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THE HISTORY 
 
 OF 
 
 ILIUM or TROY: 
 
 INCLUDING 
 
 THE ADJACENT COUNTRY, 
 
 AND 
 
 THE OPPOSITE COAST 
 
 OftheCHERSONESUS of THRACE. 
 
 BY THE AUTHOR OF 
 "TRAVELS IN ASIA MINOR AND GREECE.' 
 
 J' 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 PRINTED BY NICHOLS AND SON, RED LION PASSAGE, FLEET STREET^ 
 
 FOR JAMES ROBSON, NEW BOND STREET. 
 1802. 
 
( *» ) 
 
 TO THE READER. 
 
 1 HE following Work is founded on an extensive 
 research into Antiquity concerning Troy, made, several 
 years ago, in consequence of frequent conversations 
 on the subject with Mr. Wood, the celebrated Editor 
 of the Ruins of Palmyra and Balbec ; who honoured 
 the Author with his friendship, and who procured for 
 him an opportunity of visiting the Trbia, as a traveller, 
 under the auspices of the Society of Dilettanti. 
 
 On his return to Oxford, where he enjoyed at 
 Magdalen 1 College both access to Libraries and suf- 
 ficient leisure, the Author endeavoured to obtain a more 
 complete knowlege of the Country, and especially of 
 the region of Troy, by a minute inveftigation of its 
 History and Geography ; and also of the connexion 
 which has subsisted and is still evident, or of which 
 traces are discoverable , between it and the Uias- 
 
 a 2, The 
 
( iv ) 
 
 The Author intended communicating the result of 
 his Enquiries to Mr. Wood, for his use in the Compa- 
 rative View of the ancient and present -state of the Tro as, 
 which accompanies his Essay on Homer ; but was pre- 
 vented by the unexpected death of that excellent per- 
 son ; after which public as well as private loss, though 
 he persevered in preparing his Trojan labours for the 
 Press and advertised them, their appearance was sus- 
 pended, and perhaps might have continued so, had 
 not his attention to them been revived by a recent 
 Controversy. 
 
 Finding the Description of the Plain of Troy by 
 M. Chevalier, and several Publications which re- 
 late to it, unsatisfactory, the Writer has been induced 
 to revise his own latent Work, to enlarge it, and to 
 resolve on offering the whole to the judgement of the 
 Learned and Curious, if the History now before them, 
 a detached portion of it, meets with a favourable re- 
 ception. 
 
 Ti/elwst, Berks, 
 May 10, 1802. 
 
( v ) 
 
 PUBLICATIONS . ON THE SUBJECT OF TROY. 
 
 I. DESCRIPTION of the Plain of Troy : with a Map of that region, 
 
 delineated from an Actual Survey. Read in French before the Royal 
 Society of Edinburgh, Feb. 21 and 28, and March n\, 1791. 
 By the Author, M. Chevalier, Fellow of that Society, and of 
 the Academies of Metz, Cassel and Rome. 
 
 Translated from the Original not yet published, and the Version 
 accompanied with Notes and Illuftrations by Andrew Dalzel, M. A. 
 F. R. S. Edin. Professor of Greek and Principal Librarian in the 
 University of Edinburgh. Edinburgh, 1791. 
 
 This Translation was, with the Notes, translated into German 
 under the inspection of M. Heyne of Gottingen ; and published, 
 with a Preface, additional Notes, and a Dissertation written by 
 M. Heyne, at Leipsic, in 8vo. 
 
 II. TABLEAU de la PLAINE de TROYE : Accompagne d'une 
 
 CARTE levee geometriquement, en 1785 et 1.786. Par M. Che- 
 valier etc. 'Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Vol. III. 
 Edinburgh, 1794. Some Inscriptions only cited in the above 
 translation are here engraved. 
 *£*• In the same work, Vol. I. Part II. p. 43. is a Dissertation 
 to prove that Troy was ttet taken by the Greeks. By John Maclau- 
 rin, Efq. Advocate and F. R. S. Edinburgh. Read by the Author 
 Feb. 16, 1784. 
 
 III. Observations upon a Treatise, entitled A Description of the Plain 
 of Troy, by Monsieur le Chevalier. By Jacob 'Bryant. Eton. 
 
 *795- 
 
 IV. A 
 
( vi ) 
 
 IV. A Dissertation concerning the war of Troy, and the Expedition 
 of the Grecians, as described by Homer; shewing, that no such 
 Expedition was ever undertaken, and that no such City of Phrygia 
 existed. By Jacob Bryant. No date. Published in 1796. 
 
 V. A Letter to Jacob Bryant, Efq. concerning his Differtation on the 
 
 War of Troy. By Gilbert Wakefield, B. A. late Fellow of Jesus 
 College, Cambridge. London, 1797. 
 
 VL Constantinople, Ancient and Modern, with Excursions to the Shores 
 and Islands of the Archipelago and to the Troad. By James Dalla- 
 way, M. B. F. S. A. late Chaplain and Physician of the British 
 Embassy to the Porte. London, 1797. 
 
 VII. M. Chevalier's Tableau de la Plaine de Troye, illustrated 
 and confirmed, from the Observations of subsequent Travel- 
 lers, and others. By Andrew Dalzel, M. A. F. R. S. Edin. 
 Professor of Greek, and Secretary and Librarian in the University 
 of Edinburgh. Read Sept. 4, 1797. Transactions of the Royal 
 Society of Edinburgh. Vol. IV. Edinburgh, 1798. 
 
 *#* The Appendix, No. 1, contains Extracts from Professor Heyne's 
 Preface to the German Translation of M. Chevalier's Treatife, 
 No,,, II. Mr. Heyne's Note, additional to Mr. Dalzel's on. 
 Achtlles's Pursuit of Hector. II. xxii. 155. N. III. Essay on 
 the Topography of the Iliad. By Professor Heyne, ofGottingen, 
 Aulic Counsellor to his Britannic Majesty, etc. N. B. This Essay 
 is a republication, "with alterations, of a Paper entitled " De acie 
 Homerica et de oppugnatione castrorum a Trojanis facta. Com.- 
 mentatio recitata a C. G. Heyne, d. xm. Sept. 1783 ;" and printed 
 in " Commentationes Soc. Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensi.s, T. vi. 
 ad aim. 1783 et 1784. Gottingae, 1785." 
 
 vnr. a 
 
( vii ) 
 
 » 
 
 VIII. A Vindication of Homer, and of the ancient Poets and Historians 
 who have recorded the Siege and Fall of Troy. In answer to two 
 late Publications of Mr. Bryant. With a Map and Plates. By 
 I. B. S. Morritt, Esq. York, 1798. 
 
 IX. Some Observations upon the Vindication of Homer, and of the 
 ancient Poets and Historians, who have recorded the Siege and 
 Fall of Tkoy. Written by I. B. S. Morritt, Esq. By Jacob 
 Bryant. Eton. 1799. 
 
 X. A Review of Mr. I. B. S. Morritt' s Vindication of Homer. Pub- 
 
 bushed in the British Critick, Jan. ift and March ift ; also printed 
 separately; 1799. 
 
 XI. An Expostulation addressed to the British Critick. By Jacob 
 Bryant. Eton. 1799. 
 
 XII. At New Strelitz, M. C. G. Lenz has published " The Plain of 
 Troy, after Count Choiseul Gouffier and other Travellers ; to- 
 gether with a Treatise of Major Muller, of Gottingen, etc. with 
 Maps ;" which confirms and farther illustrates M. Chevalier's Geo- 
 graphy of the fite of Troy. New Annual Register for the Tear 1 799. 
 Foreign Literature, p. 291. 
 
 XIII.. Additional Remarks on the Topography of Troy, etc. as given 
 by Homer, Strabo, and the ancient Geographers ; in answer to 
 Mr. Bryant's last Publications. By I. B. S. Morritt, Esq. London. 
 1800. 
 
 XIV. Remarks and Observations on the Plain of Troy, made during 
 * an Excursion in June, 1799. By William Francklin, Captain in 
 the service of the East India Company, and Author of a Tour ta 
 Persia, etc. London. 1800. 
 
THE HISTORY 
 
 O F 
 
 ILIUM or TROY. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Introduction. 
 
 Page 
 
 I 
 
 • t CHAPTER I. 
 
 Of the early Inhabitants of the Troia. -----_-____ 5 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 Of the Kings before Priam. _--____-______ $ 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 I. Of King Priam. — II. Of Troy. — III. Of the dominions of Priam. — 
 IV. Of the Troia, in the time of Priam. — V. The rape of Helen. - 7 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 Of the Siege and taking of Troy. --------..-_ 12 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Of the Evidence and Credibility of the genuine Story. - - - - - 19 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Of the succession of .(Eneas and his posterity to the throne of Priam. - 28 
 
 CH A P T E R VII. 
 
 Of the j^olian colonists. --------------- 31 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 Tlic Troia invaded by the Ionians and Lydians. -------- 34 
 
 b2 CHAPTER 
 
xii CONTENT S. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Page 
 The war between the Athenians and Cohans about Sigeum and Achilleum. 35. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 Of the age of Homer. ----- -_----___- 39. 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 I. Occurrences under Darius. — II. Of a people called Teucri. - - - 1 
 
 CHAPTER XII 
 The Expedition of Xerxes. 
 
 I. Of his bridge over the Hellespont and canal behind Mount Athos. — 
 II. Of his arrival in the country of Ilium. — III. His departure, and pas- 
 sage into Europe. — IV. Remarks on Herodotus. — V. Protesilaus mal- 
 treated by Artayctes. — VI. The battle of Salamis. — VII. Sestos taken, 
 and Artayctes punished. - — -. - - - - - — -* — — .- — — — _„ 4A 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 To the Peloponnessictn War: 
 
 I. Of Pausanias and Themistocles. — II. Of Ilium. — III. Notice to the 
 Reader. --.--.--_.-_-_...__-__ . _ .. __ si 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 The first Peloponnesian War.. 
 
 I. Abydos and Sestos strong-holds of the contending parties. — IT. The 
 Peloponnesian fleet atEleus. — III. Sea-fight by Cynossema. — IV. Action ' 
 5 near 
 
C O N T E X T 9. xiii 
 
 Rage 
 
 near Dai-danus, battle of Abydos, and destruction of the Peloponnesiaii 
 
 fleet. — V. Destruction of the Athenian fleet and end of the war. - - 53 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 The second Peloponnesian War. 
 
 I. Passage of the Cyreian Greeks through the Troia. — II. The Troia 
 under the Pei'sians. — III. Recovered for the Lacedaemonians. — IV. Am- 
 bush of the Athenians near Abydos.. — V. End of the war. - - - - 58 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 L. Conduct of Charidemus Orites. — II. Of his taking Ilium by stratagem. 
 — III. Adventure of /Eschines at Ilium. -_-----.-- G4 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 Alexander the Great. 
 
 I. His descent. — II. He invades Asia. — III. Visits Ilium and the tombs of 
 the heroes. — IV. His departure, and kindness to the Means. — V. His 
 regard for Homer, and imitations of Achilles. -------- &g 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 Of the Troia under the Successors of Alexander. 
 
 I. Of Ilium and Alexandra Troas.— II. Of Scepsis. — III. Of Chrysa. 
 — IV. Of the barrow of Ilus.— V. Of a plain on Lectos.— VI. Of the. 
 arrival of Antiochus the first at Ilium. ---------- 73 
 
 CHAPTER 
 
Kiv CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 Events under King Attains. 
 
 V ' Page 
 
 I. The Troia invaded by King Philip. — II. Of the Gauls. — III. Piemoval 
 of the Gergithans by Attains. ------------- 79 
 
 C II A P T E R XX. 
 The descent of the Romans from the Trojans. .--'-----.- 81 
 
 niAPTE R XXI. 
 
 The Establishment of the Roman Empire in Asia. 
 
 I. Invasion of Europe by Antiochus the Great. — II. Arrival of the Roman 
 admiral in the Hellespont. — III. Antiochus invaded by the Romans. — 
 IV. Interview of the Romans and Ilieans. — V. Regard of the Romans 
 for Ilium. ------, _-^L_ /__---»__ 85 
 
 C IT A P T E R XXII. 
 
 I. Of the identity of Ilium and Troy. — II. Mr. Brvant cited. — III. Claim 
 and pleas of the Ili6aris. — IV. The origin of their city.'— V. Of the 
 offering sent by the Locrians to their Minerva. — VI. Of their Palladium. 
 — VII. Appeal to Homer. --------------89 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 Of the Troia under the Roman Republic. 
 
 I. Allotment of the country by the Decemvirs. — II. Interposition of the 
 Means in behalf of the Lycians. — III. Sibylline verses enquired for at 
 
 Ilium. — • 
 
CONTENTS. xv 
 
 PagQ 
 Ilium. — IV. Minerva of Ilium and Venus of Alexandria allies of the 
 Romans. — V. Treatment of Ilium, by Fimbria. — VI. And by Sylla. — 
 VII. Condition of the Tenedians. ---------- - 99 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 The Julian Family. 
 
 I. Of Ilium under Julius Caesar. — II. Augustus Caesar. — III. Tiberius 
 Caesar. — IV. Tiberius Claudius Csesar. — V. Nero Caesar.— VI. End 
 of the Julian family. — VII. Decline of Ilium. — VIII. The claim of 
 the Romans to Trojan descent continued. ---------- 105 
 
 CHAPTER XXV. 
 Of Ilium and the Troia in the time of Strabo. -"- - - - - .- - 116 
 
 CHAPTER XXVI. 
 
 Mention of the Troia, 
 I. By Cornelius Severus. — II. By Lucan. — - - - -32i 
 
 CHAPTER XXVII. 
 Extracts from Pliny the Elder. - - - - - - - - !-■> 
 
 CHAPTER XXVIII. 
 
 I. Notices from Dio Chrysostom — II. Lucian — III. Pausanias. — IV. 
 /Elian.— -V. Maximus Tyrius.— VI. Flavius Philostratus. - - - - 128 
 
 CHAPTER 
 
xvl CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER XXIX. 
 TJie life of Apollonius of Tnana. 
 
 Page 
 I. He passes the night at the barrow of Achilles. — II. Discovers the barrow 
 and image of Palamcdes. — III. His interview with Achilles. - - - 132 
 
 CHAPTER XXX. 
 
 The Heroics of Philostrahis. 
 
 I. Of the Vineyard, Barrow, Temple and Image of Protesilaus. — II. The 
 Vine-dresser. — -III. Of the island Leuce, and the barrow of Achilles 
 and Patroclus. — IV. Stories of the plain of Ilium. — V. Of Hector. — 
 VI. Of Ajax Telamon. — VIL Plutarch cited. 139 
 
 CHAPTER XXXI. 
 
 The Emperor Caracalla. 
 
 I. He visits Ilium. — II. His extravagances there. — III. Of a statue of 
 Achilles at Sigeum. .---.--,.....-__ 143 
 
 CHAPTER XXXII. 
 
 The Emperor G alien. 
 T. The Trbia ravaged by the Goths. — II, The medals of Ilium. - - - 150 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIII. 
 
 Constantine the Great. 
 
 I. A sea-fight in the Hellespont. — II. His design to build New Rome in 
 
 the 
 
CONTENTS. xvii 
 
 Page 
 the Troia. — III. Account given of it by Sozomenus. — IV. By Zozimus 
 
 and Zonaras. — V. Its improbability. ----------- 152 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIV. 
 
 The Emperor Julian. . 
 
 I. Of the Troia and Chersonesus. — II. Privileges of the Ilieans.. — III. Of 
 Minerva of Ilium. ------_____.___. 155 
 
 CHAPTER XXXV. 
 
 I. The progress of Christianity. — II. The condition of the country. — • 
 III. The Chersonesus fortified and Choirodocastron erected by Justinian. 
 1— IV. Approaching change in the Troia. ----._-__ 157 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVI. 
 
 Invasion of the Troia and Chersonesus by the Turks. 
 I. Abydos betrayed. — II. They surprize Choirodocastron. - - - - 160 
 
 • CHAPTER XXXVII. 
 Of the Strait of the Hellespont- 
 
 I. Importance of its command under Mahomet the first. — II. Under Amu- 
 
 ' rath the second. — III. Under Mahomet the second. ------ 162 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVIII. 
 I. Of a letter from Mahomet the second to the Pope. — II. Of the Castles 
 of the Strait of the Hellespont. — III. Of the Castles at the Mouth. - J64 
 
 Conclusion. _--------.--------»- 166 
 
 c 
 
CORRECTIONS. 
 
 Page 
 
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 read £\ 435. 
 
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 16 
 
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 58 
 
 18 
 
 the people 
 
 74 
 
 22 
 
 — — country as 
 
 93 
 
 penult. 
 
 6oo 
 
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 _— Chevalier 
 
 108 
 
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 •— Halicarnassus 
 
 128 
 
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 *7. 
 
 Turks, and 
 
 :i66 
 
 ■if. 
 
 Wheler 
 
 T II E 
 
THE 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 O F 
 
 ILIUM or TROY. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 J.N the work now submitted to the public, mention will fre- 
 quently be made of an antient author and critic, who has been 
 stiled by M. Chevalier, not more contemptuously and arrogantly 
 than ignorantly, one Demetrius ; and who has experienced nearly 
 equal incivility from some of his followers. This person, a native 
 of Scepsis, no mean city of Mount Ida, was contemporary with 
 Crates and Aristarchus '. He was rich and well born, or, in mo- 
 dern phrase, a man of family. He was a great philologist and 
 grammarian ; of high reputation for learning ; and especially 
 noted for his study of Homer, and his topographical commen- 
 taries on the Ilias. He was not a common obscure individual. 
 He was indeed one Demetrius, but of a class very different from 
 that to which M. Chevalier would reduce him. He was one of 
 the twenty on record, who had conferred lustre on his name \ 
 
 » Stnbo, p. Top, 603. 3 Diogenes Laertius, l.v. § 84. 
 
 B Demetrius, 
 
2 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 Demetrius, in a volume entitled The Array of the Trojan Army\ 
 consisting of thirty books % discussed the extent of the kingdom 
 of Priam, to which the Scepsian territory had belonged, and de- 
 scribed the people and cities subject to him. My design lies in 
 a much smaller compass ; respecting chiefly the heart and vitals 
 of his empire, the seat of government, and its vicinity ; but, as 
 this is intimately connected with the parts adjacent, will comprize 
 a portion of the surrounding country. 
 
 Avoiding the question concerning the limits of the Tibia or 
 Troas, about which authors have varied 3 , I shall follow the very 
 antient geographer Scylax of Caryanda, who makes it, as Strabo 
 has observed \ commence at Abydos ; and, in Asia, shall confine 
 my researches to the district, of which the coast, beginning at 
 the junction of the Propontis with the Hellespont, reaches to Cape 
 Lectos ; including the region of Mount Ida connected with it, 
 serving as it were for a back-ground to the landscape as beheld 
 from the sea ; and also some places situate on the opposite side : 
 in Europe, to the corresponding coast of the Chersonesus of 
 Thrace, ending in the promontory where die Hellespont falls into 
 the jEgcean. I shall not enter at present on the local detail, but, 
 referring the reader to the annexed map of the country, proceed 
 with its history. 
 
 1 T55.V110; iiaanT^oi. * Strabo, p. 609. 3 Strabo, p-574. * P- 5$3- 
 
 CHAPTER 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 3 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Of the early Inhabitants of the Tr'dia. 
 
 J. HE Samothracians, a people reputed not of alien extraction, 
 but Aborigines, whose island, in Homer called Samos, is in 
 view of the Troia, related, that the Pontic Sea had been once a 
 vast pool of standing water ; which, swollen by rivers running 
 into it, first overflowed to the Cyaneae, two rocks of the Thracian 
 Bosphorus ; and afterwards, forcing a way and flooding the cham- 
 pain country, formed the sea called the Hellespont 1 . 
 
 The Trbia, if not occupied by an aboriginal race of men, 
 like the Samothracian, connate and coeval with the soil, has 
 been, in a remote age, without inhabitants. If it derived its 
 population from the East, and more immediately from the region 
 called afterwards The Greater Phrygia, which has been surmised, 
 some tramontane adventurers may have looked down on it from 
 the heights of Mount Ida, and beheld it a rude uncultivated 
 desert. In the place of the Hellespont may then have been an 
 inconsiderable stream, a marsh, or,- perhaps, dry ground. If 
 it was peopled before the inundation from the Pontus, those who 
 escaped, when it happened, must, as in Samothrace, have fled 
 for refuge to the mountains. 
 
 Plato has been cited \ as having remarked, that, for some time 
 after the early deluges, of which a memory was preserved by 
 
 1 Diodorus Siculus, J. 5. ■ Strabo, p. 59a. 
 
 B 2 tradition 
 
4 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 tradition in other places besides Samothrace, only the summits of 
 the mountains were inhabited, the waters as yet spreading over 
 the level ground ; that men descended first to the bottom of the 
 hills ; then into the plains, where dry ; and thus, by degrees,, 
 reached the sea-shore and the islands ; and that improvement in.. 
 disposition, manners, and mode of living, accompanied, in some 
 measure, their changes of situation, until from wild, rustic, 
 without laws, they became social, civilized, and well regulated. 
 The Samothracians also related, that Dardanus passed over from 
 their island, his birth-place, in a boat, to the continent of Asia, 
 and settled in the Trbia. Whether before his arrival in the 
 country, then nameless, the tops of Ida were inhabited by a 
 native race dwelling in caverns, without ploughing or sowing, 
 in distinct families, governed each by its head, and without senate 
 or laws, like the Cyclopes of Homer ', who have been cited 
 as an example to illustrate the Platonic doctrine of a progressive 
 descent from the mountains, we are not told ; but we find, in the 
 time of Dardanus, a community or society existing, for which 
 he founded his city Dardania, when, according to ^Eneas, in 
 Homer 1 , the people still lived at the bottom of Mount Ida, and 
 as yet there was no city, no Ilium, in the plain. 
 
 1 Odyssey, /. 109. * II. v. 216. 
 
 CHAPTER 
 
ILIUM ORTROY. 5 
 
 CHAPTER IL 
 
 Of the Kings before Priam. 
 
 JL HE history of the Trbia, commencing in the most remote 
 antiquity, is in the earlier part, as might he expected, enwrapped 
 in obscurity, and intermixed with table. 
 
 Dardanus is mentioned by Homer as a son of Jupiter. The 
 Samothracian Mysteries were said to have been introduced by 
 him into the Tibia '. He espoused, according to some writers, 
 Batieia, called also Asia and Arisbe 1 , daughter of Teucer, a 
 descendant of the first King Cynthius, and son of Scamander and 
 Ida. But Homer has taken no notice of this King Teucer, or 
 of any dynasty before Dardanus. 
 
 Erichthonius, who succeeded his father Dardanus, was, we 
 are told by JLneas, in the Ilias \ the richest of mortal men, and 
 had three thousand horses, the mares, with colts or fillies, feeding 
 in the marsh. This may be supposed a remain of the inundation 
 or deluge. 
 
 Tros *, son of Erichthonius, and King of the Trojans, had 
 three sons, Ilus his successor, Assaracus, and Ganymedes, whose 
 story is fabulous. 
 
 Ilus was the first who ventured to descend from Mount Ida, 
 and to settle between it and the sea ; not, it has been remarked s , 
 
 1 See Strabo, Excerpta, 1. 7, p. 331. z Stephamu Byzant. in Apio-/?>i. 
 
 3 v. 220. * 1/. 230, s Strabo, p. 593. 
 
 with 
 
<5 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 with perfect confidence in this change of situation, since he 
 cautiously founded Troy or Iiium (Homer uses both appella- 
 tions), at a distance from the shore. Tantalus and his son Pelops, 
 ancestors of Agamemnon, with whom the Grecian chronology 
 of Homer commences ', were driven by him out of Asia. His 
 barrow is mentioned in the Ilias as remaining in the plain before 
 the city. 
 
 Laomedon succeeded his father Ilus. In his time, Helle, 
 flying, with her brother Phryxus, from Greece, is said to have 
 fallen into the water between the Chersonesus of Thrace and 
 Sigeum % which occasioned the changing of the name Pontus 
 into Hellespontus, the Sea of Helle '. 
 
 It is an extraordinary tale which Neptune relates in the Ilias ; 
 that he and Apollo, coming from Jupiter, were hired for a year 
 by Laomedon.; and employed, he in building the city and wall, 
 his fellow-servant as an herdsman on Mount Ida. I refer to the 
 poem * for the injustice and bad usage which they experienced ; 
 and in consequence of which the Trbia was afflicted with 
 various calamities. Neptune, in particular, sent a monster, called 
 Cetus, which, issuing from the sea and doing a great deal of 
 mischief, occasioned the -consulting of an Oracle. They were 
 directed to offer a damsel to it ; and Hesione, daughter of Lao- 
 medon, on whom the lot fell, was exposed, chained on the 
 
 1 Mitford's History of Greece, v. I. p. i6j. 
 
 * Apollodoms, by Gale, 1. r, p. 36;, » Diodorus Siculus. 1. 4, c. 3. 
 
 * ]]. <p'. 444. 
 
 shore, 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 7 
 
 shore, near the mouth of the Hellespont, where, the Argonauts 
 arriving most opportunely, her delivery was undertaken by Her- 
 cules. A high wall or rampart is mentioned in Homer', as 
 having been thrown up by the Trojans and Minerva for him to 
 fly to, if he should be pursued from the sea-shore toward the 
 plain. He killed the Cctus with his arrows; and, on his return 
 from Cojchis, sent Iphicles and Telamon to demand the promised 
 recompense, which was refused. . He then, on account of the 
 horses of Laomedon, as the poet relates, came against Ilium, 
 and, with only six ships and an inferior force, laid the city waste, 
 and made the streets desert 2 . Laomedon, with three of his 
 sons, perished in the contest, and Hesione was bestowed by the 
 conqueror on Telamon. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 I. Of King Priam. — II. Of Troy. — III. Of the dominions of 
 Priam. — IV. Of the Tr'oia, in the time of Priam. — V. The 
 rape of Helen. 
 
 I . iRIAM, who succeeded his father Laomedon, had Jupiter 
 for his ancestor in the sixth degree ; and it has been observed, 
 that Homer, who reckons time by genealogies, was unable to 
 trace the pedigree of any other family beyond the fourth genera- 
 tion upwards ; when, or before, his heroes " all end in a god, a 
 
 J v'. 145. 2 1'. 64c 6^1. 
 
 river, 
 
3 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 liver, or some unaccountable personage *" He was a warrior, 
 and joined the army of the Phrygians as an ally, when they were 
 invaded by the Amazons*. His queen, Hecuba, was a native 
 of their country, daughter of Dymas 3 ; not, as in Virgil, of Cis- 
 seus. He had fifty sons, nineteen by her, and the remainder by 
 other women ; for he had many \ He lived in a patriarchal 
 stile, as well as age, surrounded by his family. His palace, 
 which had a vestibule and portico, was, such as he needed, an 
 ample edifice ; furnishing apartments for all his sons, and for his 
 twelve daughters, and their wives and husbands s . It was in the 
 .citadel, where also was the temple of Minerva, of which the 
 priestess was Thea.no, wife of Antenor, who, and not Hecuba, 
 • was a Thracian, and daughter of Cisseus s . 
 
 II. Troy, the capital of Priam, an inconsiderable place, it 
 should seem, when assailed by Hercules, recovered under him 
 from the damage it had then sustained, and became famous for 
 its riches ; for plenty of brass and gold 7 . Homer has bestowed 
 epithets of encomium' on the buildings, and on the wall with 
 which it was fortified. Its site was a rising ground in the plain, 
 amid morasses, occasioned, if not by the deluge of Plato, by 
 torrents descending from Mount Ida after showers, or the melting 
 of snow on the summits ; the rivers beneath being liable to over- 
 flow ; and new land continually accruing from the mud and slime 
 
 1 Mitford's History, v. I. p. 160, 165. z II. y. 184. ' f. 299. v'. 718. 
 
 * <p'. 88. «,'. 495. 5 f, 24s. 6 £'. 296. x'. 224. 1. 70. 
 
 1 i. 402. a. 289. 
 
 mixed 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 9 
 
 mixed with their waters, when turbid. Two of these streams arc 
 of great renown. They were supposed to be presided over by 
 the local deities whose names they bore ; Simois, a son of Jupiter, 
 and his brother, " whom the gods call Xanthus, but men Sca- 
 mandcr," says Homer ', opposing, it has been surmised by a 
 learned "writer, the Greek appellation Xanthus to the Phrygian, 
 or one in more common use taken from the dialect, whatever it 
 had been before, of the country ; an hypothesis which I shall 
 not apply to other similar instances of double names occurring in 
 the poet, as happily my subject does not require the discussion or 
 solution of his enigmas. The prevailing, if not the sole, lan- 
 guage of Troy was, as may be inferred from him, the same as in 
 Greece. Hector and Achilles, not to cite more examples, under- 
 stand each other in the Uias ; nor can it be supposed that Paris 
 wooed Helen through the medium of an interpreter. The re- 
 ligion also was the same. Jupiter, Apollo, Venus, Mars, and 
 Vulcan, are mentioned, besides Minerva, as worshipped there; 
 and these, with various other circumstances, concur in favour of 
 an antient opinion, that remotely a connection had subsisted 
 between the two people ; which, indeed, might well have been, 
 since their mutual distance was not more than a vessel could sail, 
 with a fair wind, in a few days; for Achilles, in the Ilias, says, 
 that he might arrive at Phthia, which was in Thessaly, on the 
 third day after his departure from before Troy * ; and Diomed, 
 on his return home, after stopping at Tcncdos and Lesbos, on the 
 
 ' I). v'. 74. '* •'•3$3- 
 
 C fourth 
 
10 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 fourth day came to Argos \ The Peloponnesian war will furnish 
 an instance of a voyage from the Hellespont performed with yet 
 greater expedition. 
 
 III. The dominions of Priam, who from little became great 
 and a king of kings 2 , comprised the whole of the country lying 
 within the island of Lesbos, Phrygia, and- the Hellespont 3 ; and 
 were divided into eight or nine dynasties *. Of the portion 
 within our limits, the mountain-side and the tract beneath Ida, 
 toward the sea, constituted Dardania s ; in which was the city 
 Dardanus or Dardania, possessed by the Dardani or Dardanii. 
 Troy or Ilium belonged to the Troes or Trojans. The other 
 places noticed in the Ilias arc, in Asia, Abydos, Thymbra, 
 Scepsis, and Tenedos ; which island had been recently peopled 
 by Tennes 6 , from whom it was named ; the son, according to 
 some, of Cygnus, a Thracian by descent, and King of Colon^e, 
 on the opposite continent of Asia. The Thracians of the Cher- 
 sonesus are distinguished by the poet as dwellers on the Hel- 
 lespont 7 , and Sestos is joined with Abydos and Arisbe, which 
 last, from an epithet 8 bestowed on it, is supposed to have been 
 the principal city of that jurisdiction 9 . 
 
 IV. The Trbia seems, in the time of Priam, to have been 
 inhabited chiefly by villagers, who cultivated the soil ; or by 
 peasants, who were dispersed over the country, attending cattle 
 
 ' Odyssey, y'. I. 3 . * Strabo, p. $96, p. 574. 3 n. „.. 545 . 
 
 * Strab», p. 582. s P. ^85. 
 
 6 See the story of Tennes in Strabo and Pausanias. 1 P. 586. 
 
 * in, nolle. » Strabo, p. 591. 
 
 in 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 11 
 
 in the plains and on Mount Ida. In Asia, as well as Greece, 
 the sons of the' most exalted personages were then commonly 
 employed in keeping flocks and herds ; which constituted a large 
 portion of the opulence, if not the entire revenue, of their 
 fathers. This had heen the occupation of Anchises and ./Eneas. 
 The mares of Priam fed in the pastures of Abydos, under the 
 care of his son Democoon ' ; and his oxen, to omit other in- 
 stances, under that of Alexander or Paris, on Mount Ida. 
 
 V. If, according to old tradition 1 , iron-ore was first dis- 
 covered and manufactured by dwellers on Mount Ida, the 
 Phoenicians, it is likely, frequented the Tibia, even before 
 Priam, to traffic for the metal while it was rare. They are men- 
 tioned by Homer 3 as resorting to the ports of Lemnos, with the 
 pretious merchandise of Sidon. A large silver bowl belonging to 
 Achilles, which the poet describes as of incomparable beauty, 
 had been a present from some of them to the king of that 
 island ; and Queen Hecuba possessed store of robes embroidered 
 by Sidonian women ", and procured for her by Alexander or 
 Paris, her son ; whose return from his voyage was made memo- 
 rable by another article of importation which had better been 
 omitted. This was Helen, wife of Menelaus, King of Sparta ; 
 to recover whom and the treasures with which she had eloped 
 was the object of the famous confederacy of Grecian princes 
 under Agamemnon, brother of the injured husband. 
 
 • 11. J\ 499. 
 
 a Diodorus Siculus, 1. xvn. c. I. 
 
 3 V. 74S- 
 
 4 £'. 390. 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 C2 
 
 CHAPTER 
 
12 T II E II I S T O R Y O F 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Of the Siege and taking of Troy. 
 
 X HE maritime expeditions and exploits of the Greeks had, 
 excepting that of the Argonauts, been hitherto confined to tiie 
 landing on some, not distant, territory, and the bringing back of 
 corn, cattle, and other booty, with captives to be retained or 
 sold as slaves. An union of their numerous petty states now en- 
 abled them to assemble a great naval armament. This, however, 
 did not venture to cross the iEgoean, but advanced slowly, 
 rowing or sailing by the continent of Europe, toward the Helles- 
 pont. It was even said that Agamemnon, on his arrival, after a 
 tedious voyage, in Asia, had, from ignorance of the country, 
 mistaken and laid waste Mysia for the Troas \ 
 
 The possession of the sea-coast before Troy or Ilium was not 
 obtained by the Greeks without opposition. Protesilaus, leader 
 of the Thessalians, who, by much the foremost of the Achaean?, 
 leaped on shore from his vessel, was killed by a Dardanian \ 
 His funeral, about which Homer is silent, was solemnised, as 
 other antient authors agree, on the opposite side of the Helles- 
 pont, in the Chersonesus of Thrace; where afterwards he attained 
 to very great celebrity, and ranked high in the class of divinities 
 stiled The Heroes. 
 
 1 Strabo, p. 10, v. Comment. * II. £'. 702. 
 
 Troy 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 13 
 
 Troy was a fenced city, at a distance from the sea, by which 
 the Greeks encamped. It was not invested bv tliem, but, the 
 communication inland continuing open, was supplied with corn, 
 wine, and all other necessaries from the adjacent country. More- 
 over, the Trojan Elders advised Priam to protract the war, and 
 let the enemy waste away, until, baffled and weary, they should 
 depart of their own accord. On the other hand, it had been 
 foretold to the Greeks, that the Destinies, who were much em- 
 ployed about Troy, would not permit their taking of the city 
 before the tenth year ' ; and, respecting the prophesy, they lin- 
 gered on in expectation of the fated a?ra. 
 
 Homer has made us acquainted with some of the transactions, 
 which happened during this interval. Agamemnon thrice as- 
 sailed the city-wall with the flower of the army ~ ; and Helen 
 was employed in weaving a large web representing the many 
 labours sustained by die Greeks and Trojans fighting on her acj 
 count \ Achilles took and destroyed twelve cities with his ships, 
 and eleven in the Troia \ He pursued /Eneas, coming on him 
 unawares when alone with his oxen, across Mount Ida s . He 
 killed, to omit Iris other exploits, many brave sons of Priam, or 
 sold them for captives beyond sea, in distant islands, and in 
 Samos, Imbros, and Lemnos 6 , 
 
 1 £'• 3"-9- * I'- 435» ' y'- 127- 4 »'. 331* 
 
 * v. 91, 390. ' x '. 44 j „'. 753. 
 
 The 
 
14, THE HISTORY OF 
 
 The Ilias commences soon after the expiration of the ninth 
 year of the sojourn of the Greeks before the city \ and in the 
 twentieth from the arrival there of Helen % about the time when 
 the accomplishment of the prophesy, big with the fate of Troy, 
 was looked for by the invaders. Priam had prepared for his de- 
 fence, and the auxiliary troops furnished by his allies were already 
 come, or on the road, to join his army under Hector. 
 
 Achilles, having laid, waste Lyrnessus and Thebe, two cities 
 of the Cilices, returned to the camp. In the division of the 
 booty, Briseis, who had seen her husband slain by him before 
 Lyrnessus, fell to his share ; and to that of Agamemnon, Chry- 
 seis, daughter of the priest of Apollo of Chrysa 3 , whom he 
 took at Thebe, where he slew Eetion, one of their kings * and 
 father of Andromache, wife of Hector \ Chryses, father of 
 Chryseis, followed and desired to redeem her ; but Agamemnon 
 refused to let her go with him. A malady which ensued and 
 sorely afflicted the army was ascribed to the anger of Apollo. 
 He was then prevailed on to restore the lady, and she was con- 
 ducted back to Chrysa ; but he required, as an indemnification, 
 the surrender of Briseis by Achilles, whose wrath on the occasion 
 is the subject of the Ilias. 
 
 Agamemnon, inspired with confidence by the prophesy that 
 Troy would be taken in the tenth year, determined, though 
 
 1 e- *95- 
 
 > if. 765. 
 
 ' $,'. 690; t'. 296.] 
 
 Stribo, p. 585, 612. 
 
 5 U. f. 416. 
 
 Achilles 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 15 
 
 Achilles remained sullen at his quarters, to advance against the 
 city. He was met by Hector ; and, after a battle, it was deemed 
 expedient to fortify the camp. Hector finally succeeded in his 
 efforts to enter the intrenchment. He set fire to the ship in which 
 Protesilaus had come. Achilles then sent his Myrmidons to repel 
 the enemy. Patroclus, who commanded them, pursuing Hector, 
 was killed by him before Troy. The next day, Hector was slain 
 near the Seaman gate by Achilles. The Ilias finishes with the 
 funeral of Patroclus and of Hector, whose body was redeemed 
 by Priam. 
 
 Homer has not left us wholly uninformed of subsequent 
 events ; but he has only touched on some particulars, and many 
 are entirely omitted ; it not suiting with the design of either of 
 his works to dwell on them more fully ; to relate them by antici- 
 pation in the Ilias, or to insert them in episodes of the Odyssey. 
 The remaining story or portions of it employed the genius of 
 various poets after him ; some of great antiquity ' ; and of one, 
 the author of The Sequel of the Ilias 1 , yet extant in Greek, who 
 seems to have compiled from all his predecessors, and whom, his 
 name and age not being hitherto ascertained, I conjecture to have 
 been Macer, the tutor of Ovid, and companion of his travels 3 . 
 
 1 See Fabrctli ad Tabellam Iliadis. 2 See Bayle. Calaler. 
 
 3 Tu canis oeterno quicquid restabat Homero, 
 
 Nc careant summa Troica bella manu. Epist. ex Ponto, 1, ii. x, 
 
 I shall 
 
16 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 I shall relate very succinctly the principal incidents said to have 
 followed the death of Hector. 
 
 The army of Priam again went forth to battle, having been 
 joined by a troop of Amazons, who were all slain, Penthcsilea 
 their leader by Achilles. 
 
 Memnon, King of the Ethiopians, is mentioned in the 
 Odyssey 1 . He was the reputed son of the goddess Aurora, by 
 Tithonus, brother of Priam, to whose assistance he came. He 
 slew Antilochus, son of Nestor; and wounded Achilles, with 
 whom he fought, in the arm, but was conquered by him. 
 Achilles then eagerly pursued the enemy flying. toward the city; 
 was pierced with an arrow in his ancle by Paris and Apollo ; and 
 fell, as is foretold to him by Hector and Patroclus in the Ilias *, 
 near the Scacan gate, under the wall of Troy. Aurora and 
 Thetis have been represented mourning, each of them, like a 
 mortal mother, for the loss of her son. 
 
 After the funeral of Achilles, which is described in the 
 Odyssey 3 , games were celebrated by the barrow, and, at their 
 conclusion, his armour was produced and placed in the circle; 
 to be given to him who held the next rank in person and achieve- 
 ments. Ulysses obtained the prize ; and Ajax Telamon, on his 
 disappointment, was said to have put an end to his life with the 
 swerd presented to him by Hector after their single combat related 
 in the Ilias. 
 
 1 5'. * X' 36o; V. 81. 3 v. v'. 549. 
 
 The 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 17 
 
 The successor of Achilles was his son Fyrrhus or Neoptolemns, 
 of whom mention is made in the Ilias and the Odyssey. Ulyssefe 
 and Diomed were sent to bring him to the camp, from the island 
 of Scyros. He slew Eurypylus son of. Telephus King of 
 Mysia, and a nephew of Priam, who had come with succours to 
 Troy. 
 
 The same chieftains prevailed on Philoctetes, a leader skilled 
 in archery, to return with them to the camp from the island of 
 Lemnos ; where, suffering from the poison of an aquatic viper, 
 as Homer has related in the Ilias ', he had been left by the 
 Greeks, who, it is added, were soon about to think of him again. 
 In a battle he wounded Paris with an arrow ; and, he dying, 
 the widow Helen presently became the wife of Deiphobus his 
 brother ; when Helenus, another of the sons of Priam, leaving 
 Troy in disgust, gave information to the Greeks that they could 
 not take the city without having first conveyed away the Palla- 
 dium or image of Minerva from the temple of the Goddess there. 
 Ulysses and Diomed succeeded in this enterprize. 
 
 Ulysses afterwards devised the famous stratagem of the 
 wooden horse, of which mention is made in the Odyssey; 
 and was, with Diomed, among the adventurers in it. Aga- 
 memnon departed with the army to Tencdos. The Trojans 
 conveyed the fatal machine into their city, being deceived by 
 
 ■ p. 725. 
 
 D the 
 
IS THE HISTORY OF 
 
 the tale of Sinpn ; who, when all, wearied with festivity, were 
 aileep, raised on high a flaming torch or fire-brand, the signal 
 for the fleet to return. The concealed warriors, coming forth 
 from their ambush, set fire to the city ; and their countrymen 
 on reaching the shore hastened to join them in completing its 
 destruction by massacre and pillage. 
 
 The general consent of antient Greece testified, that the 
 sacking of Troy happened a little before the Summer solstice, 
 in the year which chronologers have found to coincide with 
 1184 before the Christian a?ra ; and in the Attic month Thar- 
 gelion. The day, which is not so well agreed on, was, ac~ 
 cording to some old authors and the Parian marble, the twenty- 
 fourth. Scaliger makes it the twenty-second of June, as we 
 reckon \ 
 
 1 De Emcr.dat. temp. 1. y, 
 
 CHAPTER 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 19 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Of the Evidence and Credibility of the genuine Story. 
 
 1 HE Greeks were solicitous to render the memory of an 
 achievement, which continued for many centuries the most re- 
 markable of any in their history, perpetual. They represented 
 the various incidents on their public monuments and edifices in 
 marble, on their gems, and drinking-cups. It was the favourite 
 subject of their poets, painters, and sculptors. Several of their 
 antient temples were rich in spoils of Troy ; and some exhibited, 
 for ages, tools, which bad been employed in the siege ; weapons, 
 and armour of the warriors, which had been suspended as votive 
 offerings on the walls, or reposited in their treasuries ; and the 
 real or pretended relics of some of the chieftains, who had been 
 present, were prized like those of modern saints ; far-distant cities 
 making a boast of having them in their possession. 
 
 The Ilias was generally received, both in Europe and Asia, as an 
 indisputable record. Its testimony was confirmed by the annals 
 and traditions of all the nations engaged in the war on either side ; 
 which jointly and separately demonstrated its main narrative not 
 to be fiction or romance. Moreover, the posterities of several of 
 the kings and princes mentioned by Homer remained, and were 
 acknowleged as such for many successive generations. Another 
 
 D 2 Ilium 
 
20 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 Ilium arose ii\ tlic Troia, to preserve the name and memory of 
 that which had been destroyed. The port principally used by 
 the ships' under Agamemnon continued, after their departure, to- 
 be called that of The Achaans ; and the stations of the vessels of 
 Achilles and Ajax Tclamon were pointed out for ages ; be- 
 sides barrows, ruined cities, and other remaining evidences of the 
 transaction. The knowlege of the principal events of the war 
 and of its consequences would have been propagated and trans- 
 mitted down both in Asia and Europe, though not to the same 
 extent or with equal celebrity, if the Ilias and Odyssey had never. 
 b?en composed. 
 
 Many Greeks and Trojans perished, fighting in the plain, in 
 storming or defending the outwork of the camp or the city-wall. 
 It was the usage of each people to consume the bodies with fire ; 
 but, while one heap of wood sufficed for the vulgar dead, and 
 one pit received their ashes, a separate funeral, solemn and ex- 
 pensive ceremonies, a vast pile blazing across the Hellespont, and 
 a barrow with a stela or stone-pillar on it, distinguished the fallen 
 chief. 
 
 The Greeks celebrated the obsequies of their slain, after the 
 establishment of their camp, apart from it ; those of the leaders 
 generally near their quarters or on the shore of the Hellespont. 
 There, Nestor tells Tclemachus in the Odyssey ', lay Patroclus 
 and Achilles, Ajax Tclamon, and his own son Antilochus. 
 
 5 y. 108. 
 
 There 
 
ITTUM OR TROY. 21 
 
 There also lay other renowned warriors, whose monuments, 
 though we find little or no notice taken of them in remaining 
 authors, may have continued extant, and been distinguished in 
 after ages by antiquaries and the people of the countrv. 
 
 The riles of the dead, as established by antient usage, inspired' 
 a reverence for places of sepulture, and prevented the memory of 
 their owners, whose names were frequently inscribed on the pillars 
 fixed in the ground over them, from falling suddenly into oblivion. 
 Libations of milk, wine, honey, and the like, were poured on 
 the sod or surface of the barrows; and other offerings were 
 made, supposed to be grateful to the ghosts; which were believed 
 to reside beneath, and to visit the altars placed near them. The 
 heroes accounted Demigods had temples, at which victims were 
 slain before their idols. We shall find several of the barrows de- 
 nominated long after from the warriors whose relics they covered ; 
 and giving names to settlements made near them, and maintained 
 in good measure by the re. ort of people attending the anniversa- 
 ries and festivals held at them, or casually visiting diem from 
 curiosity or from devotion. That of Achilles and Patroclus was 
 called from the former, as the more excellent and illustrious ' of 
 the two, Achilleion ; that of Aiax, /Eantion ; and so on with 
 others. Those of Protcsilaus, Hector, and Memriou the rival of 
 Achilles in posthumous fame and fable, were planted with tree*. 
 to protect them from cattle and from the sun. 
 
 1 F;ibretti.. 
 
 The 
 
22 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 The divine honours of Achilles were said to have commenced, 
 before the departure of the Greeks from the Hellespont, with the 
 horrid sacrifice of Polyxena, a captive daughter of Priam. Pyr- 
 rhus, in the Sequel of the Ilias, declares, that he had seen his 
 father in a vision, and that he required this offering. He is de- 
 scribed as holding the victim with his left hand, placing his right 
 oh the barrow, and praying to Achilles, that the storm raised by 
 him, to detain them until his Manes should be gratified, might 
 cease. Pyrrhus afterwards settled a colony in Epirus, where a 
 dynasty or series of kings were named from him Pyrrhida?, and 
 where Achilles was worshipped under the title of Aspetos, The 
 Inimitable \ 
 
 The homage paid to Achilles and Patroclus, to Hector, to Ajax 
 Tclamon, Antilochus and Protcsilaus, at their barrows, by the 
 circumjacent people of the Troia and Chersonesus, was, at what 
 time soever it began, of long duration ; and, as will appear in the 
 sequel, transmitted down from age to age, until it was finally ex- 
 tinguished by the establishment of Christianity' in the Roman Em- 
 pire. A native or a traveller in these countries, before that period, 
 seeing the barrows remaining, and ftill objects as well of public 
 as private regard, would not have believed it possible thai the 
 time would come when the former existence of Troy and of the 
 Heroes would be called in question. 
 
 * Plutarch in Pyrrhus. 
 
 Many 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. . 23 
 
 Many additions were made in after ages to the Trojan story. 
 Some were the inventions or embellishments of the poets, espe- 
 cially the tragic ; some of artists, who employed their pencil or 
 chissel on select portions of it ; some were grafted on passages of 
 the Ilias ; and more were not only not countenanced or supported 
 by, but irreconcilable with, Homer. 
 
 The legendary tales current, as well among the European as 
 Asiatic Greeks, concerning the heroes, and, in particular, Achilles, 
 to whom I shall confine myself, were almost innumerable. I 
 dwell not on such fables as the immersion of her infant son by 
 Thetis in the river Styx, and his consequent invulnerability except 
 in the heel ; his education, not according to the Ilias', under 
 Phcenix, but Chiron, who is there only said to have given him 
 some instructions in the art of surgery ; his concealment among 
 women and the detection of him by Ulysses, contrary to Homer "- ; 
 his intended marriage with Polyxena, daughter of Priam ; the 
 meeting for its adjustment or celebration in the temple of 
 Apollo at Thymbra ; and his being treacherously slain there by . 
 Paris. Some of these are interpolations utterly undeserving pf» 
 notice, had they not been occasionally adopted by writers ; and 
 in particular by M. Chevalier, in preference to the genuine story 
 as delivered in Homer. 
 
 Achilles, Antilochus, and Ajax Telamon, are represented in 
 two Episodes of the Odyssey 3 , as companions in the Asphodel- 
 
 1 4', 837. a »'-4J9- 3 *■ and*- 73- 
 
 meadow, 
 
24- THE HISTORY OF 
 
 meadow, the dwelling-place of die shades of defunct heroes, in 
 the kingdom of Pluto. Agamemnon, who in the first of them, 
 which was regarded as an interpolation by Aristarchus, addresses 
 Achilles, might have. added other topics of congratulation, had 
 they been known to the author ; such as the admission reserved 
 for him among the Immortals, his marriage with Medea, (which 
 is said to have been a fiction of the very antient poet Ibycus, who 
 was followed in it by Simonides), and his having a sacred Island, 
 of which tale the origin is given by Pausanias on the joint testi- 
 mony of the people of Crotona in Italy and of Himcra in 
 Sicily \ 
 
 The people of Crotona, says the relater, waging war with the 
 Locri of Italy, their general % in an attack on the front line of the 
 enemy, where he was told their patron-hero, Ajax Oileus, (his 
 image, I apprehend), was posted, received a wound in the breast. 
 The Delphic oracle directed him to repair to Leuce, an island in 
 the Euxine sea, to be cured by Ajax. On his return, he declared 
 that he had seen Achilles, who resided there with Helen, Patro- 
 clus, Antilochus, and the two Ajaxes ; and a message from Helen, 
 which he delivered to the poet Stesichorus of Himera, by whom 
 some reflections had been cast on her, probably in his Destruc- 
 tion of Troy 3 , was, they said, the occasion of his writing a palin- 
 ode or recantation. 
 
 1 P. 102. a leonymus. 3 IAi«nif«if. 
 
 This 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. i'5 
 
 Tliis island of Achilles, which is mentioned by Euripides ' and 
 by many other anticnt authors", was formed by mud from rivers ; 
 and perhaps has since been connected with the continent of 
 Europe. But, whatever it may now be, for the spot has not been 
 explored, it was originally small, and is described as desert and 
 woody, as abounding in living creatures, and much frequented 
 by aquatic birds, which were regarded as the ministers of the hero, 
 fanning his grove with their wings, and refreihing the ground 
 with drops, as it were of rain, from their bodies. He was said to 
 be visited there by Protesilaus, and several of his friends, who had 
 been likewise released from the regions of Pluto ; to appear some- 
 times ; and oftener to be heard, playing on his lyre and accom- 
 panying it with a voice divinely clear. A long and narrow penin- 
 sula in the same sea was called The Course of Achilles 3 ; being the 
 place where he w^s reputed to take his exercise of running. 
 
 It docs not often happen that antient fiction can, as in this in- 
 stance, be traced to its source ; and scepticism or incredulity is 
 frequently the result of difficulty in discriminating true history 
 from its alloy. Mr. Bryant has contended, that the two poems 
 of Homer are mere fables, and that no such war, no such place 
 as Troy, has ever existed *. Having made a large collection of 
 idle and absurd stories from different authors 5 about Jupiter and 
 
 1 Tphigenia in Tauris and Andromache. s See Bayle. Achilles. 
 
 i Achiilcios Dromos. * Dissert, p. 169. Obsery. p. 49. 
 
 5 Dissert, p. 10, 
 
 E Leda 
 
0.6 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 Lcda, and Helen (whom he will not allow to have been carried 
 away from Sparta by Paris), and several other persons concerned, 
 he declares \ and nobody, I imagine, will dissent from a po- 
 sition of so great latitude, that " The account of the Trojan war, 
 as delivered by Homer and oilier Grecian writers, is attended with 
 so many instances of inconsistency and so many contradictions, 
 that it is an insult to reason to afford it any credit." 
 
 In the description, says the same learned person, of the siege 
 of Troy and the great events with which it was accompanied, 
 Homer " is very particular and precise. The situation of the 
 city is pointed out as well as the camp of the Grecians," and 
 various objects, " with the course and fords of the river *, are 
 distinctly marked, so that the very landscape presents itself to the 
 eye of the reader. — The poet also" mentions " several" subse- 
 quent " events — in medias res non secus ac notas auditorem 
 rapit — " all which " casual references seem to have been por- 
 tions of a traditional history well known in the time of Homer, 
 but as they are introduced almost undesignedly, they are gene- 
 rally attended with a great semblance of truth. For such in- 
 cidental and partial intimations are seldom to be found in Ro- 
 mance and Fable." Who, on reading these remarks, would, 
 suspect it to be the scope of the author, to prove the whole 
 story of Troy as ideal as a fairy-tale I 
 
 I will not enter here on a particular examination of the argu- 
 ments used by Mr. Bryant on this occasion. Some of them I 
 
 1 P. 8, * Scamauder. 
 
 shall 
 
LIUM OR TROY. 27 
 
 shall be obliged, though unwilling, to notice as we proceed. It 
 may, however, be now mentioned, that among other novel 
 opinions, for which I refer to his Dissertation, he maintains, that 
 the ground-work of the Ilias, if it had any, was foreign to the 
 country on which we are employed ; that the history never re- 
 lated, but has been borrowed and transferred, to it ; that in short, 
 the original poem of Troy, the parent of the Ilias, was an 
 Egyptian composition. I shall add a companion or two to this 
 notable discovery. A disciple of Epicurus * undertook to prove 
 the Ilias to be entirely an allegory ; and I have somewhere read, 
 that it was not first written in Greek, but is a translation from 
 the Celtic language. 
 
 I subjoin the very different opinion of a respectable writer in 
 the Antient Universal History 2 - on the same subject. " Tht 
 name of King Priam will ever be memorable on account of the 
 war which happened in his reign ; a war famous to this day for 
 the many princes of great prowess and renown concerned in 
 it, the battles fought, the length of the siege, the destruction 
 of the city, and the endless colonies planted in divers parts of 
 the world by the conquered as well as the conquerors." " Truly, 
 says my author, the siege and taking of Troy are transactions 
 so well attested, and have left so remarkable an epocha in history, 
 that no man of sense can call them in question." 
 
 1 Metrodoms. 2 V. II. p. 318. 
 
 E 2 CHAPTER 
 
28 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Of the successioji of JEneas.and his posterity to the throne of 
 
 Priam. 
 
 T. 
 
 HE Grecian kings and princes had not any view to the ac- 
 quisition of new territory in the war with Priam. When they 
 had laid his dominions and capital waste, they set sail for their 
 own country. Their domestic concerns had been deranged 
 during their absence; and, on their arrival at their homes from 
 their foreign, though not very distant, expedition, they were 
 neither disposed, nor had leisure, nor ability, to regard, to 
 oppose, or frustrate, any measured which might be taken to re- 
 people or restore the cities of the Asiatic provinces, which they 
 had pillaged and abandoned. 
 
 Many of the subjects of Priam had fallen in battle, or perished 
 in the general massacre when his capital was taken ; but those 
 who survived, if they did not emigrate, returned to the full 
 possession of their ravaged territory. The Troes and Dardani,. 
 though perhaps not considerable in number or power, still 
 existed ; and, it is likely, would unite under one head as before, 
 and endeavour to re-establish social order, religion, and civil 
 government. 
 
 Great 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 29 
 
 Great havoc had been made in the principal families of the 
 Trb'ia during the war; and especially in that of Priam'. When 
 he redeemed the body of Hector only nine of his fifty sons re- 
 mained ; and only one, Helenus, who was led into captivity, . 
 survived him. Neoptolcmus or Pyrrhus, who slew him at the 
 sacking of the city, is said to have destroyed also Scamandrius or 
 Astyanax the son of Hector, when his whole race, as is pretended 
 to be foretold in the Ilias, became extinct in the Trbia. 
 
 /Eneas and Antenor both derived their pedigree from Dar- 
 danus ; but only the former in the male line. It is sufficiently 
 clear, says Livy, that to them no injury was done, when Troy 
 was taken ; the Greeks sparing them from regard to the sacred tie 
 of antient hospitality, and because they had been advisers of* peace 
 and of the restoration of Helen. Antenor was believed to have 
 settled in Italy. Homer, and I seek no other authority, plainly 
 signifies, that /Eneas remained in the country, and succeeded to 
 the sceptre of the Trojans 2 ; which, when he wrote, had already 
 been, or was likely to be, transmitted down to his posterity. 
 
 In the Ilias, to which I confine myself, /Eneas is one of the 
 many sons of the Immortals said to be fighting about Troy 3 . The 
 Goddess Venus, his mother, bore him to Anchiscs among the 
 hills of Mount Ida 4 . He is described as young and brave ; but, 
 on one occasion, when his presence was wanted in battle, as 
 standing in the rear of the combatants, and not engaging, from 
 
 1 a. 252. . » Strabo, p. 607, 60S. 3 it'. 449. 
 
 * p. 821. 
 
 disaffection 
 
30 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 disaffection to Priam, whose neglect had created in him deep re- 
 sentment. He is a distinguished warrior, and one of those who 
 are celebrated for superior ftrength. He throws a stone bigger, as 
 the poet relates, than two men, such as his time produced, could 
 carry \ Before his combat with Achilles, he tells him, that he 
 was son of Anchises, the son of Capys, .the son of Assaracus, and 
 equally descended from Jupiter with Priam and Hector \ Nep- 
 tune, seeing him in danger from his antagonist, calls on the 
 Deities then present with him, to consider of his rescue, " for he 
 was fated to escape ; in order, that the line of Dardanus, whom 
 Jupiter had loved beyond all his sons by mortal women, might 
 not disappear from want of issue ;" adding, " that Jupiter hated 
 the race of Priam, and that ./Eneas would now govern the Tro- 
 jans, and the sons of his sons after him V The God, who con- 
 veys him away, on leaving him, bids him not to encounter 
 Achilles any more, but to avoid meeting him ; and, on his death, 
 to fight boldly among the foremost ; for of the Greeks, no one 
 besides would kill him \ 
 
 ■Homer in thus making Neptune declare the future fortune and 
 elevation of iEneas must be considered as referring to what had 
 actually happened, or, it might be fairly presumed, would hap- 
 pen ; for can it be supposed that he would in this manner have 
 introduced what did not accord with real history ? Could it an- 
 swer any purpose, if /Eneas did not then govern, or had not 
 
 1 i. 287. * i. 240. 3 i. 308. * i. 339. 
 
 reigned 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 31 
 
 reigned over, the Trojans ; if these hid no king, or one not of 
 his line ; or, if he, being yet alive but aged, was without pro- 
 geny, and had no prospect of a son to inherit his dominions ? No 
 person would be gratified by the tale, and Neptune would be re- 
 presented unnecessarily and wantonly a liar ; as foretelling what 
 not only had not, but never could, come to pass ; contradicted 
 by events of general notoriety, and, on the testimony of present 
 appearances, demonstratively convicted of gross falsity. Is it not 
 far more likely that the poet did homage to an existing king of 
 the Trojans ; exalting his origin, extolling the hero of his family, 
 and concurring with, if he did not rather endeavour to create and 
 propagate, a popular belief of its having been raised by a divine 
 decree to the vacant throne of Priam ? It is no wonder if an adu- 
 latory prediction failed of accomplishment. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 The JEolian colonists. 
 
 1 F a monarchy was indeed established in the Tibia, after 
 Priam, it did not prove such as the poet had presaged either in 
 extent of territory or duration. For it appears that, whether 
 ./Eneas and his posterity did or not reign there, and whether,, if 
 they did, Scepsis, as Demetrius believed l , or some other place, 
 was their capital, this and the adjacent countries laid open, at no. 
 
 ' Strabo. p. 6oj. 
 
 great 
 
82 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 great distance of time from the destruction of Troy, an easy and 
 tempting prey to adventurers. Barbarians, as well as Greeks, 
 seized on them ; and, by the confusion then introduced, were 
 the occasion of many of the difficulties which writers, as Strabo 
 observes', experienced in adjusting the antient tojx>graphy. It 
 sterns, indeed, that, besides this, various parts of the earth were, 
 after the Trojan war, thinly inhabited or desert ; the reason why 
 " settlements and even kingdoms were in those days," as Mr. 
 Bryant justly remarks, " very easily obtained V 
 
 The Greeks, by their invasion of the dominions of. Priam, had 
 acquired a knowlege of the countries about the Hellespont. Of 
 the zEolians two large bodies migrated on the return of the 
 Hcracleid family into the Peloponnesus ; one under Penthilus, a 
 son of Orestes, son of Agamemnon, sixty years says Strabo, 
 eighty according to Thucydides, after the Trojan war, and, 
 passing over from Thrace into Asia, took possession of Lesbos. 
 The second proceeded to Cuma. From these, as it were Me- 
 tropolitan, places, the vEolian cities of Asia, about thirty in 
 number, were peopled. The Troia was chiefly occupied by the 
 Lesbians, some of whose settlements remained in tlje time of 
 Strabo, but some had disappeared 3 . The Ionians, who colonised 
 Asia Minor, did not leave Greece until four generations after the 
 /Eolians \ 
 
 1 p - 513> 5 8<5 - a Dissert, p. Si'. 3 Strabo, p. 399. 
 
 * Strabo, p. jjSl 
 
 The 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. S3 
 
 The memory of the principal occurrences of the siege of Troy, 
 though not quite recent, must have heen far from extinct when 
 the iEolians arrived in the Tibia or the vicinitv. Whether the 
 Trojans continued a people, and whether the city was deserted 
 or not, some persons, who had been present in the war, might 
 be still living; and both the region and the desolated country 
 around it must have furnished indubitable marks of that renowned 
 transaction. 
 
 Of the time when the distinct colonies left the island of Lesbos 
 to settle in the Trbia, we are not informed, except in a few in- 
 stances, which will be mentioned ; but they appear, and it is re- 
 markable, not to have attempted any innovation where they 
 came. They seem rather to have incorporated and formed one 
 people with the old inhabitants ; instead of destroying, 01 driving 
 them out, or forcing them to take refuge in the mountains. At 
 Tenedos, for example, Tennes, the founder of the city, who is 
 said to have been slain by Achilles in its defence, was, in after 
 ages, revered alike by the natives and the descendants of the 
 TEolians; and Apollo Smintheus had a temple', and continued 
 to be the tutelary god, as he is represented in the Uias. A final 
 period, it has been supposed, was put to the unfortunate city of 
 Troy, and to the name of its people, by these colonists 1 ; but we 
 shall find, as we proceed, an Ilii;m still exi-ting, and its possessors 
 claiming to be acknowleged as true Trojans. 
 
 1 Strabo, p. 604. ■ Mitford's History of Greece, vol. I. p. 148. 
 
 F CHAPTER 
 
34 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 The Troia invaded by the Ionian* and Lydians. 
 
 W HEN history becomes less general in the notice which it? 
 takes of the Troia, we read of a city near the river Simois called 
 Poliium ', a place not strongly situated, and which was captured 
 without difficulty, and destroyed by a body of Ionians flying; 
 from the dominion of the Lydians in Asia Minor ; when the in- 
 habitants, who were Indigenous, migrated to Italy, where they 
 founded the city Siris *. This people in after ages appealed to 
 the Minerva I'lias, which had been set up there, as an evidence 
 of their being a colony of Trojans ; and fabled of it, that it had 
 shut its eyes, when the suppliants were dragged away from it by 
 the Ionians, and was shown still shutting them. " Thus to fable 
 of it, says Strabo 3 , as not only seen to have shut them (as that in 
 Ilium to have turned them aside when Cassandra was violated in 
 its presence by Ajax Oileus), but, moreover, as now shown shut- 
 ting them, is bold ; and much bolder is it to fable of the images, 
 as many as it is related have been conveyed out of Ilium, that 
 
 1 Strabo, p. 6or. a6j. See Comment, p. 123, and Stephens's Thesaurus in Tlikmtv, 
 where the place is supposed to have been so called from a temple of Minerva Polias, and 
 where the learned reader may find., what he very rarely can do, a mistake in that most 
 admirable work ; it being mentioned as a city in Italy, first named Siris. 
 
 2 See Bayle in Situ. 3 P, 264. 
 
 they 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 35 
 
 they do the like ; for at Rome also, at Lavinium, and Luceria, 
 besides Siris, Minerva Ilias is so called as having been transported 
 from thence." 
 
 The Ionians of the Tibia, being invaded by the Lydians, also 
 abandoned the country ; the whole of which was afterwards 
 under Gyges, who compelled the Greek cities of Asia, until 
 then free, to pay tribute r . A colony from Miletus settled with 
 his permission at Abydos, which city and its vicinity had been 
 occupied, after the destruction of Troy, by the Thracians. Sestos 
 was an JEoYic city. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 The war betiveen the Athenians and AZolians about Sigcum and 
 Acliillcuin. 
 
 W E come now to the luminous epoch when the Chersonesus 
 of Thrace belonged to the Athenians ; who established in it a 
 colony under Miltiades son of Cypselus \ an Athenian, and a 
 contemporary of Pisistratus ; and from it disturbed the quiet of 
 their ^Eolian neighbours on the opposite side of the Hellespont. 
 
 The Lesbians claimed nearly the whole of the Troas as their 
 heritage 3 ; having, it may be presumed, enjoyed, for a confide- 
 rable time, the transmissive possession of it without competitors. 
 
 * Strabo, p. 590, 554,' 591. * Strabo, p. 595, 600. * ?S99- 
 
 F 2 The 
 
36 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 The Athenians produced arguments showing that the .Eolians had 
 no more right in the Iliean country than they, or any of the 
 Greeks who had assisted Menelaus after the rape of Helen '. 
 They crossed over from Eleus, a citv which they had founded on 
 the point of the European coast of the Hellespont next the JEgxan 
 sea, and seized on Sigeum. This city, of which the walls were 
 said to have been built with stones taken from the ruins of Troy 
 Jby Arfchsbaii&x of Mitylenc, and of which the mention first made 
 is by Herodotus, who stiles it The Trojan Sigeum, and Sigeum 
 by the Sca?nande7-, stood on the promontory of that name, on 
 the Asian side of the same sea at the entrance, in or near the 
 Achillean region or that about the barrow of Achilles ; which 
 was the occasion or pretext of the quarrel. The Mityleneans, to 
 whom the territory belonged, sent a fleet to regain Sigeum ; and 
 Pitracus, afterwards elected their tyrant, one of the seven cele- 
 brated sages of Greece, had no ordinary antagonist in Phryrno the 
 Athenian general, a conqueror in the Olympic Games, who chal- 
 lenged him to single combat; but, proving victorious, the place 
 was recovered \ 
 
 This war was of considerable duration ; one people persisting 
 in their demand, the other refusing to give up the Achillean 
 country and the place which is termed by Herodotus the Achil- 
 lean city. This was holden some time by the Mityleneans, as a 
 fortress to annoy Sig6um ; when the garrisons had frequent en- 
 
 » Herodotus, 1. v. c.94. * Strabo, p. 599. 
 
 counters ; 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 37 
 
 counters ; and, among a variety of incidents, one was the escape 
 of the poet Alcasus, without spear or shield ; the subject of an 
 ode addressed by him to a friend at Mitylene. His arms, found 
 on the field of battle, were suspended as a trophy by the Athe- 
 nians against the Athenasum or temple of Minerva at Sigeum *. 
 The contest was terminated for a while by Periander, son 
 of Cypselus tyrant of Corinth, who awarded, as arbitrator, that 
 each people should retain what they possessed. 
 
 Timasus 2 related, that Periander, assisting those with Pittacus, 
 had walled about Achilleum with ftones from the remains of 
 Ilium ; but Demetrius affirmed it was false, that this place was 
 walled about for Sigeum by the Mityleneans, not indeed with 
 those stones, nor by Periander; for how could a party in the 
 war have been chosen for an umpire 3 ? 
 
 The Mityleneans recovered Sigeum. It was retaken by Pisis- 
 tratus, tyrant of Athens. His son Hegesistratus, whom he ap- 
 pointed tyrant there, held, not without fighting, what he received 
 of him. Hippias, also his son, retired with his adherents, when 
 exiled from Attica, to the same place ; and it was there, on his 
 second arrival *, that he formed plans for the getting of Athens 
 into his own possession and that of King Darius. 
 
 ^Eschylus has had a retrospect to the above transaction in his tra- 
 gedy called The Furies. He introduces Minerva as appearing to 
 
 1 Herodotus, Diogenes LaeTtius, I. i, 74. 
 
 2 Surnamed Epitimetes, The Detractor. 3 Strabo, p. <5oo. 
 * Herodotus, 1. v. c. 91. 94, 96. 
 
 Orestes 
 
38 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 Orestes at Athens, and saying, that she was just come from the 
 Scamander ; from taking possession of the land, which the Grecian 
 leaders and chiefs had indeed offered to her entirely of their own 
 accord ; a large portion of their conquests, a select gift to the 
 parents of Theseus," meaning the Athenians ; who had heen 
 commanded by an oracle to honour him as an hero, and to 
 bring home his relics from Scyros, which, to the great joy of the 
 people, was accomplished, eight hundred years after he left the 
 city, and in the time of our poet, by Cimon son of Miltiades \ 
 They may be supposed to have founded their prior title to the 
 disputed district of the Tibia on this pretended donation to their 
 goddess. 
 
 The signification of the name Sigeum appears in an anecdote of 
 an Athenian lady celebrated for her wit, not her virtue. Wearied 
 by the loquacity of a visitor, she enquired of him, " whether he 
 did not come from the Hellespont r" On his answering in the 
 affirmative, she asked him, " ho\v it had happened, that he was 
 so little acquainted with the first of the places there ?" On his 
 demanding " which of them I" she pointedly replied " Sigeum ;" 
 thus indirectly bidding him to be silent \ 
 
 ' Flutarch in Cimon. * Diogenes Laertius, 1. i, 74. 
 
 CHAPTER 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 32 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Of the age of Homer. 
 
 It is remarkable that Homer, though he has taken notice of 
 two capes or promontories forming a bay before Troy, and had 
 frequent opportunities, has yet never mentioned either of them 
 by name. The reason might be, if they had then appellations 
 in the language of gods or men, that these were not reconcileable, 
 as in some other instances, to the measure of Greek heroic verse. 
 They seem to have been called, not perhaps until long after him, 
 the one, Rhoeteum, because the current of the Hellespont made 
 a ripling noise about the cape in entering the bay ; the other, 
 Sigeum, from its passing out in silence. 
 
 Homer, according to some, was of the country *, and lived at 
 or about the time of the siege of Troy. "We have his own 
 authority for saying, that he was not present when the two armies,, 
 after the secession of Achilles, were arrayed for battle ; but he 
 might be- contemporary with the transaction though not on the 
 spot. He mentions The Public Cister?is near the city, where the 
 Trojan females had been accustomed to wash their linen before 
 the arrival of the Greeks, as still remaining. A talc is related s of 
 
 • See Suidas, in v.. P*y>>, p. $J3. Stephan. Byzant. in v. Kiyxp" 1 '- 
 
 ' Hermias on the Phaedou of Plato, cited by Leo Allatius. See Bayk in Home?: 
 
 hi'.u 
 
40 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 him, not the only one of the sort which we shall have occasion 
 to notice, that, keeping some sheep by the barrow of Achilles, he 
 prevailed on him by supplication and offerings to appear ; when 
 the insufferable glory which surrounded the hero deprived him of 
 his eye-sight. If I have reasoned rightly in a preceding chapter 
 concerning iEneas, he flourished during the monarchy which suc- 
 ceeded to that of Priam, and which, if it did not expire before, 
 was subverted or greatly curtailed after the arrival of the /Eoliam 
 at Lesbos and Cuma. 
 
 The predictions, if they may be so termed, of the future king- 
 dom of the iEncadce, of the demolition of the Greek entrench- 
 ment, and of the death of Achilles, in the Uias, must be regarded 
 as of a date posterior to their accomplishment. It was easy foi 
 Homer to have, in like manner, recorded by anticipation the 
 coming of the zEolian colonists, if it had happened before his 
 hme ; and as he is silent respecting it, and any later occur- 
 rences or transactions, while he holds forth an increasing king- 
 dom in the Tibia, recumbent on the house of iEneas, it may 
 be inferred, that those spreading, though not hostile, aliens had 
 then either not left their homes, or not reached this country. 
 
 We have here a strong argument from the Asian continent in 
 favour of the opinion that Homer was prior as well to the return 
 of the Hcraclcids into the Peloponnesus to which he has not even 
 alluded, as to the .Eolic migration, which was a consequence of 
 it ; since a son of IEneas ruling. in the Trdia will co-incide as con- 
 temporary 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 41 
 
 temporary with Orestes son of Agamemnon ; with whom yet reign- 
 ing at Argos the Grecian history of Homer in the Odyssey ends \ 
 
 The poems of Homer are said to have been first introduced into 
 Greece from Ionia by the Spartan lawgiver Lycurgus ; but it was 
 Pisistratus, or rather his son Hipparchus : , who was believed to 
 have arranged the separate Cantos ; and, by digesting and uniting 
 them, to have compiled the Ilias and the Odyssey. The residence 
 of the latter at Sigeum was likely to produce a knowlegc of these 
 compositions ; or, if he had previous acquaintance, an intimacy 
 with them ; but who will say how long they had been extant and 
 popular in Asia Minor before Lycurgus and Pisistratus? 
 
 In the Tibia, some of the places which had been desolated by 
 the Greeks, afterwards revived ; or were removed, either through 
 the superstition of the people or for greater convenience, to other 
 situations, mostly near the sea. Besides those already men- 
 tioned, some will occur within our limits, of more recent foun- 
 dation ; and some, which might be extant in the time of Homer, 
 though unnoticed by him; and which, from circumstances at- 
 tending or connected with their remote origin, afforded antiquaries 
 matter of disquisition. The changes undergone by the country, 
 and the new distribution of territory, which succeeded the war, 
 could not be suddenly completed ; and in certain cases, as in the 
 instance of the Trojans of Poliium, their commencement did not 
 
 J Mitford's History of Greece, v. IT. 167. 172. 
 - .'Eli;in, I. 8. 1. 13, c.4. Plutarch. 
 
 G admit 
 
42 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 admit of being long delayed. But it does not appear that Homer 
 had any knowlegc of Poliium, of the cities which were erected 
 on the Rhcetean and Sigean promontories, of the settlements by 
 /Eanteon or Achilleon, or of Elciis ; and his silence respecting 
 these and other very antient places may be considered as an addi- 
 tional argument against the late age assigned to him by some 
 writers. 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 
 I. Occurretices under Darius. — II. Of a people called TcucrL 
 
 I. J-T is remarkable, that the Persians, laying claim to all- 
 Asia, alleged, we are told, as the occasion of their enmity to the 
 Greeks, the hostile invasion of Priam and the destruction of Troy 
 by Agamemnon. Cyrus, who overcame Croesus king of Lydia, 
 by whom the iEolians had been subdued, first obtained possession 
 of the Tibia \ Darius ordered the cities on the coast of the Hel- 
 lespont, and among them Abydos, to be burned, to prevent their 
 furnishing vessels for an embarkation of the Scythians, who pre- 
 pared, after having driven him out of Europe, to invade his do- 
 minions in Asia 2 . The Ionians revolting, their fleet sailed up the 
 Hellespont, and seized on all the maritime cities there ; but 
 Daurises his son-in-law retook five of them in as many days, of 
 
 • Herodotnsj lib, x* J Strabo, p. 591, 
 
 which 
 
UIUM OR TROY. 43 
 
 which number were Abydos and Dardanus; die latter not the 
 original city of the people called Dardani, which disappeared on 
 the destruction of Troy, but a place on the coast, and of more 
 recent foundation. Another of his Generals subdued as many of 
 the ^Eolians as inhabited the Ilias or country of Ilium ; and Ger- 
 githes ' a city now first mentioned ; and the remains of the an- 
 ticnt Teucri. Tenedos and the islands surrendered to the Persian 
 fleet \ 
 
 II. Darius removed into Asia from Thrace a people called 
 Pa?ones, which were, by their own account, a colony of the 
 Trojan Teucri. These are twice coupled by Herodotus with the 
 Gergithans, at or near whose city they had then their dwelling- 
 place, if they were not rather the same people. They are prin- 
 cipally known to us from Virgil. I shall not enter on an en- 
 quiry into their remoter origin ; but they were firft introduced into 
 the Troia as wandering adventurers from Crete, by an elegiac poet 
 more antient than Archilochus, named Callinus. He related, 
 and he had many followers, that an oracle had directed them to 
 remain where the offspring of the earth should assail them ; that 
 this happened by Hamaxitus ; where a multitude of field-mice, 
 creeping forth at night, gnawed as many of their bucklers and 
 utensils as were made of leather ; that they tarried there, and that 
 Mount Ida was called by them after the Cretan mountain. But 
 others said, that no Teucri had come from Crete ; that one 
 
 1 SeeStrabo., p. 5G9, and Comment. 2 Herodotus, 1. v. vi. 
 
 G 2 Teuger 
 
U THE HISTORY OF 
 
 Teucer had arrived there from Attica, from the borough of the 
 Troi afterwards named Xypeteon ; and urged as a mark of the 
 connection of the Trojans with the people of Attica, that both had 
 an Erichthonius for one of their early leaders'. No mention is 
 made of any TeuCri by Homer, and his Teucer is a bastard bro- 
 ther of Ajax Telamon \ 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 THE EXPEDITION OF XERXES. 
 
 I. Of la's bridge over the Hellespont and canal behind Mount Athos* 
 — II. Of Ids arrival in the country of Ilium.. — III. Sis depar- 
 ture, and passage into Europe. — IV. Remarks on Herodotus. 
 V. Protesilaus mal-treated by Artayctes. — VI. The battle of Sa~ 
 lamis. — VII. Seslos taken, a?id Artayctes punished. - 
 
 I. VV HEN Xerxes, son of Darius, resolved to invade Greece,, 
 the cities of the Hellespont had their -allotment of vessels to be • 
 furnished for the expedition. A bridge of boats was begun across 
 the Strait of Abydos,. to secure an easy and pleasant passage for 
 the great king into Europe ; was demolished by a storm ; and 
 finally completed with twelve hundred boats disposed in two rows ;, 
 one to resist the strong current from . the Propontis, the other to 
 
 > Strabo, p. 604, 648, " II. S\ 284. 
 
 protect 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 45 
 
 protect that ngainst the violence of winds blowing from the 
 JEgxa.n sea. At the same time a canal, about twelve stadia 
 long ', and broad, enough to admit two gallics abreast, was carried 
 on behind Mount Athos ; that his licet might avoid the difficulty 
 and danger which experience had shown was to be apprehended 
 in doubling the promontory : men being sent from Elcus, where 
 the Persian triremes where stationed, to dig, in companies, which 
 were relieved in turn, and assisted by the people living round 
 about the mountain. The manner in which these two great works 
 were conducted and accomplished is minutely described by a con- 
 temporary historian 2 ; and I know not on what evidence the 
 reality of any fact which has happened at a remote period can be 
 established, if we allow, what I have somewhere read,, that neither 
 of them. has had other existence than in imagination. The fosse - 
 then made remained for. ages ; and traces of it must still be visible, 
 where I do not remember that any traveller has looked for it, on* 
 the isthmus by which the mountain is joined to the continent. 
 This achievement of Xerxes has owed its celebrity in great mea- 
 sure to the novelty of the design. His canal was an undertaking 
 as inferior to some of his Grace the Dukcof-Bricigewater in mag- 
 nitude as in utility. 
 
 II. The Persian host, which leaving Sardes early in- the 
 spring had marched toward the Hellespont, . w-as terrified, we are 
 told by Herodotus \ with portents and bad omens on its entering 
 
 * A roile and a hiilf. ' Herodotus, ). 7.; M- 7-' 
 
 the 
 
46 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 the Iliean territory on the side next Antandros. During the night, 
 as they remained beneath Mount Ida, a considerable number of 
 them perished by thunder and lightning; and, on their coming 
 to the Scamander, this river failed, the first since their setting out, 
 in its current ; not furnishing a sufficiency of water for their use ; 
 incidents, which, however then interpreted, contain no real 
 matter of wonder. The one might be expected from the slender 
 stream of an occasional torrent ; and the other was the result of 
 phenomena common to the climate, and frequent among the 
 mountains, though not always attended with danger. On their 
 arrival at the Scamander, Xerxes went up to the PefgamUm of 
 Priam, having a desire to see it ; and, after viewing it and hear- 
 ing all that was related concerning it, he sacrificed a thousand 
 oxen to the Iliean Minerva, whose priests, it is likelv, served 
 him as guides, and practised on his credulity and superstition. 
 III. Stories of spirits and apparitions were not less common in an - 
 tient, than in modern times; and perhaps were more generally re- 
 ceived without scepticism. Barrows, and graves, and sepulchres were 
 seldom approached with indifference. The heroes, in particular, 
 were accounted irascible, and dangerous, and read}' to do harm 
 rather than good. The vicinity of the Pergamum of Priam was a 
 region of terror ; and, if Xerxes tried to render the Iliean" Minerva 
 propitious, the Magi were not less solicitous to promote benignity 
 among the Heroes ; but their libations were not productive of 
 any good effect ; for, when thev had finished, fear, while it was 
 night, fell on the camp. Mount Ida and the Scamander had 
 
 already 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 47 
 
 already been adverse to the Persians ; and, a panic seizing them, 
 at day-break they suddenly departed thence, keeping on their 
 left Rhceteum the city and Ophryncum (of which places this is 
 the first mention) and Dardanus, " which now, says the his- 
 torian, is bordering on Abydos ;" and on their right, Gergithes 
 and the Teucri, a circumstance which may help to point out the 
 situation of this place and people in theTrbia. A prominent seat 
 of white stone had been provided at Abydos on a hill fit for the 
 purpose, and looking down from thence, Xerxes beheld his vast 
 army and navy ; all the shores, and the plains of the Abydcnes 
 full of his men, and the whole Hellespont covered with his vessels 
 For his passing into Europe the causey on the bridge of boats was 
 strewed with myrtle, and the air scented with perfumes. He 
 poured a libation on the water, and, having invoked the rising 
 Sun, threw the golden cup or goblet into the sea. The mighty 
 host continued crossing seven days and nights without intermis- 
 sion \ 
 
 IV. A traveller as well as an historian, Herodotus was ac- 
 quainted with the Tibia. He has observed that a certain plain in 
 Egypt, .kirted by mountains, appeared to him to have been for- 
 merly an inlet of the sea, as did also other plains, those about 
 Ilium and Teuthrania (a region by the river Caicus % of which 
 I have not met with any modern account) those about Ephcsus, 
 and the plain of the Macander 3 . He could have told us what 
 
 * Herodotus, Diodoms Sicnlus. 2 Strabo. 
 
 J L. ii. c. io. See I liny, Nat. Hist. II. 85. 
 
 the 
 
48 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 the condition of the Trojan country then was, what it possessed 
 worthy of curiosity, or likely, besides its antient renown, to ex- 
 cite the reverence of the great king ; and more especially is it to 
 be wished, that he had given particular information, instead of 
 leaving us in uncertainty, about his Ilium and Pergamum of 
 Priam. But to return to our subject. 
 
 V. When Xerxes arrived at Sestos Artayctcs was the Persian 
 governor of that district ; in which was the city Eleus, and near 
 it Protesileon or the barrow of its patron-hero Protcsilaus, witli 
 his shrine and temple, which was rich in phials of gold and 
 filver, in brass, raiment, and other offerings of great value; as 
 also his sacred portion, or the land allotted to him for its support. 
 ■*' Knowing, says Herodotus, that the Persians esteem all Asia to 
 belong to them and to him that reigneth for ever," he said to tlie 
 king, " Lord, there is here the house of a Greek, who was 
 billed, meeting with justice, in invading your country. Give it 
 to me, that no one may in future dare to follow his example." 
 The monarch assented. Artayctcs stripped and insulted Protcsi- 
 laus, caused all his pretious effects to be removed to Sestos, his 
 sacred portion to be sown and fed; and, going in person to Eleus, 
 defiled the sanctuary of the temple with women \ Whether he 
 cut down the trees, or whether any were then standing, on the 
 barrow, we are not informed ; but there in after times was a grove 
 of -great antiquity, composed of elms, which have been celebrated 
 
 v 
 
 • l T Fi'l. I '<-:■ 
 
 by 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 49 
 
 by poets, and noticed by writers, of different and distant ages ; 
 it being affirmed and believed, that when they had grown up 
 into view of Ilium, which was opposite on the other side of the 
 Hellespont, they withered at the top ; and, shooting out again, 
 increased and decayed, and thus continually perished and were 
 renewed ; furnishing the ignorant and credulous with matter of 
 wonder. Several authors, seeming to discover in them an appa- 
 rent aversion to Ilium, and connecting it with the story of Prote- 
 silaus, have given an ingenious interpretation of phenomena, 
 which were mere accidents of vegetation, occurring regularly, 
 and occasioned by the nature or depth of the soil, or by the aspect, 
 not as open to Ilium, but to the sun, the sea, and the wind. But 
 to return again to our subject. 
 
 VI. The vEacida?, or descendants of /Eacus, now ranked 
 among the most renowned Daemons and Demigods of Greece. A 
 fleet, to oppose that of Xerxes, was assembled under Thcmistoclcs 
 at S;\lamis, the island of which Ajax Telamon, who had led its 
 forces against Troy, was the patron-hero. All the Greek nation 
 invoked him, and their commander sent a vessel to bring the 
 whole family (their images, I apprehend,) from iEgina, where 
 ^Eacus had reigned, to join the confederacy. Ajax, and Achilles, 
 and other of their defunct warriors were believed to have been 
 present in the famous battle, which followed, and to have con- 
 tributed in no small degree to the signal victory of that memorable 
 day. A Phoenician trireme galley, one of the articles first 
 selected from among the spoils for offerings of gratitude to the 
 
 H Gods, 
 
50 .THE HISTORY OF 
 
 Gods, was dedicated to Ajax in Salamis, where he had a temple. 
 Miltiades, who commanded the Athenian army at Marathon, was 
 descended from him '. 
 
 VII. The Greek fleet arriving in the Hellespont, not in time 
 to intercept the retreat of Xerxes and after the removal of the 
 bridge of boats, the people of the Chersonesus crouded into Sestos, 
 as the strongest of the forfresses there. The Athenians, who then 
 occiipied Abydos, laid siege to the place ; in which, as it was 
 filled with the ^Eolian inhabitants and the garrison, a famine en- 
 sued. The Persians endeavoured to escape by night over the 
 wall. At day-break, it was signified to the Athenians from the 
 towers, that the posts were abandoned ; and some of them entered 
 the gates, which were opened, while others pursued the flying 
 enemy. The Persian governor was among the prisoners brought 
 back bound to Sestos. I omit the tale of a salted fish leaping on 
 some coals of fire, like one just taken alive, and his interpretation 
 of the prodigy , as an invention of the people of the Chersonesus 
 by whom it was related. That he made an offer of an hundred 
 talents as an atonement to Protesilaus, and of double the sum to 
 the Athenians, if they would spare his life and that of his son, is 
 more credible ; as also> that it was not accepted ; the citizens of 
 Elcus requiring that the hero should be avenged. Artayctes was 
 led forth to the sea-shore where Xerxes had joined Europe to Asia; 
 or, as some said, to the hill above Madytos (a city near Sestos of 
 which the mot early mention is in Herodotus) ; and, a stake 
 
 * Herodotus 1. viii. Pausanias. 
 
 being 
 
ILIUM OR TRO\. 51 
 
 being fiKed in the ground, he was suspended alive ; while his son 
 was stoned to death before his eyes. The misfortunes of this man 
 were imputed to his impiety, and he was believed to have suf- 
 fered from the anger of Protesilaus \ And now farewell Hero- 
 dotus M We must seek information from other sources, and shall 
 find little before the commencement of the Peloponnesian war. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 TO THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR. 
 
 I. Of Pausanias and Thcmistocles. — II. Of Ilium. — III. Notice 
 to the Reader. 
 
 I. JL AU SAN I AS, the Spartan regent and general, was ac- 
 cused of a treasonable conspiracy against the .liberties of Greece in 
 conjunction with Themistocles its late defender, who was banished 
 from Athens. At Colona? in the Troas, first mentioned by Thu- 
 cydides 5 , he received and obeyed an order from the government 
 of Lacedasmon to accompany the messenger, an herald ; who 
 conducted him back to prison. Themistocks afterwards took 
 refuge in the court of Persia, where Artaxerxes bestowed on him, 
 according to some authors 4 , Palarscepsis or Old Scepsis (which was 
 
 1 Herodotus 1. vii. 1. ix, Pausanias. - Xnffw. See Mr. Bryant. 
 
 3 L. I. * Plutarch, in his Life. 
 
 H 2 anions, 
 
52 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 among the places remaining under the Persian dominion) to pro- 
 vide him with clothes and bedding. This was the Homeric city, 
 so called to distinguish it from New Scepsis, the birth-place of 
 other great men and of the Demetrius ' whose curious researches 
 give him a just title to be mentioned always with respect. 
 
 II. We have other evidence, besides that of Herodotus, to 
 prove the existence of an Ilium at the time of the Persian expe- 
 dition ; the testimony of an historian his contemporary, Hellani- 
 cus of Lesbos, quoted by Strabo *. We shall find, as we proceed, 
 that the tutelary Goddess of this Ilium, as of the Homeric, was 
 Minerva ; and that the people believed their image of her to have 
 been the Palladium of Troy. Their patron-hero was Hector ; of 
 whom, as of many other famous men, a likeness had been, fur- 
 nished or rather feigned by the painters and sculptors of antiquity. 
 His comeliness is extolled by Homer 3 ; and Plutarch 4 has cited 
 an author 5 , who related that a young Lacedaemonian, being re- 
 ported to resemble him, was trampled under foot by the multitude 
 running, as soon as they knew it, to behold him. 
 
 III. This Ilium, rising gradually out of obscurity, appears at 
 first as it were dimly ; in company with odier places of the Tibia, 
 from which it cannot easily be detached so as to be treated of 
 separately. The reader is therefore requested to notice the men- 
 tion of it, when it occurs, particularly in the succinct narrative, 
 which will follow, of events in the Peloponnesian war connected 
 
 1 Strabo p. 607. * P. 601. 3 II. x- 37°- 
 
 * In the life of Aratus. s Myrsilus. He is cited by Strabo. 
 
 with 
 
. ILIUM OR TROY. 53 
 
 with the country, which is our subject. And here I advertise him, 
 that though Homer uses the appellation Ilium or Troy indifferently 
 to denote the same place, I shall, to avoid repetition or confu^on, 
 when the latter name occurs, mean by it the city of the Ilias ; and 
 when the. former, this which succeeded it ; of which the people 
 were called by the Greeks Ilieis, Ilieans, (a name, as Eustathius * 
 has remarked, not found in Homer, who has instead of it, Troes, 
 Trojans) ; and by the Romans, Ilienses, Iliensians. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 THE FIRST PELOPONNESIAN WAR. 
 
 I. Abydos and Sestos strong-holds of the contending parties. — 
 II. The Peloponnesian fleet at Eleus. — III. Sea-fight by Cy- 
 nossema. — IV. Action near Dardanus, battle of Abydos, and 
 destruction of the 'Peloponnesian fleet. — V. Destniction, of the 
 Athenian fleet and end of the xoar.. 
 
 I. At the commencement of the Peloponnesian war, all the 
 cities of the Hellespont and Chersonesus were among the tributary 
 subjects of the Athenian republic ; but Abydos, being a colony of 
 the Milesians, who were then under the Persians, allies of the 
 Lacedaemonians, revolted on the approach of Dercyllidas, a 
 
 ; n. ^. 
 
 Spartan, 
 
54 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 Spartan, who was sent to form a treaty with Pharnabazus, the 
 Persian Satrap of the adjoining provinces. The Peloponnesian 
 fleet had its station there ; while the Athenians, unable to reduce 
 the city, held Scstos for their garrison and the safe-guard of the 
 Strait. . 
 
 II. Of the hostile fleet?, two lay at the island of Lesbos ; of 
 which the people, from the consideration of their iEolian extrac- 
 tion, sided with the Lacedaemonian alliance, except the city of 
 Methymna ; which, with Tencdos, its neighbour, was in the 
 interest of Athens. The Peloponnesian Admiral, Mindarus, on 
 his departure from Ercsus for Abydos, steered, to avoid the enemy, 
 along the Asian coast toward the Hellespont; put into port to 
 breakfast, dine, and sup, as the usage then was ; embarked his 
 men in the night, and having again landed to dine, opposite to 
 Methymna, proceeded hastily on his voyage, in the afternoon ; 
 sailed by Lcctos, and Larissa and Hamaxitus, both now first men- 
 tioned, and by the towns there ; and arrived 'at Rhceteum before 
 midnight ; some of his vessels stopping at Sigeum and the places 
 adjacent. Hie centincls at Scstos, seeing (Thucydides 1 does "not 
 say fire-signals, though he has been so translated, but) fires in the 
 country of the enemy, lighted, it is natural to suppose, for the 
 uses of the Peloponnesian-- on their landing, gave the alarm, and 
 the Athenian fleet, consisting of eighteen triremes, which lay in 
 the harbour, came down hastily to Eleus, and, being attacked 
 
 1 I,, viii. c. 102. 
 
 there 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 55 
 
 there, escaped to Lemnos, and the continent of Europe, with the 
 loss of four taken ; one with its crew, having been forced ashore 
 opposite the temple of Protesilaus. 
 
 III. The Athenian commanders at Lesbos, on receiving in- 
 telligence that the Peloponncsians were in the Hellespont, imme- 
 mediately followed them \ and, on their way, fell in with and 
 captured two of their triremes, which had pursued their late 
 victory with more eagerness than caution. On the second day 
 they arrived at Elects. On their approach, Mindarus, abandoning 
 the siege, had joined the squadron lying at Abydos ; when his 
 fleet consisted of eighty-six triremes. The Athenian commanders * 
 had only sixty-eight, -but resolved to offer battle. They employed 
 five days in the harbour of Eleus in preparations, and then ad- 
 vanced towards Sestos in a line, ranging along the European side 
 of the Hellespont from Idacos to Arriani (names of places which I 
 have not met with in any antient writer but Thucydidcs *). The 
 Peloponnesians reached from Abydos as far as Dardanus. The 
 Athenians having extended their line to avoid being taken in 
 flank by the more numerous enemy, were weak in the centre ; 
 and fifteen of the triremes were driven ashore by die Peloponne- 
 sians, who landed and destroyed them ; the coast about Cynos- 
 serria having a sharp and angular turning, which concealed what 
 passed there from the rest of their fleet ; but Thrasybulus, who 
 commanded their right, taking advantage of the disorder which 
 
 Thrasybulus and Thr.asyllus. * L. viii. c. 105. 
 
 attended 
 
56 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 attended this success, and being supported by ThrasyUus, the 
 Lacedaemonians fled first toward die river Rodius, and thence 
 back to Abydos, with the loss of twenty-one ships. They sent 
 heralds to desire that the bodies of their slain might be restored to 
 them. The Athenians set up a trophy on the head-land or point, 
 which, says Thucydides ', is called Cynos-sema, The monument 
 vfthe Bfitch. This was the name and place of the barrow of 
 Queen Hecuba ; of which mention is made about the same time 
 by the poet Euripides. 
 
 IV. A squadron of fourteen triremes entering the Hellespont 
 at dawn of day, the Athenians were again apprized of the ap- 
 proach of an enemy by their centinels at Sestos. The Pelopon- 
 nesian commander Dorieus seeing, when near Abydos, twenty 
 triremes coming down to oppose him, retreated toward the Dar- 
 danian cape, and, on opening Rhceteum, drew up so near the 
 shore that they fought from it and from their vessels, the garrison 
 of Dardanus assisting in their defence ; until the Athenians, foiled 
 in their attempt, set sail to return to Madytos, where they had a 
 camp. Mindarus, who was a spectator of this action from the 
 neighbouring town of Ilium (on or near the site of antient Troy, 
 says Mr. Mitford,) where he was sacrificing to Minerva, hastened 
 back to Abydos, drew down his triremes, and effected a junction 
 with the new comers 1 . The Athenians then descending with 
 their whole fleet- from Sestos, a battle followed ; in which the 
 
 1 LiViii. Diodonis Siculus. . a Xenophon and Diodorus Siculus. 
 
 superior 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 57 
 
 superior skill of their pilots was displayed in gaining by their 
 manoeuvres the advantage of the tide. The contest was main- 
 tained, the greatest part of the day, with various success. To- 
 ward the evening, a squadron of eighteen triremes was seen en- 
 tering the Hellespont from the vEgsean. This was commanded 
 by Alcibiadcs, a descendant, it may be here mentioned, of Eury- 
 saces son of Ajax Telamon, and through him from Jupiter". 
 The Peloponnesians fled toward Abydos ; but were driven to the 
 shore, and compelled to fight from it and their triremes ; when 
 Pharnabazus, their ally, nobly supported them with a land- 
 force, riding at the head of his cavalry as far into the water as his 
 horse would carry him. The crews mostly escaped; but the 
 Athenians carried off thirty of the vessels. Afterwards, Mindarus, 
 being rc-inforced and having sixty triremes, resolved to attack 
 the Athenian fleet of forty stationed at Sestos ; but this withdrew 
 by night. He then, with the assistance of Pharnabazus, reduced 
 Cyzicus. Meanwhile the Athenian fleet returned to Sestos, with 
 a re-inforcement of six triremes under Alcibiadcs, who attacked 
 him by surprise. Mindarus was slain, and his fleet destroyed ; 
 when Pharnabazus sent the officers to Antandros, to superintend 
 the building of other vessels at the southern foot of Mount Ida, 
 where timber abounded. The Antandrians were then raifing walls 
 for the defence of their town. 
 
 V. Of the Hellespontic cities, Abydos alone had not been re- 
 taken, when Lybander, General of the Lacedaemonian con- 
 
 1 Plato in Alcibiades. Plutsrck, in his Life. 
 
 I fedcraiy, 
 
5S THE HISTORY OF 
 
 federacy, arrived there and again made its 'harbour the station of 
 their fleet. The Athenian commanders, who followed him, were 
 informed at Elcus, where they dined, that he was at Lampsacus. 
 They proceeded to Sestos, took in provisions for the night, and in 
 the evening came to Aigospotami, overagainst Lampsacus, where 
 they supped. The strait there was scarcely two miles wide. 
 There was neither town nor harbour, yet they formed there a 
 naval camp. The gallies were hauled up on the beach, or at 
 anchor near it. The men had as far as Sestos, which was two 
 miles oft, to go for a market, and often wandered about the 
 country. Alcibiades, who had great possessions in the Cherso- 
 nesus, interposed in vain with salutary council.. Lysandcr unex- 
 pectedly attacked them. One hundred and seventy of the 
 Athenian triremes were taken, and few escaped. A Milesian 
 vessel was dispatched with the news of this great event, and ar- 
 rived in the port of Laeedaemon on the third day. The Helles- 
 pontine and other cities submitted to> Lysander '. He expelled 
 people of Sestos, and divided the city and the adjacent territory 
 among his seamen ; but the Spartans, displeased at this severity, 
 directed that they should be restored 2 . The surrender of Athens 
 to the Peloponnesians followed; seven hundred seventy-nine 
 years, says Diodorus 3 , after the destruction of Troy. On the 
 conclusion of the war, the Asian Greeks became subjects of the 
 king of Persia, the ally of Lacedaemon. 
 
 1 Xenophon/ Hist. I. i. C. L L ao. * Plutarch in Lyfander. 
 
 3 L. 13. 
 
 CHAPTER 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 5$ 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 THE SECOND PELOPONNESIAN WAR. 
 f. Passage of the Cyreian Greeks through the Troia. — II. The 
 Troia under the Persians. — III. Recovered for the Lacedatnd- 
 nians. — IV. Ambush of the Athenians near Abydos. — V. End 
 of the war. 
 
 I. W HEN the army of Greek mercenaries employed by 
 Cyrus in his expedition into Persia was on its return homeward, 
 Timasion, an exile of Dardanum, one of the Generals whom 
 they had chosen, proposed, widi a view to his own restoration, 
 the plundering of the rich satrapy of Pharnabazus, of which the 
 Troia was a portion. When Seuthes, a Thracian prince, on en- 
 gaging them' in his service, gave an entertainment, Timasion, as 
 it was usual to carry presents, took from his store of Asiatic spoil 
 a silver cup, and a Persian carpet of the value of forty pounds 
 sterling 1 . On their return into Asia, they landed at Lampsacus, 
 and the following day marched to Ophrynium, where Xenophon, 
 admonished by a friend, sacrificed, as had been formerly his 
 custom, to Jupiter Meilichius, according to the antient Attic 
 rites. From thence they passed through the Troia, and having 
 
 1 See Mitford. • 
 
 I 2 crossed 
 
60 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 crossed over Ida, came to Antandros, the plain of Thebc, and 
 Pergamum, on their way to join the army of the Lacedaemonians, 
 who were then at war with Persia \ - 
 
 II. Zen is, a Greek of Dardanum, had been appointed by 
 Pharnabazus to be governor, or " according to Xenophon *,*' 
 says Mr. Mitford ; , " Satrap of that fine country so interesting in 
 earliest history, as the kingdom of Priam and the seat of th,e 
 Trojan war." He dying, Pharnabazus conferred his office, the 
 presidency of the /Eolis, on his widow Mania, likewise a Darda- 
 nian, who, with equal ability held for him the strong-holds al- 
 ready in their possession ; and, raising a body of Greek mercena- 
 ries, acquired, of the cities, which did not obey him, the mari- 
 time (so termed, I suppose, to distinguish them from the cities on 
 Mount Ida), Larissa,. Hamaxilus,.andColona2 ; having approached 
 their walls with a Greek token of hospitality. This extraordinary 
 woman was murdered in her palace by the husband of her 
 daughter, Meidias, who destroyed her son, and then solicited 
 Pharnabazus to confer on him the government, which she had 
 held ; but he refused the proffered presents with generous indig- 
 » nation, and declared his resolution to punish her assassin. Meidias 
 seized on Scepsis and Gergis*, strong towns, in which the chief 
 treasures of Mania were deposited ; but the other places in the; 
 Troia were preserved by their garrisons for Pharnabazus. 
 
 " Xenophon, Anab. 1. 3. 1. 5. 1. 7. 2 Hellen. 1.3. 
 
 ! V- 3- p. 110. * The fame as Gergithes, p. 43. 
 
 III. Tli* 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. CI 
 
 III. The General of the Lacedaemonian army in Asia Minor, 
 Dercyllidas, who was at enmity with Pharnabazus, covenanted, 
 in a treaty with the Persian governor Tissapheraes, to be allowed 
 a passage into ;Eolia. "When he arrived on the borders, imme- 
 diately, in one day, Larissa, Hamaxitus, and Colonas complied 
 With his summons. lie promised complete emancipation from 
 the dominion of Persia to the ^Eolian cities, and exhorted them to 
 receive him within their walls, and to join him in the common 
 cause of Grecian liberty. The Neandrians and Cocylita? are now 
 first noticed by Xenophon. The former were a people distant a few 
 miles inland from Ilium. Of the Cocylita?, or of a place named 
 Cocylus, no mention is made by any other antient author;, and, 
 I apprehend, we should read Cotylit;e, the dwellers on Mount 
 Cotylus, as the name stands in Strabo ' ; a summit of Mount Ida 
 above Scepsis. These, with the Ilieans submitted ; the Greeks in 
 their garrisons, which had been attached to Mania, not being 
 equally well affected to Pharnabazus. The governor of Cebren, 
 which was a very strong and antient place on die side of Ilium 
 next Lectos, refused to surrender ; but the inhabitants opened 
 their gates on the approach of Dercyllidas. He then proceeded; 
 against Scepsis and Gergis. The Scepsians admitting him, he 
 ordered the garrison to quit the citadel, and sacrificed there to* 
 Minerva, assembled the people, and restored the town to them ; 
 admonishing them so to govern it as became Greeks and freemen.. 
 
 1 P. 6oa. 
 
 At 
 
62 THE HISTORY. OF 
 
 # 
 
 At Gergis the men on the towers, which were very lofty, seeing 
 
 Meidias, to whom he had granted conditions of alliance, advance 
 
 with him, did not make use of their missile weapons, hut, by his 
 
 order, opened the gates ; when they both entered, and, going 
 
 together to the citadel, sacrificed to Minerva. Dercyllidas, having 
 
 thus in eight days recovered nine cities, proposed a truce, which 
 
 was accepted by Pharnabazus. 
 
 IV. The other powers of Greece uniting against Lacedaemon, 
 
 the Athenians joined the confederacy, and, after a great victory 
 
 obtained by their fleet under Pharnabazus and Conon, met with 
 
 resistance in the Hellespont only from two cities, Sestos and 
 
 Abydos, which received the fugitive colonists of the Chersoncsus 
 
 within their wails. Abydos was defended by Dercyllidas, who 
 
 continued to preserve for the Lacedaemonians that relic of their 
 
 empire in Asia, when two new commanders were sent to the 
 
 Hellespont, Anaxibius from Lacedasmon, "Iphicrates from Athens. 
 
 '* A proposal to revolt coming to Anaxibius from a party in An- 
 
 tandros, he led thither the greater part of his force, consisting of 
 
 Abydenes, mercenaries, and the Lacedaemonian governors, with 
 
 their followers, who had taken refuge in Abydos with Dercyllidas. 
 
 Iphicrates, informed of this movement, crossed the Hellespont in the 
 
 night, landed on the Asiatic shore, and directing his march toward 
 
 Crcmaste on the highlands of Ida, where, says Xenophon', were 
 
 the gold mines of the Antandrians, he took a station commodious 
 
 J Hellen.l. 4. c. 8. 1. 37. 
 
 for 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. ej 
 
 for intercepting the Lacedaemonians on their return. His squadron 
 hastened back to Sestos, and, at day-break, according to orders 
 given, moved up the Hellespont toward the Propontis. It was 
 seen from the Asiatic shore, holding that course, and the feint 
 completely deceived Anaxibius; who, in the persuasion that 
 Iphicrates was gone on some expedition to the northward, marched 
 in full security. He no sooner saw the Athenian infantry, so 
 well was the ambuscade planned, than he saw his own defeat in- 
 evitable V He was killed ; and his army was pursued, with 
 considerable slaughter, to the very walls of Abydos. I have met 
 with no other mention of Cremaste or the gold mines of the An- 
 tandrians ; and suspect those of Astyra % which were toward 
 Abydos, to have been intended by Xenophon. 
 
 V. A fleet of twenty -five triremes was sent from Ephesus by 
 Antalcidas, the Lacedaemonian commander in Asia, to oppose 
 Iphicrates ; who, after their arrival, blockaded with a greater 
 number the harbour of Abydos. Antalcidas then hastened 
 thither by land ; captured eight triremes coming from Thrace, 
 and collected a naval force so superior that the Athenians could 
 not contend with it. A general peace was concluded in the 
 nineteenth year after the battle of Aigospotami; when it was 
 settled that the Greek cities of Asia should all return to their obe- 
 dience to the Emperor of Persia 3 . 
 
 " Mitford, v. 3. p. 306. 2 See Strabo. 
 
 » Polybius, 1. 1. Strabo, 1. 6- p. 287. Diodorus Siculus, 1. 14. 
 
 CHAPTER 
 
64 . THE HISTORY OF 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 I. Conduct of Charidemus Oritcs. — II. Of his taking Ilium by 
 stratagem. — III. Adventure of AHschi?ies at Ilium. 
 
 I. JL HE Athenians, while they were at war with Philip 
 king of Macedonia, were attacked in the Chersonesus by Cotys, 
 king of Thrace. Charidemus of Oreus, a town in Eubiea, a 
 soldier of fortune, was General of the foreign army in the service 
 of the Republic. On his dismission, he passed into Asia ; where 
 he was hired by the party of Artabazus, who had revolted from 
 king Ochus, but was then a prisoner. Ilium, Scepsis, and Cebren, 
 regarding him as a friend, suffered him to enter. Having them 
 in his power, he held them as his own, and continued within 
 their walls, though he was not provided with necessaries, nor had 
 any maritime place, by which he might be supplied, until Artaba- 
 zus, having obtained his liberty, approached with an army, which 
 he could not oppose. He then from Abydos (ever hostile, it is 
 said, to the Athenians) crossed over to Sestos, of which city Cotys 
 was in possession ; and, serving him, laid siege to Eleus. After- 
 ward the king of Thrace purchased the alliance of the Republic 
 by the surrender of the Chersonesus '. 
 
 1 Bern jstheues against Aristocrates. Diodorus Siculus, 1. i<5- 
 
 "P 
 
 II. yEneas 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 65 
 
 II. MneaSi a very antient Greek writer on Tactics, has re- 
 lated l ,~that Charidemus obtained possession of Ilium in the follow- 
 ing manner. He had learned that a servant of the Archon or 
 Governor was accustomed to go out of the town to plunder, and 
 to return with his booty, commonly in the night. This man, ' 
 with whom he. procured a clandestine interview and made a bar- 
 gain, came forth at an appointed hour on horseback, as they had 
 agreed ; for otherwise his way would have been through a postern, 
 by which only a single person coidd pass: He went back with 
 about thirty soldiers in armour, but disguised and concealing 
 their daggers, shields, and helmets ; and with women and chil- 
 dren, as captives. The city-gate being opened to admit the horse, 
 they killed the guard, and let in Charidemus \ The town thus 
 taken was in danger of being immediately lost. A General, who 
 opposed him and was not far off, being apprised of the attack, 
 advanced by a different way, under favour of the night, entered 
 the gate, during the tumult, with his troops ; and the Word of 
 one party* happening to be Dioscuri, and that of the other Tynda- 
 rida, his purpose, owing to this double appellation of the deities 
 Castor and Pollux, was nearly effected before he was discovered 
 to be an enemy. 
 
 1 Comment. Tactic, et Obsidional. v. 2. p. i6Sf r 
 
 2 This stratagem is related with some variation by Polyaenus, 1. 3, end. In his ac- 
 count the horse is given by Charidemus to be conducted into the city with other feigned 
 plunder. 
 
 K Plutarch, 
 
66 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 Plutarch, who has observed that some persons are pleased with 
 incidents bearing a resemblance to each other, cites for an ex- 
 ample the taking of Ilium thrice by means, or on account, of 
 horses, by Hercules, the Greeks, and Charidcmus ' ; and an allu- 
 sion to the same circumstance is contained in a Latin epigram, 
 made on one Asellus, who, I suppose, not understanding or not 
 relishing the Ilias had committed it to the flames. 
 
 Carminis Iliaci libros consumpsit Asellus ; 
 Hoc fatum Trojae est, aut Equus aut Asinus \ 
 
 III. I shall now give an abstract of one of the Epistles 3 , which 
 are ascribed to the famous orator TEschines. The author relates, 
 that, after leaving Athens, he had arrived at Ilium, where he had 
 intended to stay until he should have gone through all the verses in 
 the llias on the very spot to which they severally had reference ; 
 but was prevented by the misconduct of his fellow-traveller, a 
 young rake, named Cimon. It was the custom, he tells us, for 
 maidens who were betrothed to repair on a certain day to bathe in 
 the Scamander. Among them was, at this time, a damsel of 
 illustrious family called Callirrjioe. iEschines, with their relations 
 and the multitude, was a spectator of as much of the ceremony as 
 was allowed to be seen, at a due distance ; but Cimon, who had 
 conceived a bad design against this lady, personating the River- 
 
 1 In the life of Sertorius. 2 See Wood. Essay on Homer, p. 340. 
 
 3 The tenth. 
 
 God 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 61 
 
 God and wearing a crown of reeds, lay concealed in a thicket; 
 until she, as was usual, invoked Scamander to receive the offer, 
 which she made, of herself to him. He then leaped forth, saying, 
 "I Scamander most willingly accept of Callirrhoc," and, with 
 .many promises of kindness, imposed on and abused her simplicity 
 and credulity. Four days after this ceremony, a public festival 
 was held in honour of Venus, when the females, whose nuptials 
 had been recently celebrated, appeared in the procession. iEschines 
 was again a spectator, and Cimon with him ; to whom Callirrhoc, 
 on seeing him, respectfully bowed her head, as she passed by ; 
 and, casting her eyes on her nurse, told her, that was the God 
 Scamander. A discovery followed. The two companions got to 
 their lodging and quarrelled ; a croud gathered about the gate of 
 the house ; and vEschines with difficulty made his escape by the 
 back-door to a place of security. It is proper to mention here, 
 that these Epistles are not regarded as genuine by the learned ; 
 and this, in particular, though it is stiled an authentic and im- 
 partial narrative by Mr. Gibbon \ ill accords, it has been re- 
 marked, with the grave dignity of the rival of Demosthenes. 
 
 * History, v. 3, p. Sj, note. He refers to Bayle, Scamo.ndcr. 
 
 K 2 CHAPTER 
 
68 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 ALEXANDER THE GREAT. 
 
 I. His descent. — II. lie invades Asia. — III. Visits I Hum. and the 
 tombs of the Heroes. — IV. His departure, and kindness to the 
 Ilicans. — V. His regard for Homer, and imitations of Achilles. 
 
 I. IMMEDIATE, as well as lineal descendants from deities, 
 even of the highest class, continued, long after Homer, to be no. 
 very remarkable rarities in Greece and Asia. Alexander the 
 Great was the reputed s<sn of Jupiter by Olympias. Another lady,. 
 who pretended or believed that she had been pregnant by a. God,, 
 furnished the Seleucida?, one of the families which divided his 
 dominions, with Apollo for their progenitor. If Alexander was 
 the son of Philip, and not of Supreme Jupiter, he derived his 
 pedigree from Hercules, and was of the family of /Eacus, into 
 which Andromache the wife of Hector had married after her 
 captivity. The plan which his ambition pursued was that of his 
 iiiOital father ; to make conquests on earth. As General of Greece 
 he waged war with the Persians under the pretext of avenging 
 their repeated invasions of that country. 
 
 II. The army of Alexander passed the Hellespont at the Strait 
 of Abydos, and encamped by the noble Arisbe of Homer; of. 
 
 which 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 6S 
 
 which the site, except its having been toward Lampsacus, was 
 uncertain in the time of Strabo*. One of his commanders had 
 
 an engagement with the Persians in the Tibia, and was compelled 
 to retire to Rhceteum. *. Alexander went from Sestos to visit the 
 barrow of Protesilaus and to sacrifice to that hero. He crossed 
 from Eleus with sixty vessels to the Port of the Aclneans, which 
 was opposite. He sacrificed a bull to Neptune and the Nereids, 
 when he was mid-way on the water; and, as Xerxes had done 
 before him, 'poured a libation from a cup of gold, but I find no 
 mention of his having thrown it into the sea. When he came 
 near the shore, he cast a javelin, which standing fixed in the 
 ground, he leaped, in complete armour, out of the vessel ; and, 
 like one dancing 3 , I suppose to testify joy at the omen, signified, 
 " that with his spear he, by the favour of the Gods, took possession 
 of Asia. They raised altars where he embarked, and also where, 
 with better fortune than Protesilaus, he had landed in the country 
 of the enemy ; and when the victims were slain, he prayed 
 that these realms might receive him willingly for their king 4 . 
 
 III. Ilium, to which Alexander went up from the Port of the 
 Acha?ans, was then a village with a small and mean temple of 
 Minerva 5 . On his arrival there, crowns of gold were placed on 
 his head by his pilot, by Chares an Athenian from Sigeum, and 
 by other Greeks and Asiatics. He sacrificed to Minerva ; and 
 
 1 P. J90. * Arrian, Exped. 1. 1. ' 
 
 3 Justin. 1. xi. c. 5. " Dicdoius Sicukis, 1. 17. 
 
 ! Strabo, p. 593. 
 
 viewed 
 
70 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 viewed attentively the Antiquities and Curiosities. On the altar cf 
 Jupiter Herccus, or of the Courtile, (whose statue, carried away 
 by the Greeks, continued to be shown at Argos in the time of 
 Pausanias ',) he poured libations to Priam ; praying, that the 
 vengeance which had overtaken Neoptolemus ', who, after killing 
 him at it, was slain at the altar of Apollo at Delphi, might not be 
 extended to his progeny, and fall on him as one of his descend- 
 ants. He rejected the lyre of Paris, which an Iliean offered him, 
 if he chose to accept of it ; saying, that he had no need of it, as 
 he possessed the harp with which Achilles had been solaced, 
 chanting to it the exploits of famous men ; while the lyre of Paris 
 had tinkled only a certain soft and feminine harmony, the accom- 
 paniment of amorous songs '. He was desirous of seeing the 
 tombs of the heroes. He performed rites and made offerings at 
 them, especially at those of Achilles and Ajax Telamon *, de- 
 scendants of jEacus. He adorned the barrow of Achilles, whom 
 he regarded as his ancestor, with choice flowers, anointed the 
 stela or pillar on it with sweet perfumes, and, with his com- 
 panions, ran naked, as the custom was, round it. In an address 
 to the hero, he insisted on the felicity which had attended him, 
 on his having had a faithful friend, while living; and a famous 
 poet to celebrate his exploits after his decease. '* What a number 
 
 1 Corinth. 1. 1. 2 Messen. 1. 4. 
 
 5 Plutarch. Of the fortune of Alexander, 1. 1- iElian. Var. Hist. 1. 9. c. 3S. See 
 Bayle in Achilles. 
 
 * Diodorus Siculus, 1. 17. 
 
 of 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 71 
 
 of writers of his actions, says Cicero in his defence of Ar- 
 chias ', is Alexander reported to have had in his retinue ; and yet, 
 when he stood by the barrow of Achilles at Sigeum, he said, 
 " O fortunate young man, who hast found an Homer to be the 
 herald of thy valour !" And justly, -for unless the Ilias had ex- 
 isted, the tomb which covered his body would have been that, 
 likewise of his renown." Hephasstion, the favourite of Alexander, 
 bestowed his garlands on Patroclus ; intimating, that he bore the 
 like relation to Alexander; the king honouring the king, the 
 friend his friend, in their common sepulchre \ 
 y IV. The Ilieans were too liberal of omens, which cost them 
 nothing, to omit providing the monarch with a store of good ones, 
 when he was about to leave them. On his coming to the sacred 
 portion of their Goddess, the priest who offered sacrifice, and who 
 was named Alexander, met him; and, having found, as he declared, 
 the statue of a former Satrap of Phrygia lying prostrate in the 
 area before the temple, (probably thrown down for the purpose), 
 and also observed favourable prognostics in augury, assured him, 
 that he would gain a victory by his cavalry ; especially if he gave 
 battle in Phrygia ; and that, lighting in the ranks, he would kill 
 a great commander of the enemy ; for these events were prc-signi- 
 fied by the Gods, and particularly by Minerva, who would con- 
 tribute to his good fortune 3 . The king was pleased with the pre- 
 
 1 c. x. 
 
 1 iElian. Var. Hist. 1. 1 2. c. 7. Fabretti on the Iliac Table, p 336, 
 3 Diodorus Siculus. 
 
 diction. 
 
72 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 diction, and doubtless rewarded die Prophet as well a? the God- 
 dess, whom he regaled on the occasion with a costly sacrifice. 
 -Also he dedicated to her his own armour ; taking in lieu or' it 
 from her temple some of that yet saved, they said, (but the report 
 Mr. Bryant assures us was certainly without foundation ') from 
 the Trojan war 2 ; and to it he thrice owed his life in the battle of 
 the Granicus ; after which he returned, adorned the temple with 
 offerings, ordered Curators to repair the buildings, and raised 
 -Ilium to the rank of a city, which he declared free and exempt 
 from tribute. Moreover, when he had subdued the Persians, 
 he wrote a kind letter to the people, promising t© make their 
 city great, and the temple famous, and to introduce Sacred 
 Games 3 to be held there ; and, on the inspection of his memo- 
 randum-book, after his decease, it apj^eared that he had intended 
 to erect at Ilium a temple of Minerva not inferior to any in splen- 
 dour and magnificence. 
 
 VI. Alexander is said to have studied the poems of Homer ; to 
 have revised them with the assistance of Callisthcncs and Anaxar- 
 chus, two Philosophers and Critics who accompanied him in his 
 expedition ; and to have deposited the copy, with their remarks, 
 in a box of admirable beauty and great value found among the 
 pretious spoils of king Darius ; from which a certain edition was 
 afterwards called that of the casket 4 . At the funeral of Hephass- 
 
 1 Dissertation, p. 5. 2 Arriun. Expedit. 1. 1. 
 
 3 Strabo, p. 593. Arviau. 
 
 ' Slrabuj p. 594. See Comment. Piutarch in his Liie. 
 
 tion, 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 73 
 
 tion, he and his companions cut off their hair, as Achilles and 
 his Myrmidons had done at that of Patroclus ; and, after the ex- 
 ample, as he boasted, of his great ancestor, he dragged the brave 
 defender of Gaza tied to the tail of his chariot about the city \ But 
 this is not the usage which Hector experiences in the Ilias. 
 Achilles is not there described as dragging him about Troy, but 
 from the spot where he was killed to the ships, and afterwards, 
 thrice for several mornings, encompassing the barrow, which he had 
 caused to be made for Patroclus, with the body so fastened. The 
 other atrocity is imputed to him by Euripides 2 ; and not, as Mr. 
 Bayle ' has supposed, first by Virgil, though he, and not he alone, 
 has adopted the spurious tale with increase of the outrage. 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 OF THE TROIA UNDER THE SUCCESSORS OF ALEXANDER. 
 
 I. Of Ilium and Alexandria Troas. — II. Of Scepsis. — III. Of 
 Chrysa. — IV. Of the barrow of Ilus. — V. Of a plain on Lectos. 
 — VI. Of the arrival of Antiochus the firji at Ilium. 
 
 I. x\.MID the contests of the Generals of Alexander the 
 Great for dominion, after his decease, Lysimachus first obtained 
 Thrace and its vicinity in Europe. Passing afterwards with an 
 
 « Q. Curtius, ]. 4. a In Andromache. 3 In Achilles. 
 
 L army 
 
74 THE HISTORY Of 
 
 army into Asia, he invaded Antigonus, reduced and placed a 
 garrison in Sigeum, and got possession of the country r . It was 
 Jie, who chiefly, after Alexander, took care of Ilium. He re- 
 built the temple ; encircled the town, as much as forty stadia % 
 with a wall ; and collected into it the inhabitants of the old 
 cities round about it, which had gone to decay. It was he like- 
 wise 3 who took care of Alexandria in the Troas, which had been 
 already peopled by Antigonus, and called Antigonia ; but he 
 changed that appellation from malice to his rival masqued under 
 the pretext that the successors of Alexander, building cities, 
 ought, in the first instance, to give his name a preference to their 
 own. What places were depopulated to increase the number of 
 Ilieans we are not told ; but Antigonus had transferred to Alex- 
 andria the Scepsians, Cebrenians, and Neandrians, the inhabitants 
 of Colonae, Chrysa, Larissa, and other inconsiderable towns and 
 strong-holds in that neighbourhood, and had annexed to it their 
 respective territories 4 ; also whether it was he or Lysimachus who 
 instituted Games at Ilium, according to the design of Alexander, 
 is not mentioned ; but Lycon of Troas, as Alexandria was also" 
 called, a celebrated school-master at Athens and famous for his 
 eloquence, was said, not long after, to have contended in his own 
 country, and as a wrestler, and as a thrower of the sphere or 
 
 « Diodorus Sicnlus, 1. 18. * Five miles. 
 
 ' Strabo, p. 593. For vtt quando I read 0, it tile etiam. The name Troas, Mr. 
 Bryant informs us, was not known until the building of this city. Dissertation, p. 51. 
 4 P- 597. 607. 
 
 bowl, 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 75 
 
 bowl, at the Mean Games '. The Tenedians, too weak to be in- 
 dependent, attached themselves to the Alexandrines* their more 
 powerful neighbours ; and the new city became the principal, it' 
 not the sole, place of any consequence between Sigeum and 
 Lectos. From this asra the Trdia has remained a region of solitude 
 and ruins. 
 
 II. Demetrius related concerning Scepsis, that it was founded/ 
 and that the people had removed into it, under Scamandrius son of 
 Hector and Ascanius son of /Eneas ; that the monarchy established 
 in these two families had been succeeded, after a long con- 
 tinuance, by an oligarchy; which, a colony of Milesians be- 
 coming co-citizens, yielded to a democracy; but that the title of 
 kings had remained to their descendants, and that they had en- 
 joyed certain honours down to the time of the removal of the 
 people by Antigonus ; his zeal for its antiquity and glory, as 
 Strabo has observed, overcoming in this instance his reverence for 
 the authority of Homer, by whom the race of Priam is declared 
 in the Ilias about to be extinct; moreover, that the Sccpsians were 
 permitted to return to their own country by Lysimachus ; but that 
 the Cebrenians, with whom, separated only by the river Scaman- 
 der, they had been always at war and enmity, were retained with 
 the other people at Alexandria. Scepsis recovered in some degree 
 
 ■ Diogenes Laertius in his Life. He fucceeded Straito in bis School in the 127th 
 Olympiad. 
 
 " Pausanias p. 330. 
 
 L 2 its 
 
16 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 its pristine consequence ; and Theophrastus, a pupil of Aristotle 
 and his successor in his school at Athens, gave his library, which 
 included that of his mailer, the first on record, to a Scepsian, one 
 of their disciples ; who removed it to this city, and left it to his 
 descendants, many years the unworthy possessors of that invaluable 
 treasure \ 
 
 III. Chrysa, which has not been mentioned before, was near 
 Hamaxitus and noted for its temple of Apollo Smintheus, The 
 Mouse-Apollo. It was the spot referred to in the story of the 
 Teucri; in which was found the reason why the image of the 
 God had been carved with a mouse beneath its foot. But Hera- 
 clidcs of Pontus, a disciple of Plato and Aristotle, had related, 
 that mice abounded there, and were held sacred, and that, on this 
 account, the image had been made standing on a mouse. Strabo, 
 who rejects the tale of the Teucri, derives the origin of the place 
 from the dispersion of the Cilicians ; some of whom had transferred 
 to it the fhrine of this Apollo from a more antient Chrysa, that of 
 Homer, in the territory of Adramyttium ". 
 
 IV. The antient barrow of the Trojan king Uus, which is 
 naked or has only a pillar on it in the Ilias, now made a different 
 appearance. Theophrastus, who was not less eminent as a natura- 
 list than as a Philosopher, ' instances, to illustrate his position that 
 the reports of the mycologists were evidences of the longevity of 
 certain kinds of Trees, the Olive at Athens ; the Palm at Delos ; 
 
 E Stro.bo, p. <5oS.~ 1 Strabo, 604, 6of n 612. 
 
 the 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 77 
 
 the wild Olive, of which the Crowns were made, atOlympia; 
 and the Beeches on this barrow 1 . What the tradition was con- 
 cerning these will be seen when I have occasion to mention 
 them again. 
 
 V. Among the plains of Lectos was one, not large, named Tra- 
 gasa2um, noted for a spontaneous saltern, where the mineral, fixed 
 by the Etesian winds, was in such plenty, that, it is related, the 
 people of Troas could use it as much and as often as they pleased. 
 Lysimachus imposed a duty on it, and it then suddenly disap- 
 peared. He is said to have wondered at the circumstance, and to 
 have revoked his edict of taxation ; when, being free, the salt 
 began to be found again as before \ 
 
 VI. Antiochus, son and successor of Seleucus Nicator the' con- 
 queror of Lysimachus, engaging in an expedition against the king 
 ofBithynia, and his fleet stopping on the way at Sigeum, went 
 up to Ilium with his queen, who was also his sister, his potentates 
 and retinue. Of his reception there we have no account ; but 
 the people of Sigeum manifested on his arrival a disposition to pro- 
 fane and servile adulation like that which is the disgrace and re- 
 proach of the Athenians, whom they resembled in their forms of 
 government. They not only sent Ambassadors to him with con- 
 gratulations, but passed a Decree, which, after encomiums on his 
 conduct, enacts, that public supplications should be made for his 
 prosperity and that of his consort to Minerva of Ilium ; to Apollo 
 
 1 L. iv. c.14. «' ^1:505 a species of the Oak. L. iv. c. 9, 10. 
 
 2 Strabo, p. 603 ; and see Comment, on p. 227. 
 
 ids 
 
7S THE HISTORY OF 
 
 his leader (who wa?. also his reputed progenitor) ; to Victory, 
 and other deities ; the priestess, priests, magistrates and officers 
 wearing crowns ; and also for the king and, the people of Sigeum, 
 by all the citizens, commorants, and sojourners there, who were 
 required to extol Antiochus for his great virtue and valour ; pro- 
 viding also that his golden image on horseback should be placed 
 in the temple of Minerva at Sigeum on a pedestal of white marble 
 to- be inscribed, " The Sigeans have set up king Antiochus son of 
 king Seleucns for his piety to the Temple ; a benefactor, and the 
 saviour of the People ; this honour to be proclaimed in the 
 General Assembly and at the Games." Like his father, Antio- 
 chus pretended or believed that the Genius of Alexander the Great 
 favoured him, when sleeping, with his advice ; and, accordingly, 
 he is here mentioned as having with him his propitious and co- 
 operating Genius. He did not wait for posthumous deification, 
 for he had already a priest ; as appears also from the Decree \ 
 
 1 Chisfhull, Ant\qu'Ua(es Asiaticce, p. 49, 
 
 CHAPTER 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 79 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 EVENTS UNDER KING ATTALUS. 
 
 I. The Troia invaded by king Philip. — II. Of the Gauls. — III. Re- 
 moval of the Gergithans by Attains. 
 
 I. ATTALUS, who bad risen into power and assumed the, 
 title of king at Pergamum % was an ally of the Romans in their 
 war with Philip king of Macedonia. On a renewal of hostilities, 
 after a treaty of peace, Philip entered the Chersonesus of Thrace, 
 and Eleus and Madytos surrendered to him 2 . He then besieged 
 Abydos, where Attalus had a small garrison ; encompassed it with 
 an intrenchment on the land-side, and planted piles cross-ways to 
 complete the blockade next the sea. The Abydenes continued to 
 make a desperate defence even after their wall was thrown down ; 
 and few of them survived the last attack 3 . He was afterwards 
 compelled by the Roman General to withdraw his garrisons from 
 Sestos and Abydos for the defence of his own dominions ; and, in 
 another treaty of peace, it was agreed that Abydos should be de- 
 clared a free city *. 
 
 II. A body of Gauls in the pay of Attalus refusing, from su- 
 perstition, on an eclipse of the moon, to obey orders, it was 
 
 * Strabo, p. 624, * Livy» 1. 3 1 , 3 Polybius. * Livy, I.32. 
 
 settled 
 
SO THE HISTORY OF 
 
 settled, that they should return to Europe ; when he accompanied 
 them with his army as far as the Hellespont; and, on his way 
 back, made a kind visit to the people of Ilium and Alexandria \ 
 The Gauls again crossed over into Asia, distressed the cities of 
 the Hellespont, and wanting possession of a strong-hold, went up 
 into Ilium, but presently deserted it, finding the place would not 
 suit their purpose on account of the part without a wall. On 
 their threatening at another time to besiege Ilium, the people 
 duelling round about Alexandria Troas performed no inconside- 
 rable exploit, sending a body of three thousand men against 
 them, and compelling them to retire 2 . 
 
 III. Attalus destroyed the city Gergithcs, and removed the 
 people, which, it may be presumed, were hostile to his views, 
 from the Troas into Mysia ; where, when Strabo wrote, they con- 
 tinued to inhabit Gergitha a village near the sources of the river 
 C'aicus 3 . The Phrygian goddess Cybele was conveyed in a vessel 
 from Mount Ida, and first introduced at Rome while Attalus 
 governed the country \ 
 
 1 Livy, \- 33- Polybius, p. 586. z Strabo, p. 594, Polybius, p. 623. 
 
 Strabo, p. 616. ■ * Ovid, Fast. 1. iv- 
 
 CHAPTER 
 
ILIUM OR TROI SI 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 The descent of the Romans from the Trojans. 
 
 1 HE prophesy in Homer concerning /Eneas and his posterity 
 and the extent of their future kingdom was as generally known 
 in the antient world as the Ilias. After the /Eolians had occupied 
 the Tibia no people arose there to whom it could be applied. 
 Alexander and his successors had no pretensions to yEneas for a 
 progenitor. But in Italy the Romans were seen attaining to pre- 
 eminence and spreading their conquests over and beyond the 
 country, which was acknow leged to have received colonies both 
 of Greeks and Trojans. The descendants of the Asian settlers 
 there, or the ingenious, and some have stiled them lying, Greeks, 
 may be reckoned the first heralds of their Trojan ancestry. Ly- 
 cophron, living, it is remarkable, in the court of Ptolemy Phi- 
 ladelphus, and more than two centuries before Augufhis Caesar, 
 having adopted the tale (it is supposed from some Greek poet 
 who had described the voyages and wanderings of /Eneas), made 
 his Cassandra, the inspired daughter of Priam, to speak of them 
 as the people to whom should be consigned the sceptres and mo- 
 narchy of the earth and sea 1 ; a bold prediction, says Gibbon, 
 before the end of the first Punic war \ 
 
 1 Cassandra, v. 1226, 1280. 2 History, v. IV\ p. 337. 
 
 M The 
 
82 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 The ferocious citizens of Rome, in the early ages of the Re- 
 public, had not leisure, nor perhaps were they solicitous, to trace 
 back their origin ; sufficiently aware of its being far from illus- 
 trious. They became afterwards acquainted with the traditions of 
 the Italian towns which they subdued, and the writings of the 
 Greeks ; and these were the sources of their Trojan knowlege. 
 Fabius Pictor their first historian was posterior to Lycophron. He 
 amused them with a relation of the arrival of ^Eneas in the 
 country, as their leader ; and with a suite of adventures, and of 
 kings, his posterity reaching down to Romulus and Remus. The 
 fictitious narrative met with their ready assent ; while the con- 
 tinued progress of their arms countenanced the opinion that they 
 were guided by an over-riding Destiny, and contributed to es- 
 tablish the persuasion that in them, now become the claimants, 
 the prophesy which bestowed a widely-extended empire on the 
 uEncada; was hastening to its completion. 
 
 On examining the passage in Homer, which was the basis of 
 this superstructure, it was found, that, according to the poet, 
 ./Eneas and his successors were to reign not over Italians, but 
 Trojans. Some persons, to remove this difficulty, and to set the 
 hero at liberty to ramble from home, substituted in the room of 
 the word Trojans, one of greater latitude, expressive of universal 
 empire '. But this reading, not to offer any other remark on it, 
 is contradicted by the hymn to Venus. The goddess there tells 
 
 • Strabo, p. 6c8, irmltaan for Tfaiow. 
 
 Anchisc? 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 83 
 
 Anchises that ./Eneas will reign over Trojans ', and that sons will 
 be born to his. sons. Dionysius of Halicarnassus supposes ./Eneas 
 and his pofterity to have governed the Trojans in Italy, while his 
 son Ascanius remained and was king in the Trbia, where his 
 descendants ruled in the time of Homer ; but it has been replied, 
 vEneas then obtained no distinction above Antenor, Capys, and 
 otbers who settled in that country ; and it is affirmed in the Ilias, 
 that he should succeed Priam, who reigned over all the Trojans 
 and in the Troia. Dionysius has also mentioned colonies said to 
 have been settled by him as evidences of his voyage. It was 
 easy for the author of his adventures to conduct him to places, 
 of which the names were favourable to the fiction. The peoplr, 
 he was sure, would be disposed, from a prevailing affectation of 
 antiquity, to adopt the fable as true ; the priests, zealous for the 
 honour of their temples, would be delighted to hear that so great 
 a hero had visited and made offerings at them, or had consulted 
 their oracle ; and complaisant writers, like this historian, would not 
 be wanting, to give their sanction to the narrative. It has also been 
 said that /Eneas, leaving a colony in Italy, returned to the Tibia. 
 Eustathius imagines, that Homer by the Trojans intended the 
 Romans ; that he was acquainted with the Sibylline Oracles, 
 which derive the Roman princes from ./Eneas (a sure proof of 
 their being a forgery) ; or that he foresaw (as most poels according 
 to the learned bishop are endowed with the gift of prophesy) that 
 
 * V. 196, i» T(Vt<T<ri» ava|«, 
 
 M 2 the 
 
84 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 the Romans were, to descend from him and become masters of 
 the world. 
 
 The most early instance I have met with of ^an avowal made 
 by the Romans of their consanguinity with the Trojans, is con- 
 nected with a quarrel between two countries in Greece '. The 
 Acarnanians, imploring their aid against the /Etolians, repre 
 sented that their ancestors did not go to the siege of Troy ; and 
 the Senate appointed an embassy to require the ./Etolians to with- 
 draw their garrisons, and leave in quiet a nation, which alone of 
 all the Greeks, had not assisted in the war against the people 
 from whom the Romans were descended. So true is it, says the 
 acute Bayle *, that on certain occasions policy does not refuse to 
 adopt the most ridiculous pretences. Both the plea and inter- 
 ference was grounded on falsehood. Strabo 3 has shown from the 
 catalogue of the forces under Agamemnon, that the country of 
 Acarnania is declared by Homer to have supplied its quota for the 
 expedition. In their answer, the ./Etolians rejected with equal 
 contempt the reason which was assigned by the Romans for their 
 insolent demand, and their pretensions, though attested by the 
 Senate, to Trojan origin. But this rebuff did not make them 
 relinquish their claim. They had motives sufficient to induce 
 them to persevere in it, to extend and establish as much as poflible 
 the belief of their connection with jEneas. It was calculated to 
 promote, especially among the Asiatic Greeks, a persuasion and 
 
 1 Justin, 1. 28, c. 1. 2 See Acurno nia, 3 P- J 18. 
 
 prejudice 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 85 
 
 prejudice favourable to their views ; and, in particular, well 
 adapted to secure to their legions, when the career of victory 
 should bring them to the confines of Europe and Asia, an unim- 
 peded, as it would be an expected, passage of the Hellespont, 
 and a benevolent reception from the people there. 
 
 The most early instance of public attention bestowed by the 
 Romans on the Ilieans is found in the first treaty of peace with 
 Philip King of Macedonia, when they were included by name * ; 
 more, it may well be imagined, as a token of regard, than a 
 proof of any real consequence attaching to them. 
 
 CHAPTER XXL 
 
 THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE IN ASIA. 
 
 I. Invasion of Europe by Antiochus the Great. — II. Arrival of 
 the Roman admiral in the Hellespont. — III. Antiochus invaded 
 by the Romans. — IV. Interview of the Romans and Ilieans. — 
 V. Regard of the Roynans for Ilium. 
 
 I. AnTIOCHUS, surnames the Great, a descendant of Seleu- 
 cus Nicator, laying claim to all the dominions which had be- 
 longed to Lysimachus, was desirous to invade Europe ; but three 
 cities, Smyrna, Alexandria Troas, and Lampsacus, which he 
 
 * Livy, 1, 29, c. 12, 
 
 5 was 
 
86 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 was unable to get into his hands by force or by treaty, and which 
 he was unwilling to leave behind him unsubdued, detained him 
 in Asia \ At length, having put a garrison into Abydos, and 
 sent a detachment of his army against Lampsacus, he crossed the 
 Hellespont and laid siege to Madytos ; which shut its gates against 
 him, but on his surrounding the wall with troops and menacing 
 an assault, surrendered ; as did the remaining places of the Cher- 
 sonesus. He then, before he would loosen his ships for the 
 voyage, went up to Ilium to sacrifice to Minerva there. 
 
 II. The Romans were now at war with Antiochus : ; and, the 
 following year, their admiral, Caius Livius, entering the Hel- 
 lespont with thirty ships, and with seven quadriremes, which 
 had been brought to him by King Eumenes, son and successor 
 of Attalus, steered first to the port of the Acha?ans, and went 
 up to Ilium : where, after sacrificing to Minerva, he gave a kind 
 audience to ambassadors from the neighbouring places, from 
 Eleus, Dardanus, and Rhceteum ; all which surrendered to the 
 Romans 3 r He then sailed up the Hellespont, where Abydos, 
 which had a royal garrison, withstood him ; but he obtained pos- 
 session of Sestos. 
 
 III. The Roman army, under Lucius Cornelius Scipio, coming 
 through the Chersonesus to the Hellespont, found the necessary 
 preparations for their embarkation already made by Livius and 
 Eumenes. They crossed the sea without opposition or tumult, 
 
 1 Livy, 1. 35. a L. 37. ? Appian. 
 
 as 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 87 
 
 as to a peaceful coaft, the vessels steering some to one place some 
 to another, and encamped by the Hellespont ; this being their 
 first passage from Europe into Asia. Scipio advanced to Darda- 
 nus ; and thence to Rhceteum ; each city pouring forth its in- 
 habitants to meet him ; and then to Ilium ; from whence he pro- 
 ceeded toward Antiochus, who was at Sardes, and who, alarmed 
 at his progress, offered terms of peace, and, in particular, the 
 cession of Alexandria Troas and the other cities, about which the 
 war had its beginning, but they were rejected ; and a decisive 
 battle soon after gave the Romans possession of all Asia on this 
 side of Mount Taurus *. 
 
 IV. Ilium, when Scipio arrived there 1 , was only a kind of 
 village-city. So says Demetrius of Scepsis, who, a youth, going 
 thither about that time, saw it so poor and neglected a place, 
 that the roofs of the houses were without tiles on them 3 . It was 
 a fortunate, as well as flattering, circumstance for the people, 
 that, whether policy or persuasion was at the bottom, the Romans 
 were desirous to be esteemed a Trojan colony. The reader may 
 be amused with, perhaps laugh at, the farcical account of their 
 first interview. Scipio, from his camp, which was in the plain 
 under the walls of Ilium, went up to the city and to the citadel ; 
 where he sacrificed, as many great and illustrious persons had 
 
 1 I.ivy, 1. 57, ,38. Tolybius, p. 1130. 
 
 1 In the year of Rome 562, before Christ 190, J Strabo, p. 594. 
 
 done 
 
S« THE HISTORY OF 
 
 done before him, to the tutelary goddess. The Ilieans, we are told, 
 showed by the most respectful demeanour and expressions, their de- 
 ference to the Romans descended from them, and who exulted in. 
 this their origin. They related how ./Eneas and his officers left them 
 to go in quest of a country to settle in ; and the Romans chal- 
 lenged these for their progenitors. Their congratulations were 
 warm and mutual ; and their joy was likened to that of parents 
 and children meeting after a long separation. An insatiable de- 
 sire to contemplate the household gods of their ancestors, the 
 places of their nativity, the temples and images which they had 
 frequented or worshipped, possessed the Romans ; while the 
 Ilieans, who seem to have well crammed the credulity of their 
 gaping guefts, were delighted that their posterity, already con- 
 querors of the West and Africa, laid claim to Asia as the king- 
 dom of their forefathers ; and affirmed, that, to have been ruined 
 was a desirable event for Troy, since it had led to so happy a 
 restoration of its consequence '. 
 
 V. When the victorious army returned, and, loaded with the 
 spoils of Asia, proceeded, after passing the Hellespont, by slow 
 marches, through the Chersonesus, the chiefs had leisure, as 
 many as were ambitious of the honour, to make out their Dardan 
 pedigrees ; and from this aera the Romans are no longer regarded 
 by Greek and Latin authors as the offpsring of the rabble of 
 
 * Justin, I.31. 
 
 Romulusj 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 89 
 
 Romulus, but as having their veins enriched with a large portion 
 of true Trojan blood. The mania infected alike the Senate and 
 the People, and both became benefactors to Ilium ; restoring, 
 embellishing, and conferring privileges on the city which they 
 considered as the parent of Rome. 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 I. Of the identity of Ilium and Troy. — II. Mr. Bryant cited,. — 
 III. Claim and pleas of the Ilicans. — IV. The origin of their 
 city. — V. Of the offering sent by the Locrians to their Minerva. 
 — VI. Of their Palladium. — VII. Appeal to Homer. 
 
 I. A QUESTION which was agitated about this time, whether 
 Ilium stood or not on the site of Troy, seems to have lain dor- 
 mant, or not to have been fully discussed before. When Hero- 
 dotus says, that Xerxes went up to see the Pergamnm of Priam, 
 he may be supposed to distinguifh the Homeric city from the 
 then Ilium. But another historian, Hellanicus of Lesbos, his 
 contemporary, who has been already mentioned, had with other 
 information or more complaisance, represented this and the 
 Homeric city as the same ; and his concurrence with the wishes 
 of the people had contributed in no small degree to establish a 
 position, which numbers were deposed to receive as true, and 
 
 N which, 
 
90 
 
 THE HISTORY Op 
 
 ■which, from the then insignificance of the place, not many 
 -would take the trouble to examine ; few, if any, to controvert. 
 
 II. Mr. Bryant ' informs us, that, from regard to the Ilieans, 
 Alexander " was resolved to rebuild their antient city : but they 
 could not describe where it originally stood." I have not met 
 with this anecdote in any other author. It may even be doubted 
 whether the subject had then been under consideration. The stay 
 made by Alexander at Ilium was not sufficient for him, if he had 
 the inclination, to enter into or to decide on disputes in archaeo- 
 logy, if any then subsisted. Engaged as he was there in pre- 
 paring for battle or the pursuit of the enemy, it is more probable 
 that what was told him positively he heard hastily, and admitted 
 without suspicion of mistake. 
 
 III. The public and avowed patronage of the conquerors of 
 Antiochus, and the ambition of some principal Roman families 
 to deduce their pedigrees from Trojan stems, was not more cal- 
 culated to excite jealousy in the neighbours, than vanity in the. 
 people of Ilium. Extraordinary circumstances had concurred 
 to favour the opinion, that they inherited and inhabited the an- 
 tient Troy ; and, flattered, as they were, with the idea that the 
 Romans, as descended from the same stock, were becoming 
 masters of the world, and, possessing at the same time solid ad- 
 vantages from the connection, whether real or imaginary, it might 
 be expected that they would endeavour to establish their local 
 
 Dissert, p. 40, 41, 51. 
 
 importance 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 91 
 
 Importance with increase of zeal, solicitous that their claim of 
 being truly citizens of the genuine Troy should be allowed in its 
 full extent. Accordingly, they averred it was not true that Troy 
 had entirely vanished on its capture by the decks, or had ever 
 been deserted ; and, to prove the identity of their city with Troy, 
 they appealed to an anticnt custom, the sending of Virgins an- 
 nually to their Minerva by the Locrians, which, they said, had 
 commenced a little after the destruction of Troy ; and to the 
 Palladium or statue of the goddess still in their possession '. 
 
 IV. Some curious and learned persons, offended at the growing 
 arrogance of the Ilieans, instituted an enquiry into the foundation 
 of their high pretensions. In reply to the assertion that their city 
 was the same with that of Homer, they cited Homer, who de- 
 clares in the Ilias 2 , that his Ilium would be destroyed, and speaks 
 of the event as accomplished in the Odyssey \ To prove it had 
 disappeared, they produced also the testimony of later authors; 
 one, Lycurgus the Athenian, a contemporary of Alexander the 
 Great, who teaching in an oration 4 (still extant) that the over- 
 throw of a city is its death, asks, " Who has not heard of Troy, 
 how that, after becoming the greatest of the cities of its time and 
 the principal of all Asia, it continues always uninhabited, having 
 been once subverted by the Greeks ?" They supposed the people 
 who could have restored it to have regarded the site as ill-omened ; 
 either on account of the calamities suffered on it, or of the curses 
 
 1 Strabo, p. 600, 601. 2 f. 44S, 3 $'. 528. 
 
 * Against Leocrates. 
 
 N 2 uttered, 
 
9* ■ THEHISTORYOF 
 
 uttered, according to antient custom, by Agamemnon against 
 any who should afterwards inclose it within a wall ; and therefore 
 to have left that place, and to have walled the other. " Before 
 then, continues Strabo, Astypalseensians ', they retaining the 
 Rhceteum, co-inhabited, toward the Simois, Polium, which is 
 now called Polisma, and which, being an insecure place, was 
 soon demolished ; but the present settlement was made, and 
 temple founded, under the Lydians ; and it was not a city 
 until a long time after, but increased, as we have said, by little 
 and little ; albeit Hcllanicus, to gratify the Ilieans, as his manner 
 is, agrees in this, that the present city is the same as Troy : but, 
 as for the country of the non-apparent city, the people who had 
 Sigeum and Rhceteum divided it, and, as happened to either, 
 that of the other neighbouring places ; and gave it back on its 
 having been re-edified \" "Some, he says, relate, that the city, 
 after having changed its place several times, remained where it is, 
 chiefly in obedience to an oracle \ But Troy, which lay a heap 
 of ruins, was resorted to on the departure of the Greeks, for ma- 
 terials to be used in repairing the circumjacent places, which had 
 only been damaged, and in building, as at Sigeum and Achil- 
 Icum ; until they were all removed, and no vestige of the city 
 is left 4 ." 
 
 1 P. 631. AcrWoiXaiH;-. An island called Astypalnea is mentioned p. 488. "Their city 
 was free under the Romans. Pliny. Mr. Villoison found there inscriptions, one cun- 
 ta'ming a treaty made with them by the Roman Republic. Homer. Prolegomena, p. lv. 
 
 ; Strabo, p. 602. See Comment. 3 P. 593. * P. fffl. 
 
 V; The 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 93 
 
 V. The story of the violation of the chastity of Cassandra, 
 daughter of Priam, by Ajax Oileus, in the temple and in the 
 presence of Minerva at Troy, and of the wrath of the goddess 
 on that account, though of great antiquity, is not, as Strabo ' 
 has remarked, founded on Homer ; who represents the deity, 
 not as angry with the Locrians in particular for any misbehaviour 
 of their leader, but with the Greeks in general as having been 
 deficient in their respect to her temple. 
 
 The Locrians, it is related, suffered from the plague or pesti- 
 lence, the outrage committed by their chief being avenged on 
 the people, in the third year after the taking of Troy. On con- 
 sulting the oracle of Apollo, they received for answer, that the 
 goddess must be appeased by their sending to her annually, for a 
 certain time, two Locrian virgins, to be chosen by lot ; and, 
 such was their superstition, that they not only resolved then to 
 comply with the requisition, but continued their obedience for a 
 term of years hardly credible. 
 
 It was the business of these devoted females to take care of 
 the temple of Minerva at Ilium, to keep it clean, and, in par- 
 ticular, to sweep round about the altar early in the morning ; and 
 this they did without their upper garment, witli their feet "naked 
 like servant-maids, and with their heads bare, even if labouring 
 under the burthen of old age \ 
 
 1 P. 60. and fee Comment. 
 
 * Hutarch, De Sera Numinis Vind. p. 52, edit. Wyttcnbach. 
 
 Poly U us, 
 
94 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 Polybius, who had frequently visited the very antient colony 
 of Locrians settled in Italy, of which some mention has been 
 already made, declaring, that their customs and traditions were 
 more conformable to the account given of them by Aristotle than 
 by Timacus, relates, as their own information, that nobility of 
 ancestry was derived among them, not through the males but 
 females ; of whom those only were reputed noble who deduced 
 their origin from the hundred families which were noble before 
 their migration, and from which the Locrians who remained be- 
 hind in their country were about to chuse by lot the virgins to 
 be sent, as the Oracle had directed, into Ilium *. 
 
 The Ilieans, retaining their old enmity to the Locrians, as 
 having made part of the army of Agamemnon, endeavoured to 
 deprive them of the benefit of a reconciliation with the goddess, 
 by precluding, as much as was in their power, their access to her 
 temple ; way-laying, and, it is said, even killing the women, as 
 often as they could, to compel the Locrians to send other victims. 
 vEneas, the very antient writer on Tactics, whom we have be- 
 fore cited ", instances, in his remarks on the difficulty of hin- 
 dering the introduction of a thing into a city by crafty manage- 
 ment, these Locrian females, " which, says he, the people about 
 Ilium, for so long a time and so disposed, have not been able 
 with all their study and vigilance to keep from entering ; but a 
 
 1 L. xii. " Illas centum virgines." " From which an hundred virgins were taken by lot." 
 Latin interpreter and Hampton'* Polybius, v. 11. p. 367. See Bayle, Cassandra. 
 1 P. 65. 
 
 few 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 95 
 
 few taking heed not to be detected, arc not detected in bringing 
 in many bodies ; and this same purpose lias been heretofore ef- 
 fected by some like means '." 
 
 The duration of this expiatory offering was, most unreasonably, 
 extended by Apollo to a thousand years. Apneas, who, it is to 
 be observed, has mentioned one or more transactions as late as 
 the hundred and tenth Olympiad, speaks of the usage as subsisting 
 in his time ; and, from various authors, it appears to have been 
 continued for the term prescribed \ That an Oracle should have 
 ventured to impose such a punishment for an offence so circum- 
 stanced may seem incredible. That a people so distant from 
 Ilium should have obeyed it at all, much more that they should 
 have persevered for so many centuries in the observance of such 
 an ordinance, may, especially in persons not acquainted with the 
 supremacy of the power of superstition, excite wonder. But, 
 extraordinary as it may be deemed, the custom, if not its occa- 
 sion, was incontrovertible ; and the opponents of the Ilieans, 
 in this article, had no other resource but to detract from its high 
 antiquity, by affirming that it began when the Persians were 
 masters of the country 3 . 
 
 VI. Fable had ascribed a divine origin to the Palladium of 
 Troy. Bus-, it is related, was directed by an Oracle to follow a. 
 pied heifer, and to build his city where she rested; and, 
 this happening on a hill called that of the Phrygian Ate, he 
 
 1 V. II- p. ro4. 2 See Casaubpn on 7E11 as. Bayle in Caisaiira. 
 
 * Strabo, p Go 1. , 
 
 prayed 
 
9§ THE HISTORY OF 
 
 prayed to Jupiter to grant him a farther sign ; and, in the morn- 
 ing, found tliis famous image of Pallas or Minerva lying before 
 his tent '. 
 
 The Palladium of Troy was supposed to have had a property 
 which is not taken notice of by Homer, and which, as we have 
 before mentioned, was said to have been revealed by Helenus 
 to the Greeks. It was the sure guardian of the city and people. 
 According to Ovid 2 , the place which should possess this treasure 
 was rendered impregnable by it, and could not be destroyed even 
 by any one of the Gods, if angry ; on its descent from heaven, 
 Apollo of Thymbra was consulted, and, from the obscurity of 
 his thick grove answered, not in a counterfeit voice, 
 
 JEtheream servate deam, servabitis urbem ; 
 Imperium secum transferet ilia loci. 
 
 The Palladium of the Ilieans, which was said to have turned 
 the eyes aside when Cassandra was violated in its presence by 
 Ajax Oileus 3 , has been described \ as a wooden statue three cu- 
 bits high, striding with the feet (art argument that it was not of 
 the most early sculpture) ; and as having in the right hand an 
 up-lifted javelin, in the left a spindle or distaff. With these 
 attributes the goddess is seen on medals of Ilium as in motion or 
 marching, and with the calathus or basket (the prototype of a 
 species of turban still in use) on her head. 
 
 1 Apollodorus, 1. %, p. 207, by Gale; 2 Fast. 1. vit v. 427. 
 
 3 Strabo, p. 264, * By Apollodorus. 
 
 1 It 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 91 
 
 It was objected to this Palladium, that it did not, like that 
 of Rome, and some other places, represent the goddess sitting 
 but sta?iding ; a posture which did not accord with Homer, who 
 has signified ' that the Trojan Minerva was sitting ; for Hector, 
 when he orders a procession of matrons to be made to her temple 
 in the citadel, directs the propitiatory offering, a rich robe, to be 
 laid on her knees ; whereas it was usual to place the gift on the 
 altar, when the deity was not in an attitude to receive it. This 
 argument was more difficult to confute, than to elude ; which 
 was attempted by perverting the words from their natural, obvious, 
 and common signification s . It was further urged, that, ac- 
 cording to Homer 3, the Palladium of Troy was carried off by 
 Diomed and Ulysses ; and it was replied, that they conveyed 
 away an image which had been substituted in its place ; and 
 that the true Palladium, which had been hidden for security soon 
 after the commencement of the siege, had never been removed, 
 except only to Pala?sccpsis by ./Eneas, who, after saving it from 
 the flames, had restored it to Ilium *. 
 
 VII. It has been said of Homer, that " in his Ilias he paints 
 and describee as one who knew every spot of ground ;" and that, 
 " after reading him, we seem to be as well acquainted with the 
 face of the country about Troy, as if we had been there \" 
 And indeed, supposing him to record a real transaction, he had 
 
 i ji; as v q 2 . 2 See Strabo, p. 600, and Comment. 
 
 34s Beattie's Essays. Elog'.um on Homer. 
 
 O no 
 
98 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 no occasion, nor could he venture, to create an imaginary land- 
 scape. He had only to preserve the existing connection between 
 the story and the spot, which happily furnished him with durable 
 characteristics. But it* the Poet has merited the encomiums be- 
 stowed on him, if while he precedes all other profane writers in 
 antiquity, he is surpassed by none of them in local accuracy and 
 precision, it is obvious, that the question concerning Ilium would 
 best be decided by examining whether its site corresponded with 
 that of Troy as described by him. Tbc appeal was accordingly 
 made by two of the most distinguished opponents of the Iliean 
 claim, Hestiasa a learned lady and grammarian of Alexandres, 
 and Demetrius of Scepsis ; who, as inhabitants of cities distant 
 only a few miles from the scene of the Ilias, could compare the 
 poem with the spot attheir leisure, and without fear of interrup- 
 tion or danger. 
 
 Hestiaea was author of an Inquiry entitled " Whether the 
 War of Troy was carried on about the city that now is, and 
 whether the Poet calls the plain before this city and the sea, 
 Trojan r" This Dissertation has perished, but is cited by Deme- 
 trius ; the substance of whose work, called The Trojan Field \ 
 has fortunately been preserved to us by Strabo \ Their researches, 
 especially those of Demetrius, while they illustrated the mutual 
 agreement and harmony, which had subsisted between the country 
 and Homer, furnished criterions for the decision of the contro- 
 
 1 TfuVco; Aypor. 2 P. 59S. 
 
 ver'sy 
 
. ILIUM OR TROY. 9& 
 
 versy more sure than either the custom of sending the Locrian 
 virgins to Ilium, or the boasted possession of the Palladium. 
 But, as a detail of the particulars here would require a much 
 longer digression than suits with our present purpose, I shall 
 now resume and continue our history ; after mention only of the 
 hardihood of M. Chevilier, who insists, and he has been abetted 
 by classical scholars eminent in reputation, that Demetrius has, 
 in his topography, mistaken the river Simois for the Scamander. 
 Reader, believe it not ! 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 OF THE TROIA UNDER THE ROMAN REPUBLIC. 
 
 I. Allotment of the country by the Decemvirs. — II. Interposition of 
 the Ilicans in behalf of the Lycians. — III. Sibylline verses en- 
 quired for at Ilium. — IV. Minerva of Ilium and Venus of 
 Alexandria allies of the Romans. — V. Treatment of Ilium by 
 Fimbria. — VI. And by Sylla. — VII. Co?idition of the Tenedians. 
 
 I. J. HE settlement of the conquered countries was consigned 
 by the Romans, on the conclusion of the war with Antiochus, to 
 ten persons, called, from their number, Decemvirs ' ; one of 
 whom, the famous Titus Quintus Flaminius, was stiled ^Encades, 
 
 « Livy, 1. 38, 39. 
 
 O 2 and 
 
100 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 and the great leader of the .rEneada: in the inscription of his offer- 
 ings to Apollo at Delphi '. These commissioners hestowed im- 
 munity on the Ilicans, and granted them Rhceteum and Gergi- 
 tluim, it is related, not so much on account of anv recent meri'.s 
 of the people, as from a remembrance of their connection with 
 the origin of the Romans. From the same consideration they 
 made Dardanus a free city. The remainder of the Troia and the 
 Chcrsonesus of Thrace was given to their ally king Eumcnes ; 
 but came afterwards, with his other dominions, into the posses- 
 sion of the Romans as a bequest ; according to their own inter- 
 pretation of the will of one of his successors. He assisted them 
 in their war with Perseus son of Philip king of Macedonia, whose 
 fleet was sometime stationed at Sigeum \ 
 
 II. The Ilicans were not tardy in assuming importance with 
 their descendants. The Rhodians had by an embassy requested 
 the Decemvirs to grant them Lycia as a recompense for their 
 fidelity and attachment to the Roman people 3 . The Ilicans, on 
 the other hand, sent two deputies * to pray, by their mutual ties 
 of relationship, that the Lycians might be pardoned their offences ; 
 and, it is likely, urged, that under Sarpedon they had been among 
 the principal auxiliaries of Priam. The Decemvirs, after hearing, 
 endeavoured to satisfy both parties, by not inflicting any punish- 
 ment on the Lychnis, but only giving them to the Rhodians, 
 
 1 Plutarch in the Life of Flaminius. " a Livy, I. 44. 
 
 3 Polybius, p. 1 177. * Hipparchus and Satyrns. 
 
 5 The 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 101 
 
 The Ilieans then boasted of their having appeased the resentment 
 of the Romans, and told the Lycians, going about to their cities, 
 that they had obtained their freedom ; which was contradicted by 
 the Ambassadors. Neither the Lycians nor Rlxodians were con- 
 tented, and both people applied to the Senate for its decision. 
 The Lycians finally were not benefited to the extent of their 
 wishes by the interposition of the Ilieans, though it appears to 
 have been of service to them. 
 
 III. The Capitol at Rome having been consumed by fire in the 
 Consulship of Lucius Scipio, Ilium was, on account of the an- 
 tiquity of the people, one of the cities, where it was ordered by 
 die Senate, that inquiry lhould be made for Sibylline verses ; to 
 replace the Sacred Books, which had perished in the (lames \ 
 The priests of Minerva of Ilium and the rulers were far more de- 
 ficient in genius and subtlety than I suppose, if the Roman depu- 
 ties were permitted to leave them empty-handed. 
 
 IV. Minerva of Ilium and Venus of Alexandria would 
 have misbehaved exceedingly, if, after the loving interview 
 of the Romans with the Ilieans, they had not taken their 
 part against Mithridates. The former Goddess interposed in 
 favour of the gallant defenders of Cyzicus. A tempest happened 
 and did much damage to the afiailants. The same night, she ap- 
 peared, it wa<-- affirmed, to several persons at Ilium, in a dream, 
 all covered with sweat, and told them, she was just arrived from 
 
 1 Tacitus. Hist. I.3. Annal. I. 6, 
 
 the 
 
102 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 the relief of that city. A pillar was afterwards shown bv the 
 people of Ilium with an inscription recording this miracle '. 
 Lucullus, after the siege had been raised, being at Alexandria, 
 was lodged there in the temple of Venus. The Goddess, pleased, 
 it should seem, with such an inmate, appeared, also in a dream, 
 and said to him, " Why sleepest thou, generous Lion, when the 
 fawns are near ?" He summoned some friends to hear the relation 
 of his vision, and, almost before he had finished, messengers 
 arrived from Ilium to inform him that thirteen gallics belonging to 
 Mithridates were seen passing the Port of the Acha?ans and steer- 
 ing for Lemnos z . These were all taken by Lucullus, doubtless 
 in consequence of his having been roused by the friendly God- 
 dess. 
 
 V. When Fimbria, having obtained the command of the 
 Roman army by mutiny and the murder of the Consul Valerius 
 Flaccus, approached Ilium ', the people regarding him as a robber 
 not to be admitted into the city, applied for assistance to Sylla ; 
 who, promising to come speedily in person, directed them in the 
 mean time to declare that they had surrendered to him. Fimbria, 
 on hearing this, commended them, as already friends of the 
 Romans ; and required, being a Roman, to be received by them ; 
 not without some irony on the relationship of the Romans with 
 the Ilieans. For their refusal, he took, when he did enter the 
 city, severe vengeance ; killing all he met ; setting it every where 
 
 1 Plutarch in Lucullus. 2 Appian in Bello Mithrid. § 223. 
 
 3 Strabo, p. 594. See Comment. 
 
 on 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 103 
 
 on fire ; maiming the deputies who had been sent to Sylla ; not 
 sparing tilings sacred, or the supplicants of Minerva, but burning 
 them all with her temple. He overthrew even the walls ; and, 
 going about on the morrow, examined whether any part of the 
 city was left standing ; but, having suffered worse, says my 
 Author ', who perhaps exaggerates, from one akin than from 
 Agamemnon, it had perished, and was an area covered with 
 ruins. Nothing of it, not a temple or image, remained. "But, 
 continues Appian, the shrine of the Minerva 2 , which they call 
 the Palladium and account heaven-descended, some think, was 
 found uninjured, beneath the fallen walls of the edifice, being 
 sheltered by them ; if indeed Diomed and Ulysses did not remove 
 it out of Ilium at the time of the Trojan war;" and another 
 author 3 relates, what is still less likely to be credited, that the 
 temple of Minerva itself stood entire, untouched by the sur- 
 rounding flames. Such, says the former, was the treatment ex- 
 perienced by Ilium at the end of the Olympiad one hundred 
 seventy three ; and, as some reckoned, one thousand and fifty 
 years after Agamemnon. Fimbria boasted, that in eleven days 
 he had forcibly got possession by siege of a place, which that 
 general with a thousand vessels and all Greece at his command 
 had hardly been able to reduce in ten years; and an Mean replied 
 or remarked, it was because they had then no Hector to fight 
 for them *. 
 
 1 Appian, Var. Hist, § 205. And, In Bello Mithrid. 
 
 * tc; Afin»a;^o;. 3 See Julius Obsequens, c. 116. * Strabo, p. 594. 
 
 VI. 
 
10* THE HISTORY OF 
 
 VI. Sylla, who soon afterwards held an interview with Mithri- 
 dates at Dardanus, consoled the Ilieans, on the conclusion of the 
 war, hy restoring many of their shattered buildings ; and, when 
 he settled the province of Asia, in recompense of their fighting 
 on his side, or of their sufferings for their good will toward him, 
 lie left them free, and enrolled them friends of the Roman 
 people \ It was he who first introduced at Rome from Ilium the 
 spectacle of boys exercising in troops on horseback called the 
 Trojan game or course \ 
 
 VII. The Tenedians were at this time rich, as appears from 
 the Orations of Cicero, who pleaded for them in a cause con- 
 cerning their immunities, which, says Bayle 3 , was determined 
 with too much rigour against them. It is related by an historian 
 of the Augustan age, that they had made a decree forbidding the 
 mention of Achilles within the sacred portion of Tennes their 
 founder, whose worship there had been transmitted down to a 
 time not then remote 4 . It probably ceased on the removal of his 
 beautiful image, which, Cicero informs us, the people accom- 
 panied to the sea-side with loud groans, as it was carrying away to 
 be transported to Rome by Verres. 
 
 " Appian, § 211. 2 Suetonius. 3 In Tenedos. 
 
 * Diodorus Siculus, L v. c. 4. See also Pausanias. 
 
 CHAPTER 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 103 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 THE JULIAN FAMILY. 
 
 I. Of Ilium under Julius Ccesar. — II. Augustus]Casar. — III. Ti- 
 beriusCasar. — IV. Tiberius Claudius Casar. — V. Nero C<esar. 
 — VI. End of (he Julian family. — VII. Decline of Ilium. — 
 VIII. The Claim of the Romans to Trojan descent continued. 
 
 X HE peculiar fortune of the Ilieans reserved for them, an 
 insignificant people, the power of vaunting, not only that their 
 city was the mother of Rome, but, as their supreme glory, that 
 they had furnished the parent-stock of the imperial despots, who 
 governed both it and the subject world. 
 
 The Romans claiming ./Eneas for their founder, some conside- 
 rable families had the vanity, as we have before stated, to trace 
 their descent from the reputed companions of his voyage. It 
 may well be imagined, that they had in general very little, if 
 any, ground for their pretensions. Some conformity or resem- 
 blance of name seems to have sufficed ; and the pedigree, being 
 once promulged, was not controverted ; each person desiring only 
 the unmolested enjoyment of his own fancied ancestry. But Asca- 
 nius, son of jEneas, seems to have been called also lulus, for the 
 
 P express 
 
106 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 express purpose of furnishing one family, on its rising into dis- 
 tinction, with a brilliant progenitor ; for the name Ascanius only 
 is found in the Greek authors anterior to the Roman historians. 
 
 ILtlus, son of iEneas, is supposed to have been adopted into 
 the pedigree of the Julians with the surname of Caesar, (a family 
 one while of mean condition at -Aricia, a little town near Rome) 
 about the time when the Romans began to emerge from barba- 
 rism ; and this lineage, being recorded by their early writers, was 
 afterwards generally allowed. But, though the origin of Julius 
 Caesar from the goddess Venus and Anchises the father of iEneas 
 was admitted, the idea that he was of a race predestined to wield 
 the sceptre of the Universe was probably suggested by the exalted 
 station to which his ambition attained, and was propagated and 
 more fully established under the influence of the success and 
 policy of his crafty nephew and adopted son, Augustus. 
 
 If the Roman people be accused of foolish credulity in the 
 article of their heaven-descended emperors, it is to be remem- 
 bered, that the tale was connected with that of the arrival of 
 .Eneas in Italy, which had the sanction of the unanimous assent 
 of their own historians ; while, that the prophesy concerning his 
 posterity had been rightly applied, was attested as it were by the 
 most extraordinary events, by the transcendent fortune of the 
 Julian line, and by the widely-spred dominion which came into 
 its possession. 
 
 I. It is remarkable that the Ilieans, not influenced by the 
 consideration of the ancestry of Julius Caesar, sided, in the civil 
 
 war, 
 
ILIUM OR TRO Y. 107 
 
 war, with his competitor Pompcy. Either they did not then 
 regard the Julian race as that prophesied of in Homer, or they 
 misinterpreted and were misled by omens, in which they were 
 great dealers '. , 
 
 After the battle of Pharsalia, the conqueror, pursuing his rival 
 into Asia, went to Ilium ; full, we are told, of admiration of the 
 antient renown of the place, and desirous to behold the spot 
 from which he derived his origin. His reception there must have 
 pleased him, as he overlooked the recent default of the people ; 
 and from magnanimity, partiality, or policy, not only forgave 
 their offence, but proved much kinder to them even than 
 Sylla 2 ; adding to their territory, and letting them retain their 
 liberty, and their immunity from public offices. It was 
 ftrongly reported, after his death, that he was about, if he had 
 lived, to remove to Ilium or Alexandria; carrying away with him 
 the riches of the empire, leaving Italy exhausted of men by 
 
 » Iliacae quoque signa manus, perituraque castra 
 Ominibus petiere suis : nee fabula Trojae 
 Continuit, Phrygiique ferens se Caesar Iiili. 
 
 Lucan. Pharsalia, 1. 3, v. 2 1 1. 
 From Ilium too ill-omen' J ensigns move, 
 Again ordained their former fate to prove ; 
 Their arms they range on Pompey's hapless side, 
 Nor sought a chief to Dardan kings allied : 
 Tho' tales of Troy proud Caesar's lineage grace, 
 With great iEneas and the Julian race. Reive* 
 
 2 Strabo, p. 594. See Comment, 
 
 P 2 levies, 
 
108 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 levies, and Rome to be governed by his adherents l . This was 
 perhaps a talc devised to promote or accelerate the conspiracy 
 which destroyed him ; or, to render his memory odious to the 
 people ; if he was»not rather indeed impressed with the idea that 
 lie was really descended from iEneas ; and did not mean more 
 completely to verify the prophesy in Homer, by actually reigning 
 in the Trbia. 
 
 II. Augustus, ridiculously vain of his Trojan ancestors, caused 
 them all to be represented on the temple of Mars the Avenger, 
 which he erected at Rome 2 . To please him and the Romans, 
 Dionysius of Halicarnessus sullied the dignity and purity of his- 
 tory by labouring to prove the arrival of iEneas in Italy. The 
 same track of adulation was pursued by the poets. Horace has 
 frequent allusions to his Dardan origin. Ovid, in the Metamor- 
 phoses, hoped to obtain his favour by settling ^Eneas, after much 
 wandering, in Italy; and deducing the Julian family from his 
 son ILilus. Virgil, besides introducing this pedigree in the 
 Georgics, has made it the ground-work of the iEneis. It is 
 amusing to note the difficulties he struggles with in suiting to his 
 design a story presenting so many obstacles and improbabilities, to 
 be encountered and overcome. He exposes the absurdity of the 
 tale, and amply confutes, while he beautifully embellishes it. 
 The reflecting reader wonders that lie is able at all to convert the 
 
 ' * Suetonius, Caesar, c. 79. Gyllius, p. 26, c. 3. 
 2 See Ovul, Fast. 1. v. $65. 
 
 Trojan c 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 109 
 
 Trojans into Romans, and finally to establish his hero as the pro- 
 genitor of Augustus in Italy. 
 
 It is the remark of a classical traveller, Mr. Chisshull *, that 
 Virgil, who, is known not to have extended his foreign tour so far, 
 was unacquainted with the geography of Troy. But Ovid had 
 visited Ilium, and seen the temple there, which he allows to be 
 that of the Trojan Minerva ; and the Palladium, but this he 
 denies to be the original heavenly image, which, whether carried 
 off by Diomcd and Ulysses, by ^Eneas, or any one else, he af- 
 firms to be assuredly that at Rome \ Macer, his tutor and the 
 companion of his travels, was perhaps, as we have before noted, 
 the hitherto unascertained author of The Sequel of the I lias, 
 
 Julia, daughter of Augustus, was in danger 3 of being drowned 
 in the Scamander in the year of Rome seven hundred thirty 
 eight ; and so angry, on the occasion, was or pretended to be 
 her husband Agrippa, that he punished the Ilieans by fining 
 them an hundred thousand drachms for having omitted to 
 furnish her with guides, though she arrived without previous 
 notice. If he had any other motive than to please his father-in- 
 law by a show of attention to his wife, some, perhaps imaginary, 
 failure of respect in the Ilieans, or the remembrance of their 
 former defection from the Julian interest, might be the latent 
 
 « Travels, p. 63. 
 
 i Cura videre fuit : vidi templumque locumque ; 
 
 Hoc superest illi, Pall ada Roma tenet. Eastorum, 1. vi. v. 4:4. 
 
 Compare liis nccount of the Palladium with Q. Calaber, ParaUpom.]. x. v. 35,3. 
 5 See Bnyk* in Scamander. Note [F]. 
 
 cause 
 
110 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 cause of the severity, for which a pretext was found in the be- 
 haviour of their river to this most infamous female, a descendant 
 forsooth of pious JEneas. 
 
 Augustus is said to have had under consideration the rebuilding 
 of Troy on the anlic'nt site. Horace in a dissuasory Ode ' intro- 
 duces Juno declaring that she would not disturb the prosperity of 
 the exiled Trojans, while the sea should continue to roll between 
 Rome and Ilium ; the herds to insult, and wild beasts to conceal 
 their young about the place of the funeral pile of Priam or of 
 Paris ; and they abstain from attempting, what she was determined 
 not to suffer, the restoration of Troy, the city which had belonged 
 to their ancestors. 
 
 The Trojan Game or Course is described by Virgil \ It was 
 among the spectacles provided by Julius Cassar for the entertain- 
 ment of the public at Rome, two years before hisTall 3 ; and was 
 very frequently exhibited under Augustus ; who, we are told \ 
 regarded it as antient, seemly, and of use in displaying the genius 
 of the young nobility. It was moreover calculated to gratify 
 family pride, and especially imperial vanity, by its connection 
 with Troy and with liilus, by whom, they now said, it was first 
 of all imported into Italy. It served the great political purpose of 
 presenting a young heir of the empire with advantage to the 
 general view of the people assembled in the Circus, and of ac- 
 
 1 L. III. 3. * See iEneis, 1. v. 3 Suetonius in his Life. 
 
 4 Suetonius in his Life. 
 
 customing 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. Ill 
 
 customing the rising generation early to respect and obey the 
 future despot in the person of the principal leader of their troop. 
 Tiberius, who succeeded Augustus, had headed the greater 
 boys ' in the Trojan Course. 
 
 II. Germanicus, son of Tiberius, was desirous of being ac- 
 quainted with places of antiquity and renown. He visited Ilium, 
 and there contemplated whatever had been made venerable by 
 vicissitude of fortune and the origin of the Romans 1 . A Greek 
 epigram On the barrow of Hector, containing an address to the 
 hero, has been ascribed to him with much greater probability than 
 to the Emperor Hadrian. 
 
 The funeral of Drusus, son of Tiberius, who died of poison 
 administered by Sejanus, was remarkable for the ostentatious 
 parade of images representing the Julian family. yEneas was 
 followed by all the kings of Alba, by the founders of Rome, 
 the Sabine nobility, and a very great number more of effigies, 
 in long procession 3 . The Ui6ans, on this occasion, sent Ambas- 
 sadors to Rome ; but the concern of Tiberius, who was without 
 natural affection, had ended before their arrival. He laughed at 
 their errand, but gave them audience, and in reply to their address, 
 said that he, in return, condoled with the llieans on the loss of 
 their excellent fellow-townsman Hector *. 
 
 1 Suetonius in his Life. 2 Tacitus, Anna!. 1. 2, c. 54. 
 
 s Tacitus, Anna]. 1. 4, c. 9. * Suetonius in his Lite. 
 
 ' Eleven 
 
112 THE HISTORY Or 
 
 < s 
 
 Eleven cities contended for the honour of possessing a temple, 
 which the Community of Asia had decreed to be dedicated to 
 the god Tiberius. This human deity was frequently present, and 
 for several days attentively listened in person to the pleading? of 
 the ambassadors in behalf of their constituent?, before the Roman 
 Senate; to which the question, as. one of mighty importance, was 
 referred \ "What an employment for that once august assembly ! 
 The Ilieans urged that their city was the parent of Rome ; but, 
 being strong only in the glory of antiquity, were set aside, with 
 other competitors, as unequal to the burthen of the edifice. 
 
 IV. Claudius Caesar, besides chariot-races and other diversions, 
 entertained the people of Rome with The Trojan Course ; which 
 had also been frequently exhibited by his predecessor Caligula. 
 The leaders were his son Britannicus, and Lucius Domitius ; the 
 latter, a noble youth who had constantly appeared in this pastime 
 even while of a tender age, before mature boyhood, and had 
 always been well received, but was now so much applauded by 
 the assembly, in the presence of the Emperor sitting in the Circus, 
 that their favour was regarded as a sure presage of his future 
 greatness. He was soon after adopted by Claudius, and surnamed 
 Nero \ 
 
 A body of cavalry, in the army of this Emperor, composed of 
 Dardani, a people of Mcesia, was incited to a signal display of 
 
 5 Tacitus, Annal. 1. IV. c. 55. 
 
 2 Suetonius in Claudius, c. 21. Nero, c. 7. Tacitus, Annal. 1. II. c. 2. 
 
 valour 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 113 
 
 valour bv his appearirg to boast of his origin as from them ; 
 though others said that he was a Dardanian from the Ilium of the 
 Trojans (so described to distinguish it from an Ilium, more known 
 for the name than as a town ', on the borders of Macedonia), and 
 even a descendant of their king Dardanus ; and as such, it may 
 be presumed, he was complimented, when he sat as Consul hi 
 the forum at Rome to hear the pleadings of Nero. 
 
 V. At the age of sixteen, Nero, that he might shine early 
 as an advocate and scholar, was admitted to the bar. He had un- 
 dertaken two causes, which afforded him an opportunity of dis- 
 playing his oratory in both the Greek and Latin language. He 
 spoke in Greek in behalf of the Ilieans ; who, to furnish the boy 
 with an easy theme for his declamation, had probably been in- 
 structed to solicit, on this occasion, some new favour or some 
 extension of their privileges. After recounting with eloquence 
 the Trojan origin of the Roman people, the descent of the Julian 
 family from JEneas, and other antient matters bordering, says 
 the historian 3 , on fable, he requested for his clients, and doubtless 
 it was pre-detcrmined that he should not be refused, an exemption 
 from every kind of public impost. It was then, I suppose, that 
 a Greek Epistle of the Senate and People of Rome, a palpable 
 forgery it should seem, was read, promising to King Seleucus 
 theii friendship and alliance on condition that he would preserve 
 
 1 Livy, 1. 31. 2 Trebellius Pollic> in Claudius, p. 814. 
 
 3 Tacitus, Annal. 1. XII, c. 58. See note. 
 
 Q to 
 
114 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 to these their kinsmen the like immunity ; and that Claudius re- 
 mitted their tribute to the Ilieans for ever as authors of the Roman 
 race '. 
 
 Nero, having, while a youth, sailed from Scyros to Rome, is 
 contrasted in a complimentary Greek epigram with Neoptolemus 
 the son of Achilles, who went from that island to Troy. After 
 lie was Emperor, he set lire to Rome, that, under its image, he 
 might behold the burning of Troy -. During the conflagration, 
 he chanted, in the habit of an actor, a play called The Destruc- 
 tion 3 ; and was filled with extasy at the terrible grandeur and 
 beauty of the spectacle. 
 
 The poisoning of Agrippina was the occasion of a sarcastic 
 epigram, which appeared at Rome, alluding to the story of 
 ^neas, who was said to have borne away Anchiscs on his 
 shoulders, from Troy, when the city was sacked. 
 
 2ta's neget j£ne<e magna de stirpe Neronem ? 
 
 Sustulit hie matrem, sustulit ille patrem *. 
 Who will deny that from the hero, 
 .£neas, is descended Nero ? 
 One took his father off; and th' other, 
 Nero, has taken off his mother. 
 
 1 Suetonius in his Life. * Tacitus. Eusebius. Eutropius; 
 
 3 T»» 'A\v7ii, probably that of Sophocles, entitled 'H 'A>«nrt{ ts I*i», mentioned bv 
 Str.ibo, p. 60S. 
 
 * Suetonius in Nero, c. 39. 
 
 VI. 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 1 15 
 
 VI. The Caesars, it may well be imagined, bad possessed an 
 anxious desire of children. It behoved them, and it was a 
 matter of no trivial importance, to provide heirs to support a 
 most antient prediction by receiving in their turns the empire of 
 the Universe. But they were unable, with all their solicitude, to 
 maintain the series required, and it met with frequent interruption. 
 They so generally failed of offspring from their marriages, that 
 the throne was never filled by three following generations ; and 
 thrice only did a son succeed to his father \ The worthless, as 
 well as fictitious, line, after continuing an hundred years from 
 Julius Caesar, upheld with difficulty by the supplementary aid of 
 adoptions and divorces, had a fit ending in the detestable tyrant 
 Nero. 
 
 VII. The Ilieans, when no longer distinguished and upheld 
 by imperial favour and partiality, experienced a rapid decline ; 
 though they still retained the recommendation of antient fame 
 and of acknowleged consanguinity with the Roman people. A 
 lodgement of soil on the coast before their city, which was con- 
 tinually removing them farther from the sea, and which, by 
 gradually choking up their port, threatened them with its entire 
 loes, may, together with another circumstance of situation, the 
 vicinity of stagnant waters, which could not fail of producing 
 epidemical diseases by their insalubrious exhalations at certain 
 seasons, be considered as accounting sufficiently for the decay 
 of a place ever of far greater celebrity than real consequence. 
 
 1 Gibbon. 
 
 Q 2 vii r. 
 
116 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 VIII. We are delivered, after the extinction of the Julian line, 
 from the nausea of flattery to the emperors as the progeny of 
 ./Eneas; and the people of Rome recovered from the paroxism, 
 though they were not perfectly cured, of their Trojan folly. 
 Juvenal, at no great distance of time, sneered at the vanity 
 of this race of tyrants, and derided their mock ancestry ; as well 
 as the far-fetched progenitors of the thievish rabble of Romulus. 
 The present existence of any genuine descendants from the old 
 citizens of Rome may be called in question ; but it deserves to 
 be mentioned here, that, among their successors, though Ilium 
 be no more, the antient tradition of their origin either has con- 
 tinued without interruption or been long ago revived ; and that 
 a tumultuous assembly of the Roman populace lately stiled them- 
 selves, Sangue di Troja. 
 
 CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 OF ILIUM AND THE TROIA IN THE TIME OF STRABO. 
 
 uTRABO is supposed not to have ceased writing before the 
 eleventh or twelfth year of the Emperor Tiberius \ He has re- 
 lated the arrival of /Eneas in Italy % and announced, as we have 
 seen, a greater notoriety in the descent of the God [Julius] 
 
 1 Caeaubon, de Strabone. See Comment. * P. ic8. 
 
 Caesar 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. - 117 
 
 Caesar from him than in the affinity of Alexander the Great to 
 the Ilieans; but, on the other hand, he has observed that the 
 common reports about jEneas did not agree with the account 
 given of the founders of New Scepsis by Demetrius ; and that 
 Homer accorded neither with the current stories concerning 
 iEneas, nor with Demetrius ; but signified that ^Eneas had re- 
 mained in the Troas, succeeded to the kingdom, and transmitted 
 it to the sons of his sons, the family of Priam being extinct ; so 
 that the succession of Scamandrius, son of Hector, could not be 
 supported ; and much more did he differ from others, who said 
 that JEneas had wandered as far as Italy and ended his life in 
 that country. 
 
 The Ilieans, Strabo informs us \ continued then to enjoy the 
 benefits conferred on them by the God Cassar ; and possessed the 
 sea-coast as far as Dardanus, which, reckoning with him sixty or 
 seventy stadia 2 from Sigeum to Rhceteum, and with Pliny seventy 
 stadia from Rhoeteum to Dardanus, was an extent of about two 
 hundred stadia \ But Sigeum is not mentioned as their boundary 
 on that side. The identity of the city of the Ilieans with Troy 
 was disputed, as we have shown, soon after they had received the 
 kisses and embraces of Roman consanguinity. They still not 
 only continued their old claim, but, fond of glory, urged it so 
 arrogantly, eagerly, and with so much perseverance, as to have 
 
 1 P. 594, 595. * Seven miles and a half, or eight miles and three quarters. 
 
 3 Twenty five miles. 
 
 rendered 
 
118 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 rendered it then a common topic of conversation and discusdon ; 
 and they were not without a party on their side '. The barrows 
 mentioned by Homer, those of Ilus and /Esyetes, the Batieia, and 
 Callicolone were still extant. The Grove of Hector was con- 
 spicuous. Achilleum by the Sigean Cape was a small place, at 
 which remained the temple of Achilles, and the monuments of 
 that hero and Patroclus, and of Antilochus son of Nestor. At 
 T'.anteum on the opposite side of the bay, near the Rhcetean Cape, 
 was the barrow and temple of Ajax Telamon, as also his statue, 
 which had been transported into Egypt by Marc Antony, who, 
 to gratify Cleopatra, removed the offerings of greatest beauty 
 from the most celebrated temples ; but which Augustus, who 
 returned his other pillage to the gods, had restored to the people 
 of Rhceteum ». 
 
 The Ilieans continued to perform the customary rites to the 
 Greek heroes, but did not honour Hercules, because, as they 
 alleged, he had laid Troy waste. Strabo observes 3 , " One might 
 say that he so laid it waste as to leave it to future destroyers in 
 a bad condition, it is true, but yet a city ; deprived of inhabitants, 
 but not made to disappear ; while they, to whom the Ilieans 
 think it fitting to perform rites and to do honour as to gods, made 
 it entirely disappear ; unless they give as the reason, that these 
 waged a just war, he an unjust one, for the horses of Laomedon ; 
 
 1 P- 59J. • P- £04, too, 595. 3 P. 596. 
 
 to 
 
ILIUM OR TROl 119 
 
 lo which again is opposed Fable, not for the horses, for the reward 
 cf Ilesione and the Cetus. But let us, says Strabo, leave these 
 matters ; for this is to degenerate into the setting up of Fable for 
 argument, and perhaps some more credible causes lie hid from 
 us, which have induced the Ilieans to honour some and not 
 others." 
 
 Sigcum was a ruined city, having been overthrown by the 
 Ilieans, to whom it belonged, on account, it was said, of disobe- 
 dience ' ; but the place, being situate nearer the sea and the en- 
 trance of the Hellespont, is likely to have interfered with the 
 commerce and consequence of its neighbour; and perhaps its 
 tutelary goddess contributed to its destruction. Minerva of Ilium 
 might have reason to be jealous of Minerva of Sigcum. Rhce- 
 teum was still a city. Dardanus, of which the people had been 
 several times removed under the kings, by some to Abydos, and 
 by some re-instated, was a place of little consequence. Abydos 
 remained in good condition. Sestos was the principal city of the 
 Chersonesus \ Of Madytos and Eleus wc have no account from 
 Strabo ; that part of his work having perished ; but he has men- 
 tioned Protesileon as opposite to Sigeum. 
 
 On the side of Ilium and Sigeum next Lectos, Alexandria had 
 increased ; and, having received a Roman colony, was become 
 one of the noble cities of the Empire. The temple of the Smin- 
 thean Apollo remained at Chrysa, with his image, the work of 
 
 > P. 59;. 600. * P. j;S 9? &$, 591. 
 
 the 
 
120 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 the famous sculptor Scopas of Paros, having under its foot a 
 mouse, a symbol preserving the etymology of his name Smin- 
 thcus ; which word continued in common use in the country ; 
 for about Hamaxitus itself, exclusive of the Smintheum at the 
 temple, two places were called Sminthia ; and there were others 
 in the territory of Larissa near it, and elsewhere ' ; all, it should 
 seem, appropriated to the keeping and breeding of holy mice for 
 this god and his votaries. The same deity had still a temple at 
 Tenedos, where they continued to talk of Tennes and of Cygnus, 
 and their exploits 1 ; and he was worshipped along the coast from 
 Tenedos to Lesbos principally under this title, or that of Gryneus 
 denoting presidency over hogs, or some like appellation ; which 
 may appear sufficiently to degrade far-darting Phoebus ; yet he 
 and Hercules had names still more unworthy of them, not taken 
 even from quadrupeds, but from mean insects and reptiles 3 . Of 
 the cities of Mount Ida, Scepsis was still worthy of notice. 
 
 The state of the Tibia in general was such as might be ex- 
 pected from the removal of the people into Ilium and Alexandria 
 by Antigonus and Lysimachus ; and from other, as well previous 
 as subsequent, contingencies. It is characterised by Strabo as 
 left in ruins and a desert; but yet, from its great renown, fur-" 
 nishing much, and that not common, matter for a writer \ He 
 bespeaks pardon for being prolix in treating of it ; and ad- 
 
 1 P. 604. 2 P, 618, p. 604. See Comment. 3 See p. 613. 
 
 ♦ See p. 565, 581. . 
 
 monishes 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 121 
 
 monlshes his reader, not to impute it more to him, than to the 
 eager desire of being acquainted with famous and antient places, 
 which possessed some persons whom he wished to gratify. We 
 may suppose this paragraph written in the life-time of Germani- 
 cus son of Tiberius. 
 
 CHAPTER XXVI. 
 
 MENTION OF THE TROIA. 
 
 I. By Cornelius Severus. II. By Lucan. 
 
 I. V^ORNELIUS Severus, a Latin poet and traveller who is 
 mentioned by Seneca tutor of Nero under whom he lived, re-* 
 lates, that he had admired the reliques of Troy, Pergamum, and 
 its extinct Phrygians (probably images shown at Ilium), princi- 
 pally Hector; and had seen there the barrow of this famous 
 General ; and that there layed swift Achilles, and the conquered 
 avenger of the great Hector, Paris. 
 
 II. Lucan, nephew of Seneca, was a native of Spain, edu- 
 cated, where he lived, at Rome. He has enlarged in his Phar- 
 salia l on the visit of Julius Caesar to Troy, which he distinguishes 
 from Ilium ; and has given a connected and pointed detail of 
 local objects, evidently not the result of travel. Nero was of- 
 fended perhaps with his manner of relating this incident, or with 
 other passages of his poem, in which he has spoken of the fable 
 
 1 L. ix. v. 961. 
 
 R of 
 
122 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 or- 
 
 of Troy ', or of the assumed ancestry of Caesar. ' The youn 
 poet, disgusted at his neglect, gave fresh provocation ;. and was 
 put to death by the tyrant. 1 subjoin, without comment, the 
 descriptive verses referred to, with Rowe's translation. 
 
 C<esar arrives in the Hellespont,. 
 
 Sigaasque petit fama mirator arenas, 
 
 Et Simoentis aquas, et Grajo Mobile busto 
 
 Rhcetion, et multum debentes vatibus umbras.. 
 
 Circuit exusta nomen memorabile Trojtv, 
 v. 965. Magnaquc Phaebai qticerit vestigia muri. 
 
 Jam silvte steriles, et putres robore trunci 
 
 Assaraci pressere domos, et templa deorum 
 
 Jam lassa radice tenent : ac tota teguntur 
 
 Pergama dumetis : ctiam periere ruintv. 
 970. Aspicit Hesiones scopulos, silvasquc latentes y 
 
 Anchisce thalamos ; quo judex seder.it antro : 
 
 Unde puer raptus ccelo : quo vertice Nais 
 
 Luserit (Enone : nullum est sine nomine saxum, 
 
 Inscius in sicco serpentem pulverc rivuvi 
 915. Transierat, qui Xanthus erat : secwus in alto. 
 
 Gramine pontbat gressus ; Phiyx incola vian&S: 
 
 Hectorcos cakare vetat : discussajacebant 
 
 Saxa, nee ullius faciem servantia sacri ; 
 
 Ilereeas, monstrator ait, non respicis aras f 
 980. sacer 
 
 1 See 1. in. v. 211. 1. vi. v. 48 ; where we are told in the Notes that the walls of 
 Troy were XL mill, pass, in circuit. Edit. Far. 1669. 
 
 V. 968. Par. Led. laxa, lapsa. Mr. Wood for yam lassa reads Implicit a. 
 V. 99S. Some copies have before this verse, Constiluam sparsas acies, replelo ruinas. 
 
 Ut 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 123 
 
 lit dun's impkvit visus vcneranda vetustas, 
 Ere.vit subitas congestu cespitis aras, 
 Votaquc tlmrieremosnon irritafudit in ignes. 
 r. 900. Dii cinenon, Phrygias colitis quicimqueruinas, 
 
 JEnctequc mei, quos nunc Laviuia sedes 
 Scix'ui ct Alba lares, et quorum lucet in art's 
 Ignis adhuc P/irygius, nullique aspecta virorum 
 Pallas, in abstruso pignus viemorabile templo, 
 99j. Gcntis Fidece vestris clarissivius aris 
 
 Dat pia thura nepos, ct vos in sedc priori 
 Rite vocat : date/dices in catcra cursus : 
 Restituam populos, grata vice mcei}ia reddent 
 Ausonidie P/irj/gibus, Romanaquc Pergama suigent. 
 Siefatus, repetit classes 
 
 TRANSLATION. 
 
 From hence the curious victor passing o'er, 
 Admiring, sought the fam'd Siga j an shore. 
 There might he tombs of Grecian chiefs behold, 
 Renown'd in sacred verse by bards of old. 
 There the long ruins of the walls appear'd, 
 Once by great Neptune, and Apollo, rear'd : 
 There stood old Troy, a venerable name ; 
 For ever consecrate to deathless fame. 
 Now blasted mossy trunks with branches sear, 
 Brambles and weeds, a loathsome forest rear ; 
 Where once in palaces of regal state, 
 Old Priam, and the Trojan princes, sate; 
 Where temples once, on lofty columns borne, 
 Majestic did the wealthy town adorn, 
 
 R 2 All 
 
124 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 All rude, all waste and desolate is laid, 
 And ev'n the ruin'd Ruins are decay'd. 
 Here Ctesar did each storied place survey, 
 Here saw the rock, where, Neptune to obey, 
 Hesione was bound the Monster's prey. 
 Here in the covert of a secret grove 
 The blest Anchises clasp' d the Queen of love : 
 Here fair CEnone play'd, here stood the cave 
 Where Paris once the fatal judgement gave ; 
 Here lovely Ganymede to heav'n was borne ; 
 Each rock, and ev'ry tree, recording tales adorn. 
 Here all that does of Xanthus' stream remain, 
 Creeps a small brook along the dusty plain-. 
 While careless and securely on they pass, 
 The Phrygian guide forbids to press the grass ; 
 This place, he said, for ever sacred keep, 
 for here the sacred bones of Hector sleep. 
 Then warns him to observe, where, rudely cast, 
 Disjointed stones lay broken and defac'd : 
 Here his last fate, he cries, did Priam prove ; 
 Here on this altar of Hercean Jove. 
 
 Oh Poesie divine ! 
 
 When long the Cliicf his wondering eyes had cast, 
 On antient monuments of ages past, 
 Of living turf an altar strait h e made, 
 Then on the fire rich gums and incense laid, 
 And thus, successful in his vows, he pray'd. 
 Ye Shades divine ! who keep this sacred place, 
 And thou, ./Eneas, author of my race, 
 y Ye Pow'rs, whoe'er from burning Troy did come, 
 Domestic Gcds of Alba, and of Pome, 
 
 } 
 
 Who- 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 125 
 
 } 
 
 Who still preserve your ruin'd country's name, 
 And on your altars guard the Phrygian flame ; 
 And thou, bright Maid, who art to men detiy'd, 
 Pallas, who dost thy sacred pledge confide 
 To Rome, and in her inmost temple hide ; 
 Hear, and auspicious to my vows incline, 
 To me, the greatest of the Julian line : 
 Prosper my future wirys ; and lo ! I vow 
 Your antient state and honours to bestow ; 
 Ausonian hands shall Phrygian walls restore, 
 And Rome repay, what Troy conferr'd before. 
 He said, and hasted to his fleet away, 
 Swift to repair the loss of this delay.. 
 
 CHAPTER XXVIL 
 
 EXTRACTS FROM PLINY THE ELDER. 
 
 ± LINY the Elder, who lived under Vespasian, has given arc 
 abstract of the geography of the Troia and Chersonesus ; which, 
 under the following Emperor, was abridged and rendered yet 
 more jejune by Julius Solinus. After remarking, that of certain 
 rivers, which descended from Mount Ida and are named in 
 Homer, there were then no vestiges, he adds \ " There is, 
 however, even now, a small Scamandrian people, and — an 
 
 ' L. 5, Q.33. 
 
 5 Iliunis 
 
J2G THE HISTORY OF 
 
 Ilium, a free city, whence all their renown." But this once fa- 
 mous place seems to have become now neglected and forlorn. 
 The Emperor Vespasian crossed the Hellespont to Abydos; and I 
 find no mention of his having, though so near, vouchsafed to 
 visit it. 
 
 " The oaks on the tomb of Ilus near the city of the Iliensians, it 
 is Pliny who relates this, are said to have been then sown when it be- 
 gan to.be called Ilium." Theophrastus, whom we have before cited 
 as mentioning these trees, calls them beeches ', a species of the 
 oak 1 ; and has alluded to the tradition of their antiquity. The 
 reader here will observe, that they were not reputed to be co-awal 
 with Troy, but with the barrow, the Ilion ; a Latin termination 
 being substituted in Pliny for the Greek, as in various other 
 names of places, in which it is not liable, as in the instance before 
 us, to mislead. Trees of so long standing might not unaptly be 
 described by a poet as having their root weary 3 . No notice is 
 taken of this barrow after Pliny. 
 
 Several of the places, which we have mentioned in the Troia, 
 were become extinct. " There has been, says Pliny, Achilleum, 
 a town near the tomb of Achilles built by the Mityleneans, and 
 afterwards by the Athenians, where his fleet had stood by Sigeum. 
 There has been ./Eanlium too, built by the Rhodians at the 
 corner [of the bay], Ajax being there buried — and there having 
 been the station of his fleet." Palasscepsis, Gergithos, Neandros. 
 
 1 L. iv. c. 14. 2 L. iv. c. 9, 10. 
 
 ' Lucan, JL is. v. 968. Perhaps for rolore we should read rolora, Oaks, v. 966. 
 
 and 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 127 
 
 and Colone had perished. Dardanus was still a small town. There 
 
 had been a Larissa and' a Chrysa. The Sminthean temple and 
 
 Hamaxitus remained. He mentions Troas Alexandria, a Roman 
 
 eolony ; but this city too was on the decline ; as, in another 
 
 place ', he says, " Very many mice come forth at Troas, insomuch 
 
 that now they have driven the inhabitants away from thence." 
 
 The folly of die devotees of Apollo Smintheus, who held this 
 
 noxious little quadruped in veneration ; and the plenty of salt 
 
 near Leetos, if the females became, as Pliny tells us they were 
 
 thought to do, pregnant on tasting that mineral, will sufficiently 
 
 account for the multitudes, which, from prevailing about Chrysa, 
 
 finally overran the adjacent country.. 
 
 I shall take another opportunity to consider the brief account of 
 
 I 
 
 the Hellespontic coast of the Chersonesus of Thrace given by this 
 author ; but one article may be noticed here. " There are, over-- 
 against the city of the lliensians, near the Hellespont, on the 
 sepulchre of Protesilaus, trees> which, from early ages, after 
 growing so high as to behold Ilium, wither and shoot up again \" 
 The author, it has been observed on this passage, does not say 
 that the trees on the barrow died entirely, but only their tops ; an 
 incident common to all, especially large, trees ; which, getting 
 old, begin to decay above, and last a considerable time with their 
 branches there dry and naked of leaves. 
 
 After Pliny we have but scanty materials for continuing our 
 subject. 
 
 » L. x,. § 85. 2 L. 16. §."88. 
 
 CHAPTER 
 
128 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 CHAPTER XXVIII. 
 
 3. Not ices from DiChrysostom. — II. Lucian. — III. Pausanicts. — 
 IV. JElian. — V. Maximus Tyrius. — VI. Flavins Philbstratus. 
 
 I. -L/lO Chrysostom maintained, under Trajan, that Troy was 
 
 not taken by the Greeks, but that they were vanquished ; also, 
 as Mr. Bryant has lately done, that the story of the siege was a 
 mere fable. He did not spare, he reprobated, the whole of the 
 divine poetry of Homer. But he was not serious, and his decla- 
 mation ', addressed to the Ilieans, is regarded only as a jeu d' esprit; 
 the author having, it has been remarked, contradicted -his own 
 arguments, and, in some other of his Orations % bestowed the 
 highest encomiums on the poet. 
 
 II. Lucian, in one of his Dialogues introduces Charon as 
 visiting this upper region in company with Mercury ; who, on 
 his quoting Homer, undertakes to show him the barrow of Achil- 
 les. " There, says he, you see it by the sea. That is the 
 Sigeum. But Ajax has been buried opposite to him by the Rhce- 
 teum 3 ." Charon, not finding the barrows such as from the re- 
 nown of the heroes he had been led to expect,. remarks, " they are 
 not large ;" and desires to be shown certain illustrious cities, about 
 which they heard a great deal below, and especially Ilium ; for 
 he remembered to have ferried many over from thence, so as 
 neither to have drawn ashore or thoroughly dried his wherry for ten 
 
 1 Orat. xi. 2 See Fabretti ad Tabellam Iliadis, p. 379. 
 
 J Xttfini, c. 23. 
 
 whole 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 129 
 
 whole years. Mercury answers, that he is ashamed to show them, 
 and, above all, Ilium. Nevertheless, adds he, they once ivere 
 prosperous ; but now they too have perished ; for, Charon, Cities die 
 as well as men. Disappointed at what he saw, Charon exclaims, 
 " Fie, Homer, on your lofty encomiums, and the epithets sacred 
 and spatious, winch you have bestowed on Ilium !" — In another 
 Dialogue ', Momus conversing with Jupiter, observes, that at 
 Ilium the people sacrificed to Hector ; and, in the opposite Cher- 
 sonesus, to Protesilaus. 
 
 III. Pausanias lived under the Emperor Hadrian, who was a 
 great traveller, but was not likely to bestow much attention on 
 Ilium ; since he was an enemy to Homer, and endeavoured to 
 suppress his poems, and to substitute those of an obscure writer 1 
 in their room. He mentions his having heard what was said by 
 the ^Eolians, who re-peopled Ilium, about the contention for the 
 armour of Achilles, and how his shield, on the shipwreck of 
 Ulysses, had been carried forth by the sea opposite the barrow of 
 Ajax Telamon 3 ; also, his having been told by a Mysian, that 
 the waves had washed away the side of the monument next the 
 sea, and made it not difficult to enter ; and that he might infer 
 the size of the skeleton from that of the knee-pans, which were as 
 big as the quoit thrown by boys in the pcntathlum 4 . The 
 latter story implies, what Pliny and Lucian, in two passages, 
 which have been cited, may be construed to signify, that the 
 body of Ajax was not burned, but buried. The altar of Eury- 
 
 1 ©i«W EnirXriria. * Afltimachus. 
 
 J P. 24. Kola tov T«^o» tov Aia/lo; Ta otA« ilm^Oiivai. + P. 34. 
 
 S sace- 
 
130 * THE HISTORY OF 
 
 saccs was still to be seen at Athens ; and the honours which had 
 been decreed to him and his father Ajax Telamon were continued 
 in the time of this author. 
 
 IV. iElian ', who repeats the story of the Cretan wanderer* 
 and their petty assailants, tells us, it was said by the people of 
 Hamaxitus, that the word Smintheus was still in use among the 
 iEolians and Trojans ; that it signified a mouse ; that these animals- 
 were bred tame for the Sminthians, and maintained at the public 
 expense ; that white ones had holes beneath the altar of their 
 Apollo, and a mouse had stood by his tripod. 
 
 V. We are told by Maximus Tyrius *, under the Emperor An- 
 toninus Pius, that the person was pronounced fortunate, who, 
 sailing from Europe, had been able to contemplate on the spot cer- 
 tain objects of curiosity, which he enumerates ; and among them 
 are the barrows at Ilium and the places on the Hellespont ; also 
 he relates 3 , that the abode of Achilles was in his Sacred island* ; 
 and, besides other extraordinary incidents, that he was both seen 
 and heard there by mariners; but that Hector, as the Ilieans 
 affirmed, remained in his own country, and appeared, leaping up 
 in the plain, with lightning. By his own account he had beheld 
 visions as incredible, though he had never seen either Achilles or 
 
 Hector. 
 
 VI. "We come now to Flavius Philostratus, a Sophist, the 
 author of a Life of a famous wandering impostor, Apollonius of 
 Tyana ; and of a Dialogue entitled Heroics ; the former compiled, 
 
 1 Var. Hist. 1. 12. c. 7. * Dissert. XYI. 
 
 « Ibid. XV. * Leuce. 
 
 it 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 131 
 
 it is supposed, about the year after Christ two hundred and ten, 
 from materials furnished by the Empress Julia wife of Septimius 
 Severus, and at her desire ; the latter a legendary account of the 
 renowned personages concerned in the Trojan war, interspersed 
 with historical and local anecdotes. He has recorded in another 
 work, his Lives of the Sophists l , the following remarkable in- 
 stance of private munificence superadded to imperial bounty. 
 The great Athenian Tiberius Claudius Atticus Herod es, who pre- 
 sided over the free cities of Asia, seeing Troas, (so Alexandria is 
 commonly called under the Romans,) destitute of commodious 
 baths and of water, except such as was procured from muddy 
 wells or reservoirs made to receive rain, wrote to the Emperor 
 Hadrian, requesting him not to suffer an antient and maritime 
 city to be destroyed by drought, but to bestow on it three hun- 
 dred myriads of drachms for water ; especially as he had given 
 far greater sums even to villages. The Emperor readily complied 
 with his desire, appointed him the overseer ; and he expended on 
 the undertaking more than seven hundred myriads \ It being re- 
 presented as a grievance, that the tribute from five hundred cities 
 had been lavished on one in an aquaeduct, and Hadrian blaming 
 the management of Herodes to his father Julius Atticus, he be- 
 seeched him not to be displeased, for that, the estimate having 
 fallen short, he had made up the deficiency by a donation to his 
 son, who had presented it to the city. — The life of Apollonius 
 and the Heroics will each afford us matter for a distinct Chapter. 
 
 ' P- 547- 
 
 1 Five hundred myriads amount to 161,458/. 6st 3d. Engliih. 
 
 S 2 CHAPTER 
 
132 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 CHAPTER XXIX. 
 i 
 
 APOLLONIUS OF TIANA.. 
 
 I. Passes the night at the barrow of Achilles. — II. Discovers the 
 barrow and image of Palamedes. — III. His interview xtith 
 Achilles. 
 
 I. xx POLL ONI US arrived, as the writer of his Life relates ', 
 when Nero was Emperor, in the country of Ilium ; and, after 
 talking much about the Heroes, went, replete with archaeology, 
 to visit the monuments of the Greeks there ; at which he made 
 many offerings of things without blood, he being a Pythago- 
 rean. 
 
 On his bidding his companions, in the evening, to go to their 
 boat, while he passed the night alone at the barrow of Achilles, 
 they endeavoured to dissuade him; affirming that the hero still, 
 appeared, and was dreadful to behold ; and that this was the 
 common belief of the people of Ilium. He replied, that the 
 Trojans indeed saw Achilles armed with his mield, and with the 
 crest of his helmet nodding terribly ; but that he, who was no 
 way connected with Ilium, hoped to find him gentle and to hold 
 agreeable converse with him. 
 
 • L, iv. c. Ill, IV. V. 
 
 Ort 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 133 
 
 On his return at the dawn of day, he enquired for a youth 
 of Paros, who was one of his followers ; and asked him, if he 
 was not somehow connected by relationship with Troy. On his 
 answering that he was remotely a Trojan, and of the family of 
 Priam, Apollonius declared that he was required by Achilles to 
 dismiss him for that very reason, and because he was continually 
 extolling Hector.. 
 
 II. The winch when it was day and they were about to de- 
 part, blowing from the land, a number of persons, it being now 
 autumn and die sea not free from danger, crouded to the shore, 
 desirous of sailing with Apollonius as then* safe-guard ;. and he, 
 seeing a larger boat, for there were many by iEanteum, em- 
 barked with diem in it;, and, having passed the Cape of the 
 Troas *, bade the man at the helm to steer for. iEolia ; saying, 
 that Achilles had revealed to him the place where he should find 
 the barrow and image of the hero Palamedes. This was a Greek 
 warrior of great renown: for extraordinary talents and for curious 
 and useful inventions, who was said to have fallen a victim to the 
 intrigues and jealousy of Ulysses prior to the commencement of 
 the Uias. 
 
 On the near approach of the boat to the shore, they all leaped' 
 eagerly out- of it ; but Apollonius first discovered the monument, 
 which was on the confines of the jEolis and Troas, where, our. 
 author te}ls us, the funeral of Palamedes had been solemnized by 
 
 * Lectos. 
 
 Ajax. 
 
13* THE HISTORY Of 
 
 Ajax Tclamon and Achilles. He set up again the image, which 
 was buried in the ground, and, after bestowing other marks of 
 attention on the spot and praying to the hero, departed. His 
 biographer, who declares that he had seen the statue, and that 
 the people of the circumjacent country continued to assemble 
 there in honour of Palamedes, gives particular directions ' for 
 finding the place ; where a barrow, and some remains of the 
 very antient edifice, which he describes as near it, may probably 
 be still visible ; though the story of Palamedes is reprobated as a 
 post-Homeric fiction in Strabo \ 
 
 III. Apollonius, proceeding on his voyage toward Eubcea, the 
 water being smooth and the weather fair, was requested, we are 
 told, by the company in the boat to give them an account of his 
 interview with Achilles ; when he related, that on his addressing 
 and requiring him to appear, the barrow quaked, and the hero 
 rose out of it ; a young man, five cubits high, wearing a Thes- 
 salian mantle, his beauty beyond all description ; that, as he 
 gazed on him, his statue increased to twelve cubits, and he be- 
 came larger and handsomer ifi proportion ; that, speaking, he 
 declared his satisfaction at their meeting ; that he had long wanted 
 such a person ; that but the business of the Ghost with Apol- 
 lonius requires some previous explanation. 
 
 The Oracle at Dodona, if, as Philostratus relates ', it enjoined 
 the performance of certain solemn rites by the Thessalians at the 
 
 1 CIV. Heroics, p. 691. * P. 368. * Heroics, p. 717. 
 
 barrow 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 135 
 
 barrow of Achilles, was, at the time, under the influence of his 
 son Pyrrhus ; who, it has been already mentioned, settled, after 
 his return from Troy, a colony in Epirus ; or under that of some 
 of the Pyrrhidae his descendants; for Supreme Father Jupiter, as 
 well as his son Apollo, was subject to the controul of earthly 
 potentates, and often advanced the worldly interest and reputation 
 of his temple or rather of his priests, by receiving their direc»- 
 tions, and answering according to their pleasure. 
 
 It was usual for the embassy, sent to the Troas, on this 
 errand, to go on board a vessel, which, on its departure from 
 Thessaly hoisted black sails. The fourteen Theori or Ministers, of 
 which it consisted, took with them a black and a white bull ; 
 wood from Mount Pelion ; fire ; liquors for libations ; water of the 
 river Sperchi us ; and, to decorate the barrow of Achilles, garlands 
 or crowns of amaranth, which, if the voyage proved long, still 
 preserved their beauty uninjured by the sun or wind. It behoved 
 them to arrive in the night ; and, before their landing, to sing an 
 hymn to Thetis, which has been thus translated by the late Mr. 
 Merrick : 
 
 Pelean Thetis, blue-eyed fair, 
 Thy womb the great Achilles bare r 
 Of whom what mortal nature gave 
 In Ilion's confines found a grave : 
 But what from thee of heavenly strain 
 He drew, beneath the hoary main 
 
 Besides, 
 
136 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 Resides ', Rise thence, O Goddess, rise; 
 To this high hill with streaming eyes 
 Achilles on the sacred pyre 
 Extended bring, and, while the fire 
 The victims feed, our sorrows share, 
 Pelean Thetis, blue-ey'd Fair. 
 
 This done, the company approached the harrow, each person 
 rattling with a spear on a shield ; and, after howling in concert, 
 ran with measured paces round it, and invoked Achilles. They 
 then crowned the top with flowers, and, digging trenches to re- 
 ceive the blood, sacrificed at it the black bull to Achilles, as 
 defunct ; inviting Patroclus to partake with him. These rites 
 and the offerings ended, they went down to their vessel, where 
 they sacrificed the white bull to Achilles as a God. They em- 
 barked again about day-break, with the carcase ; to avoid feasting 
 on an hostile shore. 
 
 This, according to my author, antient and solemn institution 
 had ceased on the extinction of the line of the ^Eacidas in Thes- 
 saly ; where the people had been so much offended at the beha- 
 viour of Achilles in the battle of Salamis \ when they had sided 
 with the Persians, that they gradually withdrew all respect from 
 him. But Alexander the Great having claimed a connection with 
 their nation through the ^Eacidae 3 , having enslaved the rest of 
 Thessaly but given back Phthia to Achilles, and having in the 
 
 1 Or, Survives. MS. '• See p. 49. > Justin, 1. XI. 3. 
 
 Trbia 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 137 
 
 Troia made him the companion of his war with the Persians, the 
 Thessalians tinned again to Achilles ; their cavalry, all that Alex- . 
 ander had brought from Thessaly, went in parade round about 
 his barrow, where they exhibited a mock engagement ; prayed 
 and sacrificed to him ; and besought him, with Balius and 
 Xanthus his steeds, to go against Darius, calling aloud from their 
 horses. Afterwards, when Darius was taken prisoner and Alex- 
 ander was in India, the Thessalians jointly sent offerings, with a 
 black lamb, to Achilles ; but, their messengers landing and going 
 away in the day-time, and neglecting to observe the anticnt 
 ritual, he had destroyed their harvests and punished them with 
 various calamities ; though it should seem to little purpose ; for — 
 but we now return to the narrative of Apollonius. 
 
 Achilles, as he relates, told him that the Thessalians had for 
 many years withheld their accustomed offerings ; that they would 
 perish, if he deigned to be angry with them, faster than the 
 Greeks had done before Troy ; that he wished to admonish them 
 to atone for their injurious treatment of him ; that even the Tro- 
 jans, of whom he had destroyed such numbers, endeavoured to 
 make him their friend, by public sacrifices, by presents of first 
 fruits, and by supplication ; but in vain, for he continued as 
 much their enemy, as if the city had been taken only the day 
 before ; that he was unwilling to be a foe to Greeks, and there- 
 fore appointed him to go as his Ambassador to the Thessalians, and 
 to make remonstrances in his behalf. — The sequel of the story is, 
 that Apollonius delivered his message at the Amphictyonic Con- 
 
 T grefs, 
 
138 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 gress, that the Thessalians resolved to amend their behaviour in 
 future, and that a Decree was passed in favour of the Ghost and 
 barrow of Achilles. 
 
 Apollonius further declared, that Achilles had permitted him 
 to ask, and had answered, five questions. I shall notice only- 
 one of them, to which I shall endeavour to furnish a clew; 
 " Whether the Poets had falsified concerning his Tomb ?" 
 The ashes of Patroclus, after the binning of his body, were 
 reserved, it appears from the Ilias, to be placed in one vase 
 and under the same barrow with those of Achilles. It is but 
 reasonable to conclude, that Homer, who has recorded what 
 Achilles enjoined, knew or believed that he had been obeyed* 
 and that the two friends had but one barrow. This is asserted by 
 Other writers, and in the Episode of the Odyssey 1 rejected as an 
 interpolation by Aristarchus, in which Thetis, the Nereids, and 
 Muses are introduced sorrowing over dre corpse of Achilles. But 
 the Greek poet 1 who has rehearsed their ditties has omitted to 
 join the relics of Patroclus in sepulture with those of Achilles ;, 
 and Strabo, in a passage, which will be considered hereafter, may 
 be understood to countenance an opinion, that they had distinct 
 barrows ;' as may also JElhn 3 , who speaking of the two heroes 
 mentions that of the one and of the other. Achilles replies to. 
 Apollonius, that, in the article referred to, an early agreement 
 had subsisted between him and Patroclus ; that a golden amphora 
 
 ' L. 24. 2 Sequel of the Ilias, 1. 3. 
 
 1 Var. K 
 
 did' 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 139 
 
 did indeed, as the Poets had affirmed, contain their ashes ; that 
 the Muses did not lament over him, nor had been present at hi? 
 funeral ; but that the Nereids still frequented the spot. A dispute- 
 on the subject may have given rise to the question, which cannot* 
 well be supposed to have been framed without some motive ; 
 Achilles is made a party in it by Philostratus, and answers as he 
 would have him. The conference ended with his setting an ex- 
 ample to modern Ghosts, by vanishing on hearing the cocks crow; 
 but in a flash of mild lightning. 
 
 CHAPTER XXX. 
 
 THE HEROICS OF PHILOSTRATUS. 
 
 I. Of the Vineyard, Barrow, Temple and Image of Protesilaus. — 
 II. The Vine-dresser. — III. Of the island Lence, and the 
 barrow of Achilles and Pair ochts. — IV. Stories of the plain of 
 Ilium.— V. Of Hector.— Yl. Of J j ax Telamon.—Yll. Plu- 
 tarch cited, 
 
 I. J. PIE scene of this Dialogue is on the sea -coast near Eleus, 
 opposite Ilium, by the barrow of Protesilaus, in a vineyard* 
 which is extolled as a spot uncommonly beautiful and fertile, the 
 stocks aptly disposed, the walks grateful, the trees tall, the rills of 
 water various, the odour ambrosial, and the harmony of night- 
 
 T 2 : . .. ■ . ingales 
 
HO THE HISTORYOF 
 
 ingales in the morning and evening enchanting. No wolf dared 
 to enter it, no scorpion or venomous spider, nor even an informer. 
 It was a place all over delicious and divine, worthy of its guar- 
 dian Protesilaus. 
 
 The barrow is described as large, and as shaded with elms, 
 which, we are told, were planted by the Nymphs ; who, it was 
 surmised, had directed, that the boughs toward Ilium should 
 flourish soon, presently shed their leaves, and, like the mortal 
 part of Protesilaus, perish early ; while those on the other side 
 remained alive and healthy. It was observed, if we may credit 
 the relation, that only the trees about the barrow were thus af- 
 fected ; those in a garden near it thriving in all their branches. 
 
 By the barrow, it is said, were remaining a few specimens of 
 the architectural ornaments of the temple ; that, which had been 
 insulted by the Persian Governor of Sestos, in the time of Xerxes ; 
 and which, from its basement, appeared to have been no incon- 
 siderable structure. The hero had been represented standing on 
 the prow of his vessel, as ready to leap on the shore ; but the 
 image was thrown down, and much disfigured by time and by 
 devotees, who had bedaubed it with ointment and fixed their peti- 
 tions on it. 
 
 II. The fictitious owner, the Vine-dresser, who is the prin- 
 cipal speaker, courteously invites a stranger, a Phoenician 
 merchant, to enter in ; as one liberal of his grapes, figs, al- 
 monds, and pomgranates. He tells him, that he had been left 
 an orphan, and that his estate had been taken from him, but 
 was restored ; the spectre of Protesilaus appearing to the usurper 
 
 of 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 141 
 
 of his property, and striking him blind ; that he had lived in the 
 city, where he studied philosophy, leaving his farm to the 
 management of servants ; that, losing by them, he had come to 
 consult the hero, who was angry at his neglect, and, for some 
 time, silent ; but, on his continuing to supplicate, and to declare 
 that he was undone without his assistance, he directed him to 
 change his garb ; that, on discovering his meaning, he had fitted; 
 himself with a leathern jacket, and,\ carrying about a two-forked 
 prong, had commenced Vine-dresser ; and, forsaking the town, 
 had prospered by agriculture ; advising with Protesilaus as his 
 physician, whenever a tree, a lamb, or his bees ailed any thing : 
 and attending on him as his priest ; in the evening, pouring to 
 him a libation of wine made from Thasian stocks, which had 
 been set by him ; and, at noon-tide, placing before him fruits, 
 with milk at certain seasons; when, on his retiring, the whole 
 was consumed in an instant. Whatever he did was with Ids good 
 Protesilaus ; with whom he pretends to familiarity. He retails 
 their conversation ; describes his person, his features, and his 
 dress, which was a purple mantle or cloke fastened in the Thes- 
 salian fashion, as on the image, which resembled him ; ex- 
 presses the most ardent affection for this battered relic ; shows- the 
 foot-steps of Protesilaus ; with whose company he was favoured, 
 when he wanted flowers for crowns, of which he was fond, or to 
 plant, or to gather grapes ; his abode being in Hades with Lao- 
 damia his wife, or at Phthia in Thessaly, where he had a temple 
 and was worshipped ; affirms, that at times he hunted with his 
 
 fellow 
 
142 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 fellow soldiers, the warriors, who were still seen shaking their 
 crests on the plain of Troy ; and that, coming from the chace of 
 the wild hoar or stag ahout noon, he would sleep extended in the 
 vineyard. He specifies the gymnastic exercises preferred by him ; 
 asserts that he had once been oracular ; and recounts answers, 
 which he had given to wrestlers who had consulted him ; with 
 their success in the Olympic and Pythian Games. He relates, 
 that the hero still cured coughs and dropsies, sore eyes, and 
 quartern agues ; and that he was compassionate to the slighted 
 lover, suggesting potent incantations and soft arts of persuasion ; 
 but when a man and a woman who had conspired against her 
 husband were standing by his altar, and swearing falsely, he had 
 excited the dog to interrupt and bite them ; which he did in so 
 terrible a manner that they both died. This animal is described 
 ■f as not fierce in general, but mild and gentle, like his old bearded 
 master ; who, after gratifying the curiosity of his guest, dismisses 
 him with a present of fruits to his vessel, which lay wind-bound 
 at Eleus ; bidding him, when he sailed, to make, as was the 
 custom there, a libation to Protesilaus. 
 
 * HI. The Vine-dresser recites, on the authority of Protesilaus 
 or of persons who had arrived in the port of Eleus, the wonders of 
 the Holy Island, Leuce, the abode of Achilles ; with an address 
 to Echo, containing an elogium on Homer, then recently com- 
 posed by the hero ; who is a musician in the Ilias and was now 
 become a poet. He relates, that the temple, in which his statue 
 was, had been enriched with numerous offerings, some having in-. 
 
 scription 
 
ILIUM- OR TROY. 143 
 
 scriptions in the Greek and Roman languages ; and that it was 
 usual for mariners who touched at the island to sacrifice on his 
 altar at sun-set, and to pass the night, making fast their vessel, if 
 the wind did not rise and enable them to pursue their voyage. 
 But enough of Leuce. I hasten to introduce the Vine-dresser a; 
 it were pointing to the opposite coast, and saying, " This hill, 
 Stranger, which you see standing on the front of the shore, the 
 assembled Greeks raised when Achilles was mingled in the bar- 
 row with Patroclus, having bestowed on himself and on him a 
 most beautiful funeral envelope ; on which account they who 
 praise friendship celebrate him." Further he adds, that the 
 Greeks heaped up gold and the booty they had acquired, to be 
 consumed with his body ; repeated their presents to him, when 
 Neoptolcmus came to the camp ; and, before they set sail from 
 Troy, took leave of the barrow and Achilles '. 
 
 IV. Of the plain there the Vine-dresser relates, that the 
 unembodied heroes were still beheld in it by herdsmen and 
 shepherds, who deemed the spectres ominous ; portending drought, 
 if covered with dust; floods and rain, if with sweat; and, if 
 blood appeared on them or their weapons, they sent diseases on 
 Ilium ; but they were supposed, if seen without these tokens, 
 to bring kindly seasons ; and tiie hinds, from gratitude, then 
 offered to them a lamb, or bull, a fowl, or any thing they had. 
 The Ghosts were not all known, for they were many ; differing 
 
 in 
 
14* THE HISTORY OF 
 
 in age, and mien, and habiliments. Achilles, and the same ac- 
 count was given at Ilium of other heroes, both talked with some 
 persons, and went with them, and hunted the wild beasts. They 
 conjectured that it was he, from the beauty of his form, and from 
 his magnitude, and from the effulgence of his armour. Behind 
 him rolled a whirlwind, the companion of his apparition. ** My 
 voice, says the Vine-dresser, would fail me in recounting storiei 
 of this kind; for they sing too something about Antilochus, how 
 an Iliean girl, in going to the Scamander, met and became 
 enamoured of his phantom ; and how some young herdsmen 
 playing with dibs near the altar of Achilles, one would have 
 killed the other with a blow of his crook, had not Patroclus inter- 
 posed ; but these are matters known both from the herdsmen and 
 from the people of Ilium ; for we mix together, dwelling on the 
 banks of the mouth of the Hellespont, and having, as you see, 
 made the sea a river \" 
 
 V. For Hector, by whose spear Protesilaus was now said to 
 have fallen, the Vine-drcsser, it may be supposed, entertains no 
 partiality. He relates, however, that his image, set up in a con- 
 spicuous place at Ilium, was remarkable for expression and 
 beauty, seeming to breathe, and conveying to the beholder the 
 idea of a demi-god or some more than human being; that it pos- 
 sessed a miraculous power, and conferred many benefits both on 
 individuals and on the people ; the reason why they offered up 
 
 prayer? 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 145 
 
 prayers and sacrificed to it at their Games ; when it was observed 
 to wax warm, and to be so agitated with emulation that sweat 
 bedewed the body. The following is among the stories told by 
 the Vine-dresser. A young Assyrian, who came to Ilium, up- 
 braided Hector with the chariot of Achilles, which had dragged 
 him by the heels ; with the stone cast by Ajax, which had occa- 
 sioned his fainting ; and with his flying before Patroclus ; assert- 
 ing, moreover, that it was not he, who had killed this hero ; and 
 that the image called his at Ilium, having the head bare, was not 
 his, but one of Achilles, who made an offering of his hair at the 
 funeral pile of Patroclus. On his leaving Ilium, before he had 
 got ten stadia ', a brook so inconsiderable as to be without a name 
 swelled on a sudden ; and, as his attendants, who escaped, af- 
 firmed, a huge man in armour was seen preceding, and calling 
 loudly on, the torrent to turn into the road where the blas- 
 phemer was driving four, not tall, horses ; which, with his 
 chariot, were carried away by its. violence ; and he perished, call- 
 ing out and promising never to offend Hector again ; nor could 
 his body afterwards be found. 
 
 VI. Two strangers belonging to a vessel which had touched at 
 jEanteum were amusing themselves at pebbles z by the barrow of 
 Ajax ; when the hero appeared, and, standing near, desired them 
 to leave off; for they put him in mind of Palamcdes, (the reputed 
 inventor of that play) whom he had greatly esteemed, and who 
 
 1 A mile and a quarter. : Usto^, p. 6$6± 
 
 V fell, 
 
146 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 -fell, as lie had done, by the machinations of their common enemy- 
 Ulysses. The game, whatever it was, for the Hon. Dailies Barring- 
 ton ' has shown it not to have been Chess, is characterised as no 
 idle diversion, but as requiring an active mind and close atten- 
 tion. 
 
 Ajax, having in his delirium mistaken and slaughtered some 
 sheep for Greeks, and a ram for Ulysses, the peasants of Ilium 
 ascribed the diseases of their cattle to his malignant agency ; and 
 would not suffer their flocks to feed near his barrow at iEanteum, 
 fearing the herbage as of a noxious quality \ 
 
 Some Trojan shepherds abused the hero, standing round his 
 barrow, and calling him their enemy and the foe of Hector and 
 of Troy ; telling him, that he had been, and that he continued., 
 out of his senses ; and that he was a coward ; one of them citing 
 an hemistic of Homer, 
 
 Ajax no longer staid — 
 
 but, not suffering them to proceed, he cried in a loud and terrible 
 voice from beneath the barrow, 
 
 But I did stay — 
 
 and, it was said, rattled with his spear on his shield, so that they 
 were dismayed, and fell to the ground ; stood shivering with ap • 
 
 1 See Arckcologia, y. IX, 2 P. 653. 
 
 prehension ; 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 147 
 
 prehension; or ran away; when he spared their lives, as suited 
 with his magnanimity, and was content with letting them know 
 that he had heard them \ A Greek epigram on this subject is 
 extant in the Anthologia. 
 
 Another story related by the Vine-dresser, who professes to have 
 received it from his grandfather, is apparently founded on the tale 
 of the Mysian in Pausanias ; that the barrow of Ajax, having suf- 
 fered from the sea, near which it stood, had disclosed the bones of 
 a man eleven cubits in stature ; and that the Emperor Hadrian, 
 when he visited the Troas, embraced and kissed these relics, had 
 them arranged, and repaired the monument. The body, he tells 
 us, was interred; the prophet Chalchas having declared that to 
 burn it was not allowable on account of his suicide \ But enough, 
 if not too much, of the Heroics. 
 
 VII. It remains that we conclude this Chapter by citing Plu- 
 tarch 3 ; from whom we learn, that a plant grew in the Scamander, 
 which, when one saw a phantom or a god, preserved him from 
 fear, if he had it about him; a property which is likely to have 
 produced a great demand for it in a country where visionary 
 beings were believed so frequently to occur-. It is described as re- 
 sembling a species of Vetch 4 ; and, from its bearing grains which 
 could be shaken, was called Sistrus. The botanical traveller will 
 not neglect to look for it in or by the bed of the river. 
 
 ' P. 682. 2 P. 640. 
 
 3 Geographi Minores, v. 2. p. 26. * Erebintlius. 
 
 U 2 CHAPTER 
 
li& THE HISTORY OF 
 
 CHAPTER XXXI. 
 
 THE EMPEROR CARACALLA. 
 
 I. He visits Ilium. — II. His extravagances there. — III. Of a 
 statue of Achilles at Sigcum. 
 
 I. JL HE writings of Philostratus seem to have affected and 
 turned the head of the Emperor Caracalla son and husband of 
 Julia. He was much addicted to the practice of arts then in 
 vogue for raising Ghosts. He was terrified by frequent Visions, 
 and repaired to Pergamum, hoping to obtain relief in his disorder 
 from iEscuIapius. From thence he proceeded to Ilium ', where 
 he viewed all the reliques of the city. He afterwards visited the 
 barrow of Achilles, and adorned it sumptuously with crowns and 
 garlands of flowers. 
 
 II. At Ilium, Caracalla was seized with a passion to imitate 
 Achilles, as he had before done Alexander the Great in Macedo- 
 nia. He wanted a Patroclus, whose funeral he might solemnize ; 
 when, during his stay there, Festus, his Remembrancer and 
 favourite freedman, died ; as some affirmed, of a distemper ; but 
 so opportunely, that others said he was taken off by poison for the 
 purpose. Caracalla ordered, after the example of Achilles, a 
 
 1 Herodian, 1. 4. c. 8. 
 
 Jarge 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 149 
 
 large pile of wood to be collected. The body was carried forth 
 from the city, and placed on it, in the middle. He slew a variety 
 of animals, as victims. He set fire to the pile ; and, holding a 
 phial in his hand and pouring a libation, as Achilles had done, 
 invoked the winds to come and consume it. His seeking, for he 
 was nearly bald, a lock of hair to throw into the flames created 
 laughter; but the little which he had he cut off. lie is said to 
 have continued the farce, by allotting prizes for Games ; and to 
 have concluded it, by imagining that he had taken Troy, and 
 distributing money among his soldiers on the occasion J . 
 
 III. A statue of Achilles at Sigeum, standing on a column, is 
 noticed by Tertullian \ a learned father of the Christian Church, 
 as representing him delicately attired, with one of his ears bored 
 and a ring pendant at the bottom, after the manner of women ; 
 and Servius on Virgil 3 mentions, that it was said there had been 
 a statue of him at Sigeum with this female ornament. Such a 
 figure might correspond with the tale of his having been concealed 
 as a girl at a boarding-school for young ladies ; but was ill-suited 
 to the character of the hero in the Ilias. It was probably the 
 image set up by Caracilla " before his departure from Ilium, 
 which was thus absurdly decorated. 
 
 » Dio fragment. Vales, p. 754. Wotton, Hist, of Rome, p. ,317, 319. 
 
 1 Depallio, n, <%. ' Maeii, 1. * Wotton. 
 
 CHAPTER 
 
150 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 CHAPTER XXXII. 
 
 THE EMPEROR GALIEN. 
 
 I. The Troia ravaged by the Goths. — II. The inedals of Ilium. 
 
 I. z\.FTER Caracalla is a gap in our story, which continues to 
 the time of Galien ; when the Roman Empire was harassed by 
 irruptions of the Goths \ One body of these barbarians, crossing 
 the Strait of the Hellespont, carried desolation into the province of 
 Asia Minor. They set fire to the temple of Diana at Ephesus, 
 and returned to afflict Thrace, loaded with plunder and laying 
 waste on their journey " Troy and Ilium, which, after scarcely 
 time to take breath a little from the Agamemnonian war, arc 
 again destroyed by the sword of the enemy." So says Jornandes 2 , 
 no adept, it should seem, in antient chronology. His Troy was 
 probably Troas. Another body, which passed down the Helles- 
 pont and sacked Athens, ravaged in their way back " the shores 
 of Troy ; whose fame, says Mr: Gibbon, immortalised by Homer, 
 will probably survive the memory of their conquests." No ! 
 both are alike consigned to the lasting page of History. 
 
 ' Procopius Bell. Goth. 1. i. c. ij. TrebellLus Pollio, p. 719. Hist. Aug. Scrip- 
 tores. 
 
 2 De rebus Gothicis, c. xx. 
 
 II. The 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 151 
 
 II. The right or privilege of coining had heen continued to the 
 Ilieans under the Romans. Their medals, of which the number 
 from distinct dies is not great, represent their Palladium, the 
 River-god Scamander, Ganymedes, Laocoon, or, perhaps with 
 reference to the descent of the Iulian family, .Eneas making; his 
 escape from Troy with his father Anchises and his son. On 
 the reverse is chiefly exhibited the champion of Troy drawn in a 
 chariot by two, or, as he is described in the Uias, by four horses ; 
 provoking, as it were, the Greeks to combat; with the legend, 
 Hector of the Ilidans \ One, exceedingly rare, struck under the 
 Emperor Macrinus, has Hector with another warrior endeavouring 
 to drag away the naked body of Patroclus, and Ajax interposing 
 to rescue it \ The specimens remaining in the cabinets of the 
 curious descend to Commodus, Severus, and Geta, if not lower ; 
 that is, nearly to the asra when the practice ceased or was for- 
 bidden among the cities of the empire ; of whose coinage few, if 
 any, examples are said to occur after Galien. We have nothing 
 to add until we come to the Emperor Constantine. 
 
 • EKTQP IAICON. . 2 Mufeum C. Albsni, v. i-. pi. 59. p. 119. 
 
 CHAPTER 
 
152 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIII. 
 
 CONSTANTINE THE GREAT. 
 
 I, A sea-figiit it the Hellespont.— II. His design to build New Rome 
 in the Tr'dia. — III. Account given of it by Soxomenus. — IV. By 
 Zozi?7ius and %onaras. — V. Its improbability. 
 
 I. 1 N the war between the two Emperors Constantine called 
 afterwards the Great and Licinnius, Crispus, the son of the former 
 and his admiral, selected, on his arrival at the mouth of the 
 Hellespont, eighty of his vessels ; with which, that narrow sea 
 not suiting a larger number, he resolved to engage the enemy ; 
 whoseflcet, consisting of two hundred vessels, advanced to meet him, 
 thinking to surround him without difficulty ; but was soon thrown 
 into confusion ; and, night approaching, put into the ./Eantian 
 port (that of ALantcum), as Crispus did into that of Eleus ; but, 
 on the following day, came forth again with a strong north wind '. 
 The commander then found that Crispus had been joined by the 
 remainder of his ships, and hesitated about renewing the battle. 
 Meanwhile, toward noon, the north wind subsiding, a strong 
 south wind * prevailed, and forced his ships on the shore of Asia, 
 
 « Boreas. * Notus. 
 
 which 
 
1 LI U M OR TROl 153 
 
 which was not distailt; when some were driven oh rocks, and 
 others sunk ; so that five thousand men perished 4 , and only four 
 vessels, with the Admiral, escaped '. 
 
 II, That Julius or Augustus Caesar, the imaginary descendants 
 of iEneas, full of the prophesy which entailed universal dominion 
 in perpetuity on their family, should conceive a projeel to for- 
 ward more fully its literal accomplishment hy returning to the 
 country from which their great ancestor was said to. have migrated, 
 and removing the seat of empire to Ilium or Troy, is less sur- 
 prising, than that Constantine should adopt nearly their plan, and 
 have resolved on building New Rome in the Troas, without similar 
 motives and prejudices ; if he was not influenced by the conside- 
 ration that on this coast was obtained the great naval victory, which 
 had secured the supreme power to him without a partner or com- 
 petitor. 
 
 III. The best authority for the above fact, which is mentioned 
 by several of the Byzantine writers, is, if I mistake not, that of 
 Hermias Sozomenus ; who composed an Ecclesiastical History 
 about half a century after the name of Byzantium had been 
 changed, into that of Constantinople. He relates as follows : The 
 emperor " having taken possession of the plain which lies before 
 Ilium near the Hellespont, beyond the tomb of x\jax, where the 
 Greeks, at the time when they were engaged in the expedition 
 against Troy, are said to have had a station for their ships and 
 
 1 Zosimus, c. 24. 
 
 X tents, 
 
MM THE HISTORY OF 
 
 tents, he there traced the outline and ground-plot of a city ; and 
 he constructed gates in a conspicuous place ; which still at this 
 day are seen at sea hy those who sail along the coast. While he 
 was employed on this undertaking, God appeared to him by 
 night, and warned him to go in quest of another place '," con- 
 ducted him to Byzantium, and admonished him to erect his city 
 there and to call it by his own name. 
 
 IV. Zosimus, who lived under Theodosius the younger, re- 
 lates,, that, " when the Emperor came to the Troas, and to that 
 old place Ilium, a site being found fit for building a city, he laid 
 the foundations, and carried some part of the wall on high ; 
 which, he says, is still to be seen in sailing toward the Hellespont; 
 but, because he grew dissatisfied with the work which he had be- 
 gun, he removed, leaving it imperfect, as it was, to Byzantium." 
 According to Zonaras, the undertaking was recommended by an 
 Oracle, and the promontory Sigeum was one of the places selected 
 for the purpose, and there he was said to have laid the founda- 
 tions of his new city. 
 
 V. It may be doubted whether Sozomenus, the historian first 
 quoted, knew where the Greeks did encamp, or was acquainted 
 with the Hellespont or the barrow of Ajax, or the plain before 
 Ilium. Zosimus, who relates the tale after him with some varia- 
 tion, and Zonaras, are not to be depended on. Both were igno- 
 rant, Zonaras grossly so. Some later writers have recorded the 
 
 ; L. ii. cited and translated by Mr. Dalzell. Note on M. Chevalier, p. 49. 
 
 same 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 155 
 
 Fame transaction without increasing its probability ; and I give 
 equal credit to the story of the commenced foundation and of 
 the heavenly vision, which prevented its progress. No sagacity 
 wag then requisite to foresee or foretell of a city about to be placed 
 on the bay before Ilium, that it must soon be destitute of a port ; 
 and the emperor would have been as foolish in chusing such a site, 
 as blind in neglecting the superior advantages of that of Byzantium. 
 It was believed by the people of Constantinople that he caused 
 the Palladium to be transported from Rome, and buried it in the 
 market-place of that city. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIV. 
 
 THE EMPEROR JULIAN. 
 
 I. Of the Tr'oia and Chersonesus. — II. Privileges of the Ilieans. 
 — III. Of Minerva of Ilium. 
 
 I. AmMIANUS Marcellinus ', an author contemporary with 
 Julian, makes mention of Ilium, " famous for the fall of heroes ;" 
 of the tombs of Achilles and Ajax ; of the towns Dardanus and 
 Abydos ; of Sestos on the opposite side of the Hellespont, and of 
 Cynossema, " where Hecuba is believed to be buried ;" of Troas; 
 and of the temple of Apollo Smintheus. 
 
 ' Ilium heroicis casibus clarum, p. 30.7. 
 
 X 2 The 
 
156 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 The Means, it, under Julian, they had ceased to solicit or to- 
 obtain new favours from the Romans, were still distinguished by 
 the enjoyment of those already conferred on them, some of 
 which were uncommon in quality or extent. In the Digests, or 
 Books of Civil Law, which 'were compiled by this emperor, Cal- 
 listratus ' is cited as saying, " To the Iliensians, both on account 
 of the famous nobility of the people and of their connection with 
 the origin of the Romans, now of old time, both by decrees of 
 the Senate and by constitutions of the Emperors, is granted the 
 most ample immunity, so that they may claim exemption even 
 from wardship, to wit, of those orphans, who are not Iliensians ; 
 and that by a rescript of the god Pius," meaning Antoninus. 
 " To the Iliensians, says another famous lawyer, Ulpian, who 
 was miniftcr of Alexander Severus, it is granted, that he who is- 
 born of an Ilicnsian mother may be a denison ;" an expedient, it 
 should seem, devised to continue the race of townsmen and' 
 Trojans. The samerprivilege had been accorded and was pre- 
 served, probably for the like purpose, to the people of Delphi 
 
 Julian opened again the heathen temples which Constantino,, 
 when he declared Christianity to be the religion of the empire, 
 had commanded to be shut. "Whether Minerva of Mum had 
 been removed or deprived of her honours, we are not told ; but 
 Ulpian is cited in the Digests as saying, she '* has been capable 
 of inheriting, or a legacy might be left to her 2 ." 
 
 ■ Digest, ad Municip. in lege 17, Tit. i. p. 284, and Strabo, Comment, p. 224. 
 
 ■ Digest. L 59, Tit? 1. p. 1707. 
 
 CHAPTER 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 157 
 
 CHAPTER XXXV. 
 
 I. Of the progress of Christianity. — II. The condition of the 
 country. — III. The Chersonesus fortified and Choirodocastron 
 erected by Justinian. — IV. Approaclring change in the Tr'dia. 
 
 I. 1 HE attachment of the Ilieans to their favourite goddess 
 Minerva had begun in the most remote antiquity, and was rooted 
 and confirmed by long usage and the experience of her supposed 
 patronage and protection for many succeeding ages. Moreover, 
 their general practice of idolatry, which is noticed, particularly 
 their worship of Hector and Helen, by some early Christian 
 writers ' , was inveterate. It was easier to regulate public, worship 
 than to controul private devotion. Imperial edicts might abolish 
 the open homage which the Ilieans had been accustomed to pay 
 to the greater deities, as well as to Scamandcr, Hector, the Grecian 
 heroes, and the like, of inferior rank, without removing the pre- 
 judices of individuals. Paganism was no where eradicated, but 
 by degrees ; and it is uncertain how long a concealed respect and 
 regard for objects of popular veneration, sanctified by antiquity 
 and tradition, continued either in the Troia or Chersonesus ; but 
 on the complete establishment of Christianity in the Roman em- 
 pire we find Ilium the See of a bishop, which was probably en- 
 
 / 
 
 1 Clemens Romanus. Athenagoras. 
 
 dbwed 
 
15S THE HISTORY OF 
 
 dowed with die possessions of Minerva ; whose temple, if not 
 then a ruin, was converted, it is likely, into his cathedral. Si- 
 geum, which seems to have recovered in some degree its con- 
 sequence, was raised to the same dignity ; and both churches were 
 under the Metropolitan of Cyzicus. Troas had also a bishop. In 
 the Chersoncsus, a Metropolitan had his seat at Madytos 1 . 
 
 II. History, after the abolition of heathenism, is long silent 
 •concerning the Tibia and Cbersonesus. Several of their cities, 
 become inconsiderable before, were abandoned, died, or lingered 
 on in gradual decay, and with their end visibly approaching. 
 Ilium and Dardanus are among the places, which, having at- 
 tained to a good or rather an extraordinary old age, perished. 
 Of Rhceteum or of yEanteum I have met with no mention in 
 any antient author, if we except Sozomenus, after Constantine the 
 Great ; in whose time the port of yEantcum was become the prin- 
 cipal, if not sole, receptacle of shipping, on the coast beneath 
 Ilium. Alexandria is noticed as a deserted place, by the epito- 
 mizer 1 of Strabo ; it is supposed between the years nine hundred 
 seventy-six and nine hundred ninety six. 
 
 III. A new wall, with a fosse, was made across the isthmus of 
 the Chersonesus by the Emperor Justinian ; and, besides other 
 precautions, which were rendered necessary by the repeated in- 
 cursions and ravages of the Goths, the Huns, and Bulgarians, he 
 erected strong castles near Eleus and Sestos '. One of these for- 
 
 1 D'Anville Acad. Insc. t. a8, p. 339. 
 
 1 SeeM. Chevalier, p. 37. Note by Mr. Dalzell. ' Procopiuj, p. 36. 
 
 tresses, 
 
tLIUM OR TROY. 159 
 
 tresses, on which was to depend the future fate of the Chersoncsus, 
 stood on the summit of a mountain rising exceedingly abrupt 
 above the latter place, then neglected and defenceless ; was named 
 Choirodocastron ; deemed utterly inaccessible to an enemy, and 
 from its situation impregnable '. The fleet of Justinian under 
 Belisarius had its station at Abydos, which was one of the few 
 surviving cities ; but of which no farther mention is made for 
 above three centuries, except that it was besieged * between the 
 years one thousand ninety-three and one thousand ninety-seven. 
 I have only to add here what is related by a Byzantine historian 3 , 
 that an immense treasure collected by Theodore Lascares was re- 
 posited for security in a fortress, opposite formerly the Scamander, 
 and called by the diminutive, Astytzium. " 
 
 IV. Troy, it has been already mentioned, was taken about 
 eleven hundred and eighty-four years before the Christian aera. 
 The worship of the heroes lasted, if not longer, to the beginning 
 of the third century after it. During this period, they, with the 
 other warriors, were believed to haunt the plain where they fell ; 
 their monuments were approached with awe, and their names 
 were familiar even to the herdsman and shepherd. A new race 
 of people is now about to arrive in the Tibia, entirely strangers, 
 ignorant of its antient renown, unacquainted with the names Ilium 
 or Troy, Achilles or Ajax,. Hector or Homer., These found the 
 
 1 Procopius, 1. iy. c. io. The name may be translated Hog-way-castle. 
 
 • By Tzachas. 
 
 * Georg. Pachym. p. 39, t> to k«I« «»« SiK^aiJgy Q(*g'" r V ^ u ' aui Arvlfo wroxep^uiva), 
 
 cities, 
 
160 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 cities, except Abydos, in ruins ; and, if the Heroes were not 
 quite forgotten, their barrows were neglected, and those by 
 Sigcum and Rhceteum again become such as they were left on 
 the departure of the Greek army from before Troy, solitary ob- 
 jects by the sea-shore. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVI. 
 
 INVASION OF THE TROIA AND CHERSONESUS BY THE TURKS. 
 I. Abydos betrayed. — II. They surprize Choirodocastron. 
 
 I, JL HE Turks, having extended their conquests in Asia to the 
 shores of the Hellespont under Orchan, attacked Abydos. The 
 Greek, who commanded there, made a brave defence, but was 
 betrayed by his daughter. Enamoured with the person and valour 
 of one of the assailants ', whom she had beheld from the wall, 
 she threw a letter over the battlements, promising, if, the ' army 
 being first withdrawn, he would return at the head of a select 
 party in the night, she would admit him into the town. The 
 garrison, on the supposed departure of the enemy, indulged in 
 festivity ; and the governor was surprised in his bed \ Orchan 
 came to Abydos ; and the Hellespont did not long continue the 
 boundary of the Turkifh Empire. 
 
 ' Abdurachman. * Saudyb's Travels, p. 20; 
 
 II. It 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. id 
 
 II. It is related in the annals of this people 1 , that Soliman, son 
 of Orchan, taking an airing on horseback in the country lately- 
 conquered, came to some fine ruins of edifices, which had re- 
 mained there from the time of the destruction of Troy, and which 
 he beheld with wonder ; I suppose to the reliques of Alexandria 
 Troas, or rather of Ilium. After viewing this desolate city, he 
 was observed to remain musing and silent. On being asked the 
 reason, he answered, that he was considering how the sea between 
 them and the opposite coast could be crossed without the know- 
 lege of the Christians. Two of his retinue offered to pass over 
 privately at the Strait, which is described as a Greek mile wide. 
 A float was provided, they landed before day-break, and laid con- 
 cealed among vines, until, a Greek coming by, they seized and 
 returned with him to the Emperor ; who gave orders that their 
 captive should be kindly treated, and, on his undertaking 
 to serve as a guide to the castle erected by Justinian above 
 Sestos\ caused trees to be cut down, and a large raft to be con- 
 structed ; on which, with about fourscore men, Soliman crossed 
 the Strait ; and arriving, under colour of the night, at the fortress, 
 found, without the entrance, such was the supine negligence and 
 security of the Greeks, a dung-hill as high as the wall. His 
 soldiers mounted over it, and easily got possession of the place ; 
 the people, a few excepted, being engaged abroad in harvest- 
 work. Thus did the Turks obtain their first footing in Europe, 
 
 * Leuenclavins, p. 314. a Choirodocastron, called by the Turks, Zcmenic-hissar, 
 
 Y in 
 
162 THEHISTORYOF 
 
 in 1357. The levity and folly of the Greeks was apparent in their 
 jesting on the loss of this strong-hold, and proving, by quibbling 
 on the name, that the Turks had only taken from them a Hog-stie. 
 But the taking of this Hog-stie soon led to that of Madytos, which 
 was a populous place, of Callipolis, and of a large portion of 
 Europe, besides the Chersonesus. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVII. 
 
 OF THE STRAIT OF THE HELLESPONT. 
 
 I. Importance of its command wider Mahomet the first. — 
 II. Under Amurath the second. — III. Under Mahomet the 
 seco?id. 
 
 I. W HILE the Greeks yet continued in possession of their ca- 
 pital, and the Turks were employed in enlarging and settling their 
 dominions in Europe and Asia, the command of the passage of 
 the Strait of the Hellespont was an object of great importance both 
 to the Infidels and Christians. 
 
 Mahomet the first, when at war with his brother Musa, who 
 held the portion of the Turkifh Empire in Europe to which the 
 Chersonesus of Thrace, with Callipolis, belonged, not being able to 
 cross the Hellespont to invade him from Asia, was repeatedly 
 compelled to covenant with the. Greek Emperor Emmanuel for 
 
 the 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 163 
 
 the transportation of his army, to and fro, at the Strait of the 
 Bosphorus above Constantinople ; where he obtained permission 
 afterwards ' to erect a fortress on the side of Asia with a small town 
 in it \ 
 
 II. Amurath the second, advancing from Magnesia by Mount 
 Sipylus to assist his son Mahomet the second, who resided at 
 Adrianople in Europe and was attacked by the king of the Hun- 
 garians, found, on his arrival at the Hellespont, that the gallies 
 of the Christian powers were stationed at Callipolis to prevent a 
 junction of their armies. He was reduced almost to despair, and 
 marched away to the Strait above Constantinople, and there effected 
 a passage in skiffs ; but the difficulty and danger which he had en- 
 countered made so forcible an impression on his mind that he bound 
 himself by a solemn oath to secure in future the communication 
 between the two continents by building a fortress in Europe op- 
 posite to that already provided by his father in Asia ; but he did 
 not live to execute his design. 
 
 III. Mahomet the second, returning from an expedition' into 
 Asia, found likewise, when he came to the Hellespont, the Strait 
 there guarded by a Christian fleet, and was forced to pursue the 
 same rout as Mahomet the first and Amurath had done ; but, 
 after passing at the Bosphorus, he commenced immediately pre- 
 . parations for the fatal work planned by his father; and, to insure 
 expedition in the execution of it, attended its progress in person. 
 
 * In 1414. 
 
 1 Ducas Hist. Byzant. p. 133. Knolles, History of the Turks. 
 
 Y 2 The 
 
104 ' THE HISTORY OF 
 
 The castle or town was begun on the twenty-sixth of March, 
 1452* and finished in a few months. He placed in one of the 
 towers brass guns ', which discharged stone-balls of above six 
 hundred pounds in weight '. Meanwhile the Greek Emperor 
 supplicated and remonstrated to no purpose. This fortress was 
 much too near to Constantinople> which was besieged and taken 
 in July, in the following year, 1453. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVIII. 
 
 I. Of a letter from Mahomet the second to the Pope. — II. Of the 
 Castles of the Strait of the Hellespont. — III. Of the Castles at 
 the Month. 
 
 I. IVlAHOMET the second, was less ignorant and more silly 
 than I should suppose, if indeed he wrote to Pope Pius the 
 second, as he is said to have done ; " I wonder that the Italians 
 should bandy against me, seeing we have one common original 
 from the Trojans, and that I have an interest, as well as they, to 
 revenge the blood of Hector on the Greeks, whom they favour 
 against me ! ." 
 
 1 X*ivaj. 
 
 - Mahomet ordered that it should be called Basc-kesen, in Greek itspa^iioTiln,-, Base 
 caput, kesen scindens. Ducas, c. 34. His history was published in 1649. He was sent 
 on an embassy by the princes of Lesbos to the Conqueror of Constantinople. 
 
 a Bayle in Acarnania. He cites Montagne's Effays. 
 
 II. It 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 165- 
 
 II. It was this Emperor, who, after providing Cut-throat ' 
 castle on the Propontis, haying felt the importance of the Strait of 
 the Hellespont, constructed a small town in Asia toward Madytos,. 
 " where sailing in, says my Author 2 , is the narrowest part of the 
 Hellespont ;" and another small town in Europe, opposite to that 
 in Asia ; for the security of Byzantium and the Euxine sea, and 
 for the protection of the cities on the Hellespont, which supplied 
 him with no inconsiderable navy. He placed in both these little 
 towns about thirty cannon 3 of the largest size, with not a few 
 others ; and having made that on the Asiatic side a naval station v 
 no vessel was permitted to proceed toward the Hellespont without, 
 stopping' that all on board might appear before the Governor ; 
 precautions, which were taken, the historian 5 relates, on account 
 of the war in which he was about to engage with the Venetians, 
 the freedom of whose commerce was much impeded both by his 
 barriers and ordinances. Abydos, abandoned or destroyed by the 
 Turks lying desolate, as well as Sestos, those antient cities were 
 succeeded in some degree of their importance, as in some of the 
 advantages of their situation at the entrance of the Hellespont 
 from the Propontis, by these castles ; to which the name Dardcy 
 nelli, since continued and in general use among the Europeans, is 
 said to have been given by the Italian sailors then frequenting 
 those seas. 
 
 1 Aaiij.tiy.ovim. 2 Chalcocondylas, Hist. 1. vin. p. aoi. 
 
 3 Ty>.t@o\t;s. * Navj-laSpcv. 
 
 5 Chalcocondylas, Hist. I. x. p. 282. 
 
 III. In 
 
166 THE HISTORY OF 
 
 III. In the war of Candia the Venetians got possession of Tene- 
 dos, but the city was retaken by the Turks, who bribed the 
 Governor with a large sum of money \ Near this island the 
 Turkish Armada was defeated in a famous sea-fight, in 1659. 
 The then Emperor Mahomet the fourth, erected two castles at 
 the entrance of the Hellespont from the ^Egaean sea z ; and these 
 are commonly called The New, as the others are The Old, 
 Castles of Romelia and Natolia, or of Europe and Asia. 
 
 CONCLUSION. 
 
 IVJLaNY of the antient names of the places within our limits 
 had fallen into disuse or oblivion, were changed through super- 
 stition, or disguised by a corrupt pronuntiation, long before the 
 arrival of the Turks, who have not contributed to their restoration 
 or elucidation. 
 
 Neither a state of slavery nor a Turkish government is calcu- 
 lated to improve the population or promote the prosperity of a 
 country. These districts are still, as in the decline of the Roman 
 empire, thinly inhabited, and by a people groaning, especially 
 the Greeks, under the misery of oppression. 
 
 If we reflect on the ravages formerly committed on the borders 
 of the Hellespont, and on the destruction of the cities there, we 
 shall not be surprised that the coasts are desolate, and that the in- 
 
 1 Wheeler's Travels, p. 64- * D'Anville, Acad. Insc. t. 28, p. 329. 
 
 terior 
 
ILIUM OR TROY. 167 
 
 terior country of the Troas, returned nearly to its more antient 
 state, is occupied almost entirely by villagers, herdsmen, and 
 shepherds ; who are no longer distinguished by tbe appellation of 
 Ilieans, Dardanians, Scepsians, Cebrenians, and so on; but as 
 Greeks, and Turks, or Turcomans, slaves, the masters, and their 
 dependents. 
 
 The antient places which we have noticed, and of which 
 few remain or have possessed any consequence under the Turks, 
 have all of them, especially those by the sea-side, been ransacked 
 and plundered of their materials for a long series of years. Con- 
 stantinople has been adorned or enlarged from their stores, as well 
 under the Roman and the Greek, as the Mahometan, emperors. 
 Towns and villages, which have risen in their vicinity, public 
 baths, mosques, castles, and other edifices have been constructed 
 from their reliques ; and the Turkish burying-grounds, which are 
 often very extensive, are commonly rich in broken pillars and 
 marble fragments once belonging to them. 
 
 The Tibia had been left in ruins, and was a desert, in the time 
 of Strabo '. Since, in many instances, (he very ruins have perished ; 
 but the desert remains, and, as then, still affords much, and that 
 no vulgar, matter for a Writer. 
 
 END. 
 
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