IONIAN ANTIQUITIES, PUBLISHED, WITH # PERMISSION O F THE SOCIETY O F DILETTANTI, B Y R. CHANDLER, M. A. F. S. A. N. R E V E T T, Architeft; W. PARS, Painter. LONDON, PRINTED BY T. SPILSBURY AND W. HASKELL, MDCCLXIX. T O THE KING THIS SPECIMEN O F IONIAN ANTIQVITIES IS MOST HVMBLY INSCRIBED B Y THE SOCIETY O F DILETTANTI. MEMBERS O F THE SOCIETY, iv I - 1/ M D C C L X I X. IN THE ORDER OF THEIR SENIORITY. Lord le Defpencer. Sir James Gray. Lord Hyde. Mr. Boone. Major General Gray. Mr. Howe. Mr. Fauquier. Earl of Befsborough. Earl of Sandwich. Rt. Hon. Mr. Ellis. Duke of Bedford. Mr. Boyle. Mr. Dingley. Mr. Stuart. Mr. Revett. Earl of Charlemont. Lord Stopford. Sir Thomas Robinfon. Sir Edward Dering. Mr. Phelps. Hon. Mr. Robinfon. Mr. Wood. Mr. Mackye Rofs. Mr. Dundas. Colonel Carleton. Marquis of Mounthcrmor. Mr. Crowle. Earl of Clanbraffil. Mr. Pennant. Mr. Brand. Mr. Crewe. Hon. Lieut. Col. St. John. Duke of Roxborough. Earl of Bellamont. Duke of Marlborough. Earl Spencer. Vifcount Palmerfton. Mr. Southwell. Hon. Lieut. Col. Nugent. Mr. Scrafton. Earl of Upper Oflbry. Mr. Weddel. Mr. Reynolds. Vifcount Fortrofe. Duke of Buccleugh. Mr. Fitzgerald. Earl of Carlifle. Sir Sampfon Gideon. Earl Fitzwilliam. Hon. Mr. Charles Fox. Hon. Mr. Hobart. Mr. Mytton. l ord Sydney. Mr. Gregory. n t- tti r m ~r it n' itiri»ti»i .i TO THE READER TN the Variety of literary Productions which are ufhered into the World by a JL Preface to the Reader, there is no Species to which that Kind of Introduction feems more neceflary than to that which, confifting rather of Matters of Fail than Opinion, derives its Merit more from the Writer's Veracity than from his Talents for Compofition. A Work of Genius fpeaks for itfelf ; in fuch Cafe Apo- logy is idle, and Justification fuperfluous ; but the Traveller who commences Author on the humbler Pretenfions of a plain and faithful Relation of what he has feen, whofe Candor and Accuracy are more at flake than his Tafte or Judgment, cannot more efFeCtually recommend himfelf to public Favour than by a fair Account of the Opportunities he had of being informed, the Means by which he acquired his Know- ledge, and the Manner in which he collected his Fails. The Reader of real Curiofity will expeCt fome Explanation of this Kind, in order to judge what Credit this Work may deferve ; and the following fhort Narrative is intended to fatisfy fo reafonable an Expectation. In the Year 1734, fome Gentlemen who had travelled in Italy, defirous of encouraging, at home, a Tafte for thofe ObjeCts which had contributed fo much to their Entertainment abroad, formed themfelves into a Society, under the Name of the DILET'TslNTI, and agreed upon fuch Regulations as they thought necefTary to keep up the Spirit of their Scheme. b As ii TO THE READER. As this Narrative profefles the ftricleft Regard to Truth, it would be difmge- nuous to infinuate, that a ferious Plan for the Promotion of Arts was the only Motive for forming this Society : Friendly and Social Intercourfe was, undoubtedly, the firft great Object in view; but while, in this refpe£t, no Set of Men ever kept up , more religioufly to their original Inftitution, it is hoped this Work will Ihow that they have not, for that Reafon, abandoned the Caufe of Virtu, in which they are alfo engaged, or forfeited their Pretenfions to that Character which is implied in the Name they have aifumcd. Upon a Report of the State of the Society's Finances in the Year 1764, it appeared that they were poflefled of a confiderable Sum above what their current Services required. Various Schemes were propofed for applying part of this Money to fome Purpofe which might promote Tafte, and do Honour to the Society ; and after fome Confideration it was refolved, " That a Perfon or Perfons properly qualified fhould be " fent, with fufficient Appointments, to certain Parts of the Eaft, to collect Infor- " mations relative to the former State of thofe Countries, and particularly to " procure exact Defcriptions of the Ruins of fuch Monuments of Antiquity as are " yet to be feen in thofe Parts." Three Perfons were elefted for this Undertaking. Mr. Chandler, of Magdalen College, Oxford, Editor of the Marmora Oxonienfta, was appointed to execute the Claflical part of the Plan. The Province of Architefture was afligned to Mr. Re vett, who had already given a fatisfaftory Specimen of his Accuracy and Diligence, in his Meafures of the Remains of Antiquity at Athens. The Choice of a proper Perfon for taking Views, and copying Bafs Reliefs, fell upon Mr. Pars, a young Painter of promifing Talents. A Committee was appointed to fix their Salaries, and draw up their Inftruaions ; in which, at the fame time that the different Objects of their refpeaive Departments were diftinftly pointed out, they were all ftriaiy enjoined to keep a regular Journal, and hold a conftant Correfpondence with the Society. They embarked, on the ninth of June, 1764, in the Anglicana, Captain Stewart, bound for Conftantinople, and were put on more at the Dardanelles on the twenty fifth of Auguft. Having vifited the Sigean Promontory, the Ruins of Troas, with the Iflands of Tenedos and Scio, they arrived at Smyrna on the eleventh of September. From that City, as their Head-Quarters, they made feveral Excurfions. On the twen- tieth of Auguft, 1765, they failed from Smyrna, and arrived at Athens on the thirty firft of the fame Month, touching at Sunium and ^Egina in their way. They ftaid at Athens TO THE READER. in Athens till the eleventh of June, 1 766, vifiting Marathon, Eleufis, Salamis, Megara, and other Places in the Neighbourhood. Leaving Athens, they proceeded, by the little Ifland of Calauria, to Trcezene, Epidaurus, Argos, and Corinth. From this they vifited Delphi, Patrae, Elis, and Zante, whence they failed, on the thirty firft of Auguft, in the Diligence Brig, Captain Long, bound for Briftol, and arrived in England the fecond of November following. The Materials which they brought home were thought not unworthy of the Pub- lic : The Society therefore directed them to give a Specimen of their Labours out of what they had found moft worthy of Obfervation in Ionia; a Country in many refpe&s curious, and perhaps, after Attica, the moft deferving the Attention of a Claffical Tra- veller. Athens, it is true, having had the good Fortune to pofiefs more original Genius than ever was collected in fo narrow a Compafs at one Period, reaped the Fruits of lite- rary Competition in a degree that never fell to the lot of any other People, and has been generally allowed to fix the JEra which has done moft Honour to Science, and to take the lead among the antient Greek Republics in matters of Tafte : However, it is much to be doubted, whether, upon a fair Enquiry into the Rife and Progrefs of Letters and Arts, they do not, upon the whole, owe as much to Ionia, and the adjoining Coaft, as to any Country of Antiquity. The Knowledge of Nature was firft taught in the Ionic School : And as Geometry, AJlronomy, and other Branches of the Mathematics, were cultivated here fooner than in ether Parts of Greece, it is not extraordinary that the firft Greek Navigators, who palled the Pillars of Hercules, and extended their Commerce to the Ocean, Ihould have been Ionians. Here Hijlory had its Birth, and here it acquired a confiderable degree of Perfection. The firft Writer, who reduced the Knowledge of Medicine, or the Means of preferving Health, to an Art, was of this Neigh- bourhood : And here the Father of Poetry produced a Standard for Compofi- tion, which no Age or Country have dared to depart from, or have been able to furpafs. But Architecture belongs more particularly to this Country than to any other ; and of the three Greek Orders it feems juftly entitled to the Honour of having invented the two firft, though one of them only bears its Name ; for though the Temple of Juno at Argos fuggefted the general Idea of what was after called the Doric, its Proportions were firft eftablifhed here. As to the other Arts which alfo depend upon Dcjign, they have flourilhcd no where more than in Ionia; nor has any Spot of the fame Extent produced more Painters and Sculptors 'of diftinguilhed Talents. c Among IV TO THE READER. Among the Remains of Antiquity which have hitherto efcaped the Injuries of Time, there are none in which our Curiofity is more interefted than the Ruins of thofe Buildings which were dif^inguifhed by Vitruvius, and other antient Writers, for their Elegance and Magnificence. Such are the Temple of Bacchus at Teos, the Country of Anacreon ; the Temple dedicated to Minerva, at Priene, by Alexander of Macedon ; and the famous Temple of Apollo Didym^us, near Miletus. However mutilated and decayed thefe Buildings now are, yet furely every Fragment is valuable, which preferves, in fome degree, the Ideas of Symmetry and Proportion which prevailed at that happy Period of Tafte. Thus far the Society have thought proper, both in Tuft-ice to the Public, and to the Authors of the following Work, to give a fhort Account of the original Occa- fion of the Undertaking, and of the Manner in which it has been hitherto conducted. They have directed the Plates of this Specimen to be engraved at their Expence, in hopes that it may encourage the Editors to proceed upon the remaining Materials of their Voyage, which will be put into their Hands with that View. The Head-Piece prefixed to this Preface reprefents a Baft Relief at Sige'um, on a fine Piece of white Marble, which feems to have been a Pedeftal. It is placed as a Seat on one fide of the Door of the Greek Church, which has the famous Sigean Infcription placed for the fame purpofe, on the other. It was cuftomary among the Greeks to confign their Infants to the tutelary Care of fome Deity. The Reprefentation of that Ufage feems to be the Subject of this Sculpture. The Tail-Piece is taken from a Bafs Relief over a Door near the Bazar at Scio. The Subject feems to be the Death of Semele. CHAPTER I. The Temple of BACCHUS at Teos. AMONG the many Volumes which have perifhcd by time and accident, or been purpofcly dcftroyed, the Lover of rational Architecture will particularly regret the invaluable Treatifes on that noble art once extant, written by Mafters equally eminent for Genius and Science and laudably intent on fhowing how both were united in the ftructufes they had raifed ; by demon- ftrating the Principles on which they proceeded ; marking the propriety of the Difpofition, the Proportion, and Ornaments, they had invented or adopted ; and explaining the harmony and fymmetry of their Deflgn : tranfmitting, with the Fabric, its Hiftory to future ages. The memory of feveral of thefe antient Worthies is preferved to us by Vitruvius, [a) who diftinguifhes, in this meritorious number, the great Architects of the two magnificent Temples at Teos and Priene. If their DifTertations yet remained, with what pleafure would the curious Artift compare, correct, and fupply this Work I As it is, he muft contemplate with concern thefe rich fragments, as all that can be faved from the general wreck ; and, while he admires and improves, may ftill rejoice that the Authors are not become mere names, like many in the Catalogue, but at leaft furvive thus far. Teos (a) Poftea Silenus dc fymmetriis Doricorom edidit volumen. quod eft Pryenre, Ionicum, Phileos.— Hcrmogencs de ;ede Diana; De sde Junonis, qua: eft Sami, Dorica, Theodorus; Ionica Ephefi, Ionica, qua: eft Magnefiie pfeudo-dipteros, er. Liberi patris Teo qua: eft Diana:, Cceliphon ct Metagcnes. De fano Minerva:, monopceros (fed legend. Dipteros,). Vitruv, Pr*f. Ul/.v'u. 2 THE TEMPLE OF BACCHUS. Teos {b) was feated on the fouth fide of the Ifthmus of a fmall Peninfula, which terminates on the weft, in a low fharp point. It had two Ports, one adjoining to, the other behind the City, and diftant thirty fladia, being nearly the width of the Ifthmus. Of the latter, which was called Ger^sticus, the Ifthmus, and adjacent Country, Plate I. is a View, engraved from a Drawing generouily beftowed on this Work by Mr. Wood. At the bottom of the Bay is Segigeck, a large, fquare, ordinary Fortrefs, erefted, as we were informed, by the Genocfc. It has a few Brafs Cannon toward the Sea, and an inconfiderable Garrifon. The Minarets, with the Domes of the Mofques and public Baths, give an air of grandeur to this, and to the Turkifh Towns in general, at a diftance ; rendering their internal poverty and meannefs the more ftriking, as it raifes the cxpeaation above the narrow Lanes and mud-built Cottages, which ufually occur when you enter. Beyond Segigeck appears, but faintly, Sevrihissar, a large ftraggling Town, in a cultivated Traft, one hour diftant. The Greeks, of whom only a few Families live intermixed with the Turks at Segigeck, are there more numerous. Teos is not feen, being intercepted by a rifing of the Ifthmus ; but the Defeription we have given will lead to its Site, which is on the Slope againft Segigeck, and fronting the oppofite Sea. It is now called Bodrun, is uninhabited, and the Port choked up ; fo that the Vefiels and Small Craft, employed in carrying on the flight Commerce of thefe Places, frequent Ger,e- sticus alone. And here the claflical reader will perhaps recollect, that a Roman Admiral (c) with a powerfull Fleet was once in imminent danger of being furprifed by the Enemy in this Port. The relation given by the Hiftorian Livv is too minutely connefted with the View not to be inferted. In the war between Antiochus and the Romans, L. jImilius Regillus the Prator, who commanded with eighty Ships in thefe Seas, fuddenly fleered for Teos, on intelligence the City had fupplied the Royal Fleet with provifions ; and moreover promifed to furniih, for its ufe, five thoufand vefiels of wine. He ranged his Ships in this Port, (d) behind the Town, and difem- barked his Troops with orders to lay wafte the territory about the City. The (ij Ksu H Ttsjf h 0tt Xtppviniru ISfdcti, tyMa tyvtu. — Ej7i St (tXAot o 7*t Xtpfe-wa la-Spot V TnTw» xxi EfuSfxw. Strab. p. 644. A Jiadium was fix hundred feet. Thirty make three miles and three fourths. (0 Ann. U. C. 560. {d) In portu, qui a tergo urbis eft (Genefticum ipfi appellant) navibus conftitutis, Prator ad depopuhndnm circa urbem agrum milites emifit. C. 27. Teii, quum in oculis populatio eflet, oratores cum infulis et velamentis ad Romanum miferunt. Potyxenidas, cum regia clalTe a Colophone profeftus — adverfus Myonndum in infula (Macria nautici vocant) anchoras portu occulto jecit. Inde ex propinquo explorans quid hoftes agerent, primo in magna ipe full quem- admodum Rhodiam claifem ad Samum circumfeffis ad exitum fautibus portus expugnafiet, fie et Romanam expugnaturum : nee eft dilfimilis natura loci ; promontoriis coeuntibus inter fe ita clauditur portus, ut vix du;e fimul inde naves pofiint exire. Nocte occupare fauces Polyxenidas in animo habebat, et denii navibus ad promontoria ftantibus, qute ab utroque cornu in latera exeuntiuin THE TEMPLE OF BACCHUS. 3 The Tcians, beholding the ravages thus begun, fent forth Orators with the facred Fillets and Veils, as fuppliants, to the Prator ; but he refufed to recall the Party, unlefs the Citizens would afford to the Romans the fame aid, they had fo readily beftowed on the Enemy. The Orators returned, and the Magiftrates afiembled the People to confult. In the mean time, Polyxenidas, Admiral of the Royal Fleet, had failed from Colophon with eighty-nine Ships, and being informed of thefe motions of the Prstor, and that he occupied this Port, conceived great hopes of attacking the Roman Fleet now, in the fame manner he lately did the Rhodian at Samos, where he befet the mouth of the Port Panormus, in which it lay; this refembling that fpot, the promontories approaching each other, and forming an entrance fo narrow that two Ships could fcarcely pafs through together. His defign was to feize on this Strait (which is feen in the View) by night, and fecure it with ten Ships, to attack the Advcrfary on either fide in coming out ; and by fctting an armed Force afhore from the remaining Fleet, to overpower him at once by Sea and Land. This Plan, the Hiftorian remarks, would have fucceeded ; but, the Teians complying with liis demand, the Praetor put round into the Port before the City, which was deemed more commodious for Shipping the Stores. Eudamus too, who commanded the Squadron from Rhodes, was faid to have pointed out the peril of their Station ; two Ships entangling and breaking their Oars in the Strait. The Prastor had alfo a farther reafon for bringing his Fleet round, being infecurc from the Continent, as Antiochus had a Camp in the neighbourhood. On gaining the Port, both Soldiers and Sailors, quitting their VefTels, were buned in dividing the Wine and Provisions, when a Peafant informed the Praitor that Polyxenidas approached (e). The fignal was inftantly founded for reimbarking immediately. Tumult and Confufion followed, each Ship haftening out of Port, as foon as manned. The whole Fleet proceeded in order of Battle to meet the Enemy ; and a general Engagement enfued, in which the Romans proved victorious. But to return. The favourite Deity of the Teians was Dionysius or Bacchus. To him they confecrated their City and Territory ; and, before the preceding t ran faction, (f) had folicited the Roman and other States to diftinguim both, by decreeing them Sacred and an Afylum. Several of the Anfwers then given frill remain fairly cut on pieces of grey Marble, but disjoined ; fome of the fragments being found in the Bagnio at Segigeck, fome inferted in the Wall, and one over a Fountain without the South Gate ; fome alfo in the Burying-grounds round about Sevrihissar. AU thefe are publifhed by Chishull, from Copies taken by Conful Sherard txeuntium navium pngnarent ; et ccetera clafle, Gcuc ad Panor- mum fecerar, armatis in littore expofitis, terra marique fimul holies opprimere. Quod non vanum ei conulium fuiflet, ni quum Teii fafturos imperata promiiiiTent, ad accipiendos commeauis aptius viium eflet Romanis in eum portum qui ante urbem eft, clafTem tranfire. Dicitur et Eudamus Rhodius vitium alcerius portus oftendifll , , quum force duie naves in ar£to oftio implicitos remos fregilTent. Et inter alia id quoque movit Pracorem, ut traduceret claflem, quod ab terra periculum erat, haud procul inde Autiocho ftativa habente. C. 28. Jam totis claflibus fimul ab omni parte pugna conferta erat. Ab Romanis oftoginta naves pugnabant, ex quibus Rhodia? dus et viginti erant. Hoftium claffis undenonaginta navium fuit, et maxima; format naves, tres hexeres habebat, duas hepteres. Liv. xxxviii. C. 30. (f) Ltv. C. 29. {/) The Roman Decree was made Ann. U. C. 559. Ante Ch, 193. Chishull. Antiquitat. Jftaiide. 4 THE TEMPLE OF BACCHUS. in 1709, and again examined in 1716. And the learned Editor has prefixed to thefe literary Monuments of the Teians, a delineation of their important Idol ; to which, the Reader, curious in that article, is referred. This fpot being therefore the peculiar pofiefiion of Dionysius, trie Dionyfiac Artificers, who were very numerous in Asia, [g) and fo called from their patron, the reputed inventor of Theatrical reprefentation, when incorporated by command of the Kings of Pergamus, (b) fettled here, in the City of their tutelary God ; fupplying from it Ionia, and the Country beyond as far as the Hellespont, with the Scenic apparatus by contract ; until, a fedition arifmg, they fled. This Society {/) is marked as prone to tumult, and without faith. From all thefc circum fiances, it might reafonably be prefumed, that the Teians did not fail to provide a Temple worthy to receive fo illuftrious an inhabitant as this profitable God, and that his Shrine was moft richly adorned. The firft, indeed, is fufficiently evinced by the prefent, though inconfiderable Remain, confirming of a confufed heap of proftrate Marble, now too con- tinually diminifhing ; . the Turks taking from it the Grave-ftones, which it is their cuftom to place at the head and feet of their deceafed ; fevcral pieces lying, when we examined it, chipped out and ready to be fo applied. The whole Mafs is fo enveloped by Buflies and Fig- Trees, it was necefTary to fuppofe fome removed, in order to furnifh the little View, which is the Head-piece of this Chapter. It is plain from the many Furnaces, of which vcftiges are feen in and about the heap, that a great confumption of the materials has been formerly made by calcination. In thefe the ornamental and other members of the Fabric have been melted down indifcriminately and without regret. But one broken Pcdeftal has efcaped, with an Infcription [h) fignifyirig it fupported the Statue of Claudia Tryfh/ena, High Prieftefs of" the Goddefs Asia, and Prieflefs of the City- God Dionysius; an authentic, though mutilated record of its anticnt decoration. HBOTAHKAI E T E I M I- KATPT$AINAN/ A 2 I A U A U E P E A nOAEI2S0EOTAI VTATEPAOHEEIi 2TPATONEIKH2AP AS I - AS ANA X T'HSA ANAPIANTAKAA n n E I 2 N 1 N »T T .Q N T At Strab, p, 471. (b) Chishull. p. 107, 138. [() Strab. p. 643, Chish. p, 139. (k) This THE TEMPLE OF BACCHUS. S At what period the Temple was erected cannot perhaps be exactly afcertained, but it probably rofe nearly about the fame ./Era with the two following ; for as all the Temples in this Tract were deftroyed by Xerxes, except at Ephesus, (/) it is likely, in that age of devotion, the refpective Cities did not neglect to rebuild, as fpeedily as poilible, fuch at leaft as belonged to their tutelary Deities ; and that all were finished with eager difpatch, but fooncr one than another in proportion to the greatnefs or the work, and the opulence of its Proprietors. The Architect was Hermogenes, who, with Tarchesius and Pytheus, aflerted the Doric Order was improper for Sacred Edifices. The objections to it are ftated by Vitruvius, who remarks that Hermogenes was fo convinced, he changed his Plan after the Marble was ready j and with the materials prepared for conftructing a Doric Pile, erected this Ionic Temple [m). He is recorded alfo as the Author of a Treatife on the Ionic Temple of Diana at Magnesia, a Pfeudodipteros ; and of one on this, which was an Octaflyle, and is cited by Vitruvius as an example of the Euftyle, (») Rome not affording one. He adds, it was Hermogenes who fettled the Proportions he delivers, and who firft invented the Octaftylc or Pfeudodipteros, taking away the interior range of Columns from the Dipteros, and thus diminishing both the labour and expenfe ; giving ample room for walking round the Cell without debafing the Afpect ; pre- ferving in his diftribution, the dignity of the entire Work without its fupcrfluities ; the Ptcroma, and difpofition of Columns about the Cell, having been contrived that the Afpect might have majefty from the breaks of the Intercolumniation. And, moreover, the fpace thus acquired was convenient for the accommodation of the multitude, if occarionally intercepted and made to tarry by fudden and violent fhowcrs. Vitruvius infers, that Hermogenes had effected this in his D Works (k) This Infcription may be thus fupplied and tranflated. H BbAti nai [o Aw/aoi] K.A. Tpulfaitaiv afj^jipia] Atria? ksi iifta [« t«] A ri at' avairlifraitfof •mfoiaiTi Jta^oxaj-aSio;; «wta] DlMMN run TfiratfiKuii] " The Senate and People have honoured Cl. Tryph.'ena, " High-Prieftefs of Asia, and Prieftefs of the City-God Dionysius, " the Daughter of Phesine Stratoxice, High-Prieftefs of Asia; " Pisonin-us, one of Confular dignity, having erected the Statue " from a regard to her merit." Line 3. and 7. Affg^n Ain« occurs in one of Mr. Wood's Infcriptions. The feminine Ap X if f£ ,>, would have been preferred in both lines, did not the fourth fecm to juftify, if not require the other, which is commonly mafculine. In an Infcription near Mylasa we find TpupaiirBf n* x«. auTn; o7t?!a^p«p B xai y-j^xinxf^, ; at EtEUsrs, Ifpopatlnt th; nalipxi; KX. i't^ux; ■, and in Pausanias, L. 6. In an Athenian Infcription we meet with tfnru'OB Em,&m<, L. 10. In one of Mr. Wood's Infcriptions we have, lA«pi«t« Trail** 1 -i-f v.,, nMM Tmt\&t*m h«j VeAmm truyym. In Pococke, Inscr. p. 38. and p. 20. is another fragment from chis Temple, but lb badly copied as to be unintelligible. (/) 'E£f|f iffli to /ibb1(«w t» Aiiujxiv; ArcXXiraoc to ft BaaJ^iJoif — MffMftg 3' Mn Ztffco, xaSaTfs xxt rx aAAa KM whwi t» ft E$iru. Strab. p. 634. (m) Nonnulli antiqui Architect negaverunt Dorico gencre jedes facras oportere fieri, quod mendofa et inconvenientes in his fym- metrice conficiebantur. — Iraque negavit Tarchefius, item Pitheus, non minus Hermogenes. Nam is, cum paratam habuifiet mar- moris copiam in Dorics zedis pi-rfe£tionem, commutavit, et ex eadem copia earn Ionicam Libero patri fecit. Vitruv. L. iv. c. 3. (n) Hujus exemplar Roihk nullum habemus, fed in Alia o&aftylon Libcri patris. Eas autem fymmetrias conftituit Her- mogenes, qui ctiam primus octallylum pfeudodipterive rationem invenit. Ex dipteri enim ;edis fymmetria fuftulit intcriores ordincs columnarum xxxviii. [fcribit Pbiland. xxxiv. funt enim exteriares xlii. Dipteros babe! in umverfum Ixxvi.] eaque ratione fumptus operisque compendia fecit. Is in medio ambulation"! laxamentum egregie circa cellam fecit, de afpe<£buque nihil imminuit, fed fine dtfiderio fupervacuorum confervavit autoritatem totius operis diftri- butione. Pteromatis enim ratio et columnarum circum idem difpofitio ideo eft inventa, ut afpe&us propter afperitatem inter- columniorum haberet autoritatcm. Pnetcrea fi cc imbrium aqua? vis occupaverit et intercluferit hominum multitudinem, ut habeat in rede circaque cellam cum laxamcnto liberam moram. Hrec autem ita explicantur in Pfeudodipteris a;dium dilpofiiionibus : quare videtur acuta magnaquc folertia effedtus operum Hernioeenes fecifle, reliquiflcque fontes unde pofteri poflent haurire difcipli- narum rationes. Vitruv. JL. iii. c. 2. 6 THE TEMPLE OF BACCHUS. Works with great fagacity and (kill, leaving to Pofterity fources, from which it might deduce the reafons of his improvements. From fuch an Eulogium on its Architeft, this Temple may juftly arrogate an additional importance ; being refpefiable, as the fole, though imperfeft Monument of fo eminent a Mafter ; and ufeful, both as an evidence and illuftration of his doctrines. PLATE I. View of SEGIGECK, and the Peninfula of T E O S. PLATE II. An Elevation of the Front of the Temple of BACCHUS. /\ S a defcription of the parts of any building, unaccompanied with a difplay of their EfFed when united, conveys only imperfect ideas of its beauty ; the curious Reader will, it is hoped, derive fome plcafure and fatis fact ion from feeing this Temple reftored. The liberties necefTarily taken for this purpofc, with the authorities on which they are founded, fhall be laid before him, that neither the fidelity of the Author may be fufpecled, nor his judgement implicitly relied on. The diforder, in which this ruin lies, is fo great, that no fragment of a Column, or portion of the Cell, is found unmoved from its original place. No veftige of the Plan could be dif- covered, much lefs could the Afpedt or Species of the Temple be determined, from its prefent ftate. But thefe two articles are fupplied from Vitruvius, who, in defcribing the Euftylos, gives this Temple as an example, calling it an Octaftylos, [o) by which he means the Dipteros, fpecifled by the number of Columns in the Front. The Steps alfo are miffing : but, as all the Temples we examined had three, (except that of Theseus at Athens, which, from its defignation, as may be conjectured, to an inferior Deity, has (o) Reddenda nunc eft Euftyli ratio. — Frons loci, qurc in aide conftituta fucrit, fi tetraftylos facienda fuerir, dividatur in partes undecim femis prater crepidines et projecturas ipirarum. Si fex erit columnarum, in partes decini &: ofto. Si o£taftylos confti- tuctur, dividatur in xxiv. et femiflem. Item ex his partibus, live tetraftyli, five Kexaftyli, five oCtaftyli, una pars fumatur, eaque erit modulus, cujus moduli unius erit crafiitudo columnarum. Intercolumnia fingula prater mediana, modulorum duorum et moduli quartx partis medians in fronte et poftico, fingula terno- rum modulorum. Ipfarum columnarum altlCudo erit modulorum ofto et dimidix moduli partis. Ita ex ea divifione intercolumnia, altitudinesque columnarum habebunt jultam rationem. Hujus exemplar Romx nullum habemus, fed in Afia Teo oftaftylon Liberi patris. L. iii. c. 2. Dipteros autem oftaftylos, et pronao et portico, fed circa sedem duplices habet ordines columnarum. L. iii. c. 1. Eas autem fymmctrias conftituit Hermogenes, qui etiam primus oetaftylon pfcudodipterive rationem invenit. C. 2. Daniel Bahbaro, in his Comment on the Euftylos, is alfo of opinion, that Vitruvius regulates there, the fix forms of the AfpecT. of Temples mentioned in the preceding Chapter, by the number of Columns in Front, omitting the Temple in Antis as having no Portico-, and, in his Comment on the above pafiage, confirms what he before advanced. Da quefto luogo fi comprende, che Vitruvio ha regoiati gli afpetti, fe bene egli non gli ha nominati, perche chiaramente egli per o&aftylo ha intefo il Dipteros, et il Pfeudodipteros, dicendo di Hermogene quefte parole. II quale anche fu il prime a ritrovar la ragione del Tempio di otto colonne overo Pfeudodipteros. THE TEMPLE OF BACCHUS. 7 has only two) the general uniformity wili, it is prefumed, juftify the giving three to this. It does not appear that the Romans, when they furrounded their Temples with Steps, obferved any particular number, as the Greeks did ; or that thefe laft raifed their Temples on Bafements, as was the practice of the former People, no examples occurring in the parts of Greece and Asia Minor vifited by us. The Plinth of the Bafe is formed into the uppermoft Step, and this determines the height of the Steps in general ; for, as the height of the Bafe, including the Plinth, is the femi-diameter of the Aflragal under the Apophygcs of the Column, it feems more than probable the Plinth was a part of the uppermoft Step, efpecially as feveral bafes may be inftanced, in which the Plinths are omitted; as in the Temples of Erectheus, of Minerva Polias, and the Temple on the Ilissus, at Athens; of Vesta, and of Concord, at Rome ; of Vesta at Tivoli ; and of Augustus at Pola in Istria ; together with thofe defcribed in the following Chapters : although Bafes with Plinths may be found, exceeding in height the femi-diameter of the Column, as in a Temple at Efhesus, and another at Iackli near Mylasa ; (p) but thofe examples arc taken from the Corin- thian Order. As to the breadth of the Steps, the height of the uppermoft is divided into two parts, of which three arc given to the breadth. Of this proportion are the Steps before the five Gates of the Propylea, and thofe round the Temple on the Ilissus at Athens. The Diameter of the lower part of the Columns, according to the meafurement, was found to be three feet three inches and fix tenths ; which is lefs than the diameter of the Aftragal under the Capitals by eight tenths, and exceeds that of the upper part of the Shaft only by one inch and eight tenths. From this Snail diminution, to wit, only one inch and eight tenths, it is evident, the upper part of the Shaft belonged to a Column of greater dimenfions than the lower, and, probably, to one of the external Range of the Dipteros ; as the latter, to one of the internal, or the Front either of the Pronaos or Pofticum, in which the diameter was lefs than in the external Range, as will be proved in the Explanation of Fig. I. in the fol- lowing Plate. And upon this fuppofition three feet four inches and four tenths are taken for the diameter of the Columns, being that of the Aftragal, in the upper part of the Shaft before mentioned, as approaching nearer than the afiual meafurement to the diameter of the external Columns of the Dipteros. The fragments remaining of the angular Capitals, of which the angular Volutes fronted both ways, were too much defaced to admit of meafurement, but afforded fufficient authority for intro- ducing them here. Like thefe are thofe of the Temple of Erectheus, of Minerva Polias in the Acropolis, and of that on the Ilissus at Athens ; of Manly Fortune ' at Rome ; and of that which is the fubjecr of the following Chapter. The height given to the Frize, of which no part could be found, is, including' its Cymatium, the mean proportion between the Architrave and Cornice, which makes the height of the Enta- blature without the Sima, two diameters of the Columns, and with it, one fourth of the altitude of the Columns including the Steps. E But, (f) This Temple is two hours and a half diftant, to the northward, from Mylasa, now called Milasso, a City in the Province of Caxja. 8 THE TEMPLE OF BACCHUS. But, in regard to the height of the Frize, it will be proper to mention here, that the repa- ration is made between the Frize and Cornice, under the Dentils, and not at the bottom of the Cymatium, as by Palladio, Perrault, and others ; for the Cymatium according to Vitruvius, is as much a part of the Frize, as the Cymatium of the Architrave is of the Architrave [q). And, from not confidering it as fuch, Perrault has erred in his example of the Vitruvian Ionic, in making the Frize too high, by the height of its Cymatium. If it be objected, that the mean proportion between the Architrave and Cornice given, as above, to the height of the Frize, makes the Entablature too high, as this will exceed the fourth of the Column ; it may be anfwered, that the Temple on the Ilissus at Athens, of the fame Order as this, and with Columns nearly of the fame proportions, has in like manner, for the height of the Entablature without the Sima, two diameters of the Column. And here it may be noted, that Vitruvius, treating of. Porticoes behind the Scene of the Theatre, remarks, that the proportions of the Orders in works of that kind, mould be more light and delicate than in Sacred Buildings, in which a certain maflive gravity mould be obferved, in order to give the greater dignity, (r) The Parthenon in the Acropolis at Athens is a wonderfull example of this rule; for fuch is the grandeur and majefty of its ap- pearance, refulting from the magnificence of its ornaments, and the folemn harmony of its mafly proportions, that it cannot be approached, but with awe and reverence, (s) The Pediment is that defcribed by Vitruvius, who divides the Front of the Corona, or Drip, into nine parts, from the extremities of its Cymatium, and gives one to the height of the Tympanum, (/) though it is too flat in the opinion of Philander. {«) But it is obfervablc, that the Parthenon, the Temple of Theseus, the Vcftibulc of the Stoa, and the Doric Portico at Athens, have all nearly the Vitruvian proportions. No Dentils arc inferted in the Cornice, as the following Temple has none; [x) and Vitruvius not only approves of their being omitted, but affirms they cannot be placed in it with propriety.^) The Door in the Pronaos is omitted, as the Ruin afforded no authorities, either for its pro- portions or ornaments. (q) Cymatium cpiftylii feptima parte fuse altiiudinis eft fa- ciendum, et in proje&ura tantundem reliqua pars prater Cymatium dividenda eft in partes xii. et earum trium prima fafcia eft facienda, fecunda quatuor, fumma quinque. Item Zophorus fupra cpiftylium, quarta parte minus quam epifty- liuin. Sin autem figilla defignari oportuerit, quarta parte altiorem quam epiftylium, uti autoritatem habcant fculptur:e. Cymatium fus altitudinis partis feptinife, proje£hira Cymatii, quanta ejus craflitudo. Supra Zophorum denticulus eft facien- dus. — L. iii, c. 3. (_>■; Columnarum autem proportiones, et fymmetrire non erunt iifdem rationibus, -quibus in redibus facris fcripii. AUam enim in deorum templis debent habere gravitatem ; aliam in porti- cibus, et cceteris operibus, fubtilitatein. L. v. c. 9. (j) O xaABjUEJOf ITapfiiviii, bjripxiipivs; ts Sharps, ptyxKriV kxtxttXt.^iv ttoiii toic S^'fnffi, DidAitcHus in Defcrip. Grsc. ex Meursio de Cecropia. (/) Tympani autem quod eft in t'aftigio, altitudo fic eft fa- cienda, ut frons corona? ab extremis Cymatiis tota dimet'iatur in partes novem, et ex eis una pars in medio cacumine tym- pani conftituatur. L. iii. c. 3. (a) Si cui preflior videbitur hsc tympani altitudo (ut certe eft) ita emendare potent — Philand. (x) See Chap. ii. PI. 7. (y) Etiamque antiqui non probaverunt, neque inftituerunt in faftigiis mutulos aut denticulos fieri, led puras coronas. L. iv. c. 2. PLATE THE TEMPLE OF BACCHUS. 9 PLATE III. FIG. I. The Bafe of the Columns, with the lower part of the Shaft. ' I A HE Plinth, lower Torus, and Scotia, with its Fillets, are of one piece of marble. The ■*- upper Torus with an Aftragal is annexed to the Apophyges of the Column, probably to •ftrengthen and preferve it from accident and injury, the Projeaure being very great. The fmall Diminution of this Column, obferved in the Explanation of the preceding Plate, fufficiently proves, that the two portions of the Shaft belonged to different Columns ; the upper part, probably, to one of the external Range of the Dipteros ; and the lower, to the internal, or the front either of the Pronaos or Pofticum, in both which the Columns were lefs in diameter than in the external Range, as is evident from the Temple of Jupiter Olympics at Athens. And from this circumftance, the reafon of that great Projefture of the Apophyges noted above is plain ; for, if the Bafes of the external and internal Columns of the Dipteros were of the fame proportions, the Apophyges both of one and the other mult likewife be of the fame ; and, confequcntly, the fmaller the diameter is of the internal Columns, the greater will be the Projeaure of the Apophyges. But a different fymmetry is obferved in the Bafcs of the Temple of Jupiter Olympius ; for the external Bafes have Plinths, and are in height the femi-diamcter of their Columns : but the internal have none, and are placed upon a Step, which raifed the Pavement within the internal Range of the Dipteros, its whole height above that within the external ; on which account the internal Columns are lefs in altitude than the external by the height of the Step, as well as lefs in diameter. The Mouldings alfo of the internal Bafes are much higher than thofe of the external; nor have they any connexion with each other, except in the diameter of their lower Torus ; but the Mouldings of the internal, being higher, have a greater Projeaure, which (as the diameter of the lower Torus is the fame in both) contraas the upper Torus, and makes it lefs than in the external Bafes. Thus the Architea diminifhed the great Projefture of the Apophyges remarked in this Column. FIG. II. The Capital and Architrave, with the upper part of the Shaft of the Columns. The Capital, Aftragal, and Apothefis, with a fmall part of the Shaft, are of one piece of marble. The proportions of this Capital, and the analogy it has to the Bafe, and lower part of the Column, may be colkaed from hence: If you divide the upper part of the (haft into twenty one parts, the diameter of the Column below will be (as it was found by the aaual meafure- ment) twenty two, and the Aftragal under the Capital twenty two and a half; the length and breadth of the Abacus of the Capital twenty four, and the diameter of the Echinus twenty feven, which is equal to the diameter of the Aftragal under the Apophyges of the Column : the height of the Capital will be nine parts, and including the Volutes thirteen and a half, which F I THE TEMPLE OF BACCHUS. is the femi-diameter of the Echinus : this alfo is the height of the Bafe including the Plinth ; and without that, one third of the length of the Abacus of the Capital. All thefe proportions cor- refpond as nearly with the meafures, as can be expected, efpecially confidering the latter as collected from fcveral different fragments. The thicknefs of the Architrave could not be obtained ; fo that, in placing it upon the Capital with the front perpendicular over the Border in the Face of the Volutes, the example of the Temple on the Inssus at Athens has been followed ; the breadth of the Soffit of the Archi- trave being found in the Greek buildings always to exceed the diameter of the Neck of the Column, not only in this Order, but alfo in the Doric and Corinthian. FIG. III. A Seftion through the front of the Capital and Architrave. The latter has a Compartment in the Soffit, ornamented with a defaced Scroll furrounded with a Bead. FIG. IV. A Seftion through the Profile of the Capital. The Pulvini or Pillows of the Volutes were decorated with Leaves, but fo much defaced, the fpecies was not diftinguilhable ; for which reafon the Plan of the Capital, and the Elevation of the Profile, are omitted. FIG. V. The Contour of the Volute. Palladio's method of defcribing the Volute agrees in general extremely well with thefe meafures, except in the breadth, which was very difficult to take. PLATE IV. The Bafe and Capital, with the Entablature reftored and fhaded, in order to give a more complete Idea of their Effedt. T T has been already obferved, that no part of the Frize could be found : (z) it is fupplied here, by making the Architrave the mean proportion between it and the Cornice. The height of the Cymatium is one fourth of the Frize. The Ornaments on the Sima arc reftored from the fragment in the following Plate. As it is apprehended, that the fmall diminution of the Columns, notwithstanding the addition of eight tenths to the diameter of the lower part of their Shafts, (a) may ftill be objefted to in the elevation of this Temple, another method of reftoring the Order will be propofed. , . Neither (i) See Explan. PI. II. («) See Explan. PI. II. THE TEMPLE OF BACCHUS. Neither the proportion given above to the height of the Frize, nor that in the Elevation, (in which the Frize is made the Mean between the Architrave and Cornice) exceeds the Rules eftablifhed by Vitruvius {l>). But, as this great Mafter feems to have pointed out only the two Extremes, it may be thought, we have liberty to choofe any height for the Frize, within the limits prefcribed, which mall be deemed moft fuitable to the general proportions of this Order : therefore the middle way between thefe Extremes will now be purfued. Divide, as before, [c) the upper part of the Shaft into twenty one parts, and allow to the height of the Frize fixteen and two thirds ; the Architrave is fixteen and one third, and the Cornice eighteen, which together make fifty one parts : then give to the diameter of the lower part of the Column twenty four. The Projcclure of the Apophyges will fufficiently admit of this Diameter, which is the grcateft that can be affigned to the Column, as it is the length of the Abacus of the Capital, and will exceed the actual meafurement by two parts, and make the diminution of the Column one eighth, and the height of the Bafe, cxclufive of the Plinth, one third of the diameter ; [d) and eight diameters and a half, or two hundred and four parts, being given to the altitude of the Columns, the height of the Entablature will be one fourth. It remains to fettle the diameter of the internal Columns of the Dipteros ; for, it muft be acknowledged, the addition of two parts, which is three inches fix tenths, to the diameter of the external, makes the difparity between them too great. This difficulty may be remedied by giving twenty three parts to the internal Range, and aligning the lower part of the meafured Column to the front of the Pronaos ; for there it ought to be lefs than in the internal Range, and to be raifed upon a Step above the Pavement of the Portico ; as, when the Pronaos is large, and has Columns placed within it, thefe ought to be lefs in diameter than thofe in the front, (e) PLATE V. I G. I. The Cornice of the Temple. The fragment of a Lion's head, and a piece of Ornament, are the only remains we could find. FIG. II. An Architrave and Frize, of one piece of marble, decorated with a patera and feftoons of Laurel, in a Turkifh Burying-ground by a Mofque at Segigeck. It is obfervable, that the Ovolo in the Cymatium of the Architrave is wrought flat, with a little Fillet in the upper part of it. G FIG. III. (&} Item Zophorus lupra epiftylium, quarta parte minus quam epiftylium, fin autcm fig'illa defignari oportuerit, quarta parte akiorem quam epiftylium, uti audtoritateni habeant fcalp- tura. Lib. iii. c, 3. '0 See Explan. PI. HI. Fig. ii. (d) Altitudo ejus (fpirce) fi atticurges crit, ita dividatur, uc Jfuperior pars tertia parte fit craflitudinis columns. L. iii. c. 3. (f) Item fi (pronaos) major erit latitude, quam pedes xl. columns contra regiones columnarum, qua inter antas funt, introrfus collocentur, et ex altitudinem habeant aque, quam qus funt in fronte. Cralfitudines autem earum extenuentur his rationibus, uti fi oftava parte erunt, qus funt in fronte, hx riant novcm partes. Sin autem nona, aut decima, pro rata parte fianr. Lib. iv. c. 4. 12 THE TEMPLE OF BACCHUS. FIG. III. A Section through the Soffit of the Architrave, which has a Compartment furrounded with an Ovolo wrought alfo flat. The Mouldings of this fragment are executed with great accuracy and neatnefs. FIG. IV. A Pedeftal, and fquare Bafe, of one piece of white marble, near the South Gate at Segigeck. The Mouldings of the Bafe project over the Die of the Pedeftal. Thefe marbles have a place here, as it is not doubted but they belonged formerly to Teos. PLATE VI. The Contents of the preceding Plate fhaded. TAIL-PIECE. The Trunk of a Female Figure, about half as big as life, lying in a Turkiili Burying- ground on the South fi.de of Segigeck. 2 ^nirGr&aMt- J"tu/i CHAPTER II The Temple of MINERVA POLIAS at Priene. TP*RIENE was fituated on the South fide of a Mountain called Mycale. It now commands JL an extenfive view over a fine plain interfeded by a winding water-courfe approaching near to the Walls, and by the river M/eander, as reprefented in the following Tail-piece, in which the white fpeck beyond the river marks the place of Miletus, diftant, as was conjedured, about twelve miles in a (trait diredion, and bearing fixteen minutes Weft of South from the Temple which is the fubjed of this Chapter. The alteration in the topography of this Trad, gradually produced in a long feries of time^ will afford curious matter to be enlarged on in the Journal of our Travels ; the account being conneded too clofely with the different traverfes we made through the plain, as well as too prolix, to be inferted here. At prefent therefore we fhall remark only in general, that Priene, though now feen as an inland City, was once on the Sea, and had two Ports ; the Plain between it and Miletus was a large Bay ; and the Meander, which now prolongs its courfe much beyond, once glided fmoothly (a) into it. H Thefe (a) Lenis illabitur nuri. Plih. L. v. c, 29. 14 THE TEMPLE OF MINERVA POLIAS. Thefe changes are fo great as to bewilder and perplex the Traveller, unlefs he is in poffeffion of a clew, and may be affigned as the probable reafon why fo remarkable a portion of antient Ionia is at prcfent fo little vifited or known ; the only Tour through this Traft, as yet given to the Public, being that which was undertaken in 1673, by certain Englifh Merchants from Smyrna^). It would be ungenerous to cenfure this Journey as fuperficial and unfatisfactory, while it merits fo much applaufe for the liberal defign and communicative fpirit of the Party, which thus opened as it were a way, though hitherto almoft unfrequented, for the benefit of future Enquirers. Pr.ene fell by accident into their Route, and is mentioned as a Village called Sanson, the name, by which and Sanson-cai.es, it is ftill known. The Antiquities noted by them are 'ruin, in general, a Pillar, and a defaced Infeription (c). It is now quite forfaken. The whole fpaee within the Walls, of which almoft the entire circuit remains ftanding, and " f ° me Pa " S feCt hi S h ' is ft ™ d over with rubbifh or fcattered fragments of marble Educes. The ruined Churches are monuments of the piety of its more modern Inhabitants - as the veftiges of a Theatre, of a Stadium, and more particularly the fplendid heap in Plate I. are of the tafte and magnificence of its more flourifhing Poffeffors. The Acropolis was on a flat above the Precipice. The View will furnifh a much clearer idea of the fituation and prefent ftate of the Temple than it is in the power of words to convey. The Capitals exquifitely worked, and the rich frag' ments of antient fculpture, afford equal matter of admiration and regret: nor can the trunks of the manned Statues, or a long but defaced Infeription be viewed, without a wifh to know whatilluftrious Perfons thofe reprefented, and what meritorious Citizen, public Treaty, or private Compact, this recorded. Near the Weft end of the Ruin is a hole in the Area, which feemed worthy examination OurSwifs Servant readily undertook this bufinefs, and foon difappeared, entering the pafiW with a Candle in a Lantern, and a Cord. He remained fo long beneath, that we began to be uneafy, when he returned, and reported that the defcent continued for fixteen paces; that he then went under the building twelve more, and came to a large cavity, in which were many bones; and that a fallen rock prevented his farther progrefs. At the end of his cord he brought up as vouchers a blade and thigh bone; which may countenance a conjecture concerning the «fe of this fubterraneous recefs, that it ferved as a receptacle for the offals of animals killed in faenfiee, which otherwife muft have been borne away through the City; unlefs it is fuppofed rather to have been intended originally as a hiding-place for the precious effects of the Temple when m dajiger of being plundered by an Enemy. In the article of Teos it is remarked, that Xerxes deftroyed all the Temples in Ionia except at Ephesus. How foon the Priencans after that fatal m began to rebuild this, and what progrefs THE TEMPLE OF MINERVA POLIAS. progrefs they had made before Alexander's time, or whether it (till lay in ruins when he entered upon his Expedition, is uncertain. But this mighty Conqueror, who regarded Asia as his patrimony (J), and with this idea had prohibited the pillage on his firft landing, was as ftudious to adorn, as the flying Perfian had been ready to deface it, not only founding new Cities, but reftoring the priltine fplendor of the old, and re-ere^ing the Temples which the other had thrown down, extending his pious care even to the devaluation made at Babylon (i). Priene alfo fhared his favour, as is evinced by the following valuable record, happily preferved to us by a ftone, which belonged to one of the Anta, now lying at the Eaft end of the heap, in large charafters mod beautifully formed and cut. BASIAETSAAEHANAPOE ANEOHKETONNAON AOHNAIHIPOAIAAI KING ALEXANDER DEDICATED THE TEMPLE TO MINERVA CIVIC A. This Stone, which is inferibed alfo on one fide, with the many other fragments by it, feems to indicate, that the Fronts and external Faces of the Antic were covered with Infcription ; and from the degrees of magnitude in the Letter, it may be conjedured, a regard was had to Perfpedive, the greater being higher and more remote, the fmaller nearer to the Eye; fo that, at the proper point of view for reading, all might appear nearly of the feme proportion. Many of thefe Stones were much too ponderous to be turned up, or moved afide, by any flrength or power we could apply; which is the more to be regretted, as the Legends of feveral are perfectly uninjured. We carefully copied thofe portions to which we could gain accefs ; but thefe, as not relating to the hiftory of the Temple, are referved for publication in our Col- lection of Infcriptions. The above Memorial may perhaps be deemed decifive in refped to the Age of the Fabric: but it fliould be remembered, that Alexander was ambitious of inferibing fuch Works; and it will be unfair to conclude that this was not begun, if not far advanced or nearly finilhed, when he entered Asia ; fince, on his arrival at Ephesus in his way hither, it is related, that finding the Temple of Diana, (/) which had been deltroyed by Herostratus about the time of his birth, rebuilding under the diredion of Dinocrates, he offered the Ephefians to defray all I their (J) Patrimonium oniric fuum, quod in Macedonia, Europaque arifytwtV iit rj Jifdtf w««j mm T . if?* tfyanu& M Arrian habebat, amicis dividit, fibi Afiam iufficere prefatus. C. 5— L. vii. p. 296. Ed. Grok. Inde hoftem petens, miliars a populaiione Afiae prohibuir, par- cendum fen rebus prrrfacus, nec perdenda ea, qua: polMuri (/) T» it „, Afoto ^„ F t. x,,,, ?f ,. (fcripri 1„ M xoeriofc Justin, c. 6. 1 — A\t£xjif?j t>i t(i.- E^irisi; uVaj^ir3ai r miKifcyuMi .Bin Jf amfabc mSt prnfAttm *&w&mjk ™ iff*, D , e r*vl \tw t h pwm (» ^n fcy t f) i„xi Xafi*Kfc3*f [Mis. Xn r wji«T nvafirm) ipj-cv— Strab. p, 640. 10 THE TEMPLE OF MINERVA POLIAS. their pall expenfes, and to complete the Edifice, for the gratification, which, it appears, he procured at Priene, to wit, the privilege of inferibing it as the Dedicator ; and this, trifling as it may fcem, was then efteemed fo honourable and important, that he could not obtain it even on terms fo very liberal and magnificent. Vitruvius direfls, (g) that the Temples of Tutelary Deities, and of Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva, fhould be fituated on eminences, fo as to command a view of the City-walls, as it is evident this did. The ArchiteS of this auguft Temple was the Pytheus, (b) or, as he is named in another paffage, Phileos, mentioned in the Article of Teos. The ruin, as Vitruvius alfo does, may bear teftimony to the noblenefs of his Genius. He defcribed it in a written Expofition ; and it is recorded, he conceived fo highly of his Profeffion, as to affert in his Commentaries, that it behoved an Architect to excell more, in all Arts and Sciences, even than the Individuals who had carried each, by their application and induftry, to the fummit of reputation. But, glorious as this Fabric was when entire, it prefented alfo another object of admiration to the heathen Traveller; for Pausanias, (!) after affirming that Ionia was adorned with Temples, fuch as no other Province could boaft, and enumerating the principal, adds, " You would be delighted too with that of Minerva at Priene, on account of the Statue." PLATE I. The Temple of MINERVA POLIAS at Priene. P L A T E II. fT^HE Site of this Temple is covered with ruins, fo confufedly heaped together, that neither the number of its Columns in front can be diftinguifhed, nor the breadth of its Inter- columniations meafured, and, confequcntly, neither the AfpecT: nor Species be determined; but it is evident from what remains, that the Cell was furrounded with Columns, of which the Diameters and Intercolumniations (fuppofing them any breadth between the Pycnoftylos and Diaftylos) being compared with the extent of ground occupied by the Ruin, the front of the Temple appears not to have exceeded an Hexaftylos, and therefore the Afpeft was undoubtedly the Peripteros. (g) j^dibus vero facris, quorum Deorum maxime in tutela civitas videtur effe, et Jovi, et Junoni, et Minervae, in excel- fiflimo loco unde moenium maxima pars confpiciatur, arcx diitri- buantur. Mercurio autem in foro— Apollini patrique Libcro, fecundtim Theatrum. Vitruv. L. i. c. 7. (b) Ideoque de veteribus Architects, Pythius, qui Priena; :cdem Minervx nobilitcr eft architeCtatus, ait in fuis Commcntariis, Architect urn omnibus artibus ct do&rinis plus oportere pofle facere, quam qui fingulas res fuis induftriis ec exercitationibus ad fummam claritatem perduxerunt. Id autem re non expeditur. Vitruv. L. i. c. 1. In another paffage he is named Pitheus. (/') E^f 2* (lawa) >"»' «f» «« »X ' m t a $>' — S' an h&i ru n EpuS-paic *Hp*x?»iiu, xxi Aflftw tw Ilf^vv tuf t»1m put tm cfyxtyxlef Eivwa, Pausan. L. vii. p. 533. THE TEMPLE OF MINERVA POLIAS. *7 It was inclofed in a Peribolus, narrow in refped to the length, the Front being placed at fuch a diftancc from the Temple, that the Eye, upon entering, might be fully fatisfied, at the firft glance, with the Object before it. The South Wall of this Peribolus, which is Ruftic, remains as high as the furface of the ground within, forming a Terrace upwards of twenty feet high ; and a part alfo of the Eaft Wall, which was the Front. Some veftiges, extending in a ftrait line, at a fmall diftancc from the South Wall, and parallel with it, fhow, that the Peribolus was embellimcd with a Periftyle, (thefe being the Foundations of the Columns) to which fome pieces of an Architrave and Cornice (k) lying near probably belonged. On the outfidc of a piece of Wall in the Front of the Peribolus, is a Bafe, (/) with the lower part of a Paraftata or Pilafter, of which the breadth is two feet and three tenths, and its projecture from the Wall one foot one inch, the proportion correfponding with the Architrave and Cornice above mentioned. FIG. I. The uppermost Step and Bafe, with the lower part of the Shaft of the Column. The great quantity of Stones promifcuoufly fallen upon one another, and much too weighty to be removed, prevented our fearching to the bottom of the Steps ; but that next the upper- most is one foot one inch and two tenths in height, and one foot five inches and two tenths in breadth. The Bafe is Ionic, and has no Plinth. It confifts of two Stones, the Scotia with the Aftragals and Fillets being one, and the Torus the other. The upper Scotia is inverted, which di verifies, and gives to the Profile a greater beauty than is in the Vkruvian Bafe, in which the Scotise are placed one over the other uninverted. The Torus is Elliptical, and fluted : the fame kind of ornament on this Moulding is to be met with in the Temple of Erectheus, and that by the Ilissus at Athens. FIG. II. The Capital and Fafci;e of the Architrave, with the upper part of the Shaft of the Column. The Eyes of the Volutes are bored two inches and a half deep, perhaps for the convenience of fixing fcftoons of Flowers, and the other Apparatus with which the Antients were accuftomcd to adorn their Temples on days of feftivity, or public folemnity. The Hem or Border, with its Fillet, refting on the Echinus, and connecting with a graceful fweep the Spirals of the Volutes, and in a manner keeping them fixed and fecure in their place, adds greatly to the beauty of this Capital. A fpecimen of -the Analogy between the Capitals, Bafes, and lower part of the Columns of thefe Temples, has been given in the Chapter on Teos. (m) K PLATE '*) See PI. VIII. Fig.vi. andvii. (./) See PI. VIII. Fig. viil (*) See Explan, Chap. L PI. III. Fig. ii. 18 THE TEMPLE OF MINERVA POLIAS. PLATE III. The Contents of the preceding Plate (haded. PLATE IV. I G. I. The Plan of the Capital, in which it is obfervable, the Echinus is continued quite round, and appears with above half its projeflure under the Pillows of the Volutes, contri- buting very much to its Richnefs. FIG. II. An Elevation of the Profile of the Capital. FIG. III. A Seflion through the Profile of the Capital. FIG. IV. A Seflion through the Front of the Capital. FIG. V. The Contour of the Volute, of which the meafures were collefted not without much difficulty, it being necefl'ary to have recourfe to feveral different fragments. The Spiral of the Volute has four Revolutions, and may be defcribed as follows. Let fall a perpendicular Line, at pleafure, for the Catherus ; and fet off from the Point, whence it is dropped, any given diftance for the Centre of the Eye, which being divided into fix parts, the Radius of the Circle that defcribes the. Eye will be the half of one of them. To find the Points, in which the Centres of the Spiral are fixed, draw two oblique Lines, at the Angle of forty five Degrees, through the Centre of the Eye; then inferibe an Hexagon, beginning at the Interfeftion of the Cathetus, with the upper part of the Circumference of the Eye, and divide the oblique Lines, from the Centre to their interfeflions with the fides of the Hexagon, into three parts, which will give the Points, in which the Centres of the three firft Revolutions are fixed : for the fourth, biffea the remainder of the oblique Lines, between the Centres of the third Revolution, and the Centre of the Eye. Thus you will have the Centres of the fourth Revolution, and complete the Spiral of the Volute. FIG. VI. A Sefiion through the Torus of the Bafe, in which the Flutings and Profile are diftindtly marked. PLATE V. ' H E Plan > Elevation of the Profile, and Seflion of the Capital, fhaded ; alfo the Abacus of the Capital, and the Seflion on a larger Scale, to exprefs, with greater accuracy and diftindnefs, the manner and tafte in which the Ornaments are executed. PLATE THE TEMPLE OF MINERVA POLIAS. 19 PLATE VI. I G. I. The Cornice of the Temple. The Ornaments on the left hand of the Lion's head are added, being the fame as were found on the right. It may be remarked, that the bottom of the Sima does not fpring from the Edge of the Fillet beneath, but leaves a fmall recefs, which feems to indicate, that the Materials of this Member might originally be of Lead ; for if a Sheet of this be laid upon the Cornice, and turned up in the form of a Sima, (the ufe of which is to colled the Water from the Roof, and throw it off from the Building, through the mouths of the Lions heads generally carved for that purpofe) (») it will naturally leave fuch a recefs. This particularity is found in plain, as well as ornamented Cornices, in the Greek Buildings. Thus among others the Parthenon, in the Acropolis at Athens, has the Cornice of the Pediment crowned with an Ovolo, which fprings from the Fillet beneath in the fame manner, and has no Ornaments. A. The Soffit of the Dentils. FIG. II. A Seftion through the Cornice of the Pediment, with its Front annexed. The Ornaments on the Sima are compofed in a very different manner from thofe in the lateral Cornice : and, left this fingularity fhould give reafon to fufped an Error in the appli- cation here, it is to be noted, that the meafures of thefe two Cornices were taken from an angular Stone of the Pediment. FIG. III. A Seflion through the Architrave of the Temple, with its internal Face. The Architrave was compofed of three pieces, and the junftion of the two lowermoft was at the line marked in the Section. The Cymatium of the external Face was the third; but we could find no remnant of it. The Compartment in the Soffit has no Ornaments in the Panncl. FIG. IV. A Section through one of the Tranfverfe Beams which fupported the Lacunaria, with one of its Faces. This alfo has a Compartment in the Soffit, like that of the Architrave. L PLATE («) In funis, qux Copra coronam in latcribus font tedium, qui excip.t e tegulis aquam cceleftem. Media™ autem lint folida, capita leonina funt fcalpenda, i» potto, or coorra column. mi qu.e cadit vis aqure per tcgulas in c.nalem, ne dej.eiatnr per fingulas ea primum fine dcugnata, ccetcra vero riqoali modo inrercolumnia, neque tranfcuntes perfundat. Sed qua: funr contra dilpolita, mi fingula fingulis mcdiis regulis refpondeant. Hrec columnas, videantur emitter: vomentia raftus aquarum ex ore. autem qua; erunt contra columnas, perterebrata lint ad canalem, Vitruv. L. Hi. c. 3. 20 THE TEMPLE OF MINERVA POLIAS. PLATE VII. '"J^I-IE Cornices in the foregoing Plate fhaded ; but, inftead of the Architrave and Tranfverfe Beam, is given the Angle of the Pediment, in which, as was obferved before, the Dentils are omitted, (o) The Fillet in the Cymatium of the Corona, in the lateral Cornice, is difcontinued in that under the Tympanum of the Pediment, as in the Parthenon and the Doric Portico at Athens. To find the Pitch of the Cornice of the Pediment, form a right-angled Triangle, of which the Bafe is four feet five inches, its perpendicular fide eleven inches and a half; and the Hypothenufe, which will be the lower Edge of the Fillet under the Sima, will give the Pitch required. PLATE VIII. T^IG. I. A fquare Bafe, with the lower part of a Column, found near each other, by the South Eaft angle of the Temple. FIG. II. One of the Fronts of a fquare Capital, which has four faces, and a Plinth upon the Abacus. A. A Seftion through the Stems of the Volutes, in the front of the Capital. FIG. III. The Semi-profile of the fame Capital. Two of thefe Capitals lie half buried in the ground, near the Bafe and Fragment of the Column above mentioned, to which, from the analogy of the proportions, it may be inferred, one of them belonged, as the other muft have done to a fimilar Column. Thefe Capitals could not be employed in the Ant* of the Temple, in which, as they terminated the Pteromata, or lateral Walls of the Pronaos and Poftieum, only three faces were nfed: befides, the breadth of the Column is too (hall to have accompanied thofe of the Temple ; and indeed the Plinth upon the Abacus of the Capitals is a convincing proof, they could have no place in any part of this Building : but it is likely, the Bafe lies near to its original Site, and that this Column, with its Companion, fupported Tome Statue, Trophy, or Votive Offering ; to which purpofe, the Plinth upon the Abacus of the Capitals is well adapted. Inftances of this ufage are, a Corinthian Column at Mylasa, inferibed to the memory of Menander, and probably once decorated with his Statue ; and two Columns at Athens with triangular Capitals, which plainly teftify, that each was defigned to bear a confeerated Tripod, the prize obtained in fome public Game, fome Mufical or Theatrical Entertainment. FIG. (.«5-ior, from ^tXw, ofculor, becaufe, as in the Greek, nar- ration of Conon cited hereafter, ipitom mum tfm»9t\f. (g) The difpute between the Boys feems to have arifen from an equality in years, or their being JiJ.fwi, twins; and from hence may be derived with probability the local names AiJufioi and AiJbfMtK. This Title AiAyuvr, given to Apollo, is very antient. Bah^i, x.xi fViftyn". Uxifyi, Ti/ffm. my*t. Orph. Hymn. Kit II lil9llf»*H It Xai p.}.: TH At',''/,:;;:, JoXfH, XJH T«1o IX TKt trfim AiAfMi wtjtqfcdm. Lucian. llipi m Af/o\. T. ii. p. 370. AnMuiix AioLuajoj vocant, quod geminam fpeciem fui numinis (f. luminis) pnefert ; ipfc illuminando formandoque lunam; etenim cx uno fonte lucts geniino fidcre diei et noctis illuftrat. Macro b. C. 17. It is remarkable, that no mention of this Apollo is found in Homer or Pindar, unlefs in the Hymns attributed to the former, v. 1S0, Hymn, in Apoll. (A) *H Xy. fit An/iQ*A« o &ikpo; yatft irxiSx EKirpum ZjuixfK (/. Siftipt;) mpet - — x*i Ktm t$\\we» ijiao-Stif AjtsAAwu, t$fm rMfMH- «bv7«, tvUct (Stofiof AnXAtMC (f. *iA7|< ■::. v.. p. 421. See alfo Merrick, Tryphiod. p. 133. the title Ulius, as God of Health. P. 635. Apollo Didym,eus, on a Milefian Medal, holds in his right (w) OuS' lira. AaVtet «Ja t apnlopof rvlof ttfyn hand the image of Diana ; on others the is fometimes feen alone; QttU AiroXAwvo;. Homer, and on many, joined, as in the Addrefs of Branchus, with her Brother. (») Clemens Alex. p. 674. (p) Potter, V. i. p. 391, 393. THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO DIDYM^US. 3i Community, wearied with faction, decreed, he fhould govern who proved the greatcft Benefactor to the Public. Phitres returned unfuccefsful from the war allotted to him; but Leodamas overcame the Caryftians, and took their City. On his arrival at Miletus he fent to Branch id.e, as the Oracle had commanded, a captive Woman with a Child at her breaft, and many other Offerings, the tenth of the Spoils. This Woman was much efteemed by Branchus, who adopted her Son. The Boy grew up, as favoured by fome Divinity, and pofTefTed an underftanding fuperior to his years. He was appointed to be the bearer of the Prophecies, and named Evangelus {The good Meffengcr) by Branchus, whom he fucceeded fa) in his Office. He was the Founder of the Milefian Family called from him the Evangelidal. It may be remarked here, that though fame other Deities were alfo regarded as prophetic, Apollo was principally renowned for the frequent ufe of this talent. Hence he is diftinguifhed by the fly deridcr, Lucian, (r) as one of the many Divinities, whofe lot was far from being fo eaiy and happy, as Homer had rcprefented": for, fays Jupiter, " undertaking a very troublefome " occupation, he is almofr. deafened by the multitudes crouding to confult him. Now he muft " be at Delphi, foon after he hurries to Colophon, then away to the Xanthus, then runs to " Claros, then to Delos or the Branchida^ ; in fine, wherever a Prophetefs, after drinking M from the facred Fountain, chewing Laurel, and making the Tripod, commands him to be " prefent, it behoves him inftantly to attend with his refponfes ready, or he will be undone." This multiplicity of bufinefs requiring order as well as difpatch, the God had ftated times of audience and reply at the Oracles to which he belonged ; being regularly in waiting on fixed days and hours, at particular feafons, when at his own option ; for inftances remain, in which he was forcibly compelled to exercife his faculty, in compliance with appellants too rude, irreverent, and boifterous, to admit the civil excufe either of his indilpoiltion or abfencc. But omitting the fuppofed agency of his fictitious Godmip, it is probable that Branchus, before he croffed over to Miletus, had been initiated into the myftcries of the gainful craft fo fuccefsfully eflablifhed in his native Country ; and as the juggle introduced by him flrongly refembles that pracltfed at Delphi and other Oracular Temples of Apollo, it is not unlikely that a mutual confeioufnefs and intelligence fubilftcd between their refpective Managers. The mode of confultation infiituted here was attended, befides expenfe, with much ceremony and delay ; the former adopted to give folemnity, the latter contrived to gain time for confideration, and to prepare the anfwer. The Prophetefs indeed appears to have fuftained a very unpleafant character in the Farce, if, with her bathing, fhe really farted, as was averted, /or three entire days (s). At length, the previous rites being ended, the, bearing the wand given (j) Conon apud Photium, p. 451. (r) Lucian. Ai,- xdwutw. T. ii. p. 792. (j) "Ewpev St to Mi yjf* imauSit, iro^u yxf »Xl ij(t ra xap2>.IlTll/^I^J^• aAA iiru Wftmu Ivtxx i^n7ii1o, umus av tSiSavxt; vtfi t* Tfmn, tpnpt rrt fx eubfmwt iTriTrf^Tr^rviir pumjHKj Six t«7o Sn I)pxfff3l)» tb7oi( — Ksi f*n» n'/t n B^xy^iJxi( yum "q y yyfcft mil fxSSov t^nrx rip TTfua; £*• 3m TWf MfriWwWB xMpxixi tW Sfiat auyn^ ii7i in afuyg; xaSrftfun rfi' iyi I rs .,' tilt T»f irojaf n xfxmrtteii ti ttyyvsa. :j JJ«Ji, b ot th wV*7et Jfu^ftan A&hu rev if mnAm tw3nttm »*fsrxr.«{ii/AiiPii vfi; Ttiv utsJo^u, iJuSsu au7« f afiTl^jlfim. THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO DIDYM^US. given by the God, was believed to be filled with divine light ; foretold futurity, fitting on the Axle of a Wheel ; or received the Deity, while enveloped in the fteam arifing from the Fountain ; or on dipping her feet, or a certain hem of her Garment, into the water. PofTefTed and folaccd by this inward light, fhe tarried a long while in the Sanctuary. The expecting Votary propounded the qucftion to be refolved, and the God was feigned to vouchfafe utterance through the organs of the inflated Female. Apollo, both at Branchidje and Delphi, difplaycd his prefcience verbally. The talent of extemporary vcrfification was fuppofed to be derived from him, and the Pythia for many Ages gave her refponfes in verfe ; but profane Tellers affirming that of all Poets the God of Poefy was the molt wretched, fhe confulted his credit by condefcending to life profc ; and thefe replies were converted into Metre by Bards (/) ferving in the Temple. From the fpecimens yet extant, we may fafely pronounce the Genius of the God to have been as contemptible in Asia as in Greece, difgracing in both the heroic meafure, (u) the chief vehicle of his predictions: and there likewife he fecms to have retreated behind a Subftitutc ; for, in an Infcription (x) relating to this Temple, we find the Prophet and Poet recorded as difUncr. perfons. That he acquired a very early and extenfive reputation at Branchidje, is evinced by antient Hiftory. When Necho, King of Egypt, had obtained a victory over the Syrians, followed by the capture of a great City, he would not change his raiment before he had confecrated a portion of the fpoils to Apollo, and tranfmitted them thither, (j) Croesus, when he meditated to invade Cyrus, and confulted the Oracles, did not omit this, (z) The Anfwer only of the Delphic was remembered when Herodotus wrote ; (a) but the King, profufely munificent on that occafion, dedicated his choiccft trcafure, fending thither, as Herodotus was informed, [b) fimilar gifts and equal in weight to thofe he configned to Delphi. In AtiAoi St xsu to tuv SWtlll irtis&oj, xai o Sr^/xs; CM oAic dyiiltixs, xai obm «Mos Spalxi n-po nit XfffftljtlQf SwiWUt Toilr ?.«!px rw *f*$*liUf, n», i rguM S\m an-if.*, x«> n* tv mint JkttyiCa, Xxi tJ^QfAtm %lr, tw (pull xai Tfpiro^ufjJi; til troAAii pjpouu' xxt J-ap Kulfc womtl Trxpxxtovw TV Sts Ufll irapayfwJBi, xxi irxfVTtxv (£u3tu trtttGt- ti aula tuj n-uiufiali tu utto ntf jtiJ-h xixptfou.r.y, \npw ^\vx TrpiTEulipou, avJirt, xai tw /ActirriKiij o'^nr. Iamblichus, C. xi. " A>,?,' uSt (TUjU,*, p iio-i, &fn yj^lxt nw&f » XiUnw AHMimm «t« W*4 A3™.». {d) Herod. L. v. c 36. K31 TB J r 1,p » euixai xp"? f'^rrtr lAiifi flm MtXnnet;. Pausan, L. viii. p. 694. See Justin. L. ii. c. 12. (*) Herod. L. vi. c. 7. //; Herod. L.v. c. ioi. W Strab. p. 634. 3+ THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO DIDYM^US. It is likely the Milefians were too much impoverifhed and deprefTed to attempt direftly the reftoration of their Temple; nor is it certain when they began to rear the Fabric now in ruins. But the Architects were Peonius an Ephefian, and Daphnis of Miletus. The former, with Demetrius a fervant of Diana, was faid to have completed her Temple at Ephesus, which alfo was of the Ionic Order, and had been planned, but not finifhed, by Ctesiphom the Cnoflian, and his Son Metagenes, the Authors of a Treatife on it. The Age in which Peonius flourimed, feme perhaps will imagine, may be difcovercd from the hiftory of the Ephefian Temple. But it mould be remembered, the Edifice he completed was that which was begun or intended in the reign of Croesus ; for many of the Pillars were prefented by him; this being the Temple which rofe on the contribution of all Asia, and was two hundred years about; as alfo, that fpared by Xerxes, and of which Strabo declares, Chersiphron was the original Architect, that it was enlarged by another Perfon, and finally burned by Herostratus. This event happened on the night when Alexander was born. The Ephefians difplaycd great zeal for its immediate reftoration, felling the old Pillars, and beftowing even the ornaments of female drefs, to render it fuperior in magnificence to the other: and this was the ftrufture, of which Alexander offered to defray the whole expenfe for the honour of inferibing it. The Architect was the famous Projector who propofed to Alexander, after perfecting this Temple, to form Mount Athos into a Statue of him, in the attitude of making a libation, with a river ilTuing from a beaker in one hand, running into a patera held in the other, and then vifiting two Cities to be founded one on each fide. (,) Peonius therefore is to be placed toward the end of the two hundred years above mentioned; but it is not exactly known when that term commenced or expired. The Artift, who made the Statue, flourimed in the ninety fifth Olympiad, (k) or about one hundred and twenty four years after Xerxes deftroyed the Temple, twenty two before Alexander's Expedition, and three hundred and fifty fix before the Chriftian ^Era. This (0 See Strab. p. 6+0. Iir Vitruvius the name of the Architect who made this propofal to Alexander is Dinocrates. Id an tern opus (temphim Jovis Olympit Athenis) non modo vulgo, fed etiam in paucis a magnificcntia nominatur. Nam quauior locis fum a:dium facrarum marmoreis operibus ornatre difpofitioncs, a quibus propria: de his nominationes clarifiima fama nomiuantur. Quorum excellentia:, prudentesque cogita- tbnum apparatus fufpedtus habent in Deorum feilimonio. Pri- mumque a;des Ephcfi Dianx Ionico genere ab Ctefiphonce Cnoflio et filio ejus Mctagene eft inftituta, quam poftea Deme- trius ipfius Diana; fervus, et Peonius Ephefius dicuntur perfeciffe- Mileti Apollinis item Icnicis fymmctriis idem Peonius Daphnis- que Mllefius inftitucrunt. Eleufinas Cereris « Proferpina-,— In Afty vero Jovcm Olympium. — Vitruv. Prref. L. vii. Dipteros autem oftaftylos et pronao et poftxo, fed circa ;edcm duphces habet ordines columnarum, titi eft redes Quirini Dorica, et Ephefire Diana; Ianica a Ctefiphonte conftiruta. L. iii. Magnificently vera admiratio exftat tempkim Ephefire Dlanrc, 20D annis factam a tota Aru.-Operi pnefuit Cherfiphron Archi- tects. Plin. L. xxxvi c. 14. p . 74 o. Laudatus eft et Ctefiphon GnoffluS a!de EphefiE Diana; admirabili fabricata. L. vii. p. 395. The Manuscripts have, in the above paffages, Cresiphon, or Chrysippon, or Chresipheon. The Greek Codices of Strabo feem to have retained the true reading, Chersiphron. Philander. Jam turn {fub Servio rcge) inclutum Diana: Ephefire fanum : id communiter a civitatibus Afire factum fama ferebat. Liv. L. i. c. 45. X r »m J E tAi n Ep«™, a.' Tf pw *; yam*, x*. rm turn 3.' Herodot. L. i. c. 92. (k) Nonagefima quinta Olympiade floruere— Canachus — Cente- fima quartadecima Lyfippus fuit, cum et Alexander Magnus.— Ita diftinclis celeberrimortim retatibus, infignes raptim tranfeurram, reliqua multmidine paffim difperfa.— Canachus, Apollinem nudum, qui Phil^fius cognominatur in Didymseo, ^ginetica aeris tern- peratura : Ccrvumque una ita veftigiis fufpendit, w linum fubter pedes trahatur, altcrno morfu digitis calceque rctinent'ibus folum, ita vertebrato dente ut risque in partibus, ut a repulfu per vices refiliat. Idem et Celetizontas pueros fecit. Plin. Hift. Nat. L. xxxiv. p. 649, 655. Edit. Delphi Alternis vicibus mox digitos mox calcem credas habere folo : dentes ita funt vertebratis offibus fimiles, mobiksqut ac fiexiks in utrisque partibus, five dextris five finijlris, ut fi unum pellas ftatim alii per vices, hoc eft, ft favos fellas, dextri; fi dexlrss, lavi rcfiliant. Interpres in loc. THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO DIDYM^US. 3S This very eminent Mailer was a Sicyonian, named Canachus, and a Scholar of Polvcletus the Argive.(/) Several of his Works are on record, as the Boys riding a fmgle Horicjfi) one of the Image, reprefenting the Worthies who with Lvsander acquired renown at .Ecospotamos m the Delphic Temple; (,,,) the Statue of Bucellus, the firft Sicyonian who eonquered as a Pugil among the Boys, at Olr«mj W and a Statue of Venus, at Stcvo., in gold and ivory (.) He worked in marble alfo, (f) as well as in thefe precious materials; and had a Brother, named Aristocles, who was little inferior to him in reputation. (?) The Apollo D.dym^s, or ftqaw* as he is fometimes ftyled, was formed in brafs of ^ginetic temperature, naked, { i) and, as reprefented on Medals of Augustus and Cal.cula, holding a Lyre. By him was a Stag ingenioufly balanced and contrived, (*) which on a Medal of Bal..™, he bears in one hand, with his Temple in the other. The Apollo Ismen.us at The.es was executed by the fame Canachus, in cedar, and refembled this at Dmv.Mi fo much, that Pausan.as remarks, it was eafy for one who had feen either, and heard the name of the Mafter, to pronounce by whom the other was made. With what magnificence and prodigious fpirit this new Edifice was defigned, may in fome meafure be collefted from the prcfent remains. Strabo has termed it « the greateft of all Temples » adding, it continued without a roof on account of its bignefs ; Pausanias mentions it as unfinifhea but as one of the wonders peculiar to Iohm ; and V.truvus numbers this among the Four Temples which had raifed their Architects to the fummit of renown. (J) It is remarkable, the vicinity of a Spring was deemed a neceffary adjunft to the Oracular Seats of Apollo; and when thofe failed, he was fuppofed to forfake thefe. Hence their mutual coexiftence is infilled on in a refponfe (,) given by the God concerning the filent Oracles, in which he declares that innumerable divine Oracular Sources had burll forth on the furface of the Earth, both Fountains and whirly Exhalations : and fome the Earth opening had again received into its bofom, and fome in a long feries of years had perilled; but that AroLLo°ftill enjoyed the infpiring Mycaleian Water in the recefs of D.dvm,, with the Delphic, and that at Claros. («) Of the three Springs which remained, as afferted above, the unabforbed property of the God, the Caftalian has been fo much celebrated, that its extraordinary qualities are very generally T t. known. (0 Pavsak. L. ii. p. ,3+. L. vi. p. 4S3. L. vii. p. sfo. MM, S*» „ „. ,„„ (V (m) Pausak. L. x. p. Sio. K«, ,. p „ ^ x 3„.„„, „•„, Mmn , u , («) Pausah. L. ,i. p. 483. ** " * !** f"f'« (.) Pausak. L. U. p. , 34 . E , a , }ufl „ fMm Uma ^ a ^ lp) Plih. L. XXXvi. p. 731. t' i-x xf^at^ra. n ap « rT1S v a , Tor , (?) PAUSAN. L. Vl. # p. 459, 473. rr t-usEB. Prep. Evang. L. v. c. 16. (r) Pausan. L. ii. p. 134. L. ix. p. 730. (,) Strab. p. 634. Pausak. L. vii. p. 533. V,„„r. Prsf. L. ™ ** A ™ """^ ^ "* i ° i " tl >' " Med *» *• Geographer, as dilhnguifhed by his frequent prefence. Ts Trap* nyS-amot T[ J« «) n,. ™ ,, N , ? „ a ml[f AtiMbj * "' f< ~'J ha«,,„(7, mittmLi »„t, h .» uaA, , ,« ka.,„ „,7, pe*. Dion vs. Perieg. ■ 445- 3 6 THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO DIDYM1US. known. The Clarian fcems to have rivalled it in the claim of poetic energy, though lefs liberal in the communication, the Pried only partaking of it. This perfonage was ufually unlearned, and ignorant of metre; yet after hearing folely the number and names of the Confulters, going down into the cavern, and drinking of this hidden Fountain, he uttered anfwers compofed in verfe upon the Subjefts mentally required by each. He was taken from certain Families only, and moftly of Miletus. From the Wages before defcribed as introduaory to the afl of Prophecy at Branchida;, it appears that water was fometimes applied there in a different manner, though for obtaining the fame end; and, if the Prophet did not drink, yet the divine enthufiafm was fuppofed to be derived from this Mycaleian Fountain, as it is called, being fabled perhaps to have its fource on Mount Mycale, as a water was by the Port Panormus, (*) againft Branchidas, which, they affirmed, emerged there, after paffing, like the Alpheus, through the intermediate Sea: for Callisthenes, the Hiftorian, (j) after relating that the Prophet of Jupiter Hammon, contrary to the ufual mode, had anfwered Alexander in words, that he was the Son of Jupiter, afferted, that the Oracle at Branchid* having been forfaken by Apollo, and the Fountain dried up, from the time Xerxes pillaged the Temple, the latter had then flowed anew, and the Milefian Embaffadors going to Memphis reported many Prophecies concerning the divine Birth of Alexander, his future Viftory at Areela, the Death of Darius, and other great events to come. The judicious Strabo marks this narration as extravagant; and indeed it may be aflced why the Milefians, if their Oracle was then thus prcfticnt, were either fo inattentive to it, fo irreligious, or ill advifed, as to exclude this Alexander, (*) even though admitted by the other Ionian Cities, until his Gallies arriving, and the Macedonians preparing to ftorm, they endeavoured to efcape fome in Ikiffs, fome on their bucklers to the Ifland once before the City, as fcen in Plate I. but were intercepted at the mouth of the Port; about three hundred only getting to it. Alexander, to reduce thefc, fent Veffels provided with Ladders to enable the Soldiers to afcend the Shore, then fteep ; but on obferving they were ready to undergo any nity, he pardoned them for their bravery, and received them into his fervice. (a) extrcmit' The Branchidoe, who fled with Xerxes, had been permitted to fettle among the Bactri, in a region remote from Greece and the dread of puniflvment. (i) They encompaffed their Town with walls, and called it by their own name. Alexander, furmounting every obftacle in his way with a rapidity next to incredible, arrived here in five years (c) after the taking Miletus. Their pofterity ftill retained the primitive manners, but were become double- tongued, fx) Pauban Eliac. A. Milefiorum legatos Mcmphim proflctos multa reiponfa attulifle. — Inttrpres. ty) °"X "ft't " ArA?Joi,-, x«i Boo^iJai; Ttt ° tar&IMI&l AoJ-uo, «AX« oooptzTi x al (rupCoXsi; to orAoov— Uf^l^tii Sf Tolo.; o* K0AA.0-- (z) STRAB. p. 635. Sw;, on to AvoUuMW to to Bpaj-jjiJaic uaolmu fxAoXolTrolo,-, t£ oro to .'ffoo 0V0 rw B p »> X io'uo oiouAtilo ion Etpgo orfpo-tTavlao, ixAEAoioruiat {a) FREINSHEM. Suppkm. tO Q^ClIRTIUS. it XOll Tit ItOTOJlK, Tolt JlYo Xpnon atXC%Bt, KM fOSioIftO! OTOWOI 01 MlAMfliW ofpioetif MptrStvlf. oil Moppto orlpi t«,- m Aiof ymttw To AAigauJpo, (£) StraB. p. 517. icon tbC (oopirvot Tropi ApGoAoo oixo;, xon to Aapcio Saoalo STRAB. p. 814. Et fons defeciffet ; et hunc turn denuo Icaturiifle, ct (c) Ann. £00/281 Imperils. Ante Ch. 328. THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO DIDYM^US. 37 tongued, not fpeaking cither the language of their Progenitors, or that of the Country in which they now lived, with purity. They received the King joyfully, furrendering their perfons and City. But Alexander, knowing the old grudge, commanded . the Milefians who ferved in his Army to be affcmbled, and referred to them the confederation, which fhould preponderate, whether the memory of the antient injury done by the Branchtd.e, or a regard for their original extrafiion. They varied in opinion, and it was fignificd that he would determine. The following day, Deputies attended on him from the Branchida;. He ordered, they fhould accompany him, and entering the Gate with a light-armed Party, dircBcd the Phalanx to furround the Walls, and, on a fignal being given, to pillage this receptacle of Traitors, putting all to the Sword ; which they did, unrefifted, regardlefs of the conformity in language, of intreaty, or fupplication ; and demolifhed the confecrated Groves, dug up the foundations, and crafed even the veftiges of the Town, fo that the fite remained a bare folitude and barren wafte. (d) The warmeft Advocates for Alexander have cenfured this feverity as mifplaced, falling not on the real tranfgreffors, but their guiltlefs defcendants, who had never feen Miletcs, much lefs betrayed the Temple to Xerxes, (e) As to the filence of the Oracle when deferted by the Branchtdje, it probably continued only until the damage then fuflained was fo far repaired as to enable new Managers to refumc the craft. And this had been accomplished before Alexander got poiTcfiion of Miletus ; for then a Macedonian Soldier, named Seleucus, (/) who proved afterwards one of his fucceffors, curious of futurity, was faid to have confulted concerning his return, and to have received for anfwer, Ma crTrsuJ*' Epgtfinjr> A/rtti rot 7roXAov aLfiwm. Hafe not to Europe, Afa is far better for you. And on afking about his death, Ar/o; oTisUoflsMG to mtptfUHl u; Sot >i'|sIITHSAMAKAIK** TAPXHSMAPKOTOTAniOT BIANOTAAMAT02KTPEIN B I A It O 2 * I A E A 2 A A B O N n A P. A TII^nATPIAOSTHNnPOCIITE A N A K. * H P CL T E I E T CI N CI N-E I K * * 21 T nN2TEANH4>OP02rTMNA2IAPXO* nATEPflNrENOTJNATAPXaNKAltl Tflt(!HTPOJ*A'iAMAMHTPO;AE*/ BIANIlSrAAtTPAJAPXIEPEflNTflNSE BASTENnOIHSARTflNBEaPIAUniP MEPASAEKAKAIMONOMAXIAJAnoTI MOT2EI1IHMEPASAEK.AA.TOK A IAPX1EP (INTHSinNIASnOIHUNIflNAEKAIE ***SEI2KAIAHMO0OINIA2KAirTMN A O 2 E I To the Infcriptions difcovered here, we owe, among other curious particulars, the knowledge we have of fome of the principal Officers concerned in the management of the Temple. Of thefe the Stepbanepborus was the Chief Prieft, fo named from his wearing a Crown when employed in his funftion. (r) The Prophet reported the anfwers of the Oracle, (s) and was defied by the Lots, (a mode of divination, which it is believed the Priefts could bias or interpret at will) except when fuperior merit or intcred prevented a competition, as in the inftance of Feavianus Phileas in the preceding Infcription, and of one Posidonius in another, well cut in large characters, on a marble in the wall of a ruined building by a Turkilh Burying-ground near Miletus, he being chofen by the Cod, after the Lots had thrice made him the Stepbanepborus. X E T 2 E- (p) Antiquitat. Aflat, p. 93. The Copy of thefe Infcrip- tions mentioned in his Preface is now in the Briiith Mufenm, N. 7509. Harleian. Catal. This Infcription may be found p. 62. of the Manufcript. (?) npo?n\; apca »ai *[pi-] T *MC*f Map*» OvArris [flAa-] f3l*v« nor *Aa-] f3ia-.ee t#Mf Aa6u« xapa , tic wJt^tfm «ffi#*t»-] a«A«pJ.,, Sm «. H». if,.- ml rrtlap-] apr.'^l'-] n-alfpau ymt WMfSCr" **» *[pt-] ruf iralpi; *A, Aapta, pinlpof It *[Ab-] (3ia(nr rxcfvaw Kfl&fim m» (aWluv nnroiln Siap.af tri [tt-] pipar Jtxa, xai pisvoiaa jia; Bpttpat otax Jus' Tixo* a}>uva (r) Potter, V. I. p. 206, 403. W P-*77- 4° THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO DIDYMiEUS. ETJEBEIINKAHPOUnoiEIAflNIE TPISSEAAXONTA i"K0MAIENAI4TM01£!TEM MASINASANATOI2 TOIONONAnoAAnNSEIIP04>HTHN HZnASATATTO! AHMMAKPI2INMHTP02TETSEBIHN A I K A 2 A 2 OTKAEOSOTAAlnNEniAHJETAI ANAPATAPEIAEN *-QNnPINAEITOTPrnNOTAENIAEI MEN ON The Prsfefts and Adfeffors were entrufled with the cuftody of the facred Trcafurcs, and the care of the Temple and its fanftity, which required their prefencc almofl continually • and here the latter met and determined queflions of Right, probably concerning the priv.lege of facrificing and confultmg before others, an article of fome importance occurring frequently in Infcriptions among the favours and honours conferred on particular occafions, as a reward of diftinguiffied merit; and from this power they are termed the Parcdri or Adfeffors of Apollo. That fueh was the nature of this Office appears from the account preferved by St»a„ («) of the Amphic tyonic College at Dllphi. The number of the Pr.fefls and Adfeffors commonly recorded in the Preamble to the Infections is two; but in a fingle inftance one only is mentioned, which may have been owing to the death of his Colleague; and in another the Prfefts alone are commemorated with the Sttpbanepborus, and in number fix. Befides thefc, the Poet, and fome other Officers, of whom we have only very imperfeft infor- mation, many perfons of inferior rank were conftantly employed in the fervice of the Temple The Hydropborus, or Water-carrier, was named in a fragment we copied. All thefe, with the Sellers of Provifion, Ineenfe, and other articles neceffary to life, or requifite in the Heathen worfhip, fettling with their Families on the fpot, formed a Village, within the Peribolus of the Temple, W fopported by the concourfe of Votaries, and enriched as it were by the immediate mfluenceof the Deity ; and, as belonging to the God, both accounted and called Sacred, W with the d lft „ a round about it; which for that reafon was, on the Treaty between the Romans and Axx.ocus, reftored by the ten Legates to the Milefians, by whom it had been abandoned, far) <f}iujm a A,J UfM « ff 7 Fjlt . mra-sra? au7of, Anpnx, xpiffi^, pflpf riw* Ou x*fsf *!' mm nrAnffltlgi (w) Strab. p. 419. Vndc nfitOiBf MoScn. Strab. p. 634. (J) TranfgrdS Masandrum, ad Hieran Comen perveneriint. Fanum ibi auguftum Apollinis et oraculum. Liv. L. xxxviii. c. 12. (2) Liv. L. xxxviii. c. 39. Polyb, p. 1172. THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO DIDYMjEUS. 41 Under the Romans, the Arts of Prophecy in general, and the Oracles, declined in reputation ; that people attending chiefly to the Sibylline Books, and the Etrufcan modes of Divination by Entrails, Birds, and Signs in the air. (fl) To this contemptuous negleft may be partly attributed a chafm in the Hiftory of this Temple until the reign of Tiberius, when the grand caufe of the numerous Greek Asyla, of which many, it was allcdged, were arbitrarily cftablifhcd, filling the Temples with profligate fugitives of every kind, and producing fedition among the People, by whom their villainies were protefled as a matter of religion, was pleaded before the Roman Senate (i) by Deputies from each City, and thofe from Miletus infifted on a grant from King Darius. The regulations enaded for limiting thefe Sanftuaries were ordered to be engraven on brafs, and fufpended for a memorial in the Temples. In the Year after this tranfadion, the Afiatic Cities decreed a Temple to be confecrated at their Expenfe to the Emperor Tiberius, his Mother, and the Senate, and obtained permiifion to cred it, for which Nero publickly thanked the Fathers and his Grandfire. (c) Eleven Cities became competitors for the honour of poffeffing this intended Fabric, and Tiberius with the Senate attended for many days to the allegations of their feveral EmbalTadors ; after which Smyrna was felefted,^) it being urged that Pergamus was already diftinguifhed by the Temple of Augustus, and Miletus with Ephesus employed on the Ceremonies of their refpeflive Deities Diana and Apollo. Abfurd and impious as this concefflon was from Tiberius, it appears modeft and rational (e) when compared with the felf-deifications of the monfter Caligula, who wantonly affumcd, or laid afide, the ftyle and character of this or that Divinity as caprice fuggefted ; was now a acchus, and prefently metamorphofed into an Apollo, his hair encircled with a radiated the bow and arrow in his left hand and the Graces in his right. (/) He even meditated to rob the Deity of his Temple at Branchid^, commanding the Milefians to allot a facred Portion to his own Divinity, (g) preferring their City, as he pretended, becaufe Ephesus was pre- occupied by Diana, Pergamus by Augustus, and Smyrna by Tiberius, but in reality from a defign to fubftitute himfelf in the room of their Apollo, and to appropriate to his own worfhip this great and molt beautiful Fabric, (h) which he intended to render more worthy of this diftinflion by completing what remained unfinifhed in the Strufture. (i) The attention bellowed on the new and falhionable Divinities, many felf-created, about this time, diminiflied the popular cfteem and veneration before poffefled by the old Set, already Y languishing W Stia.0, p. (f; Zokakas, p. 55 S. (i) Ann. Ch. *. U. C. 775 . Tacit. Annal. L. iii. c. 6c, 6 3 . (*) !>•■»- Cass.cs, p. 933 . Edit. 1751. (,) Tact. L. iv. c. , 5 . Ann. U.C. 776. Ch. 1} . CO « DH*Mom peiage*:. S».to». Vit. Calic. C. „. In other Authors alio this Edifice is iometimes ftyled the , M , v p , M .„ (BI ^ r3mtl . p „, (/) At Delos, Apollo had an altar raifed with the horns, and A ' jk °' **' ™/**-a,uv x«i apifef in Boeotia one compofed of the alhes of his Victims. Potter n*AA«Ji 2' ruiriXnai po3 i K xi Auk Hnwf p. 283, 288. Ka* fSnAiair wkuxtTvi, f3*9vo-x««A* ; v f m M , (m) Liv. L. xxxvm. c. 12. tti rf> Hp* 3 ::>.u.iA,' X urlt " £ ?°t "'>"P"t' 0£u St nfi%a{ f*iAo,-, tm/x; drletwiv Ei Jw ft «i>A« xai TUfiiravwi T*1«yfli, mi SnXu; ^,A r piX,7a, m pA, 'TAolopc mtfrf, 5 B| u,Sr)f J' (wspWI*; t"' * imv i *«"f'« l *l "lila rains sibiTik «pi/wm fl o'ti fii)Jit ra^ao-ri^r, E. H xJIov *Mj ai o-lwWjf i X «(r« Jsl( » 1 xtU po^-.po'M,,;- to; i$K WAiJ-o^ri*. a pV« IM ftlwi www r**«* Kf>%M. Euseh. PrKp. Evang. L. v. c. 7. Euseb. Pr^p. Evang. L. « (P) *»& THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO DIDYM£US. 45 This pofition is faid to have been firft maintained and fpread among the heathens by Thales, a native of Miletus. The futility of the Rcfponfes in general fuppofed to be didated by Apollo Didymjeus, if we may judge from thofe extant, with his impotency in avenging the infult of Arlstodicus, and in protecting his own property from the Branchid^ and Xerxes, to omit any farther inftanccs, was fo great, we may rcafonably wonder that it did not deftroy in an early Age the reputation of the God and Oracle, and ftill more that both continued in fome efteem long after Pagan ifm itfelf began to decline. Lucian, who lived under the Antonines, relates, that a Prieft of Tvana confultcd the Pfcudo- Prophet Alexander, Whether the Oracles then delivered at Didymi, Claros, and Delphi, were really given by Apollo ; but was anfwered, That was a Secret not proper for him to know : and, that the Impoftor endeavoured to procure the good-will of the Didymcean Oracle by frequently recommending it to his Followers, faying, (q) Go to the Temple of the BranchidtZ^ and liflen to the Oracles. Another Author, who flourished about the time of the Emperor Severus, Clemens of Alexandria, after degrading the Gentile Temples, though lofty, magnificent, and fumptuoufly adorned, as fometimes places of burial, and receptacles of dead carcafles, inftances, with Arnobius, this at Branchid.£ among others, a Milefian Writer relating that Clearchus was interred in it. (r) At what period the Clarian Oracle finally ceafed is not certainly known. It was extinct when Strabo wrote, (f) but revived again, was confultcd by Germanicus, (t) and foretold, obfeurely, his untimely death. It is mentioned alfo by Lucian as ftill exifting, with the Delphic and Didymamn ; and afterwards by Iamblichus, who lived about the Age of Constantine. This Emperor removed the facred Tripods from Delphi to Constantinople, and fixed them in the Hippodrome, adorning his City with the Statues of the heathen Gods and the pillage of their Temples. And the Delphic Oracle foon afterwards declined being consulted, bidding his Meflen- gers acquaint Julian (a) that the Temple was proftrate on the ground, and Apollo no longer pofiefFed his prophetic Laurel, or fpcaking Fountain, but that even the beautiful water was extincL Z The {?) V'X* PW* ■ J,r P"t *P« *p«TiiI« rixuff'm lupnlai ft *&tpx nxtx Air» aj'tifailst wa, -ytni S* is mtytrtu otlfipn;' UfA) mr f| ™1o f.ilaPi wftmm, Boissard, p. 137. fy) Lucian. Axijavtyo,-, T. ii. p. 236. Edit. 1743. (r) Clemens Alexand. p. Edit. Oxon. Arnob. adv. Gentes„ L. vi. p. 193, Diog. Laeht. L. i. (1) Strab. p. 642. (0 Ann. U. C. 771. Ch. 18. Tacit. Annal. L. ii. c. 54. (if) Enroll T11 pmnkUf KPf**l IxtlxXos auA*, Oj xmyxv tahOVW, aiwGib xat xs?.e'> Stiff, TheODORET. 44 •THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO DIDYMJEUS. The fortune, which the Didymrcan Temple experienced under Constantine, is not perhaps on record ; but the Oracle, which furvived that crifis fo extenfively fatal to Gentilifm, was confultcd by Licinnius, his Colleague in the Empire, concerning the Event of the War they were about to commence with each other; and, it was affirmed, the Damon replied in a couplet from Homer, (y) being part of Diomed's fpecch to Nestor, when furrounded with Enemies, and in imminent danger from Hector, " Youthful Warriors aflail thee, thy vigour is gone, and grievous *«' fy*™™ *ft UfW «pii«V {wi'tcai tAhwui iu «.\Xcj;. Julian, fragm. p. 545. EdiE. 1630. Twk tk Attufxx,* ftmrjb Xpeym m— ttn i, n o- sl tpam* irx\cu pn> qyy »*9flw«r x*XiBf nt< 'Em.ws, Stiff* St m; rw^smTew JmWmp mt Oo-joi — as above. En ij-u Ttwut nr»A Trtf iifti xxlx fi.iv t* vcCpix juiya; Ap^iE?™;' cAa^w 0*1 K» KM ts Aity*itm irpefiiliafH, (eirfsyopiun -fnaj» to1e fluX« iKHpafo /xnTiiTa Zruj E^ifficn \taxxptwj OKvjt-mx fapaF tX*vt. 'Pafijiian (3onriX(« IaAiairs,- 3-(oeiJjj(, Mapirjijusvo; ncai rnytx ft&xpx AXX> xai 'Eo-rfpiiP aiSputi Akiftstvmm sfx; 'To-ptaif jtuxiwic", &M «A*ir;tJ(B ajiaao;. BoiSSARD, p. 139. (0 Ann. Ch. 363, THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO DIDYM^US. 45 About this time, it is likely, the Carians aflccd, whether they mould admit the Milefians into their alliance agamft the Perfians, and were anfvvered by the Oracle,, [d) X\ct?\dt wot y]7civ aXxiuoi MtAntnoi. The Mikftans once were brave. .It is related, that in the battle which cnfued, the Milefians were all nain. (e) Thus far may be traced from antient materials the various fortunes of the Didymiean Apollc. At what period the holy Treafure of this Temple was pillaged, whether under Nero, (/) when Achat 08 and Secundus Carinates were commilfioned to plunder Asia and Achaia, and carried away the votive Offerings and facred Images ; or, at the Reformation under Constantine and the firft Chriftian Emperors, when the filver or golden Ornaments and Utcnfils of the Temples, in general were melted down and confifcated, with the Statues, except the brazen which were removed from all fides to Constantinople ; or, at what other Crifis ; and alfo, when the Temple was ruined, and the Oracle became finally filent, is not, it is believed, now on record : neither have we any notices of its fate from the death of Julian to the Journey from Smyrna referred to in the Chapter on Priene, being a term of one thoufand three hundred and ten Years. From the very rude Draught of part of the Front of the Temple publifhed with that Account |>y Wheler, and again by Chishull, it appears, that befides the two Columns fupporting their Architrave, two more remained, of which one, with a Pilafter and a portion of the Cell then {landing, is fallen fince. The other has a bit of modern plafter on the top. Plate I. is a View of this end of the Ruin as we found it. The heap rifes lefs high on the fides, than at the angles, and has in the middle, or within the Cell, a large vacant fpace, which, if the Temple had been roofed, would, it is likely, have been alfo covered. By this, and among the Stones, (rrow feveral Fig and other fizcable Trees. Plain Traces of its extenfive Pcribolus are yet feen ; but the two admired Groves, of which one flood within it, (g) are now reprefented only by a few folitary Trees, fcattcrcd Bufhes, and thickets of Maftic. Some fpots between thefe are cultivated with Turkey and common Wheat ; and it is obfervable the Soil was anticntly noted as fruitful in this grain, {h) Among the tall Hubble of the former were placed feveral Beehives, being long wooden Trunks, headed like a Barrel, piled up one on another, belonging, with the produce of the^ ground, to the few wretched Inhabitants of a fmall place, remote about half an hour, named Ura. A a At (d) Boissard, p. 139. (/) Ann. U. C. 817. Ch. 64. Tacit. Ann. L. xv. c. 45. (g) Strab. p. 634- (e) Another Anfwer of the Milcfun Apollo, with remarks on it, may be found in Lactantius, L. iv. £ 13. (£) H>.:$i 3' Epj-m,- Bpa^n jro^TLpuv apnp«» He IS cited alfo in Stod^EUS. Ksi ©(/ais-IokXtk xxKwv Jupiutwar ExTpoXiTiiv, k«i Tupirn tfifivn; MtJ.Ji.eio, (xai) aWvr to £u*ni» Tfi^jf, mS*H ailf*?J^3«Vur xalirln ms <™?j;pia,- Ef3a p'oai xAu^mri iroAvir*av£i? Maixtif*. 'EW.nTrt- aJiAf-w St vllm xai « ■ B/xyyjh &i« ixSo-mm rut Ai*A«- Orpheus Argonaut. V. 150. TiKtir if/*, wt ff $xm tw n*-yuyw xapaM^, Jra* OuT *« wxuxil-i; This fpot furniftied alfo Auxiliaries to Priam. 10,*, »1» AUfm, alt **uf, a? aXAo ssYi on ■rwTilpMMM yjKt'ft yooil' at Oi MuxaJ.wi ntfim — ire" 1 ! uQoapm. Ex Iamblichi Epift. ad Dexippum de Dialeilica. B T" > ??C N t *y*tx f um f * , xai «7oo7a Jlmffi w. Sam. Ixxix. p. 471. HAPAAEIIIOM. 'OMHPfi. L. i. V. 280. 4 6 the temple of apollo didymjeus. At fome diftance from the Temple, toward the Sea, we found many Sarcophagi, of marble, large, mali'y, and funk into the Earth, fo as to be nearly -level with the furface ; fome leaning on one fide, entire and unopened ; fome with the lids broken or removed, and lying by. One had an Infcription, but not legible, except -the word E II I T P A O HN; and in another was a thigh-bone. We difcovered alfo five Statues, in a row, near to each other, and almoft buried in like manner. The figures were fedent, and the faces much injured. Near thefe a hole had been lately dug, difclofing one end of a plain Stone Ciftern with a moulding at the bottom. The folicitude, which Julian fhowed, to re-eftablifh and confirm Apollo in the fole poffeffion of this fpot, prolonged only the term of his enjoyment ; and the God, probably foon after the death of his royal Prophet and Patron, was conftrained to yield it up to Chriftianity ; and this again, in procefs of time, to admit Mahometanifm to the larger portion, if not to an exclufive tenure of the whole. Some broken Pillars and pieces of Wall mark the fituation of one or more Greek Churches, by which we found the Crofs cut on two fragments. The ruin of a finall ordinary Mofque, unroofed, (lands near the Temple, with part of a flight of Steps on the outfide, once leading to the Minaret ; and another was erected upon the large heap feen in the View, near the two Columns, a fragment of the Wall remaining with Steps alfo annexed, as in the above, and other Turkifh Ruins at Miletus, and elfewhere. The veftiges of the Town, befides many Wells, confift in low Walls and Rubbifh, fpreading to fome extent about the Temple, with a round building, nearer to the Sea, probably intended for a Beacon or Watch-tower. All thefe were very mean, though compofed, it is likely, of materials fupplicd by the Temple, and broken or made portable by fire ; the Cavities, over which feveral of the Furnaces were conftruc~red, being vifible clofe by, particularly on the fide, toward the Sea, and before the Front. Indeed, it may be conjedured from the prodigious quantity of marble deftroyed or confumed, that the Lime or Cement fo procured was the ftaple commodity of the place, and that, as the antient Inhabitants were maintained by the profperity of the Temple, the later fubfifted for a time on the ruin. However, the vaftnefs of the Heap in general, with the many Stones of great magnitude, the majefty of the Columns yet entire, with the beauty of the numerous Capitals and ornamental members thrown down, and as remarkable for the delicacy of their Workmanfliip as for the amazing elegance of their Defign, is (till fuch, as muft imprefs even the taftelcfs Spectator with reverential regret ; and excited, not unworthily, in the Journalift of the Tour from Smyrna, to whom its name and hiftory were unknown, a pcrfuafion, that this Fabric had certainly been one of the Seven Wonders of the World. PLATE I. View of the Courfe of the MEANDER from Miletus. PLATE II. View of the End of the Ruin of the TEMPLE from the North-Eaft. PLATE THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO DIDYMvEUS. 47 PLATE III. ' I E Site of this Temple is in a manner buried under its vaft Ruins ; but from the parts of Columns which yet appear in their places, it is evident the Front was a Dccaftylos, the Afpedt the Dipteros, and the Species between the Pycnoftylos and Syftylos, the Intercolum- niation being one Diameter of the Column and feven ninths. The breadth of the Weft Front is one hundred fixty two feet ten inches and two tenths ; but no trace of the Eaft Front remaining, the length of the Temple could not be afcertained, which was neceflary to be done in order to give the Plan. The Cell has no Door in the Weft or back Front, of which omiflion (except in Temples in Antis and in the Proftylos) only three other inftances have occurred ; to wit, the Temple at Iackli near Mylasa, that on the Ilissus at Athens, and that of Jupiter Nemeus in Achaia. Neither had it the Poftieum, which in the Afpecis of the Amphiproftylos, Peripteros, Pfeudo- dipteros, Dipteros, and Hypaithros, anfwered to the Pronaos at the oppofite end of the Cell, (/) which is alfo omitted in the Temple on the Ilissus at Athens. The Architect, without dimi- nishing the length of the Naos, might thus confiderably augment the depth of the Pronaos and of the Portico in the Eaft Front, in which, as in that of the Temple of Jupiter Olympius at Athens, the Columns were probably three deep. The Wall of the Cell in the back Front is eight feet ten inches thick ; it is folid, and faced on each fide with large pieces of Marble inclining to a lightifh blue, and left rough and unpoliflied. The interior part of the Wall confifts of the common ftonc of the Country. The immenfe heaps of Marble, under which the remains of the Walls are, as it were buried prevented a fight of the Mafonry, fo as to be able with certainty to determine the manner of it ; but mofi probably that called the Ifadomum was ufed here, as in all the Temples of marble materials, which we met with. Mr. Wood, when he vifited this Temple, found there two Turkiffi Carvers of Grave-ftones, employed in conveying away the portable Marbles ; and is of opinion that the very extraordinary and confufed manner, in which the mafly Stones of this Edifice are piled over the remains of the Walls, muft be the effect of a violent Earthquake ; the walls not being overthrown, but in a manner crufhed down, and the remnants concealed under the Mafs, which equally extends on each fide. Many of the Stones lying on the North fide of the Temple are inferibed with one, two, or more Letters; feveral with EOAO or IH0EN. From the draught given in Whei.br (p. 271.) it appears thefe compofed a part of the Cell, and that the characters were on the external Front. Bb FIG. Port ccilam ledis *™&Jo^ tt vd poftieum, ad idem fere inftar factum uc T P cJ:pe; vel Pronaos. Lexicon yitmtom a Baldo. 4 8 THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO DIDYM^US. FIG. I. The uppermoft Step, Bafe, and lower part of the external Columns of the Dipteros. The Step, together with the Scotia:, Aftragals, and Fillets, are formed out of one piece of Marble. The Torus is annexed to the Apophyges of the Column. The only Bafe difengaged from the Ruins, and by which the Building is vifiblc fo low as the Steps, is that, at the North-Well Angle, which has the lower part of the Column upon it ; but there the Steps were removed, except part of the uppermoft, which is under the Bafe ; and this portion refembles, but is not, the Plinth of the Bafe, as appears from the mutual Analogy between the Steps and Bafes, in this and the preceding Temple, comparing the pro- portions of their heights with the Diameters of their Columns ; and the reafon this part of the Step was of the fame piece with the Bafe, was undoubtedly to ftrengthen the Aftragals under the lower Scotia, and to fecure the Column more effectually in its place. If the height of this Step Qiould be objected to, as rendering the afcent difagreeable or difficult, it may be obferved, that the Steps of the Parthenon are confiderably higher, and that the uppermoft Step of the Temple of Jupiter OLYMrius at Athens (the only one remaining of that Edifice) greatly exceeds both in height. The reafon for giving this extraordinary Proportion to their height, was, it is likely, to add greater Dignity to the Building ; for this cannot be effeded, unlefs the parts, of which the whole is compofed, are preferved great as well as fimple ; and the mutual Analogy between the Steps and Bafes in this and the pre- ceding Temple, as obferved before, (the former much exceeding the latter in the Diameter of .its Columns) confirms this fuppofition. The internal Columns of the Dipteros are fluted the whole length of their Shafts ; but the external, only two feet below the Capitals, the reft of their Shafts being left rough, except a few inches above the Apophyges, which, as this Temple was never completed, evidently ■proves that the Flutings were fmifhed after the Columns were raifed, as alfo the Walls of the Cell, which remain rough like the Columns. It was impoffiblc to meafure the Altitude of the Columns, as the Country, deftitute indeed of every conveniency, afforded none of the Implements requifite for fuch an Operation. The Handing Columns are of a lightiih blue Marble, but fome of the pieces of a deeper hue than others. Wc endeavoured to get at their Bafes, and with difficulty prevailed on fome of our Attendants to fet about removing the rubbifb, but foon found fuch vaft Stones under it, as rendered the attempt too romantic to .be perfevered in. F I G. II. The Capital and Architrave, with the upper part of the Shaft of the Column. The Bern or Border in the Front of the Volutes of the external Capitals of the Dipteros is left fquare, but in thofe of the internal is wrought circularly ; likewife the flowers refting on the Echinus of the former have only three leaves, but thofe of the latter have four. The THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO DIDYM^US. 49 The length of the pieces of the Architrave is feven'teen feet four inches -^11 ; but the thick- nefs could not be obtained. The fame method is obferved here in placing it upon the Capital, as in the Temple at Teos. (k) The want of the Altitude of the Columns, and of the Prize and Cornice, of which no parts could be found, is not a little to be regretted. PLATE IV. The Contents of the preceding Plate (haded. PLATE V. I G. I. The Plan of the Capital. F I G. II. The Profile of the Capital. FIG. III. A Section through the Profile of the Capital, FIG. IV. A Sc&ion through the Front of the Capital. FIG. V. The Architrave of the internal Columns of the Dipteros with the Frize, which fupported the LUcunaria. The Soffit of the Architrave had a Compartment decorated with Foliage furrounded with a Sima inverla and Bead ; but neither the Meafures of the Compartment, nor a Draught of its Ornaments, could be taken. FIG. VI. The Contour of the Volute, with as many of its Meafures as could be collected. The Palladian Scheme tor defcribing the Volute may be made ufe of, provided the Diameter of the Eye, which in this Volute is fomething too fmall, be a little enlarged. That inac- curacy, it is likely, arofe from the inattention of the Workmen in placing the Centres ; for, if thefc happen to be fixed in any degree too far diftant from the Centre of the Eye, the ter- mination of the Spiral will fomewhat contract the Eye. PLATE VI. ' I HIE Contents of the foregoing Plate (haded, with a Section through the external Architrave of the Dipteros, alfo its internal Face and that of the Frize annexed. This Architrave, it is probable, had a Compartment in its SofHt like the internal. (/) Cc PLATE (t! Sec Chap. I. Explan. PI. III. Fig. ii. (/) Sec Explan. PI. V. Fig. v. 5° THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO DIDYM^US. PLATE VII. T™> I G. I. The Front of an Ionic Capital of a Pilafter, with the upper part of the Shaft, The juncture of the Stones is under the Bead. Several Capitals of Pilafters remain on the North fide of the Temple. The Profiles are not quite half the breadth of their Front; from which it is evident that none of them belonged to the Antie ; for the internal Face of the Anta: in Temples always has the fame breadth as the Front, and anfwers to the Diameter of the Columns placed between them, and to the breadth of the Architrave in the Front of the Pronaos ; consequently the internal Face of their Capitals muft have the fame Proportions as the Front, to correfpond with each other. If the Pronaos was large, Columns were placed between the Anta: to feparate it from the Portico, [m) and to fupport the Architrave in the Front of the Pronaos, as may be feen in the Temples of Theseus at Athens, of Pallas at Sunium, and many others; but if fmall, the Architrave was fupported by the Anta; alone, as in the Temple on the Ilissus at Athens. That Columns were feldom or never placed between the Anta: in Veftibules, (called Prothyra («) by the Greeks) nor the Architrave continued from one of the Anta; to the other, as in Temples, may be concluded from the Propylea, the Veftibulc of the Stoa, and from the Doric Portico at Athens. In the Propylea although the Lacunaria were fupported by two ranges of Columns, thofe next the Front arc not placed between the Antx, nor have any connection with them ; and the Anta?, as in the Doric Portico, have their external and internal Faces not above half the breadth of their Front. The conftruttion of Veftibules alfo differed from that of Porticoes, the latter having no lateral Walls, as appears from the Porticoes of Temples. Thefe Veftibules were made ufe of in private Buildings, as well as in public, and placed before the principal Door or Entrance into the Houfc. [o) But to return to the Temple : from the number and proportions of the Capitals above defcribed, (without mentioning the Frize decorated with Griffins and Lyres, of which feveral fragments remain, and which undoubtedly filled the Spaces between thefe Capitals) it may be concluded, that the lateral Walls of the Cell were enriched with Pilafters, correfponding with the Pteromata or Colonnades round the Temple, although not repeated in the back Front, in which the Wall is left rough without any breaks, unlefs perhaps at the Angles, which we could not examine, an immenfe quantity of Stones being heaped over them. The (m) Et fi Edes erit latitudine major quam pedes xx. dux columns inter duas antas interponantur, qua; disjungant ptero- matos et pronai fpatium. Item intercolumnia tria, qua; erunt inter antas et columnas, pluteis marmoreis five ex intcltino opere fadtis intercludantur, ita uti fores habeanr, per quas itinera pro- nao riant. Vitruv. Lib. iv. c. 4. («) Item prothyra Grace dicuntur, qux fun; ante in januis veftibula. Vitruv. Lib. vi. c. 10. (o) Igitur hh qui communi funt fortuna, non necefTaria mag- nifica vefUbtila nec tablina neque atria. Vitruv. Lib. vi. c. 8. Unde veftibuUun, partem non efle domus, hoc eft, atrium, ut aliqui putarunt, fed locum ante januam domus vacuum, per quern a via ad xdes efTet iter. Etenim qui domos amplas antiquitus faciebanc, confuefli locum ante januam relinquere, qui inter fore?, domum et viam medius eflet, ita ut qui in co confilterent, nec in domo efTem, nec in via. Perottus, ubi dc ftabulo, ex Baldo. THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO DIDYM^US. The Capitals of the Anta-, as well as of Pilafters, not only differ from thofc of the Columns, in the Greek Edifices, but are alfo varioufly compofed in each of the Orders, though always diftinguifhed by fome Moulding or Ornament, fpecifying to which they belong; and indeed it moll be acknowledged, that thefe Species of Capitals judicioully ufed may produce a very plcafing effeft in Buildings, and greatly contribute to their Enrichment. To confirm this Opinion, it may not be improper to remark, that in the Temple of Diana at Nismes in Languedoc are four fquare Pilafters with Capitals differing from thofe of the Columns, which are a kind of compound Order, much celebrated by Palladio, (f) though very erroncoufly given by him, as appears from Drawings made on the fpot by Major General Gray, who collected the moft valuable remains of Antiquity in thofe parts of France through which he travelled. FIG. II. The Profile of the fame Capital. FIG. III. A Seftion through the Front of the Capital. FIG. IV. Another Compartment in the Front of one of thefe Capitals. The Profiles of this Gapital are the fame as of that already given. PLATE VIII. The Contents of the foreo-oing; Plate fliaded. PLATE IX. T^IG. I. A Frize, which filled the fpaces between the Capitals of the Pilafters, confiding of a Bafs Relief reprefenting Griffins and Lyres. The Griffin is ufually compofed of the head and wings of an Eagle, with the body, legs, and tail of a Lion, as in the preceding Plate ; but in this Frize has the head of the latter, with the horns and beard of a Goat. As the Ancients adorned the Statues and Temples of their Gods with fymbols of their fuppofed influence, the Griffin, which was particularly facrcd to Apollo, and in fabulous Antiquity believed to be ever watching the [q) golden Mines on the Scythian and Hyperborean Mountains, is here introduced as Guardian of the Lyre, which belonged to him as Inventor of Mufic. It has a Lion's head, becaufe Apollo, or the Sun, is moft powerful when in that Sign of the Zodiac. It may be added, the Perfians had a Statue of him, with the head of that Animal, (r) The Goat's horns and beard may have been adopted from the Goat of Metal offered by the D d Cleoncans ( p) Dictro le colonne, che fono rincontro all' entrata, e fanno, parlando a noftro modo, la capella grande, vi fono pilaftri qiudri, i quail hanno ancor e(Ti i capitelli compofti, ma diverfi da quclli dcllc eolonne, e fono different! anco tra di loro j perche i" capitelli de 1 pilaftri che fono immediate appreflo le colowie hanno imagli different! dagli altri due; ma hanno tutti coll bella, e gratiofa forma, e fono di cofi bella inventione, che non fo di haver vednto capitelli di tal forte meglio, e piu giudkiofamence fatti. Palladio, L. iv. p. 11S. (j) Plin. L.vi). c.2. (r) Le Imag. de i Dei degli Antichi, da Vis. Cartari. 5 2 THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO DIDYMiEUS. Cleoneans at Delphi, as a memorial of their deliverance from a Plague, on facrincing, as they were advifed to do, a Goat to Apollo, or the Sun, at his riling, (s) FIG. II. A Corinthian Capital, which belonged to a Semi-column within the Wall which feparatcd the Naos from the Pronaos, This Capital was too imperfeft to complete the Meafures; but the Compofition being fmgular, it is given here, as it was found. The Diameter of the Column is made the height of the Campana or Vafe of the Capital, being the fame Proportion as in the Column of Menander at Mylasa, and in thofe of the Porticoes of the Tower of Andronicus Cyrrhestes at Athens. FIG. III. A Seclion through the Front of this Capital. FIG. IV. The width of the bottom of the Abacus, with the depth of its Curve. FIG. V. A Cymatium. Several pieces remain thrown down within the Naos. It probably rmifhed the internal Face of the Walls of the Naos, as four inches from the bottom of thefe pieces are left rough, like the internal Face of the Wall in the back Front of the Temple. PLATE X. ^ | ^ H E Frize and Capital in the foregoing Plate fhaded ; but in the place of the Section of the Capital, the Curve of the Abacus, and the Cymatium, an Elevation is given of half the fame Capital reftored upon a larger Scale, to communicate a more per feci: Idea of its Effect, when entire. H E A D-P I E C E. A Fragment of a Capital upon the heap of Ruins at the North- Weft Angle of the Temple. The Ornaments which fp'ring from the bottom of the Leaves under the Figure arc unintel- ligible. The height of it, including its Abacus, is three feet eleven inches and five tenths, which exceeds the height of the Capitals of the Pilafters by one foot two inches ,-*;, though the Abacus has the fame height in both, and the fame projedure ; but in this Capital it has only two Mouldings, an Ovolo, and a Plinth, inftead of the Cavetto and Fillet, as in the others, introduced here by miftake ; and thefe were omitted in the Capital on account of the great Relief of the Ornaments, it being much higher than in the Capitals of the Pilafters. This appears to have been one of the angular Capitals of the Cell, and probably anfwered to thofe of the Ante in the front of the Pronaos; for the Capitals of the Ante muft have been different (j) Fausakias. THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO DIDYM^US. S 3 different from thofe of the Pilafters, as both the external and internal Faee of the former ought here to be the fame as the Front. The Plants about the Capital are the Fig, with the wild Maftic, and Oleafter, which oecurred ,n the fpot. The Sheep fhow the comparative fize of the Stone. T A I L-P I E C E. rpHE Front and Profile of a Capital of the Pilafters, in which the Compofition of the *• Foliage is fomething different from that already given. This, as alfo the Head-piece, is ' drawn on the fame Scale with the other parts of the Edifice. The Figures are defigned to give an Idea of the Size, without recurring to the Meafures. V y 4