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 MIRROR 
 
 S T O N E S: 
 
 IN WHICH 
 
 The Nature, Generation, Properties, 
 Virtues and various Species of more 
 than 200 different Jewels, precious and 
 rare Stones, are diftin&ly defcribed. 
 
 Alfo certain and infallible Rules to know the 
 Good from the Bad, how to prove their 
 Genuinenefs, and to diftinguilh the Real 
 from Counterfeits. 
 
 Extradted from the Works of Arijlotle, 
 Pliny , Ifiodorus, Dionyfius Alexandrinus, 
 Albertus Magnus , &c. 
 
 By Camtllus Leonardus y M. D. 
 
 A Treatife of infinite Ufe, not only to Jewellers, 
 Lapidaries, and Merchants who trade in them, 
 but to the Nobility and Gentry, who purchafe 
 (hem either for Curiofity, Ufe, or Ornament. 
 
 Dedicated by the Author to C .e s a r Borgia. 
 
 Now firft Tranflated into Englijh. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 Printed for J, Freeman in Fleet -flreet, 175c. 
 
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Camillus Leonardus , 
 
 Phyfician, of Pifaro, 
 
 Mod Illudrious and mod Glorious Prince, 
 
 Of France , Duke of Romandiola , 
 
 Wifhes Health and Profperity. 
 
 we are well allured that 
 
 luuu s Seafon, is burden’d with 
 the many and weighty Affairs of the 
 Wars : Yet as you are wont, from your 
 innate Goodnefs, Prudence, and Love of 
 Letters and honed Arts, with which you 
 are fo eminently adorned, not only rea- 
 dily to hear, but heartily embrace learn- 
 ed Men, and thofe who apply themfelves 
 
 T O T H E 
 
 Ccefar Borgia , 
 
 Highnefs, in tliTS tempef- 
 
 A 2 
 
 to 
 
( iv ) 
 
 to virtuous Purfuits, we made no Scruple 
 to fend you this little Book ; with this 
 View, that you may refrefh your Mind, 
 wearied with perpetual Sollicitudes and 
 Labours, with the Novelty of a Work, 
 which, we prefume, will not be wholly 
 unprofitable, and will yield fome Pleafure 
 in the Perufal. But how little we are at 
 Leifure, mod renowned Prince, your 
 whole City of Pifaro can teflify : For be- 
 ing devoted to the Practice of Phyfick and 
 Speculation, we very willingly apply our 
 whole Care, Thoughts, Studies and La- 
 bours, Day and Night, to the Health of its 
 Citizens. Being therefore thus encumber’d 
 with thefe and other Employments both 
 publick and private, you may eafily judge 
 how feldom we are at Liberty. Never- 
 thelefs, if, in the mean Time, any Cef- 
 fation from Bufmefs happens, we very 
 chearfully employ fuch an Interval in Li- 
 terary Studies ; and as we are obliged by 
 the common Ties of our Office, fo it 
 has been our conftant Practice, according 
 to our Ability, to promote the Benefit 
 and Utility of Mankind. Being govern’d 
 by thefe Motives, we have compofed this 
 little Treatife of the Nature of fuch Stones 
 
( V ) 
 
 as contribute to the Health or Ufefulnefs 
 of Men, tho’ at the Expence of late 
 Hours, much Labour, and diligent En- 
 quiries ; and tho’ the Materials of it were 
 difperfed thro’ the Volumes of various 
 Authors. We have, however, with the 
 utmod Care, Labour and Attention, col- 
 lected fuch Things as have been handled 
 in the Writing;.' of the moil famous Men, 
 into this fmai! TraCt, which we have en- 
 titled The Mirror of Stones : In 
 which, as in a Looking- glafs, we may 
 behold their Nature, Powers and Sculp- 
 tures, and attain to the Knowledge of 
 many Things. But we, who are bound 
 both by Faith and Duty to your High- 
 ntfs, in whom our Hope is placed, who 
 art as well the Father as the Prince of 
 your Country, to your Name we have 
 inferibed this Book ; and this the rather, 
 as you are dudious, and not only devote 
 yourfelf with all your Might to Arms 
 and the Military, but alfo to the Liberal 
 Arts. Now if you fhould happen, at a 
 vacant Hour, to cad your Eye over it, 
 and Ihould find any Thing injudicioufly 
 exprefs’d, and not approved by your dis- 
 cerning Judgment, be pleafed to aferibe 
 A 3 it 
 
it to the Poornefs of our Wit, and 
 grant us your Pardon ; for we are 
 not all alike capable of all Things j but 
 where you dial! find any Thing worth 
 your Reading, that you will attribute it 
 to thofe mofl worthy Doctors from whofe 
 Writings we have extracted it ; in Regard 
 to whofe high Authority and refpedtable 
 Dignity, you will not difdain to give our 
 little Book a Place, and number it among 
 the, I had almolt laid, innumerable Vo- 
 lumes of your mold excellent Library, 
 that when you look upon it, your Love 
 for Camillus, the Author of it, may 
 be the more ardent. Small, indeed, 
 moft glorious and magnanimous Prince, 
 will this Prefent be in Return for thofe in- 
 valuable Favours you have confer’d upon 
 us. But, according to your ufual Cle- 
 mency and Benignity, you will confider, 
 not fo much this Trifle of a Book, and 
 the Contents of its Sheets, as the Mind 
 and Good-will of the Author. Fare- 
 wel, and may you long be happy. 
 
 Pi fore, the Ides of 
 Sc bUmber^ in the 
 Year of Salva- 
 tion, ascccccij. 
 
( vii ) 
 
 * 
 
 * 
 
 ¥ 
 
 ¥ 
 
 ¥ 
 
 ¥ 
 
 * 
 
 The Translator’s 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 / F the Value of a Book was to be rated 
 by the Scarcity of it y I am apt to 
 think , that there is not a Librarian 
 in Europe can Jhew one , of equal Bulk , 
 that has a better Title to the Choice of 
 the Curious , than this Mirror of 
 Stones. For tho' the Number of its 
 Pages are but 244, in a fmallOStavo , and 
 printed in a large Letter , yet there is 
 ■wrote on the Cover of that which by a pe- 
 culiar Favour 1 am poffejfed of, This is a 
 fcarce Book, and has been valued at 100 
 Piftoles. A certain Nobleman, who is 
 pleas'd to honour me with his Friendjhip, 
 A 4 fought 
 
( viii ) 
 
 fought for it in vain in the mojl noted Libra- 
 ries in England j but being determined to 
 have it if there was one in Europe, fent 
 a Gentleman to France, where he was to 
 make the befl Enquiry he was able among 
 the Book fellers, and to fearch every Li- 
 brary where there was any Probability of 
 its being lodged ; and if his Enquiries 
 fhould prove unfuccefsful there , he was to 
 proceed to Italy, and fo on to other Coun- 
 tries till he Jhould find it. After a long 
 and expenfive Search , he at lafl was fo 
 happy as to light upon two of them , which 
 he purchas'd , tho" at an exorbitant Price , 
 and brought them to his Noble Mafier, 
 who was fo pleafed with the Purchafe y 
 that he not only paid him generoufiy for 
 his Lime and Expences , but , over and 
 above , as a Gratuity and Reward for his 
 Diligence , prefented him with a Bank 
 Note for 30 1 . 
 
 Thus much for the Scarcity of the Book ; 
 it will in the next Place be proper to give 
 fome Account of the Subjedl of it , which is 
 
 Stones j 
 
( lx ) 
 
 Stones; that is, all Manner of pre- 
 cious Stones that have been ever valued for 
 their Beauty, Colour , Oddity, Curiofity j 
 Ufe or Virtues, each of which the Author 
 has fo exadlly defcribed, and fo juftly af- 
 figned to its peculiar Stone, that it is al- 
 mofl impofible, for a Man of any tolerable 
 Skill, to mifake the proper Name of a 
 Stone at firf Sight, or not to know its 
 Properties and Value . 
 
 But tho ’ what I have faid, in regard 
 to the Ufe and Excellence of this little Trea- 
 tife, is inconteftibly the Truth ; yet I mujl 
 give the Reader a Caution in the Perufal 
 of it, which is this : That the Author 
 living in an Age when Super flition univer- 
 fally prevail’d, and when the Study of A- 
 firology, Palmejlry , Charms, Spells, Si - 
 gils, See. was greatly in Vogue , but 
 which, in our Days, is entirely out of Ufe, 
 at leaft is laid afde by the Learned : J jay, 
 the Author, falling in with ' he Maxims of 
 the Age wherein he lived , has affigned 
 fuch Virtues to particular Stones as will 
 not 
 
not be allowed by the Moderns • as that 
 fuch or fuch a Stone Jhall give the Pof- 
 Jejfor of it , Courage , procure him Victory 
 over his Enemies , make him fuccefsful in 
 Love, in Litigations at Law , and other 
 Undertakings , with other Fancies of the 
 fame Kind, which have been long fence ex- 
 ploded. He, however, gives us this Cau- 
 tion, that in his Defcription of the Vir- 
 tues and Properties of Stones, he has in- 
 ferted nothing but what he has collected 
 from the Writings of the mofe learned 
 Men that have treated of the SubjeSl ; jb 
 that he exhibits nothing, or but very little , 
 as his own Opinion, nay, fometimes he ban- 
 ters and ridicules the extravagant Fancies 
 of thofe whofe Sentiments he quotes : So 
 that when the English Reader meets with 
 thefe odd Whimfies, he is to look on them in 
 their proper Light, and to give a due At- 
 tention to the more weighty and important 
 JDefegn, and Ufe of the. Book. 
 
 The Author divides his Treat if e into 
 three Books. In the Firfe , he difcourfes 
 
 philofo- 
 
( xi ) 
 
 philofophically on the Matter and Prin- 
 ciples of Stones , flews how and where they 
 are generated , from whence they derive 
 their various Beauties , Colours and Vir- 
 iueSy and gives fuch exabl Rules for the 
 Knowledge of the True from the Fal/e and 
 Counterfeit , as mufl be extremely ufeful to 
 fuch as deal in this precious Commodity. 
 
 In the Second Book , he gives an alpha- 
 betical Defcription of all the various Stones 
 that have been ever taken Notice of by the 
 Learned and Curious , to the Number of 
 two Hundred and upwards , and fo mi- 
 nutely fpecifes their feveral Properties and 
 Attributes , that nothing is omitted that 
 may contribute to the perfeSl Knowledge of 
 any Stone that comes to Hand. 
 
 The Third Book we have wholly omitted , 
 for the ReaJ'ons following. The Author 
 there treats of the Sculpture on Stones en- 
 graved by the Antients ; but fays , there are 
 few who underftand the Import of thefe 
 Seals and Imprefjions • on Stones , unlefs they 
 at 
 
( xli ) 
 
 at the Jame 'lime are Jkill’d in the Agro- 
 nomical , Magical and Necromantic Sci- 
 ences. He then gives an Account of thofe 
 Sculptors among the Antients who were 
 moft famous in this Art ; that the Ifrael- 
 ites, while in the Wilder nefs, were the 
 Firf who diflinguijhed themfelves by thefe 
 Kinds of Works , and that the antient Ro- 
 mans were the great eft Artifs in this 
 Way and after he has given a Lift of the 
 moft famous Sculptors among the Antient s, 
 and of thofe who flour ijh'd in his own 
 Time, he proceeds to Jhew the particular 
 Virtue of an engraved Stone , how it re- 
 ceives that Virtue , and how it commu- 
 nicates it, according to the Nature and 
 Difference of the Image or Figure imprefs’d 
 on it ; gives Reafons why Stones engraven 
 have more Virtue in them than thofe that 
 are not fo ; in what Manner Stones imbibe 
 the Influence of the Planets and Conftella- 
 tions ; why a Stone engraven with any of 
 the Twelve Signs of the Zodiac, is fuppo- 
 fed to take its Virtue from that Sign, and 
 what its peculiar Virtue is. He likewife 
 
( xiii ) 
 
 gives us many Particulars of the Jams 
 Nature , from the Works of Salomon, a 
 famous Magician , and from the Writings 
 of Hermes, a noted Ajlrologer. But as 
 nothing of this Kind fuits the Tajle of 
 the more enlighten'd Moderns , we judged 
 it wholly impertinent to trouble our Readers 
 with Speculations not agreeable to right 
 Reafon, nor indeed confident with our Re- 
 ligion. However , if the Curious , for their 
 Amufement , are defrous of knowing the 
 Sentiments of the Antients in thefe Mat- 
 ters , upon the Intimation of their Defre y 
 we will give them a Tranfation of this 
 cur Author s Third Book , in a fmall Vo- 
 lume by itfelf. 4 
 
 As to the Author , Camillus Leo- 
 na r d u s, 1 can give no other Account of 
 him than what is to be gather'd out of this 
 little Piece ; namely , that he was a Phy- 
 fician of fome Eminence in the antient City 
 of Pifaro in Italy, and that he was high 
 in the EJleetn of Cjesar Borgia, to 
 whom he dedicates this Treatife : That he 
 was 
 
( xiv ) 
 
 was a learned Man , and well acquainted 
 with Authors , may eafily be difcern'd by 
 his Manner of treating the SubjeSl he has 
 here taken in Hand. But 1 Jhall detain 
 the Reader no longer from a more agree- 
 able Amufement. 
 
 THE 
 
[ >5 ] 
 
 THE . 
 
 P R O E M I U M. 
 
 A Ltho* many learned Men, both an- 
 tient and modern, have wrote upon 
 Stones, yet none of them have given 
 ns a complete Treatife on the Subjedt. My 
 Purpofe therefore, in this little Book, is to 
 treat minutely of Stones. For in Stones there 
 are many Things to be confider’d with re- 
 fpedl to their Effence. As firft, the Matter ; 
 alfo, their Virtues, then the Images imprefs’d 
 on them. Therefore this Book, which is en- 
 titled the Mirror of Stones, will be divi- 
 ded into three Books. Alfo, the Name of 
 it, the Mirror, is given it for a like Rea- 
 fon, viz. that as a Mirror , or Looking- 
 glafs, truly reprefen ts the Images of Things 
 fet before it ; fo in this Book, all thofe Things 
 
 which 
 
[ i6 ] 
 
 which can reafonably be made the Subject of 
 Enquiry in relation to Stones, are fet in their 
 proper Light. 
 
 Of the Matter of Mixts , but principally 
 of Stones. 
 
 L L the Philofophers, mod Iliuflrious 
 
 and Mighty Ctffar, are perfectly clear 
 in this, that all Things produced by Nature, 
 which exift under the Orb of the Moon, are 
 compounded of the Four Elements, and that 
 according to their Specifick Qualities, they, 
 more or lefs, partake of and derive their Vir- 
 tues from thefe four Elements. This in par- 
 ticular is the Sentiment of that confummate 
 Philofopher Arijlotle , who, in his third Book 
 of Heaven and the World , has thefe precife 
 Words, “ The Elements are the firfl: Bodies, 
 “ from which other Bodies are made.” Alfo, 
 in his fecond Book of Generation and Corrup- 
 tion, “ It is neceffary that mixed Bodies fhould 
 “ confift of all the Elements, and not of one 
 
 The Firfl Book. 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 only.”. 
 
[ I? ] 
 
 only.” This is likewife the Opinion of that 
 moft illuftrious Prince of Phyficians, Avicen , 
 where he fays : “ The Elements are Bodies, and 
 « the firft Parts of the Human Body, and of 
 « other Things' which cannot be divided into 
 « Bodies of divers Forms, from whofe Com- 
 “ mixture are produc’d divers Species of Ge- 
 “ neration.” From thefe and many other Au- 
 thorities, which at prefent mufl be omitted, 
 it may be concluded, that the Elements are 
 the Things which concur in and give Being 
 to the Mixed or Compofite : But in what 
 Manner they concur in giving Being to the Mix- 
 ed, would be a too long, and ufelefs Enquiry ; 
 fince it has been often handled by Phyficians, 
 and efpecially by the Conciliator , in his 16th 
 Difference. And when the two Elements, 
 namely, Earth and Water, feem to have a 
 greater Corporeity or Denfity than the other 
 two Elements ; then we fay, that the Mixed 
 abound more with thefe than with the reft. 
 But as Minerals are of two Sorts, fom’e flux- 
 ible or liquifiable, and others not •, we fay, 
 that the fluxible or liquifiable abound more 
 with the Aqueous, as Metals ; agreeable to 
 the Opinion of Ariflotle in his fourth Book of 
 Meteors. But Stones are not fluxible, altho* 
 they abound with Water, becaufe of the 
 Commixture of their dry Terrene •, and there- 
 
 B fore 
 
[ I* J 
 
 fore difinifling the firft Fluxibles, fuch as 
 Gold, Silver, and the like, our Difcourfe 
 ihall be only on Stones : And for our prin- 
 cipal Foundation we fhall adduce the Autho- 
 rity of the great Prince of Philofophers, who* 
 in his Book of Minerals , fays : “ The Prin- 
 ciples therefore of Stones are either of a 
 clayey and unftuous Subftance j or of a Sub- 
 fiance in which Water is moft prevalent By 
 clayey Subfiance we are to underftand the 
 Earth. Neither fhall we depart from the 
 Authority of that confummate Philofopher 
 Albertus Magnus in his Book of Minerals , 
 who holds, that Stones are of a double 
 Kind, and faith, that fome abound with an 
 Aqueous, mix’d with a Terrene Dry, as 
 Chryflal, Beril, and the like ; and others 
 with a dry Aqueous, but more of the Ter- 
 rene, as Marble, Jafper, and the like. But 
 thofe which abound moft with the Aqueous 
 and the Terrene Dry, are properly called Gems, 
 from the Greek Word, gemma , which in La- 
 tin , fignifies to fhine •, for all fuch Stones are 
 glittering. Some, as I before obferved, 
 abound with a dry Terrene, do not li- 
 quify, and alfo fink in Water. For if they 
 were freed from that dry Terrene, they would 
 fwim in Water, and melt like Ice. For there 
 is no Stone but will, by Reafon of its Earthi- 
 
 nefs, 
 
[ >9 ] 
 
 nefs, fink in Water, fo it be not porous 
 or full of Air. But Stones which abound 
 moftly with the Terrene, are thick and dark ; 
 neither are thefe free from Water,- according 
 to Arijiotle in his Book of Minerals above 
 cited •, who exprefly fays : “ Pure Earth 
 ** doth not become a Stone, becaufe it makes 
 “ no Continuation, but a Brittlenefs j the 
 “ prevalent Drinefs in it permits it not to con- 
 “ glutinate and fo by the Aqueous mixed 
 “ with the Terrene, Stones are made.” By 
 the Aqueous he underftands an undtuous or 
 vifcous Humidity, proportioned with a Ter- 
 rene afiifted with a drying Heat. And 
 according to the Proportion or Difpofition of 
 fuch Humidity with the dry Terrene, divers 
 and various Stones are produced. For it 
 often happens that this Humidity is not fo 
 much or fo fubtil as that it can flow to all the 
 Parts of the Earth itfelf ; from which Defi- 
 ciency it proceeds, that that Part of the Earth 
 is not turned into a Stone. And this is the 
 Reafon, that in Quarries of Stones there is 
 found between the Stones a very thick Earth, 
 which occafions a Difcontinuation of the 
 Stones. For if there was a fufficient and 
 proportionate Humidity, the whole Stone would 
 be continuous ; as in many Places we fee Moun- 
 tains of one Stone. And it often happens that 
 
 B 2 inch 
 
[ 20 ] 
 
 fuch Humidity is difproportioned by the Fluxi- 
 bility, altho’ in Quantity it be fufficient ; and 
 therefore it refides more in one Part than in 
 another, and when it is there condens’d by 
 the Heat, it produces a Sort of Knottinefs 
 in the Stones. And hence it is that Knots ap- 
 pear in Stones, as there are fome in your 
 Highnefs’s Mountains ; which Knots, by 
 Reafon of their great Humidity, can hardly 
 be cut or broken, as it is in other Stones 
 which abound with the Aqueous. Here then 
 we fhall put an End to this Chapter, and con- 
 clude, that the Matter of Stones is the very 
 Elements ; and as we have faid, in fome the 
 Aqueous with the dry Terrene mod abounds, 
 and in others the Terrene with an Aqueous 
 Humidity, yet not fo as wholly to difcharge 
 thofe Stones from other Elements ; as we 
 fhall explain in the fixth Chapter, when we 
 come to treat of the Colour of Stones. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 i 
 
[ *1 ] 
 
 C H A P. u. 
 
 Of the effective or generative Caufe of 
 Stones . 
 
 T H E effective or generative Caufe of 
 Stones is by many diverfly affign’d, 
 But, omitting vain Opinions, let us proceed 
 to the true Caufe. We will affirm then, with 
 the greateft Philofophers, that the effedtive 
 or generative Caufe of Stones, is a certain 
 Mineral Virtue, which not only exifts in 
 Stones, but in Metals, and alfo in Things of 
 a middle Nature between both : But as we 
 want a proper Name for this Virtue, the Phi- 
 lofophers themfelves have invented one, that 
 is, the Mineral Virtue ; for what we cannot 
 explain by proper Names ffiould be illuftrated 
 by fomething fimilar. Not that Examples 
 can exadtly fhew in what Manner this Mine- 
 ral Virtue exifts in Stones, fays Ariftotle ; for 
 we do not give an Example that the Thing is 
 fo, but that Learners may underftand ; and 
 fo by an Example which we jfhall bring from 
 the Animal Seed, it will appear, in what 
 Manner the Mineral Virtue, which we fay is 
 B 3 effective 
 
[ 22 ] 
 
 effe&ive or generative, operates in Stones. 
 Thus we fay, that the Seed of an Animal, is 
 a fuperfluous Nutriment defcending to the 
 Spermatick Veflels, and proceeding from 
 thofe Velfels. The efie&ive or generative 
 Virtue is infufed into the Seed itfelf, by the 
 Affiftance of which, the Spermatick Matter 
 is render’d prolific, as it is held in Phyficks. 
 Which Virtue however does not aft by the 
 Mode of Effente, but by the Mode of Inhe- 
 rence. Thus we fay, the Artificer is in the 
 Thing which is made by his Art. In like 
 Manner we fay, that in apt Matter, in the Pro- 
 duftion of a Stone, there is the forming or 
 efficient Virtue in the producing of a Stone of 
 this or that Species, according to the Difpo- 
 fition or Exigence of the Matter, and of the 
 Place and Influx, where fuch prepared Mat- 
 ter is found. Which Virtue is indeed called 
 by fome, the Celeftial Virtue. And this is the 
 Meaning of Plato , where he fays, that the 
 Celeftial Virtues are infufed according to the 
 Goodnefs of the Matter. In Phyficks alfo it 
 is fhewn, that every Virtue forming and af- 
 fecting fomething in any Species, has its pro- 
 per Inftrument, by Means of which it effefts 
 or produces its Operation. Hence we fhall 
 follow the Opinion of Arifiotle , in his Book 
 of Minerals, and aflert, that the proper effec- 
 tive 
 
[ 23 3 
 
 live or generative Virtue of Stones, exifting 
 in the Matter of Stones, and is called Mine- 
 ral, is conftituted of two Inftruments ; which 
 Inftruments are diverfified according to the 
 Diverfity of the Nature or Species of 
 Stones. Of which Inftruments, the one is hot., 
 digeftive, and extractive or drying of the 
 Humid, inducing the Form of the Stone by 
 the Help of terreftrial Coagulation, which is 
 caufed by the unftuous Humid ; and this 
 Heat is directed by the forming or Mine- 
 ral Virtue of the Stones, which Ariftotls calls 
 the hot and drying Caufe. And there is 
 no Doubt, that if fuch Heat ftiould not 
 be regular, but fhould exceed the Nature of 
 the Stone, it would crumble to Duft ; and if it 
 ibould be too fmall, it would notdigeft well, 
 and fo could not bring that Matter into the 
 belt and perfefl Form of a Stone. The other 
 Inftrument is a frigid Conftridtive in the Mat- 
 ter of the humid Aqueous, which humid A- 
 queous is fpread out by the dry Terreftrial 5 
 and this is the frigid Conftriftive of the 
 Humid, which Humidity, by the Interven- 
 tion of fuch Conftridtion, is prefted out, nor 
 does more remain in the Matter than is requi- 
 red for its Continuation, and this Ariftotle 
 calls the drying and congealing Virtue of the 
 Earth. And this is the Reafon that Stones 
 
 B 4 
 
 can 
 
1 24 ] 
 
 can by no Means be diffolved by a hot Dri- 
 nefs, as Metals are melted, For in Metals 
 iuch Humidity is not wholly prefs’d out, 
 by Means of which, the Matter of the^fluxible 
 Metal remains. Therefore we fay, that the 
 hot, digeftive and extractive Part of the Hu- 
 mid, and the frigid conftri&ive Part of the 
 Humid, diffufed by the dry Terreftrial, 
 are the proper Inftruments of the formative or 
 Mineral Virtue of Stones. And this is what 
 Arijiotle lays in his Book of Minerals , that 
 Stones are made two Ways, either by Conge- 
 lation or Conglutination ; as has been before 
 mentioned. 
 
 Of the fubjiantial Form of Stones. 
 
 F the fubftantial Form of Stones we 
 
 fhall not fay much in this Chapter, 
 as it will be more properly referved for the 
 Beginning of the fecond Book ; where we 
 fhall fbew in what Manner Virtues are in 
 Stones, fince the fubftantial Form is that 
 which gives to Stones their Specifick Quality, 
 and from which very Virtue we may fay they 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 flow s 
 
[ *5 ] 
 
 flow } and therefore at prefcnt we fhall only 
 deliyer a philofophic Opinion. We fay then, 
 that the fubftantial Form of a Stone is the 
 Specifick Effence of that Stone ; which Effence 
 comes from the Commixture of Elements, 
 with a certain Proportion which leads to a de- 
 terminate Species and to no other ; by the 
 Intervention of which, as we fhall fhew in the 
 fecond Book, Virtues are in Stones. Nor 
 does fuch Form proceed entirely from the 
 Matter, nor is it placed wholly without the 
 Matter : But it is fomething Divine above the 
 comple&ionate Matter into which it is infufed, 
 and below the celeftial Virtues by which it is 
 given. This then we aflert, that fubftantial 
 Form is the fimple Effence of the Stone it- 
 felf, by Means of which the Virtues of Stones 
 are made to appear, which Virtues are varied 
 not only in the different Species of Stones, 
 but alfo in one Species, either by Reafon of 
 the Place of their Generation, or of the Purity 
 or Impurity of the Matter ; as it happens in 
 living Creatures. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
[ 26 ] 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 Of the Place of the Generation of Stones. 
 
 S ince Place muff neceffarily concur in the 
 Generation of all Things, and without 
 which nothing can be generated or exift •, we 
 fhall therefore now difcourfe of the Place of 
 the Generation of Stones. Places not only 
 diftinguifli the Diverfity of Species, but very 
 often caufe a Variety in one and the fame Spe- 
 cies ; as may be collected from the Difcourfe 
 of Hermes , who fays, that Stones of the fame 
 Species, are varied in Power, as alfo in their 
 Matter, by the Diverfity of Places ; meaning 
 nothing more by the Climate, than the diffe- 
 rent Diredion or Obliquity of the Rays of 
 the Stars, which have Influence on inferior 
 Things. We may affert then, that no deter- 
 minate Place is appropriated to the Genera- 
 tion of Stones ; fince in almoft every Part of 
 the Earth, Stones divers and various are gene- 
 rated. Neither is there a proper Place af- 
 figned for it in a particular Element ; for 
 fometimes we fee them generated in the 
 Earth, fometimes in the Water, and fome- 
 times 
 
[ ^7 ] 
 
 times in divers Places, as Salomon affirms in 
 his Book of ■precious Stones ; where he fays, 
 that there are divers Kinds of Stones and gene- 
 rated in divers Places •, for fome are found in 
 the Sea, others in different Parts of the Earth, 
 others in Rivers, others in the Nefts of Birds, 
 fome in the Intrails of Animals, fome in the 
 Heads of others, others in the Reins of Dra- 
 gons, Serpents, Beads and Reptiles. And 
 not only in fuch Places are Stones generated, 
 but, as Philolophers hold, even in the Air ; 
 but efpecially that confummate Philo- 
 fopher, and my mod worthy Mafter, Gaetane 
 of Fiena , in his Comment of Meteors, in the 
 End of the fecond Treatife of the third Book ; 
 where he fays, Stones may be generated in 
 the Air, when an Exhalation has grofs ter- 
 rene Parts mixed with a grofs and vifcous 
 Humidity ; and its more fubtil Parts being 
 refolved, and the Terreftrial condenfed by the 
 Heat, it becomes a Stone, which by its Gra- 
 vity defcends to the Earth. In our Times, a 
 huge Stone fell from the Clouds in Lombardy. 
 Pliny alfo in his firft Book, Chap. 60. writes, 
 that Anaxagoras foretold that a Stone would 
 fall from the Sun, which accordingly fell in 
 a Part of Thrace by the River Egos, of the 
 Bignefs of a Cart, and of an aduft or burnt 
 Colour. Nor do I wonder at this, fince^n- 
 Jlotle 
 
[ 28 ] 
 
 ftotle affirms in his Book of Minerals, that a 
 Piece of Iron of confiderable Magnitude fell 
 out of the Air. But fince in Phyficks it has 
 been determin’d, that the Stars, by their 
 Quantity, Light, Motion and Situation go- 
 vern the inferior World, according as every 
 Matter is generative or corruptible ; and as 
 this Virtue of the Stars is ftrong throughout 
 the World •, wherefoever therefore an apt 
 Matter is found, there will be the Place for 
 the Generation of a Stone •, fo that the proper 
 and determinate Place for the Generation of 
 a Stone is not to be afligned. It is necefifary 
 however, that the Virtue of the Place in the 
 Generation of a Stone fhould be diftinguilhed 
 into three Virtues. Of which the firft is, the 
 Virtue of the Mover moving the Orb ; the 
 fecond is the Virtue of the Orb moved, which 
 Virtue is to be confidered many Ways in re- 
 fpedl to the Orb itfelf, as in the Planets and 
 all the Conftellations. The third is the Ele- 
 mentary Virtue, which is hot, frigid, hu- 
 mid and dry, or a Mixture of all thefe. The 
 firft Virtue is as Form diredting and forming 
 every Thing that is generated, which Virtue, 
 for Inflance, is brought upon thefe fenfible 
 inferior Things, as the Virtue of an Art upon 
 the Matter of Workmanfhip. The fecond is 
 brought in as the Operation of an Inftrument 
 
 which 
 
[ *9 ] 
 
 which is moved and diredted by the Hand of 
 the Workman, in order to perfedt the Work 
 begun. And this is that which Ariftotle fays, 
 that the Work of Nature is the Work of the 
 Under (landing. Hence we fay, that in what- 
 ever Place the undtuous Earth is mixed by the 
 Vapour refledled into itfelf, or where the 
 Strength of the Earth fhaJl feize the Nature of 
 the Water, and draw and ftrongly incline it 
 to a Drinefs, there undoubtedly is the Place of 
 the Generation of Stones. We may therefore 
 conclude and aflert, that the Place proper and 
 fitted: for the Generation of Stones, is an Earth 
 having a denfe Surface with a moderate Hu- 
 midity, thro 5 which Denfity the Vapour can- 
 not exhale. But the Earth that is thin, fandy 
 and muddy, is of a contrary Temper ; and 
 tho’ Stones may be generated in fuch Places, 
 yet they are imperfedt. Very often alfo there 
 is in Water the greated Virtue in producing 
 Stones-, not that Water is the bed adapted 
 for it ; but when it runs thro’ mineral 
 Places, it afiumes the Nature of thofe Mines *, 
 as we fee the Waters of Baths acquire Heat. 
 And when it is poured upon the Earth, or 
 any Thing is put into it, it feems to turn to 
 a Stone, as Albertus Magnus relates, and as 
 evidently appears in the Places of the Baths 
 where all Things feem as if they were petri- 
 fied, 
 
[ 3 ° ] 
 
 fled, and are continually augmented. This 
 is likewife the Senfe of Arijlotle , in his Book 
 of Minerals , that Water becomes Earth, 
 when the Qualities of the Earth overcome 
 the Water, and on the contrary, of Water is 
 made Earth. But we need not fetch Exam- 
 ples fo far : Does not this manifeftly appear. 
 Great C<efar y near your own City, in the Ca- 
 priolian Fountain, where by the Courfe of its 
 Water, which has a Mineral in it, all the Ca- 
 nals are fo petrified, and fo incumber’d, that 
 the Water wants a Current ? Arijlotle alfo, 
 in his faid Book of Minerals , affirms, that 
 the Strength of the Mineral Virtue is fome- 
 times fo great, that it turns Water into Stone, 
 and every Thing contained in it *, from 
 whence it fometimes happens, that in many 
 Stones there are diftinftly feen Parts of 
 aquatic Animals, and other Things turned 
 into Stone. Much might be faid on this 
 Head, fince Things have been found fome- 
 times in the Earth, fometimes in the Water, 
 that have been petrified. Albertus gives an 
 Account of a Tree found on the Shore of the 
 Lucan Sea, with a Neft and Birds petrified. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
[ 31 3 
 
 
 Of the Accidents of Stones , and fir ft of 
 their bad or good Compofition. 
 
 S in the former Chapters we have 
 
 treated of thole Things which contri- 
 bute to the Generation of Stones, fuch as the 
 Matter, the Efficient, the fubftantial Form, 
 and the Place of Generation itfelf; now, to 
 finiffi thofe Things which contribute to the 
 Exiftence of Stones, it is Time to enquire 
 about their Accidents •, for even Accidents 
 help to the Knowledge of the Subjebl in 
 which they are placed, as Ariftotle holds in 
 his firft Book of the Soul. But fmce thofe 
 Accidents in Stones are many, our Difcourfe, 
 for the prefent, fhall be only of their good or 
 bad Commixture, which in Stones happens 
 many Ways. For a bad Commixture, or 
 that which makes a Stone bad, fometimes 
 happens by Reafon of the Humid, fometimes 
 by the Abundance of the Terrene, fometimes 
 from the lndifpofition of the hot or cold A- 
 gent, and fometimes from the Unfitnefs of 
 the Place, which gives a Diverfity to Stones. 
 
 C PI A P. V. 
 
[ 32 ] 
 
 For if the Earth fhould be dry, it would be 
 but badly commixed with the Humid, nor 
 would be in a fufficient Quantity, and the 
 Place wherein was fuch Matter for the produ- 
 cing fuch Stones, would be porous •, then the 
 Heat, neceffary for the Being of the Stone* 
 introduc’d by the effective Virtue, would eva- 
 porate, and fo could not well digeft the Parts 
 of the Earth, and be mixed with the Humid ; 
 whereby fuch a Stone would become famdy 
 and gravelly, fo that it might be eafily filed, 
 and reduc’d to Gravel. But if fuch a Place 
 fhould not be porous, and fhould retain a 
 temperate Heat with a fufficient Humidity, 
 then a Stone produc’d of fuch an Earth would 
 become hard, not liable to be broke into 
 Sands, tho’ it fhould appear gravelly, as is 
 manifeft in the Porphyry Flint and others ; 
 for in thofe Stones there are feen as it were 
 little Sands, and are varied and diverfified in 
 Bignefs and Colour, according to the Di- 
 verfity of the Drinefs of the Earth and 
 of the adting Heat. And fo fuch Heat 
 exceeding the Humid, would burn the Parts 
 of that Earth in which Cafe the Stones 
 would be difcontinuous, and appear like little 
 Stones. But if in fuch a dry Earth the vifcous 
 Humidity were imbibed, and confequently 
 not fluxible, altho’ it fhould have a regular 
 
 Heat 
 
[ 33 ] 
 
 Heat From the mineral Virtue, and fhould be 
 in a fit Place for the Generation of a Stone, 
 it would not become united and continuous ; 
 but would be divided into little Stones of 
 different Quantities and Colours, according 
 to the Diverfity of the Matter concurring to 
 the EfTence of thofe Stones. But if fuch 
 Humidity fhould be in Part fluxible and 
 govern’d by a regular Heat, and in a proper 
 Place, and be partly vifcous, a Stone would 
 be formed of divers Colours and Parts with 
 a Continuity, as tho’ fuch Stones were joined 
 with a Glew, as is feen in many Places ; at 
 Venice , in the Church of the Protedfor of 
 that City, at Rome in many Places, and in 
 the Door of your Highnefs’s Study, and in 
 cut Pillars in many Places, in which appear 
 Colours fo various and divers, and fuch a 
 wonderful Variety of Things, as hereafter 
 fhall be declared. But the beft Commixture 
 of Stones is made by Oppofition in the 
 Things aforefaid ; namely, that the Matter 
 be not very dry, that the Humid be propor- 
 tionate and fluid to every Part of the Earth, 
 and that the Heat be proportion’d and regu- 
 lated by the mineral or effedtive Virtue of the 
 Stone itfelf, and that it be in a congruous 
 and fitting Place, in Solidity and Rarity; 
 all which being thus difpofed render Stones 
 
 C uniform 
 
[ 34 ] 
 
 uniform, even, and of the beft Composition, 
 and very often fhining, according to the 
 Commixture or Proportion of Earth and 
 Water. But the oppofite Caufes, from the 
 Things aforefaid, make an Oppofite. But 
 that the Stone fliould be very perfeft, there 
 is required a proportionate Heat, fince that 
 is the principal Agent, and by Means whereof 
 a Diverfity is produc’d in Stones, and efpe- 
 cially in thofe in whofe principal Matter the 
 Terrene is predominant. But in Stones 
 which abound with the Aqueous, as its 
 principal Matter, there are not fo many 
 Diverfities, fince they have for their effective 
 Virtue a frigid and dry Terrene. For the 
 Parts of fuch, byReafon of their Aquofity, are 
 well intermixed together, as the Fluxibles are 
 diftributed to every Part ; and therefore 
 fuch Stones obtain a good Degree of Per- 
 fpicuity and Hardnefs. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
[ 35 1 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 Of the Perfpicuity and Opacity of Stones , 
 and of their Colour. 
 
 P Erfpicuity, or Opacity, occafion many 
 Differences in Stones, fince by Means of 
 thefe, they may appear in the Colours them- 
 felves, as, according to the Philofopher, is 
 held of the Senfe and Things fenfible* 
 when he fays, that Colour is the Extremity 
 of the Perfpicuous in a terminate Body. As 
 alfo by the Commentator Avenroes , who 
 holds, that Colour arifes from the Commix- 
 ture of a lucid Body with a dark. There- 
 fore before we afcertain fome Differences 
 about the Accidents in the Colour of Stones, 
 it is neceffary to declare in what Manner 
 Perfpicuity or Opacity happens in Stones, 
 and what one and the other really is. We 
 affert then, that Perfpicuity is the material 
 Exiftence of a Stone with a Tranfparency, 
 or a kind of Brightnefs ; and Opacity is 
 accompanied with an Obfcurity and Denfity. 
 From whence it follows, that that Stone is 
 perfpicuous in whole Matter the more Caufes 
 of the Perfpicuous concur, as Fire, Air, and 
 Water ; and, by Oppofite, we fay that 
 
 C 2 is 
 
[ 36 ] 
 
 is opaque, in whofe Matter the opaque is 
 mod prevalent, as is Earth. And when 
 thefe Things are laid to terminate the Sight, 
 which happens only from the Colour, it is 
 neceffary to give them the Names of fome 
 Colour, as we have before faid, which fhould 
 be the terminative Colour of the Perfpicuous 
 and Opaque, and fo, the Perfpicuous and 
 Opaque are in the higheft Manner contrafted ; 
 and to them we attribute the Extremes of 
 Colours. For White is given to the Perfpi- 
 cuous, and Black to the Opaque. Therefore 
 we fay, the White is caufed by the Mixture 
 of clear Fire with the Element which is very 
 tranfparent, that is, the Air. The Black is 
 produc’d cut of a turbid Fire mixed with the 
 Element of the leaft Tranfparency, namely, 
 the Earth. But as thefe two Colours, the 
 White and Biack, are put for the Extremes, 
 it is neceffary that they fhould partake of the 
 intermediate Colours ; and according to fuch 
 Participation, great or lefs, arife divers 
 Colours which are of a triple Kind, namely. 
 Red, Green and Yellow. And fo all Stones, 
 exceeding the Extremes above-mention’d, are 
 reduced to one of thefe, and are contained 
 in them as the Species under its Genus. But 
 that we may attain to a perfect Knowledge of 
 thefe Colours, it is neceffary to fhew how 
 
 thofe 
 
[ 37 ] 
 
 thofe mediate Colours are caufed in Stones » 
 and we (hall begin with the Red. The Red 
 Colour, we fay, happens in perfpicuous 
 Stones, when a lighted Fumofity and a 
 tender Fire is infufed in a perfpicuous Light ; 
 and all fuch Stones are faid to be glowing; 
 of which Kind are all the Species of Car- 
 buncles, as the Balafius , Ruby , Jacinth , &c. 
 which all agree in Rednefs, but differ accord- 
 ing as they partake more or lefs of the Fire 
 of Fumofity arid alfo of Perfpicuity. In the 
 fame Manner we may fpeak of the Yellow 
 perfpicuous Colour, whofe various Species 
 are produced, according to its fubtil and 
 perfpicuous Earthinefs, alter’d and burnt by 
 the Heat. But the Green is caufed by the 
 perfpicuous Aquofity with the burnt Ter- 
 reftrial, which is diverfified in Stones, as it is 
 either aqueous or terrene, as in the two 
 mediate Colours above mention’d; from which 
 Diverfity the Green is varied, and various 
 green Colours are produc’d in Stones. Colours 
 alfo may be varied in the fame Stone, as in 
 the Panther and Achates , and many others; 
 which Diverfity proceeds folely from the 
 Diverfity of the Subftance, or Matter which 
 concurs to its Exiftence. Thus, as Salomon 
 in the fore*cited Place, fays. Colours are 
 diverfified in Stones, becaufe there is no 
 
 C 3 Colour 
 
[ 38 ] 
 
 Colour to be found in Heaven, Air, Earth, 
 Sea, Rivers, Herbs and Trees, which is not 
 to be found in Stones. Many Things may 
 be faid of Colours, which for the Sake of 
 Brevity, and that I may not tire the Reader, 
 muft be omitted ; fince what has been faid 
 of particular Colours, may lead us to the 
 Knowledge of others. In fuch as are not 
 perfpicuous, the Whitenefs is caufed by the 
 fubtil Terrene mixed with the Aqueous. 
 Blacknefs is occafion’d by a fmoaky and 
 aduft Terrene, and in what Manner the Ex- 
 tremes of the Opaque, or not perfpicuous 
 Stones, feem to abound with much Earth, 
 fo alfo all the mediate Colours of thofe 
 Opaque Stones, as the Red, Yellow and 
 Green, feem to abound with much of the 
 Terrene, as they participate the Nature of 
 Extremes •, which Terrene is compounded 
 with the Igneous, Airy, and Aqueous in the 
 Production of middle Colours, as we have 
 faid of th® Perfpicuous, that they abound with 
 the Aqueous. But fo it is that opaque Stones 
 incline more or lefs to the perfpicuous, as the 
 Aqueous concurs more or lefs in their Com- 
 position, fince thefe are the Things which 
 give it Perfpicuity. Likewife the Colours 
 of thofe opaque Bodies are varied in one and 
 the fame Subftan.ee or Effence ef the Stone 
 
 accord* 
 
 ■r 
 
[ 39 J 
 
 according to the Diverfity of the Parts com- 
 pofing that Stone, and alfo according to the 
 Power of the adting Heat, as we have faid 
 in the preceding Chapter. 
 
 /i»k\ ^a\N '#N//aN/m\/mN/anN ‘ /m\ 'mN/a^^/aS/mN / cCS dr«\\ / t+S fsr\/ * />aN //i\S / nrvVyiftS /v*\N //»\S 
 
 CHAP. VII. 
 
 Of the Hardnefs or Softnefs of Stones. 
 
 H Ardnefs or Softnefs in Stones proceeds 
 from two Caufes ; one of which 
 depends on the Matter of the Stone itfelf, the 
 other on the effedbive or mineral Virtues of 
 thofe Stones ; as we have already faid in the 
 Chapter treating of the good or bad Mixture 
 of Stones. As to the Matter, we fay it 
 inufl be well mixed, and it becomes fo by 
 the Aqueous •, and therefore thofe Stones 
 which have the Aqueous predominant in 
 their Compofition, are the hardeft and molt 
 perfpicuous. Of this Sort are all thofe Gems 
 which refill the File, except the Topaz, as 
 we fhall fhew hereafter. But of thofe Stones 
 which in their Efience abound moll with the 
 Terrene, fome are hard and fome not ; yet 
 are they not of that Hardnefs as the Aque- 
 ous, for the Reafon before givep. Thofe 
 
 C 4 alfo 
 
L 4o ] 
 
 alfo are hard which abound with the Aque- 
 ous with a moderate Terrene ; from which 
 Humidity altho’ they may be opaque, yet 
 they have a lucid and a Sort of perfpicuous 
 Superficies ; fuch are the Terpentine Porphyry, 
 and the like, and which can hardly be cut 
 afunder with Iron, and fcarcely with Steel. 
 But thofe which abound with the Terrene 
 without a moderate Humid , are tender. 
 They Jikewife become tender and hard, as 
 the effedive Virtue prevails : For when that 
 Virtue is not proportion’d to the Matter in 
 drying the fuperfluous Humidity, they are 
 not render’d hard, fince Hardnels proceeds 
 from a temperate Drinefs, as all Phyficians 
 hold. And therefore, as we have and do 
 affirm, the Topaz is not hard, as its effective 
 Virtue is deficient in Drinefs, nor can enough 
 abforb the Humidity, of which a great deal 
 of fuperfluous remains in it, and by Means 
 of which it is hinder’d from becoming hard. 
 What has been faid of the Topaz may be 
 affirm’d of all other Stones, which for their 
 effedive Virtue, have their Heat and Dri- 
 nefs diminiffied. We might enlarge on this 
 Head, but fhall here end it, by aflerting, 
 that Hardnefs proceeds from a temperate 
 Drynefs, which ought to be regulated by 
 the effedive Virtue, together with a good 
 
 Difpo- 
 
[ 4i ] 
 
 Difpofition of the Matter and Place, as we 
 obferv’d in the Fifth Chapter. From which 
 Things being oppos’d, many Accidents 
 happen in Stones ; for fome refill the Fire, 
 others are confumed by it •, fome are fplit 
 by the Froft, and reduc’d to Afhes ; fome 
 harden’d by the Air, others deftroyed by it. 
 The like and other different Accidents hap- 
 pen to Stones, both from the Water and the 
 Sun, and from extrinfic Alterants, the 
 Caufes of which it would be ufelefs here to 
 enarrate, and may be eafily comprehended 
 from what has been before and fhall here- 
 after be faid, efpecially by fuch as are of 
 a clear Underftanding •, fince all thefe 
 Things confift in a fantaftical and imaginary 
 Virtue. 
 
 CHAP. VIII. 
 
 Of the Gravity and Lightnefs , Denfty 
 and Porofty of Stones. 
 
 G Ravity or Lightnefs are Accidents pro- 
 ceeding from two Caufes in Stones. 
 One of which is derived from a bad Com- 
 pofition i an Accident which thofe Scones 
 
 are 
 
[ 42 -] 
 
 are chiefly liable to whofe Subftance is ter- 
 rene, and is occafion’d by a bad Mixture 
 of the Parts of the Earth reciprocally with 
 the Water. For when thofe aqueous Parts 
 are dried up by the effective Virtue, or thofe 
 which were not well mixed with the Earth 
 are difiolved , there remain Porofities in 
 thofe Stones , from whence they become 
 light. This Accident may likewife befal 
 Stones, from a Concurrence of too great a 
 Quantity of Air or Fire in the Subftance of 
 the Stone *, and this Lightnefs accruing in 
 this Manner, is lefs frequent in opaque than 
 in perfpicuous Stones ; but only the firft 
 Gravity in the opaque, proceeds from the 
 aforefaid contrary Caufes. However, there 
 is never naturally fuch a Lightnefs in Stones, 
 but from their own Terrefteity they will fink 
 in Water, which indeed is the Property of a 
 Stone. And altho’ fome Sorts of Wood are 
 heavier than Stones, yet do they not fink in 
 Water as Stones do, the Reafon of which is, 
 that the material Subftance of the Wood has 
 not fo much of the dry Terrene. In like 
 Manner we may affirm, that Denfity or Po- 
 rofity proceeds from the fame Caufes as do 
 Lightnefs or Gravity. But altho* many 
 other Accidents may happen, yet thefe fhall 
 fuflice for the prefent •, fince from what has 
 
 been 
 
[ 43 ] 
 
 been already faid, and is yet to be declared, 
 we may be able to affign a Caufe for all 
 the Accidents that may happen in them ; and 
 efpecially may thofe who are fkill’d in Phy- 
 fick know them, fince thefe Things depend 
 on that Art. 
 
 CHAP. IX. 
 
 How to know whether 'Jewels are natural 
 or artificial. 
 
 S ince thefe Times abound with Counter- 
 feits in every Thing, but efpecially in the 
 Jewelling Art in regard to their Value ; and 
 as there are few, unlefs fuch as have been 
 long pra&is’d in them, can judge of them, 
 efpecially when they are cemented together ; 
 and that we may not be deceived by thefe, 
 nor leave any Thing untouch’d relating to 
 the Subject, we fhail clofe the Firft Book 
 with a few Things upon this Head. We 
 fay then, that thefe deceitful Artifts in Stones 
 have many Ways of Impofition. As firft, 
 when they make Stones of a lefs Value, and 
 of a particular Species, appear of another 
 
 Species 
 
[ 44 ] 
 
 Species and confequently of a higher Price ; 
 as the Balafius of the Amethifi, which they 
 perforate, and fill the Hole with a Tindure, 
 or bind it with a Ring, or more fubtilly, when 
 they work up the Leaves of the Balafius , 
 either with Citron Saphire or Beril, into the 
 Form of Diamonds, and by adding aTindure 
 to bind them, fell them for true Diamond. 
 Or, very often they fabricate the upper' 
 Superficies of the Granate , and the lower of 
 Chryftal , which they cement with a certain 
 Glew or Tindure ; fo that when they are 
 fet in Rings they appear like Rubies. And 
 many other Deceptions may be effeded out 
 of divers and various Stones, which are all 
 known to the Skilful. Therefore, when 
 there is a Sufpicion, the Jewels are to be 
 taken out of the Rings, and by what we 
 have farther to fay in the Second Book, we 
 may eafily judge of them. A Deception 
 may happen in another Manner; as when 
 they make the Form and Colour of a true 
 Stone from one that is not true. And this 
 Deception is made from many Things, and 
 chiefly from fmelted Glafs, or of a certain 
 Stone, with which our Glafs- makers whiten 
 their Veflels, by adding divers permanent 
 Colours to the Fire, as the Potters know; 
 
 and 
 
[ 45 ] 
 
 and as I have often feen Emeralds , far 
 from bad ones, at leaft for Ufe, made out 
 of thefe Stones. Thefe counterfeit Stones 
 may be known many Ways, as firft by the 
 File, to which all falfe Stones give Way, 
 and all natural ones are Proof againft, except 
 the Emerald and the Weftern Topaz, as we 
 lhall lhew in the Second Book ; and there- 
 fore thefe Falfifiers chufe to work upon thefe 
 which give way to the File, becaufe they 
 cannot be prov’d by it. The fecond Way 
 to prove them is by the Afpe£t ; for fuch 
 as are natural, the more they are look’d at, 
 the more the Eye is delighted with them ; 
 and when they are held up to the Light of 
 the Candle, they Ihine and look fulgent. 
 Whereas the Non-naturals, or artificial, the 
 more they are beheld, the more the Sight is 
 wearied and difpleas’d, and their Splendor 
 leems continually decaying, efpecially when 
 they are oppos’d to the Light of a Candle. 
 They are alfo known by their Weight when 
 they are out of the Rings ; for thofe which 
 are natural are ponderous, except the Eme- 
 rald, but the Artificial are light. There is 
 one Proof yet remaining, which is infallible, 
 and is prefeable to all the reft •, namely, that 
 the Artificial do not refill the Fire, but are 
 
 liqui- 
 
f 46 ] 
 
 liquified in if, and lofe their Colour and 
 Form when they are diffolved by the 
 Fiercenefs of the Fire •, and it is impoffible 
 but that in fome Parts of them, fome 
 Points like fmall Bubbles mud be leen in 
 their Subftance, produc’d by the igneous 
 Heat, and will difcover the Difproportion 
 in their Compofition, and their Difference 
 from Nature in true Stones. Such falfe 
 Stones may like wife be compounded of 
 other Things than of Glafs, namely, of 
 many Minerals *, as of Salt, Copperas, 
 Metals, and other Things, and as I have 
 feen, and is allowed by many learned Men, 
 efpecialiy by Brother Bcnaventure in the 
 Second Book of his Dictionary of Words, 
 that the Knowledge of Stones, and their 
 Species, is acquired by great Experience, 
 and from continual Ufes, as they well 
 know who employ themfelves in this Kind of 
 Exercife. And here we lhall conclude this 
 firft Book. 
 
 BOOK 
 
[ 47 3 
 
 BOOK II. 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 The Proem . 
 
 H AVING, raoft Illuftrious Prince, 
 finifhed the Firft Part of my Work, 
 wherein I have, in general treated 
 of the Generation of Stones, and their 
 Accidents ; I fhall now, in this fecond Book, 
 fpeak particularly of the Stones themfelves. 
 The firft Argument fhall be, whether there 
 be Virtue in Stones, and in what Manner 
 they communicate their Virtues to us ; by 
 alledging the Opinions of the Antients, with 
 the true Judgment of Philofophers. I fhall 
 likewife give the Names of thofe learned 
 Men from whofe Works I have compiled 
 this Traft, that the Reader may be fatisfied 
 that what I have wrote, is taken from them. 
 I fhall give the Names of all Stones, in the 
 Order of the Alphabet, together with their 
 
 Colours, 
 
[ 48 ] 
 
 Colours, the Places where they are found 
 and their Virtues where any are afcribed to 
 them by the Learned. 
 
 Whether there be Virtues in Stones , with 
 the various Opinions concerning the 
 
 Jams. 
 
 Here is no fmall nor ufelefs Contention 
 
 among the moll: celebrated Dodtors 
 concerning the Virtues of Stones. Some of 
 them fay there is no Virtue in Stones, which 
 we think is falfe, and therefore fhall difmifs 
 them as wholly deviating from the Truth. 
 There are others who fay, there is only 
 an Elementary Virtue in Stones, fuch as 
 Heat, Cold, Hardnefs, Pafllbility, and the 
 like, which are inherent to their Compofition, 
 and proceed from the elementary Efience; 
 but deny all other Virtues arifing from the 
 Specific Form or Subftantial Effence of the 
 Stone ; fuch as to difpel Poifons, obtain 
 Vidtory, and the like. And this is their 
 trifling Way of Reafoning: Thofe Things, 
 fay they, which are of a nobler Kind, ought 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 to 
 
r 49 1 
 
 to have in them the nobler Virtues. But 
 as Things animate are more noble than 
 thofe which are inanimate ; therefore the 
 more noble Virtues might be expe&ed in 
 the Animate, rather than in the Inanimate ■, 
 but as the Animate want thofe Virtues, there- 
 fore fo do Stones which are inanimate. They 
 have likewife, other perfuafive Reafons, which 
 for Brevity’s fake we omit. In the firft 
 Place, Experience itfelf is again ft thefe 
 Gentlemen •, for with our own Eyes we may 
 fee a Virtue in Stones. Don’t we fee the 
 Magnet attraft Iron ? the Saphire cure Car- 
 buncles, and the like in many others ? A 
 Man who fhould deny thefe Things could 
 not be thought in his Senfes, fince they are 
 known to us as firft Principles. But farther, 
 I will argue with thefe Difputants from a 
 known Topick, thus: That which all Men 
 proclaim for Truth, cannot be wholly 
 groundlefs ; but as it has been always allow’d, 
 as well by fome of the Antients as by all the 
 Moderns, that there are Virtues in Stones, 
 therefore we ought to give Credit to thofe 
 learned Doctors who affirm it. The Authority 
 of Salomon is of great Weight in this Matter, 
 who fays. That the Virtues of Stones are 
 divers ; fome procure the Favour of Great 
 Men *, others are a Defence againft Fire •, 
 D others 
 
[ 5o ] 
 
 others render Perions amiable •, others give 
 Wifdom ; fome make Perfons invifible ; 
 fome repel Lightning; Tome extinguifh 
 Poifon ; fome preferve and increafeTreafure; 
 others influence Hufbands to love their 
 Wives ; fome quell Tempefts at Sea ; others 
 cure Difeafes ; fome preferve the Head and 
 Eyes. And, to conclude all, whatever can 
 be thought of as beneficial to Mankind, may 
 be confirmed to them by the Virtue of Stones : 
 Yet this is to be noted, that in Stones there 
 is fometimes one Virtue, fometimes two, 
 fometimes three, and fometimes many ; and 
 that thefe Virtues are not caufed by the 
 Beauty of the Stone, fince fome of them are 
 moft unfightly, and yet have a great Virtue ; 
 and fometimes the moft beautiful have none 
 at all ; and therefore we may fafely conclude, 
 with the moft famous Doctors, that there are 
 Virtues in Stones, as well as in other Things ; 
 but how this is effected is varioufly contro- 
 verted. It was one Opinion of the Pytha- 
 goreans, that there were Virtues in all Things, 
 communicated to them by the Soul, and 
 that Stones and all inferior Things were 
 animated ; and faid, that Souls could enter 
 into and depart from any Matter by the 
 animal Operations, as the Human Under 
 {landing extends itfelf to Things intelligible. 
 
 and 
 
[ 5 1 ] 
 
 and the Imagination to Things imaginable 
 Thus, fay they, it is in Stones ; the Souls 
 of Stones extended themfelves from the 
 Place of she Stone’s Refidence, to Man, and 
 fo imprefs’d its Virtue on the Subftance of 
 Man •, and thus they held that Virtue was in 
 Stones, and that it operated by the Mediation 
 of the Soul ; juft as Fafcination is wrought by 
 the Eye in the fame Way. They faid, that 
 the Soul of Man, or of any other Animal, 
 enter’d another Man or Animal by the Sight, 
 and hinder’d the Operation of that Animal ; 
 which Fafcination, muft not be fuppos’d to 
 proceed folely from the Sight, fince Vifion 
 is effe&ed by taking in, not by fending out. 
 Of this Opinion Virgil feems to be in his 
 Bucolics , where he fays, 
 
 Nefcio quis teneros oculus mihi fafcinat agnos. 
 
 Such Kind of Fafcination is not peculiar 
 to Men, but is likewife feen in Brutes, as 
 both Solinus and Pliny affirm •, nay, I myfelf 
 have obferv’d, that when the Wolves in 
 Italy face a Man, his Voice becomes 
 hoarfe, nor can they raife their Cry to fo 
 high a Tone, altho’ before they had no Defedt 
 in their vocal Inftrument. Nor does this 
 happen merely from the Sight, as before 
 
 D 2 hinted. 
 
[ 5 2 1 
 
 hinted, but from another Caufe, namely, 
 from the Soul of the Fafcinator. Demo- 
 critus follows this, who fays, that all 
 Things are full of the Gods ; alfo Orpheus , 
 who fays, the Gods and divine Virtues are 
 diffufed thro’ all Things, and that nothing elfe 
 was God but that which forms Things, and is 
 diffufed through all Things, and fo imagin’d 
 that the Gods were Souls, and attributed 
 Virtue to Things by the Mediation of the 
 Soul; which is falfe and abfurd, according 
 to all Philofophers. But to pafs by thefe 
 groundlefs Opinions, let us come to the 
 Truth. But firft we fhall return an Anfwer 
 to thofe contradifting Gentlemen above- 
 mention’d. To omit thofe who deny there is 
 any Virtue in Stones, which is abfurd, and 
 a Contradiction to all Philofophers, let us 
 anfwer thofe who affirm, that there is only 
 the Virtue of the Elements in Stones, when 
 they fay, that the more noble Virtues ought 
 to exift in Things which are more noble, &V. 
 I grant that this is true, and fay, that in 
 Things animate there are nobler Virtues than 
 in Stones. Nobody in his Senfes doubts 
 that in Man there are nobler Virtues than in 
 Stones. But as to Brutes, thus much may be 
 faid. There are many Brutes in which we 
 may difcover the Change of Time or Air, 
 
 as 
 
[ 53 ] 
 
 as is held by many learned Men who have 
 written of the Variation of the Air ; par- 
 ticularly by that worthy Knight, Sir Nicholas 
 Patavinus , the greateft Aftronomer of our 
 Times, whoafierts, that there are many Ani- 
 mals which foretel the Change of the Wea* 
 ther by their Tinging or afiembling together. 
 Do not Cocks, by their Crowing, diftin- 
 guifh the Hours of the Night ? Which 
 Animals not only demonftrate a Virtue 
 to be in fuperior Things, but alfo have the 
 greateft in Things inferior, fince from 
 the Effects produc’d in them, we may 
 infer there is the greateft Virtue in Men, 
 as we may learn from the Books of Phy- 
 ficians ; all which Things I apprehend are 
 much more noble than the Virtues of Stones. 
 From which we fhall conclude, that their 
 Argument is groundlefs, and of no Force or 
 Efficacy. To the third Difputants, I fhall 
 only anfwer, that the Virtue of Stones does 
 not proceed from the Soul, nor wholly from 
 the Elements ; but, as we fhall hereafter ex- 
 plain the Matter, from the very Species or 
 fubftantial Form of the Stone itfelf, as we 
 fhall evidently make appear from Opinions 
 of Philofophers. 
 
 D 3 
 
 CHAP. 
 
I 54 I 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 How, and from whence Stones have 
 their Virtues. 
 
 O return from this long Digreffion •, let 
 
 us now come to the Matter in Hand. 
 
 It is certain there are Virtues in Stones, but 
 from whence they derive fuch Kind of Virtue 
 remains yet to be fliewn. There are fome 
 who hold, that the fpecial Virtues, as well 
 as the complexional, in Stones, are from the 
 Elements which compofe them ; and thus 
 they reafon. Whatever is compounded of 
 any Thing, has the Virtue of the Thing com- 
 pounding ; as a Stream partakes of the 
 Nature of the Fountain from whence it runs ; 
 but it is known that Stones are compounded 
 of the Elements, as we have already declared ; 
 therefore whatever there is in Stones proceeds 
 only from the Elements, and not from any 
 other Virtue. Plato , as likewife his Fol- 
 lowers, who hold Ideas, fay, that all com- 
 pofite Bodies, of whatever Species they are, 
 have their Idea which infufes Virtue into 
 them j and by how much fuch mixed or 
 
 com- 
 
[ 55 ] 
 
 compolite Bodies partake of the purer Sub- 
 fiance of the Elements, by fo much does 
 their Idea, by the Mediation of the pure 
 Matter where it is infufed, induce a greater 
 Perfection. Now, as precious Stones are of 
 this Sort, therefore their Idea produces a 
 greater Virtue in them, than in other com- 
 posite Bodies not fo pure ; and fo they 
 attribute fpecial Virtues to them by Means of 
 the interfering Idea. Hermes , and other 
 Aftronomers, whofe Contemplations are 
 more exalted, fay, that the Virtues of all 
 inferior Things, proceed from the Stars and 
 the Figures in the Heavens. Arid according 
 to which, as the Mixture is compounded of 
 the purer or grofler Elements, fo the Virtues 
 of the Stars, and the Figures of the Heavens, 
 communicate a greater or lefs Virtue. And 
 as precious Stones have the Purity of the 
 Elements, and, as it were, a Celeftial Com- 
 position or Mixture, as in the Saphire , Bala - 
 fius , and others , fo thofe Stones have a 
 greater Virtue than the reft of the Compofites, 
 which retain not fo much of the purer 
 Elements. Hence Hermes , concerning the 
 Caufe of the Virtue of Stones, faith, We 
 know for certain, that the Virtues of all 
 inferior Bodies defcend from the Superior ; 
 for the Superior by their Subftance, Light, 
 D 4 Situation 
 
L 56 ] 
 
 Situation and Motion, and alfo by their 
 Figure, infufe all thofe noble Virtues which 
 we find in Stones. It it plain therefore from 
 what has been already faid, as well as from 
 the Opinion of Ptolomy , that the Virtues of 
 Stones are derived from the Stars, the 
 Planets, and the Conftellations, thro’ the 
 aflifting Purity of their own Complexion. 
 Other Opinions might be alledged, but as 
 they are frivolous, we fhall not mention 
 them *, nor offer any more Arguments to 
 confute thofe above-mention’d. However 
 none of thofe Opinions come nearer to the 
 Truth than that of Hermes , and the reft of 
 the Aftronomers, who conftantly affert, that 
 inferior Bodies are govern’d by fuperior 
 Influences •, which is likewife the Judg- 
 ment of all Philofophers. 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 Of the true Opinion of the Virtue of 
 
 Stones. 
 
 B U T tho’ the Opinions before alledg’d 
 may have fome Appearance of Truth, 
 yet are they not Philofophical j for the 
 
 Phi- 
 
[ 57 1 
 
 Philofopher holds, that Virtues proceed only 
 from the Form and Subftance of the Thing ; 
 which is affirm’d by Arijiotle in his firft Book 
 of Phyficks , . where he fays. That Matter 
 with Form is the Caufe of all Things, in 
 the Subject, juft as Matter or Subftance is 
 the Caufe of all Accidents. Albertus Magnus , 
 who was a moft confummate Philofopher, 
 and a ftriift Obferver of Nature, is of 
 Opinion, that the Virtue of Stones comes 
 from the very Species and fubftantial Form 
 of the Stone itfelf. For in a mixed Body 
 there are fome Things, fuch as Hardnefs, 
 Gravity, and the like, whofe Caufe is the 
 Virtues of the Elements, and there are fome 
 Things whofe Virtues derive their Caufe 
 from the Species itfelf. For Example : 
 That the Magnet has Hardnefs, an iron 
 Colour, and the like, proceeds from the 
 Virtue of Mixtibles or the Elements ; but 
 its attratting Iron proceeds from the Species 
 of the Magnet itfelf ; which Species fhews us 
 an Aggregate of Form and Matter ; accord- 
 ing to the Commentator , in his firft Book of 
 Metaphyficks , where he declares, that Species 
 is not barely Form, but the whole Aggregate 
 of Form and Matter, which gives the indivi- 
 dual Effence to this Matter. For the Efience 
 of all Things hath, according to its proper 
 
 Species, 
 
[ j8 ] 
 
 Species, its Operation and peculiar Virtue, 
 according to the Species in which it is 
 form’d, and perfected in a natural Being. 
 And all complexionate Bodies are the Inftru- 
 ments of their own Form •, for the Form 
 ceafing, the Complexion is corrupted or 
 deftroyed •, fo that Form is contain’d in the 
 Matter as its divine and moft excellent Part. 
 For Form is fomething divine, below the 
 Celeftial Virtues from whence it is deriv’d, 
 yet above the complexionate Matter into 
 which it is infufed. So that Form is one 
 fimple Effence, only operative of one Thing, 
 whatfoever it be, peculiar to its Species ; for 
 one Thing can aftedt only one Thing, fince 
 One is only produdtive of One. We may 
 likewife confider Form in another Light, as 
 a Celeftial Virtue, which is multiplied in 
 inferior Things from the Images and Circles 
 of Heaven, which diftribute Twelve Signs 
 with their Stars over the Horizon of the 
 Thing in which it is infufed; and fo 
 the Form is manifold according to the 
 elemental Virtues in which it is wrought, and 
 thofe natural Powers which contribute to its 
 fimple Effence. Thus Form is produdtive 
 of many Effedts, tho’ perhaps it may have 
 only one proper Operation ; and hence it is, 
 that almoft all Things are not determin’d to 
 
 one 
 
[ 59 ] 
 
 one Virtue only by its known Operations. 
 But only that Form which fpecifies the 
 Matter is more powerful than other Forms ; 
 altho’ very often the proper Form , from 
 the Indifpolition of the Matter, can be but 
 little (hewn or operate. Hence Hermes 
 fays, concerning Stones, that Scones of the 
 fame Species are varied in Power from 
 the Confufion of the Matter, alfo from the 
 Place of their Generation, thro’ the Diredt- 
 nefs or Obliquity of the Beams corre (pond- 
 ing to thofe Places ; fo that very often it 
 gives no peculiar Effeft to its Species. 
 Wherefore, to confider it philofophically, 
 and with the Authority of Albertus Magnus> 
 we will venture to affirm, That the Virtues 
 of Stones proceed from the Species, by the 
 Mediation of the fubftantial Form of the 
 Stone itfelf, produc’d in a proper Place, and 
 of a proportionate Matter, adapted to the 
 Eflence of fuch a Stone. This was likewife 
 the Opinion of Plato , who fays, that Na- 
 ture has endowed fome Things with Pro- 
 perties ; for every Thing has, in fome man- 
 ner, that from its Species, which makes it 
 aft that which is proper to it in its own 
 Species. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
[ 6o ] 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 e fhe Names of all thofe Learned Men , 
 nvhofe Works have jurnijl) d us with 
 the Materials of the following Treatije. 
 
 S I am now to treat of particular 
 
 Stones, that I may not feem to ad- 
 vance any Thing on my own Authority, 
 
 I fhall give a Lift of all thofe learned 
 Men , whofe Works have aflifted me on 
 this Occafion. But as I have found fome 
 Difagreement between them , I fliall only 
 adopt fuch Opinions, in which moft of them 
 are agreed. Let Nobody therefore wonder, 
 if he Ihould fometimes find me differing 
 from the Sentiments of fome particular 
 Doctor ; rather let him examine thofe whom 
 1 name, before he paffes too fevere a Cen- 
 fure upon me ; for he will find, that what 
 I fhall advance is approved by the Majority 
 of them. And fince I have undertook to 
 be a faithful Tranfcriber of the Sentiments of 
 all thofe learned Men who have wrote upon 
 this Subjeft, 1 will here give their Names : 
 
 viz. 
 
[ 6 1 ] 
 
 viz. Diofcorides -, Arijlctle -, Hermes ; Evax ; 
 Scapio ; Avicenna -, John Mefue ; Salomon • 
 Phyfiologos -, Pliny -, Solenus -, Lapidaritus • 
 Heliamandus -, lfiodorus -, Arnaldus -, ; 
 
 Dionyfius Alexandrians -, Alberlus Magnus ; 
 Vincentius the Hiftorian ; Thetel Rabanus 
 Bartholomew of the Roman Rock -, Bifhop 
 Marbodius ; Ortulanus the Book of the Pan- 
 debts-. Cornucopia-, Kirandus -, and the Book 
 of the Nature of Things. For, as I faid be- 
 fore, whoever well underftands all the Wri- 
 tings of the Learned, will know, that I have 
 not departed from thofe Sentiments wherein 
 the molt of them are agreed, but have ftuck 
 clofely to them ; for I have taken all of 
 them for my Guide in this little Treatife. 
 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 Of Particular Stones , in an Alphabetical 
 
 Order. 
 
 T HUS far, moft Noble Prince, our 
 Difcourfe has been carried on in 
 generals ; we are now come to the Point 
 which we had chiefly in View, that is, to 
 fpeak particularly of the Names and Virtues 
 
 of 
 
[ 62 ] 
 
 of Stones ; which fhall be the Bufinefs of 
 this whole Chapter according to the Order of 
 the Alphabet. In the firft Place we fhall 
 give the proper Names of the Stones, and 
 add others if they have any, and from whence 
 they have them. We fhall likewife defcribe 
 the Colour of Stones, and their Species, if 
 they have more than one, and in what Spe- 
 cies the better Sort are contain’d ; to which 
 will be added the Place of their Generation 
 or Finding. LafUy, as a Thing of much 
 more Value, and more defired by all, we 
 fhall defcribe their Virtues •, that fo we may 
 acknowledge that all Things which have 
 been produc’d by the Supreme Artificer, 
 were defign’d for the Plealth or Welfare of 
 Mankind : To whom we ought to render 
 infinite Thanks, that he is not only careful 
 for the Welfare of the Soul, but likewife for 
 the Health of the Body. 
 
 A 
 
 Adamant , or the Diamond, is a moft pre- 
 cious Stone, of the Colour of polifh’d Iron, 
 and as it were Chriftalline. Its Quantity is 
 never found larger than the Bignefs of a 
 Filberd. It will give way to no Sort of 
 
 Matter, 
 
[ 6 3 3 
 
 Matter, neither to Fire nor Iron, but defpifes 
 all •, it had its Name from the Greek Interpre- 
 tation, which is, an unconquer d Virtue. Some 
 hold, it can be mollified only by the warm 
 Blood of a Goat •, which is fabulous, fince I 
 have feen many broke with the Blow of a 
 Hammer. Neither is there any Thing fo 
 hard, but it will fuffer by the Adamant. 
 Strange it is, if the Report be true, that it 
 is fuch an Enemy to the Magnet , that if it be 
 bound to it, it will not attract Iron. Of 
 this there are Six Species more particularly 
 noted by the Learned, and named from the 
 Places in which they are found ; viz. The 
 Indian , Arabick , Syrian , Macedonian , Etbio - 
 pick , and the Cyprian ; and of each in their 
 Order. The Indian is fmall as to its Quan- 
 tity, but excels in its Virtue, and this is that 
 which refills the Hammer ; it is ponderous, 
 and of the Colour of a clear Chryftal. The 
 Arabick is like to this, but paler, and lefs in 
 Quantity. The Syrian and Macedonian has 
 the Colour of finning Iron. The Etbiopick 
 is the darkeft of all. The Cyprian is of a 
 Golden Hue, but bafer and fofter than all 
 the reft. The Virtue of all thefe Species is 
 to repel Poifon, tho’ ever fo deadly ; is a 
 Defence againft the Arts of Sorcery ; difper- 
 fes vain Fears •, enables to quell ail Quarrels 
 
 and 
 
C 64 ] 
 
 and Contentions ; is a Help to Lunaticks, 
 and inch as are poflefs’d with the Devil be- 
 ing bound to the left Arm, it gives Victory 
 over Enemies ; it tames wild Beafts ; it helps 
 thofe who are troubled with Phantafms, and 
 the Night-mare ; and makes him that wears 
 it bold and daring in his Tranfadtions. The 
 Indian Adamant, and likewife the Arabic ! , 
 has the Property of the Magnet , to diredt 
 the Needle touch’d by it to the Ardtick Pole, 
 and from hence fome call it the Adamantine 
 Loadftone. 
 
 Achates is a Stone of divers Colours, which 
 are varied according to the Place of its 
 Generation ; of which there are many Species, 
 but the moft famous are thefe Seven, which, 
 as Jewellers affirm, are not only varied in 
 Colour, but even in their Virtue. Sicily gave 
 the firft Achates y which was found in the 
 River Acheus. For which Reafon the 
 Sicilian is placed in the fir If Rank, then the 
 Cretian , Indian , Egyptian , Perfian , Arabian , 
 and Cyprian. The Sicilian is black, inter- 
 fedted with a white Vein. Crete produces 
 an Achates like aFilberd, with Gold Veins or 
 Drops. The Indian is varied with many 
 Colours and Veins, by the Interfedtion of 
 which are often formed divers Figures ; fuch 
 as Wild Beafts, Flowers, Woods, and Birds, 
 
 or 
 
[ 65 3 
 
 or fhews the natural Effigies of Kings, as in 
 that Achates of King Pyrrhus ; and I have 
 feen an Achates in which appeared Seven 
 Trees (landing on a Plain ; and thefe are 
 univerfally efteemed the moft excellent. The 
 Egyptian wants Rednefs and Whitenefs, and 
 is interfered with various Veins. The 
 Perfian being heated, fmells like Myrrh, as 
 fome fay. Dionyfus , of the Site of the World , 
 affirms, that the Perfian Achates are in the 
 Form of a Cylinder, which being carried by 
 the Courfe of the Waters from the 1'ops of 
 the Mountains, are drove along the River 
 Coafpis , and are found among the Sands. 
 The Arabian and Cyprian are variegated with 
 divers Colours, tending to a g'affy Tranf- 
 parency. The Virtues of the Achates differ 
 according to the Diverfities of their Species •, 
 but all of them agree in this, to make Men 
 folicitous. But the proper Virtue of the 
 Sicilian is, to fubdue the Poifon of Vipers 
 and Scorpions, if it be bound on the Punc- 
 ture, or being bruifed, drank in a Glafs of 
 Wine. The Indian is an Enemy to all ve- 
 nemous Things. It refrefhes the Sight by 
 looking on it. Being held in the Mouth it 
 quenches Third. It gives Vidlory to him 
 that wears it •, turns away Storms ; and puts 
 a Stop to Lightnings. The Cretan fharpens 
 
 E the 
 
[ 66 j 
 
 the Sight ; extinguishes Thirft and Poifons *, 
 renders the Wearer of it gracious and elo- 
 quent ; and preferves and confirms Strength- 
 It feems Superfluous to particularize the 
 Virtues of them all, fince they coincide one 
 with another; and therefore, for Brevity’s 
 Sake, we fliall omit them. 
 
 Amethift , is reckon’d among the purple 
 and tranfparent Stones, mixed with a violet 
 Colour, emitting rofy Sparkles. Of which 
 there are five Species, but all of them bor- 
 dering on the Purple, mingled with various 
 Colours. The Indian exceeds the others in 
 Colour, Beauty and Price, having a Purple 
 mixed with a rofy and midling Violet. But 
 thofe which are entirely Purple are not fo 
 valuable as the Grape Violet, and the watery 
 Violet are bafer than the reft. They are 
 denominated from the Places where they 
 are found. The Indian ftands in the firft 
 Rank. The Arabian , Armenian , Galatian , 
 T 'arfian and Cyprian, follow in their Order; 
 tho’ the two laft are reckon’d bafer than all 
 the reft, and of no Eftimation, nor are they 
 taken any Notice of by the Learned. All 
 of them are fit for Engraving. Their Virtue 
 is to drive away Drunkennefs ; for being 
 bound on the Navel, they reftrain the Va- 
 pour of the Wine, and fo dilfolve the 
 
 Ebriety ; 
 
1 67 ] 
 
 Ebriety; they reprefs evil Thoughts, and 
 give a good Underftanding •, they make a 
 Man vigilant and expert in Bufinefs ; the 
 Barren they render fruitful by drinking a 
 Lotion of it ; they expel Poifon ; they pre- 
 ferve Military Men, and give them Victory 
 over their Enemies ; and prepare an eafy 
 Capture of wild Bealls and Birds. 
 
 Aleftoria , is a Stone of a chriflal line Co- 
 lour, a little darkilh, fomewhat refembling 
 limpid Water; and fometimes it has Veins 
 of the Colour of Flefh. Some call it Galli- 
 naceus, from the Place of its Generation, the 
 Inteftines of Capons, which were caftrated 
 when they were three Years old, and had lived 
 feven ; before which Time it ought not to 
 be taken out ; for the older it is, fo much 
 the better. When the Stone is become per- 
 fe<5l in the Capon, he don’t drink. How- 
 ever, ’tis never found bigger than a large 
 Bean. The Virtue of this Stone is, to 
 render him who carries it invifible ; being 
 held in the Mouth, it allays Third, and 
 therefore is proper for Wredlers; makes a 
 Woman agreeable to her Hufband ; bellows 
 Honours, and preferves thofe already ac- 
 quired ; it frees fiich as are bewitched ; it 
 renders a Man eloquent, condant, agreeable 
 
 E 2 and 
 
[ 68 ] 
 
 and amiable •, it helps to regain a loft King- 
 dom, and acquire a foreign one. 
 
 Androdamas , is an exceeding hard and 
 heavy Stone like the Adamant , having the 
 Brightnefs of polifh’d Silver. Its Figure is 
 djftinguifhed into Squares or Dies, and is found 
 among the Sands of the Red Sea. It’s 
 fuppos’d that it deriv’d its Name from its 
 Virtue ; which is to reftrain Anger and the 
 violent Emotions of the Mind, alfo to 
 mitigate Luxury and leffen the Gravity of 
 the Body. 
 
 AJlroites , AJlrion, AJlerias , or After it es, is 
 a white Stone approaching to Chriftal. It 
 contains a Light like a Star included in it, 
 moving from the Part vvhcre it receives the 
 Light •, when may be feen in it a Form like 
 a Blazing Star, or burning Flame. It has its 
 Name from Aft rum , that is, a Star, and not 
 an Image. 'Thrace and Carmenia produce 
 them, which being touch’d by the Solar 
 Beams appear White. 
 
 Alabandina , is a Stone reddifh and blue, as 
 the Cardius and is fo exactly imitated, that, 
 in Colour, the one can fcarcely be diftinguifh’d 
 from the other. It took its Name from a 
 Part of Afta fo called, where it was firft 
 found. Its Property is to promote a Flux 
 
 of 
 
[ 69 ] 
 
 of Blood. Being drank, it expels and drives 
 out all the Virulence of Poifon. I find 
 various Opinions concerning the Colour of 
 this Stone. 
 
 Agapis, is a Vellow Stone, of the Colour 
 of a Lion’s Skin. It is fo called from Agape y 
 •which fignifies Love or Charity, becaufe it 
 imports the fame Thing, and Men love it 
 for its Virtue. Being bound to the Wound, 
 it has a woViderful Virtue, in curing the 
 Stings of Scorpions and the Bites of Vipers. 
 For being dipp’d in Water, and rubb’d over 
 the Wound, it immediately takes away or 
 mitigates the Pain. 
 
 Andromanles , is a Stone of a black Colour, 
 weighty and hard. It’s faid to attradl Silver 
 and Brafs, as the Loadftone does Iron. 
 Being rubbed and put in Water, it emits a 
 bloody Colour like the Emathites. 
 
 Antracites , or Antrachas , is a fparkling 
 Stone of a fiery Colour. It is girdled with a 
 white Vein, cannot bear the Fire, if fmear’d 
 with Oil it lofes its Colour, and if dipp’d in 
 Water, it fparkles the more. Albertus Magnus 
 takes it for a Carbuncle •, but others fay it is 
 not one, tho’ it partakes of its Colour and 
 Virtue. Its Virtue is to drive away peftilen- 
 tial Air, and render the Bearer of it fafe. 
 It is good in Impoftumes and therefore called 
 
 E 3 by 
 
L 7° ] 
 
 by that Name ; in like Manner as we before 
 fpoke of the Agapis. 
 
 Amandinus , is a Stone of a various Colour ; 
 its Virtue is extoll’d for its Efficacy in ex- 
 pelling Poifon ; it makes the Wearer of it 
 victorious, and inftru&s the Interpreter of 
 Dreams and Enigmas to folve any Queftions 
 propounded to him about them. 
 
 ' Ab eft on or Abeftus , is a Stone of an Iron 
 Colour, produc’d in Arcadia and Arabia. 
 It is called Abejion , from its being inex- 
 tinguiffiable ; for, being fet on Fire, it 
 retains a perpetual Flame. The Pagans 
 made Ufe of it for Lights in their Temples, 
 becaufe it preferv’d a moft ftrong and un- 
 quenchable Flame, not to be extinguiffi’d 
 by Showers or Storms. It is of a woolly 
 Texture, and many call it the Salamander 1 * 
 Feather. Its Fire is nourifhed by an infepa- 
 rable uncluous Humid flowing from its 
 Subftance *, therefore being once kindled it 
 preferves a conftant Light without feeding it 
 with any Moifture. 
 
 Afius , is a white Stone and light as the 
 Pumice, and when lick’d with the Tongue, 
 has a Salt Tafte, being fqueez’d in the 
 Hands, it is eafily reduc’d to Duft. It is 
 brought from Alexandria ; and altho’ in 
 Appearance it is not very promiflng, yet in 
 
f 71 ] 
 
 its Virtue is very powerful. For it cures the 
 Pthifical, being mixed with the Juice of 
 Roles, in the Manner of an Ele&uary. It is 
 faid to cure the King’s Evil, Fiftulas, the 
 Gout, and many other Diforders •, as we 
 find in the Books of Phyficians. 
 
 Amianton , is a Stone of a lucid Colour 
 and thready, like feather’d Alumn, but more 
 tenacious. Many call it live Flax, for it is 
 only to be wrought upon by being put into 
 the Fire ; it emits Threads as from Flax, 
 which proceeds from its infeparable Vif- 
 cofity, which fuffers nothing from the Fire, 
 and is fpun like Flax. The Antients, when 
 they had a Mind to preferve the Allies of 
 the Dead, made Sacks of the Amianton , and 
 putting the dead Bodies into them, burned 
 them, without hurting the Sack ; this they 
 did to prevent any extraneous Matter from 
 mingling with the Afhes of the Deceafed. 
 They fay its Virtue is prevalent againft the 
 Incantations and Sorceries of Magicians. 
 
 Augujleum , is a Stone of a black Colour, 
 of the Species of Marbles. It has Spots wa- 
 vingly difpos’d, in Refemblance of Serpents. 
 It was found in Ezypt in the Time of Tiberius 
 Auguftus, and from him took its Name. 
 
 Alab after, or Alabajlrites , is a white Stone, 
 circled with white and citron-colour’d Veins. 
 
 E 4 It 
 
[ 7 2 ] 
 
 It is of the Marble-kind, and is the beft for 
 Veffels to hold Unguents, which are pre- 
 ferv’d in them without fpoiling. The bell: 
 Sort is found about Thebes and Damafcus, 
 and that which is whiter than the reft in 
 India and Carmenia ; the bafeft, without 
 Whitenefs, in Cappadocia. That alfo is the 
 beft which has the Colour of Honey, with 
 but little Tranfparency. Diofcorides , and 
 many other Doctors, account it good in Phy- 
 ficks. He who carries it will prove vidto- 
 rious in Suits at Law. 
 
 Alabandicus , is a black Stone bordering 
 on the purple, and takes its Name from the 
 Place where it was firft found. It may be 
 diffolved by Fire, and poured out like Me- 
 tal. It is ufeful to Glafs-makers, to clarify 
 and whiten their Glafs. It is found in many 
 Places of Italy, and is called Mangadefus by 
 the Glafs-makers. 
 
 Afpilaten, is a Stone in Arabia , of a black 
 Colour, generated in the Nefts of Arabian 
 Birds, where it is often found. It cures the 
 Splenetick, being bound to the Spleen with 
 the Dung of a Camel. 
 
 Abijlos , is a Stone of a black Colour, 
 ftreaked with ruddy and fnowy Veins ; be- 
 ing heated in the Fire for eight Days, it 
 retains the Heat in itfelf. It is heavy and 
 
 pom 
 

 [ 73 1 
 
 ponderous, more than the Quantity of it 
 feems to ffiew. 
 
 Afin'ms, or Afininus , a Stone fo called from 
 the Afs, becaufe it is taken out of the Wood- 
 land or wild Afs. It is whitifh, and tending 
 to the Citron, with a round oblongifh Fi- 
 gure, of the Bignefs of a midlingNut. It 
 is not hard, and has fome Crevices which 
 do not penetrate very deep. When broken, 
 it has the Similitude of yellowifh lucid Smalt* 
 This Stone is of two Sorts, the Maxillary 
 and Cephaiick. The Cephalick being placed 
 on the Head, gives Eafe to the Pain of it. 
 The Maxillary cures- the Epilepfy, becaufe 
 it is found in the Jaw. ft makes the Bearer 
 of it unwearied, fo that he fhall never faint 
 in Battle ; but rather, when his Enemies are 
 tired, he, with recruited Strength, fhall 
 fmite them with , redoubled Fury. Taken 
 with Wine, it drives away Quartan Agues. 
 It is wonderfully efficacious in deftroying the 
 Worms in Children. If it be taken in Wine, 
 it correds the Poifon of the Water which 
 has been drank wherein it flood. It is faid 
 to affift pregnant Women, and to bring 
 forth the dead Foetus from the Womb. 
 
 Arabica , or Arabus, is a Stone of the 
 Colour of Ivory, and takes its Name from 
 Arabia , where it is found. It is faid to be 
 
 good 
 
[ 74 ] 
 
 good in nervous Diforders. It is likewife 
 found in Egypt. It has the Smell and Colour 
 of Myrrh, and is ufed as a Scent. Being 
 burnt, it is a good Dentifrice. 
 
 Amiatus , or Amianthus , is a Stone of the 
 Colour of Alumn ; it is not to be deftroyed 
 by Fire. It is faid to have Power againft 
 magic Arts ; and alfo is extremely ufeful in 
 Medicine. 
 
 Antiphates , is a Stone of a fhining Black. 
 If it be boil’d in Wine or Milk, it has the 
 Tafte of Myrrh •, and is a Defence againft 
 Witchcraft. 
 
 AmiteSy is a Stone of the Colour of Alumn 
 or Nitre, but harder than either. It is gene- 
 rated in Egypt or Arabia. The Ethiopic is 
 green ; when diftolved in Water, it takes 
 a milky Colour. 
 
 Amenus , according to Avicen , is a Stone 
 of an azure Colour ; tho’ others fay it is 
 between a dark Green and a black, and 
 eafily broken ; is light in the handling, 
 wants Afperity, and has an admirable Pro- 
 perty in curing Melancholy. 
 
 Aquilinus, a Lymphatic, is found in a 
 certain Fifh, and is beneficial to the Life of 
 Man. For being hung about the Neck, or 
 otherwife carried, it drives off and takes away 
 the Miferies of a Quartan Ague. 
 
 Anancithidus i 
 
[ 75 ] 
 
 Anancithidus , is a Necromantic Stone \ 
 whofe Virtue is to call up evil Spirits and 
 Ghofts. 
 
 Agirites , is a Stone of the Colour of Silver, 
 with Gold Spots. 
 
 Anti an cm, is the fame as the Chrifocolla. 
 
 Aquileus , is the fame as Ethices. 
 
 Androa , is the fame as Andromadanta. 
 
 B 
 
 Balafius , is of a purple or rofy Colour, 
 flames and glitters, and by forne is called the 
 Placidus , or Pleafant. Some think it is the Car- 
 buncle diminifh’d in its Colour and Virtue ; juft: 
 as the Virtue of the Female differs from that of 
 the Male. It is often found that the external 
 Part of one and the fame Stone appears a 
 Balafius , and the internal a Carbuncle , from 
 whence comes the Saying, that the Balafius 
 is the Carbuncle’% Houfe. The Virtue of 
 the Balafius is to overcome and reprefs vain 
 Thoughts and Luxury ; to reconcile Quarrels 
 among Friends, and befriends the human 
 Body with a good Habit of Health. Being 
 bruifed and drank with Water, it relieves 
 Infirmities in the Eyes, and gives Help in 
 Piforders of the Liver ; and, what is ft ill 
 
 more 
 
[ 76 ] 
 
 more furprizing, if you touch the four Cor- 
 ners ot a Houfe, Garden, or Vineyard, with 
 the Balafius , it will preferve them from 
 Lightning, Temped: and Worms 
 
 Beryl , is a Stone of an Olive Colour, or 
 like Sea Water. They fay there are nine 
 Species of them, but all of a pale Green. 
 It takes its Name from the Country or Na- 
 tion where it was found ; it has a clear fexa- 
 gonal Form. India produces white Beryls , 
 like Sea-water interfered with the Sun- 
 Beams ; and fuch are feldom found elfe- 
 where. Curious Antiquity had molt in 
 Efteem thofe that were like the Olive, or 
 the Water of the Sea. But the Moderns 
 value thofe that are of an obfcure chryftal 
 Colour, and fuch by fome are called Catel. 
 There is another Species which is paler, and 
 called the falfe Beryl, which fhines with a 
 Golden or Sky Colour •, thefe are from Ba- 
 lylon •, to which indeed the paler Chryfo- 
 filon approaches neareft. To thefe fucceed 
 the Hyacinthizontes , like Emeralds and laftly, 
 the Heroides. Then the Cervini, or tawney 
 Colour, and the dark Olive, and the Chri- 
 fialline like Chriftal. But the Indian are the 
 moft precious of all, as they have a fine 
 Tranfparency, and when they are mov’d 
 the Water feems to move in them ; which is 
 
 alfo 
 
[ 77 1 
 
 alfo the Opinion of Albertus , tho* he differs 
 from others. But if thefe are roll’d up into 
 the Form of a Ball, and are laid under the 
 Beams of the Sun, they refle£t Fire like Con- 
 cave Mirrors. It has various Virtues. It 
 renders the Bearer of it chearful preferves 
 and increafes Conjugal Love •, being hung to the 
 Neck, it drives away idle Dreams ; it cures 
 the Diftempers of the Throat and Jaws, and 
 all Diforders proceding from the Humidity of 
 the Head, and is a Prefervative againft them ; 
 being taken mixed with an equal Quantity 
 of Silver, it cures the Leprofy. The Water 
 in which it has been put, is good for the 
 Eyes ; and if drank, it difpels Heavinefs* 
 and cures the Indifpofitions of the Liver. It 
 helps pregnant Women in preventing abor- 
 tive Births, and other Incomtnodities to 
 which they are liable. 
 
 Borax , Nofa, Crapondinus , are fynonymous 
 Names of the fame Stone, which is extracted 
 from a Toad •, of which there are two Species, 
 the white which is the beft, and rarely found i 
 the other, is black or dun, with a cerulean 
 Glow, having in the Middle the Similitude 
 of an Eye, and muft be taken out while the 
 dead Toad is yet panting, and thefe are 
 better than thofe that are extracted from it 
 after a long Continuance in the Ground. 
 
 They 
 
f 78 ] 
 
 They have a wonderful Efficacy in Potfons, 
 For whoever has taken Poifon, let him 
 fwallow this ; which being down, rolls about 
 the Bowels, and drives out every poifonous 
 Quality that is lodg’d in the Inteftines ; and 
 then paffes thro’ the Fundament and is pre- 
 ferv’d. It is an excellent Remedy for the Bitea 
 of Reptiles, and takes away Fevers. If it be 
 made into a Lotion and taken, it is a great 
 Help in Diforders of the Stomach and Reins ; 
 and fome fay, it has the fame Effe<5t if 
 carried about one. 
 
 Bezoar , is a red, dufty, light, and brittle 
 Stone ; by fome it is defcribed as of a Citron 
 Colour. All agree that it obtains the firffc 
 Place in Remedies againft Poifons. For 
 a Dram of it taken, entirely expels the 
 Poifon whatever it be. And hence, for its 
 Excellence, every Thing that frees the Body 
 from any Ailment, is called the Bezoar of 
 that Ailment. And thus its Name is become 
 general, as is held by the Conciliator con- 
 cerning Poifons, and by many other learned 
 Men. 
 
 Bolus Ar menus, is a Vein of Earth found 
 in Armenia , and altho’ it is not a Stone, yet 
 for its noble Virtue, is numbred among 
 Stones. The Colour of it is reddiffi inclining 
 to a Citron with a green Dufk. Its Com- 
 plexion 
 
f 79 ] 
 
 plexion is cold and dry. It is an excellent 
 Remedy in Peftilential Fevers and Fluxes 
 of the Belly. It helps Emoptoics, the 
 Splenetick, and fuch as are diforder’d in the 
 Stomach. It is very much adulterated, and 
 there is fcarce any true and genuine to be 
 had, nor did I ever fee any good. 
 
 Beloculus, is a white Stone, having a 
 black Pupil. For its Beauty the Syrians put 
 it in the Ornaments of the Sacrifices to the 
 God Belus. It is faid to render the Bearer of 
 it invifible in a Field-Battle. 
 
 Bafanites , or Bafaltem , is a Stone of an 
 iron Colour, is found in Egypt and Ethiopia, 9 
 and when bruifed in Water emits a Saffron 
 Colour. 
 
 Bronia, has the Likenefs of the Head of 
 a Shell ; its Virtue is, to refill Lightnings. 
 
 Balanites , is a Stone of two Species ; the 
 one is green, the other has the Colour of 
 Brafs, with a flaming Vein running thro* 
 the Middle of it. 
 
 c 
 
 Carbuncle, and by fome called Anthrax , 
 brandifhes its fiery Rays, of a Violet Colour, 
 on every Side ; and in the Dark appears 
 
 like 
 
[ 8o ] 
 
 like a fiery Coal. It is efteemed the firft 
 among burning Gems, both for Colour, 
 Beauty, and Price. There are Twelve 
 Species of it. The nobler Sort are found 
 in Libia among the Troglodites. It is not 
 hurt by Fire, nor does it take the Colour 
 of another Gem that is put to it, tho’ other 
 Gems receive from it. It is alfo Male and 
 Female j in the Males, the Stars appear 
 burning within them •, but the Females throw 
 out their Brightnefs ; and fome fay that 
 thofe of India, are more valuable than the 
 reft. Altho’ we have faid that there are 
 .twelve Species of the fiery Sort, yet we fhall 
 take Notice only of five of the moft remark- 
 able of them. The Carbuncle obtains the 
 firft Place, the Ruby follows •, the Bala/ius is 
 likewife reckon’d of this Species j the Rubith 
 is the fame as the Spinella , and has the 
 fourth Place ; and the Granate is number’d 
 among the laft. The virtual Power of the 
 Carbuncle is to drive away poifonous and 
 infectious Air, to reprefs Luxury, to give 
 and preferve the Health of the Body. It 
 takes away vain Thoughts, reconciles Dif- 
 ferences among Friends, and makes a mighty 
 Increafe of Profperity. 
 
 Calcedcnius , or Calcedon , as fome call it, 
 is of a pale Colour, but the Saphirine is the 
 
 beft 5 
 
[ 8i ] 
 
 bcft ; the Learned reckon three Species of 
 ipecial Note, tho’ fome fay there are more ; 
 for at this Time, Germany produces fuch a 
 Diverfity of Species, that it would be in 
 vain to enumerate them. The Saphirine 
 obtains the firft Place •, the pale dufky, 
 bordering on the white, follows ; the Jaft is 
 a dead red, not tranfparent. Very often 
 thefe Species are mixed, and the different 
 Colours are found in one and the fame 
 Stone •, but Ethiopia produces the mod 
 perfeft of all. Are there not likewife found 
 on the Shore of the Adriatic Sea, near your 
 City, the Calcedonian pale white, and alfo 
 the hardeft dun ? Being hung about the- 
 Neck, they drive away fantaftical Iilufions 
 occafion’d by Melancholy. If a Perfon 
 carries about him one of them perforated, 
 with the Hairs of an Afs run thro’, he will 
 be fuccefsful in Civil Caufes and Contentions, 
 It preferves the Strength of the Body. The 
 black or Saphirine prevent Hoarfenefs and 
 clear the Voice. All the Species of it bridle 
 Luft •, and is a Prefervative from Tempefls 
 and finifter Events. 
 
 Chelidonius, is a Stone found in the Stomach 
 of a young Swallow •, and is of two Species. 
 That which is red, if carried in a dean 
 Linen Cloth, is of Service to mad People 
 F and 
 
[ ^ ] 
 
 and Lunati-cks, and eradicates periodical Dif- 
 orders. It renders thofe who wear it eloquent 
 and acceptable. Being bruifed to Pieces in 
 Water, and made into a Pellet, it cures the 
 Diftempers of the Eyes. But the black con- 
 dudts Affairs undertaken to a happy Ifllre. 
 It quells Anger, and makes the Bearer of it 
 agreeable and pleafant and appeafes the 
 Wrath of Matters. Being tied about the 
 Neck in a yellow Linen Cloth, it drives a- 
 way Fevers •, and puts a Stop to and brings 
 down all noxious Humours. It has been ex- 
 perienced , that if it be hung about the 
 Neck , it cures the Epilepfy , or Falling- 
 Sicknefs, and the Jaundice. Some fay, it 
 fhould be wrapt in the Skin of a Calf, or a 
 flung Hart, and bound to the left Arm. Such 
 Stones ought to be extrafted while the young 
 Brood ftand in their Nett ; and if taken in 
 the Month of Augu(t , they will be the more 
 perfefl, provided the young Birds do not 
 touch the Earth, nor their Dams be prefent 
 when they are extracted. 
 
 Coral grows in the Sea like a Tree, but 
 without Leaves, in Magnitude not exceeding 
 two Feet. Of this there are two Species, the 
 Red and White-, tho’ Avicen holds there is 
 a third Species, which is Black. I once faw 
 the White and Red join’d on one Stem. 
 
 The 
 
r 83 ] 
 
 The White indeed are often perforated, and 
 are good for nothings but thofe which are 
 perfectly white, and the reddefl, are the heft. 
 Their Virtues,, but chiefly of the Red, is to 
 flop every Flux of Blood. Being carried 
 about one, or wherever it be in a Iloufe or 
 Ship, it drives away Gholls, Hobgoblins, 
 Illufions, Dream 0 , Lightnings, Winds and 
 Tempelts. Metbrodorus calls it the Gorgon ; 
 which he interprets of its refilling' Whirl- 
 winds and Lightnings, and that it pro teds 
 from every Incurlion of wild Bealls. It 
 gives Relief in Pains of the Stomach and 
 Heart. Being hung down upon the Stomach, 
 or taken internally, it helps the Weaknefs 
 thereof. It is good for an Impollume in the 
 Spleen or Inteftines, It makes found the 
 walled Gums ; cleanfes putrid Sores, and 
 repreffes ar.y hurtful Medicine. The Shavings 
 or Scrapings of it, drank with Wine, are good 
 againft the .Gravel. Being broke to pieces 
 and ftrewn, or hung up among Fruit-bearing 
 Trees ; or difperied with Seed in a Field, it 
 gives Fertility, and keeps off Hail and blight- 
 ing Winds. I have had it from a creditable 
 Perfon, and have often experienced it myfelf, 
 that it will prevent Infants, juft born, from 
 falling into an Epilepfy. Let there be put 
 in the Mouth of the Child, before it has tailed 
 . /i F 2 any 
 
[ 8 4 ] 
 
 any Thing, half a Scruple of the Powder of 
 Red Coral; and let it be fwallowed •, for it is 
 a wonderful Preferver. Many of its Virtues 
 I omit for the Sake of Brevity. 
 
 Cornelian , is a Stone of a reddifh or ruddy 
 Colour, and fuch are Orientals ; they 
 which are found in the River Rhine , are 
 perfectly red, having as it were the Colour 
 of Vermillion. Some border upon a clear 
 Citron •, fome are like the Walking of Flefh. It 
 reftrains menftruous Fluxes, and ftops the 
 Hemorrhoids. It cures the Bloody Flux ; 
 and being worn about the Neck, or on the 
 Finger, it affwages Strife and Anger. 
 
 Cryfial, is a Stone like Ice, both in Colour 
 and Tranfparency, with a pretty good Hard- 
 nefs. Some imagine it is Snow turn’d to Ice, 
 and been hardening for thirty Years, and 
 turn’d to a Rock by Age. Others fay, it 
 acquires its Lapidity from Earthinefs and not 
 from Coldnefs. Some, on the contrary, 
 affirm, that thefe, like other Stones, are 
 generated with much Water ; for this Reafon, 
 That the Cryftal is never found in the Me- 
 ridional Parts where there is no Snow. They 
 are the more confirm’d in this Opinion, when 
 they fee it in the Northern Alps where the 
 Snow and Ice are perpetual ; where the Sun, 
 in the hotteft Seafon, darts his moll fervent 
 
 Rays 
 
[ 85 ] 
 
 Rays but very obliquely from the Elevation of 
 the Pole ; and there abounds the greateft 
 Quantity of Cryftal. It is generated like- 
 wife in AJia and Cyprus •, but the moft ex- 
 cellent are produc’d on the Tops of the Alps, 
 in Ethiopia , and in an Ifland of the Red 
 Sea, called Meron , Situated on the Frontier 
 of Arabia. Scythia likewife abounds with 
 Cryftal, us’d for the making of Cups. 
 A Ball made out of Cryftal, and expos’d to 
 the Sun, inflames any combuftible Matter 
 that is put under it, but not before the Ball 
 is heated. This is eaflly accounted for by 
 Philofophers, but is not the Subject of our 
 prefent Enquiry. Cryftal being hung about 
 thofe that are afleep, keeps off bad Dreams ; 
 diffolves Spells •, being held in the Mouth, 
 it afiuages Thirft ; and when bruifed with 
 Honey, fills the Breafts with Milk. But 
 the principal Ufe of Cryftal is for making 
 of Cups, rather than any Thing elfe it is 
 good for. 
 
 CrifopraJfuSy or Crifoprejfus, is a Stone of a 
 green Colour, like the Juice of Cyprefs, 
 with golden Drops appearing in it ; from 
 whence it takes its Name. For Crifos , in 
 Greek , Signifies Gold, and this Stone is com- 
 poftd of a gold and green Colour India 
 and Ethiopia produce it. Its principal Virtue 
 F 3 is 
 
r 86 ] 
 
 is to cherifh the Sight. It gives Afilduify 
 in good Works; it baniffies Covetoufnefs ; 
 makes the Heart glad, and removes Uneafi- 
 neffes from it. 
 
 Crifoletus , Crifolimus , or Crifolenjis , is a 
 tranfparent Stone, fparkling with Gold and 
 Fire. But it’s properly called Chrifoletus , 
 taking its Name from the Greek ; Crifos , in 
 the Latin , fignifying Gold, and oletus whole; 
 hence Crifoletus , or wholly Gold. The 
 Ethiopic are the bed. The Indian and Arabic 
 are not quite fo lucid and tranfparent, having 
 in them a dufky Cloud, and like wife border 
 upon the Citron. The Ethiopic , in a Morn- 
 ing, feem as if they were on Fire, but in the 
 Day they appear like Gold. A Crifolete 
 bound round with Gold, and carried in the 
 left Hand, drives away Night-hags, and 
 difperfes Fears and melancholy Illufions. It 
 is particularly efficacious in rendering in- 
 effectual the Inclinations and Enchantments 
 of thofe deteftabie Creatures call’d Witches. 
 It being bor’d thro’, and the Hairs of an 
 Afs pafs’d thro’ it, its Virtue is the greater 
 in driving away evii Spirits. If held in the 
 Hand, it extinguifhes a feverifh Heat. 
 
 Crifolitus , of this Stone there is one K ind, 
 of a gold Colour, with fome burning Sparks. 
 But there is another, which indeed is the 
 
 moil 
 
[ 87 ] 
 
 moft generally efteem’d, which is azure and 
 green, like the Wacer of the Sea in its greateft 
 Greennefs. Being placed under the Rays of 
 the Sun, it reprefents a Golden Star. It is 
 found in Ethiopia. Being fet in Gold it 
 prevails againtl nodlurnal Terrors. It gives 
 Wilclom and Honour, and turns away 
 Folly. Being bruifed and drank, it helps 
 the Afthmatic. 
 
 Celonites , or Celontes , is, as fame will have 
 it, of three Kinds. It is extradled from a 
 large Tortoife, and has a Shell of a Pearl 
 Colour. This Sort is fpotted and purple, 
 and its Property is to refill Fire. The 
 Virtue of it deferves particular Regard ; for 
 whoever fhall at a proper Time, having firft 
 wafh’d his Mouth, carry it under his Tongue, 
 will prelently feel in himfelf a kind of divine 
 Infpiracion to foretel future Events. Such 
 Times are thefe: The whole Day of the firft 
 of the New Moon *, and for the fifteen Days 
 following during the Lunar Afcenfion, every 
 Day from Sun-rifing till Six o’clock. But 
 in the Decreafe, it pours forth the Effedt of 
 its Virtue all the Time before Day. The 
 other two Stones are Cephalic and Hepatic, 
 whofe Virtues are not trivial. The Cephalic, 
 is lo called from the Place where it is found, 
 i. e. the Head, and is good for the Head-ach, 
 
 F 4 and 
 
[ 88 ] 
 
 and refills Lightnings. The Hepatic is 
 likewife fo call’d from the Place where it is 
 found, i. e. the Liver. Being bruifed and drank 
 with Water juft before the Coming on of a 
 Quartan Ague, it wonderfully prevents it. 
 Thefe Stones are likewife called Drone. 
 Being carried with a Root of Piony, it makes 
 thofe who carry them Mailers of their Defires. 
 
 Cogolites , or Cegolites , is, by Phyficians, 
 reckon’d a Jeipifh Stone, from its being 
 frequently found in that Country, and like 
 the Nut of an Olive j but in the Infide it has 
 the Colour of Alumn or Silver. It is not 
 grateful to the Sight, but is ufeful in 
 Medicine. Being bruifed and dilfolv’d in 
 Water, and taken inwardly, it dififolves 
 Stones in the Kidneys, and clears the Bladder 
 from Gravel-, and being drank with a proper 
 Quantity of Water, removes the Strangury. 
 
 Ceraunius , or Cerraolus , is a Stone of a 
 pyramidal Form. There are two Kinds of 
 them, the one is chriftalline tinged with 
 Saffron, the other of the Colour of the 
 Pyrites. They are faid to fall from the 
 Clouds, and in a Place near where has been 
 a Stroke of Thunder. The German is the 
 Prime, the Spanijh is the Second, which 
 flafhes like a Flame of Fire. Socatus tells us 
 of another Species, which is black. Evax 
 
 con- 
 
L 89 ] 
 
 contradi&s thefe, when he fays they are of 
 divers Colours •, but the hardeft has a great 
 Virtue. For it preferves the Bearer of it 
 from Drowning, and from being hurt by a 
 Whirlwind or Lightning ; it gives fweet and 
 pleafant Dreams. 
 
 Corvina , is a Stone found in the Head of 
 the Fifh Cabot , and are always two. The 
 Colour of it is a darkifh white, with an 
 oblong crooked Figure in one part, and in 
 the other concave, with a little rifing in the 
 Middle. It is extradled while the Fifh is yet 
 panting, in the Increafe of the Moon, and in 
 the Month of May. Being carried in fuch 
 a Manner as it may touch the Flelh, it cures 
 the Gripes •, and being bruifed and taken, it 
 has the fame Effedh 
 
 Cimedia , is taken out of the Brain of a 
 Fifh of the fame Name *, there are two 
 found in the Head, and a third near the 
 third Joint of the Backbone, towards the 
 Tail ; it is round, and of the Length of 
 feven Fingers. Its broad Head being put 
 before the Light, the Spine appears within. 
 Magicians fay, that their Virtue is to foretel 
 the Calms and Storms of the Sea and Air. 
 If taken in Drink they excite Luxury in the 
 Day. 
 
 Cal - 
 
[ 9 ° ] 
 
 Calchophanus , is black ; and being carried 
 in the Mouth, preierves the Windpipe from 
 Hoarfenefs, and makes the Voice fonoious. 
 
 Caldaicus , or Callayca , is of a green Pale 
 and dull, not limpid, nor pleaiant to the 
 Sight, but is a Stone that looks well it; Gold *, 
 and in the cold Rocks in Media and Germany , 
 it flioots out itfelf like an Eye, 
 
 Crifocollus , is a Stone of the Likenefs of 
 Gold, The Province of Media produces it, 
 where the Pifmires throw up the Gold, It has 
 the Virtue of the Magnet, and increafes Gold, 
 
 Crifopra/ius , is a Stone which fhines in the 
 dark, of an ebbing and confufed Colour, 
 like rotten Oak put in an obfeure Place ; but 
 in the Light, it is faint, of the Colour of 
 pale Gold, without any Brightnefs. 
 
 Chemites , is a Stone that has the Re- 
 femblance of Ivory; not heavy, and in 
 Hardnefs like Marble. It is faid to preferve 
 the Bodies of the Dead a long Time from 
 being hurt by the Worms, and from Put re- 
 faction. 
 
 Crifonterinus , bonders upon a gold Colour, 
 and is brittle. Tho* it be an unpolilb’d 
 Stone, yet it has no contemptible Virtue. 
 Being hung about the Neck, it cures the 
 Pthifical, and, after the fame Manner, it 
 
 removes 
 
9i J 
 
 removes the Pain which Children feel in 
 breeding Teeth. 
 
 Cyfteolilhos , has a Mixture of Whitenefs 
 with the Citron, and is found in a Sea 
 Sponge •, and tho’ it be fomewhat unfightiy, 
 it helps thofe troubled with the Stone, if 
 drank in ftrong Wine, and if hung about 
 the Necks of Children, it takes away the 
 Cough. 
 
 Catochites , by fome is taken, tho’ falfely, 
 for the Sagda. According to Solinus , it is 
 to be found in Corjica ; it feparates any 
 glutinous Thing that flicks to the Hands of 
 him that touches it ; and then fattens itfelf 
 to the Body like Glew. It makes a Man 
 vidtorious in Contefts, and by taking one 
 Scruple of it, it is powerful againft magic 
 Arts. 
 
 Corvla , or Corvina, is a Stone of a reddifh 
 Colour, and accounted artificial. On the 
 Calends of April, boil the Eggs taken out 
 of a Crow’s Neft, till they are hard *, and 
 being cold, let them be placed in the Neft 
 as they were before. When the Crow 
 knows this, fhe flies a long Way to find this 
 Stone ; and having found it, returns to the 
 Neft ; and the Eggs being touch’d with it, 
 they become frefh and prolifick. The Stone 
 muft immediately be fnatch’d out of the Neft. 
 
 Its 
 
[ 92 ] 
 
 Its Virtue is to increafe Riches, to beftow 
 Honours, and to foretel many future Events. 
 
 Cambnites , is a Stone of a cryftal Colour 
 fomewhat obfcure. He who carries it, will 
 pleafe Men, and be affable and amiable to 
 all. If bound to the left Arm, it cures the 
 Dropfical. I believe indeed it is the fame as 
 the Kebrates. 
 
 Cepocapites , or Cepites, is a white Stone, 
 having Knots with Veins of white Marble. 
 A Group of Images of divers Things is 
 figur’d in it, as in the Achates, 
 
 Calorites , is of a green Colour, like Juice 
 prefs’d from the Herb. Magicians report, 
 that it is taken out of the Belly of the Bird 
 Silla. If bound with Iron, it is powerful in 
 magic Arts. 
 
 Cepionidus , is a Stone of many Colours, 
 and tranfparent, reflecting the Similitude of 
 the Beholder, fometimes in the Manner of a 
 Jafper, then as a Cryftal, and fometimes as a 
 Diamond. 
 
 Corintheus , is of the Marble Kind, and 
 of a citron Colour, diverfify’d into other 
 Colours. It takes its Name from Corinth , 
 where there is found great Plenty of it. It 
 is fit for Buildings, and Pillars, Threfholds, 
 Beams, and many other Things nave, for a 
 long Courfe of Time, been made of it. 
 
 Or 
 
[ 93 ] 
 
 Cyanica , or Cyaneus, is an azure Stone, 
 glittering with purple Beams, varied with 
 golden Stars, and fometimes appears with 
 little fhining Points intermixed of divers 
 Colours. It is found in Scythia , and is Male 
 and Female. The Male is neater and purer 
 than the Female, and is beautified with the 
 Intermixture of fmal! golden Duff. 
 
 Carifteus , is of a g een Colour, taking its 
 Name from its Afpedt, becaufe it is grateful 
 to the Sight, which it comforts with its 
 Greennefs. 
 
 Calaminaris , is a Stone, yellow, tender* 
 not lucid, nor tranfparent. If it be drenched 
 nine Times in Vinegar, and finely pulveriz’d 
 with the Blood of a Fowl, it makes a fine 
 Eye Salve. 
 
 CrifopaJJus , according to Solinus , is a Spe- 
 cies of Beryl , having a gold Colour mixed 
 with purple. 
 
 Coafpis , is of a green Colour, with the 
 Brightnefs of Gold ; and took its Name from 
 a River of the Perjians , where it was found. 
 
 Cimilianitus , is of the Colour of Marble, 
 having in the Middle a golden Pupil, or of 
 a Saffron Colour, and is found in the Chan- 
 nel of the River Euphrates. 
 
 Crifolanfis is the fame as Crifolelus. 
 
 CriftteSy is a Stone of the Colour of an 
 
 Oyfter, 
 
[ 94 ] 
 
 Oyfter , and is found in Egypt. 
 
 Crifopilon, is a Species of Beryl , as hath 
 been before fhewn under that Head. 
 
 Crifcberillus fee before under the Head 
 of Beryl. 
 
 Coranus, is white, of the Marble Kind, 
 and harder than Parian. 
 
 Crifopis , is a Stone that looks like Gold. 
 
 Carcina , is a Stone of the Colour of a 
 Crab. 
 
 Crapondinus , is the fame as Borax. 
 
 Celicolus, is the fame as Beloculus. 
 
 Chryfotopteron , is a Species of the Topaz, 
 and like CriJopraJJius. 
 
 D 
 
 JDemonius is a Stone mixed with a double 
 Colour like the Rainbow, from which it took 
 its Name, for that is called the Demoniacal 
 Bow. It is faid to be a powerful Relief 
 againft Agues, expels Poifon, and renders 
 the Bearer of it fafe from, and a Conqueror 
 over his Enemies. 
 
 Dionyjia , is black, with red Spots fcatter’d 
 over it. Some fay, it has a brown or iron 
 Colour, fprinkled over with fnow Spots. It 
 is found in the Eaft ; and if it be diffolved in 
 Water, it gets the Smell of Wine ; and 
 
 with 
 
r 95 1 
 
 with its Odor difperfes Drunkennefs, and 
 overcomes, and caufes the Odor of the Wine 
 to evaporate. 
 
 Diacodas , or Diacodus , is like Beryl in 
 Colour, with a Palenefs. It difturbs Devils 
 beyond all others, as in fome Meafure may be 
 made appear. For if it be thrown in Water, 
 with the Words of its Charm fung, it fhews 
 various Imagesof Devils, and gives Anfwers to 
 thofe that queition it. Being held in the 
 Mouth ; a Man may call any Devil out of 
 Hell, and receive Satisfaction to fuch Que- 
 ftions as he may afk. It abhors the Bodies 
 of the Dead •, for if you fhould touch the 
 Body of a dead Perfon with it, you will foon 
 deprive it of its Virtue. 
 
 Dr aconites, or Dentrites , or Draeonius , or 
 Obfianus , and is alfo called the Evening Ki. 
 medius , is a Stone lucid and tranfparent, of 
 a criftalline Colour. Albertus Magnus fays, 
 it is of a black Colour, and that its Figure is 
 pyramidal, and not lucid. Some fay, it 
 fhines like a Looking glafs, with aBlacknefs; 
 which many feek after, but never find. It 
 is brought from the Eaft, where there are 
 great Dragons; for it is taken out of the 
 Head of Dragons, cut off while the Beall: 
 is yet panting. It lofes its Virtue if it 
 remains in the Head any Time after the 
 
 Death 
 
[ 96 ] 
 
 Death of the Dragon. Some bold Fellows, 
 in thofe Eaftern Parts, fearch out the Dens 
 of the Dragons, and in thefe they drew 
 Grafs, mixed with foporiferous Medicaments ; 
 which the Dragons, when they return to their 
 Dens, eat and are thrown into a Sleep ; 
 and in that Condition they cut off their 
 Heads , and extrad the Stone. It has 
 a rare Virtue in fubduing all Sorts of Poifon, 
 efpecially that of Serpents. It alfo renders 
 the PoffeiTbr of it bold and invincible •, for 
 which Reafon, the Kings of the Eaft boaft: 
 they have fuch a Stone. 
 
 Drofolitus, is a Stone of a various Colour, 
 and derives its Name from itfelf; for if it 
 be put near the Fire, it emits a Kind of 
 Sweat. 
 
 Doriatides , is a Stone found in the Head 
 of a Cat, fuddenly cut off, and given to the 
 Pifmires to eat •, and the Colour of it is black 
 and fhining. Some will have it to be ex- 
 traded from the Head of a Cock ; as here- 
 after, under the Head Radain. Its Virtue is 
 to perfed all our Wifhes, and obtain all our 
 Defires. 
 
 Doff us, is a green Stone, fomewhat clear ; 
 and I am apt to think is the Crifolitus, as 
 before mentioned. 
 
 Ethiopia, 
 
[ 97 J 
 
 E. 
 
 Elitropia , or Elitropus , is a green Gem, 
 and, as fonie fancy, like an Emerald, fprink- 
 led with bloody Spots. But Necromancers 
 call it the Babylonian Gem ; and is found 
 in Africa and Ethiopia. The Caufe of its 
 Name is taken from its Effetfl. This is 
 the readied Way of knowing it. If it be put 
 into Water in a Bafon, which has been 
 firft rubbed over with the Juice of the 
 Herb of its own Name, and fet under the 
 Rays of the Sun, the Water will appear red, 
 and the Sun bloody, as if it differed an Eclipfe. 
 At length the Water will bubble up, and 
 run over the Bafon, as if it had been work’d 
 up by Fire Being placed out of the Water, 
 it receives the Sun in the Manner of a Mirror. 
 So that by infpecting the Elitropia , we may 
 fee the Solar Eclipfes. It is Jikewife found 
 in Cyprus * but the nobler Sort, as Solinus 
 teftifies, is in Lybia. Magicians report, that 
 if it be confecrated with a certain Verfe, and 
 infcribed with certain Charafters, it will 
 enable the Owner of it to foretel future 
 Things •, and if it be rubb’d over with the 
 Juice of the Herb of its own Name, it de- 
 ceives the Sight, in fuch a Mapner, as that 
 G it 
 
[ 98 ] 
 
 it renders the Bearer of it invifible. The Virtue 
 of it is, to procure Safety and long Life to 
 the Poffefior of it ; and likewife (tops any 
 FJux of Blood. Poifons alfo fubmit to it. 
 
 1 Ematbitis, or Emathites , is a reddifh Stone, 
 obfcure and hard, having the Brightnefs of 
 Iron, with Veins of Blood, and ftains the 
 Hands of him that touches it with a bloody 
 Colour. It claims its Name from its Virtue. 
 For Emeth fignifies Blood, and litel flop- 
 ping ; for its principal Virtue is to flop 
 Bleeding. There are five Species of it, and 
 called after the Names of the Countries where 
 they are found. The Araik and African are 
 preferable to all the reft. The Phrygian and 
 Ethiopic are of meaner Account, although 
 Socatus may be of a contrary Opinion. The 
 German is the bafeft of all. Its Virtue is 
 Stiptic, if it be walhed according to medicinal 
 Art. But Galen holds, that it is warming 
 and extenuating, which mull not be under- 
 flood of that which is walhed. It is a mofl 
 excellent Remedy for the Emoptoics, fuch as 
 are troubled with the Bloody Flux, and the 
 Menfes, if it be ground in a Mortar v/ith a 
 proper Liquor till it acquires a bloody Colour. . 
 If to what has been before-mention’d be 
 added, the white of an Egg, or Honey, 
 ;Or the Juice of a red Apple, it heals the 
 
 fharp 
 
[ 99 1 
 
 fharp Humour of the Eyes and Darknefs of 
 the Sight. Being drank with Wine, it helps 
 thofe that are wounded with the Stings of 
 Serpents. The Dull of it Jikewife cures 
 fungous Flefh. If mixed with Honey, it is 
 ufeful for thofe that are troubled with bad 
 Eyes. It is alfo faid to difiolve the Stone in 
 the Bladder*, and if put over hot Water, it 
 grows warm, and throws out a Heat. The 
 Phrygian is burnt, to make it the more ef- 
 ficacious for the Purpofes aforefaid. 
 
 Ethices , or Endes , by fome called Aquileus , 
 is a Stone of a Scarlet Colour. It is called 
 AquileuSy becaufe fometimes the Eagles on 
 the Shore of the Perftan Ocean, put it in 
 their Nefts among their Eggs. It is like- 
 wife called Pr^egnus, becaufe it contains a 
 little Stone within it, as if it were pregnant, 
 and is heard to rattle ; and, as I faid, fome 
 defcribe it of a Scarlet Colour ; others 
 indeed fay it is more like Flefh, plain, lucid, 
 and of a moderate Bignefs. Some fay it has 
 an oblong Figure, inclining to Roundnefs. 
 This Variety of Opinions in Authors arifes 
 from the Variety of Places where it is found. 
 Its Virtue is admirable. For fome fay, if it 
 be held out to one that has poifon’d Meac 
 in his Hand, he will not be able to fwallow 
 it ; the Stone being removed, he may take 
 G 2 it. 
 
[ 100 ] 
 
 it. Some fay, it mud be put into the Meat. 
 Being tied to the left Arm of a pregnant 
 Woman, it prevents Abortion. And if in 
 the Hour of Birth, it be bound to the Thigh, 
 it removes Dangers, and accelerates the Birth. 
 It helps thofe who are troubled with the Epi- 
 lepfy. It drives away poifonous Creatures •, 
 and therefore Eagles lay it in their Nefts, that 
 their Eggs and Young may be preferved un- 
 touch’d by venemous Animals. It makes 
 the Bearer of it amiable, fober, and rich, 
 and preferves him from adverfe Cafualties. 
 
 Enydros , or Eryndros , is a Stone of a 
 chriftal Colour ; and has its Name from the 
 Greek Word, -Hydros, which lignifies Water, 
 and is perpetually diftilling Drops : The 
 Caufe of which is not unknown to Philofo- 
 phers *, for as it is of an exceeding cold Na- 
 ture, it does, with its Frigidity, convert the 
 Air, which continually touches it, into 
 Water. It is good in burning Fevers. 
 
 Epijiides, or Epiflrites, is in its Colour 
 red and glittering. It has its Birth in Corinth. 
 They fay, if it be fatten’d over the Heart with 
 magical Bands, and repeating properVerfes, 
 it will keep a Man fafe from every Misfor- 
 tune. It drives away Locufts and mifchie- 
 vous Birds, blighting Winds, and Storms. 
 
 Ex- 
 
[ 101 ] 
 
 Exacolitus , is a Stone of many and various 
 Colours mingled one with another. It has a 
 folutive Virtue, as fkilful Phyficians fay, and 
 being diffolved in Wine and drank, it helps 
 thofe that are troubled with the Cholic and 
 Iliac Paffion. 
 
 EJlimion , or Exmijfon , is of a mod agree- 
 able Afpedl, glittering with a gold and fiery 
 Colour, and carries a white Light in its Ex- 
 tremity. 
 
 Execonthalitus , or Hexaconta , is a Stone 
 having in the Compafs of a little Orb, fixty 
 diftindl Colours. It is frequently found in 
 Lybia. So many Virtues are afcribed to it, 
 as demonflrate it to contain the Ornaments 
 of precious Stones. 
 
 Exebonos , or Exebenus , is white and fair ; 
 with which Goldfmiths ufe to burnifh their 
 Gold. Being bruifed and drank, it cures 
 thofe that are mad. It heals Pains in the 
 Stomach, and cherifhes the Foetus in the 
 Womb. It diffolves the Stone in the Blad- 
 der ; if bound to the Thigh, it haftens the 
 Birth ; and reftrains Lechery. 
 
 Eumetis, is of the Colour of Flint. Being 
 put under the Head of one who is (leeping, 
 it makes nocturnal Dreams like Oracles. 
 
 j Emites, has the Colour of Ivory, and is 
 like white Marble, but of a lefs Hardnefs. 
 
 G 3 It 
 
[ I°2 ] 
 
 Ic is faid, that the Sepulcher of King Darius 
 was made of it. 
 
 Egyptilla, is a black Stone, having an 
 azure Superficies, with gold Veins; 'and 
 takes its Name from the Place where it is 
 found. If bruifed in Water, it yields a 
 Saffron Colour and the Tafte of Wine. 
 
 Emerrem , is a Gem of a graffy Colour, 
 which the Ajjyrians fay, is facred to God ; 
 it is a fuperftitious Gem. 
 
 Effejiis , or Effejlites , is a Stone that has 
 the Nature of a Mirror, and reflects Images ; 
 and is found in Corinth. They lay, if it be 
 put in hot Water, it grows warm, and 
 being oppofed to the Sun, kindles Firev in 
 Matter put in a Difpofition for it. 
 
 Elopfites, is a Stone with no Ornament, 
 but fupplies in Virtue what is deficient in 
 Beauty. Being hung about the Head, it 
 cures the Head-ach. 
 
 Eunopbius , is like the Ethics s, as it founds 
 inwardly. Some think it is the fame, and 
 of like Efficacy. 
 
 Elettioni , is the fame as the Gagates. 
 
 Echiftes , the fame as Ethices. 
 
 Echidnes , is a Stone with Serpentine Spots. 
 
 Fila- 
 
[ 103 ] 
 
 F 
 
 Filaterius , is a Stone of the Colour of the 
 Crifolite ; it difperfes Terrors and melancholic 
 Paffions ; gives Chearfulnefs and Wifdom ; 
 renders the Bearer thereof complaifant, and 
 comforts the Spirits. 
 
 FingiteSy is of a white Colour, hard as 
 Marble, and tranfparent like Alabafter; it is 
 brought from Cappadocia. Some report, that 
 a certain King built a Temple of this Stone, 
 without Windows; and from its Trans- 
 parency, the Day was admitted into it in fo 
 clear a Manner as if it had been all open. 
 
 FongileSy is a Stone of whofe Colour 
 there is no fmall Doubt among the Learned. 
 I think this may proceed from the Diverfity 
 of its Species. Some fay, it is like burning 
 Gems; others that it is of a chriftalline 
 Colour, and in the Infide, like Flame. It 
 is found in Perfia. Its Virtue is not affigned 
 by many. But Evax tells us, that if any one 
 carries a red Fongites in his Hand, it removes 
 the Ailments of the Body, and afiiiages 
 Anger. 
 
 FalconeSy or Ur pine, vulgarly Arfenick ; if 
 it be whiten’d by Sublimation, it inclines to 
 a golden red Colour, and takes the Nature 
 
 G 4 of 
 
[ io 4 j 
 
 of Sulphur, and by Alchymifts is called one 
 of the Spirits. It has a warming and drying 
 Virtue, and by Calcination acquires Blacknefs-, 
 but after Sublimation it has a Whitenefs ; and 
 when it is fublimated three or four Times, it 
 becomes aduft in the high eft Degree •, fo 
 that it corrodes all Metals except Gold. 
 Being pulveriz’d, and put into a Wound, it 
 eats away the proud Flefh. Taken inwardly, 
 it is Poifon to all Animals. 
 
 Frigius, is a green Stone, and being burnt 
 acquires a Rednefs. It is good for painting 
 Cloth ; and much ufed in Medicine, as 
 Diofcorides faith ; for it cures Fiftulas and the 
 Gout. 
 
 G 
 
 Granate, is reckon’d among the burning 
 Gems, and a Stone of the Carbuncle Kind ; 
 there are three Species of it. A dark Red 
 like the Flower of a Pomegranate Apple. 
 Another is of a red Colour, and a little border- 
 ing on the Citron, fomewhat like a Jacinth. 
 The third Species, which is called Surian, is 
 of a reddifh Violet, and this is efteem’d more 
 precious than the reft, and is found in 
 Ethiopia , among the Sands of the Sea. Its 
 Virtue is to chear the Heart and drive away 
 
 Sorrow, 
 
f io 5 ] 
 
 Sorrow. Some fay, it defends the Bearer 
 of it from peftilential Difeafes. 
 
 Galablides, or Galaricides , is a Stone of 
 an Afh Colour, or, as fome fancy, white 
 milky Colour, it is found in the Nile and in 
 the River Athaleus. If it be bruifed in 
 Water, it gives the Colour and Tafte of 
 Milk. There are fome who call this an 
 Emerald compafs’d about with white Veins. 
 It is differently named from the Diverfuy of 
 its Virtue. Some call it Elebron , Magicians 
 Senochites , others Graffites, fome Galbates or 
 Anachites. Magicians infinitely extol this 
 Stone; for it makes magical Writings to be 
 heard, and Ghofts call’d up to return 
 Anfwers. It alfo buries in Oblivion Quarrels 
 and Mifchiefs formerly done. He who 
 carries it about him, and fhould happen to 
 offend the King or any other Perfon, it will 
 prefently pacify and bring him to a benevolent 
 Temper. It makes a Man victorious in 
 Caufes, witty, amiable and eloquent, and is 
 a Protection againft Witchcraft. Being 
 hung about the Neck, it fills the Breafts 
 with Milk. If tyed to the Thigh with a 
 woollen Thread, it facilitates the Birth of 
 a pregnant Ewe ; but if held in the Mouth 
 till it melts, it diflurbs the Mind. If 
 bruifed and mixed with Salt, and ftrewed 
 
 over 
 
[ 106 ] 
 
 over a foul Sheepfold, as the Egyptian 
 Shepherds fay, it fills the Udders of the 
 Sheep with Milk and makes them fruitful, 
 and frees them from the Mange. They fay 
 likewife, that it cures the Itch in Man. 
 Being bound to a Tooth, it takes away its 
 ftinking Smell. If three Times bruifed with 
 Water and dried, and given to drink in 
 clear Water, it heals Difcords. It joins in 
 Love two who are at Variance, fo that 
 their Love will afterwards be infeparable. 
 
 GaraironicuSy or, as fome, GalgatromeuSy 
 is a reddifh Stone, fprinkled with fmall 
 Saffron Veins, and like the Skin of a Kid. 
 This is ufeful for military Men. It is report- 
 ed that Achilles had it, and carried it with 
 him to the War ; that he was never foil’d by 
 any Man, but always came off victorious ; 
 but happening to be without it he fell by his 
 Enemies. The Eafterns have great Quan- 
 tities of them, and make Hilts for their 
 Swords of it, that fo they may never be 
 without it when they go into Battle, fince 
 its Virtue is to render the Bearer of it Con- 
 queror. 
 
 Galatides, or Galaftica, or Gelatia , and 
 many other Names it is called by, is a 
 white lucid Stone, in Form of an Acorn, 
 hard as the Adamant, and fo cold that it can 
 
 hardly 
 
[ I0 7 ] 
 
 hardly be warmed by Fire ; which proceeds 
 from the exceeding Clofenefs of its Pores, 
 which will not fuffer the Heat of the Fire to 
 penetrate. Its Coldnefs bridles Luxury and 
 reftrains Anger, and yields a Remedy for all 
 the feverilh Indifpolitions of the human Body. 
 
 Gelacbides, or Gar at ides, is a Stone of a 
 dark Colour, and renders the Bearer of it 
 amiable, mild and gracious. Being held in 
 the Mouth, it makes a Man give true Judg- 
 ment, and rightly diftinguifh between various 
 Opinions, and will let him know what 
 another thinks of him. The Learned fay, 
 we may know fuch a Stone by Trial. Thus, 
 if a human Body be fmeared with Floney, 
 and put in a Place where there are Flies, if 
 this Stone be held in the Hand, and it is 
 a genuine Garatides , the Body remains un- 
 touch’d by the Flies and Bees, and when the 
 Stone is let go, it will be molefted. 
 
 Gargates , tho’ by many it is accounted a 
 Gum, yet it is numbred among Stones; and 
 takes its Name from the Place where it is 
 found. There are two Species of it; the 
 Citron, which is called Amber, of which we 
 fhall fpeak hereafter ; the other is black, and 
 by many called black Amber ; and this is 
 properly the Gargates ; tho’ Pliny greatly 
 differs from others ; it is found in Lycia. 
 
 Solinus 
 
r 108 ] 
 
 Solinus affirms, it is found in Britain in 
 great Plenty. The G argot es, as I faid, is 
 black, light, dry, and lucid, not tranfparent, 
 and if put into Fire, has, as it were, the 
 Smell of Pitch. Being heated with rubbing, 
 it attracts Straws and Chaff. The Srnoak of 
 it drives away Devils, and diffolves Spells 
 and Enchantments, and helps the Dropfical. 
 Being bruifed in Water, and given to a 
 pregnant Woman, it brings forward the 
 Foetus ; and in whatever Manner it is drank 
 by a Woman, it makes her void foul Urine ; 
 but has no fuch Effeft on a Virgin. If ufed 
 as a Perfume, it is faid to provoke the Menfes 
 in Women, to cure the Epilepfy, to drive 
 away Serpents, and to heal their Bite if mixed 
 with the Marrow of a Stag, and fattens 
 loofe Teeth. 
 
 G erodes , is a red glittering Stone, and if 
 oppos’d to the Sun, darts out fiery Rays. 
 Its Virtue is to defend a Man from Birds of 
 Prey. 
 
 Gallerica, is a green Stone, pale and too 
 thick, notpleafant, bedeck’d with Gold, from 
 whence it is named. 
 
 Garamantica , is like the Emerald, and has 
 a crofs white Line ; it is of great Ufe in the 
 magic Art. 
 
 Gafidanay is a Stone of a Swan Colour. 
 
 This 
 
[ io 9 1 
 
 This Gem is likewife laid to conceive, and 
 being fhook, confefles it has a Birth within 
 it ; fome think it is the Ethices. 
 
 Grogius , is the fame as Coral ; it takes 
 its Name from its Power of flopping Thunder 
 and Lightning. 
 
 Glofopetra , or Gulofus , is a Stone like the 
 human Tongue, from whence it took its 
 Name. They fay, it is not bred in the 
 Earth, but in the Wane of the Moon falls 
 from Heaven. Magicians attribute to it an 
 extraordinary Efficacy in their Art ; for by it 
 they fay, the Lunar Motions are excited. 
 
 Grifoletus , is the fame as the Crifolete. 
 
 Garamantides , the fame as Sandaftros. 
 
 Galaxia , is a black Stone, with bloody 
 and white Veins interwoven in it. 
 
 Galacidem, is the fame as the Emerald. 
 
 H 
 
 Hyena , is a precious Stone and worthy to 
 be preferved. It is denominated from the 
 Bead of its own Name, in whofe Eyes it is 
 found. It is of many Colours. TheUfeof 
 it, if Report be true, is, That if the Mouth 
 be wafhed, and it is put under the Tongue, 
 it will immediately make the Perfon foretel 
 future Things. Whoever carries it about 
 
 him 
 
[ no ] 
 
 him will never have the Quartan Ague, nor 
 the Gout. 
 
 Hieracites , is varied in its Colour, like 
 the Wing of a Hawk. Some fay, it is of a 
 black Colour, and that it is the fame as the 
 Gelachides, fince it has the fame Virtue. 
 
 Hamonis, is a Stone of a gold Colour, and 
 is numbred among the mod facred Gems. 
 It has the Shape of a Ram’s Horn, and is 
 found in Ethiopia. If a Man puts himfelf in 
 a Podure of Contemplation, it gives the 
 Mind a Reprefentation of all divine Things. 
 
 Hormefion , is a Stone of the mod agree- 
 able Afpedt, glittering with a fiery and golden 
 Colour, and emitting a white Light. 
 
 Horcus, is a Stone which the Alexandrians 
 call Catimia ; it is black, and eafily broken. 
 It enters into the folid Parts of Silver. 
 
 Hyfmeri , is the fame as the Smeriglius. 
 
 Hammochryfos , is a Stone having fquare 
 golden Sands mixed in its Subdance. 
 
 I 
 
 Jacinth^ to which Antiquity has affigned 
 three Species, which take their Names from 
 their fhining Quality. For fome of them are 
 of a Citron Colour, others of a Granate, 
 others blue, and all tranfparent, and are 
 
 well 
 
[ III ] 
 
 well enough known from their Denomination. 
 For the Citron are of a citron Colour •, the 
 Granate, of the Colour of the Flower of a 
 Pomegranate Apple, and the Blue of an 
 azure Colour, which in the Mouth feel 
 colder than the others ; and thefe are like- 
 wife called aquatic. To thefe fome add 
 another Species, which they call the Saphi- 
 rine. All of them, however, have a Red- 
 nefs and Yellownefs mixed with the aforefaid 
 Colours. This Stone above all others, de- 
 lights in Day- light, but fades in Darknefs. 
 Thofe are reckon’d the beft, whole Colour 
 is neither too thick nor too rare, but being 
 temper’d with both, fhine with a perpetual 
 Light, yet not equally glittering. Albertus , 
 however, makes the Saphirine Jacinth to 
 hold the firft Place ; this is yellow and lucid, 
 has very little Aquolity in if, and is the 
 Ethiopic. Some fancy that the Granate, 
 which abide the Fire, and fhine with a 
 Violet Colour, are better. The Citron have 
 but little Red. The word Sort of all are the 
 blue and azure, which have a fmall Red with 
 a thin Citron ; yet they exceed the others 
 in Hardnefs, and are fcarce touch’d with the 
 Diamond ; and thefe are the coideft of all. 
 But other Species have Warmth and Drynefs 
 in the firft Degree. All are equal in Virtue, 
 
 * tho* 
 
[ 112 ] 
 
 tho’ they differ in Colour. They invigorate 
 animal Life, efpecially the Heart. They 
 difperfe Sorrow and imaginary Sufpicions. 
 They increafe Ingenuity, Glory and Riches ; 
 area Defence againft Lightning and Enemies ■, 
 and a Security to Travellers, fo that no 
 Peftiience in any Country fhall hu r t them ; 
 it raifes Men to noble Honours, and pre- 
 ferves from Epidemical Diftempers. Arif 
 totle , indeed, holds, that they prepare Women 
 for a Mifcarriage. 
 
 Jafper , Iafpis as it is in the Greek , and in 
 the Latin , Green, becaufe the Green are the 
 bell, and valued above others, is a Stone of a 
 green Colour, as we faid, with a kind of 
 Thicknefs, having red Veins, of which there 
 are many Species. Some are tranflucent in 
 a thick Green ; and there are fome green, 
 marked with bloody Spots ; others are red 
 like a Tile j fome are not much unlike red 
 Porphyry. They are varied into fo many 
 Colours, that feventeen Species have been 
 difcover’d by the Learned, and by fome 
 more. For in thefe Times Germany is fo 
 fruitful of Jafpers, and produces fuch a 
 Variety, that it would be in vain to reckon 
 them •, for our Defign is to fpeak only of the 
 nobler Sort. And as we before intimated 
 that the green Emeralds with red Veins were 
 
 more 
 
[ rl 3 ] 
 
 more valuable than the reft, efpecially when 
 they have a kind of Tranfparency ; after 
 thefe, the green, clear, ftained with red ; the 
 dark red follow thofe. The Citron are the 
 worft of all; but all are of equal Virtue. 
 Being carry’d about one, it drives away the 
 Fever and Dropfy, clears the Sight, expels 
 noxious Phantalms, reftrains Luxury, and 
 prevents Conception. But efpecially the 
 green with Saffron Veins, which helps Women 
 that are pregnant or in Labour. It makes 
 the Bearer of it victorious, powerful, and 
 agreeable. But in all its Species, its principal 
 Virtue is to ftop the Flux of Blood whence- 
 foever it arifes ; it ought to be fet in Gold, 
 becaufe that increafes its Virtues. 
 
 iris , is a Stone of a cryftalline Colour, 
 found in the Red Sea on the Coaft of Arabia , 
 and now in the Mountains of Germany in the 
 River Phenus •, it is of a Sexagonal Form, 
 and is exceeding hard. If one Part of it is 
 held in the Rays of the Sun, and the other 
 Part in the Shade, under a Roof, it throws 
 Beams, like thofe of fche Rainbow, on the 
 oppofite Wall ; and from thence took its 
 Name. 
 
 Ideas, is a Stone of an Iron Colour ; it is 
 found in Ida , a Mountain of Crete , from 
 whence it derived its Name •, it is in Shape 
 II like 
 
[ ii4] 
 
 Eke a Man's Thumb. 
 
 Ifciftos , or Jfcultos , is a Stone of a Saffron 
 Colour, and found in a Part of Spain , near 
 the Gades of Hercules , or, as now called, 
 the Ifland of Gales. Some fay it is the 
 fame as the Amantes , as it has the fame 
 Virtue. 
 
 Indica , is of a ruddy Colour, and in the 
 bruifing is purple. Another of the fame 
 Name is of a white Afpedh It took its 
 Name from the Place where it was found j 
 its Virtue is not mention’d. 
 
 Judaicus, fo called from Judaea, and is the 
 fame as the Cegolitus. 
 
 Jovis, is a Gem, white, tender, and not 
 ponderous. 
 
 Ion y is of a Violet Colour, and is found in 
 
 India. 
 
 Jaguntia , which fome will have to be the 
 
 Gran ate. 
 
 lerarchites, is the fame as Hierarchites, 
 
 K. 
 
 Kabrates, or Kakabres t is in Colour like 
 Cryftal, with a dufky Whitenefs ; whole 
 Virtue is, to render a Man eloquent and 
 •hearfulj it gives Honours, Benevolence, 
 
 and 
 
[ IJ 5 ] 
 
 and defends him from Evil Cafualties, Ic 
 likewife cures the Dropfy. 
 
 Kamam , or Kakaman , is a white Stone 
 diftinguifhed with various Colours, and is fo 
 called from Kaumate , becaufe it carries Fire. 
 It is found in fulphurous and hot Places, and 
 very frequently mixed with the Onyx. It has 
 no determinate Virtue, but takes its Virtue 
 from the Sculptures and Images that are en- 
 grav’d upon it,. 
 
 Karabe , is the fame as the Succinum , of 
 which hereafter. Some however make a 
 Difference between them •, yet neither in 
 Colour nor Virtue do they differ ; but the 
 Perfume of it moves the Epilepfy. 
 
 Kenne , it is faid, is bred in the Eyes of 
 Stags in the Eaftern Parts ; its Virtue is 
 good againfl Poifons. 
 
 Kimedini Limpbatici, is the fame as the 
 Cimedia. 
 
 Kinocetus, is a Stone not wholly ufelefs, 
 fmce it will caft out Devils. 
 
 L 
 
 Licbinus. or Lychinites , is reckon’d among 
 the burning Gems ; it is red, and generated 
 in many Places ; the beft is among the 
 Indians. It is called Licbinus , becaufe it ex- 
 
 H 2 cites 
 
[ 116 ] 
 
 cites the Force of Light, and being kindled 
 is itfelf a Candle. There are faid to be two 
 Species of it. The firft, as we faid, and by 
 fome is affirmed, is a kind of flack Car- 
 buncle. But the other borders upon a purple 
 Colour; which being heated by the Sun, or 
 by Fri&ion, attra&s Straws. It is hard and 
 with Difficulty engraved ; and when its 
 Sculpture is imprefs’d on Wax, it holds it 
 faff, as if a Beaft had fnatch’d it up with a 
 Bite. Some fay there are four Species of it ; 
 but the fpecifical ones I do not find. 
 
 Lyncurius, is a Stone generated out of the 
 Urine of the Lynx, and is harden’d by Time. 
 It is found where thofe Animals frequent, 
 and efpecialiy in fome Parts of Germany. 
 They fay there are three Species of it, one 
 whereof is fparkling like the Carbuncle. 
 Another is Saffron inclining to a Darknefs. 
 The third is green. The Virtue of it is, to 
 afluage the Pain in the Stomach, to cure 
 the Jaundice, to flop a Flux, and is good 
 for the King’s Evil. 
 
 Lyncis , is alfo a Stone generated of the 
 Urine of the Animal of its own Name ; but 
 differs from thofe above mention’d ; when it 
 is in the Earth it is foft, but when put in a 
 dry Place, it hardens. Its Colour is white 
 mixed with black clofing with one another. 
 
 While 
 
[ IX 7 ] 
 
 While it is kept in the Earth or in a mold 
 Place before it is made dry, it generates 
 Muffirooms. The Virtue of this Stone, or 
 of the Mulhrooms, is to help fuch as are 
 troubled with the Gravel or Stone •, it takes 
 away the Pain of the Stomach, allays the 
 Flux of the Belly, and cures Fits of the 
 Mother. 
 
 Lippares, or Liparia , is a Stone to which 
 all Kinds of Animals come of their own 
 Accord , as it were by a natural IndinSt. 
 Some fay, that he who has this Stone, needs 
 no other Invention to catch wild Beads; it 
 is frequently found in Lybia. Others fay, 
 that it has a wonderful Virtue in defending 
 Animals. For when a Bead is purfued by 
 Dogs and the Hunters, he hadens to find out 
 this Stone, to which he dies as to his Pro- 
 testor and Defender. For fo long as the 
 Animal looks upon the laid Stone, neither 
 the Dogs nor the Huntfman can fee, which 
 if it be fo, is indeed very drange ; yet it is 
 affirmed by the Learned ; and as to this, I 
 believe the Saying of Pliny is very true. 
 That there is no Lie fo impudent which is 
 not vouch'd by Authority. 
 
 Limacie, is a Stone which took its Name 
 from the Animal in whofe Head it is found. 
 It is extraSled from the Head of a Snail 
 H 2 without 
 
[ "8 ] 
 
 without a Shell, .whofe Abode is in damp 
 and rocky Places. It ought to be drawn 
 out the Inflant it is feen, by fqueazing the 
 Head. It is of a white Colour, and but 
 little tranfparent, fmall, and like a Piece of 
 a Man’s Nail. They fay, if it be hung 
 about the Neck, it cures one of a Fever. 
 
 Lafteus , is a Stone known by its citron 
 Colour ; if bruifed in a Mortar with any 
 Liquor, it turns to a milky white. If 
 applied to rheumatic Eyes, it flops the Courfe 
 of the Humours ; it likewife avails in the 
 Beginning of Impoftumes of hot Eyes. 
 
 Leucoptalmus., is of four Colours, and has 
 the Likenefs of a Wolf’s Eye, from whence 
 it took its Name. Some think it is the 
 fame as the Obtallius . 
 
 Lifimacus , is a Stone of the Marble Kind, 
 having Veins like golden Drops. 
 
 Leucocrifos , is a Stone of a green Colour 
 girded about with white Veins. Some take 
 it to be a Species of the Emerald , and is 
 reckoned under that Head. 
 
 Limoniates , is a green Stone in the Si- 
 militude of an Emerald but not of fo much 
 Greennefs and Tranfparency. 
 
 Ligurius, as fome fancy, is like the Elec- 
 tortus , and draws Straws. It appeafes the 
 Pain of the Stomach, flops the Flux of the 
 

 C 1 r 9 1 
 
 Belly, cures the Jaundice, fharpcns the Sight, 
 and by Phyficians is rank’d among the 
 Remedies for the Eyes. 
 
 Lignites , is a beautiful Stone, of the 
 Colour of Glafs ; being hung about a Child, 
 it preferves it from Witchcraft, and from 
 the hellifh Practices of a certain Sort of Women 
 commonly called Witches. Being bound 
 about the Forehead, it flops a Bleeding at 
 the Nofe, reflores the Lofs of the Senfes, 
 and helps to foretel future Events. 
 
 Lepidotes , is a Stone like the Scale of a 
 Fifh, and has divers Colours. 
 
 Limphicus , is a Stone of great Virtue. If 
 wrapp’d in Silk, it is a Prefervative againft 
 all Diflempers in the Eyes, Jaws, Throat, 
 a Cough and Head-ach, not only at prefent, 
 but for the future. 
 
 Logdinus , is a Stone of a curious White- 
 nefs, not exceeding the Bignefs of aBafon 
 or Bowl ; it was firft found in Arabia. But 
 Afia affords a Coralline Sort, of a Size 
 not larger than two Cubits ; there is alfo 
 found in the fame Country a white Sort fome- 
 what like Ivory. 
 
 Lauraces , are the Stones which cure the 
 Head-ach. 
 
 Lycbnitem t is a Kind of fhining Marble, 
 very white. 
 
 H 4 
 
 Lazo' 
 
Lazolus , is a Stone placed under the Head ' 
 of Zumemelazoli. 
 
 Litos, is the fame as the Magnet. 
 
 LeucoftyRos, is the fame as Porphiry. 
 
 Lunar ins , the fame as the Selenites. 
 
 M. 
 
 Margarita, or Pearl, has the firft Place 
 among white Gems, generated by celeftial 
 Dew in fome Sea^-Shell Fifti, as is held by 
 Authors. Thefe Shell-Fifh, it’s reported, 
 early in a Morning, at a certain Seafon of 
 the Year, leave the Bottom of the Sea, to 
 draw in the Air, of which Pearls are ge- 
 nerated *, and according to the Clearnefs of 
 the Air taken in. Pearls are either lucid or 
 muddy. The Pearl is for the moft part 
 round, and by fome is called an Onion \ but 
 there is only one of them found in one Shell. 
 And if by the Abundance of the Air taken 
 in, there are more than one generated in a 
 Shell, they are all globous, of which I have 
 feen feven together, yet all in an oppofite 
 Light Ihew’d their Roundnefs ; three or four 
 are often feen, the moft perfect of which are 
 thofe of a Silver Colour with a kind of Clea'r- 
 rjefs : As to its Bignefs, the Learned fay it 
 fievgr exceeds an Ounce. There are two 
 
[ 201 ] 
 
 Species of Pearls •, one is oriental, whofe 
 Colour is white like polifh’d Silver, with a 
 Tranfparency on its Superficies ; and this is 
 the moft perfedh The other Species is 
 called occidental, which are tranfported 
 from the Britifh Sea, whofe Colour is dull 
 with a certain Whitenefs, bordering on a 
 golden. The Orientals are more perfedt 
 than all others *, and when they are large 
 and round are bored thro’ by Art ; fome- 
 times they are naturally fo, but not regularly, 
 and thefe are vile and ufelefs as to Ornament, 
 and differ from thofe that are not perforated *, 
 and this is what is faid about them : The 
 perforated Pearls are more perfedt and have 
 lefs Stipticity than thofe that are not per- 
 forated. It would be ridiculous to affirm, 
 that the Opinions of the moft Learned 
 Dodtors are without Meaning, when they 
 fay in their Recipe’s, Pearls perforated and 
 not perforated, and that inftead of perforated, 
 they fbould write, perforated by Art ; 
 whereas the Difference is wholly owing to 
 Accident and not to Complexion. There- 
 fore that we may not be led into an Error, 
 and .may judge better than the Unfkiiful, 
 we fbould know. That the Pearls which are 
 perforated, are thofe which have lain a long 
 while in the Shells^ and being quite ripe are 
 
 Ipew’d 
 
fpew’d out into the Sea, where by a long 
 Stay and a perfe£t Ripenefs, they are perfo- 
 rated, and lofe their ftyptick Quality •, and 
 of thefe the Do&ors muft be underftood, 
 when they fpeak of the perforated -, and it 
 is certain, that thofe that are perforated, as 
 they are not ufeful for Ornament, are not 
 tranfported to us. But they who rightly under- 
 ftand how to make the Trial, bring 
 the Pearls to the Galls, becaufe thofe which 
 are not perforated are more ftyptick than the 
 perforated. Pearls have alfo phyfical Virtues 
 exceeding the Commodioufnefs of Ornament ; 
 being boil’d in Meat they cure the Quartan 
 Ague ; bruifed and taken with Milk they 
 heal putrid Ulcers-, and being fo taken won- 
 derfully clear the Voice. They comfort the 
 Heart, and give Relief in Pains of the 
 Stomach, and remove the Epilepfy -, they 
 ftop the Flux of the Belly -, if taken with 
 Sugar, they yield Help in peftilential 
 Fevers j and render him who carries them 
 chafte. 
 
 Medus , took its Name from the Country 
 where it was firft found. This Stone is of 
 two Species, the black and the green ; but 
 the green is called Medinus. If the black is 
 put into a green Mortar, and diffolved with 
 the Milk of a Woman who has a Male 
 
 Child, 
 
[ 20 3 ] 
 
 Child, and applied to the Eyes, it reftores loft 
 Sight ; but if diffolved in the Milk of an 
 Ewe, which has once had a Lamb, it cures 
 the Gout, if bound on to the Places affedted. 
 Being taken thro’ the Mouth, it is a perni- 
 cious Poifon. But this Stone is deferveoly 
 called the Giver of Death and Health. The 
 green, which is called Medinus , if bruifed 
 and mixed with Gall, a little of the Magnet 
 and Rain-water, and put to the Eyes for feven 
 Days, it nourifhes the Sight, and makes 
 them fee Things the moft minute and almoft 
 invifible. 
 
 Marble , is a Stone well known, of which 
 there are divers Species that take their Names 
 from the Countries or Places where they are 
 found. But the true Marble, moft efteem’d 
 by the Antients, is the green, and from 
 thence it took its Name, for Marble, both in 
 Qreek and Latin , fignifies green. But all 
 the Species are not generated in wet Places, 
 for fome are cut out of the Mountains. 
 Some are generated here and there in the 
 Earth ; fuch as we have already frequently 
 taken Notice of, and fhall again have 
 Occafion to mention. At prefent we fhall 
 only repeat the Names of its Species with 
 their Colours ; their Virtues you will find 
 ynder their proper Heads. The Lacedemonian 
 
 is 
 
[ 204 ] 
 
 is green, and the moft precious of all. The 
 Augujiean fucceeds to this, and is found in 
 Egypt having black Spots gathered round in 
 a Knot. The Opbitean , which is black and 
 white with Serpentine Spots. The Purpurite 
 or Porphiry, which comes from Egypt , 
 having a red Colour, with white fhining 
 Dots or globous Lines. The Bafamite , of 
 an iron Colour, is found in Ethiopia and 
 Egypt. The thebaic is white interfered with 
 golden Veins or Drops. The Syenite is 
 found at the City Syene. The Parian is the 
 whiteft of all, and is bred in an Ifland of 
 its own Name. The Onithean is found in 
 the Mountains of Arabia , and no where elfe 
 as fome think. But in Germany there is the 
 greateft Quantity, which has the Colour of 
 Alabafter with fmall white Veins. There 
 are alfo the Lejbian t Corinthian , Cariflean, 
 Numidian , Lucullean which is found in Chios , 
 the Limenfian , the black Ivory fo called from 
 the Elephant. The Cararian, fo called from 
 the Place, is white maculated with red and 
 fometimes black Spots. It is likewife found 
 in many Places with divers and various 
 Names *, which it would be ufelefs to relate, 
 fince in Colour and Beauty it is like thofe 
 above-mention’d. 
 
 Muri~ 
 
L 20 5 ] 
 
 Murina, is a Stone of divers Colours 
 joined together, as of the Purple, white and 
 fiery, with a kind of Reflection of one on the 
 other, fuch as we fee in the celeftial Bow •, it 
 is found among the Parthians. Some think 
 it is generated of the Moifture of the Earth 
 condenfed by the Heat of the Sun. Its 
 Virtue is not afligned by the Learned ; but 
 is ufeful for making Veflfels. For Pompey 
 firft brought Murine VeffeJs into Italy , which 
 for their Beauty were highly valued. 
 
 Mirites, for Colour and Smell, is like 
 Myrrh ; being rubbed on Cloth, it emits the 
 Odour of Spikenard with its Sweetnefs. 
 
 Malachites , rifes almoft to the Luftre of 
 an Emerald, with a thick Vigour without 
 Tranfparency, and takes its Name from 
 Mallows, as it has as it were the Colour of 
 it. It is a foft Stone, and is found in Arabia t 
 Cyprus and Perfia , but differently •, for the 
 Arabian has the Colour of Mallows ; the 
 Cyprian is inclined to a Greynefs ; the Perfian 
 retains a Brafs Colour with a certain Green- 
 nefs. The Virtue of this Stone is to defend 
 Infants from adverfe Cafualties, and preferve 
 the Cradle from hurtful Fancies, that fo In- 
 fants may grow up in all Profperity. 
 
 Mempbitis , fo called from a City of its 
 own Name in which it was firft found •, 
 
 feme 
 
f 206 3 
 
 fome think this Stone is ufeful to Chyrur- 
 geons ; as its Virtue is more ftupifying than 
 Opium. For being taken in Drink, of 
 bruifed in Vinegar, and applied to the Mem- 
 bers which are to be cut off or burnt, it 
 makes them fo infenfible, that they feel 
 fcarce any Pain. 
 
 Magnes , or the Loadftone , has a furprizing 
 and incredible Virtue ; and unlefs we had 
 been taught by Experience, what we are 
 about to fay upon it would be thought vain. 
 It is a Stone of an Iron Colour fomewhat 
 blue, fometimes of a brown or a different 
 Colour. It was firft found among the Trog- 
 lodites , on the Sea-Shore. Five Kinds of 
 Magnets are reckon’d up by the Learned, 
 which are of divers Colours and Virtues, viz. 
 the Ethiopic , Macedonian , Antiochian^ Alex- 
 andrian , and Afiatic \ but the Antients fet 
 the higheft Value on the Ethiopic Magnet. 
 It took its Name from the Inventor of it ; in 
 thefe Times it is found in many and divers 
 Places. They fay, that Navigation is dan- 
 gerous to thofe Ships in which Iron is 
 wrought, in the Places where the Magnet is 
 generated, where, by Reafon of the Iron, 
 they are detained ; which in my Opinion is a 
 ridiculous Notion. The Virtue of it, as I 
 faid, is ftupendous and admirable, and if we 
 
 were 
 
[ 20 7 1 
 
 were not convinced by the Ufe of it, thofe 
 Things which are related about it we fhould 
 think were incredible. In attracting Iron, ic 
 feems to have a kind of animal Virtue, and 
 that not only in Attraction, but in imprinting 
 its Virtue on it with a fort of Symboleity. 
 For Iron, touch’d by the Magnet , draws to 
 itfelf another Iron Body, as if it were ano- 
 ther Magnet. It feems to contend with the 
 Diamond , for when the Diamond is put to it, 
 it does not attraCt Iron. Garlick likewife 
 binds up its Virtue. We can give no Reafon 
 for this, fince Philofophers are ignorant of 
 it, who only fay, that it proceeds from an 
 occult Property. I find there are three 
 Species ; one which attracts Iron only *, ano- 
 ther which draws to itfelf human Fleih ; and 
 a third, which is called Hymmo , which on 
 one Side draws Iron, and on the other drives 
 it away ; and this only is with us ; the reft 
 we have not feen. It throws Iron from it in 
 this Manner ; for Iron that is touch’d by one 
 Part of the Magnet is drawn to it, and the 
 oppofite Part being offered, is driven away j 
 as Experience Ihews by a Needle hung to a 
 Thread. Navigation thro’ the high Seas 
 would be dangerous were it not for the Virtue 
 and Knowledge of this Stone. It is an Indejt 
 to Navigators in their failing, as often as the 
 
 Star, 
 
f 208 ] 
 
 Star, which is their Guide, is hid with ob- 
 fcuring Clouds *, without it they would be at 
 a perfect Lofs in failing. The firft Naviga- 
 tors, who were wholly ignorant of the Art of 
 the Compafs, fitted a Needle to a Straw or 
 Bit of Wood crofs-wife, and put it in a 
 Bafon with Water, that the Needle might 
 fwim ; then they drew a Magnet round the 
 Bafon •, the Needle conftantly followed it ; 
 but the Magnet being taken away, the Point 
 of the Needle, as if by a kind of natural 
 Motion, turned in a Di reft ion to the Star 
 of the Arftic Pole. Having thus learnt the 
 Place of the Star, they direfted their Motion 
 accordingly. The Moderns, as they are in- 
 genious, and as it is eafy to improve an In- 
 vention, framed the Compafs •, in which they 
 not only difcern the Place of the Arftic Pole, 
 but all Parts of the Heaven, and the Winds. 
 In the Magnet this is wonderful, that it has 
 in it the Virtue of all the Parts of the Plea- 
 vens, and according to the correfpondent 
 Part of Heaven ; thus by touching the Iron, 
 it makes the Needle in the Mariner’s Compafs, 
 be turned to that Part of Heaven ; and this is 
 held by Albertus Magnus in his Book of the 
 Magnet , and what I have often feen verified 
 by Praftice. Some call it the Sacred Stone ; 
 
 and 
 
[ 209 ] ' 
 
 and befides thefe wonderful Things which 
 we have related of it, there are more 
 Virtues which the Great Creator has given 
 to it. For being carried about one, it 
 cures the Cramp and Gout. In the Hour of 
 Travail, if held in the Hand, it facilitates the 
 Birth. If bruifed and taken with Honey, by 
 purging, it cures the Dropfy. And being 
 applied in the fame Manner, it affords 
 Relief to Wounds from poifon’d Iron. Being 
 taken with the Juice of fennel, it helps the 
 Splenetick •, and the Head being anointed 
 with it, it cures Baldnefs. The Quantity of 
 a Dram, with the Fat of a Serpenr, and the 
 Juice of Nettles, if given to any one to carry, 
 makes him mad, and drives him from his 
 Kindred, Habitation and Country. This 
 Stone alfo difcovers adulterous Wives ; 
 for if it be fecretly hid in the Bed under the 
 Head of the fleeping Wife, if fhe is chafte, 
 the Hufband embraces her, but if adulterous, 
 fhe immediately jumps out of the Bed fleep- 
 ing as if forced by a horrible Stink. But 
 being carried about one, it reconciles Wives 
 to their Hufbands, and Hufbands to their 
 Wives. It takes away Fears and Jealoufies, 
 It makes a Man gracious, perfuafive, and 
 elegant in his Converfation. Again ; if it 
 be bruifed to Powder, and ftrewed over 
 
 I burning 
 
[ 210 ] 
 
 Coals in the Corners of the Houfe, as the 
 Smoak flies upward, they who are in the 
 Houfe prefently run away, imagining that 
 the whole Houfe is falling ; and fo terrified 
 are they with Fancies, that they fly out, 
 leaving every Thing behind them ; and by 
 this Artifice Thieves feize on Goods by the 
 commodious Flight of the Owners. It is 
 reported by fome, that by this Stone the 
 Walls and Shell of a certain Temple, the 
 Floor being taken away, were upheld; 
 ■within which an Idol made of Iron, of a 
 thoufand Pounds Weight, was hung fuf- 
 pended in the Air by Virtue of the Load- 
 iftone. The Sum of the Matter is this, 
 that if the Heads and Points of many Needles 
 were rubbed on this Stone, only by the 
 Joining of one to the other, they might 
 be all held up by the firft fufpended in the 
 Air. 
 
 Magnafia , or Magnofia , is of a black 
 Colour, and ufeful in the Art of Glafs-making. 
 It is the fame as the Alabandicus. 
 
 Marchafites , of which there are many and 
 divers Species ; and they are varied accord- 
 ing to the Diverfity of Metals. For fome 
 are Gold, fome Silver, others Copper, and 
 others Iron ; and they are diverfified in the 
 Colour according to the Species of the Metal 
 
 of 
 
[ 2 ” ] 
 
 of which it is. This the Alchymifts know very 
 well. It is not liquified by Fire, but is 
 burnt by itfelf. Some call it the Stone of 
 Light, becaufe it gives Relief in loft Sight. 
 Some fay, it is called the Stone of Light, 
 becaufe when ftruck with a Steel it makes 
 Fire, and in apt Matter kindles it. 
 
 Medea , is a Stone which took its Name 
 from the Invention of the Witch Medea. It 
 has a black Colour with golden Veins, and 
 if bruifed in Water , yields the Tafte of 
 Wine with a Saffron Colour. 
 
 Morion , is a Cyprian and French Stone, 
 exceeding black and very tranfparent, fit for 
 Grave-Stones. 
 
 Mitridax , is a Perjian Stone, which being 
 play’d on by the Sun, fhines with various 
 Colours. 
 
 MeliteSy or Melitites , which when pound- 
 ed in Water, yields a fweet Tafte, and 
 gives Help in various Diforders, as is held 
 by many learned Men, particularly Pliny. 
 
 N 
 
 Nitre, is numbred by the Learned among 
 Stones, altho’ it is not one, as we faid of 
 many others. It is of the Colour of Salt 
 and clear. It has the Virtue both of dif- 
 
 I 2 folving 
 
[ 212 J 
 
 folving and attracting. It is made out of 
 the Saltnefs of the Earth where Beads and 
 Men have promifcuoufly mingled. It’s 
 notorious how great its Virtue is in warlike 
 Inftruments in throwing Stones ; for when it 
 is kindled by Fire, it rarifies, and is violently 
 dilated •, by which Means it drives out the 
 Stones and whatever flops its Vent. It was 
 never found out by the Antients ; modern 
 Induftry invented it. Of three Things pro- 
 portionally mixed, a certain Compofition is 
 made, which no Force can withfland ; for it 
 breaks, leads, drives, and deftroys all Things. 
 
 Nicolus, is of a double Colour ; its Super- 
 ficies is yellow, and its Infide black. Some 
 think it is a Species of the Caleedonius. They 
 fay, it took its Name from a Greek. Its 
 Virtue is to render the Bearer of it victorious 
 and grateful to the People. 
 
 Najfonites , is a Stone of a fanguin Colour, 
 marked or fhaded with black Veins; it is 
 found in Quickfands. 
 
 Nemeffitis , is an excellent Stone, which 
 they fay the Athenians took from the Altar 
 of the Goddefs Nemefia. 
 
 Nofe , or Nifits, is the fame as Alabajl*ides. 
 
 Onix, 
 
r 
 
 [[ 213 ] 
 
 o 
 
 Onyx , is a Stone which has the Colour of 
 a human Nail ; for fo it fignifies both in 
 Greek and Latin. It is tranfparent, and fel- 
 dom found alone. Its Species is varied from 
 the Diverfity of Colours with which it is 
 joined , and from the Place where it is 
 found. Some fay there are two Species of 
 it ; others, that there are five. The firft, 
 which is the true, is that which we have al- 
 ready mentioned. Another Sort they fay is 
 of an exceeding black Colour. The third is 
 black with white Veins or Circles; and this 
 Arabia fends us. India produces an Onyx 
 that is reddifh with white Veins. The fifth 
 has a Mixture of the black and reddifh 
 Colour. Some fay, that the true Onyx has 
 the Colour of the Amethiji , the Carbuncle , 
 and the Crifolete , which Colours are mixed 
 with White and Black. This Stone repre- 
 fents many horrible Things in Sleep. He who 
 carries it about him, ftirs up Quarrels and 
 Contentions. It increafes Spittle in Children, 
 and haftens a Birth. Being hung about the 
 Neck of one who has the Epilepfy, it pre- 
 vents his falling. This wonderful Property 
 s faid to be in the Onyx ; that, being ap- 
 I 3 plied 
 
[ 214 ] 
 
 plied to a weak Eye, it enters it of its own 
 Accord, as if it were a fenfible Thing, and 
 goes round it without any Trouble, and if it 
 finds any Thing within that is noxious, it 
 drives it out and tempers the hurtful and 
 contrary Humours. 
 
 Onicinus , tho’ it is a Gum from a Tree of 
 its own Name, is yet number’d among 
 Stones, and is harden’d in the fame Manner 
 as Amber is fa id to be. Its Colour is white 
 mixed with a moderate red. If put upon a 
 live Coal, in the Manner of Incenfe, it gives 
 a fweet and fragrant Smell ; it whitens the 
 Hands, and cures the Itch. 
 
 Opalus, Opal , is a Stone wonderful to behold, 
 as it is compos’d of many and divers Colours 
 of fhining Gems, as of the Carbuncle , 
 Amethijl , Emerald, and many others, with a 
 Variety equally glittering and admirable to 
 fee. It is found only in India ; and is not 
 bigger than a large Filbert. How highly it 
 was valued by the Antients, we are informed 
 by Pliny, in his 37th Book, who fays, it was 
 eftimated at 20,000 Sefterces, which amounts 
 to fomething more than 200/ Sterling. Its 
 Virtue prevails againft all the Difeafes of the 
 Eyes. It fharpens and ftrengthens the Sight. 
 It cannot be improper to attribute to it fo 
 
 many 
 
[ 215 ] 
 
 many Virtues, fince it partakes of the Nature 
 and Colour of fo many Stones. 
 
 Obtalius , or Obtalmius, whofe Colour is 
 not afiign’d by the Learned, altho’ fome 
 fay it is of many Colours. Wonderful is its 
 Virtue in preferving the Eyes from various 
 Didempers. It fharpens the Sight of him 
 that carries it, but darkens thofe of the By- 
 danders, fo that they are not able to fee. If 
 it be wrapt in a Leaf of Laurel, and a Charm 
 faid over ir, and carried cautioufly, it has a 
 wonderful Effedt. 
 
 Orites, is a Stone which we fay has three 
 Species *, one black of a round Figure.. This 
 being bruifed and mixed 1 with Oil of Rofes, 
 perfectly cures the Wounds, given by wild 
 Beads, and poifonous Bites, and keeps him 
 who carries it unhurt among all Sorts of wild 
 Beads. There is another Orites which is 
 green, fprinkled with white Spots *, this pre- 
 ferves him who carries it from adverfe 
 Cafualties. The third Species is thin like a 
 Plate of Iron, drewed with a few Drops. 
 Being hung about the Neck, it differs not 
 Women to conceive*, but if they are preg- 
 nant makes them mifcarry. 
 
 Orphanus , is of a violet Colour. It is of 
 fuch Beauty and Value, that the Roman 
 Emperors fet it in their Crowns. It fhines 
 I 4 in 
 
[ 216 ] 
 
 in the Dark. It is called Orphan , becaufe 
 at that Time, there was only one of them 
 found. It is highly efteemed by Em- 
 perors, becaufe it prefcrves their regal 
 Honours. 
 
 Objius , oxObfianus , is of a black tranfparent 
 Colour in the Likenefs of Glafs •, when it is 
 made even and polifh’d, it refiedts Shades and 
 Images like a Looking- glafs, and for its 
 Beauty is put in the Walls of Edifices. It is 
 found in Lybia , Germany , and India. 
 
 Ofiraciies , is a Stone of the Likenefs of an 
 Oyfter-fhell, from which it took its Name ; 
 it is ufed as the Pumice to fmooth the Skin. 
 Its Virtue is, if given in Drink, to flop 
 Bleeding. If pounded with Honey, it 
 affwages Pains in the Breafts. 
 
 Ophites , is as before obferv’d, of the 
 Marble Kind, and has Terpentine Spots, from 
 which it had its Name. There are two 
 Species of it ; the foft, which is white, and 
 the brown which is hard and greenifh, and 
 fprinkled with Saffron Spots. The Antients 
 embellifh’d the Walls of their Houfes with it. 
 Its Virtue is, if hung about the Neck, to 
 allay the Pains of the Head, and gives Relief 
 to thofe who are ftur.g with Serpents. The 
 W hite, we think, reftores Health to the 
 Lunatic and Lethargic. It is had in Germany , 
 
 and 
 
L 2I 7 ] 
 
 and they make drinking Veffels of it. Some 
 hold thdt the Ophites was the Stone of which 
 they made Cauldrons. By Reafon of its 
 Softnefs, it is turned and cut, and in the 
 Province of Holland , they faw it into Plates 
 for the Covering of Houfes ; but it hardens 
 by Fire. 
 
 OJiratias, is a Stone like a Jacynth, but 
 harder and its Hardnefs is liken’d to the 
 Adamant. 
 
 Opbicardelon, in Greek fignifying the Heart 
 of a Serpent, is a black Stone divided with 
 two white Lines. 
 
 Okitokius , is a Stone lefs than the Ethices , 
 and, like that, refounds from within ; it has 
 a fmooth Surface, and is foon broken. Phy- 
 ficians diffolve it in the Juice of certain 
 Herbs, and make an Ointment of it which 
 has this peculiar Property, that by dipping 
 the Finger in it, and touching any Wood, 
 Metal, or Stone, tho’ ever fo hard, it will 
 inftantly break it. 
 
 Onagari , is the fame as the Afinius y of 
 which we have fpoke before. Onager both 
 in Greek and Latin , fignifies a wild Afs. 
 
 Ombria , is the fame as Ceraunia , of which 
 before. 
 
 Ornicus, is the fame as the Sapphire. 
 
 Olea, 
 
[ 218 ] 
 
 Oka , is a Stone of a yellow, green, and 
 white Colour. 
 
 P 
 
 PraJJius, is fo called from an Herb of its 
 own Name, as being fomewhat like it in 
 Colour. They fay that the PraJJius is the 
 Houfe of the Emerald. It’s faid to be gene- 
 rated in Ethiopia in the River Nile. There 
 are three Species of it. One, as I faid, is 
 of a dull Green, tranfparent, but not clear. 
 Another is green, imprefs’d with fanguin 
 Drops. The third is green, lined with 
 white Junctures or Calcedonian Marks ; it is 
 of no fmall- Virtue ; it comforts the Sight ; 
 and has all the Virtues of the Emerald tho’ 
 diminutively. 
 
 Panther a , is a Stone which is alfo called 
 Evantus. It has various Colours mixed in 
 one Body in Similitude of the Animal of its 
 own Name, which it takes from the Variety 
 of its Colours. Such a Stone has in it certain 
 black, red, pale, green, rofy and purple 
 Marks. It is found in the Country of Media. 
 If you look on it by the rifing Sun, you 
 will be fuccesfu! in all your Adlions of that 
 Day. They fay it has as many Virtues as it 
 
 has 
 
E 2 J 9 J 
 
 has Mixtures of other Stones ; for every 
 Stone gives it its own Virtue. 
 
 Ponlica , is a Gem tranfparent with a Blue- 
 nefs. I find three Species of it particularly 
 noted. It takes its Name from Pontus , where 
 it is found, and alfo from the Likenefs of its 
 Water. With its Bluenefs it has red Stars, 
 or is fprinkled over with fanguin Drops. 
 Another Sort ftunes with golden Marks 5 
 and a third is ftreaked with long red Lines 
 mixed with blue. It’s faid, that by it the 
 Devil is interrogated and put to Flight, and 
 is compell’d to return Anfwers to him that 
 afks any Queftions. 
 
 Peantes , or P cant ides, is a Stone which 
 fome fay, has the Female Sex ; that at a 
 certain Time it conceives, and brings forth 
 one like itfelf. But tho’ this is written by 
 fome, it does not pleafe me •, I rather think 
 that fuch Writers have fell into an Error by 
 mifunderftanding the Words of the Antients. 
 For when they fay fuch a Stone is of the 
 Female Sex, they don’t mean that that Stone 
 can conceive, but that it affords Help to 
 Women in their Conception and bringing 
 forth. Which of theie Opinions is the 
 trueft, I fubmit to the Judgment of the 
 Learned. The Colour of this Stone is like 
 Water congealed with Cold, 
 
 Py- 
 
[ 220 ] 
 
 Pyrites , fo called from Pyr, which fignifies 
 Fire, and is vulgarly termed the Fire-ftone j 
 for when it is ftruck with a Steel, it flafhes 
 Fire. But by fome it is called Tpejlionus , 
 that is, Vulcan. Hence, in a large Senfe, 
 all Stones that ftrike Fire may be called 
 Pyrites. The Marchafite , from its producing 
 Fire, is likewife called Pyrites. The Coral 
 alfo, from its deep Rednefs, by fome is 
 called Pyrites. The true Pyrites is that 
 which with a quick Stroke produces Fire, is of 
 a yellow Colour, very blunt and thick, by 
 the waffiing of the Sea it is finely polifh’d, 
 and as it were regularly rude. But Diofcorides 
 affirms it is of the Colour of Brafs, which 
 being bruifed and held hard between the 
 Fingers of the Right Hand, burns it. It is 
 found in many Places. It is faid to be of 
 great Ufe in Medicine, and particularly for 
 Diftempers of the Eyes as the Learned hold. 
 
 Phrigius , took its Name from the Pro- 
 vince of its own Name in which it was 
 firft found. It is likewife found in Cyprus. 
 The Colour of it is pale, and it is moderately 
 heavy, like Punic Earth. Being thrice 
 heated and befprinkled with Wine, it grows 
 red, and is of ufe in colouring Cloth. We 
 have found it in a threefold Species. One is 
 that already mention’d. Another is like 
 
 burnt 
 
[ 221 3 
 
 burnt Brafs, and is the Drofs of Brafs. There 
 is a third tho’ it be not a true one, becaufe 
 it is artificial, and made of the Pyrites by 
 Calcination in the Furnace, till it acquires 
 a fanguin Colour ; yet it is reckon’d in the 
 Species of the Phrigius. Its Virtue is Stiptic, 
 and reduces proud Flefh in Wounds. It 
 cures feeding and malignant Ulcers, and 
 affuages the Flux of the Eyes. 
 
 Porphyry , is a blunt Stone, ponderous, 
 very hard, of a reddifh Colour, marked with 
 fmall white Spots, of which we have fpoke 
 above under the Head of Marble , as it is 
 of that Species. It was much in Ufe among 
 the Antients in the building of Edifices. 
 
 Podros , is one of the burning Gems, and 
 for its Whitenefs obtains the firft Place after 
 the Pearl. 
 
 Panconus , is of a cryftal Colour, not ex- 
 ceeding the Bignefs of a Finger, and is of an 
 oblong Figure; but differs from the Cryftal, 
 becaufe it wants Angles. 
 
 Punicus *, there are two Species of this 
 Stone, which is found in the PEolian Ifles; 
 that which is white and heavy is the moll 
 perfect. Its Efficacy is powerful in Medicines. 
 For being burnt, wafhed and dried, it is 
 very good for the Eyes. It cleanfes Wounds 
 and fkins over Sores. It prevents Drunken- 
 
 nefs. 
 
t 222 ] 
 
 nefs, if taken before drinking Wine. 
 
 Praconijfus , is of a Colour as it wert almoft 
 wholly Saphirine ; it is however blunt and 
 clofe with Calcedonian Marks, and delights 
 the Eyes with its agreeable Embellifliments. 
 
 Pavonius , is a Stone, which being given 
 in Drink with a moderate Sweat, forces the 
 Perfon who takes it into all the Fire of Love. 
 
 Pumex , or the Pumice Stone, is known to 
 every Body, porous, and exceeding light 
 and tender. It is, however, very often a 
 chemical, and fometimes a phyfical Stone ; 
 and not unufeful to Writers. 
 
 Paragonius , is double, black and golden ; 
 the bl.ack is tiled in attaining the Knowledge 
 of Metals, as Goldfmiths know, when they 
 bring the Metals to it. 
 
 Pheonicites , is a Stone in the Likenefs and 
 Colour of an Acorn. 
 
 Pbiloginos , is the fame as the Crifites. 
 
 <C 
 
 Quirinus, or Quirus , is a juggling Stone, 
 found in the Neft of the Hoopoop. The 
 Virtue of it is, that if it is laid on the 
 Breaft of one who is fleeping, it forces him 
 to dilcover his Rogueries. 
 
 Quai- 
 
[ 22 3 ] 
 
 ghtaidros, is the fame as the Vuhuris j of 
 which hereafter. 
 
 R 
 
 Radaim , is a Stone black and tranfparent. 
 It is found in the Head of a Cock, altho’ fome 
 fay, it is found in the Head of a Sea Cat, as 
 we before obferv’d under the Head of Dori- 
 atides. When it is cut off fuddenly, and put 
 in a Place to be eat by Pifmires, after 
 the Flefh is confum’d, it is found. It gives 
 Favour and Honours to him that wears it, 
 and is a Help in governing. 
 
 . Ramus, Rabri, Rami, all fynonimous, and 
 according to fome, is the fame as Bolus 
 Armenus, but feems to differ from it ; for it 
 is of a livid Colour, and borders upon white 
 with a Clearnefs. It is weighty, and its 
 Virtue is to refifh Poifon, like the Bolus 
 Armenus. 
 
 Rubinus, Ruby, is a Species of the Carbun- 
 cle as we have Paid ; nor differs from it but 
 in Quantity, and has the like Virtue. 5 
 of which there are two Species. One is that 
 of which we have already fpoken j the other 
 is darker, ^nd but of fmall Value. 
 
 Sapphire, 
 
[ 224 ] 
 
 S 
 
 Sapphire> is a Stone of a yellow or Skie- 
 blue Colour, perfpicuous like the moft pure 
 Azure, and the deeper Yellownefs it is with 
 a Tranfparency, the more perfect. But that 
 is the moft precious, which being play’d on 
 by the Sun emits as it were a burning Bright- 
 nefs, and there is never the leaft Image 
 perceived in it. It is found about the Lybian 
 Quickfands ; but the Indians have better. 
 Some call it the Jewel of Jewels for its 
 Beauty, and on Account of its Colour *, tho* 
 others fay, it claims this Name, not for its 
 Colour, but its Virtue. It refrefhes the 
 Body, and gives a good Colour ; it checks 
 the Ardor of Luft, and makes a Perfon 
 chafte and virtuous, and reftrains too much 
 Sweat. It takes away the Filth of the Eyes 
 and the Pains of the Head. Being drank 
 with Milk, it appeafes the Gripes of the 
 Belly. It renders the Bearer of it pacifick, 
 amiable, pious and devout, and confirms the 
 Soul in good Works. It difcovers Frauds ; 
 expels Terrors. It is of great Service in 
 magic Arts, and is faid to be of prodigious 
 Efficacy in the Works of Necromancy. It 
 difcharges a Carbuncle with a fingle Touch. 
 
 The 
 
[ 22 5 1 
 
 The Eyes being touch’d with it, it preferves 
 them from being injur’d by the Small-Pox. 
 
 Smaragdus, or Emerald , of which there 
 are many Kinds ; but the Scythian obtains 
 the firft Place of them all. Its Greennefs is fo 
 intenfely, that it is not only not dulled 
 when put under any Light or the Beams of 
 the Sun, but is fuperior to all Force, and 
 ftains the encircling Air with its Greennefs 
 and from hence it has its Name ; for every 
 deep Green may be' called an Emerald. I 
 find twelve Species of it defcribed by Lapi- 
 daries. But, as we faid, the Scythian are 
 more precious and noble than the reft •, the 
 Britijh are the next, the Egyptian , Hermician , 
 Perjian, and fome that are found in Copper- 
 Mines. But tho’ all thefe are tranfparent, 
 yet they differ in the Deepnefs of their 
 Green. And fo delightful is their Colour, 
 that there is fcarce any Jewel that affords a 
 more grateful Refrefhment to the Eyes. And 
 when the Face of it is evened, it reflects 
 Images like a Looking-glafs. It is reported 
 that Nero Cafar had an Emerald of a fur- 
 prizing Bignefs, in which he beheld the 
 Combats of the Gladiators. There are 
 other Species of them of divers Colours, and 
 variegated with little Spots, which are called 
 Falfe Emeralds-, which, with the fore- mention’d, 
 K make 
 
[ 226 ] 
 
 make up the Number Twelve. The fix 
 Species above-named are nor, however, fo 
 remarkable for their Largenefs, as are thofe 
 of the Falfe Emerald , an Obelifk of which 
 Pliny gives an Account of, that was fifty 
 Cubits high ; of one that was four Cubits 
 high •, of another of two, in the Temple of 
 Jupiter , in the Pofiefiion of the King of 
 Babylon. Pheophrajlus lays, he had feen an 
 Emerald of four Cubits. It’s reported that 
 at Rome there was a large one in the Temple 
 of Hercules. But, as before obferved, there 
 is no great Quantity of thofe that are perfedt. 
 But fuch is the Form of Emeralds , that their 
 Faults cannot be difcover’d in their Superficies, 
 as the Colour is equally fulgent, and Images 
 impreffed. Many Virtues are fabled of it. 
 
 Succinum , or Amber , is a Species, as before 
 obferv’d of the G agates, altho* it is a Gum. 
 For its Beauty, and the Ule of it by the 
 Ancients, it is number’d among Gems'. It 
 is yellow, tranfparent,. and has in it a kind of 
 Bluenefs mixed with a Call of the Saffron. 
 Qf what Efteem it was among the Antients, 
 we may learn from Pliny. It is faid to be 
 the Gum of a Tree of its own Name, not 
 unlike a Pine-tree. It appears however that 
 it is not Gummi Populi, as the Poets imagine 
 from the Fable of Phaeton. It is found in 
 
 many 
 
[ * 2 7 1 
 
 many Places, as inZhaerh, England • Bretagne , 
 But the gfeafteft Plenty 4 of it is in fome 
 
 Iflands on the Shore of the Northern Ocean, 
 
 ? 
 
 on the Side of Germany. The Gum is con- 
 dens’d in this Climate, by the Severity of 
 Cold, and ‘by Length of Time. But as it 
 moftly oOzes out of Trees-, whatever ex- 
 traneous Matter it finds, is inclofed in the 
 Gum. Hence it is we often fee buried in it 
 fmall Animals, Straws, &c. and fometimes 
 Deceivers Will foften* the Amber and put 
 into it forrie extraneous Matter. When this 
 Gum is harden’d 'on the Trees, arid they are 
 {hook By a Guft of Wind, if near the Sea, 
 it- falls into it 5, and there is more harden’d, 
 and becomes more fhining; at length it is 
 driven by Tempeft on Shore, and is taken 
 up by Nets. And as the Magnet attracts 
 Iron,' fo Amber, when heated by being 
 rubbed on Cloth, draws Straws. The Vir- 
 tues of Amber are the fame as thofe of the 
 G agates, tho’ more numerous and powerful. 
 It naturally reftrains the Flux of the Belly » 
 is. an efficacious Remedy for all Diforders in 
 the Throat, to prevent which the Antients 
 made the Women and Children wear it in 
 Bracelets and Necklaces. It is good againfi: 
 Toifon.' If laid on the left Bread of a Wife 
 when fine is afieep, it makes her confefs all 
 
 K 2 hr 
 
[ 228 j 
 
 her evil Deeds. Beipg taken inwardly, it 
 provokes Urine, brings down the Menfes, 
 and facilitates a Birth. It fallens Teeth that 
 are loofen’d ; and by the Smoak of it, 
 poifonous Infeds art driven away. If we 
 would difcover whether a Woman has been; 
 .corrupted, let it be laid' in Water for three 
 Days, and then fhewn to her, and if fhe is 
 guilty, it will immediately force her to make 
 Water. 
 
 r Sardius , or .Sarda, is numbred among the 
 .burning Gems ; yet the baled; Sort of them 
 was moft in Ufe among the An tients. It is 
 of a red or bloody Colour, but is darker 
 and duller than the Cornelian. -, It has the 
 fixth Place in the Diftindion of Colours. 
 It was fir ft found in Sardinia, from whence 
 it ..took its Name. There are counted five 
 ...Species .of it ; but the Baby Ionian; exceeds 
 them all. The Indian is next; then the 
 Arabian, Egyptian , and laftjy the Cyprian. 
 'In many Places where they cut out Stones, 
 it is found in the Middle of them as it were 
 a Heart, as in the Ifland Paros, The 
 ..Miiles'fiiihe brighter . than the Females ; fpr 
 ' the' Females are the fatted and glitter more 
 * pbR unly. ' It binds up the Onyx, for when 
 ’ one is. prpfenx, the other cannot hurt. It 
 (nftefs no horrid Dreams in Sleep. It increafes 
 .. Wealth; 
 
[ 22 9 ] : 
 
 Wealth •, gives Ghearfulnefs •, whets the "Wit *, 
 reftrains the Bloody Flux, and giv<*6 Con-, 
 quell: over Enemies. Some think the Sardius 
 is the Cornelian, which is a falfe’Notion. 
 
 Sardonyx , or Sardonius , is ajStjone com- 
 pounded of the Sardius and Onyx, and very 
 often alfo of the Cbakedonius. Sometimes 
 it is difcinguilhed with three- Colours, black,: 
 Calcedonian , and Sardian ; and the more di- 
 ftind the. Colours are, fo much the .better 
 i$ the Sardonyx ., In former. Times, it was 
 highly, valued by the antient Romans. Its 
 Virtue is to put a Reftraint on lafcivious .. 
 Motions, .and make a Man merry arid agree- 
 able. It is the bell of any for making 
 Seals, as it does not flick to the Wax. 
 
 Selenites, Sirites, Siderites , are fynonimous. 
 Netties of the fame Stone. This Stone, lorne 
 fay, is tranfparent, with a clear and. honey- 
 like Brightnefs, arid contains the Figure of 
 the Moon or a clouded Star. It glitters in 
 the Dark, and takes its Name from the 
 Place where it was found. The Learned 
 have allotted various Species to this Stone. 
 The firft we have already given an Account 
 of. Another we have fpoke of under the 
 Head of Celonites, as' lome think it is of this 
 
 no 'u 
 
 Species. But the Per/ian emulates the Green 
 nefs of the Jajper, dtiely keeping th< 
 
 “* l 05no: - ? : : s1 :K 1 111 Time 
 
C u 
 
 finies of the Lunar Motion, and as if 
 anxious for fome Damage fufiainTl in the 
 Heavens, its Colour increafes ordecreafcs with 
 the Moon. It is very powerful in reconciling 
 Love; and during the whole Time of the 
 Increafe of the Moon, it helps the Pthifical ; 
 but in the Decreafe, it difcovers furprifing 
 EfFeds, for it enables a Perfon to foretel 
 future Events. Being put into the Mouth, 
 which muft be firft wafhed with Water, fuch 
 Affairs are thought of, as ought or ought 
 not to be taken in Hand, If to be under- 
 taken, they are fo fixed on the Mind that, 
 they cannot be forgotten ; but if n^t, they 
 foon vaniflj out of the Mind. 
 
 Samius , is a Stone fo called from the 
 Ifiand of its own Name ; from its firft In- 
 vention Artificers have ufed it to polifh 
 Gold. It is white, heavy and brittle., Its 
 Virtue is to cure the Swimming of the Head 
 and the Lofs of the Underftanding. But if 
 it be taken in Drink, it prevents Abortion. 
 If carried in the left Hand, it flops the 
 Running of Tears of aged People, and gives 
 Help in other Diforders of the Eyes, if 
 bruifed in Milk and applied to. them. y 
 
 Smirillus , is the File and Serpent of all 
 Things, except the Diamond ; it confumes 
 and corrodes all Things. It is a Stone of an 
 
 iron 
 
[ 2 3i ] 
 
 iron Colour and exceeding hard ; it is found 
 in many and divers Places. It is ufed for 
 the cutting and plaining of Stones, and the 
 fcouring of Arms. 
 
 SyriuSy is a Stone fo called from Syria- 
 While it is whole, it is not to be funk in 
 Water •, but being diminifhed, it goes to 
 the Bottom, The Caufe of this Effeft is, 
 that it holds Air included in it, and fwims 
 by the Lightnefs of the Air ; but when the 
 Stone is broke, the Air is let out, and the 
 Gravity of the Stone being only left, it finks 
 down. 
 
 Solis Gemma , the Jewel of the Sun, is of a 
 bright white Colour, like the Beril, and when 
 placed in the full Blaze of the Sun, it fpreads 
 about its fliining Rays •, and from hence 
 took its Name. It has a wonderful Efficacy 
 againft any deadly poifonous Draught. 
 
 Sagida, or Sadida, is a Stone of the Colour 
 of the Prajfius •, it has fo great an Affe&ion 
 to cling about Veflfels, that it will dart itfelf 
 upward from the Bottom of the Sea, and 
 ftick fo clofe to a Ship, that unlefs you cut 
 away that Part of the Wood to which it 
 adheres, it can fcarcely be plucked off. 
 
 SandaftroSy or Sadafius , is a Stone of an 
 igneous Perfpicuity, fprinkjed as it were 
 
 K 4 with 
 
[ 232 ] 
 
 with gold Drops, which Teem like Stars *, and 
 the more Starry it is, or the greater Number 
 of Drops it contains, which fhine from 
 within, fo much the more precious it is 
 accounted. It is placed in the Number of 
 burning jewels. It took its Name from the 
 Place where it was firfl found. Arabia like- 
 wife produces it ; it is fuppofed to be in Ufe 
 in the Ceremonies of the Chaldeans. It is 
 faid to be Male and Female, and is diftinguifh- 
 ed by the Colour. A milder Flame is 
 affigned to the Females, but a yellower and 
 more fervent to the Males. 
 
 Sarcofagus , is a Stone of which the 
 Antients built their Monuments, and took 
 its Name from its Effe&. For Sarcos , in 
 Greek , fignifies Fiefh j Fagos to eat, from 
 whence Sarcofagus , or devouring Bodies in a 
 Coffin ; for it confumes a human Body that 
 is placed in it, infomuch that in forty Days 
 the very Teeth are gone, fo that nothing 
 appears. Afterwards, not only all Monu- 
 ments conftrufted of that Stone, but all 
 Sepulchers ,of Stone were called Sarcofaga. 
 Nay, farther, if this Stone be bound to a 
 Man while he is alive, it has the Force of 
 eating away his Fiefh. 
 
 Sijinus-y is a Stone of an Alhy Colour, not 
 
 hard. 
 
. ' • L ml 
 
 hard. It • is ufeful in Cookery, of which 
 they make Cauldrons. Being daubed with 
 Oil, it hardens in the Fire and turns black. 
 
 SideriteSy is a Stone in Colour not much 
 unlike Iron. Its Virtue is, that if it be 
 ufed in Sorceries, it excites Difcords. 
 
 Sluxites, is a Stone content with a mo- 
 derate Beauty, but not fo in its Virtue-, for 
 if bruifed and (lily given in Meat with Rag- 
 wort, it gives a prodigious Stiffnefs to the 
 Penis ; being hung about the Neck, it 
 makes a good Digeftion, and infufes a 
 Defire of Fruition. 
 
 Samothracieiy is a Stone of a black Colour 
 and light, fomething like burnt Wood ; 
 it is fo called from the Ifland of its own 
 Name. It is likewife found in our Moun- 
 tains between Fanum and Pijaro under tne 
 Mountain Catiglian ; for under the Mountain 
 is a black Vein, in which are contained 
 thefe Stones j when they are put in Fire 
 they give a Smell like Pitch ; the Smoak 
 of it avails in Fits of the Mother. 
 
 Spinella , is one of the burning Gems, as 
 we obferved under the Head of Carbuncle ; 
 its Colour is more open and clear than the 
 Colour of the Ruby , but in Virtue., is dike 
 
 it, and by fome is called the Rubith. 
 
 San- 
 
I 23.4 ] 
 
 Sanguineus Lapis , or the bloody-colour’d 
 Stone, is the fame as the Ematites. 
 
 Spongius , is a Stone the fame as the Cyjte- 
 clitbos. 
 
 Stnedeg, is the fame as the Emalrices. 
 
 Sirites, the fame as the Sapphire. 
 
 Specularis, is the fame as the Phengites. 
 
 SanShis Lapis, the holy Stone, the fame 
 as the Sapphire. 
 
 Sarda , the fame as Sardius. 
 
 Simodontides , the fame as Corvina. 
 
 T 
 
 Tepaiius , or Topafion , the Topaz, is a 
 moft fplendid and famous Stone of thofe 
 they call burning Gems, of which there 
 are two Species ; one of a yellow Colour 
 bordering upon Gold, with fome Green- 
 nefs. This is oriental, defies the File, 
 and is the belt. The other is Weftern, 
 greener than the other, has a flack 
 Colour of the Gold, waftes by Ufe, fuf- 
 fers by die File, and is deemed the worft •, 
 and of this Species fome think is the Cry- 
 fopteron. This Stone was firft found in an 
 Ifland of Arabia , call’d Chitis. For fome 
 Trog- 
 
, t m 1 
 
 Trogloditt Py rates being driven there by a 
 Temped, and wanting Provifion, they dug 
 up Herbs and Roots for their Food, and 
 found this Stone, and from this Accident it 
 deriv’d its Name; for Topafion, in the 
 Arabic- Tongue, is the fame as Search. Pliny x 
 however, is of a contrary Opinion as to the 
 Impofi'tion of the Name. He relates that it 
 was found in an Ifland of the Red Sea, at 
 the Diftance of about three Hundred Fur* 
 longs from the Shore, which lies naturally on 
 a Defcent and always beclouded with Fogs, 
 It is fought for by Mariners when they have 
 no Light ; and from this Searching it took 
 the Name of Topaz, It’s reported that 
 Ptohmy Philadelphia , had a Topaz of three 
 Cubits. They fay, that if the Topaz is 
 thrown into Water boiling hot, it quickly 
 cools, and that by this Cooinefs lafeivious 
 Motions are quell’d.- It’s a Cure for the 
 Phrenfy, cfcanfes the Hemorrhoids, cures 
 and prevents Lunacy, increafes Riches, 
 a Adages Anger and Sorrow, -and averts 
 fudeten Death ; Blood flowing from a Wound 
 is flopped if* this Be bound over it ; and it 
 makes the Bearer of it obtain the Favour of 
 Princes. 
 
 Turchion, or Turchefia x the Turcois , is a 
 yellow Stone bordering upon white, and if 
 
 paflfed 
 
r *3* ] 
 
 patted thro’ Milk, is of a yellow Colour, is 
 very agreeable to the Sight, and took its 
 Name from the Country. There is a vulgar 
 Opinion, that it is ufeful to Horfemen, and 
 that fo long as the Rider has it with him, his 
 Hbrfe will n£ver tire him, and willpreferve 
 him unhurt from any Accident. It ftrpngthens 
 the Sight with its Afpeft. It is faid to defend 
 him that carries it from outward and evil Ca- 
 fualties. 
 
 ! Trachius , is a Stone of which there are 
 two Species ; the black is fonorous, and the 
 other greenilh, not tranfparent. 
 
 Tbirfitis, is like the Coral. They fay, if it 
 be taken in a Draught, it brings on Sleep. 
 
 'Talc Alchimicus , is a Stone, lucid, lumi- 
 nous, of the Colour of Silver, and by Subli- 
 mation becomes the worft of Poifons. 
 
 T art is, is a Stone of a, very beautiful Co- 
 lour, like a Peacock, noble, and moft de- 
 lightful to behold, nor is it lefs famous for its 
 Virtue than its Afpedt. 
 
 T egolituk, is the fame as Cagolites. 
 
 T rapendantis , is a Species ,of the Pirites. 
 
 1 elites, the fame as Tegolitus. 
 
 Varach, 
 
[ 2 37 ] 
 
 V, 
 
 Varach-, is a Stone not to be found among 
 us. It has the Virtue of flopping every 
 Kind of Flux •, inftead of which Phyficians 
 ufe Dragon's Blood. ' ‘ 
 
 Vernix, or Armenicus , is a Stone, whofe 
 Virtue Is faiH to afford Help to the Melan- 
 choly, the Sp'enetick, the Liver-grown, and 
 thofe alfo who are troubled with the Cho- 
 lick. 
 
 Viientam Italic a , has its Name from the 
 Plac'e. It is alfo found in many other Piacesj 
 and from thefe takes its Sir-name. It is a 
 black Stone with white Alining Lines and 
 Marks. 
 
 Vitlturis , fo called from the Bird of its 
 own Name, whofe Head being fuddenly ; ctft 
 off, it is found in the Brain. It gives Health 
 to thofe who carry it. It fills a Woman's 
 Breads with Milk. It gives Succefs to thofe 
 who petition for Favours. 
 
 Virites , is the fame as Pyrites. 
 
 Vxtracbius , the fame as Ranius. 
 
 Unto , the fame as the Pearl, 
 
[ 238 3 
 
 X. 
 
 Xipbinos, is the fame as the Sapphire. 
 
 Y. 
 
 Yecticas , is a Stone of a fangume. Co- 
 lour, hard and obfcure. It isofUfe in try- 
 ing Metals. 
 
 Ydrinus , and by fome called the Serpentine ; 
 it 'helps thofe vyhp are wqublcd .with Rheum, 
 and frees the human Body, from too much 
 Humidity ; it reftores dropfical Bodies to 
 their piriltine State,. if they (land three Hours 
 with it in the Sun, for they will evacuate a 
 moft foul 'Vyatcc by Sweat. They fay it 
 muft be cautiqufly us’d, for it will extract 
 not only the extraneous. Humidity, but al- 
 fo the natural and implanted Juices. It drives 
 away poifbnous Worms. If taken inwardly, 
 it is faid to break the Stone in the Bladder. 
 
 YfoberiUui f, is a Species of the Beril . . 
 
 Zume - 
 
[ 2 39 1 
 
 z. 
 
 Zumemellazuli , or Zemech , but in Latm 
 is the Stone Lazuli. This Stone is yellow, 
 of the Colour of the Sky when it is in its 
 greateft Serenity, not tranfparent, and fhines 
 with golden Streaks ; it fuftains the Fire, 
 and from its Beauty is called the celefliai 
 or ftarry Stone. Being prepared by Phy- 
 ficians, it cures melancholy Diforders. There 
 is aifo made of it a Colour call’d the Ultra- 
 marine Azure. 
 
 Zarites , has the Similitude of the Colour 
 of Glafs. They fay it flops Bleeding if hung 
 about the Neck. 
 
 Ziazaa , took its Name from a Place ; it 
 has a Mixture of White, black, and many 
 other Colours, fo that none of them remains 
 perfectly diftinguilhable. It renders him 
 who carries it litigious, and makes him fee 
 terrible Things in his Sleep. 
 
 Zmilaces , or Zmilanikis , is a Stone of a 
 marble Colour, mixed with a Blue. It is 
 found in the Euphrates , having in the Mid- 
 dle 
 
[ 240 ] 
 
 die of it a little Ball of a greyilh Co- 
 lour. 
 
 Zoronyjias , is faid to be found in the River 
 Indus ; they fay it was a Gem of the 
 Magi , And here we put an End to this 
 Book. 
 

 
mm~ ^-5 
 
 CETTV CENTFR Li^"RY