per- 
 formances are trifling. In 1789 he com- 
 menced, in conjunction with a friend, a pe- 
 riodical publication called, The Topogra- 
 pher, chic 1 y confifting of-extraCts-made from 
 curious books and manuferipts in the Britiih 
 mufeum. This work continued only two 
 years. He next undertook the History of 
 Staffordlhire, or which one volume in folio 
 was publiihed in 1798, and in 1801 the firft 
 part of the lecoml volume. In 1799 he fuc- 
 ceeded his father in the rectory of Hartf- 
 horn, in Deybylhire. He died in 1803 — 
 Gent. Mag 
 
 Shebheare (John), an Englilh phyfi- 
 cian, and political writer, was born at Bide- 
 ford, in Devonfiiire, in 1709, and educated 
 under Mr. Mudge, mailer of the grammar- 
 fehool in that town, after which he ferved 
 his time to an apo: hecary. He carried ®n 
 bufinefs for forme time at Bnltol, but about 
 1740 he removed to London Being attach- 
 ed to the Stuarts, he went to Paris, where he 
 took his doctor’s degree, and was admitted 
 member of the academy of fciences. On his 
 return to London he publiihed a fativical no- 
 vel, called, the Marriage ACt ; and another, 
 called, Lydia, or f ilial Piety. In 1759 he 
 was pilloried for writing the Seventh Letter 
 to the People of England; but in the luc- 
 ceeding reign he obtained a penfion. Pie 
 wrote lornc pamphlets on the fide of govern- 
 ment in the American war, and died in 1788. 
 His other works are, Letters or. the Englilh 
 Nation, under the name of Angeloni,2 vols. ; 
 Hiftory of the Sumatrans, 2 vols ; Chryfal, 
 or the adventures of a Guinea, 4 vols. ; and 
 a Practice of Phyfic, two vols. oCtavo.— 
 Europ. Mag. Hijt. B'deford. 
 
 Shef field (John), duke of Buckingham, 
 was born in 1645. He ferved in the fleet 
 during the Dutch war, and afterwards made 
 a campaign in France with Turenne. Charles 
 II. with whom he was a favourite, gave him 
 
$ HE 
 
 the command of the fleet which vvas fcnt agairift. 
 Tangier. The duke wrote Eflays on Poetry 
 and Satire; and i'everal poetical pieces pub- 
 lished in two vols. 4to. 1723. He was a 
 friend to the revolution, and died in 1721. — 
 Gen. Biog. Diet . Blog. Dram. 
 
 , Sheldon (Gilbert), an eminent prelate, 
 was born at Stanton, in Staft'ordfhire, in 
 1398, admitted of Trinity college, Oxford, 
 in L613, and ele&ed fellow of All Souls, in 
 1622. About this time he entered into or- 
 ders, and obtained a prebend of Gloucefler. 
 In 1635 he was elecled warden of his col- 
 lege, and appointed clerk of the' clofet to the 
 king, whom he attended in the Ifle of Wight, 
 and for his loyalty was deprived of the war- 
 denfhip, and imprifoned. At the reftoration 
 he was made dean of the chapel royal, and 
 biihop of London. On the death of archbi- 
 lhop Juxon h* was railed to the primacy, in 
 which fituation he conducted himfelf with 
 great zeal for the church, and expended 
 above 66,0001. in charitable ufes. But the 
 greateft of his works was building the theatre 
 at Oxford. He died in 1677, and lies in 
 Croydon church under a fine monument.— 
 Le Neve's Lives of Nips. 
 
 Shelly (George), a writing matter, was 
 born about 1666, and died in 17 o 6. His 
 performances were, the Penman’s Magazine ; 
 publithed in 1708, and Natural Writing, 
 in 1714. The firft was engraved by Nut- 
 ting, and the other by Bickham. Shelly 
 was alfo the compiler of a fmall volume of 
 moral fentences forfchools. He was writing- 
 matter of Chritl’s Hofpital.— Gen. Blog. 
 Diet. 
 
 Shenstone (William), an ingenious 
 poet, was born in 1714, at Hales-Owen, in 
 Shroplhire, and educated firft at the fchool 
 of Solihull, in Warwickthire, and next at 
 Pembroke college, Oxford, on leaving which 
 he retired to his paternal ettate at Hales- 
 Owen, which he greatly improved and orna- 
 mented. He died in 1763. His works, 
 ■which confift of fongs, elegies, paftorals, a 
 poem in Spenfer’s manner, entitled, the 
 School Miftrefs, letters, and mifcellaneous 
 eflays, were printed in 3 vols. 8vo by Dodf- 
 ley, and afterwards Mr. Hull publithed two 
 volumes of the epittolary correfpondence ot 
 
 5 h e n ttone . — Ibid. 
 
 Shepreve (John), an Engliih poet, was 
 born in Berkthire, and bred at Corpus Chrifti 
 college, Oxford, where he took his degrees 
 in arts, and became Hebrew profeffor about 
 1538. He had a furprizing memory, and 
 was one of the raoft learned men ot his time. 
 He died in 1542. His works are, Summa 
 
 6 Synopfis Novi Tett. diftichs ducentis fex- 
 aginta comprehenl'a, 8vo. ; Hippolytus Ovi- 
 dianre Phaedrae refpondens, See. His nephew, 
 William Shepreve, was a zealous catholic, 
 and went to Rome, where he died in 1598. 
 He wrote tome religious pieces. — Wood. 
 
 Sherard (William), or Sherwood , an 
 Engliih botanill, was born it Leicefterthire, 
 in 1659, and educated at merchant-taylors’ 
 
 SHE 
 
 fchool, from whence he removed to St. JohnV 
 college, Oxford, where he became fellow, 
 and took his degree of bachelor of law in 
 1677. He then went abroad with tome 
 young noblemen, and on his travels formed 
 an intimacy with Boerhuave, Tournefort, and 
 other eminent men. About 1702 he was 
 appointed conlul at Smyrna, and during his 
 refidence in the E.ift he collefted fpecimens 
 of all the plants of Natolia and Greece, and 
 mack obfervations on fubje&s or natural hif- 
 tory and antiquities. In 1718 he returned 
 to England, and was admitted to his degree 
 of clodtor of laws at Oxford. He afterwards 
 went again on the continent, and vifited the 
 Alps, where, as he was lying down, examin- 
 ing fome plants, he narrowly efcaped being 
 Ihot by a peafant, who miftook him tor a 
 wolf. On his return he brought over the 
 celebrated Dillenius, who refided with him 
 at his feat at Eltham, where he formed a 
 botanic garden. Dr. Sherard died in 1728, 
 and by his will gave 30001. to provide a fa- 
 lary for a profeffor of botany at Oxford. He 
 publithed Herman’s Paradifus Batavus, 4to. ; 
 and a work entitled, Schola Botanica, under 
 the name of Wharton, 12mo. He alfo com- 
 municated feveral papers in the Philofophi- 
 cal Tranfadfions. His brother, “James She- 
 rard, was originally an apothecary, and after- 
 wards a phyfician. He was alfo a good bo- 
 tanift, and died in 1741. — Pulteney's Sketches 
 of Botany. 
 
 Sherburne (Edward), an ingenious wri- 
 ter, was born in London in 1618, and edu- 
 cated under Farnaby, after which he went 
 abroad, but returned in 1641, and iucceeded 
 on his father’s death to the office of clerk of 
 the ordnance. He was ipnprifoned for fome 
 time by the parliament, and on recovering 
 his liberty joined the king, whom he ferved 
 with great bravery, by which he fuffered 
 confiderably in his eftate. After the battle 
 of Edgehill he went to Oxford, where he 
 was created mailer of arts. At the reftora- 
 tion he recovered his place, was knighted, 
 and made comniifi'ary-general of the artillery. 
 He died in 1702. He tranflated Seneca’s 
 tragedies, the Sphere of Marcus Manilius, 
 and other works, into Engliih, and wrote a 
 volume of poems .—Wood's Fafli. 
 
 Sherebatof (Prince), a learned Ruffian 
 nobleman, wffio publifhed feveral works in 
 his own language, the principal of which is 
 the Hiftory of Rulfia from the Earlieft 
 Times, which is well arranged, and faithful- 
 ly written. — Gen. Biog. Ditt. 
 
 Sheridan (Thomas), a divine and poet, 
 was born in the county of Cavan, in Ireland, 
 in 1684, and educated at Trinity college, 
 Dublin, where he proceeded to his dodlor’s 
 degree, and entered into orders. Fie kept a 
 relpeftable fchool in Dublin feveral years, 
 and afterwards was mafter of that at Cavan, 
 which he fold, as he alfo did a living pro- 
 cured for him by dean Swift, with whom he 
 was in habits of dole intimacy. He was an 
 improvident man, and died poor in 1738. 
 3 K. 4 
 
SHE 
 
 Several of his letters and fugitive pieces are 
 i;i Swift’s works. — Ibid. 
 
 Sheridan (Thomas), fon of the above, 
 ■was born at Quilca, in Ireland, in 17 21, and 
 educated at Weftminfter fchool, and next at 
 Trinity college, Dublin, where he took one 
 degree in arts. In 1713 he appeared on the 
 iiuge at Smock alley, in the clia'-adler of 
 Richard III. The year following he vilited 
 London, and performed at Covent-garden. 
 On his return to Ireland he became manager 
 of the Dublin theatre, hut fin account of fome 
 attempts to reform the abufes that had long 
 prevailed there, riots enfued, for which the 
 leaders were profecuted. In the end, his 
 theatre was ruined, and he entered on a new 
 career as .an itinerant lecturer on elocution, 
 and with fuch reputation as to receive the de- 
 gree of mailer of arts from the univerfities of 
 Dublin and Cambridge. In 1760 he engaged 
 atDiury lane, and loon after obtained a pen- 
 fton from the king. In 17 67 he exhibited 
 at the Hay market an entertainment of read- 
 ing, Tinging, a..d mufic, called an Attic 
 Evening He alio performed at the fame 
 theatre and a Govent-garden, but quitted 
 the profeflion of an actor in 1776. The 
 fame year lie fucceeded Garrick as manager 
 of Drury-lane theatre, which fituation he re- 
 fipned in 1 77 9. He now returned to his lite- 
 rary labours, and to reading occasional lec- 
 tures. He died at Margate in 1788. His 
 principal works are, 1. a Dictionary of the 
 Engliih Language, one main object of which 
 is co eftablifh a plain and permanent Standard 
 of pronunciation, 1 vol. 4to. and 2 vels, 
 8vo.; 2. Lectures on the Art of Reading, 
 8vo. ; 3. Britiih Education, or the Source of 
 the Diforders of Great Britain, 8vo. ; 4. a 
 Differtation on the Caufes of the Diiiiculties 
 which occur in Learning the Engliih 1 Tongue, 
 4to. j 5. a Courfe of Lcdluies on Elocution, 
 &c. 4to.; 6. Life of Swift, prefixed to his 
 works, 8vo ; 7. Elements ot Engliih, li’mo. 
 His wife, Frances, whole maiden name was 
 Chamberlaine, was a very ingenious woman, 
 and wrote Sidney Biddulph, a novel ; a moral 
 romance entitled, Nourjahad ; and the Dif- 
 covery, a comedy. She died at Blois in 1767. 
 — Europ . Mag. vol xiv. 
 
 Sherlock (Richard), a pious divine, was 
 born at Oxton, in Cheshire, and educated 
 firlt at Magdalen-hall, Oxford, and after- 
 wards at Trinity college, Dublin, where lie 
 took his degree or M.A. and entered into or- 
 ders. On the breaking out of the rebellion 
 he came to England, became chaplain in the 
 king’s army, and frequently preached before 
 the court at Oxiord, where he was created 
 bachelor or divinity. After the restoration 
 lie was prefented to the redtory of Winwick 
 m Lancafhire, and received his doctor’s de- 
 gree from Dublin. He died in 1689. His 
 principal works are, the Practical Chriftian, 
 8vo. , Coneffions, Meditations, and Prayers 
 for the Sacrament j on the Four Laft Things, 
 8vo ; Pieces againft the Quakers. — IVjod. 
 
 Sherlock (William), a learned divine, 
 
 SHE 
 
 was born in 1641, and educated at £lton» 
 from whence he removed to Peter- houfe, 
 Cambridge, where he took bis degrees in -arts, 
 and- entered into orders, after which he ob- 
 tained a living in London, and the mafter- 
 iinp of the Temple. He displayed great zeal 
 and abilities againft popery in the reign of 
 James II, but for fome time fsrupled taking 
 the oaths to king William. He at laft com- 
 plied, and publi/hed an apology for his con- 
 duit, which was feveiely animadverted on 
 by the nonjurors. He was preferred to the 
 deanry of St. Paul’s, and had- a long contro- 
 vevfy with Dr. South on the dodtrine of the 
 trinity. He died in 1707. He publiftied 
 leveral fermons, and two excellent practical 
 books on death and the laft judgment.— 
 Gen. Hiji. Did. 
 
 Sherlock (Thomas), fon of the above, 
 was born in London in 1678. He was edu- 
 cated at Catherine-hall, Cambridge, of which 
 lie was chofen fellow, and afterwards became 
 mafter. He took his degree of dodtor in di- 
 vinity, and fucceeded his father in the mafter- 
 ftiip of the Temple. In the controvcrfy ex- 
 cited by bifhop Hoadley on the conftitution 
 of the church, Dr. Sherlock bore a confpicu- 
 ous part, and attacked the bifhop in an able 
 pamphlet in vindication of the corporation 
 and teft adts. He alfo anfwered Collins in 
 fix excellent difeourfes on the ufe and in- 
 tent of prophecy, and wrote with equal 
 ftrmgth a defence of the miracle of Chrift’s 
 refurredtion, againft Woolfton, in a work en- 
 titled, the Trial of the WitnefTes. He was 
 f uccellively dean of Chicliefter, bifhop of 
 Bangor, Salifbury, and London. On the 
 death ot archbifhop Potter he was offered the 
 lee of Canterbury, which he declined. He 
 died in 1761. His Sermons, in four volumes 
 8vo. rank among the firft in the Engliih lan- 
 guage — Gen. Fog. Diet. 
 
 Sherringham (Robert), a learned di- 
 vine, was a fellow of Gonvil and Caius col- 
 lege, Cambridge, from whence lie was ejedt- 
 ed in the civil wars for his loyalty. He then 
 went to Holland, and at the reftoration was 
 reftored to his fellowfhip. He died in 1677. 
 His works aie, De Anglorum gentis origine 
 dilceptatio, 8vo. ; a Tranflation of a Hebrew 
 book called Joma, into Latin, with an Illuf- 
 tration, Ito. ■, tire King’s Supremacy Alfeit- 
 ed 5 and fome Sermons, 4to. — Wood. 
 
 Sh ekwin ( John Keyfe), an eminent ei> 
 gravev, was originally a ivood-cut’er in Suf- 
 lex. Being one day at Mr. Mitford's houfe, 
 the attention with which he obferved fome 
 of the family who were drawing, attradted 
 the notice of that gentleman, who afkcd him 
 if he could do any thing in that way ? Sher- 
 win anfwered he could not tell, but lie fhould 
 like to try. On this a portcrayon was put 
 into his hand, and he produced fuch a draw- 
 ing as aftonilhed all prefent, and the fociety 
 of arts, to whom it w-as prefented, voted him 
 the lilver medal. He was then placed under 
 Bartolozzi, and became his favourite pupil. 
 His engravings are in a ftyle of the firit ex- 
 
S I o 
 
 £ellence. The principal is one of Mofes in 
 the bulrufhes. He died in 1790. — Europ. 
 Mag. 
 
 Shipley (Jonathan), an Englifh prelate, 
 was born in 1714. and bred at Chrift church, 
 Oxford, where he wrote fome verfes on the 
 death of queen Caroline, and in 1738 took 
 his degree of M A. He foon afterwards en- 
 tered into orders, and obtained a living. In 
 1743 he was inftalled prebendary of YVin- 
 chefler, and in 1745 appointed chaplain to 
 the duke of Cumberland, whom he accom- 
 panied abroad. In 1749 he became canon 
 of Chrift church, and in 1760 dean of Win- 
 chefter. In 1769 he was advanced to the 
 fee of St. Afaph. He died in 1788. The 
 bifhop wrote fome poems, and pubiifned ier- 
 mons on public occafions. — Ibid 
 
 Shirley (fir Anthony ), an Englifh gen- 
 tleman, was born at Wifton, in Sufl'ex, in 
 1565, and educated at Oxford, where he be- 
 came fellow of All Souls college. Alter 
 fludying fome time in the inns of court lie 
 went to the Low Countries, under fir Philip 
 Sidney. In 1596 he made a voyage to Ame- 
 rica, and was afterwards with the earl of Ef- 
 fex in Ireland, where he was knighted. On 
 going abroad he was received at feveral 
 courts, particularly that of Spain, where he 
 was made admiral of the fleet, and a grandee. 
 James I. ordered him to return, but he re- 
 fufed, and died in Spain about 1610. He 
 wrote, a Voyage to America, in Hackluyt’s 
 Collections ; Account of Muley Hamet’s 
 Rifing in the Kingdom of Morocco, &e. 4to. ; 
 Hiftory of his Travels into Perfia, 4to. ; 
 Voyage over the Cafpian Sea and through. 
 Rullia, in Purchas’s Pilgrims ; Hiftory of 
 his AmbaflTages, fol. His brother, Robert 
 Shirley, fettled in Perfia, where he was in 
 fuch high efteem with the emperor that he 
 was fent by his ambaflador to Poland, and 
 afterwards to England. He alio gave him 
 his niece in marriage, and conferred on him 
 great honour and wealth. — Wood. 
 
 Shirley (Thomas), a phyflcian, was de- 
 fccnde'd of the above family, born in W'eft- 
 minfter, and bred at Magdalen college, Ox- 
 ford, but took liis doctor's degree in France. 
 He became phyiician to Charles II. and died 
 in 1678. He wrote a philofophical eflay, 
 declaring the probable caufes whence itones 
 are produced in the greater world, &c. 8vo. 
 —Ibid. 
 
 Shirley (James), a dramatic writer, 
 was born in London in 1594, and educated 
 at Merchant Taylors’ fchool, and next at St. 
 John’s college, Oxford ; but completed bis 
 degrees in arts at Cambridge, and entered 
 into orders. He afterwards turned Roman 
 Catholic, and became a fchoolmafter in Lon- 
 don. He and his wife both died the fame 
 day of a fright, occafloned by the fire of Lon- 
 don in 1666. He wrote thirty-nine plays, a 
 volume of poems, and fome fchuol-books. — 
 Ibid. 
 
 Shore (Jane), miffrefs of Edward IV. 
 was the wife of a goldtmith in Lombard- 
 
 S I B 
 
 ftreet, but the king being enamoured of her 
 charms, drew her from her hufband. On 
 the death of Edward fhe lived with lord Haft- 
 ings, who was beheaded by order of Richard, 
 duke of Gloucefter, and that mifcreant 
 caufed Jane Shore to be tried for witchcraft. 
 She was accordingly fentenced to do public 
 penance, and was robbed by the ufurper of 
 all her property. She died in the reign of 
 Henry VIII. in the extremity of poverty. 
 
 Shovel (fir Cloudefley), a brave Englifh 
 admiral, was born in 1650, of mean paren- 
 tage. He went early to lea, and from being 
 a cabin boy, rofe to the firft honours of his 
 profeflion. In 1674 he ferred in the Medi- 
 terranean, under fir John Narborough, and 
 did fuch l'ervice by burning the ihips in the 
 harbour of Tripoly, that he received a cap- 
 tain’s ccmmillion. For his gallant condudt 
 againft the French on the coaft of Ireland, 
 he was knighted by king William, and made 
 an admiral. He had a cpnfiderable fliare in 
 the victory of La Hogue, and in that off Ma- 
 laga in 1704. The year following he had 
 the command of the fleet in the Mediterra- 
 nean, and contributed to the taking of Bar- 
 celona. In 1707 he proceeded for England, 
 but in the night of Odtober ‘22, the admiral’s 
 fhip, called the Affociation, and feveral 
 others, ftruck upon the rocks ofScilly, and 
 were loft. The body of fir Cloudefley was 
 dilcovered and conveyed to Portfmouth, 
 from whence it was removed to London, and 
 buried in Weftminfter abbey, where a mo- 
 nument was eredted to his memory.— Camp- 
 bell's Admirals. 
 
 Shower (John), a nonconformift divine, 
 was born in London in 1660. In 1687 he 
 became paftor of a congregation in Jewin- 
 ftreet, and died at Hoxton in 1718. He 
 wrote Sacramental Sermons, and Refledtions 
 on Time and Eternity, two books of great 
 ufefulnels. — Gen. Biog. Dici. 
 
 Shuckford (Samuel), a learned Englifh 
 divine, was redtor of Shelton, in Norfolk, 
 canon of Canterbury, and chaplain to the 
 king. He wiote a Hiftory of the World, 
 Sacred and Profane, introductory to Pri- 
 deaux’s Connections, and died in 1754.— 
 Mortimer. 
 
 Shuts (Jofias), a pious divine, who was 
 archdeacon of Colchefter, and redtor of St. 
 Mary Woolnoth, London, where he was 
 greatly followed as an eloquent preacher. 
 He fuffered much in the civil wars, and died 
 in 1643. He wrote a folio volume of Ser- 
 mons on the 16th Chapter of Genefis.— 
 Granger. 
 
 Shuter (Edward), an Englifh comedian, 
 was the fon of a chairman in London, and 
 employed for fome time as a tapfter in a 
 pubiic-houfe, and marker to a billiard table. 
 Having a great turn for the ftage, and confi- 
 derable humour, he was engaged at Covent- 
 garden, where by his eminence in low co- 
 medy, he became a great favourite with the 
 public. He. died in 1776.— Gen. Biog. Dtcf. 
 
 Si b b a l d (fir Robert), a learned phyfi- 
 
S I Q 
 
 tianj was bom in Fifelliire in 1643, and edu- 
 cated at the univerfity of St. Andrew. He 
 proje&ed a royal college of phyficians at 
 Edinburgh, and forrneu the botanical garden. 
 He was the firft medical profeffor inftituted 
 in that univerlity, and was knighted' by- 
 Charles II. He died in 1720. His works 
 are, Scotia Illuftrata, folio. ; Mifccllaneu 
 qusedam erudite Antiquitatis, 1710; Hiftory 
 of the Sheriffdom of Fife and Kinrofs ; Pha- 
 lainologia nova. 4 to. ; Papers in the Philo- 
 iophical Tranfadtions. — Pultency's Sketches. 
 
 Sierechts ( john), a painter, was horn 
 at Antwerp in 1625, and died in 1703. He 
 lived in London fome yea. s, and was em- 
 ployed by the nobility. he excelled in 
 painting landfcup.es with cattle. — Pilkington. 
 
 SlETKOnn: (Robert), a divine, was born 
 in Lincolmhire, and bred at Oxford. On 
 entering into orders he obtained the redtory 
 or Water Stratford, in Bnckinghamlhirc, and 
 afterwards the vicarage ofBrackley. in Nor- 
 thamptonlliire. He diltinguilficd himlelf by 
 preaching up the king's prerogative in the be- 
 ginning of the reign of Charles 1. for which 
 he obtained a prebend in the cathedral of 
 Peterborough, and the redtory or Burton La- 
 timers, in Northamptonlhire, which he loft 
 in the rebellion. His Sermons were cen- 
 fured by the houfe of commons. He died in 
 1662. — Wood. 
 
 Sibthorpe (John), a learned botanilt 
 and phyfician, was born in Lincolmhire. 
 Jiis father, Dr. Humphrey Sibthorpe, was 
 profeffor of botany at Oxford, in which fitu- 
 ation he was fucceeded by his fon, who made 
 two voyages to Greece and the neighbouring 
 countries to colled! rare plants. His collec- 
 tions are about to be publilhed in the moll 
 magnificent form, under the title or Flora 
 Grseca. Dr. Sibthorpe printed a Flora Oxo- 
 nienfis, and died in 1796- — Gent. Mag. 
 
 Sicinius (Dentatus), a Roman tribune, 
 who carried arms with great reputation forty 
 years, gained one hundred and twenty one 
 battles, and was rewarded with fourteen civic 
 and three mural crowns. He had received 
 forty-five wounds, but none on the back, a 
 proof that lie never turned from an enemy. 
 He had the name of the Roman Achilles, 
 and was murdered by Appius Claudius, B.C. 
 405. — Limy. 
 
 Siciol a nt e (Girolamo), an Italian 
 painter of hiftorical fubjetts and landfcapes ; 
 born at Strmoneta in 1504, and died in 1550. 
 — Pilkington . 
 
 Sibney (Henry), an eminent ftatefman, 
 was born of a noble family in Surry, and be- 
 came a ftudent of ISew college, Oxford, in 
 1513. He afterwards went to court, where 
 he was a great favourite with Edward VI. 
 who conferred on him the honour of knight- 
 in od, and fent him ambafiador to France, 
 in the iucceeding reign he was appointed co!- 
 Icdtor of the revenues in Ireland, and in that 
 o; Elizabeth, lord-prefident of the marines 
 of Wales, and knight or the garter. In 
 1 j 66 he was cunftituied loru deputy of ire- 
 
 S I D 
 
 land. He died in 1586, and was buriedat 
 Penfhurft in Kent, the manor of which be 
 hall obtained fome years before. He caufed 
 the Iriih Statutes to be printed; and fome 
 of his letters to his fon have been publilhed. 
 — Wood. 
 
 Sidney (fir Philip), fon of the above, 
 was born at Penfhurft in 15. VI. When 
 
 young he was lent to Chvilt Church college, 
 Oxford, and at the age of feventeen went on 
 his travels. In 1576 queen Elizabeth ap- 
 pointed Ifm ambafiador to the emperor- Ro- 
 dolphus, and at that court he contracted an 
 intimacy with the famous don John of Auf- 
 tria. On account of his declaring his fenti- 
 ments freely againit the queen’s marriage 
 with the duke of Anjou in 1580, he retired 
 from court, and in his retreat wrote bis cele- 
 brated romance, called Arcadia In 1582 he 
 received the honour of knighthood, and in 
 1585 he was appointed governor of Fluffing, 
 and general of the liorfe fent to the afiiftance 
 o the United Provinces. About this time, 
 his reputation for wiidom and valour flood fi» 
 high, that he was thought a fit perfon to be 
 a candidate for the crown of Poland, but the 
 queen would not confent that England ibould 
 loole fo great a jewel. In September 1586 
 fir Philip iilplaved uncommon bravery at the 
 battle of Zutphen, but received a mortal 
 wound in the thigh as he was mounting his 
 third liorfe, having had two (lain under him 
 before. While he was in the arms of his at- 
 tendants, who had procured for him a bottle 
 of wine to allay his third, a wounded foldicr 
 was carried paft him and call a wifhful eye on 
 the bottle, on which fir Philip ordered it to 
 be taken to him, faying, “Poor fellow, thy 
 neceffity is greater than mine!” This ho- 
 nour of the Englilh nation died of his wound 
 twenty-five days afterwards. His body was 
 brought home and buried in St. Paul’s cathe- 
 dral. Elis Arcadia has been feveral times 
 printed in 4to. and folio. He alfo wrote an 
 Apology for Poetry, 4to. ; Sonnets ; Oura- 
 nia, a poem ; and feveral other pieces.— 
 Eiog. B‘it. 
 
 Sidney (Algernon), a political writer, 
 was tlie fon oi Robert, earl of Leicefter, and 
 born about 1617. He diilinguiflied himlelf 
 at tlie beginning of the civil wars by his op- 
 position to Charles 1. became a colonel in the 
 parliament army, and avowed himlelf a re- 
 publican. He was nominated one of the 
 king’s judges, but did not fit in the high 
 court of juiiice on t licit occafion. When 
 Cromwell affumed tlie iovereignty, under 
 the title of protestor, Sidney retired to pri- 
 vate lire. At the i \ flotation he went abroad, 
 but returned in 1667, on obtaining a pardon, 
 the condition of which was that lie lhould 
 conduct himfelf as a peaceable fubjedt. In 
 1683 he was apprehended, on a charge of 
 being concerned m the Rye houfe plot, tried 
 before judge Jefteries, and fentenced to 
 death, which was executed on Tower-hill 
 the fame year. The Sentence againit him 
 was declared Alegal in the firft parliament of 
 
S T G 
 
 Vvtlliam and Mary. Sidney wrote Dif- 
 courfes on Government, in which he places 
 the origin and right of power in the people, 
 and lays down very bold and paradoxical 
 maxims deducible from that pofition. They 
 were printed in 16119, and again by Hollis. 
 —Great Hift. DiEl. State Trials . 
 
 Si don iu s Apollinaris, a primitive 
 prelate, was born of an illuftirous Roman fa- 
 mily at Lyons in 430. After difcharging 
 feveraj high civil offices, he was chofen 
 bilhop of Auvergne, againft his own defire, 
 in 472, which fituation he difchargedfo well as 
 to be accounted the oracle of France. He died 
 in 488. Hisepiftles, poems, and other works^ 
 were printed by father Sirdmond, with notes, 
 in 1652, 4to. — Dupin. Moreri. 
 
 Si g ebert, king of the Eaft Angles, is 
 celebrated by Eede as a man of learning and 
 piety. He founded feveral churches, monaf- 
 teries, and fchools. After abdicating the 
 throne, he became a monk at Burgh-caftle, 
 in Suffolk, where he was affaffinated in 642. 
 — Bedre Eccl. Hift. 
 
 Sigismund, emperor of Germany, was 
 the fon of Charles IV. and born in 1368. 
 He was elected king of Hungary in 1386, 
 and emperor in 1410. After eftablifhing 
 feveral conftitutional regulations for reftor- 
 ing the peace of the empire, lie fet him- 
 felf about effedting the tranquillity of the 
 church, for which purpofe he prevailed with 
 pope John XXIII. to convene the council of 
 Conftance in 1414, but he tarnifhed his cha- 
 radter by granting a fafe condudl to John 
 Hufs to attend that council, and afterwards 
 fuffering him to be executed in violation of 
 it. The Huffites, irritated at this want of 
 faith, arofe under the famous Zifca, and gain- 
 ed many advantages over the German forces, 
 and they were not reduced till fixteen years 
 afterwards. Sigilmund died in 1437. — Uni'u. 
 Hift. 
 
 Sigismund I. king of Poland, furnamed 
 the Great, was the fon of Cafimir IV. and 
 eledted to the throne in 1507. He employ- 
 ed the firft years of his reign in reforming 
 public abufes, and reftored the ftate to its an- 
 tient glory. He drove the Mufcovites out 
 of Lithuania, recovered feveral places from 
 the Teutonic knights, and expelled the 
 Wallachians who had invaded his eftates. 
 He died in 1548, and was fucceeded by his 
 fon, Sigijmund II. furnamed the Auguft, be- 
 caufe he was born in that month. He caufed 
 the honours of queen to be paid to his 
 miftrefs, and thereby gave great diffatisfudtion 
 to his fubjedts. The Socinians having made 
 great progrels in his dominions, he ilfued a 
 decree againft them. Be died in 1572. 
 Sigijmund III. was the fon of John III. 
 king of Sweden, and afeended the throne of 
 Poland in 1587, to the exclulion of Maximi- 
 lian of Auftria, who had been eledted by the 
 nobility. On the death df his fither he fuc- 
 ceeded to the Swedilh crown in 1594, but be- 
 ing a zealous catholic, the Swedes acknow- 
 ledged his uncle, Charles, duke of Suderma- 
 
 S I L 
 
 nia, who was crowned in 1604. A long 
 war enfued, in which Sigifmund was unfuc- 
 cefsful. His reign was alfo disturbed by the 
 Tartars and the Mufcovites. He died in 
 1632. — Ibid. 
 
 Signorelli ("Luca), a painter, was a na- 
 tive of Cortona, born in 1439, and died in 
 1521. He excelled in defigning human 
 figures, and difplayed great fire and genius 
 in his compolitions. Michael Angelo did 
 not difdain to copy after him. — De Piles. 
 
 Sigonius (Charles), an Italian writer, 
 was born at Modena, and deligned for the 
 medical profefiion, which he renounced for 
 literature, and became a profeffor of lan- 
 guages at Padua. He died in 1584, aged 
 60 His works are, 1. De Republica He- 
 braeorum, a fmall treatife, but of great merit ; 
 2. De Republica Athenicnfium ; 3. Hiftoria 
 de Occidentis Impelio ; 4. De Regno Italire j 
 5- An Ecclefiaftical Hiftory, printed at Milan, 
 in 1734, in 2 vols. 4to — Tirabojchi. 
 
 Silhouette (Stephen de), a French 
 writer, was born at Limoges in 1709. Af- 
 ter being mafter of requefts to the duke of 
 Orleans, he beaame comptroller-general and 
 minifter of ftate in 1759, but continued in 
 office only nine months, owing to the failure 
 ot his fchemes ot reform and economy, which 
 were turned into ridicule. He died in 1767. 
 His works are, General Idea of the Chinefe 
 Government, 4to. ; Political Refledtions, 
 tranllated from the Spaniih of Gracian, 4to. ; 
 a Tranilation of Pope’s ElTay on Man, 12mo. $ 
 Warburton’s Alliance of Church and State, 
 2 vols. See. — -Nowv. DiEl. Hift. 
 
 Si Lius Italicus (Caius), a Latin poet, 
 was a native of Rome, and made conful by 
 Domitian. The Tomb of Virgil was on his 
 eftate, and he refpedted it as a temple. Si- 
 lius wrote a poem upon the fecond Punic 
 war, which was difeovered by Poggio in the 
 monaftery of St. Gal. The beft edition is 
 that of Drakenborch at Utrecht, 1717, 4to. 
 Silius died A.D. 74, aged 75 — VoJJius de 
 Poet. Lat. 
 
 Silva (John Bantift), a phyfician, was 
 born at Bourdeaux in 1684, of Jewifh pa- 
 rent;, but he renounced his religion, anil 
 after taking his degree at Montpellier, went 
 and fettled at Paris, where he gained a great 
 reputation by his cures. He died in 1744. 
 He wrote a Treatife on the Ufe of Bleeding, 
 2 vols. ; and Differtations and Confutations 
 of 51. Chirac and Silva, 3 vols. — Nouv. DiEl. 
 Hft. 
 
 Silvester I. pope, was eledted to that 
 dignity in 314. The arum herefy commenced 
 in his pontificate, and he diftinguifhed himfelf 
 againft the Donatifts. He died in 335. Si l- 
 v ester II. was born in Auvergne of an ob- 
 feure family, and bred up in a monaftery, 
 but his fuperior talents exciting the envy 
 and hatred of his companions, he withdrew 
 from the fociety, and went to Spain. The 
 duke of Barcelona took him to Italy, where 
 he was noticed by the emperor Otho, who 
 gave him au abbey, which he afterwards 
 
S I M 
 
 quitted, and went to Germany, and became 
 preceptor to Otbo III. He was afterwards 
 tutor to the fon of Hugh Capet, by whom he 
 was made archbifhop of Rheims. By the in- 
 tereft of Otho he gained the papaev in 999, 
 and died in 1003. He was a man of confi- 
 derable learning, particularly in the mathe- 
 matics. — Bo-zver. Platini*. 
 
 Silvester (llracl), an engraver was 
 born at Nancy in 1621, and died at Baris in 
 If, 91. His landfcapes arc eery fine. Louis 
 XIV. employed him in his palace, and Sil- 
 verier had the honour of inftrudting the dau- 
 phin in drawing. — Mo reru 
 
 Silvester (Louis), a painter, was a na- 
 tive of Paris, and the pupil of Le Brun and 
 Boullogne. His principal P'^ures are at 
 Drefden, to which place he was invited by the 
 icing, of Poland, who conferred on him the 
 rank of nobility, and app°> n tcd him director 
 <»f the royal academy of painting. After re- 
 fiding there twentv-four v ears returned to 
 France, and died in 1760, aged 8 b.—D'Ar- 
 gen-ville. 
 
 Simeon Stylites, the founder of a left, 
 was a native of Cilicia, and a Ihepherd till the 
 age of IS, when he entered into a monaftery, 
 alter which he prattifed afingular kind of auf- 
 terity, placing himfelf upon a ftone pillar, 
 whence he acquired the name of Stylites, and 
 his example was followed by many other de- 
 voutees, who feated themfelves upon pillars 
 of different heights on a mountain in Syria, 
 where they pretended to lee vifions. Si- 
 meon died about 461. — Moreri. 
 
 Simeon Metavhr astes, an ecclefi- 
 affical hiftorian, was born at Constantinople 
 in the tenth century. He was fecretary of 
 ftate under Conftant.ine Porphyrogenitus, 
 who engaged him to write the Lives of the 
 Saints, which he performed. This work, 
 which is a kind of religious romance, has 
 been tranfiated into Latin.— Dupin. Moral. 
 
 Simler (Jofias), a proteflant divine ot 
 Zurich, in Switzerland, where he died in 
 1576, aged 45. He publifhed an abridge- 
 ment of Gefner’s Bibliotheca, folio 5 De Hel- 
 vetiorum Republica, 12mo. ; Va’lefue Def- 
 criptio ; and other works. y°kn Simler , an 
 able portrait painter, was a native of Zurich, 
 and died at Stein upon the Rhine, in 1748.— 
 Now. Dirt- Hjl. 
 
 Simon-Macchaeakus, prince, and high- 
 priert of the Jews, B C. 143. He difplaycd 
 great valour under the government ot h;s 
 brothers Judas and Jonathan, and defeated 
 the enemy in many battles, for which he 
 was placed at the head of the nation by the 
 public voice. He repaired the fortifications 
 cf Jerufalem, put the other cities of Judaea 
 in a ffate of defence, and reftored the inde- 
 pendence of his country. He was afiaffinated 
 with his two fons at a feaft, by Ptolemy, his 
 fon-in-law, B.C. 135. — Apocrypha. 
 
 Simon, called the brother ot our Lord, 
 was the fon of Cleophas, and elefted bithop 
 of Jerufalem, after the death of St. James, 
 A.D. 62. In the reign of Trajan he was 
 
 S I M 
 
 put to death by being crucified, in 107.— 
 Cave. Eufebius. 
 
 Simon (St.), an apoffle of Jefus Chriff, 
 was called Zealotes. He preached the Gof- 
 pel in Egypt, Libya, and Mauritania, and 
 fuftered martyrdom in Perfia. — Ibid. 
 
 Simon Magus, or the Magician , an he- 
 reltarch, who is fuppofed to have been the 
 firll of the Gnoftics. He was a native of Sa- 
 maria, and perceiving rhe miracles wrought 
 by St. Philip he was baptized ; but on offer- 
 ing money to the apoftles, that he might re- 
 ceive the Holy Ghoft, or the gift of tongues, 
 and of working miracles, he was rejected or 
 excommunicated by St. Peter. It is from 
 this circumftance that the term Simoniac is 
 applied to fuch as purchafe fpiritual things. 
 He afterwards fell into the grofieft errors, 
 and maintained that God has left the world 
 to be governed by certain beings called 
 ZEons. The ftory of his acquiring a great 
 reputation at Rome by his pretended mira- 
 cles, and falling from a great height in the 
 air, in confequence of the prayer of St. Peter, 
 is a mere fable. — Cave. Dupin. 
 
 Simon (of Durham), a monk in the reign 
 of Edward III. A chronicle by him is in the 
 library at Durham, and Was publilhed at Ox- 
 ford by Hearne. He is fuppoled to have 
 died about 1357. — Nicho/fon's Hiji. Lib. 
 
 Simon (Richard), a learned French di* 
 vine, was born at Dieppe in 1638. He en- 
 tered into the congregation of the oratory, 
 which lie quitted for fome time, but return- 
 ed in 1662, and left it again in 1678. He 
 died in 1712. Father Simon had vaft learn- 
 ing, and a great judgment, but he entertained 
 very free opinions, and had many antagonifts. 
 His principal works are, 1. the Ceremonies 
 and Cuftomsof the Jews, 12ino. ; 2. Critical 
 Kiltory of the Old Teftament, 4to. ; 3. Cri- 
 tical Hiftory of the Text of the New Tefta- 
 ment, 4to. ; 4- Critical Hiftory of the Ver- 
 fions of the New Teftament, and of the prin- 
 cipal Commentaries thereon, 4to. ; 5 on the 
 Infpiration of the Sacred Books, 4to. ; 6. 
 New Obfervatior'.s on the Text and Verfions 
 of the New Teftament, 4to. ; 7. Critical 
 Letters, 4 vols. 12mo. ; 8. a French Tranfla- 
 tion of the Naw Teftament, with literal and 
 critical notes, 2 vols. 8vo. ; 9. Hiftory of the 
 Origin and Progrefs of Ecclefiaftical Reve- 
 nues, 2 vols. 12mo. ; 10. Bibliotheque Cri- 
 tique, 4 vols. This was fupprefl'ed by the 
 council. — Nicer on. 
 
 Simon (Ciaudc-Francis), a printer of Pa- 
 ris, who died there in 1767. He wrote a 
 little volume on mythology, the firft editions 
 of which were very indecent. He was alio 
 the author of Memoirs of Du Guay Trouin, 
 4to. ; Memoirs of Count de Hornville, a ro- 
 mance, 2 vols. 12mo. ; and two comedies.— 
 Noun Dili. Hiji. 
 
 Simon (Thomas), an Englilh engraver of 
 medals, was inftruCted by Briot, a French- 
 man, who was in the fervice of Charles I. 
 Moft of Simon’s works were executed during 
 Cromwell’s -protectorate, whofe great leal 
 
S I M 
 
 and that of the commonwealth were exqui- 
 filely cut by him. His brother^ Abraham 
 Simon, was a celebrated modeller in wax, and 
 shifted him in moll of his capital works. 
 He was educated lor the church, but declined 
 that profeffion to purfue the bent of his ge-^ 
 nius. He was home time in the fervice or 
 Chriftina, queen ot Sweden, and was after- 
 wards employed by Charles II. He died 
 loon after the revolution. — Virtue. Granger. 
 
 Simon eau (Charles), a French engraver, 
 was born at Orleans about 1639. He was 
 the difciple or Noel Coypel, and died at Paris, 
 in 1728. He completed the Medallic Hif- 
 tory of Louis XIV. He is not to be miftaken 
 for Louis Sinwneau, who publiihed a ieries ot 
 prints on tha hiftory of punting, engraving, 
 and other arts, in 2 vols. iolio, 1710. — Nowv. 
 DiB. Hiji. 
 
 Simonet (Edmund), a Jefuit, was born 
 at Langres in 1662. He became profefibr ot 
 philofophy at Rheims and Pont-a-Mouffon, 
 where alio he taught divinity. He died in 
 1733. He is the author or Inftitutiones 
 Theologicne ad ufum Seminariorum, 11 vols. 
 12mo.— Ibid. 
 
 Simonides, a philofopher and poet, was 
 born in the iiland ot Ceos, in the ./Egean fea, 
 and flourifhed B.C. 180. His cornpolitions 
 were principally elegiac, and he gained a po- 
 etical prize at the age of eighty. He dif- 
 gracecl his great qualities by. exceldi ve avarice. 
 Fragments of his poems are in the Corpus 
 Poetarum Grsecorum, Geneva, 2 vols iolio, 
 1614 . — Merer:. 
 
 Simplicius, a peripatetic philofopher of 
 the fifth century, was a native of Phrygia. 
 His Commentaries upon Ariftotle and Epic- 
 tetus were publiihed at Leyden in 1640, 4to. 
 — Ibid . 
 
 Simpson (Edward), a learned divine, was 
 born at Tottenham in Middlefex, and edu- 
 cated at Trinity college, Cambridge, where 
 he took his degree of D.D. fie became rec- 
 tor of Eaftling, in Kent, where he died in 
 16.52- His Uni verfal Chronology, publiihed 
 in Latin, in the year he died, was reprinted 
 at Leyden in 1739, and at Amfterdam in 
 1752. — Granger. 
 
 Simpson (Clniftopher), a writer on ma- 
 fic, was patronized by fir Robert Bolles, in 
 whole houfe he died about 1662. He wrote 
 a Compendium of Practical Mufic, 8vo. which 
 is a very ufeful book. — • Granger . Haiukins. 
 
 Simpson (John), a Scotch divine, was 
 born at Dumfries in 1677, and educated at 
 Glafgow, where he tools, his degrees in arts, 
 and became protefibr of divinity, but having 
 embraced notions repugnant to the ftandard 
 coufeifion of faith, he was perfecuted with 
 great rigour, and excommunicated. Queen 
 Caroline, however, procured him a penfion. 
 He died in 1744. — Gen. Biog. DiB. 
 
 Simpson (Robert), an eminent mathema- 
 tician, was born at Hamilton in Scotland, in 
 1695, and bred at Glafgow, where he took 
 his doctor's degree in Phyfic, but renounced 
 Chat prafeffwn, and was chofeo profeilor of 
 
 S I R 
 
 mathematics in that univerfity. He die! in 
 1768. Dr. Simplon publiihed a valuable edi- 
 tion of Euclid, and his pofthumous works 
 were printed at Glafgow in 1776, 4to.— » 
 Hutton. Encycl. Brit. 
 
 Simpson (Thomas), a mathematician, 
 was born at Market Bofworth in Leiccfter- 
 Ihire, in 1710. His parents were too poor to 
 give him an education, and he was, when 
 very young, placed at the loom as a weaver 
 of Hulls. By means of a travelling pedlar 
 lie gained fome knowledge of arithmetic and 
 aftrology, and being anxious for farther im- 
 provement he vifited London in 1732, and 
 worked for fome lime in Spital-fields, em- 
 ploying his leifure hours in ftudy, and alf» 
 in teaching others. So great was his pro- 
 grefs that in 1737 he publiihed his excellent 
 T reutile on Fluxions, which brought him 
 into confiderable notice. In 1740 appeared 
 his book on annuities and chances, which oc- 
 casioned a difpute between him and Le Mo- 
 ivre. In 1743 he was appointed profelfor of 
 mathematics at the military fchool of Wool- 
 wich. He was alfo defied a fellow of the 
 royal fociety , and a member of the academy 
 of fciences at Paris. He died in 1761, and a 
 penfion was granted to his widow from the 
 crown. Befides the above works he wrote 
 the Elements of Algebra and Geometry, and 
 fome papers in the Philofopliical Tranfac- 
 tions. — Ibid. 
 
 Six ani (John Andrew), a painter of Bo- 
 logna, was born in 1610, and died in 1670. 
 He was one of the bell difciples of Guido; 
 and bis daughter Elizabeth was alio a good 
 artiil in hiit rical painting. She died iu 
 1 6 6 1 . — Bilking ton . 
 
 Siri (Vittoro), an Italian monk, who fet- 
 tled at Paris, where lie became hiftoriogra- 
 pher to the king, and abbot of Vallemague. 
 He. publiihed an hiftorical journal, or a Mer- 
 cury, from 1635 to 1649, and continued un- 
 der another title to 1670. He died in 1685. 
 — Morer't. 
 
 Siries (Violante Beatrice), an ingenious 
 lady of Florence, was born in 1710. She 
 was the difciple or John Fratellini, and equal- 
 led him in portrait-painting. Her prineijal 
 performance is a piffure of the grand duke 
 of Tufcany, and of all the imperial f imily 
 at Florence. She died about 1760. — Bilkington. 
 
 Sirlet (Flavius), an engraver on pre- 
 cious ftones, died at Rome in 1737. His 
 works are little, if at all, inferior to fome t.f 
 the finefe remains of antiquity. One of his 
 belt performances is the famous groupe of 
 Laocbon upon anamethyft. — Now. Di&.Hijl. 
 
 Sirmond (James), a French Jefuit, was 
 born at Rome in 1559. He became fecre- 
 tary to Aquaviva, general of his order at 
 Rome, where he alfifted Baronius in com- 
 piling his annak. In 1613 he returned to 
 France, and was appointed confcffor to Louis 
 XIII. which office he difeharged with great 
 reputation. He died in 1651. Father Sir 
 mond publiihed an edition of the councils of 
 France, 3 vpis folio J editions of the works- 
 
S E 
 
 i)f Marcellinus Theodret and Hincmar ; and 
 a great number of mifcellaneous pieces on 
 theological fubjedfs. His nephew, John 
 Birmond, was a member of the French acade- 
 my, and hiftoviographer of France. He died 
 in 1649. Flis works are, 1. Life of Cardinal 
 d’Amboife, 8vo. ; 2. Latin Poems. — Moreri. 
 
 Sixtus IV. pope, was the fon of a fillier- 
 man on the coatf of Genoa, and entered 
 among the cordeliers. His abilities procured 
 him the chair of divinity at Padua, and other 
 universities of Italy. He alfo became gene- 
 ral of his order, and Paul II. honoured him 
 with the rardinal/hip. He fucceeded that 
 pontiff in 1471. He endeavoured to raife a 
 new crufade againit the infidels, but without 
 luccefs. Sixtus iflued a bull, granting indul- 
 gences to thofe who celebrated the feaft of 
 the immaculate conception of the Virgin. 
 He died in 1484. He wrote fome theologi- 
 cal works .—Bower. Rycaut. 
 
 Sixtus V. pope, was the fon of a gar- 
 dener in Ancona, and born in 1521. When 
 very young he was put to keep fwine, from 
 which fituation he was taken by a cordelier 
 who was pleafed with his quicknefs, and 
 placed him in a convent of the order in a 
 menial capacity. He made fo great a pro- 
 grefs in learning as to be admitted into orders, 
 after wdiich he became dodtor and profeflor 
 of divinity at Sienna, when he took the name 
 of Montalto His talents as a preacher pro- 
 cured him the appointment of commifiarv- 
 general at Bologna, and ir.quifitor at Venice, 
 but his conduit in the latter city gave fo 
 much offence to the fenate that he was com- 
 pelled to quit their territory. After obtain- 
 ing feveral marks of diftinttion he v.as made 
 cardinal in 1570. In this fituation he affeCl- 
 ed uncommon humility and devotion, and 
 counterfeited the weakne'fles of ficknefs and 
 age with fo much art as to dupe the whole 
 conclave. After the death of Gregory XIII. 
 the cardinals were divided about the election, 
 when confidering that Montalto was an in- 
 firm old man who could not live long, they 
 united in chufing him to the vacant chair. 
 Tlie election was no fooner declared, than, 
 to the uftoniflunent of all prefent, he jumped 
 into the midft of the chapel, threw away his 
 crutch, and began to fing the Te Deurn with 
 a loud voice. He commenced his pontifitute 
 by clearing the ecclefiaflical (late of the nu- 
 merous robbers which infefted it. He alfo 
 punifhedvvith great feverity all kinds of vice, 
 and was inflexible in the adminiftration of 
 juftice. He limited the number of cardinals 
 to l’eventy, raifed the famous obelilk which 
 Caligula had caufed to be brought from 
 Spain [See Fontana], and reformed many 
 abufes w'hich prevailed in the government. 
 He died in 1590. By his orders a new ver- 
 fion of the Bible in Latin was publifhed in 3 
 vols. folio . — Life by Leti. 
 
 Skelton (John), an Engliih poet, is 
 fuppoled to have been born in Cumberland. 
 He had his education at Oxford, and on en- 
 tering into ciders obtained ■ the living of 
 
 S L O 
 
 Difs in Norfolk, but his condilfl was very 
 irregular. Having refledted feverely on car- 
 dinal Wolfey in his waitings he was obliged 
 to take refuge with Illip, abbot of Weftmin- 
 Her, w'here he continued till his death in 
 1529. He was poet laureat to Henry VIII. 
 and wrote Satires, Sonnets, and an Invedtive 
 againft Lily the grammarian, who anfwered 
 him in his own way .—Wood. 
 
 Sxei. ton (Philip), an eminent divine, 
 was born near Liftmrn, in Ireland, in 1707, 
 and educated at Trinity college, Dublin, 
 where he took his degrees in arts. He was 
 for rfiany years curate of Monaghan, and in 
 1750 was prefented to the living of Peltigo 
 in the county of Donegal, where his condudt 
 was very exemplary and charitable, particu- 
 larly in a time of lcartity, when he fold his 
 library to provide bread for the poor. In 
 1759 the biihop of Cloghergave him the liv- 
 ing of Deocnifh, in the county of Ferma- 
 nagh, and in 1766 that of Fintona, in Ty- 
 rone, where he brought over by his preach- 
 ing, moft of the difienters to the church. 
 He died at Dublin in 1787. Mr. Skeltcn 
 wrote an excellent work entitled, Deifm Re- 
 vealed, in 2 vols. 8vo. ; three volumes of 
 admirable fermons ; alfo fugitive pieces and 
 tracts $ the whole collected in 7 vols. 8vo. 
 — Life by Burdy. 
 
 Skinner (Stephen), a learned writer, 
 was bom in London, and educated at Chrift 
 church college, Oxford, from whence he 
 w ent abroad in the civil w'ars, and took his 
 degree of doctor of Phyfic at Heidelberg, in 
 w'hich he was confirmed at Oxford, in 1654<. 
 He died at Lincoln in 1667. His works are, 
 Etymologicon linguse Anglicanum ; Etymo- 
 logicon Onomafticon, &c. folio. — Wood. AO. 
 
 Sleidan (John), a German hiltorian, 
 was born at a village of the fame name near 
 Cologne, in 1506. He w'as for fome time in 
 tlie family of the cardinal Du Bellay, who 
 allowed him a penfion. Afterwards lie ob- 
 tained a fituation at Stralburgh. He was a 
 zealous proteftant, and died of grief, occa- 
 fioned by the lofs of his wife, in 1556. Flis 
 works are,- 1. De itatu Religionis et Reipub- 
 licae Germanorum fub Carolo V. 1555. 2. 
 
 De quatuor fummis Imperils, 8vo. This is a 
 univerfal hiitory, of which Voltaire made 
 confiderable ufe. 3. Tranflation of tlie Me- 
 moirs of Philip de Commines.— -Bay/e. 
 
 Slin gland (John Peter), a painter, was 
 born at Leyden in 1640. He was a dilciple 
 of Gerard Douw, whofe manner he imitated. 
 His pidtures are admirably fuiilhed. He died 
 in 1691.—Houbrakcrr. 
 
 Sloane (Hans), an eminent phyfician 
 and naturalill, was born at Killileagji, in 
 Ireland, in 1660. He (tudied in London, 
 where he contradted an intimacy with Boyie 
 and Ray, and afterwards went to Paris and 
 attended the ledtures of Tournefort and Du 
 Verney. He returned to London in 1684, 
 and became a favourite with Dr. Sydenham, 
 who took him into his' houfe. The fame 
 year h» was chofea a fellow' of the royal fo* 
 
S M A 
 
 slety, and in 1687 admitted of the college of 
 phvficians. About this time he went to Ja- 
 maica with the duke of Albemarle, governor 
 of that island, and though Dr. Sloane relide’d 
 there only fifteen months he made a cnliec- 
 tion of not lefs than eight hundred different 
 plants. On his return in 1689 he fetch'd in 
 London, and in 1694 was cholen phyfici.an 
 to Christ’s hofpital. The preceding year he 
 was eledted fecretary to the royal fociety, 
 when he revived the publication OS' the Phi- 
 lofophical Tranfadtions. He was alfoadtive in 
 promoting the plan of a difpenfary for the 
 poor. In 1707 he published the firlt volume 
 of his History of Jamaica, but the fecond did 
 not appear till 1720. In 1708 he was elect- 
 ed a member of che academy of Sciences 
 at Paris, and on the aceeffion of George I. 
 created a baronet. In 1719 he was elected 
 president of the college of phyficians, as lie 
 was of the royal fociety, on the death of 
 Newton. Sir Hans died at ChelSea in 1752. 
 H is magnificent cabinet of curiofities was 
 purchafed by parliament for 20,0091. and 
 placed in the British mufeum. Several of his 
 papers are in the Philofophical Transactions. 
 Pulteney. Bing. Brit. 
 
 StoDTi (Rene Michael), furnamed Mi- 
 chael Angelo, a fculptor, was born at Paris 
 in 1705. He Studied under his father, who 
 was a native of Antwerp, after which he 
 went to Rome, and on his return was ad- 
 mitted a member of the academy or Paris, 
 where he died in 1764. One of his greatest 
 works is the monument of Languet in the 
 church of St. Sulpice.— Nouv. D,il. Hiji. 
 
 Suiys (Janies Vander), a painter, was 
 liorn at Leyden in 1660, and died in 1786. 
 His pictures are finely coloured, but the de- 
 figns are not exact. — Pilkington. 
 
 Smal broke (Richard), an English pre- 
 late, was fellow of Magdalen college, Ox- 
 ford, and in 1723 advanced to the birhopric 
 of St David’s, from whence he was trans- 
 lated in 1730 to Lichfield and Coventry. 
 He died in 1749. His lordfhip distinguished 
 himfelf by a Vindication of the Miracles of 
 our Saviour againft Wooliton, 8v® .—‘Todd's 
 Deans of Canterbury. 
 
 S.malcius (Valentine), a celebrated fo- 
 cinian, was born in Thuringia, aud died at 
 Cracow, in Poland, in 1622. Pie wrote a 
 Treatife againft the Divinity of Chrift in 
 Latin, printed in 1608, 4to. — <Morcri. 
 
 Smai. ridge (George), a learned prelate, 
 was born at Lichfield about 1666, and edu- 
 cated at Weftminfter fchool, from whence 
 lie was elected to Christ church, Oxford. 
 He became prebendary of Lichfield, and 
 dean of Chrill church, and in 1714 was con- 
 fecrated bifliop of Bristol. He died in 1719. 
 He wrote an Anfwer to Obadiah Walker on 
 Church Government ; a Latin Poem on the 
 Sale of Books of Richard Davis, an Oxford 
 bookfeller; and he was ’one of the editors of 
 lord Clarendon’s History of the Rebellion. 
 His fermons were published in 1726, Solio.— 
 Gen, Bicg. Diet, 
 
 S M I 
 
 Smart (Peter), a divine, was born its 
 Warwickshire, and educated at Weftminfier 
 fchool, from whence he removed to Oxford, 
 and became Student of Christ church. After 
 entering into orders, he obtained a prebend 
 in Durham cathedral, where he distinguished 
 himfelf by his puritanical opposition to the 
 ceremonies, and the removal of the altar 
 from the middle of the choir to the eaft end 
 of the church. Smart preached and printed 
 two Sermons on the Vanity and Downfal of 
 Superstition and Popish Ceremonies, for which 
 he was degraded from the ministry and im- 
 prifoned. He died in 1642. Befidcs the 
 above, he wrote fome Poems, Latin aisd 
 English. 
 
 Smart (Christopher), a divine and post, 
 was born at Shipbourne, in Kent, in 1722, 
 and educated at Pembroke hall, Cambridge, 
 whes-e he obtained the Seatonian prize for 
 the beft poem Several times. He took his 
 mafter’s degree in 1747, and in 1735 fettled 
 in London, but being imprudent he became 
 poor and disordered in his mind. He died in 
 1771. fits poems, which po, fiefs great me- 
 rit, were published in 1791, in 2 vols. 12mo. 
 — Ibid . 
 
 Smeatoh (John), an eminent mechanic 
 and engineer, was born at Aufthorpe, in 
 YorkShi.e, in 1724. He was intended Sor 
 the law by his fa her, who was an attorney, 
 but at his own requelt he was placed u der 
 a mathematical instrument maker. In 1753 
 he became a fellow of the royal Society, 
 and in 1759 he obtained the gold medal for 
 his paper on “ The Natural Powers of 
 Wind and Water to turn Mills and other 
 Machines depending on a Circular Motion.’” 
 Being appointed to rebuild the Edyftone 
 light-houfc lie completed it in a manner be- 
 yond expectation, and it may be juftly pro- 
 nounced a work unparalleled in its kind. 
 He published a curious account of this Struc- 
 ture and its history in one volume folio. He 
 was alio the author of an Account of tire 
 Improvements in Ramfgate Harbour, which 
 were conducted by him. Mr. Smeato.n died 
 in 1792.- — F.itrop. Mag. 
 
 Smei. lie (William), a Scotch furgeon 
 and phyfician, who distinguished himfelf as 
 a lecturer and pradtitioner in Midwifery in 
 London, and was the firft who considered 
 the Shape and Size of the female pelvis, as 
 adapted to the head of the foetus. He died 
 at an adyanced age in 1763. He wrote a 
 Complete SyStem of Midwifery, and pub- 
 lished a fet of Anatomical Tables, with Ex- 
 planations There was another of the fame 
 name, who was a printer at Edinburgh, and 
 fecretary to the fociety of antiquaries in that 
 city. He wrote a work entitled, the l’hi- 
 lofopliy of Natural History, 4to. and publishr 
 ed a translation of Burton’s great work. He 
 died in 1795. — Gen Blog. Di£i. 
 
 Smith (Thomas), an eminent ftatefman, 
 was born at Walden, in ESTex, in 1512. He 
 received his education at Queen’s college, 
 Cambridge, where he was elected fellow, a. id 
 
S M I 
 
 appointed Greek ledlurer, in which capacity 
 he introduced a new method of pronouncing 
 that language which became general in the 
 univerfity, though oppofed by the chancel- 
 lor. In 1539 he went abroad, and took, his 
 dodtor’s degree of law at Padua. In 1542 he 
 was made regius profefl'or of that faculty at 
 Cambridge. By the intereft of the duke of 
 Somerfet he wag knighted, and made fccre- 
 tary of Hate by Edward VI., but in the fuc- 
 cceding reign he loll his preferments. Queen 
 Elizabeth employed him in feveral embuffies 
 to France, made him fecretary of Hate, and 
 chancellor of the garter. He died in 1577. 
 Sir Thomas wrote a Treatife on the Right 
 Pronunciation of Greek, printed at Paris by 
 Stephens, in 1568 ; and fome other works.— 
 Life by Strype. 
 
 Smith (Miles), a learned bifhop, was born 
 at Hereford, and educated firft at Corpus 
 Chrifti college, and afterwards at Brafenofe 
 college, Oxford. He became canon redden- 
 tiary of Hereford, and in 1612 bifhop of 
 Gloucefler. He was well acquainted with 
 the Oriental languages, and was one of the 
 principal perfons engaged in the tranflation 
 of the Bible, to which he wrote the preface. 
 His Sermons were printed in 1 vol. folio, 
 1630. He died in 1624. — Wood. 
 
 Smith (John), a divine of the church of 
 England, was born at Achurch, in Northamp- 
 tonfhire, in 1618. He was educated at Em- 
 manuel college, Cambridge, and was after- 
 wards cbofen fellow of Queen's college in 
 that univerfity. He died in 1652. His Se- 
 lect Difcourfes were publifhed in 1660, in 
 1 vol. 4to. — Fun. Scr. by Pat. 
 
 Smith (John), a learned phyfidan, was 
 born in Buckinghamfhire, and educated at 
 Brafenofe college, Oxford, where he took 
 his degrees, and afterwards became fellow of 
 the college of phvficians in London. He died 
 in 1679. Dr. Smith wrote a curious and in- 
 genious book, entitled, the Portrait of Old 
 Age, or a Paraphrafe cn Ecclefiaftes XII. 
 London, 8vo., 1660. — TVood. 
 
 Smith (Thomas), a learned divine, wae 
 fcorn in London in 1638, and educated at 
 Oxford, where he hccame fellow of Magda- 
 len college. In 1668 he went chaplain to 
 the Engliih embaffy at Conflantinople. In 
 16811 he was deprived of his fellowfhip by 
 the popifh prefident, Dr. Giffard, and loft it 
 again in 1692, for refufing to take the oaths 
 to William and Mary. He died in 1710. 
 Dr. Smith wrote Diatriba. dc Chaldaicis para- 
 phraftis, 8vo. $ Syntagma de Druidum Mori- 
 bus ac Inftitutis, Ovo. ; four Epiflies on the 
 Manners, See. of the Turks, in Latin and 
 Englifhj an Account of the Greek Church, 
 8vo ; Life of Camden $ Mifcellanies j Pa- 
 pers in the Philofupliical Tranfadtions, and 
 Sermons.— Ibid. 
 
 Smith (John), a learned divine, was 
 bom at Lowther, in Wcftmoreland, in 1659, 
 and educated at St. John’s college, Cambridge, 
 wheTe he took his degree of dodlor In divi- 
 nity. In 1695 he was inftalled prebendary 
 
 S M I 
 
 of Durham, and in 1707 he obtained the 
 redtory of Bifhop Wearmouth. At the time 
 of his death, in 1725, he was printing a cor- 
 redt edition of the works of the venerable 
 Bede, which was publifhed by his (bn in 1722, 
 folio. — General DiBionary. 
 
 Smith (Edmund), an Englifh pc*t, was 
 the fon of Mr. Neale, an eminent merchant 
 in London, and born in 1668. He took the 
 name of Smith out of gratitude to his ma- 
 ternal uncle and guardian. Smith w r rote 
 Phaedra and Hippolitus, a tragedy, and fome 
 other works. He died poor in 1710.— Biog. 
 Dram. 
 
 Smith (John), an excellent mezzotint® 
 engraver, at the beginning of the 18th cen- 
 tury. He engraved many portraits after 
 Kneller, but his principal performances 
 were night pieces after Schalken. — Strutt's 
 Ditl of Engravers. 
 
 Smith (George), a landfcape painter, was 
 born at Chichefter in 1714. He obtained 
 fome prizes of the academy of arts, and his 
 pidtures are highly valued. He died in 
 1776. His two brothers, William and John, 
 were alfo good painters, the firft in portrait, 
 and the latter in landfcape. They both died 
 in 1 7 64. — Pilkingtsn. 
 
 Smith (Adam), an eminent writer, was 
 born in Kirkaldy, in Scotland, in 1723. He 
 received his education firft at Kirkaldy fcliool, 
 and afterwards at the univerfity of Glafgow, 
 where he became profefl'or of logic and moral 
 p hilofophy, and took his degree of dodlor of 
 laws. In 1759, by the publication of his Theo- 
 ry of Moral Sentiments, 8vo., he acquired re- 
 putation, which was greatly heightened and 
 extended by his Enquiry into the Nature and 
 Caufes of the Wealtli of Nations, printed in 
 1766, 4to , and feveral times fince in 3 vols. 
 3vo. Not long after the publication of this 
 work he was appointed a commiflioner of the 
 cuftoms in Scotland. Dr. Smith was the in- 
 timate friend of Hume, and publifhed an 
 Apology for his Life, which was feverely 
 but juflly animadverted on by Dr. Horne for 
 its atheillical fentiments. He died in 1790. 
 A volume of his pofllmmous efTays has been 
 printed. — Gen. Biog. DiB. 
 
 Smith (William), a learned divine, was 
 born at Worcefter in 1711, and educated at 
 New college, Oxford, where he took his de- 
 grees in arts, and on taking orders was pre- 
 fented to the redtory of Trinity church, Chef- 
 ter. In 1748 he was appointed mailer of 
 Brentwood fcliool, Eflcx, where he continued 
 only a year. In 1758 he was made dean of 
 Chefter, and in 1766 he obtained the redtory 
 of Handley in that county. He died in 1787. 
 Dr. Smith publifhed excellent tianflations of* 
 Longinus and Thucydides, and a volume of 
 Sermons on the Beatitudes. — Europ. Mag. 
 mol. xiv. 
 
 Smits (Lodowick), a Dutch painter, was 
 born at Dort in 1635, and died in 1675. 
 His fruit-pieces were painted with aftonifh- 
 ing exadtnefs, and fold at a high price ; but 
 the colours did not ft, and.— Houbrakai. 
 
S N Y 
 
 Smitzs (Gafpar), an eminent Dutch 
 painter, who died at Dublin in 1689. He 
 painted portraits, but he excelled in repre- 
 fenting Magdalens, which he executed in an 
 admirable ftyle.— PHkngton. 
 
 Smollet (Tobias), an eminent writer, 
 was born on the banks of the L ven, in Scot- 
 land, In 1720, of a good family. He was 
 bred a Surgeon, and ferved on board of a (hip 
 at the uafuccefsful bombardment of Cartha- 
 gena. He afterwards took his degree of doc- 
 torofphyfic, but not meeting with encourage- 
 ment in that line, he became a writer by pro- 
 fedion. liisfiit performance was the novel 
 of Roderick Random, publilhed in 1749, and 
 which foon ran through feveral editions The 
 year following appeared the Regicide, a trage- 
 dy of little met it. This was followed by the 
 novel of Peregrine Pickle, in which were in- 
 ferred Lady Vane’s Apology, under the title of 
 M emoirs of a Lady of Quality. In 1754 he 
 pu bli died the Adventures of Ferdinand Count 
 Fathom. He next inftituted the Critical 
 Review, which was chiefly conduced by him 
 till 1763. For an article in this journal he 
 was profecuted by Admiral Knowles, on 
 which he was confined in the King’s-bench 
 fome time, and wrote there the Adventures 
 of Sir Lancelot Greaves, a feeble imitation of 
 Don Quixote. In 1757 he publilhed the 
 Hiftory of England, in 4 vols. 4to., afterwards 
 printed in numbers in odlavo. This work, 
 though inaccurate and partial, gained him 
 great profit and reputation. In 1762 he be- 
 gan a periodical paper, called The Briton, in 
 defence of lord Bute’s adminiftration. The 
 year following he went abroad, and in 1766 
 he published an Account of his Travels, in 
 a vols. irmo, In 1771 appeared his novel 
 of Humphry Clinker, which pofiefl'es merit, 
 though it is not equal to his former perform- 
 ances in that kind. Dr. Smollet wrote fome 
 poems, compiled a Colleflion of Voyages and 
 Travels, and tranflated Gil Bias and Don 
 Quixote into Englifli. He died in Italy in 
 1771. — Life, by Dr. Moore. 
 
 Snell (Kodolph), or Snellius, a Dutch 
 philofopher, was born at Oudewater in 1546. 
 He was profeflor of Hebrew and mathematics 
 at Leyden, where he died in 1613. He 
 wrote fome efteemed works on philofophy 
 and mathematics. His fon, Willebrord Snell, 
 fucceeded him in the mathematical chair, 
 and died in 1626. He difeovered the true 
 law of the refraftion of the rays of light. 
 The principal of his works is entitled, Cyclo- 
 metricum, or the Meafuremem of a Circle, 
 4 to. — Moretl. 
 
 Snorro (Sturlefonius), a native of Ice- 
 land, who became minifter of ftate to one 
 king of Sweden and three kings of Norway. 
 In a fedition he retired to his native country, 
 whither he was followed and put to death in 
 1241. He wrote 1. “ Chronicum Regum 
 Norvigorum 2. “ Edda Ifiandica,” or a 
 Hiftory of Iliandic Philofoph. . — Ibid. 
 
 Snyders (Francis), a painter and en- 
 graver, was born at Antwerp in 15.87, and 
 
 s o c 
 
 died there in 1657. He excelled in hunt- 
 ing feenes, the animals and landfcapes of 
 which are very fine. The human figures 
 were frequently painted by Rubens. He en- 
 graved a book of animals. — Uoubraken. 
 
 Sobteskj. See John 111. of Poland. 
 
 Socinus (Lielius), was born at Sienna in 
 T523, and deligned by his father for the pro- 
 fefiion of the law, but having embraced the 
 principles of the reformation, he deemed it 
 expedient to quit Italy in 1547. After pair- 
 ing through leveral countries he fettled at 
 Zurich, where he was fufpedted of arianifm, 
 and received a remonftiance from Calvin on 
 the fubjedt. Socinus profited by the hint, 
 but more by the fate of Servetus, and retired 
 to Poland, from whence he went to Venice, 
 and afterwards returned to Zurich, where he 
 died in 1562. lie was the author of the 
 fed! of Socinians, having gathered many fol- 
 lowers who embraced his opinions, which 
 were, that Chrift was only a man, that the 
 holy fpirit is nothingmore than an attribute, 
 and that the dodtrines of original fin, atone- 
 ment, and divine grace, have no founaatioa 
 in Scripture. — Boyle. 
 
 Socinus (Fauftus), nephew of the above, 
 was born at Sienna in 1539 He inherited 
 his uncle’s property, papers, and> principles ; 
 but did not openly avow the latter for feve- 
 ral years. In the mean time lie was enter- 
 tained at the court of the duke of Tufcany, 
 but in 1574 he went to Germany, from 
 whenee he removed to Poland, where the 
 Unitarians were eftablilhed in great numbers. 
 He died there in 1C04. Socinus published 
 feveral books, which are in the Bibliotheca 
 Fratrum Polonorum, 9 vols. folio.— Ibid. 
 
 Socrates, a celebrated philofopher of 
 Athens, was the fon of a fculptor, and fol- 
 lowed the fame profefiion for fome years. 
 Crito obferving his genius, and admiring his 
 difeourfes, called him from this employment 
 to the ftudy of philofophy. He alfo joined 
 his countrymen in arms, and diftinguifhed 
 hirnfelf in feveral adtions, in which he faved 
 the lives of Xenophon and Alcibiades, with 
 whom he contradled a clofe friend (hip. On 
 his return to Athens he difplayed in his man- 
 ners a remarkable contrail to his cotempova- 
 ries, by the plainnefs of his dvefs and the 
 frugality of his living. In his philofophical 
 lectures he endeavoured to efi'edt a general 
 reformation by recommending virtue. He 
 v/as followed by a number of illuftrious dif- 
 ciples, whom he inftrudted fomedmes in the 
 groves of Academus, and at others in tha 
 Lyceum, or on the banks of the Ilylfus. 
 The independence of his mind, and the pow- 
 erful eloquence of his difeourfes, excited 
 againft him many enemies, particularly Me- 
 litus and Anitus, at whofe inftigation Arifto- 
 phanes ridiculed him in a comedy called the 
 Cloudu Socrates was next accufed before the 
 council of five hundred of corrupting the 
 Athenian youth, of introducing innovations 
 in religion, and of ridiculing the gods. Thefs 
 abfurd charges wert fupported by the perj ur y 
 
SOL 
 
 of witnefTes, and the judges being moftly en- 
 vious of his reputation condemned him to 
 death. The folemn celebration of the De- 
 lian feftival hindered the execution for a 
 month, which time he employed in difcourf- 
 ing with his friends on the immortality of 
 the foul and other fublime fubjefts. He was 
 urged to make his efcape, which he eafily 
 might have done, as the gaoler’s permiffion 
 had been obtained, but he nobly refufed, 
 faying, “ Where am I to go to avoid death ?” 
 When the term of the feftival was ended, he 
 drank oft' the poifon with perfect compofuve, 
 after making a libation to the goes, and in a 
 few moments he expired. Thus perifhed, 
 400 .years B. C. and in the 70th year of his 
 age, Socrates, whom the oracle had pro- 
 nounced the wifeft man in Greece. The 
 Athenians repented of their ingratitude, and 
 his enemies were univerfally hated and died 
 miferably. The life and fayings of Socrates 
 have been faithfully tranfmitted to us by his 
 two mod eminent difciples, Xenophon and 
 Plato-. By his wife Xantippe, rendered pro- 
 verbial by the violence of her temper, he had 
 feveral children. — Stanley. 
 
 Socrates, called the Scholaflic , was a na- 
 tive of Conftantinople. He wrote an Eccle- 
 fiaftical Hiftory from the period where Eufe- 
 bius ends to the year 440. Being a layman, 
 and not exaftly acquainted with the fubjedls 
 he treated, his work is frequently inaccurate. 
 It was publifhed with Eufebius, See. at Cam- 
 bridge in 1720, 3 vols. folio. He flourifiied 
 in the 5th century. — Moreri. 
 
 Solander (Daniel Charles), an eminent 
 naturalift, and the pupil of Linna;us, was 
 born in the province of Norland in Sweden 
 in 1736. He took his do&or’s degree in phy- 
 fic at Upfal, and in 1760 vifited England. 
 At the requeft of hr Jofeph Banks he accom- 
 panied him in the voyage round the world 
 with captain Cook. In 1773 Dr. Solander 
 was appointed one of the librarians ot the 
 Britilh Mufeum. He died in 17S2. He 
 wrote a Defcription of the Collection of Pe- 
 trifactions found in Hampftiire, and given to 
 the Britifh Mufeum by Mr. Brander ; alfo 
 Obfervations on Natural Hiftory in Cook’s 
 Voyage. — Gen. Biog. Diil. 
 
 Sole (Antonio), a landfcape painter, was 
 born at Bologna in 1597, and died there in 
 1677. Elis pidtures are very fine and valua- 
 ble. Jofeph del Sole, his fon, born in 1654, 
 -was eminent in hiftorical fubjedls and land- 
 fcapes. He died in 1719. — Pilkington , 
 
 Solignac (Peter Jofeph, chevalier de), 
 was born at Montpellier in 3687* Ele was 
 fecretary to Stanifiaus, king oi Poland, and 
 wrote a hiftory of thatcountry, 5 vols. iimo. 
 He died in 1773. His other works are, an 
 iEloge upon Stanifiaus; the Amours of Ho- 
 race; and a Piece on Education. — Nou'v. 
 
 Diff. Hif. 
 
 Soliman I. emperor of the Turjcs, fuc- 
 ceeded his father Bajazet in 1402. After 
 relieving the Ottoman empire by his courage, 
 fae fell into a debauched courfe of life, and 
 
 SOL 
 
 was afiafilnated by his brother Mufa in 141c?, 
 
 — Un. Hif. 
 
 Soliman II. furnamed the Magnificent, 
 fucceeded his father Selim I. in 1520. Hav- 
 ing concluded a truce with Ifmael, fophy of 
 Perfia, and quelled a rebellion in Syria, he 
 turned his arms againft Europe. In 1521 
 he took Belgrade, and in the following year 
 Rhodes fell into his hands, after an obftinate 
 defence. In 1529 he made himftlf nr.after 
 of Buda, and then laid liege to Vienna, from 
 whence he was obliged to retreat with the 
 lofs of 80,000 men. In 1534 he marched 
 into the Eaft, and took Tauris from the Per- 
 fians, but was foon afterwards defeated by the 
 Schah, His forces were alfo repulfed before 
 Malta ; but he took the ifie of Chios in 1566. 
 The fame year he died at the fiege of Sigcth 
 in Hungary. — Unm. Hif. 
 
 Solimene (Francis), a painter, was born 
 near Naples in 1657. His reputation was fo 
 great that rr>3ny princes of Europe invited 
 him to their courts, which he declined, and 
 died at Naples in 1747. The emperor 
 Charles VI. conferred on him the honour of 
 knighthood. His pidtures are painted in a 
 fine ftile, and the figures are very expreflive. 
 He was alfo a good poet. — Tirabofchi. 
 
 Solinus (Caius Julius), a grammarian, 
 was born at Rome, and lived about the mid- 
 dle of the third century. His “ Polyhiftor,” 
 a compilation of Hiftorical and Geographical 
 Remarks, was publilhed by Salmafius at Pa- 
 ris in 1629; and printed again at Utrecht, 
 with commentaries, in 2 vols. folio, 1689. 
 Solinus has been called Pliny’s Ape, from his 
 fervile imitation of that writer. — Moreri. 
 
 Solis (Antonio de), a Spanifh writer, 
 was born at Piacenza, in Old Caftile, in 1610. 
 He was fecretary to Philip IV. and hiftorio- 
 grapher of the Indies. He afterwards en- 
 tered into orders, and died in 16S6. He 
 wrote many comedies and poems, but his 
 great work is the Hiftory of the Conqueft of 
 Mexico, folio. It has been tranflated into 
 Englifii by Townfhend. — Nic. Antonio , de 
 Scrip. Hifp. 
 
 Solomon, king of Ifrael, was the fon of 
 David and Bathfheba. His reign was glori - 
 ous, and the fame of his wifdom Tpread into 
 diftant regions, fo that the raoft illufhious 
 perfotis vifited Jerufalem to fee him, and the 
 iurrounding ftates couited his alliance. He 
 built a magnificent palace for himfelf and a 
 famous temple to the Lord, which he dedi- 
 cated with great folemnity. In his latter 
 years he tarniflied his glory by falling into 
 idolatrous and licentious praftices by marry- 
 ing the daughter of the king of Egypt. He 
 died B. C. 975, aged 58. We have in the 
 facred canon three of his books, the Proverbs, 
 a mifcellaneous body of ethical fentences; 
 the Ecclefiaftes, a treatife on human vanity; 
 and the Canticles, fuppofed to have beencom- 
 poled on his marriage. In the Apocrypha 
 there is a book called the Wifdom of bolo- 
 mon, though it is of more modern dace.— * 
 Grafs Key, 0 _. T. 
 
S O M 
 
 Solomon Ben Virca, a Spanilh rabbi 
 and phy fician in the 1 6th century. He wrote 
 a Hiftory of the Jews, from the deftruflion 
 of the Temple to his own time, a Latin ver- 
 fion of which was printed at Amfterdam, in 
 1651, q.to. —Moreri. 
 
 Solomon (Ben Job Jalla), an African 
 prince, who being fent by his father, in 173 r, 
 to the fea-conft to fell flaves, was taken pri- 
 soner, and fold to an Englifil captain, who 
 carried him to America, and difpofed of him 
 to a planter, from whom he was purchafed 
 by general Oglethorpe, and brought to Eng- 
 land. While here he was employed by fir 
 Hans Sloane in tranflating Arabic manufcripts 
 in his library. He was afterwards fent back 
 to his own country with many valuable pre- 
 fents — Gent. Mag. 
 
 Solon, one of the feven wife men of 
 Greece, was born at Salamis, He was de- 
 fcended from Codrus, and the relation of 
 Pififtratus. After ftudying philofophy at 
 Athens, he travelled for improvement. On 
 his return home he found his countrymen di- 
 vided into fadlions, and the ftate reduced to 
 great diftrefs. All eyes were turned upon 
 Solon, and he was unanimoufly elefted archon 
 and fovereign legiflator. He difcharged his 
 high office with great wifdom and integrity, 
 introducing a reform in every department, 
 ameliorating the condition of the poor, and 
 amending the rigorous code of Draco. Solon 
 having made the Athenians take an oath to 
 «bferve his laws, laid down the fovereignty, 
 and retired to Egypt. He died in Cyprus, 
 B. C. 558, aged 80. None of his writings 
 have been preferved — Plutarch in mt. Sol. 
 
 Somers (John, lorn), chancellor of Eng- 
 land, was born at Worceller in 1652, and 
 educated at Trinity college, Oxford, from 
 whence he removed to the Middle Temple. 
 He diftinguifhed himfelf at the bar, and in 
 1681 was concerned in writing a piece en- 
 titled, “ A Juft and Modeft Vindication of 
 the Proceedings of the two Iaft Parliaments.” 
 He was one of the counfel for the feven 
 bilhops, and in the convention parliament he 
 reprefented the city of Worcefter, and was 
 one of the managers for the houfe of com- 
 mons at a conference with the lords, upon 
 the word “ Abdicated.” Soon after he was 
 appointed folicitor-gcneral, and in 1692 at- 
 torney-general, and lord keeper. In 1697 
 he was made chancellor with the title of lord 
 Somers, but in 1700 the feals were taken 
 from him, and he was impeached of high 
 crimes and mifdemeanours, but he was ac- 
 quitted by the lords. He died in 1710. 
 Lord Somers was a great conllitutional law- 
 yer, a virtuous patriot, and a patron of learn- 
 ing. — Gen. Did. 
 
 Somerville (William), a poet, was born 
 in Warwickfhire, in 1692, and educated at 
 Winchefter-fchool , from whence he was fent 
 *0 N ew college, Oxford, where he obtained 
 a fellowfhip. He afterwards fettled upon his 
 paternal dtate, and became a ufeful juftice 
 *>f the peace. He died in 1743. Mr, So- 
 
 SOR 
 
 merville wrote the Chace, a poem, which Is 
 a very lively and ingenious performance. 
 It has been often printed with a few other 
 pieces by him. — Johnjons Lives of the Poets. 
 
 Somner (William), a learned antiquary, 
 was born at Canterbury in 1606 He was 
 the author of (t The Antiquities of Canter- 
 bury,” and a “ Saxon Dictionary.” He died 
 in 1669 — Gcn Did. 
 
 Sophocles, a tragic poet of Athens, was 
 educated under ./Efchylus, after which he 
 diftinguifhed himfelf as a ftatefman and a ge- 
 neral. He fhared the command with Peri- 
 cles, and bore a honourable part in feveral 
 battles. The Athenians having taken the 
 ille of Scyros, appointed an annual conteft 
 for the belt tragedy to commemorate that 
 event. It wasonthisoccafion that Sophocles 
 firft difplayed his poetical talents. His per- 
 formance gained the prize, though he had 
 his old mailer among his competitors. This 
 fuccefs encouraged him to continue in the 
 fame courfe, and he gained the prize twenty 
 times. Euripides was his powerful rival, 
 and they divided the public applaufe. Seven 
 only of the plays of Sophocles are extant. 
 He died, aged 91, B. C. 406, of joy at hav- 
 mg gained a prize at the Olympic games. 
 I ne beft editions of Sophocles are that cf 
 Capperonier at Paris, 2 vols. 4to. 1780, and 
 that of Brunck, 4 vols. 8 vo. i?86. This au- 
 thor has been tranflated into Engblh by 
 Porter. — Piog. Clajfca. 
 
 Sofhonisba, the daughter of Afdrubal, 
 general of the Carthaginian forces, and the 
 wife of Syphax, king of Numidia. When 
 her hulband was defeated by MalBnilfa, fhe 
 fell into the hands of the vidtor, who mar- 
 ried her. This union, however, was foon 
 interrupted by Scipio Africanus, who oblig- 
 ed MalTinifTa to quit his new fpoufe, on 
 which Ihe poifooed herfelf, B. C. 208 ,—Livv. 
 Sallufi. J 
 
 Soranus, a phyfician of Ephefus, who 
 pradtifed at Rome under Trajan and Adrian. 
 Some pieces of his are extant, and were pub- 
 lished in Greek, at Paris, in 1554, and at 
 Bafil in 1528. There was another of the 
 fame name, who wrote on the difeafes of 
 women. — Moreri. 
 
 Sorbait (Paul), a native of Hainault, 
 was phyfician to the imperial court, and pro- 
 feffor of medicine at Vienna. He died in 
 1691. He wrote, “ Commentaries on the 
 Aphorifms of Hippocrates,” 4to; “ Medi- 
 cina Univerfalis, theoretics et pradtica,” fo- 
 lio, See.— Moreri. 
 
 Sorriere (Samuel) , a French writer, was 
 born in the diocefe of Ufez, in 1615. He 
 quitted the ftudy of divinity for that ofphy- 
 fic, and in 1653 he renounced the proteftant 
 religion, on which he obtained a confiderable 
 penfion from the king. He died at Rome in 
 167c. Sorbiere was in the habit of corref- 
 pondence with Hobbes, whofe letters he ufed 
 to fend to Gaflendi as his own, and having 
 tranferibed the anfwers, fent them to Hobbes, 
 who from thence conceived a high opinion «f 
 2 L z 
 
sou 
 
 his abilities. His Journey to England is full 
 of grofs falfehoods, and his other works are 
 triflin g, — Moreri . 
 
 Sor bonne (Robert de), founder of the 
 college of that name at Paris, was born in 
 I201. He was confeffor and chaplain to St. 
 Louis, who had a great efteem for him, and 
 gave him the.canonry of Cambray. He 
 founded the coliegeof the Sorbonne in 1253* 
 and died in 1274 — Ibid. 
 
 Sor g h (Hendrick), a painter, was born 
 at Rotterdam in 1621. He was the difciple 
 of Teniers, and his favourite fubje£ts were 
 fairs and markets. He died in 1682 — Hou- 
 Iraken. 
 
 Sorri (Peter), an Italian painter, was 
 born at Sienna in 1556. He excelled in 
 lar.dfcape, portrait, and hiftorical painting. 
 He died in iGiz.—Filkington. 
 
 Sosigenes, an aftronomer of Egypt, 
 who was invited to Rome “by Julius Caelar, 
 for the reformation of the calendar. He 
 fixed the year at 365 days, called the Julian 
 year, which commenced B. C. 45. His 
 works are loft. — Pliny. 
 
 Sostrates, a celebrated architedb of 
 Cnidos, who conftrudted the tower of Pharos, 
 In the bay of Alexandria, on which he placed 
 this infeription, “ Soltrates, of Cnidos, fon of 
 Lexiphanes, to the gods who protedf naviga- 
 tion.” He flourilhed B. C. 273. — Strabo. 
 Bliny. 
 
 Sotades, a Grecian poet, was a native of 
 Maronsea in Thrace. He invented a kind of 
 irregular iambics, which were called by his 
 name. Having written a fatire againft Pto- 
 lemy Philadelphus, king of Egypt, he was 
 thrown into the fea in a cheft of lead. — Sai- 
 das. Strabo. 
 
 Soto (Dominic), a Spanith divine, was 
 born at Segovia in 1494. He ftudied at Al- 
 cala and at Paris, after which he entered 
 among thedominicans. He became profeffor 
 of divinity at Salamanca, and was appointed 
 confeffor to Charles V. who fent him to the 
 council of Trent. He refufed the bifhopric 
 of Segovia, and died in 1560. His works 
 are, Commentary on the Epiftle to the Ro- 
 mans ; de Juftitia et Jure; de Pauperum 
 Caufa ; de Cavendo juramentorum abufu, 
 &c. There was another dominican of this 
 name, who came to England with Philip II. 
 hulband of Mary, for the purpofe of reftoring 
 the roman catholic religion in the two uni- 
 verities. He alfo diftinguifhed himfelf at 
 the council of Trent, and died in 1563. He 
 wrote fome theological works.-— MV. Anton. 
 Script. Hifp. 
 
 So u b is e (John de Parthenai, lord of), one 
 of the principal leaders of the proteftants in 
 France, was born of an illuftrious houfe in 
 Poitou. He was brought up at the court of 
 the duke of Ferrara, and on his return to 
 France he attached himfelf to the prince of 
 Conde, who fent him to Lyons to defend that 
 place. He difeharged his tmft with great 
 luccefs, and obliged the duke de Nemours to 
 ratfe the fiege. He died in 1566 ,—Moretu 
 
 SOU 
 
 Soubise (Benjamin de Rohan, duke of), 
 grandfon of the preceding, was the fon of 
 Renatus de Rohan, the feccnd of that name, 
 and of Catherine de Parthenai. He fupport- 
 ed his brother, the duke of Rohan, in his 
 defence of Rochelle, and in 1621 he main- 
 tained St. John d’Angeli againft Louis XIII. 
 and when he furrendered the place, obtained 
 a free pardon: in 1622 he took Oleron, and 
 made himfelf mailer of Lower Poitou, but 
 he was foon after defeated, on which he re- 
 tired to England, where he died in i6ao.— 
 Ibid. 
 
 Souchai (John Bsptift), a French writer, 
 was born at Saint- Amand, near Vendome, 
 in 1687. He became canon of the cathedral 
 of Rodez, counfellor to the king, and profef- 
 for of eloquence in the royal college. He 
 died in 1746. He publiflied a Tranflation of 
 Sir Thomas Browne’s Vulgar Errors, 2 vois. ; 
 an edition of Aufonius, 410. ; and differta- 
 tions in the memoirs of the academy of 
 belles lettres. — Noun/. DiEl Hift. 
 
 Souciet (Stephen), a jefuit, was born at 
 Bourges in 1671. He was librarian in the 
 college of Louis the Great, and died in 1744. 
 His works are, Aftronomical Obfervations 
 made in China, q vols. 4to. ; Differtations on 
 Difficult Paffages of Scripture, 4to. ; Diffcr- 
 tations againft the Chronology of fir Ilaac 
 Newton, &c. His brother, Stephen Augufiin, 
 was profeffor of divinity in the fame college, 
 and died in 1744. He wrote a poem on co- 
 mets, and another on agriculture. — Noun/. 
 
 DiSt. li ft. 
 
 Soufflot (James Germain), a French 
 architect, was born in 1713. He improved 
 himfelf in Italy, and on his return to France 
 became fuperintendant of the royal buildings. 
 His greateft work is the church of St. Gene- 
 vieve, at Paris. He died in 1780. — Ibid. 
 
 South (Robert), an eminent divine, was 
 born at Hackney, in Middlefex,in 1633, and 
 educated at Weftminfter-fchool, from whence 
 he was eledted to Chrift church, Oxford. 
 In 1660 he was chofen public orator of the 
 univerfity, and the year following appointed 
 chaplain to lord Clarendon. In 1670 he ob- 
 tained a canonry of Chrift church, and a pre- 
 bend of .Weftminfter. In 1676 he accompa- 
 nied the Englifh ambaffador to Poland, of 
 which country he wrote an account. After 
 his return he was prefented to the redlory of 
 Klip, in Oxfordfhire. Though he concurred 
 in the revolution, he refufed a bifhopric, and 
 died in 1716. His fermons have been pub- 
 lished in 11 vols. 8vo. They are remarkable 
 for their wit. Dr. South had a fharp con- 
 troverfy with Dr. Sherlock on the dodlrine 
 of the Trinity. — Wood. 
 
 Southern (Thomas), a dramatic writer, 
 was born, according to fome, in Ireland, but 
 Wood fays at btratford upon Avon. He be- 
 came a fervitor in Pembroke college, Oxford, 
 where he took one degree in arts, and then 
 fettled in London. He wrote, the Perfian 
 Prince; L abel la, or the Fatal Marriage ; and 
 Oroonoko, tragedies 3 the Dif^ppointraent ; 
 
SPA 
 
 the Rambling Lady ; and the Wives’ Excufe, 
 comedies. He died in 1746, aged 83-—* Blog. 
 Dra.n. IF'ood. 
 
 Sozomen (Hermias), an ecclefiaftical 
 hiftorian of the fifth century, was born in 
 Paleftine, from whence he palled to Conftan- 
 tinople, where he praflifsd as an advocate. 
 He died about 450. His Ecclenaftical Hif- 
 tory from 32410439 was printed at Cam- 
 bridge with Eufebius, Socrates, &c. in 3 vols. 
 folio, 1720. — Moreri. 
 
 Spagnoletto (Jofeph Ribera), a paint- 
 er, was born in 1589, at Xativa, in Spain. 
 After ftudying the works of the greateft maf- 
 ters he fettled at Naples, where he was em- 
 ployed by the viceroy and other great per- 
 sons. His fubjedls were moilly tragical 
 fcenes, which he painted with uncommon 
 force and expreffion. He died in 1656.— 
 Cumberland’ s Anecd. of Spanifh Painters. 
 
 Spain. Thiscountry was pofi'clTed chief- 
 ly by the Carthaginians, till ibev were ex- 
 pelled 3 . C. 206 by the Romans, who made 
 themlelves mailers of the whole B. C. 16. 
 A. D. 409 the Vandals, Alans, and Suevi, 
 fettled in Spain, but in 428 the Vandals 
 went to Afiica. In 585 the Suevi were 
 driven out by the Goths, here called Vili- 
 goths, who in 586 expelled ,the Romans. 
 In 71 1 the Saracens invaded the country, 
 and kept poflefiion till 71S, when Don Pela- 
 go recovered part of it from them. He 
 reigned in Bifcay and the Allurias. In 984 
 Bermudo II. of this race was acknowleged 
 king of Leon, but in 1037 this kingdom 
 was united to that of Calliie. In 1080 the 
 Moorilh kingdom of Toledo was conquered, 
 and that city became the capital of the king- 
 dom of Caftile. That kingdom was united 
 to Arragon by the marriage of Ferdinand of 
 Arragon to Ifabelia of Caftille, in 1479. See 
 Ferdinand V. — Mariana. Unizi. lift. 
 
 Spallanzani (Lizarus), an eminent 
 naturalift, was bom in 1729 at Scandiano, 
 in Italy. He became profcll'ur of philofopliy 
 at Pavia, where he made numerous experi- 
 ments in phyfiology. In 1785 he went to 
 Turkey, and made many obferrations on geo- 
 logy and extinct volcanoes. He next paill-d 
 into Germany, and received particular marks 
 of attention >001 the emperor Jofeph II. 
 He died at Pavia in 1799 His works are, 
 Letters on the Origin of Fountains; Experi- 
 ments on the Reprodudtions of Animals; 
 ElEiy upon Animalcula in Fluids; M.crofco- 
 pical Experiments ; Memoirs on the Circu- 
 lation of the Blood; Travels in the Two 
 Sicilies and the Apennines, 6 vols.; Obfer- 
 vations on the Tranfpiration of Plants; Cor- 
 refpondence with eminent Men. — Nouv. 
 Diet. Hift. 
 
 Spanheim (Frederick), a learned divine, 
 was bornat Amberg, in the Upper Palatinate, 
 in 1600. He ftudied at Heidelberg, and ob- 
 tained the profefforlhip of philolbphy at Ge- 
 neva, which he left in 1642, and was elect- 
 ed ptof a (Tor of divinity at Leyden, where he 
 died in 1649. His works are, the Life of 
 
 SPA 
 
 the Count Dhona, 4to.; Dubia Evangelica, 
 two tomes, 4to. ; Exerckationes de Gratia 
 Univerfali, 3 volumes, 8vo. ; the Swifs Mer- 
 cury, See.— -Moreri. 
 
 Spanheim (Ezekiel), a learned writer 
 an f ilatefman, was the eldeft fon ol the pre- 
 ceding, and born in 1629 at Geneva, where 
 he was appointed profeffor of eloquence at 
 the age of twenty. Tie foon after became 
 tutor to the fon of Charles Louis, elector 
 palatine, who employed him in feveral im- 
 portant millions. From his fervice he paff- 
 eJ into that of the eledtor of Brandenburg, 
 who made him a baron and minift r of ltate. 
 After the peace of Ryftvick he wis fent to 
 France and from thence to England, where 
 he died in 1710. His principal works are, 
 De Praeftantia et ufo Numifmacum antiquo- 
 rum, 2 vols. folio; Letters and DifTertations 
 on Medals ; an edition of the works of Juli- 
 an, with notes, folio. — Ibid. 
 
 Spanheim (Frederick), brother of the 
 above, was born at Geneva in 1632. He 
 was educated at Leyden, where he took his 
 degree of dodtor in divinity, after which he 
 became profefl'or in that faculty at Heidel- 
 berg, and next at Leyden. Ha died in 1701. 
 His principal work is an Ecclefiaftical Hif- 
 tory, 3 vols. folio. — Ibid. 
 
 Sparrow (Anthony), a learned prelate, 
 was born at Depden, in Suffolk, and educated 
 at Queen’s college, Cambridge, from whence 
 he was ejected in 1643 for refuiing to take 
 the covenant. Afcer the relloration he was 
 made matter of that college, archdeacon of 
 Sudbury, and in 1667 confecrated bilhop of 
 Exeter, from whence he was tranllated to 
 Norwich, where he died in 1685. Bifiiop 
 Sparrow wrote, Rationale upon the Book of 
 Common Prayer, 1657, 8vo. This book 
 was greatly improved, and publifhed wicn 
 additions in 172c. He alfo compiled a col- 
 lection of Articles, Injunctions, Canons, &c. 
 4to- — IVocd. 
 
 Sparta. In 1069 B. C. Earotas, the 
 fon of Lelex, and Lacedeemon, (who married 
 Sparta, the daughter of Ku rotas) reigned i-n 
 Laconia, and built Sparta. In 708 Lycurgus 
 new modelled this ftate, after which it be- 
 came famous, particularly by the conqueftof 
 Athens It became a Roman province A.D. 
 71. The Venetians conquered the country 
 in 1 6 3 6 , but it was retaken by the Turks in 
 1715. [See Lycurgus.] — Uni-v . Hill. 
 
 Spartacus, a Thracian ihepherd, famous 
 for his victories over the Romans. He was 
 one of the gladiators of Lentullus, but efcap- 
 ing with thirty others he placed iiimfelf at 
 the head of a numerous army, with which, 
 he defeated the Romans in feveral battles. 
 At iaft Craft'cis was fent-againtt him, and af- 
 ter a bloody conteft Spartacus was {lain B. C, 
 71. — Livy. Floras. 
 
 Spartian us (rE:ius), a Latin hiftorian, 
 who wrote the Lives of the Emperors from 
 Julius Caefar to Diocletian, of which only a 
 few are extant among the Scriptores Hittanas 
 Auguftpe .-r-FoJius de lift. Lat, 
 
S P E 
 
 Sfee» (John), an Englifh billorian and 
 antiquary, was born atFarringt&n,in Chelhire, 
 about 1555. He was a taylor, but having a 
 great inclination to ftudy he was enabled to 
 purl'ue it by the bounty of fir Fulk Greville. 
 He was the author of the Theatre of Great 
 Britain, fol. 1596; the Hiftory of Great 
 Britain, folio ; and Tables of Scripture Gene- 
 alogies, formerly bound up with the Bible. 
 This induftrious compiler died in 1629.— 
 Gen D 'tEi. 
 
 Sp elman (fir Henry), a learned anti- 
 quary, was born in Norfolk about 1561. 
 He was employed by king James in fome 
 public bufinefs in Ireland, and was one of 
 the commiffioners for reforming the abufes 
 with regard to fees in the different courts 
 and offices, for which he received the honour 
 of knighthood. Sir Henry was one of the 
 old fociety of antiquaries, and diftinguifhed 
 himfelf by feveral learned works, as, 1. a 
 Book againft Sacrilege, or alienating the 
 Church Lands, under the title of De Non 
 Temerandis Ecclefias ; 2. Gloflarium Archae- 
 ologicum, folio. ; 3. an edition of the Eng- 
 Jilh Councils, 2 vols. folio; 4. the Life of 
 Alfred, folio; 5. Villare Anglicanum, fo- 
 lio; 6. Reliquiae Spelmaniae, fol. His fqn, 
 fir John Spelman, was alfo a learned man. 
 He was mafter of the Charterhoufe, and 
 died in 1643. Clement Sfelman, another fon 
 of fir Henry, wrote a Dil'courfe on the Time 
 of obferving Eafter ; Trails on Aftrology, 
 Rules for judging the Weather, &c. He 
 died in 1679 — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Spence (Jofeph), an ingenious divine, 
 was born in Northamptonlhire, and educated 
 at Winchefter fchoo), fr m whence he was 
 eledted to New college, Oxford, where he 
 obtained a fellowihip in 1727. The year 
 following he was prefented to the redlory of 
 Birchangcr, in Effex, which he afterwards 
 refigned for that of Har wood-Magna, in 
 Buckioghqmfhire. , In 1742 he was made 
 profeffbr of modern hiftory, and in 1754 pre- 
 bendary of Durham. He was drowned in a 
 pond at Byfleet, in Surry, in 1768, aged 65. 
 /v!r. Spence wrote, 1. an Efi'ay on Pope’s 
 Odyffey, umo.; 2. a work entitled Polyme- 
 tis, folio — Hutchinfon's Hijl. Durham. 
 
 Spencer (John), a learned divine, was 
 born in Kent in 1630, and educated at Cor- 
 pus Chrifti college, Cambridge, of which he 
 became fellow and mafter. In 1677 he was 
 made dean of Ely. He died in 1693. His 
 principal works are, 1. De Legibus Hebraeo- 
 rum Ritualibus & earum Rationibus, folio. ; 
 2. a Difcourfe concerning Prodigies and Vul- 
 gar Prophecies, 8vo. He is not to be con- 
 founded with IVilliam Spencer of Trinity col- 
 lege, in the fame univerfity, who printed 
 in 1658 an edition of Origen’s books againft 
 Celfus, with notes — Gen. DB. 
 
 Spener (Philip James), a Lutheran di- 
 vine, was born in Alface, in 1635. He be- 
 came counfellor in ecclefiaftical affairs to the 
 eledlor of Brandenburg, but he is rendered 
 pmarkable by being the founder pf a feet 
 
 s p r 
 
 called Pietijls, who held that the werd of 
 God cannot be underftood without the illu- 
 mination of the Holy Ghoft. He died at 
 Berlin in 1705. — Moreri. 
 
 Spenser (Edmund), an eminent poet, 
 was born in London in 1553, and educated 
 at Pembroke-hall, Cambridge, where he took 
 his degrees in arts, but not obtaining a fel- 
 lowlhip he quitted the univerfity. His firft 
 performance was the “ Shepherd’s Calendar,” 
 which he dedicated to fir Philip Sidney, who 
 became his patron, and introduced him at 
 court. Ic is faid that Elizabeth, being pleaf- 
 ed with fome of his verfes, ordered the trea- 
 furer Burleigh to give him one hundred 
 pounds, on which the old ftatefman, who had 
 little efteem for poets, exclaimed, “ what fo 
 much for a fong ? ’ to which the queen an- 
 fwered, “ then give him what is reafan.” 
 Spenfer however obtained nothing, in confe. 
 quence of which he prefented her majefty 
 the following addrefs : 
 
 I was promifed on a time, 
 
 To have reafon for my rhime, 
 
 But from that time to this feafon 
 I have had nor rhime nor reafon. 
 
 This fo pleafed the queen that file feverely 
 reprimanded the treafurer, and ordered that 
 the poe't Ihould be inftantiy paid. In 1579 
 be was fent abroad on fome million by the 
 earl of Leicefter, and afterwards he accom- 
 panied lord Grey, viceroy of Ireland, as his 
 fecretary, and obtained a grant of lands in 
 that kingdom, where he built a houfe; and 
 finilhed his celebrated poem entituled, “ The 
 Faery Queen.” In the rebellion begun by 
 the earl of Oefmond our poet loft his eftate, 
 and was plundered. In 1591 he obtained a 
 penfion from the queen of 50I. a year, which 
 has led fome to fuppofe that he was ' poet 
 laureate. He died in Weftminfter in 1598, 
 and was buried in Weftminfter-abbey. The 
 beft edition of his works is that of Todd, 
 with notes, 1805, 8 volumes, 8vo. — Biog'. 
 Brit. 
 
 Sperling (Otto), a phyfician and bota- 
 nift, was born at Hamburgh in 1602. He 
 was appointed phyfician to the king of Den- 
 mark, but being concerned with the count 
 Ulfeld, he was fent to prifon, where he died 
 in 1681. He pubiilhed aCatalogueofPlants 
 in Denmark, 1642, nmo. There was ano- 
 ther phyfician of this name, who died at 
 Wittemberg in 1658. He wrote, 1. Infti- 
 tutiones Phyficae; 2. Anthropologist' Phy- 
 ficae.— Ntuv. Da. Hijl. 
 
 Sperone (Speroni), an Italian writer, 
 was born atPadua in 1500, and died in 1588, 
 His works are, 1. Dialogues in Italian, 8vo.; 
 2. Canace, a tragedy 5 3 Letters, &c. — Ti ra- 
 bofehi. 
 
 Spielman (James ReinholJ) , was born 
 at Strafburg in 1722. He was a phyfician 
 and profeffbr of chemiftry at his native place, 
 where, by his means, a botanic garden was 
 eftablifiied. He died in 1782. His works 
 are, 1 . Elementa Chimiae, 8vo. ; 2 Prodro- 
 mes Florae Argentinenfis, 8vo, ; 3. Inftitu- 
 
S P I 
 
 tiones Materiae Mediae 5 4 - Syllabus Medi- 
 camentorum ; 5. Pharmacopeia geneyalis, 
 
 4. to. — Nsuv. Dili. Hi/i. 
 
 Sp 1 k rings ( Henry ) , a landfcape painter, 
 was born at Antwerp in 16^3. His pictures 
 are well defigned, and the trees are remark- 
 ably beau t i f u 1 . — Houbr alien . 
 
 Spiers (Albert Van), an hiflorical pain- 
 ter, was born at Amflerdam in r 665 . After 
 ftudying in Italy he returned to his native 
 city, where he painted fevcral beautiful pic- 
 tures. He died in 1718. — P'dkington. 
 
 Spigelius (Adrian), profeflor of anato- 
 my and lurgery at Padua, was born at Brul- 
 •fels in 1578, and died in 1625. His works 
 ■were printed at Amfterdam in 3 vols, folio, 
 2645. 
 
 Spies erg (John), an hiftorical and por- 
 trait painter, was born at Dulleldorf in 16 19. 
 He was principal painter to the count Pala- 
 tine, and painted feveral fine altar pieces in 
 his native country. He died in 1691. His 
 daughter Adriana painted portraits in cray- 
 ons. She was the wife of Vander Neer. — 
 floubrakcn. 
 
 Spinckes .(Nathaniel), a pious divine, 
 was born at Caftor, in Northamptonfhire, in 
 1654, and educated at Jefus college, Cam- 
 bridge, where he took his degrees in arts. 
 He loft his church preferments at the revo- 
 lution for refufing the oaths. In 1713 he 
 was confecrated one of the bifhops among 
 the non-jurors. He died in 1727. Mr. 
 Spinckes pubiifhed a colle&ion of Devotions, 
 i2mo. ; the Sick Man vifited ; and leveral 
 other pious books. — Gen. Dili. 
 
 Spin el lo (Arctino), a painter, W’as 
 born at Arezzo, in 'l'ufcany, in 1328. He 
 painted portrait and hiftory in an admirable 
 ftyle, and his pieces are finely finilhed. He 
 died in 1420. His fon was alfo an eminent 
 artift. He died in 1422.— De Piles. Felibien. 
 
 Spinoi. a (Ambrofe), a celebrated gene- 
 ral, was born in Spain of a family originally 
 from Genoa. He bore arms early in life, 
 and in 1604 took Oftend, after which he 
 was named commander in chief of the Spanifh 
 forces in the Low Countries, where he op- 
 pofed Maurice, prince of Naii'au, with great 
 fkill and bravery. He afterwards (ignalized 
 himlelf in Italy, where he took Cafal. He 
 died in 1630. — Moreri 
 
 SpiNOSA (Benedict), was the fon of a 
 Portuguefe Jew, and was born at Amflerdam 
 in 1632. He ftudied under a phyfician, and 
 afterwards applied to theology, but having 
 avowed Lome free opinions refpedting the 
 mofaic law he was excommunicated, on 
 which he was baptifed and profciTed the 
 chriftian religion. A love of ftudy induced 
 him to retire from Amfterdam into the coun- 
 try, where he employed himfelf in making 
 microfcopes and telefcopes. He died in 1677. 
 Spinofa invented a lyftem called by his 
 name, the balls of which is that matter is 
 eternal, and that the univerfe is God. I his 
 he publilhed in a piece entitled, iraftacus 
 Thtologico Politicos, 410. j and the fame is 
 
 SPO 
 
 refined upon in a mathematical form in his 
 pofthumous works, printed in quarto — Mo. 
 ten. 
 
 S p 1 R A (Ffancis), a lawyer of eminence 
 in the Venetian ftate at the begin ingofthe 
 fixteenth .century. He imbibed the princi- 
 ples of the reformation, of which being; ac- 
 cufed before the pope’s nuncio, he was 
 obliged to make a public recantation to Live 
 his life. Shortly after he fell into a deep 
 melancholy, and notwithftar.ding all the 
 advice of medical men he .died of the mere 
 agonies of his mind in 1548 — Collier s Dice . 
 
 Spon (Charles), a learned Frenchman, 
 was born at Lyons in 1609. He had a good 
 turn for Latin poetry ; and Bayle fays, that 
 he had an extemporary piece in iambics, 
 compofed by him at fourteen, which would 
 have done honour to an adult, even if writ- 
 ten in the hours of leifure. After ftudying 
 medicine three or four years he went to 
 Montpellier, where he took his doftor’s de- 
 gree in 1632. He afterwards fettled at 
 Lyons, where he pradtifed with great fuc- 
 cefs. He died in 1684. He pubiifhed the 
 Prognoftics of Hippocrates in hexameter 
 verfe. — Bayle. 
 
 Spon (James), fon of the preceding, was 
 born at Lyons in 1647. He was admitted 
 dodlor of phyfic at Montpellier in 1667, and 
 a member of the college of phyficians at Ly- 
 ons in 1669. In 1675 made a voyage to 
 Dalmatia, Greece, and the Levant ; of 
 which he printed an account. He died in 
 1686. He was the author of many valua- 
 ble and curious works, 1. llecherches dea 
 Antiquitcs de Lyons, 1674, 8vo. ; 2. Ig- 
 notorum at que obfeurorum Deorum arm, 
 1677, 8vo. ; 3. Voyage de la Grcce & du 
 
 Levant, 1677, 3 vols, izino. ; 4. Hiftoive 
 de la Ville & de l’Etat de Geneve, 3680, 
 two volumes, i2mo. See. & c. — 1 bid. 
 
 Spondanus (John), or de Sponde, was 
 born in 1557. At the age of twenty he be- 
 gan a commentary on Homer's Iliad and 
 Odyftey, which was printed at Bufil in 1538, 
 folio, with a dedication to the king of Na- 
 varre, afterwards Henry IV. of France. 
 The fame year he caufed Ariftotle’s Logic 
 to be printed at Bafil, in Greek and Latin, 
 with marginal notes. He died in 1595 '*“ 
 Ibid. 
 
 Spondanus (Henry), younger brother 
 of the above, was born in 1 56S, and edu- 
 cated in the reformed college at Ortez, 
 where he was early diftinguifhed by his 1 a- 
 cility in acquiring the Latin and Greek lan- 
 guages. He ftudied the civil and canon law, 
 and his learning and eloquence attracting 
 the notice of Henryf IV. then prince ol 
 Bearn, lie was made by him matter of the 
 requefts at Navarre. Jn 1595 he abjured 
 the proteftant religion, and on taking orders 
 was preferred to a bifhopric in 154 3 * 
 Spondanus pubiifhed an abridgment or Buro- 
 n 1 us’s Annals, entitled, Annaler Sacra Mun- 
 di Creatioue ad ejuldem Redemplionem, 
 folio,— Ibid. 
 
 d Li 
 
S PR 
 
 Spotswood (John), a learned Scotch 
 prelate, was born in 1565. In 1603, upon 
 the acceffion of James to the throne of Eng- 
 land, he was appointed to attend tiie king, 
 and in the fame year was advanced to the 
 archbilhopric of Glafgow, and made one of 
 the privy council in Scotland. In 1615 he 
 v/as tranflated to the fee of St. Andrew’s. 
 He was as much the favourite of Charles I., 
 who in 1635 nla de him chancellor of Scot- 
 land ; but the troubles obliging him to leave 
 that country he retired to London, where he 
 died in 1639 His Hiftory of the Chutch 
 of Scotland was publilhed in 1695, folio.— 
 Collier. 
 
 Spot swood (fir Robert), fecond fon of 
 the preceding, was eminent for his abilities 
 and knnwlege in the laws. He was pre- 
 ferred by king james, and afterwards by 
 king Charles ; but was put to death by the 
 covenanters for adhering to the marquis of 
 .Montrofe. — Ibid. 
 
 Spragg (Edward), a brave Engiilh ad- 
 miral, was a captain in the firlt engagement 
 with the Dutch in 1665, when, for his gal- 
 lant conduft, he was knighted by the king 
 on board the Royal Charles. He attrafted 
 the particular notice of the duke of Albe- 
 marle in the four days battle in 1666, and 
 the year following he burnt a number of 
 Dutch fire (hips when they came up the 
 Thames, which threw their whole fleet into 
 confufion. In 1671 he deftroyed in the Me- 
 diterranean feven Algerine men of war. 
 He was funk in his boat in an engagement 
 with Van Tromp in 1673, as he was going 
 from his finking fhip to another. — Campbell. 
 
 Sprangher (Bartholomew), a famous 
 painter of Antwerp, was born in 1546. Af- 
 ter ftudying under various matters he went 
 to Italy, where he was patronifea by cardi- 
 nal Farnefe, who recommended him to pope 
 Pius V- On his return to Germany he be- 
 came chief painter to the emperor Maximi- 
 lian II. whofe fucceffor, Rodolphus, gave 
 .him a patent of nobility, and a penfion. He 
 died in 1623 .— -De Piles. 
 
 Sprat (Thomas), a learned bithop, was 
 born at Tallaton, in Devonfhire, in 1636. 
 He was admitted a commoner of Wadham 
 college, Oxford, in 1651, and on taking his 
 degrees in arts obtained a fellow/hip. After 
 the reftoration he entered into orders, and 
 was one of the firft members of the royal 
 fociety, of which he wrote the hiftory. He 
 became chaplain to the king, prebendary of 
 Weftminfter, minifter of St. Margaret’s, ca- 
 non of Windfor, and laftly dean of Weft- 
 minfter, and bifhop of Rochefter. He was 
 alfo dean of the chapel royal, and was one of 
 the commiffioners for ecclefiaftical affairs in 
 the reign of James II. However, he com- 
 plied at the revolution, and died in 1713. 
 He wrote, the Plague of Athens, a poem ; a 
 poem on the Death of Cromwell ; Obferva- 
 fions on Sorbiere’s Voyage to England, Svo. 5 
 the Life of Cowley; Hiftory of the Rye- 
 koufe Plot j Relation of the wicked Confpi- 
 
 S T A 
 
 racy of Stephen Blackhead and Rchert 
 Young, folio; feveral Sermons, o£Iav>.— • 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Spurstow (William), a non-confomift 
 divine, was mailer of Catharine hall, Cam- 
 bridge, from whence he was ejedhed in the 
 rebellion for refufing the engagement. He 
 afterwards had the living of Hackney, of 
 which he was deprived for non-confortrity. 
 Dr. Spurftow was one of the affembly of di- 
 vines, and a commiffioner at the Savoy con- 
 ference. The two firft letters of his nunc 
 are the laft of the word Smeatymmius, the 
 title of a book againft epifcopacy. [See 
 Newcomen.] He died in 1666. His werks 
 are, a Treatife on the Promifes, 8vo. ; the 
 Spiritual Chemift, 8vo ; the Wiles ofSa- 
 tan ; and fome Seimons — Calamy. 
 
 S q_u a r c i o N e (Francis), an Italian pain- 
 ter, was born in 1394, and died in 1474. 
 He travelled into Greece to make defjgns 
 after the remains of antiquity, and on his 
 return to Italy he gained fo great a reputa- 
 tion as to be called the father of painters,— 
 De Piles. 
 
 Squire (Samuel), a learned bifhop, was 
 born at Warmift r, in Wiiclbire, in 1714, 
 and educated at St. John's college, Cam- 
 bridge, of which he became fellow. In 
 1760 he was promoted to the deanry of 
 Briftol, and the year following was made 
 bithop of St. David’s. He died in 1766. 
 His works are, 1. a Defence of the Aritient 
 Greek Chronology, and an Enquiry into the 
 Origin of the Greek Language, Svo. ; 2. an 
 Enquiry into the Nature of the Engiilh Con- 
 fticution, Svo. ; 3. Indifference to Religion 
 inexcufable, i2ino — Gen. Biog. Die}. 
 
 5 t a a l ( Madame de) , a French lady, was 
 the daughter of a painter named De Launai., 
 who being obliged to quit the kingdom 1 ft 
 his child in great diftrefs, in which ftate ihe 
 found a friend in the ahbefs of a convent, 
 who brought her up. She afterwards be- 
 came fervant to the duchefs of Ma ne, and 
 being noticed by Fontenelle for her ingenui- 
 ty, Hie acquired the friendlhip of many per- 
 fons of diftindtion. Site married an officer 
 named de Staal, who became a captain in 
 the Swifs guards. She died in 1750. Her 
 Memoirs were publi fixed after her death, in 
 4vols. 1 2 mo. In the laft: are two comedies. 
 — Noun . T)iEl. Hiji. 
 
 Staben (Henry), a painter, was born in 
 Flanders in 1578, and died in 1658. He 
 was the oifciple of Tintoret, and acquired 
 great excellence in painting hiftorical fub- 
 jedts and views in perfpedtive. — De Piles. 
 
 Stackhouse (Thomas), a divine of the 
 church of England, who was many years 
 curate of Finchley, in Middlefex, and vicar 
 of Beenham in Berkfhire. He wrote a Re- 
 view of the Controverfy concerning Mira- 
 cles, 8vo. ; on the Miferies of the inferior 
 Clergy, 8vo. ; a Syftem or Body of Pradti- 
 cal Divinity, 1 vol. folio; and a Hiftory of 
 the Bible, 2 vols. folio. This laft is a work 
 of confiderable merit, and has gone through 
 
ST A 
 
 sr.any editions. Mr. Stackhoufe died in 
 J 751. — ■ Nichols's Anccd. of Botuyer. 
 
 Stadius (John), a mathematician, was 
 born near Antwerp in 1527. He became 
 profefl'or of Hiftory at Louvain, and after- 
 wards of mathematics and hiftory at Paris, 
 where he died in 1579. His works are, 1. 
 Ephemerides ; 2. Tabula sequabilis & appa- 
 rentis motus coeleftium corporum ; 3, a Latin 
 Commentary on Florus. — Moreri.. 
 
 ^taffor d ( Anthony ), an Englifh writer, 
 was born of a noble family in Northamp- 
 tonfhire, and educated at Oriel college, Ox- 
 ford, and in 1623 was created matter of arts. 
 He wrote, Niobe DiiTolved into a Nilus, or 
 his Age Drowned in her own Tears, nmo. ; 
 Meditations and Refolutions, nmo.; 
 Life and Death of Diogenes ; the Pride of 
 Elonour; the Female Glary, or the Life of 
 the Virgin Mary, 8vo. This book gave 
 great offence to the puritans. Honour and 
 Virtue triumphing over the Grave exempli- 
 fied in the Life and Death of Henry Lord 
 Stafford, Ato. He died about 1641. — Wood. 
 
 Stahl (George Erneft), an able chemift, 
 was born at Anfpach in 1660.' When the 
 univerfrty of Hall was founded in 1694 he 
 was appointed medical profeffbr, in which 
 office he gained great reputation In 1716 
 he was invited to Berlin, and made coun- 
 fellor of the court and phyfician to the king. 
 He died there in 1734. It was his opinion 
 that a phyfician does not pradlice well un- 
 lefs he minutely obferves the eftedts of the 
 foul upon the body. But Stahl was more 
 eminent in chemiftry than in medicine, be- 
 cauft he was lcfs fanciful. He made many 
 important difcoveries, and his works are 
 valuable. The principal are, Experimen- 
 ta et Obfervaciones Chemicre et Phyficae, 
 Svo. ; 2. Theoria Medica veia, 4to. ; 3. 
 Opufculum Chymico-Phyfico Medicum, 
 4to. j 4. Treatife on Sulphur, in German, 
 l2mo. ; 5. Fundamenta Chymite Dogma- 
 
 tics et Experimentalis, 3 vols. 4to. ; 6 Ne- 
 gotium Oliofum, 4to. ; 7. Commentarium.in 
 Metallurgicum Beccheri. — Nou-v, DiSI. Hijl. 
 
 Stakr emit erg (Conrad Bakhafar, count 
 de), governor of Vienna during the time it 
 was befieged by the Turks in 1 6S 3 . He ac- 
 quired great glory by the gallant defence 
 which he made of that place. He died at 
 Rome in 1687. — Moreri. 
 
 Stahremberg (Guido-Balde,countdc), 
 another Auftrian general, was born in 165c, 
 and died in 1737. He difplayed great fkill 
 and bravery at the bat: le of Zenta, and in 
 1710 he gained ( hat of Saragofia — Ibid. 
 
 Stal bent ( Adrian), a landfcape painter, 
 was born at Antwerp in 1380, and died in 
 1660. His pi&ures are faithful reprefenta- 
 tions of nature, and the figures are pleafingly 
 difpoled. — Houbraken. 
 
 Stampakt (Francis), a portrait painter, 
 was barn at Antwerp in 1G75, and died in 
 3750. He fettled at Vienna, where he was 
 patronized by the emperor, who made him 
 his cabinet painter, — Pilkington, 
 
 S T A 
 
 Stanhope (George), an eminent divine, 
 was born at Hertithorn, in Derbyfhire, in 
 1660, and educated at Eton, from whence 
 lie was eledled to King’s college, Cambridge, 
 where he proceeded through all his degrees. 
 In 1688 he was prefented to the reflorv of 
 lowing, in Hertfordfhire, and the year fo!. 
 lowing to the vicarage of Lewifham, in 
 Kent. He was foon after appointed chap- 
 lain to William and Mary, and in 1701 ha 
 preached the Boyle’s ledum. In 1703 he 
 was prefented to the redory of Deptford, 
 and in the fame year promoted to the deanry 
 of Canterbury. His life and labours were 
 exemplary, and he united in an eminent de- 
 gree the fcholar, the chriftian, and the gen- 
 tleman. He died in 1728. His works are, 
 I. a Paraphrafe and Comment upon the For- 
 ties and Gofpels, 4 vols. Svo. f 2. Sermons a£ 
 toyle s Ledore, 8vo. ; 3. Mi fee 11a neons 
 
 Sermons, 2 vois. ; 4. Tranflatipns of Thomas 
 a Kempis, Rochefouc ult’s Maxims, St. 
 Augultine’s Meditations, Biihop Andrews’s 
 Devotions, Charron on Wifdom, Parfons’s 
 Chriftian Diredory, Epidetus’a Morals, See. 
 —‘7 odd's Deans sf Canterbury. 
 
 Stanhope (James earl of), a celebrated 
 Englifh nobleman, was defeended from an 
 ancient family of that name in Nottingham- 
 ffiire, and was born in 1673. He entered 
 early into the army, and diftinguiiheri him- 
 fclf witii fo much bravery at the fiege of 
 Namur in 1695 that king William gave 
 him a company and the rank of colonel. li» 
 1705 he ferved as a brigadier general under 
 the earl of Peterborough at the fiege of Bar- 
 celona. He afterwards contributed to the 
 vidories of Almanza and Siragofla, but be- 
 ing intruded with the defence of Briheuga 
 he was obliged to furrender it after a gal- 
 lant refiftance to the duke de Vendome. 
 George I. appoin ed him fecretary of ftate, 
 and in 1714 lent him ambafTador to Vienna. 
 In 1717 he was appointed firft lord of the 
 treafury and chancellor of the exchequer, 
 and afterwards created a peer. He died irs 
 172 1 — Englijh Peerage. 
 
 Stakhupe (Philip Dormer), earl of 
 Chefterfield, was born in 1694. He re- 
 ceived his education at Trinity hall, Cam- 
 bridge, after which lie went abroad, and on 
 his return to England became member of the 
 houfe of commons. On the death of his 
 father in 1725 he fucrceeded to the citle, 
 and became a particular favourite of George 
 II- » who made him high ffeward of the 
 houfehold and knight of the gaiter. In 
 1745 he was appointed lord lieutenant of 
 Ireland, from whence he returned in 1.748. 
 He dieo in 1773. His iordlhip was a man 
 of brilliant dccomplithments, but tainted 
 with vanity and infidelity. He wrote l'ome 
 papers in the World, and feveral poetical 
 pieces, but he is principally known as the 
 author of Letters to his Son, pubiilhed with 
 his other works, in 2 vols. qto. and 3 vois. 
 8 vn . — Life prefixed to bis works. 
 
 Stanislaus L (Leozmlki), king of Po~ 
 
S T A 
 
 land, was the fon of the grand treafurer of 
 that kingdom, and born in P677. In 1704 
 he was deputed by the aflembly at Warlaw 
 to Charles XII. of Sweden, who had juft 
 conquered Poland. That monarch caufed 
 him to be crowned king at Warfaw in 1705, 
 hut when Charles was defeated in 1709 
 Stanillaus was obliged to leave his kingdom. 
 On the death of Auguftus in 1733 he re- 
 turned in hopes of being acknowleged, but 
 the power of the emperor of Germany and 
 the emprefs of Ruflia prevailed againft him, 
 and lie was obliged again to fly. He died in 
 confequence of his night gown taking fire 
 in 17 66. He was the author of different 
 pieces printed in 4 vols. 8vo. under the title 
 of The Works of a Beneficent Pirilofo- 
 pher. — Nou’v. DiEl. Hiji, 
 
 Stanislaus Augustus Poniatow- 
 sky, king of Poland, was the fon of a gen- 
 tleman in Lithuania, and born in 1732. 
 After receiving a liberal education he went 
 on his travels and refided a confiderable time 
 in England, where he became intimate with 
 fir Charles Hanbury Williams, whom he 
 accompanied in his embafly to Peterlburg. 
 At this court the elegance of his perfon and 
 accomplifhments recommended him to the 
 favour of the grand duchefs, afterwards Ca- 
 tharine II , which gave i'uch offence to the 
 emprefs Elizabeth that flie complained to 
 Auguftus III. king of Poland, by whom he 
 was recalled. On the death of that monarch 
 in 1763 Catharine interpofed her influence 
 fo effeftually in behalf of her favouiite that 
 he was elected king of Poland, to the great 
 diflike of the nobility of that kingdom. He 
 began his reign with moderation, but having 
 given his fandtion to the meafure of allow- 
 ing the diffider.ts or proteftants a iliare in the 
 legiflature, he incurred the hatred of the 
 catholics, who confpired againft him, and 
 he was carried off from Warfaw in 1771 by 
 forty periods in difguife. On the road the 
 party loft their way, and the king being left 
 alone with a Angle foldi r, the man was 
 prevailed upon to conduit him back fa fe to 
 his palace. In 1787 he had an interview 
 with Catharine, and accompanied her in a 
 tour on the borders of Perfia. But in 1791 
 her armies and thofe of Pruflia entered Po- 
 land, and made themfelvcs mafters of Wilna 
 and Warfaw. Stanillaus was forced to re- 
 fign his crown, and Poland was divided be- 
 tween Ruflia, Auftria, and Pruflia. The 
 unfortunate monarch retired firft to Grodno, 
 from whence he was called to Peterfburg, 
 where he died in 1798. — Tooke's Hift. of Ca- 
 tharine. 
 
 Stanley (Thomas), a learned writer, 
 was the fon of lir Thomas Stanley, knight, 
 author of two volumes of poems, and born 
 in Hertford/hire in 1644. He received his 
 education at Pembroke-hall, Cambridge, 
 where he took his degrees in arts, and then 
 went on his travels. After his return he 
 entered of the Middle Ternple, but did not 
 follow the law. He died in 167S. His 
 
 S T A 
 
 works are, 1. the Hiftory of Philofophy and 
 Lives of Philofophers, folio. This has been 
 tranflated into Latin and French. 2. An edi- 
 tion of ALlian’s Various Hiftory, 8vo. ; 3, 
 an edition of ./Efchylus, with a Latin Vcr- 
 fion, fol Gen. Did}. 
 
 Stanley (John), an eminent mufician, 
 was born in London in 1713. He became 
 blind at the age of two years, and at feven he 
 began to learn mufic, in which he made 
 fuch a proficiency that he was placed under 
 Dr. Green, and at the early age of eleven he 
 obtained the place of organift pf Allhallows, 
 Lread-ftrcet. In 1723 hewas clrofen organift 
 of St. Andrew, Holborn, and in 1734 was 
 ele&ed by the benchers of the Temple their 
 organ'll!.. Jn 1779, he was appointed mafter 
 k' n !=’ s band of muficians. He died in 
 1786. His cotnpofitioris are in the firft ftyle 
 of tafte and judgment. — Europ. Mag. 
 
 Stannina (Gerard), an hiftorical pain- 
 ter, was bora at Florence in 1354. He was 
 the difciple of Venetiano, and employed by 
 the king of Spain. Pig died in 1403. — Pilk. 
 
 Stanymurst (Richard), a Roman ca- 
 tholic divine, was born at Dublin^in 1545, 
 and educated at Univerlity college, Oxford, 
 after which he went abroad, and entered in- 
 to orders, and became chaplain to the arch- 
 duke Albert, governor of the Low Countries. 
 He died at Druflels in 1618. He wrote, 
 i De Rebus in Hibernia geftis ; r. Vita St. 
 Patricii ; 3. Harmonia feu Catena di iledtica 
 in Porphyrium ; 4. Tranflation of the four firft 
 Books ot the /Eneis into Englifh. He was 
 uncle to archbilhnp Uflier. — Wood. 
 
 Staple don (Walter), an Englifh pre- 
 latey was a native of Devonlhire, and bred at 
 Oxford, afeer which his merits recommend- 
 ed him to the court, and he was made bifliop 
 of Exeter ana treafurer of England. He 
 founded Exeter college, Oxford, and was be- 
 headed by the infurgents of London at the 
 Crofs, in Cheapfide, in 1326. — Prince. 
 
 Stapleton ( Thomas ), an Engl ifli divine 
 of the Roman church, was born at Henfield, 
 in Sullcx, and educated at New college, Ox- 
 ford. 1st the reign of Maty he obtained a 
 canonry in Chichefter cathedral, but in that 
 of Elizabeth iie went abroad and fettled at 
 Louvain, where he was appointed profeflor 
 in divinity, and dean of Hilveroecic. He 
 died in 1598. His works were pub 1 i filed at 
 Paris in 4 vols. folio, in 1620. — Wood. 
 
 Stapylton (lir Robert), a poet, was 
 born at Carleton, in Yorkfhire, of a catholic 
 family. After his return from Douay he 
 turned proteftant, and became gentleman 
 ufher to the prince of Wales, afterwards 
 Charles 11. He received the honour of 
 knighthood from Charles I., and was with 
 him at the battle of Ecgehill. After thp 
 reftoration his lervices were rewarded. He 
 died in 1669. He publilhed a tranflation of 
 Juvenal, and fome Plays, — Ibid. 
 
 Statira, daughter of Darius Codoman.us, 
 was taken by Alexander the Great after the 
 battle ot HTus, and became the wife of that 
 
S T E 
 
 conqueror, on whofe deceafe die was put to 
 (death by Roxana, B. C. 323- — Plutarch. 
 
 Statius (Publius Papinius), a Latin 
 poet, was a native of Naples, and lived at 
 Rome in the reign of Domitian, whofe fa- 
 vour he obtained by flattery. He died about 
 A.D. 100. There remain of Statius two 
 heroic poems, Thebais in 12 books, and the 
 Achilles. The belt editions of them are 
 that of Barthius, 3 vols. 4to. 1664 ; that of 
 Leyden, Svo 1671 ; and the Delphin, 1685, 
 
 1 vols. 4to. — Ewg. C/aJJica. 
 
 Staveley (Thomas), a learned lawyer 
 and antiquary, was born at Caffington, in 
 Leicefterlhire, and educated at Peter houfe, 
 Cambridge, after which he entered of the 
 Inner Temple, and was called to the bar. 
 He was the author of the Romilh Horfe- 
 Leech, or a Difcovery of the enormous Ex- 
 a&ions of the Court of Rome, Bvo. and of 
 the Hiftory of Churches, 8vo. This laft is 
 a curious book, and was reprinted by Davies. 
 The author died in 1683. — Gen. Die?. 
 
 Staunton (fir George Leonard), was 
 born in Galway, in Ireland. He ftudied 
 medicine at Montpellier, where he took his 
 doctor’s degree; after which he fettled in 
 London, and tranllated fome of the Medical 
 Efiaysof Dr. Storck of Vienna. About 1762 
 he went to Grenada, where he acquired a 
 good fortune. He alfo became fecretaiy to 
 lord Macartney, governor of the illand, and 
 having ftudied the law he difeharged the 
 ollice of attorney general. On the capture 
 of Grenada by the French he returned to 
 England, and when lord Macartney was ap- 
 pointed governor of Madras he accompanied 
 him as fecretary, in which capacity he dif- 
 played great abilities in the treaty with Tip- 
 poo Sultaun. On his return to England he re- 
 ceived a peufion from the India company, be- 
 fides which he was createda bar:>net,and receiv- 
 ed the honorary degree of dodlor of laws from 
 the uriiverfity of Oxford. When lord Ma- 
 cartney went out ambalfador to China he was 
 accompanied by fir George as lecretary of 
 legation. Of this voyage he publilhed an 
 elaborate and highly interefling account in 
 2 vols. 4to. and 3 vols. Svo. Sir George 
 ciied in London in 1801.— Monthly Mag. 
 Pub. Char alien, <vol. i. 
 
 Stebbing (Henry), a learned Englilh 
 divine. He diftinguilhed himfelf in the 
 Bangorian contreverfy againft Hoadley, and 
 afterwards attacked Warburcon’s Divine Le- 
 gation. He had alfo a difpute with Dr. 
 James Fuller on the fubjed of herefy. Dr. 
 Stebbing became chancellor of the diocefe 
 of S-alilbury, and died in 1763. His other 
 works are Sermons on Practical Chriftianity , 
 2 vols. ; Sermons at Boyle’s Le&ure, Svo, ; 
 Coliedion of Traits, 8vo .-—Mortimer. 
 
 Stedman (John Gabriel), was born in 
 Scotland in 1745. He was the author of an 
 interefling “ Narrative of an Expedition 
 againft the revolted Negroes of Surinam,” 
 in 2 vols. 4(01, being an account or military 
 ipnfadioas in which hs was himfelf con- 
 
 S T E 
 
 cerned. He died at Tiverton, in Devoa* 
 Ihire, in 1797. — Gent. Mag. 
 
 Steele (fir Richard), a celebrated wri- 
 ter, was a native of Dublin, where his father, 
 who was a barrifter, aded in the capacity of 
 fecretary to the duke of Ormond. Our au- 
 thor received his education at the Charter- 
 houfe, in London, after which he obtained 
 an enfigney in the guards, and while in that 
 fervice wrote a little book called “ the Chrif- 
 tian Hero,“which he dedicated to lord Cutts, 
 who appointed him his fecretary, and pro- 
 cured him a captain’s commifiion in the fufi- 
 leers. In 1702 he commenced dramatic 
 writer, in his comedy of the “ Funeral, or 
 Grief a la Mode,” which had great fuccefs. 
 This play was followed by the Tender Huf- 
 band, and the Lying Lovers; but his bed 
 performance in this line was the Confcious 
 Lovers, adted in 1722. In 1709 he began 
 The Tacler, a periodical paper, under the 
 name of Iftac Bickerftaft, and in which he 
 had the able afliftance of Addifon, as he alfo 
 had in the Spectator and Guardian : the firft 
 commenced in 1711 and the laft in 1713. His 
 reputation as a writer procured him the place 
 of commifiioner of the (lamp office, which 
 he refigned on being chofe.n member for 
 Stockbridge, but was expeiied the houfe foon 
 after for writing a paper called the Englifh- 
 nun and the Criiis. On the acceffion of 
 George 1 . he received the honour of knight- 
 hood, and was appointed furveyor of the fta- 
 bles at Hampron-court and governor of the 
 royal company of comedians. He was alfore- 
 turned to parliament for Boroughbridge, in 
 Yorkihire, and made one of the corarailSon- 
 ers of the forfeited eftates in Scotland. He 
 died at Llangunrior, in Caermarthenihire, in 
 1729. Sir Richard was a gay thoughtlefs 
 character, and frequently embarrafi'ed in dif- 
 ficulties from which he was extricated by Ad- 
 difon and other friends. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Steen* (John), a painter, was born at 
 Leyden in 1636. He was the difciple of 
 Brouwer and Van Goyen, and psinte.d bur- 
 lefque fubjedts with admirable humour. He 
 died in 1689. — Houbraken. 
 
 Steenwick (Henry), a Flemiih painter, 
 was born in 1550. He was the pupil of 
 John deVries; and excelled in painting ar- 
 chitectural fubjedts, or the infidesof churches 
 and gothic buildings. He died in 1603. His 
 fon was a good painter of portraits, and died 
 at London in 1640. — De Piles. 
 
 Steevens (George), ari ingenious gen- 
 tleman, was born in London, and educated 
 at Kingfton fchool, and afterwards at King’s 
 college, Cambridge. In 1766 he publilhed 
 twenty of the Flays of Shakefpeare, with 
 notes, 4 vols. Svo. This work produced an 
 intimacy between Mr. Steevens and Dr. 
 Johnfon, the refult of which was a union of 
 their labours as commentators on Shakef- 
 peare. Theirunited edition appeared in 1773, 
 in 10 vols. Svo. Twenty years afterwards 
 Mr. Steevens publilhed a (till more elegant 
 and accurate edition of the great Engliffi 
 
S T E 
 
 dramatift, in 15 vols. gvo. He alfo revifed 
 ‘be proofs of Boydell’s magnificent text of 
 Shakefpeare. Mr. Steevens had a noble li- 
 brary, and a fine collection of pictures ani 
 prints. He died at Hampftead in lioo.— 
 Gent. Mag. 
 
 _ Stefansschi (John Baptift), an hifto- 
 rical painter, was born at Florence in 1582. 
 He painted facred fubjeCts in miniature for 
 the grand duke of Tufcany, and died in 1659. 
 
 — Pilkington . 
 
 Stella (James), a painter, was born at 
 Lvons in 1596, and died at Paris in 1647. 
 He was employed firft by Cofmo de Medicis, 
 grand duke of Florence, and afterwards by 
 Louis X 1 1 1 . , king of France, who honoured 
 him wiih the order of St. Michael, and a pen- 
 sion. His pictures are moftly paftoral lub- 
 jeCts, and the fports of children. His bro- 
 ther Francis was a good artilt, but did not 
 equal James. He died in 1661. — Ibid. 
 
 Stellini (James), an Italian ecclefi- 
 aftic, was born at Forly in 1699, and died a 
 profefior at Padua in 1770. His works, 
 which are wholly on ethics, were printed in 
 Latin at Padua in 1778, 4 vols. 4to. 
 
 Steno (Nicholes), an anatomift, was 
 born at Copenhagen in 1638. He ftudied 
 under Bartholin, and afterwards travelled 
 into Germany, France, Holland, and Italy. 
 Ferdinand li., grand duke of Tufcany, ap- 
 pointed him his principal phyfician, and in 
 1669 he renounced the proteftant religion. 
 He alfo became tutor to the young prince 
 Cofmo, and embracing the ecclefuftical ftafe 
 was made a bifhop by the pope, who fent him 
 with the title of vicar-apoftolic Co Germany. 
 He died in i 636 . An account of his Anato- 
 mical Obfervations and Difcoveries was 
 printed at Leyden in 1680, i2mo. His 
 o her works are, Elementorum MyoP'gite 
 Specimen ; Difcourfe on the Anatomy of the 
 Brain, in Latin, nmo. — Haller Bibl. Anat. 
 
 Stephen (St.), the firft martyr of Chrif- 
 tianity, was one of the feventy deacons, and 
 had been the difciple of Gamaliel. He was 
 floned to death by the Jews, A.D. 33, on a 
 pretended charge of blafphemy. — Afts of the 
 Atiofi. 
 
 Stephen of Byzantium, a grammarian 
 and lexicographer of the 6th century, who 
 wrote a Geographical Dictionary, of which 
 there remains a bad abridgment, made by 
 Hermolaus in the reign of Juftinian. This 
 was printed at Leyden in Greek and Latin, 
 in 1694, folio. — Moreri. 
 
 Stephen, king of England, was born 
 in 1 105, and crowned in 1135. He was the 
 third fon of Stephen, earl of Blois, by Adela, 
 daughter of William the conqueror. Maud, 
 daughter of Henry I. and wife of Henry IV. 
 emperor of Germany, was the legitimate 
 heir to the. throne, but Stephen taking ad- 
 vantage of her abfemce, obtained pofi'effion of 
 it. In 1139 Maud landed in England, and 
 in 1141 took Stephen prifoner at the battle 
 of Lincoln ; but he was exchanged the fame 
 je at for Robert, earl of Gloucefter, iilegiti- 
 
 S T E 
 
 mate brother to the emprefs. Maud, after 
 many unfuccefsful engagements, quitted the 
 kingdom in 1147* and two years afterwards 
 her fon Henry, by Jeffrey Plantagenet, earl 
 of Anjcu, claimed the crown, but in 1153 a 
 peace was concluded between the rivals, by 
 which it was fettled that Stephen fhould en- 
 joy the crown for his life, and that Henry 
 ihould be his fucceflor. Stephen died the 
 year following, aged 50 .— Rabin. 
 
 Stephen (St.), king of Hungary, fuc- 
 ceeded his father Gcifa in 947, and died at 
 Buda in 1038. He reformed the manners of 
 his fuhjeCis, enaCted excellent laws, and in- 
 troduced Chriftianity among them. His 
 queen Gifela aided him in all his good works. 
 — Moreri. 
 
 Stephen I. pope, afeended the pontifical 
 'hair after Lucius in 253. He had a differ- 
 ence with St. Cyprian and Firmilian about 
 rebaptizing repenting heretics, which prac- 
 tice the pope condemned. He died a martyr 
 in the reign of Valerian in 257. — Platina. 
 
 Stephen II. was a native of Rome, and 
 elected pope in 752. Aftoiphus, king of the 
 Lombards, having menaced the city of Rome, 
 Stephen implored the aid of Conftantine Co- 
 pronVmus, emperor of the eaft, but he being 
 engaged in a war, recommended his caufe to 
 Pepin, king of France, who marched into 
 Italy, and deprived Altolphus of the exar- 
 chate of Ravenna and feveral cities, which 
 he gave to the pope, and thus laid the foun- 
 dation of the temporal fovereignty of the 
 church of Rome. Stephen died in 737. 
 T here were forne other popes of this name, 
 but not worth recording.— -Ibid. 
 
 Stephens (Henry), the father of the 
 celebrated family of printers, was born at 
 Paris, and died at Lyons in 1510. He print- 
 ed fevernl books, the molt remarkable of 
 which was a Pfalter, in five columns, pub- 
 lifhed in 1509. His widow married Simon 
 de Coliiiaeus, the celebrated printer, who 
 carried on the buiinefs dll his death in 1 547. 
 
 Stephens (Robert), fon of the above, 
 was bom at Paris in 1503. He received a 
 learned education, and conducted the concern 
 with Colir.ieus. In 1533 he was appointed 
 printer to tire king, on whofe deaih he re- 
 tired to Geneva, where he died in 1359 He 
 had given offence to the Sorbonne, by print- 
 ing a Latin Bible with the notesof Calvin, and 
 therefore did not conclude himftif fafe in 
 France. He was foexaCt in printing the works 
 which ifTued from his prefs, as to expofe the 
 flieets in public for examination, offering re- 
 wards for the detection of errors. His He- 
 brew Bible, 8 vols. in i6rno. 1544; and his 
 Greek Teftament, 1546, 2 vols. i6rrio,.are 
 very fcarce and valuable. The laft is com- 
 monly called 0 Mirifcam, from the firft words 
 of the preface. Stephens compiled a great 
 work, entitled, Tbejaurus Lingua Latina , 
 
 4 vols. folio, and he wrote an Apology in 
 Latin for his Bible which had been cenfured 
 by the Sorbonne. His brother Charles ftudied 
 medicine, and took his doctor’s degree in that 
 
STE S T E 
 
 chiteft, who ere&ed a greatnumberof bridges. prebendary of Durham, procured him the 
 faculty. He accompanied Lazarus de Bswf living of Sutton, and about 1741 a prebend 
 on his embafiy into Germany; but he con- in York cathedral. He afterwards obtained 
 tinued the family profefiion, and became the reftory of Stillington in the fame county, 
 printer to the king. He died in 1564. He He died of a decline at London in 1768, and 
 printed, x Da- Re Ruftica, 2 vols. Ato. ; 2. was buried in the church-yard belonging to 
 De Vafculis, 8vo ; 3. An Hiftorical, Geo- St. George, Hanover-fquare. He is known 
 graphical, and Poetical Diflionarv, &c. as the author of a Orange kind of romance 
 
 Stephens (Henry), the moft learned of called Triftram Shandy ; a Sentimental Jour- 
 
 I this ingenious family, was the fon of Robert, ney in France ; Sermons under the name of 
 and born at Paris in r 528. He was account- Yorick, and Letters. There are fome pathe- 
 ed the be ft Grecian of his time, and he pub- tic tales in his works, and a confiderable por- 
 lifhed beautiful and correfl editions of the ticn of eccentricity and obfcer.ity. Dr, Fer- 
 beft Greek writers. He alfo Compiled a riar has produced a great number of plagi- 
 Thefaurus of the Greek language, 4 vols. fo- arifms by this author, from Burton’s Anato- 
 lio, the printing of which proved his ruin by my of Melancholy, bifliop Hall’s works, and 
 [ his ailiftant Scapula’s publifhing an abridg- other old books.— Gen. Biog. DiSl. 
 
 I mentofit. Stephens having written a l'atire Sternhold (Thomas), an Englifh poet, 
 againft the monks, was obliged to fly from was born in Hampfhire, and educated firft a £ 
 Paris. He died in a hofpital at Lyons in Winchefter fchooi, and next at Oxford. He 
 I; 1598. Befides the above works he was the became groom of the robes to Henry VIII. 
 author of a Verfion of Anacreon, in Latin who at his death bequeathed him one hun- 
 verfe ; Corrections of Cicero; De Origine deed marks. He continued in the fame of- 
 : mendorum ; Juris civilis fontes et rivi ; flee under Edward VI. and was in fome efteern 
 j Apology for Herodotus, 3 vols. 8vo. Sec. at court for his poetical abilities. He turn- 
 His fon, Paul Stephens, carried on the print- ed into Englifh metre fifty-one of David’s 
 ! ing bufinefs at Geneva, where he died in Pfalms, the remainder were done by Hop- 
 1627, leaving a fon, Anthony, who was the k:ns, Norton, and others. Though never 
 laft printer of his name. He turned Roman received by authority, they continued to be 
 catholic, and went to Paris, where lie became univerfally fung in churches, till fuperfedei 
 printer to the king ; but managing his affairs by the verfion of Tate and Brady. Stern- 
 ill, he was reduced to poverty, and died in a hold died in 1549. — Wood. 
 hofpital in 1674, aged 80. — Hifi. of the family Stesichorus, was a native of Himera, 
 sfi Stephens, by Maittaire. in Sicily. His name was originally Tyfias, 
 
 Stephens (John), an Englifh gentleman which he changed to Stalichurus, 011 account 
 of talents. He received his education at of bis being the firft who taught the chorus 
 Douay, and being zealoufly attached to the to dance to the lyre. He was a man of the 
 houfe of Stuart, followed king fames, and had firft rank among his fellow-citizens; and 
 a captain’s commifiion when that prince in- was diftinguifhed as a ftatefman. He died at 
 vaded Ireland. He afterwards fettled in Lon- Catana, in Sicily, aged So. 
 don, and publi/hed fome works, the principal .Steuart (lir James), a Scotcli baronet 
 of which are, a Continuation of Dugdale’s a nd political writer, who was born in 1713, 
 Monafticon; and a Dictionary, Englifh and and died in 1789. He puhlifhed a woik en- 
 Spanifh, lblio. He died in 1726.— Gen. Did. tilled, Apologiedu Sentimeris de Monf. la 
 Ste p h e n s (Robert), a learned antiquary, Chevalier Newton fur l’ancienne Chrono- 
 was born at Eaftington, in C-loucefterfhire. logie ; and another on Political Economy, 
 He was e lucated at Lincoln college, Oxford, 2, vols. 4.0. This laft is a performance of 
 I in 1G3J, from whence he removed to the profound and curious enquiry ; and contains 
 Middle Temple, and was called to the bar. much valuable information, but written in a 
 He died in 173a. He publifhed lord Bacon’s perplexed and tedious ftyle . — Lifie prefixed to 
 ' Letters, with curibusnotes.~/ 4 »ec(/; ofiBotvyer. the laft mentioned work. 
 
 Stepney (George), an Englifh poet and Stevens (George Alexander), a dramatic 
 fiatefman, was born in Weftminfter in 1663. writer and performer, was born in London, 
 He received his education at Weftminfter and bred to a mechanical bufinefs, which he 
 lchool, and Tiinity college, Cambridge, quitted far the ft age, but his acting was very 
 where he contrafted a friendfhip with Charles indifferent. At length he compofed a Arrange 
 Montague, afterwards earl of Halifax, by medley of humour and ribaldry, called a 
 which means he was employed on feveral I.eHureou Heads, which p oJuced him a furn 
 ernbaflies, and laftly appointed a commifiion- fufficient for the remainder of bis life. Af- 
 erof trade. He died in 1707. He tranflat- ter travelling over the three kingdoms and 
 ed part of Juvenal, and wrote fome poetical America, he difpofed of his lectures to I.ec 
 pieces of moderate merit . — Johnfions Poets. Lewes, and died a lunatic h 1784. He wrole 
 Sterne (Laurence), was born at Cion- fome farces, fongs, a novel called Tom Fool, 
 mell, in Ireland, in 1713. He received his 2 vols. 12010. ; and the Dramatic Hiitory of 
 education at Halifax, in Yorkfhire, from Matter Edward. This laft was intended to 
 whence he was fent to Jefus college, Cam- ridicule his old friend Shute^t . — Ear op. Adag. 
 bridge, and having taken his degree? entered tool. -ui. 
 
 into orders. His uncle. Dr. Jacques Sterne, Stevens (Alexander), an Englifh ar- 
 
s t r 
 
 That evqr the Liftey, in Dublin, the looks 
 on the grand canal in Ireland, and the aque- 
 duQ ovet the Lune at Laocafter, are monu- 
 ments of his /kill. He died at an advanced 
 age in 1796 — Cent. Mag. 
 
 Stevens (Wiiiiam Bagfhavv), a divine 
 and poet, was born at Abingdon about 175c, 
 and educated at Magdalen college, Oxford, 
 where he obtained a fellewihip and took his 
 degree of D. D. He was at firft ulher and 
 afterwards mailer of Repton fchool in Der- 
 bylhire ; and he alfo obtained the rectory of 
 Seckindon, in Wurwicklbire, wifh the vicar- 
 age of Kingibury. He died in iSco. Dr. 
 Stevens publilhed a poem in blank verfe, en- 
 titled, Retirement, 1782, 4X0. ; Indian Odes, 
 4 t0 - i Idylls in the Topographer, and fome 
 pieces in the Gentleman’s Magazine. 
 
 Stever s (Palamedes), an eminent paint- 
 er, was born at London in 1607, but his fa- 
 ther was a Fleming. He ftudied painting at 
 Delft, and acquired great excellence in the 
 reprefen tation of battles and encampments. 
 He died in 1638. His brother Anthony was 
 a good painier of converfatious and portraits. 
 He died in 1680. — Vertue. 
 
 Stevin (Simon), or Stevlmts, a maihe- 
 inatician of Bruges, who died in 1633. He 
 was mailer of mathematics to prince Maurice 
 of Naffau, and infpedlorof the dykes in liel- 
 l3nd. He was the inventor of the failing 
 chariots made ufe of in that country. He 
 wrote feveral mathematical books in Dutch, 
 which were tranflated into Latin by Sneliius, 
 in 2 vols. folio Moreri. 
 
 Stewart (Matthew), an eminent ma- 
 thematician, was born at Rothfay, in the 
 ille of Bute, in 1717. After receiving an 
 education under his father, who was miniller 
 of that parilh, he was fenr to Glafgow, where 
 he became ftudent of divinity. He after- 
 wards ftudied mathematics at Edinburgh un- 
 der Maclaurin, whom he fucceeded in his 
 profefTovlhip ; on which occafion he publilh- 
 ed his General Theorems. In 1761 appear- 
 ed his Tracis, Piiyfical and Mathematical, 
 in which he propofed to deduce a theory of 
 the moon, and to determine the fun’s diitance 
 from the earth. He was alfo the author of 
 a Treatife on the Sun’s Dillance, and one en- 
 titled “ Propoficionee more veterum demon- 
 ftrata;.” Pie died in j 785. — Encyclop. Brit. 
 
 Stifelius (Michael), a proteftant divine 
 and mathematician, was born at Eftingen, in 
 Germany. He publilhed in bis native lan- 
 guage a Treatife on Algebra, and another on 
 the Calendar, He died at Jena in 1567, 
 aged 58 — Moreri. 
 
 Stillingfleet (Edward), a learned 
 prelate, was born at Cranbourn, in Dorfet- 
 fhire, in 1635. He was educated at St. 
 John’s college, Cambridge, of whkh he was 
 chofen fellow in 1653. In 1657 he was pre- 
 fented to the redtory of Sutton, by his friend 
 fir Roger Burgoyne, to whom he dedicated, 
 in 1 662, his great work, entitled, “ Origines 
 Sacrae, or a Rational Account of the Grounds 
 
 Naturai and Pveveakd Religion,” 4to. 
 
 S T O 
 
 It was afterwards publilhed in folio, and ha* 
 lince appeared from the Oxford prefs, in % 
 vols. 8vo. He was foon afterchofen oreach- 
 cr ol the Rolls chapel, and in 1665 was pre- 
 dated to the redlory of St Andrew’s, Hol- 
 born. In 1670 he was made canon- refiden- 
 tiary of St. Paul s, and on the promotion of 
 Dr. Sancroft fucceeded him in the deanry of 
 that cathedral. He wrote and preached with 
 great ability againft popery in the reign of 
 James II. and in 1689 was made bilhop of 
 Worcelter. He died in 1699. He was a 
 man ol profound learning, a ciofe and ener- 
 getic writer, and an excellent divine. All 
 his works have been colledted in 6 vols. fo- 
 lio. — Wood. Gen. Die}. 
 
 Stilt ing fl e et ( Benjamin), a natural ill: 
 and poet, was grar.dlon of the preceding, and 
 educated at Norwich fchool, from whence he 
 removed to 'Irinity college, Cambridge, 
 where he took the degree of B. A. He af- 
 terwards travelled into Italy, and cn his re- 
 turn to England obtained the place of bar- 
 rack mafter at Kenfington. He died in 1 77 1 , 
 aged 69. Mr. Stillingfleet wrote, 1. The 
 Calendar oi Flora, 1761 j 2. Mifcellaneous 
 Travels, Svo. ; 3. The Principles and Pow- 
 ers of Harmony, 4to. ; 4. Poems in Dodfley’a 
 Coiledlion, &c. — Gen. Biog. DIB. 
 
 Stobasus (John), a Greek author of the 
 fifth century. He made a colledlion of ex- 
 tradls from antient poets and philofophers ; 
 which was publilhed at Paris in 1623, 4to. 
 and tranflated into Latin by Conrad Gefner, 
 in folio, Geneva, 1608. — Moreri. 
 
 Stock (Chriltian), a learned German, 
 was born at Camburg in 1672. He became 
 a profelTor at Jena, where he died in 1733. 
 His works are, 1, Difputationes de paenis 
 Hebraeorum capitalibus; 2. Clavis Lingute 
 Sandlas veteris Teftamentis; 3. Clavis Lin- 
 gua Sandlae Novi Teftamenti. — Ibid. 
 
 Stockade (Nicholas de Helt), a paint— 
 er, was born at Nimeguen in 1614. He llu- 
 died under Ryccaert, and painted hillorical 
 fubjedts and portraits in a good tafte. — IIou- 
 braken. 
 
 Stofler (John), a mathematician, was 
 born in Swabia in 1452. He was profelTor 
 at Tubingen, where he was greatly refpedl- 
 ed for fome years, but at lad loft his repu- 
 tation by foretelling a deluge to happen in 
 1524, and which fpread a terror over all Eu- 
 rope. He wrote feveral books on mathe- 
 matics and aftrology, and died in 1531.— « 
 Moreri. 
 
 Stone (Nicholas), an eminent ftatuary 
 in the reigns of James and Charles I. He 
 executed a number of monuments, the moll 
 confiderable of which is one of the Bedford 
 family, for which he received ii2ol. He 
 was employed as mafter mafon in building 
 the Banqueting-houfe, Whitehall. The great 
 gate and front of St. Mary’s, Oxford, were 
 alfo built by him. He died in 1647, aged 61. 
 His Tons, Nicholas and Henry, were excel- 
 lent ftatuaries. The latter was alfo a good 
 painter, and copied fome fine pictures after 
 
S T O 
 
 Vandyck. He died in 1653 '—-Granger. 
 
 Vcrtue. 
 
 SroN e (Edmund), an eminent mathema- 
 tician, was a native of Scotland. His father 
 was gardener to the duke of Argyle, and 
 Edmund’s education was of courfe confined 
 within very narrow limits. His own ap- 
 plication, however, made up thtf deficiency, 
 and at the age of eighteen, with no other 
 afliltance than a little received from the duke’s 
 butler, he made himfelf mailer of arithme- 
 tic, algebra, and geometry. He afterwards 
 applied to the French and Latin languages, 
 in which he made fuch a progrefs as afto- 
 nifhed The duke, who drew him from his 
 obfeurity and placed him in a refpedable 
 fi'uation. He died about 1750. He pub- 
 lished a Mathematical Dictionary ; a Trea- 
 tife on Fluxions ; and fome other works. 
 
 Stonehouse (fir James), a pious phy- 
 fician and divine, was born at Tubney, near 
 Abingdon, in Berkfliire, in 1716. He re- 
 ceived his education firft at Winchefter 
 fchool, and next at St. John’s college, Ox- 
 ford. Having ftudied medicine under Dr, 
 Nicholls, he went abroad, and on his return 
 fettled at Coventry, from whence he remov- 
 ed to Northampton, where Ife founded the 
 county infirmary. Afcer pradifmg twenty 
 years, he entered into orders, and obtained 
 the ledurefhip of All Saims, Briftol, to 
 which were afterwards added the livings of 
 Great and Little Cheverel, in Wiltshire. 
 He was for feveral years of his life an infidel, 
 and even wrote a pamphlet again!! revealed 
 religion, which reached three editions ; but 
 by reading Dr. Doddridge’s Rife and Progrefs 
 of Religion, he was converted. He was a 
 mod exemplary divine, and an eloquent 
 preacher. He fucceeded to the title of baro- 
 net in 1791, and died at Briftol in 1795. 
 He wrote Friendly Advice to a Patient, and 
 feveral religious pamphlets. — Stonehenge's 
 Letters, publijhed by Stedman, 1800, 12 mo. 
 
 Stokace (Stephen), a favourite mufician 
 and compofer for the Englifh theatre. His 
 mufic in <l The Haunted Tower,” “ Siege 
 of Belgrade,” “ No Song no Supper,” as 
 well as feveral pieces compofed for the Ita- 
 lian opera, have been well received by the 
 public. He was born in 1763, and died in 
 1796. — Gent. Mag. 
 
 Storck (Abraham), a Dutch painter, 
 who died in 1708. He painted marine pieces* 
 and views of fhipping in harbours, with great 
 numbers of figures, in an excellent llyle. 
 His brother was a good landfcape painter, 
 and drew feveral views an the Rhine.— Hou- 
 br a ken. 
 
 Stow (John), an eminent antiquary, was 
 born in 1525. He is fuppofed to have been 
 brought up a taylor, which was his father’s 
 bufinefs. About 1560 he began to colled 
 materials for his Chronicle, in which he was 
 affifted by archbifhop Parker. The firft edi- 
 tion of this book appeared in 1573, 8vo. 
 la 1598 he publifhed his Survey of London, 
 4’"o. j and in i6o. o his Flores Hiftoiyarum 3 
 
 S T K 
 
 or Annals of England, which is, an enlarge ■* 
 ment of his Chronicle. He was reduced to 
 great poverty, and had two briefs from James 
 I. to collect charity for fupnort in his old 
 age. He died in 1604. — Life prefixed to 
 Strype's edition of his Survey. 
 
 Strabo, a philofopher and hiftorian of 
 antiquity, was born at Amafia, a city of 
 Cappadocia, and flourifhed in the reigns of 
 Auguftus and Tiberius. He was educated 
 under Xenarchus, the peripatetic, but after- 
 wards he embraced the ftoical opinions. Of 
 all his works only his Geography is extant, 
 the firft edition of which is that of 1574, 
 folio ; and the beft by Xylander, Paris, 1620, 
 and of Amfterdam, 1707, z vols, folio.— 
 Vo ffms. 
 
 Sthada (Famianus), a famous jefuit, 
 who was a native of Rome, and died therein 
 1649, aged 78. He was profeffor of the 
 belles-lettres a long time in his foefety, and 
 wrote the Hiftory of the Wars in the Low 
 Countries, folio; the Latin of which is re- 
 markable for its purity. He was nlfo the 
 author of Prolufiones Academic# .—Moreri. 
 
 Strada (John or Stradanus), a Flemifh 
 painter, was born at Bruges in 1536, and 
 died at Florence in 1604. He painted hif- 
 torical fubjeds taken from the feriptures, 
 alfo hunting feenes. — De Piles. 
 
 Straeten (N. Vander), a Dutch paint- 
 er, was born in 16S0. Fie travelled through 
 a great part of Europe, and was confidcred one 
 of the beft landfcape painters of his time. 
 He led, however, a diffipated life, and fell a 
 vidim to his intemperance. — Houbraken. 
 
 Strafford (earlof). See W ent worth. 
 
 Strahan (William), an eminent printer, 
 was born at Edinburgh in 1715. After ferv- 
 ing his apprenticefhip in his native city, he 
 came to London, where, by his application 
 and integrity, he raifed himfelf to affluence. 
 In 1770 he purchafed a fliare of the patent 
 office of king’s printer, and in 1775 was 
 eleded member of parliament for Malmef- 
 bury, in Wiltfhire; but in the fucceeding 
 parliament he was returned for Wotton Buf- 
 fet. At his death in 1785 he bequeathed 
 ioool. to the company of ftationers; the in* 
 tereft to be divided, in annuities of 5I each, 
 amongft infirm old printers. — Gent. Mar. 
 
 Straight (John), redor of Findoit, lit 
 Suflex, to which he was prefented by Mag- 
 dalen college, Oxford, of which fociety he 
 was feilow. He was author of fome poems 
 in Dodfley’s Coliedion ; and 2 vols. of hi. 
 Sermons were publilhed after his deatn, 
 which happened about 1740 .—Gen. Biasr 
 
 Da. 
 
 Strange (fir Robert), an eminent en- 
 graver, was born in one of the Orkney 
 iflunds, iD 1721. He ferved his time under 
 Mr. Cooper at Edinburgh, and in 175 1 vifited 
 London, where be applied to hiftorical en- 
 graving, in wh.ch be arrived at great excel- 
 lence. In 1760 he went to Italy, where he 
 was chofen a member of the academies of 
 Rome, Florence, an j Bologna, and appointed 
 
S T R 
 
 profeflor of the royal academy at Parma ; 
 and at Paris he was made a member of the 
 royal academy of painting In 1787 he re- 
 ceived the honour of knighthood. He died 
 In 1792- — Gen. Bkg. DiEi. 
 
 Strauchius (Giles), a German divine 
 and mathematician, was born at Wittemberg 
 in 1-632. He ftudied at Leiptic, and after- 
 wards became profeflor and doctor in divinity 
 at his native place. He next accepted an 
 invitation from Dantzic to be redfor of the 
 college and profeflor of theology ; but owing 
 to the difputes between t he catholics and 
 proteftants he went for Hamburgh, but was 
 arrefted on the road by order of the elector of 
 Brandenburg, for fomcthing faid in his 
 preaching. He at laft recovered his liberty, 
 and died in 1682. His principal works are, 
 I. Breviarium Chronologicum ; this lias 
 teen transited into Englilh by Saultj Bre- 
 viarium Hiftoricum ; Geographia Mathema- 
 tica ; Do6trina Aftrorum Mathematica, &c. 
 — Moreri 
 
 Streater (Robert), an Englifli painter, 
 was born in 1624. At the reftoration he 
 was made ferjeant painter to the king. He 
 died of the ftone in 1680.— Granger. 
 
 Streek (Jurian Van), a Dutch painter, 
 was born at Amfterdam in 1632, and died in 
 1678. He excelled in painting portraits and 
 fiill life. His foil Henry was a good hiftori- 
 cal painter. He died in 1713, aged 54.— 
 Hantraken. 
 
 Strigelius (Viflorinus), a proteftant 
 divine, was born at Kaufbier, in Suabia, in 
 1524. He was one of the firft difciples of 
 Luther, and taught divinity and logic at 
 Leiptic, but having oppofed feme of the lu- 
 theran tenets, he w as depofed and imprifoned. 
 On recovering his liberty, he went to Hei- 
 delberg, where he obtained a profeffoj-fliip, 
 and died in 1569. He wrote Notes on the 
 Old and New Teftament, and fome other 
 works. — Moreri. 
 
 Stroeelber ger (John Stephen), a 
 phyfician, was born at Gratz in Styria, and 
 took his doflor’s degree in medicine at Mont- 
 pellier in 1615. He became phytician at 
 the baths of Carllbad, where he died in 1630. 
 He wrote, 1. Gallias Politica-Medica De- 
 feriptio, izmo. 3 2. Hiftoria Montpelienfis, 
 I2mo. — Ibid. 
 
 Strong (Jofeph), a Angular genius, was 
 a native of Carlifle, and though blind from 
 his infancy he obtained a great Ikill in me- 
 chanics. When young, he conftrufted an 
 organ for himfelf, and was a good performer 
 on that inftrument. He made all his own 
 wearing apparel, and a number of curious 
 mechanical figures and machines. He died 
 at Carlifle in 1798. — Monthly Mag. 
 
 Strozzi (Titus and Hercules), two La- 
 tin poets of Ferrara, were father and fon. 
 Their poems, which were printed in 1 vol. 
 8vo. at Venice in 1513, confift of elegies and 
 other pieces. Titus died about 1502, at the 
 age of 80. Hercules was killed by a rival 
 in 1 506 .—Merer], 
 
 2 
 
 S T- R 
 
 Strozzi (Cyriaco), a peripatetic philofo- 
 pher, was born at Florence in 1504. He 
 was fuccefiiVely profeflor of Greek and phi- 
 lolophy at Florence, Bologna, and Pifa. He 
 died in 1565. He added twoBooks in Greek 
 and Latin to Ariftotle’s Treatife de Repub- 
 Lci. His lifter, Laurer.tia Strozzi, became a 
 nun, and died In 1591. She underftood the 
 Greek and Latin languages, and wrote 
 hymns in Latin on the feafts of the church. 
 —Moreri. 
 
 Strozzi (Julius), an Italian poet, who 
 died about 1636. He wrote a poem on the 
 origin of Venice, under the title of Venitia 
 ZLdificata, 1624, folio. There was another 
 ot this name, who died in 1654. He wrote 
 Idyls and Sonnets. — Tirabojchi. 
 
 Struensee (Count), a phyfician, who 
 by his abilities and addrefs gained the fa- 
 vour of the king of Denmark, and was enno- 
 bled and made minifter of ftate. The young 
 queen, Caroline Matilda, placed particular 
 confidence in Struenfee ; whofe ruin being 
 determined on by the queen-mother, a party 
 was formed, and lie was arrefted with his 
 friend Brandt, and beheaded at Copenhagen 
 in 1772. The queen was confined in a pri- 
 son till demanded by the Englifh court, on 
 w hich fhe was delivered up and removed to 
 Zell, in Hanover, where fhe died in 1776 — 
 JVxiWV. Dill, llijl . 
 
 Strudel (Peter), an hiftorical painter, 
 was born in the Tyrol in 1680. He relided 
 at Vienna, where he adorned the churches 
 and palaces with a number of fine pidtures. 
 He died in 1717. — Pilkington. 
 
 Strutt (Jofeph), an Englifli antiquary, 
 who died in 1.787. He compiled a Diftion- 
 ary of Engravers, 4to. ; and an Hiftorical 
 Treatife on the Manners and Cuftoms of the 
 Antient Inhabitants of England, 2 vols. 4to. 
 —Gent. Mag. 
 
 Struvius (George Adam), a learned 
 German, was born at Magdeburg in 1619. 
 He became profeflor of juril'prudencc at Jena, 
 and counfellor to the duke of Saxony. He 
 died in 1692. The principal of his works is 
 his Syntagma Juris Civilis.— Moreri. 
 
 Struvius (Burcard Ootthelf), fon of the 
 preceding, was bom at Weimar in 1671. 
 He fettled at Jena, where he followed the 
 profeflion of his father, and died in 17.88. 
 His works are, 1. Antiquitatum Romano- 
 rum Syntagma, 4to. ; 2. Bibliotheca Hifto- 
 lica Seledfa, 8vo. 5 3 . Syntagma Juris Pub- 
 lici, 4to. ; 4. Syntagma Hiftoria: Germa- 
 nic*, 2 vols. fol. ; 5, A Hiftory of Ger- 
 many, in that language ; 6. Hiftoria Mif- 
 nenfis, 8vo. — Ibid. 
 
 Struts (John), a Dutch traveller, who 
 went to Mufcovy, Tartary, Peril a, and the 
 Indies, of which an account has been pub- 
 liflied in 4to. He died about 1680. — Ibid. 
 
 Strype (John), an Englifli divine and 
 hiftorian, was born at London, and educated 
 at Catherine hall, Cambridge, where he 
 took the degree of M.A. In 1669 he was 
 prefented to the redtory of Theydonboys, in 
 
S T U 
 
 Eflex, which he refigned the fame year for 
 the redtory of Low Layton. He was alfo 
 ledturer of Hackney, where he died in 1737. 
 He publiihed the Lives of archbilhops Cran- 
 mer, Parker, Grindal, and Whitgift, folio ; 
 bifhop Aylmer, fir Thomas Smith, and fir 
 John Cheke, 8vo. ; alfo Ecclefiaftical Me- 
 morials, 3 vols. ; and Annals of the Refor- 
 mation, 4 vols. folio. He was the editor of 
 Lightfoot’s works . — Gen DiB. 
 
 Stuart (Arabella), fee Seymour. 
 
 Stuart (James), a celebrated architect, 
 commonly called Athenian Stuart , was born 
 in London in 1713. His mother was left a 
 widow in poor circumftances, with four 
 children, of whom James was the elded:, 
 who when very young maintained the reft of 
 the family by painting fans. Having loft 
 his mother, and placed his brother and fif- 
 ters in good fituations, he went to Italy, and 
 forming an intimacy with Mr. Revett, the 
 architect, they went to Athens, where they 
 made a number of drawings of the remains of 
 ancient architecture. In 1762 the firft vo- 
 lume appeared of The Antiquities of Athens, 
 to which 2 volumes more were added after 
 the death of Stuart, This ingenious man, 
 ®n his return to England, was appointed fur- 
 veyor to Greenwich hofpital. He died in 
 1788. — Europ. Mag. 
 
 Stuart (Gilbert), an hiftorical writer, 
 was born at Edinburgh in 1742. He received 
 his education at that univerfity, where his 
 father was profefl'or. At the age of little 
 more than twenty he wrote a Diflertation 
 concerning the Antiquity of the Britifh Con- 
 ftitution ; for which he was complimented 
 with the degree of dodlor of laws. His next 
 work was A View of Society in Europe, 
 8vo. Being difappoinced of the profeffor- 
 ildp of law at Edinburgh, he (emoved to 
 London, and became a writer in the Monthly 
 Review. In 1774 he returned to Edinburgh, 
 and began a Magazine and Review, which 
 failed, and he again came to London, where 
 he engaged in the Political Herald and the 
 Engliih Review. He died in 1786. His 
 other works are, 1. Obfervations concerning 
 the Public Law and Conftitutional Hiftory 
 of Scotland ; 2. The Hiftory of the Refor- 
 mation ir> Scotland ; 3. The Hiftory of Scot- 
 land from the Reformation to the Death of 
 Queen Mary, whom he defends with ability 
 againft Dr. Robertfon and others.— Europ. 
 Mag Gent. Mag. 
 
 S tubbe (Henry), an Engliih phyfician, 
 was Lorn in Lincolnfhire in 1631. He re- 
 ceived his education at Weftminlter fchool, 
 from whence he was eledled to Chrift church, 
 Qxfoid. In 1657 he was appointed under- 
 keeper of the Bodleian library, but was de- 
 prived at the reftoration for non-conformity, 
 on which he fettled at Stratford in Warwick- 
 shire. He was a zealous defender of the 
 Ariftotelian philofophy, and a bitter enemy 
 ol the royal fociety, which brought him into 
 a difpute with Mr. GJanville. He was 
 irowaed near Bath in 1676, and vvac buried 
 
 S T U 
 
 in the abbey church there by his old anta* 
 gonift, who preached his funeral fermon. 
 His writings are numerous, but infignificant 
 and abufive. — Wood. 
 
 Stubbs (George), an ingenious Engliih 
 writer, though but little known, was redtor 
 of Gunville, in Dorfetlhire. He wrote feve- 
 ral papers in the Freethinker, 1718 ; a New 
 Adventure of Telemachus, 8vo. ; and le- 
 veral other pieces in profe and verle.— Gen. 
 Biog. Die?. 
 
 Stuckius (John William), a learned 
 antiquary, was a native of Zurich, and died 
 in 1607. He wrote an elaborate work on 
 the Feftivals of the Antients and their Sacri- 
 fices, folio; alfo a Commentary on Arrian j 
 and a treatife, entitled Carolus Magnus re- 
 divivus, 4to. — Melch. Adam. Vit. TheoL 
 
 Studly (John), a poet in the reigo of 
 queen Elizabeth. He received his education 
 firft at Weftminfter fchool, and afterwards at 
 Trinity college, Cambridge. He was killed 
 in 1587 at the fiege of Breda, where he had 
 a command under prince Maurice He trans- 
 lated feveral of the tragedies of Seneca.—. 
 Theat. Poet. 
 
 Stukely (William), alearned antiquary, 
 was born at Holbeach, in Lincolnshire, in 
 1687. He received his education at Ben’et 
 college, Cambridge, where he ftudied phyfi* 
 and botany. After taking his dodtor’s de- 
 gree he fettled at Bofton in Lincolnlhire, 
 from whence he removed to London, and. 
 was chofen member of the royal fociety, and 
 alfo of the fociety of antiquaries on its re- 
 vival. In 1730 he entered into orders, and 
 was prefented to the living of All Saints, 
 Stamford, and in 1747 to the redlory of St. 
 George, Queen -fquare, London. He died 
 in 1765. His principal works are, 1. Itine- 
 rarium Curiofum ; or. An Account of the 
 Antiquities and C.iriofities in Great Britain, 
 folio ; 2. An Account of Stonehenge and 
 Abury, folio ; 3. Palaeographia Sacra ; or, 
 Difcourfes on the Monuments of Antiquity 
 that relate to facred Hiftory, 4to. ; 4. Pala;- 
 ographia Britannica, 4to ; 5. Hiftory of Ca- 
 raufius, 2 vols. 4to. ; Difiertation on the 
 Spleen, folio. He was called, on account of 
 his knowlege of Britilh antiquities, the Arch 
 Druid.— Gen. Biog. Dici . 
 
 StBnica (James Lopez), a Spanilh di- 
 vine of the univerfity of Alcala, who wrote 
 againft Erafmus and againft the notes of James 
 Itf Fevrc on St. Paul’s Epiftles. He puo- 
 lilhed alfo an account of a journey from Al- 
 cala to Rome, entitled, Itinerarium, dum 
 Compluto Romam profifciceretur. He died at 
 Naples in 1530.— Nic. Antonio de Hi fp. Script . 
 
 Sturmius (James), a German ftatefman, 
 was born at Stralburg in 1489. He went, 
 ambafiador to foreign countries, and was de- 
 puty to the diets of the empire. He con- 
 tributed to the refoririation of religion at 
 Stralburg and to the eredling of a college, 
 and he alTifted Sloidan in his Hiftory of the 
 Reformation. He did at Strafistrg ia 1553. 
 •mfylpltk. Adam, in vit, Germ. 
 
 3 M 
 
S IT E 
 
 ST-tfRMftJs (John), was born near Co- 
 logne in 1507. He ftudied at Liege, after 
 which he fet up a printing-prefs, and printed 
 feveral Greek authors. In 1529 he vifited 
 Paris, where he read leftures upon Greek 
 and Latin authors, and alfo on logic. But 
 being a proteftant he was obliged to remove 
 to Stralburg, where he became the firft prin- 
 cipal of the univerfity. He died in 1589. 
 His principal works are, 1. Linguae Latinae 
 refolvendae Ratio, 8 vo. 5 2. Excellent Notes 
 on Ariftotle’s Rhetoric, and other authors.— 
 Ibid. 
 
 Sturmius (John Chriftopher), a mathe- 
 matician, was born at Hippolftein in 1635. 
 He became profeffor of philofophy and ma- 
 thematics at Altorf, where he died in 1703. 
 He publiihed, 1. a Tranflation of Archimedes 
 into German ; 2. A Courfe of Mathematics, 
 which has been tranllated into Engliih, in 3 
 vols 8 vo. ; 3. Collegium Experimentale cu- 
 tiofum, 4to. ; 4. Phyfica Ele&rica five hy- 
 pothetica, 2 vols. 4to. 5 Phyficae concilia- 
 tricis conamina, 12mo. ; 6 . Praeledliones con- 
 tra Aftrologite divinitracis vanitatem, 2 vols. 
 4 to —Moreri. 
 
 Sturmius (Leonard Chriftopher), an ar- 
 chitect, was born at Altorf in 1669, and died 
 in 1719. He publiihed a Complete Courfe 
 of Architecture, 16 vols. Augiburg.— Ibid. 
 
 Stuvel (Erneft), a painter of fruits and 
 flowers, was born at Hamburg in 1567, and 
 died in 1712 — Piliington. 
 
 Suarez (Francis), a Spaniih jefuit, was 
 born at Grenada in 1548. He was profeffor 
 of divinity at Alcala, Salamanca, and Rome, 
 and laftly at Coimbra ih Portugal. He died 
 at Lifbon in 1617. His Treatife on Laws 
 has been highly efteemed. All his works 
 have been printed in 23 vols. folio. They 
 have a great deal of learning, and much 
 trifling fophiftry. — Nic. Anton. Hijp. Script. 
 
 Subleyras (Peter), a French painter, 
 was born in Languedoc in 1699, and died in 
 '1759. He excelled in hiftory and portrait. 
 —D'Argewville. 
 
 Subtermans (Juftus), a portrait and 
 hiftorical punter of Antwerp, who died in 
 1681, aged 84 There is a celebrated pic- 
 ture by him in the palace at Florence, repre- 
 senting the homage of the Florentines to Fer- 
 dinand II. — Pilkmgton. 
 
 Suckling (lir John), an Englifh poet, 
 was born at Witham, in Effex, in 1613. 
 After receiving a liberal education he went 
 abroad, and made a campaign under Gufta- 
 vus Adolphus. On his return to England 
 he raifed a troop of horfe for the king’s fer- 
 vice, but they behaved lo ill in the engage- 
 ment with the Scots on the Engliih borders 
 as to baften his end. He died in 1641. His 
 works conftft of poems and letters ; An Ac- 
 count of Religion by Reafon ; A Difcourfe 
 upon Occafion, prefented to the earl oi Dor- 
 let ; and foirpliys — Biog- Dram. Granger. 
 
 Sue (Joi n), an eminent French furgeon, 
 was bora aj. Lotts St. Pol. He ftudied un- 
 
 SUI 
 
 der Devaux at Paris j and learnt Latin at the 
 age of forty-five, that he might be able to 
 examine Undents in that language. He died 
 in 1782- He wrote fome Memoirs on me-* 
 dical fubjeCts.— Nouns. Diet. Hiji. 
 
 Sue (John Jofeph), brother of the pre- 
 ceding, was born in 1710, and died in 1792. 
 He was the difciple of the celebrated anato- 
 mift Verdier, whom he fucceeded in his pro- 
 feflbrfhip. He wrote an Abridgment of Ana- 
 tomy, 2 vols. 12mo. ; Treatife on Bandages, 
 12mo. j Elements of Surgery, 8 vo.j An- 
 thropolomia, or a Treatife on the Art of In- 
 jecting, DiifeCting, and Embalming, 8 vo. ; 
 Ofteology, 2 vols. folio. This is a tranfla-, 
 tion of Monro’s elegant work. — Ibid. 
 
 Suetonius (Caius Suetonius Tranquil- 
 lus), an hillorian, was bowrat Rome. He 
 was bred to the bar, and was the intimate 
 friend of Pliny the younger, by whofe means 
 he was made tribune. Suetonius was after- 
 wards fecretary to the emperor Adrian. Of 
 his works, his Lives of the firft twelve Em- 
 perors, and part of his treatife concerning il- 
 luftrous Grammarians, only have been pre- 
 ferved. The belt editions are that of Ouden- 
 dorp, 2 vols. 8 vo. L. Bat. 1751 ; and that 
 of Ernefti, 8 vo. Lipf. 1775 .—Biog. Clajfica. 
 
 Sueur (Nicholas le), or Sudorius, a coun- 
 fellor, and afterwards prefident of the parlia- 
 ment of Paris, was affaffmated by robbers in 
 1594, aged 55. He tranflated Pindar with 
 great fidelity and elegance into Latin, pub- 
 liihed at Paris in 1582, 8 vo. and at Oxford 
 in 1677, folio.— Mo^eri. 
 
 Sueur (Thomas le), a friar of the order' 
 of Minims, was born in Champagne in 1703. 
 He taught theology, philofophy, and mathe- 
 matics, with great reputation at Rome, 
 where he died in 1770. He formed a clofe 
 friendihip with the father Jacquier, and thefc 
 learned men publiihed in conjunction a Com- 
 mentary on Newton’s Principia : a work or 
 the Integral Calculus, 2 vols. 4to. j and In- 
 ftitutiones Philofophicse, 5 vols. 12mo.— 
 Nouns. Dill. Hifi. 
 
 Sueur (Euftache le), a Frencli painter, 
 was born at Paris in 1617, and ftudied under 
 Simon Vouet His works are in a fine ftyle, 
 formed upon antiquity, and after the belt 
 maiters. He died in 1655. — D' Argcnville. 
 
 Suger (the abbe), a minifter of ftate, and 
 abbot of St. Dennis, in the 11 th century, 
 lie was minifter of foreign affairs as well as 
 of war under Louis le Gros ; and Louis VII. 
 appointed him regent of the kingdom in his 
 abfenCc. He was a man of great integrity 
 and piety, and died at St. Dennis in 1152, 
 aged 7Q.—Morcri. 
 
 Suicbr (John Gafpard), a learned di- 
 vine, was born at Zurich in 1 620. He be- 
 came profeffor of Greek arid Hebrew at his 
 native place, where he died in 16US. He 
 compiled a great work entitled, LexicoA 
 five Tliefaurus Ecclefiafticus Patrum Gne- 
 corum, 2 vols. folia His foil, John Henry 
 Suiter } became profeffor at Heidelberg, where 
 
he died in 1705, He wrote feveral learned 
 works, particularly a Chronology of Switzer- 
 land in Latin. •-Ibid. 
 
 Suidas, a Greek writer, who is fuppofed 
 to have fiouriffied in the reign of Alexis 
 Comnenus. We have by him a Greek 
 Lexicon, hiftorical and geographical, which 
 contains much valuable information. The 
 heft edition is that of Kufter, at Cambridge, 
 1705, 3 vols. folio. 
 
 Sully (Maximilian de Bethune, djake 
 of), was born at Rofni in 1559, of a noble 
 family. At an early age he became the 
 companion of Henry of Navarre, afterwards 
 Henry IV. of France, whom he accompanied 
 'i to Paris, and fortunately efcaped m the hor- 
 rid maflacre of St. Bartholomew by the kind- 
 nefs of the principal of the college of Bur- 
 gundy, who kept him concealed three days. 
 He dilplayed great valour on many occafions, 
 particularly at the fiege of Marmande, . and 
 the battles of Coutras, Arques, and Ivry, 
 
 : He alfo manitefted equal abilities as a ftatef- 
 naan. In 1586 he concluded a treaty with 
 the Swifs ; and by his perfuafions Henry was 
 induced to change his religion, for the pur- 
 pofe of gaining the throne of France, though 
 no arguments could prevail upon Sully him- 
 felf to turn Roman catholic. Being fent am- 
 baflador to the court of queen Elizabeth, he 
 difplayed uncommon talents amidft the deep- 
 eft politicians in Europe. On her death he 
 returned to France, where he obtained the 
 higheft offices in the ftate. After the mur- 
 der of the king, Sully retired from court. 
 He died at his caftle of Villebon in 1641. 
 See his Memoirs written by himfelf j the 
 beft edition of which is that of Paris, 1745, 
 S vols. 4to. 
 
 Sulficia, a Roman lady who lived in 
 the reign of Domitian, and was called the 
 Roman Sappho. She wrote a fatyrical poem 
 jagainft Domitian, printed in the Corpus Poe- 
 jtarum ofMaittaire. 
 
 Sulpxcius SeveRus, an ecclefiaftical 
 hiftorian, of the fifth century, was born of a 
 noble family in Aquitaine, and diftinguiffied 
 himfelf by his eloquence and piety. He 
 wrote the Life of St. Martin of Tours ; and 
 aa abridgment of Ecclefiaftical Hiftory, 
 printed by Le Clerc in 1709, 8vo Moreri. 
 
 Sulzer (John George), a philosophical 
 writer, was born at Winterthurn, in the 
 canton of Zurich, in 1720. He became pro- 
 feftor of mathematics at Berlin, and member 
 6f the royal academy in that city, where he 
 died in 1779. His works are, Moral Con- 
 templations on the Works of Nature ; Trea- 
 tiie on Education ; Univerfal Theory of the 
 Fine Arts, 2 vols. 4to. Sic.—Nouv, Dili. 
 Ili/i. 
 
 y Sumokokof (Alexander), the father of 
 tne Ruftian ftage, was born at Molcow in 
 1727. LI is tragedy of Koref laid the foun- 
 dation of the Ruilian theatre, and being per- 
 formed with applaufe before the emprels, 
 auimateu him to proceed in the dramatic ca- 
 reer, which he did with great fuccefs, and 
 
 was appointed to the rank of brigadier, and 
 director of the theatre. He alfo received a 
 penfion, was nominated counfellor of ftate, 
 and knighted. He wrote feveral poems and 
 Some hiftorical works. He died in 17 77.— 
 Ibid. 
 
 SvRENHUsnts (William), a German au- 
 thor of the eighteenth century, who was 
 profeftor of Hebrew at Amfterdam, and dif- 
 tinguifhed himfelf by a fine edition of the 
 Mifchna, with the Commentaries of Mai- 
 monides and Bartenora, printed in 3 vols. 
 folio, 1705. — Ibid. 
 
 Sutcliffe (Mathew), a learned Englifh 
 divine, and the founder of Chelfea college, 
 was dean of Exeter, and died about 1610. 
 He wrote a curious treatife on the Confor- 
 mity of Popery and Mahometifm, 4to. 1604 ; 
 this work was anonymous. Under his name 
 we have, 1. De vera Chrifti Ecdefia, 1600, 
 4to. ; 2. De Purgatorio, 8vo. ; 3. De MilTa 
 Papiftica, 4to. — Collier's Hifi. Dili. 
 
 Sutton (Thomas), the founder of the 
 Charter-houfe, was born in Lincolnffiire, ir» 
 1532. He was educated at Eton college, 
 and ftudied the law in Lincoln’s-inn, but 
 never followed that profelhon. Having 
 made fome valuable purchafes in the biUiop- 
 ric of Durham, he difeovered coal-mines 
 there which produced hiru immenfe property. 
 He alfo gained a large fortune by commerce 
 and marriage. On the death of his wife, in 
 1602, he led a retired life ; and having no 
 ifl'ue he purchafed the Charter-houfe, which, 
 he eretted into a hofpital and feminary of 
 learning. He died at Hackney in 1611.— 
 Life of Sutton , 8 vo. 
 
 Sutton (Samuel), a mechanic, was born 
 at Alfretton, in Derhyihire. He ferved un- 
 der the duke of Marlborough in queen Anne’s 
 wars, and afterwards kept a coffee-houfe in 
 Alderfgate ftreet. About 1704 he invented 
 a method for extradling tbul air from the 
 wells of ffiips, by pipes communicating with 
 the fire-places of the coppers. His" plan, 
 however, was fuperfeded by Dr. Hales’s in- 
 vention of ventilators. Sutton died in 1752. 
 —Gen. Bicg. Diii . 
 
 Suwarroff (Alexander), a celebrated 
 Ruffian general, was born of an antient fa- 
 mily in 1730, and entered into the army at 
 the age of twelve. After palling through 
 the inferior ftations he became a colonel in 
 1762. He difplayed uncommon bravery 
 when fei ving under RomanzofF again!! the 
 Turks, and having (lain feveral janiflaries 
 with his own hands, he put their heads into 
 a fack, which he laid at the feet of his gene- 
 ral. In J 783 he compelled the Tartars of 
 Kuban and Budziack to fubmit and fwear 
 allegiance to the emprefs, for which he was 
 named general in chief. In 1787 lie defeat- 
 ed the Turkilh fleet near Oczakow, which 
 place was taken by ftoim. In 1789 hq at- 
 tacked the Turks with a very inferior force 
 and defeated them near the river Rimnilk > 
 for which he was created a c.ount of the Ro- 
 man empire, and obtained tne furname of 
 3 M 2 
 
SWA 
 
 kitnnifki. By this viftory he faved the 
 prince of Saxe Cobeurg and the imperial 
 army. In the following year he ftormed If- 
 mailow, wherein perifhed above thirty thou- 
 fand Turks who refufed quarter. On this 
 eccafion Suwarroff in his letter to prince Po- 
 temkin wrote only thefe words : “ The 
 Ruffian colours wave on the ramparts of If- 
 mailow.” Indeed he was always laconic in 
 his difpatches, obferving that the pen was 
 not a fit inftrument for a foldier. In De- 
 cember 1791 peace was concluded, and Su- 
 warroff was covered with honours. His ta- 
 lents were again called into action in the 
 war of Poland, when he took Prague, where 
 thirty thoufand Poles fell dead in the field 
 of battle. This was followed by the fall of 
 Warfaw and the partition of Poland. For 
 this fervice he was made field-marfhal, and 
 obtained the grant of a large eftate. When 
 the emperor Paul entered into the waragainlt 
 France in 1799, Suwarroff had the com- 
 mand of the army, with which he marched 
 into Italy, where he was oppofed by Moreau. 
 Overpowered by numbers, the Ruffian hero 
 effected perhaps the mod brilliant retreat 
 ever known over the heights of Swifferland, 
 and entering Germany, marched to Ruffia by 
 order of his fovereign. For his ferviee in 
 this campaign he was created a prince by the 
 title of Italifky. But he was treated by Paul 
 with great ingratitude, which is fuppofed to 
 have deeply afr'e&ed his fpirits. He died at 
 Peterfburg in 1800. — Nouv. DiEi. Hiji. 
 
 Suze (Henrietta countefs de la), an in- 
 genious French lady, was lorn at Paris in 
 1618. She was the daughter of the count 
 de Coligni, fon of the admiral of that name ; 
 and was married firft to a noble Scotchman 
 of the name of Hamilton, and afterwards to 
 the count de la Suze, who ufed her very 
 cruelly. She however obtained a divorce, 
 hut loft the greateft part of her fortune. 
 She died in 167.8. Her poems were printed 
 with thofe of Peliflon and madame de Scu- 
 dery, in 4 vols. 12mo —Ibid. 
 
 Swammerdam (John), a celebrated na- 
 turalift, was born at Amfterdam in 1637, 
 and educated at Leyden, where he took his 
 doftor’s degree in medicine in 1667. He ap- 
 plied with great affiduity to the ftudy of the 
 human body, and of infeds. He invented a 
 method of injeding the vefiels with a liqui- 
 fied matter which afterwards became folid ; 
 alfo a thermometer to afcertain the degree 
 of heat in animals, At the end of life he 
 embraced the myfterious dogmas of madame 
 Bourignon. He died in 1680. His works 
 ire, 1. Treatife on Refpiration, 4to. ; 2. De 
 Fabrica Uteri Muliebris, 4to. ; 3. General 
 Hiftory of Inleds, ‘2 vols. folio. They 
 have been tranflated into Englifli.— Mo- 
 rcri. 
 
 Swanefeld (Herman), a Flemifli 
 painter, was born in 1620. He was the 
 difciple of Gerard Douw, and afterwards of 
 Claude Lorraine, at Rome, where he led fo 
 qptired a life as bo be culled the hermit ©f 
 
 S W I 
 
 Italy. He died in 1680. His landfcapeS j 
 are very beautiful and fcarc e.—De Piles. 
 
 Sweden. Of this country we have n» | 
 certain account till 714, when it was con- 1] 
 verted to chriftianity. In 1387, Margaret* | 
 queen of Denmark and Norway, was chofen ^ 
 queen of Sweden in the room of king Albert, | 
 who was confidered as unfit to reign. In 1 
 1411, Eric, duke of Pomerania, fucceedcd | 
 to the three kingdoms, and Sweden remained | 
 fubjed to Denmark till 1523, when Gufta- I 
 vus Vafa reftored the independence of his | 
 country. The monarchy became abfolute in I 
 1772. SeeGusTAVus —Unm.Hift. 
 
 Swedeneorg (Emmanuel), was born at 1 
 Stockholm in 1689. His father was a bifhop | 
 of the Lutheran perfuafion, and prefident oi | 
 the Swedifli churches. The fubjed of the j 
 prefcnt article went on his travels in 1710, , 
 and at his return to Sweden was appointed 
 afTriTor of the metallic college, which office 
 he held till 1747, and then refigned it. He 
 was ennobled in 1719. His fcientific pur- 
 fuits were highly honourable to him, and he 
 publifhed feveral excellent works, the prin- 
 cipal of which was the Regnum Minerale, 
 printed at Leiplic in 1734, 3 vols. folio. He 
 alfo wrote a Treatife on the Pofition and 
 Courfe of the Planets, and another on the 
 Tides. At length he abftraded himfelf from 
 thofe ftudies, imagining “ that he belonged 
 to the Society of Angels, in which things 
 fpiritual and heavenly are the only fubjeds 
 of difcourfe and entertainment.” Filled with 
 this notion, he fent into the world a number 
 of myftical books on the New Jerufalem J 
 on Heaven and Hell ; Spiritual Influx ; the 
 White Horfe in the Revelations, &c. The 
 baron died in London in 1772. His opinions 
 obtained little notice in his lifetime, but 
 fince his death they have produced a fed; 
 and feveral conventicles have been eredei 
 in London and elfewhere, called New Jeru- 
 falem Temples, in which the memory of 
 Swedenborg is refpeded as that of a prophet. 
 — Europ . Mag. 
 
 Swift (Jonathan), a celebrated divine, 
 was born at Dublin, of Engl iih parents, in 
 1667. His father died a few mont hs before 
 the birth of this child, leaving his widow in 
 narrow circumftances. At the age of fix 
 years Jonathan was fent to Kilkenny fchool, 
 from whence, in 1682, he was removed t« 
 the univevfity of Dublin, t lie expenfe of hh 
 education being defrayed by Ins uncllc. Whil< 
 at college he paid more attention to. books oi 
 hiftory and poetry than logic and th<e daffies 
 fo that he was denied his degree oji his firf 
 application, and obtained it with difficult; 
 on the fecond. On the death of ibis unde 
 in 1688, he came to England, whe re he wa 
 hofpitably entertained by fir William Tem 
 pie, who had married a relation o>f his mo 
 ther's. During his refidence with fir Wil 
 liam, who employed him in retvifing h: 
 works, he formed the refolution o f embrat 
 ing the .ecdefiaftical life; and hawing take 
 mailer’* degree he was ordained, and ol 
 
S W I 
 
 talned the prebend of Kilroot, in the diocefe 
 of Connor, worth about one hundred pounds 
 a year. Being difappointed of preferment in 
 England, he accompanied the earl of Berke- 
 ley, one of the lords juftices of Ireland, as 
 his chaplain and private fecretary ; but he 
 was again difappointed, and difmiffed with 
 the livings of Laracor and Rathbeggin, and 
 the redtory of Augher, inltead of the deanry 
 »f Derry, which had been promifed him. 
 He then fettled at Laracor, where he rebuilt 
 the parfonage houfe, repaired the church, 
 and difcharged his parochial duties in an ex- 
 emplary manner. About this time he was 
 vifited by Mrs. Johnfon, the celebrated Stella, 
 whom he afterwards fecretly married, but 
 would never own it, in confequence of which 
 Ihe broke her heart. This amiable woman 
 was the daughter of fir William Temple’s 
 Reward, and had an independent property left 
 her by that gentleman. At the acceflion of 
 queen Anne, Swift embarked in politics in 
 hopes of preferment in England, which he 
 again miffed, and in 1713 was promoted to 
 the deanry of St. Patrick’s, Dublin. The 
 death of queen Anne clofed all his profpedls, 
 and completely embittered his temper. He 
 was for l'ome time very unpopular in Dublin, 
 but came at laft to be revered as an oracle. 
 One Wood projected a coinage of 180,0001. 
 of Irilh halfpence, for which he obtained a 
 patent. Swift immediately addreffed a fieries 
 of letters to the people, under the fignature 
 of a Drapier, urging them not to receive this 
 bafe coin ; and fo fuccefsful was he that the 
 patent was withdrawn. After the death of 
 Stella, in 1727, he led a very retired life, 
 and wafted his time in literary trifles which 
 were un Aortliy of public notice. In 1730 
 he entirely lolt his memory, and almoft to his 
 death he was fecluded from the vifits of 
 ftrangers, as his pallions ftill continued to be 
 extremely violent. He died in 1745, and 
 was buried in the cathedral of St. Patrick. 
 His ill-treatment of Stella having been men- 
 tioned, it is neceffary to notice his conduct to 
 the lady celebrated in his works under the 
 appellation of Vaneffa. She was the daugh- 
 ter of Mr. Vanhomrigh, a Dutch merchant 
 at Dublin, and conceived a ftrong inclination 
 for the dean, which he feems to have encou- 
 raged ; but when at laft ihe declared her mind, 
 he told her he was married, which had fuch 
 an effedt upon her that Ihe died a few weeks 
 afterwards. He left the greatest part of his 
 property for the purpofe of building a hofpi- 
 tal for lunatics at Dublin. The poetical 
 pieces of Swift are moftly of the humourous 
 kind, and fome of them very coarfe and li- 
 centious. His profeftyle is remarkably clear 
 and forcible. The principal of his works 
 are, a fatirical romance, called Gulliver’s 
 Travels; the allegory of a Tale of a Tub, 
 in which he ridicules popery and puritanifm; 
 and Political Traits againlt the Whi ; s. All 
 his works have been collected into 22 vois. 
 8vo .— Life by Sheridan, 
 
 Swift (Deane), a near relation of the 
 
 S Y B 
 
 above, publiihed in 1755 “ An Eflay upon 
 the Life, Writings, and Character, of Dr. 
 Jonathan Swift and two volumes of his 
 “ Letters.” He died at Worctefter in 1783. 
 — Gen Blog. DIB. 
 
 Swinburne (Henry), a law writer, wa< 
 born at York, and educated at Oxford, where 
 he took his bachelor’s degree in civil law, 
 after which he became prodtor to the arch- 
 bilhop and judge of the prerogative court at 
 York, where he died in 1620. He wrote. 
 Brief Treatife on Teftaments and Laft Wills, 
 4to.: Treatife of Spoufals, or Matrimonial 
 Contrails, 4to.— Wood. 
 
 Swixden (Tobias), a divine of thechurch 
 of England, who was vicar of Cuxton in 
 Kent, and died about 1720. He wrote a cu- 
 rious book, entitled “ An Enquiry into the 
 Nature and Place of Hell, 8vo. 1714. In 
 this work he endeavours to prove that the 
 fun is the real Tartarus ; a fecond edition, 
 with an appendix, was publifhed in 1727, at 
 which time the author was dead. The book 
 was tranflated into French by Bion. 
 
 Swinnock (George), a non-conformift 
 minifter, was born at Maidftone in Kent, and 
 educated firft at Cambridge, and afterwards 
 at Oxford, where lie took his mafter’s degree 
 in arts. In 1662 he was deprived of the liv- 
 ing of Great Kymbels, in Buckinghamshire, 
 for non-conformity. He died at Maidftone 
 in 1673. He wrote a ufeful book, called the 
 Chriltian Man’s Calling, 3 vols. 4to,; Hea- 
 ven and Hell Epitomized, 4to.; the Door of 
 Salvation Opened, 8vo.j and fome other 
 works.— Calamy. 
 
 Swinton (John), a learned divine 3nd 
 antiquary, was born in 1703. He received 
 his education at Wadham college, Oxford, 
 where he proceeded to his degree of B. D. 
 He was for fome time chaplain to the Eng- 
 lilh fadtory at Leghorn, and on his return to 
 England fettled at Oxford, where he was ap- 
 pointed keeper of the univerfity records. He 
 died in 1767. Mr. Swinton had a concern 
 in writing the Univerfal Hiltory; and was 
 the author of fome fermons and tradts on an- 
 tiquarian fubjedts.— Gen. Blog. DIB. 
 
 Switz er land. The ancient inhabitants 
 of this country were the Helvetii, who were 
 fubdued by Ca*far, B. C, 57. A, D. 395 it 
 was conquered by the Alemani, a German 
 nation who were expelled by Clovis, king of 
 France, in 496. In 888 it became part of 
 the kingdom of Burgundy, and was given by 
 Rodolphus, the laft king of that country, to 
 Conrad II. emperor of Germany, in 1032, 
 from which time it was a part of the empire; 
 hut in 1307 the inhabitants revolted and fet 
 up the republic of the thirteen cantons, who 
 in 1315 made their league perpetual. In 
 1649 their liberty was confirmed by treaty. 
 See Tei.l. — Planta's Hiji. of Srwfferland. 
 
 Sy brecht (John), a Jandfcape painter, 
 was a native of Antwerp He drew feveral 
 fine views on the banks of the Rhine, and 
 fome in Derbylhire. He was invited to 
 England by the duke of Buckingham, and 
 3 M 3 
 
S Y L 
 
 died here in 1703, aged 73.— Walpole. Gran- 
 ger. 
 
 Sydenham (Thomas), an eminent phyfi- 
 cian, was born at Woodford, in Dorfetfhire, 
 in 1624. In 1642 he entered of Magdalen 
 hall, Oxford, but left that place when it be- 
 came a garrilon for Charles I. He afterwards 
 returned to the univerfity, and after taking 
 .his doctor's degree lettled in Weftminfter, and 
 became the^moft noted phyfician of his time. 
 He died in 1689. Dr. Sydenham guided 
 his pradice by experience, and rejected theory. 
 He was the firft who introduced the cool re- 
 gimen in the fmall pox ; and his writings on 
 confumption, fevers, and nervous dileafes, 
 though brief, are univcrfally efteemed. The 
 belt edition is that of Swan, in one volume 
 8 vo ,—Biog. Brit. 
 
 Sydenham (Flower), a learned critic, 
 was horn in 1710, and educated at Wadham 
 college, Oxford, where he took the degree of 
 M. A. in 1734, after which he fettled in Lon- 
 don. He tranflated fome of the works of 
 Plato into Englifh; and was diftinguifhed as 
 much by his modefty and the gentlenefs of 
 his manners, as his erudition. He died un- 
 der arrell for a trifling debt due to a victual- 
 ler in 1788, and this circumftance gave rife 
 to that excellent inftitution the literary fund 
 for the benefit of authors in diftrefs —Gen. 
 Biog. Die?. 
 
 Sylburgius (Frederic), a learned Ger- 
 man, V'as born at Marpurg in 1546, and died 
 in 1596. He had a concern in compiling the 
 Greek Thefaurus of Stephens, apd wrote fome 
 poems in that language. His Greek Gram- 
 mar and Etymologicon Magnum, folio, 1594, 
 are highly efteemed.*— Mekh. Adam. 
 
 Sy li.a (Lucins Cornelius), a famous Ro- 
 man, was born of a reduced but noble family. 
 In his younger years he was maintained by 
 the courtezan Nicopolis, who left him her 
 fortune. He entered the army under Marius, 
 and accompanied him to Numidia as quaeftor : 
 but his nfilifary talents exciting the jealoufy 
 of that general, he went and ferved under Ca- 
 tullus. Being chofen praetor he was appoint- 
 ed to place Ariobarzanes on the throne of 
 Cappadocia, which he effedted. He after- 
 wards terminated the war with the Marfi, for 
 which lie was rewarded with the confular 
 dignity. He now afpired to the title of per- 
 petual diftator, but met with a powerful op- 
 ponent in Marius. However, after putting 
 an end to the war with Mitbridates, and con- 
 quering Greece, he entered Rome in triumph, 
 and murdered all whom he cpnfidered as ini- 
 mical to his ambitious views. The ftreets of 
 Rome were filled with dead bodies, and thofe 
 to whom he had piomifpd pardon were inhu- 
 manly maflacred. After reigning in Terror, 
 ^nd altering the laws according to his own 
 humour, Sylla voluntarily refigned thedidta- 
 torihip, and retired to his eftate at Puteoli, 
 where he (pent the remainder of his days ip 
 debauchery with dome of the moft vicious of 
 the common people. He died milerably B.C, 
 
 S Y N 
 
 78, and in the 60th year of his age.— P/»* 
 larch. 
 
 Sylvester (Jofhua), an Englifh poet, 
 was born in 1563. He became a merchant 
 adventurer, and was in great eftedm with 
 queen Elizabeth and king James. Prince 
 Henry, fon of the laft monarch, appointed 
 him his poet penfioner. He was acquainted 
 with feveral languages, and died in Holland 
 in 1618. He tranflated into Englifh verfq 
 Du Bartas’s Divine Weeks and Works, 4to.; 
 and fome pieces from Fracaftorius.— - Wood. 
 
 Sylvester (Matthew), a non-conformift 
 divine, was educated at Cambridge, and eject- 
 ed in 1662 from the living of Gunnerby in 
 Lincolnfhiie. He afterwards officiated to a 
 congregation of diflenters in London, where 
 he died in 1708. He publifhed the Hiftory 
 of the Life and Times of Mr. Baxter, folio, 
 and feveral fermons .—Calamy. 
 
 Sylvius (Francis), profeflor of elo- 
 quence, and principal of the college of 
 Tournay at Paris, was born near Amiens. 
 His family name was Du Bois, which he 
 latiniled according to the cuftom of the 
 age. He corredled the barbarous method 
 of reading Latin, and recommended Cicero 
 as a model for ftvle. He publifhed many 
 learned commentaries, and a work on ora- 
 tory. He died in 1530 ,—Bayle. 
 
 Sylvius (fames), a celebrated phyfician, 
 was br other of the above, and born at Amiens 
 in 147B. He became profeflor of medicine 
 In the royal college at Paris, and was a man 
 of great learning, but miferably avaricious. 
 He died in 1555. His works were printed at 
 Cologne in 1630 with the title of Opera Me- 
 dica. — Boyle. 
 
 Sylvius (Lambert), or Vanden Btjch, a 
 Dutch writer, who died about 1688. He 
 wrote in the German language, 1. Theatre 
 of illuftrious Men, 2 vols. 4to.; 2. Hiftory of 
 our Times; 3. Lives of Naval Heroes, 4tp.j 
 4. Tragedies —Nouv. Die?. Hiji. 
 
 Sy lvi u s (Francis de la Boe), a phyfician, 
 was born at Hanau in 1614. He became pro- 
 fefl'or at Leyden, where he was a zealous ad- 
 vocate for Harvey’s difeovery of the circula- 
 tion of the blood, and died in 1672. His 
 works were printed by Elzevir in 4to and at 
 Venice in 1708 in folio. — Halleri Bihl. Auat. 
 
 Symmachus (Quintus Aurelius Avianus), 
 prefedt of Rome, and conful in 391. He 
 difplayed great zeal for the re-eftablifhment 
 pf paganifm, but was oppofpd by St. Am brole, 
 and banilhed by Theodoiius. His ejpiftlts 
 were printed in 1653, 12mo. — Marin. 
 
 Synesius, a primitive bifhop, was a na- 
 tive of Africa, and the dilciple o. the celebra- 
 ted Hypatia, at Alexandria, where he became 
 a convert to Chriftianity. [n 410 hie was 
 ciioien bifhop of Ptolemais, in which illation 
 he conducted himfelfin an apoftolical man- 
 ner, but t' e period of his death is unknown. 
 His epiftles and homilies w.re printted ac 
 Paris in Greek and Latin in lii33, foliq. 
 Before hp became a biffiop he advanced fome 
 
TAC 
 
 notions againft the generally received doftrine 
 •of the refurreftion and iaft judgment, but 
 he afterwards retraced his errors. There 
 was a platonic philofopher of this name, who 
 wrote a Treatife on Natural Philofophy, and 
 one on Dreams; the firft printed at Paris in 
 1612, 4to. and the laft in the edition of Iam- 
 blieus, Venice, 1497, folio. — Ibid. 
 
 Syncellus (George - ), a monk of Con- 
 ftantinople, who flourilhed about A.D. 792. 
 There remains of his a Chronograph)’, pub- 
 Uffied in Greek and Latin in 1652, folio. It 
 is valuable as furnilhing a knowlege of the 
 dynafties of Egypt.— Ibid. 
 
 Synge (Edward), a pious prelate, was the 
 Ion of Dr. Synge, bifhop of Cork, and born 
 there in 1659. He received his education 
 partly at Chrift church, Oxford, and after- 
 wards at Dublin. In 1714 he was made 
 bifhop of Raphoe, from whence in 1716 he 
 yas tranflated to the archbifhopric of Tuam, 
 y.here he died in 17J1. He wrote feveral 
 
 T A L 
 
 p*ous trafts on practical religion, which have 
 been printed by the Society for promoting 
 Chriftian Knowlege, in 4 vols. 12mo.— 
 Gen. Blog. Dili. 
 
 Syphax, king of part of Numidia, who 
 took the fide of the Romans againft the Car- 
 thaginians at the beginning of the fecond pu~ 
 nic war. But having efpoufed the daughter 
 of Afdrubal, he joined Carthage. He was 
 defeated by Mafiiniffa and Lselius, and con- 
 duced in triumph to Rome, where he died 
 in prifon, B. C. 201.— Livy. 
 
 Syria. In 901 B. C. the inhabitants of 
 this country began to be powerful under Ben- 
 hadad, but in 740 it was reduced by the king 
 of Afifyria. Alexander the Great conquered 
 Syria, B. C. 322, and after his death SeleucuS 
 erefted it into an independent kingdom. The 
 Romans laid it under tribute B. C. 65. It 
 was fubdued by the Saracens A. D 640, and 
 by the Turks in 1517, in whole pofieffion it 
 remains. — Uninj. Hiji. 
 
 T. 
 
 rrv.BoR (John Otho), a German lawyer, 
 was bflrn £t Bautzen, in Lufatia, in 1604. 
 He became counfellor to the landgrave of 
 Heffie Darmftadt, and died at Frankfort in 
 1674. His works upon law were printed in 
 1688, in 2 vols. tolio . — Life by Pafcbius. 
 
 Tacc a (Peter James), a celebrated fculp- 
 tor, was born at Carara, and died at Florence 
 in 1610. He was a pupil of John Bologna. 
 One of his greateft works is the ftatue oi 
 Ferdinand III. grand duke of Tufcany, with 
 four flaves chained at the foot. This fine 
 .piece of art is at Leghorn. 
 
 Tachard (Guy), a French jefuit, who 
 went as a miftionary with Cliaumont and 
 Choili, ambafladors to Siam. In 1688 he 
 returned to Europe after an abfence of two 
 years, but went again to India fome time af- 
 terwards, and died in Bengal about 1694. 
 His two Voyages to Siam were printed at Pa- 
 ris in 1689, in 2 vols. 12mo.— Moreri. 
 
 Tacitus (Caius Cornelius), a Roman 
 hiftorian, of Vhofe family or early life no- 
 thing is known. His firft employ is laid to 
 have been as procurator to Vefpalian in Gal- 
 lia Belgica. In the reign of Domitian he 
 ferved the office of praetor, and that of conl'ul 
 under Nerva, A. D. 97. He dilplayed great 
 elocution at the bar in pleading the caul'e of 
 the oppr.efied Africans, who had been cruelly 
 ufed by Marius Prifcus, but it is in the c ha- 
 rafter of an hiftorian that he has acquired 
 immortality. Of his lives of the emperors 
 only a part remains. His annuls were the 
 mpft important of his works, but of thel'e we 
 have to lament the lofs of a valuable portion. 
 The treatife on the manners of the Germans, 
 find the life of his father-in-law Agricola, 
 are perfeft, and cannot be too highly admir- 
 ed, but his hiftory of the reign of Tiberius 
 may be confide led as his mailer-piece. His 
 
 Latin is remarkable for its purity and elegance, 
 and his greateft ftrength lay in drawing bio- 
 graphical charaftcrs. His friendffiip with 
 Pliny is proverbial. The bed editions of 
 Tacitus are that of Amfterdam, 2 vols. 8vo. 
 1685, and that of Paris, 4 vols. 4to. 1771. 
 Tranflations of this author have been publifh- 
 ed in Engliffi by Gordon in 12mo.; and Mur- 
 phy in 4 vols. 4to. — Blog. Clafjica, 
 
 Ta.citus (Marcus Claudius), emperor of 
 Rome, was elefted by the fenate after the 
 death of Aurelian in 275. He difplayed 
 great wifdom in the adminiftration of juftice, 
 and the government of the (late. He alf© 
 inftituted fome excellent regulations for the 
 reformation of the public morals, and he re,- 
 ftored the lenate to their antient dignity. 
 Tacitus was likewife dillinguifhgd as a war- 
 rior : he repelled the barbarians who had in- 
 vaded the Roman territories ; and he was 
 preparing for a war againft Perlia, when he 
 died at Cilicia of a violent diforder, though 
 according to l'ome he was affidfinated, A. D. 
 276, aged 70. — Crevier. 
 
 Tac^uet (Andrew), a jefuit and mathe- 
 matician, was born at Antwerp, and died in 
 1660. Hp wrote a Treatife on Aftronomy, 
 am Explanation of Euclid, &c. His works 
 were printed at Antwerp in 1 vol. foli*, 170 7. 
 — • Moreri . 
 
 Taffi (Andrew), a painter, was born at 
 Florence in 1213, and died in 1^94. He in- 
 troduced into Italy the art .of deGgning in 
 mol'aic, which he acquired from fome Greek 
 painters. He executed in this way feveral 
 pieces at Florence. — Yelibien. 
 
 Talbert (Francis Xavier), a French 
 wfiter, was born at Bd'anjon in 1725. He 
 was bred to the law, whkh he renounced for 
 the ecclefiaftical date, and obtained a canon- 
 ry at bis native place. He died at Lemberg 
 3 M 4 
 
T A L 
 
 irt Gallicia in 180S. His works arc, 1. Dif- 
 courfe on the Inequality among Men ; this 
 v; crowned by the academy o: Dijon in 
 1755. 2. Panegyric on St. Louisa 3. The 
 
 Elogiesof Bonnet, Montaigne, cardinal d’Am*- 
 boiii, chancellor de 1'Hopical, Philip, regent 
 of France, and Eoileau He alio wrote 
 feme poems. — Ntwv. Die?. Eift. 
 
 Talbot (John), earl of Shrewlbury, was 
 born of a noble fa ily in Herefordihire. He 
 difplayed great vaiour in the reduction of 
 Ireland, where he was commander-in-chief 
 f?r Henry V. Afterwards he wen: to France, 
 and ferved under the duke of Bedford. At 
 the battle of Patay he was made prifoner, 
 but recovered his liberty not long after. He 
 was for fome time again in Ireland ; and on 
 Iris return to France he gained feveral victo- 
 ries, and took fome ftrong places, fo that his 
 name became a terror to the French. He was 
 flain at the fiege of Caftillon in 1453. — Repin. 
 
 Talbot (Charles), earl, afterwards duke 
 tf Shrewfbury, wasdefeended from the above, 
 and born in 1660. He was one 6f the firft 
 promoters of the revolution, for which he 
 was created a duke, and made lord chamber- 
 lain, viceroy of Ireland, and high treafurer. 
 He died at London without ifiue in 1717 — 
 Eng Peerage. 
 
 Talbot (William), an Engliih prelate, 
 was born at Litchfield, and admitted a com- 
 moner of Oriel college, Oxfoid, in 1674. By 
 the intereft of his i elation the earl of Shrewf- 
 bury he was preferred to the deanry of Wor- 
 cefter in 1691, and in 1699 to the bifhopric 
 of Oxford. In 1715 he was tranllated to Sa- 
 lifbury, and in 1721 to Durham. He died in 
 1730. His fermons have been publifhed in one 
 volume octavo. — Eutchinfon's Eiji. Durham. 
 
 Talbot (Charles lord), chancellor of 
 Great Britain, was the fon of the laft men- 
 tioned. He was an excellent lawyer, and a 
 man of high virtue and public integrity. He 
 died in 1737, aged 51— Birch's lltufi. Cha- 
 racters. 
 
 Talhaiarn, a celebrated We I fh bard, 
 who fiourifhed in the ftxth century He 
 compose i a prayer, which became the gene- 
 ral formulary of the bartfic circles. He be- 
 came a hermit, and was regarded as a faint. 
 ^-Owen’s Camhr. Biog. 
 
 Taliacotius (Gafpar,) or Tagliacocci, 
 profefior in medicine and furgery at Bologna, 
 his native place, where he died in 1553, at 
 the age of 64. He became famous by his 
 book t( De Curtorum chirqrgia per infition- 
 em in which he pretends to teach the art 
 of repairing the lofs of the nofp, ears, and 
 lips, in cales of mutilation, dileafe, or defor- 
 mity- He is faid alfo to have praclifed what 
 he has taught, and his ftatue in the ledfure 
 room at Bologna reprefents him with a nofe 
 In his hand. Butler in his Hudibrus has a 
 whimfical ullufion to this phyfeian : 
 
 * So learnedjTaliacotiusfrom,’&c. — Moreri. 
 
 Taliesin, the molt celebrated o. the 
 Welfh bards who flourifhedin the fixth century. 
 Many of his compofitions are printed in the Ar- 
 ehaioiogy of Wales. — Owen's Camhr. Biog. 
 
 TAM 
 
 Tallakp (Camille d’Hoftun count de), 
 marlhal of France, was born in 1652, in 
 Duuphiny. he ferved under Louis XIV. in 
 Holland, in 1672, and difplayed fuch talents 
 and bravery tnat Turenne gave him a diitin- 
 guilhed command at the battles of Mulhaufen 
 and Turkheim. In 1693, he was made 
 lieutenant general, and in 1697 he was fent 
 amuaffador to England, to treat about the 
 fucceflion ofCharles II. to the crown of Spain. 
 The war being renewed, he afiumed the com- 
 mand on the Rhine in 1702, and the year 
 following was made marlhal of France. At 
 this time he laid fiege to Landau, and having 
 gained a great vi&ory over the prii ce of 
 Hefie, who endeavoured to raife the fiege, 
 the place was loon taken. On that occafron 
 he wrote to Louis, fajingthat “he had taken 
 more colours and ftandards than his majefty 
 had loft foldiers.” In 170-1 he was defeated 
 at Hochftet by the duke of Marlborough, 
 taken priloner, and conveyed to England,, 
 where he remained feVen years. On his re- 
 turn to F ranee in 1712 he was created a duke, 
 and in 1726 was nominated iecretary of date. 
 He died in 1728 — Mo<eri. 
 
 Tallis (Thomas), an Englifh nuifician, 
 in the 16th century. He was gentleman of 
 the chapel to Edward VI. and queen Mary, 
 and his lalary is faid to have been feveupence- 
 halfpenny a day. In the reign of Elizabeth 
 he was appointed organift in conjunction with 
 Bird, with whom be publilhed a collection of 
 hymns for church fervice. — He d.ed in 1585. 
 — Eaivkins . Burney. 
 
 Tamirlane, called by his relations Ti- 
 mur-bec, or Timur the- lame, v. as, accord- 
 ing to fome hiltorians, the fon of a fhepherd, 
 and to others, ot royal defeent. He was 
 born in 1555, at Keith, in the territory of 
 the ancient Sogdiana, and early in liie tefti- 
 fied uncommon courage and an enterprizing 
 difpofition. Having gained a number of fol- 
 lowers ot a finiilar dilpolition, he made him- 
 feif mafter of balk, the capi al of Kliorafan, 
 after which he made an ealy conqueft of the 
 province of Candahar. He next lubdued the 
 whole of antient Perfia, and then took Bag- 
 dad. Tlu/hed with his fyccefs he marched 
 into India, where he took Delhi the capital, 
 and thus gained poffcllion of iminenfe trea- 
 lures. Byt while he was engaged in this ex- 
 pedition Bagdad revolted, on which he haften- 
 ed back, delivered the city up to pillage, and 
 put to death above 80,000 peifons. He alfo 
 invaded Syria, and touk Damafqus In tliis 
 iplendid capper the Greek emperor and fome 
 inferior prinyes. implored his alliftance againft 
 Bajazet, emperor of the Turks. Tamerlane 
 fent to him to withdraw from belorp Conftan- 
 tinople, and to replace the princes whom he 
 had de poled. Bajazet returned a fierce an 
 fwer, on which iamerlane marched againft 
 him, anyl after a battle of three davs the 
 Turkifh emperor was defeated and taken pri- 
 foner. Different and very irreconcileable ac- 
 counts are given of the conqueror’s treatment 
 of his captive : fome afiert that he was con- 
 fined in an iron cage, and expofed to fcorn 
 
TAR 
 
 and contempt, while others relate that Ta- 
 merlane behaved to him and his family with 
 the greateft liberality. The laft feems tube 
 the moft likely. Tamerlane fixed the feat 
 of his vaft empire at Samarcand, where he 
 received the homage of numerous fovereigns, 
 and among the reft the ambaftadors of the 
 emperor Manuel Paleologus, and Henry III. 
 king of Caftille. He died in 1405, while en- 
 gaged in preparing tor an expedition againft 
 China — Univ. Hlft. 
 
 T a N a qjj i l , or Caia Cecilia , wife of Tar- 
 quin, fifth king of Rome. She was a native 
 of Tarquinia; and fo well /killed in augury 
 that the perfuaded her hutband to go to Rome, 
 where he was elected king. After he was 
 murdered the raifed her fon Servius Tullius 
 to the throne. She was a woman of fuch li 
 berality that the Romans preferred her gir- 
 dle with great veneration. — Livy. 
 
 Tanner (Thomas), a learned prelate, 
 was born at Market Lavington, in Wiltihire, 
 in 1674. He received his education at 
 Queen’s college, Oxford. In 1695 he was 
 eledted fellow of All-fouls, and confecrated 
 biihop ot St Afaph in 1732. He died in 1755, 
 and was buried in the cathedral of Chrift- 
 c’nurch, Oxford. He wrote, Notitia Monaf- 
 tica, or an Account of all the Religious 
 Houfcs in England and Wales, folio; Biblio- 
 theca Britannico-Hiberr.ica He alio contri- 
 buted to th laft edition o: ’*• ood’s Athenae 
 Oxonienfes. — Gen. Biog D El. 
 
 Tansii.lo (Lewis), an ir lian poet, was 
 born at Nola, about 1510. Hefpent a great 
 part of his life in the family of the marquis 
 de Villatranca, viceroy of Naples, and is laid 
 to have died judge of Gayeta, in 1570. He 
 wrote in his youth a poem entitled h Vinde- 
 mlatare (or the Vintager), printed at Naples 
 in 1534. On account of its indecency all his 
 works were laid u at ran interdift, but hav- 
 ing afterwards prc.ented another to the pope 
 on the Tears of St. Peter, his holinefs took 
 pft the prohibition from all his poems except 
 the culpable o-e.— Tirabojchi. 
 
 Tahin (Peter), a French phyfician, was 
 born at Courtenai, and died in 1761. His 
 works are, 1. Adverfaria Anatomica, 4to.; 
 2. Anatomical Dictionary, 4to.; 3. Ofteo- 
 graphia, 4to ; 4. the Art of Difteding, 2 
 vols l2mo ; 5. Treatile on Ligaments; 6. 
 Obl'eryations on Medicine and Surgery, 3 vols. 
 12mo.; 7. Defcription of the Mulcles, 4to. 
 — — Nouv . Diet HJl. 
 
 Tarleton (Richard), a celebrated adtor 
 and jefter, was born at Condover, in Salop. 
 He performed at the Bull, in Biihopfgate- 
 ftreet, the Judge’s character in a play called 
 Henry V. which was prior to that of Shak- 
 fpeare. Stowe fays, he was conftituted one 
 of the queen’s players in 1583. He died 
 about 1589- He was the author of a drama- 
 tic performance, called, the Seven Deadly 
 Sins. Many of his jefts have been printed in 
 different books. — Blog. Dram- 
 
 Tar pa (Spurius Mretujs), a Roman cri- 
 tic in the time of Auguftu*. He was ap- 
 
 T A R 
 
 pointed with four others in the temple of 
 Apollo, to examine the merit of poetical 
 pieces and plays. Cicero and Horace mem* 
 tion Him with honour ,—Bayle. 
 
 Tar pei a, the daughter of Tarpeius, go- 
 vernor of the capitol under Romulus. She 
 betrayed that place to the Sabinian general 
 Tatius, on condition of receiving what his 
 foldiers wore on their left arms, meaning 
 their bracelets of gold. When Tatius en- 
 tered the place he threw his bracelet and 
 Ihield on Tarpeia, in which he was imitated 
 by all his followers, fo that Ihe peri/hecl un- 
 der the weight. She was buried on the 
 mount which was afterwards called by her 
 name, and from whence perfons convidled of 
 treafon were precipitated.— Livy. 
 
 Tarq_uin the elder, 5th king of Rome^ 
 was the fon of Greek parents, and born in 
 the town of Tarquinii, in Etruria. His 
 name was Lucumon, which he changed on 
 going to Rome by the advice of his wife Ta- 
 naquil. He fo endeared himfelf to the Ro- 
 mans by the liberality of his manners, that 
 Ancus Martius nominated him guardian of 
 his children. The people on the death of 
 that monarch placed the crown on the head 
 of Tarquin, who reigned with great modera - 
 tion and popularity. He defeated the Latina 
 and Sabines, and conquered Etruria. He en- 
 crealed the number of the fenate, repaired 
 the capitol, which he ornamented with feve» 
 ral elegant buildings, and formed aqueducls 
 and fubterraneous fewers. He alio intro- 
 duced regulations for the magiftrates, and 
 ordered that the axes carried before them 
 Ihould be furrounded by bundles of flicks. 
 He was aflaflinated by the fons of his pre- 
 decefl'or, B.C. 578, and in the 80th year of 
 his age.— Livy. 
 
 Tarqjjin the fecond, called the Superb 9 
 was grandfon of the preceding. He married 
 Tullia, daughter of Servius Tullius, and 
 at her inftigation murdered his father-in-law, 
 and feized on the kingdom. His reign wag 
 tyrannical and extravagant, fo that his fut>- 
 jedfs weie about to revolt, wken, to divert 
 their attention, he engaged in a foreign war. 
 But while he was at the fiege of Ardea, the 
 infamous conduit of his fon proved the ruin 
 of his family. [See Lucretia and Bru- 
 tus.] The Romans rofe and /hut che gate* 
 againft Tarquin, who retired to Etruria, 
 where he died in the 90th year of his age. 
 He purenafed the famous Sybilline books, and 
 finillied the capitol.— Ibid. 
 
 Taktini (Jofeph), a celebrated mufi- 
 cian, was born in 1692, at Pifano, in Iftria. 
 He became fo excellent a performer on the 
 violin, that he was appointed mafter of the 
 band in the church of St. Anthony at Padua. 
 He died in 1770. His works are Sonatas, 
 and a Trfeatife on Mufic, 1754. — Burney . 
 
 Tar u ffi (Emilio), an Italian painter, was 
 born at Bologna in 1632, and died in 1694. 
 His landfcapes are beautiful, and the feenes 
 and figures are very animated.— Pi/kington. 
 
 Tarrantius f Lucius), an ancient af- 
 
T A S 
 
 tvoioger, who was the intimate friend of Ci- 
 cero, He made two famous horofcopes, one 
 fli Romulus, the other of Rome. He has 
 been called thePrince of Aftrologers. Moreri. 
 
 . EArtageia (Nicholas), a mathemati- 
 cian, was born at Brefcia, and died about 
 - 1553- He pubiifhed an Italian verfxon of 
 Euclid, with a Commentary, printed at Ve- 
 nice in 1543, tolio. He was alfo the author 
 of a Treatife on Numbers and Meafures, in 
 Italian, fol. 1356, — Ibid. 
 
 Tasker (William), an Englifh divine 
 and poet, was born in Devonfhire. He took 
 a bachelor’s degree at Ejcetcr co'lege, Ox- 
 ford, entered into orders, and iiad the living 
 ot lddefleigh in his native county. He died 
 in 1800. His principal works are, Odes of 
 Pindar and Horace, tranfiated into Englifh 
 verfe, 3 vols. 8vo. ; Ode to the Waidike 
 Cenius of Britain ; Letters on Phyfiognomv. 
 — Gent. Mag. 
 
 Tasso (Torquato), an Italian poet, was 
 born at Sorrento, in the kingdom of Naples, 
 in 1544. H;s father was fecretary to the 
 prince of Salerno, who, being charged to re- 
 prefent to Charles V. the injuftice of the 
 viceroy of Naples, was obliged to fly to 
 Rome, and was accompanied by Bernard 
 Taflo and his fon, who, though he was but 
 nine years old, wrote verfes on their misfor- 
 tune, in which he compared himfelf to young 
 Alcanius efcaping with ^Eneas. Young 
 i ado was fetyt to Padua to ftudy the law, 
 and while there he wrote his poem of Rinal- 
 d°, at the age of feventeen. In 1565 he 
 was. taken into the fervice of the duke of 
 Ferrara, with whofe filler the princefs Ele- 
 anora he fell in love, and this fatal paflion 
 proved the fource at that melancholy hu- 
 mour which preyed upon him twenty years. 
 Quitting Ferrara he went to his filter at Sor- 
 rento, and was joyfully received by her; but 
 iiis flame becoming ftronger by ablencc, lie 
 returned to the court of Ferrara, wheie, in 
 the prefeuce of the duke, lie had the impru- 
 dence to embrace the princefs with tranfpont 
 Alphonlo with great coolnefs ordered him to 
 be taken to a hofpital, as a man deprived of 
 his reaforj. At the defire of the duke de 
 Gonzaga he obtained Iris liberty in 1586, on 
 which he retired to Naples, where for fome 
 time he enjoyed repofe. Pope Clement 
 VIII. who was a great admirer of his ta- 
 lents, called him to Rome, where he was 
 received with honourable marks of diftinc- 
 tion, and great preparations were made for 
 folemnly crowning him in thecapitol as the 
 prince of poets, when he fell fick, and died 
 on the evening before the intended ceremony, 
 April 15, 1395. I he work which has im- 
 mortalized his memory is the epic poem of 
 Jerufalem Delivered, tranfiated into Englifh 
 by Hoole. All the works of Tafl'o were 
 printed at Florence, in 6 veils, folio, in 
 1724— Life by Mnn%o in Italian. 
 
 Tasso (Bernardo), the father of the 
 shove, wrote a poem called Amadis, printed 
 
 T A V 
 
 sf Venice in 1560, 4to. His Letters verft 
 printed at Padua in 1733, in 3 vols. 8vo. 
 He died at Rome in 15 75.—Tirabt>fcbi. 
 
 Iassoni (Alexander), an Italian piet, 
 was born at Modena in 1565, and did in 
 16o5. His Secchia Rapita, or, Rape of the 
 Bucket, a mock-heroic poem, was written 
 on the occafion of the war between Mocena 
 and Bologna. Befides this he wrote, Obfer- 
 vations on Petrarch ; an Ecclefiaftical Hif- 
 tory, &c.—Lfe by Murateri. 
 
 Tate (Nahum), a poet, was a native of 
 Dublin, and intimate with Dryden. He 
 was appointed laureat in 1692. He diec in 
 1715. Tate wrote feveral poems, the aeft 
 of which is that on the death of queen Arne. 
 In conjunction with Brady he tranfiated the 
 Pfaims jnto metre Cibber. 
 
 1 ati an, a difciple of Juftin Martyr, 
 was a native of Syria, and educated among 
 the Greeks in the pagan religion, which he 
 renounced for chriftianity. He Hill however 
 ictained the Platonic ideas. He fell into 
 dangerous errors, particularly that of Mar- 
 cion, refpedting two lupreme principles. He 
 rejeded fome of St. Paul's Epiftles, and 
 formed a fed! called the Encyatites, or con- 
 tinent 1 atian was the author of a Har- 
 mony of the four Gofpels, but nothing re- 
 mains of his except an Apology for the 
 Chriftian Religion, printed at Oxford in 
 1700, 8vq. — Dupin. 
 
 Tatischef (Vafilli), the compiler ofati 
 unfinilhed Hiftory of Rufiia, who died in 
 1750. His work is an unconnedfed feries of 
 chronicles. — Gen. Biog. D\El. 
 
 Tati us, king ot the Sabines, who made 
 war againft the Romans, and by treachery ob- 
 tained pofl'eftion of thecapitol. [See Tar. 
 feia.] The mediation of the Sabine wo- 
 men efte&ed a reconciliation, and Tatius 
 brought his fubjefts to refide at Rome, where 
 he lhared tire government with Romulus, 
 who caufed him to be murdered at Lavi- 
 nium, B. C. 712. — Li-vy. 
 
 1 atius (Achilles), a native of Alexan- 
 dria, who embraced the chriftian religipn, 
 and wrote a Commentary oa the Phenomena 
 of Aratus, which is extant ; all'p a Greek 
 romance, called the Amours of Leucippus 
 and Clitophon, printed in 1510, Hmo 
 
 V ft ns. 
 
 1 avarone (Lazarus), an hiftorical and 
 portrait painter, was born at Genoa in 1556, 
 and died in 1631. He was the difciple of 
 Luca Cangjagio, and fucceeded him as painter 
 tortile king ot Spain. — Pilling ton. 
 
 TaubmAn (Frederic), a°German critic, 
 was born in Franconia, about 1565. He 
 was proteffor of poetry and the belles-lettres 
 at Wirtemberg, and diea in 1615 He 
 wrote Latin Poems and commentaries on 
 Plautus and Virgil— Moreri. 
 
 Tavernier (John Baptift), a traveller, 
 was born at Paris in 1 605. He went through 
 Turkey, Perlia, and the Raft Indies, fix 
 times, and die.d at Mol cow in 1689. He 
 
T A Y 
 
 gamed a great fortune by trading in jewels, 
 •with which he purchafed an eftate, and was 
 ennobled by Louis XIV. His Colledtion of 
 Travels in 6 vols. 12mo. is greatly efteemed, 
 and has been tranflated into Englifh.— Mo- 
 reri. 
 
 Taylor (Jeremiah), a learned prelate, 
 ■was the fon of a barber at Cambridge, where 
 he received his education in Caius college, 
 after which he entered into orders, and be- 
 came fo eminent a preacher that archbifhop 
 Laud procured him a fellowfhip of All Souls 
 college, Oxford. He was alfo appointed 
 chaplain to that prelate, and rector of Up- 
 pingham, in the county of Rutland. In 
 1642 he received the degree of doctor in di- 
 vinity by mandate. On the decline of the 
 royal caufe, in which he was a fuffcrer, he 
 retired into Caermarthenfhire, where he 
 taught fchool for a livelihood. He after- 
 wards went with lord Conway to Ireland, 
 where he wvote his Cafes of Confcience, a 
 work of fterling value. In 1661 he was 
 made biihop of Down and Connor, privy 
 counfellor, and vice chancellor of Trinity 
 college, Dublin. He died in 1667. Biihop 
 Taylor wrote, the Great Exemplar, or the 
 Life and Death of Jefus Chrift, folio • an ex- 
 cellent practical book called Holy Living 
 and Dying, 8vo. ; and feveral fermons and 
 controverlial and pious treadles. — Fun. Serm. 
 by Ruft. Wood. 
 
 Taylor (John), commonly called the 
 water-poet, war. born at Gloucefter, and after 
 going through his Accidence at the fchool 
 there was bound apprentice to a waterman 
 in London ; but notwithftanding the labori- 
 oufnefs of his employment he wrote feveral 
 books, which were collcdted into one volume 
 folio. On the breaking out of the rebellion 
 he went to Oxford, where he kept a victu- 
 alling houfe, which was much reforted to by 
 the ftudents, and Taylor did fome fervice to 
 the royal caufe by his l'atires and fongs. 
 When Oxford furrendered he retired to 
 Weftminlter, and let up the fign of the 
 Mourning Crown. This, however, he was 
 obliged to remove, on which he hung up his 
 own pidture, with the following verfes : 
 
 1 here’s many a head ftands lor a fign ; 
 
 T lien, gentle reader, why not mine ? 
 
 On the other fide, 
 
 Though I deferve not I defire. 
 
 The laurel wreath, the poet’s hire. 
 
 He died in 1651, aged 74. — Wood. 
 
 Taylor (John), a learned difi'enting mi- 
 nifter. was born near Lancafter. He was 
 paftor of a congregation at Norwich many 
 years, and removed from thence to Warring- 
 ton, where he luper -intended the academy, 
 fie died in 1761. His greatell work was an 
 Hebrew and Engklh Concordance, in 2 vols. 
 folio. He alio wrote a book on Original 
 bin, and other theological treatifes.— -Gen. 
 B. D. 
 
 Taylor (John), a learned critic, was 
 horn in 1703 at Shrewlbury, where his fa- 
 ther was a barber. He 1 received his educa- 
 
 TEL 
 
 tion at the grammar-fehool of his native 
 town, after which he was font to St. John’s 
 college, Cambridge, where he obtained a fel- 
 lowfhip. lie took his dodfor’s degree in the 
 civil law, became librarian and regiflrar of 
 the univerfity, and a member of dodtors* 
 commons. But afterwards he entered into 
 orders, and was preferred to a canon-refiden- 
 tiaryfhip of St. Paul’s, and the archdeaconry 
 of Buckingham. He died in 1766. Dr. 
 Taylor publifhed excellent editions of Lyfias 
 and Demofthenes, and wrote a work entitled. 
 Elements of the Civil Law.— Anted, of 
 Boivycr, J 
 
 Taylor (Brook), a mathematician, was 
 born at Edmonton, in Middlefex, in 1685. 
 In 1701 he entered of St. John’s college) 
 Cambridge, and in 1708 wrote his Treadle 
 on the Centre of Ofcillation. ‘in 1709 he 
 took the degree of bachelor of laws. In 
 1714 he was cliofen fecretary to the roval 
 lociety, and in tlie lame year took his degree 
 of doctor of laws. He publifhed feveral ela- 
 borate works on mathematical lubjedts, the 
 principal of which is his Treatife on Linear 
 
 r’erfpettive. He died in 1731 Gen Bio?. 
 
 Dili. b 
 
 1 aylor (Henry), a divine, who was for 
 many years redtor of Cranley and vicar of 
 Poit (mouth. He was an Arian, and wrote 
 feveral learned works as ; 1. An Effay on 
 the Beauty of the Divine Economy, 8vo. 
 
 Een ^dotdccai’s Apology for embracing 
 Chnihanity, 4to. and 8vo. 3. Farther 
 1 houghts on the Nature of the Grand 
 Apoilacy of the Chriftian Churches, 3vo. j 
 and 4. Ruin upon Ruin I Rout upon 
 Rout ! Confufion worfe confounded ! 8vo. 
 He died in 1785. — Gent. Mag. 
 
 Teilo, a Britifli faint. He founded a 
 college at Lanuatf, which was afterwards 
 erefted into a biihopric. There are feveral 
 churches dedicated to him in Wales. He 
 lived in the fifth century — Owen's Cantb. 
 Bug. 
 
 Ieissier (Anthony), a French protef- 
 tant writer, was born at Montnellier in 1632. 
 On the revocation of the edict of Nantes he 
 went to Pruffia, and was appointed hiftorio- 
 grapber, and obtained a penfion. He died at 
 Berlin in 1715. His works are, 1. Panegy- 
 rics on great Men, 4 vols. 12mo. ; 2. Cata.- 
 logus Au&orum qui Librovum Catalogos, 
 Indices, Bibliothecas, Virorum Litteratorum 
 Elogia, Vitam, aut Orationes Funebres, 
 (criptis confignavunt, 8vo • 3. Lives of 11- 
 luftrous Princes, &c . — Maseru 
 
 I ell (William), one of the principal 
 confederates who reitored the independence 
 ot Swilferland in 1307. Geifier, the Au- 
 ltrian governor for the emperor Albert, put 
 Ins cap on a pike winch was fixed on a pub- 
 lic place at Altorf, and all who palled were 
 required to pay their obeifance to it T his 
 was retuled by Fell, who was fentenced to 
 ihoot an arrow at an apple placed on the 
 head of his own fon tie fortunately luc- 
 cceded in cleaving the apple without injur- 
 
T E M 
 
 ing the child. Geifler, obfcrving another 
 arrow in his girdle, afked what it was for, 
 to which Tell boldly replied, “ to have flain 
 thee if I had killed my fon.” The governor 
 ©n this ordered him to be bound, and put into 
 a boat in order to convey him to a dungeon 
 in his own caftle. But a ftorm coming on 
 the boatmen declared they fhould be lof\, 
 if Tell, who was accounted the belt naviga- 
 tor on the lake, was not entrusted with the 
 Jielm. On this Geifler ordered him to be 
 releafed, and Tell fleering for a point of land, 
 fince called the rock of Tell , jumped athore, 
 and gained the mountains. Shortly after he 
 fhot the governor, and the confederates hav- 
 ing taking arms effedled the deliverance of 
 their country. This ftory, however, is con- 
 fidered as partly romantic by fome writers. 
 —G/areanus Defcript. Hclint. Moreri. 
 
 Tiluer (Michael le), a French law- 
 yer and ftatefrr.an, was born at Paris in 
 1603. After palling through different of- 
 fices, cardinal Mazarine propofed him to 
 Botiis XIII. for the place of fecretary of ftate, 
 which he filled with confiderable reputation 
 till 1666, when he refigned it to his fon. 
 Jn 1677 he was made chancellor, and dif- 
 graced himfelfby propoling the revocation of 
 the edict of Nantes, on figning which he 
 profanely exclaimed, Nunc dimittn jet mum 
 tuum , Demine ! He died in 1685.— Ma- 
 ter':, 
 
 Tellies; (Francis Michael le), marquis 
 de Louvois, fon of the preceding, was born 
 at Paris in 1611. At the age of twenty- 
 three he became minifter of war, in which 
 office he difplayed great activity, and was 
 crowned with favours by the king. Alter 
 the death of Colbert in 1683 he had the 
 charge of lupejlntfendant of the buildings, 
 aits, and manufactures, of France. Louvois 
 had great abilities, but he was arbitrary, 
 mercenary, and ppprellive. He gained a 
 complete akendancy over Louis XIV., and 
 even went fo far as to remove the guards 
 whom the king had appointed. But being 
 one day received with feverity by Louis at 
 the council-board, he retired to his apart- 
 ment, and died of chagrin in 1691 — Ibid. 
 
 Temeesta (Antonio), a painter, was 
 horn at Florence in 1555, and died in 1630. 
 He was the difciple of Strada, and excelled 
 in landftapes with figures. He was alio an 
 engraver —T clibien. 
 
 Temple (William), a celebrated Eng- 
 lj(h Aatefman, was the fon of fir John Tem- 
 ple, maitev of the rolls in Ireland, and was 
 born in London in 1629. He received part 
 of his education under his matevn. 1 uncle. 
 Dr. Henry Hammond, and next at the khool 
 of Bifhop Stortford, from whence he re- 
 moved to Emanuel college, Cambridge. At 
 the n flotation he became a member of the 
 parliament of Ireland, but loon left that 
 kingdom and fettled in England. He ren- 
 dered his country important l'ervices as ain- 
 baflador to the United States; particularly 
 in efktting the league between England, 
 
 TEN 
 
 Holland, and Sweden, in 1668, and in bring- 
 ing about the marriage of the prince of 
 Orange with Mary, daughter of the duke of 
 York. In 1680 he retired from public af- 
 fairs, and divided his time between his books 
 and his gardens, but he was often confulted 
 by the minifters, and by king William in 
 perfon. He died at his feat of Moor Paik, 
 in Surrey, in 1700. His works confift of 
 Memoirs of what palled in his public employ- 
 ments ; Letters; Mil'cellanies ; and Obfer- 
 vations on the United Provinces of the Ne- 
 therlands, in 2 vols. folio. His fon John 
 ‘Tanplc was appointed fecretary at war im- 
 mediately after the revolution, but drowned 
 himfelf the fame year. — Bing. Brit. 
 
 Templeman (Peter), a phyfician, was 
 born at Dorchefler in 1711. He was edu- 
 cated at the Charter-houfe, next at Trinity- 
 college, Cambridge, and laftly at Leyden un- 
 der Boerhaave. Having taken his dodtor’s 
 degree he fettled in pradlice at London, and 
 on the cftabliffiment of the Britifh mufeum 
 was appointed keeper of the reading room, 
 which place he refigned on being eledled fe- 
 cretary to the l'ociety of arts. He died in 
 1769. Dr. Templeman wrote fome poetical 
 pieces, and translated Norden’s Travels in 
 Egypt. He is not to be confounded with 
 Thomas Templeman, a fchool-mafter at Bury, 
 in Suffolk, who publifhed Tables of the 
 Size and Population of the different king- 
 doms of the World, folio. — Anecd. of 
 
 Boiuyer. 
 
 Texcin (Claudine-Alexandrine-Guerin 
 de), was the After of the cardinal de Tencin, 
 who died in 1758. She was born at Greno- 
 ble, and took the veil in the monaftery of 
 Mentfleury; but with the confent of the 
 pope fhe threw off the religious habit, and 
 entered into the gay world at Paris, where 
 fhe led the fafhion for fome time, and waj 
 celebrated for her intrigues, for which fhe 
 was once confined in the Chatelet, and after- 
 wards in the Ballile. She died in 1749. 
 Madame de Tencin wrote the Siege of Ca - 
 lais, or the Misfortunes of Love, and fome 
 other romances. — Nouv. DiSI. plijl. 
 
 Teniers (David), called the old, a 
 painter, was born at Antwerp in 15,82. He 
 was the difciple of Rubens, alter which lie 
 went to Rome, where he imitated tile man- 
 ner ot Elfheimer. He returned to Antwerp, 
 and died in 1 fi-l D . His fubjedls are chemifts, 
 country fairs, ale-boufes, and merry meet- 
 ings, painted in an admirable llyle. His fon 
 David, called the young, was born at Ant- 
 werp in 1610, and died there in 169-1. lie 
 fuvpaffed his father. He painted night 
 feenes, fealls, the temptation uf St. An- 
 thony, & c. His pieces are numerous, and 
 valuable. Abraham, another fon of old 
 Teniers, was alfo a good painter, and parti- 
 cularly excelled in a know lege o. the chiaro 
 obl.curo — Dc Biles. Felibicn. 
 
 Tenison (Thomas), an eminent prelate, 
 was born at Cottenham, in Camlpidgefhire, 
 in 1656, and educated at the free fclioul of 
 
TER 
 
 Norwich, from whence he removed to Cor- 
 pus Chrifti college, Cambridge, where he 
 took his degrees. In 1680 he was prefented 
 to the redtory of St. Martin in the Fields, 
 and in 1689 to the archdeaconry of London. 
 
 He was fo ftrenuous an advocate for the pro- 
 teftant caufe in the reign of James II. that 
 king William advanced him to the bilhopric 
 •f Lincoln in 1691, and to the fee of Canter- 
 bury in 1694. He died in 1715. He wrote 
 feme fermons, trails againft popery, and 
 publiffied the Remains of Lord Chancellor 
 Bacon, in one volume, odtavo. He founded 
 a library and fchool in St. Martin’s parifh. — 
 
 Le Neve's Lives of the Abps. 
 
 Tentzelius (William Erneft), a learn- 
 ed German, was born at Armftadt, in Thurin- 
 gia, in 1659, and died in 1707. His works 
 are, 1. Saxonia Numifmatica, 4 vols. ; 2. 
 Supplementum Hiftoriae Gothanae, 3 vols. 
 to. — Moreri. 
 
 Tf.rburg (Gerard), a Dutch painter, 
 was born at Zwol, in Holland, in 1608. He 
 was employed at the court of Spain, wheie 
 he gained great wealth, and was made a che- 
 valier. On his return to his own country 
 he fettled at Daventer, and was cholen one 
 of the magiftratss. He died in 1681- He 
 painted portraits, converfations, and humor- 
 ous {cenes—Houbraken. 
 
 Ter ENCE(Publius Terentius), a dramatic 
 poet, was a native of Africa, and fold as a 
 flave to Terentius Lucanus, a Roman fena-^ 
 tor, who gave him his liberty on account of 
 his genius. He fludied Greek with luch al- 
 (iduity as to transfufe the bed comedies from 
 that language into the Latin; of which, 
 however, only fix remain, the ftyle of which 
 is elegant and the fentiments delicate. He 
 is faid to have been drowned in a voyage 
 from Greece, B. C. 159. The heft editions 
 of Terence are thofe of Wefterhovius, 2 vols. 
 4to., Amft. 1726 ; Edinb. 12mo. 1758; 
 Cambridge 4to., 1728; and that of Zeunius, 
 8vo. Lipf. 1774. — Biog. Clajfica. 
 
 Teurasson (Andrew), a French divine 
 and prieft ot the oratory, was born at Lyons, 
 and died at Paris in 1723. His Sermons in 
 4 vols. 12mo are diftinguifhed by their elo- 
 quence. — Noav. DiB. Ilif. 
 
 Terr as son (John), brother of the above, 
 was alio of the congregation of the oratory, 
 >yhich he quitted contrary to the wiih of his 
 father, who was fo religious that he deftined 
 all his foils for the monadic order. In 1707 
 the abbe Terraflon was admitted a member 
 of the academy of fciences, and in 1721 he 
 obtained the profelforfhip of philofophy, 
 Greek, and Latin. He died at Paris in 1750. 
 His works are, 1. Critical Differtation on 
 the Iliad, 2 vols. 12mo. This has been 
 tranfiated into Englilh. 2. Reflections in 
 Favour of Law’s Syftem. This was a de- 
 fence of the Milliflippi project 3. Sechos, 
 a moral romance. This has alfo been tranl- 
 lated into Englilh, in 2 vols. 8vo. 4. A 
 tranflation ot Diodorus Siculus, in 7 vols. 
 12rao. Cafpard Ttrrajon , another brother 
 4 
 
 T E S 
 
 of John, became a member of the oratory, 
 which he afterwards quitted. He died in 
 1752. His fermons have been printed.— 
 
 Ibid. 
 
 Terrasson (Anthony), of the fame 
 family as the above, was born at Paris in 
 1705. He diftinguilhed himfelf as aa advo- 
 cate, and computed, by order of the chancel- 
 lor D’Aguefieau, the Hiftory of Roman Ju- 
 rifprudence, folio ; for which he was named 
 cenfor royal, and profelTor in the royal col- 
 lege. He died in 1782. Befides the above 
 work he wrote Mifcellanies of Hiftory, Li- 
 terature, See. 12mo.— Ibid. 
 
 Tertre (John Baptift), a dominican, 
 was born at Calais in 1610. He had been 
 both a foldier and failor before he entered 
 into the monaftic ftate. He afterwards be- 
 came a zealous miffionary in America, from 
 whence he returned in 1658, and died at 
 Paris in 1687. He wrote a General Hiftory 
 of the Weft India Iflands belonging to the 
 French, 4 vols. 4to. — Moreri. 
 
 Tertre (Francis Joachim Duport du), 
 a French jefuit, was born at St. Malo in 
 1715, and died in 1759. He wrote, An 
 Abridgment of the Hiftory of England, .» 
 vols. 12mo. ; a Hiftory of Confpiracies, 14) 
 vols. 12mo. ; Abridgment of the Hiftory of 
 Spain, 5 vols. 12mo. ; and feme other works. 
 —Nouv. DiB. Hiji. 
 
 Terpander, a lyric poet and mufician 
 of Lelbos, 67 5 B. C. He is laid to have ap- 
 peafed a tumult at Sparta, by the melody 
 and fweetnefs of his notes. He added three 
 firings to the lyre, which before had only- 
 four. 
 
 Testvlliah (Quintus Septimlus Flo- 
 rens), one of the fathers of the church, was 
 a native of Carthage, and bred to the bar. 
 The conftancy of the martyrs converted hipn 
 to chriftianity, which he defended with great 
 zeal and eloquence. From Carthage he went 
 to Rome, and in the persecution under Seve- 
 rus he drew up a famous apology for the 
 chrillians. In the latter part of his life he 
 fell into the errors of montanifm. He died 
 about 216. The bell editions of Tertullian’s 
 works are, that of Rigaltius, Paris, folio; 
 and of Venice 1746, folio; and that of Sem- 
 ler, 4 vols. 8vo., Halil 1770. — Cave. Du’iv. 
 
 Terwesten (Auguftin), a painter, was 
 born at the Hague in 1619. He improved 
 himfelf in Italy, where he ftudied the works 
 of the belt mailers. By his means the aca- 
 demy at the Hague was revived, and that at 
 Berlin inftituted. He died in 1711. He 
 had two brothers, Elias and Matthew. The 
 firft excelled in painting :ruits and flowers, 
 and died in 1724; the other painted hif- 
 torical fubjedls, and died in 1785.— t; l- 
 kington. 
 
 Testa (Peter), an Italian painter ar.d 
 engraver, was born at Lucca. He was 
 drowned in the 'Fiber i,n 1650, end avour- 
 ing to recover his hat, which had been 
 biftvvn into the river while he «-is fitting ua 
 the bank Ikstchlng a deflgn,— Ibid. 
 
 
THE 
 
 T&sti (Ful vie), an eminent lyric poet, 
 and accounted the Horace of modern Italy. 
 He was born at Ferrara in 1593 of a noble 
 family. He became minifter of ftate to the 
 duke of Modena ; but being accufed of trea- 
 fon he was beheaded in 1646 Tirabofchi. 
 
 Thais, a famous courtezan, who corrupt- 
 ed the youth of Athens. She accompanied 
 Alexander, who was perfuaded by her to de- 
 ltroy the city of Perfepolis. After the death 
 ®f the Macedonian conqueror /he became the 
 wife of Ptolemy, king of Egypt Bayle. 
 
 Thales, a philofopher of antiquity, was 
 bom B.C. 640, at Miletus. After travelling 
 many years, particularly into Egypt, where 
 he ftudied the mathematics, he returned to 
 his native place, and opened fchool. Among 
 his difciples were Anaximander, Anaximenes, 
 and Pythagoras, and he was often vifited by 
 Solon and Thrafybulus. He is generally al- 
 lowed to have been the father of the Greek 
 philofophy, and Hands firft on the lift of the 
 feven wife men. His doctrine was, that 
 water is the firft: principle of all bodies ; and 
 that God is the mind which pervades the 
 univerfe. He made fome inventions in geo- 
 metry, and firft obferved the apparent diame- 
 ter of the fun. He likewife obferved the 
 nature and courfe of eclipfes, aiad divided the 
 year into 365 days. Thales died B.C. 545. 
 —Diog. Laert. Stanley. 
 
 Thellusson (Peter Ifaac), a native of 
 Geneva, who fettled as a merchant in Lon- 
 don, where he acquired a prodigious fortune, 
 and died in 1798. He left about 100,0001. 
 to his family, and the remainder of his pro- 
 perty, confiderably above half a million, is 
 to accumulate to a certain period, when, if 
 there are none of his descendants and name 
 cxifting, the whole is to be applied by par- 
 liament towards paying off the national debt. 
 In about one hundred years the amount will 
 be about one hundred and foity-three mil- 
 lions. The family have endeavoured to fet 
 alide the will in chancery, hut without fuc- 
 eefs.— Gent. Mag. 
 
 Fhemison, a celebrated phyfician of an- 
 tiquity, who lived before the chriftian rera, 
 and was the difciple of Afclepiades. He de- 
 parted from the old fyftem, and formed a me- 
 dical fed called Metbodifti. — Juvenal. 
 
 The mis i us, an orator and philofopher, 
 was born in Paniphlagonia in the fourth cen- 
 tury. . He acquired lo great a reputation 
 that Theodofius the Great made him prefed 
 of Conftantinop’e, though a pagan. He was 
 very intimate with St. Gregory Nazianzen. 
 He died about A. D. 410. He wrote, Com- 
 mentaries on the Philofophy of Plato and 
 Ariftotle; the laft only is extant. There re- 
 main fome of his Difcourfes, printed at Paris 
 in 1684, folio. — Voftius. 
 
 1 himistoclis, a celebrated Athenian 
 general, was the fon of Neocles, who difin- 
 herited him tor his profligacy. This dif- 
 grace routed the ambition of Themiftocles, 
 w ho courted the favour of the people, and 
 with fuch fuccefs, that when Xerxes invaded 
 
 the 
 
 Greece he was at the head of the republic of 
 Athens, and by his determined fpirit and ad- 
 drefs occafioned the defeat of the Perfian fleet 
 near Salamis. He afterwards, by a ftratagem, 
 prevailed on Xerxes to abandon Greece, and 
 for thus faving his country he received diftin- 
 guilhed honours. He then turned his atten- 
 tion to the ftrengthening of the fortifications, 
 improving the harbours, and increafing thz 
 navy ; but in the midft of his glory he wa3 
 accufed of interefted defigns to aggrandize 
 himfelf, and was bani/hed. Themiftocles 
 then threw himfelf upon the generofity of 
 Artaxerxes, who received him with kindnefs, 
 though he had formerly fet a price upon his 
 head. He died at Magnefia, in the Perfian 
 dominions, B. C. 449, aged 65.— Plutarch. 
 Corn. Nepos. 
 
 Theobald (Lewis), a dramatic writer, 
 was born at Sittingbourn, in Kent, and died 
 in 1742. He wrote feveral dramatic pieces 
 ot little merit. He is chiefly known by his 
 edition ot Shakefpeare in 8 vols., 12mo., 
 which, though depreciated by Warburton, 
 poffefies. confiderable merit, and lhews n« 
 want ofjudgment. — Biog. Dram, 
 
 , Theocritus, a Greek poet, who flou- 
 ri/hed at Syracufe B. C. 282. Little is 
 known of him, only that his /Fiend and pa- 
 tron was Ptolemy Philadelphus. He4s l'uid 
 to have been ftrangled by order of Hiero, 
 king of Syracufe, for having written a fatire 
 againft him. Of his various works we have 
 only the Idylls, which are remarkable for their 
 pleafing fimplicity and fweetnefs, and Epi- 
 grams. The bell editions are, Warton’s, 
 Oxon. 1770, a vols. 4to. ; Rei/ke, Lipf. 
 
 2 vols. 4to. 1760. Theocritus has been 
 tranflated into Engli/h by Pohvheie, 2 vols; 
 8vo. — Biog. C/ajJica. 
 
 Iheodore. Sea Newmoff. 
 Theodatus, king of the Goths In Italy; 
 was placed on the throne in 534 by his aunt, 
 Amalalonta, who married him ; but fome 
 time afterwards he caufed her to be ftrangled. 
 riie emperor Juftinian declared war againft 
 him, and Belilarius, his general, marched 
 into Italy, on which the foldiers of Theo- 
 datus depoied him and placed Vitiges on the 
 ^ one > who put him to death in 536 Univ. 
 
 4 HEODORus of Mopjuefles, fo named from 
 the place of which he was bi/hop, a city in 
 Cilicia. lie died in 428. His works, which 
 iivour neftorianifm and focinianifm, were 
 condemned in the fifth general council. 
 What remains are a commentary on the 
 Pfulms ; another on the Twelve Minor Pro- 
 phets; and fome Fragments.— -Dupin. 
 
 Fheodoret, a father ot the church , was 
 born in 086. About 420 he was made bi/hop, 
 which office he difeharged with great reputa- 
 tion. He was depofed in a fynod at Ephefus 
 /or elpouling the caufe of Neftorius, but was 
 reftored in the general council of Chalcedon. 
 He died about 460. lie wrote an Eccle- 
 fiaftical Hillory ; Commentaries on the Scrip- 
 tures ; Lives of Saints, and other works. 
 
THf 
 
 ftibllfhed by Sirmond in Greek and Latin, 
 
 4 vols. folio, 1642, and a fifth volume was 
 added in 1684. — Ibid. 
 
 Theo Doric, the firft king of the Goths 
 in Italy, was the natural fon of Theodomir, 
 fecond king of the Oftrogoths, and given as 
 an hoftage to Leo I. in 461. He rendered 
 great fervices to the emperor Zeno, who 
 honoured him with the confulate in 484. 
 He was afterwards fent againft Odoacer, 
 whom he put to death, and made himfelf 
 naafter of all Italy. In 509 he efpoufed a 
 fifter of Clovis, king of France. Theodoric 
 difplayed the qualities of a great prince. 
 He regulated the adminiftration of juftice, 
 allayed religious difputes, revifed the laws, 
 and encouraged commerce. He died in 526. 
 —Moreri. 
 
 T h e odosi us, a Roman emperor, was born 
 in 346 at Cauca, a city in Spain, of a noble 
 family. His father, count Theodofius, was 
 beheaded by order of Valens in 376. The 
 fon was called to court by Oratian, who afto- 
 ciated him in the empire, and appointed him 
 to govern Thrace and thofe provinces which 
 Valentinian had poffefied in the Fall. He 
 defeated the Goths in fever^ actions, and 
 compelled them to fue for peace. His tame 
 fpread into Perfia, and Sapor III. folicited his 
 alliance. In 385 a confpiracy was formed 
 againft him, but it was difcovered, and The- 
 odofius difplayed the magnanimity of his dil'- , 
 pofition by pardoning the criminals. But in 
 390 he committed a cruel adlion in caufing 
 the inhabitants of Theffalonica to be put to 
 the fvvord, on account of a fedition and riot 
 in their city. St. Arobrofe was fo ftruck 
 with horror by this tranfadfion that he refuf- 
 ed to admit Theodofius into the church till 
 he had given proofs of repentance. The 
 emperor having defeated Maximus marched 
 to Home, wheie he received the honours of 
 a triumph, after which he returned to Con- 
 ftantinople and defeated the barbarians who 
 had ravaged Macedonia and Thrace. He 
 then turned his arms againft the ufurper Eu- 
 genius, who had been placed on the throne 
 after the murder of Valentinian. Having 
 defeated him at Aquileiu, lie caufed him to be 
 beheaded in 394. Theodofius died the year 
 following at Milan. — Un\-v. Eft. 
 
 Theodosius II. fucceedcd his father Ar- 
 cadius, fon of the preceding, in 408, under 
 the guardianfhip of his fifter Pulcheria. She 
 caufed him to marry Athenais, daughter of 
 Leontius the philofopher, who being bap- 
 tized took the name of Eudocia, [fee Eudo- 
 cia], Theodofius defeated the Perfians 
 with great fluughter near the Euphrates; 
 but he was lefs fortunate againft the Huns, 
 who overran t:ie empire, fo that the emperor 
 was obliged to purchai'e a peace. Theodofius 
 was a good n.iturcd prince, but weak and 
 timid. He died in 450- — Univ. Eft. 
 
 Theodotus of Byzantium, furhamed the 
 Tanner ;rom his occupation. In the perficu- 
 tion under Marcus Aurelius he was arrefled, 
 and, to lave his life, renounced the chriftiaa 
 
 THE 
 
 religion. The faithful having reproached 
 him for his apoftacy, he invented the hereti- 
 cal notion that Chrift was only a man. He 
 was excommunicated, but obtained many 
 followers, who were called Tbeodotiant. He 
 is not to be confounded with Theodotus the 
 banker , who inftituted the fe£t of Melchife- 
 decians, beeaufe they held that Chrift is in- 
 ferior to Melchifedeck. — Du fin. Mofbeim. 
 
 Theognis, a Greek poet, was a native of 
 Megara, and ftouriftied B. C. 544. There re- 
 main of his l'ome fragments printed in the 
 Corpus Poetarum Grceeorum, and other coi- 
 lettions — V'. ftius. 
 
 The on, a Greek fophift, who wrote a 
 treatife of rhetoric entitled, Progymnaft- 
 mata, written with elegance. It was printed 
 at Leyden in 1726, 8vo. in Greek and Latin. 
 —Ibid. 
 
 Theqn of Alexandria, a philofopher and 
 mathematician in the time of Theodofius the 
 Great, was father of the celebrated Hypatia. 
 His Commentary on Euclid was printed in 
 Greek at Bade in 1553, folio; and that on 
 Aratus at Oxford in 1672, quarto.— Ibid. 
 
 The op hanes (George), a Greek hifto- 
 rian, was born at Conftantinople sf a noble 
 family. He entered into the monaftic Hate, 
 and was received with diftin<3fion at the 
 feventh general council; but the emperor, 
 Leo tha Armenian, exiled him to- Samothrace, 
 where he died in 818. He wrote a Chroni- 
 cle beginning where Syncellus ends, aril 
 reaching to the reign of Michael Curopala- 
 tus. 1 It was printed at the Louvre in 1655, 
 folio.— Moreri. 
 
 Theophanes (Prokopovitch), a Ruffian 
 hiftorian, was born in 1681. He was arch- 
 bifhop of Novogorod, and died in 1786. He 
 wrote the Life of Peter the Great, and fomc- 
 theological treatifes. — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Theophilus, bifhop of Antioch, ftourilh- 
 ed in the fecond century. He was the firft 
 who ufed the term Trinity to exprefs the 
 three perfons in the Godhead. His Defence 
 of Chrillianity was edited by Gefner at Zu- 
 rich in 1546, and is appended to the works 
 oi Jullin, 1642, tolio. — Dupin. 
 
 Theophrastus, a Greek philofopher, 
 was born at Ercfus, in Lelbos. Plato was 
 his fi.it mailer, and he afterwards became a 
 diiciple of Ariftotle, who had a great efteem 
 for him. He fuccceded that philofopher in 
 l*is fchool at Athens, and his name became 
 fij celebrated that he was attended by two 
 thouland pupils. He died at the advanced 
 age ot 107. His works are, Hiftory of 
 Stones, of which Hill has given an Engl'ifh 
 tranfiation ; Treatife of Plants, printed at 
 Amfterdain, folio ; Moral Characters; tliele 
 have alfo been translated into Englifh. All 
 his works were publilhed in folio, by Heinfius 
 at Leyden in 1613, — Vojjius. ‘ 
 
 Thsophylact, arciibifhop of Achrldia, 
 and metropolitan of Bulgaria in the eleventh 
 century, was a native o. Cornrant.nople, and 
 wrote Commentaries on the Gofpeis and 
 Acts of the Apoltles ^ alfo on feme of the 
 
T H O 
 
 T H O 
 
 Minor Prophets and Epiftles, printed at Paris 
 in folio. He was alfo the author of Letters 
 and Inftitutio Regia, 4to .—Dupin. 
 
 Theramenes, an Athenian philofopher 
 and general, was one of the thirty tyrants 
 who affumed the government of Athens, 
 but he oppofed their cruelties, on which 
 Critias, one of his colleagues, accufed him of 
 troubling the ftate, and Theramenes was 
 condemned to take poifon B. C. 403. It is 
 remarkable that as he took the fatal bowl he 
 faid, “ here’s to the health of Critias,” which 
 proves that drinking healths was a cuftom 
 among the ancient Greeks.— Plutarch. 
 
 Thespis, a Greek poet of Attica, fuppof- 
 ed by fome to be the inventor of tragedy, 
 536 B. C. He went from town to town in 
 a cart, on which was erefted a temporary 
 ftage, where two aftors, with faces daubed 
 by the lees of wine, entertained the audience 
 with choral fongs and Speeches.— Laert. 
 
 Thevenot (Melehifcdeck), librarian to 
 the king of France, was born at Paris in 
 1621. He was ambafi'ador at Constantinople 
 and at Genoa, and afiifted at a conclave held 
 after the death of pope Innocent X. He 
 died in 1692. His Travels in the Levant, 
 2 vols. folio, are highly efteemed. He alfo 
 wrote the Art of Swimming, 12mo .—Moreri. 
 
 Thevenot (John), another traveller, 
 who died in 1667. He introduced coffee 
 into France, and was the author of Travels 
 in Aha, 3 vols, 4to. and 5 vols. 12mo.— 
 Moreri. 
 
 Thiers (John Baptift), a learned divine 
 of the Sorbonne, was born at Chartres about 
 1636. After being a profefior in the uni- 
 verfity of Paris he obtained the benefice of 
 Champrond, in the diocefe of Chartres, where 
 he embroiled himfelf in difputes with his 
 Superiors refpedting ecclefiaftical dues. He 
 died in 1703. He wrote a Treatife on Su- 
 pcrftitions refpefting the Sacraments ; a 
 Hiltory of Perukes ; De Feftorum Dierum 
 Jmmunitione liber, and Several other curious 
 •works.— Ibid. 
 
 Thirlby (Styan), an ingenious and 
 learned Englifh critic, was born about 1692, 
 and died in 1733. He was a dofior of laws 
 of the univerfity of Cambridge, and wrote a 
 Tradt againft Whifton on the Trinity ; but 
 he is principally known by his capital edi- 
 tion of Juftin’s works, folio, 172 o.—Anecd. 
 of Bowyer. 
 
 Thielin (John Philip), a painter, was 
 born at Mechlin in 1618. He was a noble- 
 man ofconfiderable fortune, and « as employed 
 by the king of Spain. He excelled in paint- 
 ing flowers, and died in 1667. His three 
 daughters painted in the fame ftyie as the 
 father.— Pilkington. 
 
 Thomas, fumamed Didymus, an apoftle 
 of Jelus Chrift, was a native of Galilee. He 
 is diftinguifhed in the Sacred hiftory by his 
 dilbelief of the refurredtion of his mailer, 
 on which Jefus vouchsafed to permit, him to 
 ut his fingers into his wounds, and Thomas 
 txdaimed, “ my Lord and my God.” He 
 
 Suffered martyrdom in India, where there 
 are (till Chriftians who are called by his 
 name.— Cave. 
 
 Thomas (James Frneft), a landfcape 
 painter, was born at Hagleftein*-in 1588, 
 and died in 1653. He refided a long time in 
 Italy, where he cultivated the friendlhip of 
 Elfheimer, whofe ftyle he adopted —Felibien. 
 
 Thomas (William), a learned prelate, 
 was born at Friftol in 1613, and educated at 
 St. John’s college, Oxford, after which he 
 entered into orders. In 1665 he obtained 
 the deanry of Worcefter, acd in 1677 was 
 confecrated bilhop of St. David’s, from 
 whence he was tranfiated to Worcester, 
 where he died in 1689. He wrote an Apo- 
 logy for the Church of England ; Roman 
 Oracles Silenced ; and Several Sermons. His 
 grandfon, William Thomas , was alfo a divine 
 of the church of England, and an eminent 
 antiquary. He publilhed an improved edi- 
 tion of Dugdale’s Hiftory of Warwickshire, 
 2 vols. folio, and a Survey of the Cathedral 
 of Worcefter. He died in 1738.— Wood Gen. 
 Biog. DiEl. 
 
 Thomas (Elizabeth), commonly called 
 Corinna, an ingenious EngliSh lady, was bora 
 in 1675. She loft her lover, Mr. Gwynet, 
 as they were about to be married in 1711, 
 which proved the Source of her misfortunes. 
 The remainder of her life was a fcene of 
 trouble and fic.knefs. Being intimate with 
 Mr. Henry Cromwel, his Letters, with fome 
 of Mr. Pope’s, came into her hands, and 
 Curll, the bookfeller, having obtained them, 
 fent them to the prefs, which fo provoked 
 the poet that he gave Corinna no honour- 
 able place in his Dunciad. She died in 1730. 
 Her Poems and Letters vrere published in 2 
 vols. after her death. — Gen. DIB. 
 
 Thomas (Anthony Leonard), a member 
 of the French academy, was born at Cler- 
 mont, in Auvergne, in 1732, and died in 
 1785. He wrote in 1756 Refleftions, his- 
 torical and literary, on Voltaire’s poem of 
 Natural Religion, in which he defends chrif- 
 tianity with great energy. In 1759 his 
 Eloge of the Marlhal Saxe was crowned by 
 the French academy. He afterwards cele- 
 brated the memories of D’Agueffeau, Du 
 Guay Trouin, Sully, Des Cartes, and Mar- 
 cus Aurelius. He alfo wrote an ESlay on 
 the Charadler, Manners, and Minds of Fe- 
 males, 8vo. ; an Effay upon Elogies, 2 vo- 
 lumes 8vo. He was likewife a good poet. 
 
 A complete edition of his works appearedl at 
 Paris in 1802, 7 vols. 8vo. — Nouv. Did. Hijl : 
 
 Thomasius (James), profefior of elo- 
 quence at Leipfic, was born there of a good 
 family. Leibnitz was his difciple, and had 
 a great opinion of his philofophical talenits. 
 He died in 1684. His principal works are, 
 the Origin of Philofophical and Ecclefiaffti- 
 cal Hiftory; and feveral learned Difiertatioins, 
 11 vols 8vo. His fon, Chrijlian Tkotnaji.us , 
 publilhed a German Literary journal at Le ip- 
 fic, for fome articles of which he was obliged 
 to quit his country and go to Beilin. T ho 
 
THO 
 
 king of Pruftia made him profefior of law 
 in fhe univerfity of Halle, where he died in 
 1 728. He Wrote in Defence of Concubin- 
 age ; the Hiftory ofWifdom and Folly; and 
 lome other books.— Ibid. 
 
 Thompson (Edwaid), a poet, was born 
 as Hull in Yorkfhire. He received his edu- 
 cation at Hampftead, under Dr. Cox, and at 
 an early age went to the Eaft Indies. He 
 was afterwards prefibd on board a man of 
 war, and role to the rank of lieulenant in 
 1757. At the end of the war he retired on 
 half-pay, and amufed himfelf in writing. 
 His firft publication was a very licentious 
 poem called the Meretriciad. In 1764 ap- 
 peared the Soldier, a poem in 4to. About 
 this time he circulated propofals for a work 
 entitled “ Maritime Obfervations, colledled 
 from the Years 1753 to 1763 inclufive.” 
 But this work never was publilhed. Tn 
 1765 he produced the Courtezan, a poem, 
 which was followed by another of the fame 
 defeription, entitled the Demirep. In 1767 
 he publilhed Sailor’s Letters, ‘2 vols. 12mo. 
 In 1769 he produced a laughable account of 
 the Jubilee at Strat'ord upon Avon, under 
 the title of Trinculo’s Trip to the Jubilee : 
 and about this time he collected his molt li- 
 centious performances into two volumes, 
 called The Court of Cupid. In 1773 he 
 brought forwards at Drury-lane Theatre The 
 Fair (Quaker, a comedy altered from Shad- 
 well. In 1777 he edited Paul Whitehead’s 
 works, and publilhed alfo an edition of the 
 works of Andrew Marvell, in 3 vols. 4to. 
 By the friendihip of Mr Garrick he obtained 
 a captain’s commifiion, and was appointed 
 to the command of the Hyaena, in which 
 he had the good fortune to take a French 
 Ealt Indiaman. In 1785 he had the com- 
 mand of the Grampus, on board of which 
 he died on the coaft of Africa in 1786, — 
 Europe Mag. <vol . ix. 
 
 Thomson (James), an eminent poet, was 
 born at Ednam, in the lhire of Roxburgh, in 
 1700. He was educated at Jedburgh, and 
 afterwards at Edinburgh, with a view to the 
 miniftry in the church of Scotland, which 
 profefiion he declined. Having written his 
 poem of Winter, he brought it to London, 
 where it was publilhed, but Jay unnoticed 
 for a conCderable time. Afterwards its great 
 merit brought him into notice and popula- 
 rity, and the author added the three other 
 fealons. Mr Thomlon accompanied the 
 hon. Mr. Talbot in his travels, and on his 
 return fettled at Richmond, in narrow cir- 
 cumftarrces. He produced fume dramatic 
 pieces of confiderable merit ; Liberty, a 
 poem, and the Caftle of Indolence, in the 
 manner of Spenfer. But his fame refts up- 
 on the poem of the Seafons, to which even 
 Dr. Johnfon has borne the teftimony of ap- 
 probation. In defeviptive fcencry, and pa- 
 thetic exprefiion, few poets will be found to 
 axcel Thomlon. His manners were gentle 
 and inofienfive, and his piety rational and 
 ttnalTuniing, About two years before his 
 
 T H O 
 
 death he obtained the place of furveyor-gc- 
 neral of the Leeward Iflands. He died in 
 1748. His works have been printed in four 
 volumes l2mo -—Life prefixed to hiS works. 
 
 ThoresbY (Ralph), a topographer and 
 antiquary, was born at Leeds, in Yorkfhire, 
 in 1658 He was fellow of the royal foci- 
 ety, and wrote the Topography of Leeds and 
 the parts adjacent. He died in 1725. — Gen. 
 Biog. Ditt. 
 
 Thokius (Raphael), a phyfician in the 
 reign of James I. who was diftinguifhed by 
 his learning, and his love of wine. He was 
 a French proteftant, and died in Loudon, of* 
 the plague, in 1625. He wiote a poem on 
 1 obacco, ;n Latin, and fonie other works.—* 
 Wood. 
 
 T horndike (Herbert), a learned divine, 
 was educated at T rinity college, Cambridge, 
 where he proceeded to his degree of bachelor 
 in divinity. In 1643 he was eledled matter 
 of Sidney college, of which he was foon after 
 deprived for his loyalty. At the Reftoration 
 he obtained a prebend in Welfminfter abbey. 
 He died in 1672. He wrote a folio volume, 
 entitled Epilogus, in which he defends the 
 church of England with great learning and 
 ability. He was alfo the author of a Trea- 
 tife on Weights and Meafurcs ; another on 
 Church Cenlures ; and lie aflifted Walton in 
 the Polyglot. — Collier. 
 
 Thornhill (fir James), an eminent 
 painter, was born in Dorietfhire in 1676- 
 His uncle, the famous Dr. Sydenham, ena- 
 bled him to purfue his inclination for paint- 
 ing, and he greatly improved himfelf abroad. 
 The dome of St. Paul’s, the hofpital at 
 Gr eenvvich, and Hampton-court palace, ex- 
 hibit fine fpecimens of his great talent in 
 compolition. He was appointed principal 
 painter to queen Anne, who conferred on 
 him the honour of knighthood. He ac- 
 quired confiderable wealth by his profefiion, 
 and became a member of the houfe of com- 
 mons. He died in 1732. Hogarth married 
 his daughter. — Pilkington. 
 
 Thornton (Bonnel), an Englifh poet, 
 and mifcellaneous writer, was born in Lon- 
 don in 1724, and educated at Weftminfter- 
 fchool, from whence he was eledted to 
 Chrift church, Oxford, where he engaged 
 with Colman, and others, in a periodical 
 work entitled the Student ; and afterwards 
 in another called the Connoifi'eur. In 1766 
 he publilhed a tranflation of Plautus, 2 vols. 
 8vo. and the year following a burlefque 
 poem, called the Battle of the Wigs, againfl 
 the phyficians. He died in 1768. — Gen . 
 Biog. DIB. 
 
 Thou (James Auguftus de), or Thuanus , 
 a celebrated hiftorian, was the foil of Chrif- 
 topber de Thou, firtt prefident of the parlia- 
 ment of Paris, and was born in that city ia 
 1553. He was intended for the ecclefiafti- 
 cal (late, and his uncle, the bifhop of Char- 
 tres, refigned fome of his benefices in his 
 favour ; but the death of his elder brother 
 altered the plan, and he became a cuunTeliee 
 $ N 
 
THU TID 
 
 to the parliament, and afterwards prefident. Yhysius (Anthony), a learned writer, 
 Henry III. employed him in an emMfy firft was born at Harderwick in Holland about 
 
 to Vienna and next to Venice. Henry IV. 1603. He was profeflbr of poetry and elo- 
 
 admi ted him into his councils, and engaged auence at Leyden, and librarian of the urn— 
 him in feveral important negotiations He verfity. Hedied in 1670. H;s works are, 
 di; d univerfally reipefled in 1617. The hit- Compendium Iliftoriae Batavicse ; Excrclnv 
 tory of his own time from 1 545 to 1607, is tiones Mifcellanese ; and feveral. of the va- 
 wrftten in pure Latin, and with great fide- riorum editions of the dallies — Moreri. 
 lity. The fceft edition is that of London in Tiarini (Alexander), a painter, was 
 7 v ols folio. His Latin poems were printed born at Bologna in 1577, and died in 1668. 
 in 1611 , A to. His foil, Francis Augufi'us de He painted portraits and hiftorical fubjeds 
 T7:ou, was librarian to the king, but having in a fine ftyl t.—Pilkinpcn. 
 at. ached him in If to Cinq-Mars, he was be- Tiberius (Claudius Nero), emperor of. 
 headed at Lyons in l(34'd — Mouri. Rome, fucceeded Auguftus. The beginning. 
 
 Thr asybui.us, a celebrated Athenian, of his reign was popular, and he aftedled to 
 who , in the- tin: e of the thirty tyrants, took be called the father of the people ; but he 
 refuge at Thebes. Having gained fome fol- aftei wards dlfplaj cd his real chavafter in ilia 
 lowers, be marched aguinlb the ufurpers and cruelty to his motner Liyia and his wire Ju- 
 ekpc lied them. There was inftituted a yearly lia, and in llic murder of many of thefena-. 
 ft; aft at Athens in commemoration ot tnis tors. He aho caufed Germanicus to be pni- 
 triumph. Thrafybulus wifely procured a loned, and committed numerous exec. lies, 
 general amnefty to be palled, which decreed He died in the midft of debauchery at Mife- 
 that no one Ihuuld be puni filed for the diiov- num, A. D o7, aged t 6.— Suetonius. Ven- 
 ders which had occurred but the principals, (us. 
 
 He Jifplayed his valour in Thrace, and flew the Tiberius (Conflantine), emperor of the. 
 Lacedemonian general with his own hand. Eaft, was originally a Thracian, and by his 
 Thrafybulus fell in a battle with the Afpen- merit role to the firft offices in the. ftate. 
 dians, 'who were the allies of Sparta, B. C. jfuftin the younger appointed him Ins col- 
 
 394. Plutarch. league in 574. On the death oi Juftin, in 
 
 Thucydides, a Greek hlftorian, was 578, he became foie emperor. His armies 
 born at Athens 469 years B. C. He was of defeated the Perfians, and he reigned with 
 noble birth, and on arriving at maturity en- great vvifdom and moderation. He died in. 
 tered into the army, but tailing in an expe- 582. — Un. Hijl. 
 
 dition with which he had been entrusted, he Tibullus (Aulus Albius), a Roman, 
 was banilhed, and in his exile he wrote the poet in the reign of Auguftus. He ferved 
 Hiftory of his Times 5 a work which far ex- in the army, which he quitted for a life or 
 ceeds that of Herodotus. He was afterwards pleafure and indolence. Four books of his 
 recalled, and died at Athens B. C. 391. The Elegies remain, which are diftinguifhed for 
 belt editions of Thucydides are that of Ste- their elegance. They are ufually pubiifhecl 
 phens, Paris, 1583 ; that of Oxford, by Hud- with Catullus and Propertius.— -Blog. Clajp.ca. 
 (on, 1696 ; and that of Duker, Amft. 1732 ; Tickkli. (Thomas), a poet and miicel- 
 
 all in folio. Biog. Claijica. laneous writer, was born in Cumberland in 
 
 Thuillier ^(Dom Vincent), a member 1686, andeducated at Oueen’s college, Ox- 
 of the congregation of St. Maur, was born ford. He tranflated the firft book of the. 
 at Coucy in 1685, and died in 1736. He Iliad, which Addifon preferred to that of 
 tranflated Polybius into French, 6 vols. 4to. ; Pope. He alfo wrote fome papers in the 
 and wrote a 'Letter of an antient Profeflbr Spe&ator, and became private fecretary to 
 of Theology oil the Bull Unigenitus — Mo - Mr. Addifon, when he was- fecretary of ftale.. 
 rcrl “ He wrote a beautiful poem on the death of 
 
 YhuNBERG (Charles Peter), a eelebrat- that great man, and publiflied a colle&ion of 
 cd Swediih botariift, was the difciple of Lin- his works. He died in 1740 — Gen. Biog. 
 debus. The government oi Holland fent Dipl. 
 
 him to their fettlements in Japan, where he Iickell (Richard), a poet and politi— . 
 made great collections. After this he went cal writer, who died in 1793. He publilhed. 
 to* Ceylon, and on his return to Europe be- TheProjeft,” and the “ Wreath of Fa-, 
 came profeflbr of botany at Upfal. Hedied Ihion,” poems which had fome popularity- 
 att!>e end of the eighteenth century. His. But his principal piece was a pamphlet. 
 Flora japonic* was publilhed at Lelpfic in called Anticipation, in which he imitated. 
 
 1784 8vo. Nouv. Dift. Hijl. the manner and ftyle of the leading members 
 
 Thukl-oe (John), a political writer, was of thehoufeof commons in 1779. He alfo 
 bom in Effex in 1616, and bretl to the law. adapted the Gentle Shepherd to the ftage. 
 He became confidential fecretary to Crom- and wrote the Carnival of Venice, a comic 
 well, and continued in the fame lituation to opera. — Ibid. 
 
 hiifon. At the Reftoration he was commit- Tideman (Philip), a painter, was born 
 ted into cuftody, but was foon releafed. He at Hamburgh in 1657, and died in 1705^ 
 died at Great Milton, in Cxfordlhire, in' He was the difciple of Lairefle, and painted 
 .1668- His ftate papers have beta printed in fubjedls of fabulous hiftory and allegory.*-. 
 7 vo'.s. loltw.— Gen. Viet , Fittiingtcn. 
 
 
T I l 
 
 Tied emann (Dietrich), aJ earned writer, 
 Was born in 1743, at Uremervorde in the 
 duchy of Bremen. He completed his edu- 
 cation at the univerfity of Gottingen, where 
 he was greatly efteemed by profefibr Heyne. 
 By the recommendation of tint learned man 
 he obtained in 1766 the lituation of profef- 
 l'or of the Latin and Greek languages at Caf- 
 fel : from whence he removed in 1786 to 
 Marburg, where he became profefibr of phi - 
 lofophy. He died in 1303. His principal 
 works are, 1. Effay on an Explanation of the 
 Origin of Language. 2. Syftem of the Stoic 
 Philofophy. 3 Inveftigation of Man. 4. 
 The firft Philofophers of Greece, 5. Spirit of 
 fpeculative Piiilofophy. 6. Argumenta Pla - 
 tonis Monthly Mag. 
 
 Tigranes, king of Armenia, maintained 
 a war againft the Romans, but was defeated 
 by Lucullus and Pompey. By a bribe of 
 -60,000 talents, he was fuffered to keep pof- 
 feflion o his throne. His fon, of the fame 
 name, revolted againft him, but was defeat- 
 ed. The Romans, however, made him 
 king of Sophene. He was afterwards fent in 
 chains to Rome, by Pompey. 
 
 Tilingius (Mathias), a learned phyfi- 
 cian, was born in Weftphalia, became pro- 
 fefl’or at Rintheln, phvfician to the court of 
 Hefle-cafiel, and died in 1615. His works 
 are, 1. Cuviofa Rhabarbari dilquifttio, 4to ; 
 2. Lilii Albi deferiptio, 8vo. ; De Laudano 
 opiate, 8vo. ; 4. Opiologia Nova, 4to. j 5. 
 De Febribus, 8vo. ; 6. Cinnabaris Mineralis, 
 8 vo — More>i. 
 
 Tillemans (Peter), a tandfeape painter, 
 was a native of Antwerp; he came to F,ng- 
 land in 1708, and was employed by feveral 
 noblemen in taking views of their feats, 
 huntings, races, and liorfes. Fie died in 
 17 34. — Vert tie. 
 
 Tillemont (Sebaftian Le Nain dc), a 
 French hiftorian and critic, was born at Pa- 
 ris in 1637. He was educated in t. c fciiool 
 at Port Royal, and became one of the beft 
 writers of that inftitution. His Hiftory of 
 the Emperors, and Ecclefiaftical Hiftory, are 
 written with great fidelity and clearnefs. 
 lie died in 1698. — Mortri. 
 
 Tilli ( john, count), an illuftrious ge- 
 neral, was born at Erufiels, and was lor 
 fome time a member of the order of jefuits, 
 which he quitted for a military life. He 
 difplayed great courage in Hungary againft 
 the Turks, and in 1620 had the command 
 of the troops under duke Maximilian, at the 
 battle of Prague. He fheyved fuperior ta- 
 lents in numerous actions in the German 
 wars, and was no lets diftinguifhed by his 
 humanity. He was at laft defeated by Ouf- 
 tavus Adolphus, of Sweden, and received a 
 mortal wound in defending the paffage of the 
 Lech in 1632. — Moreri. 
 
 Tilli (Michael Angelo), a botanift arid 
 phyfician, was born at. Florence in 1655, 
 ■sad educated at Pifa. He was appointed 
 
 T I M 
 
 phyfician to the great duke, and was fuccef- 
 fively profefibr in the univerfity of Pifa, fu- 
 p .rintendant of the botanic garden, and fel- 
 low of the ro\al fociety of London. His 
 gre.iteft work is the Catalogue Horti Pijani, 
 in fol. printed at Florence, 1723. Ele died 
 in 1740 . — Halleri Bihl.Bot. 
 
 Tillotson (John), an eminent prelate, 
 was the fon of a clothier at Sovverby, in 
 Yorklhire, and born in 1630. He received 
 his education at Clure-hall, Cambridge, 
 where he Was chofen fellow in 1651. Though 
 bred among the Puritans, he conformed at 
 the Reftoration to the church of England, 
 and became curate of Cheftiunt, in Hert- 
 fordlhire. In 1663 he was chofen preacher 
 to the fociety of Lincoln’s inn, and the year 
 after, lecturer of St. Lawrence Jewry. In- 
 1666 he took bis degree of D. D. ; in 1670 
 he was made prebendary and two years after 
 dean of Canterbury, He attended lord Ruf- 
 fell on the fcaffold, and endeavoured to pre- 
 vail on him to acknowledge the doctrine of 
 non-reliftance, a principle which the dodtor 
 himfelf had afterwards occalion to renounce. 
 He was very zealous againft popery in the 
 reign of James II. and. immediately after 
 the Revolution he became the confidential 
 friend of William and, Mary, who be'towed 
 on him the archbifhoprie of Canterbury after - 
 the deprivation of Dr. Sancroft. This drew 
 upon him the hatred of-the non-jurors, who 
 publiihed many fevere animadverfions upon 
 him. He alto received numerous letters of 
 abufe, a large bundle of which was found in 
 his ftudy, with this infeription in his hand- 
 writing on the back, “ Thefe are libels; T 
 pray God forgive the authors of them ; I 
 do.” This excellent prelate died in the 
 arms of his pious friend Mr. Nelfon, in 
 1694. His Sermons were publiihed after his 
 death, far the benefit of h'i3 vidow, in 10 
 vols. 8vo. and 3 vols folio. They are dif- 
 tinguifhed by their perfprciiity and 'c.Iofenefs 
 of reafooing . — Life by Birch. 
 
 T i m a g e n e s , an hi ftorian, who was a 
 native of Alexandria, and became a flavc at 
 Rome, to the fon of Sylla. His matter 
 gave him his liberty on account of his abili- - 
 ties He was afterwards in the fervice of 
 Auguftus, but loft iiis favour, on which he 
 burnt the hiftory of his reign which he had 
 written. — Vojjius. 
 
 Timalus of Locria, a philosopher,’ who 
 was a difciple of Pythagoras. He neld that 
 there is a univerfal motion throughout na- 
 ture. A little treatife by him on the Na- 
 ture of the Soul,- and of the World, is in 
 the works of Plato, and gave to that phiio- 
 fopher the idea of hi-s Tinmens. — Diog. Lairt, 
 Suidas. 
 
 Timoleon. a celebrated Corinthian; His 
 brother Timophanes aiming at the fovereign 
 power, was flain by Timoleon, afiiftcd by 
 his brother Satyrus. Timoleon went after- 
 wards to relieve the Syjracufaas from the ty* 
 
T I N 
 
 ranny of Dionyfius, whom he compelled to 
 fly. Tiraoleon fpent the reft of his life at 
 Syracilfd, and died B. C. 337.— Plutarch. 
 
 Tjmon, tbe Mijanthropty was born near 
 Athens B. C. 450. He declared himfelf the 
 enemy of the human race, and had a com- 
 panion named Apemantus, who pofiefled a 
 fnnilar difpolition. The latter a /king him 
 one day why he paid fuch refpect to Alcibi- 
 ades, “ It is,” faid the churl, “ becaul'e I 
 fb refee that he will prove the ruin of the 
 Athenians.” — Plutarch. 
 
 Timoteo (da Urbino), an eminent paint- 
 er, was born at Urbino in 1470, and died in 
 1654. He painted hiftorical fubjeds, por- 
 traits, and landfcapes in a fine ftyle. — Pilk- 
 ington. 
 
 Timotheus, a poet and mufician of Mi- 
 letus. He was the friend of Euripides, and 
 received an immenfe fum from the Ephcfi- 
 ans, for a poem in honour of Diana. He 
 died B, C. 55 7.— Pliny. 
 
 Timothy, the dilciple of St. Paul, was 
 a native of Lyftra, a city of Lycaonia. His 
 father was a Pagan, but his mother a Jew- 
 efs. He became bi/hop of Ephefus, where, 
 It is faid, he was ftoned to death, A. D. 97. 
 —Ads Apojl. Cave. 
 
 Tindal (Matthew), a deiftical writer, 
 ■was born at Beer-ferris, in Devonfhire, and 
 educated at Oxford, where he became fellow 
 of All-fouls college, and took his degree of 
 do£tor of laws. He turned papift in the 
 reign of James II. but profefled himfelf a 
 proteftant and took the oaths at the Revolu- 
 tion to keep his fellow/hip. He died in 1733. 
 His works are, 1. The Rights of the Chril'- 
 tian Church, 8vo. 1706. Thedefignof this 
 work, which was anonymous, was to ihew 
 the inutility of the clergy. 2 Chriftianity 
 as Old as the Creation, 4to. 1730. In this 
 he endeavoured to undermine revelation. It 
 was anfwered by feveral able writers, parti- 
 cularly Conybeare, Leland, and Fofter. — Gen. 
 Did. 
 
 T i N p a i. (Nicholas), nephew of the pre- 
 ceding, was educated at Exeter-college, Ox- 
 ford, and became fellow of Trinity-college, 
 redtor of Colbourn, in the lfle of Wight, 
 and chaplain to Greenwich hofpital, where 
 he died in 1774. He publifhed a tranflation 
 and continuation of Rapin’s Hiftory of Eng- 
 land, and an Abridgment of Spence’s Poly- 
 metis, 12mo. — Anecd. ef Boivycr. 
 
 Xinoall (William), a divine and anti- 
 quat'y, was educated at Trinity college, Ox- 
 ford, where he proceeded to the degree of 
 M. A. in 1778. He publiflied Juvenile Ex- 
 curlions in Literature and Criticifm, 1 vol. 
 12mo. } The Hiitory and Antiquities of the 
 Abbey and Borough of Eveiham, ito. ; Plain 
 Truth in a Plain Drefs, a pamphlet ; and 
 The Evils and Advantages of Genius con- 
 trafted, a poem. Mr. Tindall was a mem- 
 ber of the fociety of antiquaries, and chap- 
 lain of the Tower, where he /hot himfelf in 
 1)104, aged 50 .-—Gent. Mag. 
 
 Tins lx. i (Tiierio), an hiftorical and 
 
 T I T 
 
 portrait painter, was horn at Venice In 1586, 
 and died in 1CS8. Louis XII. conferred on 
 him the order of St. Michael . — De Piles. 
 
 Tintoretto (James Robuftn, a famous 
 painter, was born at Venice in 1512. He 
 was a difciple of Titian, who, fearing that 
 he would become a powerful rival, difmifTed 
 him. lie was called the furious 1 intoretto, 
 from the bold manner of his painting, and 
 the rapidity of his genius. He died in 1594. 
 His fon and daughter were alfo good artifts. 
 —De Piles. 
 
 Tipvoo-Saib, fovereign of Myfore and 
 the Mahrattas, was the fon of HyderAlly, 
 whom he l'ucceeded in the government of 
 hiseftates, which he defended with fuceefs 
 againft the Great Mogul. In 1790 he en- 
 gaged in a war with the Engli/h, and was de- 
 feated in a number of adtions. in 1792 
 lord Cornwallis obliged him to fue for peace, 
 when Tippoo delivered his two Ions as hof- 
 tages. The war was refumed in 17 99, and 
 terminated with the entire conqueft of My- 
 fore and the death of Tippoo, who fell 
 bravely fighting on the ramparts of his capi- 
 tal. Ilis library was ftored with valuable 
 MSS. which are now in the college of Cal- 
 cutta. — IP ft. of War in India. 
 
 Tiraboschi (Jerome), a celebrated Ita- 
 lian writer, was born at Bergamo in 1731. 
 He was a Jefuit, and profe/Tor of rhetoric at 
 Milan. The duke of Modena appointed him 
 his librarian, and he was enrolled among the 
 nobility of that city. He died in 1794. His 
 works are, 1. Memoirs on the Antient Or- 
 der of llomilics, 3 vols. 4to. 2. Hiftory of 
 the Writers of Modena, 6 vols. 4to. 3. 
 Hiftory of Italian Literature from the age 
 of Auguftus, 13 vols. 4t o.—Nouv. Did. 
 Hift. 
 
 TiRAtyuEAU (Andrew), or Tivaquelltis, 
 a French lawyer of tbe 16th century. He 
 was a counfellor in the pari. ament of Paris, 
 and laboured much to drive chicanery from 
 the bar. He was employed by Francis I. and 
 Henry II. in affairs of confequence, and ap- 
 proved himfelf a man of fingular integrity. 
 His works amount to 7 vols. in folio. He 
 died in 1571 ,—Moreri. 
 
 Tissot, an eminent Swifs phyfician, who 
 diftingui/hed himfelf in favour of inocula- 
 tion, and alfo in recammending an experi- 
 mental practice of phyfic. His medical 
 works, particularly his advice to people con- 
 cerning their health, are excellent. He 
 died in 1797. — Nouns. Did. 
 
 Titiano, or Vecelli, an Italian painter, 
 was born at Cador, in Friuli, in 1480. His 
 matter was Giovanni Bellini, whole ftift" and 
 laboured ftile Titian adopted; but on per- 
 ceiving the works of Giorgione he altered 
 his manner, and contracted an intimacy with 
 that great artift. The reputation of Titian 
 role rapidly, and the emperor Charles V. con- 
 ferred on him the honour of knighthood, and 
 a penfion. He painted hiftory, portraits, and 
 landl'cape. His principal pictures are 7 -Pie 
 .Laft Supper, in the Elcuriul in Spain, and 
 
T O L 
 
 one at Milan, reprefenting Chrift crowned 
 with Thorns. He died in 157(5. His bro- 
 ther Francis was alfo a good artift in hiftory 
 and portrait, and Horatio, the fon of Titian, 
 painted l'ome excellent portraits; He died 
 in 1579 — De Piles. 
 
 Titus Vespasian, a Roman emperor, 
 was the fon of Vefpalian, and born in A. D. 
 <10. He ferved under his father, and diftin- 
 guilhed himfelf greatly at the fiege of Jeru- 
 falem. In the year 79 he obtained the im- 
 perial dignity In his youth he was dis- 
 puted and extravagant, which gave room to 
 fear that he would prove another Tiberius or 
 Nero, but his fubfequent condudl fhewed 
 thefe apprehenfions were groundlefs. He 
 became the pattern of virtue, and the father 
 of his people. He reformed the courts of 
 law, and leverely punifhed informers. Re- 
 garding his time as precious only for the 
 public good, he once laid, on the recollec- 
 tion of not having done any a£t of utility, 
 “ My friends, I have loft a day.” He died 
 A. D. 81. — Crevier. 
 
 Titus, a difciple of St. Paul, was a 
 Greek and a Gentile, but on his converfion 
 he became amanuenfis to the apoftle, who 
 confecrated him biihop of Crete, where he 
 died at an advanced age. — Cave. 
 
 Tlx i e R (John), or Ravifun Textor, was 
 lord of Ravify, in the diftridt of Nivernois. 
 He taught the belles lettres in the college of 
 Navarre, at Paris, with confiderable fuccefs, 
 and died in 15 22. He wrote letters, dia- 
 logues, epigrams, and a work entitled Offi- 
 cince Epitome, 8vo. — Moreri. 
 
 Todd (Hugh), an EngliiTT divine, was 
 born in Cumberland, about 1660, and edu- 
 cated at (hueenVcollege, Oxford. His pub- 
 lications were, The Defcription of Sweden, 
 The Life of Phocion, &c. He left in MS. 
 Notitia Ecelefia Cathedralis Carliolenfis, &c. 
 Notitia Prioratus de Weddevhall, &c. A 
 Hiftory of the Diocefe of Carlille, See. He 
 died after 1708. — Gen. DIG. 
 
 Tot and (John), a deiftical writer, was 
 born in Ireland in 1669, and brought up a 
 pupift. But at the age of fifteen he turned 
 proteftant, and afterwards went to the uni- 
 verfity of Giafgow, from whence he remov- 
 ed to Edinburgh. After viiiting Leyden and 
 Oxford, he returned to Ireland, which coun- 
 try lie was obliged to leave to avoid a prol'e- 
 cution for writing a book called Chriftianity 
 not Myfterious. In 1698 he published the 
 Life of Milton ; which was followed by his 
 deiftical book, entitled Nazarenus, and leve- 
 ral other pieces of a like tendency. He died 
 in 1 722. His pofthumous works were print- 
 ed in 2 vols. 8vo, 1726.— Gen. Dift. 
 
 Tolubs (Jacob), a learned phyfician, 
 was born atlngra, in the territory of Utrecht, 
 and became profeffor of eloquence and Greek, 
 at Brandenburg. lie publiihed editions of 
 Auforaius and Longinus with notes. He died 
 in 1696. His brother Cornelius became ama- 
 nuenfis to Ifaac Volfius, and afterwards pro- 
 fefibt of Greek am! rhetoric at Harderwyck, 
 
 TOP 
 
 He publiihed a piece entituled De Infelic.i- 
 tate Literatorurn. Another brother called 
 Alexander is known by a good edition of Ap- 
 pian. — Mover], 
 
 Tollet (Elizabeth), an ingenious Eng- 
 lilh lady, was born in 1694, and died un- 
 married in 1754. She was /killed in Latin, 
 French, and Italian, and was acquainted with 
 hiftory and mathematics. She wrote fome 
 poems, and a drama called Sufanna, or Inno- 
 cence Preferved. — Biog. Dram. 
 
 Tolommi i (Claudio), a poet and orator, 
 was born at Siena in 1494. He became bi- 
 ihop of Corlola, and died in 1557. He wrote 
 feveral efteemed works, the principal of. 
 which is a Speech delivered before pope 
 Clement VII. on the peace with the emperpr 
 Charles V. in 1529. — Tirabojcbi. 
 
 Tom p ion (Thomas), an Englilh wqtch 
 and clock-maker of extraordinary merit, who 
 died in 1696. 
 
 Tonstall (Cuthbert), a learned pre-r 
 late, was born in 1476. He ftudied at Qx- 
 ford, Cambridge, and at Padua, and was ac- 
 counted the belt mathematician of histirnp. 
 He was confecrated biihop of London in 
 1522 ; the year following made lord privy- 
 feal 5 and in 1530 tranllated to Durham, of 
 which he was deprived in the reign of Eliza- 
 beth for denying her fupremacy. He died in 
 confinement in 1559. He wrote a treatife, 
 De ArteSupputandi, Lond. 1522, 4to.— Gen. 
 D\a. 
 
 Tooke (George), an Englilh poet, was 
 born about 1595. He ferved in the expedi- 
 tion againft Cadiz, in 1625, as captain of a 
 band of volunteers, the particulars of which 
 he has deferibed in a poem. He died in 1675, 
 He wrote canzonets to the memory of his 
 wife.— Gen. Biog. DIB. 
 
 Tooke (Thomas), an Englilh divine, 
 was born in Kent, and educated at St. Paul’s 
 fchool, from whence he removed to Corpus 
 Chrifti. college, Cambridge. He became 
 mailer of the fchool at Biihop Stortford, 
 which he railed from a ruinous ftate, and by 
 his means a new fchool was built by fub- 
 feription. He died in 1721. — Ibid. 
 
 looKi (Andrew), a divine and fchool - 
 mafter, was born in London in 1673. He 
 was educated at the Charter-houfe, from 
 whence he removed to Clare Hall, Cam- 
 bridge, where he took the degree of M. A. 
 He became fuccellively ulher and mafter of 
 the Charter-houfe fchool, and alfo proleflor 
 of geometry at Grelham College. He died 
 in 1731. Mr Tooke publiihed Father Po~ 
 mey’s Pantheon in Englilh, without acknow- 
 leging the real author. — Gen. Biog. DIB. 
 
 lop ha m (Thomas), a remarkabl.e jn- 
 ftance of mufcular rtrength. He kept a pub- 
 lic houfe at lflington, and ufed to perform 
 furprifing feats, fuch as breaking a broom- 
 ftick or the fir ft magnitude by ftriking it 
 againft his bare arm ; lifting two hoglheads 
 of water j heaving his horfe over the turn- 
 pike gate; carrying the beam of a houfe as a 
 ibldier would his firelock, &c. He alfo 
 
 3N3 
 
TOS 
 
 c ould roll up a pewter difh of feven pounds 
 a s a man rolls up a Iheet of paper; fqueeze 
 a pewter quart together at arms’ length ; and 
 lift two hundred weight with his little finger 
 over his head. • At Derby he broke a rope 
 faftenedto the floor that would l'ultain twenty 
 hundred weight; and lifted an oak table fix 
 feet long with his teeth, though half a hun - 
 dred weight was hung at the extremity. He 
 took Mr. Chambers, vicar of All Saints, 
 who weighed twenty-feven done, and ratted 
 him. with one hand. He {tabbed himielf, 
 after quarrelling with and wounding his wife, 
 in 1749. — Hutton's Hifl. Derby. 
 
 Toplady (Auguftus Montague), an Eng- 
 lish divine, was born atrarnham, in Surrey, 
 in 1737, and educated firit at Weltminfter- 
 fchool, and afterwards at the university of 
 Dublin, in 1768 he obtained the vicarage 
 of Broadhembury in Devonlhire, but the air 
 not agreeing with his conltitution, he re- 
 moved to London and officiated in a chapel 
 in Orange-ftreet, Leicelter- fields. He died 
 in 1778. He wrote Hiltoric Proois of the 
 dodtrinal Calvinifm of the Church of Eng- 
 land ; and feveral other works, making 6 
 vols. 8vo. with his life prefixed. 
 
 Torfasus (Thermodus), a native of Ice- 
 land, who was hiftoriographer do the king of 
 Denmark, He wrote the Hiltory of j\or- 
 way, containing alfo the annals of the north- 
 ern parts of Scotland, from the year 850 to 
 1206. lie died in 1720, aged 81. — Cordi- 
 wer's Antiq . of Scotland. 
 
 Torrentius (John), a Dutch painter, 
 ■was born at Amfterdam. He founded a ledt 
 of Adamites, for which he was fent to pri- 
 fon and confined a long time. He died 
 in 1640. His pictures are well painted, but 
 are very obfeen e.—lloubrakcn. 
 
 Torricelli (Evangelifte), a mathema- 
 tician arid philofopher, was born at Faeaza, 
 in Italy, in 1608. He improved the art of 
 making microfcopes and telefcopes, and was 
 the firit wlio difeovered the met; od o; ascer- 
 taining the weight of the atmoiphere by 
 quickfilver. He died in 1647 — Hutton 
 
 Tory (Geoffry), a native of Lourges, 
 who was profeffor of philolophy at Paris ; 
 But afterwards became a printer and greatly 
 improved, the, art. He wrote a book on the 
 proportion ami diltance of letters, which has 
 proved very ufeful. He alfo publiihed a 
 tranflation of Horus Apollo’s Hieroglyphics. 
 He died in 1550. — Moteri. 
 
 Toscanella (Paul), a celebrated aitro- 
 Tionier of the 15th century. He erected in 
 the cathedral of Florence the famous gno- 
 mon, which is accounted the greateft of the 
 kind in Europe, and of which a curious de- 
 fciiption was given by Father Ximenes, in 
 his work Del •veccbio e nuonto gnomone Floren- 
 tine, printed at Florence in 1757, in 4to. 
 Tofcanella had alfo fome ideas of the paffage 
 to the Eaft Indies by the Cape of Good Hope, 
 which he communicated to Martenz, at Lif- 
 hen, and- which feems to have occulioned the 
 
 T O W 
 
 Portuguefe difeoveries. He died about 1490. 
 — Tirabo chi. 
 
 Tostatus (Alphonfus), a Spanifli pre- 
 late, was educated at Salamanca, and be- 
 came birhopo: Avila. He diftinguifhed him- 
 felf at the council of Ball!, and died in 1454, 
 aged 40 He wrote Commentaries upon 
 Eufebius, 5 vols. folio ; alfo Commentaries 
 on the Scriptures, much eiteemed. — Nic. 
 Antonio de Hijf. Serif. 
 
 Totila, king of the Goths, who reco- 
 vered the kingdom of Italy from Juitinian. 
 He was flain in battle in 552 — Uni-v. Hijl. 
 
 Tour (Jonathan), a learned divine and 
 critic, was born at St. Ives, in Cornwall, in 
 1713. He was educated at Exeter college, 
 Oxford, but completed his degrees in arts at 
 Cambridge. A. ter entering into orders he 
 ob’a ned a prebend in Exeter cathedral, and 
 the vicarage of St Merryn in Cornwall. He 
 died in 1785. Mr. Toup publiihed Emen- 
 dations of Suidas, and an excellent edition of 
 Longinus, — Gen. Biog. Dicl . 
 
 Tournefort ( Tofeph Pitton de), a fa- 
 mous botanift, was born at Aix in Provence, 
 in 1656. In 1678 he explored t:ie moun- 
 tains of Dauphiny and Savoy, and the year 
 following went to Montpellier, where he 
 ftudied phyfic, after which ne travelled over 
 the Pyrenees, and endured great difficulties 
 and danger in feurching for plants. He af- 
 terwards travelled into England, Spain, Hol- 
 land, and other countries, cultiva-ing his 
 favourite lcience, and forming connexions 
 with learned men. In 1683 he was made 
 profeffor of botany in the royal garden. In 
 1692 he was admitted a member of the aca- 
 demy of fciences, and in 1700 he was fent 
 into Afia by the king to colled! plants He 
 died in 1708. His works are, 1. Elements 
 of Botany, 3 vols. 8vo.; 2. Voyage tu the 
 Levant, 2 vols. 4to. ; 3. Hiltory of the 
 Plants round l aris, 2 vols. 12mo. ; 4. Trea- 
 dle on the Materia Medica, 2 vols. l2mo.— - 
 Haller i Bib l But an. 
 
 Towi rs (Joleph), a diffenting divine, 
 was born in Southwark in 1737, and brought 
 up to the printing bufinefs, under Goaduy, 
 of Sherborne, after which he fettled as a 
 bookfeller in London ; but having an ardent 
 attachment to literature, he engaged hi the 
 miniltry among the diifentevs of the prefby- 
 terhn peitfuafion, ana in 1774 became pallor 
 o. a congregation at Highgate. In 1778 he 
 was choicn one ot the miniHers ol Newing- 
 ton Green meeting, in conjundtion with Dr. 
 Price. In 1779 he received his degree of 
 LL. D. freni Edinburgh. He died in 1799. 
 Dr. Towers publiihed a ufeful work, entitled 
 Britilh Biography, 7 vols. 8vo. ; Obfurva- 
 tions on Hume’s Hiltory of. England ; the 
 Life and Reign of Frederic 111. of Pruffu, 
 2 vols. 8vo ; a Vindication of Locke ; feve- 
 ral Sermons, and Political Tradts. Hie was 
 alfo a coadjutor with Dr. Kippis, in compil- 
 ing the new edition of the Biographiai Bxi- 
 tannica .—-Private Communication. 
 
T R A 
 
 Town ley (Charles), an Engliih anti- 
 quary and coticfto'r, was born of an antient 
 family at Townley-hall, in Lancalhire. His 
 education was liberal, and he devoted him- 
 felf chiefly to the forming of a mufcum of 
 antique ftatues, marbles, coins, and manu- 
 fcriprs. His houie in Park-ftreet, Weft- 
 minder, was almoft entirely filled with rude 
 and bulky fragments of Egyptian architec- 
 ture intermixed with feme o: the molt beau- 
 tiful fpe cimens ot Greek and Roman models. 
 His c'ollcftion of ancient medals was ex- 
 tremely valuable ; and among his manu- 
 feripts, one ot Horner was collated in a 
 late edition. His Etrufean Antiquities have 
 been iliuftrated in 2 vols 4to., by a French- 
 man named D’ Hancarville. Mr. T ownley 
 was a fellow of the royal and antiquarian 
 focieties, and a truftee of the British Mu- 
 feum. He left by will 40001. for the por- 
 pofe of erecting a building for his colleftion. 
 He die! in 1805, aged 67. — Gent. Miig. 
 
 Townson (Thomas), a learned divine, 
 was born in Eflex in 1715 He was edu- 
 cated at Chrift church, Oxford, and after- 
 wards obtained a fellowfn.p of Magdalen 
 college. He obtained fuccelliveiy the liv- 
 ings of Hatfield Peverel in Efi'ex, Bikhfield 
 in StafFordfhirc, and the lower mediety of 
 Mai pas in Chelhire, and bishop Porteus gave 
 him the' archdeaconry of Richmond in Ycrk- 
 foire. He died in i 702 Dr. Townfon 
 pub! ilhcd, Dileotti-fes on the Four Gofpelsj 
 three T rafts in anfwer to the ConiefEonal $ 
 and fin.ee his death has been publiihed a 
 Difcourfe on the Evangelical iliftory, with 
 his Life prefixed, , 
 
 Tozzetti (John Targioni), an Italian 
 bot.iiiift, was born at Florence, in 1712. He 
 fhidTed medicine at Pifa, and afterwards be- 
 came keeper of the botanical garuen at Flo- 
 rence. He wrote feveral works in Latin, 
 and fome in Italian. His firft: was a theirs 
 upon the Utility of Plants, in the Practice 
 of Phyfic; the others were' chiefly connefted 
 with his profclfion. Fie died at Florence, in 
 1783. — Gcti. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Tkabescakt f (ohn), nn eminentDutch- 
 ftnin, who fettled in England about the be- 
 ginning of the reign of James i. He and 
 his foa were great travellers, and the elder 
 is Did to have gone through moft parts, of 
 Europe, Turkey, Greece, Egypt, and Bar 
 bary. lie was the firft person who collcfted 
 a cabinet of cunofities, o! which an account 
 was printed, called Mu feum 1 radefcantium. 
 The Ether is laid to have been gardener to 
 Charles I. and had a very large garden at 
 Lambeth, well hocked with rare plants. 
 He died in 16 >2. The monument of the 
 Tradeleants is ftiil in Lambeth church-yard. 
 — Pennant’s London. 
 
 Trajan (M. Ulpinus Crinitus), a Roman 
 emperor, was born in Andaluha. He lerved 
 under Vefpafian and Titus again! the Jews ; 
 and became partner in the empire with 
 Nerva, after whole dc. th he enjoyed the 
 fold authority. Id.s rein was popular, and 
 
 T R E 
 
 he gained fplendid viftories over the DachtnS 
 Perfians, and other powers ; but he difgracej 
 his great quail ics by a rigorous perfecution 
 of the Chriftians. Fie died in Cilicia, A D. 
 
 1 17. By his directions Apollodorus the ar- 
 chitect erected the famous pillar at Rome 
 ftiil called by his name. — Cre-vitr. Uni<v. Hi Jh 
 Trallian (Alexander), a medical wri- 
 ter, who ftourifhed about A D. 550. He 
 was a native of Tralles, in Lydia, and was 
 the firft who praCtifed phlebotomy and ufed 
 cantharides as a blilter for the gout. His 
 works have been printed at Bafil, Paris, and 
 London. — • Friend. 
 
 Trapp ( jofeph), an eminent divine, was 
 born at Cherington, in Gloucefterfhire, in 
 1672, and educated at Wadham college., 
 Oxford, after which he became reftor of 
 Harlington, in Mi.ddlefcx, and lecturer of 
 Chriitchurch and St. Lawrence Jewry, Lon- 
 don He died in 1747. Dr. Trapp publifu- 
 ed Praeleftione > Poetics, 2 vols.; a Latin 
 Tranfiation of the Paradife Loft; four vo- 
 lumes of Sermons ; a treatife on being Righ- 
 teous Overmuch ; a tranfiation of Virgil into 
 blank verfe ; and A'oramule, a tragedy.-*- 
 Gen. Biog. Did. 
 
 Tr aver s ar i ( Ambrozio),a learned monk 
 of Camaldoni, near Florence. He afted as 
 interpreter between the Italians and Greeks. 
 Elis tranfiation of Diogenes Laertius, micribed 
 to Cofmo de Medici, has been feveral times 
 printed. He was born in 1386, but the year 
 of his death is uncertain. — Lrabofithi. 
 
 Travis ((Jeorge), an Englifh divine, was 
 born at Roy ton, in Lancafhire, and educated 
 firft ot Manchefter ichool, and afterwards at ' 
 St. John’s college, Cambridge, where he took 
 his degrees in arts. On entering into orders 
 lie obtained the vicarage of F.altham, and the 
 reftory of Handley, in Chelhire, alio the 
 archdeaconry of Chefter, and a prebend in 
 that cathedral. Ele diftioguifhe.d himfelf by 
 fome acute letters to Mr. Gibbon, in whicji 
 he ftrenuouily maintained the genuinenefs of 
 the controverted paflage in 1 John., chap. v.7. 
 He died in 17 97. — Gent. M.-g. 
 
 Tr emu i. nr (Abraham), an ingenious wri- 
 ter, was born at Geneva, in 1710. He be- 
 came tutor to tlie duke ot Richmond, and 
 was admitted a member of the Royal Society. 
 He died at Geneva, in j 78-J>. El is works are 
 Memoirs upon Polypes, 4to ; Inftruftions 
 from a Father to his Children; Inftruftions 
 upon Natural Religion, £cc.~J\ f cuv. Did, 
 Hijl 
 
 Tremei.uus (Emmanuel), a learned di- 
 vine, was born in 1510, at Ferrara, of Jewifli 
 parents. He embraced the proteftant ri n*. 
 gion, and became Hebrew profeifor at Hei- 
 delbufig, and afterwards at Sedan. He died 
 in 1580. He publifhed a Latin tranfiation 
 of the Bible. — Mover i. 
 
 Tremolliere (Peter Charles), an hif- 
 torical painter, was born at Cholet in 
 Poiftou, in 1703. He painted feveial grand 
 altar-pieces at Lyons, and died in 1739.— 
 D Arztnvllle. 
 
 3N4 
 
T R O 
 
 Trekchakp (John), a political writer, 
 was born in Soinerfetlhire, in 1669. He 
 was bred to the bar, which he never fol- 
 lowed ; but became member of parliament 
 for Taunton. He died in 1723 He wrote, 
 in conjunction with Gordon, Cato’s Letters, 
 and the Independent Whig. — Gen. Did. 
 
 Trenck (Francis, Laron), a Pruflian, 
 yt}io by his impruden.es gave offence to the 
 government of his country, and was fent to 
 priton, where he endured great harcimips for 
 a long time. He at luft effected his efcape; 
 and was in France at the time of the revo- 
 lution, where he was arrefted and condemned 
 to the fcaftold by the revolutionary tribunal, 
 in 1794. •' He wrote bis own memoirs, which 
 are interelting, but marvellous.— Nouv. DHL 
 
 Hjf. 
 
 Trevisani (Francis), an excellent paint- 
 er, was born at Triefte, in 16,56. He married 
 a noble Venetian lady, and fettled at Rome, 
 Where he acquired great reputation. He ex- 
 celled in hiftory and landscapes, and died in 
 1746 — Pilkington, 
 
 Thevisi (Jerome), an Italian painter of 
 liiftory and portrait, was born at Trevifi, in 
 1503. He became painter to Henry VIII. 
 of England, who appointed him engineer at 
 the fiege of Boulogne, where he was killed 
 in 1544. — Jbid. 
 
 Trissino (John George), an Italian 
 poet, was bom at Vicenza, in 1478, His 
 tragedy of Sophonifba was added at Rome 
 by order of pope Leo X. and received with 
 uncommon applaufe ; but his principal work 
 is a poem on Italy delivered from the Goths. 
 He died in 1550. His works were printed at 
 Verona in 2 vols. fol. 1729— Tie abofebi. 
 
 Trogus (Pompeius), a Latin hiftorian, 
 who wrote a Hiftory of the World to the 
 time of Auguftus, which was greatly ad- 
 mired for its purity and elegance, it was 
 epitomized by Juftin. He flourished B. C. 
 41 .—Pojjius 
 
 Trommi us (Abraham), a proteftant di r 
 vine, was born at Cronin., en, in 1633. lie 
 was the author or a valuable Greek Con- 
 cordance of the Old Teftament, 1718, 2 vols. 
 folio. The author died in 1719. — Moreri. 
 
 T romp (Bappertzj, a Dutch admiral, was 
 bprn at the Brill, j;i 1597. He role from 
 the lowed ftafion to the fuprpme command 
 wholly by his merit. In 1639 he defeated 
 a numerous Spanifh fleet, and afterwards 
 gained feveral other victories, but was (lain 
 on the quarter deck when fighting the Eng- 
 lifh floet in 1653. — Did. Holland. 
 
 Troncjiin (Theodore), a phyfician, was 
 born af Geneva in 1709, and educated firft at 
 Cambridge, from whence he removed to Ley- 
 den, where he became the favourite pupil of 
 Boerhaave. He fettled at Amfterdam as phy- 
 sician, and afterwards at Geneva. In l?5,> 
 he removed to Paris, where he attended the 
 royal family. He died there in 1781. His 
 works 'are, feveral Articles in the Encyclope 
 a Treatife de Nympha j and a Difl'crta- 
 
 T U L 
 
 tion on the Colica Pidtonum.— A~ouz>. Did 
 
 Hiji. ' 
 
 Troost (Cornelius), a Dutch painter, 
 was born at AmfWdam in 1697, and died in 
 1750. His ^reateft work is a pidfure in the 
 fuigeons hall at Amfterdam, reprefenting the 
 principal perfons of that profellion withafub- 
 jecl before them for difledtion —Pukington. 
 
 J roy (Francis de), a French painter, was 
 bom at Touloufe in 1695 : he was the difei- 
 ple of Nicholas de Loir, and became a pro- 
 fclior in the academy. He painted hiftorical 
 lubjects and portraits, and died in 1730 — Ibid, 
 
 Troy (John Francis de), fon of tile pre - 
 ceding. Louis XIV. conferred on him the 
 order of St. Michael, and appointed him di- 
 reftor of the academy at Rome. He died in 
 17 . 52 - — Ibid. 
 
 Troyen (Romboud Van), a Flemifti 
 painter, who died in 1650. He painted 
 caves, grottoes, and the veftiges of ancient 
 edifices. — Ibid. 
 
 Trumbull (fir William), an Englifti 
 ftatefman, was born in Berklhire in 1636. 
 He was for fome time ambaflador in France, 
 and afterwards fecretary of ftate. But he is 
 chiefly known as the early patron and cor- 
 refpondent of Pope. He died about 1710.— 
 Gen. Biog Did. 
 
 1 R y phio.dor us, an ancient Greek poet, 
 of whom, all that remains is a poem on the 
 Deftrudlion of Troy, printed at Oxford in 
 1 742, 8vo. with an Enelifh tranflation by 
 Merrick . — Pojjiu s. 
 
 1 uck er (Abraham), a metaphyfical wri- 
 ter, was a gentleman of good for tune in Sur- 
 rey, and died at his leat near Dorking, in 
 1??5. He publiflied a curious work called 
 the Light of Nature, under the affirmed name 
 of Search. It was printed in 9 vols. 8vo.— 
 Gen. Biog. Did. 
 
 Tucker (Jofiah), a celebrated divine, 
 was born at Laugharne, in Caermarthenfhire, 
 in 1711, and educated at St. John’s-college, 
 Oxford, where he took his degree of D.D°in 
 1759. On entering into orders he fettled at 
 Briftol, and became rector of St. Stephen’s, 
 in that city, and prebendary of the cathedral. 
 In 1758 he was preferred to the deanry of 
 Gloucefter. He was an able writer on com- 
 mercial, political, and theological fubjetts. 
 At the beginning of the American war he 
 endeavoured to p'ove the utility of grant- 
 ing independence to Ihe colonies, for which 
 he was greatly nbuled by many writers. His 
 principal performance is a Treatife on Civil 
 Government, againft Locke, 8vo. He died 
 in 17 99. — Gent Mag. 
 
 1 u l den (Theodore Van), a Dutch paint- 
 er, was born at Bois-le-duc in 1607, and died 
 in J676. He painted fairs, and the. diver- 
 fions of peafants, ajfo hiftorical fubjedts— 
 lioubraken. 
 
 Tull (Jethro), a gentleman of Pxford- 
 fliire, who greatly improved agriculture, and 
 wrote, a Treatife on Horfe- hoeing Hus- 
 bandry. He died in 17-10— Cen. Biog. Did, 
 
T U R 
 
 Tullius Hostilius, the third king of 
 the Romans, who fucceedcd Ntima Pompi- 
 li us. He deftroyed the town of Alba, and 
 carried its inhabitants to Rome; he was 
 equally fuccefsful againft the Latins, and 
 died B. C. 640. — L'rvy. 
 
 Tully (Thomas), a learned divine, was 
 born at Carlifle in 1620, and educated at 
 Oueen’s-college, Oxford. About 1642 he 
 became mafter of the grammar fchool atTet- 
 bury in Gloucefterlhire, but he afterwards 
 returned to his college, of which he was fel- 
 low and tutor. In 1657 he was appointed 
 principal of St. Edmund Hall, and after the 
 reftoration was created D. D. and made chap- 
 lain to the king. In 1675 he obtained the 
 deanry of Rippon. He died in 1676. Dr. 
 Tully wrote Logica Apodeidtica, 8vo.; Pr»- 
 cipuorum Theologiae, 8vo.; and feveral con- 
 troverfial pieces againft Dr. Bull and Mr. 
 Baxter on Juftification.— Wood. 
 
 Tully (George) a learned divine, was 
 born at Carlifle, and educated at £)ueen’s-col« 
 lege, Oxford. On entering into orders he 
 became prebendary of Rippon, and afterwards 
 reitor of Galefule near Newcaftlc, and fub- 
 dean of York. He died in 1695, aged 42. 
 Mr. Tully wrote a Difcourfe on the Govern- 
 ment of the Thoughts, 8vo.; and feveral 
 fermons and tradfs againft popery. He alfo 
 #ranfiated from t lie Greek part of Plutarch’s 
 Morals ; and from the Latin of Cornelius 
 ISiepos, the Life of Miltiades; and from Sue- 
 tonius the Life of Julius Caefar. 
 
 Tunstall (James), a learned divine, 
 was born about 1710, and educated at St. 
 John’s-college, Cambridge, after which he 
 became redtor of Sturmer, in Effex, in 1789. 
 In 1741 he was elected public orator of the 
 univerfity ; he died in 1772. Dr. Tunftail 
 wrote Difcourfes upon Natural and Revealed 
 Religion, and other works . — Gen Blog. DiEt. 
 
 Turbido (Francis), an Italian painter, 
 was born at Verona in 1500 ; he was the dif- 
 ciple of Giorgione, and Veronefe. He paint- 
 ed in trefco and in oil, and his moll capital 
 pidture is a Transfiguration. He died in 1581,. 
 —Pilkingtcn. 
 
 Turenne (Henry de la Tour d’Auverg- 
 ne), vifeount de, fecond fon of the due de 
 Bouillon, and Elizabeth of NalTau, daughter 
 of William I. of Nafiau, prince of Orange, 
 was born at Sedan in 1611. He learned the 
 art of war under prince Maurice, his maternal 
 uncle, and became the greateft general of his 
 age. After feveral gallant adtions he took 
 Brifac in 1638, for which Richelieu offered 
 him his niase ip marriage, but Turenne 
 being a proteffant declined the honour. The 
 next year he ferved in Italy, and afterwards 
 fignalized himl'elr' by tlie cor.queft of Rouf- 
 lillon. At the age of twenty-three he be- 
 came field-marfhal, and in 1644 was ap- 
 pointed marffial of France. About this time 
 he was fent to Germany, where he gained 
 feveral vidlories, but was defeated in 1645 
 at Manindall. He ffiortly after repaired 
 jthis lofs by the battle ef Ncrdlingen, and 
 
 TUR 
 
 tlie fiime year rc-eftabliffied the elector of 
 Treves in his effates. In the following 
 year he eftedled the famous jundtion with 
 the Swedifh army, and obliged the duke 
 of Bavaria to l'ue for peace. That prince 
 having violated the treaty, Turenne defeat- 
 ed him in the battle of Zumulhaufen, and 
 drove him from his dominions. In the 
 civil wars of France he adted at firft againft 
 tlie court, but in 1651 he made his peace, 
 and became general of the royal army, and 
 was oppofed to the prince of Conde, whom 
 he defeated. In 1657 he took Dunkirk in 
 conjundtion with the Englilh troops. This 
 was followed by the capture of feveral 
 places in Flanders, which produced peace 
 between France and Spain in 1659. The 
 war being renewed in 1667 he was appointed 
 marfhal of all the armies, and had the ho- 
 nour of inftrudting the king in the art of 
 war. About this time he renounced the pro- 
 teftant religion. In 1674 he conquered 
 Franche Comte, which occafioned a league 
 between the German ftates againft France. 
 To prevent their jundlion Turenne attacked 
 the army commanded by the duke of Lor- 
 raine, and gained a fplendid vihlory. He af- 
 terwards defeated the imperialifts at Mul- 
 haufen, and again at Turkheim. Montecu- 
 culi was then fent againft him, and while 
 the two armies were in view of each other, 
 and preparing for battle, Turenne was killed 
 by a cannon ball, at Sultzbach, in 1675.— 
 Mcreri. 
 
 Tuhgot (Anne -Robert James), a French 
 ftatefman, was born at Paris in 1727. He 
 was educated in the college of the Sorbonne, 
 after which he applied to commerce, and 
 was appointed intendant of Limoges. He 
 was next made comptroller-general of the 
 finances, in which he fhewed great talents, 
 by endeavouring to effect a reform in the 
 public expenditure, and introducing feveral 
 important regulations for the revival and en- 
 couragement of trade. He died in 1781. 
 He was at the head of the fociety called 
 Economiffs, after the death of Quefnay.— 
 Life of Turgot by Condorcet. 
 
 Turnebus (Adrian), Greek profeffor at 
 Paris, and 1'uperintendant of the royal prefi 
 for works in that language, was born at An- 
 deli in 1512, and died in 1565. He wrote 
 notes on Cicero, Varro, Thucydides, and 
 Plato ; pieces againft Ramus ; tranflations 
 from Ariftotle, Theophraftus, Plutarch, 
 Plato, Ac. ; and Latin Poems. But the 
 moil important of his works is his Adverfa- 
 ria, 1580, folio. — Niceron. Baylc. 
 
 Turner (William), a phyfician and di- 
 vine, was born at Morpeth in Northumber- 
 land, and educated at Pembroke-hall, Cam- 
 bridge, where he embraced the principles of 
 the reformers. He became a preacher, and 
 travelled over the kingdom to propagate the 
 proteffant doctrines, for which biihop Gardi- 
 ner fqnt him to prifon. On his releafe he 
 went abroad, and took his dotflor’s degree at 
 Ferrara. At th^acceffion Edward VI. Ire 
 
t vv i 
 
 returned, and was made dean of Wells. 
 When Mary came to the throne he went in- 
 to exile, and did not return till her death. 
 Queen F.lizabe'ch reftored him to his prefer- 
 ments. He died in 1568. Dr. Turner wrote 
 a Treatife on the Baths of England and Ger- 
 many ; a Complete Herbal, or Hiftory of 
 Plants, folio ; IT i fl or in. de Naturis Herba- 
 rum Scholiis tt Notis Vallata, 8vo. ; and 
 fome other botanical ycorks.— Pulteney. Wood. 
 
 Turner (Thomas), a pious divine, was 
 born at Reading in Berkihire, and educated 
 at St. John’s collegfe, Oxford, of which he 
 became fellow. In 1629 he obtained a ca- 
 non refidentiaryfhip in St, Paul’s cathedral, 
 and was appointed chaplain to Charles I. 
 whom he accompanied to Scotland. In 1641 
 he was made dean of Rochefter, and foon 
 after dean of Canterbury, of which he was 
 deprived with circumftnnces of great barba- 
 rity in the rebellion. He recovered his pre- 
 ferments at the reftoration, and died in 1672, 
 aged 81. — Wood. Todd's Dean s of Canterbury. 
 
 Turner (Francis), fon of the above, 
 was educated at Winchefter-fchool, from 
 whence he -emoved to New college, Oxford. 
 He became prebendary of St. Paul’s, dean .of 
 Windfor, and in 1683 bifhop of Rochefter, 
 from whence the year following he was trans- 
 lated to Ely. IJe was one of the feven bi- 
 fhops who was fent to the Tower by king 
 James, and was deprived at the revolution 
 for refufing the oaths. Pie died in 17C0. 
 The biihop publilhed fome Sermons. He 
 alfo wrote pious Poems, and the Life of Mr. 
 Nicholas Ferrar. — Ibid. 
 
 Turretin (Francis), a proteftant di- 
 vine, was born at Geneva in 1623. He be- 
 came profeffor of divinity in the univerfity 
 of his native place, and was employed in an 
 embaffy to the ftates of Holland. He died 
 in 1687. His works are, 1. Inftitutiones 
 Theologise, 3 vols. 4to ; 2. Thefes de Satis- 
 f.iclione Jefus Chrifti, 4to ; 3. De Succef- 
 fione ab Lcclefia Romana, 2 vols. — Moreri. 
 
 Turretin ( John Alphonfus), fon of the 
 preceding, was born at Geneva in 1671. 
 He became the firft profeffor o ’ ecclefiaftical 
 hiftory at Geneva, where he died in J ? 37. 
 He wrote an Abridgment of Ecclefiaftical 
 Hiftory ; Sermons, and other works — Nouv . 
 
 DiB. Hifi. 
 
 Tusser (Thomas), an agricultural writer, 
 was bom at Raven-hal! in EfTex, and edu- 
 cated at Eton and Cambridge. He was for 
 fome time at court, but afterwards became a 
 farmer. He died in 1.580. 'Puffer wrote 
 Five hundred Points of good Hufbandry, 158(>, 
 4to. It is a curious pidure of the agricul- 
 ture of thofe days — C-cn. DIB 
 
 Twining (Thomas), a learned divine, 
 was born in London, and educated at Sidney 
 college, where he took his mnfter’s degree 
 in arts in 1763. Dr. Por.tcus, bifhop of Lon- 
 don, prefented him to the retftory of St. 
 Mary's, Chichefter, where he died in 1804. 
 He publilhed a Tranfhtion of the Poetics of 
 
 T Y R 
 
 Arlftotle, in one volume, quarto. — Gent. 
 Mag. 
 
 Twiss (William), a prefbyterian divine, 
 was born at Ne'wbury in Berk'hire, and edu- 
 cated at New college, Oxford. He was pre- 
 ftdent of the aflembly of divines at Well- 
 minder, and was made redorof St. Andrew, 
 Holborn. He died in 161. 5- Dr. Thrifts was 
 a zealous Calvinift, and wrote, Yindicire 
 Gratite, Poteftatis et Proyidentia Dei, folio ; 
 Quatuor Dilfertationes de Scicntia Media, 
 fol. ; Riches of God’s Love, and other works 
 in defence of the doctrine of predeftination. 
 —Wood. 
 
 Tye (Chriftopher), a mufic’an, was born 
 in Weftminfter. He was admitted to his 
 degree of dodtor in mufic at Cambridge in 
 1545. Dr. Tye was inftruftor in that fei- 
 ence to Edward VI. and orgamft of the royal 
 chapel in the reign of Elizabeth. He com- 
 pofed a number of anthems. — Hawkins. 
 
 Tver s (Thomas), a mifccllaneous writer, 
 who Was bred to tire bar, but never p radii fed. 
 He became proprietor of Vauxliall gardens, 
 and was greatly efteerned by Dr. Johnfon. 
 Mr. Tyers wrote fuppofed conferences be- 
 tween eminent characters, political and lite- 
 rary, 8vo. ; and fome ingenious poems. He 
 died in 1787. — Europ. Mag. 
 
 Tyndall (William), an Engliih di- 
 vine, was born on the borders or Wales 
 about 1500, and educated at Magdalen hall, 
 Oxford. Having embraced the dodtrir.es of 
 the reformers, he went to Antwerp, where 
 he printed a tranfiation oft the Scriptures, in- 
 to Engliih. This being font over to Lon- 
 don, all the copies were bought up: on 
 
 which Tyndall reviled his work, and printed 
 a larger impreffion. This exciting the hatred 
 of the Romiflr clergy, he was apprehended 
 as an heretic, ftrangled, and burnt rear Ant- 
 werp in 1536. — Fox's ABs and Men. 
 
 Tyrannion, a celebrated grammarian 
 of Pontus, wbofe real name was f heophraf- 
 tus, which his pupils altered to Tyrannion 
 on account of his lie verity. He was taken 
 priloner by Lucullus and carried t .. ", 
 
 where he became intimate with Cicero, > a 
 employed him in arranging his library. He 
 had a large one of his own ; and made a c:d- 
 ledfion of the works of Ariitotle. — Cicero's 
 
 Epiji. 
 
 Tyrtasus, a Greek poet, who rlou- 
 riftied about 684 13. C. He diftinguiftl.ed 
 himfelf by warlike verfes to animate the 
 Lacedemonians in their war with the Mefie- 
 nians, lor which lie was made a citizen of 
 Sparta. Some fragments by him are in Plan- 
 tin's Collection of the- Greek A* ts .-^-E’cfjius. 
 
 Tyrwhitt (Thomas), a learned writer, 
 was born in 1730, and educated at Eton, 
 from whence he removed to Queen’s col- 
 lege, Oxford, and in 3755 was elected fal- 
 low of Merton, which oliice he afterwards 
 refigr.ed. In 1761 lie became clerk of the 
 houfe of commons. Mr. Tyrwhitt publilh- 
 ed an edition of Ariftotle’s Poetics j another 
 
ULU 
 
 ef Chaucer, with an efteemed life of that 
 poet. He alfo wrote JSotes on Shakfpeare, and 
 colledled the poems attributed to Rowley, in 
 which controversy he diftinguiihed himfelf. 
 He died in 1786- • — Gent* Mag. 
 
 Tysilio, a Wellh po.et, hiftorian, and 
 divine, who flourilhed in the Seventh cen- 
 tury ; he wrote a Chronicle of Britain, fiom 
 whip a Geoffry of Monmouth compoled his 
 fabulous hiftory —Owen. 
 
 Tyson (Edward), a learned phyfician, 
 was born at Briftol in 1.650, and educated at 
 Mage, dan-hall Oxford, where he applied to 
 the rudy of phyfic, in which he toolc Ins 
 degrees ; after which he Settled in London, 
 and became a fellow of the royal Society, 
 whole f ranfactions. he enriched with many 
 valuable papers. He was appointed phyli 
 cian to the hotpitals of Bethlehem and Bride- 
 well, and died Suddenly in 1708. He pub- 
 
 U BALniNi (Petruccio), a celebrated illu- 
 minator on vellum in the 16th century. 
 There is extant a book, illuminated by him, 
 containing the Sentences of Scripture painted 
 by order o; Nicholas Bacon, and presented by 
 him to lady Lumley. — Venue. 
 
 Udino (John da), an Italian painter, 
 was born in 1494, and died in 1564. He 
 was a difciple of Raphael, and excelled in 
 painting animals and landi'cipes . — De Piles. 
 
 Ulaccl (Adrian), a mathematician of 
 Ghent, who wrote a Treatife on Trigono- 
 metry, in Latin, iolio, 1633: and a work, 
 entitled, Logurithmorum Chiliades Centum, 
 1628, folio — Moreri 
 
 Ull oa y Pereira (Louis de), a Spaniih 
 poet, was born at Toro. He gained great 
 reputation by his Sonnets in the reign of 
 Philip IV. and the count de Olivares gave 
 him the government of Leon. He died in 
 1660. His works were printed in 1674, 
 4to.— IV. c. Antonio de Hifp. Script. 
 
 Ulloa (Don Antonio), a Spaniih mathe- 
 matician, was born in 1716, and died in 
 1795. He was one of the mathematician,; 
 employed in meafuring a degree of the me- 
 Lilian in Peru. On his return he was taken 
 priloner by the Englifh, but was i>on re- 
 leafed. He published an account o r his 
 Voyages in 2 vols 4to. — Nouv. DiEl Hiji. 
 
 Uli-ian (Domitius), a celebrated jurif- 
 tonlult, was minister of Slate to the emperor 
 Alexander Severus, who elevated him to 
 the proecorShip. His attachment to the pagan 
 fu peril: dons infpired him with a great hatred 
 of the Cnriftians. He was put to death by 
 the Soldiers in 226 Some of his fragments 
 are extant — Moreri. 
 
 liEOG-BiiiGH, a Perfian prince, and an 
 eminent aftronomer. His Catalogue or the 
 Fixed Stars, redtiiied to the year 1434, was 
 pu’oi liked by Dr. Hyde at Oxford, in 1665, 
 
 U R B 
 
 Hiked Phocsena, or the Anatomy of a Por- 
 pel's, 4to. ; Epheme.i Vita, or the Natural 
 Hiftory and Anatomy of the Ephemeron, 
 4to ; OrangOutang, or the Anatomy of a 
 Pigmie compared with that of a Monkey, 
 an Ape, and a Man, 4to. — Compleat HiJl. of 
 Europe , 1708, 8 -vo 
 
 Tytlek (William), an antiquary, was 
 born at Edinburgh in 1711. He was the 
 editor of The Poetical Remains of James I. 
 to which he prefixed a diliertation on the 
 Literary Hiftory of Europe. He alio wrote 
 an able vindication of Mary queen of Scots. 
 He died in a very advanced age. — Gen. Blog. 
 Died. 
 
 Tzetzes (John), agranimarian of Con- 
 stantinople in the 12th century. He wrote 
 Commentaries upon Lycophron, printed by 
 :er, at Oxford, 1697, folio. — Moreri. 
 
 4to The prince was flain by his fon m 
 1-149, after reigning at Samarcande about 
 40 years There is another work by him 
 upon Chronology, trail dated into Latin by 
 Greaves, ant published with the original 
 Arabic in 1650, 4ta. — End. 
 
 Upton (James), a learned divine, was 
 born in Gheihire in 1670, and educated at 
 Eton, from whence he was defied to King’s 
 college, Cambridge, where he obtained a 
 fellowship He a terwards became matter of 
 the grammar School at Taunton, in Somer- 
 fetihire, where he died in 1749. He pub- 
 lished an excellent edition of Afchahi’s 
 School-mafter, with notes, 8vo 1711; and 
 another of Arillotle’s Art of Poetry. His 
 fon, fatnes, was born at i'aunton, and edu- 
 cated at Exeter college, Oxford, after which 
 he became rector of liiili’.igton, in Glouces- 
 tershire, and prebendary of Roc’nefter. He 
 died in ’760. IPs works are, an Edition of 
 Epicletus, 2 vois. 4to.: another o Spenfer’s 
 Faei iii Queene, 2 vols. 4to. ; and Goferva- 
 tions on Shakfpeare, 8vo. — Arced Jiowyer. 
 
 U rban V. pope, was born at Grifac, of a 
 noble family. He became a benedidtine, 
 and aboot of St. Viftar at Marfeillcs. On 
 the death of Innocent Vi in 1362, he wa» 
 e.ected to the papacy. He removed the pa- 
 pal Seat from Avignon to Rome. This. pope 
 founded many churches, and reformed nu- 
 merous abuies. lie died In 1370 — Platina. 
 Bower. 
 
 Urban VI. an Italian, was defied to 
 the papal chair in 1378. The cardinals af- 
 terwards chofe Robert of Geneva, who toolc 
 the name of Clement Vli. Urban Severely 
 perfecuted his enemies after Securing his 
 Seat. He died in 1389 — Bower. 
 
 Urban Vill. (Maffeo Earberlno), af- 
 cended the pontifical throne in 1623. He 
 condemned the Janfenifts, and died ui 1614. 
 
V A I 
 
 He wrote Latin poems, printed at Paris, in 
 folio, and Italian poems, printed at Rome in 
 3640, 1 2 m o . — Tirubojahi. 
 
 Unc/eus (Anthony Codrus), a learned 
 Italian, was horn in 1446. His works are, 
 Speeches, Letters, and Poems, in Latin. 
 He died in 1500. — Bayle. 
 
 Ursinus (Zachariah), a proteftant di- 
 vine, was born at Brellaw in 1533. On 
 turning Calviriift he was pcrfecuted by the 
 Lutherans, which induced him to go to Hei- 
 delburg, and from thence to Neuftadt, where 
 he became profefTor of divinity. He died in 
 1588. His works have been printed in 3 
 vols. folio He is not to be confounded with 
 George Urjlr.us, a Daniih divine, who pub- 
 lifhed a learned treatife on the Hebrew An- 
 tiquities. — Ibid. 
 
 Ursinus (John Henry), a lutheran di- 
 vine, who was tuperintendant of the churches 
 ofRatifbon. He died in 1667. His works 
 are, 1. Exercitationes deZoroaftro, Hermete, 
 Sanchoniathone, 8vo. ; 2. Sylva; Theologicae 
 Symbolicte, 12mo. ; 3. De Ecclefiarum Ger- 
 manicarum origine et progreffu, 8vo. His 
 l’on, George Henry, wrote fome philological 
 works. He died in 170 7 — Ibid. 
 
 Ursus (Nicolas-Ruymarus), a Danifh 
 mathematician, was in his youth a l'wine- 
 berd, and did not learn to read till he was 
 eighteen His progtefs afterwards was very 
 rapid, both in the languages and fciences. 
 He taught mathematics at Stralburgh, from 
 whence he was invited to a profeli'orfliip at 
 Prague. He died in 1600. He invented 
 an agronomical lyftem fo like that of Tycho 
 Brahe as to bring him into a difpute with 
 that aftronomer refpefting the right of dif- 
 covery. — Moreri. 
 
 Usher (James), an Mutinous prelate, 
 was born of an antient family at Dublin in 
 3580. His uncle, Henry U (her, archbilhop 
 ©1 Armagh, the founder of Trinity college. 
 
 Vtaillant (John Foy), a French medal- 
 T lift, was born at Beauvais in 1632. He 
 ftudied medicine, in which he took his doc- 
 tor’s degree. Colbert employed him to col- 
 li £t medals in the Eaft for the royal cabinet. 
 On his return he was taken by the Algerines. 
 After a captivity of fome months he reco- 
 vered his liberty, and being in danger of 
 fhipwreck he Ivval lowed fome of his largcft 
 medals, which did not come away for a con- 
 lVertible time, in 1702 he became penfion- 
 ary of the academy of inferiptions. He died 
 in 1706. His principal works are, 1. Hif- 
 tory of the Caelars, 2 vols. 4to. ; 2 Selcu- 
 cktarum Imperium, 4to. ; 3. Hilloria Ptolo- 
 maeorum, TEgypti Regum, folio ; 4. Nummi 
 Antiqui Familiarum Romanarum,. 2 vols. 
 folio-; 5. Numifmata Grteca, folio. His 
 foil, 'John Francis, was a learned ph_vficij,n 
 and niedaUift. lie died in i?08. lie wrote 
 
 V A I 
 
 placed him in that feminary, where he rr.ade 
 a great progrefs in all kinds of learning. At 
 the age of fixteen he formed a Chronology 
 of the Bible, in Latin, which was the origin 
 of his great work, afterwards publifhed under 
 the title of Annals of the Old and New Tes- 
 tament, the beft edition of which is that of 
 Geneva in 1722, in 2 vols. folio. In 1607' 
 he was appointed profeflbr of divinity at Dub- 
 lin, and chancellor of St. Patrick’s cathedral. 
 In 1620 he was promoted to the bifhopric of 
 Meath, from whence he was tranflated to 
 the archbifhopric of Armagh in 1626. On 
 the breaking out of the Irilh rebellion here- 
 tired to England, and was promoted to the 
 fee of Carlille, from which he received no 
 advantage, owing to the civil wars and tire 
 abolition of epifeopney, of which he approved 
 himfelf a zealous advocate. The curators 
 ot the univrrlity of Leyden offered him a 
 profefforihip, .which he declined : as he alfo 
 did an invitation from cardinal Richelieu to 
 fettle in France with the free liberty of his 
 religion. He died in 1656, and was buried 
 in Weftruinlfer-abbey. Belides his Annuls, 
 he publilhed a Body of Divinity, folio; the 
 Hiftory of Gottefchalc in Latin ; Antiijui- 
 tates Eccleliatum Britannicarurn, folio ; an 
 Edition of the Epillles of Ignatius, Barnabas, 
 and Folycarp, with notes ; Sermons, and 
 other learned works — Life by Parr, prefixed 
 to UJber's Letters, 1686, folio. 
 
 Utenbogai st (John), one of the prin- 
 cipal l'upporters of the Remonftrants, was 
 born at Utrecht in 1557, and died at the 
 Hague in 1614. His principal works are, 
 an Ecclefiaftical Hiftory, folio ; and Me- 
 moirs of his own Life, 4to.— Moreri. 
 
 Utenhovi us (Charles), a learned writer, 
 was born at Client in 1536, and died at Co- 
 logne in 1600. He wrote Latin Poems ; 
 Epiftolarum Centuria ; Mythologiu aTTon 
 pica, metro Elegiaco, Uvo, — Ibid. 
 
 a Treatife on the Nature and Ufe of Coffee ; 
 and a Dilfertation on the Cabiri —‘Moreri. 
 
 Vaillant (Sebaftian), a French phyfi- 
 cian and botanift, was bern at Vigny, near 
 Pontoife, in 1669. He became fuperinten- 
 dant of the royal garden, and a member of 
 the academy of fciences. He died in 1722. 
 His works are, 1. Remarks on Tournefort’s 
 Botanical Inftitutions; 2. Difcourfe on the 
 Structure of Flowers ; 3. Botanicon Farifi- 
 enle, or a Defcription of Plants which grow 
 ab .ut Paris, folio, with plates ; 4. a final! 
 Botanicon, 12mo. 1743.— Haller i Bibl. Bo - 
 tan. 
 
 Vail l a nt (Willeran), a portrait painter, 
 was born at Lifie in 1633. He was employ- 
 ed at the French court, and died in 1677, 
 His brother Bernard was a good painter of 
 portraits in cjravons — Eilk. ■ i 
 
 Vaissette (Jofeph), a learned bcBcdk- 
 
V A L’ 
 
 tine of the congregation of St. Maur, was 
 horn at Gaillac in 1685. He wrote a Dif- 
 courfe on the Origin of the French Nation ; 
 Hiftory of Languedoc, folio; a Univerfal 
 Geography, 4 vols. 4to. He died in 1756. 
 —Nouv.DiB. fl'ft. 
 
 Valens (Flavius), emperor of the Enft, 
 was the fon of Gratian, and bom in Panno* 
 nia in 328. lie was taken as alfociate in 
 the empire by his brother Valentinian in 
 364. He was a zealous Arian, and violently 
 periecuted the orthodox biihops. Valens 
 forced the Goths to make peace, but impru- 
 dently fullered them to fettle in Thrace, 
 where they were joined by great numbers of 
 barbarians, ami the war being renewed he 
 marched againlt them, but was defeated n:ar 
 Adrianople. His foldiers carried him off 
 and lodged him in a houfe, to which the 
 p u-fuers fet fire, and he was burnt A.D. 
 378. — Crevier. 
 
 Va ientin (Mofes), an eminent painter, 
 was born at Coforniers in Brie, in 1600. He 
 adopted the manner of Caravaggio, and his 
 pieces are highly eftcemed. Fie died at 
 Rome in 1632 . — De Piles. 
 
 Valentine, an herefiarchof the fecond 
 century, was a native of Egypt, and a philo- 
 sopher of the platonic fed. Being difap- 
 pointed of a bifhopric, he feparated from the 
 church, and improved upon the gnoftic no- 
 tion of 2Eons, ceriain beings, as he pretend- 
 ed, by whom the world was cieated and go- 
 verned He gained followers, and died A.D. 
 1 60. — Mojbeim. 
 
 Valentine (Bafil), the fictitious name 
 of a chemical author in the fixteenth century, 
 whole writings are in the German language, 
 but have been tranflated into Latin and Eng- 
 liih. The principal are, 1. Currus Irium- 
 phalis Antimonii, or the Triumphant Cha- 
 riot of Antimony, Amil. 1671, 12mo. ; 2. 
 the Twelve Keys of Philofophy, 8vo. ; 3. 
 Teftament of Balil Valentine, 12mo. — Mo- 
 rer'i. 
 
 Valentine (Michael Bernard), profef- 
 for of medicine at Giefien, was born there in 
 1657, and died in 1729. He wrote, 1. Hif- 
 toria Simplicium Reformats, folio; 2. Am- 
 phitheatrmn Zootomicum, folio ; 3. Medi- 
 cina Nova-Anriqua, dto. ; 4. Cynofur.i Ma- 
 teriae Medicse,3 vols.4to. ; 5. Viridarium Re- 
 formatum, folio; 6. Corpus Juris Meuico- 
 legale, folio; ?. Phyfiologiae Biblicae Capita 
 he lecl a, 4to. — Nowv. Dili. Hiji. 
 
 Valintinian I. emperor of the Well, 
 was the eldeft fon of Gratian. He gave the 
 empire of the Eaft to his brother Valens, in 
 364, after which he de.eated the Germans, 
 and quelled the revolt in Africa. The <b> uadi 
 having taken up arms in 374, he marched 
 againft them and ravaged their country with 
 fire and l’word, which compelled them to fue 
 for peace; but while he was fpeaking to 
 their ambalTadors he broke a blood vef'cl 
 through paffion, ofwhidi he died A.D. 375. 
 His fon, Valentinian IP, was faluted emperor 
 *n his father’s death by the foldiers, but he. 
 
 VAL 
 
 did not obtain it till his brother Gratian’®. 
 death in 383. He was dethroned by the tv- 
 rant Maximus in 387. Theodofius re ft o red 
 him after defeating Maximus the year fol- 
 lowing ; but in 392 he was llrangled by his 
 general, Avbogaftes. Valentinian was a 
 prince of great virtues and eminent piety. 
 There was a third emperor of this name, 
 who was the grundfon of Theodofius the 
 Great, and acknowleged emperor in 423 at 
 the age of fix years, under the guardianihip 
 of his mother, Placidia, who governed with 
 great prudence; but when Valentinian came 
 of age he plunged into debauchery, and ruled 
 with fuch tyranny that he was aflafiinated in 
 455 . — Crevier 
 
 Valerianus (Publius Licinius), a Ro- 
 man, who was proclaimed emperor by his 
 foldiers in Rhaetia in 251. He afibciated his 
 fon Galfienus in the government, and perfe- 
 cuted the chriftians He made war on the 
 Goths and Scythians with fome fuccefs, but 
 he was taken prifoner in an expedition againlt 
 Sapor, king of Perfia, who carried him to 
 his capital in triumph, and treated him with 
 great indignity, after which he ordered him 
 to be flayed alive, and his body to be rubbed 
 with fait, in which fta!e he expired, A D. 
 270, aged 71. His fkin being tanned red 
 was nailed up in a temple. — Ibid. 
 
 Valerianus (Pierius), a learned Ita- 
 lian, was born at Belluno, in the ftate of 
 Venice, about 1475. Leo X. and Julius II. 
 offered him a bifhopric, which he refuled, 
 and accepted only the place of apoftolic no- 
 tary. He died in 1558. His chief works 
 are Latin Poems in 2 vols. 8vo. — Mireri. 
 
 Valerius Maximus, a Latin hiftoriar., 
 who ferved with Sextus Pompeius in the 
 army, and at his return wrote a collection 
 of remarkable a&ions and fayings of emi- 
 nent Romans, dedicated to Tiberius. The 
 belt edition is that of Leyden with notes, 
 8vo. 1670. — Vojjius. 
 
 Valesius (Henry), or Henry de Valois j 
 a learned critic, was born at Paris in 1C03; 
 he was brought up to the bar, which pro- 
 fefllon he abandoned and devoted himfclf 
 to literary purfuits. TIis merit procured him 
 the place of hilloriographer to the king, 
 and a penfion; he alfo received another 
 from the clergy of France for puldifliing an 
 edition of the Ancient Ecclefiaftlcal Hifto- 
 rians, printed at Amfterdam in 1639, ia 
 3 vols. folio; and at Cambridge in 1720, 
 He became blind, and died in 1726. His 
 brother Adrian was alfg royal hiftoriogra- 
 pher, and publifhed a work entitled, Gcfta 
 Francorum, 3 vols. folio. He died in 1692. 
 — Nicer on. 
 
 Valin court (John Baptift: Henry da 
 Trouflet de), a French writer,, was born ia 
 Picardy in 1653, and died in 1730. He 
 wrote, the Life of Francis of Lorrain, Duke 
 of Guile, 12mo. ; Critical Obfervations on 
 the GBdipns of Sophocles, 4to. &c. — Nowv. 
 D,a. Hiji. 
 
 Vaukenb vrgh (Theodore), a painter. 
 
VAN 
 
 W*s horn at Amfterdam in 1673- He ac- 
 quired confidcrable property, which he loft 
 in an unfortunate voyage to the Weft Indies. 
 He died very poor hi his native country 
 in 1721. His pictures, elpecially thofe re- 
 prefenting dead game, are valuable. There 
 was another artift of this name, who died 
 in 1623; he painted markets and fports. 
 —Heubraken . 
 
 Valla (Laurence), an Italian writer, 
 Y.as born ar Piacenza in 141.'). He revived 
 the Latin language from Gothic barbarity ; 
 but he was a very rigorous ciitic. Having 
 hazarded fome free opinions refpedting the 
 dtp-trines o the Roman church he was con- 
 demned to be .burnt, but was faved by Al- 
 phonfus, king ol Naples Valla was then 
 confined in a monaftery, but pope Nicho- 
 las V., who rcfpefted his talents, called 
 him to Rome, and gave him a penfion. He 
 died there in 1465. His works are, 1 on 
 the Elegance of the Latin Language, folio, 
 and at Cambridge' in ofitavo 2. Hiftory of the 
 Reign of Ferdinand, King of Arragon, 4to. ; 
 3. Trariflations of Thuc\ dides, Herodotus, 
 and Homer’s liiad ; 4. Not' s on the New 
 Teftament ; 5. Treatife on Falfehood and 
 Truth; 6- Fables. — Tirabojchi. 
 
 Valla (George), an Italian phyfician, 
 was a.lfo a native of Piacenza. He became 
 profeflbr of belles lettres at Venice, where 
 he died about 1460. He wrote De Expe- 
 t- ndis et Fugiendis rebus, two vols. folio. — 
 
 Ibid. 
 
 Valle (Peter Della), a famous travel- 
 ler, was a native of Rome. He travelled 
 into Turkey, Egypt, the Holy Land, Pet- 
 ha, and India, and on his return to Rome 
 publifhed an account of his voyages in fifty- 
 four Letters ; the belt edition of which is 
 that of Rome 1662, 4 vols. 4to. He died 
 in 16:52, aged 66. — Morcri. 
 
 Vallisnieri (Anthony), an eminent 
 Italian naturalift, was born in Tufcany in 
 1661. He ftudied under Malpighi, and 
 afterwards became phyfician to the pope. 
 He died in 1730. His works, which abound 
 with curious difeoveries in natural hiftory 
 and medicine, were printed at Venice in 
 3 vols. 4to. 1773. — Ibid. 
 
 Vai.salva (Antony Marie), a famous 
 phyfician, was horn at Imola, in Italy, in 
 1666. He was profeffor of anatomy at Bo- 
 logna, and wrote a valuable treatife concern- 
 ing the Human Ear, 4to., and fome Ana- 
 tonnical Difi’ertations in Latin, printed at 
 Vesnice in 2 vols. 4to. 1740. He died in 
 17 25 . — Halleri Bib!. Anat. 
 
 Valverda (John do), a famous Spanifh 
 phyfician, who accompanied the cardinal of 
 Tidqdo to Rome. He wrote in Spanifh a 
 Treatife on Anatomy, printed at Venice in 
 1.589. He was alfo the author of a Trea- 
 tife! de Animi et Corporis Sanitate tuenda, 
 1553. — Nic. Antonio. Hijf>. Scrip. 
 
 Vanaken (Jofeph), a Flemifh painter. 
 Was born at Antwerp. He excelled in paint- 
 ing fihtin, velvet, lace, and embroidery. He 
 
 Van 
 
 died in 1740. There was another o’ his 
 name who painted landlcapes and lea-pi;ces. 
 — Pilk'mgton. 
 
 Vanbrugh (fir John), a dramatic writer 
 and architect, was born in Chefhire. His 
 firft comedy, called “ the Relapfe ; or, Vir- 
 tue in Danger,” was acted with applauie in 
 1697, and encouraged him to produce lev e- 
 r.d others, which were all well receive!, 
 and ftill hold their place on the Huge. Fie 
 was for fome time clarencieux king of aims, 
 which place he fold ; and in 1716 was ap- 
 pointed Purveyor of Greenwich hofpital. He 
 was alfo comptroller- general of works, and 
 Purveyor of the royal gardens. Sir John 
 built feverul iuperb edifices, the principal of 
 which is Blenheim, the feat of the duke of 
 Marlborough. He died in 1726.— Biog. 
 Dram. 
 
 Vancouver (captain George), of the 
 royal navy, author ot a Voyage ot D.fco- 
 very to the North Pacific Ocean, and Round 
 the World, in the years 1790-1795. He 
 died in 1798. 
 
 Vandale (Anthony), a learned phyfi- 
 cian, was born in Holland in 1638. He was 
 bred to trade, bat quitted that profeflion for 
 theftudy of phytic, which he pra£tifed with 
 reputation at Haerlem, where he died in 
 17 08. He wrote a Treatife on the Oracles, 
 which was anfwered by leveral writers, and 
 abridged by Fontenelle. Vandale was alio 
 the author of a work on the Origin and Pro- 
 grefs of Idolatry ; a Diflertation on Arifteas 
 and the beptuagint Verfio), &c —Moron. 
 
 Vander Linden (Henry), profeflbr of 
 divinity at Franeker, wasboin in 1546. He 
 fuftcred greatly on account of his attach- 
 ment to the Reformation. He died in 1614. 
 — Ibid , 
 
 Vander Linden (John Antonides), 
 grandlon of the preceding, was born at Enk- 
 huyfen in 1609, and educated at Leyden, 
 but he took his degree of doctor at Franeker, 
 where he was chofen profeffor ot phyfic. In 
 1651 he accepted the protcfTorfhip at Ley- 
 den, where he died in 1664. His works 
 are, 1. De Scriptis Medicis, 8vo. ; 2- Selec- 
 ta Medica, quarto ; 3. Editions of the Works 
 of Hippocrates, Cellus, and Spigelius.— • 
 Halleri Bib!, Anat. 
 
 Vandermeer (John), a painter, was born 
 at Ilucrlem in 1628, and periflied in a ftiip- 
 wrcck in 1690.. He excelled in painting 
 landlcapes and fea views. His brother was 
 alfo a good artift in reprefenting landlcapes 
 and animals. — Houbraken. 
 
 Vander-Monde (Charles Auguftin), a 
 phyfician, was born at Macao, in China, in 
 1727, of European parents, and died at Pa- 
 ris in 1762. He wrote, a Collection of Me- 
 dical and Surgical Obfervations, 12mo. $ 
 EiTay on the Manner of Perfecting -the Hu- 
 man Species, 2 vols. 12mo.; Dictionary of 
 Health, 12mo. See, — Nouv. Dial. Hijl. 
 
 Vandeu-Meulen (Anthony Francis), 
 a painter, was born at Bruflels in 1634. Hqf 
 c-xcclled in painting horl'es, huntings, fieges,* 
 
VAN 
 
 and battles. He made reprefentations on 
 the fpot of moft of the adtions in which 
 Louis XIV. was engaged. He married a 
 daughter of Lc Brun, and died at Paris in 
 1 *90. — D'Aigeivvillc. 
 
 Vandervelde (Adrian), an eminent 
 painter, was born at A.mfterdam in 1639. 
 lit* excelled in painting landfcapes, which 
 lie adorned with figures. He alio painted 
 hiftorical fubjedls, and all his works are 
 fcarce and valuable. He died in 1672. 
 
 Vandervelde (Ifaiah), a Flemilh 
 painter, who died at Leyden about 1630. 
 He painted battles and the attacks ot rob- 
 bers. John Vandervelde, his brother, was 
 a good engraver. — Ibid. 
 
 Va.ndervei.de (William), called the 
 eld, a painter, was a native of Leyden, and 
 brother to the laft mentioned. He fettled in 
 England, where he obtained a penfion from 
 the crown, and died in 1693. He painted 
 fea fights and views of fh ip ping in an admi- 
 rable ftylc. His fon William', called V ander- 
 •velde the young, was born at Amfterdam in 
 1063, and died in London in 1707. He 
 painted in the fame way as his father, whom 
 he greatly furpaffed. — Ibid. 
 
 Vandervenne (Adrian Vander), a 
 painter, was born at Delft in 1539. His 
 fubjedts were beggars drinking and dancing, 
 which he executed with great humour and 
 boldnefs .— ~ Iloub' alien. 
 
 Van Dyck (fir Anthony), a famous 
 painter, was born at Antwerp in 1 599, and 
 educated under Rubens. He refided fotne 
 time at Rome, and then removed to Venice, 
 where he ftuiied the works of Titian and 
 Paul, Veronefe. On his "return to Flanders 
 his reputation rofe to fuch a height that 
 cardinal Richelieu invited him to France, but 
 he preferred viliting England, where he was 
 employed by Charles I., who conferred on 
 hirn the honour of knighthood. His grenteft 
 works are in this country, where he married 
 a daughter of the earl of Gowry. He died 
 in 1641, and was buried in St. Paul's cathe- 
 dral. He painted hiftorical fubjedts, parti- 
 cularly a defeent from the crofs, at Ant- 
 werp $ but hiS performances in England are 
 moftly portraits of royal and noble perion- 
 ages. — -V attic. Pilkington- 
 
 Van Dyck (Philip), a painter, was born 
 at Amfterdam in 1680. His portraits, eon- 
 verfations, and hiftorical fubjedts, are very 
 fine. He died in 1752. — Ibid. 
 
 Vane (fir Henry), eldeftfon of fir Henry 
 Vane, fecretary of ftate to Charles I., was 
 born about 1612, and educated at Magdalen 
 hall, Oxford. lie then went to Geneva, 
 where he became a republican and fanatic, 
 on which account he quarrelled with his 
 father, and made a voyage to New England. 
 He returned in 1637, and on the breaking out 
 of the civil war took an aftiye part againlt 
 the. king. However, he oppofed the ufurp- 
 ation of Cromwell, who cauled him to be 
 Imprifoned. In 1662 he was brought to 
 trial for high treafun, found guilty, and be- 
 
 VAN 
 
 headed on Tower-hill. He wrote fortie fa- 
 natical books in a very perplexing ftyle, and 
 which are now forgotten. — Clarendon. G>an~ 
 ger. 
 
 Vaniere (James), a French jefuit, and 
 Latin poet, was born in 1664. He wrote 
 an excellent poem on rural fubjedts, enti- 
 tled P radium Eujiicutn , the belt edition of 
 which is that of Paris 1756, 12mo. The 
 author died at Touloufe in 1739.— Pfowv. 
 DiH. Hift; 
 
 Vanini (Lucilio), an atheift, was born 
 at Taurifano, in the kingdom of Naples, in 
 1:535. He ftudied philofophy and medicine, 
 alfo theology and judicial aftrology. He was 
 ordained prieft, but quitted the ecclefiafticui 
 profedion ana invented a fyftem ot atheiim 
 out of the works of Ariftotle, Avenues, and 
 Cardan. He alfo formed the ftrange projedt 
 of preaching atheifm, and after travelling 
 through Germany, Holland, and England, 
 he went to Touluule, where lie was arrefted 
 and condemned, to death by the parliament. 
 Fie was burnt alive in 1619. He wrote, 1. 
 Amphitheatrum AEternas Providentite, 8vo. ; 
 
 2. De Admirandis Nature Arcanis, *8vo. 
 This is the work for which he inhered. — Ni~ 
 ceron. 
 
 Vanloo (John Baptlft), a celebrated 
 painter, was born at Aix in 1684, and died 
 there in 174-6. He painted many portraits of 
 illuftrious perfonages in a fine tafte. His 
 fon Louis became, principal painter to the 
 king of Spain, and Charles Philip to the 
 king of Pruflia. — Ibid. 
 
 Vanlc-o (Charles Andrew), brother and 
 pupil of the above, was born at Nice in 1705. 
 After viliting Italy he became painter to the 
 kina, chevalier of the order of St. Michael, 
 and a member of the academy of painting, 
 He died in 1765. He painted many fine 
 hiftorical pictures for the king of Frartte.— - 
 D'A’-genville. 
 
 Vanmander (Charles), an hiftorical 
 and landfcape painter, was born near Cour- 
 tray in 1518. His principal pictures are, 
 Adam and Eve in Paradife, and the Deluge, 
 He died in 1606. — De Piles. 
 
 Vanni (Francis), an hiftorical painter, 
 was born at Sienna in 1563. He chiefly 
 painted religious fubjedts, and died in 1619. 
 — Ibid. 
 
 Vansomer (Paul), a portrait painter, 
 was born at Antwerp in 1576, and died in 
 1621. He reiided in England many years, 
 and was great ly encouraged by the nobility 
 and gentry. — Vertue. 
 
 Van Swjeten (Gerard), an eminent 
 phvfician, was born at Leyden in 1700 He 
 became the pupil of Boerhaave, after which 
 he went to Vienna, where he was appointed 
 phyiician and librarian to the empvefs Ma- 
 ria Therein. He alfo read lectures on the 
 Materia Medica, and Practice of Phyfic, 
 with great reputation in that city, where he 
 performed many eminent cures, and died in 
 1772. His principal work is a Commentary 
 on the Aphorifms of Boerhaave, 5 vols. 4to. 
 
VAR 
 
 Thishasbeen tranflated into Englifh In oc- 
 tavo. — Nowv. DiEl. Hijl. 
 
 Varchi (Benedid), an Italian writer, 
 ■was born at Florence in 1503. His princi- 
 pal performance is the Hiftory of Florence, 
 fol. He was alio the author of feveral 
 poems, and a work entitled Erco/ano, or 
 Dialogues on the Philofophy of Language. 
 He died in 1566. — Tuabojchi. 
 
 Varchi (Benedid), an Italian writer, 
 was born at Fiefoli in 1 503, and died at Flo- 
 rence in 1566, aged 63. He had been pro- 
 fefl'or of morality at Padua, and wrote Latin 
 and Italian Poems ; but his principal work 
 is a Hiftory of his own Times, folio, 17*1. 
 Tirabojcbi. 
 
 Var eniu s (Bernard), a Dutch phyfi- 
 cian, who wrote an excellent Syftem of uni- 
 ■verfal Geography ; which was re-publilhed 
 with great improvements by Sir If'aac New- 
 ton, in 1672, and has been tranflated into 
 Englilh, in 2 vols. 8vo. He was alfo the 
 author of a curious Defcription of Japan and 
 Siam. He died in 1660 Morcri. 
 
 Vargas (Francis), a celebrated Spanilh 
 magiftrate, and ambafl'ador from Charles V. 
 to the council of Trent. On his return to 
 Spain he was appointed a counfellor of ftate. 
 He wrote a work on the Jurifdidion of the 
 Pope and Bilhops, for which he incurred the 
 relentment of the court of Rome j alfo Me- 
 moirs of the Council of Trent. He died in 
 2560. — Nic Antonio de Scrip. Hifpun. 
 
 Vargas (Louis de), a Spanifh painter, 
 was born at Seville in 1528, and died in 
 1590. Two of his beft performances are 
 Chrift bearing his Crofs, and Adam and Eve 
 in Paradife. — Cumberland. 
 
 Varignon (Peter), a French mathe- 
 matician, was born at Caen in 1654, and 
 died at Paris in 1722. He was geometrician 
 to the academy of fciences, and ptofefTor of 
 mathematics in the college of Mazarin. His 
 works are, a Treatife on Mechanics, and 
 numerous papers in the Memoirs of the Aca- 
 demy. — E/oge by Fontcnelle. 
 
 Varillas (Antony), a French hiftorian, 
 was bcrn at Gueret in 1624. He wrote a 
 Hiftory of trance; Anecdotes of Florence, 
 or the Secret Hiftory of the Houle of Medi- 
 cis j Hiftory of the Revolution in Europe on 
 Account of Religion; and other works, 
 which betray great prejudice and want of 
 candour. He died in 1696 — Morcri. 
 
 Varius, a Latin poet, who was the in- 
 timate friend of Virgil and Horace, and was 
 appointed by Auguftus to examine and revife 
 the Jh,r.e\d. Some of his fragments are in 
 
 the Corpus Poetarum, by Maittaire Voj- 
 
 Jius de Po. t. Lat. 
 
 Varro (Marcus Terent.us), a Roman 
 writer, W’as born B. C. 118. He ferved un- 
 der Pornpey againft the Pirates, on which 
 occafion he was honoured with a navai crown. 
 Hed ied B. C 29. He dedicated to Cicero a 
 treatife on the Latin language, and he wrote 
 another, De Re Ruftica j which are extant, 
 
 V A U 
 
 with fome fragments of his Menlppean Sa-* 
 tires. They were printed at Venice in T4"4, 
 folio ; and at Rome in 1557, 8vo. — Ibid. 
 
 Varro the Caul, another Latin poet, was 
 born in the province of Narbonne He 
 wrote a poem, De Bella Sequanico; and 
 tranflated into Latin verfe the Argonautics 
 of Apollonius. Only fome fragments re- 
 main. — Ibid. 
 
 Vasari (George), an Italian painter and 
 architect, was born at Arezzo in 1514, and 
 died at Florente in 1578. He ftudied after 
 Del Sarto and Michael Angelo, and copied 
 the remains of ancient fculpture ; but he was 
 deficient in colouring. He wrote the Lives 
 of Celebrated Painters, Sculptors, and Ar- 
 chitects, printed at Florence in 1568, 3 vols. 
 4to.; and at Rome in 1759, ‘ n fame 
 form. The treatife on Painting, publifhed 
 at Florence in 1619, in 4to, was the pro- 
 duction of his nephew. — Felibien. D'Argcr. > 
 villc. 
 
 Vatablus (Francis), a profeffor of He- 
 brew in the royal college of Paris, was born 
 in Picardy. He had fo g>-eat a knowlege of 
 the Hebrew, as to aftonifh the mod learned 
 Jews. He wrote notes on the Bible, printed 
 in Stephens’s Bible in 1545. Thefe were 
 condemned by the faculty of theology at 
 Paris, but they are very highly efteemed. 
 The laft edition ofVatabius’s Commentaries 
 was printed in 1729, in 2 vuls. folio. He 
 died in 1547.— Bayle. Msrert. 
 
 Vattel (N.), a celebrated writer on 
 jurifprudence, was born at Neufchatel : his 
 principal work is a Treatife on the Law of 
 Nations, or the Principles of Natural Law 
 applied to the Condud of States and Sove- 
 reigns, 2 vols. 4to. 1753. This is efteemed 
 a ftandard performance, and ranks next to 
 the works of Grotius and PufFendorff. The 
 author died about 1770, at Bruffels. — Nouv. 
 
 Din. tuft. 
 
 Vavassor (Francis), a French jefuit, 
 was born in 1605 ; he taught rhetoric and 
 theology at Paris, where he died in 1681. 
 He wrote two Latin poems, 8vo. ; a treatife 
 De Ludicra Didione, or on the Burlefque 
 Style ; another on Epigrams ; and a Differ, 
 tarion on the Perfon of Jefus Chrift. — Morcri , 
 
 Vauban (Sebaftian le Preftre, feigneur 
 de), a celebrated engineer, was born in 
 1633. He entered early into the army, and 
 d i I played an extraordinary genius for the 
 fcience of fortification and military tadics. 
 He ferved fome time under the prince of 
 Conde, in the Spanilh army, but was brought 
 over by Mazarine, and aCted as engineer at 
 the fiege of St. Menehould : he ferved in 
 the fame capacity at the taking of feveral 
 other places ; and was employed in fortify- 
 ing fome itrong ports, particularly Lifle. 
 For his eminent fervices he was created 3 
 marfhal of France in 1703. He died in 1707. 
 His works are, 1. Treatife on Fortification, 
 under the title ol the French Engineer, 8vo.; 
 Si New Treatife oji the Attack and Defence 
 
V E G 
 
 ©f Places, 8vo ; 3. Efiays upon Fortification, 
 Ijfno. ; 4. Political Teftament of M. Vau- 
 ban, nmo.—Eloge par Fomenelle. 
 
 Vaugelas (Claude Favre, lord de), a 
 French writer, was born at Bourg, in Brefie, 
 in 1585. He was chamberlain to the duke 
 of Orleans, but died poor in 1650. Vauge- 
 las was a member of the French academy, 
 and had a confiderable concern in their great 
 dictionary. He alfo wrote two excellent 
 works ; one entitled Remarks on the French 
 Language, 410. ; and the other a tranflation 
 of £u intus Curtius.— Niceron. 
 
 Vaughan (fir John), chief juftice of 
 the common pleas in the reign of Charles 
 II. He died in 1674, and was buried in the 
 Temple church : his reports were publifhed 
 
 after his death.— Gen. Biog. DIB. 
 
 Vaux (Nicholas, lord), a gallant Englilh 
 nobleman, who difplayed fuch proofs of va- 
 lour at the battle of Newark in 1487, that 
 he received the honour of knightnood. He 
 became a great favourite with Henry VIII. 
 and was created a peer. He died in 1522. 
 In the Paradife of Dainty Devifes are feveral 
 elegant poems by lord V?ux, who is fuppofed 
 to have been his eldeft fan Thomas. — (Var- 
 tan's Hiji. Eng. Poet. Theatr. Poet. 
 
 Vaux (Noel Jourdan de), a French no- 
 bleman, was born in Burgundy, in 1705, 
 He began his military career at the age of 
 as a lieutenant ; and he ferved in Ita'y 
 at the fieges of Pizzighitone and the caftle 
 cf Milan. In 1734 he was made a captain, 
 and was wounded at the battles of Parma 
 and Gunftalla. He commanded in Corfica 
 in 1739, where alfo he was feverely wound- 
 ed. In 1743 he ferved in Bohemia, and 
 •diftinguiJhed himfelf in the defence of Prague. 
 He was alfo prefent in feveral battles, par- 
 ticularly that of Fontenoy. With 1500 
 men he covered the fiege of Oudenarde, of 
 which place he obtained the command. He 
 alfo rendered eminent fervice at the fiege of 
 Brufiels, and at the battle of Rocroux. At 
 the fiege of Bergen-op-Zoom he was wound- 
 ed by the burfting of a fhell. In 17*50 he 
 was charged with the defence of Friedburgh. 
 In 1769 he had the command in Corfica, 
 which he completely fubdued. For his great 
 fervices he was made commander in chief 
 of Burgundy, and a marfhal of France. He 
 died in 1788. 
 
 Vega (Lopez Felix de), a Spanilh poet, 
 was born at Madrid, of a noble family, in 
 1562. He became fecretary to the duke of 
 Alva, and after the death of his fecond wife 
 he entered into orders. Pope Uiban VII. 
 created him dodtor of divinity, fent him the 
 crofs of the order of Malta, and gave him a 
 pla.ee in the apoftolic exchequer. He died 
 <in 1635. His principal performances are 
 comedies, which were added with fuch fuq« 
 cefs at Madrid as to produce the author a 
 sonfiderable fortune. His compofition was 
 f® ready, and his invention fo fertile, that 
 he fometirnes wrote a comedy within the 
 cornpafs of a Angle day. He alfo wrote 
 
 V E’N 
 
 feveral poems ; and all his works make 
 twenty- five volumes.— Me. Antonio de Hiji. 
 Script. 
 
 Vegetius (Flavius Renatus), a Latin 
 writer in the fourth century. He wrote 
 Military Inftitutions, which give a very 
 exadt view of the ancient tactics. He was 
 alfo the author of a Treatife on the Veteri- 
 nary Art, which is contained in the Rei 
 Rufticae Scriptores ; Leipfic, 2 vols. 4to. 
 The Military Inftitutions were printed at 
 Paris in 1762, i2mo .—VoJJius. 
 
 Veil (Charles Marie de), a Jew of Metz, 
 who was converted to chriftianity by Bof- 
 fuet, and became a canon regular of the or- 
 der of St. Auguftine; but about 1679 he 
 came to England, and turned baptift preacher, 
 and died about 1690. He wrote Commen- 
 taries on the minor prophets, and other 
 books of the Scripture. His brother, Lewis t 
 was alfo converted, and became a proteftant. 
 Ne publifhed a treatife entituled Catechif- 
 mus Judaeorum in Difputatione et Dialogo 
 Magiftri et Difcipuli, feriptus aR. Abraha- 
 mo Jagel, monte Silicis oriundo, Hebrew 
 and Latin, 1679.— Moreri. 
 
 Velasquez (Don Diego de Silva), 9 
 Spanifh painter, was born at Seville in 1594* 
 and died at Madrid in 1660. Philip IV. ap- 
 pointed him his firft painter, conferred on. 
 him the order of knighthood, and granted 
 him a liberal penfion. Few of his pictures 
 are to be feen out of his native country.— 
 Cumberland’s Anecd. of Spanijh Painters. 
 
 Velleius-Paterculus, a Roman 
 hiftorian, was born of a noble family in 
 Campania. He was a military tribune, and 
 ferved under Tiberius in Germany : being 
 the friend of Sejanus, he is fuppofed to 
 have fuffered at the time of his fall. Pa- 
 terculus wrote an epitome of the Hiftory of 
 Greece and Rome, of which only a part re- 
 mains. The bell editions are that of Rhun- 
 kenius, Leyden, 2 vols. 8vo. 1779 ; and 
 that of Burman, 1719, 8vo . — Vojfius de Hiji. 
 hat. 
 
 Velserus (Mark), or JVJfer, a learned 
 civilian, was born at; Augfburg, and died in 
 1614. His works are— 1, Reruin Augufto- 
 Vindelicarum, folio; 2. Rerum Boicerum, 
 4 ro. — Meteri , 
 
 Veltheim (A. F, count), an eminent 
 mineralogift, was a native of Brunfwick. 
 He became fuperintendant of the mines ia 
 the Hartz, and publifhed a diflertation on 
 the Formation of Bafaltes ; another on the 
 Vafes of the Ancients.; on Memnon’s Sta- 
 tue; and the Barberini, or Portland Vafe. 
 He alfo wrote on the Arc of making Glafs, 
 and feveral other curious works. The uni- 
 versity of Helmftadc conferred on him a 
 doitor’s degree, and the kingof PrulTia cre- 
 ated him a count. He died in iSoi.— 
 Monthly Mag. 
 
 Vendome (Louis Jofeph, duke de), a 
 celebrated French general, was born in 1654, 
 and entered early into the army as a volun- 
 teer under Louis XIV, in Holland. Aftej 
 3 ° 
 
V E N 
 
 patting through the different ranks, he be- 
 came a general, and was fent into Spain, 
 where he took Barcelona in 1697. The 
 king named him commander in chief in 
 Italy, in 1702, in the room of Villeroy, 
 who had been very unfuccefsful. Vendome 
 changed the face of affairs, and gained feve- 
 ral vi&ories over the Imperialifts. In 1705 
 hre defeated prince Eugene at Caffano, and 
 was on the point of taking Turin, when he 
 was recalled to take the command in Flan- 
 ders, where he was defeated by the duke of 
 Marlborough. He then went into J-pain, 
 reflored Philip to his capital, and took the 
 Englifh army, under lord Stanhope, pri- 
 soners. He died in Spain in 1712- — Ibid. 
 
 Vinesoni (John), a French writer, was 
 born at Verdun. He taught Italian at Paris, 
 and, to pafs for a Florentine, italiahized his 
 name from Vigneron to Veneroni. He wrote, 
 I- A Method of learning Italian, i77°, 
 larno. Tltis grammar has been translated 
 into Englilh, in 8vo. 2. A Di&ionary, 
 Italian and French, and French and Italian, 
 4to. ; 3. Seledl Fables; 4. The Letters of 
 Loredano and cardinal Bentivoglio tranflated 
 into French. — Noun. Didl. Hill. 
 
 Venetiano (Dominic), a Venetian 
 painter, who introduced oil painting into 
 Italy, but communicating the lecret to Caf- 
 tagno, he was bafely murdered by him, that 
 he might have the fecret to himlelf. — Pilk- 
 ir.gton. 
 
 Venius, or Van Veen, (Otho), a 
 painter, was born at Leyden in 1 556. He 
 ftudied under Zucchero at Rome, after 
 which he went to Ant werp, and from thence 
 to Bruffels, where he died in 1634. He had 
 • great knowlege of the claro obfeuro. He 
 was alfo a good writer, and publilhed Amo- 
 rum Emblemata, and feveral other works, 
 with plates after his own defigns. Rubens 
 was his difciple.— De Piles. Fel'dnen. 
 
 Venn (Henry), an Englilh divine, wa3 
 torn at Barnes in Surrey, in 1725, and re- 
 ceived his education at Jefus college, Cam- 
 bridge, wher* he took his degrees in arts, 
 snd became fellow of Queen’s college. I* 
 J759 he-wa6 prefented to the living of Hud- 
 dersfield, in Yorklhire, which in 1770 he 
 refigned for that of Yelling in Huntingdon- 
 fhire. He died at Clapham ir> 1796. Mr. 
 Venn wrote The Complete Duty of Man, 
 (very different from the Whole Duty of 
 Man;; Sermons on various Ssbjetffs, Svo. ; 
 Miftak.es in Religion expofed, Svo.; and fe- 
 veral fingle fermons. He was a high Cal- 
 
 vinift.— » 79 8 * 
 
 V*nn»:h (’iobias), an Englilh phyfi- 
 chn, was born at Fetherton, in Somerlet- 
 tffire, in 1 577 j and educated at Alban-hall, 
 Oxford. In 1613 he took his doftor’s de- 
 gree, and praftifed fiift at Bridgewater, and 
 afterwards at Bath; he died in 1660. He 
 wrote a book entitled, Via refla ad Vitam 
 longam ; or an Eafy Way to a Long Life ; 
 -Ifo a Treatife on the Bath Waters.— Wood. 
 
 V'ek.ner (Thomas), a fanatic in the 
 
 y e r 
 
 reign of Charles II. He was a cooper In 
 London. He oppofed all government, re- 
 publican and monarchical, affevting that the 
 kingdom of Jefus on earth was begun. He 
 and his followers were called fifth-monarchy 
 men ; and foon after the Reftoration they 
 proclaimed king Jefus publicly in the ftreets, 
 for which Venner and twelve others were 
 executed in 16G1. — Ecbard's Hifi Eng. 
 
 Verdier (Caefar), a French furgeon* 
 was born near Avignon. lie read lefluree 
 at Paris with great reputation, and died 
 there in 1 7 59 . He wrote, 1. Abridgment 
 of Anatomy, 2 vols. nmo. ; 2. Memoirs 
 on Surgery; 3. Treatife on Midwifery, 
 
 1 2 mo. — Noun. Di'Sl Hifi. 
 
 Vere (Edward), ear! of Oxford, was 
 educated at St. John’s college Cambridge. 
 He was eminent for his valour and literary 
 talents. In 1588 he fat upon the trial of 
 Mary queen of Scots, and had a command 
 in the fleet ferving againft the Spanifh ar- 
 mada. Fie died in 1604. His poems were 
 much admired in his time. There is a fpe- 
 cimen in Percy’s Reliques of Antient Poe- 
 try ; and another in England’s Parnaffus, 
 4t*. 1600 ,—Thcatr. Poet. 
 
 Vere (fir Francis), an Englifh general, 
 was born in 1554. In *585116 went to Hol- 
 land with the forces fent by queen Elizabeth, 
 under the command of the earl of Leicefter. 
 In 1596 he was appointed governor of Flufh- 
 ing, and afterwards gained immortal ho- 
 nour at the battle near Nicuport, and for 
 his gallant defence of Oftend againft the 
 Spaniards. He difplayed equal bravery and 
 fkill at the fiege of Bergen-op-Zocm, and 
 many other occafions. He died in. 1608. 
 Sir Horace Vere, his younger brother, ferv-t- 
 ed with him in the Low Country wars, and 
 afterwards had the command of the forces 
 fent by king James to the Palatinate. He 
 efcaped by wonderful prefence of mind and 
 Ikilful manoeuvres from Spinola, with only 
 four thoufand men. He was created lord 
 Vere by Charles I. and died in 1635.— Collier. 
 Granger. 
 
 Vere ist (Simon), an eminent Flemifk 
 painter, who excelled in flowers and fruits } 
 he vifited England, and died in 1710.— Vet- 
 tue. Pilkington. 
 
 Ver GENNiiS (CharlesGravier, count de), 
 a French minifter of date, was born of a 
 noble family in Burgundy. In 1755 he was 
 fent ambaffador to Conftantinople, and after- 
 wards to Sweden; but when Louis XVI. 
 came to the throne he was recalled, and 
 made minifter of foreign affairs. He dif- 
 played the qualities of a profound ftatefman, 
 particularly in the peace of 1783. He died 
 in 1787. There has been attributed to him 
 an Hiltorical and Political Memoir upon 
 Louifiana, 1 vols. Svo. printed in 180,2.— 
 Noun. Dili. Hijl. 
 
 Verheyen (Philip), an eminent ana- 
 tomift, was born in Holland in 1648. He 
 laboured as a hulbandman till he was twemty* 
 two years of age, and then gained a place at 
 
v £ n 
 
 ttie univerfity of Louvain, where he ftudied 
 medicine, received his doctor’s degree, 
 and obtained a profefl'orlhip. He died in 
 1710. His works are, j, De Corporis Flu- 
 mani Anatomia, 2 vols. 4to. ; 2. De Febri- 
 bus, 8 Vo .—HaUeri Biot. Anat. 
 
 Vermeyen (John Cornelius), an emi- 
 nent painter, tvas born near Ilaerlem, and 
 died at Bruftels in 1559, aged 59. His 
 beard was fo long as to reach the ground. 
 He was greatly employed and efteemed by 
 the emperor Charles V .—Houbraken. 
 
 Vernet, a French painter, was born at 
 Avignon in 1712. He difplayed great ta- 
 lents in his native country, and greatly im- 
 proved t 1 em at Paris, where he was highly 
 efteemed, and became the firft marine painter 
 in Europe. He died in ini^.—Nowv. Dibl. 
 Hi ft. 
 
 Vernon (Edward), a brave Englifh ad- 
 miral, was born in Weftrninfter, in 1684. 
 He was unfuccefsful in his expedition againft 
 Carthagenain South America; but, in 1739, 
 he took Porto Bello with a fmall force. He 
 died in 17 57 .—Mortimer. Smollett. 
 
 Verrochio (Andrew), a painter and fta- 
 tuary, was born at Florence in 1432. and 
 died in 1488. He difcovered the art of taking 
 calls in plafter, from the faces of dead or 
 living perfons. He executed fom* fine fta- 
 tues in bronze, but his paintings were indif- 
 ferent. — De Piles. Felibien. 
 
 Verschuring (Henry), a painter, was 
 born at Gorcum, of which place he was 
 chofen a magiftrate, hut without quitting 
 his profdlion. He was diowned in 1690, 
 aged 63. — Houbr alien. 
 
 Verskovis (James Francis), an artifr, 
 was born in Flanders: he carved figures and 
 vafes, in ivory and wood ; he had a fon who 
 was eminent in painting. Both died in Eng- 
 land about 1749. — Gen. Biog. D'tff. 
 
 Verstegan (Richard), an Englifh an- 
 tiquary, was born in London of Flemifh pa- 
 rents, and educated at Oxford, which he 
 left without taking a degree. Being a ro- 
 man catholic, he went to Antwerp, where 
 he wrote a Reftitution of Decayed Intelli- 
 gence in Antiquities concerning the mod 
 noble and renowned Englifti Nation, 4to ; 
 this was reprinted at London in 1634, and 
 contains many curious paflages; the laft edi- 
 tion is in 8vo. 1674. Verftegan alf® wrote, 
 the fundry fuccefiive Regal Governments of 
 England j and fome other woiks. He died 
 in 16x5. — Wood, A. 0. 
 
 Vertot (Rene Aubert de), a French 
 hiftorian, was born in Normandy in 1655. 
 He became a capuchin, but afterwards quit- 
 ted that order, and entered among the ca- 
 nons regular of Premontre. In 17O5 he was 
 admitted a member of the academy of belles- 
 letties, and in 1715 was appointed hiftorio- 
 grapher of the order of Malta. He died in 
 1735. His works are, Hiftory of the Re- 
 volutions of Port, gal, itrao. ; another of 
 the Revolutions of Sweden ^ and a Hiftory 
 «f the Roman Revolutions j Hiftory of 
 
 V £ g 
 
 Malta, 4 vols. 4to. and 7 vols. i2tno. ; Ori- 
 gin of the Grandeur of the Court of Rome'} 
 and a Critical Hiftory of the Eftabliftim’ent 
 of the Britons among the Gauls. — Moreru 
 
 Vertue (George), an engraver, was 
 born in London in 1684. His works are 
 moftly portraits. He wrote a Hiftory of 
 Painting and -Painters in England, which 
 was published by Horace Walpole, in 4 vols. 
 4to. Vertue died in 1757. 
 
 Ver us (Lucius Ceionius Commodus), a 
 Roman emperor, was the fon of AElius and 
 Domitia Lucilla, and adopted by Marcus Au- 
 relius. He commanded againft the barbarians 
 in the Eaft, whom he defeated, and was 
 honoured with a triumph. He was alfo ad- 
 mitted as aflbeiate in the empire, but died 
 of an apoplexy in an expedition into German 
 ny, in the 39th year of his age. He was a 
 prince of diflolute manners. — Crewer. 
 
 Vesalius (Andrew), an eminent ph y- 
 fician, was born at BrufTels about 1 514. He 
 ftudied at Paris under James Sylvius, after 
 which he taught anatomy with great repu- 
 tation in feveral univerfities : the emperor 
 
 Charles V. and Philip II. of Spain appointed 
 him their phyfician, but having opened the 
 body of a Spanifh gentleman, the relation's 
 reported him to the Inqnifuion, and to ex- 
 piate his oilence he was obliged to go on a 
 pilgrimage to the Holy Land. On his return 
 the fhip was loft on the ifland of Zante, 
 where he perilhed in 1564. He wrote, De 
 Corporis humani Fabrica, Leyden, 2 vols. 
 folio, 1722. — Hnlleri Bibl. Anat. 
 
 Vespasian (Titus Flavius), a Roman 
 emperor, was defeended from an obfeure fa- 
 mily at Riti. He rofe entirely by his merit, 
 and was rewarded with the confular dignity 
 for his public fer vices. Nero lent him againft 
 Judaea, where he took feveral ftrong places, 
 and laid clofe fiege to Jerusalem, which was 
 afterwards taken by his fon Titus. On the 
 death of Vitellius, A. D. 69, he was pro- 
 claimed emperor by his army, and the choice 
 was approved by the fenate and people. Hit 
 reformed the abufes which prevailed in art 
 departments of the date, introduced excellent 
 regulations for the correction of public morals, 
 embelliftied Rome with many ufeful work#, 
 fortified the cities of the empire, and proved 
 himfelf the fathelt qf the people, while he 
 refilled the title. He was alio a patron of 
 men of learning, and difcountenanced vice 
 and immorality. This virtuous monarch died 
 A. D. 79, aged 71— Crcvier. • • 
 
 Vesputius ( Americus), a nativeof Fldk 
 rence, who in 1497 made a voyage ofdif- 
 covery from Spain, by order of Ferdinand 
 king of Caftille. He difcovered land about 
 icoo league* W. of the Canaries, where In? 
 found figns of gold, and brought back fome 
 of the natives. In 1499 he failed again froftx 
 Cadiz, and difcovered what he conjeitured 
 to be a continent in five degrees of fouth 
 latitude. He made two other voyages in 
 the fervice of Emmanuel king of PorCugal, 
 and made fome difcwsiies on the soaft of 
 3 O 1 
 
V I c 
 
 Africa, but his accounts are very imperfeft. 
 Jt is, however, very extraordinary, that fo 
 ▼aft a continent as the weftern world (hould 
 be called after this adventurer’s name inftead 
 of that of Columbus.—' Churchill's Voyages. 
 
 Vicars (John), an Englifh writer, was 
 born in London, and educated firft at Chrift’s 
 hofpital, and next at Queen’s college, Ox- 
 ford. He became uftner of the fchool in 
 Chrift’s hofpital, and diftinguifhed himfelf 
 in the civil wars as a zealous prelbyterian. 
 He died in 1652. He wrote, God in the 
 Mount, or England’s Remembrancer, a poem, 
 4to. ; Looking-glafs for Malignants ; and 
 other virulent pamphlets againft the royalifts. 
 Sutler mentions him as “ being infpired with 
 ale or viler liquors.”— Hudibras. IVood , A. 0. 
 
 Vicar v (Thomas), the firft anatomical 
 writer in Englilh, was ferjeant-furgeon to 
 Henry VIII. Edward VI. Mary I. and Eli- 
 zabeth. He was alfo chief furgeon of St. 
 Bartholomew’s hofpital. His book is en- 
 titled A Treafure for Englilhmen, contayn- 
 ing the Anatomy of Man’s Bodie ; publifhed 
 in 1548 Aikin's Blog Mem. of Medicine. 
 
 Vico (John Baptil}) an ingenious writer, 
 was born at Naples in 1670. He became 
 profeflor of rhetoric in the univerfity of his 
 native place, where he died in 1740. His 
 principal work is entitled Scienza Nuova.— 
 Nounj. Dili. Hifi. 
 
 Victor-Amadeus, the firft king of 
 Sardinia, fucceeded his father as duke of Sa- 
 voy in 1675. He joined the allies againft 
 France, on which marlhal Catinat was fent 
 againft him, gained a great vidtory at Staf- 
 farde, and nearly fubdued the whole of Sa- 
 voy. ViCtor on the other hand entered Dau- 
 phiny, and made himfelf mailer of fome 
 ftrong places, which, however, he was 
 obliged to abandon, and to fue for peace.— 
 He made war again in 1701, having been 
 promifed by the emperor a confiderable ac- 
 celTion of territory: the duke de Vendome 
 took pofleflion of a confiderable part of Sa- 
 voy, and the French laid fiege to Turin, 
 which was relieved by Eugene. In 1713 
 Vidtor recovered the whole of his territory, 
 and was acknowleged king of Sardinia. In 
 1730 he abdicated the throne to his fon, but 
 repenting of what he had done, he endea- 
 voured to recover the crown. In this, how- 
 ever, he failed, and died in 1732, aged 67. 
 •—[/eii;. Biji. 
 
 ViCTORiua (Benedifl), a phyfician, was 
 born at Faenza, in Italy, about 1481. He 
 was profeflbr at Bologna, /and died about 
 1560. He wrote, De morbo Gallico, 8vo.; 
 and fome other works. Lionel Vifforius, a 
 relation of his, was alfo a medical profeflor 
 at Bologna, and died there in 1520. He 
 wrote on the Difeafes of Children, 8vo. 
 
 Victories (Peter), a learned Italian, 
 was born at Florence in 1^99. His life was 
 employed in collecting and explaining the 
 antient Greek and Latin writers, particularly 
 ^icero. He was profeflor of rhetoric and 
 
 V I L 
 
 member of the fenate at his native placty 
 
 where he died in if&§.—Tirabofchi. 
 
 VinA (Mark Jerom), a modern Latin 
 poet, was born at Cremona in 1470. He 
 entered into the congregation of canons re- 
 gular at Rome, where he was in great favour 
 with Leo X. who gave him a priory ; and 
 Clement VII. as a reward for a poem dedi- 
 cated to him, made him bilhop of Alba. He 
 died in 1566. He wrote, 1. the Art of- 
 Poetry, a piece of great merit; 2. a poem 
 on Verification ; 3. Scacchia Ludus, or a 
 poem on Chefs ; 4 Hymnis de rebus divinis; 
 5. Chriftiados libri fex. Befides thefe poeti- 
 cal works, he wrote Dialogues on the Digni- 
 ty of a Republic, Letters, and other pieces 
 in profe. The bell edition of his poems iu 
 that of Oxford, 3 vols. 8vo .—Ibid. 
 
 Vieta (Francis), a celebrated mathema- 
 tician, was born at Fontenay in Poitou, ift 
 1540. He was the firft who ufed letters 
 in algebra to defignate known quanti- 
 ties. He alfo made corredlions in the ca- 
 lendar, and improvements in geometry. He 
 died in 1603. His works were publiftiedat 
 Paris in 1646, in 1 vol. folio.— Moreri. • 
 
 Vigand (|ohn), or Wigandy a German 
 divine, was born at Mansfield in 1523* He 
 had a ftiare in the Centuries of Magdeburg, 
 printed at Bade, in 13 vols. folio, 1562. 
 He was appointed fuperintendant of the 
 churches in Pomerania, and died in 1587.— 
 Melch. Adam. 
 
 Vigilius, art African prelate, and po- 
 lemical writer, who flourilhed about 484. 
 His works were printed at Dijon in 1665,410. 
 *— Dufin . 
 
 VipiLius (pope), was a Roman, and 
 obtained that dignity from Theodora, wife 
 of Juftinian, on a promife to revoke the 
 adts of the Council of Conitantinople againft 
 the Eutychian bifhops in 537. He afterwards 
 publilhed a condemnation of that fedt, for 
 which he was perfecuted and baniflied. He 
 died at Syracufe in 555. — Plarina. 
 
 Vignole (James Barozzio), an Italia* 
 architect, was born at Vignola in 1507. He 
 ftudied at Rome, and afterwards vifited 
 France, where he formed plans of feveral 
 fuperb works. The cardinal Farnefe recalled 
 him to Rome, where he died in 1573. He 
 wrote a Treatife on the Five Orders of Ar- 
 chitecture, 3 vols. 4to ,—D'Argen’ville. 
 
 Vignoles (Stephen de), better known 
 by the name of de la Hire, a French captain, 
 whofignalized himfelf in the wars of Charles 
 VII. He forced the duke of Bedford to raife 
 the fiege of Montargis, and accompanied 
 Joan of Arc to the relief of that city, where- 
 by he contributed to the re-eftabli(hing of 
 Charles on his throne. He died in 1447.— 
 Moreri. 
 
 Villalpanbds (John Bap till), a Spa- 
 nilhjefuit, who died in 1608. He diftin- 
 guilhed himfelf by a learned Commentary on 
 Ezekiel, 3 vols. folio, 1596. In this work 
 is a very curious and exadt defcription of the 
 
V I L 
 
 4 ilty of Jerufalem. He was alfo the author 
 of an Expofition on St. Paul’s Epiftles.-— A T if. 
 slntotiio Hifp Script. 
 
 Villaret (Claude), a French hiftori- 
 an, was born at Paris in 1715- He \yas for 
 fome time an aflor, but quitted the ftage 
 for a literary life. He died in 1766. Vil- 
 laret continued Velly’s Hiftory of France. 
 He alfo wrote a Treatife on the Art of Ail- 
 ing ; and a Trait on the Mind of Voltaire, 
 8vo. — Nouv. DIB, Hijl. 
 
 Viliars (Louis-He&or), marlhal of 
 France, and grandee of Spain,, was born at 
 Moulins, in the Bourbonnois, in 1653. Af- 
 ter diftinguilhing iiimfelf on various occafions 
 in the army, he was made marlhal-de-camp 
 in 1690, and was fenc againft Marlborough, 
 but was defeated at Malplaquet, and danger- 
 (jufly wounded. He was appointed plenipo- 
 tentiary for concluding a peace a\ Raftadt, in 
 J714 In 1733 lie was fent into Italy, where 
 he took Pizzighitooe, but died foon after at 
 Turin in 1734 — Ibid. 
 
 Villena (the marquis of), a Spanilh 
 poet, was of the royal houfe of Arragon, 
 and lived at the beginning of the 15th cen- 
 tury : he tranflated the ^Eneis into Spanilh 
 
 verfe 3 but his bell performance is his book 
 on the Gaya Sciencia, in which he defcribes 
 the ceremonies of the Troubadours^ his tranf- 
 lation of Dante into profeismuchefteemed by 
 his countrymen : he died in 1434 .—Gen.Dicl. 
 
 Villeneuve (Gabrielle Sufanna Barbot 
 de), a celebrated French novel writer. She 
 was the widow of Villeneuve, a lieutenant 
 colonel in the French fervice, and wrote the 
 Young American; the Conjugal Phcenit,; 
 the Fair Hermits; and fome other novels, 
 the principal of which is, the Gardener of 
 Vincennes. She died in 1755. 
 
 Villters (George', duke of Bucking- 
 ham, was born at Brookefby in Leicefterlhire, 
 in 1592. After receiving a fcantv sducati- 
 en, he was introduced at the court of James 
 I. who was ftruck with his fine perfon, and 
 made him his cup-bearer. The king alfo 
 condefcended to be his fchool-mafter, ap- 
 pointed him gentleman of the bed-chamber, 
 and knight of the garter. Honours and places 
 were heaped on the favourite in rapid fuccef- 
 fion j he was advanced to the dignity of 
 duke, made lord high admiral, mailer of the 
 horfe, and had the difpofal of all places in 
 church and Hate. He kept the fame footing 
 in the favour of Charles I. whom, when 
 prince of Wales, he accompanied to Spain, 
 to negociate a marriage with the infanta. But 
 the people and parliament were difcontented; 
 votes and remonftrances were palled againft the 
 duke, who caufed the parliament to be dif- 
 folved, and the fupplies to be raifed for the 
 king’s fervice by illegal rneafures. War 
 breaking out with France, the duke took 
 the command of the expedition fitted out for 
 the relief of Rochelle, inltead of which he 
 made a defcent on the ille of Rhe, and loft 
 tf*: principal part of his forces. A new ex- 
 pedition was formed, but while the duke 
 
 V I N 
 
 was at Portfmouth, and about to embark* 
 he was (tabbed bf a difcontented lieutenant 
 named Felton, Aug. 23, 1628.— -Clarendon. 
 
 Villiers (George), duke of Bucking* 
 ham, fon of the preceding, was born in 
 1627. He was edutated at Cambridge, and 
 on the breaking out of the civil wars, ferved 
 the king with great zeal till the ruin of the 
 royal caufe, when he went abroad. He ac- 
 companied Charles II. to Scotland, and was 
 with him at the battle of Worcefter, when 
 he had the good fortune toefcape. By mar- 
 rying the daughter of lord Fairfax, he re- 
 covered a principal part of hrs eftate before 
 the reftoration, when he was made a lord of 
 the bed ofcamber, member of the privy coun- 
 cil, and mailer of the horfe. But entering 
 into a confpiracy againft the king, he loft 
 his places. He afterwards recovered the 
 royal favour, and was employed as ambafla- 
 dor to France. He died in 1688. The duke 
 wrote a comedy by way of ridiculing the 
 dramatic writers of his time, under the title 
 of the Rehearfal. He was alfo the author 
 of fome poems. His morals were diffipated, 
 ~-Biog. Dram. 
 
 Vincent (Thomas), a pious divine, whft'' 
 was ejected from the living of St. Mary Mag- 
 dalen, in Milk-ftreet. When the plague 
 raged in London, he continued in the city, 
 and preached regularly, tpthe great comfort 
 of the inhabitants in that afflidling feafon. 
 He died at Hoxton in 1671 He wrote, 
 God’s Terrible Voice in the City by Plague 
 and Fire, 8vo. : an Explanation of the Ca- 
 techifm ; and ocher religious books.— Calamy. 
 
 Vincent (Nathaniel), another non- 
 conformift minilter^was educated at Magda- 
 len college, Oxford, and afterwards had the 
 living of Langley Marfh, in Buckingham- 
 shire, from whence he was ejedled in 
 He luflered imprifonment for preaching in 
 a conventicle, buc obtained his releafe, and 
 died in 1697. He wrote the Converfion of 
 a Sinner and the Day of Grace, 8vo. j leveral 
 fermons, and other pious books.— Ibid, 
 
 Vinci (Leonard de), a painter, was born 
 in the caftle of Vinci, near Florence, in 
 1445. Verrochio was his mailer, whom be 
 foon excelled, as he did all the painters of 
 his time. One of his greateft performances 
 was a picture of the Lord’s Supper, at Milan, 
 in which city he founded his eelebratedfehool 
 of painting. He was alfo an excellent ar- 
 chitedl, and conftrudted the famous aquedudb 
 which fupplies Milan with water. From that 
 place he went to Florence, where he laboured 
 with Michael Angelo in ornamenting the 
 grand council chamber. At the invitation 
 of Francis I. he vifited the French court, 
 and died in the arms of that monarch, in 
 1520. He wrote a Treatife on Painting, in 
 Italian, folio, and fome other works on the 
 fame fubjefl. — 'De Piles. 
 
 Vines (Richard), a non-conformift di- 
 vine, was born at Blafton, in Leicefterlhire, 
 and educated at Magdalen college, Cam 
 bridge. On entering in.o orders, he obtained 
 3<>3 
 
V I ft 
 
 the refloryof Weddington, in Warwlcklhire. 
 He joined the prefbyterians in the civil war, 
 and became a member of the afTembly of 
 divines at Weftminfter. He was alfo a fre- 
 quent preacher before the parliament ; and 
 appointed mailer of Pembroke hall, Cam- 
 bridge, which he refigned in 1650, becaufe 
 he would not take the engagement. He died 
 in 16^5. Several of his fermons have been 
 printed.—- -Neal's Htfi, Puritans. 
 
 Vinnius (Arnold), profelTor of law at 
 Leyden, was born in Holland in 1588, and 
 died in 1657. He wrote a Commentary on 
 the Iuftitu'es of Jultinian, 2 vols. 4-to ; and 
 another on the ancient law writers, 8vo. — 
 Mbrui. 
 
 , Virgil (Publius Virgilius Maro), prince 
 cf tire Latin poets, was born at Andes, near 
 Mantua, .ab^ut 70 years B C. His fir 11 years 
 were^fpent at Cremona, from whence he 
 rpmoved to Rome, when his c .untry was 
 partitioned out among the foldiers after the 
 battle of Philippi. There, by means of his 
 fpiend Mecienas, he was introduced to Au- 
 guftus, who reftured to him his cftatc. On. 
 this occafron he wrote his firft Eclogue ; and 
 o.n ^completing the Bucolics, he undertook 
 the Georgies. Alter thel'e w ere finifhed, 
 and hatj been read by Auguftus, he began 
 the yftineid, at the requeft of the emptror. 
 This great poem has left the palm of fupe- 
 riority undecided between llomer and Virgil. 
 The poet was engaged eleven years upon this 
 immortal work, but died without reviling, 
 it, at Brufidufium, B. C 19, and in the 
 51ft year of his age. He left the greatest 
 part of his property to Mectenas, Tufa, and- 
 Auguftus. His remains were interred on the 
 road leading from Naples toPufepli, and the 
 following epitaph was infaribed on his tomb: 
 Jjiantua megenuit \ Calabri rapucre ; tenet nunc 
 Fartbentpe : cecini pajeua, rur/t, duces. 
 
 Virgil was of a remarkably timorous dif- 
 pofrtion ; and as a proof of his modpfty the 
 following anecdote is recorded. Having 
 ■written this diftich on his patron, 
 
 VIoile pluit totd , redeunt Jpeclacula want : 
 
 , Divifum imperium cum 'jfeve Cajun habet, 
 ire placed it ih the night, on the gate or the 
 palace. -Enquiries were made by Auguftus 
 after the author of fo fine a compliment, 
 when Bathyllus, a miftrable poet, avowed 
 the verfes, and obtained the reward. On 
 this Virgil ag.iin wrote the fame verfes,, ar.d 
 under them, 
 
 lies ego verjiculos fcci, tulit alter bonces ; 
 
 •with die beginning of another line in t Jit fe 
 words. 
 
 Sic vos non veils, 
 
 four times repeated. Auguftus defired to 
 have thefe lines completed, which Bachyl- 
 lus could not effedt. Virgil then fini/hed 
 them in this order : 
 
 Sic vs non vobis nidificatis aves ; 
 
 Sic vos non vob.s vellera fertis oves ; 
 
 Sic vos non vob.s mellificatis apes ; 
 
 Sieves non vebis intis aratra boves. 
 Having thus proved hinirelf the author of 
 
 V I T 
 
 the diftich, he received a reward, and tbs 
 ufurper was banifhed. The bed editions of 
 Virgil are Balkerville’s, 4to, Birmirtgham, 
 1757; the Variorum, 8vo. 1661; and 
 Glafgow, nmo, 1758 This poe C has been 
 well tranflated into Englifh by Dryden, Pitt, 
 and Warton — Blog. ClaJJica. 
 
 Virginia, daughter of the centurion L. 
 Virginius. Appius Claudius, being ena- 
 moured of her charms, to obtain poft'eftion 
 of her.perfon, bribed a man to claim her as 
 tire daughter of his Have, when Appius, as 
 judge, ordered her to be delivered into his 
 hands. Virginius, who was at the camp;, 
 being informed of this infamo*s outrag.-, 
 haftened to Rome, and, in the prefence of 
 Appius and the Roman people, plunged a 
 knife into his daughter’s boforn. He then 
 returned to the camp, where he harangued 
 the foldiers, whoinftantly marched to Rome. 
 Apples deftroyed himfelf in prifon, and the 
 office ot' decemvir was abolilhed, B. C. 449. 
 — I.'vy. 
 
 Vitkllio, or Vitello, a native of 
 Poland, in the 53th century, who wrote ai 
 gcod treatife on optics, printed at Baiil in 
 I572, folio Adorer i 
 
 Vitellius (Aulus), a Roman emperor, 
 who rofe by his vices. He was born of an 
 illuftrious family, and introduced himfelf 
 into the favour of Tiberius by adminiftering 
 to his pleasures. He alio gained the efteem 
 of Caiigula, Claudius, and Nero, by flatter- 
 ing their paffions. Thus he poffeffed him- 
 felf of the higheft offices of the ftate ; and 
 by bis lavifh ptefents became a favourite 
 with the fojdiers. He was proclaimed in, 
 Germany by his army, at the fame time 
 that Otho was invefted with the purple. — 
 Three battles were fought between the ri- 
 vals, which Vitellius loft; but in a fourth 
 he was vidlor. His condudl was fo licenti- 
 ous and extravagant, that thepeople revolted, 
 ar.d placed Vefpafian on the throne. Vi tel-, 
 lius, after fnffering all manner cf indignities 
 from the populace, was put to death, and 
 his body thrown into the Tiber, A. D. 69. 
 — ‘Tacitus. Suetonius. 
 
 Vitringa (Campegius), profeflor of di- 
 vinity at Franeker, was born at Leuwarden, 
 in Frifeland, in 1659. Hedied of an apo- 
 plexy in 1722. He wrote a Commentary 
 on I f.iiah, in 2 vols folio; A pocal ypfeos Ana - 
 chr.fis, 4to.; Typos Thrologise Prafticm, 
 8vo. ; Synagoga Vrtus, . 4to.; Arcbifynago- 
 gus, 4to. ; De Decemviris Otiofis Synagoga 1 , 
 410.; Obh-r vutiones Sacrae, 4to. — Campegus 
 Vitringa, liis fon, was born at Franeker in 
 1693, and died in 1723. He wrote an 
 Abridgment of Natural 'rheology. — Moreri. 
 
 Vi t r uvi us (Marcus Vitruvius Poliio), a 
 celebrated architect, was born at Formio, in 
 Italy. He was g-eatly efteemed by Julius 
 Csefar, and employed by Auguftus in con- 
 ftrucling public buildings and warlike ma- 
 chines. He wrote a valuable Treatife on 
 Architecture, the heft edition of which if 
 that of Amftcrdam, in 1649, fol. —Felibitn. 
 
V O I 
 
 Vivaris (Francis), .an Irtgeniou's en- 
 graver, was born in the village of St. John 
 de Bruel, in Rouergue, in 1709. At the 
 age of 18 he came to London, where his un- 
 cle, a mafter taylor, intended to bring him 
 up to his own bufinefs. But he preferred 
 the burin to the needle 5 and he was aflifted 
 in hi? favourite pnrfuit by Amiconi, an 
 Italian painter, who gave him fome inftruc- 
 tions in drawing. He married when young, 
 and had fixteen children by his fir!! wife j 
 and by his three wives thirty-one. He par- 
 ticularly excelled in landfcapes, the foliage 
 of his trees, and the richnefs of his fore- 
 grounds. VVooliet had always one of his 
 engravings before him when he was at work. 
 He died in 1780. — Private Communication. 
 
 Vives (john Lewis), a learned writer, 
 was born in 14.92, at Valentia, in Spain. — 
 He came to England, and was employed in 
 inflrufliag princefs Mary, daughter of Henry 
 VIII. ; but fpcaking freely of that monarch’s 
 divorce, he was fent to prifon. On recover- 
 ing his liberty, he went to Flanders, and 
 died at Bruges, in 154c. He wrote a Com- 
 mentary on St. Augustine’s City of God ; a 
 Treatife on the Corruption and Decline of 
 the Arts and Sciences; another on Religion, 
 &C. — Morcri. 
 
 Viviani (Vincent), a mathematician, 
 was born at Florence in 1631. He was the 
 difciple of Galileo, and became firfl mathe- 
 matician to the grand duke of Tufcany. He 
 ■was a member of the academy of lciences at 
 Paris, and died in 1703. His works are, 
 I, A treatife, entitled, Divination upon Arif- 
 teaa, folio j 2. De Maximis et Minimis Geo- 
 metries Divinatio, in quintum Conkorum 
 Apollonii Pergsi adhur. de fideratum, folio; 
 
 3. Enodatio Problematum Univerfis Geome- 
 tr is Piopofitorum a Claudiu Commries, 4 f° j 
 
 4. Treatife of Proportions, 4m. — TiraLojcbi. 
 
 Vpet (Gilbert), or Voetius, a learned 
 
 divine and profefior at Utrecht, who rendered 
 himfelf remarkable by accufing Des Cartes 
 of atheifm ; and the magiftrates of that city 
 were Co weak as to condemn the apologetical 
 letters of the philofopher upon the mifrepre- 
 fentations of this furious bigot, whofe ad- 
 herents were called Voetians. He died in 
 1677, aged S8 His works are, Poli ica 
 Ecclfifiaftica, 4 vols. 4to. ; Diatriba de Ccelo 
 Viatorum, &c. His fon Paul became pro- 
 felfor of law at Utrecht, and wrote a Trea- 
 tife on lawful and unlawful Duels, i2mo. 
 He died in 1667. — Bay/e. 
 
 Voisin (Daniel Francis), minifter of 
 ftate and chancellor of France, died in J718, 
 aged 62. He was a man of inflexible inte- 
 grity, as a proof of which the following 
 anecdote is recorded. Louis XiV. had pro- 
 mifed pardon to a notorious offender, but 
 Voifln refufed to feal the pardon : Louis in 
 
 a rage demanded the leal 3 , and having lealed 
 the inftrument offered them to his miniffer : 
 “ They are contaminated,” Paid Voifin, “ I 
 will take them no more.” Louis was ffruck 
 with admiration at this, and threw the par- 
 
 V O L 
 
 don Into the fire. “Now,” faid Voifin, 
 
 “ I can take them, fire purifes every thing.’’ 
 •—Nouv. Did. Hifl. 
 
 VoiTURi (Vincent), an elegant writer, 
 was boro at Amiens in 1592. He attended 
 the duke of Orleans into Languedoc,- and 
 was fent to negociate affairs of importance 
 at Madrid, where he wrote fome Spanilh 
 verfes, which were aferibed to Lopez de 
 Vega. He had feveral employments at 
 court, but died poor in 1648. His poems 
 and letters were printed after his death in 
 2 vols. 8vo. — Morcri. 
 
 Volkof (Feodor), a Ruffian a£ior, was 
 born at Yaroflaf in 1729. By frequenting 
 the German theatre he became palfionately 
 fond of the ftage ; and having conftrudfed 
 one in a private houfe, he performed with, 
 his brothers. His merits were f non per- 
 ceived, ar.d he was enabled to ere£f a pro- 
 per theatre, and to colled! a company. In 
 J752 he was fent for to Peterfburgh, 
 where the emprefs took him and his com* 
 pany into her fervice. Volkof was en- 
 nobled, and obtained a Urge eftate. He died 
 in 1763 — Gen. Biog. Diet. 
 
 Voltaire ( Marie-Francis Arouet de), 
 a celebrated writer, was born at Paris in 
 1694. He received his education in the 
 college of Louis the Great, and fhewed 
 proofs of a lively genius in his earlieft years. 
 He was intended for the law, which he re- 
 nounced for poctiy. Having an irrefittible 
 turn for fatire, he was imprudent enough to 
 write lampoons againff the government; for 
 which he was fent to the Baftile, where he 
 continued a year. In 1718 appeared his 
 tragedy of Oedipus, which experienced great 
 fucccfs. In 1722 he produced his Mari- 
 amne, which was condemned in confequence 
 of a ludicrous circumftance : Mariamne is 
 
 repreiented as poifooed by order of Herod, 
 and as the aifrefs raifed the cup to her 
 mouth, a wag cried out, “The queen 
 drinks •” This farcafm proved the ruin of 
 the piece. In 1 7 a 6 he was again imprifon- 
 ’ ed in the Baftile; but after a confinement 
 of fix months he recovered his liberty, on 
 which he went to England, whete he pub- 
 lifhed his Henriade by fubfeription. In 
 1730 came out his tragedy of Brutus, efteem- 
 ed the betf of his dramatic compofitions. 
 This was followed by feveral others, the 
 principal of which are, Zara, Mrro e, Al- 
 zira, and Mahomet. His Philofopbical 
 Letters were buint by a decree of parlia- 
 ment, and the author, appreheafive of the 
 confequences to his perfun, withdrew from 
 Paris. By the intereft of Madame d’Etiole 
 he gained the favour and protettion of the 
 court, and was appointed hilloriographer of 
 France. In 1746 he was admitted a mem- 
 ber of the Fiench academy ; and in 1750 
 the king of Prufiia granted him a confmera- 
 bie penfion. Voltaire paid that monarch a 
 vifit at Potfdam, where he was honourably 
 entertained : but fome differences anfrng 
 
 between them, the poet qulttei Prullaa, car- 
 
 304 
 
V o R 
 
 *y!ng with him the poetical works of the 
 Sing, who caufed him to be arrefted on the 
 road, till the fugitive manufcript was re- 
 ftored. Voltaire then went to Colmar, 
 from whence he removed to Geneva, and 
 afterwards fettled at Ferney, a village in 
 the coun y of Gex, which he cultivated, 
 and procured many ingenious artifans to fet- 
 tle there, whofe works he fent to Ruffia, 
 Germany, Spain, Italy, and Holland. At 
 the beginning of the year 1778 he obtained 
 leave to refide at Paris, where he was re- 
 ceived with many flattering marks of dif- 
 tindtion, but died there of a retention of 
 urine, May 30, the fame year. His re- 
 mains were interred in the abbey of the 
 Btrnardins, near Troyes, but removed in 
 1791 by an order of the national afl'embly, 
 and laid in the church of St. Genevieve, at 
 Paris. Befides his poetical works, he wrote, 
 Eflay on General Hiftory ; the Age of Louis 
 XIV} Life of Charles XII. of Sweden ; and 
 Hiftory of the czar Peter the Great : the fo- 
 imnces of Candide, Zadig, and fome others. 
 All h is works have been publifhed in 30 
 vols. 4to. and 70 vols. 8vo. He was cyni- 
 cal in his manners, an infidious' enemy to 
 Chriftianity, and infufferably vain and ava- 
 ricious. As a writer, he was lively, bril- 
 liant, and impofing ; but fuperficial and 
 dogmatical .— Life prefixed to his Works. 
 
 Vondil (Jofl'e, or Juftus du), a Dutch 
 poet, was boin in 1537, of anabaptift pa- 
 rents, which fedl he quitted, and turned 
 Roman catholic. He died in 1679. His 
 works make 9 vols. 4to. ; the principal is a 
 poem on the taking of Amfterdam, by Flo- 
 rence V. count of Holland.— Moreri. 
 
 Vofiscus (Flavius), a native of Syracufe, 
 who flourilhed A.D. 304. He wrote the 
 hiftory of Aurelian, Tacitus, Florianus, 
 Probus, Firmius, Cams, & c. printed at Ley- 
 den in the Hiftoriae Auguftae Scriptores, 2 
 vols. %VO. — VofflUS. 
 
 Vormar (lfaac), a learned German, who 
 was employed as one of the Imperial pleni- 
 potentiaries in negotiating the peace of 
 Weftphalia. He died in 1662. He wrote 
 M emoirs of Public Affairs.— Moreri. 
 
 Vorstius (Conrade), a theological 
 writer, was born at Cologne, in 1569. He 
 took his dodlor’s degree at Heidelberg, and 
 in 1 61 1 iuccreded Arminlus in the aivir ity 
 chair at Leyden. James I. king of England 
 caufed his book “ de Deo” to be burnt, and 
 complained to the ftates againft the author, 
 who retired to Torgau. He died in 1622. 
 He publifhed feveral othtr controverfial 
 books. — Ibid. 
 
 Vortigern, a Britifh chief, who, on 
 the departure of the Romans in 445, was 
 elt&ea king of South Britain. To repel 
 the Scots and Bifls he invited over the Sax- 
 ons to his afliftance, who landed in 450, un- 
 der the command of Hengift: and Horfa, and 
 drove out the invaders. Vortigern fell in 
 love with Rowena, daughter of Hengift, 
 and on his marriage gave the father the 
 kingdom of Kent, to which was afterwards 
 
 VRO 
 
 added the whole of Weflex. Vortigern re- 
 tired to Wales, and was burnt in his caftle 
 in 484.— Saxon Chrott. 
 
 Vos (Martin de), a painter, was born at 
 Antwerp about 1534, and died there in 
 1604. He painted hiftory, portraits, and 
 landfcapes, in a very fine ftyle. — Houhraken. 
 
 Vossius (Gerard John), a leirned writer, 
 was born near Heidelberg in 1577. He Su- 
 llied firft at Dort and afterwards at Leyden, 
 where he was appointed profeflor of philofo- 
 phy in 1599; and at the fame time he was 
 chofen diredtor of the college at Dort, not- 
 withftanding his youth. In 1614 he accept- 
 ed the charge of director of the theological 
 college at Leyden, and afterwards was ap- 
 pointed profeflor of eloquence and chronolo- 
 gy. His Hiftory of Pelagianifm rendered 
 him obnoxious to the Calvinifts ; but it pro- 
 cured him in England the favour of archbi- 
 fhop Laud, and a prebend in the cathedral 
 of Canterbury. While in England he was 
 admitted to the degree of doctor of laws at 
 Oxford. In 1633 he accepted the profef- 
 forthip of hiftory at Amfterdam, where he 
 died in 1649. His works have been printed 
 in 6 vols. folio. — Niceron. 
 
 Vossius (Dionylius), fon of the above, 
 was born at Dort in 1612. He was pro- 
 foundly learned in the Oriental languages, 
 and died at Amfterdam in 1633. He pub- 
 lished a Latin tranflation of Maimonides on 
 Idolatry, with notes, and other works.— 
 Ibid. 
 
 Vossius (lfaac), another fon of Gerard 
 John Voflius, was born at Leyden in 1618. 
 He vifited Sweden on the invitation of queen 
 Chriftina. In 1670 he came to England, 
 and obtained from Charles If. a canonry of 
 Windfor, and the degree of dodtor of laws 
 from the univerfity of Oxford. He died in 
 1688. He publilhed a book to prove that 
 the Septuagint Verfion was produced by in- 
 fpiration ; but though he was remarkable for 
 believing the flrangeft inconfiftencies, he ex- 
 prefled foms doubts refpedting the facred 
 text, which made Charles II. fay, ‘‘this 
 learned divine is a ftrange man, he believes 
 every thing but the Bible.” His works are 
 numerous — Ibid. 
 
 Vossius (Gerard), a Romifh divine, and 
 relation of the above, was born in 1609. 
 He publilhed the works of Gregory Thau- 
 maturgus, Ephrem Syrus, and fome pieces 
 of John Chryfoftom and Theodoret, with 
 Latin verlions and notes .—Ibid. 
 
 Vouet (Simon), a painter, was born at 
 Paris in 15S2. He was for fome time 
 painter of the academy of St. Luke at Rome, 
 but was recalled to France by Louis XIII., 
 who employed him in ornamenting his pa- 
 laces, and gave him a penfion. He was the 
 founder of the French lchool, and died in 
 1 64 1 . — De Piles. 
 
 Vroon (Henry Cornelius), a Dutch 
 painter. He excelled in defcribing fea figh’ s, 
 and drew the defigns for the tapeitry in the 
 houfe of lords which reprefent the deftrus- 
 tion of the Spanifli armada .—Ilwbrakn, 
 
W A K 
 
 W A K 
 
 w. 
 
 \tTAt>iNG (Peter), an (rifli jefuit, was 
 ’ ’ born at Waterford in 1586. He be- 
 came chancellor of the univerfities of Prague 
 and Grata, and died in the latter city in 1644^ 
 He wrote Latin poems, and a treatife againft 
 heretics in the fame language. —Moreri. 
 
 Wadsworth (Thomas), a nonconform- 
 ift divine, was born in Southwark, and edu- 
 cated at Chrift’s college, Cambridge. At 
 the reiteration he was minifter of Newing- 
 ton Butts, and of Laurence Pountney church, 
 London, of which he was deprived in 1662. 
 He died in 1676. He wrote on the Immor- 
 tality of the Soul, and Lome Sermons.-— Ca- 
 lamy. 
 
 Wagenseil (JohnChriftopher), a learn- 
 ed German, was born at Nuremberg in 1633. 
 He took his degree of doitor of laws at Or- 
 leans, after which he became profeflor of 
 law and hiftory at Altorf, but exchanged 
 that profefTorlhip for the chair of Oriental 
 languages. He died in 1705. He wrote, 
 I. De Urbe Norimbergae, 410. ; 2. Pera Li- 
 brorum Juvenilium, umo.; 3. Tela Ignea 
 Satanae, 2 vols. 4to Moreri. 
 
 Wagner (John James), a phyfician of 
 Switzerland, was born in 1641. He became 
 librarian of the city of Zurich, and died in 
 1695. He wrote, Hiftoria Naturalis Hel- 
 vetiae Curiofa, i2tno. — Ibid. 
 
 Wagstaffe (Thomas), a learned di- 
 vine, was born in Warwickfnire in 1645, 
 and educated at the Charter-houfe in London, 
 from whence he removed to New-Inn Hall, 
 Oxford, where he took his degrees in arts. 
 He afterwards became chancellor of Litch- 
 field cathedral, and redlor of St. Margaret 
 Pattens, London, but was deprived at the 
 revolution for refufing the oaths. He prac- 
 tifed phyfic for fome time, and in 1693 was 
 confecrated a nonjuring bilhop. , He died in 
 1702. Mr. Wagftaffe publilhed feveral 
 Sermons, and an able Vindication of King 
 Charles I. proving him the author of the 
 Icon Bafilike.— Wood. Gen Dili. 
 
 Wake (William), a learned prelate, was 
 born at Blandford, in Dorfetlhire, in i’6 5 7 , 
 and admitted a member of Chrift church, 
 Oxford, in 1672. In 1689 he took his doc- 
 tot’s degree, and afterwards became chaplain 
 to king William and queen Mary, preacher 
 to the fociety of Gray’s Inn, and canon of 
 Chrift church. In 1694 he obtained the 
 reftory of St. James, Weftminfter; in 1701 
 he was made dean of Exeter ; in 1705 bi- 
 fliop of eincoln; and in 1716 tranflated to 
 Canterbury. He had a controverfy with 
 Dr. Atterbury on the rights of convocations, 
 and he entered into a correfpondence with 
 fome of the French bifhops about a union 
 between the two churches. He died in 
 1737. The archbifhop publifhed a tranfla- 
 tion of the Epiftles of the apoftolical Fa- 
 thers, 8vo. j Expofition of the Church Ca- 
 
 techifm ; Tra&s againft Popery ; and feve- 
 ral Sermons. — Wood, A. 0. Gen. D'tSl. 
 
 Wake (Ifaac), a mifcellaneous writer, 
 was born in Northamptonfhire, and eledled 
 fellow of Merton college, Oxford, in 1598. 
 He became public orator of the univerlity, 
 and was employed as ambaflhdor to Venice 
 and Savoy ; on which occafion he was 
 knighted. He died in 1632. He wrote 
 Rex Platonicus ; Difcourfe of the thirteea 
 Cantons of the Helvetic League ; on the 
 State of Italy ; on the Proceedings of the 
 King of Sweden, &c. — IVood, A. 0. 
 
 Wakefield (Robert), a learned divine, 
 was born in the north of England, and edu- 
 cated at Cambridge, after which he went 
 abroad, and in 1519 was Hebrew profeflor at 
 Louvain. Shortly after he returned to Eng- 
 land, became king’s chaplain, and was ap- 
 pointed Hebrew profeflor at Oxford. He 
 was alfo made canon of Chrift church, and 
 died in 1537. He wrote a Paraphrafe on 
 the Ecclefiaftes; Syntagma de Hebraeorum j 
 and other works.— Ibid. 
 
 Wakefield (Gilbert), a learned writer, 
 was born at Nottingham in 1756. He re- 
 ceived his education under Mr. Wooddefon, 
 at Kingfton-upon-Thames, of which parilh 
 his father was minifter. In 1772 he enter- 
 ed of Jefus college, Cambridge, where he 
 took his bachelor’s degree in 1776. The 
 fame year he publilhed a collection of Latin 
 Poems, with notes 011 Homer. In 1778 he 
 entered into deacon’s orders, and became cu- 
 rate of Stockport, in Clielhire, from whence 
 he removed to Liverpool. In 1779 he mar- 
 ried, and about the fame time quitted the 
 church and undertook the office of claffical 
 tutor in the difl'enting academy at Warring- 
 ton. While in that (ituation lie publilhed a 
 number of works, the principal of which 
 were, a tranflation of the Firft Epiftle to the 
 Theft' lonians ; another of the Gofpel of St. 
 Matthew; an Enquiry into the Opinions of 
 the Chriftian Writers of the three firft Cen- 
 turies, concerning the Perfon of Jefus Chrift, 
 4 vols. 8vo ; and the Silva Critica. This 
 la ft appeared from the Cambridge univeriity 
 prefs. In 1790 he removed to the difl'ent- 
 ing college at Hackney, his connexion with 
 which ended in about a year. Soon after 
 this he publilhed a pamphlet againft Public 
 Worlhip, which ftartled many of his mo it 
 ardent admirers, and was anfwered chiefly ■ f 
 diflenters. He continued to relide at Hack- 
 ney, engaged in claflical ftuoits, till the pro- 
 grefs of the French revolution and the war 
 ied him into the field of politics. He wrote 
 fome pamphlets againft government, of 
 which no notice was taken. But his Letter 
 to the Bilhop of LandafF was confidered as 
 fo inflammatory and of fuch a dangerous ten- 
 dency, that the attorney- general inltitu.ted a 
 profecution againft him, and the pubhlhsr. 
 
W A L 
 
 Mr. Wakefield was fentenced to be impri- 
 foned two years in Dorchefter gaol, from 
 •whence he was liberated in May iSor, but 
 died of a fever in September following. In 
 his religious fentiments he was a Socinian, 
 and in his political a republican. As a claf- 
 Iical fcholar few excelled him ; and his cri- 
 tical productions will be highly valued when 
 his other works are funk in oblivion. The 
 principal are, a tranflation of the New Tef- 
 tament, 2 vols. 8vo. ; Tragsediaruifn Grto- 
 carum Deledlus, 2 vo's. nmo ; and an edi- 
 tion of Lucretius, 3 vols. 4to — Memoirs 
 Written by b'mfclf, 8t'0. Monthly Mag. 
 
 Waldo (Peter), the author of the fed 
 of Waldenfes in the 12th century, was a 
 merchant of Lyons. The fudden death of a 
 friend in his prefence proved the caufe of his 
 converfion. He gave his property to the 
 poor, preached to them the truths of the 
 gofpel, and gathered many followers. Be- 
 ing driven from Lyons they went into Dau- 
 ohiny, Provence, and other countries. 
 Though their manners were inoffenfiye, yet 
 as they feceded from the church of Rome, a 
 crufade was formed againll [hem, by which 
 many thoufanJs were dtftroyed. The fed, 
 however, flill continued, and fpread over the 
 values of Piedmont.— Mojhe'm. 
 
 Wales (William), an ingenious mathe- 
 matician who went round the world with 
 captain Cook in his firft voyage as aftrono- 
 mer, and publiflied, in a quarto volume, an 
 Account of Allronomical Obfer rations made 
 in the Southern Hemifphere. After Lis re- 
 turn he was appointed mathematical matter 
 of Chri'ft’s hofpital, where he died in 1799. 
 Befides the above, Mr. Wales p*bli(hed Re- 
 marks on Mr. Fortier’s Account of Cook’s 
 Voyage; an Enquiry into the Population 
 of England and Wales; and an improved 
 edition of Robevtfon’s Elemems of Naviga- 
 tion. Me alfo communicated a Diflertation 
 on the Achronical Pvifing of the Pieiades to 
 Dr. Vi ncent — Gent. Mag. 
 
 Walker (Clement), an Englilh writer, 
 was born at Cliffe, ir. Dufetlhire, and edu- 
 cated at Chrift church, Oxford, alter which 
 he retired to his eftate in Somerferlhire. 
 Before the civil war he -was made ufher of 
 the exchequer, and was eleded member of 
 parliament lor the city of Wells. He was 
 fo great an enemy to the independents and 
 Cromwell that he was fent to the Tower, 
 where he died in 1651. He wrote, the 
 Hid ory of Indepencency , 4to., which con- 
 tains many curious relations ; the High 
 Court of juflice, or Cromwell’s Slaughter 
 J-loufe, 4to. ; and other works — Wood, 
 
 Walker (Edwara), an hiftorian, was 
 born in Somtrfetfhire. In 1639 he was 
 made fecretary at war, and was prefent at 
 the battle of Edgehill in the royal army. 
 In 1643 he was appointed garter king at 
 arms, and knighted. After the reiteration 
 he became one of the clerks of the privy 
 council. He died in 1676. He wrote, 
 Hiftorical Difcourfts, folio; Order of the 
 
 XV A L 
 
 Ceremonies ufed at the Celebration of Sf. 
 George’s Feaft at Windfor, 1674; Ads of 
 the Knights of the Garter in the Civil 
 Wari, &c. — Wood. 
 
 Walker (William), a 'learned divine 
 and grammarian, was fucceffiveiy mailer of 
 the fchools of Lowth and Grantham, in Lin— 
 colnlhire, and had -the honour of inflruding 
 fir Ifaac Newton. He Was redor of Colfter- 
 wort.h, in the fame county, and died there 
 in 1684, aged (Jr. He wrote feveral books 
 on Grammar, Rhetoric, and Logic, but his 
 principal performance is a Treatife on Eng- 
 lifh Panicles, 8vo. — Granger. 
 
 Walker (John), an Englifli divine, was 
 of Exeter college, Oxford. He was a native 
 of Devonfhire, and became redor of St. 
 Mary’s in the city of Exeter. For his wont 
 entitled, an Attempt towards Recovering an 
 Account of the Sufferings of the Clergy in 
 the great Rrbellion, folio, 1714, be was 
 created D D, by the univerfity of Oxford. 
 He died about J725. 
 
 Walker (Robert), painter to Oliver 
 Cromwell. Mr. Walpole fays, that one of 
 the portrait* of the protedor was purclufed 
 by an agent of the grand duke of Tufcany 
 for 5C0I. Walker died about 1670. 
 
 Walker (Samuel), a pious divine, wa6 
 born at Exeter in 1714. He was educated 
 ac Exeter college, Oxford, after which he 
 entered into orders, and travelled with a 
 young gentleman as his tutor. He fettled 
 at Truro, in Cornwall, where he conduded 
 himfeif as an exemplary parilh pried. He 
 died in 1761. Mr. Walker publiftled two 
 volumes of Sermons on the Catechifm, and 
 two volumes of Practical Difcourfes. — Gen. 
 Biog. DiB. 
 
 Walker (George), a celebrated Irifh di- 
 vine, who diftinguiihed himfeif by his gal- 
 lant defence of Londonderry in 1689 againft 
 the forces of James II. till it was effectually 
 relieved. I-Ie was flain at the battle of the 
 Boyne laid. 
 
 Walker (Obadiah), an Engli/h divine, 
 was born in Yorklhire, and educated at 
 Univerfity college, Oxford, where he be- 
 came fellow, but was deprived by the par- 
 liamentary vifitors in 1648. He recovered 
 his place at the rtdoration, and in 1676 
 was chofen mader of the college. He turn- 
 ed papilt in the reign of James II., and pub- 
 lilhed a virulent book againft the charader 
 of Luther, and fome other pieces. After the 
 revolution He was deprived of the mafter- 
 fhip, on which he retired to London, an<f 
 was maintained by his old pupil, Dr. Rad- 
 clifi'e. He died in 1698. — Wood , A. 0 . 
 
 Wall (Martin), a learned phyfician, 
 was born at Powick, in Worcefterfhire, in 
 1708. He was educated at Worceller col- 
 lege, Oxford, and afterwards chofen fellow 
 of Merton college. He fettled as a phyfi- 
 cian at Worceller, and died at Bath in 1776. 
 Wall had a fine tafte fof painting, and de- 
 fined the frontifpieces to Hervey’s Medita- 
 tions. He wrote on the Virtues of Ma 1 » 
 
WAL 
 
 vein Waters, and Tome other medical (rafls. 
 f—Gen. Biog. Die?, . 
 
 Wal l ace (fir William), a famous Scotch 
 gentleman, was born of a poor but antienc fa- 
 mily. Being refolved to deliver his coun- 
 try from the Engiiih yoke, he gathered a 
 number of followers in 1298, attacked the 
 enemy, and flew the earl of Warren. Wal- 
 lace was revered as the faviour of the na- 
 tion, and chofen regent during the captivity 
 of Baliol. He penetrated into England, and 
 ravaged Durham with fire and 1'word. Ed- 
 ward I., then in Flanders, immediately haft- 
 ened home and marched againft Wallace, 
 who was defeated and fled. He was after- 
 Wards bafely betrayed to the Engiiih, and 
 executed in 1303. — Rucbasian. 
 
 Waller (Edmund), an Englifli poet, 
 was born at Collhtll, in Buckinghamshire, 
 in 1605. received bis education at Eton 
 and King’s college, Cambridge ; but be- 
 came a member of parliament at the age of 
 eighteen, in which capacity he diftingui/hed 
 himfelf by fome noify fpceches againft the 
 king and clergy. He, however, fpoke 
 bgainft the abolition of epifcopacy. In 1643 
 he was fent to the Tower on a charge of con- 
 fpiring to deliver the city to the king. 
 Twoperfons were executed for the plot, and 
 Waller was condemned to be hanged, but 
 faved himfelf by an abject fubmiflion and a 
 liberal diftribution of money. After a year’s 
 imprifonment he went into exile ; but re* 
 turned by favour of Cromwell, on whom he 
 wrote an elegant panegyric. He alfo wrote 
 another on the death of the protestor, and 
 afterwards celebrated the reftoracion and 
 praifed Charles II. He was alfo eledtcd into 
 parliament, where, by his eloquence and wit, 
 he was the delight of the houfe. He en- 
 deavoured to procure the provoftlhip of Eton, 
 but being refuted by Clarendon he joined in 
 the perfecution of that great man. He died 
 in 1687, and was buried in the church of 
 Beaconsfield. His Poems are eafy, fmooth, 
 and generally elegant. — Jobnjon's Poets. 
 Biog. Brit. 
 
 Wallis (John), a learned divine and 
 mathematician, was born at A/hford, in 
 Kent, in 1616. He received his education 
 at Emanuel college, Cambridge, from whence 
 he removed to Queen’s college, on obtain- 
 ing a fellow/hip. In 1640 he entered into 
 orders, and was appointed one of the fer bes 
 to the afl'embly of divines at Weftminfter. 
 He afterwards became Savilian profefl'or -of 
 geometry at Oxford, and keeper of the ar- 
 chives of that univerfity. He was alfo one 
 «f the founders of the royal fociety. At the 
 reftoration he was confirmed in his places, 
 and became chaplain to the king. He was 
 one of the divines employed in revifing the 
 Liturgy. Dr. Wallis died in 1703.. He pub- 
 lished fome books agiinft Hobbes ; a gram- 
 mar under the title of Grammatics Lingua 
 Anglicans, 8vo. ; Corr.mercium Epiftolicum, 
 4to. ; De Cycloide et Corporibus inde Geni- 
 tis } De aEftu Maris hy.pothefis Nova ; Ms- 
 
 W A L 
 
 chanica, five de Motu Traftatus GeometrT- 
 cis ; Archimedis hyracufani Arenarius et 
 Dimenfio Circuli, &c Dr. Wallis was pro- 
 foundly /killed in the art of decyphenng — 
 Wood. Martin. 
 
 Walpole (fir Robert), a celebrated 
 ftatefman, was born at H«ught«n in Nor- 
 folk, in 1674. In 1700 he was chofen 
 member of parliament for Lynn. In 1705 
 he was appointed fecretary at waT, and in 
 1709 treafurer of the navy, but on the 
 change of minifters he was voted by the 
 commons to be guilty of corruption, and or- 
 dered to be expelled the houfe. The whig 
 party, however, ftrenuoufiy fupported him, 
 and he was re-ele£ted for Lynn, though the 
 houfe declared the eleflion void. Ac the 
 acceflion of George I. he was made paymas- 
 ter of the forces, but two years afterwards 
 he refigned his place and joined the oppofi- 
 tion. Another change taking place in 1725, 
 he had the lead in the adminiftration, and 
 was nominated firft lord of the treafury, 
 and chancellor of the exchequer. He main- 
 tained his power with great firmnefs till 
 1742, when lie refigned, and was created 
 earl of Orford, with a penlion of 4CO3I. a 
 year. He died in 1745 — Life by Ccxe. 
 
 Walpole (Horace), yduugeic fon of the 
 preceding, was educated at Eton fchool, 
 from whence he was fent to King’s college, 
 Cambridge, where he wrote fome verfes on 
 Henry Vi. the founder. In 1738 he was 
 appointed infpeftor of exports anti imports, 
 which place he exchanged for that of u (her 
 of the exchequer. The year foil swing ne 
 travelled with Mr. Gray, the poet; but a 
 reparation took place in I aly, owing to fome 
 milunderftanding between ti'e two friends. 
 In 1741 Mr. Walpole was elected into par- 
 liament ; but he never made any other 
 fpeech than one in defence of his father, in 
 1742. He retired from parliament in 1701, 
 and led a life of literary eale at his feat of 
 Strawberry Hill, in Middlelex, where he 
 had a printing prefs, from which proceeded 
 feveral elegant works, by himlelrand others. 
 On the death of his nephew in 1791 he fuc- 
 ceeded to the title of eail of Orfoid, wnich 
 became extintl at his own death in 1 797. 
 Mr. Walpole wrote a Catalogue of Royal 
 and Noble Authors; Hiftoric Dou,>t^ con- 
 cerning Richard HI ; Anecdotes ol Fainting, 
 enlarged from Vertue ; the Cable of G rsn- 
 to, a romance ; an PfTay on Modern Garden- 
 ing ; and the Myfterioos Mother, a tragedy. 
 All his works have been pompoufly primed 
 in 5 vo\s.q.to.—Wa/l>ohana^ 2 •vols.x tmo, 800. 
 
 Walsh (William) a poe., was comae 
 Abberlcy, in Worcefterfliire, about 1660. 
 He was a commoner of Wauham college, 
 Oxford, which he left witiiuut a degree, and 
 became gentleman of the horle to queen 
 Anne. He was the eaily friend of Rope, 
 who beftows fome hanofome compliment* 
 upon him in his Effay on Criticiun. He 
 died in 1708. His poems are not above me-, 
 diocriry . — jobnjon's Poets. 
 
WAN 
 
 Wal sing ham (Thomas), a benedi&ine 
 monk of St. Alban’s, was a native of Nor- 
 folk, and died about 1440. He wrote Auc- 
 tuai-ium Polychronici ; Afta Regis Henrici 
 VI. &c. — Pit/erus 
 
 Walsingham (fir Francis), a ftatefman, 
 was born at C hiflehurft in Kent, and edu- 
 cated at Queen’s college, Cambridge, after 
 which he went abroad. He entered early 
 upon public employment, and was twice 
 fent ambafTador to the French court. In 
 1573 he was appointed fecretary of ftate. 
 He was a man of deep penetration and of 
 profound'poticy. His negociations and dif- 
 patches have been publifhed under the title 
 pf the Complete AmbafTador, folio. He 
 died in 1590, at the age of 90. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Walters (John), a Welfh divine of the 
 eftablifhed church, was educated at Oxford, 
 where he took his degiee of M.A. and on 
 taking orders became redtor of Llandochau 
 in Glamorganfhire. He died in 1797. Mr. 
 Walters compiled a valuable Englifh and 
 Welfh Lexicon, 1 vol. 410. J794. He was 
 alfo the author of a Diflertation on the 
 Welfh Language, and fome fermons.— Owen's 
 Ca.nbr, Biog . 
 
 Walton (Brian), a learned prelate, was 
 horn at Cleaveland, in Yorkfhire, in 1600, 
 and was educated firft at Magdalen college, 
 and afterwards at Peter houfe, Cambridge. 
 In 1639 he took his drxftor’s degree, and at 
 this time was prebendary of St Paul’s, chap- 
 lain to the king, and re&or of St. Martin 
 Orgar’s, London. He fuftered confiderably 
 at the breaking out of the civil war, on 
 which he fled to Oxford. He undertook 
 and happily performed the publifhing of a 
 Polyglot B.ble, in 6 vols. folio, in which he 
 was afiiftcd by the learned Edmund Caftell, 
 and other eminent men. Dr. Walton was 
 alfo the author of a Defence of this Work, 
 againft Dr. Owen; and a book on the right 
 of the London clergy to tithes. In 1660 he 
 was preferred to the fee of Chefter, but died 
 in London the year following.— Wood. Biog. 
 Brit. 
 
 Walton (Izaak), a biographical writer, 
 was a native of Stafford, and became a tradcf- 
 man under the Royal Exchange in London, 
 •where he acquired a good fottuue. He was 
 very fond of fifliing, and wrote a ftandard 
 book on the fubjedt, entitled, The Complete 
 Angler, or Contemplative Man’s Recreation, 
 8vo. Of this work fir John Hawkins has 
 given an improved edition. Mr. Walton 
 was alfo the author of the lives of Donne, 
 Wotton, Hooker, Herbert, and bifliop San- 
 derfon, written in a very plain but enter- 
 taining manner, 3nd full of curious anec- 
 dotes. Mr. Zouch has publifhed -a fpleirdid 
 edition of thele lives, in a quarto volume, 
 ■with memoirs of the author, who died at 
 Winchefler in 1683, aged 84. Another edi- 
 ««ion of his lives has been printed at Oxford 
 ill 2 v. Is. 8 vo. — kVbod. Hawkins. 
 
 Wan l ey ( Nathaniel), an Englifh divine, 
 who was educated at Trinity college, Cam- 
 bridge, and afterwards obtained a living at 
 
 WAR 
 
 Coventry, where he died about 1690. He 
 publifhed a curious book called, The Won- 
 ders of the Little World, or the Hiftory of 
 Man, folio, in which there are many ftrange 
 relations.— Gen. Difl. 
 
 Wanley (Humphry^, fon of the pre- 
 ceding, was born in 1672, and educated at 
 Edmund hall, Oxford. He became fecre- 
 tary to the fociety for promoting chriftian 
 knowlege, and librarian to the earl of Ox- 
 ford. He was uncommonly /killed in bio- 
 graphy and the northern languages. He 
 died in 1726. Mr. Wanley formed a cata- 
 logue of Saxon manufcripts for Dr. Hickes’s 
 Thefaurus. — Ibid. 
 
 Wansleb (John Michael), a learned 
 German, was born at Erfurt, in Thuringia, 
 in 1635. He learnt the Oriental languages 
 of Ludolph, who employed him to publilh 
 his /Ethiopic Dictionary, in which Wanlleb 
 inferted many articles of his own invention. 
 He alfo affifted Dr. Caftell in preparing his 
 Lexicon Heptaglotton. The duke of Saxe 
 Gotho engaged him to go to AbylTinia, but 
 he went no farther than Cairo- He was af- 
 terwards employed by Colbert to colleift ma- 
 nufcripts and medals for the library of the 
 king of France. He died in 1679. — ^id. 
 
 Warburton (William), a learned pre- 
 late, was born at Newark upon Trent, in 
 1698, and bred an attorney, which profef- 
 fvon he relinquifhed, and after going through 
 a courfe of ftudy he took orders without hav- 
 ing had a univerfity education. He after- 
 wards received the degree of D.D. by man- 
 damus from Cambridge. By marrying a 
 niece of Mr. Allen of Prior Park he gained 
 a confiderable fortune, and in 1755 was P re ” 
 ferred to a prebend in the cathedral of Dur- 
 ham. He was alfo preacher of Lincoln’s 
 Inn, and in 1757 advanced to the deanry of 
 Briftol. In 1760 he was, confecrated bi/hop 
 of Gloueefter,, and in 1768 he ir.ftituted 4 
 lefture at Lincoln’s Inn, in the form of a 
 fermon, to prove the truth of revehtlqn 
 from the Prophecies. The bifhop died in 
 1779, and was buried in Gloueefter cathe- 
 dral. His greateft work was the Divine 
 Legation of Mofes, 3 vols. 8vo. in which 
 he. defended revelation upon the grounds of 
 religious deifm, by admitting that though a 
 futuie ftate made no part of the Jewilh le- 
 giflator’s fyftem, yet that the truth of the 
 Mofaic lcheme is capable of a moral demon- 
 ftration. The performance, however, gave 
 great offence to many learned and pious be- 
 lievers, who attacked it with great force 3 
 and were replied to by the author with 
 haughtinefs ai-.d afperity* Prior in point of 
 publieatio-n, but next in ability, was the Al- 
 liance betwixt Church and State, 8vo. ; in 
 which well-realbned work he incontroverti- 
 bly proved tbenecellity of religious eftablifh- 
 ments. Betides tliefe works Dr. Warbur- 
 ton printed a Difcourie entitled Julian, or a 
 Difcourfe concerning the Eartliquake and 
 Fiery Eruptions which defeated that empe- 
 ror’s attempt to rebuild the Temple at Je- 
 rufalem ; ttfo volumes Sttmonsi a Vuvt 
 
WAR 
 
 «f Lord Bolingbroke’s Philofophy ; a Traft 
 on the Lord’s Supper; a Treatife againft 
 the Methodifts on the Dodtrine of Grace ; 
 and feveral mifcellaneous pieces. The 
 ■whole of his works have been handfomely 
 publiihed by his friend biihop Hurd, in 6 
 vols. 4to. Pope left him the copyright of 
 his works, which Warburton printed with 
 notes. Hv alfo publiihed an edition of 
 Shakfpeare, which was feverely handled by 
 Edwards, in his Canons of Criticifm.— Life 
 if Warburton by brjhop Hurd. 
 
 Ward (Samuel), a learned divine, was 
 educated at Emmanuel college, Cambridge, 
 and in 1609 became matter of Sidney col- 
 lege in that univerfity. He was alfo pro- 
 fefl'or of divinity and archdeacon of Taun- 
 ton. He was one of the divines fent to the 
 fynod of Dort, where he altered his fenti- 
 ments with refpect to the calviniftic doc- 
 trines, which he had before rigorouily main- 
 tained. He was imprifoned by the rebels 
 tyi the breaking out of the civil war, and 
 died of the ill treatment which he had re- 
 ceived in 1643. He wrote fome Theologi- 
 cal Pieces, and feveral of his letters are in 
 the colle&ion of archbilhop U filer's, folio. — 
 Gen. Di5i. 
 
 Ward (Seth), a learned divine and ma- 
 thematician, was born at Buntingford in 
 Hertfordlhire, in 1617. He was educated 
 at Sidney college, Cambridge, where he ob- 
 tained a fellowlhip, of which he was de- 
 prived for refuting the covenant. He after- 
 wards went to Oxford, and was appointed 
 favilian profeli'or of aftronomy. He was 
 alfo eledted prefident of Trinity college, 
 which he refigned at the re-ftoration. In 
 1661 he became fellow of the royal fociety, 
 and the year following biihop of Exeter, 
 from whence, in 1667, he was tranflated to 
 Salilbury. In 1671 he was made chancellor 
 of the garter, which honour he procured to 
 be annexed Jo the fee of Salilbury. He loft 
 his reafon fome years before his death, which 
 happened in 1689. He wrote a Lefture on 
 Comets; an Idea of Trigonometry; Geo- 
 metrical Aftronomy ; Exercitation on the 
 Philofophy of Hohbes; Difcourfe on the 
 Being and Attributes of God ; and Sermons. 
 — Life by Dr. Pope. 
 
 Ward (John), profelTor of rhetoric at 
 Grelham college, was born in London in 
 1679, and educated at Utrecht, where he 
 took his degrees in law. He was intended 
 for the miniftry among the diffenters, but it 
 does not appear that he followed that pro- 
 felhon. He was admitted a member of the 
 royal fociety in 1723, and became one of 
 the vice-prelidents in 1752. He was alfo a 
 trufteeof the Britilh mufeum, and died in 
 1758. Dr. Ward wrote the Lives of the 
 Gretham ProfelTors, 1 vol. folio; Ledlures 
 on Oratory, 2 vole. 8vo.; and DilTertations 
 on Difficult Palfages of Scripture, 8vo.— 
 Gen. Blog. DiEi. 
 
 War p (Edward), a burlefque writer at 
 She end of the 17th century, who wrote 
 
 WAR 
 
 the London Spy, and turned Don Quixote 
 into hudibraftic verfe. He is not to be 
 confounded with Thomas Ward, who wrote 
 a poem in doggerel verfe, called the Hiftory 
 of the Reformation, 2 vols. lamo. He was 
 a bigoted papift. — Gen. DiEl. 
 
 Ware (fir James), an hiftorian. was 
 born at Dublin in 1594. He received his 
 education in Trinity college there, and in 
 1629 was knighted by the lords juftices, 
 to whom his father was fecretary. He fuc- 
 ceeded him as auditor general of Ireland, 
 but in the rebellion he came to England 
 and was fent to the Tower by the parlia- 
 ment, but releafed a few months afterwards, 
 on which he returned to Dublin. He next 
 went (o Fiance, but recovered his place at 
 the reftoration, and died at Dublin in 
 He wrote De Preefulibus Hibernia, folio; 
 the Hiftory and Antiquities of Ireland, fo- 
 lio; and feveral other works. — Wood's Fafi. 
 
 Wasgentin (Peter), a Swedifn ma- 
 thematician, was born at Stockholm .in 
 1717, and died there in 17*3- He con- 
 ftrudled Tables of the Satellites of Jupiter, 
 and wrote feveral papers in the 'l'ranfac- 
 tions of the Academy of Stockholm.—, 
 Nowv. DIB. WJl. 
 
 Warham (William), an eminent pre- 
 late and ftatefman, was born at Okely, in 
 Hamplhire, and educated at Winchefter 
 fchool, and New college, Oxford, of which 
 he became fellow. In 1494 he was fent 
 ambaflador to the duke of Burgundy, and 
 on his return was advanced to the bilhopric 
 of London. lie was alfo made lord chan- 
 cellor; and in 1504 tranflated to the fee 
 of Canterbury. He governed with great 
 moderation, and died in 1532.— A , 
 0 . Burnet's Reform. 
 
 Warin (John), a fculptor and engraver 
 of Liege, was born ia 1604. His merits 
 procured him a place in the mint at Paris, 
 where he engraved the feal for the French 
 academy, which is confidered as his matter- 
 piece. The fubjedt is cardinal Richelieu. 
 He alfo made two bufts in bronze, of Louis 
 XIV. which are very fine. He was poi- 
 foned by fome villains in 1672. He was 
 extremely avaricious. —Moren. 
 
 Waring (Edward), a learned mathema- 
 tician, was boro in Sbroplhire, and admit- 
 ted of Magdalen college, Cambridge, in 
 1753. In 1760, he was appointed Lucas’s 
 profeffor of mathematics, and in 1762 he 
 publiihed his Mifcellanea Analytica, 4to. 
 a work of the higbeft order in abftrufe ma- 
 thematics. In 1767 he was created dodtor 
 of phyfic. He died in 1798. Befides the 
 above work he publiihed fome papers in the 
 Philosophical Tianfadkions ; Proprietates 
 Algebraicarum Curvarum ; and Medita- 
 tjones Analytics ?. — Monthly Mng. 
 
 Warner (Ferdinando), an Engliffi di- 
 vine, who was reclorcl'St. Michael, Queen- 
 liithe, London, and of Barnes in Surrey. 
 He wrote an Ecclefiattical Hiftory of Eng- 
 land, 2 vols. very fuperticial and inaccurate; 
 
W A R 
 
 Memoirs of fir Thomas More; Hiftory of 
 the Irifh Rebellion, 2 vols. 8vo. ; a Trea 
 tife on the Cure of the Gout. Dr. Warner 
 died of this diforder in 1768. — Gen. Biog. 
 V\R. 
 
 Warner (John), fon of the above, 
 ■was educated at Cambiidge, where he pro- 
 ceeded to his degree of D. t). in 1773. In 
 1771 he obtained t he livings of HockclifJ'e 
 arrd Chalton in Bedfotdfhire, and that of 
 gtourton in the cour.ty of Wilts. He was 
 afterwards chaplain to the Englifh embafly 
 at Paris. He died in liloo. Dr. Warner 
 wrote a learned Trail on the Pionuneiation 
 «f Cietk, entitled JMetron-aiillon. He 
 alfo translated the Life of Friar Gerund, 
 from the Spaniih, in 2 vols. Bvo. — Monthly 
 Mag. 
 
 Warner (Richard), a botamft, was bred 
 to the bar, but never followed the profef- 
 fion. He refided at his feat of Woodford- 
 green in Effex. He publifhert “ Piantae 
 Woodfordienfes, or a Catalogue of Plants 
 growing fpor.taneoufiy about Woodford in 
 Eflex,” 8vo. He wa: ’ a ^ a l ^ e aut hor of a 
 Letter to Garrick, on a GlofTary to Shak- 
 fpeare, 8vo. ; and tranflated feme of the 
 comedies of Plautus. He died in 1775, 
 and bequeathed his library to Wadham col- 
 lege, Oxford, where he had received his 
 education. — Pulteney's Sketches of Bet. 
 
 Warton (Thomas), a divine and p-u>t, 
 was born at Godalmin in Surrey, in 1687. 
 He was educated at Magdalen college, Ox- 
 ford, where he took his degrees, and be- 
 eame profefior of poetry twice. He ob- 
 tained the vicarage of Balingftoke and Cheb- 
 harp, and died in 1745. A volume of his 
 poems was printed in I 747 > Sivo . — Bur op. 
 Mag. 
 
 Warton (Jofeph), a learned divine, was 
 fon of the preceding, and born at Bafing- 
 iloke, about 1722. He received his edu- 
 cation at Winchefter fch#ol, from whence 
 •he removed to Oriel college, Oxford, which 
 he heft on taking his full degree. Jn 1757 
 he was created M. A. by diploma. In 1756 
 he publifhed a volume of Odes, in 4C0. of 
 which a fecond edition appeared the year 
 following. About this time lie became 
 jcdlor of Wyr.llade in Hampfliire, In 1753 
 he publifhed his tranfhtion of Virgil, wiih 
 notes, 4 vols. 8vo. 'He was at this time 
 ufher of Winchefter fchool, of which, in 
 1:66, he became mafter. In j 768 lie took 
 his degree of D.D. About 1787 he was 
 prefented to a prebenda) ftall in Winchefter 
 cathedral, on which he retigned the mafter- 
 flsip of the fchool. In 1756 be publifned 
 an ingenious Efi’ay on the Genius and Writ- 
 ings of Pope, to which, in 1782, he added 
 a lecond volume, and in 1797 he publifhed 
 a new edition of that author. Dr. Warton 
 -died at his living of Wickham, in Hamp- 
 fci re, int l^CQ.—rUid. 
 
 Warton (Thomas), brother cf the laft 
 msntioped, was born ta -172S, and educated 
 
 W A S 
 
 Srft at Winchefter fchool, and next at Trf* 
 nity college Oxford, where he obtained a 
 feliowfliip, and took his degrees in arts. In 
 1756 he became profeffor of poetry, which 
 fituation he held ten years. In 1771 he 
 was prefented to the vicarage of Kidding- 
 ton in Oxfordfhire, of which parrfh he wrote 
 an account as the fpecimen of a hiftory of 
 the county, which never appeared. In 
 1785 Mr. Warton was appointed poet lau- 
 reat, and alfo Camden’s profefior of mo- 
 dern hiftory at Oxford. He died in 1790, 
 He wrote fome elegant Poems, 2 vols. 8vo. ; 
 a Hiftory of Englifh Poetry, 3 vols. 4to. j 
 the iives of fir Thomas Pope, and Dr. Ba- 
 thurft, 2 vols. 8vo. ; Notes on Milton’s 
 fmaller poems; Observations on Spenfer’a 
 Faerie Queen, 1 vol 8vo. 5 and other works. 
 —Europ. Mag. 
 
 Warwick (fir Philip), was born in 
 160S, in Weftminfter, and educated at 
 Eton ; after which he ftudied at Geneva, 
 On his return to England he was made fe- 
 cretary to the lord treafurer Juxon, and 
 clerk of the fignet. In 164ft he was ap- 
 pointed one of the king’s commiffioners to 
 treat with parliament for the furrender of 
 Oxford, and was afterwards made fecretary 
 to his majefty. At the reftoration he be* 
 came member for Weftminfter, and was 
 knighted He died in 1682. He wrote 
 “ Memoirs of Clurles the Firft,” 8vo.— 
 Wood's Faji'i. 
 
 Washington (George), was born in 
 I.732, in Virginia. His family emigrated 
 from Chefhire to that country about 1630. 
 His father, Mr. Auguftus Wafhington, wa$- 
 a man of confiderable landed property. 
 The fubjedt of the prefent article received 
 his education at home under a private tutor ; 
 after which he became an eminent furveyor. 
 He was alfo major in the provincial militia, 
 in which capacity he was fent by general 
 Dinwiddie, in 1753, to the French com- 
 mander on the Ohio to complain of the in- 
 roads that were made, in violation of the 
 treaties between the two crowns: he at 
 
 the fame time negotiated a treaty with the 
 fix nations, and other weftern tribes of In- 
 dians, for which he received tile thanks of 
 his country. In 1755 he ferved as colonel 
 under the unfortunate general Braddock, 
 vvho fell a vifftim to his own haughtinefs 
 and imprudence. Mr. Wafhington on that 
 occafion gave ftrong proofs of his military 
 courage and fk.il! , particularly in conducing 
 the retreat of the army. He held the com- 
 mand of the Virginian troops till 175% 
 when he. gave in his relignation on account 
 of ill health. He now ferved his country 
 as a fenator, and was eledted a member of 
 the afiembly for Frederick county, and af- 
 terwards for that of Fairfax. When the 
 breach between Great Britain and her colo- 
 nies was widened by mutual animofity be- 
 yond all profpedt of reconciliation, the eyes 
 of his countrymen were fixed ufbn Mr, 
 
WAT 
 
 Wifhington, and accordingly in June 1775, 
 he took the Command of the army pf Ame- 
 rica, at, Cambridge, in New England. Of 
 the particulars of that great revolution it 
 is iropqfllble here to give a detail. The 
 hiftory of Wafhington, from this period, is 
 the hiftory of the American war, a.nd muft 
 neceftarily be voluminous. Suffice it to 
 ebierve, that to his intrepidity, prudence, 
 and moderation, the Americans were almoft 
 wholly indebted for that independence which 
 was I'txured to them, by the treaty of peace 
 concluded in 1783. Soon after this event 
 Wafhington refigned his commiffioo to con- 
 grefs, and in his addrefs on that occafion, 
 the magnanimity of the hero is blended 
 with the wifdom of the philofopher. As 
 a genuine proof of his patridtifm, he would 
 receive no pay for eight years fervice, but 
 defrayed his expenfes during the war out 
 of his private purfe. He now returned to 
 his feat of Mount Vernon, like Cincinnatus, 
 and fet himfelf to complete thofe favourite 
 improvements in agriculture which had 
 been fufpended. In 1789 he was defied 
 preftdent of the United States, on which he 
 quitted his eftate, and was received at Phi- 
 ladelphia with the applaufe which he fo 
 well merited. His government was mark- 
 ed by that well-tempered prudence which 
 diftinguifhed all his conduct. An infurrec- 
 tion among the people of Alleghany and 
 Wafhington counties, inftigated by the 
 French agent. Genet, was fupprefi’sd by 
 •the energy and moderation of the preftdent ; 
 who in .1796 effe&ed a commercial treaty 
 with Great Britain. He refigned his office 
 the fame year 5 . and in 1798 accepted the 
 command of the army, which he held till 
 his death, Dec. 14, 1799 . — Life of Wafting- 
 ton , 4 to. 1804. 
 
 Wasse (Chriftopher), a learned Eoglifti- 
 *nan, was fellow of king’s college, Cam- 
 bridge, and afterwards fuperior beadle qf 
 law at Oxford, He trandated Grotius’s 
 Catechifm into Greek verfe, and Gratius’s 
 Cynegeticon into Englifh. He died in 1690. 
 — Wood. 
 
 Wasser (Anna), an ingenious lady, was 
 born at Zusich in 1679. She painted por- 
 traits in oil, but chiefly excelled in minia- 
 ture painting. She died in 17 13.— ■Pi/kirrg- 
 ton. 
 
 Watelet (Claude Henry), a French 
 poet, was born at Paris in 1718. He was 
 member of the French academy and of feve- 
 ral foreign focieties. Though he had been 
 Teceiver-general of the finances, he died 
 poor in 1786. He wrote a poem on the 
 Art. of Painting j Comedies and other pieces 
 of merit. He alfo left a DiAionary of Paint- 
 ing, Sculpture, and Engraving, which has 
 been printed.— Nou-v. Difl. Hijl. • 
 
 Water land (Daniel), a learned divine, 
 was born at Wailefby, in Lincolnlhire, in 
 1683, of which paiiftr his father was reflor. 
 He received his education firft at Lincoln, 
 and next at Magdalen college, Cambridge, 
 
 WAT 
 
 where he obtained a fellowftiip, and in 1715 
 was chofen mafter. lie was alfo appointed 
 chaplain to the king, and had the re (Stor y 
 of Ellingham in Norfolk. In 1727 he ob- 
 tained the archdeaconry of Miridlefex, and 
 afterwards a canonry of Windfor. He died 
 in 174°* Dr. Waterland wrote a Vindica- 
 tion of the Do&rine of the Trinity againft 
 Dr. Clarke, with a defence of that book. 
 He was alfo the author of Sermons at Lady 
 Moyer’s Lefiu-re ; a Treatife on the Eucha- 
 rift ; a Hiftory of the Athanafian Creed ; and 
 other excellent works. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 Waterloo (Anthony), a landfcape 
 painter in the 16th century, was born at 
 Utrecht. His piflures are admirably exe- 
 cuted, and fell very dear. — Pdk. 
 
 Wats (Gilbert) an Englilh divine, was 
 born in Yorkshire, and educated at Lincoln 
 college, Oxford, where he obtained a fei- 
 lovvihip, and was created D.D, He died in 
 1657. Dr. Wats tranflated into Englifh 
 Lord Bacon’s treatYe De Augmentis Scienti- 
 arum, 4to. ; and Davila’s Hiftory of the Ci- 
 vil Wars. — Wood. 
 
 Watson (John), a learned prelate, wax 
 born at Rengworth, in Worcefterfhire, and 
 educated at All Souls college, Oxford, after 
 which he became a phyfician, but on the 
 accefiion of queen Elizabeth he took orders. 
 In 1572 he became dean, and in 1580 bifhop 
 of Winchefter. He died in 11589. He 
 
 wrote a Latin tragedy, -entitled Ablalom 
 
 Wood. Langbaine. 
 
 Watson (Thomas), a non-conformift: 
 divine, was educated at Emmanuel college, 
 Cambridge, where he took his degrees in 
 arts He obtained the living of Str Stephen, 
 V> albrook, in the civil wars, but was de- 
 prived after the reftoration. He died in 
 1673. He wrote a Courfe of Sermons on 
 the Aflerr.bly’s Catechifm, in 1 vol. folio ; 
 and fame other difcourfe6. — Calamy. 
 
 Watson (James), -a Scotch printer, was 
 born at Aberdeen, and carried onhis biriinefx 
 with great reputation at Edinburgh, where 
 he died- in 1728. He printed a beautiful 
 Bible in 4to. ; another in crown 8vo.; and 
 one of a very fmall fize, lefs and much 
 neater than Field's — Gen. Biocr. Di 3 . 
 
 Watson (David), a learned writer, was 
 born in Scotland in 1710. He received his 
 education at St. Andrew’s, where he be- 
 came profefTor of philofophy ; but in 1747 
 he left thac univerfity and came to London. 
 He led an irregular life, and died in grea* 
 poverty in 1756.- He publifhed a literal, 
 tranflation of Horace, in 2 vois. 8vo. with 
 notes.— Gew. Biog. Di'i. ' 
 
 Watson (Robert), a divine and hifto- 
 rian v wag born at St. Andrew’s, in Scotland, 
 about 1730. He ftudied in the fchool and 
 univerfity of his native place, and afterwards 
 at Glafgow ana Edinburgh. He became 
 doflor of laws, and profefTor of logic, rhe- 
 toric and belles-lettres, at St. Andrew’s, arid 
 lafily principal of the united college. * He 
 died about 1780- ©r.-Wation wrote rft c 
 
WAT 
 
 Hiftory of the Reign of Philip III. of Spain-, 
 which was printed in i vol. 4to., and 2 vols, 
 8 vo. in 1783 .—Europ. Mag. 
 
 Watson (fir William), an eminent bo- 
 tanift, was born in London, and educated at 
 Merchant Taylors’ fchool, after which he 
 was apprenticed to an apothecary. In 1738 
 he married and fet up for himfelf, and in 
 1741 he was admitted a member of the royal 
 fotiety, to whofe volumes he communicated 
 many valuable papers on botanical fubje&s. 
 About 1744 he engaged in the ftudy of elec- 
 tricity, in which he made feveral important 
 difcoveries, and received as a reconipence the 
 Copjdy medal from the royal fociety in 1745. 
 In 1757 he was prefented with the degree of 
 M. D. by the univerfity of Halle, and alfo 
 by that of Wirtemberg. In 1762 he was 
 chofen one of the phyficians to the Found- 
 ling hofpital, and in 1784 a fellow of the 
 college of phyficians. In 1786 he received 
 the honour of knighthood from his majefty. 
 He died in 1787. His traCts on Elefhicity 
 have been collected into one volume, Svo.— ■ 
 Tulteney. 
 
 Watson (John), an Englilh divine, was 
 born at Preibury in Chefhire, and educated 
 at Brafenofe college, Oxford, where he ob- 
 tained a fellovvlhip. In .1769 he was pre- 
 fented to the valuable reCtory of Stockport, 
 in his native county. He died in 1783, aged 
 59. Mr. Watfon wrote the Hiftory of Hali- 
 fax, in Yorklhire, 1 vol. 4to. 1775 . — Gen. 
 JBiog. DiEl. 
 
 Watson (Henry), a furgeon, was born 
 in London in 1702, and celebrated as a lec- 
 turer in anatomy, and in 1761 was elefled 
 furgeon of Weltminfter hofpital. He died 
 in 1793. He wrote an account of Ae Ab- 
 foi bents of the Urinary Bladder, and fome 
 papers in the Philofophical Tranfadtions.— 
 Ibid. 
 
 Watteau (Anthony), a painter, was 
 born at Valenciennes in 1684, and died at 
 Nogent, near Paris, in 1721. He relided 
 fome time in England, which he was obli- 
 gated to quit on account of his health. He 
 painted conventions and burlefque fubjedts 
 in a good ftyle. — ■Pilkington. 
 
 Watts (Ifaac), a pious and ingenious 
 divine among the diffenters, was born at 
 Southampton in 1674. He received part of 
 his education under Mr. Rowe, a diffenting 
 miniftep, who kept an academy in London, 
 where he had that eminent prelate arch- 
 bilhop Hort fora fellow pupil. In 1696 Mr, 
 Watts became tutor to the fon of fir John 
 Hartop, and after refiding in that family 
 #3ur years he went to live with fir Thomas 
 Abney at Newington. He alfo accepted an 
 invitation from the independent congregation 
 in IJerry-ftreet, St Mary Axe In 1728 the 
 univerlities of Edinburgh and Aberdeen did 
 honour to thenifelves in conferring on him 
 the degree of doCtor, in divinity. This truly 
 fllimable man died in 1741. His principal 
 works are, A Treatife on Logic ; an Effay 
 pn the Improvement of the Mind, intended 
 
 W EL 
 
 as a fuppletwent to that work ; Introduction 
 to Aftronomy and Geography ; Hymns 5 
 and a poetical verfionof the Pfalms, ufoally 
 fung in diffenting congregations ; Horte Ly- 
 ricae, or Poems, chiefly religious ; Mifcella- 
 neous Thoughts, nmo.; Scripture Hiftory, 
 in a catechetical form, 12010.5 two volumes 
 of Sermons ; and Philofophical Effays, 8vo. 
 The whole of his works, which are remark- 
 able for their clearnefs and ufafulnefs, have 
 been printed in 6 vols. 4(0 .—Life by Dr. 
 Gibbons. 
 
 Weaver (John) a dancing mafter, who 
 compofed feveral dramatic pantomimes, as 
 the Loves of Mars and Venus } Orpheus 
 and Eurydice ; and Perfeus and Andromeda. 
 He alfo wrote A Hiftory of the Mimes and 
 Pantomimes of the Ancients ; The Art of 
 Dancing, with a Treatife on Adtion and Gef- 
 ture.— He died about 1730.— Blog. Dram. 
 
 Webb (Philip Carteret), an eminent 
 lawyer and antiquary, was born in 1700. In 
 1751 he was employed in obtaining the char- 
 ter of incorporation for the fociety of anti- 
 quaries. He was a member of parliiment 
 and folicitor to the treafury. He died in 
 1770. Mr. Webb wrote a number of fmall 
 tradfs, chiefly on legal l'ubjedts. — Gen. Eiog, 
 
 Dia. 
 
 Webb (Benjamin), an Englilh penman, 
 was born in London in 1725. He was fre- 
 quently employed in writing copies of hono- 
 rary freedoms, bellowed by the city of Lon- 
 don upon eminent perfons } particularly that 
 prefented to bis Danilh majefty in 1768. His 
 works confift principally of tables of calcula- 
 tions. He died in 1774.— Ibid. 
 
 Webster (William), a writing mafter, 
 who kept a fchool in Caitle-ftreet Leicefter- 
 fields. He tranllated, from the French of 
 La Hofte, a Compendious Courfe of Mathe- 
 matics, 2 vols. 121110.5 and wrote a fmall 
 treatife on Arithmetic, and another on Book- 
 keeping. He died in 1744, aged 60. — Ibid. 
 
 Wechei. (Chriftopher), a celebrated 
 printer in Paris, who be^an to print Greek 
 authors in 1530. His editions were remark- 
 able for their corredtnefs, which was owing 
 to his employing the learned Sylburgius for 
 his reader. He died in 1572. His fon, An- 
 drew, being a proteftant, withdrew to Balil, 
 where he carried on the printing bufinefs. He 
 publilhed a catalogue of books printed by him 
 and his father, 8vo .—Moreri. 
 
 Weever (John), an Englilh antiquary, 
 was a native of Lancafhire, and educated at 
 Cambridge. He publilhed a folio volume of 
 great curiofity and value, entitled Funeral 
 Monuments, 1631. An edition in 4to. was 
 publilhed in 1767. Weever died about 1 632. 
 —JVcod. 
 
 Wjibt (Henry), an extraordinary cha- 
 racter, was born in Lincolnlhire, where he 
 had a large eftate, but an attempt being made 
 on his life by his brother, he took the veffl- 
 lution of fecluding himfelf from all fociiety. 
 He accordingly took a houfe in Grub-ftreet, 
 London, where he lived forty-four years 
 
w e is r 
 
 without being feen by any one. He died in 
 1636.— Phoenix Britannicus. 
 
 Wells (Edward), a learned divine, was 
 born at Corfham, in Wiltshire, about 1665, 
 and educated at Weftminfter fchool, from 
 , whence he was elefted to Chrift church, Ox- 
 ford. He proceeded D.D. and obtained the 
 living of Cotefbach in Leicefterlhire. He 
 died about 1730. Dr. Wells published an 
 j -Anfwer to Dr Clarke on the Trinity ; pam- 
 phlets againft: the diffeatets ; a valuable 
 work on the Geography of the Old and 
 New Teftament, 2 vols. 8vo. ; a Courfe of 
 Mathematics for young Gentlemen, 3 vols. ; 
 and other works. — Wood. 
 
 Welsted (Leonard), a poet, was born 
 in 1689, and educated at Weftminfter fchool, 
 where he wrote the humorous tale of The 
 Apple Pye, which has been falfely attributed 
 to Dr. King. Mr. Welfted obtained a fttua- 
 tion in the ordnance office ; and was honour- 
 ed with a fttuation in the Dunciad by Mr. 
 Pope. However, he was a man of genius, 
 and feveral of his poems poffefs merit. 
 He tranftated Longinus on the Sublime into 
 Englilh from Boileau’s verfion, and wrote a 
 comedy, called, The Dift'embled Wanton. 
 He died in 1747.— Blog. Dram. 
 
 Wellwood (Thomas), a Scotch phyfi- 
 cian, was born near Edinburgh in 1652, and 
 educated at Glafgow. His father was fuf- 
 pefted of being concerned in the murder of 
 archbilhop Sharpe, which made him fly to 
 Holland, from whence he returned with king 
 William. The fon became king’s phyftcian 
 for Scotland, and fettled at Edinburgh, where 
 he died in 1716. He wrote Memoirs of 
 Englilh Affairs from 1588 to the Revolution, 
 very fuperficial and partial, in 1 vol. 8vo. 
 He is not to be confounded with a preibyte- 
 rian of the fame name, who died at Perth in 
 1680. He wrote Emmanuel’s Land, and 
 other pious works —Gen. Blog. Diti. 
 
 W enceslas, emperor of Germany, and 
 king of Bohemia, was the fon of Charles IV. 
 whom he fucceeded in 1378. He was de- 
 ranged in his mind, on which account he 
 was placed under confinement, and died in 
 1419.— Uni-v. Hijl. 
 
 Wentworth (Thornas), earl of Straf- 
 ford, was born in Yorklhire, of an ancient 
 family. He was one of the principal leaders 
 Of the popular party in the houfe of com- 
 mons againft the meafures of Charles the 
 firft ; but was gained over to the court, 
 made a peer, and appointed prefident of the 
 north, and lord lieutenant of Ireland. On 
 this occafton the famous Pym faid to him, 
 “ You have left us, but we will never leave 
 you till your head is off your Ihoulders.” In 
 this he kept his worj. Lord Strafford dis- 
 played great talents ror government in Ire- 
 land, where he encouraged agriculture, and 
 labouied with zeal to promote the proteftant 
 intereft. When the rebellion broke out in 
 Scotland lie gathered a force, and endeavour- 
 ed to purfuade the king to aft with vigour, 
 but his ^dviee was overruled. His enemie* 
 
 WES 
 
 In the commons, with Pym at their hea ’, im- 
 peached him at the bar of che lords, and he 
 was ordered into cuftody. His trial lafted 
 eighteen days, and was carried on with un- 
 common virulence. His defence made a 
 deep impreffion upon the hearers, though it 
 did not abate the malice of his perfecutbrs, 
 who palled a bill of attainder againft him. 
 The king, however, refufed his affent to it a 
 long time. At length the earl himfelf wrote 
 to advife his majefty to yield, which he did 
 with extreme reluftance ; and this great 
 man was beheaded on Tower-hill, May 12, 
 1641. — Clarendon. 
 
 Werf (Adrian Vander), a painter, was 
 born at Rotterdam in 1639, and died there 
 in 1727. He painted hiftorical fubjefts in 
 miniature, which be finilhed in a ftyle of 
 great elegance. His works are vety fcarce. 
 His brother Peter was his pupil, and a good 
 painter. He died in 1718 — Pilkington. 
 
 Wesley (Samuel), an Englilh divine, 
 was born in Dorfetlhire, and educated at Ox- 
 ford, but was bred a differ.ter. He after- 
 wards confermed, and wrote fome tafts 
 again!! his old conneftions. He obtained 
 the living of South Ormclby in Lincolnlhire, 
 and afterwards Epworth in the fame county, 
 where he died in 1735. Mr. Wefley wfote 
 a number of poems, Which were ridiculed by 
 Garth and other wits. His principal works 
 are, The Life of Chrift, an heroic poem, fo- 
 lio ; and Diftertations on the Book of Job, 
 in Latin, folio. His fon Sa-muel was under- 
 mailer of Weftminfter fchool many yeafs, 
 and afterwards mailer of Blundel’s fchool at 
 Tiverton, in Devonlhire, where he died in 
 1739. He wrote the Battle of the Sexes, 
 and other ingenious poems, printed in 1 vol. 
 12mo —Gen. D'tEi. 
 
 Wesley (John), fon of Samuel Wefley 
 the elder, rendered himfelf remarkable as 
 the founder of a numerous feel. He was born 
 at Epworth in 1703, and was educated at 
 the Charterhoufe, from whence he remov ed 
 to Chrift: church college, Oxford, but in 
 1726 he was chofen fellow of Lincoln col- 
 lege, where he became an eminent tutor. 
 In 1730 he and his brother, wich a few 
 other Iludents, formed themfelves into a 
 l'mal! locietyjfor the purpofe of mutual edifi- 
 cation in religious exerciles. So Angular an 
 affociadon excited confiderable notice, and 
 among other names bellowed upon the mem- 
 bers, that of Metkodijis was applied to them 
 with fuch fuccefs as to continue to diftinguilh 
 all their followers to the prefent time. 
 Thinking that Oxford was not a Ip here large 
 enough for his labours, Mr. Wefley, with, 
 fome others, went to Georgia, in America, in 
 1735, with a view of converting the Indians. 
 After a flay there of two years, he returned 
 to England, commenced itinerant preacher, 
 and gathered many followers. The churches 
 being Ihut againft him, he built fpacious 
 meeting- houfes in London, Briftol, and other 
 places. For lome time he was united with 
 Mr. Whitefield, but differences arifinjz *>n at- 
 3 P 
 
W E S 
 
 c 
 
 z ount of , the doftrine of election, which- was 
 ealoufly efpoufed and preached by the lat- 
 ter, they feparated, and the methodilh were 
 .enominated according to their refpeftive 
 leaders. Mr. Wefiey was indefatigable in 
 his labours, and almoft continually engaged 
 in travelling over England, Wales, Scot- 
 land, and Ireland. His fociety, though con- 
 futing of many thoufands, was uncommonly 
 well organized, and he preierved his influ- 
 ence over it to the lnft. He died in London, 
 in 1791. He publifhed fotne volumes of 
 hymns, numerous l'ermons, political trafts, 
 and pieces in controveri'y againft the Calvi- 
 nifts and Moravians. His preaching was ex- 
 temporary, but not vehement. He dwelt 
 much upon practical religion, though he 
 taught his followers to look for extraordinary 
 motions of the holy fpirit, and to afpire to a 
 Hate of finlefs perfection . — Life by JVbite- 
 head. 
 
 Wesley (Charles), younger brother of 
 the above, was born in 1708, and educated 
 at. Weftminfter fchool, from whence he re- 
 moved to Chrift church college, Oxford, of 
 which he beedme ftudent. He was one of 
 the firft methodifts, and continued a conftant 
 preacher, among them to his death, which 
 happened in 1788. He wrote feveral hymns 
 and other pious pieces. His two Ions, 
 Charles and Samuel, havediftinguifhed them- 
 felves hy their extraordinary fkill in mufic. 
 '—Ibid. 
 
 Wesselus (John), a learned German, 
 was born at Groningen, about 1419. His 
 great merit was known to pope Sixtus IV. 
 who invited him to Rome, and promiled 
 him whatever he fhould require. Weffelus 
 contented himfelf with afking for a Hebrew 
 and Greek bible in the Vatican library. 
 “And why,” laid tire pope, “do you not 
 afk for a biihopjrh. ?” “ Becaule I do not want 
 one,” replied Wefielus. He died in his own 
 country, in 1189. He maintained many 
 opinions limilar to thofe of Luther. Some 
 of his works were printed at Groningen in 
 1614, 4to. with this title, Farrago reram 
 Tbeclogicarim. — Mot era. 
 
 West (Gilbert), an eminent writer, was 
 born in 1706,. and educated at Wirichefter 
 and Eton, and afterwards at, Chrift church, 
 Oxford. He became treafurer- o.f Chelfea 
 hofpital through the favour of William Pitt, 
 afterwards earl Chatham. in 1717 Mr. 
 Well printed his valuable work in vindica- 
 tion of the truth of our Savour’s relurreftion, 
 for which the univerfrty of Oxford conferred 
 on him the degree of doftor ot laws. He 
 alfo publifhed a tranflation of Pindar into 
 Englifh verfe, and wrote fome elegant poe’ms 
 in Dydiley’s collection. He died at Wick- 
 ham, in Kent, in 175(5. 
 
 West (Richard), an eminent lawyer, 
 was a barrifter in the Temple, and in 1717 
 became king’s counfel. In 1725 he was 
 made lord chancellor of Ireland, but died the 
 year following. He wrote a Difcourle con- 
 cerning Trealons and Bills of Attainder; 
 and another Treatife on the Manner of creat- 
 
 W H A 
 
 ing Peers. He married a daughter of otfl.op- 
 Burnet’s. — Gen. Biog. DiEi. 
 
 West (James), an ingenious gentleman, 
 was educated at Baliol college, Oxford. In 
 1741 he fat in parliament for. St. AlWan’s, 
 and was appointed one of the fecretaries of the. 
 treafury, wdiich oflice he refigned in 17(52. 
 He was prefident of the 1 royal fociety, and: 
 one of the vice-prefidents of that of antiqua- 
 ries. He died in 1772, The late marquis 
 of Lanfdowne purchafed his MSS. and his col- 
 lection of books was fold by auftion. — An.cd. 
 oj Boiuyer. 
 
 West (Thomas), a topographical writer,, 
 was born at Ulverfto.n, in Lancafhire, where 
 he died in 1779. He wrote, .The Hiftory of 
 Furnefs; and A Guide to the Lakes. — Get! . 
 Biog. Ditf. 
 
 Westfiels (Thomas), a pious prelate,, 
 was born in the ifie of Ely, and educated at. 
 Jefus college, Cambridge. He afterwards, 
 obtained the living of St. Bartholomew, be- 
 hind the Exchange, and the archdeaconry of 
 St. Alban’s. He was fo pathetic a preacher, 
 as to be called the weeping prophet. At 
 the beginning of the rebellion he was made 
 bifnoo of Briftol. He died in 1 644 . — Lloyd's 
 Actount of Sujfcring LoyaliJ H. 
 
 Wet stein (John Rodolph), a learned dir 
 vine, was born at Bafil in 1647, and fucceed- 
 ed his father as proleflor of Greek and theo- 
 logy in that univerfity, where he died in 
 1711. Pie publifhed fome learned works, 
 particularly Origen’s Dialogue againft the 
 Marcionites. His brother, Jibn Henry , was 
 alfo a learned man. He fettled as a printyr 
 at Amfterdam, . where he publifhed leveral cor- 
 reft editions of ancient authors, with pre- 
 faces. He died in 1726, aged 77. — JShu-v. 
 DA. Hifi. 
 
 Wetstein (John James), of the fame fa- 
 mily as the preceding, was born at Bafil in 
 1693. He travelled into different countries 
 to confult manul'crLpts of tl.e New Tefta- 
 ment, in order to publifh an elition with va- 
 rious readings. In 1730 he printed his Pro- 
 legomena to that work; which gave fuch 
 alarm to lome of the, clergy, that they ac- 
 cufed him to the council as a Socinian , and. 
 he was depofed from the miniftry. On this, 
 he went to Holland, where he lucceeded Lc 
 Clerc as profefTor of philoloply, and died at 
 Amfterdam in 1754. His edition of the 
 New Teitament appeared in 1751, in 2! vols. 
 folio. He added to this great work two. 
 epiftles of St. Clemens Rornanus in Syriac, 
 with a Latin verfio n.—Ibid. 
 
 Whailey (Peter), an ingenious d ivine, 
 was born in Northamptonfhire, and educated 
 at Merchant Taylors’ fchool, and St. John’s 
 college, Oxford, where he became fellow. 
 On quitting the univerfity he was pie tented 
 to the vicarage of St. Sepulchre’s, Northamp- 
 ton. In 1768 he was cholen mafter o f the 
 grammar fchool of Chrift’s hofpital. He alfo 
 obtained the reftory of St. ilargaret Pat- 
 tens ; and the vicarage of Haley, in Surrey. 
 In 1776 he refigned the fchcolmafterflhip of 
 thrift's hofpital, but afterwards. he occupied 
 
W H A 
 
 that of St. Olave in Southwark. I-Te was 
 many years employed in compiling tlie Hif- 
 tory of his native county ; but the work was 
 never completed. He was the author of, 1. 
 An Inquiry into the Learning of Shukfpeare, 
 8vt». °2. A Vindication of the Evidences 
 
 and Authenticity of the Gofpels, 8vo. .‘3. 
 An edition of the Works of Ben Jonfon, with 
 notes, 7 vols. 8vo. 4. Verfes prefixed to 
 Hervey’s Meditations; and fome fermons. 
 He died in 1791. — Em op. Mag. 
 
 Wharton (George), an aftrologer, was 
 horn in Weftmoreland. He fpent the great- 
 eft part of his patrimony in defence of 
 Charles I, and after the ruin of the royal 
 caufe he wrote a number of almanacks, 
 aftronomical trafts, a chronology of remarka- 
 ble events, and other works. He was alfo 
 the author of fome dogg'rel verfes. After 
 the reftoration he was created a baronet, and 
 made treafurer of the ordnance. He died in 
 1601. — Granger. 
 
 Wharton (Anne), a lady diftinguifhed 
 for her poetical talents in the reign of 
 Charles II. She was daughter of Sir 
 Henry Lee, of Ditchley in Oxfordlhire, who, 
 dying without a fon, left his eftate between 
 this lady and her lifter, the countefs of Abing- 
 don. She was wife of Thomas, afterwards 
 marquis of Wharton; and wrote feveral 
 poems, printed in Dryden’s and Nichols’s 
 Colle&ions. She died in 1685. 
 
 Wharton (Henry), an ingenious divine, 
 was born in 1664, at Worftead in Norfolk, 
 of which place his father was vicar. He re- 
 ceived his education at Caius college, Cam- 
 bridge, after which he became chaplain to 
 archbiihop Sancroft, who gave him the rec- 
 tory of Chartham, and the vicarage of Minf- 
 ter, in Kent. He died in 1695. He wrote 
 a Treadle on the Celibacy of the Clergy 
 againft the Church of Rome ; Specimens of 
 Errors in Burnet’s Hiftory of the Reforma- 
 tion ; Defence of Pluralities, 8vo. ; Hiftoria 
 de Epifcopis & Decanis Londinenfibus, nec- 
 non de Epifcopis & Decanis Afiavenfibus, 
 8vo. ; Anglia Sacra, five Colledtio Hiltoria- 
 rum, &c. 2 vols folio ; and a volume of Ser- 
 mons, 8vo — Wood, A. 0 
 
 Wharton (Philip, duke of), was born 
 about 1699. On the death of his father, in 
 1716, he difearded his tutor, and paid his 
 court to the chevalier St. George, commonly 
 called the Pretender, who dignified him with 
 the title of duke of Northumberland. He 
 loon afterwards returned home, made his 
 peace with government, and was created duke 
 of Wharton. Alter this he joined the oppofi- 
 tion, and diftributed a weekly paper called 
 the True Briton. Having reduced his for- 
 tune by his extravagance, he again went 
 abroad, where he attached himfelf to the 
 Pretender, and died in 1731. — Gen Biog DiEi. 
 
 Whately (William), a pious "divine, 
 was born at Banbury in Oxfordlhire, in 1583. 
 He was educated at Chrift’s college, Cam- 
 bridge, and afterwards at Edmund hall, 
 Oxford. On entering into orders he became 
 
 W HI 
 
 vicar of Banbury, and ledturer of Stratford 
 upon Avon. He was a man of learning, and 
 died in 1639. He publilhed a number of 
 fermons with quaint titles; a Treatife on 
 Marriage ; and an Expofition of the Com- 
 mandments, 8vo. — Wood. 
 
 Wiiiare (Degory), an hiftofian, was 
 born at Jacobftow, in Cornwall, in 1573, 
 and educated at Exeter college, Oxford. Pie. 
 afterwards became Camden’s profefl'or of hif- 
 tory, and principal of Gloucefter hall. Pie 
 died in 1647. He wrote de Ratione & Me- 
 thodo Legendi Kiftorias DilTertatio, 8vo. 
 1 625> and again in 1637. It was tranflated 
 into English by Edmund Bohun .—Wood. 
 
 Wheatley (Charles), an Englifh di- 
 vine, was born in London, in 1686, and edu- 
 cated at St. John’s college, Oxford, where 
 he obtained a fellowlhip. On taking orders 
 he fettled in London, and was chofen lectu- 
 rer of St. Mildred, in the Poultry. He was 
 afterwards prefented to the vicarages of Brent 
 and Ferneaux Pelham, in Hertfordlhire. He 
 died at the latter place in 17,42. His works 
 are, 1. A Rational Illuftration of the Book of 
 Common Prayer, the firft edition of which 
 was in folio, and the following ones in 8vo. ; 
 2. An Hiftorical Vindication of the Eighty- 
 fifth Canon on bidding Prayer; 3. Anl'wer 
 to Hoadley on the Sacrament j 4. Private. 
 Devotions at the Holy Communion ; 5. Ser- t 
 mons at Lady Moyer’s Ledture, 8vo. After 
 his death appeared his Mifcellaneous Ser- 
 mons, in 3 vols. 8vo Gent. Mag. 
 
 Wheeler (George), a divine and baro- 
 net, was born at Charing, in Kent, and edu- 
 cated at Lincoln college, Oxford, after which 
 lie travelled into the Levant, accompanied 
 by Dr. Spon. On his return he prefented, 
 feveral valuable antiquities, colledted in his 
 travels, to the univerfity, which compli- 
 mented him with the degree of M.A. He 
 entered into orders, and was made prebendary, 
 of Durham, and prefented to the vicarage of 
 Bafingftoke, in Hampfhire, and the redlorv 
 °t Houghton-le-Spring, in the county of 
 Durham. He died in 1724. His works are,, 
 a Journey into Greece, folio, 1682; an Ac- 
 count of the Churches and Places of AfTem- 
 bly of the Primitive Chriftians, 1689, 8vo. ; 
 and the Proteftant Monaftery ; or Chriftiar* 
 Economics, 12mo — Wood. Gen, DiEi. 
 
 Whichcot (Benjamin), a pious divine, 
 was born in Shroplhire in 1699, and edu- 
 cated at King’s college, Cambridge, of wh Jn 
 he became provoft, but was removed at the 
 Reftoration He was afterwards fuccefiively 
 minifter of Blackfriars and St. Lawrence-Jevv- 
 ry, London. He died in J683. His fune- 
 ral ferinon was preached by Dr. Tillotfon. 
 The firft volume of his fermons was publish- 
 ed by the earl of Shaftelbury, author of the 
 Charadteriftics ; the threp next by Dr. Jef- 
 fery ; and the fifth by Dr. Samuel Clarke. 
 — Gen. DiEi. 
 
 Whjston (William), a divine and ma- 
 thematician, was born at Norton in Lticef- 
 terlhire'in 1667. He was educated firft at 
 8 P 2 
 
W H I 
 
 W H t 
 
 the free fchool at Tamwortb, and removed 
 from thence toClare Hall, Cambridge, where 
 he obtained a fellowship, and took his degrees 
 in arts He afterwards became domeftic 
 chaplain to bilhop Moore of Norwich, who 
 gave him the living of Loweftoft. In 1/00 
 he fucceeded Sir lfaac Newton as Lucas’s 
 profeflor of mathematics at Cambridge, in 
 which fituation he read lectures on that great 
 man’s principles of philofophy. About this 
 time he began to oppofd the doCtrine of the 
 Trinity, and conduced himfelf with fo much 
 imprudent zeal in the controverfy, that he 
 was deprived of the profelforlhip, and expel- 
 led the univerfity. He then retired to Lon- 
 don, where he lupported himfelf by teaching 
 mathematics, reading ledtures, and writing 
 books. In his latter years he turned baptift. 
 He died in 1752. Mr. Whifton was a man 
 of coniidera'ble learning, but exceflively cre- 
 dulous, notwithstanding his want of faith in 
 the Trinity. His principal works are, A 
 New Theory of the Earth, 8vo. This was 
 anfwered by Dr. Keil. Aftronomical Lec- 
 tures, 8vo. ; Tranflation of Jofephus, 4 vols. 
 8vo ; Aftronomical Principles of Religion; 
 Hiftory of the Old and New Teftament, 6 
 vols. 8vo. ; and Memoirs of his own Life, 2 
 vols 8vo -—Wood. 
 
 Whit a* er (William), a learned divine, 
 was born at Holme in Lancaftiire, in 1.548 ; 
 and educated at Trinity college, Cambridge. 
 He took his dodlor’s degree, and became re- 
 gius profeftor of divinity, and matter of St. 
 John’s college, in that univerfity. Dr. 
 Whitaker wrote fome able books againft po- 
 pery. He was fufpedted of puritanifm, and 
 died in 1595. — Tuber. 
 
 Whitby (Daniel), a learned divine, was 
 born at Rulhden, in Northamptonlhire, in 
 1558. He became fcholar of Trinity col- 
 lege, Oxford, and afterwards fellow. Dr. 
 Ward, bilhop of Salilbury, to whom he was 
 chaplain, gave him a prebend in his cathe- 
 dral, and the reftory of St. Edmund in that 
 city. He alfo became chanter of the cathe- 
 dral, and died in 1725. Dr. Whitby wrote 
 a number of Controverfial books ; but he is 
 chiefly known by an excellent volume on the 
 live Points againft Cal vinifm, 8vo ; and his 
 Paraphrafe and Expofition of the New Tef- 
 tament, 2 vols. folio. — Wood. Gen. DA. 
 
 White (Thomas), an eminent divine, 
 was born at Briftol ; and became a ttudent of 
 Magdalen Hall, Ox ord, in 1566. A ter en- 
 tering into orders, he fettled in London, and 
 obtained the reClory of St. Gregory, and that 
 of St Dunftan in the Weft. He was alio 
 fuccellively prebendary of St. Paul’s, trealu- 
 rer of the chu ch of Salilbury, canon et Chrift 
 church, Oxford, and canon of Windier. He 
 died in 1623 Dr. White publiflred forr.e 
 fermons ; but he is remembeied by his cha- 
 rities, having founded an almlhoufe at Brif- 
 tol ; a leflurelhip at Oxford ; and made a li- 
 beral bequeft to Sion college for the London 
 eltrgy. He is not to be confounded with 
 another minifter of both his names, who 
 lived arter the Reftoration, ana was lecturer 
 
 of St. Andrew, Holborn. He wrote a book 
 on the art of Divine Meditation, 8vo.—> 
 Word. Gen. Did. 
 
 White (Francis), a learned prelate, was 
 educated at Cambridge, after which he be- 
 came almoner to the king, dean and bilhop 
 of Carlille, from whence in 1631 he was 
 tfanllated to Norwich. He died in 1637. 
 This bilhop diltinguilhed himfelf by his 
 writings againft popery, and a conference 
 with Filher the jefuit in the king’s prefence 
 in 1624.-— Granger. 
 
 White (Thomas), or as he called him- 
 felf Albius, a philofopher and divine of the 
 Roman church, was born in Eflex. He was 
 particularly intimate with Hobbes, though 
 as philofophers they did not agree. His 
 works are remarkable for their fubtlety 
 about trifles. He died in 1676.-— Wood. 
 Granger. 
 
 White (Jeremy), a nonconformift di- 
 vine, was fellow of Trinity college, Cam- 
 bridge, and houfehold chaplain to Oliver 
 Cromwell. He was u man of confiderable 
 humour and dexterity ; but was outwitted by 
 Cromwell, for whole daughter he had an 
 affeCUon ; ajid being one day on his knee 9 
 before her, he was fuddenly caught in that 
 pofture by the proteftor, who demanded the 
 reafon. White replied that he had been 
 long paying his addrefles to the lady’s maid, 
 who ftood by, but without avail, on which 
 account he was foliciting the lady’s intereft. 
 Cromwell immediately turning to the wench^ 
 demanded why Ihe refufed Mr. White ; and 
 without ceremony ordered a clergyman to be 
 called, and they were married on the fpot. 
 Jeremy lived privately after the Reftoration, 
 and died in 1707, aged 78. He wrote a re- 
 markable book on the Reftoration of all 
 Things, printed after his death in 8vo. It 
 is a defence of the notion that all men will 
 finally be faved.— Calamy. 
 
 White (Robert), an Englifli engraver, 
 who ferved his time under Loggan. He is 
 fuppofed to have engraved more portraits and 
 frontifpieces than any other artift. He was 
 remarkably exatt in his likenefies ; and died 
 in 1704. — Strutt's Engravers. 
 
 Whitefield (George), one of the 
 founders of the methodifts, was born in 1714 
 at Gloucefter, where his mother kept the 
 Bell Inn. He received his education in the 
 crypt fchool at Gloucefter, and afterwards be- 
 came fervitor in Pembroke college, Oxford. 
 Dr. fienfon, bilhop ot Gloucefter, ordained 
 him, after which his zeal prompted him to 
 preach in prifons, private houfes, the fields 
 and open ftreets. A courle fo ftrange and 
 irregular could not but give great ott'ence, 
 and the doors of the churches were univer- 
 fally lhut againft: him. His eloquence was 
 peculiarly ftrong, and well adapted to make 
 a great imprellion upon ordinary minds ; in 
 coni -quence of which he obtained many fol- 
 loweis. in 1738 he went to America, where 
 he was well received, and wonderful tfiedts 
 are recorded in his journals o t .c power of 
 his preaching. Sudden and violent convcr* 
 
W H I 
 
 fions were confidered as indifpenfibly necef- 
 Ciry to prove that the hearers had obtained 
 divine grace. For fome time Mr. ^ bite, field 
 adted in conjunction with the two Wefleys, 
 but at laft ferious differences arofe between 
 them refpe&ing the calviniftic dodtrines of ab- 
 solute eledtion and final perfeverance. Thefe 
 were zealoufiy maintained by Mr. Whitefield 
 and his followers, and as Itrenuoufly denied 
 by the others. A divifion arofe, and the 
 niethodifts were divided into two parties, cal- 
 led the Calviniftic and Arminian methodiits. 
 Mr. Whitefield built twp large .conventicles 
 in London, that called the Taber, ia.de in the 
 city, and another in Tottenham-court-road. 
 He was alfo powerfully alfifted by the 
 epuntefs of Huntingdon, who appointed him 
 her chaplain; and became the patronefs of 
 the fedt, which Hill continues in a flourilli- 
 ing ftate. Mr. Whitefield died fuddenly' in 
 New England in 1770. His Sermons, Let- 
 ters, and Controverfial Tradts, have been 
 printed in 7 vols. 8vo . — Life by Gillies. 
 
 Whitehead (Paul), a poet, was born in 
 Weftminfter in 1710, and received a liberal 
 education. His friend lord le Defpenfer pro- 
 cured him a patent place worth 8001. a year. 
 He died in 1774. The heft of his poems, 
 which are not above mediocrity, was entitled 
 the Gymnafiad, a mock heroic, defigned to 
 ridicule the brutal cuftom of prize-fighting. 
 —Gen. Biog. DiEi. 
 
 Whitehead (William), a poet, was the 
 ion of a baker at Cambridge, and admitted 
 firlt a fizar, and afterwards a fcholar of Clare- 
 hall, Cambridge. He alfo obtained a fellow- 
 fhip, after which he accompanied two young 
 noblemen on their travels ; by which means 
 he was appointed register and fecretary of the 
 order of the Bath. In 1757 he became poet 
 laureat. He died in 1785, aged 70. Be- 
 fides his odes and fongs, he wrote the Ro- 
 man Father, and Creufa, tragedies; the 
 School for Lovers, a comedy ; a 1 rip to Scot- 
 land, a farce ; and fome other pieces. — 
 Ibid 
 
 Whitehead (John), a phyfician and 
 rnethodift preacher. At an early age he ex- 
 hibited proofs of genius, and acquired a know- 
 lege of the Latin and Greek languages. He 
 let up as a linen draper at Briftol, and turned 
 quaker after having quitted the methodiits. 
 By means of his new connections he was en- 
 abled to fet up a boarding fchool at Wandl- 
 worch. Afterwards he travelled abroad with 
 a young gentleman, and Mr. Whitehead Hu- 
 died anatomy and medicine at Leyden. He 
 there took his dodtor’s degree, and foon after 
 his return to London he became phyfician to 
 the london Difpenfary. After this he gain 
 joined the methodiits, among whom he very 
 often preached. He alio attended Mr John 
 Welley in his laft illnefs, preached his fune- 
 ral fermon, and publilhed meipoirs of his 
 life in 2 vols. This publication, however, 
 occalioned a rupture between the doctor and 
 the conference, who wilhed to publiih a life 
 of their founder for their own benefit. Dr. 
 Whitehead died in 1804 .— Monthly Mag . 
 
 W II I 
 
 Whitehurst (John), aningenious me. 
 chanjc, was born at Congleton, in Chelhire, 
 and bred to his father's bufinefs, which was 
 that of a clock and watch-maker. He fet 
 up in that line at Derby, where he made the 
 town clock at the town hall, and the clock 
 and chimes in the tower of All-faints church. 
 
 In 1775 he was appointed (tamper of die mo- 
 ney weights at the mint, on which he re- 
 moved to London, where he continued to re- 
 fide till his death in 1788 Mr. White- 
 hurft was a ipember of the royal focietv, and 
 his houfe was the reforf of ingenious and fei- 
 entific m en pf whatever nation or rank. He 
 is adva,ntageou(ly known in the world o let- 
 ters by his Inquiry into the Original State 
 and Formation of the Earth, publilhed firft 
 in 1778, and again vyith improvements, in 
 1786, in 1 vol. 4to. He was alfo the author 
 of an Attempt towards obtaining Invariable 
 Meafures of Length, Capacity and Weight, 
 from the Menfuration of Time, 8vo. ; and 
 fome papers in the Philofophical Tranfac- 
 tions — Europ. Mag. 
 
 Whitelock (nr James), a learned law- 
 yer, was born in London, in 1570, and edu- 
 cated at Merchant Taylors’ fchool, from 
 whence he removed to St John’s college, 
 Oxford, and, in 1591, entered of the Middle 
 Temple, where he was called to the bar. 
 
 In 1620 he was elected member for Wood- 
 ltock ; and about the fame time received the 
 honour of knighthood, and the appointment 
 of chief juftice of Chefter. He afterwards 
 became chief juftice of the king’s bench, and 
 died in 1632. His works are Lectures, o'f 
 Readings in the Middle Temple Hall ; and 
 feveral fpeeches in parliament —Wood. 
 
 Whituocke (Euiltrode), fon of the 
 preceding, was born in London in 1605. 
 He was educated at Merchant Taylors’ 
 fchool, and St John’s college, Oxford, from 
 whence he removed to the Middle Temple. 
 In the long parliament he reprefentud Great 
 Marlow, in Buckinghamlhire, and was very 
 adtive in prolecuting the earl ot Sera ord. 
 He was appointed one of the lay members 
 in the affembly of divines; and in 1647, 
 became one or the commitfioners of the great 
 feal. In 1653 he was lent ambaffador from 
 the Commonwealth to Sweden, and on his 
 return was made a commillioner of the trea- 
 fury. In 1656 he was chofen fpeaker of tne 
 houfe of commons, and the year following 
 became one of Cromwell’s houfe of lords. 
 In 1659 he was appointed prefident of the 
 council or ltate, and keeper of ihe _reat feal, 
 which he religned loon after, ana retted to 
 Chilton, in Wiltlhire, where he diea in 
 1676. His works are, 1. Monarchy afferted 
 to be the belt, molt ancient, and legal Form 
 or Government, 8vo ; 2. Memorials ot E ig- 
 lifh Affairs, folio, 1612, find pigain confider- 
 ably enlarged, in 1732 , 3 Several speeches 
 in Rulhworth’s and yther collections.— 
 JVuod. Biog. B'it. 
 
 Whit gift (John), an eminent prelate, 
 was born at Great riniiby, in Lincolnih.re, 
 in 15o0. He received his euueation firit at 
 3P3 
 
W I c 
 
 Queen’s colloge, and afterwards removed to 
 Pembroke Hall, Cambridge. In 1560 he 
 entered into orders, and became chaplain to 
 bilhop Cox of Ely, who gave him a living. 
 In 1563 he was appointed lady Margaret’s 
 profefior of divinity, and was a great reftorer 
 of order and difcipline in the univerfity. In 
 1567 he was made mailer of Trinity college, 
 and regius profeffor, which place he refigned 
 two years afterwards. He obtained the 
 deanry of Lincoln in 1573 ; and in 1576 was 
 confecrated bifhopof Worcefter, from whence, 
 in 1583, he was trandated to Canterbury. 
 He was a great favourite with Queen Eliza- 
 beth, who ufed to call him her little black 
 Iiufband. He was a zealous governor of the 
 church, and llrenuoufly refilled the encroach- 
 ments of the puritans. The atchbifhop 
 founded an hofpital at Croydon, and died at 
 Lambeth, in 1604.— Life by Strype . 
 
 Whittingham (William), an Englilh 
 divine, was born at Chefler, and educated 
 at Brafenofe college, Oxford. Afterwards 
 he became fellow of All fouls, and fenior 
 Undent of Chrifl- church. On the death of 
 Edward VI. he went abroad ; and returned 
 in that of Elizabeth, flrongly prejudiced 
 againft the liturgy and church ceremonies. 
 However he did not fcruple to accept the 
 deanry of Durham, where he committed 
 great depredations in removing the ftone 
 cbflins and other antient remains from the 
 Ciitnedral. He died in 1579. He tranflated 
 the Geneva Bible; and turned into metre 
 fome of the pfalms of David. They are in 
 Sternhold and Hopkins’s verfion, ligned 
 W. W. — Wood. 
 
 Whitt ington (Robert), alearned fchool- 
 mafter, was born at Litchfield, and educated 
 at Oxford ; he publifhed a Latin grammar 
 in quarto, 1500; and feveral Latin pieces. 
 He was a man of great learning and vanity, 
 and wrote againft Lily and Elorman. He 
 died about 1530. — Wood , A. O. 
 
 Whittington (fir Richard), a wealthy 
 citizen of London, who flourifhed in the 
 reigns of Richard II. Henry IV. and Henry 
 V. He built Newgate, part of St. Bartho- 
 lomew’s hofpital, the handfome library in 
 Grey-Friars, now called Chrift’s-hofpital, 
 and part of Guildhall, with a chapel and de- 
 pofitory to keep the city records. He was 
 knighted, and three times ferved lord mavor 
 of London : the lafl time was in 1419.—. 
 Stowe's London. 
 
 Wickliffe (John de), a celebrated di- 
 vine, and fliled the morning liar of the Re- 
 formation, was born about 1324, in the pa- 
 rifh of Wicklifie, in Yorkfhire. He was ad- 
 mitted firft of Queen’s college, but after- 
 wards removed to Merton college, Oxford. 
 In 1361 his great talents procured him the 
 mafterfhip of Baliol college ; and four years 
 after he was made warden of Canterbury 
 hall, then founded by arehbifhop Ifiip, whofe 
 fuccefTor, Langham, difplaced him at the in- 
 ftjgation of the monks, who were the l'worii 
 
 W I L 
 
 foes to Wicklifie, for expofing their corrupt 
 errors and pradlices. The pope having cited 
 king Edward to Avignon for refufing to pay 
 him a yearly tribute, the monks defended 
 the papal claim, which Wicklifie oppofed 
 with fuch ftrength, that he was made king’s 
 chaplain, and preferred to the redtory of Lut- 
 terworth, in Leicefterfhire. In 1374 he 
 was fent, with fome others, on an embafly 
 to Rome, to complain of the number of be- 
 nefices in England enjoyed by foreigners. 
 3 his million, however, produced no other 
 eftedt than to confirm Wicklifie in his fenti- 
 ments of the papal tyranny. After his re- 
 turn he preached with ftill greater vehe- 
 mence againft the corruptions of the Roman 
 church. Pope Gregory XI. being informed 
 of his condudt, iffued feveral bulls againft 
 him, charging him with numerous herelies. 
 An affembly was accordingly held at St. 
 Paul’s by arehbifhop Sudbury, and Courte- 
 nay, bilhop of London, to examine Wicklifie, 
 who appeared, fupported by the Duke of Lan- 
 cafter and Lord Percy. Wicklifie made an 
 able defence of himfelf, but the council end- 
 ed without any determination. Wickliffe 
 died in 1334, and was buried in his church 
 at Lutterworth, but forty years afterwards 
 his bones were taken up and burnt by order 
 of t!ie council of Conftance. He wrote ;i 
 trad! on the Schifm of the Popes ; and tranf- 
 lated the New Teftamept into Englifh. This 
 laft has been printed by the care of Mr. ' 
 Lewis, folio.— Gilpin's Life of Wickliffe. 
 
 Wic^uefort (Abraham), a Dutch 
 ftatefman, was born at Amfterdam in 1598. 
 He entered into the fervice of the eledlor of 
 Brandenburgh, who employed him as his 
 agent in France, where he refided thirty- 
 two years, and was much noticed by Maza- 
 rine But being accufed of communicating 
 fecrets of importance to the Dutch govern- 
 ment, he was confined in the Baftile fome 
 months. When the war broke out between 
 France and Holland he retired to the Hague, 
 where he was imprifone.d four years, on a 
 charge of holding correfpondence with the 
 Englifh. He contrived to make his efcape, 
 and retired to Zell, where he died in 1682. 
 His works ajfe, a Hiftory of the United States, 
 folio ; and a Treatife on the Duties, of ail 
 Ambaflador, 2 vols. 4to. — Mcseri. 
 
 Wild (Robert), a prelby terian, divine, 
 who took his doftor’s degree at Oxford, and 
 became redlor of Aynhoe, in Northampton- 
 shire, of which he was deprived at the refto- / 
 ration for nonconformity. He died at Oun - 
 dle in 1679. His works are, the Tragedy 
 of Mr. Chriftopher Love; Iter Boreale, a 
 Poem on the Imprifonment of Mr. Calamy 
 in Newgate ; and fome other poetical pieces : 
 alfo fome Sermons. — Calamy. 
 
 Wild (Henry), a taylor of Norwich, who 
 made himfelf mafter of the Hebrew and Ara- 
 bic, and was drawn from oblcuiity by Dr. 
 Prideaux, who procured him a place in the 
 Bodleian library. He afterwards removed 
 
W I L 
 
 London , where he was fupported by Dr. Mead. 
 
 He died about 1733. He tranflated from 
 the"' Arabic Mahomet’s Journey to Heaven. 
 •*—Gen. Blog. DIB • 
 
 Wildbore (Charles), an ingenious ma- 
 thematician, who was entirely felt-taught 
 both in his favourite fcience, and in the lan- 
 guages. He began his contributions to the 
 Gentleman’s Diary in 1759, and he was alio 
 the regular correfpondent ot the Ladies Diary. 
 Many of his communications are likewife in 
 Martin’s Mifcefiar.eous Correfpondence. In 
 1773 he had aid amicable controverly in Dr. 
 Hutton’s Milcellanea Mathematica, ’ with 
 Mr. Dawfon of Sedbryk, on the velocity of 
 water iffuing from a vefTel when put in mo- 
 tion. In 1780 he became .the editor of the 
 Gentleman’s Diary. Mr. Wildbere pro- 
 cured orders in the eftablilhed church, and 
 had the living of Broughton Sulney, in Not- 
 tinghamlhire, where he died in 1803.— 
 Monthly Mag. 
 
 Wilde (William), a lawyer ofthe 17th 
 century. He was recorder of London in 
 1659, created a baronet in 1660. appointed^ 
 king’s ferjeant, made one of the juftices ot 
 ■the court of common pleas in 1668, and jul- 
 tice of the court of king’s bench in 1672. 
 He died in 1679. He edited Yelverton’s 
 Reports. — Gen. DIB. 
 
 Wilkes (Thomas), an auguftin monk, 
 of Ofney, near Oxford. He wrote a Chro- 
 nicle of Engliih Affairs from the conqueft to 
 the end of the reign of Edward the firft. — 
 Blicb&lfon's Hiji. Lib. 
 
 Wilkes (John), alderman and chamber- 
 lain of London, was born in Clerkenwell in 
 3728: he received a liberal educat on, and 
 after travelling abroad, married a lady ot 
 fortune, and became -colonel of the Bucking- 
 hamlhire militia. In 1761 he was defied 
 into parliament for Aylelbury, and at this 
 time became a violent opponent ot the Bute 
 adminiftrat’son by pubrii filing a periodical pa- 
 per called the North Briton, the 45th num- 
 ber of which was lo offenfive, that a general 
 warrant was illued by the earl ot Halifax, 
 ■fecretary of ftate, io feize Mr Wilkes and his 
 papers. This affair made much noife, and 
 brought him into great repute as the patriot 
 of the day. He brought his aflion in the 
 court of kihg’y bench, where he o tained a 
 verdict, by which general warrants were de- 
 clared illegal But he was form afterwards 
 involved in tioable on account of a mod ob- 
 fcene and blafphemous publication called the 
 •Effayon Woman; for which he was expelled 
 the houfe. He was at different times 're- 
 turned lor Middlefex, but the eleftion was 
 always declared void till 1774, when he was 
 permitted to take his feat without farther op- 
 pofition. The fame year he lerved the ot- 
 fice of lord mayor. He afterwards obtained 
 the 'lucrative office of chamberlain of the 
 city of London, and in 1790 quitted parlia- 
 ment. He rendered eminent fervice in the 
 riots of 1780 by exerting himfelf with fuch 
 promptitude as laved the bank from the de- 
 
 W I L 
 
 predators. He died in 1797 .—Life by AL 
 won. . . 
 
 Wilkie (William), a poet and divine, 
 was born in Well Lothian, in Scotland, in 
 1721, and educated for the mimftry at Edin- 
 burgh. He obtained his degree of doctor in 
 divinity, and became profellor of natural phi- 
 lofophy at St. Andrew’s, where he died in 
 1772. Dr. Wilkie publilhed a poem en- 
 titled, the Epigoniad ; and tome ingenious 
 Fables, 8vo. — Anderfon’ sColleBien of Poets. 
 
 Wilkins (John), a learned prelate, was 
 born at Fawlfey in Northamptonshire, in 
 1614, and educated at Magdalen-hall, Ox- 
 ford. On entering into orders he became 
 chaplain to lord Say, and afterwards to 
 Charles count palatine of the Rhine. In 
 1638 he publifned his Difcovery of a New 
 World, or an attempt to prove that there 
 may be another habitable world in the moon. 
 This idea he enlarged and fupported in a dif- 
 courfe concerning a new planet in 1610 He 
 alfo publilhed feveral other ingenious pieces, 
 particularly one, entitled, Mathematical 
 Magic ; which was reprinted in 1680. In 
 1619 he obtained the wardenihip of Wad ham 
 college, which he vacated in 1656 by his 
 marriage with the filler of Oliver Cornwell, 
 but by his connexion with the ufurper the 
 llatutes were difpenfed with. In 1659 he 
 was made mailer of Trinity college, Cam- 
 bridge, of which he was deprived at the De- 
 floration. He then became preacher at 
 Gray’s inn, and reclor of St Lawrence Jew- 
 ry. He was one of the inllitutors of the 
 royal fociety, and in 1663 was promoted to 
 the fee of Cheller. He died in 1672. His 
 mathematical works have been printed in 2 
 vols. 8vo. He was alfo the author of lome 
 Sermons ; a Difcourfe on the Gift of Preach- 
 ing; and another on Prayer. — Gen. DIB. 
 
 mod. 
 
 Wilkins (David), a learned antiquary 
 and divine, was keeper of the library at Lam- 
 beth, of which he drew up a catalogue, 
 printed in 1718. Archbilhop Wake bellow- 
 ed upon him feme church preferment. He 
 publilhed the NewTeftament in Coptic; an 
 edition of the Saxon Laws; and another of 
 Selden’s works. He died in 1745.—— Anted, 
 of Boivycr. 
 
 Wilkinson (Henry), a celebrated 
 preacher among the prelbyterians. He was 
 one of the. affernbly of divines at Weftmin- 
 ller, redlor of St. Dunllan in the Eaft, canon 
 of Chriil church, Oxford, and Margaret’s 
 profeffor of divinity in that univerfity ; but 
 was deprived of all his places at the rellora- 
 tion for nonconformity. He died at Clap- 
 ham in 1675. Dr. Wilkinfon printed feve- 
 ral fermons.— -Calamy. 
 
 Wilkinson (Henry), a puritan divine, 
 was born in Yorklhire in 1616. He re- 
 ceived his education at Magdalen-hall, Ox- 
 ford, of which in the time of the rebellion 
 he became principal, but was ejcdled at the 
 reftoration. He died at Great Cornard in 
 Suffolk* in 1690. He publilhed' Academical 
 3P4 
 
W I L 
 
 Difcourfesj a Treatife on Free Will 5 and 
 another on the Divine Right of the Lord’s 
 Da}", in Latin. — Ibid. 
 
 vViuiam I. king of England, commonly 
 called toe Conqueror, was the natural fon of 
 Robert I duke 0 f Normandy, and of Ar- 
 lotta the daughter of a furrier at Falaife, 
 where he was born in 1024. He reigned 
 quietly in Normandy till the death of Ed- 
 ward the Confefl'or, when pretending that 
 the crown had been bequeathed to him by 
 that monarch, he fitted out a large expedi- 
 tion, and landed on the coail of Sutl'ex, As 
 loon as the troops were difemharked he burnt 
 tne veflels, exclaiming, feeyour country. Ha- 
 rold marched againft him, but was defeated 
 and (lain at Haftjngs ; after which William 
 marched to London, and was crowned at 
 Weftminfter on Chriftmas day, in 1066. 
 He reigned with great tyranny, in confe- 
 quence of which feveral in furred! ions took 
 place, but they were foon. quelled, and Wil- 
 liam divided the lands of moll of the nobility 
 and gentry among his followers. He alfo 
 introduced the Norman language, and or- 
 dered that all law pleadings and ilatutes 
 fhould be in that tongue. To prevent night- 
 ly meetings and, confpjracres he inllituted 
 the curfew, or “cover fire bell,” at the 
 found of which every night at eight o’clock 
 all fires and candles were to be put out. He 
 caufed a furvey to be made of all the lands 
 in the kingdom, the account Or regifter of 
 which was called the Doomfday book. In 
 1078 he finilhed the tower of London. In 
 1087 he invaded France, and deftroyed the 
 city of Mantes. He was about to march 
 to Paris, but died in confequence of a fall 
 from his horfe, and was buried the fame 
 year at Rouen. — Rapin. 
 
 William II. or Rufus, fo called from his 
 red hair, was the fon of the conqueror, and 
 crowned on the news of his father’s death. 
 Sept. 27, 1087. He made aconqueft of part 
 of Wales, and obtained the duchy of Nor- 
 mandy from his brother Robert, in 1095. 
 He was a great perlecutor of the clergy, and 
 banilhed Laniranp, grchbiihop oi Canterbury, 
 jfrom the kingdom. William was accident- 
 j(Jly (lain by an arrow, {hot by Walter Tyr- 
 rel, as he was hunting in the New Foreft, 
 ,Hamp(hire, i/j 1100, aged 44. —Ibid. 
 
 * William^ III. ot Nallau, prince of 
 Diange, and king of England, was born at 
 the Hague in 1650. He was the fon of 
 William prince of Orange, and of Henrietta 
 Maria, daughter of Charles I. He married 
 the princefs Mary, daughter of James I. 
 duke ot York } and lucceeded to the ftadt- 
 holderthip in 1672. He was alfo nomi- 
 nated general of the troops of Holland 
 again ft Louis XIV". and made a vigorous re 
 ft fiance to the French armies under Luxem- 
 bourg, whom he de bated in 1674, but was 
 repul. ed in bis turn by the prince de Cornle. 
 
 In 1688 the arbitrary mealures ot James II. 
 induct'd many dilafledted nobles and others to 
 invite over the prince of Orange. He gladly 
 
 W I L 
 
 embraced the occafion, and landed without op* 
 pofition in Torbay, Nov. 5, the fame year. 
 James, finding himfelt unfupported, with- 
 drew to France, and William took pofTefiiora 
 ot his throne in conjunction with his wife, 
 the daughter ot that unfortunate monarch. 
 The coronation took place April 11, 1689. 
 The year following William went to Ire- 
 land, where he defeated James at the battle 
 of the Boyne. In 1691 he headed the con- 
 federated army in the Netherlands, took 
 Namur in 1695, and in 1697 lie was ac- 
 knowleged king of England by the treaty 
 ot Ryfwick. On the death of Mary in 169,8 
 the parliament confirmed to him the royal 
 title. He fell from his horfe and broke his 
 collar-bone, Feb. 26, 1702, and died March 
 8 th following. — Rapin. SnioHet. 
 
 W ILHAMS (John), a celebrated prelate, 
 was born at Aber Conway in Caernarvon- 
 fliire, in 1582. Fie received his education 
 firtl at Ruthin fchool, in Denbighfhire, and 
 afterwards at St. John’s college, Cambridge, 
 where he proceeded to his degrees in arts. 
 In 1612 he became chaplain to the lord 
 chancellor Egcrton, by which means he ob- 
 tained fome confiderable preferment, and 
 was admitted into his lordfhip’s entire confi- 
 dence. r l be chancellor alfo at his death 
 gave him his manufeript colledlions. He 
 afterwards became chaplain to the king, and 
 in 1620 dean ot Weftminfter. The year 
 following he was fworn of the privy council, 
 and was made keeper of the great feal, and 
 bithop ot Lincoln. He attended James I. on 
 his death-bed, and preached his funeral fer- 
 mon, in which he compared him to Solomon. 
 Soon after the acceftion of Charles I. the 
 great feal was taken from him, and he was 
 profecuted in the flat' chamber on a charge of 
 betraying the king’s fecrets, fined 10,0001. 
 and imprifoned in the Tower, where he re- 
 mained above three years. In 1640 he was 
 relcaied by parliament, and the year follow- 
 ing made archbillrop of York. He was again 
 fent to the Tower with fome of his brethren, 
 by the lords, for framing a proteft againft all 
 proceedings in parliament while they were 
 hindered from attending in their places by 
 the mob VV lien he was releafed the archi- 
 bifhop went to York, but the wars breaking 
 out lie retired to Wales, where he died in 
 1650. — Life by Hueket, and Lives of the 
 Chancellors. 
 
 Williams (fir Charles Hanbury), a poet 
 and ftatelman, was the fon of John Hanbury, 
 a diredlor of the South Sea company. He 
 icpreiented the county of Monmouth in 
 three fuccefiive parliaments, and in 1744 wa.s 
 initialled knight of the bath. Two years 
 alter he was fent ambuftador to Prufiia, and 
 afterwards in the fame capacity to Rufiia, 
 from w he nee he returned in 4,759, and died 
 the fame year. His poems, which are re- 
 markably lively, are in Dodfley’s and other 
 collections. — Gen. Biog. Did. 
 
 W illiams (Daniel), a prefbyterian ml- 
 miter, was born at Wiyxham in Denbigh- 
 
W I L 
 
 fhire, Sn 1644. He officiated fome time in 
 Dublin, from whence he cams to London in 
 1687, and became pallor of a congregation. 
 Jn 1709 he obtained his dodlor’s degree from 
 Glafgow and Dublin, and died in 1716. He 
 founded the library in Itedcrofs-ftreet for dif- 
 fenting minifters. Five volumes of his Ser- 
 mons are in print.— Calamy. 
 
 Williams (John), a pious bilhop, was 
 born in Northamptonlhire, and educated at 
 Alagdalen-hall, Oxford. After the reftora- 
 tion he obtained the redlory of St. Mildred, 
 in ,the Poultry, and a canonry in St. Paul’s 
 cathedral. In 1689 he became chaplain to 
 William and Mary, who gave him a prebend 
 of Canterbury, and in 1696 promoted him 
 to the bilhopric of C’hichefter. He died in 
 1709. This bilhop publilhed feveral tracts 
 againft the rornanifts and diffenters, and a 
 volume of Sermons, preached at Boyle’s lec- 
 ture. — Wood. 
 
 Williams (Anna), an ingenious lady, 
 was born in 1706, in South Wales : her fa- 
 ther was a furgeon, but having a turn for 
 mathematics, he imagined that he had dif- 
 covered the longitude. Filled with this idea, 
 he came to London with his daughter in 1730, 
 but the expenfes of the metropolis foon 
 fwullowed up his fcanty means, and he died 
 in the Charter-houfe. The daughter loft 
 her light by a cataradl, after which ihe was 
 taken under the protedlion of Dr. Johnfon. 
 Mr. Garrick gave her the profits of a play, 
 which produced 2001. and in 1766 ihe pub- 
 liihed by fubfcription a volume of mifcella- 
 nies in profe and verfe. She alfo tranllated 
 from the French the Life of Julian. Mifs 
 Williams died in 178 3—Europ. Mag. 
 
 Willis (Thomas), a phyfician, was 
 born in 1621, at Great Bedwin, in Wilt- 
 ffiire, and educated at Chrift church, Ox- 
 ford, where he took his degrees in arts. In 
 1642 he took up arms in the fervice of the 
 king, but after the furrender of the garrifon 
 he applied to the ftudy of phyfic. In 1660 
 he was appointed Sedley’s proteffor of natu- 
 ral philofophy, and the fame year took his 
 dodtor’s degree. He was one of the firft 
 members of the royal fociety, and became 
 fellow of the college of phyficians. He was 
 the mail celebrated phylician in his time, 
 and died in Weftminfter in 1675. His me- 
 dical and phjlofophical works have been 
 printed in 2 vo’ls. folio. — Wood. 
 
 Willis (Browne), fon of the above, was 
 born at Biandford, in Dorfetlhire, in 1682. 
 He was educated at Weftrjiinfter l'choo! r from 
 whence he was elected to Chrift church, Ox- 
 ford, where he proceeded to his degree of 
 dodior ot laws. He was one of the revivers 
 of the fociety of antiquaries, and during his 
 long lite vifited all the cathedrals in England 
 and Wales, except Carlifle. He was atone 
 time member of parliament > ■ Buckingham, 
 and died in 1760. He gave his cabinet of 
 coins and manufcripts to the univerlitv of 
 Oxford. Dr. Willis publi/hed a Survey of 
 the Cathedrals, in 2 vois. 4to. j alfo an Ac« 
 
 \V I L 
 
 count of the Mitred Abbeys, 2 volumes 8ve. 
 
 —— yd need, of Boivyer. 
 
 Willughby (Francis), an eminent na- 
 turalift, was born in Warvvickfhire in 1635, 
 and educated at Cambridge, where he form- 
 ed a clofe friendlhip with Mr. Ray, whom 
 he accompanied in feveral excurfions over 
 England and Scotland, alfo through France, 
 Holland, Germany, Italy, and Switzerland. 
 He died in 1672, and left' that gentleman 
 truftee to his children Mr. Ray publilhed, 
 from the papers of his friend, his Ornitho- 
 logy in Latin, 1676, folio; and in 1678 an 
 Englilh translation of it, with figures en- 
 graved at the expenfe of Mrs. Willughby ; 
 alfo the Hiftory of Fifties, in fialio, 1686.— 
 Gen. Dili. Pulteney. 
 
 Wilson (Arthur), an hiftorian, was born 
 in 1596 in Norfolk, and educated at Trinity- 
 college, Oxford, after which he became fer- 
 vant to Robert, earl of EfTex. He died in 
 1652. He wrote the Hiftory of the Reign 
 or James J , folio, in a very pedantic ftyle, 
 and exceffively partial.— Wood. 
 
 Wilson (Thomas), an eminently pious 
 prelate, was born at Burton, in Cheihire, in 
 1663, and educated at Trinity college, Dub- 
 lin. He was ordained at Kildare in 1686, 
 and in 1692 became tuter to a fon of the earl 
 of Derby. At the fame time be was offered the 
 valuable living of Baddefworth, in York- 
 ftijre, vvhich he declined as being inconfiftept 
 with his refolves againft non-refidence. In 
 1697 he was, in a manner, compelled to^s- 
 cept the bilhopric of Man, which had lain 
 vacant four years- He was at the fame time 
 created dodior of laws by archbhhop Tenifon. 
 The annual income of the fee did not exceed 
 3001. a year, and yet out of that fmall fti- 
 pend his charities were numerous. In 1703 
 he obtained an adt of Settlement for the 
 iliand, and framed ecclefiaftical conftitutions, 
 which were approved of by the lay proprie- 
 tors and palfed into a law. In 1707 he was 
 made D.D. by the univerfities of Oxford and 
 Cambridge. In 1722 the governor of the 
 iliand lent the good bilhop and his two vicars 
 general to prilon, for fufpending the arch- 
 deacon, who had adted in violation of. the 
 ecclefiaftical conftitutions. After a confine- 
 ment of two months they were releafed, and 
 the proceedings were condemned by the king 
 and council ; but tire bilhop refilled to pro- 
 secute his enemies. He alfo declined accept • 
 ing an Englilh bilhopric which was offered 
 him, being f> attached to his diocefe that no 
 temptation could remove him. Thisapofto- 
 lical prelate died in 17 55, in the 93d year of 
 his age, and the 58th vrl his confecration. 
 His publications were all of a prudlical na- 
 ture, and admirably adapted to inform the 
 ignorant and to edify the virtuous. Since 
 his death have been publilhed his Sermons, 
 in 4 vols. 8vo. ; and his Notes on the Bible, 
 in 3 vols. 4to. — Life prefxed to his works, 
 2 vols. folio. 
 
 Wilson (Thomas), fon of the preced- 
 ing, was born in 1703, and educated at 
 
4 
 
 W I N 
 
 Chrift church, Oxford, where he proceeded 
 to his degree of D.D in 1739. He obtained 
 the reCtory of St. Stephen Walbrook, and a 
 prebend of Weftminiter. He was alfo fub- 
 almoner to the king. Dr. Wilfon rendered 
 himfelf ridiculous by engaging in party poli- 
 tics, and by his enthufiaftic attachment to 
 Catharine Macaulay, whofe flatue in the 
 charafter of Liberty he fet up in Walbrook 
 church, but on quarrelling with the lady he 
 removed this monument of his folly. He 
 died at Bath in 1784 — Dr. Wilfon publiihed 
 his father’s works.,. — Europ. Mag. 
 
 Wilson (Florence), a Scotch writer, was 
 born in the county of Moray in 1300, and 
 •educated at King’s college, Aberdeen. He 
 afterwards went to Bafil, and laftly to Paris, 
 where he taught philofophy in the college of 
 Navarre. He died in his native country in 
 1 557. He wrote a treatife De Tranquilli- 
 tate Animae.— Mackenzie's Hiji. of Scotch 
 Writers. 
 
 Wilson (John), was a native of Kendal, 
 in Weftmcreland) where his employment 
 was that of knitting dockings. However, 
 his fame for botanical knowlege was fo great, 
 that he gave leffons alternately at that place 
 and at Newcaftle, and was attended by fcho- 
 lars from Scotland. In 1744 he published a 
 Synopfis of Britifh Plants in Mr. Ray’s .me- 
 thod, 8vo. He died about 1750- — Pi xlteney's 
 Sketches. < 
 
 Wilson (Richard), an eminent painter, 
 was born at Pineges, in Montgomeryihire, in 
 1714. He received an excellent education 
 under his father, who was rector of that pa- 
 rifh, and difeovering a ftrong inclination to 
 painting he was placed under an obfcuie ar- 
 tift in London, and afterwards he followed 
 portrait painting in London with fuccefs. In 
 1749 he went to Italy, where Mr. Lock, an 
 Bnglilh gentleman, employed him in taking 
 Iketches and painting landfcapes. At Rome 
 he cultivated the friendfhip of Vernet, the 
 celebrated French painter, who adviftd him 
 to adhere to landfcape-painting. In 17.55 he 
 returned to England, where he acquired the 
 higheft reputation in his line On the eftab- 
 Jifhment of the royal academy he became a 
 member, and in 1779 librarian. He died in 
 1782. Wilfon has been called the Engliih 
 Claude. — Europ. Mag. Pilkington. 
 
 Winchelsea (Anne, countefs of), was 
 the daughter of fir William Kingfmill, in 
 Hampfhire, and became maid of honour to the 
 duchefs of York, fecund wife of James II, 
 till her marriage with Heneage, fon of the 
 earl of Winchelfea. Her principal produc- 
 tion was a Poem upon the Spleen. A col- 
 lection of her works was printed in 1713. 
 She died in 1720. — Blog. Fee mine um. 
 
 Winchester (Thomas), an eminent 
 divine, was born at Farringdon, in Berkfhire, 
 and educated at Magdalen college, Oxford, 
 where he proceeded to his. degree of D.D. in 
 1749. He was alfo eleCted to afellowihip, 
 which he refigned in 1761, on obtaining the 
 reftory of Appleton, in Berkfnke, where he 
 
 W I N 
 
 died in 1780. He wrote a valuable trad! on 
 the Seventeenth Article of the Church of 
 England, reprinted in 1803. He was alio> 
 the author of fome pieces againft the Confef- 
 lional. One Elhanan Winchefer , an Ameri- 
 can minifter, publiihed leveral books in ce- 
 fence"ot the doctrine of Univerfal Salvation. 
 ——Life by Churton , prcfxed to the trait above 
 mentioned. 
 
 Winckelman (John), a celebrated an- 
 tiquary, was born at Stcndal, in the Marche 
 of Brandenburg, in 1718, of proteftant pa- 
 rents He was bred a fhoemaker, which oc- 
 cupation he quitted for the ftudy of litera- 
 ture at Sechaufen, where he became a pro- 
 feilor of the belles lettres. In 1754 he 
 went to Drefden, and embraced the Roman 
 catholic religion. The year following he 
 vifited Rome, where he was appointed in 
 1762 president of* antiquities. He was cora- 
 fidered as the firft connoiffeur of his time, 
 and his friendfhip was courted by 3ll perfons 
 who travelled to Rome to obferve the anti- 
 quities and curiofitics of that city and neigh- 
 bourhood. He was afl'affinated at Triefle by 
 a villain to whom he was fhevving fome of 
 his valuable medals, in 1768- The mur- 
 derer was taken and executed. Winckel- 
 man wrote, the Hiftory of *rts among the 
 Ancients ; Elucidation or difficult Points of 
 Mythology ; Allegory lor Artifts ; Remarks 
 upon ancient Architecture. After his death 
 were publiihed his Familiar Letters — Life of 
 Winrhelman, by Heyne. 
 
 Wing (Vincent), an aftrological writer. 
 He was author of tire Celeftial Harmony of 
 the Vifible World, 1657, folio ; an Ephe- 
 meris for Thirty Years ; Computatlo Cathu- 
 lica 5 and Aftronomia Britannica. This Hit 
 is a work of merit. He died in 1668. His 
 name (till continues to be affixed to a popu- 
 lar ffieet almanack, — Life by Gadbury. 
 
 Wingate (Edmund), a mathematical 
 writer, was born in Bedfordfhire in 1593, 
 and educaced at Queen’s college, Oxford, 
 from whence he removed to Gray’s Inn. He 
 was appointed Englifh teacher to the queen 
 of Charles the firft: but he took the cove- 
 nant, and was eleCted into the parliament 
 called by Cromwell. He died in 1656. He 
 publiihed the Ufe of the Rule of Proportion, 
 commonly called Gunter’s Scale 5 Natural 
 and Artificial Arithmetic, 8vo. This book 
 has gone through many editions. Tables of 
 Logarithms j Ludus Mat hematicus ; the Ex- 
 a£t Surveyor ; and other works — Wood. 
 
 Winschomb (John), commonly called 
 faek of Newberry , who lived in the reign of 
 Henry VIII. and was the greatefl clothier in 
 England. He kept one hundred looms at 
 work, and his houfe was, till lately, fhewn 
 as a euriofity. Fie led a troop of his work- 
 men to the battle of Flodden-field. — Gen. 
 DiEl . 
 
 Winslow (James Benignus), a celebrat* 
 ed anatomift of Denmark, was a nephew of 
 Steno, and born in 1 669. He ftudied under 
 Du Verney, at Paris, where he turned Ro« 
 
W I s 
 
 man catholic, and became phyfician, demon- 
 ftrator in the kind’s garden, and member of 
 the academy of fciences. He died in 1760. 
 Window was the author of a Courfeof Ana- 
 tomy, 4to. ; Differtation on the Uncertainty 
 of the Signs of Death, 2 vots. 12mo. ; on 
 Difeal'es of the Bones ; and other works of 
 value. — Nwtv. Dei . lift. 
 
 Winetanley (William"), a biographi- 
 cal writer, was originally a barber. He 
 wrote, the Lives of the Poets ; .Seledd Lives 
 of England’s Worthies; Hiftorical Rarities; 
 ■and fome other books. His ftyle is mil'erable, 
 but we are obliged to him for fome notices 
 ot perlons.and things which would have been 
 otherwife loft. He died about 1690. — 
 Granger. 
 
 Winston (Thomas), an Englilh phyfi- 
 cian, was born in 1575, and educated at 
 Clare-hall, Cambridge. In 1602 he went 
 abroad., and took hisdo&or’s degree at Padua. 
 On his return he fettled in London, and in 
 161.5 was chofen protefforof pbyficat Greffi- 
 am college, whpre he died in 1655. His ana- 
 tomical leisures were printed in 1650.— 
 Hutchinfon's Med. Biog. 
 
 Wi ntown, or Wyntown (Andrew), a 
 monk and hiftorian in Scotland, who died 
 about 1400. He wrote a Chronicle of his 
 Country in rhyme, in which there is a ftrange 
 mixture of truth and fabl e.~~Nicbolfon. 
 
 Win t ring ham (fir Clifton), an emi- 
 nent phyfician, was born at York in 1710. 
 He received a liberal education, and alter 
 taking his decrees, became phyfician to the 
 duke of Cumberland in 1749. He, afterwards 
 obtained the title of baronet, and died in 
 London in 1794. He published an improved 
 edition ot Mead’s Medical Precepts, 8vo.— 
 Gen. Bitjg. Diet . 
 
 Winwood (fir Ralph), an eminent ftatef- 
 man, was born in 1565, at Aynhoe, in North- 
 ampton/hire, and elefted probationer fellow 
 of Magdalen college, Oxford, in 1582. He 
 fervcd the office of piodlor in 1589, and foon 
 alter went on his travels. In 1607 he re- 
 ceived the honour of knighthood, and was 
 lent ambafi'udor to the ftates of Holland. - In 
 1614 he was made fecretary of ftate and 
 privy counsellor. He died in 1617. His 
 Memoirs of State Affairs were publiftied af- 
 ter his death, in 1 vol. folio. — Wood, A. 0. 
 Gen. DIB. 
 
 Wirley (William), an heraldic writer, 
 who was rouge-croix pourfuivant of arms, 
 and .died in 1618. He publiftied the True 
 Ufe of Armory ihewed by Hiftory and plainly 
 proved by Example, 4to. — Ibid. 
 
 Wischart (William), a Scotch divine, 
 was born at Dalkeith in 1657. At the re- 
 volution he was made one of the minifters of 
 Leith, and in 1716 chofen principal of the 
 univerfity of Edinburgh, and a minifter of 
 t.’.at city. He is the author of a Body of 
 Divinity, in 1 vol. folio. He died in 1727. 
 
 Wischeart (George), a Scotch prelate, 
 was born in 1609, ar.d educated at Edinburgh. 
 He entered into epifcopal orders, and be- 
 came chaplain to the great marquis of Mon- 
 
 w r t 
 
 trofe, whom he accompanied, in his laft ex- 
 pedition, was taken prifoner, and narrowly 
 efcaped being put to death. At the reftora- 
 tion he was made biffiop of Edinburgh, 
 where he died in 1669. He wrote a very- 
 curious account of the wars in Scotland, and 
 the Hiftory of the Marquis of Montrofe, 1 
 vol. 8vo.— Gen. DiB. 
 
 _ Wise (Francis), a learned divine and an- 
 tiquary, who was fellow of Trinity college 
 Oxford, and afliftant to Dr. Hudfon, in the 
 Bodleian library. He obtained the rectory 
 of Roi’nerfield Grays, in Oxfordshire ; was 
 appointed keeper of the archives of the uni- 
 verfity, and Rudcliffe librarian. He died ia 
 1677. He publiftied Annales Hilfridi Mag- 
 ni, 4to. ; Enquiries concerning the firft Inha- 
 bitants of Europe, 4to. ; and Obfervations 
 on the Fabulous Times, -lto. — JVeod. 
 
 Wissing (William), a portrait-painter, 
 was born at Amfterdam in 1656. He was 
 the difciple of Dodraens, and on coming to 
 England was employed by fir Peter Lelv 
 whofe manner he imitated. He painted por- 
 traits of moft of the royal family, and was 
 a powerful rival of Kneller. He died in 
 1687.— Vertue. , 
 
 Withers (George), an Engliffi poe t, 
 was born in 1588. He was imprifoned for 
 his firft book, entitled, Abufes Whipt and 
 Script ; but continued to write fatires and 
 eclogues in prifon. Tiie latter poft'efs merit. 
 In the civil wars he was an officer in the pari 
 liament army, was taken by tiie royalifts 
 and condemned to be hanged, but was faved 
 by the interceffion of Sir John Denham. He 
 died in 1667. — Granger. 
 
 > Witsius (Herman), a learned culvinif- 
 tic divine, was born in 1626 at Enckliuyfen, 
 in Holland. He became fucceffively profefl 
 for of divinity at Franeker, Utrecht, and 
 Leyden. He died in lr08. His principal 
 works are, 1. Hiftoria Hierofolymitana ; 2. 
 Egyptiaca et Decaphyllon, cum Diatriba de 
 Legione Fulminatrice Chriftianorum ; 5. De 
 Economire Faedorum, or the Economy of the 
 Covenants. This has been tranflated into 
 Engliffi, 3 vols. 8vo. 4. Mifcellaneorum 
 Sacrorum ; 5. Maletemata Leydenfia, See. 
 
 Witt (John de), fon of Jacob de Witt, 
 burgomafter of Doi t, was born in 1625, of 
 a noble family. After completing his ft u - 
 dies, he went into other countries, and on 
 his return pafled through feveral offices till 
 he became grand penfionary of Holland He 
 managed public affairs with great wifdom, 
 and placed the marine in an excellent ftate. 
 He oppofed the elevation of William HI. to 
 the ftadtholderate, arid this co.iducl proved 
 the fource of all his misfortunes. An at- 
 tempt was maae toaflallinate him, but failed. 
 His brother, Cornelius de Witt, was appre- 
 hended on a charge of confpiring the death 
 of the prince of Orange, and lent to prifon ; 
 but though the accufation was unfupported 
 by proof, he was fentenced to be baniffied. 
 John was about to accompany him, but us 
 they were leaving the Hague the irritated 
 populace tore them in pieces in the molt fa- 
 
WOL 
 
 vage manner, in 1672. Thus fell thefe 
 virtuous patriots, one of whom had ferved 
 his couni ry with fidelity as a ftatefman nine- 
 teen years, ann the other as a foldier. The 
 Neguciations and Memoirs of John de Witt 
 -have been printed in 6 vols. 12mo . — Life af 
 f^hnde Witt , Utrecht, 1709. 
 
 Vvjtt (Emanuel de), a Dutch painter, 
 was born at Alcmaer in 1607, and died in 
 1692 He excelled in architectural fubjetts. 
 —Hoxhr: km 
 
 Woffington (Margaret), a celebrated 
 a&refs, was born at Dublin in 1718. Her 
 firft app' arancd in London was at Covent- 
 garden theatre, in 1738, in- the character 
 of Sir Harry Wildair, in which file acquired 
 great popularity. She died in 1760. — Euro}>. 
 Mg' 
 
 Woidi (Dr.), a learned divine, Was a 
 native of Poland, but refided in England 
 twenty five years, was minifter ot the Ger- 
 mau chanel in the Savoy, and of the Dutch 
 chapel a' St James’s ; an^l alfo one of the 
 affift'act librarians of the Britifh tr.ufeum. 
 He was deeply {killed in the Eaftern lan- 
 guages, particularly the Coptic. He edited 
 feveral important works, particularly the 
 Alexandrian MS of the New Teftament in 
 the Eritifn imiteum, and the Egyptian gram- 
 mar ol Mr Scholtz. At the time of his 
 death, which happened in 1790, he was en- 
 gaged on an Egyptian lexicon. — Eurofr. Mag. 
 Vs!. xvii- 
 
 Wo i fe (James), a celebrated command- 
 er, was the fon of general Edward Wolfe, 
 and born at Wefierham, in Kent, in 1726. 
 He entered young into the army, and pof* 
 telling great military talents, improved by 
 alnduity and experience, foon diltingu ifhed 
 himfelf as a brave and fkilful officer. He 
 was prelent at the battle of Lafeldt, and in 
 every fubfequent engagement in Germany, 
 in the v, ar which terminated at the peace of 
 Aix-la-Chapelle. When lieutenant-colonel 
 of Kingfley’s regiment, he brought it to 
 luch exact difcipline, that as long as the 
 fix battalions on the plain of Minden are 
 recorded in hiftory, the Hand of that regi- 
 ment will be remembered to his honour. He 
 was greatly inftrumental to the taking of 
 Louilburg, and was fcarcely returned from 
 thence when he was appointed to the cidef 
 command of the important expedition againif 
 Quebec in 1759. This undertaking afforded 
 anip'e fcope for the exercife of his great mi- 
 litary talents. But he was mortally wound- 
 el in the moment of viflory, on the news 
 of which he lilted up his eyes to heaven, 
 and laid, “ I thank God ; 1 die contented.” 
 There is a fine monument to his memory in 
 Weftxninfter abbey ; and Woollett engraved 
 a beautiul picture of his. death, from a paint- 
 ing by Weft.— Gen. Blog. Diti. 
 
 Wolff (John Cbriftiun), or Wolfits, was 
 born at Breflaw in 1679. He iludied firft at 
 Jena, and afterwards at Leipfic, where he 
 publifhed a T hetis on the manner of Study- 
 ing fkilofophy. In 170 7 he became; profef- 
 
 w o h 
 
 for of mathematics at Halle, and in 1721 
 was appointed counfellor to the court of the 
 king of Prulfia. But fome of his metaphy- 
 fica) opinions giving offence to the faculty of 
 theology, he was banifhed from Halle, on 
 which he removed to Marpurg, where he 
 obtained a. prorefforfhip with the title of aulic 
 counfellor to thp prince of Hefle. He was 
 alfo honoured with marks of diftinftion by 
 the king of Swedsn, and was elected a mem- 
 ber of the academy of fciences at Paris, and 
 of that of Peterfburg. In 1741 he was re- 
 called by Frederic III. king of Pruffia, who 
 appointed him privy counfellor, vice-chancel- 
 lor, and profeffor of the law of nature and 
 nations He was afterwards made chancel- 
 lor of the univerfity, and the elector of Ba- 
 varia created him a baron. He died at Halle 
 in 1754. His principal works are, a Courfe 
 of Mathematics, 2 vols. -lto. ; Philofophia 
 Rationalis, five Lpgica, 4to. ; a Syftem of 
 Metaphyfics, 4to ; Jus Naturae, 8 vols. 4to. ; 
 Jus Gentium, 4to. ; Horae Subfcefivae Magr 
 deburgenles $ Dictionary of the Mathematics, 
 8vo. ; Specimen Phyficae ad Theologiam Na- 
 turalem Appjicatse, 8vo. His Latin ftyle is 
 barbarous, but his ideas are profound and 
 often obfeuve. — Nou-v Diet. Hf. 
 
 Wollaston '(William), ai ingenious 
 divine, was born in Staftbrdfhire in 1659, and 
 educated at Sidney-Suflex college, Cam- 
 bridge, w'here he took his degrees in arts. 
 He became aififtant and afterwards matter of 
 Birmingham fchool ; but becoming polTefTetl 
 of a good fortune, by the death or' a relation, 
 he retired to London, and led a frudious life. 
 He died in 1724. His Religion of Nature 
 delineated, 4to. and 8vo. is an attempt to 
 prove the triltk of religion on mathematical 
 principles It is a curious work, but very 
 abftrufe. — Gen. DiFl. 
 
 Wollebius (John), a nathe of Bafil, 
 who flourifhed in the I7ch century. He 
 wrote a little track, entitled, Compendium 
 Theologite, tranliated into Engliih by Alex- 
 ander Rofs 1 he author died in 1629. — Itnd. 
 
 Woollett (William), an eminent en- 
 graver, was born at Maidftone in Kent, in 
 1735. He was inftruCked in engraving by 
 Timney, and became engraver to bis majefty. 
 He died in 1783. His engravings fetclh a 
 high price, particularly the early imprefiions 
 of t]ie death of general Wolfe.— Strutt. 
 
 Wolsey (Thomas), a celebrated cardi- 
 nal, was the fon of a butcher a: Iplwich in 
 Suffolk, and born there hi 1471. He tre- 
 ceived his education at Magdalen college, 
 Oxford, and became tutor to the fons of 
 Grey, marquis of Dorfet, who give him the 
 reCtorv of Lymington irn HampfMre. Mak- 
 ing his way at court, he gained tie favour of 
 Henry VII. who fent him on an embaffy to 
 the emperor, and on his return made hiitty 
 dean of Lincoln. Henry VJI. gave Jt.im 
 the living of Torrington in Devon, and af- 
 terwards appointed lrim regiftcr or' the gartter 
 and canon of Windfor. He next ohtaimed 
 the deanry of York, and atteaditg the ki.og 
 
woo 
 
 H Tournay in France was made bi(hop of 
 that city. In 1514 he was advanced to 
 the fee of Lincoln, and the year following 
 to the archbifhopric of York. He was at 
 this time in the zenith of power, and had a 
 complete afcendancy over the mind of the 
 king, who made him lord chancellor, and 
 obtained for him a cardinallhip. He was 
 alfo nominated the pope’s legate. His in- 
 fluence and income were prodigious, and he 
 lived in a princely ftyle 3 but having given 
 offence to the king by not promot ng his 
 divorce, he fell into difgrace, and his property 
 was confifcated. In 1530 he was feized at 
 York, but died on his way to London, fay* 
 ing, “ Had I ferved my God as faithfully as 
 I have the king, he would not have forfaken 
 me in my old age.” He was a man of un- 
 bounded ambition, and of licentious man- 
 ners $ but of confiderable learning and great 
 policy. He founded Chrift church college, 
 Oxford, and built Hampton court palace.— 
 Life by Fiddes. 
 
 Wolters (Henrietta), a Dutch lady, 
 was born at Amfterdam in 1692. She paint- 
 ed portraits in miniature with great elegance. 
 She died in 1741.— PVkington. 
 
 Womack (Laurence), a learned bilhop, 
 was educated at Cambridge, where be took 
 his do&or’s degree. In 1660 he was in- 
 italled archdeacon of Suffolk, and in 1683 
 nominated bilhop of St. David’s. He died in 
 1685. This bilhop wrote, 1. the Examina- 
 tion of Tilenus before the Triers, 12mo. 
 This is a fmart book again!! the Puritans.- 
 
 2. The Calviniflic Cabinet unclofed, 12mo ; 
 
 3. The Relult of falfe Principles, or Error 
 Convinced by its own Evidence, 4to. 3 and 
 fome other books, chiefly in anfwer to the 
 Calvinifts.— JVood. 
 
 Wood (Anthony), an Englifn antiquary 
 and biographer, was born at Oxford in 1632. 
 He proceeded to his degree of M.A. and in 
 1674 publihed the Hiftory of that Univerfity. 
 This work was afterwards printed in Latin. 
 He publihed in 1691 his Athena Oxonien- 
 fes, 2 vols. folio. It is a valuable collec- 
 tion of the lives of writers and bihops edu- 
 cated at Oxford. A lecond edition, confi- 
 derably improved by bilhop Tanner, appear- 
 ed in 1711 . Bihop Burnet having attacked 
 this work it was vindicated by the author in 
 an oftavo volume. He died in 1695. — Gen. 
 Lie}. 
 
 Wood (Robert), a native of Ireland, who 
 travelled through Greece with Mefl’rs. Bou- 
 vetie and Dawkins. He afterwards became 
 under fecretary of ftate, and died in 17 71. 
 Mr- Wood is known by a very clafiical and 
 ingenious Efl'ay on the Original Genius of 
 Homer. — Gen BUg. DiEl. 
 
 Woodall ( John) , a lurgeon in the reigns 
 of queen Elizabeth and James I ,born about 
 1569. He was author of i( The Surgeon’s 
 Mate,” and “ Viaticum,” books of inftr.uc- 
 tion to young furgeons. He died in 1638.— 
 J&ik'tn. 
 
 Woodcock (Robert), was born in 1692. 
 
 WOO 
 
 He quitted a place he held under govern- 
 ment, that he might not be interrupted in 
 his favourite purfuits of muff 6 and painting. 
 He played on the hautboy, and composed 
 fome pieces which were publihed. As a 
 painter he excelled iafea-pit ces. He died 
 in 1728 .—P'dkington. 
 
 Woodford (Samuel), was born in Lon- 
 don in 1636, and educated at Wadham col- 
 lege, Oxford, after which lie entered of the 
 Inner Temple, but at the refforation he be- 
 came a member of the royal fociety, and 
 was ordained. He obtained the ii-irag of 
 Hartley Mauduit, in Hampfllire, and a pre- 
 bend in the cathedral of Chichefter. In 
 1677 the arclhihop of Canterbury conferred 
 on him the degree of D. D. and in 1630 he 
 was preferred to a prebend of Winehefter. 
 He died in 1680. His works are, a Para- 
 phrafe on the Pfalms, 8vo 5 another on the 
 Canticles ; to which are added feveral Poems 
 of little merit.— tVioi. 
 
 Woodhead (Abraham), a Roman catho- 
 lic writer, was born at Maltham in Y ork- 
 fhire, and educated at Univerfity college, 
 Oxford, of which he became fellow, and 
 entered into orders. He was deprived of 
 his fellowfhip in the rebellion, but was re- 
 ftored at the refforation. Having embraced 
 the Roman catholic religion he fettled at 
 Hoxton, upon a fmall penfion allowed by the 
 college, and died there in 1678: He wrote 
 
 the Guide in Controverfies, and feveral 
 other books in favour of popery, but all 
 under difguifed names. — Ibid . 
 
 Woodyille (Elizabeth), widow of fir 
 John Grey, who was flain in the battle of 
 Bernard’s Heath. After his dqath flie ap- 
 plied to Edward IV. for the refforation of 
 his eftate, when that monarch fell in love 
 with, and married her. The princefs Eli- 
 zabeth was the fruit of this marriage, who 
 married Henry VII. and thus united the 
 houfes of York and Lancafter. — Rtipin. 
 
 Woodward (John), a phyiician, was 
 bom in Derbyfhire in 1665- He was bred 
 up by Dr. Peter Barwick, and ift 1692 be- 
 came profeflor of phyfie at Grefham-dollege. 
 In 1695 archbiffiop Tenifon conferred on 
 him die degree of dodlor of phyfie. The 
 year following he publiihed an EBay towards 
 a Natural Hiftory of the Earth, 3vo. This 
 volume was intended to be the precurfor of 
 a larger work which never appeared. It 
 contains many curious and fome fanciful 
 things. Dr. Woodward died in 1728 —Girt. 
 Del. 
 
 Woodward (Henry), a celebrated come- 
 dian, was born in London in 1717. He was 
 apprenticed to Mr. Rich, the manager and 
 celebrated harlequin ; and he became fo ex- 
 cellent in low comedy as to be the favourite 
 of the town. Having realized by his pro- 
 felTion 60001. he embarked it in a theatre 
 at Dublin, and loft the wnoie. As he \\a* 
 jumping on a table in the charafter of Scrub, 
 he met with a tall which oceafioned his death 
 in 1777. Wooa.iard wrote a comedy call- 
 
 4 
 
WOR 
 
 ed “ The Man’s the Mafter and ct Mar- 
 plot in Lifbon,” a farce. — Bicg. Dram. 
 
 Woolston (Thomas), a deiftical writer, 
 was born at Northampton in 1669, and edu- 
 cated at Sidney college, Cambridge, where 
 he proceeded to his degree of B. D. In 
 1705 he publifhed “The Old Apology for 
 the Truth of the Chriftian Religion againft 
 the Jews and Gentiles revived, which was 
 little noticed ; but his “ Six Difcourfes on 
 the Miracles of Chrift,” were written with 
 fo much freedom as to occalion feveral an- 
 fwers and a profecution againft the author, 
 who was fentenced to be imprifoned a year 
 and to pay a fine of 1001. He died in the 
 rules or' the king’s-bench in 1733. — Gen. 
 Dia. 
 
 Wooton (John), a painter of landfcapes, 
 horfes, and dogs, who died in 176.6. His 
 price for a pidTure was regularly forty gui- 
 neas. — Pilkifigton. 
 
 Worlidge (Thomas'), a portrait-paint- 
 er and engraver. His etchings after Rem- 
 brandt are peculiarly excellent. He publish- 
 ed a book of gems from the antique, and 
 died in 1766. — Walpole. 
 
 Wormius (Olaus), a Danifli phyfician, 
 was born in Jutland, in 1588. After tra- 
 velling into different countries he became 
 profefi'or of medicine at Copenhagen, in 
 1624, and was appointed phyfician to the 
 king. He died reiffor of the Univerfity in 
 1654. His works are, 1. Antiquitates Da- 
 nicce, Litteraturae Runica, Fafti Danici, 
 &c. folio; 2. Danica Litteratura Antlquif- 
 fima Vulgo Gothica Didta, folio; 3. Mo- 
 numentorum Danicorum; 4. Duplex Series 
 Antiqua Regum Danis, &c. ; 5. Lexicon 
 Runicum, &c. There was another of this 
 name who was profefi'or of eloquence, hif- 
 tory, and phyiic, at Copenhagen, where he 
 died in 1708. He wrote, 1. De Glofi'opetris ; 
 
 2. Viribus Medicamentorum Specificis ; and 
 Other works.— Moreri. 
 
 Worsdale (James), a painter and dra- 
 matic writer. He was pupil to fir Godfrey 
 Kneller, whofe niece he married. He was the 
 author of feveral dramatic pieces, in one of 
 which, “ The Affembly,” he performed the 
 character of Lady Scandal. He died in 
 1767. — Biog. Dram. 
 
 Worsley (fir Richard), an ingenious 
 Englilh gentleman, was a native of the ] lie 
 of Wight. He fucceeded his father fir 
 Thomas in 1768, and in 1775 married a 
 daughter of fir John Fleming, bart. from 
 whom he was divorced in 1782. He was 
 comptroller of his majefty’s houfehold, go- 
 venor of the Ifle of Wight, and reprefenta- 
 tive in parliament for Newport. In thq 
 early part of his life he purchal’ed in various 
 parts of Europe a fine colledfion of marbles, 
 ftatues, and other antiques, of which a defcrip- 
 tion was engraved and publiihed in 2 vols. 
 folio, entitled “ Mufaeum Worfleianum.” 
 Sir Richard was alfo the author of a Hif- 
 tory of the Ifle of Wight, in one volu;ne, 
 
 WOT 
 
 4fo. 1781. He died in 1805, aged 51.— » 
 Gent Mag. 
 
 Worthington (John), a pious divine, 
 was a native of Wales, and educated at Em- 
 manuel college, Cambridge. He became maf- 
 ter of Jelus college, and rector of St. Bennct 
 Fink, London, till the fire of London, when 
 he obtained the living of Ingoldlbv, in the 
 county of Lincoln, and a prebend in the 
 cathedral of that fee. He died in 167 1. 
 He, wrote, 1. A F®rm of Sound V> ords, or 
 a Scripture Catechifm, 8vo. ; 2- The Great 
 Duty of Self-refignation, 8vo. ; 3. The 
 
 Doctrine of the Refurredtion confidered, 8vo. 
 &c. — Wood. 
 
 Worthington (William), a learned 
 divine, was bo>n in Merionethfhire in 1705, 
 and educated at J.fus college, Oxford, where 
 he took his doctor’s degree. Archbifhop 
 Drummond gave him a prebeitd in York 
 cathedral. He died in 1778. Dr. Wor- 
 thington publifhed Sermons at: Boyle's Lec- 
 ture, 2 vols. ; an ElTky on Redemption ; 
 and the Scripture Theory of the Earth, 8vo. 
 —Gen. B log, Dia. 
 
 Wotton (Edward), a learned phyfician, 
 was born at Oxford in 1492. He was very 
 eminent in his profeflion, and became mem- 
 ber of the college of phyficians, and phyfi- 
 cian to Henry VIII. He died in 155.5. — - 
 Wood. 
 
 Wotton (fir Henry), an eminent writer 
 and ftatel'man, was born at Bodton-hall in 
 Kent, in 1568. He received his education 
 at Winchefter fchool, and at NeW- college, 
 Oxford, from whence he removed to Queen’s 
 college, where he took his degree of M. A. 
 and read a ledtme on optics. After leaving 
 the univerfity, he went abroad, and became 
 fo intimate witli the duke of Tufcany, that 
 he fent him with letters to James VI. of 
 Scotland, under the name of Odtavio Baldi. 
 When that monarch carae to the Englifh 
 throne, he conferred on him the honour of 
 knighthood, and fent him ambaffador to the 
 republic of Venice, and other ftates. In 
 1623 lie was made provoff of Eton, being all 
 the reward he received for his great fervices. 
 He died in 1639, and. was buried in the cha-. 
 pel of Eton college. He wrote the Ele- 
 ments of Architedlureq Parallel between 
 the Earl of Effex and the Duke of Bucking- 
 ham ; Charadlers of fome of the Kings of 
 England ; Efi'ay on Education ; and Poems 
 printed in the ReLquiat Wottonianee, 8vo.— • 
 Life t-y Walton. , 
 
 Wot.ton (William), a learned divine, 
 was born at Wrentham in Suffolk in 1666, 
 of which place his father was redtor. At 
 the early age of ten years he was admitted 
 of Catharine-hall, Cambridge. In 1679 he 
 took his firfi: degree, and afterwards obtained 
 a tellowfhip ot St. John’s college. On en-. 
 tering into orders he obtained the redtory 
 of Middleton and the finecure of Llandrillo 
 in Denbighthire. He died in 1726. Dr. 
 Wotton publiihed, 1. Reflexions on Antieat 
 
 2 
 
W R E 
 
 and Modern Learning, which book was ridi- 
 culed by Swift in his Battle of Books ; 2. 
 An Abridgement of the Roman Hiftory $ 
 3. Memoirs of the Cathedrals of St. David’s 
 and Landaff ; 4. Letter to a Student of Divi- 
 nity. — Cert. DiSf. 
 
 Wouters (Francis.), a Dutch painter, 
 who was a difciple of Rubens, and came to 
 England with the imperial ambafl'ador in 
 1637. He chiefly pra-dtiied in landscape, 
 wit it fmill naked figures as Cupids. He 
 died in 1659. — Vertue. 
 
 Wouvekmans (Philip), a landfcape 
 painter, was born at Haerlem in 1620. He 
 enriched his pictures with huntings, en- 
 campments, or other fubjedts where horfes 
 could be introduced. He died in 1668. 
 His brothers, Peter and John, were both 
 diftinguifhed artifts. — Houbraken. 
 
 VVrancel (Charles Guftavus), a marlhal 
 and conllable of Sweden, who diftinguifhed 
 himfelf as a naval and military commander. 
 He defeated the Daniih fleet in 1614, and 
 the imperial army near Augfhurg in 1648, 
 and the Dutch fleet at the pafTage of 
 the Sound in 1638. He died in 1676.— 
 Moreri. 
 
 Wren (Matthew), a learned biihop, 
 Was born in Londop, and educated at Pem- 
 broke-hall, Cambridge, where he took his 
 dodtor’s degree. He became mafter of Pe- 
 ter-houfe, and vice chancellor of the univer- 
 fity ; and in 1628 dean of Windfor ; after- 
 wards bifhop of Hereford, and in 1636 bifhop of 
 of Norwich, from whence in two years he was 
 tranflated to Ely. Atthe beginning of the rebel- 
 lion he was committed to theTower, where he 
 remained till the veftoration without being 
 brought to trial. He died in 1667. He wrote a 
 book againft the Socinians, and fome of his let- 
 ters have been printed in different collections. 
 —Wood. 
 
 Wren (fib Chriftopher), a celebrated 
 architeff, and nephew of the above, was 
 born at Eaft Knoyle in Wiltihire, in 1632. 
 At the age of fourteen he was fent to Wad- 
 ham college, Oxford, and in 1633 elected 
 fellow of All-fouls. In 1657 he was ohofen 
 proiefi'or of aflronomy at Grefham college ; 
 but removed to Oxford in 1660 on being 
 appointed Savilian profcfTor of aflronomy. 
 The fame year ha was created doctor of the 
 civil law. in 1663 he became a fellow of 
 the royal foclety, to which he communi- 
 cated many valuable papers and, obfervations. 
 In 1665 he was nominated architect for re- 
 building St. Paul’s cathedral ; and after the 
 fire of loiidon, he drew the plan of a new 
 city, which he prefented to the. king, but it 
 was not adopteJ. This plan was engraved 
 in 1721. In 1668, he was appointed fur- 
 veyor general^ of his majefty’s works. The 
 variety of bufmefs in which he was now en- 
 gaged, induced him to rsfign his profelfor- 
 fhip in 1673, and the year lollowing he re- 
 ceived the honour of knighthood. In l6bo 
 he was chofen prefident of the royal fociety. 
 He lat twice in parliament; fir If for Plvmp- 
 ton in Devonihire, and afterwards. for MeL- 
 
 W Y A 
 
 m~nbe Regis in Dorfetfhirc. He died iffi 
 172o, and lies buried in St. Paul’s cathedral, 
 which is the greateft effort of, his genius. 
 His other works are, the theatre at Oxford ; 
 Bow church ; St. Stephen, Walbrook ; St. 
 Magnus, London-bridge ; and St. Dunftan’s 
 in the F.alt. — Biog. Brit. 
 
 WrighsT (Edward), an Englifli mathe- 
 m.vtician, was educated at Cambridge, and 
 afterwards accompanied the earl of Cumber- 
 land in his expedition to the Azores in 1589. 
 In 1599 he publifhed his excellent book, 
 caBed the Errors of Navigation corredtcd 
 in which he lays down the true method of 
 making a fea chart, which goes by the name 
 of Mercator. He alfo conllruClcd a Table 
 of Meridional Parts, and Tables of the Sun’s 
 Declination. His other works are, a Trea- 
 tife on the Sphere, another on Dialling, and 
 a book of Navigation, called the Haven- 
 finding Art. He died about 1620.— Miir~ 
 tin's Biog. Phil. 
 
 Wright (Jofeph), an excellent 'painter, 
 was born at Derby in 17.34. He flu died; 
 under Hudfon, and in 1773 went to Italy, 
 where he refided two years, and improved 
 himfelf by ftudying the works of the .greateft 
 matters. On his return to England he fet- 
 tled in his native town, where he died irr 
 1797. His landfcapes are beautiful, and 
 many of his hiftorical pidtures are painted, 
 in a fipe tail &.-±-Montbly Mag. 
 
 Wright (Paul), a divine, who was edu- 
 cated at Pembroke-hall, Cambridge. The 
 governors of Bridewell, St. Thomas’s, and 
 other city hofpitals, prefented him to the 
 vicarage of Oakley, with the parochial cha- 
 pel of Burden, in Effex, and alfo to the rec- 
 tory of Snorebam in 1739. In 1773 he 
 publifhed propofals for printing by fubferip- 
 tion, Chauncey’s Hiftory of St. Alban’s, which 
 however never appeared. In 1774 he re- 
 publifhcd Heylyn’s Help to Engliih Hiftory, 
 8vo. He afterwards fullered his name to 
 be prefixed to a Family Bible, with notes.. 
 He died in 1785. —Europ. Mag. 
 
 Wurmser (Dagobert Sigifmund, count), 
 field-marfhal in the Auftrian fervice, was 
 born in Alface, and in his. youth ferwed in 
 the French army, from whence he palled 
 into that of the emperor, and rofe to the- 
 kigheft military rank. In 1793 he was fent 
 againft the French, whom lie ' defeated, and 
 compelled to retreat in diforder into Upper 
 Alface. He then- took Haguenau and fome 
 other ftrong places ; but being oppofed by, 
 fuperior numbers, he was obliged to abandon 
 all that he had taken, and was defeated at 
 Teifchw-eder. The year following he com- 
 manded the army qf the Upper Rhine, and 
 made himfelf mafter of Manheim. In 1796 
 he commanded in Italy, where he defeated 
 the French in two actions, but was at laft 
 obliged to throw himfelf into Mantua, which 
 be defended till the extremity of famine 
 obliged him to capitulate the 2d Nov. 1797. 
 He died in Hungary the fame year at the age 
 of 8,5 — Noun. Ditl. HJ1. 
 
 Wyatt (fir Thomas), an accomplifhel 
 
X E tt 
 
 gentleman, was born in Kent of an antienC 
 family, and educated at St. John’s college, 
 Cambridge, from whence he removed to Ox- 
 ford. Henry VII. conferred on him the ho- 
 nour of knighthood, and employed him in 
 feveral embafiies. He died fuddenly in 
 1541. He wrote fome elegant fongs and 
 fonnets, printed witli thofe of his friend the 
 earl of Surrey. He alfo tranfiated David’s 
 pfalms into Engl ifh verfe. — Weed. 
 
 Wycherly (William), an Engli/h poet 
 and dramatic writer, was born in Shropshire 
 in 1640. He fpent fome years in France, 
 where he embraced the catholic religion, 
 which he afterwards renounced, but again 
 abjured the proteftant faith, and returned to 
 the Romilh communion. In the reign of 
 Chari es II. he was diftinguifhed by his wit 
 and perfonal accompli/hments, and was 
 taken into the particular friendlhip of the 
 duchefs of Cleveland. He afterwards mar- 
 lied the countefs of Drogheda, whofe fortune 
 lie fquandered in extravagance, and was 
 thrown into prifon for debt, from whence he 
 was releafed by James II. who gave him a 
 yenfion. In his old age he married a young 
 woman, but died eleven days after in 1715. 
 His comedies are, Love in a Wood ; The 
 Country Wife ; The Plain Dealer ; The 
 Gentleman Dancing Maher. A volume of 
 
 his poems was printed in 1728 Biog. 
 
 Dram. 
 
 Wycke (Thomas), a painter, was born 
 at Haerlem in 1616. He Spent feveral years 
 in Italy, where he drew many fine views of 
 fea ports. He died ill 1686. His fon John 
 fVycke, was an excellent painter of battles 
 and animals. He lived many years in Lon- 
 don, where he aiiifted Kneller. He died in 
 170 L 2.— Pilkington. Venue. 
 
 Wvkeham (William de), an illuftrious 
 prelate, was born at Wykeham in Hamp- 
 
 Vacca (Erafmus), a native of Sicily in 
 the 17th century. He w'rote a hiltory 
 of the eruption of mount Etna in 1669 in 
 Italian; a Latin poem on Fevers; and a 
 tranfiation of Tafio’s Jerufalem into that 
 language. — Tirabojcki. 
 
 Xantippe. SeeSocRATES. 
 
 Xa ntippos, a Lacedemonian general, 
 who was fent to the fupport of the Cartha- 
 ginians, and by his good condudt reftored 
 their affairs, and defeated the Romans under 
 Regulus. Notwithftanding his fere ices, the 
 Carthaginians ordered the captain of his fhip 
 to throw him into the fea Morert. 
 
 Xenocrates, a philofopher of Chalce- 
 don. He was the difciple of Plato, and 
 taught at Athens with luch reputation that 
 the judges difpenfed with his eath when he 
 appeared in court as a witnefs. He died 
 B.C . 314.— Diog. Laertius. 
 
 Xenophanes, a Greek philofopher 
 
 X E ft 
 
 fhife, iri 1324. He owed his greatnefs td 
 Nicholas Lfvedale, lord of the manor of 
 Wykeham, and governor of Winchefter; 
 who gave him an education, and made him his 
 fecretary. Edward III. appointed him fur- 
 veyor of the royal buildings, and chief juf- 
 tice in eyre. By Wykehanr’s advice that 
 monarch built the cattle, of Windfor. Iti 
 1359 he was conftituted chief warden and 
 furveyor of the royal caftles ; and in 1363 
 warden and jufticiary of the king's forelts on 
 this fide Trent; keeper of the privy feal in 
 1364; two years after fecretary to the king; 
 and in 1367 he fucceeded Edyngdon in the 
 fee of Winchefter, and the fame year waS 
 appointed chancellor, in which office he con- 
 tinued till 1371. He repaired the palaces 
 and houfes belonging to his fee at a great ex- 
 penfe, and was zealous in eftablilhing difei- 
 pline and reforming abufes. — He founded 
 New College, Oxford, and that at Winchef- 
 ter. He died in 1404.— Life by Lowtb. 
 
 Wynants (John), a painter, was born 
 at Haerlem in 1600. His landfcapes are 
 fcarce and valuable. He died in 1670.-— 
 Pilkington. 
 
 Wyndham (fir William), a ftatefman, 
 was born about 1687. On his return from 
 his travels, he was cliofen knight of the 
 fhire for the county of Somerfet ; in 1710 he 
 was appointed fecretary at war ; and in 1713 
 chancellor of the exchequer. He was dif- 
 mififed from his place on the accelfion of 
 George I. and falling under fufpicion at the 
 breaking out of the rebellion in 1715, he 
 was committed to the Tower, but was never 
 brought to trial. He died in 1740.— Gejt. 
 Biog. Dili. 
 
 Wytman (Matthew'), a painter, was 
 born at Gorcum in 1650. His iubjefts were 
 landfcapes and converfations. He died in 
 1689.— Pilkington. 
 
 X. 
 
 who was contemporary with Socrates. He 
 held that the moon is inhabited. His plu- 
 lofophy was written in ver fe.—Ibid. 
 
 Xenophon, a celebrated general, philo- 
 fopher, and hiftorian, was born at Athens? 
 and became the difciple of Socrates, with 
 whom he was a favourite. He entered early 
 on the military courfe, and accompanied Cy- 
 rus in his expedition againft Artaxerxes. He 
 immortalized himfelf by his famous retreat 
 after the battle of Cunaxa, at the head of 
 ten thoufand Greeks After his return hie 
 attached himfelf to Agefilaus king of Lace- 
 demon, and died at Corinth B.C. 360. Xe- 
 nophon wrote the Cyropaedia, or Life of Cy - 
 rus the Great, in eight books. It is a per- 
 lonr.ance of great exadtnefs, and in a ehafte 
 ftyle. His other works are, 1. Hifiory of 
 the Expedition of Cyrus the Younger, and of 
 the celebrated Retreat of the ten thoufand. 
 2. A hiltory of Greece, beginning when? 
 
YOU 
 
 Thucydides ends. 3. The Memorable Say- 
 ings of Socrates. 4. An Apology for that 
 Philofopher, See. All his works were print- 
 .ed at Paris in 1625, folio ; at Oxford in Greek 
 and Latin, 5 vols. 8vo. 1703. There was 
 another Xenophon who wro,te the Lives of 
 Abrocomus and Anthia. He lived at Ephe- 
 fus in the 4th century .— Vojftus de lift. 
 C'rac. Stanley. 
 
 XerxeS, the fifth king of Perfia, and 
 fecond fon of Darius Hyftal'pes. He con- 
 quered Egypt, and then turned his arms 
 againlt Greece with an army of 800,000 
 men, and 100 fhips. He threw a bridge 
 over the Hellefpont, and cut a paftage through 
 mount Athos ; but at the lfraits of Ther- 
 mopylae he was encountered by Leonidas, 
 who with 300 Spartans made a prodigious 
 Daughter of the Perfians. The Athenians 
 Ihortly after defeated their fleet near Sala- 
 mis, on which Xerxes was obliged to return 
 to his own country, leaving Mardonius in 
 the command of the remains of his army. 
 Difgufted with the war, he abandoned him- 
 felt to luxury, and was flain by Artabanus 
 the captain of his guards, B.C. 465. When 
 Xerxes viewed his prodigious army from an 
 eminence, he wept on the reflexion that in a 
 few years not one of that vaft multitude 
 would be emitting.— Plutarch. 
 
 Y R I 
 
 •Ximenes (Francis), a celebrated Spani/h 
 prelate and ftatefman, was born at Torrela- 
 guna, in Caftile, in i437. He ftudied at Sa» 
 lamanca, and afterwards at Rome. Cardi- 
 nal Gonzales made him his grand vicar, and 
 queen Ifabella appointed him her con fetter. 
 In 1405 he was preferred to the archbilhop- 
 ric of Toledo, where he reformed abufes, and 
 inftituted many excellent charities. Ju- 
 lius II. made him a cardinal in 1507", and at 
 the fame time he became minifter of ftate, 
 in which ftation he conducted hinifelf with 
 wifdom and integrity. He died in 1517. 
 He founded the univerflty of Alcala, where 
 he caufed to be printed the great Polyglot 
 Bible, called the Complutenfian, which is 
 now extremely fcarce . — Life by Flccller. 
 
 Xylander (William), a.leamed critic, 
 was born at Augfburg in 1532. He became 
 profefl'or of Greek at Heidelberg, where he 
 died in 1576. He publiibed an edition of 
 Strabo in Greek and Latin; and of Dion 
 Cattius and Marcus Aurelius —Melch. Adam. 
 
 Xyphilin (John), patriarch ofCouftan- 
 tinople, where he died in 1075. He was 
 commonly called John of Trebifond, from 
 the place of his birth We have by him an 
 abridgment of the Hiftory of Dion Cattius, 
 1592, folio-— Morcri. 
 
 Y. 
 
 y.uDEN (Thomas), a poet, Was born at 
 Exeter in 1671, and educated at Ox- 
 ford, after which he entered into orders, and 
 in 1707 took the degree of D D. He ob- 
 tained two livings in Hertfordfhire, and was 
 very intimate with bilhop Atterbury, on 
 which account he was taken up and his pa- 
 pers feized, when that prelate was fent to 
 the Tower. Dr. Yalden, however, was 
 foon difeharged. He died in 1736. His 
 poems have been printed in one volbme 8vo. 
 — Cibber's Fines of Poets. 
 
 Young (Patrick), a learned Scotchman, 
 was educated at St. Andrews, and incorpo- 
 rated M.A. at Oxford in 1605. He was 
 keeper of the king’s library as St. James's. 
 He publiibed St. Clement’s Epiftle to the 
 Romans, Greek and Latin, 1637, and was 
 engaged to print the Septuagint after the 
 Alexandrian MS. g ven to Charles I. bv 
 Cyril Lucar, but did nut execute it. He 
 was a profound Grecian, and died in 1652. 
 Life by T. Smith. 
 
 Young (Edward), a divine and poet, was 
 born at Upham, in Hamplhire, in 1681. 
 His father who was an eminent clergyman, 
 died in 1707, and left two volumes of excel- 
 lent fermons. The fon was educated at 
 Winchefter fchool, and All Souls college, 
 Oxford, where he ftudied the civil law, after 
 which he flood candidate for a feat in parlia- 
 
 ment but was unfuccefsful. He then turned 
 his thoughts to divinity, was ordained made 
 chaplain to the king, and prefented to the 
 
 1 ving of Welwyn in Hertfordfhire, where 
 he died in 1765. Dr. Young married lady 
 Elizabeth Lee, daughter of the earl of Litch- 
 field, and widow of colonel Lee, by whom 
 he had a fon who furvived him. As”a poet 
 he fhines in his Night Thoughts, which 
 abound with fublimities, but are often very 
 obfeure. His poem on the Lall Day is alfo 
 a performance of great merit. Belides tbefe 
 works, he wrote the Revenge, and the Bro- 
 thers, tragedies ; The Centaur not Fabulous, 
 a moral fatire ; Eftimate of Human Life, a 
 fermon ; Conjedtures on Original Compofi- 
 tion ; The Love of Fame the Univerfal Pal- 
 lion ; fome papers in the Spectator ; and 
 mifcellaneous poems . — Lfte preftyed to his 
 tvorkt. 
 
 Yriarte (Don John d’), a learned Spa- 
 niard, was born in the i fie of Tenerift’e, and 
 educated at Rouen and Paris. After com- 
 pleting his IFudies he went to Madrid, where 
 he became librarian to the king, member of 
 the academy, and interpreter to the fecretary 
 of ftate. He died in 1771. He wrote mil- 
 cellaneous works in Spanilh, 2vo!s; Cata- 
 logue of Greek MSS. in the royal library ; 
 and another of Arabic MSS. in the Elcuriul, 
 
 2 vols. folio. — Noun. Dici. lift. 
 
 32 
 
Z A N 
 
 Z E G 
 
 z. 
 
 aiauila (Francis), a celebrated cardi- 
 nal, Was born at Padua in 1339. He 
 became a famous profcfl’or of the canon law 
 in different univerfities, and was honoured 
 with the cardinalftiip by pope John XXI. 
 who fent him anibaffador to the emperor Si- 
 gifmund. He affifted at tire council of Con- 
 ftance, where he advifed the depofing of the 
 pope in hopes of fucceeding him. He died 
 there in 1417. He wrote a treatife on 
 fchifm, and other works — Moreri. 
 
 Zabarella (James), of the fame fami- 
 ly, was born at Padua in 1533, and died in 
 1589. He was well acquainted with the 
 Ariftotelian philofophy, and became profef- 
 for at his native place. He wrote Commen- 
 taries on Ariftotle ; and a treatife de inven- 
 tione ceterni motoris, 4to.— Ibid. 
 
 ZaCutus, or Lufitanus, a Jewifh phyfi- 
 cian of Portugal, who retired to Amfterdam 
 when Philip IV. iffued an edit! againft the 
 Jews. He died in 1641. His medical works 
 make 2 vols. folio, 1649. His grandfondif- 
 tinguifhed himfelfby his Ikill in mathema 
 tics, and was the author of a book called 
 Jucbafm, a Jewifh chronology, from the cre- 
 ation to the year 1500 — Ibid. 
 
 Zalebcus, a famous legifiator among the 
 Locrians, a people of Italy, B.C. 500. One 
 of his laws was, that every adulterer Ihould 
 lofe his eyes. It happened that his own fon 
 was taken in tire crime : on which Zaleucus, 
 to futisfy the law, and in l'ome meafure fave 
 his fon, haul one of his own eyes taken out, 
 and one of the culprit’s — Ml'lam. 
 
 Zamoski (John), the fon of Staniflaus, 
 caftellan of Chelm, a city of Red Ruffia, was 
 a man nr" great talents and virtue. Being 
 fent to Paris, and afterwards to Padua, he 
 ftudied with Inch reputation as to obtain the 
 rettorfhip of the latter univerllty. It was 
 in this fituation that he wrote his Treatifes 
 of the Roman Senate, and the perfect Sena- 
 tor. On his return to Poland he was em- 
 ployed in the higbeft offices of the ftute. 
 Stephen Battori gave him Ins niece in mar- 
 riage, made him grand chancellor of the 
 kingdom, and afterwards general of his 
 armies. He diftinguifhed himlelf as a mili- 
 tary commander and a ftateiman, by deli- 
 vering a great part of the Poliili dominions 
 from the yoke of Mufcovy. On the death 
 of Stephen Battori the Polifh nobles offered 
 him the crown, which he refufed, andcaufed 
 Sigifmund, prince of Sweden, to be cledled. 
 Zamofki died.in 1605, honoured as the de- 
 fender of his country and the proteflor of 
 the feiences.— Moreru 
 
 Zanchius, or Zanchy (Jerome), a 
 learned reformer, was born at Alzano, in 
 Italy, in 1516, and entered among the ca- 
 nons regular of Lateran, but becoming inti- 
 
 mate with Peter Martyr, he embraced Luthc* 
 ranifm, and quitted Italy. He retired to 
 Straiburg in 1553, but afterwards left that 
 place, and became profeffor of divinity at 
 Heidelberg, where he died in 1590. The 
 works of Zanchius were publifhed in 8 vols. 
 folio, in 1613. He was a man of confidera- 
 ble learning, piety, and moderation — Bayle. 
 
 Zannichelli ( |ohn-Jerome), an Ita- 
 lian phyfician, was born at Modena in 1662. 
 He fixed his refidence at Venice, -where he 
 gained a great reputation, and died in 1729. 
 He wrote, 1. Catalogus Plantarum tevreftri- 
 um, marinarum, &c. 2. Promptuarium re- 
 
 mediorum chymicorum, 8vo. 3. De Myrio- 
 phillo Pelagico. 4. Lithographia duorura 
 montium Veronenfium, &c. 5. De Rufco 
 
 ejufque pnEparatione, 8vo. 6. Opufcula 
 Botanica, 4to. 7. Hiftory of Plants grow- 
 ing round Venice, folio . — Halleri Bib}. 
 Botan. 
 
 Zannoni (James), a phyfician and bota- 
 nift of Bologna. He difeovered many plants, 
 and died in 1682. His works are, 1. Hiilo- 
 ria Botanica, fol. 1675. 2. Rariorum Stir- 
 
 pium Hiftoria, folio. — Ibid. 
 
 Zanotti (Francis Maria Garazzoni), an 
 eminent philosopher, was born at Bologna In 
 1692. He was educated among the Jefuits, 
 after which he ftudied the law, which pro- 
 feffion he renounced, and applied to the ma- 
 thematics under Beccari. Itf 1716 he was 
 appointed fecretary to the fenate of Bologna, 
 and two years after profeffor of mathematics 
 in that univerfity. He introduced the New- 
 tonian fyftem inftead of the Cartefian. He 
 was appointed librarian of the Tnftitute, and 
 compiled two catalogues of its library. In 
 1766 he became prefident of the Inftitute. 
 He died in 1777. He wrote feveral poetical 
 and philofophical works. 
 
 Zarate (Auguftin), a Spanifh writer, 
 was fent to Peru in 1543, as treafurer-gene- 
 ral of the 'Indies ; and on his return to Eu- 
 rope was employed in the Low Countries. 
 He vi' rote a Hiftory of the Difcovcry and 
 Conqueft of Peru, Antwerp, 8vo. 1555. A 
 French tranfiation was printed at Amfterdam 
 in 1700, 2 vols. 12mo. — Nic. Antonio. Hifp. 
 Scrip. 
 
 Zechariah, one of the minor prophets, 
 was the fon of Barachiah, and grandfon of 
 Iddo. The place of his birth is uncertain. 
 Elis ftyle relernbles that of Jeremiah. He 
 fiourifhed B.C. 520. — Gray. 
 
 Zigidin (Stephen), a Lutheran divine, 
 was born in Hungary in 1505. He propa- 
 gated the proteftunt religion with great zeal 
 in his native country, for which he was per- 
 fecutcd. He died in 1572. His works are, 
 A Commentary on the Scriptures.} A De- 
 fence of the Trinity, Sec.—AIoreri. 
 
 I 
 
Z E U 
 
 Zelotti (John Baptifl), an Italian 
 painter, was born at Verona in 1532, and 
 died in 1592. He was the difciple of Titian ; 
 and diftinguifhed for the beauty of hiscolour- 
 ' ing and the elegance of hisdefign — De Piles. 
 
 Zeno, founder of the fedl of Stoics, fo 
 called from his opening a fchool in the 
 portico of Stoa, at Athens. He was born at 
 Citium, in Cyprus, but being driven by a 
 ftorm on the coaftof Attica, he fettled'there, 
 taught philofophy and was the firft who 
 brought logic to perfe&ion. He held the 
 principle of fatal neceffity, and defended the 
 right of fuicide. Zeno one day beat his fer- 
 vant feverely for a theft, on which the fel- 
 low exclaimed, “ It is my fate tc be a thief." 
 “ Yes, firrab," fays his mafter, “ and to be 
 drubbed for it too.''’ Zeno died B.C. 264, 
 aged 94.— Dtog. Laertius. 
 
 Zeno, called the Ifaurian, emperor of the 
 Eaft, married the daughter of Leo I. in 458. 
 His conduct was (ur odious, that in 475 he 
 was driven from his throne by Bafilifcus, but 
 the year following he recovered it. He died 
 in 491 — Un'uv. Hji. 
 
 Zeno (Apoftolo), the father of the Italian 
 opera," was born at Venice in 1669. He 
 eftablithed the academy of the Animofi at his 
 native city in 1696, and commenced in 
 1710 the celebrated periodical work called II 
 Giornale de Litter a ti. He afterwards became 
 poet-laureat to the emperor Charles VI. 
 He wrpte Obfervations on the Italian Hifto- 
 rians, 2 vols. 4to ; and his dramatic works 
 were printed in 1744, in 11 vols. 4to v He 
 died in 1750. — Tirabofcbi. 
 
 Zenobia, queen of Palmyra, married 
 Odenatus, a Saracen prince, and contributed 
 to the victories he gained over the Perfians, 
 which rendered fuch effential fervice to the 
 Romans, that fhe was honoured with the ti- 
 tle of Augufta. After the death of her huf- 
 band fhe conquered Egypt ; but the emperpv 
 Aurelian marched againft her, and laid fiege 
 to Palmyra. Being taken as lhe attempted 
 to make her efcape, fhe was conducted to 
 Rome in triumph, and died near that city.— 
 Un vv. Hijl. 
 
 Zephaniah, one of the minor prophets. 
 He lived in the reign of Jofiah, about 624 
 B.C. He exhorted the Jews to repentance, 
 and predidled the dellruftion of Nineveh. — 
 Gray's Key 0. T. 
 
 Zekubbabee, the fon ofSalathiel, and 
 of the family of the kings of Judah He 
 gained the efteem of Cyrus, king of Perfia, 
 who gave him the facred velTels with which 
 he returned to Jerufalem, where he rebuilt 
 the temple, which was dedicated B.C. 515. 
 — Prideaux's Connexions. 
 
 Zeuxis, of Heraclea, a famous painter. 
 Pliny relates his dilpute with Parrhafius for 
 the prize of painting, as follows: Zeuxis 
 . painted fome grapes fo naturally, that the 
 birds ufed to peck at them ; and Parrhafius 
 reprefented a curtain fo artfully, that Zeuxis 
 ordered it to be drawn afide, that he might 
 fee the painting behind it} dilcoveting his 
 
 Z I M 
 
 Tniflake, he confefled himfelf outdone. Cnee 
 he had only impofed upon birds, whereas 
 Parrhafius had deceived thofe who were 
 judges of the art. Zeuxis painted a boy car- 
 rying grapes which the birds flew to eat} 
 but the boy was not fo well executed as the 
 fruit. His greateft performance was a pic- 
 ture of Helen. He died of laughter on look- 
 ing at the reprefentation of an old woman 
 which he had painted B.C. 350 — Pliny. 
 
 Ziegler (James), a mathematician and 
 divine of Suabia, who died in 1549. The 
 principal of his works are, 1. Notes on par- 
 ticular Pafiages of Scripture, 1548, folio} 
 
 2. Dcfcription of the Holy Land, 1536, fol. } 
 
 3. De Conftrudtione Solidie Spherae, 4to.— 
 Melcb. Adam. Vit. Germ. Tkeal. 
 
 Ziegler (Gafpar), profefior of law 'at 
 Wittemberg, was a native of Leipfic, and 
 died in 1690. His principal works are, De 
 Milite Epifcopo } De Diaconis et De Diaco- 
 nillis ; De Epifcopis.— Moreri. 
 
 Zieten (John Joachim Von), a PrillTian 
 general, was born near Berlin in 1699. He 
 entered early into the army anti foon 
 diftinguifhed himfelf by his courage, al- 
 though his perfonal figure was diminutive. 
 Having challenged his captain he loft his 
 commiflion for fome time, but at Lift he was 
 reftored, and he obtained the command of a 
 company of hufiars, which body ot troops he 
 rendered extremely formidable by his regula- 
 tions. He diftinguilhed himfelf greatly in 
 the campaign of 1745, but by the intrigues 
 of general Von Winterfeldt he loft the fa- 
 vour of the king till the commencement of 
 the feven years war, when he was appointed 
 lieutenant general. He rendered eminent 
 fer vices at the battle of Prague and in many 
 others ; particularly the ftorming of the 
 heights of Torgan. After the termination 
 of that" war he led a retired life, greatly 
 efteemed by his fovereign and by the whole 
 .nation. He died in 1785.— Life by Mad . 
 Blumenthal. 
 
 Zimmermann (Mathias), a proreftant 
 divine, was born at Epires, in 1625. He be- 
 c.arne minifter at Meiffen, and died in 1689. 
 His works are, 1. Amcpnitates Hiftoriae Ec- 
 clefiaftioe, 4to. ; 2. Florilegium Philologico- 
 Hift.oricuro, 4to .—Ibid. 
 
 Zimmermann (John George), a cele- 
 brated phyfician was born at Brug, in the 
 canton of Berne, in 1728. He ftudied at 
 Gottingen under Haller, and afterwards at- 
 tended the lectures ot Gaubius. On his re- 
 turn to his own country he applied princi- 
 pally to literature, but without negle&ing 
 his profefiion. His writings, recommended 
 him to the Iriendfhip of the. king of Proffia, 
 and he was appointed, by the regency of 
 Hanover, phyfician to his Britannic majefty- 
 He died in 1795. His work- aw 3 poem ©a 
 the Earthquake at Lilban, 1755 ; a Phyi’.o- 
 logical Dillertjt ion on Irritability an Eftaj" 
 orr Solitude ' this has been tr&nflaUai lata 
 French and Englifli } an Effay cm National 
 Pride, — -Life by TiJJut. 
 
2 0 L 
 
 Zinck (Chriftian Frederick), an enamel 
 painter was born at Drefden about 1684, and 
 came to Finland in 1706, where he ftudied 
 under Boil, whom he furpaffed. He painted 
 portraits of many of the royal family, and 
 died in 1767. — PV.kington. 
 
 Zinzendorf ( Nicholas Lewes, count), 
 was born of a noble family in Saxony, and 
 rendered himfelf remarkable as the founder, 
 or rather reviver, of the religious focie.ty 
 commonly called in this country Moravians, 
 abroad Herrnhuters, and by themfelves the 
 United Brethren. They fettled firft in Up- 
 per Lufatia in 1722 ; and becoming confider- 
 able, formed a village called Herrnhut in 
 1732. A few years afterwards they came to 
 England, having been perfecuted in their 
 own country j and by means of general 
 Oglethorpe and other diflinguiihed perfons, 
 they obtained a fettlement here under a par- 
 ticular aft of parliament, by which they were 
 diflinguiihed from other (efts. Their go- 
 vernment is epifCopal, their doftrine found, 
 and their manners irreproachable; but what 
 lenders them particularly del'erving of ref- 
 peft is, the pains which they have fuccefs- 
 fully taken in the propagation of the gofpel 
 in heathen countries. Count Zinzendorf 
 died in 1760, and was fucceeded in the go- 
 vernment of the Brethren by count Dohna. 
 
 , Spangenberg's Hifi. of the Unitras Fratrum. 
 
 Zisca, or Zilka (John), a gentleman of 
 Bohemia, who became the leader of the 
 Huflites, and rendered himfelf very formida- 
 ble by feveral viftories. He loft an eye in 
 pne aftion, and the other at the fiege of 
 Rabi, but he (till continued to oppofe the 
 emperor Sigifmund, who fent ambaffudors to 
 offer him the government of Bohemia. 
 Amidft the negotiation Zifca died of the 
 plague in 1424. The ftory of his ordering 
 his fkin to be made into a drum to animate 
 his followers, is a fable. — Moreri. 
 
 Zoe, the fourth wife of the emperor Leo 
 VI. and mother of Conftantine Porghyro- 
 genitus, during whofe minority fhe governed 
 the empire with diferetion, quelling the re- 
 volt of Conftantine Ducas, obliging the Bul- 
 garians to return to their own country, and 
 making a peace with the Saracens. Con- 
 ftantine, when he came of age, fent her into 
 exile, where fhe died. ' There was another 
 of this name, who was daughter of Conftan- 
 tine XI and wife of Argyrus, whom fhe mur- 
 dered, and married Michael the Paphlago- 
 jjian She died in 1050 — Uni-v. Hiji. 
 
 Zoilus, a rhetorician of Thrace, who 
 fiourifhed about 270 yea s B.C. He criti- 
 cized the Iliad with fuch virulence as to be 
 called Komeiomaftix, and the dog; and his 
 name has become fo familiar as tp be applied 
 to all fnarling critics ,—Voffius. 
 
 Zollikofer (George Joachim), a pro- 
 teftant divine, was born in Swifferland in 
 1730, and educated at Bremen and Utrecht. 
 A ‘ter officiating in tl.e Pays de Vaud, he ob- 
 tained a lettiement at Monftein in the Gri- 
 
 z o u 
 
 fons, from whence he removed to Ifenburg 
 and in 1758 to Leiplic He died in 1788. 
 He wrote a book of Devotions, and two vo- 
 lumes of Sermons, both tranflated into Eng- 
 lilh. — Pref ee to his Sermons 
 
 Zona r as (John), a Greek hiftorian, was 
 employed in ftate affairs at the court otCon- 
 ftantinople, bw-t afterwards he turned monk. 
 He compiled a Chronicle or Annals from the 
 Creation to A.D. 1118. He was alio the 
 author of Commentaries oh the Apoftolic 
 Canons — Moreri. 
 
 Zonca (Viftor), an able mathematician 
 of Italy in the 17th century, who publifhed 
 a colleftion of curious inventions in me- 
 chanics, entitled Novo Teatro di Machini ed 
 Edifiei, Padua, 1621, folio — Ibid. 
 
 Zoppo (Mark), an hiftorical and por- 
 trait painter, was born at Bologna in 1451. 
 He was the difciple of Andrew Mantegna, 
 whofe ftyle he imitated. He died in 1517. 
 — De Piles. 
 
 Zopyrus, one of the courtiers of Darius, 
 the fon of Hyftafpes. He cut off his nofe 
 and ears at the fiege of Babylon, and went 
 over to the Babylonians, pretending that 
 Darius had exercifed this cruelty upon him. 
 In hopes he would be ftimulated by revenge, 
 they gave him the command of their army, 
 which he tveacherou/ty betrayed to Darius. 
 —Herodotus. 
 
 Zoroaster, or Zerdufht, a pliilofopher 
 of antiquity, is fuppofed to have lived in the 
 reign of Darius Hyftafpes. Pie has been by 
 iome called the founder, and by others the 
 reformer, of the Magian religion Others 
 confider him a Jew 1 , or think that he received 
 his education in Judea. He taught that 
 nothing could render men unworthy of the 
 divine favour but vice. Of all virtues, he 
 efteemed wlmt the Greeks called philanthro- 
 py, for which reafo'n he exhorted his fol- 
 lowers to afts of beneficence. He gave his 
 difciples a form of devotion, which they af- 
 firmed was brought from heaven. The 
 Magi, or prielts, Were of three ranks, over 
 whom was an archimagus, which office he 
 affumed himfelf He loft his life at Balck, 
 when it was taken. — Bayle. 
 
 Zosimus, an ancient hiftorian in the be- 
 ginning of the fifth century Lie wrote the 
 Hiftory of the Emperors from Auguftus to 
 his own time, part of which is extant, and 
 was printed at Ox.ord, in 1679, 8vo. He 
 declaims with great afperity againft the 
 Chriftians. — Ibid. 
 
 Zoucn (Richard), a civilian, was born at 
 Anffey in Wiltfhire, and educated at Wi n- 
 chefter fchool ; from whence he removed to 
 New-college, Oxford, and afterwards became 
 an advocate in Doftors' Commons. He was 
 iilfo chancellor of the diocefe of Oxioi d, 
 principal of Alban-hall, and judge of the 
 high court of admiralty.' He died in 166)0. 
 He wrote fome books on juri (prudence in 
 Latin ; and Cafes and gueftions Refolved in 
 the Civil Law, 8vo. 1652. But his princi- 
 
Z U I 
 
 pal work is a Vindication of the Jurifdifition 
 of the Admiralty of England, againft Sir Ed- 
 ward Coke, 8vo. —kVood. 
 
 Zoust (Gerard), a German painter, who 
 was celebrated for his portraits of men, Iq 
 which he had more fuccefs.than in painting 
 ladies He lived in London, where he had 
 Riley for a pupil. He died in 1681. — Vir- 
 tue. Granger. 
 
 Zuccheko (Taddeo), a painter, was 
 born in the duchy of Urbino, in 1529. He 
 fludied the works of Raphael, and by his 
 acquaintance with anatomy excelled in paint- 
 ing human figures. He died in 1566. His 
 brother Frederic was a good artift, but was 
 obliged to quit Rome for painting a picture 
 in which feveral officers of the papal court 
 were repreiented with a fie s’ ears. He after- 
 wards went to Spain, France, and England, 
 and was employed by perfons of the higheit 
 rank. The pope recalled him, erected an 
 academy for him at Rome, and gave him the 
 title of prince. He died in 1609. 
 
 Zuinglius (Ulric), an eminent re- 
 former, was born at Wildhaufen, in 1487. 
 While he officiated as preacher at Zurich, 
 he declaimed againft the church of Rome, 
 which produced a retormation in Switzerland. 
 He publifhed a book on the Eucharift, in 
 which he denied the Lutheran doctrine. 
 This occalioned a great controverfy, and his 
 
 ZYP 
 
 followers were called Zuinglians. He after- 
 wards took up arms againit the catholics, and 
 died in the field of battle in 1531. His 
 works are extant in 4 vols. folio. — Bayle. 
 
 Zumbo (Gafton John), a fculptor, was 
 born at Syracqie in 1656- Fie refided at 
 Florence, where he was employed by the 
 grand duke. He afterw rds removed to 
 Paris, and died there in 1701. — Aforeri. 
 
 Zwinger (Theodore), a learned phyfi- 
 cian, was born at Bafil in Switzerland. He 
 compiled a great work, called The Theatre 
 of Human Life, 8 vols, folio. He died in 
 1588, aged, 51- — Ibid. 
 
 Zwinger (Theodore), a defendant of 
 the preceding, and profefior of eloquence, 
 philofophy, and medicine, at Bafil, died in 
 1724, after having publifhed, 1. A Botanical 
 Theatre, 1690, folio; 2. Fafciculus DilTer- 
 tationum, 4to ; 3. Differtatio de acquirenda 
 vita; longevitate, &c. — Ibid. 
 
 Zyp.-eus, or Vanden Zyp (Francis), a 
 learned writer, was born atMalanes in 1580. 
 The biihop of Antwerp appointed him canon 
 and archdeacon of his church. He died in 
 1650, aged 75. He wrote, 1. Analytica 
 enarratio juris Pontificii novi. 2. Confulta- 
 tiones Canonic®. 3. Notitias Juris Bel ffici, 
 4. De Jurifdi&ione Ecclefiaftica & Civili _» 
 Ibid. 
 
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