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CHRONOLOGY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS 
 
 OP 
 
 PAPER AND PAPER-MAKING. 
 
• ••••• • : • : t : , * \ 
 
 OF THE 
 
 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS 
 
 OF 
 
 PAPER AND PAPER-MAKING. 
 
 BY 
 
 JOEL MUNSELL. 
 
 FIFTH EDITION, WITH ADDITIONS. 
 
 ALBANY: 
 J. MUNSELL, 82 STATE STREET. 
 1876. 
 
rMF ^=TTY CENTER 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 HE facts embraced in the following pages 
 have been gathered from so many sources, 
 that it would materially encumber the 
 work to give authorities. The valuable essay of 
 Breitkopf, 1 published in 1784, and the interesting his- 
 tory of Matthias Koops, 2 who made extensive experi- 
 ments in England in the beginning of the present 
 century, have furnished numerous data. The Jury 
 Report of the London Industrial Exhibition has been 
 used to a considerable extent for more modern statis- 
 tics of European countries. For the remainder, al- 
 most every available work has been consulted in 
 English, French, German, and Nederdutch, and the 
 newspapers. Upon the accuracy of the figures in the 
 statistics here given it is impossible implicitly to rely, 
 
 1 Versuch den Ursprung der Spielkarten, die Einfuehrung des Lein- 
 enpapieres, etc., Leipzig, 1784, 2 vols., 4to. 
 
 9 Historical Account of the Substances which have been used to 
 describe Events, and to convey Ideas, from the earliest Date to the 
 Invention of Paper, London, 1801, 8vo. 
 
 2 
 
2 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 especially upon such as have been gathered from the 
 newspapers, where careful comparison is seldom given. 
 The compiler has availed himself of whatever came 
 under his observation that had the appearance of au- 
 thenticity, but has not always had opportunity to verify 
 dates and quantities. 
 
 It will be seen by the number of experiments made 
 for the attainment of the same object by the same 
 means in England and America especially, that paper- 
 makers have had but little intercommunication, and 
 there has long been great want of an American work, 
 practical and experimental, on this most important 
 art, which it is thought the eminent work of Mr. 
 Hoffman has not wholly supplied. An account of 
 the modes that have been pursued by the experiment- 
 ers who have so long and arduously sought after a 
 substitute for rags in the manufacture of paper, would 
 of itself form an instructive volume. These experi- 
 ments began in Europe more than a century ago, and 
 were induced by the same cause which has ever since 
 given rise to efforts in the same direction, the scarcity 
 of rags. They have continually exercised the minds 
 of manufacturers and others in this country during the 
 present century, and the records of the patent office 
 attest the fertility of invention which has been ex- 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 3 
 
 pended in this field of discovery. The list given in 
 former editions of this work of substances which have 
 been experimented upon, and of which it is claimed 
 that paper has been produced of fair qualities, shows 
 in a measure the extent of the effort which has been 
 made to procure material to meet the increasing de- 
 mand for paper fabrics ; but they have now become so 
 numerous, embracing almost everything in nature, that 
 a repetition has been abandoned, as may well be done, 
 since fish fibre has come in vogue, and sausages are 
 cased in paper bladders, in place of animal intestines. 
 
 Not only have numerous patents been procured for 
 useless modes of producing paper from various articles, 
 for want of a knowledge of what had already been 
 done in the same line, but costly machinery has in 
 some cases been erected to assist in bringing them into 
 use, after they had been experimented upon repeatedly 
 and condemned. This will continue to be done until 
 something is published on the subject in such a shape 
 as to be accessible to the trade. It is hardly necessary 
 to say that this work does not aim to supply the de- 
 sideratum, yet to a considerable extent it will serve as 
 an index to those experiments. It also indicates what 
 has been done towards bringing machinery to perfec- 
 tion, while those efforts were being made to discover 
 
4 Chronology of Paper Making. 
 
 new materials for paper stock. It is in this depart- 
 ment that great results have been attained. In less 
 than half a century, the machines have entirely super- 
 seded the diminutive hand-mills which sparsely dotted 
 the country, and gigantic establishments have risen 
 up in their places. Paper-mill villages, and banking 
 institutions even, have grown out of this flourishing 
 branch of industrial art, and we behold with satisfac- 
 tion and amazement, what has been brought about by 
 the aid of a commodity so insignificant in the eyes of 
 the world as linen and cotton rags. 
 
 THE PAPYRUS PLANT. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 LL materials used for writing upon in early- 
 times were such as required but little me- 
 chanical fashioning to fit them for that pur- 
 pose. Characters were engraved on flat 
 stones made smooth, or were impressed in clay, which 
 was afterwards dried or hardened by sun or fire, as in 
 the Babylonian bricks. Thin boards of wood, covered 
 with wax or a similar composition, and plates of ivory 
 and metal, have been used ; but a more convenient 
 material was afforded by the leaves of certain species 
 of trees. The skins and intestines of animals have 
 also been made fit for writing upon ; and there still 
 exists in the Sorbonne at Paris a manuscript certified 
 by an ancient librarian to be written upon human 
 skin ; and an elegant copy of the Bible which the 
 Abbe Rive believed to be on the skin of a woman. 
 When the Egyptian papyrus was introduced, all these 
 things fell into disuse, except parchment, which is 
 still preferred for certain purposes. 
 
 The first successful attempt to manufacture an ar- 
 ticle resembling modern paper, so far as we know, 
 was made in Egypt at a very remote time. An 
 
6 
 
 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 aquatic plant, known to us as papyrus, having a soft 
 cellular flower-stem, afforded the material. The stem 
 of the plant grew from ten to twenty feet high, of a 
 triangular shape, from the thin coats or pellicles of 
 which the paper was made. These were separated 
 by means of a pin, or pointed muscle-shells, and 
 spread on a table sprinkled with Nile water, in such 
 a form as the size of the sheets required, and washed 
 over with the same. On the first layer of these slips, 
 a second was placed cross-wise, so as to form a sheet 
 of convenient thickness, which, after being pressed 
 and dried in the sun, was polished with a shell or other 
 hard and smooth substance. Twenty sheets was the 
 utmost that could be separated from one stalk, and 
 those nearest the pith made the finest paper. 
 
 With respect to the time when this paper was in- 
 vented, there are different opinions. Some authors 
 have attempted to prove its antiquity from the earliest 
 Greek writers \ while Varro states that the invention 
 was unknown in the time of Alexander the Great, 
 about four hundred years before the Christian era. 
 But Herodotus, who lived nearly a century earlier 
 than Alexander, testifies that it was an article of com- 
 merce and a material for writing long before his time. 
 The Romans at a later day improved upon the papyrus 
 made by the Egyptians ; they sized it in a similar 
 manner to that pursued with rag-paper, making their 
 size of the finest flour. The paper of the Romans 
 was very white ; that of the Egyptians of a yellowish 
 or brown tinge. 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 7 
 
 The Egyptian paper was manufactured in Alexan- 
 dria and other cities of Egypt in such large quantities 
 that one individual boasted of the possession of so 
 much paper that its revenue would maintain a numer- 
 ous army. Alexandria was for a long time solely in 
 the enjoyment of this manufacture, and acquired im- 
 mense riches by it. Europe and Asia were supplied 
 therefrom during several centuries. The commerce of 
 Egyptian paper was flourishing in the third, and con- 
 tinued to the fifth century, when Theodoric abolished 
 the impost upon it in Italy, where it was still used 
 occasionally until the eleventh century ; at which time 
 the use of parchment, and paper made of cotton, su- 
 perseded it. 
 
 The art of making paper from fibrous matter re- 
 duced to a pulp in water, appears to have been first 
 discovered by the Chinese about eighteen hundred 
 years ago. The Chinese paper is commonly supposed 
 to be made of silk ; but silk alone can not be reduced 
 to a pulp suitable for making paper. Refuse silk is 
 said to be occasionally used with other ingredients, 
 but the greater part of the Chinese paper is made from 
 the inner bark of the bamboo and mulberry tree, 
 hempen rags, &c. The latter are prepared for paper 
 by being cut and well washed in tanks. They are 
 then bleached and dried ; in twelve days they are con- 
 verted into a pulp, which is then made into balls of 
 about four pounds weight. „ These are afterwards satu- 
 rated with water, and made into paper on a frame of 
 fine reeds ; and are dried by being pressed under large 
 
8 
 
 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 stones. A second drying operation is performed by 
 fastening the sheets on the walls of a room. The 
 sheets are then coated with gum size, and polished 
 with stones. They also make paper from cotton and 
 linen rags, and a coarse yellow sort from rice straw, 
 which is used for wrapping. They are enabled to 
 make sheets of a large size, the mould on which the 
 pulp is made into paper being sometimes ten or twelve 
 feet long, and very wide, and managed by means of 
 pulleys. The article popularly known as Chinese rice 
 paper, is prepared from the pith of a plant, which is 
 cut spirally into a thin slice, and when spread out and 
 compressed, forms a light and fragile sheet, some- 
 times a foot in length, and five or six inches in breadth. 
 
 The Japanese prepare paper from the mulberry as 
 follows: in the month of December the twigs are 
 cut into lengths, not exceeding thirty inches, and put 
 together in bundles. These fagots are then placed 
 upright in a large vessel containing an alkaline ley, 
 and boiled till the bark shrinks so as to allow about 
 a half an inch of the wood to appear free at the top. 
 After they are thus boiled, they are exposed to a cool 
 atmosphere, when the bark is stripped from the wood 
 and dried, and laid away for future use. When a 
 sufficient quantity has been thus collected, it is soaked 
 in water three or four days, when a blackish skin which 
 covered it is scraped off*. At the same time also the 
 stronger bark, which is of a full year's growth, is sepa- 
 rated from the thinner, which covered the younger 
 branches, and which yields the best and whitest paper. 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 
 
 After it has been sufficiently cleansed out and sepa- 
 rated, it must be boiled in a clear ley, and if stirred 
 frequently, it soon becomes of a suitable nature. 
 
 It is then washed, a process requiring much atten- 
 tion and great skill and judgment ; for, if it be not 
 washed long enough, the paper, although strong and 
 of good body, will be coarse and of little value ; if 
 washed too long, it will afford a white paper, but will 
 be spongy and unfit for writing upon. Having been 
 washed until it becomes a soft and woolly pulp, it is 
 spread upon a table and beat fine with a mallet. It 
 is then put into a tub with an infusion of rice and 
 breni root, when the whole is stirred until the ingre- 
 dients are thoroughly mixed in a mass of proper con- 
 sistence. The moulds on which sheets are formed 
 are made of reeds cut into narrow strips, instead of 
 wire, and the process of dipping is like that of other 
 countries. After being allowed to remain a short time 
 in heaps, under a slight pressure, the sheets are ex- 
 posed to the sun, by which they are properly dried. 
 Among the remarkable uses to which they put the 
 article of paper, may be mentioned that of water-proot 
 clothing. 
 
 The ancient Mexicans also, were found to have 
 a kind of paper prepared from the maguey plant, or 
 American aloe, the product of which resembled the 
 papyrus of the Egyptians, and took ink and color well. 
 
 The Arabians, in the seventh century, appear to have 
 either discovered, or to have learned from the Chinese 
 or Hindoos, quite likely from the latter, the art of 
 
io Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 making paper from cotton ; for it is known that a 
 manufactory of such paper was established at Samar- 
 cand about the year 706 a.d. The Arabians seem 
 to have carried the art to Spain, and to have there made 
 paper from linen and hemp as well as from cotton. 
 
 The art of manufacturing paper from cotton is sup- 
 posed to have found its way into Europe in the eleventh 
 century. The first paper of that kind was made of 
 raw cotton ; but its manufacture was by the Arabians 
 extended to old worn-out cotton, and even to the 
 smallest pieces it is said. But as there are cotton- 
 plants of various kinds, it was natural that they should 
 produce papers of different qualities ; and it was impos- 
 sible to unite their woolly particles so firmly as to form 
 a strong substantial paper, for want of sufficient skill 
 and proper machinery, using, as they did, mortars and 
 rude horse mills. The Greeks, it is said, made use of 
 cotton paper before the Latins. It came into Germany 
 through Venice, and was called Greek parchment. 
 
 The Moors, who were the paper-makers of Spain, 
 having been expelled by the Spaniards, the latter, ac- 
 quainted with water-mills, improved the manufacture 
 so as to produce a paper from cotton nearly equal to 
 that made of linen rags. 
 
 It is not known when cotton paper was introduced 
 into England, but it appears that its use continued 
 until the latter part of the fourteenth century, when it 
 was gradually supplanted by linen paper, which began 
 to be used in 1342. 
 
 Paper manufactures early became a very flourishing 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 1 1 
 
 product in France, and the paper-makers in that coun- 
 try soon excelled their neighbors in the art, and were 
 therefore enabled to export considerable quantities, 
 which increased so much yearly, that in 1658 two 
 millions francs in value was exported to Holland alone ; 
 and it provided Spain, England, Switzerland, Den- 
 mark, Sweden, Russia, but chiefly Holland, and the 
 Levant, with paper for printing and writing ; and as 
 late as the beginning of the present century twenty- 
 five thousand reams were annually exported to Swit- 
 zerland and Germany. But at this time the art of 
 paper-making had arrived at a great degree of perfec- 
 tion in England and Holland, whereby the export 
 from France was so much reduced, that, of four hun- 
 dred paper-mills in two provinces, three hundred were 
 discontinued. 
 
 Peter the Great, of Russia, visited the paper-mill at 
 Dresden, in 1712, and was so much pleased with the 
 art, that he engaged paper-makers whom he sent to 
 Moscow, to establish a paper-mill at his own expense. 
 
 The first paper-mill of which we have found any 
 account in America, was that of William Ritting- 
 huysen, at Roxborough, near Philadelphia, in 1690, 
 on a stream still called Paper-mill run. 
 
 In the manufacture of paper, any fibrous vegetable 
 substance may be used. Wood and straw are much 
 employed, but the process of manufacture was for a 
 long time found too difficult and expensive, except for 
 newspapers, and other coarse qualities. 
 
 Although a French paper-maker claimed to have 
 
12 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 obviated, by the aid of chemistry, all difficulties in the 
 use of straw, and the experiments of Mr. Beardslee 
 of Albany, were so far successful a few years since as 
 to lead many to hope for an economical mode of con- 
 verting the forests into paper to supply the all-devour- 
 ing maw of the press, yet it is still thought that we 
 shall never find anything to answer the purpose so 
 well as linen and cotton rags. The Chinese employ a 
 vast number of fibrous substances for this manufacture, 
 and apply paper to a variety of usesjiittle thought of 
 in other countries. But if, as is foreshadowed, we 
 come to construct houses and ships from this material, 
 they will in turn wonder at us, no doubt. 
 
 In all kinds of paper-making, whether from the bark 
 of trees or other fibrous matter, or from rags, the 
 general process is the same. The fibrous material is 
 cut and bruised in water till it is separated into fine 
 and short filaments, and becomes a sort of pulp. This 
 pulp is taken up in a thin and even layer upon a mould 
 of wire-cloth, or something similar, which allows the 
 water to drain off, but retains the fibrous matter, the 
 filaments of which are, by the process of reduction to 
 pulp, and subsequent drying and pressing, so inter- 
 woven and fitted together, that they cannot be sepa- 
 rated without tearing, and thus form paper. 
 
 But the manufacture of paper, though an interesting 
 process to witness, is difficult to describe intelligibly. 
 Under the article Paper, the whole subject is 
 briefly but comprehensively treated in Appleton's 
 American Cyclopedia. Like the art of printing, paper 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 13 
 
 making has undergone a wonderful change within 
 the last half century, calling into use immense steam 
 and water power, and ponderous machinery, that 
 consume the cast-off habiliments of the population 
 of the whole world, and now require other material 
 for consumption, to keep pace with the demand 
 for their fabrics. 
 
BABYLONIAN, OR CHALDEAN BRICK. 
 
 impressing characters in clay, on a cylinder, which 
 afterwards baked hard for preserving records. 
 
CHRONOLOGY OF PAPER. 
 
 o $ttftf^|tf|}UMA, who lived three hundred years 
 
 perhaps the earliest mention of the use of that sub- 
 stance. Unfortunately for the fact, the critics have 
 abolished Numa. 
 
 600 b. c. Manufactories of Egyptian paper from 
 papyrus, are supposed to have existed at Memphis. 
 But papyrus manuscripts are found in the catacombs, 
 apparently several thousand years old. 
 
 500 b. c. In Confucius's time the Chinese were 
 innocent of ink and paper in the proper sense of the 
 terms ; their ink then being a sort of paint, their 
 paper bamboo tablets, and their pen simply a short 
 pointed stick. 
 
 440 b. c. Herodotus alludes to the general use of 
 parchment among the Ionians at this time, under the 
 term of sheep and goat skins. 
 
 300 b. c. For at least three hundred years before 
 Christ, papyrus was exported in large quantities from 
 
 c. 
 
 Egypt. 
 
1 6 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 270 b. c. The Jewish elders, by order of the high 
 priest, carried a copy of the law to Ptolemy Philadel- 
 phia, in letters of gold upon skins, the pieces of which 
 were so artfully united that the joinings did not appear. 
 
 216 B. c. Pliny expresses the opinion in his Natu- 
 ral History, xix, 7, that spartum was first brought 
 into Spain from Africa by the Carthaginians under 
 Hannibal. Livy says that Hannibal stored vast quan- 
 tities for various purposes. 
 
 200 b. c. A better method of dressing parchment 
 was found at Pergamus about this time, which led to 
 the supposition that parchment was invented there, 
 and hence derived its name. 
 
 15 a. d. About this time, during the reign of 
 Tiberius, a popular commotion arose in consequence 
 of the scarcity of papyrus \ the commerce in which 
 had flourished a long time, but the supply seems to 
 have been always less than the demand. 
 
 79. Herculaneum was overwhelmed, a city so 
 obscure that very little account has been given of it 
 by ancient writers ; yet eighteen hundred manuscripts 
 on papyrus have been taken from its ruins. 
 
 95. Du Halde says it was in this year that a man- 
 darin of the palace manufactured paper of the bark of 
 different trees, and old rags of silk and hemp. During 
 this century they are said to have made sheets of paper 
 ten or twelve feet long, of the inner bark of the bamboo. 
 
 280. The Japanese wrote upon silk faced with 
 linen, and also used very thin wood shavings. About 
 this time paper was first imported from the Corea, 
 which superseded those fabrics. 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 17 
 
 284. The Romans sent to China a present of 30,000 
 sheets of strong brownish paper, made of tree bark. 
 The Chinese are said to have improved upon the 
 Roman hint, and subsequently brought their paper 
 manufacture to a greatly improved state. 
 
 290. About this time the value of papyrus was so 
 great that when Firmus, a rich and ambitious merchant 
 striving at empire, conquered for a brief period the 
 city of Alexandria, he boasted that he had seized as 
 much paper and size as would support his whole army. 
 
 450. Proteaux says that a thick card or card-like 
 paper came in use during the fifth century, when the 
 manufacture of papyrus was declining. — De Vinne's 
 Invention of Printing, p. 136. 
 
 500. About this time Theodoric abolished the duty 
 on papyrus, which contributed to the revenue of the 
 Roman empire, and fresh imposts had been laid upon 
 it by successive rulers, until they became oppressive. 
 Cassiodorus congratulates " the whole world on the 
 repeal of the impost on an article so essentially neces- 
 sary to the human race," "the general use of which," 
 as Pliny says, " polishes and immortalizes man." 
 
 572. There is a manuscript in the British Museum, 
 which appears to have been written at this time upon 
 a roll of papyrus eight feet and a half long-, and twelve 
 inches wide. The longest specimen of papyrus 
 known is the one at Paris, measuring thirty feet. 
 
 600. About this time paper made of bark was used 
 by the Longobards, for the imperial protocols, in order 
 to render the forging of diplomas more difficult. 
 
1 8 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 610. Two priests were introduced into Japan from 
 the Corea, to establish the manufacture of paper ; but 
 the fabric of the Coreans being imperfect, the use of 
 mulberry bark was devised by Taishi, and became a 
 most prosperous industry. 
 
 648. There was a manufactory of paper at Samar- 
 cand, similar to that which had long been made by 
 the Chinese. 
 
 650. The Saracens having become masters of 
 Egypt, the intercourse with Rome was so much in- 
 terrupted that the supply of papyrus became scanty 
 and precarious. Previously to that event, all public 
 records had been executed on papyrus, while it is 
 found that at a date immediately subsequent parchment 
 was substituted. 
 
 704. The Arabians are supposed to have acquired 
 the knowledge of making paper of cotton, by their 
 conquests in Tartary. 
 
 706. Casiri, a Spanish author, attributes the inven- 
 tion of cotton paper to Joseph Amru, in this year, at 
 Mecca ; but it is well known that the Chinese and 
 Persians were acquainted with its manufacture before 
 this period. 
 
 900. The bulls of the popes in the eighth and ninth 
 centuries were written upon cotton paper. 
 
 goo. Montfaucon, who on account of his diligence 
 and the extent of his researches is great authority, at- 
 tempted to show that charta bombycine, cotton paper, 
 was discovered in the empire of the east toward the 
 end of the ninth or beginning of the tenth century. 
 But see 706. 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 19 
 
 1007. The plenarium, or inventory, of the treasure 
 of the church of Sandersheim, is written upon paper 
 of cotton, bearing this date. 
 
 1049. The oldest manuscript in England written 
 upon cotton paper, is in the Bodleian collection of the 
 British Museum, having this date. 
 
 1050. The most ancient manuscript on cotton 
 paper, that has been discovered in the Royal Library 
 at Paris having a date, bears record of this year. 
 
 1085. The Christian successors of Moorish paper- 
 makers at Toledo in Spain, worked the paper mills to 
 better advantage than their predecessors. Instead of 
 manufacturing paper of raw cotton, which is easily 
 recognized by its yellowness and brittleness, they made 
 it of rags, in moulds through which the water ran off \ 
 for this reason it was called parchment cloth. 
 
 I IOO. The Aphorisms of Hippocrates, in Arabic, the 
 manuscript of which bears this date, has been pro- 
 nounced the oldest specimen of linen paper that has 
 come to light. 
 
 1 100. Arabic manuscripts were at this time written 
 on satin paper, and embellished with a quantity of 
 ornamental work, painted in such gay and resplendent 
 colors that the reader might behold his face reflected 
 as if from a mirror. 
 
 1 100. There was a diploma of Roger, king of Sicily, 
 dated 1145, in which he says that he had renewed on 
 parchment a charter that had been written on cotton 
 paper in 1 100. 
 
 1 102. The king of Sicily appears to have accorded 
 
20 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 a diploma to an ancient family of paper-makers who 
 had established a manufactory in that island, where 
 cotton was indigenous, and this has been thought to 
 point to the origin of cotton paper, quite erroneously. 
 
 1 1 20. Peter the Venerable, abbot of Clum, who 
 flourished about this time, declared that paper from 
 linen rags was in use in his day. 
 
 1 1 50. Edrisi, who wrote at this time, tells us that the 
 paper made at Xativa, an ancient city of Valencia, was 
 excellent, and was exported to countries east and west. 
 
 1 15 1. An Arabian author certifies that very fine 
 white cotton paper was manufactured in Spain, and 
 Cacim aben Hegi assures us that the best was made 
 at Xativa. The Spaniards being acquainted with 
 water-mills, improved upon the Moorish method of 
 grinding the raw cotton and rags \ and by stamping 
 the latter in the mill, they produced a better pulp than 
 from raw cotton, by which various sorts of paper 
 were manufactured, nearly equal to those made from 
 linen rags. 
 
 1 153. Petrus Mauritius, who died in this year, has 
 the following passage on paper in his Treatise against 
 the Jews : u The books we read every day are made 
 of sheep, goat, or calf skin ; or of oriental plants, that 
 is, the papyrus of Egypt ; or of rags (ex rasauris veterum 
 pannoruni)" supposed to allude to modern paper. 
 
 1 1 70. The time when papyrus wholly ceased to be 
 used is not certainly known ; but Eustathius, the scho- 
 liast on Homer, says it was disused before this time. 
 
 1 178. A Treaty of peace between the kings of 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 2 1 
 
 Aragon and Castile, is the oldest specimen of linen 
 paper used in Spain with a date. It is supposed that 
 the Moors, on their settlement in Spain, where cotton 
 was scarce, made paper of hemp and flax. The in- 
 ventor of linen-rag paper, whoever he was, is entitled 
 to the gratitude of posterity. 
 
 1200. Casiri positively affirms that there are manu- 
 scripts in the Escurial palace near Madrid, upon both 
 cotton and hemp paper, written prior to this time. 
 
 1 22 1. Frederic II of Germany, in consideration of 
 the bad quality of paper made of cotton, its subjection 
 to humidity, to alteration, and other defects, issued an 
 order, nullifying all public acts which should be upon 
 cotton paper, allowing two years to transcribe upon 
 parchment all such as then existed. 
 
 1239. One of the earliest specimens of paper from 
 linen rags, which has yet been discovered, is a docu- 
 ment, with the seals preserved, of this date, and 
 signed by Adolphus, count of Schaumburg. It is pre- 
 served in the university of Rinteln in Germany, and 
 establishes the fact beyond dispute that linen paper 
 was already in use in Germany. 
 
 1 190. The oldest specimens of paper documents at 
 Paris are said to be bonds given to Jews by the chiefs 
 of Richard I of England, to aid the crusade of that 
 monarch. 
 
 1270. By far the oldest manuscript written in 
 France upon modern paper, is a letter from Joinville 
 to St. Louis, which bears date a short time before the 
 death of that monarch in 1270. 
 
22 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 1270. Notwithstanding the most diligent search of 
 the learned antiquary Montfaucon, both in France and 
 Italy, he could find no book nor leaf of paper made 
 of linen rags, before this year ; whence it was con- 
 cluded that there was no hope of finding an exact 
 date to the invention. 
 
 1280. At this time very little use was made of 
 Egyptian paper for diplomas, in England and Germany, 
 but parchment was the universal substitute ; and yet 
 no map of parchment made before the sixth century 
 is known to have been discovered. 
 
 1290. The first paper mill in Germany is said to 
 have been constructed at Ravensburg. [Is this a 
 misprint of Regensburg, now Ratisbon ?] 
 
 1308. Meerman satisfied himself that linen paper 
 was used in Germany at this time, but was not able 
 to decide in what country its invention originated. 
 
 131 1. No other than Egyptian papyrus and cotton 
 paper, it is asserted, was known in France before this 
 time ; although a letter is produced which is claimed 
 to be linen paper, written before 1270. (See 1270.) 
 
 1 3 14. The earliest undisputed French manuscript 
 on linen paper is of this date, but it is not conclusive 
 that it was fabricated in France. 
 
 1318. In Deutschland kommt leinenes Papier vor 
 1318 schwerlich vor ; von diesem Jahre aber hat das 
 Archiv des Hospitals Kauf beuern Urkunden auf 
 lienenem Papier aufzuzeigen. — Conversations-Lexikon. 
 
 1 3 19. Linen paper is said to have been found at 
 Nuremberg by Von Murr of this date. (See 1342.) 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 23 
 
 1320. The earliest English manuscript on linen 
 paper with a date that has been discovered is of the 
 fourteenth year of Edward III. 
 
 1330. The construction of the first paper mill in 
 Italy is placed in this year. 
 
 1330. Mr. Hunter, of the London Society of Anti- 
 quaries, could find no water mark in specimens of 
 paper which he had investigated from 1302 to this 
 date. His researches were among account books ren- 
 dered to the English exchequer by officers employed 
 in Aquitaine, and in the public archives of England, 
 by which he determined that the earliest paper used 
 was all foreign, and without any manufacturer's sym- 
 bol. In a book of accounts of the constable of Bor- 
 deaux, of this date, he discovered the first mark, which 
 was a ram's face. 
 
 1338. Peter II of Valencia, issued a command to 
 the paper-makers at Valencia and Xativa, under pain 
 of punishment, to manufacture better paper, which 
 was to be equal to that formerly made \ showing that 
 the manufacture had degenerated. 
 
 1339. From a piece of very coarse cotton paper, 
 bearing this date, in the possession of Meerman, who 
 wrote about 1760, he argues that the art of paper- 
 making was still neglected by the Spaniards, and that 
 prior to the middle of the fourteenth century no linen 
 paper had been manufactured in that country, yet the 
 connoisseurs of Spain still persist in terming it linen 
 paper. 
 
 1 340. Tiraboschi, in his history of Italian literature, 
 
24 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 places the establishment of paper-making at Padua in 
 this year, deriving his authority from a passage of the 
 ancient history of that city by Cortusius. 
 
 1340. Peignot says it was about this time that the 
 manufacture of paper was established in France, in 
 the neighborhood of Troyes and Essonne, Lombardy 
 furnished paper to the French before this time. 
 
 1342. It has been claimed that the earliest manu- 
 script in England on linen paper has the above date 
 (see 1320). In the Cottonian Library of the British 
 Museum, it is said there are several writings on this 
 kind of paper, as early as the year 1335. Linen paper 
 gradually supplanted that made of cotton. 
 
 1342. The Royal Society of Gottingen adjudged to 
 John Daniel Fladd a prize medal of twenty-five ducats 
 for the discovery of the most ancient linen paper, 
 which bears this date. It is claimed that earlier speci- 
 mens have been found. (See 13 19.) 
 
 1350. There was a large manufactory of paper at 
 Fabbriano in Italy, which, according to the description 
 of Bartolus, had been long established, and enlarged 
 from time to time, till it consisted of several mills 
 belonging to different persons, although the whole 
 formed only one manufactory of cotton paper. 
 
 1350. Although cotton paper was early introduced 
 into Germany, and at the commencement of the ninth 
 century was known under the name of Greek parch- 
 ment, and although cotton and flax were spun and 
 wove in that country in the tenth century, the manu- 
 facture of paper can not be traced beyond the middle 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 25 
 
 of the fourteenth century, when it was made by stamp- 
 ing mills. 
 
 1352. Date of a bill which reads thus: "To 
 George Cosyn, for one quartern of royal paper, to 
 make painters' patterns, icW." 
 
 1356. The first paper mill in Austria, established 
 for producing paper from linen rags, was erected at 
 Leesdorf, near Baden. This place now (1874), pro- 
 duces the best paper machines. [By a transposition 
 of figures, apparently this date has been given as 1 536.] 
 
 1360. Ulman Stromer began to write at Nurem- 
 berg the first work ever published on paper-making. 
 
 1360. The Paper Trade Journal of Jan. 15, 1874, 
 states that the manufacture of paper in France was. 
 begun this year, 
 
 1366. The senate of Venice granted an exclusive 
 privilege to the paper-mill at Treviso, that no linen- 
 paper shavings or offal should be exported from Venice 
 than for the use of that mill. This would seem to 
 show that linen paper was already in use there. 
 
 1367. It is thought that there was no linen paper 
 used in Italy before this time. The knowledge of 
 cotton paper came by means of the Greeks to Italy ; 
 and the art of making it in Sicily, through the inva- 
 sion of the Saracens. 
 
 1367. A document of a notary of this date proves 
 the use of linen paper in Italy ; and Maffei states that 
 he possessed a family manuscript of linen paper of the 
 same date, and he therefore attempts to appropriate 
 the invention of linen paper to Italy. 
 3 
 
26 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 1376. Du Cange cites the following lines from a 
 French metrical romance written about this time, to 
 show that waxen tablets continued to be occasionally 
 used till a late period : 
 
 Some with antiquated style 
 
 In waxen tablets promptly write ; 
 
 Others with finer pen, the while 
 Form letters lovelier to the sight. 
 
 There are many ample and authentic records of the 
 royal household of France, of the thirteenth and four- 
 teenth centuries, still preserved, written upon waxen 
 tablets. 
 
 1377. A charter of this date, given at Fabbriano in 
 Italy, relates to the lease of a mill with a waterfall, 
 ad faciendas cartas. It was from the mills of this place 
 that Bodoni, at the commencement of the present cent- 
 ury, obtained the paper for his beautiful editions. 
 
 1390. Ulman Stromer established a large paper mill 
 at Nuremberg, where were many Italian workmen. 
 He employed two rollers, which set eighteen stampers 
 in motion ; but when he would add another roller, he 
 was opposed by the Italians whom he employed, who 
 would not consent to the enlarging of his manufac- 
 ture ; but they were imprisoned by the magistrates, 
 when they submitted, renewing their oaths. He died 
 in 1407. This is the first mill known to have been 
 erected in Germany, which is said to have made the 
 first paper from rags in Europe. But see 1350, 
 1366, etc. 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 27 
 
 1400. There were paper-mills at Colle in Tuscany, 
 which were moved by water power. 
 
 1450. It is said that copies of the Bible printed upon 
 parchment, by Gutenberg of this date, are found at 
 Berlin, Brunswick, St. Blaise Monastery, and Paris, 
 in three volumes, folio. This was possibly the first 
 printed Bible, instead of the one known as the 
 Mazarine Bible, of 2 vols. 
 
 1453. After the fall of Constantinople some Greeks 
 established a manufactory at Basle, in Switzerland. 
 
 1468. An edict of Charles VIII attests that there 
 were manufactories of paper at Troyes, Corbeil, and 
 Essonne. 
 
 1470. We have the authority of the Paper Trade 
 Journal, that the first paper mill in Switzerland was 
 erected this vear. 
 
 1471. Sweynheim and Pannartz, in a petition to 
 the pope for assistance, informed him that the number 
 of books they had printed and which remained on their 
 hands was so great that he would admire how and 
 where they could have procured a sufficient quantity 
 of paper, or even rags, for such a number of volumes, 
 which amounted to 12,475. This would probably 
 have required about 1250 reams. 
 
 1498. An entry has been found in the privy purse 
 expenses of Henry VII, as follows : " For a rewarde 
 yeven at the paper mylne, i6j-. %d." which establishes 
 the fact that a paper mill preceded that of Spilman 
 nearly a century, and was probably the mill mentioned 
 below. 
 
28 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 1498. In Wynken de Worde's edition De Proprie- 
 tatibus Rerum, it is stated that the paper was made by 
 John Tate the younger, in these quaint lines : 
 
 " And John Tate the younger Joye mote he broke, 
 Whiche late hathe in Englond doo make this paper thynne, 
 That now in our englyssh this book is prynted Inne." 
 
 This mill was at Hartford. The water-mark he used 
 was an eight-pointed star within a double circle. A 
 print of it is given in Herbert's Typ. Antiquities, i, 200. 
 
 1500. Paintings of this date by Julio Clavio, on 
 parchment, are preserved in the Vatican. The art of 
 painting on parchment was common before the art of 
 painting with oil colors was discovered. 
 
 15 14. John Tate died, who is supposed to have 
 erected the first paper mill in England, about 1498. 
 
 1539. An ancient water-mark (erroneously so 
 termed) of this era, consisted of a hand with a star at 
 the fingers' ends, and is supposed to have given the 
 name to what is still termed hand paper. 
 
 1539. A favorite paper-mark of this time was the 
 jug or pot, and is supposed to have originated the term 
 pot paper. The fool's cap was of a later date, and has 
 given place in England to the figure of Britannia. 
 
 1 540. About this time Henry VIII of England, in 
 the wildness of his hatred of the pope, used for his 
 correspondence a paper of which the water-mark was 
 a hog with a mitre. 
 
 1 552. Henry II of France exempted paper from all 
 taxes and subsidies. 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 29 
 
 1558. Churchyard's Spark of Friendship was first 
 printed this year, and mentions the paper mill of Spil- 
 man, which is often quoted as the first paper mill in 
 England under the date of 1588,4. v. (See also 1498.) 
 
 1562. A work printed in this year mentions a paper 
 mill at Fen Ditton, near Cambridge, England. 
 
 1564. Charles IX of France having put an impost 
 upon paper, the university brought the subject before 
 the parliament, when Montholon and De Thou advo- 
 cated the abolition of the tax, and the university gained 
 its cause. 
 
 1565. Charles IX of France, at the remonstrance 
 of the university and the decision of the parliament, 
 abolished the duty which he had laid upon paper. 
 
 1588. Nicholas, in his Progresses of ^hteen Elizabeth, 
 gives a poem with the following title * A Description 
 and Playne Discourse of Paper, and the whole Benefits 
 that Paper brings, with Rehearsal!, and setting foorth in 
 Verse a Paper-myll built near Darthforth, by a high Ger- 
 maine, called Master Spilman, Jeweller to the ^ueene's 
 Majestie. This is supposed to have been the second 
 paper mill in England, and is often mentioned as the 
 first. It was erected by a German named Spielman, 
 or Spilman, in reward of which he received from 
 Elizabeth the honor of knighthood. (See 1558.) 
 
 1591. A document in the Land Revenue Records 
 of England, reads thus : " Fenclifton, Co. Cambridge ; 
 lease of a water mill called paper mills, late of the 
 bishopric of Ely, to John George, dated 14th July, 
 34th Eliz." This is evidence of a third paper mill in 
 England at this time. 
 
3<D Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 1635. Under the reign of Louis XIII of France, 
 an impost upon paper was established, but with the 
 condition that the fermier should pay each year the 
 sum of ten thousand livres to the royal printing office 
 and the university of Paris. 
 
 1640. The manufacture of wall paper was begun 
 about this time ; as a substitute for the ancient hang- 
 ings of tapestry, or cloth, they reached a high state of 
 beauty and perfection. 
 
 1646. Athanasius Kircher, a Jesuit of the seven- 
 teenth century, boasted of having paper, among other 
 things, made of asbestos. 
 
 1649. The water-mark of the finest English paper 
 bore the royal arms. In order to show contempt for 
 the king, Charles I, a fool with cap and bells was sub- 
 stituted for the arms, which gave the name of foolscap 
 to the size of paper still bearing that name ; and 
 although those emblems have been taken from the 
 paper, still the paper of the size which the parliament 
 ordered for their journals bears the name and water- 
 mark as an indignity to Charles I. 
 
 1652. Christina of Sweden having invited one of the 
 Jansens from Holland as a printer, granted him the 
 valuable privilege of importing all his paper duty free. 
 
 1654. Under Louis XIV, the indemnity established 
 by his predecessor for the tax upon paper was changed 
 to an exemption from duty of thirty thousand reams 
 of paper, of all qualities and fabrics, of which the dis- 
 tribution was left to the superior of the university. 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 3 1 
 
 1655. There were at this early date 80 mills within 
 a radius of six leagues around Angouleme, in France. 
 
 1658. The French paper makers produced fabrics 
 so much superior to those of their neighbors, and their 
 export trade had become so flourishing in consequence, 
 that paper to the value of two millions of livres was 
 this year sent to Holland ; and they provided Spain, 
 England, Switzerland, Denmark, Sweden, Russia, but 
 chiefly Holland and the Levant, with paper for print- 
 ing and writing. 
 
 1 66 1. Fuller, writing of the paper of his time, says 
 that it partook in some sort of the characters of the 
 countries which made it ; the Venetian being subtil, 
 neat, and court-like ; the French light, slight and 
 slender, and the Dutch thick, corpulent and gross, 
 sucking up the ink with the sponginess thereof. He 
 complains that the English manufactories were not 
 sufficiently encouraged, considering the vast amount 
 expended for paper out of Italy, France, and Germany. 
 
 1663. England imported from Holland alone, paper 
 to the amount of £ 100,000. 
 
 1670. Post paper seems to have derived its name 
 from the post horn, which at one time was its distin- 
 guishing mark. It does not appear to have been used 
 prior to the establishment of the general post office, 
 here given, when it became the custom to blow a horn, 
 to which circumstance its introduction is attributed. 
 
 1670. The manufacture of paper was still carried 
 on with so little success in England, that the deficiency 
 of that indispensable fabric was imported from the 
 continent, and principally from France. 
 
32 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 1678. At the end of a book with this date is the 
 following singular advertisement : " To the king's 
 most excellent majesty, this book is humbly presented, 
 being printed upon English paper, and made within 
 five miles of Windsor, by Eustace Burneby, Esquire, 
 who was the first Englishman that brought it into 
 England ; attested by Henry Million, who was over- 
 seer in the making of this royal manufacture." (See 
 
 1498, 1558, 1588.) 
 
 1685. The first paper mill erected in Holland, ac- 
 cording to a writer in the Paper Trade Journal ; but 
 the date seems to need investigation. 
 
 1685. Among the French refugees who went over 
 to England, were a number of paper makers, who are 
 supposed to have greatly improved the manufacture in 
 the latter country. 
 
 1687. A proclamation was made for the establish- 
 ment of a manufactory of white paper in England. 
 
 1688. It is stated in the British Merchant, that 
 hardly any sort of paper except brown, was made in 
 England previous to the revolution. 
 
 1689. Edmund Bohun says in his Autobiography , 
 that " paper became so dear, that all printing stopped, 
 almost, and the stationers did not care to undertake 
 anything." 
 
 1690. Anderson states in his History of Commerce 
 that it was in this year paper was first manufactured 
 in England (see 1588) ; and that up to this time Eng- 
 land imported paper from France to the amount of 
 £100,000 yearly ; but as the war with France occa- 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 33 
 
 sioned very high duties to be laid on foreign produc- 
 tions, some French protestant refugees settled in 
 England, and introduced the manufacture of white 
 writing paper. 
 
 1690. William Rittinghuysen, now spelled Ritten- 
 house, a native of Broich, in Holland, emigrated to 
 America and was among the early settlers of German- 
 town, Pa. In the year 1690, he in company with 
 Wm. Bradford, the printer, established a paper mill, 
 the first in America, in Roxborough, near Philadelphia, 
 on a stream called Paper-mill run, which empties into 
 the Wissahickon, about two miles above its junction 
 with the river Schuylkill. This mill supplied Brad- 
 ford with paper while he lived in Philadelphia, and 
 after he settled in New York. The paper was made 
 from linen rags, the product of flax which was raised 
 in the vicinity, and manufactured into wearing apparel. 
 
 1695. A company was. formed in Scotland " for 
 making white writing and printing paper," the articles 
 of which are in the library of the British Museum. 
 
 1696. It appears by a document in the British 
 Museum entitled the Case of the Paper Traders, that a 
 bill was now pending for levying 20 per cent upon 
 foreign paper, parchment, vellum, and pasteboard, and 
 20 per cent upon English paper, &c. It is also stated 
 that there were not at this time one hundred paper 
 mills in all England, and that the value of paper an- 
 nually made was only about ,£28,000. It is further 
 said that the paper makers were generally very poor 
 and could scarce maintain their families. 
 
34 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 1697. William Bradford leased his fourth part of 
 the paper mill near Germantown, Pa., to William and 
 Nicholas Rittenhouse, for a term of ten years, upon 
 the following terms : that they should pay " y c full 
 quantity of seven ream of printing paper, two ream 
 of good writing paper, and two ream of blue paper, 
 yearly." 
 
 1700. Though several unsuccessful attempts had 
 been made to introduce the manufacture of paper into 
 Belgium, it was not until about this time that it became 
 regularly established, by the aid of government ; nor 
 was its progress rapid during the eighteenth century, 
 
 1700. There were four hundred paper mills in the 
 provinces of Perigord and Angoumois, in France ; but 
 the art of paper making had now attained such a 
 degree of perfection in England and Holland, that 
 the trade of these mills began to decline, and finally 
 three-fourths of them were shut up. 
 
 1 70 1. An effort was made in parliament to affix a 
 tax upon cheap publications which had just come into 
 vogue, yet the quantity of paper consumed by them 
 was estimated at 20,000 reams a year. 
 
 1 7 10. The second paper mill in America was 
 erected in that part of Germantown, Pa., called Cre- 
 feld, on a small stream that emptied into the Wissa- 
 hickon creek near the manor of Springfield, by William 
 De Wees, a brother-in-law of Nicholas Rittenhouse, 
 son of the first paper maker. 
 
 171 1. The excise duty on paper was first imposed 
 in England during the reign of Queen Anne, occa- 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 35 
 
 sioned by " the necessity of raising large supplies of 
 money to carry on the present war." The necessity 
 seems not to have ceased since. 
 
 1 7 12. Peter the Great of Russia visited Dresden 
 and witnessed the operation of paper making, with 
 which he was so much pleased that he immediately 
 engaged workmen to be sent to Moscow, where a mill 
 was erected with great privileges. 
 
 17 13. Thomas Wat kin, a London stationer, re- 
 vived the art of paper making in England, which had 
 gone to decay ; he brought it to great repute and per- 
 fection in a short time. 
 
 1 7 16. John Bagford, the most extraordinary con- 
 noisseur of paper ever known, died in England. His 
 skill was so great that it is said he could at first sight 
 tell the place where and the time when, any paper was 
 made, though at never so many years' distance. He 
 prepared materials for a history of paper making, which 
 are now in the British Museum, numbered 5891 to 
 
 5988. 
 
 1 7 19. Reaumur, in an essay published at this time, 
 seems to have been the first author who perceived that 
 paper might be produced from wood. Observing that 
 the fabric of wasps' nests was procured from wood, he 
 took the hint, and explaining his own conceptions on 
 the subject, desired that some one of those who had 
 an opportunity should make the experiment. 
 
 1720. The kings of Spain having granted monopo- 
 lizing privileges to many convents for the manufacture 
 of paper, and when it came again into private hands, 
 
Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 fixed such a low price upon printed books, the trade 
 went to decay. The Genoese, availing themselves of 
 the opportunity, and procuring considerable quantities 
 of rags from Andalusia, in this year sent back paper 
 to Spain to the amount of 500,000 piasters. 
 
 1 72 1. The quantity of paper manufactured in Great 
 Britain annually was estimated at three hundred thou- 
 sand reams, which was equal to about two-thirds of 
 the whole consumption. 
 
 1723. The Dutch were importing large quantities 
 of paper from France, there being few paper mills in 
 Holland. 
 
 1723. The value of the paper annually made in 
 Great Britain was estimated at £780,000. 
 
 1724. At a meeting of the legislative council of the 
 state of New York, a bill was brought in from the 
 assembly to encourage William Bradford and his as- 
 signs to make paper, and to prohibit all other persons 
 from making the same in the province during the 
 space of fifteen years, and desiring the concurrence 
 of that board. On the 18th July the motion was put 
 whether the said bill should be read a third time, and 
 was negatived. 
 
 1727. Dr. Brueckmann, a German naturalist, pub- 
 lished his work on stones, in which he treats of 
 asbestos, and four copies of the book were printed 
 on paper made of that material. 
 
 1728. William Demers and John Gorgas erected 
 the third paper mill in Pennsylvania. They had been 
 apprentices of Rittenhouse, and are said to have made 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 37 
 
 a paper resembling asses skin from a species of rotten 
 stone, found in the vicinity, which was prepared for 
 use by being thrown into the fire for a short time. 
 
 1728. A patent was granted by the general court 
 of Massachusetts to a company for the sole purpose of 
 manufacturing paper, for a term of ten years, on con- 
 dition that in the first fifteen months they should make 
 115 reams of brown paper and 60 reams of printing 
 paper ; the second year 50 reams of writing paper in 
 addition to the above ; and the third year and after- 
 wards yearly, 25 reams of a superior quality of writing 
 paper in addition to the foregoing ; and that the total 
 annual produce of the various qualities should not be 
 less than 500 reams a year. 
 
 1728. William Bradford owned a paper mill at 
 Elizabethtown, N. J., which Thomas thinks was the 
 first in that state. 
 
 1 729. A paper mill was erected upon Chester creek, 
 Delaware county, Pa., by Thomas Wilcox. The 
 old mill was taken down in 1829. See r ^53* 
 
 1730. The first paper mill in New England went 
 into operation in Milton, Mass., under a patent granted 
 two years before. It was carried on several years, and 
 is supposed to have been discontinued for want of a 
 workman. This was probably the paper mill of 
 Daniel Henchman, an enterprising bookseller of 
 Boston, who is said to have petitioned for and received 
 some aid from the legislature of Massachusetts, and 
 erected the first paper mill in that colony. 
 
 1 73 1. Daniel Henchman, who with legislative aid 
 
38 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 erected the first paper mill in Massachusetts, produced 
 a sample of his paper before the general court. 
 
 1732. Richard Fry, stationer, bookseller, paper 
 maker and rag merchant, in Cornhill, Boston, returned 
 the public thanks for following the directions of his 
 former advertisement encouraging the gathering of 
 rags, and hoped they would continue the like method, 
 having received upwards of seven thousand weight 
 already. 
 
 1734. Seba, a Flemish writer on natural history, 
 whose first volume was published this year, called 
 attention to the fact that his country " does not seem 
 to want trees fit for making paper, if people would give 
 themselves the necessary trouble and expense. Alga 
 marina, for example, which is composed of long, 
 strong, viscous filaments, might it not be proper for 
 this purpose, as well as the mats of Muscovy, if they 
 were prepared as the Japanese make their timber ? " 
 
 1746. The English had manufactures of papiers 
 peints about this time, and more recently the Messrs. 
 Potter erected at Manchester a colossal establishment, 
 which by an ingenious machine printed four colors at 
 a time, and which by the aid of eight machines, pro- 
 duced in a single day from 8 to 10,000 rolls, which 
 was more than was produced by all the London man- 
 ufactories. 
 
 1 748. The decrease of exports of French paper from 
 Rouen was so great that many of the mills were con- 
 verted to other uses, principally to fulling mills. 
 
 1750. About this time the cylinder or engine mode 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 39 
 
 of comminuting rags into paper pulp appears to have 
 been invented in Holland, but received very little at- 
 tention abroad for several years after. 
 
 1 750. It was in this year that Baskerville, to obviate 
 the roughness of the laid paper of that time, had it 
 made on wove moulds ; his beautiful edition of Virgil 
 (see 1757) was chiefly printed on this wove paper. 
 
 1 75 1. Many suitable vegetables had been dis- 
 covered, and schemes proposed for converting them 
 into paper, as a substitute for rags, but none were 
 carried into effect until now, when M. Guettard, in 
 France, published his experiments and communicated 
 new specimens of paper made from the bark, leaves, 
 wood, &c, of different plants, shrubs and trees. 
 
 1754. Dutch workmen were brought into Austria 
 at the public expense by the empress Maria Theresa, 
 for the instruction of master paper makers ; and the 
 monopoly to buy rags was abolished. 
 
 1755. The Royal Society of Sciences at Gottingen 
 offered a premium to trace the exact time of the dis- 
 covery of the manufacture of paper from linen. (See 
 
 1 7 6 3«) 
 
 1756. It has been noted that engines were not used 
 in American mills before this time, but that rags were 
 still reduced to pulp by being pounded. 
 
 1756. William Hutton opened the first paper ware- 
 house in Manchester, England. 
 
 1756. The first attempt to manufacture paper of 
 straw was now made in Germany, and was induced by 
 the scarcity of rags. A treatise was printed on the 
 
40 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 subject, giving a plan for reducing all vegetables into 
 pulp, and bleaching the same. 
 
 1757. An edition of Virgil was printed by Basker- 
 ville in England, principally upon what the French 
 term papier velin. It was an English invention, and 
 this was the first work printed upon it. 
 
 1759. Until this period rags were reduced to pulp 
 by means of stampers, a slow process, requiring con- 
 siderable motive power ; to remedy this, cylinders 
 with sharp steel blades for tearing the rags (invented 
 in Holland, where the wind-mills, then used for pro- 
 pelling machinery, were found inadequate to put these 
 stampers in regular and constant motion), began to be 
 used in other countries. 
 
 1760. The first paper mill in New England, sup- 
 posed to have been stopped for want of a workman to 
 carry it on, was revived by a citizen of Boston, who 
 obtained for a British soldier stationed there, a furlough 
 long enough to enable him to put the mill in operation. 
 
 1 760. The making of paper in England had scarcely 
 reached any high degree of perfection until this time, 
 when the celebrated James Whatman established his 
 reputation at Maidstone. He had visited the most 
 celebrated paper mills in Europe, which enabled him 
 to acquire a great celebrity in his profession, and his 
 successors have maintained the reputation of the esta- 
 blishment to the present time ; a medal having been 
 awarded them at the World's fair in 1851. 
 
 1762. Gerardus Meerman, a Hollander, who wrote 
 upon the origin of printing, offered a premium of 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 41 
 
 twenty-five ducats to discover the time of the first 
 manufacture of linen paper. Specimens were sent to 
 him from different countries, which were claimed to 
 be linen ; but all his researches were lost and reduced 
 to an uncertainty, through the existing remnants of 
 cotton paper, which was in use some centuries before 
 linen, because the two are in many respects similar, 
 and cotton and linen rags may have been at first mixed ; 
 it was therefore rendered more difficult to ascertain 
 when the first paper was made from linen rags alone. 
 
 1763. The Royal Society of Science of Gottingen 
 renewed their premiums of 1755 for the discovery of 
 the period of the introduction of paper. 
 
 1765. Jacob Christian Schaffers, of Ratisbon, pub- 
 lished a work in octavo, upon the different sorts of 
 paper which he could make without the use of rags; 
 giving specimens, among which were the coton du 
 peuplier, hornets' nests, sawdust, moss, beech, willow, 
 aspen, mulberry, clematite, and pine ; with hop vines, 
 the peelings of grape vines, hemp, the leaves of aloes, 
 and lily of the valley ; with arroche, mothwort, masse 
 d'eau, barley straw, cabbage stumps, thistle stalks, 
 burdock, conferva, wheat straw, broom corn, and 
 Bavarian peat. (See 1772.) 
 
 1768. Christopher Leffingwell began to make 
 paper at Norwich, Connecticut, about this time, and 
 was encouraged by the legislature with the promise 
 of a bounty. 
 
 1768. Such was the reputation of the paper fabri- 
 cated in Holland, that the French Academy of 
 4 
 
42 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 Sciences, at Paris, sent Demarets to that country for 
 the purpose of visiting the mills, and studying the 
 process. 
 
 1769. It was announced in the Boston News Letter 
 that " the bellcart will go through Boston before the 
 end of next month, to collect rags for the paper mill 
 at Milton, when all people that will encourage the 
 paper manufactory may dispose of them." The 
 annexed lines were appended to aid the public zeal : 
 
 u Rags are as beauties, which concealed lie, 
 But when in paper how it charms the eye ; 
 Pray save your rags, new beauties to discover, 
 For paper, truly, every one's a lover : 
 By the pen and press such knowledge is displayed, 
 As wouldn't exist if paper was not made. 
 Wisdom of things, mysterious, divine, 
 Illustriously doth on paper shine." 
 
 1770. Christopher Leffingwell, who manufactured 
 paper at Norwich, Conn., under the official en- 
 couragement of 2d. a quire on all good writing paper, 
 and id. a quire on all printing and common paper 
 (see 1768), now received bounty on 4,020 quires of 
 writing paper, and 10,600 quires of printing paper, 
 after which the government patronage was withdrawn. 
 
 1770. There were eleven large paper mills in Hol- 
 land in which wind mills were used to drive the cutting 
 and grinding engines, which performed more labor in 
 an hour than the German water mills with the stampers 
 would do in six hours. In Saardam 1,000 persons 
 were employed in paper making. They imported 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 43 
 
 nine- tenths of their stock; but exported great quan- 
 tities of paper. 
 
 1770. In the states of Pennsylvania, New Jersey 
 and Delaware, there were forty paper mills, which were 
 supposed to make £ 100,000 worth of paper annually. 
 
 1772. There were two mills in operation in Italy 
 for the manufacture of paper from maize, or Turkish 
 wheat ; but we have no account of their success, nor 
 that the manufacture was more than an experiment, 
 
 1772. A book was printed in Germany, containing 
 upwards of sixty specimens of paper, made of different 
 materials, the result of one man's experiments alone. 
 The author was Jacob Christian Schaffers, 1 and a 
 copy is in the Smithsonian Institution library. 
 
 1 774. Scheele discovered a gas now known as chlo- 
 rine, which, in combination with lime, came to be 
 employed in bleaching paper to a very great extent. 
 
 1775. There were, at the breaking out of the revo- 
 lution, three small paper mills in Massachusetts ; in 
 New Hampshire none ; and one in Rhode Island out 
 of repair. The paper which these mills could make 
 fell far short of the necessary supply. Paper, of 
 course, was very scarce, and what could be procured 
 was badly manufactured, not having more than half 
 the requisite labor bestowed upon it. It was often 
 taken from the mill wet and unsized. The people 
 
 1 This work of Schaffers, prediger zu Regensburg, is entitled Sammt- 
 liche Papiewersuche. It seems to have been the second work by this 
 author on the subject (see 1765). Ratisbon is the more common 
 name for the ancient city of Regensburg. 
 
44 
 
 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 had not acquired the habit of saving rags, and stock 
 for the manufacture of paper was obtained with great 
 difficulty. Everything like rags was ground up to- 
 gether to make paper, which accounts for the peculiar 
 colors often observed in the paper of this time. 
 
 1775. The Maryland convention resolved that the 
 sum of 400 pounds, common money, be advanced to 
 James Dorset, of Baltimore county, he giving bond 
 with sufficient security to repay the same within two 
 years, without interest, either in cash, or writing or 
 cartridge paper, or in such proportions of each as this 
 or a future convention, or council of safety, in their 
 recess shall direct and order ; that is to say : one-third 
 part thereof within twelve months, and the other two- 
 thirds within two years from the date of said bond ; 
 he at the same time engaging to build a mill for that 
 purpose within six months from the date of his said 
 contract ; and to sell to the inhabitants of this province 
 any kind of paper which he may make, as cheap as 
 the same can or shall be sold at any mill in the pro- 
 vince of Pennsylvania. 
 
 1775. The provincial congress of South Carolina 
 offered a premium of ^500 currency to the first person 
 who should erect and establish a proper paper mill in 
 that colony, upon producing three reams of good 
 writing paper manufactured thereat. 
 
 1776. William Bellamy, having proposed to the 
 provincial congress of South Carolina, that with some 
 assistance from the public, he would erect and com- 
 plete a proper mill for the making of paper and cutting 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 45 
 
 files at the same time, a committee was appointed to 
 take his proposal into consideration. 
 
 1776. A volume was printed in France upon white 
 looking paper, made from the bark of the linden (bass- 
 wood), at the end of which were some twenty speci- 
 mens of paper, made from as many different kinds of 
 vegetables. But the poor quality of the fabrics and 
 the cost of producing them seem to have discouraged 
 the inventors. 
 
 1 776. The Massachusetts house of representatives, 
 in view of the scarcity of paper, resolved that the 
 committees of correspondence, and inspection, and 
 safety, in the several towns, be required to appoint 
 some suitable person in each town to receive rags for 
 the paper mills ; and the inhabitants were desired to 
 be very careful in saving even the smallest quantity of 
 rags proper for making paper. 
 
 1776. Watson & Ledyard, having a paper mill at 
 East Hartford, Ct., wholly supplied the press at Hart- 
 ford, which published about 8,000 papers weekly, as 
 well as the greater part of the writing paper used in 
 Connecticut, and much of that used by the Conti- 
 nental army. 
 
 1776. Thomas Loosley and Thomas Elms applied 
 to the New York Provincial congress to be exempted 
 from military duty as indispensable to the successful 
 pursuit of their business as paper makers. (4 Force's 
 American Archives, vi, 615.) By a resolve of the con- 
 vention Aug. 14, the master workman and two attend- 
 ants at each paper mill were exempted. — 5 lb., i, 15 10. 
 
46 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 1776. The Pennsylvania council of safety took 
 measures to prevent the paper makers from joining the 
 volunteers about to march to New Jersey, congress 
 having resolved that they should be detained. 
 
 1777. The French Academy of Sciences sent a 
 second deputation to Holland to visit the paper mills 
 and learn the process by which their fine papers were 
 produced. 
 
 1778. May 9, congress ordered $200 to be paid to 
 Charles Cist and James Claypoole towards defraying 
 their expenses, on their employment by the treasurer 
 in superintending the making of paper for loan-office 
 certificates and bills of exchange. 
 
 1778. When the American army entered Philadel- 
 phia, in June, upon the evacuation of the British troops, 
 there was a want of paper fitted for the construction 
 of cartridges. It was advertised for and but a small 
 quantity procured. An order was then issued demand- 
 ing its instant production by all people in that city who 
 had it. This produced but little, and most probably 
 on account of its scarcity. A file of soldiers was 
 then ordered to make search for it in every place 
 where any was likely to be found. Among other 
 places visited in July, was a garret in the house in 
 which Benjamin Franklin had previously had his 
 printing office. Here was discovered about twenty- 
 five hundred copies of a sermon which the Rev, 
 Gilbert Tenant had written (printed by Franklin) upon 
 Defensive War, to rouse the colonists during the 
 French troubles. They were all taken and used as 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 47 
 
 cases for musket cartridges, and at once sent to the 
 army, and most of them were used at the battle of 
 Monmouth. The requisites in cartridge paper were, 
 of course, thinness, strength, pliability, and inflamma- 
 bility, and such paper was necessarily scarce then. — 
 Historical Magazine, viii, 1 5 1-2. 
 
 1779. M. Didot, the noted Parisian printer, having 
 analyzed the vellum paper of the English, addressed 
 a letter to M. Johannot d'Annonay, a French paper 
 maker, inviting him to attempt a similar fabrication, 
 which was successfully made by him. (See 1 78 1 .) 
 
 1779. There were ten paper mills in the neighbor- 
 hood of Edinburgh. 
 
 1 78 1. M. Didot, of Paris, having in 1779 en- 
 couraged M. Johannot d'Annonay to attempt an imi- 
 tation of the English vellum paper, received from that 
 manufacturer a quantity of the desired fabric, which 
 procured for the latter a gold medal from the king, 
 Louis XVI. It is known among the trade as papier 
 velin ; that is, like parchment, or without water-marks, 
 as they are called. 
 
 1 78 1. The scarcity of paper in New York at this 
 time was so great that the journal of the second session 
 of the assembly was not printed, the printer being 
 unable to procure the necessary paper. 
 
 1781. Stockholm imported 18,579 reams of paper. 
 The kingdom of Sweden had no more than twenty- 
 four paper mills within its borders at a period about 
 twenty years later. 
 
 1782. Hamburg imported 80,000 reams of paper. 
 
48 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 The city had but two paper mills of two vats each, 
 which consumed about 60,000 pounds of rags in 
 making a dark purple paper for sugar bakers. 
 
 1784. The value of the paper manufactured in 
 England was reported at £800,000, the excise on 
 which was nearly £46,868. 
 
 1784. It was advertised in Albany that rags were 
 wanted at the paper mill in Bennington, Vermont. 
 
 1785. According to Count Ewald von Hartzberg 
 there were in the Russian dominions 800 (?) paper 
 manufactories, the revenue from which was $200,000 
 annually. 
 
 1785. The legislature of Massachusetts passed an 
 " Act imposing duties on licensed vellum, parchment, 
 and paper." This was so unpopular that the same 
 body found it necessary to repeal it. 
 
 1785. A gentleman who had directed his researches 
 to national industry, stated that there were 400 paper 
 mills in Germany, which furnished 20,000 bales, of 
 ten reams each, per annum. 
 
 1786. The Society of Sciences at Philadelphia, Pa., 
 offered a premium for the best remedy to protect paper 
 against insects, and another for the best method of 
 making paper for St. Domingo which would resist 
 insects. Several answers and samples were received, 
 all recommending to mix the size with sharp and 
 bitter or other ingredients which might kill the insects. 
 But they were all rejected. 
 
 1786. The works of the Marquis de Villette were 
 printed in London in 241110, on paper made of marsh 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 49 
 
 mallow ; and at the end are specimens in single leaves 
 of paper made of the nettle, hop, moss, reed, three 
 species of conferva, couch grass, spindle tree, way- 
 faring tree, elm, lime, yellow willow, sallow willow, 
 poplar, oak, burdock, coltsfoot, and thistle. These 
 experiments were made at the manufactory of M. 
 Leorier, at Bruges, and served to show that paper 
 could be made of a multitude of articles ; but they 
 did not overcome the difficulty which existed, and 
 which still exists, of disclosing a substance which 
 should be preferable to linen and cotton rags. 
 
 1787. The consumption of French paper-hangings 
 in the United States was so great, that the French 
 government took off the export duty. 
 
 1787. A patent was granted to one Hooper, of 
 London, for a new method of manufacturing printing 
 paper, particularly designed for copperplate printing. 
 
 1788. Mr. Greaves, of Warrington, England, made 
 paper from the bark and leaves of willow twigs. 
 
 1788. The Society for the Encouragement of Arts 
 conferred a silver medal on a French manufacturer, 
 for the production of forty-four quires of paper from 
 the bark of the sallow tree. About 600 pounds of 
 the raw material were used in the production of that 
 quantity. 
 
 1789. The manufacture of paper in Angouleme 
 gave employment to 600 workmen, who produced an- 
 nually about 1,400,000 pounds. The beating was 
 done with mallets, which was still in practice to a late 
 day. The price of paper was about ten cents a pound. 
 
 5 
 
50 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 1789. The paper mill nearest to Albany was at 
 Bennington, Vt., which depended for stock upon the 
 cast-off rags of the children of the wilderness. Paper 
 was frequently brought from the mill in Springfield on 
 horseback, and coarse and unbleached as it appears 
 beside the poorest paper of our day, was of such value 
 that it was customary to repair with paste the broken 
 quires which always came with hand-made paper, so 
 that no sheets were lost. There are several copies of 
 the Albany Register preserved in a volume in the Albany 
 Institute, which have undergone this process, and are 
 so ingeniously done as not to be detected unless held 
 up to the light. 
 
 1789. Homer, in his Bibliotheca Americana, informs 
 us that at this time the people of North America 
 manufactured their own paper, and in sufficient quan- 
 tities for home consumption \ but that the price of 
 labor was so high as to discourage publishing beyond 
 their own laws, pamphlets, and newspapers. 
 
 1789. Neuerdings versuchte Guttermann im Sera- 
 peum der Stadt Ravensburg in Wurtemberg, die Ehre 
 der Erfindung des Leinenpapiers zuzuwenden. 
 
 1789. The celebrated munitionnaire Ouvrard, son 
 of a paper dealer in France, perceiving that the revolu- 
 tion would give birth to a multitude of publications, 
 contracted for all the paper which the manufactories 
 at Poitou and Angoumois could produce in two years, 
 by which he realized a hundred thousand crowns. 
 
 1789. Was sold in London, the completest speci- 
 men known to exist of manuscript written upon 
 papyrus, dated 572 a.d. 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 51 
 
 1790. The paper makers of France labored them- 
 selves as the head-workmen of their establishments, 
 assisted by their wives and children. This continued 
 until the era of the introduction of machinery. 
 
 1790. The government of France, to cure the 
 monopoly in paper, fixed by legislative act the price 
 of all merchandise. It had the effect to stop all 
 the mills. 
 
 1790. About this time the practice of blueing paper 
 pulp had its origin. A paper maker's wife, superin- 
 tending the washing of some fine linen, accidentally 
 dropped her bag of powdered blue into the midst of 
 some pulp in a forward state of preparation. The 
 paper maker beheld in great astonishment a peculiar 
 color in his pulp ; which his wife, perceiving that no 
 great damage had been done, took courage to disclose 
 the cause of. Being pleased with an advance of four 
 shillings a bundle upon his improved paper in the 
 London market, he presented to his wife a costly 
 cloak. [This fact is somewhat differently stated in 
 the London Printer's Register^ x, 71.] 
 
 1790. Samuel Hooper, of London, produced paper 
 of various qualities from leather cuttings and refuse 
 paper. 
 
 1790. The annual increase of printing presses in 
 Germany, and the want of rags and paper stock, in- 
 duced the manufacture of many more quires of paper 
 from a hundred weight of rags than formerly, which 
 rendered the German printing paper very disagreeable. 
 
 1792. A Mr. Campbell of England obtained a 
 patent for a mode of bleaching rags for the manufac- 
 
52 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 ture of paper. His process was similar to that pursued 
 in bleaching cotton thread. — Hansard, 213. 
 
 1793. The first paper mill in the northern part of 
 the state of New York was erected at Troy by 
 Messrs. Websters, Ensign & Seymour, in which from 
 five to ten reams were manufactured daily. An 
 earnest appeal was made by the proprietors to the 
 patriotism of the ladies, who were invoked to aid 
 domestic manufactures by the preservation of rags. 
 They were besought to patronize the saving of all 
 kinds of linen and cotton rags, for which would be 
 paid at the mill, 3^. for clean white, id. for white, 
 blue, brown, and check, and a proportionate price for 
 all other rags. — Typographical Miscellany, 97. 
 
 1794. A paper mill was built at Fairhaven, Vt., by 
 Matthew Lyon, at which paper for wrapping was 
 manufactured from the bark of the bass-wood tree. 
 
 1794. A patent was granted to Mr. Cunningham of 
 Edinburgh for an improved method of making paper. 
 
 1795. John Bigg, of England, obtained a patent for 
 a simple and effectual process of bleaching rags and 
 other substances suitable for the manufacture of paper. 
 It consisted in using manganese and sea-salt for the 
 bleaching department, and also in the vat. 
 
 1796. A Mr. Bidds undertook the manufacture of 
 paper from the saw-dust of sapwood, suitable for the 
 purposes of printing [somewhere in England or 
 America]. 
 
 1798. Louis Robert, of France, a workman in the 
 establishment of Francois Didot, at Essone, announced 
 that he had discovered a way to make, with one man, 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 53 
 
 and without fire, by means of machines, sheets or 
 paper of a very large size, even twelve feet wide and 
 fifty feet long. 
 
 1798. The first paper mill in western Pennsylvania, 
 called the Old Redstone mill, was built near Browns- 
 ville, on the Monongahela river. 
 
 1799. The largest paper mill in France was at Mon- 
 targis, having thirty vats, requiring 1,620,000 pounds 
 of rags, and 135,000 pounds of size. Another at 
 Vougeot had twelve engines and twenty vats. The 
 capacity of a mill in those times was computed by the 
 number of vats it contained, handwork usually requir- 
 ing a vat to each engine. 
 
 1799. The revenue from the excise duty on paper 
 in England amounted to <£ 140,000. The importation 
 of rags from the continent was 7,307,117 pounds. 
 It was estimated that twenty-four million pounds or 
 rags were annually manufactured into paper. 
 
 1799. The first attempt to make paper in an endless 
 web was successfully made in France by Louis Robert 
 at the paper mill of Francois Didot, and a patent was 
 procured for the same this year. 
 
 1799. Zenas Crane, of Worcester, Mass., jour- 
 neyed a hundred miles, into Berkshire county, pro- 
 specting for a site on which to erect a mill of a 
 capacity for the employment of five workmen, and 
 selected a location on the south branch of the Housa- 
 tonic, on premises belonging to Martin Chamberlain, 
 in Dalton, where a mill was built ; and which he 
 afterwards sold to David Carson. These were the 
 pioneers of the great paper interest in that region. 
 
54 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 1800. Sometime during this or the previous year 
 P. De Labigarre, who resided at Upper Red Hook, 
 brought a bag of frog-spittle to the paper mill at Cats- 
 kill, which was manufactured into a poor kind of 
 paper. Several persons became interested in the ex- 
 periment, and it was supposed by them to be a great 
 discovery. — Hist. Mag., 111, 90. 
 
 1800. The first paper mill in Columbia county, 
 New York, was transformed from a flour mill on the 
 upper great fall of Stuyvesant falls, by Elisha Pitkin. 
 Its capacity was one vat. 
 
 1800. The marquis of Salisbury presented to the 
 king of England a book printed upon paper manu- 
 factured of straw, which treated of the manner in 
 which the ancients employed different materials to 
 perpetuate the remembrance of events before the in- 
 vention of paper. 
 
 1800. Was printed by Burton, of London, an his- 
 torical account of the substances which have been 
 used to describe events, and to convey ideas, from the 
 earliest date to the invention of paper ; printed on the 
 first useful paper manufactured only from straw. 
 
 1800. The duty on paper manufactured in England 
 was .£315, 802. 
 
 1800. The government of France awarded Louis 
 Robert, the inventor of the paper machine, 8000 
 francs, in consideration of the usefulness of his inven- 
 tion, and a patent for fifteen years ; but the troubles 
 in which France was involved caused delay in the 
 necessary experiments, which were both tedious and 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 55 
 
 expensive, and permission was given to carry over the 
 small working model to England, with a view of get- 
 ting the benefit of British capital and mechanical skill 
 to bring it into an operative state on a large scale. 
 
 1800. A successful experiment was carried out in 
 England by Matthias Koops, by which 700 reams of 
 clean and white paper were turned out weekly from 
 such old waste and written and printed paper alone, 
 as had previously been thrown away. 
 
 1800. A paper mill at Jaroslow, in Russia, with 
 twenty-eight engines and seventy vats, manufactured 
 1 100 reams of paper weekly, and consumed 800 tons 
 of rags annually ; there was another of thirteen en- 
 gines and thirteen vats ; they made paper-hangings 
 principally for Moscow. 
 
 1800. There were upwards of 200 paper mills in 
 Spain, of which thirty-one were at Alcoi, and it was 
 said that one Francisco Guarro manufactured paper 
 as good as any Dutch. 
 
 1 80 1. M. Seguin, an inventor of some note, ob- 
 tained a patent in France for the manufacture of paper 
 from straw, hemp, and other vegetables, which he 
 alleged produced an excellent quality of paper when 
 prepared by his process ; but this was so lengthy and 
 expensive that it was not encouraged by paper makers. 
 
 1 80 1. John Gamble, an Englishman, who had 
 accompanied Leger Didot from Paris with Robert's 
 invention for making an endless web of paper, obtained 
 the first patent in England for that machine. Didot 
 had agreed to pay Robert 25,000 francs for the patent 
 and model. 
 
56 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 1 80 1. There were twenty-six paper mills in Russia, 
 and notwithstanding the plenty of rags, the exportation 
 of which was prohibited, they imported paper annually 
 to the amount of 220,000 rubles. 
 
 1 80 1. The number of paper mills in Germany 
 proper was estimated to exceed 500, manufacturing 
 two and a half million pounds of paper annually. 
 But they made principally coarse paper, the finer 
 qualities being imported. 
 
 1 80 1. The paper mill of John Clark of Springfield,, 
 N. J., was burnt, with a large quantity of paper stock. 
 
 1 80 1. Matthias Koops succeeded in making "the 
 most perfect paper from straw, wood, and other vege- 
 tables, without the addition of any other known paper 
 stuff." He printed a book on these fabrics, from 
 which many of the facts here given have been gathered. 
 He asserted that paper could be manufactured from 
 any vegetable substance. He seems to have been the 
 first to discover a mode of extracting printing and 
 writing ink from waste paper, and obtained a patent 
 for manufacturing paper from straw, hay, thistles, 
 waste and refuse of hemp and flax, and different kinds 
 of wood and bark, fit for printing and almost all other 
 purposes for which paper is used. He claimed to 
 have produced the first useful paper that had ever 
 been made from straw alone. 
 
 1 80 1. There were 500 paper mills in France, not- 
 withstanding the diminution during a great number of 
 years caused by the gradual decrease of export, arising 
 from the activity with which the neighboring countries 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 57 
 
 pursued the manufacture at home. These mills were 
 supposed to consume annually twenty million pounds 
 of rags and coarse paper stuff; and that fourteen 
 million pounds of rags were annually exported, not- 
 withstanding the severe prohibition. 
 
 1 80 1. Robert Bage, an English paper maker, died. 
 William Hutton, the celebrated bookseller and author 
 at Birmingham, purchased nearly all the paper which 
 Bage made during forty-five years. 
 
 1801. Mr. David Buel, postmaster at Troy, New 
 York, published the following homily under the head, 
 " Please to save your Rags. The press contributes more 
 to the diffusion of knowledge and information than 
 any other medium ; rags are the primary requisite in 
 the manufacture of paper ; and without paper the 
 newspapers of our country, those cheap, useful and 
 agreeable companions of the citizen and farmer, which 
 in a political and moral view are of the highest national 
 importance, must decline and be extinguished. The 
 paper mills of the state, could the poor and the opulent, 
 the farmer and the mechanic, be persuaded into the 
 laudable frugality of saving rags, would turn out ample 
 supplies of American paper to answer all demands. 
 The people of Massachusetts and Connecticut, with 
 true American zeal, have introduced this exemplary 
 saving into the economy of their houses. The latter, 
 by fair calculation, makes yearly a saving of rags to 
 the actual amount of $50,000. The ladies in several 
 of the large towns, display an elegant work bag, as part 
 of the furniture of their parlors, in which every rag 
 that is used in the paper mill, is carefully preserved. 
 
58 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 Were this example imitated, this state would not be 
 drained of its circulating cash, for paper and other 
 manufactures, which American artists can furnish. 
 The poor, by the mere saving of rags, may be enabled 
 to procure paper and books, for schools and family 
 use, or more agreeable articles of dress or consumption. 
 The rich, who regard the interests of their country, 
 will direct their children or domestics to place a bag 
 or box in some convenient place, as a deposit for rags, 
 that none may be lost, by being swept into the street 
 or fire ; the sales of which savings will reward the 
 attention of the faithful servant, and encourage the 
 prosperous habit of prudence and enterprise." 
 
 1802. A patent was secured in England by W. 
 Plees for a mode of coloring paper pulp, which con- 
 sisted of mixing with the pulp snuff, bran, hay, or any 
 substance possessing the color which was desired to 
 be imparted to the paper. 
 
 1802. Several patents were granted at this time in 
 England and France, for improvements in the paper 
 machine, most of which were of value, and caused 
 more progression in the art than the substances offered 
 for the production of paper. 
 
 1802. Burgess Allison and John Hawkins obtained 
 a patent for making paper of the husks of Indian corn. 
 
 1802. M. Lozanna offered to the Society of Agri- 
 culture at Turin, a number of specimens of paper 
 made of the papus of the seratula ervensis, the carduus 
 nutans, and of the bark of the erigerone of Canada. 
 
 1802. The fourteen paper mills at Alsace in France, 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 59 
 
 which manufactured about 40,000 reams annually, 
 exported about two-thirds thereof to Switzerland and 
 Germany. The manufacturers in Languedoc, Lyons, 
 Guienne, Bretagne, and Poitou, wrought also princi- 
 pally for exportation. 
 
 1803. Mr. Bryan Donkin, after nearly three years 
 of intense application, succeeded in producing a self- 
 acting machine on the plan of M. Robert of France. 
 It was to him that Didot and Gamble, on their arrival 
 in England, entrusted the attempt to construct the 
 novel automaton. It performed in such a manner as 
 to surprise every body, and he became universally 
 celebrated as a manufacturer of paper machinery. 
 
 1803. The average yearly import of rags into Great 
 Britain was 3,111 tons for this and the two previous 
 years. 
 
 1803, In the cantons of Bern and Basil were several 
 paper mills, which manufactured paper so much ad- 
 mired for its strength and whiteness, that it tended to 
 diminish the importation from France. 
 
 1803. The magistrates of a northern town in Eng- 
 land had the following notice painted on boards in 
 large letters, and fixed up in all places of public resort. 
 
 " To the Ladles. — Genteel women, who amuse their 
 idle hours in working, frequently throw scraps of linen 
 and cotton of various kinds into the fire. It is re- 
 quested most humbly, that every lady will reserve 
 these trifles, and direct their maid servants to sell them, 
 because their so doing will prevent X6o,ooo being 
 annually exported to foreign countries for the import- 
 
60 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 ation of old rags to make paper, and which in conse- 
 quence, will become cheaper." 
 
 1804. About this time William Baily began the 
 erection of a paper mill on the river Chateaugay, 
 above the town of that name, in Franklin county, 
 N. Y.; but it was never completed. 
 
 1804. Peignot estimated the quantity of printing 
 paper consumed in Paris annually at 228,000 reams. 
 
 1804. The American Company of Booksellers 
 offered a gold medal of the value of fifty dollars for 
 the greatest quantity of paper, of the best quality fit 
 for printing, not less than fifty reams, of other mate- 
 rials than linen, cotton or woolen rags ; and a silver 
 medal of the value of twenty dollars for the greatest 
 quantity of wrapping paper, not less than forty reams, 
 manufactured of other materials than those usually 
 employed for that purpose. 
 
 1804. There was at this time a paper mill at Bel- 
 lows Falls, owned by a Mr. Atkinson of New York 
 and a Mr. Casey of Middletown. — Ford's Ms. Journal. 
 
 1804. Messrs. Henry and Sealy Fourdrinier, 
 wealthy stationers and paper manufacturers of Lon- 
 don, purchased the patents of Didot and Gamble in 
 Robert's paper machine. It was by their improve- 
 ments and extensive manufacture that the invention 
 came to be called the Fourdrinier machine, by which 
 it is still known, on both sides of the Atlantic. Their 
 first experiments were made at Boxmoor, where they 
 erected a machine and pursued their experiments at 
 great expense. 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 6 1 
 
 1804. Mr. Donkin, since so celebrated as a paper 
 machine maker, put up his second machine at Two 
 Waters, in England, which was completely successful; 
 and the manufacture of continuous paper became one 
 of the most useful discoveries of the age. 
 
 1805. Mr. Donkin, the builder of the Fourdrinier 
 paper machine, altered the position of the cylinders 
 so as to dispense with the use of the upper web, an 
 improvement by which the machine was much simpli- 
 fied (the paper on the web being slightly pressed be- 
 fore passing through the pressing rollers) ; thus an 
 all-important advantage was attained. It was now 
 capable of doing the work of six vats in twelve hours. 1 
 
 1805. It was about this time that the rice-paper of 
 the Chinese, used for artificial flowers, was introduced 
 into England. It was an item of the gossip of the day 
 that the princess Charlotte paid seventy guineas for a 
 bouquet made of this paper, which is not a manufac- 
 tured article, but a vegetable production, cut spirally, 
 and afterwards flattened by pressure. It seems to 
 have come from the island of Formosa originally. 
 
 1806. The first paper mill in Lee, Mass., was 
 erected by Samuel Church, in this year. 
 
 1 806. Francis Guy, of Baltimore, procured a patent 
 for paper carpets, which he claimed were equal to 
 canvas floor cloths, much more beautiful, and above 
 fifty per cent cheaper. 
 
 1 By the hand process it took three months to complete the paper 
 ready for delivery, from the time of receiving the rags into the mill 5 
 by the machine the paper may now be delivered the next day. 
 
62 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 1806. The patentees of the Fourdrinier machine 
 laid a statement before the public containing a com- 
 parative estimate of the expense attending seven vats, 
 and that attending a machine employed upon paper 
 sized in the engine, performing the same quantity of 
 work as seven vats, at the rate of twelve hours a day. 
 The expense of seven vats per annum was .£2,604 : 
 ; a machine doing seven vats' work was .£734: 
 I2J. ; balance saved by the machine per annum, 
 ,£1,870. The expense of making paper by hand at 
 this time was i6j. per cwt. ; by machine, 3^. 6d. 
 
 1806. The manufacturers at Angouleme first pro- 
 duced vellum-paper, which had been made in Holland 
 since 1740, and at Annonay since 1781. An exhibi- 
 tion of manufactures was held at Paris, in this year, 
 at which seven Angouleme manufacturers sent their 
 products and obtained prizes. 
 
 1807. The paper mill of Nathan Benjamin at Cats- 
 kill was burnt, with a stock valued at $9,000. 
 
 1807. Messrs. Fourdrinier stated before parliament 
 that they had withdrawn from their stationery business 
 the large sum of .£60,000 to further the object of 
 their enterprise ; so many difficulties did they en- 
 counter, in bringing the machinery to its then com- 
 paratively complete state, and so little encouragement 
 or support did they receive from the paper manufac- 
 turers throughout the kingdom. The prices of their 
 machines were from X715 to £1040. 
 
 1807. Gen. Walter Martin, proprietor of the town- 
 ship of Martinsburg, Lewis county, N. Y., erected a 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 63 
 
 paper mill, which was run by John Clark & Co. 
 They gave notice that rags would be received at the 
 principal stores in Upper Canada and the Black river 
 country, which (like many of the advertisements of 
 the early paper makers, both in England and America), 
 was accompanied by a poetic address to the ladies, 
 one stanza of which ran thus : 
 
 " Sweet ladies, pray be not offended, 
 
 Nor mind the jest of sneering wags ; 
 No harm, believe us, is intended, 
 
 When humbly we request your rags." 
 
 1807. The paper makers on the North Esk, in 
 Scotland, made 681,000 pounds of paper during this 
 year. See 1863. 
 
 1808. The Sultan Selim III was assassinated, and 
 the printing office and paper manufactory which he 
 had established a few years before, at Scutari, the 
 Asiatic suburb of Constantinople, were destroyed. 
 
 1808. John Gamble, who had superintended the 
 construction and improved the paper machine in Eng- 
 land, after losing both his time and money-savings 
 during eight years of irksome diligence, assigned over 
 to Messrs. Fourdrinier, the whole right of his share 
 in the patent to which he was entitled under the act 
 of parliament, for improvements. 
 
 1808. Van Veghten & Son, who printed the West- 
 ern Budget at Schenectady, issued their paper several 
 weeks on a half sheet, alleging that they had posted 
 to all the mills within thirty miles, without being able 
 to procure a full supply, but only the promise of a 
 
64 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 sufficient quantity within two or three weeks. They 
 took occasion to request the ladies to pack up all their 
 rags, and send them to the office, where they would 
 be paid three cents a pound ready cash. 
 
 1808. S. & A. Hawley & Co. erected a mill at 
 Moreau, near Fort Edward, New York, and their 
 appeal to the ladies for their rags was larded with 
 these forcible and unique blandishments : 
 
 cc Save your rags ! This exclamation is particularly 
 addressed to the ladies, both young, old, and middle- 
 aged, throughout the northern part of this state, by 
 the subscribers, who have erected a paper mill in the 
 town of Moreau, near Fort Edward — nor is it thought 
 that this appeal to our fair countrywomen will prove 
 unavailing when they reflect that without their assist- 
 ance they cannot be supplied with the useful article 
 of paper. If the necessary stock is denied paper mills, 
 young maids must languish in vain for tender epistles 
 from their respective swains ; bachelors may be re- 
 duced to tHe necessity of a personal attendance upon 
 the fair, when a written communication would be an 
 excellent substitute. For clean cotton and linen rags 
 of every color and description, matrons can be furnished 
 with bibles, spectacles and snuff ; mothers with gram- 
 mars, spelling books and primers for their children ; 
 and young misses may be supplied with bonnets, rib- 
 bons and ear-rings, for the decoration of their persons 
 (by means of which they may obtain husbands), or 
 by sending them to the said mill they may receive 
 the cash." 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 65 
 
 1808. The European Magazine for November de- 
 sired porters and others who had in charge the sweep- 
 ing of shops and public offices, not to burn nor destroy 
 any coverings of letters, nor any other waste paper, 
 printed or written, let the pieces be ever so small, as 
 they could be remanufactured ; and the saving of them 
 would not only increase the quantity of paper, but be 
 a handsome perquisite to themselves. 
 
 1808. It was stated that Rees's Encyclopedia 
 printed in Philadelphia at this time, consumed 30,000 
 reams of paper. Considering the capacity of the 
 mills at this time it is not easy to imagine how that 
 quantity of paper was procurable. 
 
 1808. A paper mill was built at Watertown, N. Y., 
 by Gurdon Caswell, from Oneida county ; the first 
 paper mill in the place. It was afterwards (18 16) sold 
 to Holbrook & Fessenden, of Brattleborough, Vt. — 
 Hough's Jefferson Co.^ 282. 
 
 1809. Mr. Dickinson, an English paper maker of 
 note, invented another method of making endless 
 paper, which competed with the Fourdrinier machine. 
 Instead of the traveling wire-cloth, he conceived the 
 plan of a polished, hollow, brass cylinder, perforated 
 with holes, and covered with wire-cloth, which re- 
 volved over and in contact with the prepared pulp, 
 sucking up the water by rarefaction, and leaving the 
 filaments sufficiently strong to be carried by the usual 
 process to completion. 
 
 1809. A paper mill was erected near the Schoharie 
 bridge, New York, on the Great Western turnpike, by 
 
66 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 Wood & Reddington, and was ready for operation in 
 February. 
 
 1810. M. Didot having failed to fulfill his obliga- 
 tions to Louis Robert, in the purchase of the paper 
 machine, the latter instituted a suit at law, and re- 
 covered his patent. 
 
 1810. The paper mills in Massachusetts were con- 
 structed for two vats each, and could make, of the 
 various descriptions of paper, from two to three thou- 
 sand reams per annum. Such a mill required a capital 
 of $10,000, and employed twelve or more persons, 
 consisting of men, boys and girls. Collecting rags 
 and making paper gave an employment to not less 
 than 2500 persons at this time. The quantity gathered 
 of rags, old sails, ropes, junk, and other substances 
 of which the various kinds of paper were made, was 
 computed to amount to not less than 3500 tons yearly. 
 
 18 10. Thomas estimated the number of paper mills 
 in the United States at 185 ; of which seven were in 
 New Hampshire, thirty-eight in Massachusetts, four 
 in Rhode Island, seventeen in Connecticut, nine in 
 Vermont, twelve in New York, four in Delaware, 
 three in Maryland, four in Virginia, one in South 
 Carolina, six in Kentucky, four in Tennessee, sixty 
 in Pennsylvania ; that they manufactured 50,000 reams 
 of paper, averaging $3 a ream, and weighing about 
 500 tons ; and 70,000 reams of cheap book paper, at 
 $3.50, weighing 630 tons ; 111,000 reams of writing 
 paper at $3, about 650 tons ; and 100,000 reams of 
 Wrapping at 83 cents ; besides paper hangings and 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 67 
 
 a number of other articles sufficient for home con- 
 sumption. 
 
 1 8 10. The Chevalier Landolina died in Sicily, an 
 antiquarian who maintained that the ancients used the 
 pith of the papyrus for the purpose of making paper ; 
 and supported his opinion by ingenious experiments 
 made with a plant growing near Syracuse in that 
 country, and which corresponds to the description 
 given by the ancients of the papyrus. 
 
 18 10. The census returned 28 paper mills in the 
 state of New York, which manufactured 77,756 reams 
 of paper, the average value of which was $3 a ream- 
 
 1 8 10. The second paper mill in Columbia county, 
 N. Y., was erected at Stockport, on Kinderhook creek, 
 by George Chittenden, whose sons continued its ope- 
 ration until the death of George junior, 1873. 
 
 18 10. The United States began to import rags 
 largely from Europe. Previous to this the materials 
 for paper making were procured in the country. 
 
 181 1. Edward Smith of London theorized on the 
 production of paper from nettles and the threads of 
 worn-out sacks ; originating many valuable sugges- 
 tions relative to the manufacture. 
 
 181 1. Zenas Crane, who built the first paper mill 
 in Dalton, Mass., long known as the Berkshire mill, 
 sold to David Carson, and erected a new mill, at a 
 lower fall on the same stream. These pioneers in a 
 sequestered region, gave impetus to a manufacturing 
 enterprise employing five hundred men in 1870. 
 David Carson served his apprenticeship with Solomon 
 Curtis at Newton, Mass. (see 1858). 
 
68 Chronoiogy of the Origin and 
 
 1812. Gabriel Desetable, of Caen, in France, pre- 
 sented specimens of paper made from straw by means 
 of an instrument said to be so simple that any person 
 who pleased could make paper equal to the most prac- 
 tical workman. 
 
 18 1 2. The number of paper mills in the United 
 States was computed to be 190. 
 
 18 13. Dr. Colquohoun estimated the value of paper 
 annually produced in Great Britain at ,£2,000,000 ; 
 but Mr. Stevenson, an incomparably better authority 
 upon such subjects, estimated it at about half that sum. 
 
 18 13. It was announced that a discovery had been 
 made of a method of preparing paper, on which, by 
 writing with water only, the impression would be as 
 legible and durable as with ink. It soon proved to be 
 unworthy of notice. 
 
 18 1 3. A machine was patented in England for 
 cutting waste paper, &c, into shreds, preparatory to 
 remanufacture. 
 
 1 8 13. The Fourdrinier machine was now so much 
 simplified, that instead of five men formerly employed 
 upon one machine, three were fully sufficient without 
 requiring that degree of attention and skill which were 
 formerly indispensable. 
 
 1 8 14. Bertholet introduced a new mode of bleach- 
 ing into the paper mills of France, and important 
 progress was made. 
 
 1 8 14. Alexander of Russia visited England, and 
 engaged paper makers to go to Russia with machinery, 
 where they built the great Peterhoff manufactory. 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 69 
 
 1 8 14. It was estimated that there were 187 paper 
 mills in the United States, which manufactured annu- 
 ally 340,000 reams of paper, valued at $820,000. 
 
 1 8 15. The manufacturers of France began to de- 
 vote their exertions to specialties ; Annonay, Angou- 
 leme, PAuvergne, les Vosges, and le Limosin, had 
 each its peculiar style of product. This precluded 
 much competition between different centres of pro- 
 duction, and enabled each to arrive at greater perfec- 
 tion in its specialty. 
 
 18 15. The first paper machine was constructed in 
 France. Although the idea of producing an endless 
 web of paper was first attempted to be carried out in 
 that country sixteen years before (see 1799), strange 
 enough, this was the Fourdrinier machine, invented by 
 Louis Robert, which had been improved in England \ 
 but it was very imperfect when compared with an Eng- 
 lish machine imported about this time into France. 
 
 18 16. It was a day's work, at this time, for three 
 men to manufacture four thousand small sheets of 
 paper by the hand process. 
 
 18 16. The first paper mill established in the British 
 American provinces, was built at Lackville, now Bed- 
 ford, Nova Scotia, about eight miles from Halifax, on 
 Nine-mile river. It belonged to Thomas Holland, 
 who carried on a newspaper at Halifax. It was a 
 one-vat mill, producing a brown paper. 
 
 18 1 6. A paper mill went into operation at Pitts- 
 burg, Pa., with a steam engine of sixteen-horse power, 
 on the principle of Oliver Evans, which employed 
 
70 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 forty persons, consuming 10,000 bushels of coal and 
 120,000 pounds of rags per annum; and manufac- 
 tured $20,000 worth of paper annually. 
 
 1 8 16. Of a quantity of Bibles printed by the British 
 and Foreign Bible Society, one was found two years 
 later crumbling to dust, although it had not been used, 
 owing to the process used in bleaching the paper at 
 the mill. 
 
 1 8 1 7. Thomas Amies, a noted paper maker of Phila- 
 delphia, produced a quantity of paper for the purpose 
 of printing the Declaration of Independence, which was 
 designed to surpass everything that had been attempted 
 in that way in America. The mould and fel:s were 
 got up expressly for the purpose, the size of the sheet 
 was 26X36 inches, and nothing was used but the finest 
 linen rags. Each ream weighed 140 pounds, and the 
 price was $125. 
 
 18 1 7. Thomas Gilpin & Co., paper manufacturers 
 at Wilmington, Delaware, put in operation a machine 
 for making paper, at their mill on the Brandywine, 
 which appears by the notices of it to have been a 
 cylinder machine, and an American invention. The 
 first paper printed on the product of this machine, was 
 Poulson's Daily Advertiser. It was stated that it would 
 do the work of ten paper vats, and delivered a sheet 
 of greater width than any other made in America, and 
 of any length required. — Eminent Philadelphia™, 411. 
 
 18 1 7. Mr. Heath, an English pasteboard manufac- 
 turer, first introduced high glazing, now universally 
 adopted ; but for many years his process was unknown. 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 71 
 
 1817. E. B. Ball, an English paper maker, obtained 
 a patent for making paper by the combination of new 
 floss silk, flax, hemp, and Russia linen. These sub- 
 stances, under the usual process, were said to produce 
 a white and durable paper. 
 
 18 1 8. Roger Didot, formerly a paper maker in 
 France, but at this time carrying on the business in 
 England, obtained a patent for certain improvements 
 upon the machine already in use for making wove and 
 laid paper in continuous lengths or separate sheets. 
 
 18 18. The Prince of Wales Island Gazette was 
 printed on paper which was said to have been made 
 from rice, by which was probably meant rice straw. 
 
 18 1 8. The value of rags gathered in the United 
 States was estimated at $900,000 per annum. 
 
 181 8. A bill was brought before congress to in- 
 crease the duties on certain articles manufactured in 
 America ; among which were, paper for copperplate 
 printing, or writing, 12J cts. a pound, and on all other 
 papers 10 cts. a pound. 
 
 18 18. The first paper machine at Berlin in Prussia. 
 
 1819. The London Society for the Encouragement 
 of Arts and Manufactures, awarded 30 guineas to 
 Mr. Finsley, for the invention of ivory paper, which 
 was said to possess a surface having many of the pro- 
 perties of ivory, and at the same time the advantage 
 of a much greater surface than ivory can possibly 
 furnish. 
 
 1819. The paper mill of Simonds, Case & Co., in 
 Farmington, near Canandaigua, N. Y., took fire from 
 
7 2 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 a kettle of coals placed in the drying room to force 
 the process of drying a lot of paper which had begun 
 to mildew. Loss $5,000. 
 
 1820. Notwithstanding the great benefits derived 
 by the perfection of the Fourdrinier paper machine 
 and the immense quantity of paper produced by these 
 machines, the old and tedious process of drying in 
 lofts was still practiced. 
 
 1820. M. Huygeron, of France, secured a patent 
 for making paper from pure straw. The invention 
 related to a process of fabrication ; however, a white 
 and durable paper was the result of his improvements. 
 
 1820. About this time machinery for the manufac- 
 ture of paper began to be introduced into the United 
 States from England and France ; but, being found 
 expensive, was not much encouraged. It is believed 
 to have been first used by Gilpin on the Brandywine. 
 
 1820. Solomon Stimpson, of Putney, Vt., adver- 
 tised that he had discovered the art of making green 
 paper for writing and printing, the utility of which 
 was " to strengthen and preserve the eye." 
 
 1820. A patent was granted for five years by the 
 government of Denmark, to the inventor of a mode 
 of making paper from seaweed. It was claimed to 
 be whiter and stronger than the paper in common use, 
 and cheaper. 
 
 1820. The paper manufacturers of Baltimore peti- 
 tioned congress for a tariff of 25 per cent on foreign 
 paper. Congress was at this time using English paper, 
 although the Gilpins on the Brandywine, with a capital 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 73 
 
 of half a million, were manufacturing paper which 
 was claimed to be equally as good as the English, 
 which they desired to furnish 25 per cent less. 1 
 
 1820. The paper manufactures of the United States 
 were estimated at an annual average of three millions 
 of dollars ; and the cost of materials and labor at two 
 millions; employed 5000 persons, of which 1700 
 were males over 16 years of age, and the rest women 
 and children. 
 
 1820. The paper makers of Pennsylvania and Dela- 
 ware, petitioning congress for a tariff on paper, say 
 that in their district there were 70 paper mills with 95 
 vats in operation until the importations after the war, 
 since which they had been reduced to 17 vats. When 
 paper was taxed, the amount paid by a vat was from 
 $200 to $250. That these establishments cost about 
 $500,000, and had employed 950 persons, consuming 
 2600 tons of rags, and producing paper to the amount 
 of $800,000 annually. 
 
 1 82 1. Fontenelle in France, manufactured paper 
 from liquorice wood, by boiling — that is, by chemical 
 process. [Query, if same as M. Janbeaurt.] 
 
 1 82 1. M. Janbeaurt, an inventor, of Marseilles, 
 obtained a patent in France for the production of 
 paper from beaten hemp and liquorice wood, which 
 were reduced to a pulp and prepared for paper in the 
 usual manner. 
 
 1 It is said in Allen 's Biog. Dictionary that Simeon and Asa Butler, 
 of Suffield, Ct., manufactured the first letter paper used in the senate 
 of the United States, the product of this country. 
 
 7 
 
74 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 1 82 1. A very useful improvement was added to the 
 paper machine by T. B. Crompton, of England, who 
 obtained a patent for drying and finishing paper by 
 means of a cloth against heated cylinders, and the 
 application of a pair of shears to cut the paper off 
 into suitable lengths, as it issued from the machine or 
 rollers. The paper was much better finished and cut 
 than had been found possible until this improvement. 
 
 1 82 1. A paper mill containing two vats, was de- 
 stroyed by fire at Esperance, Schoharie county, N. Y., 
 owned by Henry W. Starin. 
 
 1821. England produced 48,204,927 pounds of 
 paper. 
 
 1822. A flood of unprecedented violence in the 
 Brandywine carried away the extensive paper mill of 
 the Messrs. Gilpin, although the building in which 
 their costly machinery was placed, had been erected, 
 it was thought, beyond all possibility of danger from 
 such a cause, and had been guarded by every precau- 
 tion which anxiety and mechanical skill could suggest. 
 The flood rose to the top of the building. For two 
 days the whirling torrent swept along with fearful 
 turbulence, and when the water at length subsided, 
 the edifice itself was a mass of ruins. Buried beneath 
 these, the fragments of machinery, broken into shape- 
 less parts, could hardly be recognized, and the costly 
 portions, framed with necessary delicacy and minute- 
 ness, had totally disappeared. The labor of years and 
 the expenditure of thousands of dollars had vanished 
 in a moment. Advanced in years, Mr. Gilpin looked 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 75 
 
 upon the wreck of his exertions and the injury to his 
 fortune, with a certainty that he could not hope to 
 replace what he had so suddenly lost. — Eminent Phila- 
 delphians, p. 411. 
 
 1822. The Philadelphia publishers consumed 
 30,000 reams of paper in printing Rees's Cyclopedia, 
 It was the largest work in the English language. 
 
 1822. The paper makers united with the printers 
 and booksellers in memorializing congress not to re- 
 duce the duty on imported books, stating that the 
 cash value of books manufactured in this country was 
 considerably more than a million of dollars annually 
 (every article used in which was manufactured here), 
 and a very important item, rags, of no value whatever, 
 except for this purpose. 
 
 1822. John Ames of Springfield, Mass., produced 
 a cylinder machine, which it was thought would have 
 great success. 
 
 1822. An extensive paper mill on Bronx river, New 
 York, owned by David Lydig, was destroyed by fire, 
 with all the machinery and a large quantity of paper 
 stock. It was insured for $32,000. 
 
 1823. A roll of papyrus measuring eleven inches in 
 length and five in circumference was discovered in the 
 island of Elephanta, in the East Indies. It contained 
 a portion of the Illiad written in large capitals, such as 
 were in use during the time of the Ptolemies and 
 under the earlier Roman emperors. 
 
 1823. I* was complained by the newspapers that 
 congress was using paper with a French water mark, 
 44 Napoleon empereur et roi, 1813." 
 
76 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 1823. There were 192 paper merchants in France. 
 
 1823. France possessed only one manufactory of the 
 papier continue, that of M. Canson, at Annonay, who 
 had one of the Fourdrinier machines, made in England. 
 
 1823. A manufactory of straw paper was established 
 at Okainon, near Warsaw, by Asile Henrick, who 
 proposed to make paper suitable for roofing, which 
 should be fire and water proof. The finer qualities 
 were expected to diminish the cost of paper. — Revue 
 Bib. du Pays Bas, ii, 224. 
 
 1823. The paper makers of England were in the 
 practice of using sulphate of lime and gypsum in the 
 manufacture of paper to give it weight, to the extent 
 of 12 per cent. This is the first complaint of the 
 kind heard of. — Hansard, 232. 
 
 1823. It has been claimed that the first paper mill 
 in Pittsburg, Penn., was built this year, but the fact 
 has been questioned. 
 
 1823. A paper mill was erected in England for the 
 purpose of manufacturing paper from old sacks, ropes, 
 &c. The paper produced was used only for wrap- 
 ping purposes. 
 
 1824. M. Laferet, of France, obtained a patent for 
 making paper of beaten hemp, macerated in water. 
 The Japanese macerate the same substance in lime- 
 water. 
 
 1824. J. McGuaran patented in England a mode 
 of producing paper from hop-vines, which was of a 
 dusky-brown color, and employed for wrapping. The 
 vines were immersed in water, by which the rind was 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 77 
 
 separated from the woody portion, when it was cut in 
 small pieces and sent to the engine. 
 
 1824. A. Nesbit procured a patent in England for 
 a mode of producing paper from moss, which afforded 
 a pulp suitable for the manufacture of coarse paper. 
 
 1824. A beautiful paper was produced by the Japan- 
 ese at this time from the mulberry tree, which was 
 also of an excellent quality. It was prepared for 
 manufacture in the usual manner. 
 
 1824. Louis Lambert, a Frenchman, took out a 
 patent in England for certain improvements in the 
 material and manufacture of paper. They consisted 
 in reducing straw to pulp and extracting the coloring 
 and other deleterious matter, so that it could be intro- 
 duced into the ordinary rag engine, and employed in 
 making paper. 
 
 1824. The Sieur Brepols, manufacturer of colored 
 paper at Turnhout, in Belgium, produced in great 
 perfection a style of paper which was termed veau 
 vacine at from 80 to 100 francs per ream of grand 
 raisin size. — Rev. Bib. du Pays Bas, iii, 128. 
 
 1825. A paper mill was erected at South Hadley 
 falls on the Connecticut river, in Mass., which fur- 
 nished newspaper of an inferior quality, for a paper at 
 Greenfield, the other two papers there still using hand- 
 made paper. 
 
 1825. William Van Houten, a Hollander, had a 
 patent taken out in England, for a mode of manufac- 
 turing moss into paper and felt. He had patented 
 the same in France a year earlier. 
 
78 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 1825. One of the paper mills belonging to Messrs. 
 T. & J. Gilpin, on the Brandywine, was destroyed 
 by fire. 
 
 1825. Messrs. D. & J. Ames, Springfield, Mass., 
 were said to have the most extensive paper manufac- 
 tory in the United States ; employing 12 engines, and 
 more than 100 females, besides the requisite number 
 of males. Their business was successful for a few 
 years. They furnished paper for the temperance pub- 
 lications of E. C. Delavan ; also for the first edition 
 of Webster's quarto Dictionary, when their losses and 
 misfortunes began.— Paper Trade Journal May 1, 
 
 1874. 
 
 1825. Specimens of brown wrapping and bleached 
 and unbleached writing papers were exhibited in 
 Boston, which were manufactured in England from 
 pine shavings. The fabric was said to be firmer than 
 that of any paper manufactured from the ordinary 
 materials. 
 
 1826. A letter from Paris states that "There is 
 much talk here about a new sort of paper, made of 
 hemp stock, which is to be so cheap that a handsome 
 octavo volume of 420 pages, manufactured of it, may 
 be sold for about is. 2^d. sterling. 
 
 1826. About this time a Mr. Sharp took out a 
 patent in England for a mode of manufacturing paper 
 of pine shavings. He had a mill at Hampshire. 
 
 1826. M. Canson, of France, applied to the Four- 
 drinier machine the principle of Mr. Dickinson, of 
 England, of rarefying the air below the surface of 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 79 
 
 the web (see 1809), by means of suction pumps ; an 
 improvement which he kept secret for six years. 
 
 1826. Cappucius Brothers, paper makers of Turin, 
 Italy, found the poplar and other kinds of wood well 
 adapted for pulp, and on the report of the Academy 
 of Sciences, of the excellent quality of the writing, 
 printing and wrapping paper made of those woods, 
 the king granted the makers an exclusive privilege for 
 ten years for the manufacture of paper from ligneous 
 materials. 
 
 1826. M. Firmin Didot introduced into his mill at 
 Mesnil, the drying process invented by Mr. Crompton, 
 of England, which was the first employment of it in 
 France. 
 
 1826. The first machine for making paper that was 
 put up in Denmark, was built this year by Messrs. 
 Donkin, of England. The first paper-mill in that 
 country had been established at Fredericksburg by 
 order of Christian III. 
 
 1826. There were 80 printing offices in the city of 
 Paris besides the government establishment, which 
 consumed 280,800 reams of paper annually. 
 
 1827. Messrs. Canson Brothers, paper-makers of 
 Annonay, in France, obtained a patent for a method 
 of sizing paper. With respect to sizing machine- 
 made paper, it is well known that sizing in the vat 
 offers many advantages ; but as a gelatine can not be 
 employed without injury to the felt during the process 
 of manufacturing paper, substitutes for gelatine were 
 desirable. The base used by M. Canson was wax. 
 
8o Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 M. Delcambre in the same year made another, the 
 base of which was rosin. 
 
 1827. A three story brick building, occupied as a 
 store house for paper and rags at the South Hadley 
 canal, on the Connecticut river, in Massachusetts, was 
 accidentally burnt, 24th July, with most of its con- 
 tents \ damage upwards of $6,000. 
 
 1827. Mr. Obry conceived a plan of using alum and 
 rosin previously dissolved in soda, and combining it 
 with potato starch, for the purpose of sizing paper in 
 the vat, which is the method now generally followed 
 in France for writing and printing papers. 
 
 1827. MM. Firmin Didot Brothers and Lefevre 
 established the first paper machine, under a patent of 
 importation, in Sicily. 
 
 1827. White & Gale, of Vermont, obtained a 
 patent for a mode of finishing paper. 
 
 1827. Louis Pierre Poisson, of Paris, obtained a 
 patent in France, for a process of making paper of 
 liquorice root and paste-board scraps ; which were 
 mixed together, macerated, and converted into paper 
 in the usual manner. 
 
 1827. Pi err *e Balilliat, of Macon, in France, ob- 
 tained a patent for a chemical substance to substitute 
 for linen rags in the manufacture of paper. 
 
 1827. A patent was granted to the Count de la 
 Garde, in England, for a method of making paper 
 of various descriptions, from the bullen or ligneous 
 parts obtained from certain textile plants, which were 
 prepared by a rural mechanical brake ; which sub- 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 81 
 
 stances were to be used alone in making paper, or 
 mixed with other suitable articles, such as refuse paper 
 and rags. 
 
 1827. Benjamin Devaux, of Paris, obtained a patent 
 for a mode of making paper and pasteboard of hemp. 
 
 1827. The paper-mill of E. Peck & Co., of 
 Rochester, N. Y., was destroyed by fire, with a quan- 
 tity of paper and rags, Dec. 21 : loss about $6,000, half 
 insured. 
 
 1827. William Van Houten made experiments with 
 moss, and succeeded in producing paper from it. He 
 had taken out patents in England and France two 
 years before. (See 1825.) 
 
 1827. There were but four paper machines in 
 France, although one had been introduced there in 
 1815, and they had now been used in England about 
 twenty-five years. 
 
 1827. William Magaw, of Meadville, Pa., obtained 
 a patent for a mode of preparing hay, straw, or other 
 vegetable substances, in the manufacture of paper ; 
 which was represented as being of a yellow color, 
 but even and strong, and receiving the ink as well as 
 common writing paper. 
 
 1828. Paper was made at Chambersburg, Pa., from 
 straw and blue grass, according to a patent obtained 
 by William Magaw. The paper was said to be firm 
 and strong, and that machinery was being constructed 
 sufficient to make 300 reams a day. 
 
 1828. It was estimated that the newspapers printed 
 in New York consumed 15,000 reams of paper a year, 
 
82 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 worth from four to five dollars a ream. And that 
 the newspapers in the whole United States required 
 104,400 reams, the cost of which was $500,000. 
 
 1828. James Palmer, an English paper manufac- 
 turer, obtained a patent for the invention of certain 
 improvements in the moulds, or other apparatus for 
 making paper. 
 
 1828. George Dickinson, an English paper manu- 
 facturer, obtained a patent for improvements in paper- 
 making machinery, which came into extensive use. 
 The lateral shaking motion of the wire-web in the 
 Fourdrinier machine, as originally made, was injurious 
 to the fabric of the paper, by bringing its fibres more 
 closely together breadthwise than lengthwise, thus 
 tending to produce long ribs or thick streaks in its 
 substance. This he proposed to obviate by giving a 
 rapid up and down movement to the traveling web of 
 pulp. A similar contrivance was introduced by Mr. 
 Donkin, in which the vibrations were actuated in a 
 much more mechanical way. 
 
 1828. Elisha Hayden Collier, of Plymouth county, 
 Mass., obtained a patent for the invention of a mode 
 of manufacturing paper from a marine production, 
 called ulva marina. 
 
 1828. Moses Y. Beach, of Springfield, Mass., 
 afterwards publisher of The Sun newspaper in New 
 York, invented a machine for cutting rags in the man- 
 ufacture of paper, for which he obtained a patent. 
 
 1828. Victor Odent, of Courtalin, in France, ob- 
 tained a patent for a machine to manufacture paper 
 with economy and ease. 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 83 
 
 1828. Prof. Cowper, of England, obtained a patent 
 for a paper cutting machine. As other machines 
 were introduced, his ingenious arrangement ceased to 
 be used except as a model for others to improve upon. 
 
 1828. Richard Waterman and George W. Annis, 
 of Providence, R. I., obtained a patent for a mode of 
 making double paper. It consisted in bringing a sheet 
 previously formed in contact with the stuff on the felt, 
 and passing both between the press rollers. They 
 claimed that any number of thicknesses might be 
 treated in that way successfully. 
 
 1828. T. B. Crompton and Enoch Miller obtained 
 a patent for cutting the endless web of paper length- 
 wise, by revolving circular blades, fixed upon a roller 
 parallel to a cylinder, round which the paper was 
 lapped, and progressively unwound. 
 
 1828. This 21st November, says Cobbett, I have 
 not only received a parcel of paper made of the husks 
 of my corn, but have sent it to have printed on it the 
 title page of this very book. He alludes to his 
 Treatise on Corn y an unique work on this account. 
 
 1828. April 16. The paper mill of Goss & Reed, 
 at Montpelier, Vt., took fire while the workmen were 
 at breakfast, and was damaged to the extent of about 
 $3,000 y partly insured. 
 
 1828. A paper mill was erected at Camden, Maine, 
 by Ebenezer Barrett and John Swann, at a cost of 
 $5,000. They manufactured $40 worth of paper a 
 day. It was burnt in 1841. 
 
 1828. Cyprian Prosper Brard, of Frejus, in France, 
 
84 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 obtained a patent for a mode of making paper from 
 decayed wood, which was converted into pulp, and 
 mixed with old waste paper. 
 
 1828. Mason Hunting, of Watertown, Mass., ob- 
 tained a patent for an improved top-press roller, by 
 means of which paper of any thickness might be made 
 by a single and simple operation. 
 
 1828. A mode of sizing, glazing and beautifying 
 paper was patented in England, which consisted of 
 the use of a fluid compound of alkalies dissolved in 
 water with beeswax and alum. 
 
 1828. A patent was taken out in France by Berna- 
 dotte and others, for a mode of making paper of animal 
 substances, called aporentype. 
 
 1828. Marsden Haddock, of New York, obtained 
 a patent for a machine to manufacture paper in the 
 sheet by the dipping process. It seems to have been 
 a mode of dipping faster than by the old hand process. 
 
 1829. William Debit, of East Hartford, Ct., ob- 
 tained a patent for a machine for cleansing rags and 
 preparing them for use in the manufacture of paper. 
 
 1829. Feb. A paper mill at Milton, Vt., owned 
 by Ayres, and occupied by Wellington & Hunting, 
 was totally consumed by fire at night. The loss was 
 computed at $5,000, on which there was an insurance 
 of $2,800. 
 
 1829. John Dickinson, an English paper manufac- 
 turer, obtained a patent for a new improvement in the 
 method of manufacturing paper by machinery, and also 
 a new method of cutting paper and other materials into 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 85 
 
 single sheets or pieces by means of machinery. He 
 also announced an improvement in the manufacture 
 of paper, which consisted of introducing cotton, flaxen, 
 or silken thread, web, or lace, into the paper, in such 
 a way as to form the inner part. 
 
 1829. John W. Cooper, of Washington township, 
 obtained a patent for an improvement in the art of 
 making white paper from rags of cotton, linen or silk, 
 be their colors ever so various, and of extracting from 
 all kinds of rags all kinds of mineral colors, &c, &c. 
 
 1829. Rondeaux & Henn patented in France a pro- 
 cess of making paper from leather cuttings, mixed 
 with refuse paper. (See 1790.) 
 
 1829. Messrs. Sprague, paper-makers at Fredonia, 
 New York, obtained a patent for a mode of making 
 paper from husks of Indian corn. Their process was, 
 to 128 gallons of water, put 10 quarts of good lime, or 
 6 pounds of good alkalies, and no pounds of clean 
 corn husks or flag leaves ; heat over a moderate fire 
 two hours, when they will be ready for the engine. 
 
 1829. Louis Bomeisler, of Philadelphia, obtained a 
 patent for making from straw, white and handsome 
 writing paper. From 120 pounds of straw, after the 
 knobs were cut off, he claimed that he could produce 
 100 pounds of pulp, which would make fine, white and 
 handsome writing paper, not before known or used. 
 
 1829. Isaac Saunderson, of Milton, Mass., obtained 
 a patent for improvements in the cylinder machine, 
 which obviated the defect of cylinder-made paper, the 
 inequality of its strength when tried lengthwise and 
 
86 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 across, in consequence of the greater number of fibres 
 running in one direction than the other, and a conse- 
 quent want of that perfect interlocking which takes 
 place upon mould-made paper. To effect this im- 
 provement he introduced a horizontal whirl-wheel, 
 and sheet-forming rollers, by which he was enabled to 
 manufacture press papers, pasteboard, and bandbox 
 paper. 
 
 1829. Reuben Fairchild, of Trumbull, Ct., ob- 
 tained a patent for an improvement in the mode of 
 manufacturing paper, the object of which was to obvi- 
 ate the defect in the paper made upon cylinder machines, 
 in its being easily torn in one direction, in consequence 
 of the fibres being mostly arranged longitudinally 
 with the length of the sheet. The improvement 
 was effected by what was called an agitator, a semi- 
 cylindrical cradle of metal lying in the vat, and 
 vibrating in the direction of the length of the cylinder. 
 Culver & Cole, of Massachusetts, applied at the same 
 time for a patent for a machine identical in principle 
 with the above, but afterwards arranged a mutual 
 ownership. 
 
 1829. The excise duty on paper in England 
 amounted to £728,000. 
 
 1829. Julien obtained a patent in France for a 
 mode of manufacturing paper from hay ; also for a 
 process of coloring paper. 
 
 1829. P a P er was obtained from the maguey in 
 Mexico, equal to that made of rags ; and congress 
 passed a law prohibiting the government from using 
 any other paper. 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 87 
 
 1829. Quirini obtained a patent in France for the 
 production of paper from straw and refuse pasteboard. 
 
 1829. The paper-makers of Turin, during this and 
 the previous year, produced various qualities of paper 
 from willow twigs, poplar, &c, which were extensively 
 used. Schaffers had made the same experiment more 
 than sixty years earlier. (See 1765, 1772.) 
 
 1829. The French paper makers sought for the 
 Fourdrinier paper machine in England alone, and a 
 French author makes the following painful acknow- 
 ledgment for his countrymen : " La construction de 
 ces machines, qui n'offre pourtant rien de difficile, est 
 restee jusq'a ce jour exclusivement dans les mains des 
 Anglaise." 
 
 1829. It is stated that a French paper machine was 
 introduced into Windham, Conn., which is now used 
 in the best mills in that state. 
 
 1829. Thomas Cobb, of England, obtained a patent 
 for a mode of manufacturing tinted paper and emboss- 
 ing during the process of making, by pressing the 
 pulp between rollers or plates, engraved with suitable 
 devices. He claimed to have invented a mode of 
 producing an embossed surface, giving a beautiful 
 effect to papers colored in the pulp, and not stained 
 after the paper is made, as usual with paper hangings ; 
 and by which also silks, velvets, or other colored goods 
 could be put upon the surface of paper, and when 
 embossed produced a rich and beautiful appearance. 
 
 1829. There were about 60 paper mills in Massa- 
 chusetts, six of which had machines. They were all 
 
88 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 supposed to consume about 1,700 tons of rags, &c, 
 and produced about $700,000 worth of paper in a year. 
 
 1829. Montgolfier introduced a new fabric called 
 papier linge, for table cloths and hangings, which was 
 said to be as soft to the touch as the finest Silesian 
 linen, but sold at Lyons for the price of mere paper. 
 They were made in imitation of silk, or stamped with 
 the most graceful arabesques, and sold at four and five 
 sous the French yard. 
 
 1829. G. A. Shryock, of Philadelphia, claimed to 
 have been the first in this or any other country, to 
 manufacture by machinery, paper and boards from 
 various kinds of straw and grass, which he did in this 
 year upon a cylinder machine. 
 
 1829. Straw paper was used for packing Niles y s 
 W eekly Register, which circulated to the remotest parts 
 of the country, and was regarded as the best paper 
 then made for that purpose, and was cheap. It was 
 manufactured at Chambersburg, Pa., at less than $2 
 a ream, imperial size, and was machine-made. 
 
 1829. I* was estimated that the quantity of paper 
 manufactured in the United States amounted to nearly 
 seven millions of dollars, and employed more than ten 
 thousand persons. The quantity of rags and paper- 
 stock saved annually was computed to be two millions 
 of dollars in value. 
 
 1830. A French writer states that at this time the 
 English introduced a mode of sizing their paper, which 
 gave it a great advantage over the French ; that the 
 house of Lacroix, however, soon acquired the process, 
 
Progress of Paper and Pape r Making. 89 
 
 which was in vogue as long as the manufacture by 
 hand was continued. It was about this time that the 
 struggle began in competition with machinery, and the 
 victory of the latter was not decided until some years, 
 to such perfection had the hand process attained. The 
 French seem to have introduced sizing before this 
 time. (See 1827.) 
 
 1830. M. Brand, a French officer, made successful 
 experiments in producing coarse paper from the pine 
 tree, an account of which was published in the Courier 
 Francaise of Nov. 27, 1830, issued in New York city. 
 
 1830. At Whitehall mill, in Derbyshire, England, 
 a sheet of paper was manufactured which measured 
 13,800 feet in length, and 4 feet in breadth. 
 
 1830. At the custom house in London, a duty of 
 £2,200 was levied on rags ; £ 1,400 on superior kinds 
 of papers for artists ; and £701,000 upon paper. 
 
 1830. Wooster & Holmes of Meadville, Pa., ob- 
 tained a patent for an improvement in the mode of 
 making paper from wood, by which one hundred 
 pounds of wood should be productive of from five to 
 seven reams of paper, according to their estimates. 
 
 1830. Joseph E. Holmes and Lewis Wooster, of 
 Ohio, manufactured paper of the lime and aspen, upon 
 which an edition of the Crawford Messenger was 
 printed. They also made wrapping paper and book- 
 board of superior quality. They had a process of 
 reducing wood to shavings with great rapidity. But 
 Magaw, who had obtained a patent for making paper 
 of " straw and other vegetable substances," claimed 
 8 
 
90 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 that their use of alkalies was an infringement of his 
 patent, and the process was abandoned. 
 
 1830. Richard Ibotson, of England, invented an 
 apparatus for separating the knots from paper-stuff, 
 which the sieves or strainers in use were inadequate to 
 do effectually. It superseded the operation of picking 
 the lumps from paper after it was made, which caused 
 much damaged paper, and freed it from imperfections 
 that caused serious damage to types and wood cuts. 
 
 1830. About this time Messrs. Phelps and Spafford, 
 of Connecticut, succeeded in constructing paper ma- 
 chines which did good execution. 
 
 1830. Ephraim F. and Thomas Blank, of the city 
 of New York, obtained a patent for a composition 
 called leather paper. The art consisted of making 
 paper from the refuse shavings or parings of leather, 
 adapted to sheathing vessels. The process was the 
 same as with rags. 
 
 1830. S. Aimes's paper mills near Philadelphia, 
 were destroyed by fire (May 10). 
 
 1830. Mr. Sanderson, owner of a mill at Milton, 
 Mass., manufactured binders' boards from three differ- 
 ent kinds of salt grass, which grew in abundance near 
 his mill ; for which he obtained a patent. 
 
 1830. John Hall obtained a patent in England for 
 a modification of Dickinson's cylinder-mould con- 
 tinuous paper machine, communicated to him by a 
 foreigner. The leading feature of the invention was 
 a mode of supplying the vat in which the wire cylinder 
 is immersed, with a copious flow of water, for the 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 91 
 
 purpose of creating a considerable pressure upon the 
 external surface of the cylinder, and thereby causing 
 the fibres of the paper-pulp to adhere to the mould. 
 
 1830. John Wilks, an English machinist, improved 
 the Fourdrinier machine by adding a perforated roller 
 to facilitate the escape of the water from the pulp-web, 
 previously to its being subjected to the pressing rollers, 
 which was denominated a dandy. 
 
 1830. John Dickinson, of England, patented a 
 mode of making paper in two layers or strata, which 
 were brought together on the second cylinder, and 
 formed into a single substance, a mode chiefly advan- 
 tageous in producing thick paper. 
 
 1830. A patent was granted to Thomas & Wood- 
 cock, of Brattleborough, Vt., for an improvement in 
 the manufacture of paper by means of a machine 
 called a pulp-dresser. 
 
 1830. Thomas Gilpin, of Philadelphia, obtained a 
 patent for an improvement in the mode of finishing 
 paper, which consisted of calenders, or cylinders be- 
 tween which the paper passed to give it a polished 
 surface. 
 
 1830. Thomas Barratt, an English paper maker, 
 obtained a patent for inserting the water-mark and 
 maker's name to continuous paper, so as to resemble 
 in every respect paper made by hand. It is to this 
 ingenious man that we are indebted for the improved 
 means of finishing paper, owing to the perfection he 
 attained in making cast iron rollers truer than was 
 possible by the old mode of turning them in a lathe. 
 
92 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 This consisted in grinding the rollers together, allow- 
 ing merely a small stream of water to flow over them, 
 without emery or any other grinding material ; and 
 by continuing the operation for many weeks, true 
 cylinders were obtained. This is the mode now 
 adopted in finishing rollers for all purposes requiring 
 great accuracy. 
 
 1 83 1. Jean Jaques Jaquier obtained a patent for 
 making continuous paper with wire marks, similar to 
 the laid papers usually made by hand ; to which the 
 preference was still given for their greater strength 
 and peculiar appearance. 
 
 1 83 1. Frederick A. Taft, of Dedham, Mass., 
 patented an improvement in making pasteboard of 
 other paper intended for sheathing. 
 
 1 83 1. The Annsville paper mill, owned by Gen. 
 Pierre Van Cortlandt, of Westchester Co., N. Y., 
 and occupied by Mr. Ritter, was destroyed by fire on 
 the 15th March, with a loss of $3,000, and no in- 
 surance. 
 
 1 83 1. May 10. The steam paper mill at Cleve- 
 land, Ohio, occupied by J. Kellogg, was destroyed by 
 fire. The loss was estimated at $7,000 ; no insurance. 
 
 1 83 1. The Franklin Repository, printed at Cham- 
 bersburg, Pa., announced that there was being erected 
 in that borough, a mill house 1 50 feet long by 50 wide, 
 and three stories high, in which it was contemplated 
 to place eight machines, for the manufacture of straw 
 paper, to go into operation the following spring. 
 
 1 83 1. Edward Pine, of Troy, patented a machine 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 93 
 
 for cutting paper made by cylinder machines, while 
 it was wet. 
 
 1 83 1. George Carvil, of Manchester, Ct., obtained 
 a patent for a mode of cleaning rags. His apparatus 
 was a common screen, with or without pins and knives, 
 having wings composed of thin pieces of wood or 
 metal, affixed upon its outside, extending from end to 
 end, in order to create a wind by their motion. 
 
 183 1. An impetus was now given to the manufac- 
 ture of paper in the United States, by the recent in- 
 troduction of machinery, and changes in the mode of 
 manufacture, as well as the materials used. Old junk, 
 rope, hemp, tow, bagging, raw cotton, cotton waste, 
 colored and filthy rags, and other material which had 
 previously only been used in the making of coarser 
 papers, were gradually brought into use for the finest 
 grades, by the introduction of chlorine and other 
 means of cleansing and bleaching, until they had risen 
 300 per cent in value. 
 
 1 83 1. E. N. Fourdrinier invented a very ingenious 
 apparatus for cutting the web of paper transversely 
 into any desired lengths, which performed its duty well. 
 
 1 83 1. Mr. Turner, an English paper-maker, ob- 
 tained a patent for a peculiar strainer, designed to 
 arrest the lumps mixed with the finer paper-pulp, 
 whereby he could dispense with the usual vat and hog 
 in which the pulp is agitated immediately before it is 
 floated upon the endless wire web of the Fourdrinier 
 apparatus. It could also be applied advantageously to 
 hand paper machines. 
 
94 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 1 83 1 . The chijfonniers, or rag collectors of Paris, rose 
 against the police because it was ordered in certain 
 municipal regulations, that the filth of the streets should 
 be taken away in carts, without time being allowed for 
 its examination by those diligent savers of capital. 
 
 1 83 1 . John Ames, of Springfield, Mass., introduced 
 a wire cloth cylinder for carrying off the dirt and filth 
 which is beaten from the rags in the engine, as a sub- 
 stitute for the screens or washers then in use. 
 
 1 83 1 . There were about 600 persons engaged in the 
 manufacture of paper in Ireland. 
 
 1832. James Sawyer, of Newbury, Vt., took out a 
 patent for a machine for cleansing paper, called the 
 piston pulp-strainer, which differed in its mode of 
 action from that of Thomas L. Woodcock. 
 
 1832. Francis Goucher, of Pennsylvania, made an 
 improvement in the machinery for washing pulp, for 
 which he took out a patent. 
 
 1832. April 14. The paper manufactory of Taft, 
 in Dedham, Mass., was burnt. 
 
 1832. Samuel Foster, of Brattleborough, Vt., intro- 
 duced a machine for cleaning and dusting rags. 
 
 1832. Nearly 12,000 quintals of paper were im- 
 ported into Germany to supply the deficiency of its 
 manufacture. 
 
 1832. Thomas French, of Ithaca, patented a filtering 
 machine, which was designed to supersede the pulp- 
 dresser. 
 
 1832. John Ames, of Springfield, Mass., obtained a 
 patent for an improvement in the mode of sizing paper 
 by machinery, and for a pulp-dresser. 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 95 
 
 1832. M. Goumar received a medal of 200 francs 
 value for a mode of neutralizing the acid in paper 
 used for lithographic work. He simply passed it 
 through lime water. 
 
 1832. The excise duty on paper in England had in- 
 creased nearly £ 1 00,000 in three years, being 
 £$ 1 5,000. 
 
 1832. It- was said by the New York Journal of Com- 
 merce, that the improvements of paper machinery had 
 been so great in five years, that though they used a 
 sheet a quarter larger, it cost them a quarter less money. 
 
 1832. Henry Brewer, of England, modified the 
 parallel rod-strainer of Mr. Ibotson, by constructing 
 square boxes with gridiron bottoms, giving a powerful 
 up-and-down vibration in the pulp-tub, by levers, 
 rotary shafts and cranks. 
 
 1832. Joseph Amies, an English paper maker, im- 
 proved the paper machine by a peculiar mode of con- 
 structing the bottom of a strainer or sieve for arresting 
 the knots and lumps in pulp. 
 
 1832. Jarvis & French, of Tompkins county, 
 N. Y., invented a mode of pressing paper by passing 
 it between two hollow metallic rollers, which was 
 used at the Falls Creek mill at Ithaca, by which the 
 quality of the paper was improved and much labor 
 saved. 
 
 1832. The manufacture of paper in the United 
 States was estimated at $7,000,000 per annum, of 
 which $3,500,000 was paid for rags, and $1,200,000 
 for labor. The price of paper had declined from 20 
 
Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 to 25 per cent, while the quality had advanced in 
 about the same ratio. 
 
 1832. Coleman Sellers, of Philadelphia, obtained a 
 patent for a pulp-dresser, for separating knobs and all 
 gross articles from pulp. 
 
 1832. Mr. Towgood, of England, patented a paper- 
 cutting machine, which dispensed with the reel and 
 cut the paper as it came from the steam Cylinders. 
 
 1832. Frederick A. Taft, of Dedham, Mass., ob- 
 tained a patent for paper designed for covering build- 
 ings. He mixed finely ground coal and sulphur in 
 the pulp, and added salt and lime to render it less 
 combustible. 
 
 1832. Samuel E. Foster, of Brattleborough, Vt., 
 patented a mode of cleansing paper makers' felts. 
 They were passed over a perforated roller filled with 
 water or steam. 
 
 1832. The paper mill erected at Martinsburg, 
 N. Y. (see 1807), fell into ruin. It manufactured 
 writing, wrapping and wall paper by the hand process, 
 having no machinery but an engine for grinding. 
 
 1832. The first machinery for making paper, in 
 Jefferson county, N. Y., was introduced this year by 
 Knowlton & Rice, at Watertown, where they had 
 commenced paper making about eight years before. 
 Their mills were repeatedly burned. 
 
 1832. The paper made in the state of Connecticut 
 was valued at $564,000 much of which was consumed 
 in Hartford, then noted for its manufacture of books, 
 in which it was surpassed only by Boston, New York 
 and Philadelphia. 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 97 
 
 1832. The period of the manufacture of paper by 
 hand in France now pretty much ceased, and the era 
 of manufacture by machinery fully began. — Paper 
 Trade Journal, July 15, 1875, p. 10. 
 
 1833. Henry Davy, of England, patented a rag- 
 cutting and lacerating machine, the invention of a 
 foreigner, consisting of an endless feeding cloth, which 
 conducted the rough rags to a pair of feed rollers, on 
 passing through which they were subjected to the op- 
 eration of rotatory cutters ; thence they passed down 
 an inclined sieve, upon which they were agitated to 
 separate the dust. 
 
 1833. Feb. The paper mill of Wiswall & Flagg 
 in Exeter, N. H., was destroyed by fire with all its 
 contents. The loss was estimated at more than 
 $12,000, of which only $4,000 was insured. 
 
 1833. M. Tripot, of France, patented a process of 
 manufacturing paper from seaweeds. 
 
 1833. A dinner was given by a Dublin printer to a 
 large number of persons who had exerted themselves 
 for the preservation of his premises from fire on a 
 previous occasion, when the table was covered by a 
 sheet of paper 125 feet long and 5 feet wide. 
 
 1833. Nov. 2. The paper mill of Messrs. Laflin, 
 in Lee, Mass., was destroyed by fire, and $20,000 
 loss sustained. 
 
 1833. Paper was exported from France during this 
 year to the amount of 5,323,261 francs in value ; or, 
 more than one million dollars. 
 
 1833. Howland & Griswold patented a mode of 
 9 
 
98 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 applying the shearings or flocks of cloth, taken from 
 the same in the manufacture thereof, for the purpose 
 of covering the surfaces of paper, muslin, linen, leather 
 and wood, for useful and ornamental purposes. 
 
 1833. Sydney A. Sweet, of Tyringham, Mass., in- 
 vented a pulp-sifter, which was simply a sieve with a 
 slight modification of similar machines. 
 
 1833. The Penny Magazine of the Society for the 
 Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, in London, consumed 
 14,000 reams of paper a year. This required the 
 constant working of two machines through the year. 
 At the same time a paper mill with one machine was 
 held to carry on a notable business, requiring the labor 
 of forty workmen. 
 
 1833. Edmund Blake, of Alstead, N. H., invented 
 an apparatus for sizing paper in the sheet, without 
 handling it in the usual manner, thereby preventing 
 the liability to tear, and facilitating the operation by 
 sizing a much larger portion at once than could be 
 done in the way ordinarily pursued. 
 
 1834. Of an edition of 30,000 copies of a book 
 published in England in 181 8, it was said that not a 
 perfect copy existed ; all of them having fallen to 
 pieces owing to the process of excessive bleaching 
 with chlorine, in manufacturing the paper. 
 
 1 834. The quantity of paper annually manufactured 
 in Great Britain during the five years ending with 
 1834, was 70,988,131 pounds. 
 
 1834. Clark Rice, of Watertown, N. Y., made an 
 improvement in the washers for paper engines, which 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 99 
 
 consisted in the peculiar manner in which the vellum 
 or wire cloth is kept free from rags or pulp, in the 
 various stages of washing, and in which the egress of 
 water is accomplished. 
 
 1834. A French inventor patented a mode of pro- 
 ducing paper from the leaves of trees and the ligaments 
 of asparagus. It was of no utility whatever. 
 
 1834. John Ames, of Springfield, Mass., invented 
 an apparatus for cutting machine paper into sheets of 
 any required length, as it comes from the drying 
 cylinders. He at the same time patented machinery 
 for cutting or trimming paper in the ream, which was 
 said to have been an old and well known contrivance. 
 
 1834. Writing paper was introduced in England, 
 which, by means of a chemical operation it underwent, 
 became perfectly black where it was touched with 
 a fluid. On writing with a pen dipped in water, a 
 legible character was produced. 
 
 1834. Joseph Truman, of Bridgeport, Pa., con- 
 ceived a mode of preventing the fibres, in the manu- 
 facture of paper, from arranging themselves in one 
 direction, as they were inclined to do. He did not 
 seem to know what had already been done to obviate 
 that difficulty by the agitator. 
 
 1834. A book was published this year in Sweden, 
 the paper of which was made entirely of beet root. 
 The paper was strong and durable, but not of a fine 
 texture, nor white in appearance. Paper was also 
 manufactured in that country at the same time, of 
 husks and of Russia matting. 
 
ioo Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 1834. There were about a dozen paper machines 
 in operation in France at this time, mostly constructed 
 in England. They were henceforth to afford the only 
 mode of manufacturing paper which could be pursued 
 without loss ; before which the ancient system of 
 hand-work was rapidly to disappear. 
 
 1834. May. The paper mills at Newtown Lower 
 Falls, owned by Lyons, were burnt. Loss estimated 
 at $50,000. 
 
 1834. The net produce of the duty on first and 
 second class paper in England this year was £j 18,043 ; 
 of which only £ 10 1,023 was fr° m second class paper. 
 
 1835. In November, the mills of Brown, Tower & 
 Co., in Hampden, Me., were destroyed by fire ; loss 
 $20,000 ; no insurance. 
 
 1835. Paper was made in Ireland from peat, but 
 was of inferior quality. 
 
 1835. Hayti exported 31,192 pounds of rags. 
 
 1835. William Debit, of Hartford, Ct., improved 
 the common duster by a combination with it of a shaft 
 and knives and beaters. 
 
 1835. The Thibetans had a process of reworking 
 old paper made from the bark of the sultarua, which, 
 however, was inferior to the paper of the Hindoos, 
 made of the same material. 
 
 1835. The home duty on paper in England was 
 recommended to be reduced one-half, and that it be 
 fixed at \\d. per pound on all descriptions of first and 
 second class paper ; and that the duties on pasteboard 
 should be reduced in like manner ; and that mill- 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 101 
 
 boards, glazed paper for clothiers, and hot-pressers, 
 sheathing paper and button paper, and button-board, 
 paying a duty of £1 is. per cwt. should be placed on 
 the same footing as pasteboard, and be subject to a 
 like duty of 14*. per hundred weight. 
 
 1835. John Ames, of Springfield, Mass., took out 
 a patent for an improvement in the machinery for 
 manufacturing paper, which seems to have been the 
 manner of applying a drying cylinder to the machines 
 in use. 
 
 1835. The quantity of paper manufactured in Eng- 
 land was 70,655,287 pounds, on which the govern- 
 ment duty was .£838,822. 
 
 1835. The royal printing office at Paris consumed 
 about three hundred reams of paper a day, nearly a 
 hundred thousand reams a year. 
 
 1835. There were 750 paper mills in operation in 
 England, and the annual value of paper manufactured 
 is stated by McCulloch as high as £6,000,000. Paper 
 was burdened with an excise duty amounting to more 
 than three times as much as the total wages of the 
 workmen employed in making it, and the quantity 
 annually produced did not exceed 50,000,000 pounds 
 of first class, and 16,000,000 of second class paper, 
 requiring a supply of about 100,000,000 pounds of 
 rags. 
 
 1836. James Brown, of Esk Mills, near Edinburgh, 
 adopted a new contrivance for rarefying the air under 
 the web of the paper machine, by using a rectangular 
 box transversely beneath the horizontal wire-cloth 
 without the interposition of any perforated covering. 
 
102 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 1836. Robert Rose's administrator, of East Hart- 
 ford, Ct., patented an improvement in the paper 
 machine, which consisted of a mode of sustaining the 
 web of wire in a slanting position, so as to form the 
 end and in part the bottom of the vat containing the 
 stuff, which by draining through the web was properly 
 deposited on the web for the formation of the paper. 
 
 1836. The quantity of paper charged with duties of 
 excise in Great Britain was 82,145,287 pounds, and 
 8,032,577 yards of paper-hangings. The amount of 
 duty was £812,782. Writing and printing paper, 
 which had paid a duty of 3^. a pound, and the ordinary 
 grades \\d. since 181 1, were now reduced to \\d, for 
 all grades. 
 
 1837. April 17. The paper mill of Peabody, 
 Daniel & Co., at Franklin, N. H., was destroyed by 
 fire. Loss $20,000 \ insurance $8,060. 
 
 1837. June 16. The paper mill of Carleton& Co., 
 at Shirley, Mass., was destroyed by fire ; loss estimated 
 at $25,000 ; insured $16,000. 
 
 1837. The paper mill of Mr. Buddington,at Hotch- 
 kisstown, near New Haven, was destroyed by fire, 
 Sept. 9 ; loss about $8,000. 
 
 1837. Edmund Shaw, of London, claimed to have 
 made an improvement in the manufacture of paper, 
 by the application of a certain vegetable substance 
 not before used for that purpose. This was none 
 other than the husks and stalks of Indian corn. He 
 was aware that some ^attempts had been made to pro- 
 duce paper from these materials, and also that they 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 103 
 
 were abandoned because of the failure to produce 
 good white paper from them. 
 
 1837. John Ames, of Springfield, Mass., patented 
 a machine for sizing paper, without the use of feltings 
 or jackets. 
 
 1838. The gross amount of paper-duty in Great 
 Britain for the year, ending on the 5th January, was 
 £554,497. 
 
 1838. J. V. Degrand, of London, obtained a patent 
 for a certain pulpy product or material for the manu- 
 facture of paper and pasteboard. He claimed to use 
 only white woods, such as poplars, and excluded every 
 possible bark or epidermis. 
 
 1838. Homer Holland, Westfield, Mass., obtained 
 a patent for preparing the fibrous portion of corn husks, 
 so as to be a suitable base for paper. His patent was 
 for a process of macerating the husks in a solution of 
 carbonated alkali, and then rendering the alkali caustic 
 by adding the hydrate of lime, leaving the fibre strong 
 and capable of being perfectly bleached. 
 
 1838. M. De Breza, of Paris, invented a chemical 
 compound for rendering paper and other substances 
 indestructible by fire, and for preserving them from 
 the ravages of insects. 
 
 1838. The paper mill of Messrs. R. L. Underhill 
 & Co., at Urbana, N. Y., was destroyed by fire ; loss 
 $32,000 ; insurance $2,000. The owner of the build- 
 ing lost $4,000 ; insured $2,000. Mr. Underhill had 
 been burnt out twice before within a twelve month. 
 
 1838. May 23. The paper mill of E. Camp in 
 
104 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 Jefferson county, N. Y., was destroyed by fire. It 
 was new and had been in operation but a short time. 
 The loss was about $8,000 ; no insurance. 
 
 1838. June 22. The paper mill of A. Bradley & 
 Sons in Dansville, N. Y., was burnt. It was nearly 
 new, having been in operation but little more than a 
 year, and cost $20,000 in its construction. There 
 was an insurance of $10,500. 
 
 1838. The quantity of paper imported into the 
 United States during this year was $164,179; the 
 quantity exported $94,335. The import of rags was 
 $465,448. 
 
 1839. The import of paper into the United States 
 amounted to $186,418; the export was $80,146. 
 The import of rags was $588,318. 
 
 1839. Henry Crosby, of London, obtained a patent 
 for manufacturing paper from refuse tan (after it had 
 been used for tanning, or any other purpose in which 
 the fibre had not been destroyed), and hops. The 
 latter substance was only used in combination with 
 the tan (a species of bark) when it retained its fibre. 
 These substances, when combined, were treated the 
 same as rags. The claim of the invention was to the 
 combination and products. 
 
 1839. Mr. T. B. Crompton, of England, succeeded 
 in producing a uniform rarefaction under the wire-cloth 
 of the paper machine, by means of a fan. 
 
 1839. At the French exhibition of this year were 
 specimens of paper made of the leaves of the banana 
 tree and similar plants, but the experiments showed 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making, 105 
 
 great waste in converting them into paper. With a 
 view of reducing the cost of carriage by freeing the 
 substances from foreign matter, M. Rocques estab- 
 lished powerful works at Havana, to wash and convert 
 them into pulp for the European markets ; but even 
 in this state the absolute necessity of strong bleaching 
 caused a waste of more than one-third of the original 
 weight. 
 
 1840. M. Brogniart of Paris seems to have been 
 the first to call attention to the changes undergone by 
 wood fibre when subjected to the influence of acids 
 and alkalies ; but his suggestions were not practically 
 applied. 
 
 1840. The number of paper mills in England was 
 computed to be 700 ; nearly 80 in Scotland, and an 
 inconsiderable number in Ireland. About 27,000 
 individuals were supposed to be engaged in the trade 
 in the United Kingdom, producing about £ 1,200,000 
 worth of paper. 
 
 1840. The paper mill of Phelps & Field, of Lee, 
 Mass., was destroyed by fire, Nov. 27. But a small 
 part of the machinery was saved ; loss $20,000 ; in- 
 surance $15,000. 
 
 1840. Dec. 10. The Eagle paper mill of Peter 
 Simmons, at Chatham, Columbia county, N. Y., was 
 burnt, with all its contents. 
 
 1840. One-fifth of all the paper produced in the 
 United States was made at Lee, Mass. 
 
 1840. There were 13 paper manufactories in New 
 Hampshire, giving employment to 1 1 1 workmen, pro- 
 
io6 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 ducing $258,600 worth of paper annually, and having 
 a capital of $104,300 invested. 
 
 1840. The development of paper-making in Russia 
 is said scarcely to have taken place before this time 
 (see 1785) ; that the Russians entered upon the fabri- 
 cation of paper long after they had been engaged in 
 other manufactures. (See 17 12.) 
 
 1840. Lagrange Bull, of Martinique, made known 
 the invention of a paper pulp which was manufactured 
 from the leaves of the banana tree. 
 
 1 840. The quantity of paper imported by the United 
 States this year was $146,790; the export $76,957. 
 The import of rags was $564,580. 
 
 1840. Nothing, says Dr. Ure, can place the ad- 
 vantage of the Fourdrinier machine in a stronger point 
 of view than the fact of there being 280 of them now 
 at work in the United Kingdom, making collectively 
 1,600 miles of paper, of from four to five feet broad, 
 every day ; that they have lowered the price of paper 
 fifty per cent, and that they have increased the reve- 
 nue, directly, and indirectly, by a sum of probably 
 ,£400,000 per annum. 
 
 1 84 1. The rags used in the manufacture of writ- 
 ing paper in Great Britain were collected at home. 
 But those used in the manufacture of the best print- 
 ing paper were imported principally from Italy, Ham- 
 burg, and the Austrian states, by the way of Trieste. 
 
 1 84 1. Feb. 12. The paper mill of M. Safer, 
 near Raleigh, N. C, was accidentally burnt. Loss 
 $6,000. 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making, 107 
 
 1841. England produced 97,103,548 pounds of 
 paper. 
 
 1841. March 10. The paper mill of Henry Church 
 & Co., at Rochester, N. Y., was burnt. 
 
 1 841. Barrett & Swann's paper mill at Camden, 
 Me., was destroyed by fire. 
 
 1 841. The United States imported paper this year 
 to the amount of $60,193 ; and of rags $496,227. 
 The export of paper was $83,483. 
 
 1842. Es gingen zwar noch ungefahr 10,000 Ctr. 
 aller Gattungen, ganz abgesehen von den Papierta- 
 peten, welche das Ausland noch zum grossen Theij 
 liefert, ein, besonders nach Sachsen und Schlesien aus 
 Bohmen, nach Baden aus der Schweiz, dafiir aber 
 auch iiber 12,000 Ctr. wieder aus. 
 
 1842. Der Zollverefn besass 950 Fabriken fur 
 Papier, worunter mindestens 50 fur Maschinenpapier 
 die Total production ist, da alle Anhalte fehlen, 
 schwer zu berechnen, steigt aber alle Jahre, ohne der 
 Consumtion vorauszueilen. 
 
 1842. March 3. The paper mill at Fall creek, 
 Ithaca, owned by Mack, Andrus & Woodruff, was 
 destroyed by fire ; loss about $8,000, insured $8,100. 
 
 1842. According to an estimate made at a con- 
 vention of paper makers in New York city, the 
 machinery and paper mill property in the United 
 States, were valued at $16,000,000 — the paper manu- 
 factured amounted to $15,000,000 per annum — the 
 raw stock collected in the United States, to about 
 $6,000,000 per annum, and the amount of stock 
 
io8 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 consumed at about 175,000,000 pounds. From fifty 
 to sixty thousand persons were employed in the 
 various operations connected with the trade for a 
 livelihood. 
 
 1842. June 6. The paper mill of Charles Per- 
 ham, Groton, Mass., was burnt. Loss $16,000; 
 insured $8,000. The fire was occasioned by the 
 friction of the machinery. 
 
 1842. Oct. The paper mill of William T. Parker, 
 at Sudbury, Mass., was burnt. 
 
 1842. The importations of paper into the United 
 States amounted to $92,771 ; and $468,230 of rags. 
 The export of paper was $69,862. 
 
 1842. There were 356 paper machines employed 
 in the mills of Great Britain and Ireland, having 372 
 vats. 
 
 1843. J ames Phelps, of West Sutton, Mass., 
 made improvements in the washing machine, which 
 consisted of an adjustable, rotating water elevator 
 and strainer, which could be raised or lowered in the 
 vat of the washing or beating engine. Also a rotat- 
 ing prismatic screen, or strainer, for straining the 
 water from the paper-stock, in the vat of a washing 
 or beating engine, in combination with devices for 
 discharging the strained water, being not only more 
 efficient than a cylindrical screen, but also admitting 
 of more ready repair. 
 
 1843. The number of machines employed in the 
 paper mills of England, Ireland and Scotland, was 
 367, requiring 362 vats. 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 109 
 
 1843. ^ ne English, although they made a suffi- 
 cient quantity of most sorts of paper for their own 
 use, and exported annually about £ 100,000 worth of 
 books, still continued to import certain descriptions 
 of paper for engravings, from France, and a small 
 supply of paper-hangings ; the duty on both of which 
 amounted to about <£2,8oo a year. 
 
 1843. """ ne United States imported paper amount- 
 ing to $19, 997 ; and exported $51,391 ; the import 
 of rags $79,853 ; a great diminution in the annual 
 business of these articles, owing to the enforcement 
 of a new duty upon rags, which affected the paper 
 trade also. 
 
 1844. There were 600 [400?] paper mills in opera- 
 tion in the United States, giving active use to a 
 capital of $16,000,000, manufacturing at least a sum 
 equal to its capital per annum, and affording mainte- 
 nance to at least 5,000 persons. 
 
 1844. Roberts's paper mill at Weston, Mass., was 
 burnt. Loss $6,000 ; insured $1,000. 
 
 1844. October 28. The paper mill of Messrs. 
 Sharpless, Huskins, & Wallace, on Redstone creek, 
 Fayette county, Pa., was destroyed by fire. Loss 
 estimated at $20,000. 
 
 1844. The amount of paper imported into the 
 United States was $104,648, and of rags $295,586, 
 The export of paper was $83,108. 
 
 1844. The paper mills of England, Scotland and 
 Ireland employed 370 machines, and 359 vats. 
 
 1844. One Keller took out letters patent in Ger- 
 
no Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 many for a wood pulp grinding machine, and is 
 claimed to have been the true inventor. Lacking 
 capital to avail himself of the advantages of his dis- 
 covery, he sold to Voelter, and subsequently fell 
 into want, so that the German paper makers came to 
 his relief by subscriptions. 
 
 1844. The German Zollverein imported annually 
 about 8,000 thalers worth of gray blotting and pack- 
 ing paper, and exported papers of finer qualities, to 
 the amount of more than 256,000 thalers. 
 
 1844. The Russian manufactory at Peterhof had 
 been so much enlarged that it now turned at 70,000 
 reams a year, mostly fine papers. 
 
 1845. The quantity of rags consumed in the 
 United States was estimated to amount to $6,000,000. 
 
 1845. There were 89 paper mills in Massachusetts, 
 which consumed annually 15,886 tons of stock, pro- 
 ducing 607,175 reams of paper, valued at $1,750,200, 
 and employing 1,369 workmen. 
 
 1845. The amount of paper imported into the 
 United States was $98,000; the export $106,190. 
 The import of rags amounted to $421,080. 
 
 1845. The number of paper mills in Austria having 
 machines was 40 ; the number working by the old 
 process was 940. The total product was 314,000 
 quintals, selling at an average of 13 cents a pound. 
 The number of persons employed was 12,000, besides 
 rag-sorters. 
 
 1845. A. Brooman, of London, obtained a 
 patent for producing paper from gutta percha, and an 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 1 1 1 
 
 intermixture of other substances. The fibre of the 
 gutta percha tree is said to be very strong. 
 
 1845. The quantity of paper charged with duties 
 of excise in the United Kingdom of Great Britain 
 and Ireland, was 124,247,071 pounds. The exports 
 amounted to 4,864,185 pounds. 
 
 1846. The import of paper into the United States 
 this year was $194,220 ; of rags $385,397, being 3.89 
 cents per pound. The export of paper was $122,597. 
 
 1846. The Thuringian states of Germany had 41 
 paper mills, with 53 vats, and employing 274 persons. 
 
 1846. E. F. Vidocq, of Paris, secured a patent for 
 obtaining paper, by the usual process, from a com- 
 bination of leather cuttings, scraps, &c, hemp, cotton, 
 wool, oakum, and other substances. 
 
 1846. There were in Prussia 394 paper mills, em- 
 ploying 6,393 workmen, and having 503 vats and 72 
 paper machines. 
 
 1846. Bavaria had 176 paper mills, with 257 vats and 
 11 machines, giving employment to 1,884 workmen. 
 
 1846. The number of paper mills in Saxony was 
 66, having 68 vats, and 6 machines, giving employ- 
 ment to 997 workmen. 
 
 1846. There were in the Grand Duchy of Hesse 
 21 paper mills, employing 170 workmen; having 18 
 vats and 1 paper machine. 
 
 1846. The electorate of Hesse, belonging to the 
 Zollverein, had 28 paper mills, having 39 vats and 
 6 machines, giving employment to 299 workmen. 
 
 1846. Baden, in Germany, had 32 paper mills, 
 
112 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 having 33 vats and 14 machines, and employing 624 
 workmen. 
 
 1846. Nassau, in Germany, employed 196 persons 
 in the manufacture of paper ; having 27 mills, with 
 30 vats and 6 machines. 
 
 1846. The annual imports of paper by the German 
 Zollverein were upwards of 9,000 Prussian dollars ; 
 the exports $270,589. The exports were mostly fine 
 papers, and the imports were of the coarser qualities. 
 
 1846. Genoa exported 1,178 tons of paper to 
 Mexico, Spain, and the Brazils. 
 
 1 846. The quantity of rags imported into the United 
 States from all countries was 9,837,706 pounds, of 
 which 8,002,865 pounds came from Italy. The 
 aggregate value was $385,397, or 3.89 cents per 
 pound. (See p. 99.) 
 
 1846. The quantity of paper manufactured in 
 Great Britain and Ireland was 127,412,482 pounds, 
 of which 4,836,556 pounds were exported. The 
 paper mills of those countries employed 384 machines 
 and 378 vats. 
 
 1846. There were 37 paper mills reported in the 
 state of Connecticut. 
 
 1 846. Dec. The Hollister paper mills, at Windsor 
 Locks, Conn., were burnt. Loss $12,000; insured 
 for $8,000. 
 
 1846. May 23. The paper mill of Mr. Craig at 
 Fondasbush, Montgomery county, N. Y., was burnt. 
 The loss was $4,000 ; insurance $1,000. 
 
 1847. Figuier and Poumarede, of Paris, invented 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 113 
 
 a kind of parchment paper, similar to that patented by 
 Gaine in England, in 1857, °l« v - 
 
 1847. August 6. David Ames died at Spring- 
 field, Mass., aged 87. He was a manufacturer of 
 paper more than half a century, and was the first to 
 introduce modern improvements. He was a man of 
 great enterprise, for some time held the office of 
 superintendent of the United States armory under the 
 government, and was actively engaged in business 
 until a very short period before his death. 
 
 1847. The q uar,t ity of paper manufactured in 
 Great Britain and Ireland was 121,965,315 pounds, 
 of which 5,852,979 pounds were exported. This 
 gave employment to 405 machines, with 373 vats. 
 
 1847. Denmark imported about 300 tons of paper 
 from Belgium, France, and other countries. 
 
 1847. The paper machine had been so universally 
 introduced into all the new, as well as the old vat 
 mills in the United States, that there were now only 
 two mills of any note engaged in making paper by 
 hand, and those were employed in producing particular 
 sorts, requiring great strength and firmness. 
 
 1847. The Netherlands imported chiefly from Bel- 
 gium and the Zollverein, 219 tons of paper valued at 
 $7,167.60. The importation of rags was 700 pounds 
 only. The exportation of paper the same year was 
 148 tons ; principally to Java. The exportation of 
 rags was only 1,200 pounds. 
 
 1847. There were 66 paper mills in the kingdom 
 10 
 
114 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 of Saxony, with 6 machines, employing 992 persons. 
 The exports and imports were trifling. 
 
 1847. The proprietors of the New Orleans Bul- 
 letin announced that they printed their paper on an 
 article manufactured by themselves, at a mill in the 
 third municipality, which they believed to be the 
 only successful attempt to manufacture paper so far 
 south. 
 
 1847. The quantity of paper manufactured in the 
 United States at this time was computed at 18 millions 
 of dollars in value per annum. 
 
 1847. Two paper mills were erected in Georgia 
 this year, an event which the editor of the Savannah 
 Republican remarked, that a few years before he de- 
 spaired of living long enough to see. 
 
 1847. The quantity of rags imported into the 
 United States this year was 8,154,886 pounds, of 
 which 6,519,234 pounds came from Italy; the ag- 
 gregate value was $304,216, being 3.73 cents per 
 pound; of paper $195,571. The export of paper 
 was $88,731. 
 
 1847. Herr Voelter, who availed himself of the 
 wood-pulp grinding machine of Keller, having im- 
 proved certain features of the process, and instituted 
 the manufacture, now employed large quantities of the 
 pulp for the manufacture of newspaper. 
 
 1847. The quantity of paper imported into Den- 
 mark this year was 334,000 kilogrammes, paying 
 $13,020 duties. 
 
 1 848. The import of rags from Denmark was 
 53,290 pounds, amounting to $1,614. 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 1 1 5 
 
 1848. The United States imported paper amount- 
 ing to $415,668; and of rags $626,607. The 
 quantity imported from all countries was 17,014,587 
 pounds, of which 13,803,036 pounds came from Italy ; 
 the average price per pound was 3.68 cents. The 
 export of paper was $78,507. 
 
 1848. The quantity of paper manufactured in 
 Great Britain and Ireland was 121,820,229 pounds, 
 of which 5,180,286 pounds were exported. The 
 number of machines employed was 407, with 367 vats. 
 
 1848. Zenas M. Crane, of Dalton, Mass , obtained 
 a patent for an improvement in machinery for cutting 
 paper. Patents were also obtained for the same 
 purpose by George L. Wright, of Springfield, Mass. ; 
 by Mark Wilder, of Peterborough, N. H. ; by J. C. 
 Kneeland and George M. Phelps, of Troy, N. Y. ; 
 and Alonzo Gilman, of Troy, N. Y. 
 
 1848. The importation of paper in Hamburg was 
 of the estimated value of $239,568. 
 
 1848. Sardinia produced paper which amounted in 
 value to $2,400,000, none of which was exported. 
 
 1848. Spain exported 140,000 reams of paper, to 
 the following countries : Cuba, 94,000 reams ; Chili, 
 16,000 reams ; Porto Rico, 10,000 reams ; to other 
 countries, 20,000 reams. 
 
 1848. March 21. The paper mill of Knowlton 
 & Rice at Watertown, N. Y.,was destroyed by fire. 
 
 1848. Leghorn exported rags and paper amount- 
 ing to 30,000 pounds, about half to England, and the 
 other half to the United States. 
 
1 1 6 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 1849. There were 74 paper manufacturers in Bel- 
 gium, employing 1,893 P ersons > 22 steam engines 
 of 254 horse power in the aggregate ; 2 horse mills 
 of 2 horses each ,* 68 water mills, and 7 wind mills. 
 The United States imported paper from Belgium 
 amounting to 19,950 francs. 
 
 1849. W. Brindly obtained a patent in England 
 for a mode of rendering paper water- proof. This 
 was accomplished by saturating the web of paper as 
 it passed from the machine, with linseed oil, and sub- 
 jecting it to a high temperature until dried, by which 
 it was rendered impervious to water. 
 
 1849. Grimpe & Colas, of France, invented paper 
 for bank notes, which was intended to defy fraud and 
 forgery. A committee of the Academy of Sciences 
 had encouraged rival artists to make all possible ex- 
 periments to test the infallibility of the paper, and no 
 effort was spared to the accomplishment of that end, 
 but without avail. 
 
 1849. An Englishman invented a method of spik- 
 ing paper. The bank of England sent him a one 
 pound note, much worn, to test his skill. He re- 
 turned it in two sections. 
 
 1849. A. H. Laflin, who was the first to intro- 
 duce machine laid paper into this country, at Her- 
 kimer, N. Y., in this year made the first laid note 
 paper on a machine which was ordered by White & 
 Sheffield. 
 
 1849. The United States imported paper this year 
 to the amount of $395,773 ; and of rags $524,755. 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 117 
 
 The quantity imported from Italy was 1 1,009,668 lbs. ; 
 the aggregate quantity brought from all countries was 
 14,941,236 pounds, at an average of 2.51 cents. The 
 exports were $86,827. 
 
 1849. ^he ex P ort of paper from Belgium amount- 
 ed to £36,940. 
 
 1849. France exported paper-hangings to the 
 United States, to the amount of 214,000 pounds ; 
 and imported upwards of 1,620,000 pounds of rags. 
 The total export of paper was over 9,250,000 pounds. 
 
 1849. Messrs. Chambers, of Edinburgh, petitioned 
 parliament for a removal or reduction of the excise 
 duty on paper, which was especially severe on low- 
 priced books. 
 
 1849. The importations of rags and other mate- 
 rials into Belgium for the manufacture of paper, 
 amounted to only 14J tons. Their exportations of 
 paper were about $12,000. 
 
 1849. Amos & Clarke obtained a patent in Eng- 
 land for a strainer used in the paper machine. 
 
 1849. The quantity of paper manufactured in 
 Great Britain and Ireland was 132,132,660 pounds, 
 of which 5,966,319 pounds were exported. 
 
 1849. Messrs. Amos & Clarke, of England, 
 patented a paper-cutting machine, which obviated the 
 difficulty that grew out of the increased velocity of 
 the machines, by which the sheets were cut into 
 irregular lengths. 
 
 1849. The number of paper machines employed 
 in the mills of England, Scotiand, and Ireland, was 
 406, with 353 vats. 
 
1 1 8 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 1849. The exports of rags during this year from 
 Trieste to the United States were $9,656. 
 
 1849. The first paper manufactory in France 
 which adopted the wood- grinding process was that at 
 Souche, in this year. 
 
 1850. The German Zollverein consumed annually, 
 over 1,180,000 cwts. of rags in the manufacture of 
 paper; employing 794 paper mills, having 116 paper 
 machines, producing annually about 36,964 tons of 
 paper. 
 
 1850. Henry Pohl, of Paterson, N. .J., improved 
 the regulator, or pulp meter, to measure the quantity 
 of pulp for webs of different thicknesses. 
 
 1850. M. Didot stated that there were 200 paper 
 machines in France, producing 195 tons each per year, 
 making a total of 39,000 tons ; and 250 vats, produc- 
 ing over 2,000 more tons per year ; being a gross 
 amount of 41,000 tons, of all kinds of paper. A 
 paper machine occupied about 60 persons, and a vat 
 10. 
 
 1850. Nov. 23. The only paper mill in the Dis- 
 trict of Columbia, situated four miles above George- 
 town, was destroyed by fire. Loss $2,000. 
 
 1850. The export of paper and stationery from 
 the United States to foreign countries was not less 
 than a hundred thousand dollars. 
 
 1850. The number of paper mills in England was 
 327 ; in Scotland, 51 ; in Ireland, 37. The number 
 of beating engines in England was 1,374 ; in Scotland, 
 286 ; in Ireland, 86. The number of machines em- 
 ployed was 412, with 344 vats. 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 1 1 9 
 
 1850. A German by the name of Ebart, owning 
 a large manufactory in Neustadt Elberwald, invented 
 an incombustible and impermeable paper, which he 
 termed stone paper, suitable for roofing houses, not 
 easily broken, and capable of being produced at a 
 low price. 
 
 1850. Specimens of paper were made in Algiers 
 from the dwarf palm, which abounds in that country, 
 and of which it was thought that four millions of 
 quintals could be obtained every year, by causing it 
 to be gathered by women and children, at a cost of 
 about 18 cents a hundred pounds ; which if beat into 
 half stuff in its green state, would yield 36 per cent 
 of its weight ; and dry, 50 per cent : and that two 
 hours beating would be sufficient to render this half 
 stuff fit for making fine paper. 
 
 1850. The amount of capital employed in the 
 manufacture of paper In the United States was es- 
 timated at 18 millions of dollars ; the annual product 
 of paper, 17 millions; the number of mills, 700 ; 
 the number of operatives employed, 100,000. 
 Another statement gives 443 mills, the product of 
 which was estimated at $10,187,177. — Paper Trade 
 Reporter, Sept. 1, 1873, P* 5- 
 
 1850. The quantity of paper charged with excise 
 duty manufactured in Great Britain and Ireland, was 
 141,032,474 pounds, 
 
 1850. The amount of duty paid on paper in Eng- 
 land was <£693,74i ; in Scotland, £187,687; in 
 Ireland, £44,096. The quantity of paper manufac- 
 
i2o Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 tured in Great Britain and Ireland was 141,032,674 
 pounds, of which 7,762,686 pounds were exported. 
 
 1850. Great Britain imported 8,124 tons of rags, 
 among which were 32 tons from the United States, 
 and 23 tons from Egypt. 
 
 1850. The United States imported rags from 
 nineteen countries. The quantity imported was 
 20,696,875 pounds at 3.61 cents a pound. Of these 
 15,861,266 pounds came from Italian and Austrian 
 ports. The total value was $748,707. Paper was 
 imported to the amount of $496,563. 
 
 1 85 1. The quantity of paper manufactured in 
 Great Britain and Ireland was 150,903,43 pounds, 
 of which 8,305,590 pounds were exported. The 
 number of machines employed in those countries was 
 413, with 330 vats. 
 
 1 85 1. The United States imported rags of the 
 value of $903,747, at 3.46 cents a pound. Of the 
 26,094,701 pounds imported, 18,512,673 were from 
 Italy. 
 
 1 85 1. There was exhibited at the World's fair in 
 London, a roll of paper, being a continuous sheet 
 2,500 yards long. 
 
 1 85 1. The export of paper and stationery from 
 the United States was to the amount of $155,664 for 
 the year ending June 30. 
 
 1 85 1. It was estimated that there was produced 
 at this time in Great Britain, 5,500,000 pieces of 
 paper-hangings, valued at ^400,000. 
 
 1 85 1. In the kingdom of the Two Sicilies there 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 121 
 
 were 12 paper machines, and 12 vats, employing 300 
 persons. The whole produce amounted to 306 tons 
 annually, and paper was exported to Rome, Sicily, 
 Leghorn, Malta, the Ionian Isles, and Greece. 
 
 1851. Messrs. Donkin & Co., of England, who 
 perfected the Fourdrinier paper machine, constructed 
 their 191st machine. Of these 83 were made for 
 Great Britian, 23 for France, 46 for Germany, 22 for 
 the north of Europe, 14 for Italy and the south of 
 Europe, 2 for America, and 1 for India. It was Mr. 
 Bryan Donkin, who, as engineer, carried out the 
 desired plans in perfecting the Fourdrinier machine, 
 and produced, after intense application, a self-acting 
 model, of which he afterwards constructed so many 
 for home use and for exportation, which were perfectly 
 successful in the manufacture of continuous paper. 
 
 1 85 1. The quantity of paper produced in Austria 
 was stated at 650,000 cwts. per annum. There 
 were 900 vat-mills, and 49 mills using machines ; 
 two-fifths of the product of paper was from the latter, 
 which were chiefly driven by water-power. 
 
 1 85 1. Brewer & Smith, who had made improve- 
 ments in paper moulds in England, patented the same 
 in the United States. 
 
 1 85 1. The paper mill belonging to the Goodman 
 Manufacturing Company, at South Hadley, Mass., 
 was destroyed by fire. The company had failed a 
 short time before, involving a loss of $20,000. 1 
 
 1 The question has been propounded, if a paper company should fail 
 for the want of anything but water or stock. 
 
 11 
 
122 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 1 85 1. There were 6 paper machines in operation 
 in Denmark, besides one in Holstein, and 20 vats, 
 producing altogether about 1,312 tons per year. 
 
 1 85 1. There were five paper mills employing seven 
 machines, in Sweden, and eight vat-mills. 
 
 1 85 1. There were 17 paper machines in operation 
 in Spain, which were imported from England, France, 
 and Belgium ; also 250 vats. The annual produce 
 of paper was 4,741 tons. 
 
 185 1. There were 12 paper machines and 60 vats 
 in the kingdom of Sardinia. 
 
 1851. M. Adolphe Roque, who had bestowed 
 many years of patient investigation on the improve- 
 ment of the manufacture of paper, succeeded in 
 adapting to that purpose the fibres of certain filaceous 
 plants, especially the banana and the aloe, whereby it 
 was expected that " the present costly, laborious, 
 patchy, rag process might be superseded by a raw 
 material easily procurable in large quantities, and 
 safely and economically worked into a clear, strong 
 and durable texture." 
 
 1 85 1. The paper employed in the manufacture of 
 books in Great Britain paid an excise of 14 guineas a 
 ton, being about one-fifth the selling price of the 
 article. 
 
 1 85 1. Samples of paper made from alfa fibre were 
 exhibited at the London exhibition, in the Algerian 
 section of French products. The plant is abundant 
 on both shores of the Mediterranean, 
 
 1 85 1. At the great exhibition a huge sheet of 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 1 23 
 
 Nepal paper attracted attention, manufactured from a 
 species of fibrous plants found in that country, by a 
 process supposed to have been introduced from China. 
 
 1 85 1. There were 20 paper mills in Tuscany, and 
 2 English machines at the mill near Florence. 
 
 1 85 1. In Switzerland there were 26 paper machines 
 and 40 vat-mills, producing together annually 11,607 
 tons. The wages of the men are about 16 cents a 
 day, and of women about 1 1 cents. No paper was 
 exported. 
 
 1 85 1. There were six paper machines distributed 
 among four mills in the Lombardo-Venetian kingdom 
 of Italy. 
 
 1851* There were three paper machines in opera- 
 tion in the Roman states. 
 
 1 85 1. There was a paper mill at Smyrna, having a 
 machine, and a vat-mill at Constantinople, which was 
 all the Turkish empire proper afforded. 
 
 1 85 1. There was a paper mill in Egypt, at Boulac, 
 near Cairo, which was a vat-mill. This mill belonged 
 to the Khedive in 1873, an( * employed 155 persons 
 at monthly wages, and 63 at task. Its annual product 
 was 165,511 reams of paper for printing, etc., and 
 347 cwt. of wrapping. — Paper Trade Journal, p. 2, 
 Jan. 15, 1874. 
 
 1851. There were 13 paper manufacturing com- 
 panies in Lee, Mass., running 25 mills, and producing 
 at the rate of about 25,000 pounds of paper per day, 
 valued at $6,300, or two millions a year. 
 
 1 85 1. Nov. 11. The lower paper mill at Union 
 
1 24 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 Falls, in the town of Marcellus, N. Y., owned by 
 George W. Ryan, was burnt, with a large quantity 
 of stock ; loss more than $8,000 ; insured $4,000. 
 
 1 85 1. George West, of Tyringham, Mass., in- 
 vented an improvement in the pulp-strainer, which 
 consisted of a better separator of the impurities by a 
 strainer, operated upon by a bellows. 
 
 1852. The quantity of paper manufactured in Great 
 Britain and Ireland was 154,469,211 pounds, valued 
 at two millions sterling, of which 7,328,886 pounds 
 were exported. 
 
 1852. The number of paper mills at work in Eng- 
 land was 304 ; in Scotland, 48 ; in Ireland, 28 ; total, 
 380. There were 1,616 beating engines at wftrk, and 
 130 silent. Sharp's Gazetteer states the number of 
 paper mills to have been 800, employing 30,000 work- 
 men ; but the Jury Report of the London Exhibition 
 of Industry, gives the number of mills as being only 
 415, including England, Scotland, and Ireland ; some 
 of which were idle, 
 
 1852. J. Mansell, of London, patented a mode of 
 ornamenting paper, which consisted of imparting to it 
 a resemblance to plain damask weaving, by passing it 
 between plates. 
 
 1852. Jean A. Farina, of Paris, obtained a pulp for 
 the manufacture of paper from the plant called spartum^ 
 or waterbroom, using both the stalks and the roots. 
 This material at first encountered great opposition 
 both from proprietors and their workmen, but finally 
 assumed vast importance as a raw material. The 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 125 
 
 stationer discovered that he could use I2lb. demy as 
 141b. demy rag. It was known to the Romans. 
 
 1852. G. W. Turner, of London, improved the 
 paper machine by the application of the endless wire- 
 web in combination with and passing around the 
 cylinder, and taking the pulp up from the vat, carry- 
 ing it forward and submitting it to the action of the 
 dandy roller and pneumatic trough, taking the place 
 of the fixed wire-web and endless felt, in the cylinder 
 machine, and the wire-web upon which the pulp flows 
 in the Fourdrinier machine. Also for a mode of 
 passing the paper through a trough of size, between 
 two endless felts, obtaining a uniform and thorough 
 saturation. 
 
 1852. Joseph Kingsland, of Saugerties, and Nor- 
 man White, of New York, patented an inprovement 
 in the mode of drying sized paper. 
 
 1852. The United States exported to foreign coun- 
 tries paper and stationery to the amount of $119,535, 
 during the year ending June 30. 
 
 1852. The export of paper from Germany was 
 40,000 quintals, a country which twenty years earlier 
 imported largely. 
 
 1852. The prices of rags in England were : 
 1st quality 261. per cwt. 
 2d " 1 6 j. " 
 3d " 1 is. 6d. " 
 4th " ys. " 
 1852. The export of rags from England had sel- 
 dom exceeded 500 tons a year, but this year no less 
 
126 
 
 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 than 2,462 tons, mostly British and Irish, were 
 exported. 
 
 1852. The United States imported rags from thirty- 
 two countries, to the amount of 18,288,458 pounds, 
 at 3.46 cents a pound, amounting to $626,729. The 
 consumption of paper was equal to that of England 
 and France together. Of the supply of foreign rags 
 12,220,570 pounds came from Italy. 
 
 1852. Spartum or waterbroom, since known as 
 Exparto, a fibrous grass which grows on the sandy 
 shores of Spain, was introduced as paper stock, and 
 has ever since continued to be the most valuable fibre 
 yet discovered as a substitute for that of linen. See 
 page in, waterbroom. 
 
 1852. Feb. 14. A paper mill at Windsor Locks, 
 belonging to William English, was burned with the 
 stock and machinery in the mill, valued at $2,000. 
 
 1852. April 18. The paper mill of John and 
 George Maynard, at Hardwick, Mass., was burnt. 
 Loss $7,200. 
 
 1852. June 5. The Hollingsworth paper mill, 
 at Groton, Mass., was destroyed by fire. 
 
 1852. June 5. Cauffman's paper mill, near 
 Mariottstown, Md., was destroyed by fire. Loss 
 $20,000, partly insured. 
 
 1852. The paper manufacturers of France pub- 
 lished a protest against the proposed duty on paper, 
 showing that it would not produce more than 3,000,000 
 of francs per annum. 
 
 1852. July 10. The paper mill of Platner& Smith, 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 127 
 
 at East Lee, Mass., was burnt ; loss about $8,000, 
 insured. 
 
 1852. July 30. Smill & Bell's mill at Old Hadley, 
 Mass., was burnt. Loss $20,000 ; insured $6,000. 
 
 1852. Nov. 1 7. Todd & Brother's paper mill at 
 Cooperstown, was burnt. Loss about $30,000 ; 
 insured, $6,000. 
 
 1852. Coupier & Mellier, at Maidstone, Eng., 
 patented a process, by which a pulp suitable for the 
 manufacture of paper was to be prepared from wood. 
 It consisted in allowing boiling soda or potash lye to 
 act upon the wood cut into small pieces. 
 
 1852. There were exported from Cape Haytien 
 during this year, 1,436 pounds of rags. 
 
 1853. The paper mill on Chester creek, Pennsyl- 
 vania, which was claimed to have been established in 
 17 13 (see 1729), and at which Franklin procured his 
 paper, was announced as still in operation, having 
 adopted none of the improvements of modern times, 
 but continued to manufacture paper in the same mode 
 as was pursued a hundred and forty years before. 
 
 1853. J an# I0# Carter's paper mill, near Elkton, 
 Md., was burnt. 
 
 1853. A sheet of paper was manufactured at Stir- 
 ling, England, 3,000 yards in length, and 54 inches 
 wide, weighing 400 pounds. It was made and finished, 
 it is stated, within three hours, at a cost of a little more 
 than <£io. 
 
 1853. & J. Ames, extensive manufacturers at 
 Springfield, Mass., failed for a large sum. See p. 68. 
 
128 
 
 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 1 853. Charles Knight, the London publisher, stated 
 that in twenty years he had paid to government, in 
 duty on paper, .£50,000. 
 
 1853. Sept. 4- The mill of Jessup & Laflin at 
 Westfield, Mass., was burnt. Loss $2800 ; insured 
 $15,000. 
 
 1853. The value of rags imported into the United 
 States from abroad for the year ending June 30, was 
 $982,837, the quantity being 22,766,000 pounds at 
 4.31 cents. Of this quantity 2,666,000 pounds were 
 obtained in England. Italy was the greatest source 
 of supply, the quantity furnished being 14,171,292 
 pounds. Rags were imported from twenty-six different 
 countries. 
 
 1853. The value of paper and articles manufactured 
 of it, imported into the United States for the year 
 ending June 30, was $602,659, exclusive of books. 
 
 1853. The export of paper and stationery from this 
 country was $122,212. 
 
 1853. The import of rags into Great Britain during 
 this and the two preceding years averaged yearly 9,332 
 tons. 
 
 1853. The quantity of paper manufactured annually 
 in Great Britain during the five years ending with this 
 year, was 1 5 1 ,234, 1 79 pounds ; which was an increase 
 of 1 14 per cent in twenty years, while the whole 
 population in that period had increased not more than 
 16 per cent. The estimated value of the annual 
 product was ,£4,000,000. 
 
 1853. The q^ntity of paper manufactured in Great 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 129 
 
 Britain and Ireland 'was 177,633,010 pounds, of which 
 13,296,874 pounds were exported. The import of 
 paper during the year was not far from 200,000 pounds; 
 the consumption therefore was about 5.40 pounds per 
 capita of the population. 
 
 1853. was estimated that in France about 70,000 
 tons of paper were produced yearly; in England 
 66,000 tons ; and that the production in this country 
 was nearly equal to both France and England. 
 
 1853. F rance ? with a population of 36,000,000 
 turned into paper annually 105,000 tons of rags, of 
 which 6,000 tons were imported. Great Britain, with 
 28,000,000 population, required yearly 90,000 tons 
 of rags, of which 15,000 were imported. The annual 
 value of paper manufactured in Great Britain was 
 estimated at $17,760,000. 
 
 1853. Watt and Burgess patented in England a 
 mode of producing paper from wood. The wood was 
 first reduced to shavings or fine cuttings. They took 
 out a patent for the same in the United States in the 
 following year. 
 
 1853. Brown & Mcintosh, of Aberdeen, invented 
 hollow moulds, composed of perforated metal, wire, 
 or other suitable material, covered with felt, within 
 which, after their immersion in pulp, a partial vacuum 
 is created, so as to cause the pulp to adhere or be 
 deposited on the felt surface in a layer of uniform 
 thickness. 
 
 1853. A. Lavender and Henry Lowe, of Bal- 
 timore, Md., produced samples of paper from southern 
 
130 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 canes, and from white pine shavings. They were 
 sanguine that with proper apparatus, paper could be 
 made of reeds, or wood, as the main staple, by their 
 process, worth from 12J to 16 cents a pound, at a 
 cost not exceeding 6J cents a pound. 
 
 1 853. J. P. Comly, of Dayton, Ohio, patented an 
 improvement for separating paper by single sheets, 
 which was finally successful, he claims. 
 
 1853. Messrs. Coupin & Mellier of France, pro- 
 duced some specimens of straw paper at the Crystal 
 palace exhibition, manufactured at their mill by a 
 process of their own invention, which was claimed to 
 equal rag paper. 
 
 1853. Nov. 26, John Satterly's mill at Little Falls 
 was burnt. Loss about $10,000 ; insured for $6,000. 
 
 1853. Nov. 20. The mill of John Wrinkle & Co. 
 at Colebrook, Conn., was burnt. Loss about $8,000 ; 
 insured for $5,000. 
 
 1853. A G erman patented in England a machine 
 for manufacturing paper from wood. It planed and 
 cut the wood into small particles and shavings pre- 
 paratory to being acted upon by the engine. The 
 inventor stated that paper was manufactured in the 
 cheapest manner from fir, pine and willow trees. 
 
 1853. G. Stiff obtained a patent in England for 
 forming paper by using lime water in place of the 
 ordinary alkaline solution, in making paper of straw, 
 grass, and other materials. 
 
 1853. The importation of paper into France did 
 not exceed 337,104 pounds ; the exports were 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 131 
 
 17,053,667 pounds. This gave 16,716,553 excess 
 of exports. Deduct this amount from 156,800,000 
 pounds, the quantity manufactured, and we have left 
 for consumption, 140,083,447 pounds, or 3,89 pounds 
 per capita of the population. 
 
 1853. The value of paper imported into the city 
 of New York was computed to amount to $340,824. 
 By another account it was stated to consist of 3,418 
 packages, valued at $860,628. 
 
 1854. Samuel Nolan and Prof. Antisel announced 
 the invention of a new paper making machine, for the 
 purpose of working a new material into paper, which 
 should greatly reduce the high price to which paper 
 had arisen. 
 
 1854. A practical chemist exhibited in New York 
 specimens of paper made entirely of straw, and others 
 of grass, of a superior quality, which he asserted that 
 he could produce for about half the cost of rag paper. 
 He claimed the knowledge of a process for depriving 
 straw of its silex, and other properties detrimental to 
 the strength, opacity and pliability requisite in paper 
 for general use. 
 
 1854. The consumption of rags in the manufacture 
 of paper in Great Britain, by 380 mills, was about 201 
 million pounds, an increase of about one-half in twenty 
 years. The quantity of paper produced therefrom 
 was stated at 177,890,000 lbs. of which 161,700,000 
 lbs. were consumed, and 16,112,000 lbs. exported. 
 In France the consumption of 235,200,000 lbs. of 
 rags was supposed to produce 156,300,000 lbs. of 
 
132 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 paper. The consumption of rags in the United States 
 was assumed to be 405,000,000 lbs., and the weight 
 of paper made, 270,000,000 lbs. 
 
 1854. It was stated on the authority of the Dema- 
 rara Royal Gazette, that paper of a good quality had 
 been successfully manufactured in that region from 
 the plantain. 
 
 1854. Mons. Vivien, of Paris, attempted to con- 
 vert leaves into a paper suitable for wrapping. The 
 leaves were collected at a suitable season, and cut 
 into small pieces and pressed into a kind of cake, 
 which was afterwards steeped in lime water and re- 
 duced to pulp in the ordinary manner. 
 
 1854. The quantity of rags annually consumed in 
 Great Britain and France combined was computed at 
 436,800,000 pounds, producing 291,200,000 pounds 
 of paper, which was 4.55 pounds per capita; while 
 the per capita of the United States was 10.80. 
 
 1854. The entire body of paper makers in Holland, 
 more than 160 in number, petitioned the government 
 against the free export of rags, which they alleged 
 would destroy their business, the neighboring states 
 having prohibited such exports or charged them with 
 high duties. 
 
 1854. M. Kelin, of Belgium, invented a process 
 for converting straw into paper, which differed from 
 any other in use. The straw was steeped in water 
 sixty hours, when the liquid was run off and the straw 
 washed with a plentiful supply of water. It was then 
 flattened by being passed between two rollers while 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 133 
 
 in a damp state, and afterwards cut into fibres of 
 suitable length, and exposed to the sun's rays, until 
 sufficiently bleached. It was now submitted to another 
 steeping process, of three or four days, and subjected 
 to the action of a solution of hyper-chloride of potash 
 or soda until the straw acquired a sufficient degree of 
 whiteness, when it was put into the engine. 
 
 1 854. T. G. Taylor patented a mode of manufactur- 
 ing paper from the stalks of the hop plant, in England. 
 
 1854. John Evans also obtained a patent in the 
 same country for a new manufacture of paper from 
 Brazilian grass ; and John Jeyes for the manufacture 
 of paper from twitch or couch grass. 
 
 1854. S. G. Levis, of Delaware county, Penn., 
 patented an improvement in the mode of making 
 thick paper. 
 
 1854. E. Maniere obtained a patent in England for 
 fire-proof paper. The invention consisted in applying 
 asbestos to the manufacture of paper. The asbestos 
 was rendered very fine and pulpy, and was mixed with 
 the pulp of rags. 
 
 1854. Messrs. John Richmond and Ephraim Cush- 
 man, of Amherst, Mass., patented an improvement for 
 drying thick paper. 11 We claim drying thick paper, 
 and at the same time preventing it from warping out 
 of shape, to wit, by placing the sheets in a pulpy state 
 upon heated tables or platforms, and allowing them to 
 remain until they harden to such a degree as to begin 
 to warp out of shape, and then causing open or lattice 
 weights to be let down upon them, which rest upon 
 
134 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 their edges or points at different parts of the sheets^ 
 and preserve them in flat positions until entirely dry." 
 — C. Gen., 339. 
 
 1854. E. L. Perkins, of Roxbury, Mass., obtained 
 a patent for an improvement in polishing paper. 
 
 1854. A French paper maker experimented with 
 wood in the manufacture of paper. Having taken off 
 the bark, the wood was cut into shavings, and the 
 shavings, which were very thin, were placed in water 
 six or eight days; then, dried; then reduced to the 
 finest powder possible. This was mixed with rag 
 pulp and subjected to the ordinary process. All white 
 woods, such as poplar, lime, and willow, were deemed 
 suitable. 
 
 1854. A French paper maker exhibited at the 
 World's fair in New York, specimens of paper made 
 of straw, which for whiteness, strength and beauty of 
 finish appeared to be nearly equal to rag paper. It 
 was manufactured by Coupier & Mellier, who patented 
 the process in this country. Their success was su- 
 perior to any of the 150 inventors who had patented as 
 many different processes in England and France alone. 
 
 1854. The Ledger, a Philadelphia daily paper, hav- 
 ing a very large circulation, perhaps 20,000 or 30,000 
 a day, was printed on paper made principally of straw, 
 costing 9 cents a pound. It was a very inferior quality 
 for the purpose. It was manufactured by Fienour & 
 Nixon, at Manayunk, by what was denominated 
 Mellier's process, by which, it was claimed, paper 
 could be made of almost any vegetable fibrous substance. 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 135 
 
 1854. The quantity of paper manufactured in Great 
 Britain, chargeable with excise duty, was 179,896,222 
 pounds, being an increase of more than a hundred 
 million pounds, in twenty years. Of this quantity 
 the exports were 16,1 12,020 pounds. The estimated 
 value of the paper manufactured was ^2,000,000 ster- 
 ling. [See 1853.] 
 
 1854. There were 6 paper mills in North Carolina, 
 consuming over 3,000,000 pounds of stock. 
 
 1854. There were 750 [450 ?] paper mills in the 
 United States, in active operation, having 3,000 en- 
 gines, and producing annually about 250 million pounds 
 of paper, averaging about 10 cents a pound. This 
 required 405 million pounds of rags, costing 4 cents 
 a pound, for which our seamen had to scour every 
 quarter of the globe. The cost of labor was estimated 
 at if cents a pound ; the cost of labor and stock united 
 would be nearly twenty millions of dollars. The total 
 cost of manufactuting $27,000,000 worth of paper 
 was supposed to be $23,625,000. The demand, how- 
 ever, still exceeded the supply, so that the price was 
 advanced i\ cents a pound. 
 
 1854. The annual consumption of rags in Great 
 Britain was computed to exceed 120,000 tons, three- 
 fourths of which were imported, principally from Italy 
 and Germany. 
 
 1854. The imports of paper and its manufactures 
 into the United States during the year ending June 
 30, amounted to $757,829. 
 
 1854. The prices of rags in England were : 
 
136 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 1st quality, 32*. to 341. per cwt. 
 
 2d " 20J. " 
 
 3d " 151. " 
 
 4th cc ioj. " 
 1854. Tuscan rags used formerly to be sent wholly 
 to the United States. The quantity shipped at this 
 time was from 10,000 to 12,000 tons a year. Sub- 
 sequently a portion of her exports went to England. 
 
 1854. The demand for paper in England affected 
 the market in Jamaica so much that the two principal 
 journals were compelled to reduce the size of their 
 papers. 
 
 1854. The rise in the price of paper, 2 \ cents a 
 pound, obliged the publishers of cheap papers to in- 
 crease their prices or reduce their sizes. Complaints 
 of the price and scarcity of paper were universal. The 
 New York Tribune was forced to go back to its former 
 size. The Journal of Commerce said that it paid from 
 forty to fifty thousand dollars a year for paper. The 
 New York Times said that their bill for paper was sixty 
 thousand dollars. The Daily Evening Register of 
 Philadelphia was discontinued on account of the high 
 price of paper. The Sun^ the oldest of the penny papers, 
 was also reduced in size. Others put up their prices. 
 
 1854. George W. Beardslee, of Albany, made ex- 
 periments with basswood, which resulted in obtaining 
 a beautiful paper ; the woody fibre was reduced to a 
 pulp of fine whiteness, and the paper was soft and 
 strong, but it was supposed to contain a large per 
 centage of rags. 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 137 
 
 1854. A paper manufacturer in Otsego county, 
 N. Y., patented a mode of working the fibrous parts 
 of swingle tow into paper, in such a way as to produce 
 a firm and very white article ; yet so specious did it 
 appear, that the editor of the Albany Argus was led to 
 suggest the possibility that the tree of knowledge might 
 have been a basswood ! 
 
 1854. By the reciprocity treaty with Great Britain, 
 rags, the growth of the British North American colo- 
 nies or of the United States, were to be admitted into 
 each country, respectively, free of duty. 
 
 1854. R. & J. C. Martin secured a patent in Eng- 
 land for obtaining a pulp from wood, by first saturating 
 with water, planks and other pieces of wood, then 
 subjecting their surfaces to a toothed cylinder, or other 
 instrument having teeth resembling a saw or rasp \ by 
 which the wood was reduced to a suitable pulp. 
 
 1 854. A patent was granted to Alexander Brown, in 
 England, for the production of paper from the bracken, 
 or fern plants, of Scotland. Every part of the plant 
 possesses strong fibres, producing a powerfully coher- 
 ing pulp, requiring little or no sizing. 
 
 1854. James Sinclair patented in England the dis- 
 covery of the use of thistles in the manufacture of 
 paper, which had been known and experimented upon 
 nearly a century. 
 
 1854. C. Hill manufactured paper in England from 
 the stem and roots of horseradish, the rush and flag, 
 and the vegetable remains of manures, which were 
 bleached and reduced to pulp by the usual modes. 
 12 
 
138 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 1854. The exports of paper and stationery from the 
 United States is said to have been $187,325, and of 
 books and maps, $191,843. 
 
 1854. J. Lallemand, of Besan^on, France, patented 
 a mode of making paper from peat. 
 
 1 854. The quantity of rags imported into the United 
 States this year was 32,615,753 pounds, of which 
 24,240,999 pounds came from Italy. The total value 
 of them was $1,010,443, at 3.09 cents a pound. 
 
 1 854. Obadiah Marland, of Boston, Mass., obtained 
 a patent for an improvement in paper making machines. 
 
 1854. Herr von Parmewitz, inventor of a process 
 of making wool from pine trees, presented to the king 
 of Prussia specimens of paper made of the same mate- 
 ral. Paper was also made of the red pine at Giers- 
 dorf, which was said to be so white and good as to be 
 fit for writing or drawing, and needed no sizing because 
 of its resinous quality. 
 
 1854. Woodward and Bartlett, of Massachusetts, 
 patented an improvement in the machines for cutting 
 rags. 
 
 1855. A specimen of paper manufactured from the 
 common cane, the bamboo of the Mississippi river, 
 was exhibited at St. Louis, and highly approved of. 
 
 1 855. Watt & Burgess, of London, made elaborate 
 experiments for the conversion of woody fibre into 
 pulp. The wood was first boiled in caustic soda ley, 
 and washed free from alkalies ; it was then subjected 
 to the action of chlorine, or an oxygenated compound 
 of chlorine, and again washed to remove the hydro- 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 139 
 
 chloric acid, when the wood was again treated with 
 caustic soda ley, and became immediately reduced to 
 pulp ; which being well washed and bleached was 
 ready to be manufactured into paper. Paper of this 
 material, it was claimed, would cost only X24 a ton, 
 but if made of rags would cost £40. 
 
 1855. Henry Fourdrinier, surviving partner of the 
 great firm engaged in the paper manufacture, in Eng- 
 land, died, aged 90. The Messrs, Fourdrinier ex- 
 hausted a vast fortune in perfecting the paper machine 
 which bears their name, and died in poverty. 
 
 1855. The export duty on rags was abolished in 
 England. 
 
 1855. J. N. Nevin, of Scotland, succeeded in fab- 
 ricating rope and paper from the common garden 
 holyhock. It had the appearance and texture of such 
 paper as was used for bags and parcels by grocers, 
 and was very clean and firm. 
 
 1855. A French paper-hanger was engaged in pro- 
 ducing a design requiring upwards of three thousand 
 blocks, at a cost of $10,000, the design alone costing 
 $6,000. 
 
 1855. March 6. Daniel Joseph Patrick Hen- 
 nessy died at Brussells aged 74 ; proprietor of the 
 extensive paper mills at La Huepe in Brabant. * He 
 introduced improvements which completely changed 
 the mode of manufacturing paper in that country, for 
 which he received at various industrial exhibitions 
 the gold medals awarded on such occasions. He 
 claimed descent from the Irish kings, and his im- 
 
140 
 
 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 mediate ancestors were Jacobin emigrants. — Jour, 
 de 1' Imprimerie Belgique^ part xn, feuilleton. 
 
 1 855. The London Economist asserted that, so great 
 was the consumption of paper by the reading and 
 writing population of Great Britain, rags could not be 
 procured in sufficient quantity to meet the demand. 
 
 1855. The paper mill belonging to Messrs. Parker, 
 at Westville, New Haven, Conn., was destroyed by fire. 
 
 1855. The paper mill of B. B. Bradley, at Niagara 
 Falls, was destroyed by fire. 
 
 1855. J ame s N. Kellogg, foreman of Dupont's 
 paper mill at Louisville, Ky., made experiments in 
 manufacturing paper from undressed flax. 
 
 1855. The Saratoga Whig was printed on paper 
 made principally of straw by Messrs. Buchanan & 
 Kilmer at Rock city. These manufacturers employed 
 a French process of bleaching, and were successful 
 in making printing and writing paper of good quality 
 from three-fourths straw. 
 
 1855. The consumption of paper by The Times of 
 London, was nearly 9 tons a day ; a quantity which, 
 the sheets being laid open and piled upon each other, 
 would rise to the height of fifty feet ; so that the 
 supply for eight days would exactly equal the height 
 of Sfc Paul's Cathedral. 
 
 1855. The rise of one-halfpenny a pound in the 
 price of paper in England affected the public journals 
 so much, that the loss thereby sustained by The Times 
 alone, was upwards of $10,000 per annum, inducing 
 the proprietors of that journal to offer a reward of 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 141 
 
 <£ 1,000 for the discovery of a new and readily available 
 material for paper stock. 
 
 1855. An Englishman by the name of Watts 
 patented a mode of producing paper from wood shav- 
 ings and bran, which he expected would take the 
 premium offered by the proprietors of The Times for 
 the discovery of a new material for the production of 
 paper. 
 
 1855. The extensive paper mill of Gaunt & Der- 
 rickson, at Trenton, N. J., was almost totally destroyed 
 by fire. The loss was estimated at $150,000. The 
 mill was in full operation when the fire broke out. 
 It was insured for $52,000. 
 
 1855. A paper mill which had stood twenty years 
 at Essex, Vt., was destroyed by fire, with its contents ; 
 loss $12,000. 
 
 1855. Hugh Burgess of Roger's Ford, on the 
 Schuylkill, introduced a process of reducing poplar 
 wood to paper pulp by boiling it in caustic soda 
 under pressure. The process of A. C. Mellier for 
 the preparation of straw, combined with the above, 
 became the property of the American Wood Paper 
 Company, and was successfully used in the treatment 
 of poplar for paper stock ; " the crossing fibres of pop- 
 lar, held together by an albuminous mastic," were 
 dissolved by the united processes of the above patentees. 
 
 1855. ^ i s stated in the New York Paper-Makers' 
 Circular, that the number of mills in operation in 
 Austria at this time, was 535, giving employment to 
 12,000 workmen; and that there were 165 mills ir 
 
142 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 the various kingdoms and duchies constituting the 
 Zollverein states of Germany. But as this is less than 
 half the number in operation ten years earlier, there 
 would seem to be some mistake, or the machines had 
 greatly diminished the number of hand-mills. 
 
 1855. M. D. Whipple, of Charlestown, Mass., 
 obtained a patent for preparing wood for paper-pulp. 
 
 1855. George W, Beardslee having made satisfac- 
 tory experiments for the conversion of woody sub- 
 stances into paper, commenced the erection of a mill 
 at Little Falls, N. Y., for the purpose of manufac- 
 turing paper of bass-wood and other ligneous sub- 
 stances, under the auspices of a joint stock company. 
 The enterprise was unsuccessful. 
 
 1855. S. R. Andries, of Chamblee, Canada, ex- 
 hibited paper made of gnaphalie, or life everlasting, 
 which he claimed could be produced cheaper than 
 any other substance for the purpose of being manu- 
 factured into paper. 
 
 1855. Horace W. Peaslee, of Maiden Bridge, ob- 
 tained a patent for a machine for washing paper stock. 
 
 1855. Gr. E. Simon obtained a patent in England 
 for a mode of manufacturing paper from plants of the 
 different species of the family sparganium. 
 
 1855. G. Martonoi patented in England a peculiar 
 process for producing paper from seaweed. 
 
 1855. Egyptian rags did not make appearance in 
 this country until the present year, when a cargo of 
 1 21 5 bales arrived, and were purchased by J. Priestley 
 & Co. at 4 and 3§ cents a pound on six and eight 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 143 
 
 months' time. The bill amounted to $25,000. — 
 Paper Trade Reporter. 
 
 1855. W. Barabee undertook the introducion of 
 perfumes into the pulp of paper, which he thought of 
 sufficient importance to secure by a patent, in England. 
 
 1855. The drawback on paper used in printing 
 Bibles and Prayer Books in England, was .£9,958 ; 
 in Scotland, £2,088. 
 
 1855. The United States imported 40,013,516 
 pounds of rags, of which 23,948,612 came from Italy. 
 The value of these rags was $1,235,151, or very 
 nearly 3.06 cents a pound. 
 
 1855. Richard Herring published a work, in Lon- 
 don, on ancient and modern paper and paper making, 
 with 25 specimens of paper, and on engraving of the 
 paper making machine. 
 
 1855. Henry Glynn, of Baltimore, Md., obtained 
 a patent for an improvement in the manfacture of 
 paper pulp. 
 
 1855. Improvements in machinery and mode of 
 manufacture, and the application of steam, had reduced 
 the number of mills in Great Britain and Ireland to 
 380, or nearly one-half, in twenty years ; while the 
 quantity of rags annually consumed had risen to 
 201,600,000 pounds, or over a hundred per cent. 
 
 1855. Louis Koch, of New York city, patented an 
 improvement in manufacturing paper pulp. 
 
 1855. Charles H. Hall, of Portland, Maine, made 
 experiments with barks of trees, and succeeded 
 in producing wrapping paper advantageously. He 
 
144 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 fitted up a mill at Waterville for the purpose of manu- 
 facturing on a large scale. 
 
 1855. Kayaderosseros paper mill, near Ballston 
 Spa, N. Y., erected in 1854, was stopped. It was 
 designed for the manufacture of hanging paper, and 
 had four engines of 500 pounds capacity, one of Gavit's 
 72 inch machines, revolving iron bleach, and all the 
 modern machinery for staining, printing, and decorating 
 in the highest style of the art, costing about $85,000. 
 
 1855. The paper mill of C. & O. Clark, at Wood- 
 ville, Jefferson county, N. Y., four engines, was 
 burnt; loss $12,000. It was rebuilt the next year, 
 and furnished with four large engines, and a 62 inch 
 machine, and turned out one ton of print a day. 
 
 1856. The New York Mercantile Library received 
 a unique work on paper manufactures, prepared by 
 T. H. Saunders, of London, for the Paris exposition. 
 It contains a history of this department of industry, 
 followed by specimens of the different varieties of 
 hand and machine made paper, and of papers destined 
 to special uses, as bank notes, checks, photographs. 
 It is estimated that the work could not have cost less 
 than a thousand dollars. 
 
 1856. The consumption of paper in the United 
 States was computed to equal that of England and 
 France together. Thus in France, with 35 millions of 
 inhabitants, only 70,000 tons of paper were produced 
 in a year, of which one-seventh was for exportation. 
 In Great Britain, with 28,000,000 of inhabitants, only 
 66,000 tons were produced. While in the United 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 145 
 
 States, young and but little advanced in manufactures, 
 200,000 tons were annually manufactured. 
 
 1856. Henry Lowe, of Baltimore county, Maryland, 
 made an experiment with southern cane, and produced 
 a creditable specimen of paper, which was used in 
 printing the Baltimore County Advocate. His mill was 
 employed exclusively in manufacturing wrapping paper. 
 
 1856. The sum of ,£9,094 was paid in England for 
 drawback of duty on paper used in printing Bibles, 
 Testaments and Prayer Books, and £1,200 in Scotland. 
 
 1856. The mills of the Chelsea manufacturing 
 company at Norwich, Ct., were producing 7 tons of 
 paper daily ; and the Pacific mills at Windsor Locks 
 were supposed to be unsurpassed in their capacity by 
 any mills in the world. 
 
 1856. The extensive paper mills of Piersse & 
 Brooks, at Windsor Locks, Conn., were burnt, in- 
 volving a loss of $75,000, two-thirds of which was 
 insured. 
 
 1856. Edward Grantless, a marble cutter, of Glas- 
 gow, obtained a patent for a mode of making paper 
 of stone ! 
 
 1856. It was claimed that an excellent pulp for 
 paper was obtained by subjecting to a newly invented 
 process, the Scotch fern plant, the stems, stalks, and 
 even the roots of which possessed a strong fibre, which 
 was found to be peculiarly adapted to the manufacture 
 of a powerfully cohering paper pulp ; that the plants 
 might be used either green or dry, but the latter was 
 preferable. 
 
 13 
 
146 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 1856. Paper for wrapping purposes was made at a 
 mill near Hagarstown, Md., from refuse leather scrap- 
 ings about currier's shops. 
 
 1856. March 5. The mill of Leonard Whitney 
 & Son, at Watertown, Mass., was burnt. Loss 
 $12,000, half of which amount was insured. 
 
 1856. It was estimated that if all the paper con- 
 sumed in one year by the newspapers in the city of 
 New York was put upon wagons, containing two 
 tons each, they would form a procession thirty miles 
 in length, requiring 6,000 wagons. 
 
 1856. Lasare Ochs, of Belgium, patented a mode 
 of obtaining paper from cuttings, waste, and scraps of 
 tanned leather. The scraps were placed in sieves on 
 the ends of arms or spokes on a wheel, and then made 
 to revolve in a stream of water \ which operation, if 
 continued long enough, washed out the tannin from 
 the leather. After this about twenty per cent of old 
 hemp rope was mixed and the whole cut up and re- 
 duced to pulp, from which a coarse wrapping was the 
 result. A fair quality of paper was also obtained by 
 the usual process, it was claimed. 
 
 1856. Wm. Clark, of Dayton, O., patented im- 
 provements in making paper of the bark of the cotton 
 stalk. Instead of using lime or other alkalies, he boiled 
 coal tar with the material used, in a peculiar manner. 
 
 1856. Horace W. Peaslee, of Maiden Bridge, 
 N. Y., obtained a patent for a drying cylinder. He 
 employed a spiral tubular heater, upon a nonconduct- 
 ing cylinder, in combination with an exterior metallic 
 casing as set forth. 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 147 
 
 1856. The amount of paper imported into France 
 during this and the two preceding years, was 23,000 
 tons, having a value of about $7,500,000. The 
 amount exported was 114 tons, valued at $200,000. 
 
 1856. P. H. Wait, of Sandy Hill, N. Y., patented 
 an improvement in felt guides. 
 
 1856. Francis Burke, of Montserrat, West Indies, 
 invented a mode of preparing paper pulp from the 
 fibres of endogenous plants, without having recourse 
 to the process of separating the fibrous matter from 
 the component parts of vegetable substances, which 
 is described in Wells's Annual of Scientific Discovery 
 for 1857, P- 89- 
 
 1856. Pierre J. Davis, of Paris, patented an im- 
 provement in bleaching paper, which is described in 
 the same work as the above. Also, H. Hodgkins 
 of Belfast, Ireland. 
 
 1856. M. Didot, of Paris, patented a new method 
 of bleaching paper-pulp. He immersed the pulp in a 
 solution of bleaching liquor, made by saturating chlo- 
 ride of lime in water, and using the clear liquor, and 
 then passed carbonic acid gas through it. 
 
 1856. Cowley & Sullivan, of England, patented a 
 mode of bleaching straw pulp. The liquor (chlorine) 
 is \\ to 2° in Twaddle's hygrometer, in strength; 
 but a lower strength will not bleach the pulp, and a 
 stronger liquor will injure it, and not produce so good 
 a color. While the straw is undergoing bleaching, it 
 is carefully watched, and as soon as it assumes a red- 
 ish color, just merging on the white, a jet of steam 
 
148 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 is cautiously let on and continued two hours, until the 
 liquor has attained a blood heat, or 90°, which is kept 
 up about two hours longer, when the straw will be 
 completely bleached, and fit for the beating engine. 
 Unless the steam is gradually introduced, the color 
 will not be good. 
 
 1856. Vespasian O. Balcom, of Bedford, Mass- 
 achusetts, obtained a patent for an improvement in 
 grinding paper stock, which consisted of a revolving 
 pulp-tub, in combination with a grooved grinding 
 roller, revolved thereon at a greater or different speed 
 than the tub. 
 
 1856. Joseph Kingsland, Jr., of Franklin, N. J., 
 patented an improvement in the engine for grinding 
 pulp — a process of reducing fibrous matter in water 
 to pulp, by grinding it under hydraulic pressure, which 
 creates a current that feeds the fibres into the grinder, 
 and removes it therefrom as fast as it is sufficiently 
 reduced, and renders the feeding independent of the 
 grinding. 
 
 1856. The straw paper mill of John R. Hoes, at 
 Stuyvesant Falls, Columbia county, New York, was 
 destroyed by fire, with all the stock and machinery. 
 The loss was $8,000, there being no insurance upon 
 any part of it. 
 
 1856. The Overland Mail^ published at Hong 
 Kong, China, was printed on stout and heavy paper, 
 of fine texture, made from the shavings of bamboo. 
 
 1856. There were twenty paper mills with seventy- 
 five engines in the town of Lee, Mass. These con- 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 1 49 
 
 sumed 1,100,000 pounds of rags annually, and gave 
 employment to 1,000 people ; the quantity of paper 
 manufactured was 780,000 reams, worth $1,300,000. 
 Much of this was a cheap writing paper. 
 
 1856. July 31. The paper mill of G. W. Ingalls, 
 at Ballston Spa, was destroyed by fire. Loss $20,000 ; 
 insured $12,000. 
 
 1856. Israel Kinsey, of Hohokus, N. J., patented 
 an improvement in feeding pulp to machines. 
 
 1856. William Clark, of Dayton, Ohio, patented 
 a mode of making paper from straw. 
 
 1856. An English manufacturer produced paste- 
 board from beet roots. 
 
 1856. Dr. Terry, of Detroit, experimented upon 
 a species of moss obtained in the Lake Superior 
 region, and obtained a beautiful white paper, without 
 any peculiar process. The moss existed in great 
 quantities, on Isle Royal and other localities, and 
 could be procured at a very moderate cost. 
 
 1856. An unusual freshet occurred in the Kaya- 
 derosseras river, by which the paper mills situated 
 upon it suffered to great extent by the loss of their 
 dams or damage to the mills and machinery. 
 
 1856. The Syracuse Standard boasted that its issue 
 was printed on paper made of rags imported directly 
 from the land of the Pharaohs, on the banks of the 
 Nile. These were said to have been stripped from 
 the mummies. 
 
 1856. M. Maurice Diamont, of Bohemia, laid 
 before the minister of finance a project relative to the 
 
1 50 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 manufacture of paper from maize, or Turkish wheat, 
 and experiments were made at the imperial manu- 
 factory, which resulted in the production of various 
 kinds of writing and printing paper, but at consider- 
 able additional expense over rag made paper. Another 
 attempt was made three years later, with better 
 success ; but the result was still unsatisfactory. A 
 manufactory was then established at Temesvar to 
 obviate the expense of transportation of the raw 
 material ; but the experiments were unsuccessful. 
 (See 1862.)- 
 
 1856. The quantity of exports reimported into 
 Great Britain, was 50 tons. 
 
 1857. Messrs. Laflin Brothers disposed of their 
 extensive paper mill at Herkimer, New York, for 
 $70,000, to the Kent Paper company, an unsuccessful 
 enterprise. 
 
 1857. It was announced that a new mode of prepar- 
 ing straw for white paper had been discovered, which 
 was expected to become valuable. 
 
 1857. The paper mills of Russia, 181 in number, 
 gave employment to 11,730 persons, and produced 
 paper to the value of $3,250,000. 
 
 1857. Edward B. Bingham, of Brooklyn, N. Y., 
 made an improvement in the cylinder machine, con- 
 sisting in the employment of an endless apron, placed 
 at each end of the cylinder, and close to it, and having 
 a traversing motion to that of the cylinder ; the apron 
 laying the pulp like a cross-lap on a web of cotton 
 batting, thereby rendering the paper made by such 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 1 5 1 
 
 machine much stronger, and of a more uniform text- 
 ure. 
 
 1857. Louis Koch, of New York city, patented 
 an improvement in the manufacture of paste-board, 
 
 1857. J- S. Blake, of Claremont, N. H., obtained 
 a patent for an improvement in making paper, which 
 was designed to embrace a superior method of trim- 
 ming the edges of the paper cut from the pulp, the 
 proper discharging of the strips cut from it, and the 
 keeping of the felt apron properly distended, to prevent 
 creasing the paper, and preventing considerable waste. 
 
 1857. J- A- R° tn > °f Philadelphia, patented the 
 combined application of sulphuric acid upon woody 
 fibres, with that of the chlorine bleaching agents. 
 
 1857. Patrick Clark, of Rahway, N. J<, patented 
 a mode of cleaning felts and cylinders with the water 
 that has been separated from the pulp, thus avoiding 
 the necessity of introducing for that purpose water 
 from any other source, into the machine. 
 
 1857. F. Sturgis, of Carlowville, Ala., patented 
 a process of manufacturing pulp from the bark of the 
 root and stalk of the cotton plant. 
 
 1857. Mons. A. C. Mellier, of France, patented 
 a mode of making pulp, by boiling in a solution of 
 caustic soda in a temperature not less than 310 0 Fahr., 
 after it had been soaked and cleaned, and before sub- 
 mitting it to the action of a solution of chloride of 
 lime , and the use of a rotary vessel separate from that 
 containing the steam heat. 
 
 1857. A paper mill at Nassau, Rensselaer county, 
 
152 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 N. Y., was destroyed by fire. It belonged to A. P. 
 Van Alstyne, and was uninsured. Loss estimated at 
 $12,000. 
 
 1857. H. Collyer, of Camden, N. J., claimed 
 the exclusive use and employment for making paper 
 and paper manufactures, in any combination or pro- 
 portion whatsoever of the residue prepared, so as to 
 retain and preserve the albumino-mucilaginous sub- 
 stance, or in any other manner substantially the same 
 as of beet-root, mangel-wurtzel, and other species of 
 the genus beta, left after the sugar-making and distill- 
 ing processes have extracted the saccharine matter. 
 
 1857. A company was formed with a capital of 
 $400,000, for the manufacture of paper in Havana, 
 Cuba. The enterprise was induced by the great 
 consumption of paper in that island, and the high 
 price it commanded. 
 
 1857. The paper of the notes of the Bank of 
 England was distinguished by its color — a peculiar 
 white, such as was neither sold in the shops nor used 
 for any other purpose \ by its thinness and trans- 
 parency, qualities which prevented any of the printed 
 part of the note from being washed out by turpentine, 
 or removed by the knife, without making a hole in the 
 place thus practiced on ; by its characteristic feel, a 
 peculiar crispness and toughness, by which those ac- 
 customed to handle it distinguished the true notes 
 instantly ; the wire or water-mark, which was pro- 
 duced on the paper when in the state of pulp, and 
 which was easily distinguished from a mark stamped 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 1 53 
 
 on after the paper was completed ; the deckle edges — 
 the mold contained two notes placed lengthwise, 
 which were separated by a knife at a future state of 
 the process — this deckle producing the peculiar 
 effect seen on the edges of uncut paper, and this 
 edging being caused when the paper was in a state of 
 pulp, precluded any successful imitation after the 
 paper was made ; also by the strength of the paper, 
 which was made from new cotton and linen. In its 
 waterleaf or unsized condition, a bank note would 
 sustain 36 pounds \ and when one grain of size had 
 been diffused through it, it would lift 100 pounds. 
 
 1857. L. C. Stuart took out a patent in England 
 for an improvement in drying sized paper, which con- 
 sisted in passing it over and between a series of oblong 
 cylinders, placed one above the other, and having 
 their surfaces perforated with small holes, through 
 which currents of graduated heated air were forced, 
 which escaped and came in contact with both sides 
 of the paper after leaving the sizing vat. The series 
 of cylinders and the paper between them were exposed 
 to the open air, so that the vapor should be free to 
 escape, and not run with the paper to be again ab- 
 sorbed by them. The novelty of this improvement 
 consisted solely in the perforated cylinders, as the em- 
 ployment of steam-heated rollers for the same purpose 
 was common in this country. 
 
 1857. House & Co., paper manufacturers at Had- 
 dam Neck, C, made experiments with ivory shavings, 
 and produced a quantity of paper upon which a part 
 
154 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 of an edition of the Connecticut Courant was printed. 
 The paper was said to be inferior to rag paper, but it 
 was thought that it could be improved upon. The 
 fact was, undoubtedly, that there was just enough 
 ivory shavings used to spoil it, as has been the case 
 with most of the samples produced of paper made of 
 new substances in part. 
 
 1857. William N. Clark, of Chester, Conn., ob- 
 tained a patent for the use of ivory as stock to make 
 pulp for the manufacture of paper. 
 
 1857. A paper mill was burnt at Brattleborougta 
 Vt., early in September, belonging to Esty. 
 
 1857. I* appears by the returns of the paper tax in 
 Great Britain, which is three cents a pound, that the 
 whole amount of paper manufactured in that country 
 during this year was 191, 000,000 pounds. 
 
 1857. J une l 9* The paper mill of James Howard 
 & Co., at Manchester, near Pittsburgh, was burned 
 with all its contents. It was the work of an incendiary. 
 The loss was $25,000, and the insurance $10,000. 
 
 1857. Samples of writing paper, said to be of very 
 excellent quality, were exhibited at an industrial exhi- 
 bition in Vienna, manufactured from the leaves of 
 Indian corn. (See 1828.) 
 
 1857. The importation of rags into the United 
 States was 44,582,080 pounds, valued at $1,448,125. 
 Of 35,591 bales from Italian ports, more than one- 
 third were linen ; the rest a mixture of cotton and linen. 
 About 2,000 bales were from the cities of Hamburg 
 and Bremen. The exportation of rags from France 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making, 155 
 
 and Rome was prohibited, and the few procured from 
 Ancona were obtained by special permission upon the 
 payment of large fees. The trade with Prussia and 
 Germany was also prohibited by the high export duty. 
 The exports from Alexandria and Smyrna were chiefly 
 collected in Asia Minor by agents having license from 
 the government, and could only be shipped after the 
 domestic demand was supplied. In Trieste also, only 
 the surplus was allowed to come away. The Trieste 
 rags were collected all over Hungary. The largest 
 shipping port was Leghorn. New York and Boston 
 were the largest receiving ports. 
 
 1857. J une » All the old books, papers, drafts, 
 checks, letters which had been preserved in the United 
 States Bank, in the long course of its immense busi- 
 ness, were sold at Philadelphia to a paper maker, to 
 be worked over into blank paper. The whole mass 
 weighed over forty tons. Ten tons of it consisted of 
 autograph letters of the first statesmen, politicans and 
 financiers of this and other countries. 
 
 1857. E. Gaine, of England, invented and 
 
 patented parchment paper. He discovered that when 
 paper is exposed to a mixture of two parts of concen- 
 trated sulphuric acid and one part of water for no 
 longer time than is required to draw it through the 
 fluid, it is immediately converted into a strong, skin- 
 like material. It must be instantly washed with 
 water. 1 
 
 1 It has been found that common unsized paper, if immersed in a 
 solution of sulphuric acid — three parts of water to one of acid — and 
 
156 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 1857. J ames Brown patented in England a mode 
 of treating paper and paper material with glycerine, 
 for printing and other purposes. 
 
 1858. Feb. 24. The paper mill at North Benning- 
 ton, Vt., was burnt, with all the stock and machinery, 
 involving a loss of $30,000, of which only $6,000 was 
 insured. It was owned by Houghton & Graves. 
 
 1858, Mr. Barry, manufacturer of a substitute for 
 paper from animal substances, was prosecuted by the 
 crown, in England, for not having taken out a paper 
 maker's license, and for not submitting his works to 
 the usual discipline of the excise. The defendant 
 contended that the article in question, being manufac- 
 tured from hides, was parchment, and not paper. It 
 so much resembled parchment, that a good many 
 acquainted with such fabrics could not discover the 
 difference. The court decided that the article being 
 in the nature of paper, was paper within the meaning 
 
 suffered to remain there three minutes, becomes, when taken out and 
 well washed in cold water, almost exactly like parchment. It shrinks 
 somewhat, but it is increased fully eight fold in strength, while no 
 change in its weight takes place. A number of scientific men in this 
 city, professional and amateur, have been experimenting on it, and with 
 the most astonishing results. It has been brought before the Academy of 
 Natural Sciences and the Franklin Institute, and the accomplished gentle- 
 men of those institutions confess that they are wholly unable to account 
 for the change that is produced in the paper by this very simple process. 
 The only thing known is that the change takes place, and that the 
 commonest kind of paper acquires all the properties of parchment. 
 There must be care taken in its preparation, and the paper, before 
 drying, must be ironed, or calendered ; but nothing else is necessary. — 
 Philadelphia Bulletin 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 157 
 
 of the act, and the jury finding for the crown, the 
 damages were put at <£ioo. 
 
 1858. Thomas Bonsor Crompton, the English 
 paper manufacturer, died, at the age of 66, leaving a 
 very large fortune. Besides the Farnworth Paper 
 Mills, he became the proprietor of the extensive 
 manufactory at Worthington ; supplied the principal 
 newspapers and merchants of London with paper ; 
 invented the continuous drying apparatus now in 
 general use ; was also an extensive manufacturer of 
 cotton, and for some time the proprietor of the Morn- 
 ing Post, and other newspapers. Indefatigable in 
 business, he was at the same time an ardent sports- 
 man, public-spirited, a conservative in politics, and 
 noted for his hospitality. — Jppleton's Cyclopedia. 
 
 1858. The oldest rag picker in Paris, died at the 
 age of ninety-one. This old man, like most of his 
 profession, was once rich, and his money being squan- 
 dered, he fell down the ladder of society, rung by 
 rung, until he reached the bottom. He was well 
 educated, and his brethren of the rag tie, looked up 
 to him with respect. The rag pickers reserved him a 
 number of streets into which no one was allowed to 
 venture on his picking excursions, and gave him a 
 monthly allowance of pocket money for his gin and 
 tobacco. His comrades buried him, and his funeral 
 was largely attended by rag pickers. 
 
 1858. Stephen Rossman,of Stuyvesant, New York, 
 invented a lifting-roll to prevent the breaking or tear- 
 ing of the paper as it passes from the upper of the 
 14 
 
158 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 second press-rollers to the dryer. This was attained 
 by passing the web of paper between the lifting-roll 
 and the upper press-roll. The slight cohesion of the 
 web to the roll eases it off, and prevents it breaking, 
 and if a slight break should occur in the web, it pre- 
 vents the edge of the break from being carried under 
 the doctor, and thereby increased. It was claimed 
 that it effected a great increase in the quantity of 
 paper produced in a given time, by saving nearly all 
 the time that is expended when breakages of the web 
 occur. — Scientific American. 
 
 1858. A patent was reissued to Ladd & Keen, as- 
 signees of Watt & Burgess, of England, for a mode 
 of pulping or disintegrating shavings of wood and 
 other similar vegetable matter for making paper. 
 
 1858. J. & R. McMurray, of New York, patented 
 an invention, the object of which was to obtain a very 
 rigid frame, that would retain its form, so as to ensure 
 a perfect cylindrical wire-cloth surface — designed to 
 be used in paper machines, but applicable to other 
 purposes also. 
 
 1858. S. S. Mills, of Charleston, S. C, patented a 
 machine for separating the fibre from pulp in hemp 
 leaves. The invention consisted in the use of a shred- 
 ding cylinder, heckling device, and scutching cylinder, 
 in connection with reciprocating clamps, or holders, 
 arranged so that the separation of the fibrous portion 
 of the leaves of hemp from the soft, pulpy portion, is 
 readily effected, and in a perfect manner. 
 
 1858. Charles Marzoni, assignor of J. Gandolfi, 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 159 
 
 patented the use of " the peculiar stone called ada- 
 mantine," as a means of tearing the woody fibre into 
 a state suitable for pulp. 
 
 1858. March 3. The paper mill of S. A. Parks & 
 Co., at Ballston, was destroyed by fire at night. 
 
 1858. March 18. The paper mill of the Westville 
 Manufacturing Company in North Amherst, Mass., 
 was destroyed by fire. The building and machinery 
 were insured for $4,000. 
 
 1858. The Housatonic paper mill of Platner & 
 Smith, at Lee, Mass., was burnt. Loss estimated at 
 $150,000, on which there was an insurance of nearly 
 $30,000. It was one of the most costly mills in New 
 England, the proprietors having procured the most 
 perfect machinery that could be obtained. 
 
 1858. May 4. The paper mill of Messrs. Hanna 
 & Sons, at Steubenville, Ohio, was burned. Loss 
 estimated at $50,000 ; insured for $9,000. 
 
 1858. May 24. The paper mill of Croswell & 
 Son, near the village of New Baltimore, Greene 
 county, N. Y., was destroyed by fire, together with 
 $1,000 worth of paper. The loss was about $1 5,000. 
 
 1858. At a meeting in Leipsic of the Booksellers 
 and Publishers Union, it was unanimously determined 
 to erect at their own cost, a paper mill, in consequence 
 of the extortionate prices demanded by manufacturers, 
 and the combination among them to keep it at the 
 great price to which they had raised it. 
 
 1858. Sept. 14. A paper mill at Chatham Four 
 Corners with the dwelling house and outhouses be- 
 
160 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 longing to it were burnt, and an old man named Levy 
 Garvey was with difficulty rescued from the flames. 
 The mill belonged to Mr. Isaacson. 
 
 1858. Henry Lowe stated that previous to his in- 
 vention it had been found impossible, practically, to 
 manufacture paper from reeds ; he now obtained a 
 patent for a mode of producing reed fibre from arundi- 
 naria macro-sperma of Michaux, and its employment 
 in the manufacture of paper. 
 
 1858. Henry Lowe, of Baltimore, patented a mode 
 of making paper from reeds, by first disintegrating the 
 reeds by boiling in a solution of caustic soda, accom- 
 panied by agitation, and then reducing them directly 
 to pulp without reducing to half stuff by the machine 
 technically called the old rag engine. 
 
 1858. Sept. 20. David Carson, an eminent paper 
 maker, died at Pittsfield, Mass., aged 75. He esta- 
 blished himself in business 
 at Dalton in 181 1, and 
 during a period of thirty- 
 one years obtained a wide- 
 spread reputation as a 
 manufacturer. He had 
 retired with a competency 
 in 1842. 
 
 1858. Aug. 12. The 
 paper-mill on Bath island, near Niagara Falls, was 
 entirely destroyed by fire. Loss about $100,000. 
 The New York Tribune was supplied by this mill. 
 
 1858 An effort was made to introduce the residue 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 1 6 1 
 
 of beet root from the sugar manufactories of Europe 
 for paper stock, Dr. Collyer having patented a mode 
 of producing paper from that material. 
 
 1858. Martin Nixon, of Philadelphia, patented an 
 improvement in the preparation of straw for pulp, 
 which consisted in applying the steam whereby the 
 solution was automatically and continuously delivered 
 on top of the straw ; and the process of boiling the 
 whole straw by the combined action of an upward 
 current of steam, and a downward current of alkaline 
 solution, permeating the mass, and acting upon it in 
 conjunction. 
 
 1858. Nov. 24. The storehouse connected with 
 the extensive paper mill of Tileston & Hollingsworth, 
 Milton, Mass., was destroyed by fire. Loss $20,000 ; 
 insured $10,000. 
 
 1858. A water-proof packing paper was brought 
 into use in England, consisting of common paper 
 covered with a very thin coat of gutta percha, dis- 
 solved in turpentine and put on the paper in a liquid 
 form with rollers. 
 
 1858. D. Lichtenstadt obtained a patent in England 
 for making pulp for paper and other fabrics from 
 leather or any kind of animal fibrine, whether in 
 large or small pieces, shavings or shreds, either tanned 
 or untanned. The fibrine was first cleaned by being 
 mixed for about two hours in a composition of water, 
 caustic lime, and potash ; then washed in cold water, 
 and mixed with gypsum, or alumina, when it was 
 ready for the pulping engine. When in the tanned 
 
l62 
 
 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 state, it was treated with caustic lime or limy matter 
 mixed with sal ammoniac, ammonia, or ammoniacal 
 compounds, to extract the tannin, and afterwards 
 washed successively in an acid liquid and water to 
 remove the caustic liquor, when it was pressed and 
 converted into pulp in the usual way. 
 
 1858. Thomas Lindsay, of Westville, and William 
 Geddes, of Seymour, Conn., invented a mode of vary- 
 ing the width of paper while the machine was in 
 operation. The invention consisted in having the lip 
 or basin which conducts the pulp from the endless wire- 
 apron constructed in two parts, so that one part may 
 slide over the other, and having the parts connected 
 with the deckles, which, as well as the deckle-straps, 
 were by a novel mechanism rendered susceptible of 
 lateral adjustment. 
 
 1858. Isaac N. Crehore and Francis Stiles patented 
 an improved lead plate, composed of sheet-metal knives, 
 corrugated, or formed with a series of angles, or curved 
 lines, through their entire length, for a rag engine ; the 
 lead plate in use being objectionable from its liability 
 to breakage, and the difficulty of repairing it when 
 once injured or broken at any point. 
 . 1858. Oct. 3. The extensive paper mill of 
 Thomas Rice, Jr., at Newton Lower Falls, Mass., 
 was totally destroyed by fire ; loss nearly $15,000, 
 insured. 
 
 1858. June 30. There was a decrease of six million 
 pounds in the quantity of paper charged with duty in 
 Great Britain in the half year ending with this date, 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 1 63 
 
 against 1857, the relative quantities being 99,483,635 
 pounds, and 93,462,130 pounds. 
 
 1859. P a P er was so scarce in Madrid that several 
 printing offices were forced to suspend business, and 
 the journals pressed the government to allow foreign 
 paper to be imported free, or at a greatly reduced duty. 
 
 1859. J onn Meyerhofer, of the city of New York, 
 claimed an improvement in making paper impervious 
 to water, mixing the alkaline solution of rosin with 
 the pulp, and then adding what is known as English 
 sulphuric acid ; and after the sheets have been formed, 
 drying them in contact with heated metallic surfaces. 
 
 1859. Morris L. Keen, of Rogers Ford, Pa., claimed 
 an improvement in boilers for making pulp from wood ; 
 for boiling, underpressure, wood and ligneous materials 
 for making paper pulp, constructed with an expansion 
 chamber, stirrers and discharge valve. 
 
 1859. Martin Nixon, of Philadelphia, patented an 
 improvement in boilers for treating paper stock : the 
 boiler constructed to boil stock under a heavy pressure, 
 by the combined action of an upward current of steam, 
 and a downward current of hot alkaline solution, and 
 admitting of the ready inversion of the boiler for the 
 discharge of its contents when cooled. 
 
 1859. falser & Howland, of Fort Edward, claimed 
 an improvement by boiling straw or other stock for 
 about four hours under a pressure of from 110 to 130 
 pounds, in a solution of caustic alkali, of a strength 
 indicating from 3J 0 to 3! 0 R. 
 
 1859. Palser & Howland patented improvements 
 in apparatus for the manufacture of pulp. 
 
164 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 1859. The quantity of paper charged with duties 
 of excise in the British kingdom, was 217,827,197 
 pounds, the exports were 20,142,350 pounds. 
 
 1859. Crocker & Marshall, of Lawrence, Massa- 
 chusetts, patented a combination of internally-heated 
 drying cylinders, with a steam-box for the purpose of 
 continuously first thoroughly drying paper, and then 
 superficially moistening it, by the direct application of 
 steam prior to the operation of calendering ; second, 
 the combination of steam-boxes so arranged as to 
 moisten paper superficially by the steam therein con- 
 tained, with rolls which calender by pressure. 
 
 1860. F. De Compoloro, of France, obtained a 
 patent for an improvement in the manufacture of pulp, 
 claiming the employment of the cobs of Indian corn, 
 either alone or with the husks. 
 
 i860. The number of mills in the United States 
 had increased to 555, according to the census, em- 
 ploying a capital of $14,000,000, and having a total 
 annual product of $21,000,000 — giving employment 
 to 1 1,000 persons. — Paper Trade Journal. It also 
 appeared by the census that the United States pro- 
 duced annually more paper than either Great Britain 
 or France, and the annual consumption was computed 
 to exceed that of both those countries together. 
 
 i860. Jordan & Keney (in connection with Grant, 
 Warren & Co.), claimed a reissue for an improvement 
 in machines for grinding and sizing paper-pulp — con- 
 structed of a simple conical grinder and outer shell, 
 and with pipes for the introduction of the rags and 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 165 
 
 size, and the eduction of both, arranged with reference 
 to the axis and ends of the grinder, so as to enable it 
 to reduce the rags to pulp and mix the sizing therewith. 
 
 1 860. The patent of Messrs. Kendall expired, which 
 had been taken out in 1846, for bleaching paper pulp. 
 
 i860. Xavier Karcheski, of New York city, 
 patented an improvement in the manufacture of vege- 
 table parchment ; claiming the application to certain 
 parts of the paper, of starch or some other gelatinous 
 substance, either plain or colored, for the purpose of 
 producing a vegetable parchment, equal, or nearly so, 
 in strength, to the animal parchment, and of a uniform 
 transparency, with indellible water-marks, in such a 
 manner that it could be used with particular advantage 
 for bank bills and other paper of the same character. 
 
 i860. The paper manufactured in Massachusetts 
 amounted to nearly six millions of dollars, which was 
 over 58 per cent of the product of the whole Union 
 ten years earlier. 
 
 i860. The Messrs. Smart, of Troy, N. Y., claimed 
 an improvement in the manufacture of straw paper, 
 which consisted in treating the fibre for making white 
 paper by the successive operations of boiling, washing, 
 and separating, or beating, and then applying the 
 chemicals used for bleaching to the pulp. 
 
 i860. Thomas G. Chase claimed to have made 
 further improvements in rendering paper incorrodible, 
 by the interposition of a mixed powder of calcined 
 feldspar, sulphate of lime, with the metallic oxide of 
 magnesium, calcium, and iron, between the block of 
 
i66 
 
 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 caustic alkali coated with paraffine and rosin and the 
 paraffine wrapper. He also claimed the composition 
 of paraffine and rosin for the purposes described. 
 
 i860. Howland & Palser, of Fort Edward, N. Y., 
 patented an improvement in the preparation of straw 
 for paper pulp. Their staple fibre, as they termed it, 
 was made from common rye or wheat straw, or other 
 stalks. In preparing it, the substance was first cut 
 into short lengths by machinery, and winnowed to 
 remove impurities, then crushed and abraded by being 
 passed between iron rollers, after which it went through 
 a process of steaming, boiling, etc. 
 
 i860. Messrs. Howland & Palser claimed a reissue 
 for an improvement in the manufacture of paper pulp, 
 in the destruction or carbonization of the gummy, 
 resinous, and other matters from which the fibre is to 
 be set free, without injury to the fibre itself. 
 
 i860. Edward L. Perkins claimed a reissue for an 
 improvement in machines for drying paper and other 
 fabrics, consisting of the combination of a drying 
 chamber with inlet and outlet passages for insuring a 
 circulation through it, an apparatus for heating the 
 same, and suitable carrying-rolls for suspending the 
 fabric vertically in the drying-chamber, and for carry- 
 ing it into and through the same. 
 
 i860. This year was unusually disastrous to paper 
 mills, by fire and explosions. The paper mill of Sam- 
 uel Hanna, in West Fitchburg, Mass., was partially 
 destroyed by fire ; loss about $ 2,000. The paper mill 
 of Wm. Clark & Co., at Northampton, Mass., was 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 1 67 
 
 destroyed by fire ; loss upwards of $40,000 ; insured 
 $41,000. The paper mill of Goss & Russel at Dover 
 mills, Mass., was burnt. The Greenleaf & Taylor 
 paper mill was burnt at Springfield, Mass. ; loss 
 $25,000, insured $18,000. A paper mill at Ashland, 
 
 owned by Morse, was destroyed by fire ; there 
 
 was an insurance of $8,000 on the building and stock. 
 The paper mill at Saccarappa, owned by Josiah F. Day, 
 of Portland, was burnt : the building was about 100 
 feet long and four stories high : loss estimated at 
 $25,000 ; insured for $19,700. A steam boiler in the 
 paper mill of Platner & Smith, at Lee, Mass., was 
 destroyed by explosion. A workman was dangerously 
 injured ; the damage to property was about $600. 
 
 i860. Ephraim and John R. Cushman obtained a 
 patent for an improvement in the manufacture of 
 leather-paper stock ; which consisted in heating the 
 stock while it was in the beating engine, and removing 
 the impurities as they arose. 
 
 i860. The rapid increase in the consumption of 
 paper, especially of all kinds of book and news paper, 
 during the period of a quarter of a century, was with- 
 out a parallel \ yet it was almost wholly supplied by 
 American manufacturers. The long established policy 
 of the government, combining revenue with the en- 
 couragement of home industry, had drawn a very large 
 capital into this branch of business, and the production 
 of paper fully kept pace with the demand. Notwith- 
 standing the fact that capital and labor were so much 
 cheaper in Europe than here, prices of paper ruled so 
 
1 68 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 low in this country, that under a revenue duty of 
 twenty-four per cent — the rate for many years prior 
 to this time* — the quantity imported was never very 
 large, and was pretty much confined to French writing 
 papers. Competition reduced the profits below the 
 average of other branches of manufacture ; the market 
 also became overstocked, and prices at this time were 
 reduced beyond precedent, resulting in an actual loss, 
 and many mills were compelled to close business. 
 
 i860. About sixty-five per cent of the whole 
 amount of paper stock was derived from domestic rags 
 of cotton fabric, and twelve per cent from cotton 
 waste, and rope and bagging used in baling cotton. 
 
 i860. Ebenezer Clemo, of Toronto, Canada, 
 patented a mode of using nitric acid, the aqua fortis of 
 commerce, in the conversion of straw and grasses into 
 pulp \ and for a subsequent treatment with a solution 
 of hydrate or carbonate of an alkali, for the purpose of 
 reducing the stock to a fine fibrous pulp, without sub- 
 jecting it to the beating or other mechanical operation. 
 
 i860. The census returns reported the consumption 
 of five million dollars worth of paper, ink, &c, per 
 annum, in the city of New York, producing over 
 eleven million dollars worth of books, newspapers, 
 &c, employing more capital than any other business. 
 
 i860. Another plant, suitable for the manufacture 
 of paper, was declared of easy growth in Algeria — 
 the hibiscus esculentus, resembling the flax plant, also 
 admirably adapted for the manufacture of coarse linen, 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 169 
 
 being far stronger than cotton. Its culture was highly 
 recommended in the African colonies, to replace the 
 deficiency of rags, so severely felt. 
 
 i860. A new kind of paper for making cigarettes 
 was discovered, and a manufactory established in Al- 
 giers for working this new invention. The paper in 
 question was made from the refuse stalks and portions 
 of the leaves which had been hitherto thrown away 
 or burnt as useless. It was calculated that the value 
 of the rags from which the paper for the cigarettes 
 had been usually made, amounted annually to from 
 9,000,000 to 10,000,000 francs. 
 
 i860. It was reported that England at this time 
 required upwards of 120,000 tons of rags yearly, a 
 large proportion of which were derived from foreign 
 sources. 
 
 i860. In all the countries of Western Europe, in- 
 cluding Holland, Belgium, France, Spain and Portu- 
 gal, the export of rags and other paper- making ma- 
 terial was prohibited, and an artificial cheapness thus 
 produced ; so that rags which were 3d. per pound in 
 England, cost but \\d. in France. 
 
 i860. Joseph Storm, of Woonsocket, R. L, patent- 
 ed an improvement in paper-rag engines, or rag- 
 pickers, of which an engraving is given in the Scientific 
 American of March 17, i860. 
 
 i860. A step towards the final cessation of paper 
 duties in England was made by the house of com- 
 mons, in the import duties of paper, as follows : 
 
170 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 Mill-Boards, 
 
 per cwt., £j 
 
 OLD. 
 
 3 4 
 
 £0 
 
 NEW. 
 
 16 0 
 
 Pasteboard, 
 
 do - 1 
 
 3 4 
 
 0 
 
 15 0 
 
 Brown paper, 
 
 do - - I 
 
 3 4 
 
 0 
 
 16 0 
 
 Paper hangings 
 
 , do 1 
 
 8 0 
 
 0 
 
 14 0 
 
 Fancy papers, 
 
 do - - 1 
 
 3 4 
 
 0 
 
 16 0 
 
 Waste paper, 
 
 do - 1 
 
 3 4 
 
 0 
 
 16 0 
 
 The duty w 
 
 hich was established 
 
 in the 
 
 reij 
 
 gn of 
 
 Queen Anne, the house of commons, by a majority 
 of fifty-three, resolved to repeal. 
 
 i860. Stephen M. Allen, of Niagara Falls, N. Y., 
 claimed a new mode of treating fibrous materials, 
 such as flax, hemp, jute, manilla, grass, sugar-cane, 
 &c, in subjecting them to the action of air charged 
 with moisture of vapor. 
 
 i860. May. The machinery for the first paper 
 mill in Minnesota, arrived at the Falls of St. Anthony, 
 where it was proposed to erect a manufactory. The 
 consumption of paper in St. Paul was estimated at 
 over fifty tons a year. 
 
 i860. There was exhibited in England a sheet of 
 tissue paper which measured four miles (21,000 feet) 
 in length, and six feet and three inches in breadth, 
 the weight of which was but 196 pounds. It was 
 manufactured in 12 hours. 
 
 i860. The quantity of paper supplied to the station- 
 ery office in London during the year ending March 
 31, was 3,601,119 pounds. The comptroller calcu- 
 lated that there was a saving to government, by the 
 repeal of the paper duty, of £12,000. The sales of 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 171 
 
 waste paper during the same period, amounted to 
 £6,269, which was £1,000 more than any previous 
 year. — Bookseller, May 26, i860, p. 282. 
 
 i860. Although the trade in paper collars was yet 
 in its infancy, there was manufactured in Boston 
 alone, 600,000. (See 1870.) 
 
 i860. C. S. Buchanan, of Ballston Spa, patented 
 an improvement in boilers for preparing paper stuff: 
 
 1. The combination with a rotary boiler, or vessel, 
 of a cylindrical strainer arranged within the boiler. 
 
 2. In rotary boilers, provided with cylindrical and con- 
 centric strainers, he claimed the construction and ar- 
 rangement of ribs in the form of gutters. 3. He 
 claimed providing the hollow journals of boilers con- 
 structed to operate as described, by rotation with a 
 tubular plug capable of being shifted on its axis, such 
 plug having one or more openings at the inner end so 
 arranged as to allow of their coinciding with the 
 channels or ways on the boiler heads, for the dis- 
 charge from the boiler of liquid or steam, or both. 
 
 i860. J. L. Jullion, of Aberdeen, Scotland, ob- 
 tained a patent in this country for an inprovement in 
 the preparation of paper. He used compounds, pre- 
 pared by precipitation, from watery or other solution 
 of earths and acids, to consolidate and harden paper. 
 2. The use of chloride or oxy-chloride of zinc with 
 glutinous matter as a size for paper. 3. The use of 
 any of the before-mentioned prepared inorganic bodies, 
 mixed with the sizing agent, to facilitate the absorption 
 of writing and printing ink. 
 
# 
 
 172 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 1 86 1. July 20. The paper mill of Hunter and 
 Patton, at North Bennington, Vt., was wholly de- 
 stroyed by fire. Loss $20,000; insured $18,000. 
 The mill had been closed three weeks, and the fire 
 was attributed to spontaneous combustion. 
 
 1861. James Piercy, of Bloomfield, N. J., patented 
 an improvement in washers for pulp. 
 
 1 86 1. J. E. Malloy, of New York city, patented an 
 improvement in the preparation of fibre, claiming a pro- 
 cess of separating fibre from fibre-yielding plants, 
 consisting of the separate and successive steps of 
 combining, rubbing and washing the plants in cold 
 water ; the whole forming one continuous operation 
 performed while the fibre is fresh and the plant un- 
 desiccated. 
 
 1 86 1. J. H. Patterson, of Schaghticoke, patented 
 an improvement for drying pasteboards, designed to 
 facilitate the curing or drying wet paper or pasteboard 
 sheets, by placing them in frames. 
 
 1861. Feb. 13. At a meeting of paper manufacturers 
 at Pittsfield, Mass., to consult upon the depressed 
 condition of the trade, twenty-one of the thirty-six 
 fine writing paper mills of the country, and three- 
 fourths of the capital invested (some $4,000,000), 
 were represented. It appeared that the production of 
 fine paper had been doubled within the previous ten 
 years. An association was formed for the purpose 
 of securing the members from the recurrence of a 
 similar glut in the market, and it was decided, that 
 for three months from the first of March, the pro- 
 duction should be reduced one-third. 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 173 
 
 1 86 1. It was estimated that 60,000 tons of kaoline 
 were used in the manufacture of paper in Europe. 
 
 1 86 1. Barne and Blandel, of Nantes, France, in 
 the progress of experiments with wood fibre, patented 
 a process based upon the action of nitric acid, which 
 was made to act upon the moistened wood with ap- 
 plication of heat, the resulting destruction of incrust- 
 ing matters rendering the fibre soft and pliant. 
 
 1 86 1. Joseph Jordan, Jr., of East Hartford, Conn., 
 obtained a patent for an improvement in mills for 
 grinding pulps by a peculiar arrangement of the knives. 
 
 1861. Experiments having been made with success 
 at Baltimore, for converting the cane of the southern 
 swamps into paper stock, mills were erected at Wil- 
 mington, N. C, for preparing the fibre upon a large 
 scale for supplying paper mills. 
 
 1 86 1 . Gelston Sanford, of New York city, patented 
 an improvement in mills for grinding pulp. He con- 
 structed the side of conical-shaped staves, with rough- 
 ened surfaces, set alternately in reverse position, so 
 that the space between them can be adjusted as set 
 forth, in combination with the serrated rubbers. 
 
 1 86 1. Henry Lowe, of Baltimore, Md., obtained a 
 patent for an improvement in the process of recovering 
 soda used in the manufacture of stock. He reclaimed 
 the soda from the spent solution of caustic soda after 
 its action upon reeds, straw, or other fibrous material, 
 by charging the solution with carbonic acid gas, in 
 a suitable vessel, so that the organic matter will be 
 precipitated. 
 
 15 
 
174 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 1 86 1. Oct. i. The excise and import duty upon 
 paper in England was abolished, (See London Pub- 
 lishers' Circular, October, 1861.) 
 
 1 86 1. Harlow Kilmer, one of the proprietors of the 
 manilla paper manufacturing company, at Rock City, 
 Saratoga county, slipped from the wheel and was 
 caught in the cog gearing of the machinery, and his 
 body cut entirely in two. He was 50 years of age. 
 
 1 86 1. The state of Georgia having seceded from 
 the United States, the Macon Telegraph, which had 
 been printed upon paper manufactured in Georgia and 
 South Carolina during the previous three years, was 
 now printed on paper imported from Belgium. 
 
 1861. May 29. A paper mill at Lee, Mass., 
 owned by Prentice C. Baird, was burnt with all its 
 contents. There was an insurance of $14,000 on it. 
 
 1 86 1. June 11. The straw paper mill of G. Chit- 
 tenden & Son, at Stockport, Columbia county, N. Y., 
 was destroyed by fire, together with 500 reams of 
 paper and 300 tons of straw. Loss estimated at 
 $15,000, of which $4,000 was insured. 
 
 1 86 1. There were 15 paper mills in the seceded 
 states, which produced 75,000 pounds of paper daily, 
 while the consumption was over 150,000 pounds, and 
 the entire suspension of newspapers was apprehended. 
 
 1861. T. H. Dodge, of Washington, D. C, 
 patented an improvement in letter paper, which con- 
 sisted in tinting the whole or a portion of the blank 
 side, and combining with it the official embossed 
 postage stamps. 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 175 
 
 1 86 1. A. Randel, of New York city, patented an 
 improvement in preparing stock, by a combination of 
 differentially moving crushing rollers with the shred- 
 ing cylinder and spiked concave. 
 
 1 86 1. Straw paper, which was first made in Phila- 
 delphia in 1854, of a poor quality, was now so much 
 improved as to be used by one of the daily papers. 
 There were two or more manufacturers in New York 
 state, and one in Cincinnati. 
 
 1 86 1. Benjamin Lambert, of England, patented an 
 improvement in the treatment of printed paper to 
 remove ink and recover the pulp, to render it fit to be 
 remade into paper. 
 
 1 86 1. Moritz Diamant, an Austrian, invented a 
 mode of preparing pulp from corn leaves, which was 
 accounted a great discovery, and was stated to have 
 been cc an industrial fact confirmed by success," cal- 
 culated considerably to influence the price of paper. 
 This discovery was not a new one ; in the eighteenth 
 century the manufacture had been in operation in Italy 
 with remarkable success ; but, strange to say, the 
 secret was kept by the inventor, and was lost at his 
 death. Many attempts since made to revive the 
 manufacture, recoiled before the difficulty of remov- 
 ing the silica and resinous matter contained in the 
 leaves, and which obstructs the conversion of pulp into 
 sheets. It was claimed that Diamant, a Jewish writing 
 master, had rediscovered the process, and it was applied 
 on a large scale at the imperial manufactory of Schlo- 
 gelmuhle, with such success that the paper obtained 
 
176 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 left nothing to be desired in strength, homogeneity, 
 polish, and whiteness ; in short, that in several re- 
 spects the paper was superior to that made from rags ! 
 (See Scientific American, vol. v, 1861, p. 203.) 
 
 1862. All the paper mills in Trenton, N. J., sus- 
 pended operations because they could not get cash for 
 the manufactured article, and had been heavy losers 
 by the failure of consignees in the city of New York. 
 The number of mills in Trenton was four. 
 
 1862. Jan. 16. The paper mill of Messrs. Bestow 
 (?) & Fairchild, at Williamsville, was destroyed by 
 fire, at a loss of $20,000, partially covered by insur- 
 ance. — Buffalo Express. 
 
 1862. A. S. Lyman, of New York city, patented 
 an improved process of separating the fibres of wood 
 and other substances for the manufacture of pulp, by 
 subjecting them in a close vessel to the combined 
 simultaneous action of a whipping, beating, rubbing, 
 grinding or picking apparatus, and of water at a high 
 temperature and pressure. 
 
 1862. The paper makers held a meeting at the 
 Astor House in the city of New York, in the autumn 
 of this year, and resolved to increase the prices of 
 printing paper. The result was that paper which had 
 usually been sold for nine cents a pound was gradually 
 increased to twenty-two, of the ordinary news quality, 
 notwithstanding a vast quantity of old paper was pro- 
 cured from all quarters for stock. 
 
 1862. The catalogue of the Austrian department 
 of the London International Exhibition, drawn up in 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 177 
 
 three languages, was printed partly on paper made 
 from the stalks and husks alone of maize, or Turkish 
 wheat, and partly from a mixture of maize with linen 
 and cotton rags. 
 
 1862. Feb. 15. The paper mill of Charles Van 
 Benthuysen at Cohoes was burnt. He stated his loss 
 at §15,000. It had been constructed in the best man- 
 ner, three stories high, and was just ready to com- 
 mence operations. 
 
 1862. April 21. The paper mill of E. P. Russell, 
 at Manlius, N. Y., was burnt. 
 
 1862. James Harper, of East Haven, Conn., pat- 
 ented an improvement in machinery for making paper. 
 He combined, with the Fourdrinier wire-cloth apron, 
 the couching belt, so arranged as to couch the paper 
 from the wire-cloth by direct contact of the perforated 
 cylinder, when those parts are so arranged that the 
 cylinders support the wire-cloth and the couching-belt, 
 respectively, directly opposite their points of contact 
 with each other, and the combination with each other, 
 when arranged, of the Fourdrinier wire-cloth, couch- 
 ing-belt, and beater. 
 
 1862. An association was formed among the manu- 
 facturers of fine writing paper in the early part of this 
 year, who met at Springfield, Mass., and raised the 
 price of writing paper from thirteen and fourteen cents 
 a pound to seventeen cents for flat cap, and from fif- 
 teen to twenty-five cents for letter and note paper. 
 
 1862. William McFarlane, of Glasgow, called at- 
 tention to the value of the trash of the sugar cane as 
 
178 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 a material of paper, assuming that for every 2,200 
 tons of it, 2,000 tons of finished pulp might be ob- 
 tained. The cost in London was estimated thus : 
 fuel, £1,000 ; wages of a skillful workman one year, 
 £200 ; capital invested (£300), at ten per cent, £30 ; 
 loss by wear and tear, £30 ; freights from Jamaica to 
 London, £7,000 ; and profits on the whole trans- 
 action, £10 ! the price of 2,000 tons of pulp, £14,000 
 in London, being £7 per ton, or less than one-half 
 the price of rags. 
 
 1862. Henry Hayward, of Chicago, patented an 
 improvement in safety paper ; claiming the described 
 means of designating varieties in the value or character 
 of printed sheets of paper, in which threads of fibrous 
 material are incorporated into and among the pulp, as 
 described, to wit, the use of threads of different colors 
 or characters arranged as specified. 
 
 1862. Oct. 6. The paper mill of D. & D. S. 
 Mason & Co., at Bristol, N. H., was burnt. The 
 building and machinery cost $18,000, and was insured. 
 
 1862. June 27. Louis Piette, editor of the 'Journal 
 de Fabricants des Papier, died at Paris, aged 59. He 
 published in 1831, a treatise on paper making, which 
 went through several editions, and had prepared the 
 second edition of a treatise on the coloring of paper- 
 pulp, which was published the year after his death, with 
 229 specimens of colored paper. Although educated 
 for the bar, he devoted his life with eminent success to 
 the improvement in the manufacture of paper, and re- 
 ceived medals in England, France, and Germany for 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 179 
 
 specimens which he produced at industrial exhibitions 
 in those countries from 1842 to 1855. 
 
 1862. N. W. Taylor and J. W. Brightman, of 
 Cleveland, Ohio, patented an improvement in ma- 
 chines for drying sized paper. 
 
 1862. It was stated by the London Mechanics' 
 Magazine that excellent paper was now made in 
 Europe from the leaves of Indian corn ; there being 
 a paper mill in operation in Switerzland, and another 
 in Austria, which made paper exclusively from that 
 material. 
 
 1862. M. Kolesoff reported the aggregate yearly 
 production of Russia to be of the value of 5,680,000 
 rubles, the result of the labor of 12,000 workmen in 
 165 mills. This would give 72.07 workmen to each 
 mill — a large force. And the product would be $3 1 7.50 
 to each workman, including all expenses of the mills. 
 Yet all estimates of Russian manufactories give an 
 equal proportion of workmen. 
 
 1862. By act of congress the import duty on rags 
 for making paper was taken off. 
 
 1862. S. S. Crocker, of Lawrence, Mass., patented 
 an improvement in machinery, for cleaning pulp, by the 
 combination of large and small receptacles, arranged 
 to work together. 
 
 1862. H. D. Pochin, of England, prepared an 
 anhydrous rosin-soap for sizing paper, as follows : 
 take 150 parts by weight of rosin, 75 of soda ash, 
 such as contains 46 per cent of alkali, and make the 
 rosin-soap by beating and grinding. Then take 10 
 
180 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 parts of such rosin-soap, and 18 of the ammoniate of 
 alum, and form a solution of such a strength as may 
 be required for paper of a common class. For fine 
 paper, a rosin-soap was made with 165 parts of rosin, 
 and 165 parts of soda ash. 
 
 1862. The Niagara Falls Paper Mill Company re- 
 ceived orders from New York to run paper on reels 
 in quantities equal to about 2,000 sheets, as by an 
 improvement in feeding the cylinder press, the paper 
 was fed, cut, and printed, at one operation, saving the 
 labor of eight men. 
 
 1862. Nov. 21. Ordinary news paper, which sold 
 early in the year at 8 cents net cash, was now 17 cents 
 cash ; all writing papers were at 40 cents a pound, 
 and No. 1 printing, 30 cents. 
 
 1862. The war between the north and south having 
 caused an enormous rise in the price of cotton, twine 
 was now made of paper. 
 
 1862. A paper mill on the Fox river, Illinois, was 
 using considerable quantities of sorghum in the manu- 
 facture of paper for wrapping and printing. 
 
 1863. Henry Pemberton, of East Tarentum, Pa., 
 procured a patent for a mode of manufacturing pulp 
 from the stalks of the sorgo, or Chinese sugar cane 
 (a plant of the genus sorghum), as a substitute for 
 linen and cotton rags in the manufacture of the better 
 qualities of paper. 
 
 1863. A safety paper was invented in England, 
 designed to prevent forgery or alteration of notes, or 
 any paper demanding security. It consisted of a sin- 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 181 
 
 gle sheet formed of several layers of pulp, superposed, 
 of different nature and colors, according to require- 
 ment. The middlle layer of the paper required only 
 to be colored of a delible or destructible color ; the 
 chemical acid employed in obliterating the writing 
 would also destroy this color, and it could not again 
 be restored while the paper surface remained white. 
 
 1863. G. E. Rutledge, of Dayton, Ohio, improved 
 the process of manufacture by a current in that portion 
 of the fluid pulp in which the sieve-cylinder rotates, 
 in the direction corresponding therewith, by which the 
 periphery of the cylinder and the fluid pulp in which 
 it rests are relatively at rest. 
 
 1863. The paper makers on the North Esk, in 
 Scotland, near Edinburgh, were reported to manufac- 
 ture more than 1 1 million pounds of paper, and to use 
 964 tons of chloride of lime for the bleaching. See 
 1807. 
 
 1863. John F. Schuyler, of Philadelphia, patented 
 some new machinery for the purpose of planishing 
 paper. 
 
 1863. Dr. Aloyse Chevalier Auer de Welsbach, 
 of Austria, procured a patent in this country for a 
 process of obtaining and separating the textile material 
 contained in the husks, leaves, and stalks of Indian 
 corn, by exposing the same, together with a solution 
 of lime and soda, or equivalent substances, to the 
 action of hot or boiling water, and preparing the 
 material in a peculiar manner. 
 
 1863. John F. Jones, of Rochester, N. Y., in- 
 16 
 
1 82 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 vented an improvement which consisted in a certain 
 construction of what are termed the cylinder moulds, 
 and the various kinds of boards produced from fibrous 
 materials whereby provision is made for carrying away 
 the water from their interiors through hollow journals, 
 thereby dispensing with the use of packing inside of 
 the vat by the substitution of stuffing boxes outside, 
 thereby facilitating the repacking, and obviating much 
 of the waste of stuff which is unavoidable with inside 
 packing. 
 
 1863. Stephen M. Allen, of Woburn, Mass., 
 obtained a patent for the manufacture of paper from 
 wood, by cutting the wood in suitable lengths, crush- 
 ing it in such a manner as to preserve the integrity of 
 the fibre in its longitudinal direction, alternating steep- 
 ing, and washing the same at increased temperatures, 
 and finally boiling, grinding, and bleaching the same. 
 
 1863. A company was formed, composed of pro- 
 prietors of the wood-pulp patent, who purchased the 
 interest of C. S. Buchanan in his patents for making 
 paper of straw. 
 
 1863. James R. McElfatrick, of Fort Wayne, 
 Ind., obtained fibrous material from the bolls of the 
 sycamore tree, for stock. It furnished a short staple 
 of a buff color, which was thought to be as suitable as 
 any other fibre, and could be procured in unlimited 
 quantities in the Western states. 
 
 1863. A. H. Tait, of Jersey City, and W. H. 
 Holbrook, of New York city, made an improvement 
 in the manufacture of pulp, passing the straw between 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 183 
 
 grinding surfaces, and treating the stock, after it has 
 passed through a weak alkaline and chlorine treatment 
 with or without acid, to a second application of weak 
 alkali and chlorine, with or without acid. 
 
 1863. P. A. Chadbourne, of Williamstown, Mass., 
 patented a mode of manufacturing stock from wood, 
 which consisted in rasping, filing, or scraping wood, 
 while submerged in water, or saturated therewith, by 
 the action or flow of a stream, whereby the fibre of 
 the wood is strengthened or made sufficiently tough to 
 avoid injury by the action of the rasps and other tools 
 employed in the reducing of the wood, and a perfect 
 separation of the individual or ultimate fibre from 
 several united or connected fibres attained, and the 
 rasps or other tools also kept, while in operation, in a 
 perfectly clean state in proper working order. 
 
 1863. Jonathan Faw, of Lockland, Ohio, obtained 
 a patent for an improvement in the rag engine, 
 
 1863. A new pulp-strainer was invented by Henry 
 Watson, of Newcastle-on-Tyne, and Joseph Mill- 
 bourn, of Dartford, England. 
 
 1863. The importation of esparto grass, or alfa 
 fibre, into Great Britain during this year, was about 
 18,000 tons, and the use of it was estimated to have 
 caused an increased consumption of 4,000 tons per 
 annum of soda ash and bleaching powders. Nearly 
 all the news paper used contained portions of it, and 
 some of the cheaper grades consisted of only one-fourth 
 rag material. 
 
 1863. John Cowper, of England, made an im- 
 
184 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 provement in the mode of reducing rags and waste 
 substances generally, by means of an endless feeder, 
 upon which the material to be operated on is fed 
 between a pair of fluted rollers, which deliver it to a 
 rotating cylinder provided with teeth. 
 
 1863. Congress reduced the duty on printing paper 
 to three per cent, at the request of the publishers, who 
 asked for a total repeal of all duty. The high price of 
 exchange nullified all benefit to them of the reduction 
 of the custom. 
 
 1863. Stephen M. Allen, of Woburn, Mass., 
 claimed the invention or a new article of manufacture, 
 which he denominated tibrillia leather, or leather paper, 
 consisting of leather scraps and vegetable fibre com- 
 bined ; also, the combined leather scraps steeped in 
 warm water previous to being immersed in alkaline 
 solution with the unrotted and reduced fibre of flax, 
 hemp, or other like vegetable fibre. 
 
 1863. May 10. Tallman's paper mill at Ogdens- 
 burgh, N. Y., was burnt. 
 
 1863. A joint stock company with a capital of 
 several hundred thousand dollars was formed, and pre- 
 parations were made on a large scale for the manufac- 
 ture of paper from bamboo, which grows in unlimited 
 quantities in the island of Jamaica, and which, beyond 
 serving to form partitions between the various ships' 
 cargoes leaving that island, had never been exported, 
 and was only used on the island for a few purposes. It 
 now suddenly became an article of export, and the vast 
 jungles of bamboo promised to become almost as 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making, 185 
 
 valuable as fields of waving grain. The bamboo, after 
 being taken out of the ship, was tied in bundles about 
 five feet long, which were soaked in a large tank for 
 about 24 hours. The bundles were then placed in five 
 large steam guns, each 24 feet in length and 15 inches 
 in diameter. Here for half an hour the bamboo was 
 subjected to a pressure of 180 pounds of steam, which 
 reduced it to such a condition, that when, upon a given 
 signal, the guns are discharged by the opening of one 
 of the ends, the bamboo, in the shape of a quantity of 
 fibrous material, looking as much like hemp as possible, 
 was thrown out. This fibrous matter was then placed 
 in a tank, and soaked in a solution of spent alkali. It 
 was next washed, and went into what were termed the 
 egg-boilers, so called from their likeness to that useful 
 article of domestic consumption. Here the matter 
 was subjected to another boiling and steam pressure, 
 and from thence it was conveyed to the pulp-boilers, 
 where it was boiled in a strong solution of alkali at 90 
 pounds pressure. 
 
 1863. J. F. Jones, of Rochester, N. Y., improved 
 the machine for making paper and paper boards. He 
 claimed : 1 . The arrangement and combination of two 
 or more cylinder-moulds, vats, felts, and press-rolls, 
 whereby, in the same machine, any desired number of 
 continuous webs of palp of indefinite length may be 
 either deposited one upon another for the continuous 
 manufacture of boards, or may be kept separate from 
 each other for the manufacture of several continuous 
 distinct sheets of paper. 2. The combination with 
 
1 86 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 such a system of cylinder- moulds, vats, felts, and 
 press- rolls, of a series of guide-rolls, for separating the 
 several webs of pulp as they are delivered from the 
 press-rolls. 3. The combination of such system of 
 cylinder-moulds as herein before specified, and a con- 
 tinuous series of drying cylinders and calendering rolls, 
 in such manner that the manufacture of boards or of 
 several webs of paper may be carried on by a continu- 
 ous process. 4. The arrangement of several spouts, 
 pipes, and valves, and self-acting feed-gate, in combin- 
 ation with each other and with the several vats. 5. 
 The save-all, composed of a vat, a cylinder-mould, a 
 coucher and a scraper combined and applied in con- 
 nection with one or more paper making machines. 6. 
 The combination of press-rolls, to obtain two pressures 
 from three rolls. 7. The employment of calendering 
 rolls on the top of drying cylinders, to equalize the 
 water in the board, and make it of uniform dryness 
 as it passes over the dryers, and partially effect the 
 glazing and calendering process while the board is 
 being dried. 
 
 1863. G. S. Sellers, of Hardin county, Illinois, 
 made an improvement in preparing woody fibre for 
 paper stock, by pressure in the line or nearly so of 
 the fibre. 
 
 1 863. J. B. Fuller, of Claremont, N. H., discovered 
 a new mode of preparing vegetable fibre for paper. 
 He claimed : 1. Curing vegetable fibre in a vessel by 
 means of jets of steam. 2. An open grinder, receiving 
 the fibrous material directly from the curing vessel, so 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 187 
 
 that the grinding operation is independent of that of 
 the curing, but the vegetable fibre is ground while 
 hot 3. Separating the fibre from the overflow water 
 by means of the sieve and brush. 4. Heating the 
 interior of the grinder by the introduction of steam. 
 5. A column of water rising sufficiently above the 
 grinder to produce the hydrostatic pressure necessary 
 for curing the fibrous materials to pass through the 
 grinder, as specified. 6. The double volute, a spiral 
 channel for cooling the cured vegetable fibre and 
 imparting the heat thereof to the uncured vegetable 
 material traveling in the intervening volute channels 
 in the opposite direction, was composed of three lay- 
 ers of different thicknesses, of which the central was 
 colored with a delible or easily removable color, and 
 the external layers charged with silicate of magnesia 
 or other mineral or vegetable matter. 
 
 1863. M. L. Keen, of Roger's Ford, Pa., patented 
 a boiler for making pulp, provided with a perforated 
 diaphragm or well ; also an arrangement of the dis- 
 charge pipe and valve for the purpose of blowing out 
 or discharging the contents of the boiler under pressure. 
 
 1863. The imports of paper at the port of New 
 York were $1 25, 141, yielding a revenue of $39,684 \ 
 at Boston, $306,840, yielding a revenue of $90,688 ; 
 at Baltimore and Philadelphia, none \ giving a total 
 revenue of $130,372. The secretary said it was im- 
 possible to state how much of this was for printing 
 paper, but expressed the opinion that the diminution 
 of the tariff" would considerably increase the revenue. 
 
1 88 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 An effort was made by publishers to get the duty re- 
 moved, on account of the high price of paper. 
 
 1863. Feb. 16. The newspaper and book* pub- 
 lishers of Boston appeared before the legislature of 
 Massachusetts to urge the importance of memorializ- 
 ing congress for relief against the paper monopoly, as 
 it was termed. It was shown that the cost of school 
 books alone was five millions of dollars annually, and 
 that this combination added twenty per cent thereto. 
 
 1863. Jan. 14. The entire edition of the Boston 
 Journal was for the first time printed on paper made 
 of basswood, tilia americana. The price of news- 
 paper rose at one time to 32cts. a pound. 
 . 1863. Feb. 28. The paper mill of G. & W. U. 
 Moore, on the Kater kil, was destroyed by fire. Loss 
 $8,000; insured $4,000. 
 
 1863. Rags were exported from Madras this year 
 to the amount of 2,022 cwts., being the first time 
 that this article had appeared in the list of exports 
 from that place. 
 
 1863. Experiments were made in England with 
 potatoes for the production of half-stuff, for coarse 
 and fine paper, by one Sellers. 
 
 1863. It was stated that paper was made at this 
 time in large quantity from the swamp-flag, or cat-tail, 
 and that the demand for it was greater than the 
 supply ; that it was used for card board, and paper- 
 hangings, for which it was well adapted. 
 
 1863. William Boaler, of Manchester, England, 
 invented an improved dryer fabric for paper making ; 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 189 
 
 which consisted in the substitution of a more suitable 
 kind of cloth for the ordinary dryer felt in use for 
 expelling and absorbing moisture. 
 
 1863. Joseph Prosper Olier, of Paris, France, took 
 out a patent in this country for a safety paper, which 
 was composed of three layers of different thicknesses, 
 of which the central was colored with a delible or easily 
 removable color, and the* external layers charged with 
 silicate of magnesia, or other mineral or vegetable 
 matter. 
 
 1864. Philip Lichtenstadt, of New York city, pa- 
 tented a process for preparing fibre from the bamboo ; 
 separating and disintegrating the fibre contained in 
 that article, by treating it with a solution of lime, 
 nitrate of soda, and oxalic acid, and preparing the 
 textile material for manufacturing purposes. He made 
 experiments under disadvantages at a mill near New 
 York. 
 
 1864. The official statistics of the French customs 
 exhibit the following returns for the first five months 
 of three years, on paper and pasteboard : 
 
 1862. 1863. 1864. 
 
 6,156,000 francs. 6,993,000 fr. 8,159,000 fr. 
 
 1864. Feb. 19. The paper manufacturers and 
 paper companies of Great Britain and Ireland, 211 in 
 number, representing 271 mills, petitioned parliament 
 for an abatement of taxes and the exertion of the go- 
 vernment for the removal of all restrictions abroad 
 upon the export of all paper making materials — the 
 export duties in some parts of Italy having been doubled 
 
i go Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 in amount ; that in France and Belgium a duty of ,£5 
 per ton was levied on the export of rags ; in Holland 
 upwards of £\ per ton ; and more than £9 per ton in 
 Prussia and the Zollverein ; while the export from 
 England was free. 
 
 1864. Feb. 21. The steam paper mill of Chauncey 
 Watson, at Middleburgh, N. Y., was burnt. Loss 
 $8,000 ; insured for $4,000. 
 
 1864. Feb. 13. The boiler in Buchanan & Bul- 
 lard's paper mill at Schuylerville, N. Y., exploded, and 
 passed through eleven buildings, killing two persons, 
 and destroying the building in which it had been used. 
 
 1864. J. A. Roth, of Philadelphia, patented a mode 
 of preparing fibrous material from corn stalks, by 
 solving and abstracting the components of the stalks 
 by the application of one or more water baths in a 
 boiling state, over 212 0 Fahr. 2. The use of the 
 chemical agent, after the water bath or the boiling of 
 the material under treatment has been completed. 3. 
 The combination of treatment or process of the fibres 
 of the stalks, and also the neutralizing of substances 
 still adhering to the fibres after being washed by the 
 application of sulphuric acid or its equivalent. 
 
 1864. George A. Corser, of Leicester, Mass., in- 
 vented an angular bed plate for engines, for working 
 stock ; it is described as composed of two or more 
 sets of angular plates, arranged in such a manner that 
 the angles of the adjoining sets are inverted in relation 
 to each other. 
 
 1864. The price of news paper reached 28 cents a 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 1 9 1 
 
 pound, and of fine book paper 45 cents a pound. A 
 renewed research was made among the garrets and 
 store rooms, induced by the payment of 8 cents a 
 pound for waste paper. Thousands of tons of old 
 books and newspapers, school and account books, 
 correspondence and business papers of all sorts, were 
 turned over to the mills, without lessening the price 
 of white paper. 
 
 1864. During the last thirty years calico had been 
 the favorite material for book covers ; but it was so 
 increased in price, owing to the war, that an enter- 
 prising firm conceived the idea of forming a paper 
 substance having all the strength and flexibility of 
 cloth, to take its place outside of books. This sub- 
 stance appears to receive gilt impressions with the 
 distinctness of morocco, and as it can be washed with 
 soap and water when dirty, it may be surmised that 
 hereafter the phrase, " musty " literature, will fall into 
 disuse. It is said that its cost will be something like 
 one-half the price of the present embossed cloth. 
 
 1864. July 20. The extensive paper mill of 
 
 Nixon at Manayunk, near Philadelphia, was destroyed 
 by fire. Loss over $100,000. 
 
 1864. W. F. Ladd, of Tarry town, and S. A, 
 Walsh, of New York city, invented a boiler for 
 pressing vegetable substances. In this improved ap- 
 paratus the material to be reduced to pulp is to be 
 treated either with or without alkali, and is at all times 
 submerged in the liquor or solution employed in the 
 boiling process. By an arrangement of a perforated 
 
192 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 diaphragm in the boiler the material is kept at a certain 
 point while the liquor rises above it, and the heat is 
 applied either by a coil of steam, or by a traveling 
 furnace arranged to run back and forth under the 
 boiler ; this furnace can be removed when it becomes 
 necessary to stop the boiling ; the contents can then be 
 discharged through a grate into any suitable receiver. 
 
 1864. Henry F. Anthony, of New York city, in- 
 vented a mode of albumenizing paper by combining 
 or mixing the nitrate of ammonia directly with the 
 albumenizing fluid. 
 
 1864. John F. Jones sold the Genesee paper mills 
 at the Lower falls to the Rochester Paper Company, for 
 $25,000. They commenced business with a capital 
 of $100,000, and contemplated an extensive business, 
 including the manufacture of straw and junk board. 
 
 1864. The exports from France of paper and paste- 
 board, for the first four months of this year, were 
 6,269,000 francs ; against 5,624,000 francs for same 
 period in 1863, and 4,925,000 francs in 1862. 
 
 1864. Richard Magee, of Philadelphia, invented a 
 mode of coating writing paper, which he obtained a 
 patent for as a new article of manufacture. 
 
 1864. It was announced that an active trade was 
 carried on in Chester county, Pa , in poplar wood, 
 designed for the manufacture of paper. The mills at 
 Springfield were run by New York capitalists, and 
 were extensive. The price given for the wood deli- 
 vered on the line of Chester Valley Rail Road, was 
 four dollars a cord. 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 1 93 
 
 1864. George Escor Sellers, Sellers Landing, 111., 
 discovered a method of preparing disintegrated vege- 
 table fibre for paper stock, by the removal or change 
 in the nature of the incrusting or adhering nonfibrous 
 matter by fermentation and washings, previous to 
 bleaching with chlorine. 2. The use of chlorine as a 
 solvent for the nonfibrous portions of vegetable sub- 
 stances that have become discolored and hardened by 
 heat in the process of disintegration, combined with 
 boiling and hot-water washing to remove them from 
 the fibre previously to bleaching. Mr. Sellers also 
 patented a mode of forming, drying, and packing 
 paper stock ; claiming the above described mode of 
 reducing pulp to a condition for transportation, by a 
 system of alternate exhaustion and compression ; also 
 the use of the same mode for the combination of pulp 
 or fibre and other matters of various qualities, for the 
 purpose of producing boards or cards suitable for use 
 in the arts. ■ 
 
 1864. Jacob Storer, of Portsmouth, N. H«, in- 
 vented a mode of preparing vegetable fibre by the use 
 of steam and vapor of water for conveying alkalies 
 and other chemicals. 
 
 1864. The duty on rags exported from Russia by 
 its western frontier was reduced one-half; that is, 
 from 14! francs to francs per kilometer. 
 
 1 864, For the accommodation of the manufacturers 
 of paper in the departments, docks were established 
 in Paris, to facilitate trade in their products. 
 
 1864. W. B. Newbery, of Dorchester, Massachu- 
 
194 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 setts, patented a mode of producing paper from espartero, 
 or Spanish grass, either alone or in combination with 
 manilla, jute, gunny, or other fibrous materials. 
 
 1854. The paper makers of Great Britain made 
 complaint of the injury which their avocation sustained 
 by the recent commercial treaty with France. Mr. 
 Maguire addressed the house of commons on the 
 20th July, representing the grievances of the trade, 
 and demanding an investigation. The complaint was 
 of the tax of 12 per cent on rags exported from 
 France. Notwithstanding the tax, Great Britain im- 
 ported 4,215,630 kilograms during the year preceding,, 
 from France. 
 
 r864. A. K. Eaton, of New York citv, patented 
 a process of manufacturing paper-pulp from straw or 
 other substances. 1. Subjecting it to a grinding pro- 
 cess, commencing in the early stages of the treatment 
 with hot alkalies, and continuing the grinding in con- 
 nection with the alkaline treatment. *2. Purifying 
 the alkali held in solution in the refuse liquor by pass- 
 ing it through a filter, rendering it suitable for use 
 again, and completely reproducing it when necessary 
 by making it into combustible cakes. 
 
 1864. The manufacturers of straw paper in several 
 departments of France met at Avignon 22d May r 
 and resolved to form an association, and to establish 
 a minimum price for their fabrics. They decided 
 to augment their prices from 1 to 2 francs per 100 
 kilograms (about two to four dollars per ton). The 
 manufacturers of another portion of France met at 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 195 
 
 Avignon on the 16th June, and resolved to increase 
 their prices 2 francs on thick and 4 francs on thin 
 paper per 100 kil. A general meeting of the straw 
 manufacturers of the empire was to be held at Paris on 
 the 5th August ; and on the 1 ith of the same month a 
 convention of the paper makers of all denominations 
 was called at Paris, to consult upon affairs of trade. 
 
 1864. The ^Journal des Fabricants de Papier, of 
 France, calculated the annual consumption of paper 
 in the world at from thirty-one to thirty-two millions 
 of quintals; that the English employed annually 15 
 millions ; France 5 millions \ the German states, 1 
 million ; Austria \ million ; and the rest of the world 
 10 millions of quintals. 
 
 1864. Lucien Bardoux, of Poitiers, France, took 
 out a patent for a process of making pulp for paper 
 and pasteboard, adapted to vegetable as well as animal 
 substances, which had been patented in his own coun- 
 try in 1861. 
 
 1865. Jan. 5th. At a meeting of Ohio newspaper 
 publishers in Columbus, a committee was appointed to 
 memorialize congress against a prohibitory paper tariff. 
 
 1865. The Paper Trade ^Journal announced 73 
 paper mills in Sweden, employing 16 13 workmen. 
 This is so much in excess of other reports, as to in- 
 dicate that some of them are erroneous. 
 
 1865. The Wood Pulp Works Company founded 
 an establishment at Manayunk, Pa., having a capacity 
 for producing 300 cwt. of wood pulp daily, by the 
 chemical process of Watt and Burgess. 
 
196 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 1865. The following scale of prices in the city of 
 New York, for January, was published in The Printer, 
 
 Note paper, first class, - - - - 
 
 ■ 55 
 
 @ 
 
 60 
 
 per lb. 
 
 " " good, - - - - 
 
 - 5° 
 
 @ 
 
 55 
 
 cc 
 
 " " common, - - - - 
 
 • 45 
 
 @ 
 
 5° 
 
 cc 
 
 Letters and foolscaps, first class, 
 
 - co 
 
 (CO, 
 
 <^ 
 
 jj 
 
 cc 
 
 cc " second, 
 
 
 ra 
 
 j 
 
 cc 
 
 " c< common, 
 
 - A.O 
 
 (to 
 
 AC 
 
 TJ 
 
 cc 
 
 Flat caps and folios, first class, 
 
 AC 
 
 TO 
 
 (m 
 
 48 
 
 cc 
 
 cc u second class, 
 
 
 ra 
 
 1 
 
 cc 
 
 " u common, 
 
 35 
 
 @ 
 
 40 
 
 cc 
 
 Common news, straw, etc., 
 
 - 20 
 
 @ 
 
 22 
 
 cc 
 
 Good u rag, - - - - 
 
 22 
 
 @ 
 
 25 
 
 cc 
 
 Fair white book, - - - - 
 
 - 25 
 
 @ 
 
 28 
 
 cc 
 
 Extra book, ------- 
 
 28 
 
 @ 
 
 
 cc 
 
 Sized and calendered book, - - 
 
 - 3° 
 
 @ 
 
 33 
 
 cc 
 
 Extra " " " - - - 
 
 35 
 
 
 40 
 
 cc 
 
 Manilla wrapping, - - - - 
 
 - 18 
 
 @ 
 
 20 
 
 cc 
 
 1865. Feb. 2. The large paper mill of Elizur Smith, 
 at Lee, Mass., was destroyed by fire. 
 
 1865. Congress was memorialized for a removal 
 of the duty on paper, and in view of foreign paper 
 being admitted free, news paper fell in price 8 cents a 
 pound, contracts being made as low as 1 8 cents a pound. 
 
 1865. The operation of many paper mills was 
 stopped by the long continued drouth, and the price of 
 fine sized and calendered printing paper was advanced 
 from 35 to 40 cents a pound. 
 
 1865. Sept. 26. The paper mill of Russell & Co., 
 at Lawrence, Mass., was nearly destroyed by fire. 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 197 
 
 1865. There were seven paper mills in Ballston, 
 N. Y., four of them devo f eH to printing paper, and 
 three to wrapping, paper collars, and tissue paper. 
 These mills averaged twenty-eight tons a day, esti- 
 mated to be worth about $9,000. 
 
 1865. Dec. 13. The pasteboard mills at South 
 Dedham, Mass., owned by J. Ellis & Co., were nearly 
 consumed by fire. Loss estimated at $20,000 ; insured 
 for $8,000. The mills were new, having replaced 
 those burnt about eighteen months before. 
 
 1865. A company was organized at Glen's Falls, 
 N. Y., for manfacturing straw paper of an improved 
 quality. 
 
 1865. Dec. 20. The Black Riverpaper mill, owned 
 by A. J. Fullum, at Springfield, Vt., was burned : 
 insurance small. 
 
 1865. The value of the paper manufactured in 
 Massachusetts this year was computed at $9,008,521. 
 There were 118 paper manufactories in the state, con- 
 suming 34,165 tons of stock. The capital employed 
 was $3,785,300, and 3,554 workmen were employed. 
 
 1866. Feb. 4. The St. Charles paper mill, at St. 
 Charles, Illinois, the largest establishment of the kind 
 in the west, was destroyed by fire, entailing a loss of 
 $11 0,000, on which there was an insurance of $20,000. 
 
 1866. June 16. Howland's extensive paper mill, 
 situated in Saratoga county, on the banks of the Hud- 
 son river, between Mechanicsville and Stillwater, 
 about one mile above the former place, was destroyed 
 by fire. The loss was stated at $75,000, with no 
 17 
 
198 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 insurance. There was $10,000 worth of paper in the 
 mill at the time ready for shipment, but not a dollar's 
 worth of it was saved. 
 
 1866. The editor of the Bunker Hill Aurora said, 
 that a few Sundays before, he heard a clergyman, in 
 illustrating a point in his discourse, state that during 
 the late war, a New York merchant at Alexandria, in 
 Egypt, having occasion to furnish a ship with a freight 
 homeward, was led, partly through fear of pirates, to 
 load her with mummies from the famous Egyptian 
 catacombs. On arriving here, the strange cargo was 
 sold to a paper manufacturer in Connecticut, who 
 threw the whole mass, the linen cerement, the bitumen 
 and the poor remains of humanity, into the hopper, 
 and had them ground to powder. " And," added the 
 speaker, cc the words I am now reading to you, are 
 written on some of this paper." 
 
 1866. March 3. The Agawam paper mill was 
 burnt; loss $56,000. 
 
 1866. May 3. Howland, Palser & Co.'s paper 
 mill was destroyed by fire, at Fort Edward. Loss 
 $50,000; insured $18,000. 
 
 1866. The Carew Paper Company of South Hadley 
 Falls, Mass., declared a yearly dividend of 100 per 
 cent, reserving a fund sufficient to build an addition 
 to their mill. Their dividend of the previous year 
 was 120 per cent. Their capital was merely nominal. 
 
 1866. A gi/1 employed at sorting rags in the Colum- 
 bia mill, at Lee, Mass., found four $100 bills among 
 the paper stock. 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 199 
 
 1866. It was announced that the paper mills of 
 Great Britain manufactured 28,500 tons of paper a 
 month. 
 
 1866. The great bamboo enterprise was thrown 
 into the shade by another which was organized for 
 the production of paper from poplar, and located at 
 Manayunk, on the Schuylkill river. It had been dis- 
 covered that poplar could be manufactured into paper 
 in twenty-four hours, and with so much economy that 
 it could be sold so as to afford a profit at ten cents a 
 pound ! Works were accordingly constructed of stone 
 and brick in the most substantial manner, occupying 
 a space 1,000 feet long by 350 wide, at a cost of over 
 $500,000. United with the Flat Rock mills they were 
 represented to embrace an area of about ten acres ; 
 and were thought to be the most extensive works of 
 the kind in the world, and to be capable of producing 
 from ten to fifteen tons of pulp a day. It was an- 
 nounced in the newspapers, which always exercise an 
 unbounded liberality in figures in such cases, that the 
 subscribed capital in this enterprise was upwards of 
 ten millions of dollars. The grandest calculations 
 were indulged in the abundant supply of poplar, with 
 the aid of willow and other soft woods, nearly valueless 
 for fuel ; and were to result in as great a boon to 
 civilization as the steam engine and the magnetic 
 telegraph ! 
 
 1866. Jan. 6. R. Paulin's paper mill at Man- 
 chester, Va., was destroyed by fire. 
 
 1866. The price of leather was so enhanced as to 
 
200 
 
 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 stimulate efforts to produce paper of a consistence to 
 form a substitute, in the manufacture of traveling 
 trunks, and the success was so great that the deception 
 was almost complete. (See 1830.) 
 
 1866. The prices of the various kinds of printing 
 and writing papers had increased 200 per cent in five 
 years, so that news paper which before the internecine 
 war sold at 8 cents a pound was now 25 ; and fine 
 book paper which had been furnished at 16 cents on 
 six months tiir*e, was 40 cents cash. New York and 
 Boston publishers resorted to European markets, at a 
 saving of twenty-five per cent. The Harpers imported 
 from Belgium, and Ticknor & Fields from London. 
 
 1866. The proprietor of Lloyd's Newspaper in Lon- 
 don imported 270 tons of esparto grass from Algeria 
 for the manufacture of paper for that journal. It was 
 claimed that the cost of this kind of paper was one- 
 half that of the linen fabric. 
 
 1866. McKerry's paper mill at Rockton, Illinois, 
 was destroyed by fire. Loss $15,000. 
 
 1867. It was announced that L. Murray Crane, 
 paper-maker in Saratoga county, N. Y., had invented 
 a process of manufacturing paper which would prevent 
 counterfeiting. His mode was to run minute threads 
 of gutta percha through the sheet, that could not be 
 imitated. 
 
 1867. The importations of paper into France in 
 this year were 296,637 kilograms ; of rags 5,136,569 
 kil. The exports 4,918,520 kil. of paper; 1,429,055 
 kil. of rags. (The kilogram being the 24th part of an 
 ounce.) 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 201 
 
 1867. There were six mills in Saratoga county, 
 N. Y., manufacturing paper from straw; using 9,000 
 tons of straw per annum, costing $1 00,000, and pro- 
 ducing about 4,500 tons of paper. 
 
 1867. The end wall of a paper mill at Greenville, 
 Conn., owned by Campbell, Hall & Co., of New 
 York, was undermined by a freshet, and fell into the 
 Shetucket river, entailing a loss of $20,000. 
 
 1867. Feb. 20. The boiler of the Wisconsin Paper 
 Company's mill exploded in Milwaukie. Four persons 
 were killed and three others injured. The damage to 
 the mill was estimated at $20,000. 
 
 1867. It was announced that the following substi- 
 tutes for rags in paper making were actually in use: 
 abacca (manilla hemp), agave of Cuba, cultivated hemp, 
 white hemp of Hayti, Indian hemp, cotton, acacia, 
 fibres of aloes, Spanish broom, silk weed, hops, jute 
 (Bengal hemp), down of date tree, flax, Chinese hemp, 
 mallows, mulberry, Chinese nettle, New Zealand flax, 
 esparto grass, linden, or basswood, yucca, bamboo of 
 Jamaica and canes from the Carolinas. 
 
 1867. Dec. 16. A. L. Dunwell's paper mill at 
 Newark, N. J., was burnt ; loss $50,000. 
 
 1867. The demand for paper was so great in 
 France this year, that numerous new mills were 
 erected. 
 
 1867. The mills in the United States had been 
 increased during the last four years nearly one-half. 
 Instead of running night and day, as was the custom 
 before 1861, by a combination among the trade, they 
 
202 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 kept up the price of paper by running on short time ; 
 nevertheless towards the close of this year there was 
 a considerable reduction in price. News paper was 
 reduced from its maximum of 25 cents a pound to 16 
 cents. 
 
 1877. T. H. Saunders, a paper maker of Dartford, 
 England, displayed at the Paris exhibition, samples of 
 the shaded watermark of the most artistic forms, 
 producing an effect almost incredible to those who 
 were before familiar only with the old wire-marked 
 paper. 
 
 1867. There were at this time in France 140 
 firms still engaged in the production of hand-made 
 paper. 
 
 1867. May. To counteract the downward tend- 
 ency of news paper, the Saratoga mills were run upon 
 half time. This quality of paper now sold at about 
 16 cents, largely straw stock. 
 
 1867. May. The paper mills at Marietta, Georgia, 
 destroyed by the northern army under Sheridan, were 
 now rebuilt and running under favorable auspices. 
 
 1868. Jan. 4. The paper mill of J. G. Parker & 
 Co., at Greenwich, Washington county, N. Y., was 
 burnt. Loss $25,000 ; insured for $20,000. 
 
 1 868. Complaint was made in England of the heavy 
 twine and paper used by the manufacturers in wrap- 
 ping, which amounted to 2J per cent of the whole sum. 
 
 1868. Jan. 23. The mill of the Auburn Paper 
 Company was destroyed by fire. It was situated 
 near the city of Auburn, N. Y., and was insured for 
 $16,500; loss $80,000. 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 203 
 
 1868. March 15. The paper mill at Waterville, 
 Me., was burned. Loss $20,000 ; insured. 
 
 1868. Paper was now manufactured in various ways 
 as substitutes for wood in roofing ; for boxes and table 
 tops ; for pails, spittoons, wash bowls, buckets, and 
 barrels ; as resisting wear and tear, and the action of 
 the elements, better than wood and iron ! It was also 
 employed for cuffs, collars, shirt bosoms, buttons, hats 
 and bonnets ; for tapestry, curtains and carpets, and 
 belting for machinery. It was not now so much a 
 matter of inquiry of what paper could be made, as of 
 what could be made of it, so that it bade fair to enter 
 into about every thing in use. 
 
 1868. The price of rags in Russia had increased 
 100 per cent. 
 
 1868. Jan. 23. Perrin's paper mill at Marshall, 
 Michigan, was burnt. The loss was stated at $27,000, 
 with an insurance of $9,000. 
 
 1868. Jan. 5. The paper mill at Shushan, belong- 
 ing to James Partridge, was destroyed by fire. The 
 mill was valued at $8,000, on which there was an in- 
 surance of $6,000. 
 
 1868. March 25. The paper mill of H. E. 
 Rodgers, at Cheneyville, Ct., was destroyed by fire. 
 Loss $50,000 ; insurance, $27,000. 
 
 1868. A French paper stated that the annual con- 
 sumption of paper in England was 220 millions of 
 pounds; that France consumed 195 millions; but 
 that the United States consumed more than both 
 England and France, the total consumption being 440 
 million pounds. 
 
204 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 1868. There was not a single paper mill in Greece, 
 the whole supply of paper being imported from Aus- 
 tria, Italy and France. About twelve thousand tons 
 of rags, collected by four hundred persons, were an- 
 nually sold to France and England. 
 
 1868 The ten paper mills at Holyoke, Mass., 
 manufactured twenty-six tons of paper daily. About 
 four-fifths of this was writing paper, the remainder 
 collar, envelope, and tissue paper. 
 
 1868. The twenty-one paper mills in Lee, Mass., 
 worked up fourteen million pounds of rags during this 
 year ; and the thirty-five mills in the county of Berk- 
 shire, which comprehends those of Lee, consumed 
 twenty-eight million pounds. 
 
 1868. The importations of paper into France were 
 348,164 kilograms \ of rags, 4,699,155 kils. The ex- 
 ports were 4,828, 944 kils. of paper, and 1,503,134 
 kils. of rags. 
 
 1868. March 31. Taylor & Co.'s paper mill at 
 Westfield, Mass., was burnt. Loss $10,000. 
 
 1868. J. E. Hover, of Philadelphia, invented a 
 kind of writing paper, charged with an earthy carbonate, 
 by which common writing ink of the palest descrip- 
 tion, when applied to it, became intensely black. It 
 was claimed that it took printing ink more readily, 
 producing a black and smooth impression. 
 
 1868. A paper mill in Masschusetts was engaged 
 in the manufacture of paper belting as a substitute for 
 leather machine belts. 
 
 1868. June 4. The works of the American Fibre 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 205 
 
 Disintegrating Company, at Red Hook, Brooklyn, 
 N. Y., were burnt. Loss §95,000. This company 
 had expended large sums of money in experiments of 
 blasting cane and bamboo from steam guns, to be used 
 in the manufacture of paper, instead of submitting 
 them to the ordinary grinding and saturating process 
 in water. 
 
 1868. It was estimated that twenty-seven tons of 
 paper a day were used in Paris by journals, reviews 
 and pamphlets. The Times newspaper, London, con- 
 sumed eleven tons of paper a day. 
 
 1868. Aug. 26. Hogan's paper mill at Rhinebeck 
 was burnt. Loss stated at §30,000. 
 
 1868. Oct. 17. The Penfield paper mill at Ro- 
 chester was burnt, having an insurance of §60,000. 
 
 1868. Thomas Manahan issued the Paper Trade 
 Reporter, the first newspaper issued in the interests of 
 paper makers in this country. 
 
 1868. The whole number of paper mills in the 
 different countries composing the German empire 
 was computed at 242 by the Leipzig Correspondent, 
 and their annual production about 80,000 tons. See 
 p. 230. 
 
 1868. The mannufacture of fine paper, for writing 
 and printing, was commenced near Melbourne, Aus- 
 tralia, on the bank of the Yatra, The colony had 
 previously been supplied from Europe and the United 
 States. 
 
 j 868. Aug. 1. It was announced that A. C. 
 Mellier, whose patent for making paper from straw 
 18 
 
206 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 and wood had caused much litigation among various 
 manufacturers throughout the country, had procured 
 its extension for seventeen years. 
 
 1868. Nov. 17. The paper mill at Chatham Four 
 Corners, owned by Smith, Tompkins & Co., was 
 burned. 
 
 1869. Jan. 21. The paper mill of Mosher, Haight 
 & Co., at Stillwater, N. Y., was destroyed by fire. 
 Loss $40,000 ; insured $7,000. 
 
 1869. Feb. 27. A paper mill at Tyringham, 
 Mass., leased and occupied by Watkins, Cassidy & 
 Brother, was burnt. Loss $25,000 ; insured $ 1 2,000. 
 
 1869. March 4. The Pioneer paper mill at Balls- 
 ton, N. Y., was burnt. Loss estimated at $160,000. 
 It was one of the largest in the state. 
 
 1869. March 4. Carpenter's paper mill at Milton, 
 Saratoga county, was burnt. Loss $50,000 ; insured 
 for $20,000. 
 
 1869. Lucius Clarke, paper manufacturer at North- 
 ampton, Mass., died. The entire firm, father and 
 two sons, had died within a year. 
 
 1869. March 20. The Cascade paper mills, near 
 Clyde, N. Y., were burnt. Loss over $joo,ooo ; in- 
 surance $47,000. The company failed in July. 
 
 1869. March 22. The Waban mills at Needham, 
 Mass., which manufactured sheathing paper, were 
 destroyed by fire. Loss $25,000; insured $20,000. 
 
 1869. To the various paper productions of this 
 paper age — paper collars, paper shirts, and even paper 
 waistcoats, bonnets and hats — was now added paper 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 207 
 
 coffins. M. Szelelmey, their inventor, seemed to have 
 a belief in the universal adaptability of paper to all the 
 needs of civilized life. He undertook to coat ships 
 with it, and make them impervious to shot ; he em- 
 ployed it in the manufacture or construction of rocket 
 cases, powder canisters, railway carriages, drain pipes 
 and party walls. He claimed that it was at once 
 lighter, stronger, harder and cheaper than any other 
 material hitherto in use for these purposes, not except- 
 ing iron and steel and stone. His object in introduc- 
 ing it in the manufacture of coffins was to obtain what 
 so many people rather absurdly consider a desidera- 
 tum — a perfectly air-tight, water-proof and damp- 
 defying shell, which nothing from without can 
 penetrate, and nothing from within can escape. The 
 Zopissa paper coffin, in which these conditions were 
 said to be fulfilled, was a solid looking structure, very 
 much resembling in build and thickness the ancient 
 mummy cases preserved in the British Museum. 
 
 1869. May. The boiler of the paper mill of W. B« 
 Mullin & Sons, at Mount Holly Springs, Pa., bursted. 
 Damage, two men fatally injured, and loss $5,000. 
 
 1869. June 8. A paper mill was burned at Barry- 
 town, N. Y. 
 
 1 869. The reed cane of the Carolinas was subjected 
 to the explosive force of steam, and then converted into 
 a long fibre, which being cleansed by the application of 
 cold water, presented a valuable article of commerce, 
 which could be baled like cotton. It was sold in that 
 form in the Eastern states at $20 per ton, to be made 
 
 1 
 
•2o8 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 up into wall paper, and to be mixed with manilla for 
 wrapping paper ; also for mixture with wool to make 
 roofing-felt, and various other manufactures. 
 
 1869. The largest mill for the manufacture of 
 writing paper was at Holyoke, Mass., which turned 
 out five tons of paper daily. The engine room was 
 208X54 feet and contained 18 engines. 
 
 1869. June 8. James A. Weed's paper mill, at 
 Port Dickinson, Broome county, N. Y., was burnt. 
 Loss about $15,000 ; insured $13,000. 
 
 1869. In the town of Chatham, Columbia county, 
 N. Y., 7,500 tons of rye straw were consumed in the 
 manufacture of paper, yielding about 1,200,000 reams 
 of various sizes. In the neighboring towns of Kinder- 
 hook and Stockport were numerous mills also engaged 
 in the manufacture of straw paper for wrapping, and 
 the price of straw had increased to $20 per ton. 
 
 1869. June 21. Beach & Co.'s steam paper mill 
 at Sandy Hill, was burned. Loss $20,000 \ mostly 
 insured. 
 
 1869. July 7. The paper mill of Noonan & 
 McNab, at Humboldt, Wis., was burnt. 
 
 1869. Sept. 3. The paper mill of George Benton & 
 Son, at Bennington, Vt., was burned. Loss $40,000 ; 
 only partially insured. 
 
 1869. Sept. 14. J. H. Herrin's paper mill, at 
 Warner, Mass., was burnt. Loss $14,000 ; insured 
 for $10,000. 
 
 1869. Sept. 13. The paper mill of John Carroll, 
 at Mill river, Berkshire county, Mass., was burnt. 
 Loss $60,000, uninsured. 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 2og 
 
 1869. The Advertiser, published at Portland, Maine, 
 was printed on paper made of Zisania aquatica, or water 
 rice. It grew in great quantity in the north-west, it 
 was said ; and a great reduction in the price of paper 
 was predicted to result from the use of it. 
 
 1869. Oct. 22. Crane's paper mill at Dalton was 
 burnt. Loss stated at $60,000. 
 
 1869. A Buffalo manufacturer claimed to be able 
 to make better, tougher, and cheaper wrapping paper 
 from wire grass, than from any other article in use. 
 He procured it from Michigan at $30 a ton. 
 
 1869. Nov. 15. The steam boiler in the paper 
 mill of Storms & Corsa, at Catskill exploded, and was 
 thrown three hundred feet over the tops of the ice 
 houses, and landed in the creek. The damage was 
 estimated at $15,000. 
 
 1869. The rage for newspaper selling in London 
 became so great that the girls took up the calling, and 
 adopted a new device to attract attention, namely, the 
 wearing of paper aprons, on which the names and con- 
 tents of the papers they dealt in were conspicuously 
 printed. The first female that had to go abroad for 
 a living is said to have worn an apron of fig leaves, 
 the latest resorted to the produce of straw ! 
 
 1869. The English cultivated paper grass, a ton of 
 which made a half ton of tough and durable paper, 
 scarcely inferior to that made of rags, it was claimed. 
 
 1869. Experiments were made in California with 
 tule, a product of the swamp land, which was said to 
 give a good quality of white paper. There were at 
 
2io Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 this time two paper mills in California, but it was 
 complained that they found it more profitable to make 
 wrapping than printing paper. 
 
 1869. The importations of paper into France were 
 414,457 kilograms ; of rags, 4,507,585 kils. The 
 exports were 4,739,269 kils. of paper, and 2,549,511 
 kils. of rags. There was a tendency to a decrease of 
 exports and an increase of imports compared with the 
 two preceding years. 
 
 1869. Dr. Matthiessen, of England, presented an 
 improvement which consisted of submitting disinte- 
 grated wood, as saw-dust and shavings, to a rotting 
 process, by steeping in running or stagnant water, by 
 which process certain constituents of the wood were 
 decomposed and removed, and the subsequent treat- 
 ment of the residual ligneous fibre for the production 
 of pulp was rendered more economical, and the pro- 
 cess of boiling and bleaching more easily effected. 
 
 1869. It was discovered that paper could be made 
 transparent for the purpose of tracing by dampening it 
 with benzine ; and that the paper would resume its 
 opacity on the evaporation of the benzine — thus ena- 
 bling the use of thicker paper than when prepared by 
 other processes. 
 
 1 869. Machinery was invented for crushing bamboo, 
 to fit it for shipment from the West India islands, to 
 be used for paper stock. The difficulty of procuring 
 the canes of the Southern states during the war of the 
 rebellion, forced a search for similar material farther 
 south, and it was largely exported from Jamaica to 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 211 
 
 New York, in bales and bundles. The bulk of the 
 article, however, stood much in the way of shipment. 
 The hold of a vessel was soon filled with it, and 
 shippers did not care to take it as freight, any vessel 
 so laden becoming top heavy. To prevent this, the 
 vessel had first to be stowed with heavy articles, and 
 the remaining space filled with bamboo. To obviate 
 all difficulty, mill rollers were introduced to crush the 
 bamboo, and by screw pressing, to pack it in bales, as 
 was done with espartero and other bulky fibres. 
 
 1869. A French technical paper stated that any 
 alterations or fabrications of writings in ordinary ink 
 may be rendered impossible by passing the paper 
 through a solution of one milligram of gallic acid in 
 as much pure distilled water as would fill an ordinary 
 soup plate. After the paper thus prepared has become 
 throughly dry, it may be used as ordinary paper for 
 writing, but any attempt to alter, falsify, or change 
 anything written thereon will be left perfectly visible, 
 and may be readily detected. 
 
 1869. Among the fibres of Southern India to which 
 attention was called for use in paper and rope making, 
 were the Tchuma ( Urtica nived) of Assam, and ramee 
 (JJrtica tenacissimd) of Malay, identical with the ramie 
 cultivated in the Southern states, brought originally 
 from Java. The rheea, from China, a strong and 
 lustrous fibre, but costly. The jettee, moorva, and 
 pine-apple of India ; also the Pederia foetida, and 
 Bromelia penguin, the latter furnishing the surprisingly 
 beautiful Manilla handkerchief as well as the cele- 
 
212 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 brated pigna cloth, and sometimes called silk grass. — 
 Annual of Scientific Discovery, 1870, p. 98. 
 
 1870. Feb. 20. The Royal River paper mill at 
 Yarmouth, Maine, occupied by Brown & Denison, 
 was destroyed by fire, with all the machinery and 
 stock. There was an insurance on the building and 
 machinery. 
 
 1870. Among the sensations produced at this time 
 by paper products, was that of petticoats, at 15 cents 
 a piece. 
 
 1870. A French inventor claimed that he could so 
 cleanse printed paper as to make it suitable for receiv- 
 ing a fresh impression. He stated that by immersing 
 the printed sheet in a slight alkaline solution the ink 
 would disappear, and leave the sheet of a pure and 
 spotless white. This was thought to be bad for the 
 trunk makers ! 
 
 1870. March 27. The mills of the Hampden Paper 
 Company at Holyoke, Mass., were destroyed by fire. 
 Loss estimated at $250,000 ; insured $200,000. 
 
 1870. Jefferson Evarts, of Jefferson, patented a 
 mode of preparing pulp for the manufacture of coffins ; 
 claiming that when prepared of the requisite thickness, 
 saturated in oil, baked, japanned, and polished, it 
 would resist acid, and become imperishable. 
 
 1869. The immense proportions of the paper busi- 
 ness may be judged by the extent of the importation 
 of rags during the year, which amounted at New York 
 alone to 104,661 bales, valued at $2,149,202, added 
 to which the home production must have been very 
 large. 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 2 13 
 
 1870. April 6. The paper makers in the north of 
 England held a meeting at Manchester, and agreed to 
 advance the price of all kinds of paper ten per cent, 
 owing to the dearness of rags. 
 
 1870. April 20. The paper makers of the United 
 States were called upon to meet in New York to esta- 
 blish a union, and take measures to prevent overpro- 
 duction, which, it was alleged, had reduced prices 
 below cost. About a dozen mills only were repre- 
 sented, and it was resolved to call a general meeting of 
 the trade to be held on the 20th of May. 
 
 1870. May 5. Tenney's bamboo paper mill at 
 Bloomfield, N. J., was destroyed by fire, with all the 
 stock and machinery. The boiler and revolving cyl- 
 inder exploded, throwing fragments in every direction. 
 Loss $100,000 ; mostly insured. 
 
 1870. The consumption of esparto had risen to 
 100,000 tons a year, yet the English cheap press was 
 seriously annoyed by the advances in the price of paper, 
 occasioned by the scarcity of the raw material, it was 
 said. Low priced papers advanced a farthing a pound, 
 and an effort was made to force the price up to a half- 
 penny advance. The price of esparto had increased 
 in price from &\ a ton to £10. 
 
 1870. June. The paper trade in Paris was so ac- 
 tive that the manufacturers could not satisfy all de- 
 mands, particularly for printing paper, the consumption 
 of which was daily increasing. 
 
 1870. July. 30. The Lisbon paper mill at Lisbon 
 Plains, burned, involving a loss of $10,000, partially 
 insured. 
 
214 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 1870. July 5. The boiler of D. A. Bullard & Co.'s 
 paper mill at Schuylerville exploded, throwing portions 
 of the boiler in different directions, and subjecting the 
 owners to a loss of $8,000. 
 
 1870. July 9. The paper mill of Beard & Crouse, 
 at Fayetteville, was totally destroyed by fire. Loss 
 $25,000, of which $14,000 was insured. 
 
 1870. A paper maker in Lancashire, Eng., claimed 
 to have succeeded in turning to profitable account 
 particular kinds of cotton seed as a material for the 
 manufacture of the best kinds of paper. It was sup- 
 posed that the material could be procured in quantities 
 sufficient to supply the wants of all the paper mills in 
 the country ; also to produce a fibre of the finest 
 quality, at a price that would bring it into lively com- 
 petition with esparto grass. Of all the substances 
 hitherto suggested as a substitute for rags, the best 
 practical judges were said to regard this as the most 
 desirable \ and as it required but little alteration in 
 the ordinary machinery of paper mills, it was hoped 
 that it would in a great measure overcome the diffi- 
 culty of the river pollution caused by esparto. 
 
 1870. The paper mill at Quincy, 111., belonging to 
 H. A. Geis, was burnt Sept. 27, with a large stock of 
 paper and valuable machinery. Loss estimated at 
 $60,000, on which there was an insurance of only 
 $7,000. 
 
 1870. There were 156 paper mills in Holland. 
 1870. The American Wood Paper Company at 
 Manayunk, in Pennsylvania, introduced an important 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 1 1 5 
 
 improvement into their works, by which a saving of 
 85 per cent of the waste alkali solutions was recovered. 
 The spent liquor was conducted from the pulp boiler 
 into a suitable reservoir, and was thence pumped up 
 into evaporating furnaces. 
 
 1870. The manufacture of paper collars in Boston, 
 had reached during this year, 75,000,000. See i860. 
 
 1870. The annual production of paper in France 
 was 180 million kilogrammes, of 2 lbs. 3 oz. avoirdu- 
 pois each. 
 
 1870. The Paper Trade Reporter, Sept. 1, 1873, 
 reported 669 mills in the United States, producing 
 
 $48,43 6 >935- 
 
 1870. The parliamentary returns gave 344 paper 
 mills in Great Britain, and 456 machines ; namely : 
 
 England, 271 mills. 352 machines. 
 
 Scotland, 53 " 77 " 
 
 Ireland, 20 " 27 " 
 
 344 456 
 The number of persons employed was 14,547 
 males, 13,503 females ; total 28,050. 
 
 1870. June. An injunction was obtained by the 
 American Wood Paper Company against the Glen's 
 Falls Paper Company, restraining them from boiling 
 paper stuff* at a certain pressure. 
 
 1870. Sponge paper, a French novelty, is said to 
 have all the peculiarities of sponge, absorbing water 
 readily, and remaining moist a long time. It has been 
 used as a dressing for wounds with considerable advan- 
 
21 6 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 tage. For its fabrication evenly and finely divided 
 sponge is added to ordinary paper pulp, and this is 
 worked, as in the common paper making apparatus, 
 into sheets of different thickness. 
 
 1870. The alarm about the scarcity of paper fibre 
 had now subsided, one would suppose, since in addi- 
 tion to the multitude of substances brought into use, 
 fishes were introduced, and found to produce a pulp, 
 which where twenty per cent of it was employed, the 
 paper could be distinguished from the ordinary article 
 only by its being stronger and tougher ! The fish 
 was divested of its skin and bones and placed in a 
 diluted solution of bichloride of mercury and alum 
 until the fibres separated. 
 
 1870. There had been a scarcity of water during 
 the last six months of this year that proved disastrous 
 to a great many mills throughout the country. It 
 was stated that some mills had not made twenty tons 
 of paper in all this time. Nevertheless, there was 
 no lack of paper in the market, and prices remained 
 unchanged — superfine book papers ruling at 20 to 
 24 cents, and fine book at 16 to 17 cents. The 
 newspapers were mostly supplied with straw paper at 
 12 to 12J cents. 
 
 1870. The Mobile Register was printed on paper 
 made from the okra plant. 
 
 1870. The war in France stopped the export of 
 fancy paper and envelopes, the consumption of which 
 in this country was much larger this year than had 
 been known for many years, and prices advanced 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making* 217 
 
 about ten per cent. The French fancy papers were 
 almost the only thing imported that were not success 
 fully imitated by manufacturers here. After one or 
 two attempts to get up a really good imitation of snow 
 flake and frosted papers, it was abandoned and the 
 French had control of that branch of the market. 
 
 1 87 1. John Robertson recovered $290 damages 
 of Oliver Woodworth, at the superior court, at New 
 London, Conn., for raising his dam by flash boards, 
 and overflowing the plaintifFs water wheel. 
 
 1 87 1. The long drouth of more than six months 
 was partially relieved by rains and mild weather during 
 the whole month of January ; still the suffering was 
 very serious among manufacturers on slender and pre- 
 carious streams. 
 
 1 87 1. The Printer's Circular gave the following 
 statistics of paper mills. Similar statements are made, 
 and seldom agree one with another. Great Britain, 
 408 : France, 276 ; Germany, 243 ; Austria, 78 ; 
 Russia, 40; Italy, 30 Belgium, 26; Spain, 17; 
 Switzerland, 14; Sweden, 8 ; Turkey, 1. The an- 
 nual production of paper in Europe 8,956,000 cwt., 
 valued at £1 5,004,400. 
 
 1 87 1. March 23. Howard & Son's Paper Mill at 
 Allegany City, was destroyed by fire \ loss $100,000, 
 insured $25,000. 
 
 1 87 1. A party of Japanese on a visit to Niagara 
 
 1 To show the unreliability of these statements, it was claimed in 
 1 874 that Italy had 536 paper mills, manufacturing paper to the amount 
 of 40,040,000 rancs. 
 
2 1 8 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 Falls, visited the paper mill there, and expressed their 
 intention of taking the machinery for a manufactory 
 home with them for the purpose of furnishing the 
 market there, as each family made its own paper. 
 
 1 87 1. April. Superfine book paper sold in Cin- 
 cinnati and Chicago at from 16 to 18 cts. a pound, 
 while in the eastern markets it ranged at from 20 to 
 24 cts. 
 
 1 87 1. It was stated in the Paper Trade Reporter, 
 that straw board, saturated with tar, was used exten- 
 sively in the west for lining houses, and was effective 
 in keeping out moisture as well as the cold blasts of 
 winter ; and that the Rock River Paper Company 
 turned out five tons a day for the purpose without 
 being able to supply the demand. 
 
 187 1. March 20. The mill at Newbern, N. C, 
 was burned. Loss stated at $30,000, with no in- 
 surance. 
 
 187 1. March. The upper mill of Crocker, Bur- 
 bank & Co., at Fitchburg, Mass., was burnt. The 
 loss $11,300 was covered by insurance. 
 
 187 1. April 17. One hundred and sixteen tons 
 of straw, belonging to Hodgman & Palser, was burnt 
 at their mill at Fort Edward, New York ; value $3, 
 200 ; insured $2000. 
 
 187 1. April. The paper mill of Messrs. Bingham 
 & Co., situated at Leesville, Conn., was burned. 
 
 1 87 1. There were 24 paper mills in Lee, Mass., 
 producing 50,000 pounds of paper a day. See 1851, 
 p. no. 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 219 
 
 1 87 1. It was asserted in the Paper Trade Reporter, 
 of May, that while the ordinary speed of the Fourdri- 
 nier machine was from 60 to 80 feet per minute on 
 printing paper, there was one machine running at the 
 rate of 175 feet per minute, producing 25 tons of 
 paper weekly. 
 
 1 87 1 . May 25. The collar paper factory, operated 
 by Mann & Laflin, at Factory Village, near Ballston, 
 N. Y., was destroyed by fire. The mill was owned 
 by Chauncey Cook, whose loss was $15,000, about 
 half insured. The stock was of about equal value, 
 insured for $6,000. The origin of the fire was un- 
 known. 
 
 1 87 1. The editor of the Paper Trade Reporter as- 
 serted that there were nearly 1,300 paper mills in the 
 United States. The number reported in 1853, was 
 1,700. Perhaps neither estimate was made from suf- 
 ficient investigation. 
 
 1871. The Augustine Mill of Jessup & Moore, 
 situated near Wilmington, Delaware, and constructed 
 of stone and iron, at a cost of $500,000, was pro- 
 nounced the king mill of the world. 
 
 1 87 1. Nearly all envelope papers, and buff papers 
 generally were at this time made of wood pulp. 
 
 1 87 1. The product of straw paper in the United 
 States was estimated at 100 tons a day. Straw was 
 scarce and high in price in the Eastern states, $25 a 
 ton, while it could be procured in the Western states 
 at from $1 to $4 a ton Straw news was worth in 
 New York 12 cts. a pound, and wrapping \\ to 5 
 cents. 
 
220 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 1 87 1. June 6. W. L. Alstyne's paper mill, at 
 Fulton, Oswego county, was burnt. 
 
 1 87 1. A Baltimore (Md.) firm was engaged in 
 manufacturing paper by a new pulping process re- 
 cently devised in Prussia. The invention consisted in 
 exposing the new material, such as straw, corn leaves, 
 etc., to the action of a weak alkaline solution, under 
 super atmospheric pressure, and at a temperature not 
 exceeding 2 1 28, (sic) in such a manner that, by the com- 
 bined action of the presure and the heat, the fibrous 
 material is split and disintegrated without destroying 
 the fibres, as in the case of other methods, where 
 strong alkaline solutions and high temperatures were 
 used. 
 
 1 87 1. The mills of the Smith Paper Co. located 
 at Lee, Mass., produced 14 tons of paper daily. 
 
 1 87 1. July 10. The Unconoonuc mill at Gaffs- 
 town Centre, N. H., owned by P. C. Cheeney & Co. 
 was destroyed by fire. Loss about $40,000 ; insured 
 for $25,000. 
 
 1871. July 14. The rotary bleacher of the How- 
 land mill at Sandy Hill, N. Y., exploded, demolishing 
 the mill, and occasioning a loss of $15,000. 
 
 1 87 1. July 23. A paper mill belonging to May & 
 Rogers was burned at Lee, Mass., resulting in a loss 
 of $15,000. It was an old mill, but had about 20 
 tons of paper and stock, which were burnt. 
 
 1 87 1. July 30. The Ontario Paper Mills, at 
 Phelps, N. Y. owned and managed by Geo. W. West, 
 were entirely destroyed by fire, with all the machinery 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 221 
 
 and stock. Loss estimated at $21,500, with a light 
 insurance. 
 
 1 87 1. It was stated that a set of paper car-wheels 
 in New Jersey had run over 100,000 miles, and en- 
 tirely worn out a set of steel tires. The ordinary 
 wheels will run 60,000 miles only. 
 
 1 87 1. The paper mill at Glen's Falls was burnt. 
 The machinery was saved. Loss $15,000. 
 
 187 1 . Lloyd, who published the Weekly News in 
 London, built a paper mill to supply his establishment. 
 He was reputed to own 180,000 acres of land in 
 Algeria, on which he procured the esparto grass used 
 in the manufacture of his paper, which was brought 
 over from Africa in his own ships, and landed at his 
 factory door on the Medway. (Printers' Reg., 231.) 
 
 1871. Sept 17. A fire at Comstock's wharf, Mont- 
 ville, Conn., burned a large quantity of paper stock, 
 belonging to different owners, and was valued at 
 $14,500. 
 
 1 87 1. A mill at Turner's Falls, Mass., manufac- 
 tured pulp exclusively from poplar, the demand for 
 which had increased to such an extent, that it was 
 difficult to supply it. The wood was delivered at the 
 mill in sled lengths, where it was sawed into sticks 
 13 inches long, stripped of its bark, split fine, and 
 subjected to a hydraulic pressure sufficient to reduce 
 it to the required firmness, from which it came out 
 white and clean, but in a thick, brittle state, unfit for 
 paper until combined with other stock. In this state 
 it was sold to manufacturers, who mixed rags or other 
 19 
 
222 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 material with it to suit the desired grade of paper. 
 The mill produced from five to seven tons daily. 
 
 1 87 1. It was stated that there were 1,200 paper 
 mills in the United States. 
 
 1 87 1. The government received one hundred 
 samples of paper from Japan, mostly what is termed 
 rice paper ; which were deposited in the patent office 
 at Washington. 
 
 187 1. Oct. 30. The paper mills of Freeman & 
 Barnett, near Fort Wayne, Ind., were burnt. Loss 
 $35,000 ; insurance light. 
 
 187 1 . Oct. 3. F. S. Parker died at New Haven, 
 Conn., aged 73. He was the senior partner of F. 
 S. & J. Parker. 
 
 1 87 1. An architect at Neustadt, Germany, by the 
 name of Hausel, by force of necessity, made the ex- 
 periment of using ordinary writing paper saturated 
 with petroleum by means of a brush, for tracing 
 paper, with perfect success. — Paper Trade Reporter^ 
 Nov. 1871. 
 
 1 87 1. Sept. 21. A meeting of manilla paper manu- 
 facturers was held at Sandy Hill, N. Y., and adopted 
 articles of association for the purpose of advancing 
 prices, and governing the supply of paper. 
 
 1 87 1. Nov. 5. The mills of the Stewart Paper 
 Company at Brookville, Indiana, were destroyed by 
 fire yesterday. Loss about $75,000 ; insured $25,000. 
 
 187 1. Nov 10. The paper mill of W. W. Smith? 
 at Seymour, Ct., was burnt. Loss $30,000. 
 
 1872. June 14. The paper mill at Ypsilanti, 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 223 
 
 Mich., owned by Cornwell & Co., was burnt. Loss 
 $100,000, on which was an insurance of $25,000. 
 
 1872. April 30. Carey, Nash & Ogden's paper 
 mill at Port Dickinson, N. Y., was burnt. Loss 
 $21,000, insured $11,900. 
 
 1872. Experiments were successfully made by 
 Stephen D. Baldwin, in California with the tules, or 
 reed-like vegetation growing on swamp lands, the 
 scirpus lacustrae of botanists, which was found tQ 
 yield from fifty to sixty per cent or paper pulp : that, 
 is, equal to cotton. 
 
 1872. April 17. Hammond's paper mill at Middle- 
 bury, Vt., was burnt, at a loss of $40,000. 
 
 1872. It was stated that two hundred and sixty- 
 three sorts of paper were manufactured at Yeddo in 
 Japan ; and that among these sorts, were some appro- 
 priated to pocket handkerchiefs, sailors' water-proof 
 overcoats, and even sauce pans used over charcoal fires. 
 
 1872. April. The paper mill of Mullin & Parker, 
 at Carlisle, Pa., was burnt, involving a loss of $45,000. 
 It was the fifth fire that had occurred since the mill 
 was first built in 1850, by Jacob Zug. 
 
 1872. April 7. John H. Taylor, of the firm of 
 Taylor & Darrow, died, in New York (?)'. He was 
 for many years engaged in the paper stock business, 
 and was one of the first to systematize that depart- 
 ment of trade, and reduce it to a separate and exclu- 
 sive branch. 
 
 1872. May 9. The paper mill of Hodgeman & 
 Palser, at Sandy Hill was destroyed by fire. 
 
224 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 1872. May 16. The paper mill of C. F. Davis, 
 at Chatham, Col. Co., N. Y., was burnt, with a 
 large quantity of paper and straw. 
 
 1872. May 21. The mill at Union Deposit, Pa., 
 running on manilla by W. S. Corpman, under lease 
 of J. H. Ebersole, was burnt, at a loss of $15,000, 
 and not rebuilt. 
 
 1872. The greatest rival of France in the manu- 
 facture of paper, was Germany ; and during the in- 
 vasion of the former country, the French paper makers 
 were able to produce only small quantities of paper, 
 and the German exports were greatly increased to 
 Switzerland, Italy, Spain, Belgium and Holland ; and 
 it was even exported to America, India and Japan in 
 large quantities. 
 
 1872. The number of paper mills in the United 
 States was stated in Lockwood's Directory at 812, valued 
 at $35,564,700 ; producing annually $66,500,000, 
 and employing 22,000 persons. 
 
 1872. June 21. The paper mill of Elijah Smith, 
 at Moriches, Long Island, N. Y., was burnt. Loss 
 $75,000. 
 
 1872. June. The extensive manilla paper works 
 of Wells, Ramsey & Co., near Rising Sun, Cecil 
 county, Maryland, were burnt. Loss $20,000. The 
 mill had been built only four months. 
 
 1872. A paper was made for wrapping, called iron 
 paper, which differed from other wrapping, in having 
 iron filings mixed in the pulp while in process of 
 manufacture, to give it weight. It was denounced 
 as a fraud. 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 225 
 
 1872. Epilobium, or fireweed, was looked to for 
 paper stock. 
 
 1872. July. The Winnipiseogee paper mill at 
 Franklin, N.- H., was burnt. Loss $35,000, insured 
 for $50,000. 
 
 1872. July 14. Davis & Moore's paper mill in 
 Pepperell, Mass., was burned, with the stock and 
 machinery. Loss $50,000 ; insured $45,000. 
 
 1872. July 19. The mill of J. B. Sheffield at 
 Saugerties, N. Y., was burnt. The loss was 
 $300,000; insured for $105,000. It was a very 
 large concern, employing 150 workmen. 
 
 1872. July 19. The Albion mill at Holyoke, 
 Mass., was ignited by the friction of the rag machine, 
 and burnt down to the first story. Loss $50,000 ; 
 insured for $67,000. 
 
 1872. The import of rags into the United States 
 during the year ending June 3, free of duty, was 128, 
 280,225 lbs., of the value of $4,890,045 ; of these 
 about one-half were imported from British ports. — 
 Paper Trade Journal. 
 
 1872. The paper mill of F. Hendee & Co. at 
 Council BlufFs, Iowa, was burned Aug. 30. Loss 
 $30,000, half insured. 
 
 1872. England imported paper from the mill of 
 Prince Bismarck at Varzin in Prussia to such an extent 
 that it was not possible to meet the demand. This 
 paper was made of fir. 
 
 1872. Baker's mill, Blue Store, Columbia county, 
 N. Y., was destroyed by lightning. Loss $10,000. 
 
226 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 1872. June 12. The Middlebrook paper mill, 
 near Knoxville, Tenn., was burned. Loss $30,000, 
 one-third insured. 
 
 1872. The paper mills of Bismarck at Varzin in 
 Prussia, menufactured pasteboard from pine wood, 
 which found a market in England. These mills 
 wrought up 600 cords of wood per annum, but the 
 demand being greater than the supply new works were 
 superadded, adapted to the consumption of five cords 
 a day. 
 
 1872. Oct. 10. The Hillsdale mill at Worthing- 
 ton, Iowa, was burnt. Loss, $25,000. 
 
 T872. The first news paper in Nova Scotia, was 
 made at Bedford. — See Paper Trade Journal, Feb. 
 
 1872. The imports of esparto into England during 
 this year exceeded 130,000 tons. The Times was 
 printed on paper made more or less of this material, 
 as was that of most of the other leading journals, pe- 
 riodicals and current publications generally. The 
 imports of paper during the first seven months of this 
 year amounted to =£124,277 in excess of those of the 
 preceding year for the corresponding months, while 
 the value of the exports was no less than £ 173, 130. 
 
 1872. Oct. 25. Blauvelt & Gilmore's mill at Lee, 
 Mass., was burned. Insured $20,000. 
 
 1872. The paper mill of Miller & Churchill at 
 Little Falls was burnt by the explosion of a lamp. 
 
 1872. Dec. 7. The extensive paper mill of Carson 
 & Brown, at Dalton, Mass., was burned, at a loss of 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making, 227 
 
 $125,000, on which were insurances to the amount of 
 $82,500. The mill was manufacturing 2300 pounds 
 of paper daily, of superior quality. Dec. 23. The 
 Quinnipiac mill, near New Haven, was burnt, at a 
 loss of $15,000. It has no facilities for putting out 
 fires. 
 
 1872. Holyoke was the great manufacturing mart 
 of fine writing paper, producing forty tons a day, 
 which was three-fourths of all the product of the 
 country at this time. 
 
 1872. Dec. 31. John Priestley died. See Paper 
 Trade Journal, Jan. 15, 1873. He was tne ^ rst t0 
 make a fine book paper from straw. 
 
 1872. There was reported to be in operation 812 
 paper mills in the United States, owned by 705 firms, 
 and of an estimated value of $35,000,000, besides an 
 estimated value of $43,500,000 of working capital. 
 There were besides 39 new mills in course of con- 
 struction. These 812 mills, it was stated, employed 
 13,420 men, 7,700 women, and 922 children \ whose 
 aggregate wages were computed at $10,000,000. The 
 product of these mills was estimated at 317,387 tons 
 of paper, valued at $66,575,825.— Paper Trade Re- 
 porter, Sept. 1, 1873, P- 5* 
 
 1873. J an - J 7- Brown & Jukes's paper mill at Am- 
 sterdam, N. Y., was burnt. Loss $20,000, insured. 
 
 1873. There were 350 paper mills in Great Britain, 
 employing nearly 30,000 persons, and producing an- 
 nually more than three hundred millions pounds of 
 paper, according to the Post Office Directory. 
 
228 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 1873. Foreign rags, three -fourths of which used to 
 come from Italy, were now principally imported from 
 England. The imports of rags from England in 1872, 
 were 45,750 bales ; from Italy, 23,134 ; from the 
 Levant, 11,149. 
 
 1873. There being no paper mill in Greece, about 
 12,000 tons of rags were exported from that country, 
 mainly to England and France. 
 
 1873. The rise of bleach, caustic and coals in 
 England in two years, was equal to <£8 is. %d. a ton, 
 while the advance in the price of paper was a half a 
 penny a pound, or about one-half the increased ex- 
 pense of production. 
 
 1873. The Dundee Advertiser, of Scotland, was 
 printed on paper made wholly of jute, and to encour- 
 age the manufacture, the publisher offered a premium 
 of X50 to encourage an improvement in the quality. 
 
 1873. The New York Commercial Advertiser says that 
 the aggregate annual production of paper is 1,060,000 
 tons, of which nearly one-third, or 317,387 tons, is 
 produced in the United States ; while Germany pro- 
 duces 180,000 tons, and Great Britain exactly the 
 same quantity as Germany, the French product being 
 148,000 tons. In the United States the number of 
 paper mills has increased about 50 per cent since 
 1850 — the present number being 812, and the value 
 of their average annual product nearly $67,000,000. 
 
 1873. A paper mill directory enumerated 812 mills 
 in the country, and estimated the captal invested at 
 $43,500,000. These mills employed 22,042 work- 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 229 
 
 men, and produced in the previous year 317,387 tons 
 of paper, valued at $66,475,825. 
 
 1 87 1 . There were 22 mills in Lee, Mass., owned 
 by nine firms, turning out 22 tons of paper daily. 
 
 1872. The losses sustained in conflagrations by 
 paper manufacturers was one million dollars, during 
 this year. 
 
 1873. J u ty I0 * The paper mill of Cushman 
 Brothers at North Amherst, Mass., was burnt, 
 involving a loss of $50,000, less $13,000 insured. 
 
 1873. ^he quantity of rags exported from the 
 Turkish ports in the year 1872-3, was reported at 
 7,507,967 pounds by the director general of customs. 
 — Paper Trade Journal, ill, No. 61. 
 
 1873. ^ n August of this year there were forty-two 
 mills in process of construction. 
 
 1873. Messrs. Wm. Chadwick & Son, of Pendle- 
 ton, England, were manufacturing paper 113 inches 
 wide, on a 1.20 inch machine. The widest American 
 machine was 96 inches. 
 
 1873. The Chilian government granted to a manu- 
 facturing firm the exclusive right to make paper in 
 that country for news and wrapping, and laid a pro- 
 hibitory duty on imports. 
 
 1873. The P a P er manufacturers lost by fires during 
 this year $499,200, divided among 29 establishments. 
 See Paper Trade 'Journal Jan. 1, 1874. 
 
 1874. The Italian mills were nearly all in charge of 
 foreign workmen, while those in Russia were run by 
 English hands, with the exception of a few Germans 
 who had recently gone there. 
 
230 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 1874. The Leipzig Correspondent computed the 
 number of paper mills in the states composing the 
 German empire at 423, a gain of 181 in six years ; and 
 the total annual product of paper at 180,000 tons. 
 
 1874. Alexander H. Rice, a Boston paper dealer, 
 stated in a public lecture, that the quantity of paper 
 consumed in Massachusetts was of twelve millions of 
 dollars value, and that about three-fourths of all the 
 paper used in the United States was produced in 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 1874. The number of mills in the different countries 
 in which machine-made paper was produced, and the 
 product for the present year was estimated as follows : 
 
 
 MILLS. 
 
 CWTS. 
 
 5,000 
 
 
 ... I3O ... 
 
 1,440,000 
 
 
 19 ... 
 
 450,000 
 
 
 
 8,000 
 
 
 
 10,000 
 
 
 5 ... 
 
 72,000 
 
 
 ... 404 ... 
 
 2,960,000 
 
 
 ... 423 ... 
 
 3,600,000 
 
 
 ... 274 ... 
 
 3,600,000 
 
 
 
 144,000 
 
 Italy, 
 
 ... 97 ... 
 
 900,000 
 
 
 
 270,000 
 
 
 16 ... 
 
 120,000 
 
 
 ... 66 ... 
 
 670,000 
 
 
 ... 30 ... 
 
 20,000 
 
 
 ... 17 ... 
 
 260,000 
 
 
 ... 467 .. 
 
 3,230,000 
 
 
 1,982 
 
 J7,8l9,000 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 23 1 
 
 1874. Papyrus, which was generally supposed to 
 have become obsolete, was cultivated as a rare plant 
 in the royal gardens at Kew, and in the Royal Society's 
 garden, London, as well as in some private gardens 
 in England. 
 
 1874. A canoe was constructed of paper by E. 
 Waters and Son of Troy, N. Y. It was 14 feet in 
 length, 28 inches in width, and 23 inches in greatest 
 depth. It was made of linen paper, one-sixth of an 
 inch in thickness, moulded while soft upon a solid 
 wood form, and afterwards highly polished and 
 varnished. It was designed for a voyage from Albany 
 to the gulf of Mexico. Its weight was 58 lbs. 
 
 1875. Specimens of paper were exhibited to the 
 Academy of Sciences by M. Landrin, made from 
 gombo, a plant common to the French colonies, and 
 in many warm countries. — Paper Trade Journal^ 
 April 15, 1875, p. 9. 
 
 1875. The stem of the American wild rice, zisania 
 aquatica, came extensively into use as a material for 
 paper pulp. It was said that 100,000 tons of it could 
 be obtained annually from the shores of the Canadian 
 lakes. — Ibid, p. 1 1. 
 
 1875. In June, there was found to be 895 mills 
 in operation in the United States, owned by 773 firms. 
 There were at the same time nine new mills in pro- 
 cess of construction, although the paper business was 
 much depressed. — Paper Trade Journal, iv, No. 74. 
 
 1876. The following truly figurative paragraph is 
 given by way of corollary. One Carl Engel seems 
 
232 Chronology of the Origin and 
 
 to be held responsible for it. See Printers' Circular, 
 xi, 183. 
 
 Of the 1,300,000,000 human beings inhabiting the 
 globe, 360,000,000 have no paper nor writing material 
 of any kind ; 500,000,000 of the Mongolian race use 
 a paper made from the stalks and leaves of plants ; 
 10,000,000 use for graphic purposes tablets of wood ; 
 130,000,000 — the Persians, Hindoos, Armenians 
 and Syrians — have paper made from cotton, while 
 the remaining 300,000,000 use the ordinary staple. 
 The annual consumption by this latter number is 
 estimated at 1,800,000,000 pounds, an average of six 
 pounds to the person, which has increased from two 
 and a half pounds during the last fifty years. To 
 produce this amount of paper, 200,000,000 pounds 
 of woolen rags, besides great quantities of linen rags, 
 straw, wood, and other materials, are yearly consumed. 
 The paper is manufactured in 3,960 paper mills, em- 
 ploying 90,000 male and 180,000 female laborers. 
 The proportionate amounts of the different kinds of 
 paper are stated to be : of writing paper, 300,000,000 
 pounds ; of printing paper 900,000,000 pounds ; of 
 wall paper, 400,000,000, and 200,000,000 pounds of 
 cartoons, blotting paper, etc. 
 
 1877. The fire king stalked abroad early in the 
 year among the paper mills. Hammond's mill at 
 East Pike, N. Y., producing 3500 lbs. of wrapping 
 daily, was burned March 25. The Augustine mills 
 near Wilmington, Delaware, owned by Jessup & 
 Moore, and making five tons of book paper daily, was 
 
Progress of Paper and Paper Making. 233 
 
 burned April 4. Pennypacker's mill at Valley Forge 
 Pa., having a daily capacity of 1500 lbs. of envelope 
 paper, was burnt 8th April. The Eagle mill at Suffield, 
 Conn., running on writing papers, and producing 800, 
 lbs. daily, was burnt April 10. The Hudson River 
 Paper and Pulp Co.'s mill, at Palmer Falls, N. Y., 
 having a product of five tons of newspaper daily, was 
 burnt on the nth April. , 
 
 1877. The number of paper mills in the United 
 States was reckoned at 934, and the number of firms 
 at 795, of these 254 firms and 327 mills were located 
 in the Eastern states \ 328 firms and 360 mills in the 
 Middle states; 155 firms and 179 mills in the 
 Western states ; and 58 firms and 68 mills in the 
 Southern states. — LockwoocTs Directory of the Paper 
 Trade. 
 
 Finale. — The collector of these disjunctive con- 
 junctives proposes, with this fifth edition, in the fifty- 
 second year of his typographical career, to let the 
 paper manufacture go on as it may, without any 
 further surveillance of his, with best wishes for its 
 prosperity to the end of time. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Abacca (manilla hemp), substitute 
 
 for rags, 20 1. 
 Aberdeen, Scotland, 129, 171. 
 Acacia, substitute for rags, 201. 
 Academy of Natural Sciences, 156. 
 Academy of Sciences, 79, 1165 
 
 specimens of paper in, 231. 
 Adamantine stone, 159. 
 Adolphus, count of Schaumburg, 
 
 21. 
 
 Advertiser, Portland, 209. 
 Africa, 2215 mills in, 1874, 230. 
 African colonies, 169. 
 Agave of Cuba, substitute for 
 
 rags, 201. 
 Agawam paper mill burnt, 198. 
 Aimes S., his mills burnt, 90. 
 Albany, 48, 231 j paper mill 
 
 nearest to, 1789, 50. 
 Albany Argus, 137. 
 Albany Institute, 50. 
 Albany Register, 50. 
 Albumenizing, paper, 1925 fluid, 
 
 192. 
 
 Alcoi, mills at, 55. 
 
 Alexander, 15 5 of Russia, 68 j 
 the Great, 6. 
 
 Alexandria, Egypt, 17, 155, 198. 
 
 Alfa fibre, paper from, 122, 183. 
 
 Alga marina, for paper, 38. 
 
 Algeria, 168, 200, 221. 
 
 Algiers, 119} manufactory estab- 
 lished, 169. 
 
 Alkali. 179. 
 
 Alkalies, use of, 84, 90. 
 
 Alkaline, solution, 163, 1845 
 treatment, 194. 
 
 Allegany City, mill at, 217. 
 
 Allen, Stephen M., inventor, 
 170, 1845 patentee, 182. 
 
 Allen's Biog. Dictionary, 73. 
 Allison, Burgess, 58. 
 Aloes, leaves of, for paper, 41. 
 Alsace, No. of mills in 1802, 
 
 58 j exports, 59. 
 Alstead, N. H., 98. 
 Alstyne, W. L., his mill burnt, 
 
 220. 
 
 Alum, 2165 used for sizing, 84. 
 Alumina, 161. 
 America, 224. 
 
 American aloe, paper prepared 
 from, 9. 
 
 American Company of Book- 
 sellers, gold and silver medal 
 offered by, 60. 
 
 American Cyclopedia, Appleton's, 
 12. 
 
 American Fibre Disintegrating 
 Company's works burnt,205. 
 
 American wild rice, 231. 
 
 AmericanWood Paper Co., 141, 
 2145 obtain an injunction, 
 215. 
 
 Ames, David, died, 113. 
 Ames, D & J., 127 5 mill, 78. 
 Ames, John, 75, 94; inventor, 
 99 j patentee, 94, 101, 103. 
 Amherst, Mass., 133. 
 Amies, Joseph, 95. 
 Amies, Thomas, 70. 
 Ammonia, 162. 
 Ammoniacal compounds, 162. 
 Ammoniate of alum, 180. 
 Amos & Clarke, patentees, 117. 
 Amru, Joseph, 18. 
 Amsterdam, N. Y., 227. 
 Ancona, 155. 
 Andalusia, 36. 
 Anderson, 32. 
 
2 3 6 
 
 Index. 
 
 Andries, S. R , 142. 
 
 Angouleme,France,3i, 695 manu- 
 facturers obtain prizes atParis, 
 62 5 product of mills in, 49 5 
 vellum paper first produced at, 
 62. 
 
 Angoumois, France, 345 mills at, 
 5°- 
 
 Angular bed-plate, 190. 
 Anhydrous rosin-soap for sizing, 
 179. 
 
 Animal, fibrine for paper, 161 5 
 
 parchment, 165 5 substances 
 
 for paper, 84. 
 Anne, queen, duty established in 
 
 the reign of, 1705 her impost, 
 
 34- 
 
 Annis, George W., patentee, 83. 
 Annonay, 62, 69, 76. 
 Annsville paper mill burnt, 92. 
 Annual of Scientific Discovery, 
 
 147, 212. 
 Anthony, Henry F., inventor, 
 
 192. 
 
 Antisel, Prof., inventor, 131. 
 Aphorisms of Hippocrates, 19. 
 Aporentype, 84. 
 Appleton's Cyclopedia, 157. 
 Aprons, paper, made by news girls, 
 
 209. 
 Aqua fortis, 168. 
 Aquitaine, 23. 
 
 Arabians, carried the art of paper 
 making into Spain, 10 5 
 manufacture of paper by the, 
 
 9- 
 
 Aragon and Castile, kings of, 21. 
 Armenians, 232. 
 Arroche for paper, 41. 
 Arundinaria macro-sperma, reed 
 
 fibre from for paper, 1 60. 
 Abestos for paper, 133. 
 Ashland, mill at, 167. 
 Asia Minor, 155. 
 Asparagus, ligaments of, for paper, 
 
 99- 
 
 Aspen for paper, 41, 89. 
 Astor House, New York, meeting 
 of paper makers at, 176. 
 
 Atkinson, Mr.,'6o. 
 
 Auburn, N. Y., mill near, 202 ; 
 
 Paper Co. 's mill burnt, 202. 
 Augustine mill, 2195 burned, 
 
 232. 
 
 Austria, 181 j Dutch workmen 
 brought into, 39 j first paper 
 mill in, 25; mill in, 179} 
 No. of mills in 1845, iioj 
 product,! ioj product ini 851 , 
 1215 No. of mills in 1855, 
 141 j mills in 1871, 217; 
 mills in, 1874, 230. 
 
 Austrian, 1753 department 
 London International Exhibi- 
 tion, 1765 states export 
 rags, 106. 
 
 Avignon, meeting of straw paper 
 makers at, 194, 195. 
 
 Babylonian bricks, 5. 
 Baden, Germany, 25, in. 
 Bage, Robert, 57. 
 Bagford, John, 35. 
 Bagging for paper, 93, 168. 
 Baird, Prentice C, his mill burnt, 
 174. 
 
 Baily, William, 60. 
 Baker's mill destroyed by lightning, 
 225. 
 
 Balcom, Vespasian O., patentee, 
 148. 
 
 Baldwin, Stephen D., 223. 
 
 Balilliat, Pierre, patentee, 80. 
 
 Ballston N. Y., 206; mill at, 
 159 5 mill in, 197. 
 
 Ballston Spa, N. Y., 144, 171 ; 
 mill at, 149. 
 
 Baltimore, Md., 129, 143, 160, 
 173,2205 imports in 1863, 
 1875 manufacturers petition 
 for tariff, 72. 
 
 Baltimore County Advocate, 145. 
 
 Baltimore Co., Md., 145. 
 
 Bamboo, inner bark of, for paper, 
 7 j Jamaica, substitute for 
 rags, 201 5 machines for 
 crushing, 210 5 of the Mis- 
 sissippi for paper, 138 5 
 
Index. 
 
 Bamboo, paper from, 148, 184 ; 
 proces ofspreparing, 185,189. 
 
 Banana, paper from leaves of, 104. 
 
 Bank, note paper, 116; of Eng- 
 land, 1 16 5 notes, 152. 
 
 Barabee, W., 143. 
 
 Bardoux, Lucien, patentee, 195. 
 
 Bark, of the cotton stalk for paper, 
 146. 
 
 Barks of trees for wrapping paper, 
 H3- 
 
 Barley straw, for paper, 41. 
 Barne, patentee, 173. 
 Barratt, Thomas, patentee, 91. 
 Barrels, paper used for, 203. 
 Barrett & Swann's mill burnt, 83, 
 107. 
 
 Barrett, Ebenezer, 83. 
 Barry, Mr., prosecuted, 156. 
 Barrytown, N. Y., mill burned, 
 
 207. 
 Bartolus, 24. 
 
 Basil, canton of, mills in, 59. 
 Baskerville, 39. 
 Basle, in Switzerland, 27. 
 Basswood for paper, 45, 52, 136, 
 188; substitute for rags, 201. 
 Bath island, 160. 
 Bavaria, in. 
 
 Bavarian peat for paper, 41. 
 
 Beach & Co.'s mill burned, 208. 
 
 Beach, Moses Y., patentee, 82. 
 
 Bealer, William, inventor, 188. 
 
 Beard & Crouse's mill burned, 214. 
 
 Beardsle, George W., 1365 ex- 
 perimenter, 142. 
 
 Beardslee, Mr., 12. 
 
 Bedford, Mass., 148. 
 
 Bedford, Nova Scotia, mill at, 69. 
 
 Beech for paper, 41. 
 
 Beeswax used for sizing and glaz- 
 ing, 84. 
 
 Beet root, paper from, 99, 161 ; 
 
 pasteboard from, 149. 
 Belfast, Ireland, 147. 
 Belgium, 132, 146, 2245 export 
 
 duty on rags, 190 ; export of 
 
 rags prohibited, 1695 exports 
 
 to Denmark, 113; 
 
 Belgium, exports to the Nether- 
 lands, 1 13 ; manufacture in- 
 troduced into, 34; number of 
 manufacturers in, 11 5; imports 
 and exports in 1849, 117; 
 mills in, 1871,217; mills in, 
 1874, 230; paper exported to 
 the seceded states, 174. 
 
 Bellamy, William, proposal by,44. 
 
 Belmont Falls, mill at, 60. 
 
 Belting for machinery, paper used 
 for, 203. 
 
 Benjamin, Nathan, mill burnt, 62. 
 
 Bennington, Vt., mill at, 208 ; 
 rags wanted at, 48. 
 
 Benton, George & Son's mill 
 burned, 208. 
 
 Benzine for tracing paper, 270. 
 
 Berkshire Co., Mass., 208. 
 
 Berkshire, Mass., consumption of 
 rags in, 1868, 204. 
 
 Berkshire mill, 67. 
 
 Berlin, Prussia, 27 ; first machine 
 in, 71. 
 
 Bernadotte, patentee, 84. 
 
 Bern, canton of, mills in, 59. 
 
 Bertholet, 68. 
 
 Besancon, France, 138. 
 
 Bestow & Fairchild's mill burnt, 
 176. 
 
 Bible, made of the skin of a 
 
 woman, 5. 
 Bibliotheca Americana, 50. 
 Bidds, Mr., 52. 
 Bigg, John, patentee, 52. 
 Binder's boards, 90. 
 Bingham & Co.'s mill burnt, 218, 
 Bingham, Edward B., 150. 
 Birmingham, 57. 
 Bismarck, Prince, 225. 
 Black river, country, 63 ; paper 
 
 mill burned, 197. 
 Blake, Edmond, inventor, 98. 
 Blake, J. S., patentee, 151. 
 Blandel, patentee, 173. 
 Blank, Ephraim F., patentee, 90. 
 Blank, Thomas, patentee, 90. 
 Blauvelt & Gilmore's mill burned, 
 
 226. 
 
Index. 
 
 Bleach, rise in price, 228. 
 Bleaching powders, 183. 
 Bloomfield, N. J., 172 j mill at, 
 21 3. 
 
 Blue grass for paper, 81. 
 Blue Store, N. Y., 225. 
 Bodleian collection, 19. 
 Bodoni, 26. 
 Bohemia, 149. 
 
 Bohun, Edmund, Autobiography, 
 
 Boilers, improvement in, 171. 
 Bolls of the sycamore tree for 
 
 paper, 182. 
 Bomeisler, Louis, patentee, 85. 
 Bonnets, paper used for, 203, 206. 
 Bookseller, 171. 
 
 Booksellers and Publishers Union, 
 
 159- 
 
 Bordeaux, 23. 
 
 Boston Journal, 188. 
 
 Boston, Mass., 96, 138, 1555 
 paper collars in, i860, 171 j 
 imports in 1863, 1875 manu- 
 facture in, 215. 
 
 Boulac, near Cairo, 123. 
 
 Boxes, for paper used for, 203. 
 
 Boxmoor, 60. 
 
 Bracken, or fern plant, paper from, 
 137. 
 
 Bradford, William, 33, 34, 36. 
 Bradley, A., & Sons, mill burnt, 
 104. 
 
 Bradley, B. B., his mill burnt, 140. 
 Brand, M., experimenter, 89. 
 Brandywine, 72, 78 ; mill on, 70 5 
 
 flood on the, 74. 
 Bran, paper from, 141. 
 Brard, Cyprian Prosper, patentee, 
 
 83- 
 
 Brattleborough, Vt., 65, 91, 94, 
 
 96; mill at, 154. 
 Brazil, imports, 1125 mills in 
 
 1874, 230. 
 Brazilian grass, paper from, 133. 
 Breitkoff, 1. 
 
 Bremen exports rags, 154. 
 Brepols, Sieur, manufacturer of 
 colored paper, 77. 
 
 Bretagne, France, exports, 59. 
 
 Brewer and Smith, patentees, 121. 
 
 Brewer, Henry, 95. 
 
 Bridgeport, Pa., 99. 
 
 Brightman, J. W., patentee, 179. 
 
 Brindly, W., patentee, 116. 
 
 Bristol, N. H., mill at, 178. 
 
 Britannia, figure of, 28. 
 
 British-American provinces, paper 
 mill in, 69. 
 
 British museum, 19, 33, 35 j man- 
 uscript in, 175 Cottonian li- 
 brary of, 24 j kingdom, ex- 
 cise duties and exports, 1859, 
 164; and Foreign Bible So- 
 ciety, 70. 
 
 British Merchant, 32. 
 
 Brogniart, M., lot;. 
 
 Broich, Holland, 33. 
 
 Bromelia penguin for paper, 211. 
 
 Bronx river, N. Y., mill on, 75. 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y., 150. 
 
 Brookville, Ind., mills at, 222. 
 
 Brooman, R. A., patentee, 110. 
 
 Broom corn for paper, 41. 
 
 Brown, Alexander, patentee, 137. 
 
 Brown & Denison's mill burned, 
 212. 
 
 Brown & Jukes's mill burnt, 227. 
 Brown & Mcintosh, inventors, 1 29. 
 Brown, James, 101 ; patentee, 156. 
 Brown paper, duty on, 170. 
 Brown, Tower & Co.'s mills burnt, 
 100. 
 
 Brownsville, Pa., mill at, 53. 
 Brueckman, Dr., 36. 
 Bruges, 49. 
 Brunswick, 27. 
 Brush, 187. 
 Brussells, 139. 
 
 Buchanan, C. S., 1825 patentee, 
 171. 
 
 Buchanan & Bullard's boiler ex- 
 ploded, 190. 
 
 Buchanan & Kilmer, 140. 
 
 Buckets, paper used for, 203. 
 
 Buddington, Mr., mill of, burnt, 
 102. 
 
 Buel, David, 57. 
 
Index. 
 
 2 39 
 
 Buffalo Express, 176. 
 
 Bullard, D. A., & Co.'s boiler ex- 
 ploded, 214. 
 
 Bull, La Grange, 106. 
 
 Bulls of the popes, on cotton paper, 
 18. 
 
 Bunker Hill Aurora, 198. 
 
 Burdock for paper, 41, 49. 
 
 Burgess, Hugh, 141. 
 
 Burke, Francis, inventor, 147. 
 
 Burneby, Eustace, 32. 
 
 Burton, printer, 54. 
 
 Butler, Asa, 73. 
 
 Butler, Simeon, 73. 
 
 Button, board, duty on, 101 j 
 
 paper, duty on, 101. 
 Buttons, paper used for, 203. 
 
 Cabbage stumps for paper, 41. 
 
 Cacim aben Hegi, 20. 
 
 Caen, France, 68. 
 
 Cairo, 123. 
 
 Calcined feldspar, 165. 
 
 Calcium, 165. 
 
 Calendering rolls, 186. 
 
 Calico for book covers, substitute 
 
 for, 191. 
 California, No. of mills in 1869, 
 
 210. 
 
 Cambridge, England, 29. 
 
 Camden, Me., 107 5 mill at, 83. 
 
 Camden, N. J., 152. 
 
 Camp, E., his mill burnt, 104. 
 
 Campbell, Hall & Co., 201. 
 
 Campbell, Mr., patentee, 51. 
 
 Canada, mills in, 1874, 230. 
 
 Canadian lakes, 231. 
 
 Canandaigua, N. Y., 71. 
 
 Cane of the southern swamps for 
 paper, 173. 
 
 Canes from the Carolinas, substi- 
 tute for rags, 201. 
 
 Canoe of paper, 231. 
 
 Canson Brothers, patentees, 79. 
 
 Canson, M., 76, 79 ; secret im- 
 provement, 78. 
 
 Cape Haytien, 127. 
 
 Cappucius Brothers, 79. 
 
 Carbonated alkali, 103. 
 
 Carbonic acid gas, 147, 173. 
 Carduus nutans for paper, 58. 
 Card-board, 188. 
 Carew Paper Company, 198. 
 Carey, Nash & Ogden's mill 
 
 burned, 223. 
 Carleton & Co.'s mill burnt, 102. 
 Carlisle, Pa., mill at, 223. 
 Carlowville, Ala., 151. 
 Carpenter's mill burnt, 206. 
 Carpets, paper used for, 203. 
 Carroll, John, his mill burned, 208. 
 Carson & Brown's mill burned, 
 
 226. 
 
 Carson, David, 53, 67 ; died, 160. 
 Carter's paper mill burnt, 127. 
 Cartridge paper, requisites in, 47. 
 Cartridges, want of paper for, 46. 
 Carvil, George, patentee, 93. 
 Car wheels, of paper, 221. 
 Cascade paper mill burnt, 206. 
 Case of the paper traders, 33. 
 Casey, Mr., 60. 
 
 Casiri, 21 j on the invention of 
 
 paper, 18. 
 Cassiodorus, 17. 
 Caswell, Gurdon, 65. 
 Catskill, mill at, 54, 209. 
 Cat-tail for paper, 188. 
 CaufTman's paper mill burned, 
 
 126. 
 
 Caustic alkali, 163, 1655 lime, 
 161 j rise in price, 228 j soda, 
 
 *73i lev > 139- 
 
 Cecil Co., Md., 224. 
 
 Chadbourne, P. A., patentee, 183. 
 
 Chadwick, Wm., & Son, manu- 
 facturers, 229. 
 
 Chamberlin, Martin, 53. 
 
 Chambersburg, Pa., 81, 88, 92. 
 
 Chambers, Messrs., 117. 
 
 Chamblee, Canada, 142. 
 
 Charles I, 30. 
 
 Charles IX of France, 29. 
 
 Charles VIII, 27. 
 
 Charleston, S. C, 158. 
 
 Charlestown, Mass., 142. 
 
 Charlotte, Princess, 61. 
 
 Charta bombycine, 18. 
 
240 
 
 Index. 
 
 Chase, Thomas G., 165. 
 Chateaugay river, mill on, 60. 
 Chatham, Col. co., N. Y., 105, 
 
 208 5 mill at, 224. 
 Chatham Four Corners, mill at, 
 
 159, 206. 
 Cheeney, P. C, & Co.'s mill 
 
 burned, 220. 
 Chelsea Manufacturing Co., 145. 
 Chemical acid, 181. 
 Cheneyville, Ct., mill at, burnt, 
 
 203. 
 
 Chester co., Pa , 192. 
 
 Chester creek, Pa., paper mill on, 
 
 37, 127. 
 Chester, Ct., 154. 
 Chester Valley rail road, 192. 
 Chicago, 178, 218. 
 Chiffonniers of Paris, insurrection 
 
 of, 94. 
 
 Chili, imports from Spain, 115. 
 
 Chilian government, lay prohibit- 
 ory duty on imports, 229. 
 
 Chinese, hemp, substitute for rags, 
 201 5 nettle, substitute for 
 rags, 201 ; paper, 7, 155 
 rice paper, 8j sugar cane, 180. 
 
 Chittenden, George, 67. 
 
 Chittenden, G., & Son's mill burnt, 
 174. 
 
 Chloride of lime, 147, 1515 used, 
 181. 
 
 Chlorine, 1833 discovered, 43 5 
 
 in bleaching, 193. 
 Christian III, 79. 
 Christina of Sweden, 30. 
 Church, Henry & Co.'s mill burnt, 
 
 107. 
 
 Churchyard's Spark of Friendship, 
 29. 
 
 Cigarettes, paper for, 169. 
 
 Cincinnati, 175, 218. 
 
 Cist, Charles, 46. 
 
 Claremont, N. H., 151. 
 
 Clark, C. & O., their paper mill 
 
 burnt, 144. 
 Clark, John, & Co., 63. 
 Clark, John, mill burnt, 56. 
 Clark, Patrick, patentee, 151. 
 
 Clark, Wm., & Co.'s mill burnt, 
 166. 
 
 Clark, Wm., patentee, 146, 149. 
 Clark, William N., patentee, 154. 
 Clarke, Lucius, died, 206. 
 Clavio, Julio, 28. 
 Claypoole, James, 46. 
 Clematite for paper, 41. 
 Clemo, Ebenezer, patentee, 168. 
 Cleveland, Ohio, 179 j mill at, 
 
 burned, 92. 
 Clum, abbot of, 20. 
 Clyde, N. Y., mill near, 206. 
 Coals, rise in price, 228. 
 Coal tar, 146. 
 
 Coating writing paper, 192. 
 Cobbett, 83. 
 
 Cobb, Thomas, patentee, 87. 
 Coffins, paper, 206. 
 Cohoes, N. Y., mill at, 177. 
 Collar paper factory burned, 219. 
 Collars, paper, 203, 206. 
 Colle, in Tuscany, 27. 
 Collier, Elisha Hayden, patentee, 
 82. 
 
 Collyer, Dr., patentee, 161. 
 Collyer, R. H., 152. 
 Colquohoun, Dr., 68. 
 Coltsfoot for paper, 49. 
 Columbia co., N. Y., 208 5 first 
 
 paper mill, 54 5 mill in, 67. 
 Columbia mill, 198. 
 Columbus, meeting of publishers 
 
 in, 195. 
 Combustible cakes, 194. 
 Comly, J. P., patentee, 130. - 
 Compoloro, F. De, patentee, 164. 
 Comstock's wharf, fire at, 221. 
 Conferva for paper, 41, 49. 
 Conflagrations, losses by, in 1872, 
 
 229. 
 Confucius, 15. 
 
 Congress, memorialized not to re- 
 duce duty, 75 ; petitioned for 
 tariff, 72, 735 use foreign 
 paper, 725 prohibition of, 865 
 import duty on rags taken off 
 by, 179 j duty reduced by in 
 1863, 1845 
 
Index. 
 
 Congress memorialized against a 
 prohibitory tariff, 195 ; me- 
 morialized for a removal of 
 duty on paper, 196. 
 
 Conical grinder, 164. 
 
 Connecticut, 198 j No. of mills 
 in 18 10, 66 j river, 77. 
 
 Connecticut Courant, 154. 
 
 Constantinople, 27, 63 j mill at, 
 123. 
 
 Consumption of paper, 195 5 of 
 ink, paper, etc., in New York, 
 168. 
 
 Continental army, 45. 
 Conversations Lexikon, 22. 
 Cook, Chauncey, 219. 
 Cooper, John W., patentee, 85. 
 Cooperstown, 127. 
 Corbeil, 27. • 
 
 Corn, husks for paper, 83 5 stalks 
 
 for paper, 180. 
 Cornwell & Co.'s mill burned, 
 
 223. 
 
 Corpman, W. S., 224. 
 
 Corser, George A., inventor, 190. 
 
 Cosyn, George, 25. 
 
 Coton du peuplier for paper, 41. 
 
 Cotton, for paper, 85 5 paper, 10 ; 
 supplanted by linen paper, 105 
 plant, paper from the root 
 and stalk of, 151 ; seed for 
 paper, 2145 substitute for 
 rags, 201 ; waste for paper, 
 93, 168. 
 
 Cottonian library specimen, 24. 
 
 Cotusius, 24. 
 
 Couch grass for paper, 49. 
 Coucher, 186. 
 Couching belt, 177. 
 Council Bluffs, Iowa, 225. 
 Coupier & Mellier, patentees, 127, 
 
 130, 132. 
 Coupier & Mellier, patentees, 132. 
 Courier Francaise, 89. 
 Courtalin, France, 82. 
 Cowley & Sullivan, patentees, 147. 
 Cowper, John, 183. 
 Cowper, Prof., patentee, 83. 
 Craig, Mr., his mill burnt, 112. 
 
 Crane, L. Murray, inventor, 200. 
 Crane, Zenas, 53, 675 patentee, 
 115. 
 
 Crane's miU burnt, 209. 
 Crawford Messenger, 89. 
 Crefeld, mill at, 34. 
 Crehore, Isaac, patentee, 162. 
 Crocker & Marshall, patentees, 
 164. 
 
 Crocker, Burbank & Co.'s mill 
 
 burnt, 218. 
 Crocker, S. S., patentee, 179. 
 Crompton, Mr., 79. 
 Crompton, T. B., 1045 patentee, 
 
 74, 835 died, 157. 
 Croswell & Son's mill burnt, 159. 
 Cros.by, Henry, patentee, 104. 
 Crystal palace exhibition, 130. 
 Cuba, imports from Spain, 115. 
 Cuffs, paper used for, 203. 
 Culver & Cole, patentees, 86. 
 Cunningham, Mr., patentee, 52. 
 Curing vessel, 186. 
 Curtains, paper used for, 203. 
 Curtis, Solomon, 67. 
 Cushman Brother's mill burned, 
 
 229. 
 
 Cushman, Ephraim, patentee, 1335 
 and John R., patentees, 167. 
 Cylinder machine, improvements 
 
 m in > 8 5> 1 5°- 
 Cylinder-mould machine, Dickin- 
 son's, 90. 
 Cylinder-moulds, 185, 186. 
 
 Daily Evening Register, Philadel- 
 phia, 136. 
 
 Dalton, Mass., 115, 160 $ mill at, 
 67, 209, 226. 
 
 D'Annonay, M. Johannot, imi- 
 tates vellum paper, 47 ; re- 
 ceives gold medal from the 
 king, 47. 
 
 Dansville, N. Y., 104. 
 
 Dartford, England, 183, 202. 
 
 Davis, C. F., his mill burned, 224. 
 
 Davis & Moore's mill burned, 225. 
 
 Davis, Pierre J., patentee, 147. 
 
 Davy, Henry, patentee, 97. 
 
242 
 
 Index. 
 
 Day, Josiah F., his mill burnt, 1 67. 
 Dayton, O., 130, 146, 149, 181. 
 Debit, William, 100 j patentee, 84. 
 De Breza, M., inventor, 103. 
 Decayed wood for paper, 84. 
 Deckles, 162. 
 
 Declaration of Independence, 70. 
 
 Dedham, Mass., 92, 965 manu- 
 factory at, burnt, 94. 
 
 Defensive War, discovery of the 
 sermon on, 46. 
 
 Degrand, J. V., patentee, 103. 
 
 De Labigarre, P., 54. 
 
 De la Garde, Count, patentee, 80. 
 
 Delaware, 43 j No. of mills in, 
 1810, 66; petitions for a 
 tariff, 73. 
 
 Delaware co., Pa., 133. 
 
 Delcambre, M., 80. 
 
 Delevan, E. C, 78. 
 
 Demarara Royal Gazette, 132. 
 
 Demarets, sent to Holland, 42. 
 
 Demers, William, 36. 
 
 Denmark, patent granted by, 725 
 first machine at, 79 5 imports, 
 11,1135 number of machines 
 in, 1 85 1, 122 5 mills in, 1874, 
 230. 
 
 De Proprietatibus Rerum, 28. 
 Derbyshire, England, mill in, 81. 
 Desetable, Gabriel, 68. 
 De Thou, 29. 
 Detroit, 149. 
 
 Devanx, Benjamin, patentee, 
 81. 
 
 De Vinne's Invention of Printing, 
 17. 
 
 De Wees, William, 34. 
 De Worde, Wynken, 28. 
 Diamant, Moritz, inventor, 175. 
 Diamont, M. Maurice, 149. 
 Dickinson, George, patentee, 82. 
 Dickinson, John, patentee, 84, 91. 
 Dickinson, Mr., 65, 78. 
 Didot, 59. 
 
 Didot, Firmin, 79 ; and Brothers, 
 
 patentees, 80. 
 Didot, Francois, 52, 53. 
 Didot, Leger, 55. 
 
 Didot, M., 47, 118; law suit, 66 j 
 
 patentee, 147. 
 Didot, Roger, 71. 
 Discharge pipe and valve, 187. 
 District of Columbia, mill in, burnt, 
 
 118. 
 
 Dodge, T. H., patentee, 174. 
 
 Donkin & Co., machinists, 121. 
 
 Donkin, Bryan, 59, 121. 
 
 Donkin, Messrs., 79. 
 
 Donkin, Mr., 61, 82. 
 
 Dorchester, Mass., 193. 
 
 Dorset, James, 44. 
 
 Double volute, 187. 
 
 Dover Mills, Mass., mill at, 167. 
 
 Down of date tree, substitute for 
 rags, 201. 
 
 Dresden, paper mill at visited by 
 Peter the Great, 11. 
 
 Drouth, mills stopped by long con- 
 tinued, 1965 long, 217. 
 
 Drying cylinder, 146, 186. 
 
 Dryer fabric, 188. 
 
 Dublin printer's dinner, 97. 
 
 Du Cange, 26. 
 
 Du Halde, 16. 
 
 Dundee Advertiser, 228. 
 
 DunwelJ, A. L.,his mill burnt,20i. 
 
 Dupont's mill, 140. 
 
 Dutch, import, 36 ; paper, charac- 
 teristics of, 31. 
 
 Duty reduced, 184. 
 
 Dwarf palm, paper from, 119. 
 
 Eagle mill burned, 105, 233. 
 East Hartford, Ct , 45, 84, 102, 
 
 173; 
 East Indies. 75. 
 
 East Pike, N. Y., mill at, 232. 
 East Tarentum, Pa., f8o. 
 Eaton, A. K., patentee, 194 
 Ebart, inventor, 119. 
 Ebersole, J. H., 224. 
 Edinburgh, 52, 117, 181. 
 Edrisi, 20. 
 Edward III, 23. 
 Egg boilers, 185. 
 
 Egypt, mill in, 1235 mummies 
 from, 198. 
 
Index. 
 
 243 
 
 Egyptian papyrus, 5; paper, 7; com- 
 merce of, 7 j ags, 142 5 cata- 
 combs, mummies from, 198. 
 
 Elephanta, island of, 75. 
 
 Elizabeth, queen, 29. 
 
 Elizabethtown, N. J., 37. 
 
 Elkton, Md., 127. 
 
 Ellis, J., & Co.'s mill burnt, 197. 
 
 Elm for paper, 49. 
 
 Elmas, Thomas, 45. 
 
 Ely, bishopric of, 29. 
 
 Eminent Philadelphians, 70. 
 
 Endless apron, 150. 
 
 Endless feeder, 184. 
 
 Engel, Carl, 231. 
 
 England, 97, 179, 188 j introduc- 
 tion of cotton paper into, 10 j 
 import 11 ; first paper mill 
 in, 285 imports from Holland, 
 31 5 France, 31 5 French re- 
 fugees in, 32, 33 j number of 
 paper mills in 1696, 335 
 value of paper manufactured 
 in 1784, 485 excise duty in 
 I 799> 5 3 j Fourdrinier 
 machine improved in, 68 5 
 machinery of, introduced into 
 the United States, 72 5 excise 
 duty in 1829, 86 ; excise duty 
 1832, 95j home duty in 
 1835, 100 j number of mills 
 in 1840, 1055 product in 
 1841, 107 5 Ireland and 
 Scotland, number of mills in, 
 1843, 1Q % '•> imported rags 
 from Leghorn, 115} ma- 
 chines in, 117, 1195 duty 
 1850, 120; prices of rags 
 in 1852, 125 j export of 
 rags, 125 5 prices of rags 
 in, 1365 demand for paper 
 in, 1365 rise in price of 
 paper, 140 ; draw back 
 duty on paper, 143, 145 • 
 duty abolished, 1745 export 
 of rags free, 1905 consump- 
 tion of paper in 1868, 203 j 
 mills in 1870, 215 5 imports 
 of rags from, 228. 
 
 English sulphuric acid, 163. 
 English, William, his mill burned, 
 126. 
 
 Epilobium, or fireweed for paper, 
 224. 
 
 Erigerone of Canada, bark of, for 
 paper, 58. 
 
 Escurial palace, 21. 
 
 Esk mills, 101. 
 
 Espartero, paper from, 194. 
 
 Esparto, used as paper stock, 126 j 
 consumption in 1870, 2135 
 grass for paper, 200, 214, 2215 
 imported, into Great Britain, 
 1835 substitute for rags, 201 j 
 scarcity of, 2135 import of, 
 into England, 1872, 226. 
 
 Esperance, N. Y., 74. 
 
 Essex, Vt. , mill burnt, 141. 
 
 Essonne, 24, 525 mills at, 27. 
 
 Esty's mill burnt, 154. 
 
 Europe 163, 1775 annual product, 
 1 87 1, 217, 
 
 European Magazine, 65. 
 
 European markets, resorted to by 
 New York and Boston pub- 
 lishers, 200. 
 
 Eustathius, 20. 
 
 Evans, John, patentee, 133. 
 
 Evans, Oliver, 69. 
 
 Evaporating furnaces, 215. 
 
 Evarts, Jefferson, patentee, 212. 
 
 Exeter, N. H., mill in, burnt, 97. 
 
 Fabbriano, 26 j manufactory of 
 
 paper at, 24. 
 Factory Village, near Balston, 219. 
 Fairchild, Reuben, patentee, 86. 
 Fairhaven, Vt., mill at, 52. 
 Falls Creek mill, Ithaca, 95, 107. 
 Falls of St. Anthony, mill at, 170. 
 Fancy papers, duty on, 170. 
 Farina, Jean A., 124. 
 Farmington, N. Y., 71. 
 Farnworth Paper Mills, 157. 
 Faw, Jonathan, patentee, 183. 
 Fayette Co., Pa., 109. 
 Fayetteville, mill at, 214. 
 Feed-gate, self acting, 186. 
 
2 4 4 
 
 Index. 
 
 Felt guides, 147. 
 
 Fenclifton Co., Cambridge, Eng- 
 land, paper mill at, 29. 
 
 Fen Ditton, England, paper mill 
 at, 29. 
 
 Fern plant (bracken), paper from, 
 137. 
 
 Fibres of aloes, substitute for rags, 
 201. 
 
 Fienour & Nixon, manufacturers, 
 134. 
 
 Figuier, inventor, 112. 
 
 Filter, 194. 
 
 Filtering machine, 94. 
 
 Finsley, Mr., inventor of ivory 
 
 paper, 71. 
 Fire king, 232. 
 Fire-proof paper, 133. 
 Firmus, 17. 
 Fishes for paper, 216. 
 Fitchburg, Mass., mill at, 218. 
 Fladd, John Daniel, 24. 
 Flag for paper, 137. 
 Flat Rock mills, 199. 
 Flax, refuse of, for paper, 56 5 
 • plant, 1685 for paper, 1705 
 
 fibre of, 184 j substitute 
 
 for rags, 201 . 
 Fluted rollers, 184. 
 Fondasbush, N. Y., 112. 
 Fontenelle, 73. 
 Foolscap, 28. 
 
 Force's American Archives, 45. 
 Ford's manuscript journal, 60. 
 Formosa, island of, 61. 
 Fort Edward, N. Y., 163, 166} 
 
 mill at, 198, 218. 
 Fort Wayne, Ind., mill near, 
 
 222. 
 
 Foster, Samuel, 94. 
 
 Foster, Samuel E., patentee, 96. 
 
 Fourdrinier, E. N., inventor, 93. 
 
 Fourdrinier, Henry, died, 139. 
 
 Fourdrinier machine, 60, 61, 68, 
 69, 725 improved, 915 per 
 fected, 121 j speed of, 219,* 
 wire cloth apron used, 177. 
 
 Fourdrinier, Messrs. Henry and 
 Sealy, 60. 
 
 Fourdrinier, Messrs., statement to 
 parliament, 62 j assignment 
 of John Gamble to, 62 j 
 exhaust a fortune, 139. 
 Fox river, Illinois, mill on, 180. 
 France, 22, 25, 26, 84, 97, 164, 
 194, 2245 paper makers of, 
 51 5 mills stopped in, through 
 legislative interference, 51 5 
 largest paper mill in 1799, 
 53 j first attempt to make an 
 endless web in, 535 award 
 to Louis Robert, 54 5 No. of 
 mills in 1801, 565 exports 
 575 patents, 505 import 
 diminished, 595 No. of mills 
 in 1801, 565 first paper 
 machine constructed in, 69 j 
 machinery of, introduced into 
 the U. S., 725 No. of paper 
 merchants in 1823, 76 j No. 
 of paper machines in 1834, 
 100 j exports to Denmark, 
 113 5 exported to the U. S., 
 117 j annual product, 1295 
 import of rags, 1853, 1295 
 import of paper, 1305 exports, 
 1315 consumption, per capita, 
 131 5 consumption of rags, 
 x ^54> I 3 I j paper produced, 
 131 5 annual produce, 144; 
 imports, 1856, 1475 exports, 
 147 j exportation of rags pro- 
 hibited, 154, 169; export 
 duty on rags, 1905 exports 
 in 1864, 192, 194 j com- 
 mercial treaty with, 1945 
 impotts, 1867, 2005 exports, 
 200 j new mills in, 201 5 
 hand-made paper in, 2025 con- 
 sumption of paper in 1868, 
 2035 importations in 1868, 
 2043 exports, 1868, 2045 
 imports and exports, 1869, 
 21 oj annual production, 
 1870, 215 j war in, 216 ; 
 mills in 1871, 217 j mills in, 
 1874, 230. 
 Franklin, Benjamin, 46. 
 
Index. 
 
 245 
 
 Franklin Institute, 156. 
 Franklin, N. H., i&z 5 mill at, 
 225. 
 
 Franklin, N. J., 148. 
 Franklin Repository, 92. 
 Frederic II, of Germany, 21. 
 Fredericksburg, Denmark, 79. 
 Freeman & Barnett's mills burned, 
 222. 
 
 Frejus, France, 83. 
 
 French, Thomas, patentee, 94. 
 
 French Academy of Sciences, 42, 
 46 5 paper, characteristics of, 
 31 5 refugee paper makers, 32, 
 33 j paper hangings, 49; exhi- 
 bition, 1045 process of bleach- 
 ing, 140 5 writing papers, 
 1675 customs, official statistics 
 of, 189 j colonies, 231. 
 
 Frog spittle for paper, 54. 
 
 Frosted paper, 217. 
 
 Fry, Richard, 38. 
 
 Fuller, 31. 
 
 Fullum, A. J., his mill burned, 197. 
 Fulton, Oswego Co., mill at, 220. 
 
 Gaffstown Centre, N. H., mill at, 
 
 220. 
 Gaine, 113. 
 
 Gaine, W. E., patentee, 155. 
 Gallic acid, 211. 
 Gamble, 59. 
 Gamble, John, 55, 63. 
 Gandolfi, J., 158. 
 Garvey, Levy, 160. 
 Gaunt & Derrickson's mill burnt, 
 HI- 
 
 Gavit's machine, 144. 
 Geddes, William, inventor, 162. 
 Geis, H. A., his mill burnt, 214. 
 Gelston, Sanford, patentee, 173. 
 Genesee paper mills, 192. 
 Genoa, exports, 112. 
 Genoese exports, 36. 
 George, John, 29. 
 Georgetown, 118. 
 Georgia, 1745 mills in, 114. 
 German, paper makers, 110 j em- 
 pire, mills in, 1868, 205. 
 
 21 
 
 Germantown, Pa., 33, 34. 
 
 Germany, 135,2245 introduction 
 of cotton paper into, 10 5 im- 
 ports, 1 1 5 No. of mills in, 
 1785, 48 5 inferior quality of 
 paper in, 1790, 51 ; imports, 
 94 5 export of paper in, 1852, 
 125 5 high export duty, 1555 
 mills in 1871,2175 mills in, 
 1874, 230. 
 
 Giersdorf, 138. 
 
 Gilman, Alonzo, patentee, 115. 
 Gilpin, machinery first used by, 72. 
 Gilpin, Messrs., their mill flooded, 
 
 74 5 burned, 78. 
 Gilpin, Thomas, patentee, 91. 
 Gilpin, Thomas, & Co., 70. 
 Glasgow, 177. 
 
 Glazed paper for clothiers, duty on, 
 101. 
 
 Glazing process, 186. 
 
 Glen's Falls, N. Y., 197 5 mill at, 
 221 j Paper Co., injunction 
 against, 215. 
 
 Glycerine, 156. 
 
 Glynn, Henry, patentee, 143. 
 
 Gnaphalie, or life everlasting, for 
 paper, 142. 
 
 Gombo, paper from, 231. 
 
 Goodman Manufacturing Com- 
 pany, their mill burnt, 121. 
 
 Gorgas, John, 36. 
 
 Goss & Reed's mill burnt, 83, 167. 
 
 Gottingen, Royal Society of, 24, 
 39- 
 
 Goucher, Francis, patentee, 94. 
 Goumar, M., receives medal, 95. 
 Grant, Warren & Co., 164. 
 Grantless, Edward, patentee, 145. 
 Grape vines, peelings of, for paper, 
 
 Grass for paper, 131, 168, 170. 
 
 Great Britain, quantity manufac- 
 tured in, 1721 and 1723, 36; 
 import of rags, 59 j annual 
 product, value of, 68 5 annual 
 manufacture of paper in, 98 5 
 duty in, 1838, 103 j product 
 of paper hangings, 120 5 
 
246 
 
 Index. 
 
 Great Britain, imported rags from 
 the United States and Egypt, 
 120 j import of rags, 1285 in- 
 crease of manufactures, 128 ; 
 value of the annual product, 
 128 5 manufactures in, 1853, 
 1295 consumption of rags in, 
 1315 paper produced, 1854, 
 1315 exported, 1 3 1 5 exports, 
 1854, 135 j value manufac- 
 tured in, 1854, 1355 annual 
 consumption of rags, 135 5 
 reciprocity treaty with the 
 United States, 1375 annual 
 production, 144 • product 
 of, 154 5 decrease of 
 paper charged with duty, 
 1858, 1625 complaint of 
 paper makers in, 194; im- 
 ports 1864, 1945 mills in 
 1870, 215 j mills in 1871, 
 217, mills in 1873, 2275 
 mills in, 1874, 2305 and 
 Ireland, number of machines, 
 1847, 1135 product 1847, 
 1 1 3 5 1848, ii^j manu- 
 factures and exports, 1849, 
 117; excise duty, 1850, 
 1195 product in 1850, 
 1205 in 1851,120 j product 
 and export, 1852, 124 j mills 
 reduced in, 143 j consumption 
 of rags, 143 5 paper manufac- 
 turers petition parliament, 1 89. 
 
 Greaves, Mr., 49. 
 
 Greece, paper imported from the 
 Two Sicilies, 121 ; not a 
 single mill in, 1868, 2045 
 imports from Austria, Italy, 
 and France, 204; exports 
 rags to England and France, 
 228. 
 
 Greek parchment, 10, 24. 
 Greenleaf & Taylor's mill burnt, 
 167. 
 
 Green paper, 72. 
 Greenville, Cr., mill at, 201. 
 Greenwich, N. Y., mill at, 202. 
 Grimpe & Colas, inventors, 116. 
 
 Grinder, open, 186. 
 Groton, Mas*., 108, 126. 
 Guarro, Francisco, 55. 
 Guettard, M., 39. 
 Guienne, France, exports, 59. 
 Gunny for paper, 194. 
 Gutenberg, 27. 
 
 Gutta percha, 161 5 used to pre- 
 vent counterfeiting, 200. 
 Guy, Francis, patentee, 61. 
 Gypsum, 167. 
 
 Haddam Neck, Ct., 153. 
 Haddock, Maisden, patentee, 84. 
 Hagerstown, Md., mill at, 146. 
 Halifax, 69. 
 
 Hall, Charles H., experimenter, 
 
 Hall, E. B., patentee, 71. 
 Hall, John, patentee, 90. 
 Hamburg, imports, 47 5 number 
 
 of mills, 48 j exports rags, 
 
 106, 1545 importation of 
 
 paper, 1848. 115. 
 Hammond's mill burned, 223,232. 
 Hampden, Me., mills in, burnt, 
 
 100. 
 
 Hampden Paper Company's mill 
 
 burnt, 212. 
 Hampshire, 78. 
 Hand paper, 28. 
 Hanna & Son's mill burnt, 159. 
 Hanna, Samuel, his mill burnt, 
 
 166. 
 Hannibal, 16. 
 Hansard, 52. 
 
 Hardin county, Illinois, 186. 
 Hardwick, Mass., 126. 
 Harper, James, patentee, 177. 
 Harpers import from Belgium, 
 200. 
 
 Hartford, Ct., 45, 96, 100. 
 
 Hartford, England, 28. 
 
 Hats, paper used for, 203, 206. 
 
 Hausel, architect. 222. 
 
 Havana, Cuba, 105 j company 
 
 formed at, 152. 
 Hawkins, John, 58. 
 Hawley, S. & A., & Co., 64. 
 
Index. 
 
 247 
 
 Hay for paper, 56, 81, 86. 
 Hay ward, Henry, patentee, 178. 
 Heath, Mr., 70. 
 
 Hemp for paper, 93, 1705 refuse 
 of, for paper, 565 cultivated, 
 substitute for rags, 201. 
 
 Henchman, Daniel, 37 j his paper 
 mill, 38. 
 
 Hendee & Co.'s mill burned, 225. 
 
 Hennessy, Daniel Joseph Patrick, 
 died, 139. 
 
 Henrick, Asile, 76. 
 
 Henry II, of France, 28. 
 
 Henry VII, 27. 
 
 Henry VIII, of England, his 
 
 water-mark, 28. 
 Herbert's Typ. Antiquities, 28. 
 Herculaneum, manuscripts taken 
 
 from the ruins of 16. 
 Herkimer, N. Y., 116, 150. 
 Herodotus, 6. 
 
 Herrin, J. H., his mill burned, 
 208. 
 
 Herring, Richard, 143. 
 Hesse, Grand Duchy, m. 
 Hibiscus esculentus for paper, 168. 
 Hill, C, 137. 
 Hillsdale mill burned, 226. 
 Hindoos, 100, 232. 
 Hippocrates, Aphorisms of, 19. 
 Historical Magazine, 47, 54. 
 History of commerce, 32. 
 Hodgkins, H., patentee, 147. 
 Hodgman & Falser, 218; their 
 
 mill burned, 223. 
 Hoes, John R., his mill burnt, 
 
 148. 
 
 Hoffman, Mr., 2. 
 
 Hogan's mill burnt, 205. 
 
 Hohokus, N. J., 149. 
 
 Holbrook, W. H., 182. 
 
 Holbrook & Fessenden, 65. 
 
 Holland, Homer, patentee, 103. 
 
 Holland, Thomas, 69. 
 
 Holland, 46, 2245 imports from 
 France, 1 1 ; first paper mill 
 in, 325 reputation of paper 
 of, 41 j number of paper 
 mills in 1770, 425 
 
 Holland paper makers petition, 
 1 325 export of rags prohibited, 
 1695 export duty on rags, 
 1905 No. of mills in 1870, 
 214} mills in 1874, 230. 
 
 Hollingsworth paper mill burned, 
 126. 
 
 Hollister paper mills burnt, 112. 
 Hollyhock for paper, 139. 
 Holmes, Joseph E., 89. 
 Holstein, machine in 122. 
 Holyoke, Mass., product of mills, 
 
 1868, 204; mill at, 212; 
 
 daily product of, 208, 227. 
 Homer, 20, 50. 
 Hong Kong, China, 148. 
 Hooper, patent granted to, 49. 
 Hooper, Samuel, 51. 
 Hop vines for paper, 41, 765 plant, 
 
 paper from, 133. 
 Hops for paper, 49 5 substitute for 
 
 rags, 201. 
 Hornets' nests for paper, 41. 
 Horseradishj stems and roots of, for 
 
 paper, I 37, 
 Hotchkisstown, 102. 
 Hot-pressers, duty on, 101. 
 Hough's Jefferson Co., 65. 
 Houghton & Graves's mill burnt, 
 
 156. 
 
 House & Co., experimenters, 153. 
 Housatonic, paper mill on, 535 
 
 Paper Mill, burnt, 159. 
 Hover, J. E., inventor, 204. 
 Howard & Son's mill burnt, 217. 
 Howardjames, & Co.'s mill burnt, 
 
 154. 
 
 Howland & Griswold, patentees, 
 97- 
 
 Howland & Palser, patentees, 166. 
 Howland's mill burnt, 197 j mill, 
 
 rotary bleacher exploded, 220. 
 Howland, Palser & Co.'s mill burnt, 
 
 198. 
 
 Hudson river, mill on, 197 5 
 Paper and Pulp Co.'s mill 
 burnt, 233. 
 
 Huepe, la, mill, at, 139. 
 
 Humboldt, Wis., mill at, 208. 
 
248 
 
 Index. 
 
 Hungary, 155. 
 
 Hunter, Mr., 23. 
 
 Hunter & Patton's mill burnt, 172. 
 
 Hunting, Mason, patentee, 84. 
 
 Husks, paper from, 99 j of Indian 
 
 corn for paper, 85. 
 Hutton, William, 39, 57. 
 Huygeron, M., patentee, 72. 
 Hydrate of lime, 103. 
 Hydrochloric acid, 139. 
 Hydrostatic pressure 187. 
 Hyperchloride of potash, 133. 
 
 Ibotson, Mr., 95. 
 
 Ibotson, Richard, inventor, 90. 
 
 Iliad, 75. 
 
 Incorrodible paper, 165. 
 India, 224. 
 
 Indian corn, husks and stalks for 
 paper, 102 j paper from the 
 leaves of, 154, 1795 for 
 paper, 164. 
 
 Indian hemp, substitute for rags, 
 201. 
 
 Industrial exhibition, London, 1. 
 Industrial exhibitions in England, 
 
 France and Germany, 178. 
 Ingalls, G. W., his mill burnt, 
 
 149. 
 
 Invention of Printing, De Vinne's, 
 . I7 ' 
 
 Ionian Isles, paper imported from 
 
 the Two Sicilies, 121. 
 Ionians, 15. 
 
 Ireland, 100 5 number of persons 
 engaged in manufacture, 945 
 mills in, 1870, 215. 
 
 Iron, 165 3 filings in paper, 224 ; 
 paper for wrapping, 224. 
 
 Isaacson, Mr., 160. 
 
 Isle Royal, 149. 
 
 Italian ports export rags, 154} 
 mills, in charge of foreign 
 workmen, 229. 
 
 Italy, 22, 25, 135, 2245 paper 
 made from maize, 43 5 ex- 
 ports rags, 106, 126 j ex- 
 port duties in, 189; mills 
 in 1871, 217} 
 
 Italy, import of rags from, 228 j 
 
 mills in, 1874, 230. 
 Ithaca, 94. 
 
 Ivory, for paper, 1545 shavings 
 for paper, 153. 
 
 Jamaica, 178, 184, 2105 market 
 affected, 136. 
 
 Janbeaurt, M., inventor, 73. 
 
 Jansen, printer, 30. 
 
 Japan, 224 j samples of paper 
 from, 222. 
 
 Japanese, 16 j mode of preparation 
 by the, 8 5 process by the, 
 76} beautiful paper of the, 
 77 ; visit Niagara Falls, 217. 
 
 Jaquiers, Jean Jaques, patentee, 
 
 Jaroslow, Russia, mill at, 55. 
 Jarvis & French, inventors, 95. 
 Java, 211 j imports, 113. 
 Jefferson, 212. 
 
 Jefferson county, N. Y., 104, 144; 
 first machinery introduced in, 
 
 96. 
 
 Jersey City, 182. 
 
 Jessup & Lafflin's mill burnt, 128. 
 Jessup & Moore, 219} their mill 
 
 burned, 232. 
 Jettee for paper, 211. 
 Jewish writing master, 175. 
 Jeyes, John, patentee, 133. 
 Joinville, 21. 
 
 Jones, J. F., 185, 1925 inventor, 
 181. 
 
 Jordan, Joseph, Jr., patentee, 
 173- 
 
 Jordan & Keney, 164. 
 
 Journal de Fabricants des Papier, 
 
 178, 195. 
 Journal de l'lmprimerie, Belgi- 
 
 que, 140. 
 Journal of Commerce, 136. 
 Julien, M., patentee, 86. 
 Jullion, J. L., patentee, 171. 
 Junk board, 192. 
 Junk for paper, 93. 
 Jury Report, 1245 of the London 
 
 exhibition, 1. 
 
Index. 
 
 249 
 
 Jute for paper, 170, 194, 228 5 
 (Bengal hemp), substitute for 
 rags, 201. 
 
 Kaoline for paper, 173. 
 Karcheski, Xavier, patentee, 165. 
 Kater kil, mill on the, 1 88. 
 Kayaderosseros, mill stopped, 144 ; 
 
 river, freshet in, 149. 
 Keen, Morris L., 163; patentee, 
 
 Kelin, M., inventor, 132. 
 Keller, 114; patentee, 109. 
 Kellogg, J., 92. 
 Kellogg, James N., 140. 
 Kendall, Messrs , patentees, 165. 
 Kent Paper Company, 150. 
 Kentucky, No. of mills in, 18 10, 
 66. 
 
 Kew, royal gardens at, 231. 
 Kilmer, Harlow, killed, 174. 
 Kinderhook, mills at, 208 j creek, 
 
 mill on, 67. 
 Kingsland, Joseph, patentee, 125. 
 Kingsland, Joseph Jr., patentee, 
 
 148. 
 
 Kinsey, Israel, patentee, 149. 
 
 Kircher, Athanasius, 30. 
 
 Kneeland, J. C, patentee, 115. 
 
 Knight, Charles, 128. 
 
 Knowlton & Rice's mills burnt, 
 96, 115. 
 
 Knoxville, Tenn , mill at, 226. 
 
 Koch, Louis, patentee, 143, 151. 
 
 Kolesoff, M., 179. 
 
 Koops, Matthias, 1 ; successful ex- 
 periment by, 55, 56. 
 
 Lackville, Nova Scotia, mill at, 
 
 69. 
 
 Lacroix, 88. 
 
 Ladd & Keen, patentees, 158. 
 Ladd, W. F., inventor, 191. 
 Laferet, M., patentee, 76. 
 Laflin, A. H , 1 16. 
 Lafflin, Messrs, 150, their mill 
 
 burnt, 97. 
 La Huepe, in Brabant, mills at, 
 
 139. 
 
 Laid note paper, 116. 
 Lake Superior, 149. 
 Lallemand, J., patentee, 138. 
 Lambert, Louis, patentee, 77. 
 Lancashire, Eng., 214. 
 Landolina, Chevalier, died, 67. 
 Land Revenue Records of England, 
 29. 
 
 Landrin, M., 231. 
 Languedoc, exports, 59. 
 L'Auvergne, 69. 
 Lavender, B. A., 129. 
 Lawrence, Mass., 164, 179 ; mill 
 at, 196. 
 
 Leather, for paper, 161 ; cuttings, 
 for paper, 85 j scraps for paper, 
 184; advance in price, 200 5 
 machine belts, paper substi- 
 tuted for, 204 
 
 Leaves, for paper, 132 j of Indian 
 corn for paper, 181. 
 
 Ledger, Philadelphia, 134. 
 
 Lewis, S. G., patentee, 133. 
 
 Lee. Mass., 105, 167 j mill at, 61, 
 
 I59> *74i i9 6 > J 9 8 > 22 °> 
 226 5 mill in, burnt, 97 ; 
 number of companies in, 123} 
 annual product, 123 j No. of 
 mills, 1856, 148 j consump- 
 tion of rags in 1868,204; 
 mills in 1874, 218. 229. 
 Leesdorf, 25. 
 
 Leesville, Ct., mill at, 218. 
 
 Lefevre. patentee, 80. 
 
 Leffingvvell, Christopher, 41 ; 
 bounty granted, to, 42. 
 
 Leghorn, 155 ; exported rags to 
 England and the United 
 States, 115 5 paper imported 
 from the Two Sicilies, 121. 
 
 Leicester, Mass., 190. 
 
 Leipsic, 159. 
 
 Leipzig Correspondent, 205, 230. 
 Le Limosin, 69. 
 
 Leorier, M., experiments made at 
 
 the mill of, 49. 
 Les Vosges, 69. 
 Letter paper, price raised, 177. 
 Lichtenstadt, D., patentee, 161. 
 
250 
 
 Index. 
 
 Lichtenstadt, Philip, patentee,i89. 
 
 Life everlasting (gnaphalie), for 
 paper, 142. 
 
 Lily of the valley for paper, 41. 
 
 Lime, 146, 181 j for paper, 49, 
 89; water used, 130; solu- 
 tion of, 189. 
 
 Linden, paper made from, 45 ; 
 substitute for rags, 201. 
 
 Lindsay, Thomas, inventor, 162. 
 
 Linen, paper, 231 5 rag paper, 21. 
 
 Linseed oil used, 116. 
 
 Liquorice root for paper, 80. 
 
 Lisbon mill burnt, 213. 
 
 Lisbon Plains, 213. 
 
 Little Falls, N. Y., 130, 1425 
 mill at, 226. 
 
 Lloyd, 221. 
 
 Lloyd's Newspaper, 200. 
 Livy, 16. 
 
 Lockland, O., 183. 
 
 Lockwood's Dictionary, 224; of 
 
 the Paper Trade, 233. 
 Lombardo-Venetian kingdom, 123 
 Lombardy, 24. 
 
 London, 104, 111, 178; indus- 
 trial exhibition, 1 j Society 
 for the Encouragement of 
 Arts and Manufactures, 
 award by, 71 ; custom house 
 at, 89 j Exhibition of In- 
 dustry, 1245 International 
 Exhibition, 176. 
 
 London Economist, 140. 
 
 London Mechanics Magazine,i79. 
 
 London Printers' Register, 51. 
 
 Loosley, Thomas, 45. 
 
 Louisville, Ky., 140. 
 
 Louis XIII, of France, 30. 
 
 Louis XIV, of France, 30. 
 
 Louis XVI, of France, 47. 
 
 Lowe, Henry, 129, 160; experi- 
 menter, 145 5 patentee, 173. 
 
 Lower falls, 192. 
 
 Lozanna, M., 58. 
 
 Lydig, David, 75. 
 
 Lymrn, A. S., patentee, 176. 
 
 Lyon, Matthew, 52. 
 
 Lyons, exports, 59. 
 
 Lyons mills burnt, 100. 
 
 McCulloch, 101. 
 
 McElfatrick, James R., 182. 
 
 McFarlane, William, 177. 
 
 McGuaran, J., patentee, 76. 
 
 Mack, Andrus & Woodruffs mill 
 burnt, 107. 
 
 McKerry's mill burnt, 200. 
 
 McMurray, J. &R., patentees, 158. 
 
 Macon, France, 80. 
 
 Macon Telegraph, 174. 
 
 Machine for cutting waste paper, 
 68 5 for making paper, 70 ; 
 for cutting rags, 82 j Odent's, 
 825 paper cutting, 835 for 
 cleansing rags, "84 ; Fourdri- 
 nier, 82. 
 
 Machines, in America, 121 j in 
 Austria, no, 121 j Baden, 
 1 1 1 j Bavaria, 1 1 1 5 Connec- 
 ticut, H2j Denmark, 121 j 
 Europe, 121 j England, Scot- 
 land, and Ireland, 108, 1095 
 France, 81, 100, 118, 121} 
 Florence, 123 ; Germany; 
 
 121 ; Great Britain, 121 , 
 Hesse, in ;India, 121; Italy; 
 121; Spain, 122; Sweden, 
 
 1 22 ; Prussia, 1 1 1 ; Sardinia, 
 122 ; the Two Sicilies, 120 , 
 the Zollverein, 1 1 1. 
 
 Madras, rags exported from, 188. 
 
 Madrid, scarcity of paper, 163. 
 
 MarTei, 25. 
 
 Magaw, patentee, 89. 
 
 Magaw, William, patentee, 81. 
 
 Magee, Richard, patentee, 192. 
 
 Magnesia, silicate of, 187, 189. 
 
 Magnesium, metallic oxide of, 165. 
 
 Maguey plant, paper prepared from, 
 
 9, 86. 
 Maguire, Mr., 194. 
 Maidstone, England, 40, 127. 
 Maize, paper made from, 43 j or 
 
 Turkish wheat for paper, 150, 
 
 177. 
 
 Maiden Bridge, 142, 146. 
 Mallows, substitute for rags, 201. 
 
Index. 
 
 2 5 I 
 
 Malloy, J. E., patentee, 172. 
 Malta, imports paper from the 
 
 Two Sicilies, 121. 
 Manayunk, Pa., 134, 195, 199, 
 
 214 j near Philadelphia, mill 
 
 at, 191. 
 
 Manchester, Ct., 93 j mill at, 154. 
 
 Manchester, England, 39, 188 5 
 paper makers meeting at, 213. 
 
 Manchester, Va., mill at, 199. 
 
 Maniere, E., patentee, 133. 
 
 Manilla, for paper, 170, 194 j 
 Paper Manufacturing Com- 
 pany, 1745 handkerchief, 
 211 j paper manufacturers, 
 meeting of, 222. 
 
 Manlius, N. Y., mill at, 177. 
 
 Mann & Laflin's factory burned, 
 219. 
 
 Mansell, J., 124. 
 
 Manures, vegetable remains of, 
 
 for paper, 137. 
 Marcellus, N. Y., 124. 
 Maria Theresa, empress of Austria, 
 
 .39- 
 
 Marietta, Ga., mills rebuilt, 202. 
 Mariottstown, Md., 126. 
 Marland, Obadiah, patentee, 138. 
 Marseilles, 73. 
 Marshall, Michigan, 203. 
 Marsh mallow, paper made of, 48. 
 Martin, Gen. Walter, 62. 
 Martin, R. & J. C., patentees, 
 137. 
 
 Martinique, 106. 
 
 Martinsburg, N. Y., mill at, 62, 
 96. 
 
 Martonoi, G., patentee, 142. 
 
 Maryland, convention at, 44 j 
 No. of mills in 1810, 66. 
 
 Marzoni, Charles, patentee, 1.58. 
 
 Massachusetts, 43 j general court 
 of, grant a patent, 37 j house 
 of representatives, resolution 
 of, 455 duties in 1785, 
 48 j mills of, product of, 665 
 No. of mills in 18 10, 66; 
 No. of paper mills in 1829, 
 87; manufactures i860, 165; 
 
 Massachusetts, legislature of, 
 Boston publishers appear 
 before the, 188 5 value of 
 manufactures, 197; value of 
 paper consumed in, 230. 
 
 Masse d'eau for paper, 41. 
 
 Mason, D. & D. S., & Co.'s mill 
 burnt, 178. 
 
 Matthiessen, Dr., 210. 
 
 Mauritius, Petrus, 20. 
 
 Maynard, John and George, their 
 mill burned, 126. 
 
 May & Rogers's mill burned, 220. 
 
 Mazarine Bible, 27. 
 
 Meadville, Pa., 81, 89. 
 
 Mecca, 18. 
 
 Mechanicsville, 197. 
 
 Meerman, Gerardus, 40. 
 
 Melbourne, Australia, manufacture 
 of paper commenced near, 
 205. 
 
 Mellier, A. C, 141, 205; pat- 
 entee, 151. 
 
 Mellier's process, 134. 
 
 Memphis, manufactories at, 15. 
 
 Mercury, bichloride of, 216. 
 
 Mesnil, mill at, 79. 
 
 Mexicans, ancient, 9. 
 
 Mexico, imports, U2j gulf of, 
 231. 
 
 Meyerhofer, John, 163. 
 Michaux, 160. 
 Michigan, 209. 
 
 Middlebrook mill burned, 226. 
 Middleburgh, N. Y., steam mill 
 
 at, 190. 
 Middlebury, Vt., mill at, 223. 
 Millboards, duty on, 101, 170. 
 Millbourn, Joseph, 183. 
 Miller & Churchill's mill burned, 
 
 226. 
 
 Miller, Enoch, patentee, 83. 
 Million, Henry, 32. 
 Mill river, Mass., 208. 
 Mills, S. S., patentee, 158. 
 Milton, Mass., 37, 85, 161 5 mill 
 at, 90. 
 
 Milton, Saratoga Co., 206. 
 Milton, Vt., mill at burnt, 84. 
 
252 
 
 Index. 
 
 Milwaukie, mill at, 201. 
 Minnesota, first mill in, 170. 
 Mobile Register, 216. 
 Mongolian races, 232. 
 Montargis, mill at, 53. 
 Montfaucon, 18, 22. 
 Montgolfier, M., 88. 
 Montholon, 29. 
 Montpelier, Vt., mill at, 83. 
 Montserrat, Went Indies, 147. 
 Montville, Ct., 221 . 
 Moore, G. & W. U., their mill 
 
 burnt, 188. 
 Moorish paper makers, 19. 
 Moors, 10. 
 
 Moorva for paper, 211. 
 Moreau, N. Y., mill at, 64. 
 Moriches, L. I., mill at, 294. 
 Morning Post, 157. 
 Morse's mill burnt, 167. 
 Moscow, paper makers sent to, 1 1 
 Mosher, Haight & Co.'s mill 
 
 burned, 206. 
 Moss for paper, 41, 49, 77, 81, 
 
 149. 
 
 Mothwort for paper, 41. 
 Mount Holly Springs, Pa., mill 
 at, 207. 
 
 Mulberry, for paper, 41 ; substi- 
 tute for rags, 201 ; tree, for 
 paper, 77 ; inner bark of, for 
 paper, 7. 
 
 Mullin & Parker's mill burned, 
 223. 
 
 Mullin, W. B., & Son's boiler 
 
 bursted, 207. 
 Mummies, stripped for rags, 149. 
 Muscovy mats for paper, 38. 
 Musty literature, 191. 
 
 Nantes, France, 173. 
 
 Napoleon, 75. 
 
 Nassau, Germany, 112. 
 
 Nassau, Rens. Co., N. Y., mill 
 
 burnt, 151. 
 Needham, Mass., mills at, 206. 
 Nepal paper, 123. 
 Nesbit, A., patentee, 77. 
 Netherlands, imports, 113. 
 
 Nettles for paper, 49. 
 Neustadt Elberwald, 119. 
 Neustadt, Germany, 222. 
 Nevin, J. N., 139. 
 Newark, N. J., mill at, 201. 
 New Baltimore, Greene Co., N. 
 
 Y, 159. 
 Newbern, N. C, mill at, 218. 
 Newbery, W. B., patentee, 193. 
 Newbury, Vt., 94. 
 Newcastle-on-Tyne, 183. 
 New England, 1595 first paper 
 
 mill in, 37. 
 New Hampshire, 43 ; No. of mills 
 
 in, 1810, 66; No. of mills 
 
 in, 1840, 105. 
 New Haven, 102 ; mill near, 227. 
 New Jersey, 43, 221. 
 New London, Ct., 217. 
 New Orleans Bulletin, 114. 
 Newspaper, price in 1863, 188 j 
 
 selling in London, rage for, 
 
 209. 
 
 Newton Lower Falls, Mass., 162; 
 mills at, burnt, 100. 
 
 Newton, Mass., 67. 
 
 New York, 33, 36, 96, 125, 155, 
 158, 163, 189, 201 ; pro- 
 vincial congress, application 
 to, 45 ; resolution of, 45 ; 
 scarcity of paper in, 47 ; No. 
 of mills in 1810, 66; census 
 of 18 10, 67 ; consumption of 
 paper in 1828, 81 ; value of 
 paper imports, 131; Paper 
 Maker's Circular, 141 ; Mer- 
 cantile Library, 144 ; imports 
 in 1863, 187; capitalists, 
 192,* import of rags, 1869, 
 212; paper maker's meeting 
 at, 213 ; city, 151, 172, 173, 
 175, 176, 182, 191, 192; 
 consumption, of paper, 146; 
 scale of prices, 1865, 196 . 
 
 New York Commercial Adver- 
 tiser, 228. 
 
 New York Journal of Commerce, 
 
 95- 
 
 New York Times, 136. 
 
Index. 
 
 2 53 
 
 New York Tribune, 136, 160. 
 New Zealand rlax, substitute for 
 
 rags, 201. 
 Niagara Falls, N. Y., 140, 160, 
 
 1705 Paper Mill Company, 
 
 180 5 mill at, 218. 
 Nicholas, 29. 
 Nile river, 149. 
 Niles's Weekly Register, 88. 
 Nine-mile river, mill on, 69. 
 Nitrate, of ammonia, 192; or 
 
 soda, 189. 
 Nitric acid, 168, 173. 
 Nixon, Martin, patentee, 161,163. 
 Nixon's mill burnt, 191. 
 Nolan, Samuel, inventor, 131. 
 Noonan & McNab's mill burned, 
 
 208. 
 
 NorthAmherst,Mass., mill at,i59, 
 229. 
 
 Northampton, Mass., 167, 206. 
 North Bennington, Vt., mill at, 
 
 156, 172. 
 North Carolina, No of mills, 1 35. 
 North Esk, Scotland, 63, 181. 
 Norway and Sweden, mills in, 
 
 1874, 230. 
 Norwich, Ct., 41 j mill at, 145. 
 Nova Scotia, first newspaper in, 226. 
 Numa. 1 5 j abolished by critics, 
 Nuremberg, 22, 25, 26. 
 
 Oak for paper, 49. 
 
 Obry, Mr., 80. 
 
 Ochs, Lasare, patentee, 146. 
 
 Odent, Victor, patentee, 82. 
 
 Ogdensburg, N. Y., mill at, 184. 
 
 Ohio newspaper publishers, meet- 
 ing of, 195. 
 
 Okainon, 76. 
 
 Okra plant for paper, 216. 
 
 Old Hadley, Mass., 127. 
 
 Olier, Joseph Prosper, patentee, 
 189. 
 
 Oneida county, 65. 
 Ontario Paper Mills burned, 220. 
 Ouvrard, contractor, 50. 
 Overland Mail, 148. 
 Oxalic^acid, 189. 
 
 22 
 
 Oxychloride of zinc, 171. 
 
 Pacific mills, 145. 
 
 Padua, establishment of paper 
 
 making at, 24. 
 Pails, paper used for, 203. 
 Palmer Falls, N. Y., mill at, 233. 
 Palmer, James, patentee, 82. 
 Palser & Howland, patentees, 163. 
 Pannartz, 27. 
 
 Paper, Japanese, used for water 
 proof clothing, 9 5 makers of 
 Spain, 10 j in France, 11; 
 mill, first in America, 115 
 first imported from the Corea, 
 16; hangings, French, duty 
 abolished, 495 cutting ma- 
 chine, 83, 965 manufac- 
 turers, publish a protest, 126; 
 requisites in for general use, 
 1 31 j rise in the price of,. 
 136, 180, 191, 2285 Maker's 
 Circular, New York, 141 ; 
 increase in the consumption 
 of, 1675 ra g engines, 1695. 
 hangings, 188 ; duty on, 1705 
 manufacturers, meeting of, 
 172 ; making, treatise on, 
 1785 twine made of, 180 j 
 boards, 1855 consumption of, 
 1955 price reduced, 196; 
 aprons worn by news girls, 
 209 : grass, cultivated by the 
 English, 209 j annual pro- 
 duction of, 228 j from the 
 stalks and leaves of plants, 
 232 ; mill run, n, 33. 
 
 Paper Trade Journal, 25, 27, 32, 
 78, 97, 123, 164, 195, 225, 
 226, 227, 229, 231, 239. 
 
 Paper Trade Reporter, 119, 143, 
 215, 218, 219, 222, 227. 
 
 Papier continue, 86. 
 
 Papier linge, 88. 
 
 Papier velin, 40 5 definition of, 47. 
 
 Papiers peints, 38. 
 
 Papyrus, 6 j earliest mention of the 
 use of, 155 Numa's works 
 upon, 155 scarcity of, 16 j 
 
254 
 
 Index. 
 
 Papyrus, taken from the ruins of 
 Herculaneum, 16 ; found in 
 the island of Elephanta, 755 
 complete specimen sold, 50 j 
 cultivated, 231. 
 
 Paraffine, 196. 
 
 Parchment, 55 Greek, 10 j al- 
 luded to by Herodotus, 155 
 mode of dressing, 16 ; cloth, 
 19; paper, 155; substance 
 resembling, 156. 
 
 Paris, 27, 78, 101, 111, 124, 
 *3 2 > J 47, 178, 1895 Royal 
 Library at, 195 university of, 
 30 j quantity of paper con- 
 sumed in 1826, 795 exposi- 
 tion, 1445 tne eldest rag 
 picker in, died, 157; docks 
 established to accommodate 
 paper makers, 193 j conven- 
 tion of paper makers, 193 j 
 exhibition, 2025 daily con- 
 sumption of paper, 205 5 
 trade active in, 213. 
 
 Parliament, paper manufacturers 
 petition, 189. 
 
 Parker, F. S., & J., 222. 
 
 Parker, F. S., died, 222. 
 
 Parker, J. G., & Co.'s mill burnt, 
 222. 
 
 Parker, Messrs., their mill burnt, 
 140. 
 
 Parks, S. A., & Co.'s mill burnt, 
 *59- 
 
 Parmewitz, Herr von, inventor, 
 
 138. 
 
 Partridge, James, his mill burnt, 
 203. 
 
 Pasteboard, scraps for paper, 80 $ 
 
 duty on, 100, 170J from beet 
 
 root, 149. 
 Paterson, N. J., 118. 
 Patterson, J. H., patentee, 172. 
 Paulin, R., his mill burnt, 199. 
 Peabody, Daniel, & Co.'s paper 
 
 mill burnt, 102. 
 Peaslee, Horace W., patentee, 
 
 142, 146. 
 Peat, paper from, 100. 
 
 Peck, E., & Co.'s mill burnt, 81. 
 Pederia fcefcida for paper, 211. 
 Peignot, 24, 60. 
 
 Pemberton, Henry, patentee, 180. 
 
 Pendleton, Eng., 229. 
 
 Pennsylvania, 36, 43, 94 j council 
 of safety of, prevent paper 
 makers from volunteering, 
 465 No. of mills in, 18 10, 
 66 j petitions for a tariff, 73. 
 
 Penny Magazine, 98. 
 
 Pennypacker's mill burned, 233. 
 
 Pepperell, Mass., mill at, 225. 
 
 Perforated diaphragm, 187, 191. 
 
 Pergamus, improved parchment, 
 16. 
 
 Perham, Charles, his mill burnt, 
 108. 
 
 Perigord, France, 34. 
 Perkins, E. L., patentee, 134, 
 166. 
 
 Perrin's mill burnt, 203. 
 
 Persians, 232. 
 
 Peter II, of Valencia, 23. 
 
 Peter the Great, 11 j established 
 
 paper mill at Dresden, II, 
 
 35- 
 
 Peter the Venerable, 20. 
 Peterborough, N. H., 115. 
 Peterhoff manufactory built, 68 j 
 Russian manufactory at, 110. 
 'Petroleum, for tracing paper, 222. 
 Petticoats, of paper, 212. 
 Pharoahs, rags from the land of, 
 149. 
 
 Phelps & Field's paper mill burnt, 
 105. 
 
 Phelps, George M., patentee, 115. 
 
 Phelps & Spafford, Messrs., ma- 
 chinists, 90. 
 
 Phelps, N. Y., mill at, 220. 
 
 Philadelphia, 65, 96, 151, 155, 
 161, 163, 190, 204 j mills 
 near, 905 imports in 1863, 
 
 i8 7 . 
 
 Philadelphia Bulletin, 156. 
 Piercy, James, patentee, 172. 
 Piersse & Brooks** mills burnt, 
 145- 
 
Index. 
 
 2 55 
 
 Piette, Louis, died, 178. 
 
 Pigna cloth, 212. 
 
 Pine, Edward, patentee, 92. 
 
 Pine for paper, 41 5 wood, paste- 
 board from, 226 j wood of 
 for paper, 1 38. 
 
 Pine apple of India for paper, all. 
 
 Pioneer paper mill burned, 206. 
 
 Pitkin, Elislia, 54. 
 
 Pittsburg, Pa., mill at, 69, 76. 
 
 Pittsfield, Mass., 160, 172. 
 
 Plantain, paper from, 152. 
 
 Platner & Smith's mill burnt,i59j 
 boiler exploded, 167. 
 
 Plees, W., patentee, 57. 
 
 Plenarium of the treasure of the 
 church of Sandersheim, 19. 
 
 Pliny, 15, 16, 17. 
 
 Plymouth Co , Mass., 82. 
 
 Pochin, H. D., 179. 
 
 Pocket handkerchiefs, paper for, 
 223. 
 
 Pohl, Henry, 118. 
 Poisson, Louis Pierre, patentee, 
 80. 
 
 Poitiers, France, 195. 
 
 Poitou, mills at, 50 j exports, 59. 
 
 Pope, petition to, 27 5 king's 
 
 hatred of, 28. 
 Poplar for paper, 49, 103, 199, 
 
 221 . wood for paper, 192. 
 Port Dickinson, N. Y., mill at, 
 
 208, 223. 
 Portland, Me., 143, 167, 209. 
 Porto Rico, imports from Spain, 
 
 115. 
 
 Portsmouth, N. H., 193. 
 Portugal, export of rags prohibited, 
 
 169 j mills in, 1874, 230. 
 Post Office Directory, 227. 
 Post paper,3i. 
 Potash, 161, 
 
 Potatoes for half stuff, 188 j for 
 
 paper, 188. 
 Pot paper, 28. 
 Potter, Messrs., 38. 
 Poulson's Daily Advertisor, 70. 
 Poumarede, inventer, 11 a. 
 Press-rolls, 185, 186. 
 
 Price of paper, 200 j reduced, 96. 
 Prices, scale of, 196. 
 Priestley, J., & Co., 142. 
 Priestley, John, died, 227. 
 Prince of Wales Island Gazette, 
 71. 
 
 Printer, the, 196. 
 
 Printers' Circular, 217, 232. 
 
 Printers' Register, 221. 
 
 Printers, paper makers and book- 
 sellers united, 75. 
 
 Progresses of Queen Elizabeth, 29. 
 
 Proteaux, 17. 
 
 Providence, R. I., 83. 
 
 Prussia, No. of mills, 1846, ill; 
 king of, specimens of paper 
 presented to, 1385 high ex- 
 port duty, 1555 export duty 
 in rags, 190; new pulping 
 process devised in, 220. 
 
 Ptolemies, 75. 
 
 Ptolemy Philadelphus, 16. 
 
 Publisher's Circular, 174. 
 
 Pulp dresser, 91, 965 superseded, 
 94 j boilers, 1855 strainer, 
 
 183. 
 
 Putney, Vr., 72. 
 
 Queen Anne, 169; her impost, 
 34- 
 
 Quincy, 111., mill at, 214. 
 Quirini, patentee, 87. 
 Quinnipiac mill burned, 227. 
 
 Rag engine, 162 j improvement in, 
 
 183. 
 
 Rag picker, the oldest in Paris 
 died, 157. 
 
 Rag pickers, 169. 
 
 Rags, linen and cotton, 45 adver- 
 tised for in Albany, 58 ; 
 Indian, 50 ; in Troy, N. Y., 
 52 5, plentiful in Russia, 56 j 
 exportation prohibited in 
 Russia, 5 6 5 homily on saving, 
 57, 58 j appeal for, in Eng- 
 land, 59 5 in Martinsburg, 
 N. Y., 625 at Schenectady, 
 63 5 at Moreau, N. Y., 64 . 
 
2$6 
 
 Index* 
 
 Rags, began to be imported in the 
 U. S., 67 5 yearly value of, 
 gathered in the U. S., 71 ; 
 duty on in England, 89 5 
 cleaning, mode of, 935 col- 
 ored and filthy for paper, 93 5 
 imported into the United 
 States, 1854, 138 j export 
 duty on abolished in England, 
 1 395 import duty taken off by 
 congress, 179 j substitutes 
 for, 201 ; imported into the 
 U. S., 1872, 225. 
 
 Rahway, N. J., 151. 
 
 Raleigh, N. C, 106. 
 
 Ramee of Malay (Urtica tena- 
 cissima) for paper, 211. 
 
 Randel, A., patentee, 175. 
 
 Ratisbon, 41, 43. 
 
 Ravensburg, 22. 
 
 Raw cotton for paper, 93. 
 
 Reaumur, 35. 
 
 Red Hook, Brooklyn, N. Y., 
 205. 
 
 Red pine for paper, 138. 
 Redstone creek, Pa., mill on, 109. 
 Reed cane of the Carolinas for 
 
 paper, 207. 
 Reeds, paper from, 160. 
 Rees's Encyclopedia, 65, 75. 
 Refuse leather for paper, 90, 146. 
 Regensburg, 43. 
 
 Revue Bib. du Pays Bas, 76, 77. 
 Rheea, from China, for paper, 211. 
 Rhinbeck, mill at, 205. 
 Rhode Island, 43 5 No. of mills 
 
 in 18 10, 66. 
 Rice, Alexander A., Boston paper 
 
 dealer, 230. 
 Rice, Clark, 98. 
 
 Rice, Thomas Jr., his mill burnt, 
 162. 
 
 Rice-paper, Chinese, 61 5 from 
 
 Japan, 222. 
 Richard I, of England, 21. 
 Richmond, John, patentee, 133. 
 Rinteln, university of, 20. 
 Rising Sun, JVld., mills near, 224. 
 Rittenhouse, Nicholas William, 34. 
 
 Ritter, Mr., 92. 
 Rittinghuysen, William, 11. 
 Rittinghuysen (Rittenhouse), 
 
 William, 33. 
 Rive, Abbe, 5. 
 
 River pollution caused by esparto, 
 
 overcome, 214. 
 Robert, Louis, 69 j inventor, 52, 
 
 53> 54, 55 5 law suit > 66. 
 Robert, M., 59. 
 Robert's paper machine, 60. 
 Robert's paper mill burnt, 109. 
 Robertson, John, 217. 
 Rochester, N. Y., 107, 181, 185; 
 
 mill burnt, 81. 
 Rochester Paper Company, 192. 
 Rock city, 140, 174. 
 Rock River Paper Co., 218. 
 Rockton, 111., mill at, 200. 
 Rocques, M., 105. 
 Rodgers, H. E., his mill burnt,203« 
 Roger's Ford, Pa., 141, 163, 187. 
 Roger, king of Sicily, diploma of, 
 
 Roman states, machines in, 123. 
 
 Romans, paper of, 6. 
 
 Rome, papyrus found at, 155 
 
 paper imported from the Two 
 
 Sicilies, 121 j exporation of 
 
 rags prohibited, 153. 
 Rondeaux & Henn, patentees, 85. 
 Roofing-felt, 208. 
 Roofing, paper used for, 203. 
 Rope for paper, 93, 168. 
 Roque, M. Adolphe, 122. 
 Rose, Robert, 102. 
 Rosin, 163, 166, 1795 soap, 179, 
 
 180. 
 
 Rossman, Stephen, inventor, 157. 
 Rotating cylinder, 184. 
 Roth, J. A., patentee, 151, 190. 
 Rctten stone, for paper, 37. 
 Rouen, decrease of exports from, 
 
 38. 
 
 Roxborough, Pa., 11, 33. 
 Roxbury, Mass., 134. 
 Royal Library at Paris, 19. 
 Royal river paper mill burned, 
 212. 
 
Index. 
 
 257 
 
 Royal Society of Gottingen, 24. 
 
 Royal Society of Science of Gottin- 
 gen, premium offered, 39, 415 
 prize medal for the discovery 
 of the most ancient linen 
 paper, 24. 
 
 Royal Society's garden, London, 
 231. 
 
 Rushes for paper, 1 37. 
 
 Russell, E. P., his mill burnt, 177. 
 
 Russell & Co.'s mill burnt, 196. 
 
 Russia, imports, 1 1 j No. of mills 
 in 1 801, 56 ; matting for 
 paper, 99 5 paper making in, 
 1805, 106 5 No. of paper 
 mills, 1505 annual product, 
 179; export duty on rags re- 
 duced, 193 5 price of rags in- 
 creased 203 5 mills in 1871, 
 2175 mills in 1874, 230. 
 
 Russian mills run by English and 
 
 Germans, 229. 
 Rutledge. G. E., 181. 
 
 Ryan, George W., his mill burnt, 
 124. 
 
 Rye straw for paper, 166, 208: 
 
 Saardam, number employed in 
 paper making in, 1770,445 
 exports, 43. 
 
 Saccarappa, mill at, 167. 
 
 Safer, M., his mill burnt, 106. 
 
 Safety paper, 180, 189} improve- 
 ment in, 178. 
 
 St. Blaise monastery, 27. 
 
 St. Charles, 111., 197; paper mill 
 burned, 197. 
 
 St. Domingo, 48 
 
 St. Louis, 21, 138. 
 
 St. Paul, Minn., consumption of 
 paper in, 170. 
 
 St. Paul's Cathedral, 140. 
 
 Sal ammoniac, 162. 
 
 Salisbury, Marquis of, 54. 
 
 Sallow willow for paper, 49. 
 
 Salt grass, 90. 
 
 Samarcand, 105 manufactory 
 
 paper at, 18. 
 Sandersheim, 19. 
 
 Sanderson, Mr., patentee, 90. 
 Sandy Hill, N. Y., 147 ; 222 ; mill 
 
 at, 208, 220, 223. 
 Saracens, 18, 25. 
 
 Saratoga co., N. Y., 200 ; mill in, 
 1995 mills in, 1867, 201 $ 
 run on half time, 202. 
 Saratoga Whig, 140. 
 Sardinia, machines in, 1 85 1, 122} 
 
 value of product, 1848, 115. 
 Satterly, John, his mill burnt, I 30. 
 Sauce pans, paper for, 223. 
 Saugerties, N. Y., 255 mill at, 
 225. 
 
 Saunders, T. H., 144, 202. 
 Saunderson, Isaac, patentee, 85. 
 Savannah Republican, 114. 
 Sawdust, for paper, 41 j and shav- 
 ings for paper, 210. 
 Sawyer, James, patentee, 94. 
 Saxony, number of mills, 1847, 
 
 113. 
 Schaffers, 87. 
 
 Schaffers, Jacob Christian, 41, 43. 
 Scaghticoke, 172. 
 Schaumburg, count of, 21. 
 Scheele, discoverer of chlorine, 43. 
 Schenectady, 63. 
 
 Schoharie bridge, N. Y., mill at, 
 
 65. 
 
 Schoharie co., N. Y., 74. 
 School books, annual cost, 188. 
 Schuyler, John F., patentee, 181. 
 Schuylerville, N. Y., mill at, 190, 
 214. 
 
 Schuylkill, the, 141, 199. 
 Scientific American, 158, 169, 
 176. 
 
 Scripus lacustae, 223. 
 Scotch fern for paper, 145. 
 Scotland, 33, 137, 228; draw- 
 back duty on paper, 143, 
 145 j mills in, 1870, 215. 
 Scraper, 186. 
 
 Scutari, manufactory at, destroyed, 
 
 63. 
 
 of Seaweed for paper, 72, 97, 142. 
 Seba, 38. 
 
 Seceded states, mills in, 174. 
 
258 
 
 Index. 
 
 Seguin, M., inventor, 55. 
 
 Selim III, sultan, assassinated, 63. 
 
 Sellers, experimenter, 188. 
 
 Sellers, Coleman, patentee, 96. 
 
 Sellers, George Escor, 193. 
 
 Sellers, G. S., 186. 
 
 Sellers Landing, 111., 193. 
 
 Serapeum, 50. 
 
 Serrated rubbers, 173. 
 
 Seratula ervensis, for paper, 58. 
 
 Seymour, Ct., 1625 mill at, 222. 
 
 Sharp, Mr., patentee, 78. 
 
 Sharp's Gazetteer, 124. 
 
 Sharpless, Huskins, & Wallace's 
 mill burnt, 109. 
 
 Shavings of wood for paper, 158. 
 
 Shaw, Edmund, 102. 
 
 Sheathing paper, duty on, 101. 
 
 Sheffield, J. B., his mill burned, 
 225. 
 
 Sheridan, 202. 
 
 Shetucket river, 201. 
 
 Shirley, Mass., 102. 
 
 Shirt bosoms, paper used for, 203. 
 
 Shirts, paper, 206. 
 
 Shryock, G. A., 88. 
 
 Shushan, mill burnt, 203. 
 
 Sicily, 25, 67 5 paper imported 
 from the Two Sicilies, 121. 
 
 Sieve, 1875 cylinder, 181. 
 
 Silesian linen, 88. 
 
 Silicate of magnesia, 187, 189. 
 
 Silk, refuse, 7 } not suitable for 
 making paper, 7 ; weed, sub- 
 stitute for rags, 201 } grass, 
 212. 
 
 Simon, G. E., patentee, 142. 
 Simonds, Case & Co., mill of, 
 
 burnt, 71. 
 Simmons, Peter, 105. 
 Sinclair, James, 137. 
 Sizing, 79 ; and glazing, 84. 
 Skins used for writing upon, 15. 
 Smart, Messrs., 165. 
 Smill & Bell's mill burned, 127. 
 Smith, Edward, theorist, 67. 
 Smith, Elijah, his mill burned, 
 
 224. 
 
 Smith, Elizur, his mill burnt, 196. 
 
 Smith Paper Co.'s mills, 220. 
 Smith, Tompkins & Co.'s mill 
 
 burned, 206. 
 Smith, W. W., his mill burned, 
 
 222. 
 
 Smithsonian Institution library, 
 43- 
 
 Smyrna, 1555 mill at, 123. 
 
 Snow flake paper, 217. 
 
 Society of Agriculture, 58. 
 
 Society for the Diffusion of useful 
 Knowledge, 98. 
 
 Society for the encouragement of 
 Arts, confer medal, 49. 
 
 Society of Sciences, Pa., premium 
 offered by, 48 
 
 Soda, 181 5 mode of recovering, 
 173 5 ash, 179, 180, 183. 
 
 Solution of lime, 189. 
 
 Sorbonne, Paris, 5. 
 
 Sorghum for paper, 180. 
 
 Sorgo, Chinese sugar cane, for 
 paper, 180. 
 
 South Carolina, 1745 provincial 
 congress of, offered a pre- 
 mium for mill, 44; No. of 
 mills in 1810, 66. 
 
 South Dedham, Mass., mills at, 
 197. 
 
 South Hadley, Mass., 121 } mill 
 at 1985 store house burnt, 80 } 
 falls, Mass., mill at, 77. 
 
 Southern India, 211. 
 
 Spain, 126, 2245 imports from 
 France, 11; art decayed in, 
 365 No. of mills in, 1800, 
 555 imports, 112; exports, 
 1848, 115 } machines in 
 1 8 5 1, 122} annual product, 
 I22j export of rags prohibi- 
 ted, 169} mills in, 1871,217} 
 mills in, 1874, 230. 
 
 Spanish grass for paper, 194; 
 broom, substitute for rags, 201. 
 
 Sparganium, paper from, 142. 
 
 Spark of Friendship, Churchyard's, 
 29. 
 
 Spartum, 16} or water broom for 
 paper, 124, 126. 
 
Index* 
 
 Spent liquor, 215. 
 
 Spielman, 29. See Spilman. 
 
 Spilman, 27. 
 
 Spilman, Master, 29. 
 
 Spindle tree for paper, 49. 
 
 Spittoons, paper used for, 203. 
 
 Sponge paper, 215. 
 
 Springfield, Mass., 50, 78, 82, 
 94, 99, 101, 103, 113, 115, 
 127,167, 1775 mills at, 192. 
 
 Springfield, Vt., mill at, 197. 
 
 Stalks of Indian corn for paper 181. 
 
 Staple fibre, 1 66. 
 
 Starch, 165. 
 
 Starin, Henry W., his mill burnt, 74. 
 Steam, curing vegetable fibre by, 
 
 186} application of, 193; 
 
 guns, 185. 
 Steubenville, Ohio, mill at, 159. 
 Stevenson, Mr., 68. 
 Stewart Paper Co.'s mills burned, 
 
 222. 
 
 Stiff, G., parentee, 130. 
 Stiles, Francis, patentee, 162. 
 Stillwater, N. Y., 1975 mill at, 
 206. 
 
 Stimpson, Solomon, inventor, 72. 
 Stockholm, imports, 47. 
 Stockport, N. Y., 174; mill at, 
 
 67, 208. 
 Stone for paper, 145. 
 Storer, Jacob, inventor, 193. 
 Storm, Joseph, patentee, 169. 
 Storms & Corsa's boiler exploded, 
 
 209. 
 
 Straw, for paper, 56, 76, 77, 81, 
 85, 131, 132, 140, 161, 168, 
 194; paper, 2165 firstattempt 
 to manufacture, 39 ; first useful 
 paper manufactured from, 54; 
 process for depriving of its 
 silex, 131 5 process for con- 
 verting into paper, 1325 paper 
 improved, 165, 175; manu- 
 facturers, meeting of, 1945 
 increase in price of, 195 ; for 
 wrapping, 2085 price increased, 
 208 5 in the U. S., 219 ; 
 board for lining houses, 218. 
 
 Stromer, Ulman, 25, 26. 
 Stuart, I. C, paten :ee, 153. 
 Stuffing boxes, 182. 
 Sturgis, C. F., patentee, 151. 
 Stuyvesant, N. Y., 157; falls, 
 
 paper mill at, 54, 148. 
 Suffield, Ct., 73, 233. 
 Sugar cane f >r paper, 170. 
 Sulphate of lime, 165. 
 Sulphuric acid, 155, 190. 
 Suitarua, paper from the bark of, 
 
 100. 
 
 Sun, New York, 136. 
 
 Sun, The, 82. 
 
 Swamp-flag, for paper, 188. 
 
 Swann, John, 83. 
 
 Sweden, 99 j imports, 11 ; number 
 of mills in 1800, 475 ma- 
 chines in 1851, I22j No. of 
 mills in 1865, 1955 mills in 
 1871, 217. 
 
 Sweet, Sydney A., inventor, 98. 
 
 Sweynheim, 27. 
 
 Swingle tow for paper, 137. 
 
 Switzerland, 2245 imports from 
 France, 11 ; first paper mill 
 in, 27 j machines in, 1235 
 annual pro-luct, 123 5 mill 
 in, 179 ; mills in 1871, 217 j 
 mills in, 1874, 230. 
 
 Syracuse Standard, 149. 
 
 Syrians, 232. 
 
 Szelelmey, M., inventor, 207. 
 
 Table tops, paper used for, 203. 
 Taft, Frederick A., patentee, 92, 
 
 96. 
 
 Taft, manufactory of, burnt, 94. 
 Taishi, 18. 
 Tait, A. H., 182. 
 Tallman's mill burnt, 184. 
 Tan, refuse for paper, 104. 
 Tanned leather waste for paper, 
 146. 
 
 Tannin extracted, 162. 
 Tapestry, paper used for, 203. 
 Tarrytown, 191. 
 Tate, John, 28. 
 Taylor & Co-'s mill burnt, 204. 
 
160 Index. 
 
 Taylor & Darrow, 223. 
 Taylor, John H., died, 223. 
 Taylor, N. W., patentee, 179. 
 Taylor, T. G., patentee, 133. 
 Tchuma of Assam (Urtica nivea) 
 
 for paper, 211. 
 Temesvar, 150. 
 Tenan, Gilbert, 46. 
 Tennessee, No. of mills in, 18 10, 
 
 66. 
 
 Tenney's mill burnt, 213. 
 Terry, Dr., experimenter, 149. 
 Theodoric abolished duty on paper, 
 
 7; on papyrus, 17. 
 Thibetans, 100. 
 
 Thistle for paper, 49, 56, 1375 
 
 stalks for paper, 41, 49. 
 Thomas, 66. 
 
 Thomas & Woodcock, patentees, 
 
 Thuringian states, 111. 
 
 Tibrillia leather, 184. 
 
 Ticknor & Fields import from 
 London, 200. 
 
 Tileston & Hollingsworth's store- 
 house burnt, 161. 
 
 Tilia americana, 188. 
 
 Times, London, 140, 141 j daily 
 consumption of paper, 1855, 
 1405 1868, 205. 
 
 Times, the, 226. 
 
 Tiraboschi, 23. 
 
 Todd & Brother's mill burned, 
 127. 
 
 Toledo mills, Spain, 19. 
 Tompkins co., N. Y., 9$. 
 Toronto, Canada, 168. 
 Tow for paper, 93. 
 Towgood, Mr., patentee, 96. 
 Trash of the sugar cane, for paper, 
 177. 
 
 Traveling furnace, 192. 
 Treatise against the Jews, 20. 
 Treatise on Corn, 83. 
 Trenton, N. J., 141 5 mills sus- 
 pended in, 176. 
 Treviso, 25. 
 
 Trieste, 106, 155 5 exports to the 
 United States, 118. 
 
 Tripot, M., patentee, 97. 
 
 Troy, N. Y., first mill at, 52, 92, 
 
 115, 165. 
 Troyes, 24 j mills at, 27. 
 Truman, Joseph, 99. 
 Trumbull, Ct., 86. 
 Trunks of paper, 200. 
 Tules for paper, 223. 
 Turin, Italy, 58, 79 5 experiments, 
 
 87. 
 
 Turkey, mills in 1871, 217. 
 Turkish wheat, paper made from, 
 
 43> *S°> J 77 5 empire, 123 ; 
 
 ports, rags exported, 1872—3, 
 
 229. 
 
 Turner, G. W., 125. 
 Turner, Mr., patentee, 93." 
 Turner's Falls, Mass., 221. 
 Turnhout, Belgium, 77. 
 Turpentine, 152, 161. 
 Tuscan rags, 1 36. 
 Tuscany, mills in, 123. 
 Twine made of paper, 180. 
 Twitch or couch grass for paper, 
 I 33; 
 
 Twaddle's hygrometer, 147. 
 Two Sicilies, number of machines 
 
 in 1 8 5 1 , 121 j product, 121. 
 Two Waters, England, 61. 
 Typographical miscellany, 52. 
 Tyringham, Mass., 98, 1245 
 
 mill at, 206. 
 
 United Kingdom, number of 
 persons engaged in the trade, 
 in 1840, 105 5 excise duty in 
 1845, in. 
 
 United States, No. of mills in 
 1810, 66 j began to import 
 rags, 67 ; No. of mills in 
 18 12, 68 j No. of mills in 
 1 8 14, 695 quantity manu- 
 factured in 1 8 14, 69; yearly 
 value of rags gathered in the, 
 71 j machinery began to be 
 introduced from Europe, 72} 
 annual product, 735 news 
 paper required in 1828, 82; 
 productin 1829, 88 ; 
 
Index. 
 
 261 
 
 United States, impetus given to 
 the manufacture in, 93 j value 
 of manufacture in 1832, 95 ; 
 imports and exports, 1838, 
 1839, 104 ; imports and 
 exports, 1840, 106; im- 
 ports and exports, 1 841, 
 107 j number of per- 
 sons employed, 1085 pro- 
 duct, 1847, 1 14 5 imports, 
 1847, 1848, 1145 exports, 
 114; imposted rags from 
 Leghorn, 115; paper from 
 Belgium, 116 5 from Italy, 
 116} exports, 117 5 export, 
 
 1850, 1 18 j import of rags 
 from Trieste, 118; capital 
 employed 1850, 1195 pro- 
 duct, 1195 mills, 1195 
 operations, 1 19 5 export, 
 
 1851, 120 j import rags from 
 nineteen countries, 1205 ex- 
 ports, 1852, 1255 imported 
 rags, 126 j rags imported 
 1853, 128 j exports, 1853, 
 128 5 consumption of rags, 
 
 1854, 13 2 ; P er ca P ita > *3 2 ; 
 
 paper produced, 1325 No. of 
 mills in 1854, 1355 annual 
 product, 135; cost of labor, 
 1355 imports, 1854, 135; 
 reciprocity treaty with Great 
 Britain, 1375 imports, 1854, 
 1385 imported rags, 1855, 
 143 j annual production, 
 145; imports, 1857, 154; 
 Bank, 155 j number of mills 
 i860, 1645 mills increased, 
 201 5 reduced price of paper, 
 1867, 202 j mills in run on 
 short time, 202 j consumption 
 of paper in 1868, 2035 mills 
 in 1871, 219, 222 ; paper 
 mills in 1872, 224; mills in 
 1873, 228 j value of annual 
 product, 228 j mills in, 1874, 
 230; 1875,231 5 No. of mills 
 in 1877, 233. 
 Unconoonuc mill burned, 220. 
 
 Underhill, Messrs. R. L. & Co., 
 
 mill of, burnt, 103. 
 Undressed flax for paper, 140. 
 Union Deposit, Pa., 224. 
 Union Falls, 124. 
 University of Paris, 30. 
 University of Rinteln, 21. 
 Upper Canada, 63. 
 Upper Red Hook, 54. 
 Urbana, N. Y., 103. 
 Ure, Dr., 106. 
 
 Valencia, 20, 23. 
 
 Valley Forge, Pa., mill at, 233. 
 
 Van Alstyne, A. P., his mill burnt, 
 
 Van Benthuysen, Charles, his mill 
 
 burnt, 177. 
 Van Cortlandt, Gen. Pierre, his 
 
 mill burnt, 92. 
 Van Houton, William, patentee, 
 
 77, 81. 
 
 Van Veghten & Son, printers, 63. 
 Varro, 6. 
 
 Varzin, Prussia, Prince Bismarck's 
 
 mill at, 225, 226. 
 Vatican, 28. 
 
 Vegetable substances for paper, 56, 
 81 ; parchment, 165 ; fibre, 
 184 ; mode of preparing, 186, 
 
 Venetian paper, characteristics of, 
 
 Venice, 25 j sent cotton paper to 
 
 Germany, 10. 
 Vermont, No. of mills in 1810,66. 
 Vidocq, E. F , patentee, 1 1 1. 
 Vienna, industrial exhibition, 154. 
 Villette, Marquis de, works of, 48. 
 Virgil, Baskerville's edition of, 39, 
 
 4?. 
 
 Virginia, No. of mills in 18 10, 66. 
 
 Vivien, Mons., 132. 
 
 Voelter, no, 114. 
 
 Von Hartzberg, Count Ewald, 48. 
 
 Von Murr, 22. 
 
 Vougeot, mill at, 53. 
 
 Waban mills, burnt, 206. 
 
262 
 
 Index. 
 
 Waistcoats, paper, 206. 
 Wait, P. H., patentee, 147. 
 Wall paper, 208 j manufacture 
 
 begun, 30. 
 Walsh, S. A., inventor, 191. 
 Warner, Mass., mill at, 208. 
 Warrington, England, 49. 
 Warsaw, 76. 
 
 Wash bowls, paper used for, 203. 
 Washington, D. C, 1745 patent 
 
 office at, 222. 
 Waste paper, duty on, 170. 
 Water, scarcity of, 216. 
 Waters, E., & Son, 231. 
 Waterman, Richard, patentee, 83. 
 Water-mark, ancient, 28 j French, 
 
 75 5 indellible, 165 5 shaded, 
 
 202. 
 
 Waterproof paper, 116 5 overcoats, 
 paper for, 223 j packing paper, 
 161. 
 
 Watertown, Mass., 84 j mill at, 
 146. 
 
 Watertown, N. Y., 96, 985 mill 
 
 at, 65; mill burned, 115. 
 Waterville, Me., mill at, 1445 
 
 mill burned, 203. 
 Watkin, Thomas, 35. 
 Watkins, Cassidy & Brother's mill 
 
 burned, 206. 
 Watson, Chauncey, his mill burnt, 
 
 190. 
 
 Watson, Henry, inventor, 183. 
 
 Watson & Ledyard, 45. 
 
 Watt & Burgess, 1385 patentees, 
 1295 inventors, 1 58 j chem- 
 ical process of, 195. 
 
 Watts, patentee, 141. 
 
 Wayfaring tree, for paper, 49. 
 
 Websters, Ensign & Seymour, 
 Messrs., 52. 
 
 Webster's quarto Dictionary, 78. 
 
 Weed, James A., his mill burnt, 
 208. 
 
 Weekly News, London, 221. . 
 
 Wellington & Hunting's mill 
 burnt, 84. 
 
 Wells's Annual of Scientific Dis- 
 covery, 147. 
 
 Wells, Ramsey, & Co.'s manilla 
 paper works burned, 224. 
 
 Welsbach, Dr. Aloyse Chevalier 
 Auer de, patentee, 181. 
 
 West, George, inventor, 124. 
 
 West, George W.,his mill burned, 
 220. 
 
 West India islands, 210. 
 
 Western Budget, 63. 
 
 Westfield, Mass., 103, 128} mill 
 
 at burnt, 204. 
 West Fitchburg, Mass., 166. 
 Weston, Mass., 109. 
 Westville, New Haven, Ct., mill 
 
 at, 1405 Manufacturing Co.'s 
 
 mill burnt, 159. 
 Whatman, James, 40. 
 Wheat straw for paper, 41, 166. 
 Whipple, M. D., patentee, 142. 
 White & Gale, patentees, 80. 
 White, Norman, patentee, 125. 
 White & Sheffield, 116. 
 White hemp of Hayti, substitute 
 
 for rags, 201. 
 Whitney, Leonard & Son's mill 
 
 burnt, 146. 
 Wilder, Mark, patentee, 115. 
 Wilks, John, machinist, 91. 
 Williamsville, mill at, 176. 
 Willow for paper, 41, 1995 twigs, 
 
 bark and leaves of, for paper, 
 
 Wilmington, Delaware, 70 5 mill 
 at, 2195 mill near, 232. 
 
 Wilmington, N. C, mills at, 173. 
 
 Windham, Ct., 87. 
 
 Windsor, England, 32. 
 
 Windsor Locks, Ct., 112, 126; 
 mill at, 145. 
 
 Winnipiseogee paper mill burned, 
 225. 
 
 Wire grass for paper, 209. 
 Wire-marked paper, 202. 
 Wisconsin Paper Co.'s boiler ex- 
 ploded, 201. 
 Wissahickon creek, 33, 34. 
 Wiswall & Flagg's mill burnt, 97. 
 Woburn, Mass., 182, 184. 
 Wood & Reddington, 66. 
 
Index. 
 
 Wood, for paper, 35, 56, 89, 134, 
 
 137, H;, * 6 3> l8 3i fibre > 
 173 5 disintegrated, for paper, 
 2105 pulp patent, 1825 
 Works Company, 195 ; 
 shavings, paper from, 141 ; 
 tablets of, 232. 
 
 Woodcock, Thomas L., 94. 
 
 Woodville, N. Y., mill at, 144. 
 
 Woodward & Bartlett, patentees, 
 
 138. 
 
 Woodworth, Oliver, 217. 
 Woody substances for paper, 186. 
 Wool from pine trees for paper, 
 
 138. 
 
 Woonsocket, R. I., 169. 
 Wooster & Holmes, patentees, 89. 
 Wooster, Lewis, 89. 
 Worcester, Mass., 53. 
 World's fair medal, 40 ; London, 
 120. 
 
 Worthington, Iowa, manufactory 
 at, 157 ; mill at, 226. 
 
 Wove moulds invented, 39. 
 
 Wrapping paper, 208 ; from wire 
 grass, 209. 
 
 Wright, George L., patentee, 115. 
 Writing paper, price raised, 1775 
 
 coating, 192. 
 Writing with water, 99. 
 
 Xativa, 20, 23. 
 
 Yarmouth, Maine, mill at, 212. 
 Yatra river, 205. 
 
 Yeddo, Japan, paper manufac- 
 tured at, 223. 
 Yellow willow for paper, 49. 
 Ypsilanti, Mich., mill at, 222. 
 Yucca, substitute for rags, 201. 
 
 Zisania aquatica, for paper, 209, 
 231. 
 
 Zollverein, 107, 1125 imports and 
 exports, no; No. of mills, 
 1846, in; exports, 113 ; 
 consumption, 118; No. of 
 mills in 1855, 142; export 
 duty on rags, 190. 
 
 Zopissa paper coffin, 207. 
 
 Zug, Jacob, 223. 
 
33 /3»&>. 
 
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