gT NJNlA/yT BTl\ BRARy' S\ *■ jflKSr li 1 « M ■k ' I\4f It V \ ifl K v \ S \ C Pj - ^ ^ 'j tt **, l J r ^ ts *&*>vW* (4«n~-*~ f}^*- ***'?}. C Co* U?. v>.v wvc^,®Ji W>Vr\>.v r A ftus ^ * Cv t Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2019 with funding from Getty Research Institute https://archive.org/details/regimensanitatisOOunse ' I REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM, WITH THE ENGLISHMAN S DOCTER, AN ANCIENT TRANSLATION. HOC OPUS OPTATUR QUOD FLOS MEDICINAL VOCATUR. ARNALDI COMMENT * REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM A POEM ON THE PRESERVATION OF HEALTH IN RHYMING LATIN VERSE. ADDRESSED BY THE SCHOOL OF SALERNO TO ROBERT OF NORMANDY, SON OF WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR, WITH AN ANCIENT TRANSLATION : AND AN INTRODUCTION AND NOTES BY SIR ALEXANDER CROKE, D. C. L. AND F.A.S. OXFORD: D. A. TALBOYS. 1830 TALBOYS AND BROWNE PRINTERS, OXFORD PREFACE. Above one hundred and sixty editions of the Schola Salernitana are proofs of its merit and popu¬ larity, and some stray verses from it are frequently quoted. But since all the editions are now become scarce, and few persons seem acquainted with the poem at large, it was thought that a new edition might not be unacceptable to the curious and literary world. The introduction and notes, it is hoped, will be found to comprehend whatever is known relating to the poem, or which may be useful for its elucidation. Annexed is a scarce old English translation, which renders correctly the whole work, and may convey to the general reader a good idea of the original. The etchings are taken from the old wooden cuts in the German editions of Curio, printed in 1559, 1568, and 1573. b VI PREFACE. In the Essay on Rhyming Latin Verse, which was originally designed as part of the introduction to this work, amongst the modern ludicrous poems, I acci¬ dentally omitted an old acquaintance. Drunken Bar- naby’s Four Journeys to the North of England. In the original edition, which has no date, it is entitled Barnabee Itinerarium. There have been many sub¬ sequent editions, and the last by Robert Haslewood in 1820, of which only a few copies were printed, is a fac simile of the editio princeps. The author was Richard Braithwait, M. A. It is unnecessary to make extracts from a poem so well known. I shall, however, quote one verse, wdnch has afforded a sub¬ ject to an ingenious painter a . In progressu Boreali, Ut processi ab Australi, Veni Banbury, O profanum ! Ubi vidi Puritanum, Felem facientem furem, Quia sabbato stravit Murem. In my progress travelling Northward Taking farewell of the Southward, To Banbury came I, O prophane one! Where I saw a Puritane-one Hanging of his cat on Monday, For killing of a mouse on Sunday. a E. Prentice, engraved by Meyer. PREFACE. Vll It should have been observed, that two lines of Bernhardus Mortacensis b , are from Q. Cicero, who says. Femina nulla bona est, vel si bona contigit ulla, Nescio quo fato res mala facta bona est c . I must take this opportunity likewise to return my best thanks to Mr. Archdeacon Wrangham for a copy of his Psyche, which was printed only for pri¬ vate distribution. This is an elegant translation into Latin rhyme of Mr. Bayly’s Songs on Butter¬ flies, and other poems, and which has served as a classical recreation from the severer studies of the learned editor of Walton’s Prolegomena. I have not room here for a long extract, but I cannot refrain from inserting the first stanza of the first song. Ah! sim Papilio natus in flosculo, Rosa ubi liliaque et violae halent; Floribus advolans, avolans, osculo Gemmulas tangens, quae suavh olent! Sceptra et opes ego neutiquam postulo, Nolo ego ad pedes qui se volutent:— Ah ! sim Papilio natus in flosculo, Osculans gemmas quae suavb olent! b Essay, p. 59. « See Ruperti Juvenal, vol. ii. p. 607, note 97. Vlll PREFACE. Since writing the account of the modes of versifi¬ cation usual amongst the rhyming Latin poets d , I have met with an ancient treatise upon metre, writ¬ ten about the end of the fifteenth century, or proba¬ bly earlier, in which are laid down the rules observed by the writers of the middle ages in their Leonine verses. It is unnecessary to state particularly the contents of the first part, since it relates to metre in general: the second is entitled Colores Metrorum Variati, that is, the various rhymes of verse, and contains a great number of curious examples. They are placed promiscuously but may be arranged in the following order, which I before adopted. They have each their appropriate names e . The hexameter and pentameter metres were the most frequent. The Leonine poets observed, that from the different ways in which the feet might be legitimately varied, the heroic or hexameter verse af- d Essay on Rhyming Latin Verse, p. 17. e Published by James Nasmith, M. A. at Cambridge, 1778, at the end of two other works. Itineraria Symonis Simionis, et Willelmi de Worcestre. Quibus accedit Tractatus de metro, in quo traduntur regulae a scriptoribus medii aevi in versibus Leoninis observatae, exeunto seculo xv. ut videtur scriptus. In¬ certi autoris, e cod. manus, in Bibi. Col. Corp. Christ. Cant. N°. 386. I have collated it with the original, and corrected some errors by it. Some parts seem much corrupted. PREFACE. IX forded thirty-two forms ; the pentameter, four only. Of these varieties they availed themselves in con¬ structing their verses. Another source of variety was derived from the situation of the rhymes, either as they were placed, I st . at the end of the lines only: or likewise in the middle, as the line was divided: II cU y. into two: III d *y. into three, or, IV th 'y. into more rhyming parts: or, V tW y. from other modes of versification. I. The first kind produced the couplet only, and such verses were called caudati. As in a hymn to saint Catherine: Coeli gemma bona, succurre reis, Katerina, Et prece mellifluk sis segrotis medicina. II. When the line was divided into two rhyming parts, the middle rhyme naturally fell upon the pause, which is properly at the syllable following the first two feet. These were called simplices Leonini. Regalis nata,— fueras dignas, venerata, In spe robusta — complectens dogmata justa. Sometimes it fell upon a syllable short of the pause. Citogradi. Filia regis, — supra coeli sidera degis, Pauperis egis— praebe nobis dogmata legis. b 3 X PREFACE. or the syllable beyond the pause. Saltantes. Rumpitur ipsa ferarum — machina facta rotarum, Deprimit agmen amarum—nobile fragmen earum. The rhymes of a line in two parts were either li¬ mited to one line, or extended through two, which resolved the stanza into four short lines, giving room for many varieties. 1. The middles and ends rhymed alternately. In- terlaqueati. Plausus Graecorum, —lux coecis et via claudis, Incola coelorum — virgo dignissima laudis. 2. The first and fourth, the second and third. Cruciferi or Serpentini. Csesareos cultus —in spe rata mens tua sprevit, Dum Caesar saevit — mansit stabilis tibi vultus. 3. All four parts rhymed. Duplices Leonini. Artibus nitenta—tibi floruit alma juventa, Jungis non lenta—spontanea, non violenta. or laceri dactylici. Hic ululatus incitur—ibique dolor reperitur, Iste tremore feritur—et ille furore potitur, PREFACE. XI III. When the line was divided into three parts, more varieties were produced. As to the form of the verse, each part consisted of 1. Two dactyls, except the last spondee. Titu¬ bantes. O fera tormina—fit tua machina —bis rota bina, Sed tibi gratia—caelica praemia — stat medicina. 2. Of two spondees. Lentogradi. Congaudentes — laudent gentes — munera Christi. Tu peccata—nobis nata—Christe, ademisti 3. Of one dactyl, and one spondee. Claudicantes Adonici. Caesar agonis —non rationis — vota gerebat, Dum sibi servos—ire protervos—praecipiebat. 4. Of a spondee and a dactyl, the reverse of the Adonie. Declinatorii. Hic crus tangitur—hic os frangitur—ecce repente Hic pes laeditur—hic dens vellitur—ore patente. In the application of the rhyme. 1. The beginning and middle rhymed, the ends of the two lines, as in the preceding examples, and Xll PREFACE. O miseratrix—O dominatrix —praecipe dictu, Ne devastemur — ne lapidemur—grandinis ictu f . 2. The rhymes of the beginning and middle of one line were continued in the second. Virgo beata — salusque parata — benigna precanti, Dona rogata—dabis cumulata—tibi fabulanti s. 3. The beginning, middle, and end of one line corresponded with the same parts of the second line. Cellula mellis — fundis ardorem—virgo serena, Nescia fellis—cui dat honorem—nostra camena* 1 . 4. All the parts rhymed. Adonici alterne relati. Theca pudoris, — virgo decoris—gemma valoris, Omnibus horis—es decus oris—stella nitoris. Adonici actu et casu intrinsice clausulati. Dirige fatum—funde precatum—tolle reatum, Erige stratum—terge ingratum—pende ducatum. IV. Other varieties had more than three rhymes in each line. 1. Four rhymes. Hexametri extrinsice retro¬ gradi varie colorati. Sometimes alternate. f From Everhardus. £ Idem. h Idem. PREFACE. xii'i Presto—mihi mesto— vicus gesto — precor esto Vana—retro suade—me vi sana—tibi trade. Retro— fceda dato—me tetro—purificato, Sacris—vota dabo—me macris—assimulabo. 2. Every word in a line rhymed, and the two ends, as in a couplet. Tripudiantes. Se reserant — properant — lacerant — macerant— Kateri- nam. Concupiunt—capiunt—rapiunt—cupiuntque ruinam. 3. Every word in one line rhymed with the cor¬ responding words of the other. Rhythmici retro¬ gradi singulis relati. Doctorum — documen—diversorum—superasti, Multorum—nocumen—tormentorum—tolerasti. I thought they could go no farther, but there ap¬ pears to have been another advance, for all the words of both lines in the following verses rhyme together, and they are called undique relati. Plura precatura pura, cura valitura, Cura mansura, procura jura futura, V. There w’ere other ingenious fancies in versifi¬ cation. 1. In the versus immediati the rhymes adjoined each other. XIV PREFACE. Si fugis obscomas — pcenas — ternas bara torum Quorum — pres sura — dura .— fuerunt mihi cura. 2. In a variety of these,, the versus immediati de- cessii, the end of one rhyming word formed another word which rhymed of course with it. Rumpas bel lorum lorum, vim confert amorum Morum verorum, rorum tu plena po lorum. 3. In the repetorii every final syllable was the be¬ ginning of the next word. Pram vitentur turbamen mente tenentes. Jure retractentur turgescere repetentes. 4. Versus capitati had the beginning of the first line at the end of the second, by the figure epana- lepsis. Fac Katerina pia, precibus pia corda juvari, Foedos purgariyhc Katerina pia. In this measure is a hymn of Ccelius Sedulius of 110 lines, one couplet is thus: Solafuit mulier patuit qua Janua leto: Ex qua vita redit solafuit mulier. 5. The retrogradi reciproci repeated the first words of a line at the end of it, with other repetitions and transpositions. PREFACE. XV Rectificare rea scis , vis rea rectificare, Pacificare fera vis, scis fera pacificare. 6. In the Leonini prosaici the rhyme was con¬ cealed in the middle of a word. Amoveas feritates, donans vivere stales, Nos so/itari fac pro coelebe vita. 7- In the extrinsice clausulati singula singulis, the words of the first line referred to the correspond¬ ing words of the second. Consolare, preme, refove, convertere, deme, Tristes, bellantes, flentes, reprobos, cruciantes. with continued rhymes — Egere, fugere—consere desere—quaere medere Funera munera—prospera propera—vera severa. 8. The words were in pairs, versus bino verbo clausulati. Lugeo, soleris : peto, des : premor, auxiliaris : Caedor, vivifices: cado, stes : inimicor, amicis. 9. The first word of an hexameter rhymed with the last of a pentameter. Hexametri adjuncti pen¬ tametris extrinsice retrogradi. XVI PREFACE. Delicias tibi scis varias scis tradere dias. Postulo te venias, das retio sevitias. 10. Pentametri rithmice retrogradi et interlaqueati. Coelum fac recoli condita vota deo, Coelum sterne doli perdita redde reo. 11. Retrograde verses, the same backwards and forwards : Ecce tenet sedes sanas, sedes tenet ecce Abba suus summus, summus suus Abba. Odo tenet mulum, madidam mappam tenet Anna. In the Anthologia are some poems of this kind, entitled Ka.pK.7voi aTiyjn, or crab verses *. As UPON THE TOMB OF DIOMEDES: poi Aids dpa irr/yr) tt apd Got, Aio/xr/Sr/. Nocrw ov oq f) ia/xa, It/gov, goigov .— So0o£ iyoiyt 7/St] a>v aval, %apd toiv aval, ytXai ra Kaw Xiyaiv av, ai rapa^aiv aval, r/Sr/ eyaiys GoipoQ, 12. Retrogradi tam sententia quem metro. Te fore lunaticam dico non, nomino puram: Nomino tricam non, coelicolam voco te. ' Ed. de Bosch, lib. vi. tit. 3. vol. iii. p. 126. THE CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION. I. HISTORY OF THE SCHOOL OF SALERNO. Lombard princes of Salerno, Norman princes, page 3. Early fame for medical science, p. 4. Mount Casino, p. 5. Con¬ stantine the African, p. 11. His scholars and successors, p. 12. Female professors of Medicine, p. 13. Salerno created an Uni¬ versity, p. 14. Medical knowledge of the Arabians, p. 17. II. OF ROBERT DUKE OF NORMANDY. Arrival of Robert of Normandy at Salerno, p. 19. He goes to Palestine, and returns to Salerno. His marriage with Sy- billa de Conversano, p. 21. His wound and stay there, p. 22. III. HISTORY OF THE SCHOLA SALERNITANA. The Schola Salerni written and addressed to him, not to Charlemagne or Edward the Confessor, p. 23. Of John de Milano, p. 26. IV. SUBJECT OF THE SCHOLA SALERNITANA. The precepts, whence derived, p. 28. Object and contents. Style and versification, p. 29. xvm CONTENTS. V. COMMENTATORS AND PRINCIPAL PRINTED EDITIONS. General view of the commentators and principal printed editions. Arnaldus de Villa Nova, p. 33. Curio and Crellius, p. 37. Moreau, ib. Zacharius Sylvius, p. 38. Text altered by Lombard, p. 39, by Bruytsma, p. 40. VI. THE MANUSCRIPTS. General view of the state of the manuscripts, and of the text adopted in this edition, p. 41. VII. IMITATIONS. Universities of Paris and Montpelier. Benedict de Nursia. Thaddasus de Florentine Magninus. Ancient medical poems. Eobanus Hesse. Baptista Frire. Account of iEgidius Corboli- ensis, and his poem on the virtues of compound Medicines, p. 52. CATALOGUE OF PRINTED EDITIONS, p. 67. CATALOGUE OF MANUSCRIPTS, p. 94. REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM, p. 101. THE ENGLISHMAN’S DOCTER, OR THE SCHOOLE OF SALERNE, p. 119. CONTENTS. XIX ADDITIONS FROM VARIOUS MSS. p. 149. A SPECIMEN OF VILLA NOVA’S ORIGINAL EXPOSITION, p. 170. NOTES TO THE REGIMEN SANITATIS, p. 173. NOTES TO THE ADDITIONS, p. 187. INDEX TO THE REGIMEN SANITATIS, p. 193. INTRODUCTION. I. HISTORY OF THE SCHOOL OF SALERNO. The city of Salerno, the earliest school in Christian Europe where medicine was professed, taught, and practised, enjoyed every advantage which could be derived from a delicious climate, a spacious harbour, a river, and a fertile and variegated country. Yet iEgidius Corboliensis, a writer of the twelfth century, informs us, that even at that time the air was bad, and afforded exercise to the skill of the physicians. Originally a Roman colony, it experienced the va¬ rious fortunes of the western empire. Upon the extinction of the dominion of the Goths, it be¬ came subject to the eastern empire, was soon after conquered by the Lombards, and, in their political arrangements, it formed part of the dutchy of Bene¬ vento. When Charlemagne destroyed the Lombard kingdom of Italy, the dukes of Benevento, who had B 2 INTRODUCTION. assumed the title of prince, formed a barrier against his farther progress towards the south of Italy, and preserved their independence, and their dominions. The subordinate cities and districts within their ter¬ ritories were governed by counts and castaldi, of whom the counts of Salerno were amongst the principal 1 . In the contentions of the Lombard princes, about the middle of the ninth century, the province of Benevento was divided into three sovereignties ,* the principalities of Benevento and Salerno, and sub¬ sequently the county of Capua. Salerno was the largest, and comprehended all the southern parts of Italy, and the metropolis was a great and well forti¬ fied city, the seat of the prince, and of an arch¬ bishop 2 . In the meanwhile these districts were in an un¬ settled and unhappy state. All the coasts of Italy were frequently plundered and devastated by the neighbouring Arabians of Sicily, Africa, and Spain; and they occasionally occupied parts of the country. 1 Giannone, Istoria di Napoli, ed. Haia. 1753, vol. i. p. 387. 431, etc. Antonii Mazza, Urbis Salernitanae Historia et Antiquitates. In Graevii et Gronovii Antiquitates Ital. tom. ix. part iv. * Gian. vol. i. p. 431. INTRODUCTION. 3 To these miseries were added the attempts of the emperors of the east to recover their Italian do¬ minions. The dissensions and contests of the Lom¬ bard princes themselves were unceasing, and the destructive practice of dividing their dominions amongst their sons had portioned out the country into a vast number of independent states 3 . A country so distracted and weakened was an easy conquest to the Normans. The sons of Tancred of Hauteville arrived in 1035, and were received with kindness by Guimar the fourth, the prince of Salerno. As the allies of the Lombards, they at first attacked only the Greeks and the Arabians. Robert Guiscard, to establish his power by an alliance with the Lombard princes, having divorced his first wife Alverada, married Sicelgaita, the sister of Gisulf the second, who had succeeded his father Guimar. A quarrel, followed by a war, ensued between the brothers-in-law. Robert besieged Salerno, took the city, made Gisulf a prisoner, and possessed himself of the principality, which was thus united to the dukedom of Apulia in 1075. By this and other acquisitions, the Norman power at length extended over the whole of what now constitutes the kingdom of Naples and Sicily. Robert Guiscard was suc- 3 Gian. vol. i. p. 444. 4 INTRODUCTION. ceeded in 1085, by his son Ruggiero, with the title of duke of Apulia and Sicily 4 . From its connection with Constantinople and the Saracens, Salerno became the centre of the united learning of the Latins, the Greeks, and the Arabians: and hence it was one of the first cities in Europe where the sciences awoke from the slumber of bar¬ barism. Amongst other arts, it was celebrated very early for the profession of medicine 5 . But as nothing in those dark ages could be accomplished without a miracle, the first fame of Salerno was derived from the extraordinary cures said to have been performed by the relics of saint Archelais. This lady, with two other holy virgins, Thecla and Susanna, suffered martyrdom in the persecution of Diocletian, about the year 29.3, and their remains were deposited at length in the church of the Benedictine nuns of saint George at Salerno 6 . In an ancient Chronicle, quoted by Mazza, it is said, that the first founders of the school of Salerno were Rabinus Elinus a Jew, Pontus, a Greek, Adalay 4 Gian. vol. ii. p. 67. 74, etc. 5 In urbe Psalernitana, ubi maximae medicorem scholae ab antiquo tempore habentur. Orderic. Vitalis ad an. 1059. Sin da tempi di papa Giovanni VIII. (pope from 872 to 882.) Gian. vol. ii. p. 124. 6 Anton. Mazza, Salem. Ilist. cap. vi. INTRODUCTION. 5 a Saracen, and Salernus a Latin: who taught medi¬ cine in their respective languages, but at what era is not mentioned 7 . Though medical works had never been wanting in the dark ages, and the works of Hippocrates and Galen were translated into Latin as early as the sixth century 8 , yet this art was principally derived from the Arabians, who likewise learned it from the Greeks. After that warlike people had softened into habits of peace and luxury, by the encourage¬ ment of their khalifs, and particularly of Almamon, at the beginning of the ninth century, they applied themselves to learning. Many of the Greek writers were translated into Arabic, and the philosophy of Aristotle, and the art of medicine of Hippocrates and Galen became their favourite studies. In their frequent visits to the port of Salerno, the knowledge which they freely communicated was eagerly received there, and diligently cultivated. For many centuries the most able professors of medicine were the higher prelates, and the superior monks 9 . 7 Anton. Mazza, Salem. Hist. cap. ix. 8 About the year 560 Cassiodorius recommended to his monks. Legite Hippocratem et Galenum Latina linguh conversos. Mu- ratori Antiq. Ital. vol. iii. coi. 930. 9 Subsequently, by the councils of Lateran in 1139, of Tours in 1163, and the decree of Honorius III. in 1216, the clergy B 3 6 INTRODUCTION. Connected with the city of Salerno by its vicinity, and the similarity of their literary pursuits, was the monastery of mount Casino. This celebrated abbey was founded by saint Benedict himself, in 528, upon a high and rocky mountain, on the site of a temple of Apollo. Here he wrote the rules of his order, and, having presided as abbot for twenty years, there died and was buried 10 . Of all this he informed the poet Dante, when he met with him in Paradise, and lamented the subsequent depravity of his monks— Quel monte, a cui Cassino h nella costa, Fu frequentato gia in su la cima Dalla gente ingannata, e mal disposta : Ed io son quel, che su vi portai prima Lo nome di colui, che ’n terra addusse La verita, che tanto ci sublima : E tanta grazia sovra me rilusse, Ch’ io ritrassi le ville circonstanti Dali’ empio coito, che ’1 mondo sedusse. Questi altri fuochi tutti contemplanti Uomini furo accesi di quel caldo, and monks were prohibited from exercising the professions of advocates and physicians, but they still continued the practice. 10 Mabillon, Annales ordinis S. Benedicti, vol. i. p. 55, etc. INTRODUCTION. 7 Che fa nascere i flori e i frulti santi Qui h Maccario, qui h Romoaldo: Qui son li frati miei, che dentro a chiostri Fermar li piedi, e tennero ’1 cor saldo 11 . This monastery partook of the vicissitudes of the south of Italy. Sixty years after its foundation it was totally destroyed by Zoto, the Lombard duke of Benevento ; the abbot and monks fled to Rome, and were permitted by Pelagius the second to build a monastery near the Lateran. After an absence of one hundred and thirty years, their original habita¬ tion was rebuilt in its primitive splendour 12 . It was afterwards frequently plundered by the Lom¬ bard princes, and the Saracens 13 . In 884 it was burned by the Saracens, and saint Bertharius the abbot was slain. The monks escaped to Teano, and from thence to Capua, tvhere they resided for sixty years, when they returned to Casino 14 . Nor were they more secure under the Normans. In 1045, under Rodolf, they attempted to get possession of the place, but were defeated by the monks 15 . 11 Dante, Pardiso, canto xxii. stanza 37. 12 Mabillon, vol. i. Gian. vol. i. p. 254. ia Ibid. vol. ii. p. 645. 670.; vol. v. p. 170. etc. i* Ibid. vol. iii. p. 250, 481. Chron. Cass, de' vita Abbatis Desiderii, p. 413. 15 Ibid. vol. iv. p. 469. 8 INTRODUCTION. Notwithstanding these misfortunes, the monastery- increased in riches, power, and dignity. It was considered as the head and origin of the Benedictine order 16 . By the benefactions of princes its revenues were enormous, and the buildings magnificent. A new church was consecrated by Alexander the second attended by all the princes of Italy. It was invested with extraordinary privileges, was exempted from episcopal jurisdiction, and was sub¬ ject only to the pope. The monks elected their own abbot, who was consecrated by the pope in person, and enjoyed the precedence over all other abbots.—Excommunication defacto was the penalty for any invasion of their possessions. This abbey gave popes, cardinals, and bishops to Holy church, and when it was thought meritorious to desert the active duties of life for the indolence of the cloister, several princes retired to it, as Carloman elder bro¬ ther of Pepin, Ratchis king of the Lombards, his wife Tasia, and her daughter Ratrudis 17 . However the institution of the Benedictine order 16 Totius fons religionis et origo. Mab. vol. ii. p. 223. 17 Graev. vol. x. part. i. p. 214. Murat. Script. Ital. vol. iv. p. 174. Mabil. vol. v. p. 34.; vol. ii. p. 115.; vol. iv. p. 420. 745.; vol. v. 170. Gian. vol. ii. p. 71.; vol. i. p. 368.; vol. ii. p. 70. 131. 147. In 747 and 750. INTRODUCTION. 9 might afterwards degenerate* it was founded upon rational and enlightened principles. Besides their religious duties* the monks were enjoined to apply themselves to science and general literature* and to engage the services of the most learned men by liberal salaries 18 . These injunctions were executed with diligence and spirit. In the eleventh century this monastery took the lead in the progress of learning. The philosophy of Aristotle, the scholastic theology, profane and sacred learning were culti¬ vated ; and treatises upon music, logic* astronomy, and other sciences, were written by the monks. Many of the classics, as Tacitus, Homer, Cicero de Natura Deorum, Terence, Horace, the Fasti of Ovid, Seneca, Virgil, and Theocritus, Josephus, Jornandes, and Gregory of Tours, were transcribed by order of the abbot Desiderius 19 , and the service of the church was performed both in Greek and 18 Jubebantur ut literarum studiis operam darent, et in omni¬ bus praeclaris disciplinis, ad statum monasticum pertinentibus, amplissima mercede conductis ad hoc doctissimis et praestantis- simis quibuscumque viris, suas omnes erudiri et nobilitare stu¬ derent. Ugonius, De dignitate ac praestanti^ rei publicae Casi- nensis, in Graev. et Burman. Thesaur. vol. ix. pars i. p. 323. a. b. 19 Giannone, lib. x. cap. ii. sect. 2.; vol. ii. p. 112. 118, from the Chron. Cass. lib. iii. cap. lxiii. p. 473. 10 INTRODUCTION. Latin 20 . They were equally familiar with the writings of the Arabians, and the art of medicine engaged their particular attention 21 . The Chronicon Casinense 22 , written by Leo, cardinal bishop of Ostia, in the eleventh century, and Peter Diaconus, both monks of Casino, have given us catalogues of eminent men who flourished here. Of these, the abbot Bertharius was of the royal family of France, and was murdered by the Saracens, and amongst other learned works, wrote two books upon medi¬ cine. Alfanus the second, elected abbot in 1057, was a philosopher, a musician, a theologian, an orator, and a poet, wrote medical books upon the union of the soul and body, and upon the four hu¬ mours. Another abbot, Desiderius, afterwards pope Victor the third in 1085, was a learned man and a skilful physician, and furnished the library of the 20 Mabil. vol. ii. p. 55. Muratori. Script, ltal. vol. iv. p. 309. 21 Peter Diaconus. 22 Chronicon S. Monasterii Casinensis, auctore Leone, car¬ dinali episcopo Ostiensi, continuatore Petro Diacono, ejusdem coenobii monachis. Leo comprehends from the foundation to 1087. Peter Diaconus from thence to 1138. He died in 1140. There is another work of Peter, De viris illustribus Casinen- sibus, with Mari’s notes. Graev. et Burman. ibid. p. 329. INTRODUCTION. 11 monastery with many books 23 . Amongst these were the Institute and Novels of Justinian, the Pandects not having yet been discovered at Amalfi 24 . Such progress had the sciences made at Salerno, and in the monastery of mount Casino, when the arrival of Constantine the African commenced a new era of learning and fame. This celebrated man was born at Carthage. After thirty-nine years spent in study at Bagdad, and in travel, he returned to his native country master of all the learning then current in the world, and particularly of medicine. His talents excited the jealousy of his rivals, he was obliged to fly, and took refuge at Salerno in 1060. He was discovered by the brother of the khalif of Babylon in Egypt, who happened to be in that city, and who recommended him to Robert Guiscard. By this prince he was patronised, and made his secretary. Having been converted to Christianity he became a monk, and retired to the monastery of mount Casino, about the year 1075, when Desiderius was the abbot. He died in 1087; by his wonderful cures, the multitude of books he wrote, and the 23 Chron. Cass. lib. iii. cap. vii. lxiii.; lib. i. cap. xxxiii. Pet. Diae. De viris ill. cap. xii. xix. 24 Gian. vol. ii. p. 112. 118.; lib. x. cap. ii. Leo. p. 413. Vita Desiderii. 12 INTRODUCTION. number and fame of his scholars, having raised the reputation of the school of Salerno to the greatest height. Some of his works have been printed, and others remain in manuscript 25 . The names of few of his disciples have been re¬ corded. We find mention, however, of Atto, chap¬ lain to the empress Agnes, who translated the works of his master from various languages into Latin 26 . Another, John, the physician, an eloquent and learned man, who published a book of Aphorisms, and died at Naples, where he deposited the books written by his master. Gariopontus seems likewise to have been a contemporary 27 . It may not be uninteresting to ascertain the other celebrated physicians of Salerno in the twelfth cen¬ tury, and soon after the time when the Schola Sa¬ lerni was written. The earliest whose name occurs is Nicholaus, who, amongst other works, wrote a book, still extant, entitled Antidotarium, upon medi- 25 Constantini Africani Opera. Basil, apud Hen. Peter. 1539.—Bib. Bod. His history appears originally in the Chron. Casin. lib. iii. cap. xxxv. and Peter Diaconus, de Vir. Cas. cap. xxiii. From thence in Murat. Ant. Ital. vol. iii. diss. xliv. p. 934. Gian. vol. ii. p. 123. Fabric. Bib. Graec. vol. xiii. p. 123. Bib. Med. Latin, vol. i. p. 1192, etc. 26 P. Diae. De viris ill. cap. xxix. 27 Moreau. Prolegom. p. 11. INTRODUCTION. 13 cines, which was thought to have been the summit of medical knowledge. It was commented upon by John Platearius, in the middle of the twelfth cen¬ tury, and many other writers 28 . Musandinus wrote upon Diet, Maurus upon Urine and Phlebotomy. The specific works of John Castalius, Matthew Solomon, and Richardus Senior, are not enumerated. There were other learned men who studied medicine at Salerno in that century, but removed to other places, such as saint Bruno, bishop of Signia, after¬ wards abbot of Casino, again bishop, and who died in 1126 ; Romualdus the second, archbishop of Sa¬ lerno from 1157 to 1181, who attended William king of Sicily as his physician in 1127; Saladinus Asculanus, physician to the prince of Tarentum in 1163 29 . Nor was the healing art confined to men only, there were many of the fair sex who were celebrated for their medical skill. The time when most of them flourished is uncertain, but probably in the eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth centuries. Or- dericus Vitalis speaks of a woman unequalled in 28 Antidotarium Nicholai cum Expositione J. Platearii. Ve- net. 1589. 29 .Eidius Corboliensis, vide post. Peter Diaconus, Mazza, etc. C 14 INTRODUCTION. medicine in 1059 30 . Abella wrote a poem in two books. De Atrabile et de Natura Seminis Humani. Mercuriadis composed books. De Crisibus, de Febre Pestilenti, de Curatione Vulnerum, de Unguentis. Rebecca, a work De Febribus, de Urinis, et de Em¬ bryone. Trotta or Trottula’s book De Mulierum Passionibus ante, in, et post, partum, is allowed to be a forgery. Sentia Guerna lectured in medicine, and Constantia Calenda received the honour of the doctorate 31 . It would be tedious to mention all the learned men who studied physic at Salerno after the twelfth century, of whom JMazza has given a long catalogue. From these we may however except John de Procida, a nobleman and physician of Salerno, the friend and physician of Manfred king of Sicily, and the author and adviser of the Sicilian Vespers. When the Regimen Sanitatis was written, the professors contented themselves with the humble title of the School of Salerno. By the privileges of subsequent sovereigns it was gradually constituted a 30 Robertus Mala-Corona Physicae scientiam tam copiose habuit, ut in urbe Psalernitana, ubi maximae medicorum scholae ab antiquo tempore habeutur, neminem in medicinali arte, praeter quandam sapientem mulierem, sibi parem inveniret. Orderic. Vital. Eccl. Hist. lib. iii. ad annum 1057. 31 iEgidius Corbol.; Diaconus ; JMazza, etc. INTRODUCTION. 15 regular university. Ruggiero king of Sicily, about the year 1137, enacted a law, that all who designed to practise medicine should be examined and ap¬ proved by his officials and judges, under the penalty of the confiscation of all their goods. By officials it is supposed that the physicians of Salerno were understood, as he had lately given great privileges to that city. The emperor Frederic the second, having established likewise an university at Naples, published edicts for its government, which were finally promulgated in 1231. The study of physic, and lectures in that art, were restrained to those two universities. Students were to apply themselves to logic for three years before they commenced the study of medicine, which they were to pursue for five years. Nor were they then admitted till they had practised for one year under an expert physician. After a public examination the university of Salerno had full power to grant a license to practise, that of Naples could only certify the sufficiency of the can¬ didate to the king, or his chancellor, who granted the licence. The names of doctor and master were not then known as specific titles of honour, but were used in their original significations, for teachers, or persons skilled in their art. The licenced prac¬ titioners took an oath to observe the regulations respecting medicines, to inform the court if apothe- INTRODUCTION. l(j caries did not prepare their drugs properly, and to give advice to the poor gratis. Every physician was to visit his patient at least twice a day, and once in the night if necessary, and was not to receive for his attendance more than half a golden tarena 32 dailv, or, if called out of the city, three tarenae and his expences, or four tarenae to provide himself. He was not to undertake to cure a disorder for a specific sum, or to keep an apothecary’s shop, or to be in partnership with an apothecary. Surgeons were to study for one year, and to be perfect in anatomy before they were admitted to practise. Apothecaries were to take an oath to compound their medicines according to the forms prescribed, and for a fixed price, which for simple drugs was three tarenae an ounce. Such were the regulations of the emperor Frederic 33 . The three professions appear to have 32 A gold coin which weighed twenty grains, and would now be worth four shillings and twopence. Qualibet uncia compu¬ tata pro quinque florenis, et quolibet floreno pro sex tarenis, et qualibet tarena pro duobus Carolinis, et quolibet Carolino pro decem granis. Ducange. 33 Giannone, vol. ii. p. 387. The constitutions are in many collections, the last is F. Pauli Canciani Barbarorum Leges Antiqui, 3 vols. fol. Venice, 1781, in vol. i. p. 367. See the Epistles of Peter de Vineis, Frederici chancellar, lib. iii. epist. 10, 11. 13. The constitution is entitled De Probabili Experi¬ entia Medicorum. INTRODUCTION. 17 been kept distinct as early as the time of Avenzoar, who flourished at Seville in 980, or even in the time of Celsus 34 . These constitutions, and the privileges of the university of Salerno, were confirmed and extended by other princes, and were in force in modern times. They are the most ancient medical statutes in Europe, and are curious in showing the state of the medical professions in those early times. When fully established, the university consisted of ten doctors, of whom the eldest had the title of prior. Their common seal bore the image of saint Matthew, their patron saint, whose body had been given to them by Robert Guiscard 35 , and the inscription of Civitas Hippocratis. Students were admitted to the doctorate by the solemn form of having a book put into their hands, a ring on their fingers, a crown of laurel on their heads, and a kiss on their cheeks 36 . The medical science of the Arabians, thus intro¬ duced into Salerno, was in substance that of the Greeks, from whom it was derived. In the theory 34 Freind, Historia Medicinae, edit. Paris, p. 253. Le Clerc, Hist. Med. p. 334. 35 Leo. Ast. lib. iii. cap. xlv. p. 461. 36 Anton. Mazza, cap. ix. Freind, Hist. Med. c 2 18 INTRODUCTION. and cure of diseases they followed the opinions of Hippocrates and Galen: not indeed in their native simplicity, but often corrupted b 17 their own vain and fanciful inventions, by the superstitions of astrology, and the follies of alchemy 37 . Yet it is admitted that the modern science of medicine owes much to their improvements. They greatly extended the Materia Medica by the introduction of many efficacious re¬ medies. They added to the list of medical plants. The first, but very gradual, introduction of chemistry into medicine is wholly theirs 38 , and many of their formulae of compound medicines still retain a place in modern dispensatories. In many things of practice they ventured to differ from their masters, as in less copious bleedings, in milder purgatives, in substitut¬ ing sugar for honey in their syrups, and they first gratified the eyes and the taste of their patients by clothing their prescriptions in gold and silver leaf; a luxury which continued till within a few years. 37 Freind, p. 479. Gian. vol. ii. p. 119. sect. 3. 36 Rhazes is the first medical writer who mentions chemical medicines, and the mode of preparing them. He died in 932. All the chemistry that is to be found in Greek writers relates to the fusion, or transmutation of metals. Freind, p. 213. INTRODUCTION. 19 II. OF ROBERT DUKE OF NORMANDY. Such was the situation of the country, and the state of medical science at Salerno, when Robert duke of Normandy, the eldest son of William the Conqueror, having mortgaged his dukedom for ten thousand marks to his brother William Rufus, set out upon his expedition to Palestine. This army of the crusaders, which consisted of Britons, Normans, and French, was conducted principally by Hugh the Great count of Vermandois, the duke of Normandy, Robert count of Flanders, Stephen count of Chartres and Blois, Eustace count of Bologne, and Odo bishop of Bayeux. Whilst Godfrey of Bouillon with his companions marched through Hungary, this di¬ vision left France, in September 1096, and crossed the Alps into Italy. At Lucca they received the benediction of the pope, visited the tombs of the apostles at Rome, and repaired to Salerno, the metropolis of the Norman dutchy of Apulia. Robert of Normandy was nearly related to the reigning family. Ruggiero, the duke, had married Adela, Robert’s first cousin, the daughter of Robert le Frison, who was brother to Matilda, the wife of William the Conqueror. The season was too far advanced to proceed safely by sea to the coast of INTRODUCTION. Epirus. The impetuosity, however, of the counts of Vermandois and Flanders impelled them to brave the dangers of the sea, and to pass over with their troops. The duke of Normandy, and the counts of Chartres and Bologne, passed the winter at Salerno. In the April following they proceeded on their ex¬ pedition from the ports of Apu ia 39 . In their way to Bari they visited the monastery of mount Casino, to recommend themselves to the prayers of the monks, and the protection of saint Benedict 40 . From hence they sailed over to Durazzo, arrived at Con¬ stantinople, and joined the armies of the crusaders at the siege of Nice. It is unnecessary to relate here the prodigies of valour perform 3d by duke Robert in Palestine. After the conquest of the holy city, the victory at Ascalon, the election of Godfrey, and the establish¬ ment of the kingdom of Jerusalem, the greater part of the crusaders returned home, crowned with glory. 39 Gesta Francorum Expugnantium Hierosol. Anon. 2. in Bongars, vol. i. p. 562. sect. 4. Mat. Paris, Lond. 1684, a Watts, p. 24. Isti omnes (Robertas, etc.) in Apulia et Calabria, circa hyemis ingruentis initium, nivium et glaciorum vitantes incommoda, expectabant, donec felicior aura arrideret. 10 Pet. Diaconus, lib. iv. cap. ii. p. 498. Mabillon, vol. v. p. 238. INTRODUCTION. 21 and exhausted by their labours. The duke of Nor¬ mandy and the count of Flanders, by the way of Constantinople, returned into Apulia in September, 1099. Robert was received by his countrymen and relations, Ruggiero count of Sicily, and his nephew Ruggiero duke of Apulia, with the cordiality and honours due to the successful champions of the cross, and in a round of festivities they forgot the suffer¬ ings of their Christian warfare. Robert was van¬ quished by the charms of Sybilla, the daughter of Geoffrey count of Conversano, the nephew of Robert Guiscard. She was a lady of great beauty, elegant manners, and superior understanding. At a sub¬ sequent period, after their return to Normandy, she was said to have conducted the affairs of the dutchy, during his temporary absences, with more judgment than her imprudent husband. He had a son by her named William, who became count of Flanders. Yet she appears to have fallen early a sacrifice to the envy and factiousness of some Norman ladies of nobility. Upon this marriage, from his father-in-law and other friends, Robert received a large treasure to enable him to redeem his dominions 42 . 42 As our general historians give little account of this mar¬ riage, and the lady, I extract the following passages from the original historians. See Gesta Francorum in Bongarsius’s 22 INTRODUCTION. Besides visiting his Norman friends, a principal object in Robert’s return to Italy was to consult the physicians of Salerno for a wound which he had received in his right arm from an arrow supposed to have been poisoned, and which had degenerated into collection, vol. i. p. 578. sect. 32. Albertus Aquensis, lib. vi. cap. liii. liv. Ordericus Vitalis, in Duchesne’s Gesta Nor- mannorum, p. 780. In anno 1100, consules (comites Robertus, etc.) cum suis reciperunt se, et a Normannis in Italia amicabi- liter suscepti sunt. Rogerius Sicilias comes, ejusque nepos Rogerius, Apuliae dux, atque Goiffredus de Conversano, nepos Guiscardi ducis, aliique compatriotae seu cognati eorum, salvo reditu gavisi sunt, et fatigatos pro Christo in multis agonibus pugiles laetificare conati sunt. Tunc ibi Rodbertus, Norman- niae dux, generosam virginem adamavit Sibyllam, Goiffredi de Conversana filiam, desponsavit, et secuvn in Neustriam adduxit. —A suo socero, qui Dominus Brundusii erat, et ab aliis amicis, copiam auri et argenti, rerumque preciosarum, obtinuit: ex quorum donis ingentem pecuniam accumulavit, quam reddere creditori, ut suum ducatum quiete reciperet, provide destinavit Will. Gemetricensis Hist. Norman, lib. viii. cap. xiv. p. 299. In Duchesne Gesta Normannorum, and Cambden’s collection, p. 672. Sibyllam, sororem Willielmi comitis Conversanae— Fuit praedicta comitissa pulcra facie, honestis moribus, sapientia praedita, et aliquando, absente duce, ipsa melius per se negotia provinciae, tam privata quam publica, disponebat quam ipse facerat si adesset. Vixit autem in Normannia parvo tempore, invidia et factione quarundam nobilium foeminarum decepta. INTRODUCTION. 23 a deep ulcer, called a fistula 43 . The story that the poison was sucked out by his affectionate wife during his sleep, is probably one of the romantic tales of that romantic period, and has been told of other heroes. That his cure was owing to the skill of the doctors of Salerno is more probable. Amidst the hospitality of his countrymen, the luxuries of Italy, and the endearments of his bride, Robert wasted near a year, and by this delay he lost the crown of England, and ended a brave but impru¬ dent life in a captivity of eight and twenty years 44 . III. HISTORY OF THE SCHOLA SALERNITANA. It is the received opinion that during Robert’s continuance in Italy, or soon after, this poem, the Regimen Saniiatis Salernitanum , was composed, for the preservation of his health, by the physicians of Salerno 45 . The name, indeed, of the king of England, to whom it is dedicated, is not mentioned 43 Auctor Chronici Normannorum, a Moreau laudatus in Proleg. p. 17. Gian. lib. x. cap. ii. sect. 3. p. 125. 44 Ordericus Vitalis, etc. 45 Gian. vol. ii. p. 125. lib. x. cap. ii. sect. 3. Muratori, Antiq. Ital. vol. iii. dissert, xliv. col. 935. Moreau Proleg. p. 17. etc. etc. 24 INTRODUCTION. in the poem itself, or by the original commentator, Arnaldus de Villa Nova. But the authority of Giannone, the historian of Naples, probably founded upon original documents, is sufficient to establish the fact, which is confirmed by many other circum¬ stances. 1 . That the poem was written as early as the end of the eleventh century is evident from its being referred to and imitated by iEgidius Corboliensis, in the middle of the twelfth century, and the early imitations of it by the universities of Paris and Montpelier. 2. No other king of England was so connected with Salerno. Richard the first, indeed, was there in his way to Palaestine, in 1190, but this was at too late a period. Muratori, after stating the general opinion, that it was Robert of Normandy, expresses some doubts of it, and supposes that it was Edward the Confessor, for which he gives two reasons, both equally frivolous. The first is, that the school of Salerno was famous for medical science in his reign. But this proves nothing, since it was equally cele¬ brated both before and after that time. Secondly, that Robert of Normandy was never king of England. This is as futile : he had a just hereditary right to his throne of England, and under every title was the lawful successor of William Rufus. INTRODUCTION. 25 He was king de jure, if not de facto. And it is plain from the ancient writers that he was so styled and considered 46 . Peter Diaconus, whose work was taken from the records of the abbey of mount Casino, expressly calls him king of England, Rod- bertas rex Anglorum, and relates, that he sent ambassadors to the monastery, with the present of a golden cup to saint Benedict, requesting the monks to pray for the good estate of his kingdom 47 . 3. There is the internal evidence arising from the recipe for the cure of a fistula, the only prescription of a very professional nature contained in the poem, and for which it would be difficult to assign a reason unless it were written for the use of a person who laboured under that complaint. In some of the copies of the Regimen Sanitatis it is dedicated to a king of France : 46 Pagi in Ann. Baron, vol. vi. p. 298, follows Muratori, without assigning any reasons. 47 Regnum Angliae ipsi Roberto duci contingebat, tam jure natura;, quam regni consuetudine. Bernardus Thesaurarius. In Muratori, vol. vii. cap. lxxxi. p. 728.—His porrd diebus Rod- bertus rex Anglorum legatos ad hoc monasterium direxit, petens ut pro se atque pro statu regni sui domini clementiam exorarent, calicemque aureum, quantitatis non modicae, beato Benedicto per eos dirigere studuit. Pet. Diaconus, lib. iv. cap. lxiii. p. 529. D 26 INTRODUCTION. Francorum Regi scripsit Schola tota Salerni. This is said to have been Charlemagne, and that he founded the school of Salerno. That opinion is mani¬ festly erroneous. As a mere seminary of medicine it was in existence before the time of Charlemagne, and it was not constituted an university till long after. The city, besides, was never in his power, but resisted his authority 48 . The oldest, the best, and indeed the great majority of copies, both manuscript and printed, have Anglorum regi, and the other reading is evidently supposititious. This fraudulent alteration of the dedication, from the king of England to Charle¬ magne, and the assertion that it was presented to him after he had conquered the Saracens at Ron^e- vaux, betrays its origin 49 . That mean spirit of envy, too often found amongst even superior French¬ men, could not bear that so popular a poem should be connected with an English monarch, and the attributing a victory to Charlemagne at the battle of Rom^evaux is a ridiculous gasconade, of which the falsehood has been proclaimed to all Europe by the trumpet of Ariosto. This poem, which is entitled in the oldest edi- 48 Giannone, vol. i. p. 390 ; vol. ii. p. 122. 49 Tempore quo idem rex Saracenos devicit in Ituncivalle. INTRODUCTION. 27 tions, Regimen Sanitatis Salernitanum, or Flos Medicinse, though written in the name of the whole School of Salerno, is usually attributed to John de Milano. His name is affixed to it in many manu¬ scripts, one as old as 1418 50 , but whether it occurs in any which are antecedent to the fifteenth century is doubtful, nor is it to be found in the earliest printed editions. Arnaldus de Villa Nova, the first commentator on the tvork, and who died in 1363, states only that it was published by the doctors of Salerno. The name of John de Milano does not appear in the catalogues of the learned men of that university, in the Chronicle of Casino, or the Con¬ tinuation by Peter Diaconus. Nor is he mentioned by Aigidius Corboliensis, who enumerates the most celebrated physicians of that place at that period. Yet that it should be so generally ascribed, in later times, to a person whose very name is not elsewhere to be found, unless it were known from undisputed and undeviating tradition, and ancient authorities, it is difficult to conceive. Who he was, where he lived, or what share he had in the poem, are equally unknown. There was indeed a John, a monk of mount Casino, said 50 Codex Tullovianus, and Codex Altorfianus vel Trewianus. See Catalogue of MSS. 28 INTRODUCTION. by Peter Diaconus to have been a learned and elo¬ quent physician., a disciple of Constantine, and to have flourished in 1075, who may be the person 51 . He quitted his monastery, and died at Naples, where he deposited the works of Constantine. The time and the other circumstances do not disagree, but Peter Diaconus does not mention his surname, and though he speaks of a medical book of Apho¬ risms written by him, he says nothing there, or any¬ where else, of the Schola Salerni. The evidence in his favour is therefore very slight. IV. SUBJECT OF THE SCHOLA SALERNITANA. From the state of medicine at the time the poem was written, it is evident from what sources its pre¬ cepts must have been derived. The industry of commentators has traced every doctrine to its Greek, Latin, or Arabian origin. In the work itself, Hippo¬ crates, Galen, and Pliny, are expressly quoted: but the author was principally indebted to the poem De Virtutibus Herbarum, which was composed by Odo, or Odobanus, a physician in the dark ages, in 51 De viris illust. Casinens, cap. 35. INTRODUCTION. 29 the name of iEmilius Macer, a Roman poet, the contemporary of Virgil, Ovid, and Tibullus, and who wrote upon similar subjects, but whose works have perished 52 . From this poem much of what relates to plants is taken. Above sixteen articles, containing about forty lines, are borrowed from it verbatim et literatim. Other lines are occasionally introduced, together with the substance of other parts. Though much of this work, derived from the fanciful doctrines of the Arabian physicians, is now become obsolete, on account of the more extensive knowledge of modern times, and though many of the virtues attributed to meats, drinks, and herbs, are imaginary, yet it is but justice to observe, that the greater part of the general rules, being founded in good sense and experience, are truly excellent, are calculated for all ages and climates, and form an useful compendium of practical directions for securing a sound mind in a sound body. The professed object of a poem, which was not designed for physicians, but for an unlearned sove- 52 Fabric. Med. et inf. Latin, etc. It is entitled Macer de Virtutibus Herbarum. I have used Ranzovius’s edition, Lipsue, 1590. Scaliger says of him, neque poeta, neque bonus medicus, neque sincerus versificator. D 3 30 INTRODUCTION. reign, and for general use, was rather the preserva¬ tion of health than the cure of diseases. It does not enter, therefore, into any abstruse discussions, and what relates to theory only, is confined to a superficial description of the anatomy of the body, in stating merely the number of the bones, the teeth, and the veins; and in treating more at large the four humours, which were of great importance in the ancient medicine, were held to be the great store¬ houses of the human fabric, and to form the great characteristics of the constitution. The means prescribed for the preservation of health, consist in the due observation of the six non¬ naturals 53 , air, food, exercise, sleep, the excretions, and the passions. To these heads may be reduced the various rules, of living in a salubrious air, and observing the changeful seasons: the minute detail of all kinds of meat and drink, and the qualities of herbs, which constitute the great bulk of the poem : frequent exercise and ablutions: avoiding sleep at improper times, not neglecting the calls of nature, and avoiding care, and all other violent agitations of the mind. For the cure of diseases a general remedy is 53 Strangely so called because they are external, and not parts of the natural body. INTRODUCTION. 3 ] recommended in cheerfulness, rest, and temperance : and diet is asserted to be more important than medicine. The diseases treated of are only the common affections, which scarcely require the aid of a physician; such as colds, coughs, surfeits, colics, worms, the swelling of the glands, trifling injuries to the teeth, the sight, and the hearing; and there are many antidotes against poison, the constant sub¬ ject of apprehension to our ignorant, and therefore suspicious, ancestors. The medicines recommended are of the simplest nature, the common food of the kitchen, and the produce of the herb garden. The only composition which is of a more dispensatorial form, is the application for the cure of a fistula, evidently suggested by the disease of duke Robert, and which is compounded of chemical ingredients, arsenic, sulphur, lime, and soap. The very ample directions relating to bleeding, must be referred to - the prevalence of that practice upon all occasions, and amongst all orders of people. The style is of course somewhat barbarous, and the inaccuracies have probably been multiplied by the mistakes of transcribers. In many places the grammar can hardly defend itself. The avano- \ov6ia, and change of person are frequent. The conjunctions, and other particles, are sometimes deficient, and at others redundant. The arrange- 32 INTRODUCTION. ment in general is not unmethodical, though some few lines seem misplaced. In the versification, the quantity of syllables, and even the accent, are frequently disregarded. Many lines are without rhyme, such as some which are transcribed from Macer. The rhyme is usually correct, though sometimes only the final vowels correspond, and the accent, in reading, must be transferred to the last syllable. Usually the ends of two or more lines rhyme together, sometimes the middle with the end, at others both the middle and end of one line with the corresponding parts of the next. V. COMMENTATORS, AND PRINCIPAL PRINTED EDITIONS. A poem upon a subject so generally interesting, free from technical abstruseness, and conveyed in a pleas¬ ing and popular form, was soon circulated throughout Europe. It became a manual for those who were not regularly initiated into medical science, it was the institute of the student, and the text-book for the learned professors. Copies were multiplied, and upon the invention of printing it was committed to the press as early as the year 1480. It was repeat- INTRODUCTION. 33 edly republished in most of the cities of Europe, translated into every language, and illustrated by voluminous comments. In the various hands through which it passed, the text was subjected to many alterations, to omissions, additions, and corruptions, from illiterate or careless copyists, and still more from learned and presumptuous critics 54 . The earliest commentator was Arnaldus de Villa Nova, one of the most celebrated men of the thirteenth century, as a physician, a chemist, an astrologer, and a divine. By his own account he was born at Milan, the year of his birth is uncer¬ tain. After studying at Paris and Montpelier, he visited the academies of Italy, and the Arabian schools in Spain, and was familiar with the Hebrew, the Arabic, and the Greek languages. Finally he established himself at Barcelona, whence he was styled Catalanus. He was the pupil of Peter de Apono, a celebrated divine, and the friend of Ray¬ mond Lully. In 1276, he cured Pope Innocent the fifth of the plague, by his famous tincture of gold. He was in great favour with James the second, king of Arragon, who employed him in 1309 in a negotia- 54 See the catalogue of printed editions—of which I have described one hundred and sixty. See there specimens of various translations. 34 INTRODUCTION. tion with the pope, relating to his claim to the title of king of Jerusalem. As a great master in theology he held a public disputation at Bourdeaux, with Martin de Atliera, a Dominican friar, in the presence of Clement the fifth. His opinions in divinity were published in France and Spain, and accorded with those of Peter de Apono : but having treated the monks and the mass with too great freedom, the clergy become his enemies. His tenets were con¬ demned as heretical, by the faculty of theology at Paris in 1309, and by the inquisition at Arragon in 1317* and many of his works are inserted in the Index Expurgatorius. The propositions which were censured, amongst others, were these: that the devil had caused the whole Christian people to deviate from the truth, and had left only the skin of religion, and the faith of devils—that the monks corrupt the Christian doctrines, are without Christian charity, and will all be damned—that masses for the dead are ineffectual, and that works of mercy are more acceptable to God than the sacrifice of the altar 55 . When his master Peter de Apono was pro¬ secuted by the inquisition, he fled for protection to Frederic of Arragon, king of Sicily, the brother of 55 Eymeric. Directorium Inquisitorium. Venice, 1607, p. 265, etc. In p. 316, is a catalogue of his forbidden works. INTRODUCTION. 35 king James. To gratify his new patron lie wrote his Commentary upon the Schola Salerni, which poem was justly esteemed as an honour to the king¬ doms of Naples and Sicily. It has been said, that he was sent by Frederic to cure the pope, and died upon the voyage. The time of his death seems to have been in or before the year 1313, for in that year, in the council of Vienna, pope Clement the fifth wrote circular letters to inform all persons who might have it in their possession, to produce his book De Praxi Medica, which Arnald had promised to send him, but had died in the meanwhile. His works in medicine, chemistry, alchemy, astrology, and divinity, are very numerous. They were first collected and printed at Leyden in 1504, at Venice in 1505 in folio, and afterwards, after some inter¬ mediate editions, more correctly at Basil in 1585. In some of his works he styles himself Domini Papee Physicus, and Boniface the eighth was accused of heresy for approving of his writings. The following works relating to the same subjects with the Schola Salerni may be mentioned. His treatise de Con¬ servatione Corporis , dedicated to king Frederic, was frequently printed with his comment on the Schola Salerni. Another work, entitled Regimen Sanitatis, was dedicated to the king of Arragon, James the second, and was often printed; hut at length Mag- 36 INTRODUCTION. ninus, or Magnus, a physician of Milan, having made some additions and alterations, put his own name to it, and it has since been attributed to him. There is a work of Arnaldus, De Conservanda Juventute, et Retardanda Senectute, and another de Regimine Castra Sequentium, of the same class 56 . Villa Nova’s commentary is succinct, clear, and to the purpose. It well explains the precepts ac¬ cording to the system of physic then received, and confirms them by the authorities of Aristotle, Hippo¬ crates, Galen, Avicenna, Rases, Averroes, and other eminent writers, who were the genuine sources from whence they were derived. From its first appear¬ ance this commentary always accompanied the text, and it was printed with it in the earliest editions. The fame of Arnald was inseparably connected with that of the poem, which was even sometimes attri¬ buted to him. Though subsequent editions may have refined the language, and multiplied authorities and illustrations, the original work of Villa Nova 56 Arnaldi vita a Campegio, prefixed to his works. Basil, 1585. Fabric. Bib. Med. Lat. vol. i. p. 358. Freind’s Hist, bled. Shaw’s Notes to Boerhaave’s Chemistry. Bibliotheca Hispana a Nicholao Antonio Hispalensi, 1788, vol. ii. p. 112. Niceron, Memoires des Hommes illustres, vol. xxxiv. p. 8. For Magninus, or Magnus’s, plagiarism, see Arnaldi Opera, Lugd. 1509, folio 59. INTRODUCTION. 37 has served as the basis, and has supplied the most valuable part of their commentaries 58 . The next commentators were John Curio and James Crellius, two physicians of Erford in Ger¬ many. The earliest edition of their work was printed at Frankfort in 1538. In the dedication to that of 1545, they profess to have altered and amended the text, and to have restored the verses to correct pro¬ sody, except where the rhyme restrained them. Their commentary is little more than a paraphrase of that of Villa Nova, of which they say they have polished the rude language, amended the errors, purged it from barbarisms, corrected the quotations, turned them into better Latin, retrenched superfluities, supplied omissions, rejected absurdities, and replaced them by sounder doctrines. In 1556, Curio alone pub¬ lished a new edition, in which he retained the same text, added an old German translation, and a com¬ mentary, which is a fuller paraphrase of Villa Nova’s, with many additions. From this time the original commentary was superseded, and this paraphrase was substituted in its place, with few or no altera¬ tions : but the name of Villa Nova was still retained. Renatus Moreau, a physician of Paris, began a more enlarged edition, of which a part was published 47 See after, a specimen of his commentary. E 38 INTRODUCTION. in 1625, dedicated to cardinal Richlieu. He re¬ duced the text of the poem, which is mostly that of Curio and Crellius, into a new method, added many verses from manuscripts, illustrated it by the commentary of Villa Nova as reformed by Curio, Crellius, and Constanson 58 , and his own copious ani¬ madversions. It was his object to render it a per¬ fect treatise of medicine, and he divides it into three parts, the prophylactic, the therapeutic, and the semiotic. The first includes the six non-naturals: the second, medicine in general, and the cure of particular diseases: the third, the signs of health. For this purpose, what is wanting in the text, or the preceding commentaries, is s pplied by his own ani¬ madversions, which, under s me heads, are extremely long 59 . But he has published only a part of his plan, comprehending only the two first heads of the prophylactic division; air and food. The last and most usual edition is that of Zacha- rius Sylvius, a physician of Rotterdam, of which the dedication is dated in 1648. The text is nearly in the same order in which it was originally published, 58 I have never seen any edition by Constanson, but from what appears of it in Moreau, I believe he made but little altera¬ tion either in the text or comments. 59 The animadversion on air, for instance, occupies above sixty close printed pages. INTRODUCTION. 39 corrected by that of Curio. The commentary is that of Villa Nova as it was reformed by Curio. Moreau’s additions to the text, and his animad¬ versions, are omitted, though the editor professes to have used that edition. This has often been reprinted, and constitutes what may be considered as the editio recepta. Of editions printed without the commentary, in which any remarkable alterations were made in the text, I know of two only. John Francis Lombard endeavoured to give the poem a more classical form, and bv discarding rhyme, and changing some of the language, to reduce it to correct prosody. It was first published in 1566, at the end of a synopsis of writers upon the baths and wonders of Puteoli 60 . The following are some ex¬ tracts from it—it commences : Anglorum Regi scribit schola tota Salerni. Si vis incolumem, et sanam traducere vitam, Curas tolle graves, motus ferventis et irae, Parce mero, sit coena brevis tibi, surge parumphr 60 Jo. Francisci Lombardi, eorum quae de balneis aliisque miraculis Puteolanis scripta sunt synopsis. In calce tria opera medica. Venice, 1566. This seems to be a second edition. Printed again in Italia Illustrata. Frank. 1600. And in Bur- man. Thesaur. Antiq. Ital. vol. ix. partiv. 40 INTRODUCTION. Post epulas, mediae somnumque propelle diei: Comprime vesicae pariter nec pondera ventris. Haec si servabis per saecula plurima vives. Si desint medici bos canones servare memento, Praestantis medici poterunt qui munere fungi. Mens sit laeta, quies, mediocris regula victus. -Post balnea sumpta, calore Membra fove, haud studeas post prandia : frigidus et si Forth eris, haud subito, paulatim at sume calorem. Post pisces nux una juvat, nocet altera, mors est Tertia: divinet qui vult aenigma poetae 61 . Dic homo cur moritur cui salvia crescit in horto ?— Nullus hortus contra letum medicamina praestat. Salvia confortat nervos, manuumque tremorem Tollit, ope ipsius fugit illici) febris acuta. It concludes. Haec sunt quae scripsit Regi Schola docta Salerni. Dogmata quae totum lustrant per saecula mundum, Testentur studia antiqui ut permagna Salerni. Reginald Bruytsma, a physician of Mechlin, in 1636, printed at Douay an edition without commen¬ tary or notes, in which he newly arranged the text, 61 These two passages are quoted to illustrate some obscurities in the original text. INTRODUCTION. 41 and intermixed with it four hundred verses of his own composition, distinguished from the original by being in the elegiac metre, and without rhyme. It is entitled, Novo-antiqua Schola Salernitana. It begins: Corpore tu quicunque voles, animoque valere, SincerS, jugithr mente precare Deum. Hinc noscenda tui tibi sunt primordia prima Corporis, et quinam sit status indb tibi. Cognita quae certam possint monstrare salutem, Ne malb conveniens ingredieris iter. Ergo rudes simul haec, simul et versate periti, Omnibus iste potest utilis esse labor. Sunt duo, mens, corpus, fragilis primordia vitae : Illius cadum est, hujus origo solum: Vilius idque licet, constat tamen ex elementis Quatuor, et sunt haec, aer, aqua, ignis, humus. Having given an account of the commentators, and principal printed editions, I shall now proceed to describe such manuscripts as have come within my knowledge. VI. THE MANUSCRIPTS. The manuscripts of the Schola Salernitana differ essentially in the number of lines, in the variety of readings, the additions, and the order. Whilst e 3 42 INTRODUCTION. Villa Nova has only three hundred and sixty-three lines,, Moreau mentions, that a manuscript belonging to Naudius had only one hundred and eighty-three, his own had six hundred and sixty-four, that of Trews one thousand and seventy three, Tullou’s one thousand and ninety-six, and Schenk’s one thousand two hundred and thirty-nine. Some of the Oxford manuscripts have one thousand and eighty, others one thousand nine hundred G2 . Those which I have seen, and probably the foreign manuscripts, may he reduced to three classes. First. Those which agree with Villa Nova’s text, with occasional various readings, and small differ¬ ences. These are of little value, and I believe are most of them copied from the printed editions. Secondly. Those which have Villa Nova’s text for their basis, preserving its character, yet having considerable additions, and alterations. The third class of manuscripts contains a poem in which the Schola Salerni is incorporated, but differs entirely from the other classes, in a more methodical arrangement, in very great, and more scientific, additions. The manuscripts vary in length, but some of them contain near nineteen 62 Moreau’s Prolegomena, p. 4. Schenk, Bibl. Med. See the catalogue of MSS. hereto annexed. INTRODUCTION. 43 hundred lines. The vanity of dedicating the poem to Charlemagne, the allusion to the victory at Roi^evaux, and the medical learning displayed in it, prove it to have been the work of some French physician. There are copies in the Ashmolean, and Bodleian libraries; from which the following ex¬ tracts will fully describe their character and con¬ tents. They are headed— Alter usus versuum Salernitanorum. Incipiunt versus medicinales editi h magistris et doctoribus Salernitanis in Apulih, scripti Karolo magno Francorum Regi glorio¬ sissimo. Quorum opusculum in quinque partes dividitur. Quarum prima est de rebus homini naturalibus. Secunda, de rebus homini non naturalibus. Tertia, de rebus contra hominis naturam (i. e. diseases). Quarta, de medicinis simplicibus et compositis. Quinta de curis aegritudinum. The plants and other simple medicines, are ar¬ ranged alphabetically. Incipit primo prologus. Francorum Regi scripsit tota Schola Salerni, In metro pauca, mox commemorantia multa, Quo phisis regimine stanti compendio scitur, Cura subest prompta, languor qua tollitur aeger. Metra juvant animos, comprendunt plurima paucis, Pristina commemorant, quae sunt tibi grata legenti. Haec bene servando vitam longam tibi mando. Herbas in terris, coelo quot sidera cernis, A me tot mille verba salutis habe. 44 INTRODUCTION. At the end, after the epilogue: Explicit Horarium versuum medicinalium, scriptum Christianissimo Regi Francorum, Carolo magno, a tota universitate doctorum medicinarum praeclarissimi studii Salernitani, tempore quo idem Rex Saracenos devicit in Runcivalle, quod latuit usque, tardfe, et Deo volente, nuper prodiit in lucem. A few specimens may be sufficient: De locis purgandi humores. Sanguis per venas purgatur, flegma veretro, Fel per sudores, sed melancholia retro. De signis mortalibus in acuta febri. Virtus pulmonis, cordis, stomachi, cadit, haeret. Anxius insanit, sudatque, cruore fluente, Absque crisi riget, et febris auget, et absens. Est sitis, osque sonat, plorat, decoctio cessat. Livor in extremis apparet, fronte citrinfl. Est urina minor, egestio cruda liquescit. Certius est signum contractio testiculorum. Aut si retrahitur in veretro virga virilis. Haec sunt signa quibus inspectio mortis habetur. Whatever be the history of it, the whole of the poem upon the choice of simples and medicines by Otho Cremonensis is incorporated into it, under the INTRODUCTION. 45 title De Simplicibus Medicinis, in alphabetical order, in which is likewise included all of the Schola Salernitana which relates to the same subject: as, from Otho: Asa Foetida. Quo magis fcetorem facit Asa scias meliorem, De Horace. Si tibi veracem mens est novisse Boracem, Elige candentum, duram, sine sorde nitentem. De Coloquintida. Non resonans mota, per pulpam candida tota, Si pulpis haeret semen, si firma cohaeret Seminibus pulpa, coloquintida sit sine culpa. From the fifth part, de curis morborum, I select two short heads: De satisfactione appetitus aegroti. Quee petit eegrotans, quamvis contraria, dentur : Tunc natura viget potius cum vota replentur. Contra Squinonciam. Quando dolet guttur, velut ulcera si patiatur, Protinus abstineas, minuas 63 ; sic alleviatur. 63 Bleed. 46 INTRODUCTION. The following prudential advice enters too deeply into the mysteries of the profession to have been designed for the use of the profane : De prudentia Medici sumentis pro labore . Non didici gratis, nec sagax Musa Hippocratis iEgris in stratis serviet absque datis. Sumpta solet care multum medicina juvare, Si quae datur gratis nil habet utilitatis. Res dare pro rebus, pro verbis verba solemus. Pro vanis verbis montanis utimur herbis, Pro caris rebus, pigmentis et speciebus. Est medicinalis medicis data regula talis : Ut dicatur, da, da, dum profert languidus, ha, ha. Da medicis primo medium, medio, nihil imo. Dum dolet infirmus medicus sit pignore firmus. Instanter quaere nummos, ut pignus, habere. Foedus et antiquum conservat pignus amicum, Nam si post quaeris quaerens semper eris 64 . In the epilogue he speaks of the medical authors of Salerno : Maurus, Mattheus Salomon, Petrus Urso, moderni Sunt medici, per quos regnat medicina Salerni 65 . 64 Aliter, injuriosus haberis. 65 See an account of the particular MSS. in the catalogue hereafter given. INTRODUCTION. 47 Of the additions which have been gradually en¬ grafted upon the original poem, it is not difficult to trace the origin and progress. first. Villa Nova had introduced many verses of a similar nature into his commentary, not as parts of the poem, but professedly from other quarters, and which he carefully distinguished by such prefatory words as, ut dicunt, juxta illud metricum, or unde versus isti communes. These lines, to the number of near forty, found their way early into the text, and became part of the usual copies, the editio recepta. secondly. The next storehouse for supplying additions was the poem of Macer, from which much of the original had been taken. thirdly. Besides these, many floating verses, some written as marginal notes, were occasionally absorbed and embodied, and cth t were purposely added by monks and transcribers. fourthly. At length it was completely altered and reformed, in substance and method, fully to meet the ideas of the learned. Every subject which was deficient was supplied, those parts which were too short were extended, and it was trans¬ formed into a complete compendium of the whole art of medicine. Since near two hundred years had elapsed between 48 INTRODUCTION. the composition of the poem and the time of Villa Nova, it is not improbable that some alterations had been made in the intermediate period, and that even his text is not immaculate. Perhaps it was origi¬ nally very short, not much more than the general precepts. An attentive examination would lead one to imagine that some verses had been altered, or added. Lines where there is a change of person, or number; verses which do not rhyme, or which are not in the hexameter form: all repetitions of the same rule in other words: or rules which seem to be in the nature of explanations or comments: lines out of place, and separated from others on the same subject : all these may perhaps be suspected of being supposititious, but what sacrilegious hand will ven¬ ture to displace them from a situation which they have maintained for five hundred years! Although many of the general rules are excellent, and adapted to all times and persons, yet much of the detail is founded upon systems which are ex¬ ploded by modern experience. The object, there¬ fore, of every intelligent reader of this poem is not to learn the art of medicine, but to contemplate a venerable monument of antiquity; and to ascertain the opinions in the medical science, which prevailed in the eleventh century. lie wishes therefore to see it in its original simplicity, in the precise state in INTRODUCTION. 49 which it was sent to the king of England, and free from any subsequent additions. This original text, if anywhere, is to be found in the edition which received the stamp of authenticity from Arnaldus de Villa Nova, by whom it was pub¬ lished and commented upon, and from the additional approbation of the doctors of the university of Mont¬ pelier. Villa Nova lived as early as the thirteenth century. He was resident in the kingdom of Sicily, where the poem was written, and of course had the best opportunity of obtaining a correct copy. This commentary was written to flatter the national pre¬ judices of his protector Frederic, who was justly proud of a composition so honourable to his country. It is not probable, therefore, that he should have mutilated, or curtailed the original work, as has been supposed by some critics 06 , for which he could have no assignable motive. Neither was he a care¬ less, or uncritical, editor : he sometimes quotes various readings, and always distinguishes between the text itself, and other verses which he introduces into his commentary. Under all these considerations, I have adopted the text as it was settled by Villa Nova, and as it is 66 Murat. Antiq Ital. vol. iii. col. 935. Schola Salernitana fortassis olim auctior quam nunc in editis conspicitur. F 50 INTRODUCTION. to be found in the earliest printed editions. For this purpose I have used that printed at Strasburg in 1491, collated with six others of the fifteenth cen¬ tury : viz. two small quartos without name or date, perhaps earlier ; one in duodecimo printed by Regnault Chandieu; one by John de Westphalia; another by Balligault in 1493, and one by Michael le Noir in 1497- I have not seen what has been stated to be the earliest edition of 1480, if that is not a mis¬ take, arising from the date of the approbation of the sages of Montpelier. All those of the fifteenth cen¬ tury which I have seen, and probably any others, are mere reprints of each other, with no other varia¬ tions than errors of the press. I have, however, re¬ formed the orthography and corrected the evident blunders of one edition by another 67 . After the poem itself I have printed a selection from the additional lines. VII. IMITATIONS. The Regimen Salutis being so popular, many books were written under similar titles. The universities of Paris and Montpelier are said to have produced 67 See the catalogue of printed editions. INTRODUCTION. 51 poems in imitation of it 68 . In the year 1477 was printed. Pulcherrimum et utilissimum opus ad sani¬ tatis conservationem, in prose, and in alphabetical order, by Benedict de Nursia, physician to Francis Sforza, duke of Milan, dedicated to pope Nicholas the fifth. There is a small treatise of only seven leaves by Thaddseus de Florentia, entitled De re¬ gimine salutis secundum quatuor partes anni. He flourished about 1280. At the end is a colophon— Opera et industria Dominici de Lapis, impendio tamen Sigismundi a Libris civis atque librarii Bono¬ niensis. I have before mentioned that Magninus, or May- nus, a physician of Milan, having made some altera¬ tions in Villa Nova’s treatise De Regimine Salutis, claimed the work as his own. It was printed very early in his name: as at Louvain by John de West¬ phalia in 1482, and in 1486. At Paris by Udeline Gering in 1483, at Basil by Nicholas Kesler in 1493, and often subsequently. Before the Schola Salerni were many ancient poems upon medical subjects. In Greek there were Nicander, Rufus Ephesius, and Marcellus Sidetes. In Latin, Serenus Sammonicus, Fannius Palaemon, 68 Fabric. Bib. Lat. vol. iii. lib. iv. cap. xii. Schenk. Bib. Med. 52 INTRODUCTION. and the spurious Macer. In imitation of these and the Schola Salerni, verse was adopted as a conve¬ nient vehicle for medical science. In later times the work of Eobanus Hesse, De tuenda bona vale¬ tudine, and the Coena Baptistae Frire Mantuani, are classical poems and have been often printed 69 . .ZEgidius Corboliensis is an author of the twelfth century, who requires a more particular detail, as his Avork upon compound medicines throws a consider¬ able light upon the state of Salerno about the period of the Schola Salerni, and has supplied many mate¬ rials for this introduction 70 . For his history I think we have little which can be depended upon beyond the internal evidence of his poem. He states that 69 As in Jo. Sigismundi Ilenninger’s Quadriga Scriptorum Diaeteticorum. 70 From the similarity of the name, this author has been confounded with an JEgidius Atheniensis, who is said to have flourished in 700, and wrote two poetical works, De Pulsibus et Urinis. Trithemius de Script. Eccl. N°. 241. Hendreich, Pandect. Brandenburg, p. 44, 45. And with Johannes Aigidius, or of saint Giles’s, an Englishman, whose history is to be found in Matthew Paris, ed. Watts, 1640, p. 414, 874, 974. Leland, De Script. Brit. p. 251. Fuller’s Worthies, p. 433. From these in Pegge’s Life of Grosseteste. Saxii Onomast. vol. ii. p. 268. Chalmer’s Biog. Diet. etc. Leyser’s account is very confused, p. 499. INTRODUCTION. 53 he studied physic at Salerno, under Peter Musandi- nus, Maurus, and Matthew Salomon, who were eminent physicians in the twelfth century 71 , and he describes that place with elegance and affection 72 . His work is dedicated to Romoaldus, who was arch¬ bishop of Salerno from 1157 to his death in 1181 73 , and he speaks of having written it long before, and at Paris 74 . .ZEgidius Parisiensis, in a poem in honour of Char¬ lemagne, written in the popedom of Coelertine the second, between the years 1191 and 1198, speaks of him as a contemporary, then highly celebrated for his skill in medicine and poetry, and as having been born at Paris 75 . In a description of the hospital at Corbeil, his name is said to have been Peter, and that he was of the family of the counts of Corbeil 7S . This work of iEgidius Corboliensis is on the Virtues and Praises of Compound Medicines, and is a poem in hexameter verse, consisting of four thousand 71 Lib. i. ver. 93, 98, 107 ; p. 509. line 145.; p. 510. lib. ii. line 1, 28, 31. 72 Lib. iii. line 465, etc. p. 593. 73 Lib. i. line 130, etc. p. 510. 74 Lib. i, etc. p. 505. 75 In Carolino. lib. v. In Duchesne, Hist. Franc. Script, vol. v. p. 323. 76 By Petit, in Journal de Medicine for September, 1786. F 3 54 INTRODUCTION. five hundred and sixty-two lines. It was printed by Leyser, from a manuscript in the Wolfenbuttel library, but with many errors 77 . And it professes to be an exposition of the Antidotarium of Nicholaus, and the commentary of Platearius upon it 78 . It is in four books, with a prologue to each, and what he styles prologus finalis at the end. Above seventy medicines are treated of, in alphabetical order. Without stating the materials of which they are composed, he describes their various virtues, the cases and circumstances in which they are applicable, the dose, the mode of giving them, and whether alone or in composition with other medicines, and he concludes each article with the information of how long it will keep good. The recipes for the medicines themselves are to be found in his original authors, Nicholaus, and Platearius: and in Myrepsius de Compositis Medicaminibus, and Actuarius, on the same subjects. They are mostly very complex, and the ingredients are frequently very costly: as diamar- 77 Liber de Virtutibus et Laudibus Compositorum Medicami¬ num, metrice compositus, editus a Magistro iEgidio Corboilensi — In Leyser’s Historia poetarum et poematum Medii i£vi. Halffi, 1721, p. 500. 78 Antidotarium Nicholai, cum expositione Jo. Platearii, was printed, with the works of Mesua, at Venice in 1589. It is alphabetical. INTRODUCTION. 55 gariton, composed of pearls dissolved, and the pecu¬ niary value was supposed to enhance their virtue and efficacy. There are many digressions, in which the author takes the opportunity of expatiating freely upon other subjects, but mostly relating to the medical profession, and they are the best parts of the poem; of which the following are the prin¬ cipal : In book the Jirst, upon medicines which cure so quickly, that they deprive the physician of due honour and fees 79 . In the second book, under the head of Diamar- gariton, he proves that though the poor are unable to afford such expensive compositions, they have the consolation that poverty is the best medicine, and preserver of health 80 . Under Diasatyrion is a discus¬ sion upon love 81 . Another against the use of honey, and fraudulent apothecaries 82 . In book the third, are contained observations upon the utility of the pains of labour 83 . The praises and description of Salerno 84 . Advice that young and inexperienced physicians are to be avoided, and 79 Lib. i. ver. 698. p. 531. 80 Lib. ii. ver. 68. p. 540. and lib. iii. ver. 235. p. 583. 81 Lib. ii. ver. 218. p. 546. 82 Ver. 894. p. 572. 89 Lib. iii. ver. 101. p. 577. 84 Ver. 469. p. 593. 56 INTRODUCTION. the description of a good physicsan 85 . The circum¬ stances of cases should be inquired into 86 . Various sorts of madness are described 87 . In book the fourth, is a dissertation on the virtues of the number four ; and an apology that the neces¬ sity of metre had compelled him to distort many Greek terms. A knotty question is discussed, why pills are always given in an odd number 88 . Under opiates he satirizes with some humour one Rigor- dus, an empiric, Qui requiem monachis in acutis febribus offert, Et requiem facit aeternam 89 .- The description of a monstrous child, censure of Montpelier 90 , prudential hints to physicians, artifices to be used, medicines to be changed in colour and form, and disguised, as patients love variety, and despise cheap medicines 91 . In the prologusfinalis, he gives good advice to young practitioners about fees, and that they should bleed the purses of the rich to aid the poor 92 . He advises them not to make any 85 Ver. 564. p. 597. 86 Ver. 848. p, 610. and lib. iv. ver. 309. p. 639. 87 Ver. 866. p. 610. 88 Lib. iv. ver. 129. p. 632. 89 Ver. 386. p. 646. 90 Ver. 564. p. 654. and ver. 639. p. 657. «i Ver. 1119. p. 675. 92 Ver. 1049. p. 687. INTRODUCTION. 57 agreement beforehand with great people, since, if they are generous, they will reward amply, and, if avaricious, their name will advance them. With middling people to make a previous agreement, because when they are in pain they are disposed to reward a physician, but when they recover they grudge the fees. Though so near in time to the Schola Salerni, it is far beyond it in classical and poetical language. It is remarkable that it does not mention John de Milano, but many Leonine verses are introduced, particularly at the beginning of each article, in imitation of the Schola Salerni. The following lines allude to it. Speaking of some roots, herbs, gums, and seeds, he adds, -Quorum facunda Salerni Pagina describit 93 . In censuring the physicians of Montpelier, he says, referring probably to their imitations of that poem. Quos gula, quos stimulat et cogit avara dolosi Ambitio nummi carmen ructare Salernum 94 Other passages are directly copied from it. 93 Lib. i. ver. 834. p. 536. 94 Lib. i. ver. 639. p. 657. 58 INTRODUCTION. The Schola says of the nettle : Omnibus et morbis subvenit articulorum 9o . /Egidius, of benedicta : Dissolvit lapidem, morbum fugit articulorum 96 . The Schola of mustum, or new wine : Hepatis emphraxim, splenem generat lapidemque 97 . iEgidius, of benedicta: Amputat enfraxes epatis, splenique tumores 96 . The Schola: Si fluat ad pectus dicatur rheuma catarrhus. Ad fauces brancus, ad nares esto coryza 99 . .ZEgidius, of diaprasium: Corizam, brancum, tussim domat, atque catarrhum '. The Schola, of sage : Salvia, salvatrix, naturae consiliatrix 2 . 95 Sch. Sal. ver. 202. 97 Sch. Sal. ver. 77. 99 Sch. Sal. ver. 248. 2 Sch. Sal. ver. 183. 96 Lib. i. ver. 828. p. 536. 98 Lib. i. ver. 830. p. 536. 1 Lib. ii. ver. 349. p. 551. INTRODUCTION. 59 iEgidius, of sotira. Sotira, salvatrix, naturae conciliatrix 3 . From the additions to the Schola: Pone gulae metas, ut sit tibi longior aetas 4 . iEgidius, of sotira: Vim chronicis morbis, quos fundat largior aetas, Ingerit, et proprius compellat stringere metas 5 . Again of diaciminum: -Intraque duorum Annorum metas ipsius clauditus aetas 6 . As the book where it is to be found is scarce, and as few persons I suppose will read so long and tedious a poem, I shall proceed to give a few speci¬ mens. It begins, alluding to his having kept the poem long by him. Prologus. Quae secreta diu noctis latuere sub umbra Clausa, verecundi signo celata pudoris, 3 Lib. iv. ver. 438. p. 649. 5 Lib. iv. ver. 466. p. 650. 4 Additions, line 40. 6 Lib. ii. ver. 440. p. 555. (JO INTRODUCTION. Gesta sub involucris mentis, clarescere quaerunt. Eruta de tenebris cupiunt sub luce videri. Tecta patent: obscura nitent: scintillaque mentis Fulgurat, accenditque novum fax ignea vatem. De tepida concepta prius, tenuique favilla! Jam largb rutilos emittit lampadis ignes. Provehitur seges in culmum, foecundaque multo Ordine granorum canis albescit aristis, Granaque prosiliunt studii concussa flagello. Vinea turgescit botris, jam palmes adultus Germinat, et sterili vindemia pendet in ulmo. After fifteen more lines, in which he apologizes for the rudeness of his verse, he proceeds to invoke the muse: Inter Cirrhreas Dea plus celebranda sorores, Parnassi bijugo nutrita cacumine montis, Lauro nexa comas, vultus pallore decenti, Et facie macra famulam confessa Minervae, Ex Helicone suo migrans, in pectoris alti Transmeat occultos non invitata recessus : Afterwards lie addresses his poem : Vade liber felix. Nam cum provectior aetas Jam tua sit, densisque habeas pubescere plumis, Dedecus esse potest puerili incumbere nido, Et cunas colere balbis infantibus aptas. I, cave ne titubes, firmo vestigia gressu Dirige, cum rectis habeas procedere talis, INTRODUCTION. 61 Et quae delicti praeco solet esse, pudoris Nulla tibi teneras suffundat purpura vultus. He speaks thus of his masters: -Tibi defensacula ponet Musandinus apex, quo tanquam sole nitenti Et nitet, et nituit illustris fama Salerni. Cujus si fuerit resolutum funere corpus, Spiritus exultat, et magni pectora Mauri Tota replet. Maurus redimit damnumque rependit, Prima quod in Petro passa est, et perdidit aetas. Qui tanquam nanus, humeris colloque gigantis Desuper incumbens, ipso fortasse tuetur Longius, et summo superaddit culmina monti. O utinam Musandinus nunc viveret auctor! Ille meos versus digno celebraret honore— Ille meis scriptis signum punctumque favoris Imprimeret, placido legeret mea carmina vultu, Et, quod in irriguis illius creverat hortis, Ipse meum sentiret olus, gustuque probaret Ex proprio sale doctrinae traxisse saporem, Suppliat et Petri Maurus mihi damna reformet. Pastor ovem, membrumque caput, famulumque patronus, Doctor discipulum, noscat sua mater alumnum. Vellem quod medicae doctor Platerius artis Munere divino vitales carperet auras, Ganderet metricis pedibus sua scripta ligari, Et numeris parere meis— Urso suum te concivem gaudebit adesse, G 62 INTRODUCTION. Strenuus ambiguos causarum solvere nodos— Mente bona mea Castalius decreta Johannes Suscipiat, quem, dum pueriles volveret annos, Myrtum humilem Musandino sub praeside vidi. Audio nunc ipsum summis contendere lauris, Et sua nobilibus aequasse cacumina cedris. Hos, physicae antistes, quos iEgidiana libellos Sanctio produxit, digno Romoaldus honore Consecret et celebret— Ipse novo faveat operi, nec Parisianas iEstimet indignum physicam resonare Camaenas.— Qui trahit a docto nomen Salomone Matthaeus, Qui nitet eloquio, qui mentis acumine pollet, Suscipiat placido Salomon mea carmina vultu; Et se noscat in his, sua condimenta saporet— Quo Pessulanus nisi Mons authore niteret, Jamdudum physicae lux eclipsata fuisset— Richardas senior, quem plus aetate senili Ars facit esse senem— Sit judex operis placidus— Most of the articles begin with rhyming verses as under the head of Electuarium Dulcis 7 : Ex algore satus, stomachi dolor antb profatus, Sollicitare latus ventosi turbine flatus, Quamvis iratus, quamvis ad bella paratus, 7 Lib. iii. ver. 286. p. 585. sic. INTRODUCTION. 63 Hoc semel afflatus sedat poenam cruciatus. Jejuno stomacho potabitur addita Baccho, Nux ubi muscata decocta sit et macerata Enfraxes aperit.— Of his manner of treating his subject I give two articles as some of the shortest: Unguentum aureum. Quod trahit ex auro nomen, quo praevalet auro, Unguentum, renes lapidosos curat inunctum. Solvit dura, vias reserat, resolutaque purgat Saepius appositum, vicibus crebris renovatum. Omnia de gelidis mala discutit insita causis. Militat in morbis, et regnat quatuor annis 6 . Unguentum album. Omnis ab unguento scabies detergitur albo, Quam generet salsus infecti fleumatis humor 8 9 . The description of Salerno relates to the subject of this introduction: -Terra Salerni. Urbs Phoebo sacrata, Minervae sedula nutrix, Fons physicae, pugil eucrasiae, cultrix medicinae, Assecla naturae, vitae paranympha, salutis 8 Lib. iv. ver. 1081. p. 674. 9 Lib. iv. ver. 1224. 64 INTRODUCTION. Pronuba fida, magis Lachesis soror, Atropos hostis, Morbi pernicies, gravis adversaria mortis. Quae quia perpetuum gessit cum morte duellum, Nec segnem sine Marte potest deducere vitam ; Ut sibi materiam certaminis atque laboris Vendicet, et nullo pacis torpore quiescat: Lethifera regione sedet, sub sole calenti, Rupibus astriferis celsum coeloque propinquum, Audaci nimirum scandentibus aethera dorso. Arcet et excludit gelidi spiramina venti Castigata situ: pendens de colle supino Incumbit pelago, sua quod muralia radit. Extantesque domos ludentibus assilit undis. Montibus excelsis retro clipeata vapores, Et nebulas pingues, et solum combibit austrum, Fcedaque corrupti carpit contagia coeli. Sed medicinarum sibi quas montana ministrant Urbs jaculis armata viget, cum morte potenter Dimicat, extirpat morbos, et fata retundit, Naturam relevat, et stamina rupta renodat- Morte (mortis) regna premit, cum qua componere quamvis Non valeat, petit inducias, et protrahit sevum, Et quae non aufert ventura pericula differt. Quae nisi tam foecunda foret, tantisque vigeret Consiliis, illam physicae nisi Delphicus artis Spiritus implueret, absorpta voragine mortis, Nec cursum bullire valens, miseranda periret 10 . ■ 10 Lib. iii. ver. 469. p. 593. INTRODUCTION. 65 I cannot refrain from making one more quotation. After stating that Diamargariton is so expensive a medicine that the rich only can afford to take it, he proceeds: Quid faciet Codrus ? Quid Codri curta suppellex ? Cujus plebei vacuus farragine venter Non satis impletur, spasmum patiente crumena, Cujus opes modicis depicta sophismata cartis. An quia res angusta domi, quia parca facultas, Et tenuis sumptus, nequit hos attingere luxus ? Et vetat in vetitum motus erumpere mentis, Nuda salus sine subsidio prostrata jacebit? An quia deficiunt species, et aromata desunt, Codrizat tua, Codre, salus, dejecta fatiscit Corporis integritas, quia te praesentia Mauri Splendida non recreat multo spectabilis auro? Absit ut insidias naturae sobria ponat Mundaque paupertas, quae, certis obsita metis, Non quaerit sibi praescriptos transcendere fines! Paupertas Medicina sibi tribus empta minutis, Quam faba Pythagorae, lardo condita pusillo, Et rude nutrit olus, cui de farragine panis Furfurea factus, avidoque in ventre receptus, Radit, et elimat grossos de corpore chymos— (xvfiovg ). Plus sapit, et reficit, nutrit, confortat, et auget, Se membris magis assimulat, se firmius illis Inserit esca, famis avido condita sapore. Quae via curandi morbos, quae causa fidelis G 3 66 INTRODUCTION. Certa medela malis, nisi parcae sobria vitae Regula, privatis plerumque accommoda mensis? Plus aqua, plus tenuis sub tecto paupere victus, Roboris et vitae confert, quam Caesaris aula, Nectarii calices, quam vitis vina Falernae, Quam caro sylvestris latrantum parta labore, Salmones sapidi, rhombi, trutaeque rubentes, Inter regales epulas, tapetaque crassa. Lanquet in hic gula luxurians, et venter obesus 11 . 11 p. 541. 1.91. A CATALOGUE OF THE PRINTED EDITIONS OF THE SCHOLA SALERNI. Those which I have seen and collated are marked with an asterisk. They may be divided into nine classes. 1. The Regimen, with Arnaldus de Villa Novk’s com¬ mentary in its original state, and printed separately. 2. The editions of Villa Nova’s works, in which the Regimen and commentary are introduced. 3. The Regimen, with Villa Nova’s commentary, corrected and improved by Curio and Crellius. 4. As farther altered and perfected by Curio. 5. The editions by Moreau, which have Curio’s commentary, with Moreau’s animadversions. 6. The editions by Zacharius Sylvius, which have only Curio’s commentary. 7. The editions of the usual text only without the com¬ mentary. 8. Editions without the commentary, in which the text is altered. 9. Translations. 68 A CATALOGUE OF I. THE REGIMEN, WITH ARNALDUS DE VILLA NOVA’S COMMENTARY IN ITS ORIGINAL STATE. PRINTED IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 1480. The first edition was printed at Montpelier in this year. It is entitled, Regimen Sanitatis Salernitanum a Ma¬ gistro Arnaldo de Villa Nova Catalano veraciter ex¬ positum, ac noviter correctum et emendatum, per Doctores Montispessulani regentes, anno 1480, prae¬ dicto loco actu moram trahentes. It is in quarto, has the signatures as far as five, and each page has thirty- four lines. Brunet, Manuel du Libraire, tom. iii. p. 541. -Venice, by Bernard de Vitalibus, 4to. cum expositione Arnaldi de Villa Nova Cathelani. Panzer. - Regimen Sanitatis Salernitanum a Magistro Arnaldo de Villa Nova Cathalano veraciter expositum ac noviter correctum et emendatum per Doctores Montispessulani expositum, anno 1480. In fine, a morte subito nos defendat qui eternaliter vivit et regnat, amen. No name or place. Panzer. - A small quarto in Gothic letters, without name, place, or date, with the commentary. The initial letter A is written, and it is not paged. It begins, Incipit liber De Conservatione Corporis, seu De Regimine Sanitatis, compositum per Magistrum Arnaldum de Villa Nova. At the end is Villa Nova’s treatise De Conservatione Corporis, seu Regimen Sanitatis. * In the British Museum. There are two copies of it. THE PRINTED EDITIONS. 69 1480 In duodecimo, by Regnault Chaudiere, Gothic letters, with the commentary. * British Museum. A small quarto, in Gothic letters, with the commentary. At the end. Explicit Regimen Sanitatis compositum seu ordinatum a Magistro Arnoldo de Villa Nova Cathalano, omnium medicorum viventium gemma. Impressum Lovanii in domo Magistri Johannis de Westphalia. At the end Villa Nova’s treatise De Con¬ servatione Corporis. * This is perhaps the oldest edi¬ tion. British Museum. 1482. Lugduni, in 4to. Haller. Ackerman. 1484. Scholae Salernitans de conservandi valetudine opus¬ culum, cum enarrationibus Arnaldi de Villa Nova. Pisae, 4to. Panzer. - Paris, 4to. Haller. Ackerman. 1490. Montpelii, 4to. Haller. Ackerman. 1491. Venice, by John de Forvilio, fol. Schuster. Ackerman. - Regimen Sanitatis, cum expositione Magistri Arnaldi de Villa Nova. Incipit Regimen Sanitatis Salernitanum excellentissimum pro conservatione sanitatis totius humani generis peru¬ tilissimum : nec non a Magistro Arnoldo de Villa Nova Cathelano, omnium medicorum viventium gemma, utiliter, ac secundum omnium antiquorum medicorum doctrinam veraciter expositum: noviter correctum ac emendatum per egregissimos ac medicinae artis pe- ritissimos Doctores Montispessulani regentes, anno mcccclxxx, predicto loco actu moram trahentes. At the end, Hoc opus optatur quod flos medicinae vocatur. Tractatus qui de Regimine Sanitatis nuncupatur finit 70 A CATALOGUE OF feliciter, impressus Argen: (Strasburg) : anno Domini m cccc xci, in die Sancti Thom® Cantuariensis. Apud me.* The text in this edition is taken from this edition, with some corrections from other editions of this century. 1493. Paris, per Magistrum Andream Bocard, 4to. Bibliotheca Britannica. - Paris, 4to. Gothic letters, per Felicem Balligault. The printer’s name in a cipher in the title page. The first letter A is written. British Museum. * 1494. Regimen Sanitatis Metrice, cum commentariis Arnaldi. Coloni®. Panzer. 1497. Paris, 4to. printed by Michael le Noir. His cipher in the title page, with a crest, a blackamoor’s head on a helmet, with a coronet, and this motto: C’est mon desir, de Dieu servir, pour acquerir son doulx plasir. * British Museum. 1499. Schola Salernitana, seu Doctorum Parisiensium tractatu - lus medicinalis ad Regem Angli®s Argentin® per Mattheam Hussfuf. Panzer. It does not appear whether this has the commentary, or the text unaltered. - Regimen Sanitatis Salernitanum, nec non et liber de conservatione corporis Magistri Arnoldi de Villa Nova. Sine nomine, loco, et anno. Fortassis Coloni® apud Ulr. Zell. Panzer. - Regimen Sanitatis Salernitanum a Magistro Arnaldo de Villa Nova expositum circa annum 1480. Without place, name, or year. Panzer. - Regimen Sanitatis Salernitanum. In fine explicit re¬ gimen sanitatis compositum seu ordinatum a Magistro THE PRINTED EDITIONS. 71 Arnaldo de Villa Nova Cathologo omnium viventium medicorum viventium gemmst. Without name, place, or date 1 . Panzer. PRINTED IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. 1502. Strasburg, per Matthiam Brant, 4to. Gothic letters. Brunet. About the beginning of this century was published in quarto, in black letter, Le tresor des poures selon, Maistre Arnaudt de Ville Nove, et Maistre Girard de Sollo, Docteur in Medicine de Montpellier, translate du Latin en Francois pour l’amour de Dieu. The first is a translation of Villa Nova’s Treatise de Regimine Sanitatis. 1503. Argentorati, per John Priis, 4to. Schusteh. 1505. Paris, per R. Ledru, 4to. Brunet. 1507. Coloniae, per Cornelium de Zyryckzee. Panzer. 1409. Liptzk, per Melchiorem Lotter. Panzer. 1513. Bon® valetudinis cura, seu Regimen Sanitatis Saler¬ nitanum. Liptzk per Johan Thanner. Panzer. 1514. Lugduni, per Gibertum Villiers, folio. Schuster. Ackerman. 1519. Nurembergae per Jodoc Gutknecht. Panzer. 1 Some of the editions without name, place, or date, are probably duplicates, but they are not sufficiently described to ascertain this point. 72 A CATALOGUE OF II. EDITIONS OF THE WORKS OF ARNALDUS DE VILLA NOVA, CONTAINING THE REGIMEN SANITATIS, AND COMMENTARY. 1504. The first edition of his works collected was printed Lugduni, apud Magistrum Guil. Hugon, in folio. Gesner. 1505. Venice, folio, per Bonetum Locatellum. Editor Thomas Murchius. Impendio horedum Octaviani Scoti, civis Modoetiensis. 1509. Lugduni, a Francisco Fradin. The same. 1509. Paris. 1514. Venice. 1520. Lugduni. 1527. Impensis haeredum Domini Octaviani Scoti civis Modo¬ etiensis, ac sociorum. Venice. Additis quatuor trac¬ tatibus. 1532. In folio. Haller. 1585. Cum Nicholai Taurelli annotationibus. Basii. 1686. Lugduni.* III. THE REGIMEN, WITH VILLA NOVA’S COM¬ MENTARY, CORRECTED BY CURIO AND CRELLIUS. 1538. Conservandae sanitatis praecepta saluberrima cum Arnaldi Villanovani exegesi per Johannem Curionem locuple¬ tata, ut novum opus videri possit. Francofurti, in 12mo. Haller. THE PRINTED EDITIONS. 73 1545. De conservandi bonfi valetudine, opusculum Schola; Salernitanae ad Regem Angliae versibus conscriptum, cum Arnoldi Novicomensis, Medici et Philosophi celeberrimi, brevissimis et utilissimis enarrationibus. Et haec omnia a barbarie, et infinitis, quibus scatebant, mendis, tam accurate repurgata, ut jam quasi novam faciem induerint, citraque offensionem legi possent. Opera et studio Johannis Curionis et Jacobi Crellii. Francofurti, apud Christianum Egenolphum, 8vo. with wooden cuts. Ackerma^n. 1545. The same, 12mo. Maittatee. - The same, 12mo. at Paris. Cat. Bib. Grypesw. Ack. 1549. Francofurti, cum Johanni Katschei de Regimine Sani¬ tatis, 12mo. Haller. 1551. De conservanda bona valetudine, opera Jo. Curionis et Jac. Crellii. Francof. apud Chr. Egenolphum. Dedi¬ cated to Picus, abbot of St. Peter’s monastery at Erford. Dedication dated in 1545. Wooden cuts. No translation. At the end, Rhythmi M. Ottonis Cremonensis de electione meliorum simplicium ac spe- ciorum medicinalium. * British Museum. Otto begins ;— Est aloes lignum melius sit hoc tibi signum Quod nigredo parum dat fragili subamarum. 1552. Lipsice, 8vo. addita versione Germanica. Fabric. Bibi. Lat. vol. iii. cap. xii. p. 884. 1553. Francof. apud Chr. Egenolph. The same as that ot 1551. * British Museum. 1554. Francof. 8vo. Bibi. Traj. Bat. p. 113. 1555. Paris, apud Juven. in 12mo. Maittaire. H 74 A CATALOGUE OF IV. THE REGIMEN WITH VILLA NOVA’S COM¬ MENTARY AS FARTHER ALTERED AND IMPROVED BY CURIO. None of the editors or critics have been aware that the edi¬ tions by Curio and Crellius are different from those by Curio only. As they have not in their catalogues, in many cases, distinguished whether the editions were by Curio and Crellius, or Curio only, there is frequently no means of deciding but from the dates. As Curio’s separate epistle dedicatory is dated in 1556, I suppose all editions before that time to be the joint edition, and all subsequent to be Curio’s. They mostly agree in the text, and some of them in having wooden cuts. But Curio added a German translation of the text, which had been before published, Vitebergae, apud Rhau, in 1546, of which it is said in the preface, Rhythmis Germanicis, ex perantiquo codice sumptis illustravit editor. And his com¬ mentary is a fuller paraphrase of that of Villa Nova, with many additions. The oldest of these editions which I have met with is— 1557. De conservanda bona valetudine opusculum Scholae Salernitans, cum Arnoldi enarratione, per Johannem Curionem. Antwerp, apud J. Withagium, 8vo. with four other short medical works, two poems and two treatises, occupying only seven leaves. The epistle dedicatory to John Picus is dated in 1556; it does not mention Crellius. He mentions a former edition, but whether of this work, or only of the joint edition, is uncertain. He distinguishes the additions. * Bibl. Bodl. THE PRINTED EDITIONS. 75 1557 Francof. apud haeredes Chr. Egenolphi, 16mo. Conr. Gesner. 1559. Francof. apud haeredes Chr. Egenolphi.* Bibl. Bodl. - Paris. 1562. Antwerpiae, apud Jo. Withagium, 12mo. Manget. 1568. Conservandae bonae valetudinis praecepta integritati resti¬ tuta et rhytmis Germanicis illustrata, cum Arnoldi, exegesi per J. Curionem. Berchensem cel: Erphor- dianae Reipublicae Medicum Physicum. Francof. apud haeredes Christ. Egenolphi. Six short works at the end. Commendatory verses to Curio, a Greek acrostic, M. Suffridi Petri Leovardiensis Frisii cncpom- Xig. This is dedicated to Dominus Henning Hopff. * Bibl. Bodl. and British Museum. 1573. - Apud haeredes Christ. Egenolph. 8vo. 1577. - Lugduni, apud Jo. Lertout, 12mo. 1580. Paris, apud Hieronymum de Marncf, 12mo. 1582. Frankfort, apud has red. Christ. Egenolph. 8vo. 1587. Venetiis, 8vo. Ackermann. 1591. Genevae, 8vo. Haller. 1594. Francof. haered. Egenolphi. Schuster. 1594. Coloniae, 16mo. Haller. - Ibid. 8vo. Haller. 1598. Genevae, apud Jacob Stoer, 8vo. Ackermann. 1599. Absque loco, 12mo. Haller. 1605. Francof. 12mo. Bibl. Frilleri. Ackermann. 1606. Coloniae, in folio. Ackermann. 1611. Francof. apud Johannem Saurium, 8vo. Ackermann. 1612. Francof apud Vine. Steinmeyer. Ackermann. 1615. Romae, apud Andream Phacum, in folio patente. Ack. 1617. Roterodami, 12mo. Ackermann. 76 A CATALOGUE OF 1618. Venetiis, 12mo. Bibl. Berberni. Ackermann. 1628. Francofurti, exc. Matth. Kempflfer, impensis Vincentii Steinmeyer, 12mo. Ackermann. 1628. Franc, apud haered. Egenolph. 12mo. Ackermann. -Hygeia: id est. Bona; Valetudinis Conservandae The¬ saurus locupletissimus. Coloniae, Agrippinae typis Pet. a Bruchel, 8vo. min. Ackermann. There are eleven works on diet in this collection. Vale¬ tudinis conservandae praecepta ex Schola Salernitana cum commentariis seu exegesi, is one. The edition of 1568 is followed. - ■ The same, Luxemberg, 12mo. Giinz. Ackermann. 1636. Geneva, 12mo. Haller. V. MOREAU’S EDITION, WHICH HAS CURIO’S COMMENTARY, AND MOREAU’S ANIMAD¬ VERSIONS, but contains a part only of the work. Pro¬ legomena of fifty-two pages, on the poem and on Leonine verse. 1625. Schola Salernitana, hoc est de valetudine tuenda, opus Novii methodo instructum, infinitis versibus auctum, commentariis Villanovani, Curionis, Crellii, et Con- stansoni illustratum. Adjecta; sunt animadversiones novae et copiosae Renati Moreau, Doctoris Medici Parisiensis. Paris, sumptibus Thomae Blasii. It is dedicated to Cardinal Richelieu in 1624, 8vo, 795 pages. Apud me.* 1672. Again at Paris. THE PRINTED EDITIONS. 77 VI. THE EDITION BY ZACHAMAS SYLVIUS, which has only Curio’s commentary, and a preface extracted from Moreau’s prolegomena. The dedication is dated 1648. 1649. Schola Salernitana, sive de conservanda valetudine pras- cepta metrica. Autore Joanne de Mediolano, hac¬ tenus ignoti. Cum luculenta et succincta Arnoldi Villanovani in singula capita exegesi. Ex recensione Zachariae Sylvii, Medici Roterodamensis. Hagae.* 1657. Roterodami ex off. Arnold. Leers. - Hagae, in off. Arnold. Leers. 1660. Aquisgrani, 12mo. 1667. Roterodami. 1683. Hagae. Leers. 1711. Ratisbonae. 1712. Argentorati. 1713. Argentorati. 1714. Lipsiae. 1722. Ratisbonae, sump. Jo. Zach. Seidelii. 1753. Augustae Vindelicorum. VII. EDITIONS WITHOUT THE COMMENTARY. 1511. 4to. Marsilius Ficinus de triplici vita: scilicet sana, longa, et caelitus, una cum textu seu Regimine Sanitatis Salerni. The poem begins. Regimen Sanitatis Salerni¬ tanum, nec non et Magistri Arnoldi de Nova Villa, feliciter incipit. Ex officina Johannis Schotti, Argen. It is the mere text of Arnaldus’s edition. * H 3 78 A CATALOGUE OF 1516. Lugduni, 4to. per Jaeobum Myt, expensis Barthol. Trot. Maittaire, tom. ii. p. 1. page 283. 1582. Proverbialia dicteria ethicam et moralem doctrinam complectentia versibus veteribus rythmicis, una cum Germanica interpretatione conscripta, per Andream Gartnerum. Francof. apud haered. C. Egenolph. 8vo. It contains extracts from the Regimen. Ackermann. 1622. Monspessuli, apud Fran. Chovet, 12mo. Schuster. I place this edition here as it is not mentioned as having a commentary. 1623. Herbipoli, forma patente. For the same reason. Haller. 1647. Amstelodami, 12mo. The same reason. 1673. Schola Salernitana: id est. Conservandae Valetudinis Praecepta, post plurimas impressiones cum et sine commentariis in variis locis, nunc bono commodo om¬ nium sanitati suae provide consulere volentium in li¬ belli hujus formam redacta, una cum annexis ad finem observationibus quibusdam probatissimis. Typis Mi¬ chael. Thurnmayer, 12mo. Ackermann. Many genuine verses are omitted, and spurious verses added. 1712. In Quadriga Scriptorum Diaeteticorum. J. S. Hennin- ger. Argent.* British Museum. 1726. J. S. H. Collectio Scriptorum Medico-diaeteticorum, in¬ cluding the Regimen. Lips. 8vo. Richter. 1763. Schola Salernitana, plurimis quibus scatebat mendis purgavit, et diversitatem lectionis adjecit Jo. Adamus Schier. Athenis ad Elmum. Typis P. Diet. Schnorii viduas, 8vo. Ackermann. It follows the edition of Moreau, with other copies. The various readings are few. THE PRINTED EDITIONS. 70 1790. Stendaliae, sumptibus D. Ch. Franzen ejusque socii Grosse. Regimen Sanitatis Salerni, sive Scholae Sa¬ lernitanae de conservanda bona valetudine praecepta. Edidit, Studii Medici Salernitani Historia praemissa, Joannes Christ. Gotti. Ackermann, Medicinae Doctor et in universitate literarum Altorfinh professor ordi¬ narius. * The text is printed from that of Villa Nova; there are a few explanatory notes, but no commentary. Prefixed is the History of the Schola Salerni, and of the poem, and a dissertation on Leonine verse, chiefly from Mo¬ reau. With catalogues of manuscripts, and printed editions. VIII. EDITIONS WITHOUT THE COMMENTARY, IN WHICH GREAT ALTERATIONS ARE MADE IN THE TEXT. 1566. The edition of John Francis Lombard, in which the poem is altered, or translated into more classical language, and the rhymes destroyed. Venice, 1566. 1600. The same in De Balneis Puteolanis Scriptores, in Italia Illustrata. Francof. and in Burmann’s Thesaurus Antiq. Ital. tom. ix, part iv. * 1636. Duaci, 12mo. Novo-Antiqua Schola Salernitana, per Reginald. Bruytsma, Medicum Mech. The original verses newly arranged, and four hundred hexameter and pentameter verses added, without rhyme. * British Museum. 1641. Again Lovan, in 8vo. * British Museum. 80 A CATALOGUE OP IX. TRANSLATIONS. GERMAN. 1474. Apud Crewssner, in folio. Schuster. Ackermann. 1481. Regimen Sanitatis, oder ordnung der Gesundheit. Au¬ gustae Vindelicorum (Augsburg) in folio. Ackermann. 1493. Alternis versibus Latinis et Germanicis. Liptzick. Panzer. 1495. The edition of 1481 repeated in 4to, with the title Das Buch Regimen Sanitatis genannt, gedruckt von Hann- sen Froschauer. Supposed to contain the Schola Salerni (Bib. Schwartz, part 2. p. 217). Haller. Ackermann. 1508. Regimen Sanitatis, 4to. Continet 59 disticha, partim ex Schola Salernitana, Latine cum Germanici versione rhythmica. Nurembergi, per Hieron. Hoeltzel. Pan¬ zer. 1509. Regimen Sanitatis Anglorum Regi ex Parisiensi gym¬ nasio missum. With a German translation. In fio- rentissima urbe Brunsvigo, per J. Dom. Panzer. 1519. Argentorati (Strasburg), in 4to. Gesner. Acker¬ mann. - Regimen Sanitatis —Anglorum Regi conscripsit Schola Solennis. It contains distichs from the Schola Salerni and others, with a German version. In Gothic letters, without place or date. Panzer. 1532. Argentorati, 4to. Gesner. Ackermann. - Regimen Sanitatis Medicorum Parisiensium, pro tuenda Sanitate Regis Anglia; conscriptum — Magistri Franc. Mymerii Silesii rhythmis Germanicis et Polonicis ex¬ ornatum. Cracov. per Mat. Scharffenberg. Panzer. THE PRINTED EDITIONS. 81 154G. Regimen Sanitatis a Scholl Salernitan^, vel Parisin^, scriptum, without the commentary, with a German translation. Viteb. apud Georg. Rhaw.* British Museum. The same translation as in Curio’s edition. Ex perantiquo codice. 1557. Curio’s edition. * 1636. Rhythmis Germanicis illustrata. * Bibi. Bodl. 1642. Hamburg, 4to. cum versibus Germanicis, apud J. Gut- wasser.* British Museum. 1663. Ulmae, in Jo. Jac. Becheri Parnasso Medico illustrato. Ackermann. 1750. A German translation by Gotthold Schuster. Franc, and Leipz. 8vo. with notes. FRENCH TRANSLATIONS. 1501. Paris in 4to. in French, with the Commentaries of Arnal- dus, etc. Haller. Ackermann. - A book in black letter, published at the beginning of this century in 4to. entitled, Le tresor des Paures Selon Maistre Arnoudt de Ville Nove— translate du Latin en Franfois pour l’amour de Dieu, is a translation of Villa Nova’s book de Regimine Sanitatis. 1561. Retardement de la rnort par bon regime, ou conservation de sante, par l’escole de Salerne, traduit de Latin en rithme, par Geoffroy le Tellier. Paris, 8vo. Brunet. - Another very old French translation in 4to. black letter, without date, entitled, Le Regime tres utile et tres pro¬ fitable pour conserver et guarder la sante. Brunet. 82 A CATALOGUE OF 1561. Paris, with Arnold’s Commentary, 4to. Haller. Ackermann. 1637. A translation in verse, par Michel le Long. Each head has a long comment. This is the second edition. * Bibl. Bodl. It begins, Des Doctes Salernins le college s^avant Donne au Roy des Anglois le regime suivant; Si tu veux vivre heureux soubmet la violence Des dots de ton espirit au frein de ta puissance. 1651 . During the minority of Louis the fourteenth, Scarron had rendered the burlesque style fashionable. A Monsieur Martin, a physician of Paris, travestied the Regimen Salerni in this ridiculous manner. The burlesque ap¬ probation is dated in 1649, and the dedication to Scar¬ ron in 1650. It begins : A vous, Roy de la. Grand’ Bretagne, Jadis le pais de Cocagne, L’Eschole des Salernitains En corps escrit les vers Latin. Latin 1 dira quelque Critique— Parbleu vous estis Heretique— The two lines, Si tibi deficiant medici medici tibi fiant Haec tria, mens laeta, requies, moderata diaeta, are thus paraphrased : Si d’hazard extant en Champagne, En Anjou, Touraine, en Bretagne, THE PRINTED EDITIONS. 83 Tu ne peux avoir Medicins, Qui rendent les maladies sains, Sans te servir d’un Empirique, Je t’enseigneray la pratique. Trois medicins, non d’Arabie, Ny de Grece, ny d’ltalie, Te pourrent ayder au besoin, Sans les aller chercher fort loin, Ils sont meilleur que l’on ne pense, Et ne font aucun depence. Le premier c’est la gaiete, C’est le fine fleur de Sante, C’est de notre vie la sosse 2 , Sans qui vaux mieux estre en la fosse. La second, Repos modere 3 De corps, et d’espirit, assure. Ferine, tranquille, invariable. Le troisieme, c’est Courte Table, Autrement la Sobriete, C’est la Grand-mere de sante. Si nostre Grand-pere Hippocrate D’un faux oracle ne nous flatte. At the end are, Poema Macaronicum de Bello Hu- guenotico, and Cocceii Poema Macaronicum. * Bibl. Bodl. and British Museum. 1657. Gratianopoli (Grenoble) the same. 2 Sauce. 3 Repos modere, from a false stop, to be found elsewhere, re¬ quies moderata, diasta, for moderata diaeta. 84 A CATALOGUE OP 1660. Le Long, again. 1664. Martin again, with a French translation of the Macaronic poem de Bello Huguenotico- * Bibl. Bodl. 1666. Le Long again. 1669. Jaques du Four de la Crespiliere, in a collection of epigrams, introduced some parts of the Regimen trans- 1671. lated into French verse — Afterwards, in 1671, he pub¬ lished the whole under the title of Commentaire en vers Francis sur l’ecole de Salerne. The text is after Mo¬ reau, but the translation is diffuse and ridiculous. It contains 596 pages. * British Museum. 1672. ) 1686. $ Again. 1743. L’Art de conserver sa sante, compose par l’Ecole de Sa¬ lerne. Traduction nouvelle en vers Francois, par Mons. B. L. M. laHaye. Ackermann. 1749. The same, at Paris. Ackermann. 1816. L’Ecole de Salerne, en vers Latin et Franfois, par Mons. B. L. M„ The text is that of du Four in 1671, omit¬ ting some parts and adding others. The translation is between the serious and the ludicrous—The sense is given tolerably. * ITALIAN TRANSLATIONS. 1549. At Venice, in 12mo. Opera utilissima di conservare la sanita. Ackermann. 1566. Venice 4to. by Jo. Francis Lombard. Haller. Ackermann. 1587. Perugiae, per Piergiacomum Petrucci impressum Scuola Salernitana, del modo di conservarsi in Sanita, trans- THE PRINTED EDITIONS. 85 portata di Latino in volgare Toscano, da Fra Serafino Razzi, 8vo. Lib. Capponi, p. 347. Ackeemann. 1662. Venice, apud Erigoneium. Scuola Salernitana tradotta dal verso Latino in terza rima, col trattato della vita sobria di Luigi Cornaro, 8vo. Lib. Capponi. Ackeemann. 1712. Parmae, 8vo a repetition of F. Lombard’s. Ackeemann. - Parma. A translation in terza rima, dall’ incognito Accademico Vivo Morto. The dedication is to an unknown patron. It is a good and spirited translation, with much of the Italian sportive humour. At the end is another poem, Altre regole per conservare la sanita, tradotte per il medesimo autore dal Latino di Giorgio Pistorio Vvilingano Tedesco. There is likewise Cor- naro’s treatise della vita sobria. * British Museum. Signor quel giorno che di qui partisti Solinghi ci lascieste in questo sito : Ne mai piu a revederci tu venisti. Caro patron ho dal Comin redito Che generoso sei, e di gran cuore, Che sei gentil, e cavalier compito. Pero confesso che al tuo gran valore, E alia tua gentilezza son restato Schiavo perpetuo, e umil servitore. Dove dice, ch’ un di il collegio tutto Fisico de Salerno scrisse a un Sire, Che d’Anglia fu patron insin da putto. 1733. Venice, in 8vo. La Scuola Salernitana dilucidata, o sia, I 86 A CATALOGUE OF la scovrimentodelveroedel falso, del utile edel inutile, di questa stimatissima opera, per sapersi conservar sano, e prolungare la vita, spiegandosi tutto sul buon gusto moderno. Opera di Fulvio Gherli, Cittadino Modo- nese, ed al presente Proto-Medico dell’ Altezza Sere- niss. del Sig. Duca di Guastalla. In Venezia presso Giuseppe Corona. It is in dialogue, and without the original text. Ackeemann. DUTCH TRANSLATION. 1658. At Amsterdam, by J. G. Ackermann. BOHEMIAN TRANSLATION. 1721. Posonii Regimen Sanitatis Salernitanum, in Latin and Bohemian. Ackermann. POLISH TRANSLATION. 1532. Regimen Sanitatis Medicorum Parisiensium pro tuenda Sanitate Regis Anglias conscriptum. Magistri Franc. Mymerii Silesii rythmis German, et Polonicis. Cracov. per Mat. Scharffenberg (before mentioned J). Panzer. An Hiberno-Celtic translation is mentioned by M'Cullock in his Highlands of Scotland, 1824, vol. ii. p. 196. ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS. 1530. Regimen Sanitatis Salerni. This boke techynge all people to governe them in helthe, is translated out of the Latin tounge, by Thomas Paynel, dedicated to Jhon, THE PRINTED EDITIONS. 87 earl of Oxford. The verses are not translated, only the commentary. Printed for Berthelet.* British Museum. 1541. Again. 1557. Again, in St. Paul’s churchyard, at the sign of the Lamb, by Abraham Yele. Dedicated to William Paulet, marquis of Winchester.* British Museum. 1575. ^ A pain 1597. $ Again. 1607. The Englishman’s Docter, or the Schoole of Salerne, or physical observations for the perfect preserving of the body of man in constant health. London, printed for J. Helme, and J. Busby. The printer says the author is unknown to him. This is a translation in English verse, without the original, and the commentary. It is in stanzas of ten lines each, and contains seventy stanzas.* Bibl. Bodl. and British Museum. It is reprinted in this edition. 1609. Again. 1617. For the widow Helme, with precepts for the preservation of health, by Ronsovius, without date; printed at Gateshead, with the Latin Text. British Museum. * 1617. Regimen Sanitatis Salerni. The Schoole of Salernes most learned andjuditious Directorie, or Methodical In¬ structions for the guide and governing the health of men. Imprinted by Barnard Alsop. Dedicated to Blaster Joseph Fenton, Esquire—by Anonymous. The commentary is a translation of the original commentary of Villa Nova. From the beginning it will appear, upon comparison, that it is inferior in poetry and spirit 88 A CATALOGUE OF to the last. By a subsequent edition, it appears to have been written by Doctor Philemon Holland. Penes me.* All Salerne Schoole thus write to England’s king. And for men’s health these fit advises bring. Shunne busie cares, rash angers, wdiich displease; Light supping, little drinke, doe cause great ease. Rise after meate, sleepe not at afternoone, Urine and nature’s neede, expell them soone. Long shall thou live if all these well be done. When phisicke needes, let these thy doctors be, Good diet, quiet thoughts, heart mirthful, free. Sleepe not too long in mornings, early rise, And with coole water wash both hands and eyes. Walke gently forth, and stretch out every limbe : Combe head, rub teeth, to make them cleane and trim. The braine and every member else these doe relieve. And to all parts continuall comfort give. Bathing, keepe warm, walke after food, or stand, Complexions cold doe gentle warmth command. OF SAGE. Why should man dye (so doth the sentence say) When sage grows in his garden day by day. And yet all garden physicke not prevailes. When death’s sterne power our chiefest health assailes. Sage comforteth the nerves both sweete and kindly, The palsie-shaking hands it helpeth friendly. His power is soveraigne gainst an ague fit. Sage and the beaver-stone (by learned writ) THE PRINTED EDITIONS. 8‘) Lavender, and tlie primrose of the spring, Tansey, and water-cresses, comfort bring To all such members as the palsie shake. When in the very greatest kind they quake. Sage doth both councell, and keep nature sounde, Where sage then groweth, happy is the ground. The same translation was published in 1609,1617,1624, 1634,* 1649,* 1667. The dedication to that of 1634 is signed R. H. (Richard Holland) and attributes it to his father Philemon Holland, doctor of physic. In the library of Corpus Christi college, Oxford, amongst Brian Twyne’s Collections, is a manuscript of this poem, with an English translation, bearing date 1575. It is entitled, the Maintenance of Health, translated and collected by William Withie. The puisante kinge of Britannye The schole of famous memorye, Salernum, biddes him selfe to frame, If healthe he woulde and kepe the same : Geve cares noe place within thy brest; Lett fretting furies be supprest; To muche of wine use not to swill; Suppe you but lighte, eate not thy fill; At meate to sitte so longe a time, To rise is not soe greate a crime; At none geve not thye selfe to slepe ; Nor use thy water for to kepe. He maye that liste this to observe Him selfe long time in healthe preserve. i 3 90 A CATALOGUE OF When physicke harde is to be hadd, Three things may be in steede. The minde in noe wise must be sadde, Meane reste, and diette muste thee feede. In morne, as sone as thou mayst rise, Withe watrye handes make cleane thy eyes, Then walke a littel here and there, Stretch oute thy limbes, and combe thy here, Then rubbe thy teethe; herbye the braine, And members all grete comforte gaine. In fine, washe well, then warme, then eate. And stande a littel after meate. Or eles goe walke an easye pase. Coole, faire, and softe, in anye case. Alias— Washe, warme, and eat; goe or stande ; Wexe not colde out of hande. The addition, Fons, speculum, gramen, etc. The gazinge glasse, and colors greene, Such thinges maye pleasantlye be seene, The silver stremes bringe grete delight, Besides all this they mend our sight, The mountaines in the morninge fine. The fountaines after none be thine. Different metres are used, as Non sit acetosa cerevisia. The passingste ale is very cleare, And beste of all when it is olde ; THE PRINTED EDITIONS. 91 The strongest of the malt is dear, Good reason certes why it shoulde. If that this ale be sodde inoughe, A man can have noe better drinke. Sharpe ale is noughte, give that the ploughe \ By this I love good ale you thinke, An exposition of the line Unica nux prodest, nocet altera, tertia mors est. This speeche perhapes is somewhat darke. As riddles use to be, The stile thereof with common sense Doth not so well agree. But for to tell by passinge nutr.e Our author what he meanse ; The nutmegge first he profereth And that to good intense. In second place, what hurtfull is He semeth for to tuche 5 Wherein he meaneth the wallnutte Doth hurte us over muche. But in the last what perils moughte Be hidde therein I muse Because to eate orcracke that nutte No man did ever use. 4 Proof. 5 Touch, or teach. A CATALOGUE OF 1)2 As well inoughe he knew that wratte 6 This plesante pretye verse, So doeth he bringe in pretilye, What nutte doth use to perse 7 . And in his talke of nuttes in deede In sadness s first he spake. But at the last the name of nutte As loughte 9 for to forsake. He sayeth that full manye a man The crosse bowe hath yslane. The nutte whereof he blames therefore His meaning now is playne And I do tell you, not in vaine, Tis good from such nuttes to refrain. SAGE. Whye shoulde men dye while sage is alive! Forsooth againste death it is folly to strive. TEPPEE. Quod piper est nigrum. Black pepper dispatcheth, yt tarrieth not. It quicklye dissolveth, because it is hotte, 6 Wrote. 8 Seriously. 7 Pierce. 9 Loth. THE PRINTED EDITIONS. 93 Yt purgeth flume, it helpes to digest, Whille pepper is good for paine of the brest. By this kinde of pepper the stomache will gaine Crete ease, and yt suffers no coughe to remaine, The fever approchinge this pepper will fryghte, Alsoe the shakinge yt abandoneth quyghte. He concludes, as the usual editions of the Regimen Salutis, with the lines on the four quarters of the year, of which the last is:— Utilis est requies, sit cum moderamine potus. Which he thus translates, continues, and concludes : Thy selfe geve to quietnes, els take you plesure, A Godes name drincke well, but drincke in mesure. I mene not the mesure of a pinte, nor a quarte, But a resonable draughte to comforte the harte. My paines (in this precepte) beinge taken well, Will make me take more—and soe fare ye well. The labor accepted herein that I tooke, Maye cause make me take more, in some other booke. Fare you well. Finis quoth Withie, Oxoniae, 1575, completa die mensis Februarii primo. It is followed by Joachim Camerarius’s quatrains upon the diet to be observed every month of the year, and a poem in rhyming Latin verse by Otho Cremonensis, upon the choice of simples and medicines, both translated. The latter is very meagre, the translation correspondent. 94 A CATALOGUE OP THE PRINTED EDITIONS. Est aloes lignum melius sit hoc tibi signum, Quod nigredo parum dat fragile subamarum, Sit grave, nodosum, subdurum, sit preciosum. ASSSA FCETIDA. Quo mage foetorem facit Assa tu dic meliorem. CATALOGUE OF MANUSCRIPTS. Those which I have seen I have already arranged in three classes I. THOSE WHICH AGREE WITH THE EDITIO RECEPTA, with occasional various readings, and small differences. They are of little value, and, I believe, are mostly copied from the printed editions. The Harleian MS. (N°. 3706, Art. 1) has the commentary of Villa Nova, but is imperfect at the beginning and end. In two others, in the same collection, are some extracts and frag¬ ments (N°. 3719. Art 2 ; N®. 3407. Art. 3). In the Ashmolean museum ('general catalogue N°. 7756, particular catalogue N°. 1388, page 315) is a modern copy on paper. II. THOSE WHICH HAVE THE EDITIO RECEPTA FOR THEIR BASIS, but have changes in the order, and great additions. In the Ashmolean Museum (general catalogue 7789, parti¬ cular catalogue 1475) a manuscript on vellum, which contains many medical treatises. It begins at folio 245, and ends at 281. 1 Page 42. 96 CATALOGUE OF MANUSCRIPTS It is written in double columns. The first column contains this copy. The second column is another copy, of which hereafter. It begins as the Editio Recepta, and contains about 1080 verses. In the Bodleian library, one MS. (in Wood’s MSS. N°. 8603, particular number 15) agrees mostly with the last, and is the best copy of this class. The name Anthony Wood, 1660, is written in it. On the page opposite the beginning, Liber medi¬ cina?, assignatus communi librariae Ecclesiae Cathedralis Exon, per executores venerabilis viri Magistri Stnetsham, in Sacra Theologia Doctoris, et dictae Ecclesiae nuper Canonici et Can¬ cellarii. At the end, Explicit per manus T. Dobych. Another copy in the Bodleian library, not so perfect or correct (N°. 2136, 67). III. COPIES WHICH DIFFER GREATLY FROM THE RECEPTA EDITIO OF THE SCHOLA SA¬ LERNI, in a more methodical arrangement, and in large and scientific additions. In the MS. volume above quoted (Ashmolean general cata¬ logue 7789, particular catalogue 1475) in parallel columns with the copy above described, from folio 245 to 281, where the first copy ends; and from thence to folio 294, this copy occu¬ pies botli columns. Another copy in the Bodleian library (general catalogue 3544, 228) agrees generally with the last, though not entirely, and it is written in a plainer hand. It is inscribed, Liber Bibliothecae Bodleyanae ex dono Joh. Harmari, Linguas Graecae Professoris Regii A. D. 1651. CATALOGUE OF MANUSCRIPTS. 97 The following manuscripts have been quoted as being in foreign libraries. Few of them have been particularly de¬ scribed, but from the number of verses in each, they may probably be referred respectively to the same classes with the English manuscripts. Moreau quotes the following four manuscripts in his prole¬ gomena. 1. The Codex Schenckianus, which contains 1239 verses. 2. The Codex Naudinianus has 183 verses. 3. The Codex Tullovianus 1096. At the end is the colophon: Explicit tractatus qui dicitur Flores Medicinaj, compilatus in studio Salerni a Mag. Joan de Medilano, instrumenti medicinalis doctore egregio, compilationi cujus concor¬ darunt omnes Magistri illius Studii. 4. Moreau’s own Codex contained 664 verses. It was ad¬ dressed, Francorum Regi. From this manuscript he has inserted many lines not in Villa Nova’s text, and all of rvhich I have printed amongst the additions. 5. Three manuscripts are in the king’s library at Paris, N os . 6931, 6891,6941. They have not been described, and are mentioned by Haller. Bibl. Botan. tom. i. p. 158. 6. A manuscript on paper in the library which was bequeathed to the university of Altorf, by John James Trew, well written, and containing 1073 verses, of which the order is different from Villa Nova’s. There are many marginal notes, chiefly in Leonine verse. For instance, to Lotio post mensam tibi confert munera bina Mundificat palpas (palmas) et lumina reddit acuta : K 98 CATALOGUE OP MANUSCRIPTS. is written in the margin— Est oculis sanum saepe lavare manum. It is entitled, Regimen generale. At the end, Explicit flos medicinae compilatus a Magistro Johanne de Medio¬ lano, Magistro in Medicina in Studio Salerni. Deo gratias, anno scriptum 1418 2 * 7. A manuscript in the Uffenbach library (catalogue part 4, page 118), on paper, written in the beginning of the sixteenth century. The title is exactly copied from the printed editions of the fifteenth century—with scriptum per Balthasar Lotwiger civem in Hallis 1506. Probably copied from the printed editions. In the same volume is Regimen Sanitatis edituum ad Innocentium Papam ter¬ tium in villa Parisiensi 3 . 8. Another manuscript in the same library, page 128, en¬ titled Schola Salernitana de conservanda bona valetudine cum nonnullis additamentis et notis marginalibus. De¬ scripsit J. C. Mycropius. Adject: in fine victus et cultus ratio exposita quatuor in singulos menses versibus per Joachimum Camerarium. This is evidently modern 4 . 9. Codex Columesii—Columesias in Cimeliis librariis, page 107. It does not contain so many verses as the manu¬ script of Moreau. 10. At Bennet college in Cambridge, Flos Medicinae Anglorum Regi. Oxford catalogue N°. 1362, 40. In the catalogue of private libraries in England, most of which have been sold, and the books dispersed. 11. Schola Salernitana. Franc. Bernard, catalogue N°. 3667. 2 Ackermann, p. 108. 3 Ibid. 4 Ibid. CATALOGUE OF MANUSCRIPTS. 99 12. Regimen Sanitatis Salernitanum. Franc. Bernard, cata¬ logue N°. 3669. 13. Doctorum Salernitanorum Versus Medicinales ad Carolum Magnum. Ibid, catalogue N°. 3681. This is evidently of the third class of manuscripts. 14. Scholas Salernitan® Versus Medicinales inscripti Carolo Magno Francorum Regi—Quorum opusculum in quinque partes dividitur. John Hoby, Esq. N°. 3806. Of the third class. 15. Versus Salernitani. Car. Thyere, N°. 6645. 16. Schola Salerni. Ibid. N°. 6681. REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM. 104 REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM. Spasmus, hydrops, colica, vertigo, quatuor ista. Ex magna ccena stomacho fit maxima poena. 20 Ut sis nocte levis sit tibi ccena brevis. Tu nunquam comedas stomachum nisi noveris ante Purgatum, vacuumque cibo quem sumpseris ante. Ex desiderio poteris cognoscere certo: Haec tua sunt signa, subtilis in ore diaeta. 25 Persica, poma, pyra, lac, caseus, et caro salsa, Et caro cervina, leporina, caprina, bovina, Haec melancholica sunt, infirmis inimica. Ova recentia, vina rubentia, pinguia jura, Cum simila pura, naturae sunt valitura. 30 Nutrit et impinguat triticum, lac, caseus infans. Testiculi, porcina caro, cerebella, medullae. Dulcia vina, cibus gustu jucundior, ova Sorbilia, maturae ficus, uvaeque recentes. Vina probantur odore, sapore, nitore, colore. 35 Si bona vina cupis, haec quinque probantur in illis, Fortia, formosa, fragrantia, frigida, frisca. Sunt nutritiva plus dulcia, candida, vina. Si vinum rubens nimium quandoque bibatur Venter stipatur, vox limpida turbificatur. 40 Allia, nux, ruta, pyra, raphanus, et theriaca, Haec sunt antidotum contra mortale venenum. Aer sit mundus, habitabilis ac luminosus. Nec sit infectus, nec olens fcetore cloacae. Si tibi serotina noceat potatio vini 45 Sit brevis aut u-ulius tSki somnus meridiamus Extiila.i at tristes, iratos pia,eat, amantes T>Te sint amentes phlebopornia facit REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM. 105 Hora matutina rebibas, et erit medicina. Gignit et humores melius vinum meliores. Si fuerit nigrum, corpus reddet tibi pigrum. Vinum sit clarumque, vetus, subtile, maturum, 49 Ac bene lymphatum, saliens, moderamine sumptum. Non sit acetosa cervisia, sed bene clara. De validis cocta granis, satis ac veterata. De qua potetur stomachus non inde gravetur. Temporibus veris modicum prandere juberis. Sed calor aestatis dapibus nocet immoderatis. 55 Autumni fructus caveas; ne sint tibi luctus. De mensa sume quantum vis tempore brumae. Salvia cum ruta faciunt tibi pocula tuta. Adde rosae florem minuit potenter amorem. CDe Absynthio 1 .) Nausea non poterit quemquam vexare marina, 60 Antea cum vino mixtam si sumpserit illam. Salvia, sal, vinum, piper, allia, petroselinum. Ex his flt salsa, nisi sit commixtio falsa. Si fore vis sanus ablue saepe manus. Lotio post mensam tibi confert munera bina, 65 Mundificat palmas, et lumina reddit acuta. Panis non calidus, nec sit nimis inveteratus. Sed fermentatus, oculatus sit, bene coctus, 1 Not in the original. See note. 106 REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM. Modice salitus, frugibus validis sit electus. 69 Non comedas crustam, choleram quia gignit adustam. Panis salsatus, fermentatus, bene coctus, Purus sit sanus, quia non ita sit tibi vanus. Est caro porcina sine vino pejor ovina: Si tribuis vina, tunc est cibus et medicina. Ilia porcorum bona sunt, mala sunt reliquorum. 76 Impedit urinam mustum, solvit cito ventrem. Hepatis emphraxim, splenis generat, lapidemque. Potus aquae sumptus fit edenti valde nocivus. Infrigidat stomachumque cibum nititur fore crudum. Sunt nutritivae multum carnes vitulinae. 80 Sunt bona gallina, et capo, turtur, sturna, columba, Quiscula, vel merula, phasianus, ethigoneta. Perdix, frigellus, orix, tremulus, amarellus. Si pisces molles sunt magno corpore tolles, Si pisces duri, parvi sunt plus valituri: 85 Lucius, et parca, saxaulis, et albica, tenca, Sornus, plagitia, cum carpa, galbio, truca. Vocibus anguillae pravae sunt si comedantur. Qui physicam non ignorant liaec testificantur. Caseus, anguilla, nimis obsunt si comedantur, 90 Ni tu saepe bibas et rebibendo bibas. Si sumas ovum molle sit atque novum. Pisam laudare decrevimus ac reprobare. Pellibus ablatis est bona pisa satis Est inflativa cum pellibus atque nociva. 95 .JfiTf ttq # tijtwmn. Summer. Winterr REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM. 107 Lac ethicis sanum, caprinum post camelinum: Ac nutritivum plus omnibus est asininum. Plus nutritivum vaccinum, sic et ovinum. Si febriat caput et doleat non est bene sanum. Lenit et humectat, solvit sine febre butyrum. 100 Incidit, atque lavat, penetrat, mundat quoque, serum. Caseus est frigidus, stipans, grossus, quoque durus. Caseus et panis, bonus est cibus hic bene sanis. Si non sunt sani tunc hunc non jungito pani. Ignari medici me dicunt esse nocivum, 1 05 Sed tamen ignorant cur nocumenta feram. Languenti stomacho caseus addit opem. Si post sumatur terminat ille dapes. Qui physicam non ignorant haec testificantur. 100 Inter prandendum sit saepe parumque bibendum. Ut minus aegrotes non inter fercula potes. Ut vites poenam de potibus incipe caenam. Singula post ova pocula sume nova. Post pisces nux sit, post carnes caseus adsit. Unica nux prodest, nocet altera, tertia mors est. 115 Adde potum pyro, nux est medicina veneno. Fert pyra nostra pyrus, sine vino sunt pyra virus. Si pyra sunt virus sit meledicta pyrus. Si coquas, antidotum pyra sunt, sed cruda venenum. Cruda gravant stomachum, relevant pyra cocta gra¬ vatum 120 108 REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM. Post pyra da potum,, post pomum vade faecatum. Cerasa si comedas tibi confert grandia dona: Expurgant stomachum, nucleus lapidem tibi tollit. Et de carne sua sanguis eritque bonus. Infrigidant, laxant, multum prosunt tibi, pruna. Persica cum musto vobis datur ordine justo. 126 Sumere sic est mos: nucibus sociando racemos. Passula non spleni, tussi valet, est bona reni. Scrofa, tumor, glandes, ficus cataplasmate cedit. Junge papaver ei confracta foris tenet ossa. 130 Pediculos, veneremque facit, sed cuilibet obstat. Multiplicant mictum, ventrem dant escula strictum. Escula dura bona, sed mollia sunt meliora. Provocat urinam mustum, cito solvit et inflat. Grossos humores nutrit cerevisia, vires 135 Praestat, et augmentat carnem, generatque cruorem. Provocat urinam, ventrem quoque mollit et inflat. Infrigidat modicum, sed plus desiccat acetum. Infrigidat, macerat, melan : dat, sperma minorat. Siccos infestat nervos, et impinguia siccat. 140 Rapa juvat stomachum, novit producere ventum, Provocat urinam, faciet quoque dente ruinam. Si male cocta datur hinc torsio tunc generatur. Egeritur tarde cor, digeritur quoque dure. Similiter stomachus, melior sit in extremitates. 145 Reddit lingua bonum nutrimentum medicinae. Digeritur facile pulmo, cito labitur ipse. Q_uatuor humores m huma.no corpore constant Sanguis cum cholera 'phlegma .melancholia. 1 . 258 110 REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM. Mentitur mentha si sit depellere lenta 175 Ventris lumbricos, stomachi vermes que nocivos. Cur moriatur homo cui salvia crescit in horto ? Contra vim mortis non est medicamen in hortis. Salvia confortat nervos, manuumque tremores Tollit, et ejus ope febris acuta fugit. 180 Salvia, castoreum, lavendula, premula veris, Nastur: athanasia, sanant paralytica membra. Salvia salvatrix, naturae consiliatrix. Nobilis est ruta quia lumina reddit acuta. Auxilio rutae, vir, quippe videbis acute. 185 Ruta viris coitum minuit, mulieribus auget. Ruta facit castum, dat lumen, et ingerit astum. Cocta facit ruta de pulicibus loca tuta. De cepis medici non consentire videntur. Cholericis non esse bonas dicit Galienus. 190 Flegmaticis vero multum docet esse salubres. Praesertim stomacho, pulcrumque creare colorem. Contritis cepis loca denudata capillis Saepe fricans poteris capitis reparare decorem. 194 Est modicum granum, siccum, calidumque, sinapi. Dat lacrimas, purgatque caput, tollitque venenum. Crapula discutitur, capitis dolor, atque gravedo, Purpuream dicunt violam curare caducos. The SaiapUine Man o HosVenus etIBca.cclius delectant, fercula,, risus 1. 263. REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM. Ill De Urtica. /Egris dat somnum, vomitum quoque tollit adver¬ sum, Compescit tussim veterem, colicisqus medetur, 200 Pellit pulmonis frigus, ventrisque tumorem. Omnibus et morbis subveniet articulorum. Hyssopus est herba purgans a pectore phlegma. Ad pulmonis opus cum meile coquatur hyssopus: Vultibus eximium fertur reparare colorem. 205 De Cerifolio. Suppositum cancris tritum cum meile medetur, Cum vino potum poterit separare dolorem. Saepe solet vomitum ventremque tenere solutum. Enula campana reddit praecordia sana. Cum succo rutae si succus sumitur hujus, 210 Affirmant ruptis nil esse salubrius istis. De Pulegio. Cum vino choleram nigram potata repellit: Sic dicunt veterem sumptum curare podagram. De Nasturtio Illius succo crines retinere fluentes Allitus asseritur, dentisque curare dolorem, 215 Et squamas succus sanat cum meile perunctus. 112 REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM. De Celedonia. Coecatis pullis hac lumina mater hirundo, Plinius ut scribit, quamvis sint eruta reddit. De Salice. Auribus infusus vermes succus necat ejus. Cortex verrucas in aceto cocta resolvit. 220 Pomorum succus dos partus destruit ejus. Comfortare crocus dicatur laetificando. Membraque defecta confortat hepar reparando De Porro. Reddit foecundas permansum ssepe puellas. Isto stillantem poteris retinere cruorem. 225 Quod piper est nigrum non est dissolvere pigrum, Flegmata purgabit, digestivamque juvabit. Leucopiper stomacho prodest, tussique dolori Utile, praeveniet motum febrisque rigorem. Et mox post escam dormire nimisque moveri: 230 Ista gravare solent auditus, ebrietasque. Metus, longa fames, vomitus, percussio, casus. Ebrietas, frigus, tinnitum causat in aure. Balnea, vina, Venus, ventus, piper, allia, fumus. Porri, cum cepis, lens, fletus, faba, sinapi, 235 Sol, coitus, ignis, labor, ictus, acumina, pulvis. Ista nocent oculis, sed vigilare magis. REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM. 113 Feniculis, verbena, rosa, celidonia, ruta. Ex istis fit aqua quae lumina reddit acuta. Sic dentes serva, porrorum collige grana. 240 Ne car eas jure, (thure?) cum hyoscyamo simul ure. Sicque per embotum fumum cape dente remotum. Nux, oleum, frigus capitis, anguillaque, potus. Ac pomum crudum, faciunt hominem fore raucum. Jejuna, vigila, caleas dape, valde labora, 245 Inspira calidum, modicum bibe, comprime flatum : Hsec bene tu serva si vis depellere rheuma. Si fluat ad pectus, dicatur rheuma catarrlms : Ad fauces bronchus: ad nares esto coryza. Auripigmentum, sulphur, miscere memento : 250 His decet apponi calcem : commisce saponi. Quatuor hc£c misce. Commixtis quatuor istis Fistula curatur, quater ex his si repleatur. Ossibus ex denis, bis centenisque, novenis. Constat homo: denis bis dentibus ex duodenis: 255 Ex tricentenis, decies sex, quinqueque venis. Quatuor humores in humano corpore constant: Sanguis cum cholera, phlegma, melancholia. Terra melan : aqua fleg: et aer sanguis, cole: ignis. Natura pingues isti sunt atque jocantes, 260 Semper rumores cupiunt audire frequentes. Hos Venus et Bacchus delectant, fercula, risus. Et facit hos hilares, et dulcia verba loquentes. Omnibus hi studiis habiles sunt, et magis apti. L 3 114 REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM. Qualibet ex causa nec hos leviter movet ira. 265 Largus, amans, hilaris, ridens, rubeique coloris. Cantans, carnosus, satis audax, atque benignus. Est et humor cholerae, qui competit impetuosis. Hoc genus est hominum cupiens praecellere cunctos. Hi leviter discunt, multum comedunt, cito crescunt. Inde magnanimi sunt, largi, summa petentes. 271 Hirsutus, fallax, irascens, prodigus, audax. Astutus, gracilis, siccus, croceique coloris Phlegma vires modicas tribuit, latosque, brevesque. Flegma facit pingues, sanguis reddit mediocres. 275 Otia non studio tradunt, sed corpora somno. Sensus hebes, tardus motus, pigritia, somnus. Hic somnolentus, piger, in sputamine multus. Est huic sensus hebes, pinguis, facie color albus. Restat adhuc tristis cholerae substantia nigrae, 280 Quae reddit pravos, pertristes, pauca loquentes. Hi vigilant studiis, nec mens est dedita somno. Servant propositum, sibi nil reputant fore tutum. Invidus, et tristis, cupidus, dextraeque tenacis, Non expers frandis, timidus, luteique coloris. 285 Hi sunt humores qui praestant cuique colores. Omnibus in rebus ex phlegmate fit color albus. Sanguine fit rubens: cholera rubea quoque rufus. Si peccet sanguis, facies rubet, extat ocellus. Inflantur genae, corpus nimiumque gravatur, 290 Est pulsusque frequens, plenus, mollis, dolor ingens 4 REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM. 115 Maxime fit frontis, et constipatio ventris. Siccaque lingua, sitis, et somnia plena rubore. Dulcor adest sputi, sunt acria, dulcia, quaeque. Denus septenus vix phlebotomiam petit annus. 295 Spiritus uberior exit per phlebotomiam. Spiritus ex potu vini mox multiplicatur. Humorumque cibo damnum lente reparatur. Lumina clarificat, sincerat phlebotomia Mentes et cerebrum, calidas facit esse medullas, 300 Viscera purgabit, stomachum ventremque coercet, Puros dat sensus, dat somnum, taedia tollit, Auditus, vocem, vires producit et auget. Tres insunt istis (Maius, September, Aprilis), Et sunt lunares sunt velut hydra dies: 305 Prima dies primi, postremaque posteriorum : Nec sanguis minui, nec carnibus anseris uti. In sene vel juvene si venae sanguine plenae Omni mense bene confert incisio venae. Hi sunt tres menses. Maius, September, Aprilis, 310 In quibus eminuas ut longo tempore vivas. Frigida natura, frigens regio, dolor ingens. Post lavacrum, coitum, minor aetas atque senilis. Morbus prolixus, repletio potus et escae. Si fragilis, vel subtilis sensus stomachi sit, 315 Et fastiditi, tibi non sunt phlebotomandi. Quid debes facere quando vis phlebotomari. Vel quando minuis, fueris vel quando minutus ? 110 REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM. Unctio, sive potus, lavacrum, vel fascia, motus. Debent non fragili tibi singula mente teneri. 320 Exhilarat tristes, iratos placat, amantes Ne sint amentes, phlebotomia facit. Fac plagam largam mediocriter, ut cito fumus Exeat uberius, liberiusque eruor. Sanguine subtracto, sex horis est vigilandum, 325 Ne somni fumus laedat sensibile corpus. Ne nervum laedas, non sit tibi plaga profunda. Sanguine purgatus non carpas protinus escas. Omnia de lacte vitabis rite, minute. Et vitet potum phlebotomatus homo. 330 Frigida vitabis, quia sunt inimica minutis. Interdictus erit minutis nubilus aer. Spiritus exultat minutis luce per auras. Omnibus apta quies, est motus valde nocivus. Principio minuas in acutis, peracutis. 335 iEtatis mediae multum de sanguine tolle. Sed puer atque senex tollet uterque parum. Ver tollat duplum, reliquum tempus tibi simplum. yEstas, ver, dextras: autumnus, hiemsque, sinistras. Quatuor haec membra, cephe, cor,pes, hepar, vacuanda. Ver cor, hepar aestas, ordo sequens reliquas. 341 Dat salvatella tibi plurima dona minuta: Purgat hepar, splenem, pectus, praecordia, vocem. Innatura]em tollit de corde dolorem. Si dolor est capitis ex potu, limpha bibatur, 345 The Melancholy Man. ICestat a.d]iu.c tristis Clnjleraa substantia nigra Q_uas.redd.it pra.vos per+rosteis, p a.uca loquentes REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM. 11 7 Ex potu nimio nam febris acuta creatur. Si vertex capitis, vel frons, aestu tribulentur. Tempora fronsque simul moderate saepe fricentur Morelia cocta, nec non calidaque laventur. Temporis aestivi jejunia corpora siccant. 350 Quolibet in mense confert vomitus, quoque purgat Humores nocuos stomachi, lavat ambitus omnes. Ver, autumnus, hiems, aestas, dominantur in anno. Tempore vernali calidus fit aer, humidusque. Et nullum tempus melius fit phlebotomiae. 355 Usus tunc homini Veneris confert moderatus. Corporis et motus, ventrisque solutio, sudor, Balnea, purgentur tunc corpora cum medicinis. iEstas more calet sicca, nascatur in illa 359 Tunc quoque praecipue choleram rubeam dominari. Humida, frigida fercula dentur, sit Venus extra. Balnea non prosunt, sint rarae phlebotomiae, Utilis est requies, sit cum moderamine potus. 3(13 THE ENGLISHMAN’S DOCTEE. OR, THE SCHOOLE OF SALERNE. OR, Physicali Obseruations for the perfect Presenting of the Body of Man in continuall Health. LONDON: Printed for John Helme, & John Busby, jun. and are to be sold at the little shoppe, next Clifford's Line Gate , in Fleet- street. 1607. THE PRINTER TO THE READER, READER, the care that I haue of thy health, appears in bestowing these Physicali rules vpon thee : neither needest thou be ashamed to take Lessons out of this school, for our best Doctors scorne not to read the instructions. It is a little Academi, where euery man may be a Graduate, and proceed Doctor in the ordering of his owne body. It is a Garden, where all things grow that are necessarie for thy healthe. This medicinable Tree grewe first in Salerne, from thence it was remoued, and hath born both fruit and blossomes a long time in England. It is now replanted in a wholsom ground, and new earth cast about it, by the hand of a cunning Gardiner, to keep it still in flourishing. Much good husbandry is bestowed vpon it; yet whatso- euer the cost be, thou reapest the sweetnesse of it for a small value. It came to me by chance, as a Jewell that is found, whereof notwithstanding I am not couetous, but part the Treasure amongst my contrymen. The author of the paines, is to me vnknowne, and I put this child of his into the open world without his consent: bring it up there¬ fore well I beseech thee, and hope (as I do) that he will not be angry, finding this a traueler abroad, when by his trauel, so many of his owne country, are so manifoldly benefited. FAREWELL. M AD LIBRUM. Go booke, and (like a marchant) new arriu’d, Tel in how strange a traffick thou hast thriu’d Vpon the country which the Sea-god saues, And loues so dere, he bindes it round with waues : Cast anchor thou, and impost pay to him Whose Swans vpon the brest of Isis swim; But to the people that do loue to buy, (It skils not for how much) each Nouelty, Proclaime an open Mart, and sell good cheap, 'V hat thou by trauell and much cost doest reape. Bid the gay Courtier, and coy Ladie come, The Lawyer, Townsman, and the Country-groom, Tis ware for all: yet thus much let them know, There are no drugs here fetcht from Mexico, Nor gold from India, nor that stinking smoake, Which English gallants buy, themselues to choak. Nor Silkes of Turkie, nor of Barbary, Those luscious Canes, where our rich Sugars lie: Nor those hot drinkes that make our wits to dance The wild Canaries, nor those Grapes of France Which make vs clip our English: nor those wares Of fertile Belgia, whose wombe compares With all the world for fruit, tho now with scarres Her body be all ore defac’t by warres : Go, tell them what thou bring’st, exceeds the wealth Of all these Contries, for thou bring’st them health. IN LIBRUM. Wit, Learning, Order, Elegance of Phrase, Health, and the Art to lengthen out our dayes, Phylosophy, Physicke, and Poesie, And that skill which death loues not f Surgery), Walkes to refresh us, Ayres most sweet and cleare, A thrifty Table, and the wholsomest cheare. All sortes of graine, all sortes of Flesh, of Fish, Of Foule and (last of all) of Fruits a severall dish: Good Breakefasts, Dinners, Suppers, after-meales, The hearbe for Sallads, and the hearbe that heales. Physitian’s counsell, Pottecaries pils, (Without the summing vp of costly bils.) Wines that the Braine shall nere intoxicate, Strong Ale and Beere at a more easie rate Than Water from the fountaine; cloths (not deere) For the foure seuerall quarters of the yere. Meats both for Protestant and Puritan, With meanes sufficient to maintaine a man. If all these things thou want’st, no farther looke, All this, and more than this, lies in this booke. ANONIMUS. IN LAUDEM OPERIS. The gods vpon a time in council sitting, (To rule the world) what creature was most fitting, At length from god to god this sentence ran, To forme a creature like themselues (cald man). Being made, the world was giuen him (built so rarely), No workemen can come neere it; hung so fairely, That the gods viewing it, were ouer-ioyed, Yet greeu’d that it should one day be destroyed. Gardens had man to walke in, set with trees That still were bearing; but (neglecting these), He long’d for fruites vnlawfull, fell to riots, Wasted his goodly body by ill dyets, Spent (what was left him) like a prodigall heyre, And had of earth, of hell, or heauen no care, For which the earth was curst, and brought forth weeds, Poyson euen lurking in our fayrest seeds, Ilalfe heauen was hid, and did in darkness mourn, Whilst hell kept fires continual, that should burne His very soule, if still it went awry, And giue it torments that should neuer die, Yet loe ! How blest is man ! the deities, Built vp this Sc/ioole of Health, to make him wise. THE SALERNE SCHOOLE. The Salerne Schoole doth by these lines impart, All health to England's king, and doth aduise From care his head to keepe, from wrath his harte. Drinke not much wine, sup light, and soone arise; When meat is gone long sitting breedeth smart: And after noone still waking keepe your eies, When mou’d you find your selfe to nature's need Forbeare them not, for that much danger breeds, Vse three physitians still, first doctor Quiet, Next doctor Mery-man , and doctor Dyet. Rise early in the morne, and straight remember With water cold to wash your hands and eyes. In gentle fashion retching euery member, And to refresh your braine when as you rise, In heat, in cold, in July, and December, Both comb your head, and rub your teeth likewise : If bled you liaue, keepe coole, if bath’d, keepe warm, If din’d, to stand or walke will do no harme. Three things preserve y e sight, glasse, grasse, and fountains At eue’n springs, at morning visit mountaines. m 3 126 THE SAIjERNE SCHOOLE. If R be in the month, their iudgements erre, That thinke that sleepe in afternoone is good, If R be not therein, some men there are, That thinke a little nap breeds no ill blood, But if you shall heerein exceed too farre, It hurts your health, it cannot be withstood: Long sleep at afternoones by stiring fumes, Breeds Slowth and Agetves, Aking heads and Rheums, The Moysture bred in Breast, in lawes, and Nose, Are cald Catarrs, or Tysique, or the Pose. Great harms haue grown, and maladies exceeding By keeping in a little blast of wind, So Cramps, and Dropsies, Collicks haue their breeding, And Mazed Braines for want of vent behind. Besides we find in stories worth the reading, A certaine Roman Emperor was so kind, Claudius by name, he made a Proclamation, A Scape to be no losse of reputation. Great suppers do the stomacke much offend, Sup light if quyet you to sleepe intend. To keepe good dyet, you should neuer feed, Vntill you find your stomacke cleane and voide, Of former eaten meats, for they do breed Repletion, and will cause you soone be cloid, None other rule but appetite should need, When from your mouth a moisture cleare doth void. All Peares and Apples, Peaches, Milke, and Cheese, Salt meats, red Deere, Hare, Beefe, and Goat: all these Are meats that breed ill blood, and Melancholy, If sicke you be, to feed on them were folly. THE SALERNE SHOOLE. 127 Egges newly laid, are nutritiue to eat, And rosted reare are easie to digest. IT Fresh Gascoign wine is good to drink with meat Broth strengthens nature aboue all the rest, But broth prepar’d with flowre of finest wheate, Well boyl’d, and full of fat for such are best. IT The Priest's rule is (a Priest's rule shold he true,) Those Egges are best, are long, and white, and new, Remember eating new laid Egges and soft, For euery Egge you eat you drinke as oft. Fine Manchet feeds to fat, Milke fills the vaines, New Cheese doth nourish, so doth flesh of swine, The Dowcets of some beasts, the marrow, brains, And all sweet-tasting-flesh, and pleasant wine, Soft Egges (a cleanly dish in house of Swains), Ripe Figs and Raysins, late come from the Vine: Chuse wine you meane shall serve you all the year, Well-savour’d, tasting well, and color’d cleere, Fiue qualities there are, wine’s praise aduancing, Strong, heawtyfull, and fragrant, coole, and dauncing. White Muskadell and Candy wine, and Greeke, Do make men’s wits and bodies grosse and fat; Red wine doth make the voyce oft time to seek, And hath a binding quality to that, Canary and Madera, both are like To make one leane indeed (but wot you what), Who say they make one leane wold make one laffe They meane, they make one leane vpon a staffe. Wine, women, baths, by art or nature warme, Vs’d or abus’d do men much good or harme. 128 THE SALERNE SCHOOLE. Six things that heere in order shall insue, Against all poysons haue a secret poure, Peares, Garlick, Reddish-roots, Nuts, Rape , and Rew, But Garlicke cheefe, for they that it deuoure, May drink, and care not who their drink do brew May walk in ayres infected euery houre : Sith Garlicke then hath poure to saue from death. Beare with it though it make unsauoury breath: And scorne not Garlicke like to some, that think It onely makes men winke, and drinke, and stink. Though all ill sauours do not breed infection, Yet sure infection commeth most by smelling, Who smelleth still perfumed his complexion Is not perfumed by poet Martial's telling, Yet for your lodging roomes giue this direction, In houses where you mind to make your dwelling, That nere the same there be no euil scents Of puddle waters, or of excrements. Let ayre be cleare and light, and free from faultes, That come of secret passages and vaults. If wine haue ouer night a surfet brought, A thing we wish to you should happen seeld Then early in the morning drinke a draught, And that a kind of remedy shall yeeld, But gainst all surfets vertue’s schoole hath taught, To make the gift of temperance a sheeld : The better wines do breed the better humours, The w’orse, are causes of vnwholesome tumors: In measure drinke, let wine be ripe, not thicke, But cleere and well alaid, and fresh, and quicke. TEH SALERNE SCHOOLE. 129 The like aduice we give you for your beere, We will it be not soure, and yet be stale, Well boyl’d, of harty graine, and old, and cleare. Nor drinke too much, nor let it be too stale : And as there be foure seasons in the yeare, In each a seuerall order keepe you shall. In Spring, your dinner must not much exceed, In Summer’s heat, but little meat shall need : In Autumne, ware you eat not too much fruit, With Winter’s cold, full meats do fittest sute. If in your drinke you mingle Hew with Sage, All poyson is expel’d by power of those, And if you would withal lust’s heat asswage, Adde to them two the gentle floure of Rose. If Who would not be Sea-sick when seas do rage, Sage-water drinke with wine before he goes. If Salt, Garlicke, Parse Ip, Pepper, Sage, and Wine, Make sawces for all meats both coarse and fine, Of washing of your hands much good doth ryse, Tis wholesome, cleanly, and releeues your eyes. Eate not your bread too stale, nor eat it hot, A little leuen’d, hollow-bak’t and light: Not fresh, of purest grain that can be got, The crust breeds choller both of brown and white, Yet let it be well bak’t or eat it not, How ere your tast therein may take delight. If Porke without wine it not so good to eate As Sheepe with wine, it medicine is and meate, Tho intrayles of a beast be not the best, Yet are some intrayles better then the rest. 130 THE SALERNE SCHOOEE. Some loue to drinke new wine not fully fin’d, But for your health we wish that you drinke none, For si ch to dangerous fluxes are inclin’d, Besides the lees of wine doth breed the stone. Some to drinke onely water are assign’d : But such by our consent shall drinke alone. For water and small beere we make no question, Are enemies to health and good digestion : And Horace in a verse of his rehearses, That Water-drinkers neuer make good verses. The choyse of meats to health doth much auayle First Veale is wholsome meat, and breeds good blood, So Capon, Hen, and Chicken, Patridge, Quaile, The Phesant, Woodcock, Lark, and Thrush be good, The Heath-cock wholsome is, the Uoue, the Raile, And all that do not much delight in mud : Fair swans, such loue your beauties make me bear you, That in the dish I easily could forbeare you. Good sport it is to see a Mallard kil’d, But with their flesh your flesh should not be fil’d. As choyce you make of Fowle, so make of Fish, If so that kind be soft, the great be best, If firme, then small, and many in a dish: I need not name, all kinds are in request, Pyke, Trowt, and Pearch, from water fresh I wish, From sea, Bace, Mullet , Brean , and Soides, are best: The Pyke a rauening tyrant is in water, Yet he on land good meat yeelds neare the later. If Eeles and Cheese you eat, they make you hoarse But drinke apace thereto, and then no force. THE SALERNE SCHOOLE. 131 Some loue at meals to drink small draughts and oft, But fancie may heerein, and custome guid, If egges you eat they must be new and soft, In peaze good qualities, and bad are tryed, To take them with the skin that growes aloft, They windie be, but good without their hide. In great consumptions learn’d physit.ians thinke, Tis good a Goat or Camel's milke to drinke, Cowe's milke and Sheepes do well, but yet an Ass's, Is best of all, and all the other passes. Milke is for Agewes and for Headache naught, Yet if from ague’s fit you feel you free, Siveet-Bulter wholsome is, as some haue taught, To cleanse and purge some paines that inward be: If Whay, though it be contemn’d, yet it is thought, To scoure, and dense, and purge in due degree : If For healthy men may cheese be wholsome food, But for the weake and sickly ’tis not good, Cheese is an heauie meat, and grosse, and cold, And breedeth costiuenesse both new and old. Cheese makes complaint that men on wrong suspitions Do slander it, and say it doth such harme, That they conceale his many good conditions, How oft it helpes a stomacke cold to warme, How fasting tis prescrib’d by some physitians, To those to whom the flux doth giue alarm: W e see the better sort thereof doth eate, To make as twere a period of their meat, The poorer sort when other meat is scant, For hunger eate it to releeue their want. 132 THE SALERNE SCHOOLE. Although you may drinke often while you dine, Yet after dinner touch not once the cup, I know that some physitians do assigne To take some liquor straight before they sup : But whether this be meant by broth or wine, A controuersie ’tis not yet tane vp : To close your stomacke well, this order sutes, Cheese after Flesh, Nuts after Fish or Fruits. Yet some haue said (beleeue them as you will), One Nut doth good, two hurt, the third doth kill. Some Nut, gainst poyson is preseruatiue; Peares, wanting wine, are poyson from the tree, But bak’t Peares counted are restoratiue, Raw Peares a poyson, bak’t a medicine be: Bak’t Peares, a weak-dead-stomaeke do reuiue, Raw Peares are heauy to digest we see, Drinke after Peares, take after Apples order To haue a place to purge your selfe of ordure. Ripe Cherries breed good blood, and help the stone, If Cherry you do eat, and Cherry-stone. Coole Da?nsens are, and good for health by reason They make your intrayles soluble and slacke, Let Peaches steepe in wine of newest season, Nuts hurt their teeth, y l with their teeth they cracke, With euery ’Nut tis good to eat a Reason, For though they hurt the splene they help the hack : A plaister made of Figges by some men’s-telling. Is good against all kirnels, boyles, and swelling, With Poppy ioyn’d, it draw'es out bones are broken, By Pigs are lice engendred, Lust prouoken. THE SALERNE SCHOOLE. 133 Eat Medlars if you haue a looseness gotten, They bind, and yet your vrine they augment, They haue one name more fit to be forgotten, While hard and sound they be they be not spent, Good Medlars are not ripe till seeming rotten, For meddling much with Medlars some are shent. New Rhennish-wine stirs vrine, doeth not binde, But rather loose the belly, breeding wind, Ale, humours breeds, it addes both flesh and force, Tis loosing, coole, and vrine doth inforce. Sharpe Vinegar doth coole, withall it dries, And giues to some ill humour good correction : It makes one melancholy, hurts their eyes, Nor making fat, nor mending their complection : It lessens sperm, makes appetite to rise : Both taste and scent is good against infection. IF The Turnep hurts the stomacke, wind it breedeth Stirs vrine, hurts his teeth thereon that feedeth : Who much thereof will feed, may wish our nation Would well allow of Claudius' proclamation. It follows now what part of euery beast Is best to eat: first, know the heart is ill, It is both hard, and heauy to disgest, The Tripe, with no good iuice our flesh doth fill: The Lites, are light, yet but in small request: But outer parts are best in Physicke’s skill. IF If any braines be good (which is a question), Hennes braine is best, and lightest of disgestion: IF In Fennell-seed this vertue you shall find, Forth of your lower parts to drive the wind. N 134 THE SALERNE SCHOOLE. Of Fennell vertues foure they do recite, First, it hath power some poysons to expell. Next burning Agues it will put to flight, The stomacke it doth cleanse, and comfort well: And fourthly it doth keepe, and cleanse the sight. And thus the seed and herbe doth both excell. Yet for the two last told ; if any seede With Fennell may compare, tis Annis-seed: Some Anny seeds be sweet, and some more bitter, For pleasure these, for medicine those more fitter. Dame Nature's reason, far surmounts our reading, We feele effects, the causes oft vnknowne, Who knows y e cause why Spodium stancheth bleeding, ( Spodium, but asbes of an ox’s bone ). We learne herein to praise His power exceeding, That vertue gave to wood, to herbes, to stone. The Liuer Spodium, Mace the heart delightes, The braine likes Muske, and Lycoras the Lites, The spleen is thought much comforted with Capers. In stomacke, Gallingale allayes ill vapors. Sawce would be set with meat vpon the table, Salt is good sawce, and had with great facility: Salt makes vnsauoury vyands, manducable, To driue some poysons out, Salt hath ability. Yet things too salt are nere commendable: They hurt the sight, in nature cause debility. The scab and itch on them are euer breeding, The which on meats too salt are often feeding : Salt should be first remou’d, and first set downe, At table of the knight, and of the clowne. THE SALERNE SCIIOOLE. 135 As tastes are diuers, so Physitians hold They haue as sundry qualities and power, Some burning are, some temperate, some cold, Cold are these three : the tart, the sharpe , the sour: Salt, bitter, biting, burne as hath been told, Sweet, fat, and fresh, are temperate euery houre. H Foure special vertues hath a sop in wine, It maketh the teeth white, it cleeres the eyne, It addes vnto an empty stomacke fulness, And from a stomacke fill’d, it takes the dulness. If to an vse you haue your selfe betaken, Of any diet, make no sudden change, A custome is not easily forsaken, Yea though it better were, yet seemes it strange, Long vse is as a second nature taken. With nature custome walkes in equal range. If Good dyet is a perfect way of curing, And worthy much regard and health assuring, A King that cannot rule him in his dyet, Will hardly rule his Realme in peace and quyet. They that in Physicke will prescribe you food, Six things must note we here in order touch, First, what it is : and then, for what tis good, And when ; and where ; how often ; and how much. Who note not this, it cannot be withstood, They hurt, not heale, yet are too many such. Coleworts broth doth loose, the substance bind, Thus play they, fast and loose, and all behind. But yet if at one time you take them both, The substance shall giue place vnto the broth. 13 6 THE SALERNE SCHOOEE. In Physicke Mallowes hath much reputation, Their very name of Mellow seemes to sound, The roote thereof will giue a kind purgation, By them both men and women good haue found. To women’s monthly flowers they give taxation, They make men soluble that haue been bounde, And least we seem in Mallowes praises partial, Long since hath Horace praised them and Martial . If The wormes that gnaw the womb and neuer stint, Are kill’d, and purg’d, and driuen away with Mint. But who can write thy worth (6 soueraigne Sage), Some ask how men can die, where thou dost grow. Oh that there were a Medicine curing age, Death comes at last, tho death come nere so slow: Sage strengths the sinews, Feauers heat doth swage, The Palsie helpes, and rids of mickle woe, In Latine (Saluia) takes the name of safety, In English (Sage) is rather wise than crafty: Sith then the name betokens wise, and sauing, We count it nature’s frend, and worth the hauing. Take Sage and Primrose, Lauender, and Cresses, With Walwort that doth grow twixt lime and stone, For he that of these herbes the iuice expresses, And mix with powder of a Castor-stone, May breed their ease whom Palsie much oppresses, Or if this breed not helpe, then looke for none. IF 1lew is a noble herbe to giue it right, To chew it fasting it will purge the sight, One quality thereof yet blame I must, It makes men chaste, and women fills with lust. THE SALERNE SCHOOLE. 137 Fayre Ladies, if these Physicke rules be true, That Rew hath such strange qualities as these, Eat little Rew, least your good husbands (REW) And breed betvveene you both a shrow’d disease. Rew, whets the wit, and more to pleasure you, In water boil’d, it rids a roome of fleas. I would not to you Ladies, Onyons praise, Saue that they make one fayre (Msclapius saies ) Yet taking them requires some good direction, They are not good alike for each complexion. If vnto Choller men be much inclin’d, Tis thought that Onyons are not good for those, But if a man be Flegmatique (by kind) It does his stomacke good, as some suppose, For ointment iuice of Onyons is assign’d To heads whose haire falls faster than it growes: If Onyons cannot helpe in such mishap, A man must get him a Gregorian cap. But if your hound by hap should bite his master, With Honey, Rew, and Onyons make a plaister. The seed of Mustard is the smallest graine, And yet the foree thereof is very great, It hath a present power to purge the braine, It addes vnto the stomacke force and heat: All poyson it expels, and it is plaine, With sugar tis a passing sawce for meat. She that hath hap a husband bad to bury, And is therefore in heart not sad but merry: Yet if in shew good manners she will keepe, Onyons and Mustardseed will make her weepe. n 3 138 THE SALERNE SCHOOLS. Though Violets smell sweet, Nettles offensiue, Yet each in seuerall kind much good procure, The first doth purge the heauie head and pensiue, Recouers surfets, Falling sickness cures. Tho Nettles stinke, yet make they recompence, If your bellie by the Collicke paine indures : Against the Collicke Nettle-seed and Honey, Is Physicke; better none is had for money. It breedeth sleep, staies vomits, flegme doth soften, It helpes him of the Gowt that eats it often. Cleane Hysop is an herbe to purge and cleanse, Raw flegmes, and hurtfull humours from the breast; The same vnto the Lungs great comfort lends, With Honey boil’d: but farre aboue the rest, It giues good colour, and complexion mends, And is therefore with women in request: With Honey mixt, Cinquefoyle cures the Canker, That eats our inward parts with cruel ranker, But mixt with Wine, it helpes a greeued side, And staies the vomit, and the Laske beside. Ellecompaiie strengthens each inward part, A little looseness is thereby prouoken : It swageth greefe of mind, it cheeres the heart, Allayeth wrath, and makes a man fayre spoken : And drunke with Rew in Wine, it doth impart Great helpe to those that haue their bellies broken. Let them that vnto choller much incline, Drink Penny-royal steeped in their wine, And some affirme, that they haue found by trial The paine of Gowt is cur’d by Penny-royal. THE SALERNE SCHOOLE. 139 To tell all Cresses’ virtues long it were, But diuers patients vnto that are debter, It helpes the teeth, it giues to bald men haire, With Honey mixt, it 1iingworme kills and Tettar: But let not women that would children beare, Feed much thereof, for they to fast were better. An herbe there is takes of the Swallowes name, And by the Swallowes gets no little fame, For Pliny writes (tho some thereof make doubt), It helps young Swallowes eies when they are out. Greene Willow though in scorne it oft is vs’d, Yet some there are in it not scornfull parts, It killeth wormes, the iuice in eares infus’d, With Vinegar: the barke destroyeth warts. But at one quality I much haue mus’d. That addes and bates much of his good desertes, For writers old and new, both ours and forren, Affirme the seed make women chaste and barren. Take Saffron if your heart make glad you will, But not too much, for that the heart may kill. Greene Leekes are good as some Physitians saie, Yet would I choose, how ere I them belieue, To weare Leekes rather on Saint Dauid's day, Than eat the Leekes vpon Saint Dauid's Eue. The bleeding at the nose Leeke's iuice will stay, And women bearing children, much releeue. IT Blacke Pepper beaten grosse you good shall find If cold your stomacke be, or full of wind : White Pepper helps the cough, and flegme it riddeth, And Ague's fit to come it oft forbiddeth. 140 THE SALERNE SCHOOLE. Our Hearing is a clioyce and dainty sence, And hard to mend, yet soone it may be marr’d These are the things that breed it most offence, To sleepe on stomacke full, and drinking hard : Blowes, falls, and noise, and fasting, violence, Great heat, and sudden cooling afterward : All these, as is by sundry proofes appearing, Breed tingling in our eares, and hurt our hearing: Then thinke it good aduice, not ydle talke, That after supper bids vs stand or walke. You heard before what is for hearing naught, Now shall you see what hurtfull is for sight: Wine, Women, Bathes, by art or nature wrought, Leekes, Onyons, Garlicke, Mustard-seed, jire and light: Smoake, Bridses, Dust, Pepper to powder brought, Beans, Lentils, Strains, Wind, Tears, and Phabus bright, And all sharpe things our eie-sight do molest: Yet watching hurts them more than all the rest. IT Of Fennell, Veruin, Kellidon, Roses, Reiv, Is water made, that will the sight renew. If in your teeth you hap to be tormented, By meane some little wormes therein do breed, Which paine (if heed be tane) may be preuented, By keeping cleane your teeth, when as you feede : Burne Francomsence (a gum not euil sented), Put Henbane vnto this, and Onyon-seed, And with a Tunnel to die toodi that’s hollow, Conuey the smoake thereof, and ease shall follow. IT By Nuts, Oyle, Eeles, and cold in head By Apples and raw fruites, is hoarsness bred. THE SALERNE SCHOOLE. 141 To shew you how to shun raw running Rheumes, Exceed not much in meate, in drinke, and sleepe, For all excess is cause of hurtfull fumes, Eate warme, broth warme, striue in your breath to keepe Vse exercise, that vapours ill consumes, In Northerne winds abroad do neuer peepe. If If Fistula do rise in any part, And so procure your danger, and your smart, Take Arsnicke, Brimstone, mixt with Lime and Sope, And make a Tent, and then of cure there’s hope. If so your head to paine you oft with aking, Faire water, or small beere drinke then or neuer, So may you scape the burning fits and shaking, That wonted are to company the Feuer: If If with much heat your head be in ill taking, To rub your head and Temples still perseuer, And make a bath of Morrell (boiled warme) And it shall keepe your head from further harme. If A Flix a dangerous euill is, and common, In it shun cold, much drink, and strains of women. To fast in Summer doth the body drie, Yet doth it good, if you thereto invre it, Against a surfet, vomiting to try, Is remedy, but some cannot indure it: Yet some so much themselues found help thereby, They go to sea a purpose to procure it. If Foure seasons of the yeare there are in all, The Summer, and the Winter, Spring, and Fall: In euery one of these, the rule of reason, Bids keepe good dyet, suiting euery season. 142 THE SALERNE SCHOOLE. The Spring is moist, of temper good and warme, Then best it is to bath, to sweat, and purge, Then may one ope a veyne in either arme, If boiling blood or feare of Agues vrge, Then Venus' recreation doth no harme, Yet may too much thereof turne to a scourge. In Summer's heat (when choller hath dominion) Code meats and moyst are best in some opinion : The Fall is like the Spring, but endeth colder, With wines and spice the Winter may be bolder. Now if perhaps some haue desire to know, The number of our bones, our teeth, our veynes, This verse ensuing plainely doth it shew, To him that to obserue it taketh paines: The Teeth thrice ten and two, twice eight a row, Eleuenscore bones saue one in vs remaines: For veynes that all may vaine in vs appeare, A veyne we haue for each day in the yeare: All these are like in number and connexion, The difference growes in bigness and complexion. Foure Humours raigne within our bodies wholly, And these compared to foure Elements, The Sanguin , Choller , Flegme, and Melancholy, The later two are heauy, dull of sence, The tother are more Jouiall, Quicke, and Jolly, And may be likened thus (without offence) Like ayre both warme and moyst, is Sanguin cleare, Like fire doth Choller hot and dry appeare, Like water, cold and moist (is Flegmatique), The Melancholy cold, dry earth is like. THE SALERNE SHOOLE. 143 Complexions cannot vertue breed or vice, Yet may they vnto both giue inclination. The Sanguin gamesome is, and nothing nice, Loues wine, and women, and all recreation. Likes pleasant tales, and newes, plaies cards and dice, Fit for all company, and euery fashion : Though bold, not apt to take offence, nor ireful], But bountifull and kind, and looking chearefull: Inclining to be fat and prone to lafter, Loues myrth, and musicke, cares not what comes after. Sharpe Choller is an humour most pernitious, All violent, and fierce, and full of fire, Of quicke conceit, and therewithal ambitious, Their thoughts to greater fortune still aspyre, Proud, bountifull enough, yet oft malicious, A right bold speaker, and as bold a Iyer, On little cause to anger great inclin’d, Much eating still, yet euer looking pin’d, In younger yeares they vse to grow apace, In elder, hairy on their breast and face. The Flegmatique are most of no great growth, Inclining rather to be fat and square, Giuen much vnto their ease, to rest and sloth, Content in knowledge to take little share, To put themselues to any paine most loth, So dead their spirits, so dull their sences are : Still either sitting like to folke that dreame, Or else still spitting, to avoid the flegme, One quality doth yet these harmes repayre, That for most part the J Flegmatique are fayre, 144 THE SARERNE SCHOOLE. The Melancholy from the rest do vary, Both sport, and ease, and company refusing, Exceeding studious, euer solitary, Inclining pensiue still to be, and musing, A secret hate to others apt to carry: Most constant in his choice, tho long a choosing, Extreame in loue sometime, yet seldom lustfull, Suspitious in his nature, and mistrustfull. A wary wit, a hand much giuen to sparing, A heauy looke, a spirit little daring. Now though we giue these humours seueral names, Yet all men are of all participant, But all haue not in quantity the same, For some (in some ) are more predominant, The colour shewes from whence it lightly came, Or whether they haue blood too much or want. The watry Flegmatique are fayre and white, The Sanguin, Roses joyn’d to Lillies bright, The Chollericke more red : the Melancholy, Alluding to their name, are swart and colly. If Sanguin humour do too much abound, These signes will be thereof appearing cheefe, The face will swell, the cheeks grow red and round, With staring eies, the pulse beat soft and breefe, The veynes exceed, the belly will be bound, The temples, and the forehead full of griefe, Vnquiet sleeps, that so strange dreames will make To cause one blush to tell when he doth wake : Besides the moysture of the mouth and spittle, Will taste too sweet, and seeme the throat to tickle. THE SALERNE SCHOOLE. 145 If Choller do exceed, as may sometime, Your eares will ring and make you to be wakefull, Your tongue will seeme all rough, and oftentimes Cause vomits, vnaccustomed and hatefull, Great thirst, your excrements are full of slime, The stomacke squeamish, sustenance vngratefull, Your appetite will seeme in nought delighting, Your heart still greeued with continuall byting, The pulse beat hard and swift, all hot, extreame, Your spittle soure, of fire-worke oft you dreame. If Flegme abundance haue due limits past, These signes are here set downe will plainly shew, The mouth will seeme to you quite out of taste, And apt with moisture still to ouerflow, Your sides will seeme all sore downe to the waist, Your meat wax loathsome, your disgestion slow, Your head and stomacke both in so ill taking, One seeming euer griping, tother aking : With empty veynes, the pulse beat slow and soft, In sleepe, of seas, and ryuers dreaming oft. But if that dangerous humour ouer-raigne, Of Melancholy, sometime making mad, These tokens then will be appearing plaine, The pulse beat hard, the colour darke and bad : The water thin, a weake fantasticke braine, False-grounded ioy, or else perpetuali sad, Affrighted oftentimes with dreames like visions, Presenting to the thought ill apparitions, Of bitter belches from the stomacke comming, His eare (the left especiall) euer humming. o 146 THE SALERNE SCHOOLE. Against these seuerall humours ouerflowing, As seuerall kinds of physicke may be good, As diet-drink, hot-baths, whence sweat is growing. With purging, vomiting, and letting blood : Which taken in due time, nor ouerflowing, Each maladies infection is withstood. The last of these is best, if skill and reason. Respect age, strength, quantity, and season; Of seuenty from seuenteene, if blood abound. The opening of a veyne is healthfull found. Of Bleeding many profits grow, and great, The spirits and sences are renewed thereby, Though these mend slowly by the strength of meat, But these with wine restor’d are by and by: By bleeding, to the marrow commeth heat, It maketh cleane your braine, releeues your eie. It mends your appetite, restoreth sleepe, Correcting humours that do waking keepe: All inward parts and sences also clearing, It mends the voyce, touch, smell, taste, and hearing. Three speciali months, September, April, May, There are in which tis good to ope a veyne, In these three months the moon bears greatest sway. Then old or young, that store of blood containe, May bleed now, though some elder wizards say, Some daies are ill in these, I hold it vaine: September, April, May, haue daies a peece, That bleeding do forbid and eating Geese, And those are they forsooth of May the first, Of tother two the last of each are worst. the salerne schoole. 147 But yet those daies I graunt, and all the rest, Haue in some cases iust impediment, As first, if nature be with cold opprest, Or if the Region, He, or Continent, Do scorch or freeze, if stomacke meat detest; If Baths, or Venus, late you did frequent, Nor old, nor young, nor drinkers great, are fit, Nor in long sickness, nor in raging fit, Or in this case if you will venture bleeding, The quantity must then be most exceeding. When you to bleed intend, you must prepare Some needfull things both after and before, Warme water, and sweet oyle, both needfull are, And wine the fainting spirits to restore, Fine binding cloths of linen, and beware, That all that morning you do sleepe no more. Some gentle motion helpeth after bleeding, And on light meats a spare and temperate feeding. To bleed, doth cheare the pensiue, and remoue The raging furies bred by burning loue. Make your incision large, and not too deepe, That blood haue speedy yssue with the fume, So that from sinnewes you all hurt do keepe, Nor may you (as I toucht before presume) In six ensuing hours at all to sleepe, Lest some slight bruise in sleepe cause an apostume. Eat not of milke, nor ought of milke compounded, Nor let your braine with much drinke be confounded, Eat no cold meats, for such the strength impayre, And shun all misty and vnwholesome ayre. 148 THE SALERNE SCHOOLE. Besides the former rules for such as pleases, Of letting blood to take more obseruation, Know in beginning of all sharpe diseases, Tis counted best to make euacuation : To old, to young, both letting blood displeases. By yeares and sickness make your computation, First in the Spring for quantity, you shall, Of blood take twice as much as in the Fall: In Spring and Summer, let the right arm blood, The Fall and Winter for the left are good. The Heart and Lyuer, Spring and Summer’s bleedin The Fall and Winter hand and Foot doth mend, One veyne cut in the hand doth helpe exceeding, Vnto the Spleen, voice, breast, and intrayles lend; And swages griefes that in the heart are breeding: But here the Salerne Schoole doth make an end : And heere I cease to write, but will not cease To wish you live in health, and die in peace : And ye our Physicke rules that friendly read, God graunt that Physicke you may neuer neede. ADDITIONS TO THE REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM; FROM MANUSCRIPTS AND PRINTED EDITIONS. I. ADDITIONS FROM VILLA NOVA’S COMMEN¬ TARY. II. FROM DIFFERENT MANUSCRIPTS. 1. General and miscellaneous rules. 2. Animals and parts of animals. 3. Plants, many of which are taken from Macer. ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. I. VERSES QUOTED BY VILLA NOVA IN HIS COMMENTARY, AS NOT MAKING PART OF THE POEM, BUT OF ANOTHER ORIGIN, AND WHICH WERE AFTERWARDS TAKEN INTO THE TEXT. To line 26. After salsa. Caseus ille bonus quem dat avara manus. 1. 30. After valitura, introduced by unde. Filia presbyteri jubet hoc pro lege teneri: Quod bona sunt ova luec, candida, longa, nova. 1. 42. Venenum, juxta illud metricum. Allia qui manb jejuno sumpserit ore, Hunc ignotarum non Isedet potus aquarum, 5 Nec diversorum mutatio facta locorum. 152 ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. 1. 87- Truca, unde versus. Lucius est piscis, rex et tyrannus aquarum, A quo non differt Lucius iste parum. 1. 143. Generatur, juxta illud. Ventum ssepfe rapis, si tu vis vivere rapis. 1. 149. Culi. De isto (Marathro) solent dari isti versus communes. Bis duo dat marathrum, febres fugat atque venenum 10 Et purgat stomachum, lumen quoque reddit acutum. 1. 152. Sanat, prout in his versibus. Gaudet hepar spodio, mace cor, cerebrumque musco, Pulmo liquoricih, splen cap. stomachusque galangfi. 1. 154. Saporat, juxta illud commune metrum. Sal primo poni debet, primbque reponi, Omnis mensa malh ponitur absque sale. 15 1.194. Decorem— of Onions. Quidem superaddunt textui istos duos versus: ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. 153 Appositas perhibent morsus curare caninos, Si tritae cum meile prius fuerint et aceto. 1. 254. De ossibus. Ossa ducentena sunt atque quater duodenda. 1. 259. Terra melan : aq: fleg. et aer sanguis, cole: ignis. Iste sensus etiam patet in his versibus. Humidus est sanguis, calet, est vis aeris illi. Alget, tumet, phlegma, illi vis fit aquosa. 20 Sicca calet cholera, sic igni fit similata. Melancholia friget, sicca quasi terra. 1.294. Quaeque. Notandum circa istud, quad sicut hic ponuntur signa super abundantis sanguinis, ita quidam etiam ponunt signa superabundantiae aliorum humorum sub istis versibus. Signa quidem super abundantis cholerae sub istis versibus. Accusat choleram dextra dolor, aspera lingua, Tinnitus, vomitusque frequens, vigilantia multa, Multa sitis, pinguis egestio, torsio ventris. Nausea fit, morsus cordis. Languescit orexis, 25 154 ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. Pulsus adest gracilis, durus, veloxque, calescens, Aret, amarescit, incendia somnia fingit. Signa vero super abundantis phlegmatis sub istis versibus. Phlegma supergrediens proprias in corpore leges, Os facit insipidum, fastidia crebra, salivas, 30 Costarum, stomachi, simul occipitisque dolores, Pulsus adest rarus, tardus, mollis, quoque inanis, Praecedit fallax phantasmata somnus aquosa. Signa vero super abundantis melancholice sub his versibus. Humorum pleno dum faex in corpore regnat, Nigra cutis, durus pulsus, tenuis et urina, 35 Sollicitudo, timor, tristitia somnia tetra, Acescunt ructus, sapor, et sputaminis idem, Lsevaque praecipuh tinnit et sibilat auris. 38 ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. 155 II. SELECT ADDITIONS FROM DIFFERENT MA¬ NUSCRIPTS, SOME OF WHICH HAVE BEEN INTRODUCED INTO PRINTED EDITIONS. 1. General and miscellaneous rules. 2 . Animals and parts of animals. 3. Plants. 1. General Rules. After 1. 44. aer, cloacae. Alteriusque rei corpus nimio inficientis, 39 1. 28. Irifirmis inimica. Pone gulae metas, ut sit tibi longior aetas, 40 Ut medicus fatur, parcus de morte levatur. 1. 25. Subtilis in ore diceta. Non bibe non sitiens, et non comedas saturatus, Est sitis atque fames moderata bonum medicamen, Si super excedant important saepb gravamen. 1. 21. Ccena brevis. 156 ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. Ccena brevis, vel coena levis, fit raro molesta, 45 Magna nocet, medicina docet, res est manifesta, Septem horis dormire sat est juvenique senique. 1. 14. Frigesce minute. Fons, speculum, gramen, haec dant oculis relevamen, Manb igitur montes, sub serum inquirito fontes. 1. 134. Injicit. In die mictura vicibus sex fit naturalis, 50 Tempore bis tali, vel ter, fit egestio pura. 1. 113. Nova. Saepb bibendo parum pondus laxas epularum, Et liquor ipse tibi proderit, atque cibi. 1. 231. Ebrietasque. Post ccenam stabis, aut passus mille meabis. 1. 57. Brumce. Pauperibus sanae sunt escae quotidianae. 55 1.19. Ista. ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. 157 Qui fluxum pateris, si non caveas, morieris, Concubitum, nimium potum, cum frigore, motum. 1. 35. Before Vina 'probantur odore, sapore, vi¬ tore, colore. Omnis homo primum proponit nobile vinum, Indh quod deterius, pagina sacra docet. 1. 105. De caseo. After Languenti stomacho caseus addit opem. Caseus ante cibum confert si defluat alvus, 60 Ad fundum stomachi dum sumpta cibaria condit. Vim digestivam non minus ille juvat. Si stomachus languet, vel si miniis appetit, iste Fit gratus stomacho, consiliansque cibum. Si sit crustosus, per lucem non oculosus, 65 Ejusdem sic onus dicitur esse bonus. 1. 160. Unctus, et insipidus, dulcis, dant tempera - mentum. Dulcis. Humectat, lenit, benb nutrit, mundificatque. Salsus. Incidit, ingrossat, penetrat, sed proximus exit. p 158 ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. Acetosus. Dicunt, infestat nervos, subtilia siccat. Ponticus. Comprimit, ingrossat, corrugat, stomachum cito laxat. 70 Unduosus. Lubricat, evellit, replet, supereminet ore. Amarus. Valdfe deopilat, confortat, pectora stringit. Acutus. Subtiliat, mordet, calet, urit, grossa resolvit. 1 . 34 . Recentes. Lixa fovent, sed frixa nocent, assata coercent. Pane novo, veteri vino, si possit haberi, 75 Carne frui juvene, consulo, pisce sene. 1 . 162 . Abundat. Ingeniumque acuit, replet, minuit simul offa, or, Quod minus est supplet, quod plus est digerit offa. ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. 159 II. Animals and Parts of Animals. 1 . 83 . Amarellus. De Anate. O fluvialis anas, quantfl dulcedine manas ! Si mihi cavissem, si ventri fraena dedissem, 80 Febres quartanas non renovasset anas. De Ansere. Auca sitit Coum mensis, campis Acheloum. Auca petit Bacchum mortua, viva lacum. 1 . 73 . Medicina. Carnes porcinae cum cepis sunt medicinae. 1 . 75 . Ilia ■porcorum bona sunt, mala sunt reli¬ quorum. Cessat laus hepatis, nisi gallinae, vel anatis. 85 Dissuadentur edi renes, nisi solius haedi. Splen quoque spleneticis est mansus saeph salubris, Corda cervorum removebit sella dolorum. Ut suillarum remotio tristitiarum. Ilia porcorum bona sunt, mala sunt reliquorum, 90 Jam nisi natorum defunctfl matre suorum. 160 ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. 1. 93. Novum. Non vult mentiri qui vult pro lege teneri, Quod bona sunt ova, candida, longa, nova. Haec tria sunt norma, vernalia sunt meliora. 1. 91. Bibas. Caseus, anguilla, mortis cibus ille et illa, Ni bibas, et rebibas, et rebibendo bibas. and Non nocet anguilla vino si mergitur illa. III. Of Plants, mostly from Macer. Faba. Manducare fabam caveas, parit illa podagram. In matribus faba lac spargit, mollitque capillos. 1. 170. Olus, Cicer. Jus olerum cicerumque bonum, substantia prava. ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. 1G1 Bugloss a. Vinum potatum quo sit macerata buglossa, Moerorem cerebri dicunt auferre periti. Fertur convivas decoctio reddere lsetos. Borrago. Dicit borrago gaudia semper ago. Cardiacos auffert borrago, gaudia confert. 105 Pastinaca. Quod pastum tribuit est pastinaca vocata, Namque cibum nullae radices dant meliorem. Attamen illa parum nutrit quia non subacuta, Confortat coitum, non est ad menstrua muta. 1. 60. Absinthium, Confortat nervos, et causas pectoris omnes, 110 Serpentes nidore fugat, bibitumque venenum, Auris depellit sonitum cum felle bovino. Abrotonum, Abrotono crudo stomachi purgabitur humor. Scabiosa. Urbanus pjer se nescit pretium scabiosae. Confortat pectus quod deprimit aegra senectus. 115 p 3 * 162 ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. Lenit pulmonem, tollit laterumque dolorem. Succus potatur virus sic evacuatur. Emplastrata foris necat antracem tribus horis, Languorem pecudum tollit, dirimitque venenum, Rumpit apostema lenitbr. Ratione probatur. 120 1. 149. Mar atrum. Urinare facit, ventris flatusque repellit. or. Provocat urinam, faciet colicique ruinam. Semen cum vino sumptum Veneris movet actus, Atque senes ejus gustu juvenescere dicunt. Sic quoque pulmonis obstat, jecorisque querelis. 125 Siler. / • Siler montanum non sit tibi sumere vanum. Dat lumen clarum, quamvis gustu sit amarum, Lumbricosque necat, digestivamque reportat. Spinachia. De cholerfi laeso spinachia convenit ori, Et stomachis calidis hujus valet esus amari. 130 ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. 163 Sambitcus. Sambuci flores sambuco sunt meliores, Nam sambucus olet, flos redolere solet. Anethum et Coriandrum. Anethum ventos prohibet, minuitque tumores, Ventres repletos pravis facit esse minores. Confortat stomachum, ventum removit coriandrum. 135 1. 34. Uvae. Utilitas uvae, sine granis et sine pelle, Dat sedare sitim, jecoris choleraeque dolorem. Mora. Mora sitim tollunt, recreant cum faucibus uvam. 1. 130. Ficus. Pectus clarificant ficus, ventremque relaxant, Seu dantur crudas, seu fuerint benh coctae. 140 Nutrit et impinguit, varios curatque tumores. 164 ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. Zingiber. + Zingiber antb datum morbum fugat inveteratum, Postque datum mollit, ventris fastidia tollit, Emphraxes hepatis reserat, et menstrua stringit, Algores et stomachi, thoracis, renibus, aufert. Item conditum solamen zingiber affert. 145 Zedoara. Tu me semper ama quod tibi do zedoara. 1. 130. After tenet ossa. Tunc cataplasma facis, cum succum ponis, et herbam. 1. 221. De salice. Hujus flos sumptus in aqua frigescere cogit Instinctus Veneris cunctos acres stimulantes, 150 Et sic desiccat ut nulla creatio fiat. 1. 225. For isto stili Porrum. Manantemque potes naris retinere cruorem, Ungas si nares intus medicamine tali. ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI 1(35 Furfur, farina. Est cortex per se sicut furfura, mixta farinae Grossior est simula, subtilior ipsat farina. 155 1. 58. Post. Salvia cum ruta faciunt tibi pocula tuta. Fortificatur opus si conjungatur hyssopus;! Adde rosae florem gratum praestabit odorem. Granatum. Sudorem profert granatum, lenit et alget. Praesidia granati cortex, balaustia flos est. Glans et Castanea. Antfe cibum stringunt, post, glans castanea, sol¬ vunt. 160 Olera veris. Omne virens veris tibi dicitur esse salubre, Et magis betonica, spinachia, brancaque radix, Lupilus et caules, petrocillae junge lapaces. 16(5 ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. Olera JEstatis. Blitus cum bletu, violaria, crivolocauna, Ac triplices malva, lactuca, portulaca, 165 Sunt apium, rapa, sic blasia, pastinaca. Olera autumni. Dicit borrago gaudia semper ago. Cardiacos aufert borrago, gaudia confert. Olera hyhernia. Nascitur in bruma cerifolia, petrocilina. Neptam, cretanos, cum cepis, addito porros. 170 Carui. Urinare facit carui, ventosque repellit. Dum carui carui non sine febre fui. Malangia. Semen naturae malangia fertur acutae, Et choleram nigram viri non reddere pigram. ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. 167 Blitus. Aggravat blitus humores convenientes, 175 Irrorat ptisicos, et compescit sitientes. Apium. Humores apium subito totius adjuvat Corporis, ac capitis, vulvae, pueris epulum dat. Rosa. Curat haemoroides rosa, semine cortice demptis. Gingivas, coligam capitis juvat ipsa dolentis. 180 Lilia. Praecisis nervis cum meile, combustaque membra, Vultus deducit rugas, maculas fugit oris. Levistica. Hepar opilatum frigore levistica mulcet. Sorsia. Sorsia ventosa medicinae menstrua clausa. 168 ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. Lactuca. Lac lactuca facit, scotisma, sperma minorat. 185 Pinea. Tussim effimeras ethicam tibi pinea tollit. Mascula plus tussi valet, et passiva dolori. Liquoricia. Sit tibi contenta liquoricia pulverilenta. Pectus, pulmonem, venas, refovendo rigabit: Pellit namque sitim stomachi, nociva repellit. 190 Spiritibus cunctis sic subvenit ipsa strumosis. Gallia muscata, Gallia muscata confortat debilitata, Corda juvat, stomachum, oculi scotomaque tollit, Confortat stomachum, coitum quoque jungere cogit. Cuminum. Ventosum stomachum tibi tranquillatque cuminum, 195 Et dat pallentem permansum ferre colorem. ADDITIONS TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. 169 Cicla. Cicla parum nutrit, ventrem constipat, et ejus Coctio si detur ventrem laxare probetur. Epilogus. Herb® dum florent, sumunt quse sumere debent: Si desint flores, radices sumere debes. 200 Q A SPECIMEN OF THE ORIGINAL EXPOSITION OF ARNALDUS DE VILLA NOVA, From the beginning, from the edition of 1491, Strasburg. Iste libellus est editus a doctoribus Salerniensibus, iu quo inscribuntur multa et diversa pro conserva¬ tione sanitatis humanae. Et editus est iste liber ad usum Regis Angliae. Et in textu lecto a auctor po¬ nit octo documenta generalia pro conservatione sani¬ tatis : de quibus postea specialiter per ordinem de¬ terminabitur. Primum ergo documentum est, quod homo sanus volens vivere debet ab eo removere graves curas. Nam curae exsiccant corpora, ex quo tristificant spiritus vitales ; modo spiritus tristes * From the word lecto it seems as if Villa Nova’s exposition was delivered in lectures upon his author, of whom he first read a portion and then commented upon it. EXPOSITION OF VILLA NOVA. 171 exsiccant ossa. Et sub isto documento etiam com¬ prehendi debent tristitiae, quae similiter corpora ex¬ siccant et infrigidant, maciem et extenuationem inducunt, cor stringunt, et spiritum obtenebrant, ingenium hebebant, et rationem impediunt, judicium obscurant, et memoriam obtundunt, Veruntamen aliqui pingues et carnosi sunt, spiritus adeo nobiles et callidos habentes, quod eis interdum bonum est tristari, ut spiritus calor hebetetur, et corpus aliqua¬ liter maceretur. Secundum documentum est, non irasci. Primo quia ira similiter corpora exsiccat, cum ipsa summe sin¬ gula membra supercalefaciat. Nimia autem cale¬ factio siccitatem inducit, teste Avie. i. doc. iii. c. i. Secundo, quia ira, propter fervorem cordis, omnes actus rationis confundit. Advertendum tamen est, quod quidam frigidi sunt et maleficiati, quibus inter¬ dum irasci prodest in regimine sanitatis, ut in eis calor excitetur. Tertium est, parce uti potu vini. Nimia enim repletio vini somnolentiam, pigritiam, debilitatem membrorum, debilitatem stomachi, et multa alia his similia, inducit. De quibus posterius magis patebit. Quartum est, parum ccenare. Quia nimia noc¬ turna repletio dolorem in ventre inducit, ac inquie¬ tudinem, insomneitatem, et angustiam : prout mani- ferta probat experientia, et inferius declarabitur. 172 EXPOSITION OF VILLA NOVA. Quintum est, surgere post cibum sumptum, quod facit ad digestionem, propterea quod cibum sump¬ tum facit descendere ad fundum stomachi, in quo viget virtus digestiva. Sextum est, non dormire post prandium. Cujus documenta postea tanguntur in textu ibi. Febris pigrities. Septimum est, non diu retinere urinam. Ex nimia enim urinae retentione aliquando sequitur diffi¬ cultas mingendi, aut omnino prohibitio a mictu. Ut testatur Avi. xix. in trac. ii. c. De difficultate urinae. Similiter ex nimia retentatione foecali plura proveni¬ unt nocumenta. Indurantur enim faeces in intestinis propter continuam suctionem venarum meseraicarum cum intestinis continuatarum, omnem humiditatem a faecibus sugentium, et sic remanent siccae. Difficilis exitus intestina opilans. Ad quam opilationem, propter ventositatem, eductionis prohibitionem, et aliarum secum acervationem, sequuntur nocumenta in textu posterius posita. Ibi Spasmus, etc. Octavum est, non fortiter comprimere anum. Ex hoc enim sequitur tenasmon sive exitus longationis. Ulterius subdit autor, quod omnia ista debite con¬ servans longo tempore sanus vivere poterit. NOTES TO THE SCHOLA SALERNI. Line 9. Requies. Some copies read labor, but this is evidently wrong. It has often been observed, that rest and abstinence had cured many a fever before Hippocrates. 1. 14. Lote, cale : sta, pranse, vel i: frisgesce minute. This line is not without its difficulties. Lote and pranse are vocative cases, “ after bathing keep yourself warm ; after dinner stand or walk gently,” that the food may descend. The latter part has received three different interpretations. I. Taking minute for an adverb, equivalent to paulathn, “ When you are heated cool yourself gradually.” It was thus understood by Villa Nova, though he has expressed it by the converse rule. Homo frigidus debet cavere ne subitb se cali- faciat, sed paulatim, mutationes enim subitae naturam laedunt. II. Considering minute still as an adverb, and synonomous with parum or paulisper, and referring to what precedes, it is translated, “ after dinner keep yourself cool,” that the natural heat may be repelled from the external to the internal parts of the body, t.o facilitate digestion. III. “ After bleeding keep yourself cool.” Minute is then the vocative case of the participle of the verb minuo used by the medical writers, and the Schola for to bleed. In confirmation of this meaning some of the commentators have quoted Johannes Fernelius de vacuandi ratione, cap. ix. Neque protinus loca Q 3 174 NOTES TO THE calidiora ingrediatur — quandoquidem sanguis et spiritus vehe¬ mentius incitati, ne dissipentur aut incalescant, sedandi com- premendique sunt. Yet this seems contrary to the doctrine delivered afterwards in the Schola itself, 1. 331, Frigida vitabis, quia sunt inimica minutis, unless, in one case, a moderate cool¬ ness be understood, in the other, positive cold. Upon the whole I adhere to the third explication. 1. 25. Diceta in some manuscripts is saliva .—But the old read¬ ing is to be preserved. An appetite, with slender diet prece¬ dent, are the signs that it is a real and not a false appetite, that the body requires food, and that it is not an artificial stimulus. The original reading is followed in all the printed editions, and is considered as the best by all the commentators, who mention saliva by the by only, legitur nec male quidem. Yet saliva gives a sense equally good, Galen (de Locis Affectis, lib. 3. cap. 6.) as quoted by the commentators, had observed that a saliva thin, watry, and free from any bad taste is a proof of health, and that the former food is concocted.— When a person is really hungry we say “ his mouth waters.” 1. 32. For cerebella, medulla;, some MSS. have prosunt domi- nabus. 1. 33. Ova sorbilia, dressed soft. 1. 37. Frisca —this word is explained by Villa Nova, frothing and sparkling, quod spumando sonum facit, sive quando in eo moventur atomi. In English frisky, from the German frisch- fresh not dead, consequently lively. Ital. Frizzare, to be lively. 1. 45. Serotina, probably serotini. 1. 50. Bene lymphatum, mixed with water. Altered to dilu¬ tum in some later editions. 1. 51. Cerevisia, quasi Cere risia, derived from Ceres, was SCHOLA SALERNI. 175 known to Virgil. Georg, iii. 380 ; to Tacitus, Germania, xxiii; and to Pliny, lib. xiv. 1. 60. Nausea. Villa Nova understands this of sea water. Hence it has been altered in some editions to. Nausea non poterit haac quem vexare, marinam Undam cum vino mixtam qui sumpserit ante. Sylvius, etc. But these two lines are taken from Macer, lib. i. sect. 3, who applies them to Absinthium, wormwood, as they are understood by Moreau. Nausea non potuit quemquam vexare marina. Antea commistam vino qui sumpserit istam. No doubt Absynthium was intended. The error of Villa Nova, and from him of the other commentators, has arisen from the omission of the name of the plant in the text, and the want not being supplied by the title Be Absynthio put at the head of the article, as has been done for the same reason to Urtica and other plants, in lines 199, 206, 212, 214, 217, 219, 224. Moreau found this title in some of his manuscripts. With¬ out something to refer to, the sense and grammar are defective. That Istam or illam are in the feminine, though referring to Absynthium, is no objection. It is so in Macer, whose ad¬ jectives all the way through that article refer to Absynthii herba. It begins. In primo calor est gradu, vis sicca secundo Dicitur Absynthi, stomachum corroborat herba Illius, quocunque modo quis sumpserit illam. Moreau justly observes, that sea water was never recom¬ mended for this purpose, and is more likely to disorder the NOTES TO THE 176 stomach, and to produce, rather than to cure, sea sickness. Wormwood was prescribed by Macer, and is calculated, by its astringent qualities, to fortify the stomach. 1. 63. Salsa, sauce. Ital. 1.68. Occulatus, full of eyes. The Italians speak of the occhi and lagrime of Parmasan cheese, the holes full of a rich liquor. 1. 77. Emphraxim., obstructions in the liver and spleen: from sytypaaow. 1. 82. Ethigoneta. The bird designated by this strange word is described by Villa Nova as, Avis parva ad modum, perdicis, s ed longum rostrum habeiis, cujus caro est optima. This answers to a woodcock, as it is translated by Philemon Holland. By others it is supposed to be a corruption of Ortygometra, as it appears in many manuscripts, and all the later editions. This word is first found in Aristotle (De Hist. Animal, lib. viii. cap. 12. or 14.) oprvysQ—brav svtsvOsv airaipmaiv, avvcnraipei y oprvyoyyTpa. 'H de oprvyoyyrpa TrapanXymog ryv yopipyv rote Xiyvaioig tan, Pliny, (lib. x. cap. 23.), and Solinus (Polyhist. cap. 18.) have only copied Aristotle, Athenaeus (Deip. lib. 9.) says, that it is of the size of a dove, with long legs, of a slender body, and a timid nature. Ilesychius explains it by oprvK vTrepfisysQyc, a very large quail. And Alberti in his edition (tom. ii. p. 790.), refers to Ludolph. comment, in Hist. Hsthiop. p. 169. Bochart, Hierozoicon part. ii. lib. i. cap. 14. p. 93. It occurs in the Septuagint for the quails sent to the Israelites in the wilderness. Exodus chap. xii. v. 13, etc. See Biel. Lfcx. Koi tyevtro karrepa, kui avs[3y oparvyoyyTpa, icai sKaXvxf/e ryv napep(3oXyv. Of the moderns, Aldrovandus says it is il Re delle quaglie, or Roy des Cailles, and gives a figure of it, which is that of a large quail. Camus, the French translator of Aristotle, renders it SCHOLA SALERNL 177 caille mere. By Willoughby and Gesner it is supposed to be the land-rail, or the daker hen. Lastly Pennant (Brit. Zool. vol. ii. p. 410.^ concludes that it is the crake, or daker hen, which is found in corn, etc. and migrates before winter, the Rallus Crex of Linnaeus. With respect to the other animals mentioned in the Schola Salerni, I have explained merely the names of such as not being of classical authority might occasion some difficulty, without troubling the reader with the process from which I formed the conclusions. It is, however, difficult and uncertain in many cases to ascertain the animal really designed. Quiscula, is a quail, Villa Nova says it is Nomen onomatopoeion from its cry. Orex or otis, either a moor-hen, a wood-lien, or otis tarda, a bustard —according to Aldrovandus, Willoughby, Gesner, and Linnams. Trigellus, a chaffinch, frigilla; tremulus, a plover; amarellus, a teal. 1. 86. So of the fishes, saxaulis, or saxatilis, is a sole; albica, a whiting; sornits, or gurnus, a gurnet; plagitia, a plaice; galbio, a ray ; others are only slightly altered from the classical names, as parca, for perca ; tenca, for tinea. Ackermann has given the supposed Linnasan names of these birds and fishes ; and we may say of some of them, as the gentleman does in the farce, that the interpreter is the more difficult to understand of the two. Sturna, sturnus vulgaris; quiscula, coturnix, Merula, turdus Merula ; frigellus, turdus Iliacus ; orex, tetrao bonasia ; tre¬ mulus, motacilla alba; amarellus, mergus. So of the fishes, lucius, esox lucius ; perca, perca fluviatilis ; saxaulis, cobitis barbatula ; albica, gadus morrhua ; tinca, Cyprinus tinca; plagitia, pleuronectes platessa ; carpa, Cyprinus carpio ; galbio, raja; truta, salmo fano. 178 NOTES TO THE 1. 88. Vocibus. See line 243. 1. 90. The line, Inter prandendum sit sape parumque biben¬ dum, is placed here in all the old editions, but as it is repeated at line 110, which is more appropriate to it, I have omitted it here. 1. 96. Ethicis, that is (pdiviKolQ, i. e. consumptis, et mace¬ ratis, vel habentibus febrem ethicam. Vili. Nov. Hectic persons. 1. 102. Grossus, that is, produces gross humours, Quod ex grossiori et terrestriori parte lactis sit, Vill. Nov. From grosso, Ital. from the Latin crassus. 1. 105. Cheese is here personified, and addresses the reader. These lines appear thus in some editions, the last two are found in some manuscripts. Expertis reor esse ratum, quia commoditate Languenti stomacho caseus addit opem. Caseus ante cibum confert si defluat alvus, Si constipetur, terminet ille dapes. 1. 108. Si post sumatur. This line at first seems tautology, but it is explained by Villa Nova to mean, that “cheese perfects the meal if taken last, by promoting digestion,” by causing the food to descend where digestion is active, that is, the bottom of the stomach. This doctrine is taken from Rhazes, Caseum ultimo post alios cibos loco ingestum roborare os ventriculi, atque auferre dvope^lav ac nauseam qua: ex dulcibus et pinguibus cibis proveniant. 1. 115. Unica. Villa Nova, and other commentators, understand the first nut to be the nutmeg, the second the walnut, and the third deadly nut, to be the nut of a cross-bow, or the nut mechel, which is SCHOLA SALERNI. 179 said by Avicenna to be poison. But I am inclined to think that the verse means only that a few nuts may be wholesome, a larger quantity hurtful, and excess may be fatal; using a defi¬ nite for an indefinite number. There is a well known Greek proverb. Air tcpd/ifit] Oavaroc. The nut of a cross-bow is the projection or hook upon which the string was hitched when the bow was charged, and from which it was discharged, as Dante says E forse in tanto in quanto un quadrel posa, E vola, e dalla noce si dischiava. Paradiso, line 23. 1. 117. Fert, an ingenious friend of mine proposes to read, Est pyra nostra pyrus—and that it is a quibble, the pear is our funeral pile, or death, nobis exitiosa. 1. 129. Scrofa, for scrofula. Foris, outwardly applied (cata¬ plasmate, Vill. Nov.). “ Confracta foris tenet ossa,” it knits broken bones. Other copies have “ foris trahit ossa”, draws out splinters from broken bones. Sed cuilibet obstat, produces bad blood. 1. 133. Escula for mespila, medlars. Unripe they are as¬ tringent, and so good, particularly roasted, or otherwise dressed. Ripe they are laxative, as well as better tasted, and so better. 1. 134. Solvit, ventrem sciliet. 1. 138. Infrigidat. In desiccando vis frigida constat aceto. Macer, 1. 98. 1. 139. Infrigidat, macerat, melan: dat, sperma minorat, for melancholiam. 1. 143. Tortio, ventris tormina. 1. 145. Similiter stomachus, melior sit in extremitates. 180 NOTES TO THE The stomach is equally hard of digestion, but the extremities that is the bottom, and orifice, as being more fleshy, are more digestible. In some printed editions, Sic quoque ventriculus, tamen exteriora probantur. 1. 149. Semen, called marathrum, papaQpov. Expels wind. Vili. Nov. The place emitting for the thing emitted. 1. 152. Spodium, according to Avicenna, was the roots of canes or reeds burnt, for which burnt bones were sometimes substituted. 1. 158. Three triads of the qualities of bodies from the taste. Hot: salt, bitter, pungent. Cold: sour, rough, astringent. In¬ termediate or temperate: fat, insipid, sweet. Ponticus is astrin¬ gent, as the taste of acorns, etc. a pungendo, or from radix Ponticus, rhubarb. 1. 161. Vippa, or vipa, a wine-sop, compounded of vinum and panis. Offa is a sop in broth, etc. 1. 162. minus est implet, minuit quod abundat. By digesting food it nourishes the body; by digesting super¬ fluous and vitious humours it expels them. A MS. pas lumen, comfortat quod minus est, adipem dat. 1. 165. Hippocras. In Aphorism, Sect. ii. Aph. 50, Ta sk xtoWov xP 0V0V ZvvpQeci, kijv ty % Eipw , Tt>) v a^vviffeiov r)a 5. 1. 7. Lucius. These two lines, with some alteration, are taken from an epigram upon pope Lucius the third, who was banished from Rome by the magistrates and people, for his tyranny. He reigned from 1181 to 1185, and consequently the lines were written long after the Schola Salernitana. Lucius est piscis, rex et tyrannus aquarum : A quo discordat Lucius iste parum. Devorat ille homines, hic piscibus insidiatur: Esurit hic semper, ille aliquando satur. Amborum vitam si laus aequata notaret. Plus rationis habet qui ratione caret. 1. 13. Cap. by apocope for cappari, capers. 1. 17. Appositas perhibent, etc. verbatim in Macer, N 0, 26. 1. 21. Sicca calet cholera, sic igni Jit similata. Algid. Corboil. Ignea vis cholerae, lib. iii. 1. 536. p. 596. 1. 40. Pone gulce metas, ut sit tibi longior (Etas. Algid. Corboil. lib. ii. 1. 440. p. 555. Intraque duorum Annorum metas ipsius clauditur aetas, and lib. iv, 1. 466. p. 650. 188 NOTES TO THE ADDITIONS. Vim chronicis morbis, quos fundat longior aetas, Ingerit, et proprius compellat stringere metas. 1. 48. In the Italian translation these lines are adopted into the text: Un rio, un lago, un fonte, un fiumicello, Un specchio, un prato, e qual si sia verdura, A gli occhi dan conforto, e al cervello. La mattina nei monti e la pastura Degli occhi, e verso sera cercherai Fonti e ruscelli, per colli, o per pianura. 1. 54. So the English proverb, After dinner sit a while After supper walk a mile. 1. 77. Ingeniumque acuit, replet, minuit quoque, offa. This seems a contradiction. It may either mean, that by in¬ creasing good humours it lessens the bad ones, or it may refer to two different kinds of sop, that in soup, which is nourishing, or in water, which starves the body, or it is better explained by the other reading. 1. 91. For defuncta, some MSS. have sugendo —de sicca — sunt audio. 1. 98. Fabis. Macer says they are good for the gout, if mixed with fat and applied externally. Anseris adjuncta huic pinguedo recens, vel ovilla Si fuerit, podagrae quoque subvenit hac ratione. Macer, 86. 1. 101. Buglossa, NOTES TO THE ADDITIONS. 189 Vinum potatum, quo sit macerata buglossa, Laetos convivas decoctio dicitur ejus Reddere, si fuerit inter convivia sparsa. Macer, 47. 1. 104. Borrago. Cardiacos. Qui in syncopen delabuntur, qui corde laborant. 1. 106. Pastinaca. Quod pastum tribuit est pastinaca vocata, Namque cibum nullae radices dant meliorem. Macer, N°* 28. Non subacuta al. quum subacuta. Coitum, al. stomachum — muta. al. tuta. 1. 110. Absinthium. Unde juvat nervos, et causas pectoris omnes, Serpentes nidore fugat, bibitumque venena Illorum extinguit. Macer, N°. 2, de Abrotono. Auris de pellit sonitum cum felle bovino. Macer, 3. 1. 121. Maratrum, seu ftcniculum. Semen cum vino bibitum ventris movet actus. Tradunt auctores ejus juvenescere gustu Serpentes, et ob hoc senibus prodesse putatur. Macer, 14. 1. 131. Sambuci. This resembles the known epitaph upon fair Rosamond. Hic jacet in tumba rosa mundi non rosa munda, Non olet sed redolet quae redolere solet. If this line was borrowed from the epitaph, it was of course written long subsequent to the Schola. 190 NOTES TO THE ADDITIONS. 1. 134. Ventres, ventis in quibusdam MSS. 1. 138. Uvam, i. e. uvulam. 1. 142. Zingiber. Some manuscripts apply this to zedoary. 1. 149. De Salice. Hujus flos sumptus in aqua frigescere cogit Instinctus Veneris cunctos acres stimulantes. Et sic desiccat ut nulla creatio fiat. Macer, 91. 1. 152. De Porro. Manantemque— These two lines are verbatim in Macer, 91. 1. 158. Granatum. BaXavtynov, the flower of a pomegranate. 1. 166. Blasia, pastinaca , —Bancia pastiquenata. MS. 1. 181. Lilia. This is a strange jumble of several lines in Macer, N°* 17. Praecisis nervis tritus cum meile medetur.— Mollescunt nervi, combustaque membra juvantur.— Ruges distendit, vultus maculas fugat omnes. 1. 185. Lactuca. Lac dat abundanter nutrici sumpta frequenter. Ut quidam dicunt oculis caligo creatur. Macer, 15. 1. 186. Pinea. Effimeras. ’E(p’ i)p.epag, daily or habitual. 1. 192. Gallia muscata. Galla, seu nux moschata. The nutmeg. NOTES TO THE ADDITIONS. 191 1. 194. Cuminum. Assumptum quocunque modo depellere tradunt Viscera vexantem ventum, stomachumque gravatum. Dicunt pallentem dare mensum srepe colorem. Macer, 74. 1. 204. Gicla, the beet, beta, blitum, bleta. French bette. ANALYTICAL INDEX TO THE REGIMEN SANITATIS SALERNITANUM. OiiSev ovtojq ovdk svKpporov, ovdk icaXov, avdpu-rrotQ tv /3 'up, i)Q 1 ) TASlS. Xenoph. CEcon. I. OF THE ANATOMY AND CONSTITUTION OF THE BODY. line Of the bones 254 Of the teeth 255 Of the veins 256 Of the humours— 257 Of the sanguine 260 Of the choleric 268 Of the phlegmatic 274 Of the melancholy 280 II. OF THE MEANS OF PRESERVING HEALTH. I. BY GENERAL RULES. At rising, to wash, walk, stretch, comb, and clean the teeth 10 Ofjdeanliness 10, 64 Of bathing 14, 234, 358, 362 II. by attention to the six NON-NATURALS. 1. Of air and the seasons. line Of air 43 Of the four seasons 54, 350 2. Of exercise, motion, and rest. Exercise 357 Rest 363 Not to move after meals 230 To walk after dinner 14 3. Of sleep, and watching. Not to sleep at noon 5, 15 Not to sleep after meals 230 To procure sleep 199 Of watching 237, 245 4. Of repletion and evacuation. Not to retain evacuations 6 Not to retain wind 18 s 194 ANALYTICAL INDEX. line Foecation after apples 121 Urine 76, 132, 137, 134, 142 Fasting (see food) 350 Vomiting 351 Purging 357 Perspiration ib. Bleeding— After bleeding keep warm 14 llules for bleeding—its benefits, time for, age, constitution, how, in what cases, etc. 295 Salvatella, a vein 242 5 Of the passions. To avoid care and anger 3 Fear 232 6. Of food, generally. Of long hunger 232 To sup sparingly 4, 20 To leave the table early 5 After dinner stand or walk 14 Not to eat till the stomach is empty 22 Pleasant food good 33 Rules for eating in the four seasons 54 Sauce 62, 154 Salt ib. Qualities of salt, bitter, sharp, sour, astringent things, etc. 158 line Good 67 Crust 70 With cheese 103 Sops 161 Of meats. Salt meat 26 Venison 27 Hare ib. Goat ib. Beef ib. Pork 32, 73 Veal 80 Of parts and proceeds oj animals. Milk 26, 31, 9b Butter 100 Cheese 26, 31, 90, 102, 114 Whey 101 Eggs 29, 33, 92, 113 Honey 204, 206, 216 Testicles 32 Brains 32, 148 Marrow 32 Bowels 75 Heart 144 Stomach 145 Tongue 146 Lungs 147 Of birds. Of food, in particular. Fine Of bread. Hens Capons The turtle The starling 81, 148 ib. ib. ib. 30, 31 ANALYTICAL INDEX. 195 The dove The quail The thrush The pheasant Ethigoneta The partridge The chaffinch The moorhen, etc. The plover The teal Of fishes. The pike The perch The sole The whiting The tench The gurnet The plaice The carp The ray The trout Eels 88, 90, Of fruits. Peaches 26, Apples 26, Pears 26, 41, Figs —cataplasm ot Grapes Nuts, 41, 114, 127, Cherries Plums Raisins Of plants. litre Garlic 41, 62, 234 Rue 41, 58, 184, 210,238 Radishes 41 Sage 58 , 62, 177,181 Roses 59, 238 W ormwood 60 Pepper 62, 226, 234 Parsley 62 Pease 93 Poppy 130 Rapes 141 Fennel 149, 238 Anise 150 Cabbage 170 Mallows 172 Mint 175 Lavender 181 Primrose ib. Nasturtium 182 Tansy ib. Onions 189, 235 Mustard 195, 235 Violet 197 Nettle 199 Hyssop 203 Chervil 206 Elicampane 209 Penny-royal 212 Nasturtium 214 Celandine 217,238 Sallow 219 Saffron 222 Leek 224, 235, 240 Lentils 235 Beans ib. Vervain 238 Henbane 241 line 81 82 ib. ib. ib. 83 ib. ib. ib. ib. 86 ib. ib. ib. ib. 87 ib. ib. ib. ib. 244 126 244 117 34 129 34 243 122 125 128 196 ANALYTICAL INDEX. Of drink. line Of wine 234 Of drunkenness 231, 233, 345 Of surfeit 197 Of temperance 4, 363 To drink often at dinner 110 Of wine— Red 29, 39 White 38 Black 48 Sweet 33, 38 Good, proofs of 35, 49 With wormwood 61 With pork 73 W ith eggs ’ 113 With cheese 90 With eels ib. With pears 116 With chervil 207 With penny-royal 212 In sauce 62 Bad for the eyes 234 Of drinking wine next day 45 water 345 Of must, or new wine 76, 126, 134 Water, hurtful at eating 78 Of ale — Good, is not stale, clear, brewed of good corn, 51 Qualities of ale 135 Of Vinegar 138, 220 III. OF THE CURE OF DISEASES. line nence, supply the place of a physician 8 Of diet, an usual diet not to be changed 163 Of medicines and physicians, etc. Spodium 152 Castoreum 181 Thus, or jus 241 Embotum, a funnel 242 Oil 243 Orpiment, sulphur, lime 250 Treacle 41 Hippocrates 165 Galen 190 Pliny 218 Of particular diseases. Of fever 16,100,180,229,346 Of slothfulness 16 Of head ache 16, 197, 345 Of catarrh, cough, colds, phlegm, 16, 128, 200, 203, 227, 228 Various sorts, rheuma, catarr- hus, bronchus, coryza 245 Of spasms 19 Of dropsy ib. Of cholic 19, 200 Of vertigo ib. Of the belly, 40, 76, 132, 137, 143,171, 172,201,208,209 Of the stomach, 107, 120, 123, 141, 150, 192, 201, 203, 228 Of the voice 40, 88 General rules. Cheerfulness, rest, and absti- ANALYTICAL INDEX. 197 line Of poison 41, 116, 154, 197 Of sea sickness 60 Of urine 6, 76, 132, 134, 137, 142 Of obstruction of the liver . 77, 223 Of the stone 77, 124 Of consumption 96 Of good blood 124 Of the spleen 77,128 Of the reins ib. Of scrofula 129 Of tumours 129 Of the glands ib. Of bones broken 130 Of pediculi 131 Of Venus 131, 186, 234,236, 356, 361 Of wind 18,141,149,234 Of the eyes 10, 66, 150, 156, 161, 184, 187, 234, 238 Of scab 157 Of worms 176, 219 Of the nerves 179 Of trembling ib. Of paralysis 182 Of fleas 188 line Ofthe teeth 12, 142, 161, 215, 402 Of the melancholy 26 Of the choleric 70, 190, 212, 360 Of the phlegmatic 191, 227 Of the hair 12,193,214 Of the head 196 Of surfeit 197 Of the falling sickness 198 Of vomiting 199, 208, 232 Of the lungs 201, 204 Of the joints 202, 204 Of the face 192, 205 Of cancer 206 Of ruptures 211 Of gout 213 Of leprosy 216 Ofthe ears 219,229,233 Of warts 220 Of partus 221 Of puellae faecundae 224 Of blood, to stop 152, 225 Of digestion 227 Of blows, falls 232 Of hoarseness 243 Of fistula 250 TABLE OF THE ADDITIONS The articles marked with a star are in the original poem. I. FROM VILLA NOVA’S COMMENTARY. line Cheese * 1 Eggs * 2 Garlic * 4 The pike * 7 Rapes * 9 Fennel 10 Spodium * 12 Salt * 14 Onions* 16 The bones* 18 The humours * 19 II. FROM MANUSCRIPTS. General and miscellaneous rules. Aer * 39 Temperance * 40 Not to eat or drink unneces¬ sarily 42 Light suppers* 45 Relief to the eyes line 48 Sleep * 50 Urination * ib. To drink often * 52 To walk after supper 53 Food for the poor 55 Of the flux 56 Of wine* 58 Of cheese * 60 Of things sweet, salt, etc. 67 Of things boiled, fried, roast- ed 74 Of new bread, old wine, young meat, old fish ib. Of the bones * 76 Of animals. The duck 79 The goose 82 Pork* 84 Inwards of pigs * 85 Eggs* 92 Cheese, eels, * 95 TABLE OF THE ADDITIONS. 199 Of plants. line The bean * 98 Colewort, vetches 100 Bugloss 101 Borrage 104 Parsnips 105 Wormwood 110 Southernwood 113 Scabious 114 Fennel 121 The osier 126 Spinage 129 Elder 131 Dill 133 Coriander 135 Grapes * 136 The mulberry 138 The fig * 139, 147 Ginger 142 Zedoary 146 The sallow 149 Leeks * line 152 Bran, meal * 154 Sage with rue * 156 Pomegranate 158 Acorns and chestnuts * 160 Herbs of spring, summer. autumn, winter 161 Caraway 171 Malangia 173 The beet, blitus 175 Parsley * 177 The rose * 179 The lily 181 Levistica 183 Sorsia 184 Lettuce 185 The pine 186 Liquorice 188 The nutmeg 192 Cummin 195 The beet, cicla * 197 Epilogus, what parts of plants to be taken 199 THE END. PRINTED BY TALBOYS AND BROWNE, OXFORD. * * * % , ■* « * * 4 » i - S5£g| : wmM& III ■Kraii ■ i \ : SV r '$$r/