1 ■ v v ^ A CliJ R2 for rlie tetter underftandino; of theV' '--age to the South, ^ea wherein are let down the Places mentioned m chisH elation, and die Courfes going and returning, suoyoiing die firft Meridian at Paris recinmg thence aWeft Longitude ; tke Spherical Lines "widiTtoman lumbers shew theProgrelsion of theVariation from 5 to 5 Degrees towards the N\V. above die line 00 and to the XE under the sameLrne OB^JBan/?^KvzUT^n^inter in Ordinary to t&cKtns . Trmtcd 'fir JONAH BOWFER atd^ tyne. 'afiAiXv/c in Lu3#ate . fa . ' i"i7 * VOYAGE TO THE SOUTH-SEA, And along the C O A S T S of CHILI and PERU I N TH E Years 171Z, 1713, and 17 14. Particularly defcribing The Genius and Conftkucion of the Inhabitants, as well Indians as Spaniards : Their Cuftoms and Manners, their Natural Hiftory, Mines, Commodities, Traffick with EUROPE, &c. By Monfieur Frezier, Engineer in Ordinary to the French King. Illuftrated with Thirty-feven Copper-Guts of the Coafts, Har- bours, Cities, Plants, and other Curiofities : Printed from the Author's Original Plates inferted in the Paris Edition. With a Postscript, by Dr. 'Edmund Halley, S civilian ProfefTor of Geometry in the Univerfity of Oxford. And an Account of the Settlement, Commerce and Riches of the Jefuits in Paraguay. LO N DO N: Printed for Christian Bowyer, and Sold by John Osborn at the Golden- Pal l in Pater- N o/ter-Row. M.DCC.XXXV, •.. ' - «■« im V ux |S®S@®1^1 r.-vi-A'^fA/ *&CQW* ^Q r -*^j'^'-\H mmt&na THE PRE FACE T O T H E READER. S the Accounts of Voyages and Tra- vels are univerfally well received and efteem'd, if drawn up with a due Re- gard to Truth ; it is no wonder that of Monfieur Frezier to the South Sea^ and along the Coafts of Chili and Terir^ fo little known to all the Europeans except the Spaniards^ fhould be well approved of in France and Holland^ in the French Tongue : Efpecially, if it be confider'd, who the Author of it is, and what his Performance. As for the firft of thefe, the late French King, Lewis XIV. who owed the Brighteft Part of his Glory, and his Grandeur, to his Encouragement of the Arts and Sciences, and to his lingular Judg- ment in the Choice of fit Perfons to improve them, A having To the Reader. having been at a vaft Expence to fupport his Grand- fon upon the Throne of Spain, thought this a pros- per Opportunity of getting a full Information of the lead: known Parts of the Spani/h Weft- Indies, be- fore the French, as well as all other Nations, mould be excluded thofe Seas by a Peace. For this end, he pitch'd upon our Author, an experienced En- gineer and Mathematician in his Service, whom he knew to be every way qualify 'd to make Hydro- graphical Obfervations for the life of Mariners, and for the Correction of the Charts ; and alfo to take exadt Plans of the mod considerable Ports and Fortrefles along the Coafts whither he was going; to dire£t to their beft Anchorages, and to point out their refpeftive Dangers; (things which might hereafter be of great Ufe to the French, if a War (hould happen to break out again between the two Nations) And this Gentleman he fent at his own Charge on board a Merchant-Ship, in the Year 1 7 1 1, to pafs as a Trader only, the bet- ter to infinuatehimfelf with the Spani/h Governors and to have all Opportunities of learning their Strength, and whatever elfe he went to be in- formed of. And we find in his Dedication of this Work to the Regent of France, that he had fo well executed the late King's Defign, that upon his Return that Great Prince made Monfieur Frezier explain to him the Plans he had drawn, and fig- nify d his Approbation of them both by gracious Expreffions, and by a generous Reward. But his To the Reader. his Moft Chriftian Majefty dying before the Book was ready to appear in the World, the Duke of Orleans, who now governs the Kingdom, was pleas'd to permit our Author to addrefs it to him : And the Account he gives him of it, is, that c it is a Colleftion of the Obfervations which he ' made in Navigation, on the Errors of the Maps, c and the Situation of the Harbours and Roads he ? had been in ; together with a Defer ipt ion of the L Animals, Plants, Fruits, Metals, and whatfo- 4 ever the Earth produces of Curious, in the richeft 1 Colonies in the World ; and laftly, a moft exa£t c Account of the Commerce, Forces, Government, c and Manners, as well of the Creolian Spaniards, c as of the Natives of the Country, whom he c treats with all the RefpeCt which is due to 4 Truth/ Neither muft we omit any thing that is of life in the Author's Preface^ where he is more particular ; and efpecially as to the Difference between this Work and Father FemU^es Journal. He tells us, that that Learned Monk apply'd himfelf chiefly to Aftronomy, Botany, and other Parts of Natural Philofophy ; whereas Monfieur Freziers Bufinefs hath been to take Plans, and to bring the Naviga- tors acquainted with the Seafons, general Winds, Currents, Rocks, Shelves, Anchorages, and Land- ing-Places, where-ever he came. It muft not therefore feem ftrange, that the Plans of thofe two A 2 Authors To the Reader. Authors do no better agree : But Monfieur Frezier produces feveral Inftances of the Father's Miftakes : The Mouth of the Bay of La Conception ("fays he ) is made too wide in FeuilTee*s Plan by almoft the Half; the Streets of Callao are all confounded ; and the Baftion of S. Lewis hath a defencelefs Face, -tho' there is a Line of Defence fichante up- on the Spot. Thefe la ft Faults are not, how- ever, to be imputed to him : The Addition of feveral Works, which were never infer ted in any other Defign than that of the late Monfieur Roffemin, Engineer of the Place, (hews, that they are not his, but the Copyer's, from whom I had alfo the fame Plan and the Defigns. In that of the Road of Callao, he makes vthe Town, which doth not really exceed 600 Toifes, as big as the Ifle of S. Laurence, which is almoft 4000 Toifes. Laftly, he himfelf owns, that in his Plan of Lima, the Quarter call'd Malambo falls (hort of a fixth Part, whereas that Quarter makes at leaft a fixth Part of the Town ; that of Cercado is 4 placed without the Inclofure, tho' it is really 4 within it ; and he reckons the Baftions but 35, 4 when there are 34. Not to mention other Plans, 4 whofe Imperfections are of lefs Confequence. 4 Moreover, that Father places Arica and Tlo under * the fame Meridian,within eight Seconds of Time, 4 or two Minutes of a Degree ; whereas I know by f my own Obfervation, that thofe Ports, which are 4 about To the Reader. 4 about 08 or 30 Leagues diftant one from the 4 other, lie S. E. and N. W. on the Globe, which 4 caufes a Difference of at leaft a Degree. For the reft, our Author acquaints us, that his Plans ( except three, wfc of Callao, Valparaifo, and Copied) are drawn by the fame Scale, that fo their Proportion may be feen at once ; and that he hath been more particular in his Relation of the Cuftoms and Manners of the Indians, and of their Mines, and Methods of working them ; fo that his Book and Father Feiiitte'es have very little in common. To fpeak Truth, this laft-mention'd Part of Monfieur Freziers Hiftory is fo very New and Cu- rious, that it might alone be thought a fufficient Motive to the Tranflation, and Publishing of it in Engli/h, had it wanted the Recommendation of the Judicious, which it doth not: For, after the Privileges granted by the Spaniards to our South-Sea Company, of trading in thofe diftant Countries, and the Settlement of EngliJhY&tkonzs by theirCon- fent at Vera Cruz, Cartagena, Panama, Portobelo, and Buenos Ayes, (to bring home Gold and Silver, no doubt) What could be of fo great Advantage to the Engli/h, as an Account of the Manner of dif- covering, opening, and working their Mines ? v Before we entirely bid Adieu to Monfieur Fre* ziefs own AbftraQ: of his Work, we cannot but take Notice how unaccountable it feems, that a- mong To the Reader. mong the Indians of Chili, there fhould he no Track, or Sign, or Foot-ftep, either of the Wor- fhip of a Deity, or of the Cohabitation of Men, as in all other known Parts of the World ; but that they fhould content themfelves with living feparately under a fort of Hutts made of the Bran- ches of Trees. Upon the whole matter, we have taken due Care to have a juft Tranflation of this Ufeful Work : And left any Blunder might be made in copying Monfieur Freziers Plans, &c. (which too commonly happens in Affairs of this nature ) we have at a confiderable Expence procured a Num- ber of Cutts printed from the Original Plates at Paris, by that Author's Permiffion; the French Explanations whereof being render'd into Engli/h, and inferted at the Foot of their proper Pages, the Reader will at the fame time underftand them with Eafe, and have the Satisfaction that the Plates are true and genuine. One Objection doth indeed lie againft Monfieur Frezier, arifing perhaps from his Ambition to be thought to correft the General Sea-Chart of our Country-man Dr. Halley, Savilian ProfefTor of Geo- metry in the Univerfity of Oxford; but befides that the Reputation of this Chart is eftablifti'd by the Experience of our Navigators in moft Voyages, beyond the Power of Monfieur Frezier to hurt it ; we muft remember that our Author is a French* man: To the Reader. man : And therefore we need give no farther Ac* count of their Difference, than is contain'd in the Letter fubjoin'd, which Dr. Halley was pleas'd on that Occafion to write to us; and in the Poftfcrip at the End of M. Frez\er\ Book. What follows that, being a Relation of the Je- fuites Settlement and Commerce in Paraguay, which are fometimes mention'd in the Courfe of Mon- fieur Freziers Voyage, we judg'd it not improper to give it a Tranflation from the Edition printed in Holland, and to annex it to ours in Englijh* April 6. 17 17.^ Mr* Bowyer, I Am glad to hear you have undertaken to print, in Englifh, the Voyage of Air. Frezier to and from the Coajls of Peru and Chili. Our People are 'very much unacquainted with thofe Seas ; and thofe that are, commonly want either Will or Language to inform the World properly of what they find worth Notice, and of what may be of Vje to thofe that /hall hereafter make the like Voyages. The French have the Faculty of fetting off their Relations to the beft Advantage; and particularly your Author has informed us, in a very inftru&ive man* ner, of fever al things that are not only very entertaining, hut aljo what may be of eminent Service to us, either in cafe of Trade or War in the Seas he defcribes. On this account I cannot doubt but your Defign mujl anfxver your Expectation, efpecially Jince you bejiow on the Book fo elegant an Edition. But however it may have plea fed we in other Refpetls, I find myfelf obliged to dejire of you the Liberty to fubjoin a fmall Poftfcript in Defence of my Chart of the Variation of the Compafs, {whereby 1 hoped 1 had done Service to the Sailors of all Nations ) againft the groundlefs Exceptions of your Author, who feems to feek all Occajions to find Fault , and is other* •wife unjuji to me. If you pleafe to grant me this Favour, you will^ without any Prejudice to yourfelf, very much oblige Tour very humble Servant, To Mr. Jonah Bowyer Edra. Halley. Thefe. A Directions to the Binder. Plates. I. Place to front the Title. A\. Mark'd Page 9, place againft Page ■ r . — — io. A\\. mark'd Page 17, place againft Page 19. IV. mark'd Page • 24, place againft Page — < 25 V. mark'd Page - ; 29, place againft Page * 33 VI. mark'd Page 40, place againft Page ■ 43 VII. mark'd Page ■ 46, place againft Page — • 47 VIII. mark'd Page ■ 48, place againft Page — ■ 52 f.£ IX. mark'd Page - 59, place againft Page —— 6% X. mark'd Page 65, place againft Page ■ — — . 70 XI. mark'd Page • 70, place againft Page * — . 7 —- - — 294 X v X v™* mar f 2 n 3ge ~" 272 > P lace a S ainft Pa S« — 297 XXXV. mark d Page 272, place againft Page . 298 XXXVI. mark'd Page — 235, place againft Page - , o 8 35. mark'd Page . place againft Page , lo XXXVil. mark'd Page 283, place againft Page 311 Place this Page after the Preface,, A vo A G TO T HE SOUTH-SEA HE Structure of the Univerfe, which is naturally the Object of our Admira- tion, has ever alfo been the Subject of my Curiofity: From my very Infancy I took the greateft Pleafure in all fuch Things as could advance me in the Knowledge of it : Globes, Charts, and Books of Travels were my lingular Delight : I was fcarce capable of obferving Things by myfelf, when I undertook a Journey into Italy: The Pretence of fludying afterwards ferv'd me to travel through fome Part of France > but being at length fix'd, by the Employ- ment I have had the Honour to obtain in the King's Ser- vice, I thought there was no more Expectation of in- dulging my Inclination to travel, when his Majefty was pleas'd to permit me to lay hold of the Opportunity that then offer'd, of feeing Chili and Peru. I embark'd at S. mah y in the Quality of an Officer, aboard a Ship of 3$ Guns, 350 Tons Burden, and 131 B Men, 2 A Voyage to Men, call'd the S. Jofeph, commanded by the Sieur Dir- chene Battas, a Man commendable for his Experience and Knowledge in Marine Affairs, and for much Under- standing and Activity in Trade, which was very fuitable to our Defign. On Monday, November 23, 171 1, we fet fail from the Port of S. Malo, in Company with the Mary, a fmall Veffel, of 120 Tons Burden, commanded by the Sieur du Jardais Daniel, who was to ferve for our Store- fhip. We went to lie for a fair Wind near Cape Frehel, ♦under the Cannon of the Caftle^ la Latte, in the Bay de la Frenaye, where we anchor'd the fame Day* but we waited in vain for near two Months. The Tedioufnefs of fo long a Stay, the Sharpnefs of the Winter, then well advanced, the Wind, the Cold, and the Rain, which I muft be expos' d to every other four Hours, during the Watches we kept alternatively Day and Night without Interruption,, according to the Cu- ftom of the Sea j and the Inconveniency of a Merchant*- fliip, in which a Man fcarceknew where to beftow him- felf, began to make me fenftbie of the Hardifiips of a Sailor's Life, and how oppofite it was to that Quiet and Retirednefs which are requifite for Study and Meditation, *—j«m inde my greateft Delights afliore *. In fliort, 1 foon faw the *b adoltfcen- utmoft of Misfortunes in a Shipwreck which happen' d "e ol / .before our Eyes. Here follows an Account of it. mmtemvitam It is flrfl: to be obferv'd, That moft of the Ships that nrhanam & fail from the Port of S. Malo, come to an Anchor in the m ^ m Road of Frenaye, which is but four Leagues from it to &, C qHodjorui- tne Weftward, cither to wait for a fair Wind, or to gar natum ijH yn- ther their Crews, which do not go aboard till the laft ** nt > Minute. On the 9th of December there were five Ships, mmtabT' tJie Comt ^ e Girardln, the Michael- Andrew, the Hunter, Ter. Add.' the Mary, and we* when the Chevalier de laV , 1,1. who commanded the Great 'Britain, a Privateer of 36 Guns, came at Six in the Evening, and dropp'd his An- chor near us > but the Buoy-rope, which thro' Neglect was the South-Sea. 3 was ftill faft aboard, having hinder'd it from taking libld, jfr^mi, the Ebb carry'd the Ship near to a Shoal that is at the Foot of the Fort de la Latte, before they could drop another: That fame held them during the Ebb, within a Piftoi Shot from the Rock j but upon the Return of the Flood, the Violence of the Current foon caft them upon that Shoal. The Captain perceiving himfelf in that inevita- ble Danger, fir'd feveral Guns to defire Afliftance of the other Ships in the Road. Every one font Men to his Afliftance with all poflible Expedition, to bring him off; but it provMin vain, the S.E. Wind riling, and driving out fo violently to Sea with the Tide, that no Boat could come tip to the Ship ; and the Boat belonging to the Count de Girardin was drove fo far out of the Bay, that it could not return aboard its own Ship that Night,- that of the Hunter was caft away, and had it not been for ours, the Men had been loft. At length, about Mid- night, the Ship ftruck, and was ftav'd in fo fhort a time, that the Crew was fav'd with much Difficulty, at the Foot of the Caftle ; only three Men being drown'd, among whom was an Officer. The next Morning we ftill faw the difmal Hull of the Ship lying on its Side, beaten by the Waves, which in twenty four Hours drove, it all away in Shivers. It is eafy to imagine, what difmal Reflexions all Men made upon that fatal Spectacle; efpecially myfelf, who was making my firft Effay of Navigation in a Voyage of two Years at the leaft. We had lain there twenty feven Days. in almoft coil- Return t$ tinual foul Weather, the Wind not permitting us to put s - Mal °- out to Sea, when Orders were brought us from our Owners * to return to S. Malo y for fear of being furpriz'd * The Bra- by fome Englifi Veffels, which were to attack us ma e,^^ in g^ of which they had received Advice. Accordingly wej"^' return'd thither on Sunday the 20th of December ^ and continu'd there till the 6th of January of the enfuing Year 171 2. B 2 That S. Malo. 4 A Voyage, &c. Second S^l- That Day, the Wind coming about to the Eaft, we iogfroto hiYd the fecond time from the Road of Ranee-, but no fooncr were we out of the Mouth of the Road, than we were obliged to come to an Anchor, tor fear of run- ning, during the Night, upon the Rocks, near which Ships muft pafs to go into the Channel. The Wind was at N.N. E. and a rolling Sea made us pitch fo vio- lently, that the Cable fnap'd as foon as the Anchor had taken hold. Thus were we oblig'd to go and anchor again at the Mouth of the Bay de la Frenaye, where we had an ill Night. The next Morning we fail'd, to look for our An- chor, with the Mary, to which the like Accident had befallen ; and fhe found hers, but ours was loft, becaufe the Buoy was flipp'd away. Whilft we were looking for it, a Calm came upon us, and th£n we anchor'd a third time, a League and half from the Caftle de la Latte, to wait till the Wind, which fhifted every Moment 3 would fix at fomc Point. At Break of Day we would have fail'd out to Sea, but our Cable appearing to have been gnaw'd within thirty Foot of the Anchor, it was thought fit to cut it, and fetch another at the Town, and make good the Anchor we had loft,* and therefore we drew near, making a Waft with our Colours. We made a Signal, by firing a Gun, that we wanted Affiftance ± and then re- turn'd to anchor a fourth time fince this fecond Coming out, under the Caftle de la Latte. Immediately two • Officers were fent away to fetch what we wanted ,• which they did the next Morning. We lay there eight Days longer, waiting for an Eaft Wind, nothing worth noting befalling us. That time we fpent in flowing the Ship, which being too heavy upwards, could not carry much Sail, as we had found by Experience the Day we came out the fecond time. Part p't Pa r t I. Containing the Paffage from France ta Chili. T length, after having fufTer'd much by the Weather, which was foul and con- trary, the Wind came to E. by S. We immediately fail'd to pafs thro' the great Channel between Rochedouvre and Guemfey, and by that Means to get into the Middle of the Englifo Channel, to avoid the Enemy's Privateers, who us'd to infeft the Coaft of Bretagne. We pafs'd thro' fuccefsfully during the Night, having, about Ten, had a Sight of Roche- douvre about a League to the S. W. of us. Some Hours after, we difcover'd, by the Moon Light, a Ship which obferv'd us narrowly. We immediately put up our Fights, and made ready to engage, being perfuaded that it was a Jerfey Privateer; but he durft not attack us, and fell aftern, fo that before Day we had loll: Sight of him. The three Days following we faw feveral others, of whom we got clear without fighting, by our good working. The Eaft Wind, which blew very frefli, at length carry'd us out of the mod dangerous Parts, and fet us out of the Channel. In the Latitude of 40 Degrees we had a Guft of Wind aftern, from the North and N. N. E» which would fcarce permit us to carry our Mizzen reef 'd. The Mary not being able to keep up with us, we were oblig'd to drive without any Sail; and in that Pofture we ran near three Leagues an Hour. During c" 6 A Voyage to EXuing that Time, we difcover'd a (mall Ship, which we judg'd to be a Portugueze from the Ifland of Madera ; but the Sea ran too high, and we had too much Bufinefs of our own, to go about to take Prizes. However, that Wind did us no other Harm, than breaking down our Lar-board Gallery ; but on the contrary, caus'd us to fnake much Way. No fooner were we come into the Latitude of 32 Degrees, than we found a delightful Sea, and Trade-winds from the N. and N. E. which, with- out difturbing the Sea, drove us along with their agree- able Frefhnefs, and caus'd us to rid much Way with great Eafe. After a ftormy difmal Seafon, we enjoy'd the Plea- fure of a fine Climate, and of fair ferene Days, when we difcover'd Land, towards the Evening, bearing S.E. and by E. about 1 5 Leagues diftant. It was a frefh Sa- tisfaction to us, to know we were near the Iiland of Vdw&lJland.'Palmai and more particularly to me, who, by my Rec- koning, found myfelf at that Diftance exactly ; not that I ought to afcribe that Exa&nefs to my own Skill, it being the Effect of Chance and of the Calculation of the two firft Lieutenants, who took Care to keep the Account by the Log ; but becaufe the reft, who knew 1 had never learnt Navigation, nor been at Sea, could not be perfuaded, that, with a little Help of the Mathe- maticks, a Man can do the fame that thofe of the Pro- feffion do Mechanically, without being able to give any Geometrical Reafon for the meaneft of their Perfor- mances. RewArh en ^ * s true 5 ^ iat ^ our or ^ ve Obfervations of the Sun's the Log-line. Meridian Altitude, fet us very right; ever fince our coming out, we found our felves, for the moft part, kfs advane'd than our Reckoning. I was of Opinion, that the faid Error was occafion'd by the Divifion of the Log-line, to which our Navigators life to allow only 41 Foot and 8 Inches from Knot to Knot, for the third Part of a League, making the Sea League to contain 15000 the South-Sea. 7 15000 French Foot; wherein they are groily miftaken, if a Degree contains 57060 Toifes, or Fathoms, and the Sea League 2853 of thofe of the Chatelet at Paris, as the Gentlemen of the Academy meafur'd it, by the King's Order, in the Year 1672 ; for, according to that Calculation, the League containing 171 18 Foot, the Log-line ought to have, between every Knot, to anfwer the Half-minute Glafs, 47 Foot, 6 Inches, and 7 Tenths. According to this Principle, the Knots being too fhort, I did not wonder that we made lefs Way than appear'd by our Reckoning 5 we could not but make one Ninth and t-h Parts, that is, about one Tenth lefs. I was confirm'd in this Opinion on the 3 1 ft of Janu- ary, when, having run about 100 Leagues fince the laft Obfervation, 1 found eight Leagues and one Third too much in the Reckoning, and others found more ; but in the Procefs of the Voyage, I was fenfible of the Un- certainty of the Log, which Experience and good Senfe are to correct, according to the Manner of Cafting it, and the Inequality of the Wind, which rarely continues in the fame Degree of Force during the Interval of two Hours that the Log is not caft. The Setting of Currents unknown, is (till another Caufe of Uncertainty ; fo that it often happen'd, that the Log-table anfwer'd exactly with the Latitude obferv'd ;. and at other times it fell out, that inftead of retrenching, they were fain to add to it. There were fome alfo, who relying on their Reckon- ing, queftion'd whether it was really Land that had been feen on the Wednesday Evening ; when on Thursday, the 4th of February, we again difcover'd Land at E. and by S. which was not queftion'd to be the Illand Hierro^Ukjvo/flandi. or Ferro, by the Latitude obferv'd, and our Run from the Ifland of Palma, which was very exad with the Diftance between thofe two Ifland s, Being fure of the Place we were in, we flood for the Iflands of Cape Verde, with a gentle Gale at N. E. and MNi. which in three Days carry M us to the Tropick, where. 8 A Voyage to where the Calms began to make us fenfible of extreme Heats. They lafted but three Days, being now and then mitigated by a little Freihnefs from the Weft to the South. Flying Fifhes, In thofe fine Climates we began to fee Flying Fifhes, which are as big as large Pilchards, or Herrings,- their Wings are nothing but long Fins; they ferve them to fly no longer than they are wet. We often took fome of them that fell into the Ship, or on the Chains ; they are delicious and well tafted. Dt*ado's. The Enemies of thefe Fillies are the Dorado's, or Gilt-heads, who continually purfue them, and with fuch a Bait they are eafily taken. They are fo very greedy, that if a counterfeit Flying Fifli be made with Linnen, or any fuch Thing, they fuffer themfelvestobe deceiv'd, tho' they bite at no other Bait. By that Means we took the firft I ever law, and I could never have done ad- miring their Beauty. On their Scales appears the bright- eft Luftre of Gold intermixed with Shadowings of Azure, Green and Purple, than which nothing more beautiful can be imagin'd. The Tafte of their Flefh is not an- fwerable to that Beauty, tho' it is good enough, but fomewhat dry. Green Oouds. My Inclination to Painting caus'd me to take Notice,un- der the Tropick, of fome Clouds beautifully green at Sun- fetting : 1 had never feen any thing like it in Europe, nor have I fince feen any of fo fprightly a delicate Colour. In 21 Degrees, 21 Minutes Latitude, and 21 De- grees, 30 Minutes Longitude, Weft from the Meridian of Paris, we found the Sea very white, for the Space of five or fix Leagues ; and calling the Lead, found no Bottom at 40 Fathoms ,• after which, the Sea recovering its ufual Colour, we fuppos'd we had pafs'd over fome lhallow Place, which is sot fet down in the Charts. For fome Days we had a little freffi Air at N. W. which is not ufual in thofe Parts ; after which, the North and N. N. E. Gales brought us into the Latitude of 17 Degrees^ 1 ^ Tar tie de l'ls U cU Ap B^& *^,4** ■-«*.., '-?£•:■&. *-- %♦#**„ — ^ - /^ >9lJL& ~de la Bayede l'ls Is- sT vikcenx,! Txtuee a la Cote djLjfr'iyut a I'Oxtestz J J du. Cap Verd, _^par 16. A Sol de tair^ ScpUntru>naU f r^~i znface- de* lisle ILctulle. (Luf>c lulic Iflttrini. '■""' ' 1 'i , ~ Iieiit =» . .. 1 iUiU Par tie. da lisle de , J. jtrvto Vice de I 'isle dt J. VincerLf. a. ojo the South-Sea. 9 Degrees, 40 Minutes, where we lay by a Might, know- ing we were near the Iflands of Cape Verde. Accordingly, the next Day, being the 15th of Fe-&P* Verde bruary, we difcover'd a very high Land covered with a ™ m * s - Fog, and the next Day diftindtly perceiv'd that it was the Iiland of S. Nicolas, and afterwards the Ifland of S. Lucy, which bore S. S. W. from us. We flood about to have Sea-room at Night, and hiv- Alight Se*> ing run eight Leagues N. E. and by E. w r e thought we faw Rocks by the Brightnefs of the Sea, which in thofe Parts glitters very much ; that is, it is, during the Night, very light and fparkling, in cafe the Surface be never fo little agitated by Fillies, or by Snips ; fo that the Ship's Way looks like Fire. I could fcarce have be- liev'd this Effect of the Motion of the Sea-water, if I had •not feen it, tho' I had before read the Accounts given t)f it by Phyficians, particularly Rohault, who alfo adds ' Reafons why it glitters more in hot Countries than elfe- where. However that is, we flood about, if I miftake not, on account of a Shoal of Filh, and ran 14 Leagues W. and by N. and about Three in the Afternoon, we perceiv'd, thro' the Mift, the Ifland of S. Lucy, to the Southward, about a League and half diftant. An Hour after, we difcover'd that of S. Vincent, which we only knew by Guefs, as well-as the other Iflands before-mention'd, becaufe none of our Men had feen them on the North-fide. Then it was that I be- came fenfible of the Ufefulnefs of the Draughts of Lands • in the Latitudes where they are generally look'd for ; ji/ ar $ s t9 however, this may be known by a low Land ftretching know the Land out at the Foot of the high Mountains towards the N. W. h- next the Ifland of S. Anthony, and by a little Sugar-loaf Rock, which appears at the Mouth of the Bay, Weft of the Ifland, about two Cabl« Length from the Shore. C Anchoring IO A Voyage to Anchoring at the IJland of S. Vincent, one of thofi of Cape Verde. U PON the Certainty of thefe Marks, we, at Six of the Clock, enter' d the Channel between the two Iflands of S. Vincent and S, Anthony, with a frefh Gale at N.N. W. and N. and ran along within Musket-fhot of the little Rock to gain upon the Wind ; it is very clean. At that Diftance we found 27 Fathom Water : They fay there is a PafTage next the Land, and that it has 17 or 20 Fathom Water. In turning that little Ifland, Ships are expos r d to great Squawls or Gufts of Wind, which come down from the Mountain at N. E. Some Ships of Monfieur du Quay's Squadron loft their Round- tops there, and among them the Magnanimous, which was oblig r d to put in. See Plate T. At length we anchor' d in the Creek, in. ten Fathom Water, the Bottom a fine Sand and Gravel, S. and by E. fomewhat Eafterly of the little Ifland, and Eaft of the Star-board Point going in. At the fame time the Mary- came Plate II. Page 10. explain d in Engliih. The Plan of the Bay of the Ifland of S. Vincent, near the Coaft of Africa, Weft of Cape Verde, in 1 6 Degrees 50 Minutes of Northern* latitude, facing the ifland of S. Anthony. Partie de 1'Ifle de S. Vincent, Part of the Ifland of S. Vincent; Marais, A Marjh, Bois, A Wood. Aigade, The Watering-place. Anfe ou Ton va feiner, A Creek for fifhing. Ruifleau qui tarit, A Rivulet thaPis fometimes dry< Terre baffe, Low Land. Echelle dune lieiie marine, A Scale of a Sea League. Partie de l'lfle de S. Antoine, Part of the Ifland of S. Anthony. Vue de l'lfle de S. Vincent, a O. S.O, A ProjpeU of the Ifland of S. Vincent, at W. S. WL the South-Sea. II came to an Anchor S. E. from us, in eight Fathom Wa- ter, the Bottom an owzy Sand. We reach'd the Ifland of S. Vincent very exactly with Remdrh tn our Account, becaufe in thofe fine Climates, where thc^^****^ Weather is always ferene, we had ^Obfervation al- moft every Day, which differ'd fromrmr Reckoning five or fix Minutes South every Day, even when there was a Calm ; whence I conje&ur'd, that the Currents carry'd us fo far: On the contrary, from 19 Degrees Latitude, the Computation was before us. This Error might alfo proceed from the Log-line, as has been faid before, becaufe in a Day of 45 Leagues Run, abating four, I ftill found above one for the common Current, which drove us fomewhat to the South. The next. Day, being the 16th of February, we thought to go and water in a Rivulet, which runs a great Part of the Year into a little Creek, the fartheft North- ward in the Bay j but we found only a dry Channel. Being furpriz'd at the Difappointment of fo neceffary a Recruit, a Detachment of Men and Officers was fent to feek fome in the Ifland, and whether there was any Dwelling, whence fome Cattle and Fruit might be had. They only found fome fait Marines, and no other Habi- tation but a few Cottages made of the Boughs of Trees, fitter for Beafts than Men, the Doors being fo low, that there is no going into them but upon all four : All the Houihold-goods were fome Leather Budgets and Tor- . tois Shells, which ferv'd for Seats, and for Veflels to hold Water. The Blacks, who are the Inhabitants, had abandon d them, for fear of being carry'd away and fold, tho' by our Colours they mould have taken us for Englijh. Two or three of them were feen dark-na- ked, and they hid themfelves in the Woods as foon as they faw our Men, who could never come near, tho* they call'd to them in a friendly manner. At length, after long Search, at the South Point of Watering; the Bay, they found a little Gut of Water, which ran C 2 down 12, A Voyage to down from the Crags to the Sea ; They dug to make it run the better, and gather enough Water to lade it up. Thus we made our Proviiion in two Days, tho* with Trouble enough to get it aboard, becaufe the Sea is very rough thej^ This perfectly frejh Water was none of the beft ; btt in kven or eight Days flunk fo much, that it was a great Punifhmcnt to be obliged to drink it. Wood. Whilft fome water'd, others wooded, 200 Paces from the Watering-place. It was a fort of Tamarind, which was eafy enough to fell, and near the Shore. We had put up EngliJJj Colours, with the Pendant at the Main-mad, and had nYd a Gun by way of Signal c A of Friendmip, to induce the Inhabitants of the Ifland of Jfland.™ ny $• Anthony, which is but two Leagues from thence, to come to us ; but whether they miftrufted the Contri- vance, or that the Fog obftru&ed their perceiving of us diftin&ly, they came not. We only faw a Fire, which feem'd to anfwer that made by our Waterers, in the Night, on the Shore. However, the S. Clement of S. Malo, with its Pink, having anchor' d at the fame Place, was vilited by the Inhabitants of S. Anthony, who for their Money brought them Beeves, Goats, Figs, Bananas, Lemons, and very fweet Wine. They fay there may be about 2000 Perfons of both Sexes, and of all Colours and Conditions, in the Ifland ; and that, above the An- choring-place, there is a little Fort, with four Pieces of Cannon, in which there is a Portugueze Governor. Ffi. As for us, we had no other Refrefhment than what we got by Fifhing ; whereof there is great Plenty in the Bay of S. Vincent, tho' there is only one Creek lying be- tween two little Points towards the E. S. E. where the Sean can be us'd, becaufe in other Places the Shore is rocky j but Amends may be made with the Hook, for there is an infinite Number of Fifh, as Mullets, Rock-fifti, Manchorans, Pilchards, Grunters, white-tooth Long- beaks, and a fort which have a Rat's Tail and round fhtt XI. Spots all over them. Here is the Figure of one of thofe we the South -Sea. I we took,, which was fix Foot Idftg, and is very like the Petimbuaba of Brafil, mention' d in Margrave, p. 148. There are alfo fometimes taken Bourfes, or Purfes, x moft beautiful fort of Fifh, defcribed in the Voyage of Monfieur de Gennet, by the Sieur Froger. In the Tor- tois Seafon, there are prodigious Numbers of them, as appears by the infinite Quantity of their Shells and Ske- letons that lie along the Shore. The Inhabitants of the Illand of S. Anthony come every Year to take and dry them, trading with, and feeding on them. In iliort, there are even great. Numbers of Whales. We could have wifh'dto have found fome Game to refreili us after our hard Fare at Sea, but there is fcarcc any in that Ifland; nor [o much as a Beaft, except wild Aflfes, and Goats on the Tops of the Mountains; hard to be come at ; fome few Pintados, and no other Birds. Nor had we better Fortune as for Fruit, the Soil be- ing fo barren that it produces none ; only in the Valleys there are little Tufts of Tamarind Trees, a few Cotton and Lemon Trees : However, I there faw fome curious Plants, as the Tithy malm arbor efcem, or branch' d Spurge -, Plants. the Abrotamtm ma) 9 or the Male Southernwood, of a mod fweet Scent, and a beautiful Green ; a yellow Flower, the Stem whereof has no Leaves -, the Palma Chrifii, or Ricimu Americans, by the Spaniards in Peru call'd Pillerilla; and they affirm, that the Leaf of it, ap- ply'd to the Breads of Nurfes, brings Milk into them, and, apply'd to their Loins, draws it away ,• the Seed of it is exactly like the Indian Pine-apple Kernel ,• in Para- guay they make Oil of it ,• abundance of Houfleek of feveral forts, fome of which have thick round Leaves like an Hazel-nut j Coloquintida-apples -, Lhnonium mari- timum, very thick j Lavender without any Scent; Dog- grais (jc. Near 14 A Voyage to Awbergnafe. Near the little Ifland #ery good Ambergreafe is found, and the Portugueze have fold it to fome French Ships, and among the reft to the S. Clement. As no Refrefhment was to be found in that Ifland, we fet fail to get fome in that of S. Anthony j but the Wind blew too frefli at N. E. and the Sea ran too high to fend Boats $ fo that we fet our Courfe to get out of the Channel that is fornvd by thofe two lilands. In pafling along, we perceiv'd theAnchoring-place towards the S. W. Soon after we difcover'd, farther on, Land at a great Diftance, which we took for the llland Fuego, or Fogo $ but the next Morning, after having run about 45 Leagues S. and by E. in the Night, we fpy'd a Fire, and when it was full Day a very high Land, which bore from us N. E. and by E. about five Leagues diftant, on the Top whereof there appear'd fome Smoak. The Situation of that Land made us take it for the Ifland Brava, but the Smoak inclined us to fancy it was that ofFuego, or Fogo. If fo, the Iflands of Cape Verde muft be wrong laid down in Vanfaulerfs Sea-Alias, which we follow'd. However, we (till made the Beft of a good frefli Gale at N. E. which carry'd us within two Degrees of the Equinoctial, where we had two calm Days, with fome little Air from W. S. W. to South ,• after which, a little Gale at S. S. E. having carry'd us on into 40 Minutes Latitude, and 23 Degrees 50 Minutes Longitude, from the Meridian of Paris, we tack'd, for fear of falling in too near the Coaft of Brafil, where the Currents fet to the N. W. We flood S. E. and by E. and the next Day, being the 5 th of March, fleering S. and by E. cut the PaJ: the Line. Line with a fmall Gale at W. S. W. at 3 5 5 Degrees from Teneriff. The next Day, when it was no longer doubted that we were to the Southward of the Line, the foolifli Cere- mony the South-Sea. 1 9 mony of Ducking at the Line, pra&is'd by all NationSj was not omitted* The Perfons to be fo ferv'd, are feas'd by the Wafts Dueling. to Ropes ftretch'd fore and aft on the Quarter-deck for the Officers, and before the Maft for the Sailors y and after much Mummery and Monkey Tricks, they are let loofe to be led one after another to the Main-maft, where they are made to fwear on a Sea-chart, that they will do by others as is done by them, according to the Laws and Statutes of Navigation ; then they pay to fave being wetted, but always in vain, for the Captains themfelves are not quite fpar'd. The dead Calm,whieh afforded the Men Leifure to duck one another, expos'd us for four Days fucceflively to excef- five Heats, without advancing, during that time, above 20 Leagues in our Courfe, by the Help of fome little ihift- ing Air ; but a little Gale at S. E. and E. S. E. by De- grees carry'd us from that fcorching Climate, and into* 16 Degrees of South Latitude, without any Squawls or Rain, the Weather holding clear and ferene. The Wind coming to N. E. and then to N. W» brought us fome Showers of Rain, cloudy Weather, and fome Hours Calm, for three Days, till we came into 23 Degrees and a half Latitude, and 3 6 of Longitude. When we were between 21 and 22 Degrees of South- Latitude, and 34 or 3 5 of Longitude, we faw abundance of Fowl, and believ'd we were not far from the Illand o£ the Afceufion. We caft the Lead without finding Ground, and had no Sight of it, nor of that of the Trinity, which, according to fome Charts drawn by Hand, we mould be near, in 25 Degrees and a half of South Latitude,, where the Wind vary'd to the Southward with Intervals of Calm ; but at length, being forwarded by a fmalL Gale at S. S. E. N. E. and E. we in three Days arriv'd at the Ifland of S. Katharine, on the Coaft ofBrafil, exactly according to our Account, whereof thefe are the Parti- culars* l6 A Voyage to Hemn-hon The next Day after our Departure from S. Vincent, tieCtlc*U- our Account was fomevvhat before us j the next Day, !!0 "- on the contrary, we outftripp'd it ^ but the 26th of Fe- bruary, after having taken an Obfervation in 5 Degrees 54 Minutes, we found ourfelves 8 Leagues farther to the Southward than we imagined, tho' two Days before we "had found 9 Degrees 45 Minutes by Obfervation. The Miftake (till continu'd on the fame fide, with thofe Marks of Currents which are call'd Channels of Tides, till towards 9 Degrees South of 5 or 6 Minutes, accord- ing to the Extent of the Day's Run, without reckoning the Correction of the Log-line. From 9 to 13 Degrees there was lefs than from 13 to 17; and the Difference was the more confiderable, becaufe we drew near Land, fo that we found one Day we had fail'd 25 Leagues, when the Computation made but 16. Oj Currents. It is plain, that thefe Errors were occafion'd by the Currents which fet us to the Southward: Whether it be directly to the South, to the S. E. or to the S. W. can- not be pofitively known ; but the moft reafonable Con- jecture, in my Opinion, is, that they muft fettotheS. W. or S. S.W. becaufe they are fo determin'd by the Pofi- tion of the Coaft ofBrafil. This Experience reduces to a fmall Extent the Remark made by Voogt, who in his Waggoner, printed in Vanhulen, lays, The Current on the Coaft ofBrafil, from March till July, fets violently along the Shore to the Northward ,♦ and from December till March, the South-current ceafesj where # if it be true as to the North-part of that Coaft, it is not regular for the South-part from 10 Degrees of South Latitude, a little out at Sea. It may neverthelefs be objected againft my Conjecture, that if the Currents did fet S. W. they would carry the Ships that come from the South-Sea nearer to the Coaft of Brafih but Experience fhews, that from Sibald's Wands, there is found an Error of 2 or 300 Leagues contrary to the Draught to that Coaft, or the Ifland or" Fernando tl^Mhs W pmfjtft F rcv-izr In the South- Sea. t*j Fernando de Noronha -, therefore the Currents cannot fet to the S. W. To this I anfwer, i. That the Currents which fet along the Coaft of Brafil, coming to meet the new Lands of Sibalds Iflands and St at en Land, turn off to the Eaftward, as feveral Ships have found by Experience ; after which, they fometimes fall into another Channel of Currents, which fets to the Coaft of Guinea. There needs no more than cafting an Eye on the Charts of the Coafts of Africa and of South America, to be fenfible of the Likelihood of this Conjecture. 2. Thefe Errors proceed from the Charts, as fhall be faid in its Place, and particularly thofe of Pieter Goer, which our Navigators make moft ufe of. This Error of Pofition is not always perceiv'd upon making the Coafts of Brafil coming from Europe, becaufe Ships are often carry 'd thither bv the Currents, as I have juft now obferv'd ; and that not knowing whether their Bent is to the Eaft or to the Weft, they often do not correct the Leagues, as we almoft all of us did in our Voyage, following therein the Example of moft of the Dutch -, fo that it is not to be wonder'd that we found thofe Charts good which they have made by their Journals. Be that as it will, it is certain, that from the Illand of S. Vincent to that of S.Katharine, we ran above do Leagues to the Southward, beyond our Computation, tho' we had an Obfervation almoft every Day, and took our Precautions upon our Error ; and yet notwithftanding all that, we ar- * riv'd at thelfland of S. Katharine the 3 ift of March, exactly with our Points on Pieter Gooses Chart, about ten Leagues more or lefs, one from another : Where it may be inferr'd, that if we had given way to the Weft ward, we had ran far in upon the Land; as has happen'd to moft French Ships bound for the South-Sea. Tuefday, March the 30th, believing ourfelves to be near Land, we founded about Six in the Evening, and found 90 Fathom Water, the Bottom Sand, Owze, and Shells $ D two 1 8 A Voyage to two Leagues and half more to the Weftward we had ten Fathom lefs 3 and pafs'd the Night, heaving the Lead every two Hours, the fame Depth and Bottom. lfland ofs. At Break of Day we faw Land, being fix Leagues Weft Katharine, of our fecond Sounding : We foon kne \v the lfland of Gal, by its Shape and fome little white Spots which are taken for Ships at a Diftance, and by little Rocks or Iflands that are near Its and it then bore W. and by S. from us, about eight or nine Leagues diftant. We heav'd the Lead, and found 55 Fathom Water, the Bottom fine Sand, and owzy. At length we had an Obfervation, a League and. half from that lfland to S. and by E. and about three Leagues Eaft from the North-point of S. Katharine's lfland ; the Latitude 27 SeePUtelll Degrees, 22 Minutes South. Thus it appear'd to us. A League and half farther Weft, we found 20 Fathom Water, the Bottom owzy Sand, more gray than before : We cpntinu'd heaving the Lead at equal Diftances, the Depth of Water decreafing regularly, to fix Fathom, the Bottom gray Owze, where we came to an Anchor, between the lfland of S. Katharine and the Continent, the lfland of Gal bearing N. E. and by E. about three Leagues diftant, in a Line with the two moft Northerly Points of S.Katha* fine, and the N. and by E. Point of the Continent. Touching at the lfland of S. Katharine, on the Coafi of Brafil. THE next Day, being the firft of April, the Captain fent our Boat and that of the Mary, with arm'd Crews, to find out a proper Place to water at, and the Dwellings of the Portugueze, to get fome Refrefhments. The Sieur Leflobec, fecond Captain, went at the fame time in the Yawl, with three Officers, of which Number I was one, to difcover whether there were no Ships of the Enemy at anchor in the Creek of Arazatiba, which is on the Continent, Weft of the South Point of the lfland. At the South -Sea. ip At our firft Approach, we found a very convenient Wa- tering-place at a rorfaken Dwelling, a Quarter of a League E. S. E. from the Ship. Being aflur'd of that Comfort, we proceeded farther along a little Point of Land, where we found a Houfe that had been abandon'd fome Hours before, as we guefs'd by the hot Afhes. It was very furprizing to us, by that Means 3 to perceive the Jealoufy of the Inhubi- D 2 tants. Plate III. Page 18. defcribed in Englifh. An exa& Chart of the Ifland of S. Katharine, on the Coaft of Brafil, in 27 Degrees, 30 Minutes, South Latitude. A. Our Ladjs Chappel. D. The IJland of the Sick, or, B. Dwellings. according to others, the ■C. Our -watering Place. Three Kings. Echelle d'une Lieiie, A Scale of a League. Anfe de Guarupa, The Creek of Guarupa. Ce renvoi eft oriente comme le grand Plan, This Compartment anfacr* the Pofition of the great Plan. Terre ferme, Partie de la Cote du Brefil, The Continent, Part of the Coaft of Brafil. R. de Patos, The River of Geefe. R. de bonne Eau, River of good Water. Marais ou eft la chalTe aux Bceufs, The Marfh where they hunt Beeves. Port des Barques Portugaifes, The Port for the Poitugueze Barks. Marais, A Marfh. Anfe.de Arazatiba, ThefmaU Bay, or Creek of Arazatiba. Hie Alvoredo, The IJland Alvoredo. Iflot Fleury, The little Howry Ifland. Jflots, Small Ijlands. Mouillage, Anchor -ing-place. Bon Port, A good Harbour. Anfe de Tujuca, ou Toujouqua, The little Bay, or Creek of Tujuca, *r Toujouqua. Goulet, The narrow Channel, or Paffage. lile aux Perroquets, The Ifland of Parrots. Ifle de S. Catherine, S. Katharine'* Ifland. Point du Nord, The North Point. I. deGal, The Ifland of Qa\. Echelle de tiois Lieues Marines, A Scale of three Sea- Leagues. Nota que le partie du Nord, &c. Note, That the Northern Part from the narrow Channel, or Paffage to the Ifland of Gal, was taken Geometrically, the reft by the Compafs andEftimation. Vue de la Partie tlu Nord de Llfle de S. Catherine, A Profott of the Northern Part oj the Ifland of S. Katharine. 2o A Voyage to tants, becaufe we had made a Signal as Friends, which Captain Salvador had agreed on a Year before, with the Sieurs Roche and Befard, Captains of the Joyeux and the Lyfidore, who had anchored at Arazatiba, being a white Pendant under an EngliJJj one, at the Main-maft ; but we had err'd in firing but one Gun inftead of two. Befides, they were otherwife frighted by the News of the Taking of Rio de Janeiro, which Monfieur du Guay Trouin had lately poffcfs'd himfelf of, and ranfom'd, to revenge the Infolence of the Portugueze towards the French Prifoners of War, and their Commander Monfieur le Clerc, In fhort, as we were going to feck other Dwellings that had People in them, we faw three Men coming towards us in a Pi- ragua, being fent by the Governor or Captain of the Ifland, to de fire us not to land at the Dwellings ; that, having been difcover'd to be French, the Women, in a Fright, were already fled to the Mountains ; that, if we would do them no Harm, they would let us partake of the Provisions and Refrcfhments they had, as they had done to other French Ships which put in there before. We receiv'd thofe Meffengers kindly, and fent them aboard our Ship in the Boat belonging to the Mary, attended by ours, which we quitted to go and view the Anchoring at Arazatiba, as has been faid. See the Chan We firft pafs'd thro' a little Streight, about 200 Fathom %i^ e I ^ lan(1, w ^ e 3 f° rm 'd by the Ifland and the Continent, where there is but two Fathom and a half Water. Then we began to difcover fine Dwellings on both Sides, to which we went not, becaufe we had promis'd the Meffengers not to go* We founded all the Way we went, but never found Wa- ter enough for a Veflel of fix Guns* We coafted along fe- veral fine Creeks of the Ifland, till Night coming upon us, we were obligd to put in to Land. Chance led us into a little Creek, where we had the good Fortune to find Wa- ter, and a little Fifh we took very feafonably, to which a iharp Appetite was the beft Sawce in theWorld. There we fpent the Night upon our Guard againft the Tigers, with the South- Sea. 21 with which all thofe Woods fwarm, and whofe frefli Track we had newly feen on the Sand. At Break of Day, we ftill advanc'd half a League farther, to difcover whether any Ship was at Anchor at Arazatiba, and faw none. One of our Officers, who had put in there two Years before, with Monfieur de Chabert, fhew'd us a Point of low Land, where there are Herds of wild Bullocks ; but we were not well provided to attempt that Sport, and yet we flood much in need of it, for there are none on the North-part of the Iiland ; fo that it would be much more advantageous to put into the South-part, if Ships were fafe there ; but when it blows hard at Eaft, E. S. E. and S. E. there is Danger of being caft away, as happen'd to the S.Clement and his Pink, in 171 2: They there loft their Boat, with 14 Men, and were themfelves at the very Point of perifhing, tho' there was no Wind, being only beaten by the dreadful Surge of the Sea. This Road is in about 27 Degrees 50 Minutes Latitude, Weft of the South-point of the Iiland of S.Ka- tharine. To the Eaftward of the little Flowry Iiland, is a Creek, in which there is very good Water, and little green Oyfters, of a delicious Tafte. At our Return, we fell into that little Creek, and two others more Northward, and went into an abandon'd Dwelling, where we loaded our Yawl with fweet Oranges, Lemons, and large Limes. Oppofite to this, near the Continent, is a little Iiland, be- hind which is a fmall Port, where the Governor of the Iiland generally keeps a Bark for the Ufe of the Inhabi r tants j but for the moft part it only ferves to carry on the Trade of Dry'd Fifh > which they fend to Lagoa and Rio de Janeiro. The Portugueze, who had feen us pa fs by with Engiijh Colours at our Yawl, without landing at their Dwellings, at our Return came to meet us in their Piragua's, to offer us Refrefhments. We accepted of their Offers, and to oblige them, gave them Brandy, a Liquor they are very fond of, tho 1 they generally drink nothing but Water. At length, we got to our Ship about Midnight, where we found -?*> A Voyage to found the Governor TLmanuel Manfa, with Tome Portuguese, who had brought Refreshments. After having treated him handfomly aboard, he was faluted by way of Huzza. His kind Reception fo far reconciled the Inhabitants, that every Day they brought us Piragua's full of Fowl, Tobacco and Fruit. Whilft we were making that little Ex- cursion in our Yawl, the Ship was wafli'd and tallow' d ; 1 8 Pieces of Cannon were put into the Hold to make it lie more fnug in the Water, confidering the rough Parts we were to pa fs beyond the Southern Lands. We alfo brought it nearer to the Ifland of S. Katharine, for the more eafy watering $ and becaufe the Tides are very fenfible, tho' not very regular, or little known, and the Sea does not rife or fall above five or fix Foot, we moor'd E. N. E. and W.S. W. 200 Fathom from a little Ifland, which bore from us S. S. E. the Ifland of Gal bearing from us N. E. and by N. about four Leagues diftant, half cover'd by the fecond Point of the Ifland of S. Katharine, which is the moil Northerly. After we had very commodioufly made good Wood and excellent Water, we waited fome Days tor the Beeves, which the Portugueze had fent for to La- goa, 1 2 Leagues from the Ifland : But on the 9th of April, perceiving they ftill demanded more Time to bring them, we thought it not convenient to lofe more Time, becaufe the Seafon was already fomewhat advane'd, to turn Cape Horn, a Place to be dreaded, for the contrary Winds and foul Weather there met with in Winter ; therefore, the next Day, being Sunday, we put out to Sea. Before we proceed on our Voyage, it will be proper, in this Place, to fay fomething of the Ifland of S. Katharine, The Defcription of the Ifland of S* Katharine. HP H E Ifland of S. Katharine ftretches North and South, **- from 27 Degrees, 22 Minutes, to 27 Degrees, 50 Minutes. It is a continu'd Grove of Trees, which are all the Year green : There are no Places in itpaffable, befides what the South -Sea. 23 what have been clear'd about the Dwellings ,• that is, 1 2 or 1 5 Spots fcatter'd about here and there along the Shore, in the little Creeks facing the Continent. The Inhabi- tants fettled on them are Portugueze, fome European Fu- gitives, and a few Blacks : There are alfo fome Indians, who come voluntarily to ferve them, or taken in War. Tho' they pay no Tribute to the King of Portugal, they are his Subjects, and obey the Governor or Captain he appoints to command them, if there beOccafion, againft 'European Enemies, and the Indians of Brafil; with which laft they are almoft continually at War, ,fo that they dare not go under 30 or 40 Men together, well arm'd, when they penetrate up the Continent, which is no lefs emba- rafs'd with Forefts than the Ifland. That Captain com- monly commands but three Years, and is fubordinate to the Governor of Lagoa, a fmall Town 12 Leagues diftant from the Ifland to the S. S.W. He had at that Time 147 Whites within his Diftrift, fome Indians and Free Blacks, Part whereof are difpers'd along the Shore of the Continent. Their ufual Weapons are Hunting-hangers, Bows and Arrows, and Axes : They have but few Firelocks, and feldom any Powder j but they are fufficiently fortify'd by the Woods, which an infinite Quantity of Brambles of fe- veral Sorts render almoft impenetrable j fo that having al- ways a fare Retreat, and but little Houfhold-ftuff to re- move, they live eafy, without any Fear of being robb'd of their Wealth. Infhort, they are in fuch Want of all Conveniencies for Life, that none of thofe who brought us Provifions would be paid in Money, putting more Value upon a Bit of Lin- nen or Woollen-ftuff to cover them, than on a Piece of Metal, which can neither maintain nor defend them againft the Weather, being fatisfy'd with a Shirt and Breeches for all Cloathing, the greateft Beaux adding a colour'd Veft and a Hat. Scarce any Man has Shooes or Stockings, yet they muft cover their Legs when they go into the Woods; then the Skin of a Tiger's Leg is a Stocking ready made. Neither.- 24 A Voage to Neither are they more dainty in their Food, than in their Apparel ; a little Maize, or Indian Corn, fome Potatoes Fruit, Fiih, and Game, being moftly Monkeys, fatif- fies them. Thofe People, at firft Sight, appear wretched j but they are, in Reality, happier than the Europeans; be- ing unacquainted with the Curiofities and fuperfluous Con- ■veniencies fo much fought after in Europe, they are fatisfy'd without thinking of them. They live in a Tranquillity which is not difturb'd by Taxes, or the Inequality of Con- ditions : The Earth, of its own Accord, furnifhes them with all Things neceflfary for Life ; Wood and Leaves, Cotton and the Skins of Beafts, to cover themfelves and lie on: They covet not that Magnificence of Lodgings, Houfhold-ftuflf, and Equipage, which only ftir up Ambi- tion, and for fome Time cherifli Vanity, without making a Man ever the more happy. What is ftill more remark- able, is, that they are fenlible of their Happinefs, when they fee us feek for Plate with fo much Fatigue. The only Thing they are to be pity'd for, is; their living in Ig- norance : They are Chriftians it is true, but how are they inftructed in their Religion, having only a Chaplain of Lagoa, who comes to fay Mafs to them on the principal Feftivals of the Year? However, they pay Tythe to the Church, which is the only Thing exacted from them. In other refp eels, they enjoy a good Climate, and a very wholfome Air: They feldom have any other Diftemper be- fides that they call Mai de Biche, which is a Pain in the Head, attended with a Tenesmus, or continual Defire of going to Stool without doing any thing ; and they have a very fimple Medicine for it, which they look upon as a Specifick, which is, to apply to the Fundament a little Lemon, or clfe a Plaifter of Gun-powder dirTolv'd in Water. They have alfo many Medicines of the Simples of the Country, to cure other Diftempers that may feize them. SaJJafras, the Wood fo well known for its good Scent, and for its Vertue againft Venereal Diftempers, is fo com- mon clbutcJieXV. rjaa.a,^ Lraojtmiun orboreanv. (^aide lean Cc^ .cJitv. JV . GuerarcL UhLshctt . the South-Sea. 2£ -mon there, that we us'd to cut it to burn. The Guayacum, which is alfo us'd for the fame Purpofes, is not any fcarcer. There is very fine Maiden-hair, and many Aromatick Plants, known by the Inhabitants for their Ufes. The Fruit-trees there are excellent in their feveral Kinds: The Orange-trees are at leaft as good as in China : There are abundance of Lemon, Citron, Guayava, Cabbage, and Banana Trees ; Sugar-canes, Melons, Water- melons, Turnfoils, and the beft Potatoes in the World. There I firft faw the Shrub that bears the Cotton ; and, having been long defirous to fee it, I drew one Branch, to preferve the Idea of it. Of the Cotton. HT H E Cotton-tree, or Shrub, which Botanies call Gof- See Plate it. •*• fipium^ or Xilon arboreum^ is a Shrub which feldom rifes above ten or twelve Foot : Its large Leaves have five Points, and are pretty like thofe of the great Maple, or the Sycomore ; but the little ones, that is, thofe which are neareft the Fruit, have only three Points. Both of them are fomewhat thick, and of a deep Green. The Flowers would be like thofe of the Mallow call'd Pafte-rofe, if they were fomewhat more open, and of the fame Colour. They are fupported by a green Cup, com- pos' d of three triangular jagg'd Leaves, which enclofe them E but Plate IV. Pag. 25. explain 'd in Englilh. A. The great Leaf nit h five Points. B. The little Leaf with three Points. C. Flowers or Blojfoms differently fhewn. D. The Cup of triangular Leaves. E. The Bud parting into four Cells. F. Ripe Cotton. G. A Seed cover d with Cotton. H. A Seed Jirippd of the Cotton. I. The Cell of one of the Tufts hefore it is ripe'. Note, That this Draught reprefents half the Bignefs of the natural Size. z6 A Voyage to but very imperfe&ly : They are yellow at the top, and ftreak'd with red below. The Flower or Bloflbm is fucceeded by a green Fruit like a Rofe-bud, which, when full ripe, grows as big as a little Egg, and divides into three or four Cells, each of them fill'd up with between eight and twelve Seeds, almoft as big as Peafe, which are wrapp'd up in a filaminous or thready Subftance, known by the Name of Cotton, which proceeds from all their Surface, grows white, and caufes thofe Cells to open as it ripens, fo that at laft the Tufts of it break loofe, and drop of themfelves* The S^cds are then quite black, and full of an oily Subftance of an indif- ferent good Tafte, faid to be very good againft the Bloody-flux. This Cotton-tree differs very much from that which they cultivate at Malta, and throughout the Levant, and which is only a little annual Plant ; that is, it muft be fown and renew'd every Year, for which Reafon it is calPd Xilon berbaceum: Befides, its Leaves are roundifh, and notch'd, and much about the Bignefs of thofe of Mallows. To part the Seeds from the Cotton, they have a little Inftrument confiding of two Rowlers, as thick as a Finger, which turning contrary Ways, pinch the Cotton and draw it away by Degrees. The Seed, which is round and thick, cannot pafs between the Rowiers, fo that it is ftripp'd, and drops down as foon as the Cotton is pafs'd thro'. They fay, thofe Cotton-trees are of the lefTer Sort, be- caufe on the Continent there are fome taller and thicker than our Oaks, which bear a Leaf like the former. They bear the Silk Cotton, which is very fhort ; but it is a Sort they call Houatte. Dainpier has drawn another Sort there is in Brafil, calPd Motnou. This is what he fays of it : w The Flower or Bloflom is compos'd of little Filaments, almoft as fine as Hairs, three or four Inches long, and of a dark Red ; but the Tops of them are of an Afh Colour : At the ! c Bottom cc the South- Sea. 2,7 cc Bottom of the Stem there are five Leaves narrow and -~ ' -i ■ " —~~- ■ ' ' ■ ' ■ • • . - .-■--.•-.■-•?:-. ..-■ ».»,- :■-'■ PlaticJie, V- peuj - -fca DETROIT BE MAI RE, S itiu a lextretnite de HAnuriqut tilcrd '. ontre Lcr Terres de Feu ctd&r Etats, par 55^ 4>5- de I'atftdusLraU . jiiure fere flores Rus ! quando ego te affkiam? quandoque licebit Nunc veterum libris, nunc fomno, & inertibus horn Ducere [ollicita jucunda oblivia vite ? It was our good Fortune that the Storm lafted but 24 Hours ; after which, a N. W. Wind coming up by the Weft; the South Sea. jy Weft, and then a South to E. S. E. a frefh Gale, which is rare in thofe Parts, we got into 51 Degrees Latitude, and S4, or 82 of Longitude, according to our Computation ; fo that we could make Ufe of the S. W. and S. S. W. Winds, which are there moft frequent. Three fair Days gave us Leifure to breathe after fo much Trouble. The laft of them, being the 2d of June, we faw, at our, Larboard Watch, at Two of the Clock in the Morning, a Light xm\ a Mam* from our Mizzen-Pendant to the Main-Stay, where it va- nifh'd in a Moment. The next Day, the Wind, which had fhifted about from S. E. to N. E. by the South and Weft, after having blown violently at E. N. E. quite flatted there to a Calm, the Sea running very high, and then for three Days more took a different Turn, from North to South by the Eaft, fome- times a frefh Gale, and fometimes a gentle Blaft, andceas'd at S. and by W. in about 45 Degrees Latitude, in a Calm,, the Sea very rough. In fine, after having for two Days bore up againft a ftrong Surge of the Sea coming from the North, by the Help of the Eaft and South Winds, we came into 40 Degrees, 40 Minutes Latitude, where we were much furpriz'd to fee Land 50 Leagues fooner than wtLandunex* expected, according to the Manufcript Chart of S. Malo, pefcdly diff- which we had found better than the Dutch, as far as fmr '^ Streight le Mairc. In fhort, having found that Pieter Goos thruft back the Conft of the Patagons 60 Leagues too far Weftward, in refpect to Brafil, we had laid it afide ; yet, according to his Longitude, we here came upon the Land very exactly with our Ship. The Manufcript Charts I have here fpoken of, have been Remarh on corrected on the Side of Cape Blanc, and of Streight the Qmf*$** le Maire, by the Journals- of the S.Malo Ships, that have tion - fail'd into the South-Sea -, all which agree well enough about the Longitude of them both. I know not whether this general Agreement may form a certain Opinion, for there are viftble Currents all along the Coaft. From 3 2 to 3 5 Degrees Latitude, we advanced a little Ids than our Com- . 40 A Voyage to Computation: That might be occafion'd by an Error in the Log j but, on the other hand, from 371041, we ad- vanced more to the Southward by fix or feven Leagues in 50 ; and three Days after, 16 Leagues and a half in a Computa- tion of 70, that is, about a Quarter, afterwards diminifh- ing ; fo that in about 49 Degrees, 50 Minutes, the Obser- vations agreed very well with the Computation to Streight le Maire, which I found in the Longitude of 61 Degrees, 35 Minutes, anfwering to the 318 Degrees, 25 Minutes from the Ifland of Hierro, or Ferro, or 316 Degrees, 40 Minutes from the Meridian of Teneriff. From thence, I queftion whether the Charts could be corrected with good Reafon, as to the Longitude of Cape Horn and the Coaft of Chili $ for the Ships that have ranged the fame, allure us, they found Currents that drove them to the Eaftward, at the fame Time that they reckoned they had gain'd Ground to the AVeftward. Hence proceeds that Difference among the Sea-Charts, which allow 100 Leagues from the Streight to Cape Horn ; whereas thofe that are Manufcript, allow only 40 or 50. This is very certain, that it is but in 55 Degrees, 50 Minutes Latitude, or 56 Degrees at the utmoft ; tho' in all the printed Sea-Charts it is laid down in 57 and a half, or 58 Degrees. As to the Diftance between that Cape and the Coaft of Chili 9 it is (till lefs known, becaufe few Ships have ranged the Coaft of Tierra delFuego on that Side. Prudence will not permit any to expofe themfelves to it, becaufe the Winds generally come up from S. S. W. to Weft, fo ftrong, that they might force them on the Coaft. However, there is a Channel by which they might efcape into the Streight of Magellan, That Channel was accidentally difcover'd on the 25 th of May, 1715, by the Tartane S. Barbe, as fhall be faid in another Place. According to the Aftronomical Obfervation of Father F*w- Jlle'e^ who places La Conception in 75 Degrees, 32 Minutes, 30 Seconds Longitude, that is, 25 Leagues more Wefterly than the Manufcript corrected Charts, fuppofing that of Streight the South- Sea. 41 Streight le Maire, as I have mention'd it before, and 3 j Leagues farther Eaft than thofe of Pieter Goos y our Error was but of about 30 Leagues. It is certain, as has been faid, that the Night we came out of that Streight, we fell off confiderably to the Eaftward, not only becaufe the next Day we had no Sight of Land, but alfo becaufe we found ourfelves eight Minutes more to the North, upon a Com- putation of ten or twelve Leagues. Two Days after, in about 57 Degrees, 26 Minutes Latitude, we, on the other hand, found ourfelves 22 Minutes more South, upon a Run of 70 Leagues. Afterwards, we were not fenfible of the Currents for a long Time ; for, after having been feven Days without an Obfervation, almoft continually in foul Weather, tacking, lying-by, and running 80 greater Leagues in Longitude, we in 59 Degrees, 20 Minutes, found no Difference ; and fcarce any, three Days after, in $5 Degrees, 40 Minutes: But not having feen the Sun in eight Days, we found ourfelves 27 Minutes more to the Southward than our Computation. This was in 53 De- grees, 6 Minutes Latitude^ and perhaps 84, or 82 of Longitude. According to this Error and the former, there feems to Conjetitirc 4- be Reafon to con je&ure ^ that there are two formal Cur- how Currents. rents, the one along the South-Sea, and the other along the North-Sea. This laft muft fet from S. Katharine to T'ierra del Fuego, S. S. W. and from the Streight S. E. and E.S.E. being determin'd to that Coaft by the Coaft of the Patagons, afterwards by the new Land of Sibald's Iflands, and that of Tterra del Fuego and Staten-Land. That in the South-Sea muft pretty near follow the Bearing of the Land, from Cape Pillars to Cape Horn, and from thence turn off Eaft and E.N.E. along Barnevelfs Iflands and Staten-Land^ as Experience has ftiew'd us. It alfo follows, that there muft be fome little Current drawn by that of the Land's End, in the South Part of Chili, which likewife is agreeable to Experience; for when we made Land^ we were ftill 20 Minutes South of our Computation. G In 42 A Voyage to In fine, I do not pretend to determine the particular Set- ting of the Currents : They are not always of an equal Force, and near Land ; fome particular Caufe may alter them, as is eafy to comprehend. What I can affirm, is, that near Cape Horn they rauft fet towards the N. E. for our Mary found herfelf upon the Ifland of Diego Ramirez, not only when ihe reckoned herfelf 40 Leagues from it, according to Pieter Goos, where it is thruft back 3 o Leagues to the Weftward farther than where the Manufcript Charts place it; but even when flie reckoned herfelf two Degrees more to the South, tho' perhaps Hie was miftaken, and took the Bamevelfs for Diego Ramirez. 'Advice for Thus every Ship which, coming from the Eaft, defigns tuning of to turn Cape Horn, is always to take one Half more than ^p om. j ie t hi n k s | ie nas occafion for, of the South and Weft, either in regard that the Winds are always Wefterly, or to be provided againft the Currents that may fet it back, as has actually happened to feveral Ships, which have found themfelves upon the Land, when they thought they had weather'd the Cape, and were 40 or 50 Leagues out at Sea; whence, doubtlefs, has proceeded the Error in the Dutch Charts, which lay down too much Diftance by the one Half between Streight le Mair$ and Cape Horn, Be that as it will, we were very fortunate in that the Land was not covered with a Fog, and the Weft Wind ftrongj for at Break of Day, as. we, were (landing North by the Compafs, that is, N. and by E. according to the Globe, we were going to run upon a Point, which bore from us N. and by E. three or four Leagues diftant, which we took for that of Vallena, becaufe we had another to the Eaft, which might be that of S. Marcellw. At length, we obferv'd three or four little Iflands a-ftern of us, bearing S. S. E. which in all Probability were thofe of the Entrance of Chili 9 which the Spaniards call Fareltones de Carelmapo^ by which we had pafs'd within half Cannon-Shot in the Night, and it was very dark. Being furprized to find our- felves fo near Land, we immediately flood about with a - frelK the South- Sea. 43 frefli Gale at W.S.W. with fome fudden Showers of Rain and Hail : Thus we by Degrees flood out, becaufe the Coaft runs N. N. E. In the Evening we difcover d ano- ther Point atS. E. and by E. nine or ten Leagues diftant, and one at N. E. and by N. by the Compafs, about eight Leagues off, which it is likely was that of La Galera, where the Mouth of the River of Baldivia begins to form itfelf. I could have wiftYd to have feen that Port, which, by the Help of Nature, and the Fortifications made there, is the beft and ftrongeft in all the Coaft of the South-Sea : But that being no commodious Place for Ships that want to fupply themfelves with Provisions, becaufe there is no Wine, and but little Corn ? we only thought of holding on our Courfe for La Conception. However, to fatisfy my Curiofity, I procured a Plan of that Port, which I here add to the Account of it given me, by the Officers of our Mary, which put in there two Days after, as I mail mention in its Place, The Defcription of the Port of Baldivia. THREE Leagues to the Eaftward of the Point de la Plate Vf. Galera above-mention'd, is a Head-land call'd Mono Gonzales, on which is a Battery : To the N. E. by and E. of this, is that call'd Mono Bonifacio. At thofe two Heads G 2 begins Plate VI. Page 43. explain d in Englifh. The Plan of the Port of BA L V1V1A, on the Coaft of Chili, in 30 De- grees, 36 Minutes of South Latitude. A. Fort Margue. B. Fort del Corral. C. Fort Manfera, in the JJland of Conftantine Perez. D. iw-zNiebJa. E. A Battery. Mono, A Head-land. Puerto de las Gayenes, Port Gayenes. iila Grande, The Great I/land, R. A River. Punta, A Point or Cape. Echeile de trois Lieiies Marines, A Scale of three Sea-Leagues. 44 ^ Voyage to begins the Mouth of the River of Baldivia, which may be about four Leagues wide in that Place ; but the two Coafts drawing together towards the S. S. E. form only a Gullet about half a League wide, the Entrance whereof is de- fended by four Forts, two on each Side ; and more par- ticularly by the firft on the Larboard-Side, cali'd Fuerte de Niebla, clofe under which. Ships muft pafs, to avoid the Sand-Banks, which reach out to the third Part of the Channel from the Foot of Fort Marga, being that on the Starboard- Side. If it be defigtfd then to come to an An- chor in the Port of Corral, they muft come rounding to- wards the Starboard up to the Fort of the fame Name, to anchor in four Fathom Water. If they will go up to the Town, that is, to the neareft Part of it, they muft alfo pafs by Fort Niebla, and that of Manfera, which is on the Ifland ofConftantine Perez, ranging along the South-Side of a great Ifland, behind which, within the Continent, is a Port fo commodious, that they there land Goods on a Bridge, or Key, without the Help of Boats. From the Port of Corral, Boats have a Ihorter Way by half, along the Channel form'd by that great Ifland and the Land on the Starboard-Side. Ships do not pafs that Way, for Fear of the Sands there in the Middle of it. Wherefoever a Ship anchors, it is fare againft all Winds,, becaufe the Anchorage is good, the Bottom being a hard Owze, and there is no Sea, unlefs near the Port of Corral when the North-Wind blows. There is commodious Wa- tering every where, and abundance of Wood, not only for Fewel, but alfo Timber to build Ships. The Soil there, when till'd, is extraordinary fertile for Grain and Pulfe : Grapes indeed do not ripen, but the Want of Wine may be fup- ply'd with Cyder, as in fome Provinces of Trance ; for there is fuch a Multitude of Apple-Trees, that there are little Woods of them. The Advantageoufnefs of that Port, has prevaifd with the Spaniards to erect feveral Forts to defend the Entrance againft Strangers^ becaufe they look upon it as the Key of the the South-Sea. 4^ the South-Sea. In fliort, the Dutch would have fettled there, to fecure a Refting-Place, in order to facilitate their entring the South-Sea. In 1643, they made themfelves Mafters of it ; but Want, Difeafes, and more particularly the Death of their General, having weaken'd them, they were oblig'd to withdraw themfelves, and abandon their Baggage and 3 o Pieces of Cannon, upon Advice of the Succours fent againfl them by the Marquis de ManJ'era, Viceroy of Peru. At this Time there are above 100 Pieces of Cannon, Artillery croffing one another, at the Entrance : Fort Manfera has 40, that of Niebla 30, that of Marga 20, and that of Corral 18, moft of them Brafs. That this Port may not want Men, the Whites of Peru Garrifon and Chili, condemn'd to Banifhment for any Crime, are fent thither > fo that it is in the Nature of a Galley. There they are employ'd about the Fortifications, and other Ufes of the Garrifon, which is compofed of none but fuch Peo- ple, who are made Soldiers and Officers even during the Time of their Punifhment. The Viceroy is to fend 300000 Crowns a Year, to keep up the Fortifications and maintain the Garrifon. That Supply is call'd Real Situ- ado, in which are included the Provifions, and Stuffs to cloathe them. Tho' that Sum be not exactly furnifli'd, the Prefident of Chili never fails to fend a good Supply every Year; of which the Governors make fo confiderable an Advantage, that this Poft is the moft fought -after of any, on Account of the Revenue ; tho' it ought to be difagree- able, by reafon of the ill Company there is in it, and very tirefome during fix Months of continual Rain every Winter. The Town has alfo been re-peopled by banifli'd Perfons, and bears the Name of its Founder Peter Baldfaia, after the Indians had ruin'd the firft, built there. It is at prefent reckoned to contain 2000 Souls; is enclos'd with Walls to the Land, and defended by 12 Pieces of Cannon, which are \6 Pounders. It has one Parifh-Churcb, and a Houfe o& 46 A Voyage to of the Jefuites. The firft Foundation was in the Year 1 5 5 2; in a Plain, about four or five Fathom above the Surface of the Sea. Hard by, was a Fort to keep the Indians in Awe ; but thofe People, tired with the tyrannical Government of the Spaniard;, who made them work in the Gold Mines, which are there very plentiful, exacting of them the Value of 25 or 30 Crowns a Day for every Man, at length fhook off that heavy Yoke, kill'd Baldivia, according to Ovalle, with a Club ; and, according to the Tradition of the Country, caft melted Gold into his Mouth, faying, Gorge your jelf with that GOLD you fo much thirfted after. After which, they razed the Fort, and plundered the Town. It is now rebuilt a little higher up the Land, on the Bank of the River. Seven Leagues from thence, to the N. N. E. a Fort has been erected on an Eminence, call'd las Cruzes, or, The Crojfes, in which there are two Pieces of Cannon, carrying Six-Pound Ball, and a Garrifon of 20 Men, to prevent Excurfions from the remoter Indians, who are not lub- dued. But enough has been faid of a Place which 1 know only by Information from others : Let us return to our Voyage. Left the Winds fhould drive us down upon the Coaft of Baldivia, we always endeavour'd to ftand out, and with good Reafon j for the Wind did come to W. S. W. and N. N. W. blowing fo hard, that we could carry none but Main-Sail and Fore-Sail. A calm Interval brought it on again with more Violence at N. W. fo that we were oblig'd to lie by : Then it came about to W. N. W. a frefh Gale, with fome Squawls, and Flafhes of Lightning. The 1 5 th of June, the Wind vary'd from W. S. W. to South, a fmall Gale, and calm. s. Mary The 1 6th, we difcover'd Land at Eaft, about 12 Leagues JJimd. diftant. Some Hours after, we knew the Ifland of S. Mary, which is low, and almoft plain. It is about three Quarters of a League in Length, from North to South. To i *a.ncji.-c VIZ' p ag . -y, < the South -Sea. 47 To the S. W. of it, is a little Ifland, and at W. N. W. a Kock, which is feen at a Diftance. On theN. E. Side of it is faid to be a dangerous Bank, and another to the N. W. which ftretches out near half a League ; therefore few think fit to make ufe of the Anchoring-Places which are to the North and South of a Point it has next the Land, as alfobecaufe there is but little Water. When we had pafs'd by S. Mary, it was not long before Tokens of La we defcry'd thofe the Spaniards call Tetas de Biobio, that is, Conception, The Dugs of Biobio, which are ten Leagues dfftant to the N. E. They are two contiguous Mountains, almoft uni- formly high and round like Dugs ; fo difcernible, that it is impoflible to be miftaken in them. Night coming upon us, we lay by at about four Leagues Diftance W. S. W. from thence, and the next Morning found ourfelves ex- actly in the fame Place ; by which we perceiv'd that there was neither Current nor Tide. At Noon we had an Obfervation W. by S. from the Dug!, SeePlateVlh and found 36 Degrees, 45 Minutes Latitude, which is the exacl: Pofition, with refpcft to 1 1 Degrees Variation N. E. Thus they appear at Eaft ; thefe are of that Sort of Sights of Land as vary little, tho' feen from feveral Points of the Compafs. Being Plate VII. Page 47. explain d in Englifh. The Plan of the Bay of La CO N C E P T J O N y on the Coaft of Chili, in 36 Degrees, 43 Minutes of South Latitude. Echelle d'une Lieue Marine, 2853 Toifes, A Scale of a Sea- League, be' ing 2853 Ftthoms. Ruifleau qui traverfe la Ville, A Rivulet that runs thro' the Town. BafTe. A Shoal. Nora de 1'aimant declinant de 10D. auN.E. The North Point of the Cempafs, inclining 10 Degrees to the N. E. Nord du monde, The due North. Mamelles de Biobio, Two Mountains caffd the Bugs of Biobio. Vue de reconnoitiance de la Concepcion, How the Land appears upon, making La Conception. Alto de Talcaguana, The High Land of Talcaguana- Puerto de S. Vicente, Port S. Vincent Tetas de Biobio, The Dugs of Biobio, as abotx, A Voyage, &c. Being allured of the Place where we were, by fuch cer- tain Tokens, we made for the Port of Let Conception, di- ftinguifhible by the Ifland of Qjiiriquina, two Leagues North of the Bugs. That Ifland is fomewhat lower than the Continent, with which it forms two Paflages : That to the W. S. W. is not very good for large Ships, tho* paflable in Cafe of Neceflity j but unlefs well known, it is dangerous venturing along a Ridge of Rocks, which ad- vances far towards the Middle of it. The N. E. PafTage, being half a League wide., and clear of any Danger, we enter'd the Bay at Night, and very op- portunely ; for the N. W. Wind mifting to E. N. E. would have hinder' d us turning the Ifland half an Hour later. We anchored in 15 Fathom Water, the Bottom foft black Owze, South of the Point calFd Herradura, on the Conti- nent, and S. E. and by S. of that of Quinquina^ which 3 with that above-named, forms the Entrance. Part ^m^^i^MM^^M:^M^m^MMi:m;^^m^^^m Part IL Containing the Voyage along the Coafis of Chili and Peru. HE next Morning, being the 18th of June^ after having fent the Yawl to fee whether any Ships were at Anchor at Talcagtiana, a thick Fog obftructing our Sight, we weigrTd, to go up thither ; fa- luted the Town with feven Guns, and, * according to Cuftom, it return 1 d us none. However, we proceeded, carrying little Sail, and founding all the Way, towards our Yawl ; which, after having view'd the Ships at Anchor, had pofted herfelf with a Signal to fhew ftie was a Friend, and brought us into bad Anchorage. It furpriz'd us very much to find only three Fathom Water, and then fomewhat lcfs j but at length, the Water deepen- ing, we moor'd North and South, in four Fathom and a half Water, the Bottom owzy as before, two little Points of the Peninfula of Talcaguana bearing N. and by W.from us, upon a Line from each other, and the Creek of the Three Maids N.W. To the Southward of us lay two French Ships, which had put in, in order to go and trade along the Coaft : One of them was of Marfeilles^ call'd the Mary-Anne^ command- ed by the Sieur Fiffon, of Villafranca, in the County of Nice; and the other call'd the Concord, commanded by the Sieur Pradet Daniel, of S. Malo, detach'd from Mon- lieur du Guafs Squadron, who had fent him laden with Booty from Rio de Janeiro. H Whilft ominick coming to Heaven, S. Francis, his Friend and faithful Witnels of his Sanctity upon Earth, would, out of Hu- mility, have given him the one Half of his Place ; but that the Bleffed Virgin, by thofe Offers, guefs'd he was a great Saint, and would not have him lhare in his Friend's Place; therefore fhe withdrew a little farther, to allow an entire Place for him j fo that thofe two Saints now fit between her and the Eternal Father. Let no Man believe I have invented this Story for my Paftime ; there are Wit- nefifes of three Ships who can teftify the Truth of iu What Imprefiion nmft fuch a Difcourfe make on the Minds of the People, and more particularly of the Indians ? No doubt but that they will look upon the Apoftles as incon- fiderable Perfons in the Sight of God, when compared with thofe two Founders of Orders ; for thofe People are of a dull Comprehenlion in Matters of Religion. of the South-Sea. 97 Of the Indians of Chili. ABOUT La Conception there are few Indians true Chriflians, befides thofe who are fubjecl: to, and in the Service of the Spaniards : And it is to be doubted whe- ther they are fo, any farther than being baptized, and that they are inftructed in the effential Points of Religion. This is true, that they carry the Worihip of Images almoft to Idolatry : They take to great an Affection to them, as of- ten to carry them Meat and Drink, judging no otherwife of Things than by what affecls the Senfes -, To hard is it for them to conceive that there is a Soul in Man, which can be feparated from the Body. If Care is not taken to make them comprehend, that by enjoying the heavenly Blifs, the Saints behold in God what is doing here below, that by that Means hearing our Prayers they intercede for us, and that their Images are no other than Signs madeufe of to reprefent to us their Actions ; it is not to be thought ftrange that they fliould carry them Meat and Drink, fince, feeing them magnificently clad and incens'd by the Spani- ards, they imagine they muft alfo have Food to nourifli them, and that the Smoak of the Frankinccnfe is not furli- cient to fupport them. The Indians on the Frontiers, efpecially along the Coaft, : feem well enough inclined to embrace our Religion, if it did not prohibit Polygamy and Drunkennefs ; nay, fome of them will be baptized, but they cannot overcome them- felves as to thofe two Points. The Biihop of La Concep- tion, Bon Juan Gonzales Montero, going a Vifitation in his Diocefe, in 1712, was expected beyond the River Bio- bio, by above 400 Indians , who, fancying that he came to take away their Wives, were positively for murdering of him. It was abfolutely neceffary, in order to fave him- felf, to undeceive and allure them that he would not offer any Violence to them. I enquired carefully after their Religion, and was irrfbrm'd that they have none, A Je- I fuite ^8 A Voyage to fuite of Sincerity, Procurator of the Millions the King of Spain maintains in Chili, aflured me, That they were per- fect Atheifts : That they worihip'd no fort of Thing, and made a Jeft of all that could be faid to them as to that Point: That in Reality their Fathers made no Progrefs therein, which does not agree with the Lettres Edifianter, written by the Miflioners, Vol. 8. where it is faid. That they converted many at Nahuslhuapi, in 42 Degrees Lati- tude, and 50 Leagues from the Sea, among the Puelches and the Poyas i in the Year 1704. Nevertheless, they pe- netrate very near to the Streights of Magellan, and live among thole People without receiving any Harm from them : On the contrary, thofe Indians have a fort of Vene- ration for the MiiTioners ; but they may, in Procefs of Time, make fome Advance, becaufe they defire the prime Caciques to give them their dde{i Sons to be inftru three Days are allowM to confi- der on it, and if in that Time no Inconveniency be found, the Project is infallibly put in Execution, after confirm- ing the Refolution, and fettling the Means to bring it to Effect. Thofe Means are within a very fmall Compafs ; for the Caciques furnifh their Subjects with nothing to make War : They only give them Notice, and every Man brings with him a Bag of Meal, either of Barley or Indian Corn, which they put into Water, and live upon it many Days. Each of them has alfo his Horfe and Arms always in a Readi- nefs ; Plate IX. p. 62. explain d in Englifh. A. An Indian of Chili, in the Pofiure of Playing at La Sueca, a Sort of Bandy. B. An Indian Woman holding the Liquor for her Husband. C. Cahouin touhan, or an Indian Fefiival or Rejoycing. D. Spanifh Guards appointed to prevent Dijordnrs. E. Pivellea, A Whifile, or Pipe. F. Paquecha, A Driniing-Dijh rtith a long Beak. G. Coukhun, A Drum. H. Thouthouca, A Trumpet. the South- Sea. 6$ nefs^ fo that they form an Army in a Moment, without any Expence ; and, to prevent any Surprize, there is al- ways, in every Caziquefiip, on the higheft Eminence, a Trump, orlnftrument made of a Bull's Horn, which can be heard two Leagues about. As foon as any Accident happens, the Cacique fends to found that Horn, and every Man knows what is in Agitation, to repair to his Poft. w Our Poverty, faid the Scythians to Alexander the Great, " will always be more active than your Army laden with " the Spoils of fo many Nations; and when you will " think us very remote, you will find us at your Heels ; cc for with the fame Celerity we purfue and fly from our " Enemies. Their ufual Weapons are Pikes and Lances, which they 7y ;c/ > ^ mt dart with extraordinary Dexterity. Many of them have Haiberts, which they have taken from the Spaniards -, they have alfo Axes and Broad-Swords, which they buy of them, wherein the latter fail in Point of Policy ; for it is to be fear'd left they be fome day fcourged with their own Rods : They alfo, but feldom, make ufe of Darts, Ar- rows, Clubs, Slings, and Leather Noofes, which they manage fo dextroufly, that they take hold of a Horfe, Koofmg of where-ever they pleafc, in his Career. Thofe who want Horfes. Iron for their Arrows, make ufe of a Sort of Wood, which being harden'd at the Fire, is not much inferiour to Steel. By long waging War with the Spaniards, they have got Coats of Mail, and all Sorts of Armour ; and thofe who have none, make it of raw Hides, which is Proof a- gainft a Swoid, and has this Advantage over the other, that it is light, and lefs cumberfome in Fight •> in fhort, they have no Uniformity in their Weapons, but every Man makes ufe of thofe he is mod expert at. Their Manner of Fighting is, to form Squadrons in Files of So, or 100 Men, fome arm'd with Pikes, and others with Arrows intermix' d ; when the foremoft are broken, they fucceed one another fo quick, that it does not appear that ever they gave Way. They always take ca^c A Voyage to care to fecure a Retreat into the BogSj or MoralTes, where they are fafer than in the bed Fortrefs. They march to Battle in a very fierce Manner, by Beat of Drum, with their Weapons painted, their Heads adorn'd with, Plumes of Feathers ; and before they engage, the General com- monly makes a Speech ; after which they all beat with their Feet, and give hideous Shouts, to encourage one ano- ther to fight. When -they are obliged to fortify themfelves, they make Palifadoes, or elfe only entrench themfelves behind great Trees : Before them, at certain Diftances, they dig Pits, the Bottoms whereof they let full of Stakes upright, with Briars, and cover them with Turf^ to impofe upon their Enemies. Unhappy thofe who fall into their Power ! for they tear them, draw out their Hearts, which they cut in Pieces, and wallow in their Blood like wild Beafts. If it happens to be a Man of any Note, they put his Head upon the Point of a Pike, afterwards drink out of the Skull, and at laft make a Dim of it, which they keep as a Tro- phy ; and of the Leg Bones they make Flutes for their Rejoycings, which are only difmal Drunken Bouts, and laft as long as the Drink they have brought. This Debauch is fo pleafing to them, that thofe who are Chriftians, cele- brate, or rather prophane, the Feftivals of their Religion in that Manner. Feftivals. I was Witnefs of a Feftival the Slaves of an Encomienda y belonging to two Spaniards of the Name of Peter , kept on the Day of the Name of their Matters, in the Village of Talcaguana, near which we lay at Anchor. After hearing Mafs, they mounted on Horfeback to ride at a Fowl, as they ride at a Goofe in France^ with this Diffe- rence, that they all fall upon him who bears away the Head, to take it from him, and carry it to him in Honour of whom the Feftival is kept. Running at full Speed, they joftled to get it from him, and gather' d up, as they ran, all that they threw down. After that Courfe, they alighted to dine ; the Entertainment confiding of a great Number of j\ cJnckenne du Chilw oroyant die mays vour en^faire de lajfcirine. D but a particular Affection of the Blood ± for the Dependents of the Spaniards, who are fettled there, and marry'd to Europeans, and have continued un- mix'd with the Chilinians, are of a finer and freJher White and Red, than thofe in Europe, tho' born in Chili, fed almoft after the fame Manner^ and commonly fuckled by the Natives of the Country. The Blacks they carry thither from Guinea, or Angola, do alfo retain their natural Colour from Father to Son y •wlien they keep to their owr> Kind* k the South Sea. * 6y* It is not To with the Air. of Brafil and the French Iflands : The Creolians, tho' born without any Mixture of Blood, lofe there that ruddy Whitenefs of the Europeans, and take a Sort of Lead -Colour. Here no other Altera- tion is perceiv'd, but that which is occafion'd by the Mix- ture of the feveral Kinds, very common in the Spanijh Co- lonies, much in Chili, but more particularly in Peru ; where, among 30 Faces, fcarce two can be found of the fame Co- lour j fome come from Black to White, as the Mulatto's ; others fall from White to Black, as the Zambos, Sons of Mulatto's, and Blacks: Some come from the Indian Colour, to White, as the Meftizo 's ; and others fall from the Meftizo to the Indian ; and then each of thefe Mixtures caufes ci- thers ad infinitum. From what has been faid, k feems lawful to be- lieve, that, among the Children of our common Parent God has formed three Sorts of Colours in the Flefh of Men j the one white, another black, and a third of a red- dim Colour, which has fomething of the one and of the other. The Scripture does not perhaps mention this laft Kind ; but there is no Doubt but that it fpeaks of the Second, in the Perfon* of Chus, Noah's Grandfon, fignifying Black, whence the Abyffins and the Inhabitants of Chufiftan, or Churiflan, are derived, becaufe of the Refemblance of the Name. This Opinion appears to me more probable, than to afcribe the Colour of the Indians to fome peculiar Difeafes, as fome Phyficians have fancy'd. Be that as it will, the Indians of Chili are well fliaped : shape «■# They have large Limbs ; their Stomach and Face broad, ^^ without any Beard, not agreeable j their Hair as coarfe as a Horfe's, lmooth or lank, wherein they alfo differ from the Blacks and from the Mulatto's; for the Blacks have no Beard or Hair, but a very fhort foft Wool, and the Mu- lattos have always fhort Hair, and much curl'd. As for the Colour of the Hair, that of the Indians is generally btec% 70 A Voyage to black, and it is rare to find any inclining to fair, perhaps becaufe they often wafli their Heads with gpillay, of which I lhall fpeak hereafter. Fuelchei, The Puelches cut their Hair to their Ears, and have ex- traordinary fmall Eyes, which makes the Women hideous. All of them naturally have none or very little other Beard befides Whiskers, which they pull up with Pincers made of Shells. There are fome among thofe of the Plain, who have a white Complexion, with a little Red hi the Face : There are defcended from the Women taken in the Spanifi Towns they deftroy'd, as Angel, Villarka, Imperial, Tucapel, BaU divia, and Ojorno, where they carry'd all away, Laity and Religious, by whom, they had Children, who ftill retain fome Affection for the Nation of their Mothers, which is the Reafon that they are almoft always at Peace ; fuch as thofe toward Arauco, tho' their Country is the Theatre of War made by their Neighbours. Since that time, no Mo- nafteries of Nuns have been permitted, except at Santiago. However, the Biiliop of La Conception will build one there, without apprehending the like Prophanation. Their Habits. The Habit of the Indians is fo plain, that they are fcarce covered: They wear a Waftecoat or Jerkin, which reaches to the Wafte, fo clofed, that there is only the Hole for the -Head, and one Arm to put it on, which they call Macun; a Pair of Breeches open down the Thighs, fcarce cover their Nakednefs. Over all, in rainy Weather, or for a more decent Garb, they have a fort of fquare long Cloak like a Carpet, without any Shaping, in the Midft of which is a Slit to put their Heads through : On the Body it looks al- moft Plate X. Page 70. explain d in Englifti. A. A Chilinian Indian Woman grinding Maiz,, or Indian Corn, to malt Meal. B. An Indian in his loofe Garment, calYd Poncho and Buskins. C. An Indian Woman in her Chonni and Iquella, the Names of her Cloak and Coat. D. An Indian cajling a Noofc at a Ball, to Jlop him. the $outh-$ea. 71 mod like the Dalmatica^xikd on certain Occafions by Priefts. Their Heads and Legs are generally bare ; but when Ne- ceflfity or Decency obliges them to be covcr'd, they have a Cap, to which hangs a Flap to cover the Shoulders, and a fort of Buskins or Gamafhes on their Legs. Very few co- ver their Feet, unlefs they happen to be among Stones, when they make themfelvts Sandals of Thongs, or of Ruflies, which they call Oj Ota's. The Spaniards have taken up the Ufe'of the C&0«y, or Poncho, and of the Buskins, by them call'd Polaina r s y to ride in, becaufe the Poncho keeps out the Rain, is not undone by the Wind, ferves for a Blan- ket at Night, and for a Carpet in the Field. All the Cloathing of the Women is a long Robe, with- out Sleeves, open from the Top to the Bottom on one fide, where it is held together and girt with a Sam under the Breads, and on the Shoulders by two Silver Hafps, with Plates of three or four Inches Diameter. This Garment is alfo call'd Cho?iy, and is always blue, or elfe of a dark gray, inclining to black. In the Towns, they wear over it a Petticoat, and a Veil on their Heads ; and in the Coun- try, a little fquare Piece of Stuff call'd Iquella y the two Sides whereof are made faft on the Breaft with a great Silver Pin, which has a flat Head four or five Inches diameter, by them caird Tbupo. They have long Hair, often in Treffes on their Backs, and cut fhort before; and at their Ears Silver Plates two Inches fquare, like Pendants, which they call Oupelles. The Romans wore fuch, hanging with a Hafp. See Gafpar Bartolini Thorn, de inauribus which, together with the Tafte of the Goat Skins in which they carry it about, gives it a Bitternefs like Treacle, and a Scent to which it is hard for Strangers to accuftom themfelves. Fruit* Their Fruit grows after the fame Manner, without any Induftry on their part in Grafting. Apples and Pears grow naturally in the Woods > and, confidering the Quan- tity there is of them, it is hard to comprehend how thofe Trees,, fince the Conqueft, couid multiply, and be dHFufed into fo many Parts, if it is true that there were none be- fore, as they anSrm. &e PU>e XL They there plant whole Fields with a Sort of Straw- Chili Straw- berry Rufhes, differing from ours, in that the Leaves arc rounder, thicker, and more downy. The Fruit is gene- rally as big as a Walnut, and fometimes as a Hen's Egg, of a whitiih Red, and fomewhat lefs delicious of Tafle than our Wood Strawberries. I have given fome Plants of . them to Monfieur de Jujfmi y for the King's Garden, where Care will be taken to bring them to bear. Befides thefe, there is Plenty in the Woods of our E«- vopean Kind. And in fliort, all manner of Garden-Product among us, grow there plentifully, and almoft with- out any Trouble * and fome are alfo to be found in the Fields, without cultivating, as Turneps, laufwambours Endive of two Sorts, &c. Aromatick PJate XI. Page j6. explain d in Englifh. Frutilla, Being the large Strawberry of Chili, Arxjfn tfter its TMtWtil Nar.calahai, Or the MoHniMm-Flax^ the South -Sea. 77 Aromatick Herbs are there no lefs common j fniall and Aromtikk large Balm, Tanfey, Camomile, Mint, and a Sort of f'i** * lofella, or Moufe-Ear, which has a Scent fomething like that of Wormwood, cover the Fields. The Alkafan- gt, the Fruit whereof is more odoriferous than in France ; a Sort of fmall Sage, which grows up to a Bulb, the Leaf whereof, in Shape, fomewhat refembles Rofe- mary ; and having a Scent like the Queen of Hungary's Water, the Indians call it Palghi: It is, perhaps, a Sort of Conizd Africana Salvia Odore, and muft contain many vo- latile Principles, if we may judge by the Scent and Tafte. Rofes grow naturally on the Hills, without having been planted ; and the mod common Sort that grows there, is either lefs prickly than in France, or has no Prickles at all. There is alfo in the Fields, a Flower like that Flower de Z,y, wrTich in Bretagne they call Guerneziai fe s 3 and Father Feuillee, Hemorocalis ' fioribus purpurafcentibm ftriafis ; the/«- dian Name of it is Liuto, andnotL/ of the fix Leaves which compofeit; there are always two Copple-crown'd. Of the Root of this Flower dried in an Oven, they make a very white Meal, and Pafte for Confectionary. In the Gardens, they cultivate a Tree bearing a white Floripondio Flower, fliaped like a little Bell, call'd Floripondio. Father timer. Feiiillee calls it, Stramonoides arboreum oblongo & integro folio fruffu le*viy the Scent of it is extraordinary fweet, efpe- cially in the Night : It is eight or ten Inches long, and four Diameter at the Bottom j the Leaf is downy, and a little more pointed than that of the Walnut-tree : It is an admirable Difpeller of certain Tumors, or Swellings; for which Ufe they have alfo a Sort of Hedera Terreftris, or Ground-Ivy, call'd by the Spaniards, Terba de los compan- nones. When any Man happens to have a violent Fall, which Quinchant^ occasions him to bleed at the Nofe, they have an infallible HH Herb call'd £uinchamali, being a Sort of Santolina y or Dwairf 78 A Voyage to Dwarf Cyprefs, bearing a yellow and red Flower, as here reprefented. The other fmall Medicinal Herbs, which we have in France, are alfo very common there, as Maiden- Hair ; and efpecially fome like that of Canada ; Mallows, Marlhmallows, Mercury, Foxglove, Polypody, Mullen, Milfoil, Crane's-Bill, both ordinary and fcented, Silver- week, and many more unknown to me, and peculiar to the Country. Herhjor Befides the Medicinal Herbs, they have others for Dying, fy in &* in fuch Manner that the Colour will not come out with often waftiing in Soap. Such is the Root of the Reilbon, a Sort of Madder, the Leaf whereof is fmaller than ours ; they, like us, boil the Root in Water to dye Red. The Poquell is a Sort of Gold Button, or Abrotanum fecmina fo- lio virente vemicalato, Female Southernwood with green checquer'd Leaves, which dyes Yellow, and holcfs as well j the Stem of it dyes Green. The Annil is a Sort of Indigo , which dyes blue : Black is dy'd with the Stem and the Root of the Panque i the Leaf whereof is round and plaited, like that of the Thorn-tree; it is two or three Foot Dia- meter, tho' Father Feuillee, who calls it Panle Anapodophili folio ) confines it to ten Inches. " When the Stem is ReddiHi, it is eaten raw, to cool the Body, and it is very aftringent ; they boil it with the Maki and the Gouthiou, Shrubs of that Country, to ufe it for dying Black, which is beautiful, and does not rot Stuffs, as the EwopeanBhck does. This Plant is only found in Marfliy Places. 'trommel The Woods are full of Aromatick Trees, as feveral Sorts Tnts. of Myrtle; a Sort of Laurel-tree, the Bark whereof fmells like Saifaphras, and fweeter; Boldu, the Leaf whereof fmells like Frankincenfe, and the Bark has a bi- ting Tafte, with fomewhat of the Flavour of Cinnamon: But there is another Tree which bears that very Name, tho' differing from the Eafi-India Cinnamon, and has the fame -Quality ; the Leaf of it is like that of the great Lau- rel-tree, only a little longer. Virgil feems to have de- iciibed it in his Georgicks 3 Lib. 2. 19 the South -Sea Ipfa ingens arbos , facicntque fiimllima lauro, ; fit, fi nan aliiim late jac~faret odorem, Laurus erat. folia hand ullis labentia vent-is ; Flos apprima tenax ; animas, & olentia Medi Or a foment ilia, & [embus medicantur anhelis. Thus EngliOi'd by Mr.Vryden. Large Is the Pknt, and like a Laurel grows 3 And did it not a different Scent difclofe, A Laurel were ,- the fragrant Flowers contemn- The ftormy Winds, tenacious of their Stem. With this the Medes to lab'ring Age bequeath. New Lungs, and cure the Sowrnefs of the Breath. This Tree among the Indians is dedicated to the Cere- monies of Peace, When they concluded the Peace with the Spaniards, in the Year 1643, they kill'd many of the Country Sheep, of which we ft all fpeak hereafter; they dipp'd into their Blood a Branch of this Cinnamon, which ' the Deputy of the Caciques deliver'd into the Spaniffo Ge- Ceremony at neral the Marquis de Baydes*s Hand, in Token of Peace. w^/«g/W» This Ceremony, tho' pra&is'd by Savages, is not without an Example in Holy Writ, Exod, Chap. xii. and S. Paul to the Hebrews, Chap. ix. fays, When Mofes had fpohn every Precept to all the People according to the Law, he took the Blood of Calves and of Goats, with Water, and Scarlet Wool,. and HyJJbp, and fprinkled both the Book and aH 'the People, faying ; This is the Blood of the Tefta?nent which God hath enjoined unto you. There is a very common Tree, called Licli, the Shade Liai t^«^ whereof caufes the Bodies of thofe who deep under it to * M *7 W: fwell, as happen'd to a Sea Officer, who had flept fome Hours in the Shade of the laid Tree ; his Face fwell'd fo high, that he could not fee. To cure this Diftemper, they take an Herb call'd Pellboqui, being a Sort of Rindweed^ or Ground-Ivy, or Winter-Cherry, which they pound with 80 A Voyage to with Salt, rub the Perfon with it, and the Swelling goes off in two or three Days, fo thatnothingof it remains/There is al- Peumo Tree, fo a Tree call'd Pewno, a Decoction of whofe Bark is very good for the good againft the Dropfy; it bears a Fruit of a red Colour, ro " y ' and like an Olive -, the Timber of it may be ufed for building of Ships ; but the beft for that Ufe is the RobU y being a Sort of Oak, the Bark whereof is like Cork ,• the Wood is hard, and lafts long in the Water. Along the River Biobio there are abundance of Cedars, not only fit for Building, but to make excellent Mafts. The Diffi- culty of conveying them along the River, which has not Water enough for a Ship at the Mouth, is the Reafon why no Ufe can be made of them. Bamboo Canes are very common every where. Wild Foul. The Plains fwarm with an infinite Number of Birds, efpccially Ring-doves, abundance of Turtles, Partridges, but not fo good as in France ; Snipes, Ducks of all Sorts ; one of which they call Patos reales, which have a Comb on the Beak, Curlews, Teals, Pipeliener, fomewhat rc- fembling thofe Water-Fowls we call Sea-Gulls, hiving a red, ftrait, long Bill, narrow as to Breadth, and flat as to Thicknefs, with a Streak of the fame Colour over the Eyes, and their Feet like the'Oftriches, they are well taft- ed ; Parrots, P echicolov ado s , or Robin-Red-Breafts, which {ing finely > fome Swans, and thofe they call Flamenco's, whofe Feathers the Indian; value very much, to adorn their Caps on. Feftivals, becaufe they are a beautiful white and red, a^ Colour they are very fond of. The Diverfion of Shooting is there interrupted by certain Birds, which our People call Criards, that is, Shriekers, becaufe, when they fee a Man, they fet up a Cry, and flutter about him, making a Noife, as it were to give Notice to the other Birds, who fly away as foon as they hear it: They have above the Joint of each Wing, a red Point {landing up an Inch long, which is hard, and as fharp as a CockVSpur, which ferves them to right with other Birds. Wc the South-Sea. Si We one Day, in a Marfh,took one of that Sort of Am- Te*g*t*z jphibious Creatures call'd Penguins, larger than a Goofe; inftead of Feathers, it was cover'd with a Sort of gray Hair, like that of the Seals, or Sea- Wolves; their Wings are alfo very like the Fins of thofe Creatures. Several Travelers have fpoken of them, becaufe they are vcty common about the Streights of Magellan. See it drawn from the Life, Plate XVI. There are fuch Multitudes of S:als, or Sea-Wolves, Seals, above-mention'd, that all the Rocks about the Ifland of Quiriquina are often cover'd with them. They differ from the Northern Sea-Wolves, in that the others have Paws, whereas thefe have two Fins, ftretching out almoft like Wings towards their Shoulders, and two other little ones which clofe up the Tail, Nature has, however, at the Ends of the two great Fins, preferv'd fomething like Paws j for there are four Talons that terminate the Extremities ; per- haps they ufe them to go afhore, where they are much de- lighted, and whither they carry their Young, whom they feed with Fifh, and cherifli very tenderly, as is reported. There they make a Noife like Calves, for which Reafon, in feveral Relations of Voyages, they are call'd Sea-Calves; • but their Head is more like a Dog's than any other Beaft's, and therefore with good Reafon the Dutch call them Sea- Dogs. Their Skin is cover'd with very fmooth thick Hair, and their Flelh is very oily, andill-taftcd, i'o that none but the Livor isufually eaten : However, the Indians ofChiloe dry, and lay up Provihon of k for their Suftenance : The French Ships draw the Oil from it for their Ufe. They are very eafily taken, there being no Difficulty in coming near to them both on the Land and in the Water,- and they are kill'd with one Blow on the Nofc. There are feveral Sizes of them : In the South they are as big as large Maftive Dogs ; but in Peru there are fome 1 2 Foot long, Their Skins ferve to make Floats, being blown full of Air, in- ftead of Boats j but at La Conception, the Fiflier-Mcn only bind together three Faggots of light Wood, with Leather M Thongs, 82, A Voyage to Thongs, in fuch manner that the Middlemoft may be a little lower than the other two, and go out to Sea on them.- The propereft Wood for that Purpofe, is the Stem of a fore ofAloes^ fix or feven Foot long. Ffi. When Ships put in at Talcaguana, they go a fifhing in- the Eftero, which is a little River at the Bottom of the Bay- on the fame Side. There they take abundance of Mullets,, large Soles, Rovalo's^ a delicate Sort of Fifh like a Pike,. having a black Streak on the Back; a Sort of Gurnards, call'd all along that Coaft Peze Rey, that is, King Fiih,. becaufe of its Delicacy. CdiMims. La Conception is feated in a Country abounding in all. Things, not only to fupply the Neceffities of Life, but alfo- containing infinite Wealth : All about the City there is Gold found, efpecially 1 2 Leagues to the Eaftward, at a Place caWd.Eftancia del Rey, the King's Station ; where,, by wafliing, they get thofe Bits of Gold, which the Spa- niards call Pepitas, that is, Grains ; there have been fome found weighing eight or ten Marks, ( note a Mark is eight Ounces) and extraordinary fine. Formerly much was got about Angol, which. is 24 Leagues off; and if the Country were inhabited by laborious People, it might be had in a thoufand Parts, where they are fatisfy'd there are good Wafliing Places; that is, Lands, whence it is taken by only wafliing, as mall be obfervM hereafter. If they penetrate as far as the long Ridge of Mountains, call'd ~La Cordillera^ there is an infinite Number of Mines of all Sorts of Metals and Minerals ; and, among the reft, on two Mountains, which are only 12 Leagues from the Pampas de Paraguiy, and 100 Leagues from LaConception. Qpp?rMiws.\n one of them they have difcover'd Mines of pure Cop- per, fo fingular, that there have been found in them Grains, or Lumps of above a hundred Quintals Weight, (note that a Quintal is a hundred Weight.) The Indians call one of thofe Mountains Payen y that is, Copper ; and Don John Melendes, who made the Difcovery, cali'd it S. Jo- fephl He drew thence one Piece of 40 Quintals Weight, of Ittucke "X I X.A XJg^C A. , B . C S^ %s\.enuoy 1. Quay at/ Jetiant de la Jiaterie 2, dbatene hcuue oti Castillo Jilaino 3 iJcaliet- et retnpe p our nionter ait fbt*t a cotin>ert de lepaiuetiient $ 4 toiite deCtxrde $ Xien ou >fe met le panillon 7 uv Cltauelle 8 Coiysa de(/arde Q ^Hagaztrv JO xP^cmi'cirt II oorte an Cote de la montaqne 12i JJeim bad turn stir la bmtrqade l'Tf SPutujeatt mtifmimit lean y> cP^emuru dn 2, r profil A Coulee de »/V \Auqiuhn £» Sbenne atitoitr an foi^t C rJ'latic an bastion de J'%Aitqiuftin Jj graces aj de^qarde H vWaqaziru etloqemetw I JK.uidJeait. K .CreiutJje J- KjVlaiiJort dn Cure' JV1 ^Wiaucrru delabeiityrtt T> tJ\.emioi/ de la anie Ct . J arte dtijort dn Cote de terre b . CPortepottr deacendre ala baterie ba^je et ala bottrqade C. iPorte de la baterie ba^je an vied de lejcafiet* dn hantjbrt d . llqlue varrowJiale e.i-Maufoti dtijjotuternettr ^f. Calve et coxiA^ent de J"^tAuaiu»titv £ . xJLedent de J"? J'ratieoij Foiiuoiine t-fct.ltif.t B& , r A .B 4 *s\atti0ff l %u*tt/ itu aetumt aita Jiuilrrte 2. Shaterie ha<*je on Caehlla J*>laiuc 3 Cdoaiur ct rempe-pour ntoiitvr mi £> S&errne auHntrdufbrt C Static a 1 !! bajtitm de tfttAuoiva'n J) tSttcar oat aettu uajhoiw E tfutnc aet a dam btkstioiw F >i,nte an milieu ae la Coitt^tztlt au c&te ae la mantaqne G Corpd ae qarde H . ftagaavu eilqgtmau I JiMUMMt. K .Creua^e J& L ^Motion ihiltttr' W Miujoiujeln beurwie^F YLVL C J)(P CO&C 2><2P J\LO who enterM the. Streight fome Months te. Hifi.jint. -after Sil/ald, faw Men ten or eleven Foot high, tho* he had P- 9- alfo feen others of our Size. *Confpexe- -George Spilbergen entring the Streight of Magellan^ the ibiadterram 2C * or * April^ I 7 I 5> ^ Llw ? on Tierra del Fuego, a * Man of deFogueim- a prodigious Height, who was got upon a Hill, to fee the roariis adnio- Ships pals by. rlSSjeloB^- William Schouten, on the nth of December of the lame tudinis ho- Year, being in Port Defire, in about 47 Degrees and a half mineni. Latitude, his Men found on the Mountain, Heaps of Stones Journal of pi acec } in fuch Manner, as ^ave them a Curiolity to fee Voyage, what they cover d, and found Humane bones between ten ArKjl. iitfy and the South-Sea. S7 and eleven Foot long, that is, nine or ten French Meafurc > to which all the former are to be reduced. I have thought fit to make this little Digretfion, to juftify a Matter of Fa& which is fufpected of Faliliood, tho' the reading of Holy Writ and Hiftorians 3 and the Examples of Giants we often enough fee born and living among us, ought to difpofe us to believe fomcthing extraordinary. L return to the Account of my Voyage. They added to the News of the Revolt of the Indians of Chiloe, that a French Veffel, which put into that Ifland, had fupply'd the Spaniards with Powder againft the Indi- ans. That Circumftance made us believe it was the Mary, which we loft about Cape Horn; but we underftood foon after, that fhe was put into Baldivia. At laft, on the 8th The Mary of Augujl, ihe came and join'd us at La Conception. J oins ^ C7m They inform' d us, that, after having run thro'"' much foul Weather, they had found themfelves on the Ifland of Diego Ramirez, at the Time when they reckon'd them- felves 80 Leagues to the Weftward of it, by the Manu- fcript Charts, and 60 Leagues by the Printed, and two Degrees more to the Northward than they really were : But having corrected their Errors upon that View of Land, they had arrived very exactly at Baldivia, by Pieter Gooses Charts -, which confirms the Conjectures I made before, in relation to the Currents. Notwithftanding the continual Rains, we had already laid in our Provifions when the Mary arriv'd ; it only re- main'd to do the fame for her ; when, the Oidor or Judge of La Conception receiv'd Orders from the Prefident of Chi- li to oblige all the French Ships that were in the Road, up- on what Pretence foever, to depart, and that within four Days at the fartheft ; but thofe Orders were not much re- garded, being given on Occafion of a notable Piece of Gal- lantry. The Concord did not fail till the 19th of July for Valparaiso, and the Mary Anne the 20th for Hilo ; and we ftaid there fome Days longer to make an End of our Bufinefs. In 88 A Voyage to In the mean time, the fair Weather began to fucceed the Winter Rains and Winds, and the Hope of Trade could not detain us at La Conception, becaufe, befides that the two Ships above- nam'd, had furnifhed the City with what little Goods it had Gccafion for, Champloret le Brun, Captain of the Affumption, had been there ever fince the 24th of June, endeavouring to fell as much as would pay for his Provifions j fo that we thought of failing,, to go and trade in Fern. Departure from La Conception. \\7E faifd out of the Bay of La Conception, on the 30th *^ of Augujl, uncertain what Place to rcfort to; nothing but the Defire of receiving fome Information made us put into Valparaiso , where, nevertheless, we itay'd above eight Land difio- Months. By the Way, we had continually the Winds con* Winci*Jd*of trar y> weak or variable: We alfo obferv'd, contrary to VaJparaifo. what is ufual, that there are in thefe Parts fair and ferene Days at the Time when the North-Wind prevails. Six Days after our Departure, we difcover'd the Head call'd Mwro del Obifpo, or, Jfhe Bijbops Head-land, two Leagues to the Southward of Cape Curaoma, which is generally made in order to get to the Windward of Valparaiso, to the end that the ftrong Breezes at S. and S. W. may not drive Ships from that Port, which it would be hard to recover, without running far out to Sea. At five in the Evening, it Piatt XII. appear'd to us thus : It being then late, we would not venture to go into Val~ paraifo by Night, tho' the Opening of the Road is very wide ; we took a Trip out to Sea, and the next Morning making Land again, law the fame Head-Land, which al- ters but little, becaufe it is high and round like a Bell. After turning Cape Curaoma, two Leagues to the N. E. and by E. appears the Point of Valparaifo, which with that Cape forms the Creek of Lagumlla, where no Ships an- chor, becaufe the Bottom is naught. Plate 1 :>ajie $ o the South -Sea. 8p Plate XII. Page 8?. explain d in Englift. An exaa Chart of the Road of VALPARAISO, on the Coafl of Chili, in 32 Degrees, 55 Minutes of South Latitude ; and of the adjacent Coaft and Anchoring Places, the principal Capes whereof were Geometri- cally taken. A. Quebrada de los Bueyes, The Break of Oxen. B. Punta de S. Francifco, Point S. Francis. C. Quebrada de San Auguftin, The Break of S. AugufUn. D. Larion. E. Almendral, The Almond Grove. F. Las fiete hermanas, The Seven Sirten. G. Caleta de la vinna a la Mar, The Geek of the Vineyard next the Sea, H. La vinna a la Mar, The Vineyard next the Sea. I. Quebrada verde, The Green Break. K. Quebrada de Ulloa, UlloaV Break. L. Caletilla de Concon, The little Creek of Concon. Echelle d'une Lieiie Marine, A Scale of a Sea-League, Rio de Aconcagua, Aconcagua River. Rio de Margamarga, Margamarga River. Port de Quintero, Quintero Port. MalaCara, Ugly- Face Iiland. Punta de la Herradura, Horfefhooe Point. Bafle, A Shoal. Punta de Concon, Concon Point. Caleta de Riberos, Riberos Creek. Punta de Rinca, Rinca Point. Punta de Valparaifo, Valparaifo Point. Lagunilla, The little Lake. Punta de Curaoma, Curaoma Point. Vue de la Reconnoilfance de Valparaifo, Thus Valparaifo Appears] and is to be known from the Sea. Morro del Obifpo, The Bifhop's Head-Land. Faxellon uel Obifpo, The Bi/hop's Great Rock. Plan des Forterefle & Bourgade de Valparaifo, A plan of the Fort and Town 0/ Valparaifo. A. Batterie bafle de neuf Pieces, A low Battery of nine Guns. B. Place devant 1' Eglife, The Square before the Church. Elevation de la Batterie A, The Elevation of the Battery A. Caftillo viejo, The Old Cafile. Ce Plan eontient la partie 1-2 du Plain General, This plan contains Part 1-2 of the general Plan. • H N Defcription £0 A Voyage to Defiription of the Bay of Valparaifo. I N order to enter the Port of Valparaifo, upon turning the Point, Ships muft range clofe along the Shoal, which mews itielf within about half a Cable's Length from the Shore, for getting to the Windward. That Rock is very fafe, tor we have feen a Spanijh Ship in a Calm, within a Boat's Length of it, without touching. When Ships keep too far from ir, they are obliged to make many Trips to recover the Anchoring-Place, as happened to us. We came to an Anchor on the 5 th of September, in 27 Fathom Water, the Bottom gray Owze, inclining to an Olive Co- 'Amhoring at lour, the Point of Valparaifo, bearing N. E. and by N. Valparaifo. the whke Battery W> S . W. and Cape Concon N. and by E. As f oon as our Anchor was down, we faluted the Fort with feven Guns, and it anfwer'd with one. We found in the Road the Concord, and feven Spanifo Ships lading Corn for Callao. Thofe Ships generally run in fo clofe to the Shore, that they have three Anchors on the Land, made faft to Stones, or Piles, and at that diftance they ftill have eight or ten Fathom Water ,• that Way of making faft is very good, be- caufein the Summer, every Day regularly about Noon, the Breezes come up at S. W. and S. fo ftrong, that they make the belt Anchors give way. However, Care muft be taken of a Shoal, that is within a Cable's Length of the Shore, near the Battery call'd Caftillo Blanco, or, T*he White Caftle, on which there is not above thirteen or fourteen Foot Water at the Ebb. The Affumption commanded by Champloret touch'd there lightly one Day, becaufe the Sea rifes and falls fix or feven Foot. In other refpedts, the Bay is very fafe, and Ships may turn and anchor every where from fifty to eight Fathom Water ; . only Care muft be taken when they take a Trip towards the Sicte Hermanas\ or Seven Siflers^ that is, to the Eaftward, not to draw nearer the Shore, than two Cables Length and a half, oppofke to a the South-Sea. £1 a little running Water, crofs'd by a great reddiih Road ,• i\\ that Place there is a Shoal, on which there is no more than two Fathom and a half Water. Ships generally anchor only in that Nook of the Road which is before the Fort, for the Conveniency of Trade, and the more Safety ; yet after all, that Road is quite naught in Winter, becaufe the North Winds which blow in at the Mouth, without any Oppofition, make the Sea there fo boifterous, that Ships have been fometimes forced alhore. The South Winds are no lefs Violent there in Summer ; but as they come over the Land, they make no Sea, and in cafe they fhould force Ships from their Anchors, they can only be drove out to Sea. The next Day after our Arrival, the Captain went to pay his Refpects to the Commander in Chief, call'd Go- wnador de las Armas^ Governor of Arms, for fo he is diftinguifrVd from the Prclident of Chili, who is calFd Plain Governor. It was then Don John Co r oarrubias, a Man of Birth, who having ferv'd in Flanders, had much Kind- nefs for the French; tho' he is fubordinate to the Prefident, he owns him not by that Name 3 but by that of Captain General of Chili. The Fort where he commands, is of little Moment, as . . . well becaufe it is ill built, as becaufe the Road it defends ouh?¥m. is- near other Creeks, which afford the fame Conveniencies as that. Such an one is that of Qiuntero, which is defence- lefs, and but five Leagues from it. True it. is, that the Bay of Valparaiso, as neareft to the Capital, is the moft frequented in all Chili j for which Reafon, it has been thought fit to fecure it againft any Infults of the Englifi and Dutch, who have often ranged along thofe Coafts. Formerly, there was only a little Battery level with the Water, but within thefe laft thirty Years they have built the great For- tress, at the Foot of the Mountain : It (lands on an Emi- nence of an indifferent Height, crofs'd towards the S..E. and N. W. by two Streams, which form two natural Ditches between twenty and twenty-five Fathom deep, N 2 funk gZ A Voyage to > Plate H\l\. Page p 2. explain d in Englifh. The Profile of the Fort of PAL PAR A ISO, by the Line A. R 1. 7 he Key before the Battery. 2. The low Battery, call 'd Caftillo Blanco, or the White Cattle. 3. The Stairs and Afcent to go up to the Fort under Cover of the EpaulmenU 4. The Corps du Garde. 5. The Place for Jetting up the Colours. 6. The Port. 7. The Chappel. 8. The Corps du Garde- p. The A4agazAnc. 10. The Rampart. 11. The Port next the Mountain. 12. The Half -Baft ion over the Town. 13. The Rivulet thatjupplies the place with Water. The Profile by the Line C. D. A. The Break of S. Auguflin. B. The Berm, or Foreland about the Fori. C. The Flank of the Baflion of S. Auguftin. D. The Faces of the Demi- Baft ions. E. The Flank of the Demi-Baftions. F. The Gate in the Middle of the Cttrtin next the Mountain* G. The Corps du Garde. H. Magazines and Lodgings* I. The Brook. X. The Cleft. L. The Curate's Houfe* M. The Houfes of the Town. Echelle des Profils double du celle du Plan, The Scale of the Profiles, being; double that of the plan. The Profpe£t next the Anchoiing-PIace. a. The Gate of the Fort, on the Land-Side. b. The Gate to go donn to the Low Battery and to the Town. c. The Gate to the Low Battery, at the Foot of the Stains of the Upper Fort] d. The Parifk-Church. e. The Governors Houfe. f. The Church and Monaftery of S. Auguftin. I 5. The Redans, or indented Work ofS. Auguftjfo L Spanifh Ships lading Corn. the South-Sea. 93 funk down almoft to the Level of the Sea. Thus it is ab- folutely parted from the Neighbouring Eminences, which are a little higher. The Side next the Sea is naturally fo fteep, that there is no going up without much Difficulty, and on the Land Side, or next the high Mountain, it is defended by a Ditch, which crofTes from one Stream to the other, and thus cuts off the Enclofure of the Fortrefs fomething near to a Square. The Situation of the Place would not permit the making of a regular Fortification ; it cannot properly be calPd any other than Walls of Intrenchment, following the Compafs of the Height, which flank one another but very little, and fometimes not at all. At the Middle of the Wall, which is above the Town, there is a little Redan^ or indented Work, of feven Fathoms in Front, with a Guerite, or Sen- tinel's Box. The oppofite Side, which is above the Stream of S. Au- guftin, is only defended by the Flank of a Demi-Baftion, which forms a dead Angle, the Face whereof makes too oblique a Defence. The Side next the Mountain, confifts of a Courtin of 26 Fathoms, and of two Demi-Baftions of 20 Fathoms Face and 11 Flank, fo that the Line of De- fence is but of 45 Fathoms. All this Part is built with Brick, rais'd 25 Foot in height on a Berm, or Foreland, being a fmall fpace of Ground between the Wall and the Moat. The Depth of the Ditch is about ten Foot, and its Breadth three Fathoms towards the Salliant- Angles, whence it has its Defence to the Angle of the Epaule, or Shoulder of the Baftion. It is dug, or cut, in a foft Rock, which has been made a little fteep at the two Ends, to render it inacceflible by way of the Streams. The Parapets are but two Foot and a Half thick, and the reft of the Enclofure of the Place is only a Piece of Mafonry made up of Rubbifh, weak enough. There is no Rampart but on the Land- Side, to cover the Fortrefs, and hinder its being overlooked by the Mountain, which rifes gently : But the Misfortune is y that the Flanks can be batter'd in Reverfe, that is, on the Backs, 54 -A Voyage to Backs, and the Curtins and Faces enfiladed, or fcour'd along their whole Length by neighbouring Eminences within Musket-Shot, fo that it is very eafy to render them ufclefs. At the Foot of the high Fort, adjoining to the Town, is a Battery of nine Pieces of Cannon, rais'd thir- teen Foot high, on a Key of the fame Height, whence they can fire upon the Anchoring-Place level with the Water : But befides that it has no Defence from its Pofition, it is commauded by all the Parts about. It is call'd Caftillo Blanco, or JVhite-Caftle, becaufe it has been whitened, that it may be feen at a Diftance. Behind that Battery, are the Gate, the Stairs, and the Afcent, which lead from the Town to the Fortrefs along a Way coverM with a Piece of Wall ,• and higher up, a Boyau, or Branch of a Trench, the Epaulment whereof does not cover the Gate of the Body of the Place, which is all open to the Road. In the Middle of the Curtin, on the Side next the Moun- tain, is another Gate, to which they climb up out of the Ditch for want of a Drawbridge. That Way pafTes the Conduit of Water drawn from the Stream of S. Auguftin for the upper Fort, which might be eafily cut off, and the Garrifon could have no other but that of the Rivulet, which runs from the Bottom of the Stream of S. Francis through the Middle of the Town. Thus we fee how little the Fortrefs of Valparaifo is to be fear'd, if Men were landed, as may be done in fair Weather, at that open Shore, which is at the Bottom of the Road, at the Place c&W&Almendral, where the Cannon can fcarce do any Harm. c*nnon. In the low Battery there are 9 Brafs Guns, from 1 2 to 18 Pound Ball, Sfaniflo Weight, whereof no two can fire upon that Landing-Place ; and the rather, for that it is al- moft half a League diftant. In the Upper-Fort there are five, from fix to twelve Pound Ball, and two little Drakes, making in all \6 Brafs Guns. I muft here take Notice by the By, that this Artillery was put into a Condition to be of Ufe by the Carpenters of Boifloret, Captain of the Ship leClerc, in the Year 171 2 : But had not the Governor been more the South -Sea ^ more grateful than the Prefident of Santiago, for me Ser- vice he did the Spaniards, he had been the firft at feeling the Exa&nefs of the Work on Account of a little Difference in trading. At the Foot of the Fortrefs, in a little Gut, or narrow Valparaifb Space, is the Borough or Town of Valparaifo, confifting Tmn - or about a hundred poor Houfes, without any Order, and of feveral Heights ; it alfo ftretches out along the Sea, where the Stores of Corn or Granaries are. As little as the Place is, there are, befides the Pariih, two Monasteries ; the one of Francijcans, and the other of Auguftins. Of 150 Families there may be in the Place, there are fcarce 30 of them Whites; the reft are Blacks, Mulatto's, and Meftizo's. The Number of Men able to bear Arms there is very inconliderable ; but the Neighbouring Dwellings, or Farms, upon the firft Signal from the Fortrefs, furnifh (ix Troops of Horfe, mounted at their own Expence ; moft of whom have no other Arms but Swords^ which theWhites always wear at the vileft Employments. Upon Notice gi- ven by the Sentinels kept along the Coaft, they are very regular in drawing together, at leaft, fome Part of thole Troops, when a Ship appears which is not thought to be Spanijh built. We have often heard a Shot in the Night by way of Alarm, upon the leaft Sufpicion, and without any Ground. Some Days after our Arrival, the fecond Merchant of our Ship obtain'd Leave of the Prefident to go to Santiago, on the Bufinefs of Trade. During that Interval, the S.Charles, a French Ship , ship c>yr bought by the Spaniards, was caft away on the moft Ea- a ™J- fterly Ifland of John Femandes, 80 Leagues Weft from Valparaiso, as it was coming to lade Bacallao, or Salt Cod, of which fome French Men had a Fifhery there, under the Direction of one Afremont, formerly one of the King's Guards. Sailing along the Coaft, the Ship ftruck on a Shoal, lb near the Land, that all the Men were faved. Some of them ventur'd to come in their Boat to Valparaiso, to defire $6 A Voyage to dcfire of the Governor tofend a Ship to fetch off the Filhet- raen left on the Ifhnd, and lade what dry Fifh they had. Upon our Offers of Service before made to the Preiident, he deiired our Ship Mary for that effect ; but Ihe being incumber'd with Goods, we could not grant it ; Co that he was obliged to fend the S. Dominick, a Spaniflo Ship newly come from Callao to lade Corn, which faiTd the ift, and return' d the 14th of October. John Per- That moft Eafterly Ifland of John Fernanda would be !Sw S V€r y Wiit'fel; if cultivated : There is no Want of Wood and Water; there are wild Swine and Goats, and a pro- digious Quantity of Fifh : The Road where Ships anchor has a good Bottom, but there is much Water clofe under the Shore. There the Englifi and French Buccaniers often had their Retreat, when they were ranging the Coaft about the Year 1682. The great Plenty of Commodities the Country was fur-' nifli'd with at the Time of our Arrival, and the low Price they bore, made us refolve not to fell, till the Trade was fomewhat more advantageous ; which reduced us to a tire- fome Idlenefs, and made us feek out for fome Diveriion. The Feftival of the Rofary came on the 2d of Oftober, which entertain'd us eight Days fuceeflively. ■Feftival of This Feftival among the Spaniards is one of the firfl thtRojury. Q\tf s . t j ie y kept it with as much, nay, I dare fay, more Veneration, than thofe of the moft facred Myfteries of our Religion : For folemnizing of it, there were Illu- minations on the Eve, and Fireworks., conlifting of fome Sky-Rockets, made in Canes inftead of Cartridges, and feveral Volleys of Chambers. The three next Days a pri- vate Perfon entertain'd the Publick with a BullFeaft, which I thought did not much fatisfy my Curiofity. We faw no- thing there that was worth looking at, but only a Man aftride on one of thofe mettled Animals, with Spurs, the Rowels whereof were four Inches Diameter, after the Country Fafhion. That Engagement was perform'd in 4 1 3 Lice hemm'd in with Scaffolds, fiil'd with as many Peo- ple the South-Sea. 97 pic as there were Inhabitants, who are much delighted with that Sport. The three next Days they acted Phys in the fame Place, before the Gate of S. Francis's Church, by Candle-light, in the open Air. It would be hard to re- late the Subjects, fo much they vary'd and changed ; to fpeak properly, they were no other than Interludes of Farces, mixed with Dancing of feveral Sorts, well enough performed, and even fine, after the Manner of the Coun- try, bating the Symphony, which confided in only one Harp, and fome Guitars j but that which made their Reci- tative ridiculous, and no way edifying, was an imperti- nent Mixture they made of the Praifes of our Lady of the Rofary, with downright Buffoonry, and Obfcenities not clean couch'd. After thisFeftival, being tired with feeing nothing con- Dangerous tinually but a Village, I bethought me of feeing the Ca-| 0/ "4^ pital of the Country, of which the Inhabitants gave me l ° ' great Accounts j but it being requifite for that Purpofe to have the Prefident^s Leave, which I would not ask, for fear, left, being acquainted with my Profeflion, he mould refufe it me, I pretended to go away to embarque at La Conception, with a French Captain, who was returning to France* The great Credit he had given the Prelident, bad purchafed him his Fricndlhip ; fo 1 went with him under that Pretence to Santiago, as it were only taking it in my Way, without fearing to be ftopp'd, and fent back with Fetters at my Heels, as had happenM to fome French Men, who went thither without Leave. A Privateer Captain, who having loft his Ship at Buenos Ayres, was palfing through Santiago towards the South Sea, to endeavour to embarque on fome French Ship 3 was imprifon'd upon no other Account. It might be here ask'd, why the French, who go to Sant- R eA f ns why. iago, are fo ill ufed. There are two Reafons for it : The firft, becaufe, by the Laws of Spain, Strangers are forbid entring the Colonies of the South Sea ; the fecond and diiefeft is, becaufe the Merchants of the City, among O whom 5,8 A Voyage to whom the President muft be reckoned, complain, that the Trench carry Goods thither, which they fell cheaper than the Shops, and by that means ruin their Trade ; fo that I was to take double Precautions. FeaJfnm We fet out from Valparaifo on the Eve of All Saints, and Vajparaifo p a f s '^ t j ic g rC at Road of Zapata. I was much amazed the aimago. j^ Day's Journey, to fee not only that it muft be per- ibrm'd without drawing Bit, but that at Night we muft lie in the open Field, for want of a Houfe, tho* I had been promis'd a good Lodging j but I was informed, that what they call Alojamiento, or Lodging, in Chili, only fig- nifics a Place where there is Water and Pafture for the Mules. However, we had pafs'd within half a Quarter of a League of Zapata, which is a Hamlet, and the only one there is in 30 Leagues traveling, j. but it is not theCuftom of the Country to lie in Houfes. Z^ata The next Morning we pafs'd over the Mountain of Za- Motmum. pata, which is very high;, and after eroding the Vale of Foangue Poangue, where a little River runs, which is dangerous in Vile. Winter rainy Weather, we pafs'd another Mountain more Cueftade difficult than the former, cali'd La Cueftade.Prado, and Pradoifc/b**- we nt to lie at the Defcent on the other (ide, on the Bank Poda ucj °^ 1 * 1C ****** ^* ver °^ P°dd& ue L during thofe two Days, Mivtr. we fcarce faw any Lands till'd ; all the Plains are defart $ they are only full of a Sort of Thorny Trees 5 which make the Roads very incommodious- At length, on the 20th of October in the Morning, we arrived at Santiago, which was but four Leagues from our Lodging beyond Podaguel. Thus I reckon'd that it is eight and twenty Leagues from Valfaraifo y tho' Herrew reckons but fourteen. The Defcrtption of the City of Santiago, Capital of 'Chili* Siiwtion. * "|, *HE Gity of Santiago, or §..James the Apoftle, is X feated in 3 3 Degrees 40 Minutes of South Latitude, at the Weft Foot, of the Chain of Mountains cali'd. L* Gor- Mera^ the South- Sea. $9 ilillera, which runs quite through South America from North to South : It ftands in a beautiful Plain of above 25 Leagues Surface, clofed to the Eaft by the Foot of the Cordillera Mountain, on the Weft by the Mountains of Prado and Poangue, on the North by the River of Colina, and on the South by that of Maypo. It was founded by Peter de Baldivia, in the Year 1541* Pwndatmh That Conqueror of Chill having found a great Number of Indian Dwellings in the Vale of 'Mapocho, by it made a Judgment of the Fertility of the Soil i and the delightful O 2 Situation Plate XIV. Page pp. explain d in Englifb. The Plan of the City of SANTIAGO, Capital of the Kingdom ot Chili, in 33 Degrees, 40 Minutes of South Latitude, 28 Leagues from tfr? Port of yalparaifo, in the Somh-Sea. Churches. 15. S. John of Cod. 1. The Cathedral. « 6 - £ ; Ifi £ oie > * #"$• 2. The lefuites. *7- ™e Carmelites. 2 S Clare * °' **• Saturmnus. 1. S. Dominicfc. *£ J, 01 . 316 ' J* CrrtI J ^M- •<. Tfo Chappel of the Rofary. 20 - ^ Auguflins. i. 5. Paul, 4 Par ilk 2I - £Auguftw. . 7 . S. Anne, 4 /V//&. 22 T f e Mercenanans. ' 8. £ Rofe. 2 3* T "* Noviciate of the HancU- p* 5:' Michael 's Chappel. cans - 10. 7i> and among them, thofe of 1647 and 1657: The firft of them was fo violent, that it almoft o- verturn'd the whole, and left fuch unwholfome Vapours in the Air, that all the Inhabitants died, except about 3 or 400. Since that Time there has been fome little Alteration in the Plan, by the enlarging of the Monafteries ; fome ©f which have extended themielves beyond the ftrait Lines : However, it is ftill fo open, and well distributed for the Conveniency of the publick and private Perfons, that if the Houfes were raifed above the Edge of the Street, and of a better Structure, it would be a very agreeable City. Much about the Middle of it is the great Square, call'd Royal Spare, Plafa Real, or the Royal Square, made by the SupprefTion of one Quarter, the Surface whereof contains 4096 Fa- thoms, befides the Breadth of four Streets -, fo that there are eight Avenues leading into it. The Weft Side con- tains the Cathedral and the Bifliop's Palace,- the North Side, the Prefident's new Palace, the Royal Court, the Council Houfe, and the Prifon : The South Side is a conti- nued Row of Portico's, or uniform Arches, for the Con- veniency of Merchants, with a Gallery over it to fee the " ■" ~" " Bull • !02 A Voyage to Bull Fcafts'-: The Eafl: Side has nothing peculiar. In the -in id ft of the Square is a Fountain, with a Brafs Bafon. Hnufes and The Structure of the Houfes is the fame as is ufed Gkanhts. throughout all Chili ; they have only a Ground Floor, built with unburnt Bricks, excepting that here they are hand- fomer than elfewhere, and the Churches richer in gilding; but all the Architecture is of an ill Tafte, excepting that of" the Jefuites, which is a Latin Crofs, arch'd, on a Dorick Order ; they have all a 'fmall open Place before them for the Gonveniency of Calaflies and of Proceffions : Moll: of them are built with Brick ; there are fome of regular Stone, as alio of fmall Stone, which they have from a fmall Rock that is at the EaftEnd of the City, call'd S.Lucy's Hill, from the Top of which there is an entire View of all the City and Parts adjacent, which afford a very agreeable Landskip. 7mm in This City is the Capital of Chili, a large Kingdom, but fo ill peopled, that in 400 Leagues Extent from North to South, there are fcarce five Towns better than our good Villages, not including that we are fpeaking o£ Thofe Towns arc Caflro in the Ifland of Chiloe, La Conception or Penco, Chilian, Coquimbo or La Serena, and Copiapo : There is a 6th beyond the Mountain call'd La Cordillera, which is Mendoza. The beft Boroughs .are Maule, Valpa- raiso, Quillota, Aconcagua, and S. John de la Cordillera, where there are very rich Silver Mines ; but which cannot be wrought above four Months in the Year, becaufe of the Snows. Throughout all the reft, there are only Farms, which they call Eftancias, fo remote from one another, that the whole Country, as I have been inform'd from Number of g 00c j Hands, cannot raife 20000 Whites fit to bear Arms, ts ' and particularly Santiago 2000 ; the reft are all Meftizd's Mulatto^, and Indians, whofe Number may be three Times • as great 3 without including the Friendly Indians beyond the River Bicbio, who are reckon'd to amount to 15000,, whofe Fidelity is not to be depended on. What the South' Sea. io? What may be mid in general of the Strength of the Spa- Military niards in that Country is, that their Military Power is Vmer - compofed of Men who are much fcatter'd about, not dif- eiplin'd, and ill arm'd ,- that the North Part of Chili is al- moft defart, and that the conquer'd Indians in the South Part are not well affected towards that Nation, . whom they look upon as their Tyrants, whofe Yoke they would willingly make off; and in CoucIuHon, that the Spaniards have no Fortifications in their Lands, where they may fe- cure themfelves, unlefs they fly to the Mountains 5 and a- gainft a Maritime Force, they have none but thofe of Bal- divia and Valparaiso j the one full of Men a who are Pri- foners, and the other HI built, and in a bad Condition. I do not here reckon the Fort of Chacao, in the Ifland of Chiloe, which does not deferve that Name, either on Ac- count of its Structure, or its Stores. The Governor of the Kingdom has his ufual Refidence Tke Governor* at Santiago. The Sieur de Fer rely'd too much on ancient Relations, and was miftaken in the Difcourfe he inferts in the laft Chart of the South-Sea, where he fays, The Presi- dent refides at La Conception. Formerly, thofe who were zealous for the King's Intereft, liv'dat ha Conception^ or on the Frontiers of Arauco, to carry on the Conquefts over the Indians > and they are obliged to go thither every three Years ; but at prefent they fave themfelves the Trouble, becaufe they are at Peace with thofe Indians^ and that the Royal Allowance call'd Skuado is not paid. The Governor alfo takes the Title of Prefident and the Koyi Captain-General, on account of his two Employments of court, the Sword and Gown, and from the latter he derives his Name, as presiding in the Royal Court, compofed of four Oidores, or Judges, two Fijcals, or Attorneys General, one of whom has the Charge of Protecting the Indians and the Affairs #f xferCroifade ; alio an Alguazil Mayor de Corte, or Head Serjeant of the Court, the Chancery-Se- cretary, Reporters, &c. There lies no Appeal from a Judgment upon a Writ of Error, or Review upon a Royal Decifion. io4 tnatis 3 when the Reckoning is to be paid, King. ' does not difturb a Man *. * To . I » It I the South-Sea. in To make amends for not having feen the Ore ground at Tiltily I went, fome Days after my Return, to fee Gold taken by waffling, near Palma, four Leagues E. and by S. from Valparaifoy where the Jefuites had Men at work for them. They dig in the Bottom of Streams, in the inward An- "&/&«"£*■ gles, which are form'd in Procefs of Time, where they^fj ^ r judge by certain Tokens that there may be Gold ; for it does not appear to the Eye where it is. To facilitate this Digging, they let a Rivulet into it, and whilft it runs, they turn up the Earth, to the end that the Current may dii- folve and carry it away the better. At length, when they are come to the Floor of Earth where the Gold is, they turn off the Stream to dig by Strength of Arms : That Earth they carry on Mules to a little Bafon, made in the Shape of a Smith's Bellows, into which they turn a little rapid Stream of Water to ditfblve it; and to the end it may the better foak in and loofen the Gold that is mix'd with it, they continually ftir it about with an Iron Hook, which alfo ferves to gather the Stones, and thefe they throw out of the Bafon with their Hands. This Pre- caution is neceffary, to the end they may not flop the Wa- ter-Courfe, which is to carry all away, except the Gold, who fe great Weight makes it link to the Bottom of the Ba- fon, among a fort of fine black Sand, where it is not much lefs hid than in the Earth, if there are no Grains at leaftas big as a Lentil. There are often larger found j and at the Wafliing-Place I fpeak of, they had found fome of three Marks Weight, that is, twenty four Ounces. However, X do not queftion but that abundance of fmall Particles of Gold run out at that Channel from the Bafon, which might be eafily remedy'd. In Turingia, and on the Rhine, to fave that Lofs, they lay on the Channel fome Linnen, Woollen, or Horfes or Ox Hides, to the end that the fmall Grains of Gold may (tick there; and afterwards they wuih the Skins to recover it. Thus the People of Colchis gather'dit, having la_id the Skins of Beads in the hollow Parta « HZ A Koyage to Parts of Springs, which gave occafion to the Poets to invent the Fable of the Golden-Fleece carry'd off by the Argo- nauts. At laft, after turning off the Water, they gather up that Sand which remains at the Bottom of the Bafon, and put it into a great Wooden Platter, in the Middle whereof is a little Hollow or Depth of about a Quarter of an Inch: They ftirand turn it with their Hands in Water, fo that all the Earth and Sand there, runs over the Edges, only the Gold, which that little Motion of the Hand cannot fuffici- ently remove, remains at the Bottom in Grains bigger or fmaller than Sand, of all forts of Shapes, pure, clean, and of its natural Colour, without adding any other Help of Art. This Way of getting Gold is much more beneficial, when the Earth is indifferently rich, than working at the Mines. The Expence is but fmall ; there is no need of any Mill, nor of Quickfilver, nor of Crows, and other In- ftruments, to break the Veins with much Labour ; a few Shovels fometimes made of the Blade Bones of Oxen are fufficient to diffolve the Earth that is wafh'd. Almoft all the Streams in Chili have Earth, whence Gold may be drawn, only the greater or lefTer Quantity makes the Difference. It is commonly reddifli, and fmall on the Surface; at about the Depth of a Man, it is mix'd with Grains of coarfe Sand, or Gravel, where the Bed of Gold begins j and, digging deeper, there are Layers of Stony Bottom, as it were a moulding Rock, bluiih, mix'd with abundance of yellow Straws, which a Man would be apt to take for Gold, but which, in Reality, are no other than the Marcaffite, or yellow Fire-ftone, fo fmall and light, that the Current of the Water carries them away. Below thofe Beds of Stone no more Gold is found ; it feems to be detain'd above, as having fallen from a higher Place. Opinion about The moft learned Men in the Country afcribe this Mix- Gold. ture of Gold with the Earth to the univerfal Flood, which overturn^ the Mountains, and confequently broke up the Mines, the South-Sea. 113 Mines, and loofed theQold, which the Waters drove into the lower Grounds, where it has continued to this Day. This Opinion, which Mr. Woodward lias very much en- Difp rov ' J ' forc'd, is not well grounded on Scripture ; which, in (lead of fpeaking of fuch Overturning, feems, on the contrary, to fignify to us, that the Deluge made very little Altera- tion on the Surface of the Earth, fince the fecond Time that Noah let go the Dove, me brought back an Olive Branch. It may perhaps be alledg'd, that it was a Piece that floated of a Tree torne up, or broken, fince, accord- ing to the Report of Travelers, there are no Olive Trees about Mount Ararat, where the Ark refted, according to Tradition. Tho' that were fo, it is at leaft likely, that the third Time me found fomething tofubfift on, fince fhe did not return, by which the Patriarch underftood that the Waters were dry'd. Without going back to fuch remote Times, I am otAnothrOyi- Opinion, that the Winter Rains alone may have caufed the nion > lame Effect ; they are fo heavy in Chili during the Months of May, June, July and Auguft, and the Ground is fo lit- tle fupported by Rocks, that every Day there are new Breaks, or Channels, form'd and enlarged on the Decli- vity of the Mountains, which vilibly fink in an Infinity of feveral Places. The frequent Earthquakes have alfo, doubtlefs, occa- Reinfond. fion'd great Alterations in that Country. Acofla tells us of one, which in Chili overturn'd whole Mountains ,♦ the falling of which ftopp'd the Courfe of Rivers, and turn'd them into Lakes, and made the Sea run feveral Leagues beyond its Bounds, leaving the Ships upon dry Ground. This Reafon will not fit other Countries, where Gold Mon No- Duft is found, as in the Rivers of Guinea, and Parts adja-' ;(W/ * cent ; it may be fuppofed_, with the Author of the Book, entitul'd, Curiofitates Phiolofophic*, Lond. 171 3, that the Mountains have been overturn'd by a Fermentation ; and that the Mines, not yet rightly form'd, burft, and in Pro- Q^ cefs 114 k A Voyage to cefs of Time ran into the lower Parts, fuch as the Chan- nels of Rivers. Tho' we are not rightly informed of the Manner how great Movements or Alterations have been made in the Earth, yet there is no Reafon to doubt of them, when we obferve fome Bodies that are found out of their natural Place, and particularly Shells. I have feen a Bank ofthem in the Ifland of Quiriquina, five or fix Foot high, parallel with the Surface of the Sea, enclofed within an Eminence of Earth above 200 Foot high. Such Obfervations have been long fince made in Europe, which have found the Learned much Employment, without being able to aflign- fufficient Reafons for it. Mere proU- it ma y a ifo be fuppofed with many of the Natives of the lie Opinion. c ountr y 5 tnat tne Gold i s fcrrn'd in the Earth, even with- out any Mineral Vein ; grounding their Opinion on this, that after many Years Gold has been found in the Earth, that had been wailvd, as many Perfons report it of the Wafliing- Places of Andacol, near Coquimbo. We {hall exa- mine this Opinion elfewhere. Be it as it will, it is certain that thofe Wafhing-Places are very common in Chili ; that the Negligence of the Spa- niard^ and the Want of Labourers, leave immenfe Trea- furcs in the Earth, which they might eafily enjoy $ but as they do not confine themfelves to fmall Advantages, they only apply themfelves to the Mines, where a confiderable Profit is to be found : If any fuch new Difcovery is made, they all run thither. Thus have we feen Copiapo and Lam- panguy peopled all on a fudden, and fo many Workmen drawn thither, that in two Years they had erected fix Mills at the latter of thofe Mines. L*mpMgny The Mountain of S. Chriftopher of Lampanguy is near the Mma. Cordillera Ridge of Mountains, in about 3 1 Degrees of South Latitude, 80 Leagues from Valparaiso. In the Year 1 710 many Mines were difcover'd there of all Sorts of Metals, Gold, Silver, Iron, Lead, Copper and Tin, which overthrows the Arguments of the Author above-mention'd, who thinks that all the faid Metals cannot be found in the fame the South Sea. 1 1^ fame Place; but Experience proves the contrary, for Gold and Silver are often feen mix'd in the fame Stone. The Gold of Lampanguy is from 21 to 22 Carats fine, the Ore is there hard ,• but two Leagues from thence, on the Mountain of Uaoin, it is foft, and almoft crumbling; and there the Gold is in fuch fine Duft, that no Sign of it appears to the Eye. It may be faid in general, that all the Country is very J™** °f rich, and that the Inhabitants are neverthelefs very poor in u " Cafli, becaufe, inftead of working ^t the Mines, they are fatisfy'd with the Trade they drive of Hides, Tallow, dry'd Flem, Hemp and Corn. The Hemp comes from the Vales of Quillota, Aconca- ,'gua, La Ligua^ Limache, and other Places. The Vale of Qjtillota.is nine Leagues N. E. and by N.Quillota from Valparaiso j it is one of the firft Piaces where the Spa- v * le ' niards began to make Settlements, and to meet Indians^ who oppofed the Progrefs of their Conquefts : That Oppo- sition made that Vale and the River of Chili^ which croffes it, famous; and as the firft Names of a new Country are thofe which happen to be moft taken Notice of, this lame was afterwards given to all that great Kingdom, which Chili, wbyfi the Spaniard s cz&Chile^ and Foreigners, corruptly, Chili, call'd. Hcr ~ This is, doubtlefs, the true Etymology of the Name, which J 6 ™' 7 * fome Hiftorians derive from an Indian Word, fignifying " Cold, according to them ; for, in fiiort, that Name would be very improper for fo agreeable and temperate a Coun- try as that is. Be that as it will, the Vale of Quillota did fo abound in Indian Str+ Gold, that General Baldivia thought fit to ereft a Fort«£ f «« there for the Security of the Settlement, and to curb the Indians he employ'd to get the Gold; but they poffefs'd themfeives of it by a very ingenious Stratagem. One of them, on an appointed Day, carry'd thither a Pot full of Gold Duft, to excite the Curiofity and Govetoufnefs of the Garrifon-Soldiers. In (liort, they all foon gather'd about that little Treafurc ; and whilft they were bufy contending Q^2 about il6 A Voyage to about their private Intereft to divide the lame, an Ambuf- cade of Indians, conceal'd and arm'd with Arrows, rufti'd in upon them, and found them deKncelefs. The Vi&ors then deilroy'd the Fort, which has never been rebuilt fince,- and they have given over fearching for Gold there. At prefent that Vale is only remarkable for the Fertility of the Soil: There is in it a Village of about 150 Whites, and perhaps 300 Indians and Mefiizo's, who trade in Corn, Hemp, and Cordage, which are carry'd to Valparaifo, to rig and lade the Spanifi Ships, which thence tranfport it to Callao, and other Parts of Peru. They make their Cor- dage white, and without Tar, becaufe they have none bus what is brought them from Mexico and Guayaquil, which burns the Hemp, and is only good for the Timber of Ships. For the reft, the Plain of guiliota is very agreeable in itfelf : I was there at the Carnaval Time, or Shrove-Tide, which, in that Country, falls about the Beginning of Au- tumn. I was charm'd to behold fuch great Plenty of all European choice Fruits, which have been tranfplanted thi- ther, and anfwer to Admiration ; efpecially Peaches, of which Trees there are little Groves, that are never pruned, nor have any other Care taken of them, than to caufe Trenches, drawn from the River of Chili, to water their Roots, to fupply the Want of Rain in the Summer. -Corn Comtry. The River of Chili is alfo call'd the River of Aconcagtur y becaufe it comes from a Vale of that Name, famous for the prodigious Quantity of Corn carry'd from it yearly* From thence, and from the Country about Santiago, to- wards the Cmdillera Ridge of Mountains, comes all that is tranfported from Valparaiso to Callao, Lima, and other Parts of Peru. Unlefs a Man be acquainted with the Na- ture of the Soil, which generally yields do or 80 for one, he cannot comprehend how fo defart a Country, where no till'd Lands are to be feen, but only in fome Vales at ten Leagues Diftance from each other, can furniih fo much Corn, befides what is requifite for the Maintenance of the Inhabitants. During ylajicl &£JLJl <£>&£JL 7^ BAYE DE COQVIMBO )^ J'cituee JL fa Cote aw Cfuli/ j?xtr a^'^' J-Je Xahhiae iSMuftraie, ezier the South-Sea. 117 During the eight Months we ftay'd at Valparaiso, thirty Its Great Ships fail'd from thence laden with Corn, the Burden ©f C H»'A each of which may be redue'd to <5ooo Hanegas, or 3000 Mules Burden, which is enough to feed 60000 Men a Year. Notwithstanding that great Exportation, it is very cheap there, the Hanega weighing 150 Pounds, being fold from 18 to 22 Royals, which is about 9 or ten Livres French, a very inconfiderable Price for that Country, where the fmalleft Coin is a Silver Piece of four Sols and a Half French, which may be compared to two Liards, or an Half-Penny, withrefpeft to the Divifion and Value. But as it does not rain there for eight or nine Months in the Year, the Land cannot in many Places be till'd, where there are no Brooks. •However, the Hills are cover'd with Herbs, among Plants, which there are many Aromatick, and Medicinal. Among the latter, the moft famous with the Inhabitants of the Country is the Cachinlagua, a Sort of fmall Centaury, which feem'd to me more bitter than* the French, and con- sequently more full of Salt, reckoned an excellent Febri- fuge. The Viravida, a Sort of Sempervive, the Infuflon whereof was ufed with great Succefs by a French Surgeon for curing of a Tertian Ague. There is alfo a Sort of Senna, exactly like that which is brought us from Seyde, or Sidon in the Levant; for want of which, the Apothecaries at Santiago make ufe of this, which the Indians call Unoper- quen y it is fomewhat fmaller than the Mayten, a Tree of that Country. The Alvahaquilla, in the Indian Culen, is a Shrub which Sweet Bafd. has the Scent of our Sweet Bafil, and contains a Balm of great Ufe for Sores, whereof we faw a wonderful Erfedt &t plate XVi Trequin, on an Indian^ whofe Neck was deeply ulcerated. I alfo had Experience of it on myfelf., TheElower of ic is Plate XV. Page 117. explained in Englifli. The Quinchimali Plant, a Sort of Dwarf Cyprefs, with (harp green Leaves. The Plant Culen, being the Shrub call'd Cytifus Arboreus, or the. lar^ Cytifus, with Flowers like Ears of Corn, of a pale Blue, 1 1 8 A Voyage to is long, growing up like an Ear of Corn, of Colour white inclining to Violet, and is of that Sort which is put into the Number of Leguminous. Harilh. Another Shrub call'd Harillo, different from the Harilla of 'Tucuman^ fervesalfo for the fame Ufe : It has a Flower like Broom, and the Leaf very fmall, of a ftrong Scent, fomewhat inclining to that of Honey : It is fo full of Balm, that it is all glutinous. Payco. rphe p a yco y is a Plant of an indifferent Size, the Leaf whereof is very much jagg'd ; it fmells ftrong of a rotten Lemon ; its Decoction is a Sudoririck, very good againft Pleurifies. They have alfo much Baftard Rofemary, which has the fame Effcd. Palqui. The p a iqrri i s a Sort of very (linking Walwort, having a yellow Flower, and ferves to cure the Scurf, or Scald- rhoupa. Heads. The T'houpa is a Shrub like Horfe-Tongue, the Flower of it long, of an Aurora Colour, refembling that of Birthwort. Father Feuiik'e^ who gives the Figure of ir 5 calls it Rapttntium fpkatum joliis acutis ; from its Leaves and Rind proceeds a yellow Milk, wherewith they cure fome Ulcers : In other refpects they pretend it is a Poifon, but not fo iliarp as he lays, for I have handled and felt it Bifoagas. without finding any Harm. The Bifnagas fo well known in Spain for making of Pick-tooths, cover the Vales about Valparaifo ; this Plant is very like Fennel. QitiiUy. The Quillay is a Tree, the Leaf whereof fomewhat re- fembles that of the green Oak ,• its Bark ferments in Wa- ter like Soap, and is better for wafliing of Woollen Cloaths, but not for Linnen, which it makes yellow. All the 7#~ dians make ufe of it for wafliing their Hair, and to clcanfe their Heads inftead of Combs ; it is thought to be that which makes their Hair fo black. Qco tree. The Coco Tree has Leaves much refembling thofe of the Date Palm Tree; it bears a Clufter of round Coco Nuts, as big as little Walnuts, and full of a white oily Sublhnce, good to eat. The Country about Qirillota fur- niilics Lima with them to preferve, and to entertain the Children* 'tow/v.XIX l/vtCy dc uv St ereticc paye.jxg %A Canal quifhunut ^ deautoutc taVille ^J suited *s^kCr J&rancoit on I £a> Cordelierj . I J • y«^f <£>C£C LA SEKENA tfcititre OsIcl Cote aw Clulu (p/ ■ j . : . / . U lavi£ conhituee nurt^ '^-/a. l^auee. de- COQV1MBO cl va quart de&aier delaXiai/e du metric now- iutn 1 71?, \ OchelU de 500 bouies T ' m.nnmrimia »'■'"■'" ,TW ■J.t ) ^Oj',lOO 3°° 4.OO KOO totaitJ the Sotith- Sea. lip Children. This Fruit is wrap'd up in feveral Coverings; that which is about the Shell, is a Rind like that of green Walnuts, by which they are knotted together like a Bunch of Grapes. Another Rind wraps up the whole, which opens when yellow and ripe, into two large Hemifpheroi- des, three Foot long, and one in Breadth, according to the Quantity of Fruit it contains. Father Ovalle fays, thefe Trees never produce Fruit iingle, but that there muft be a Female by the Male, but the Inhabitants told me the con- trary. The Fruit Trees carried thither from Europe, anfwer in Great r&ttk 2 that Country to perfection ; the Climate is fo fertile when 0'- the Ground is water'd, that the Fruit is coming forward all the Year. I have often feen the lame on one Apple-tree, which we here fee in Orange-Trees, that is, Fruit of all different Ages or Growths, in Bloffom, knotted, form'd Appk's, half grown, and quite ripe, all together. A League and a Half N. E. from Valparaiso, is a little WooJL Vale called JLa Vina d la Mar, or the Vineyard next the Sea, where there are not only Trees fit for Fewel, whereof Ships lay in their Store, tho' fomewhat remote, but alfo to make Planks and Ledges ; and going up four or five Leagues farther, there is Timber fit to build Ships. We there cut Planks of a Sort of Bay-Tree, the Wood whereof is white and very light ; of Bellota, another white Wood * of Feumo, which is very brittle -, and of Ranli, which is the beft and fafteft. For Knee Timbers, there is the May- ten, the Wood of it is hard, reddifh and faft, Champloret le Brun, Captain of the AJJumption, whilft we were, there, built a Bark of 3 6 Foot in the Keel, of the fame forts of Wood. In the fame Places is found the Molle, which the Indians MoIIe, call Ovighan, or Human, the Leaf of it is almoft like that of the Acacia, its Fruit is a Clufter of little red Berries, like the Dutch Goofeberries, bating that thefe turn black as they ripen ; it taftes of Pepper and Juniper. The In- dians make Chicha or Drink of it, as good and as ftrong or ftronger no A Voyage to ftronger than Wine : The Gum of the Tree diflblv'd ferves for a Purge. From this Tree they draw Honey, and they alfo make Vinegar. A little Incirlon being made in the Bark, there owzes from it a Milk which is Taid to cure the Web that grows on the Eyes ; of the Heart of its Sprigs, they make a Water which clears and ftrengthens the Sight : Laftly, the Deco&ion of its Bark makes a Coffee Colour Tinclure inclining to red, wherewith the Fifhermen of Valparaifo and Concon dye their Nets, to the end the FiOi may difcern them the lefs. Vom Skim * n or ^ er to ca ^ tneu * ^ ets in tne $ ea » tno ^ e Fishermen make ufe of Floats inftead of Boats, being great Bags made of Seal's Skins, fill'd with Wind j fo well few'd, that a very confiderable Weight will not force any of it out, for Plate XVI. there are fome made in Peru, which will carry twelve Quintals and a Half, or fifty Arrow's, which is twelve Hundred Weight and a Half : The Manner of fewing them is peculiar, they pierce the two Skins put together with an Awl, or a Bone of the Fifli call'd Pezegallo, and into c- very Hole they put a Wooden Pin, or Filh Bone, on both which they crofs wet Guts over and under, to flop the Paflfage of the Air exactly. They tie two of thofe Blown Bags together, by means of certain Staves laid over them both, in fuch manner that the Fore-part be brought nearer than the Hind-part, and on that a Man ventures out, with a Pagay, or an Oar with two Paddles, or Blades, and if the Wind can help him, he puts up a little Cotton Sail : Laftly, Plate XVI. Page 120. defer ibed in Englifh. A. The Figure of a Float, made of the Skins of Sea- Wolves, or Seals, few'd up, and blown full oj Air, lih Bladders. B. An Indian on a Float, Jeen Side-way. C. Another Vim fronting. D. G-ofs Pieces to unite the mo Sides } or Halves of the Float. E. The Hole to blow it jnll of Air. F. 7 he Manner of fewing the Skins. G. A Sea Wolf, or Seal ajhore. H. A Penguin. the South-Sea. 12 f Laftly, to make good' the Air that may get out, he has two Leather Pipes before him, through which he blows into the Bags when there is Occafion. That Sort of Invention is not new in our Continent : When Alexander the Great pafs'd the Oxus and xhzTana'u, Part of his Troops crofs'd thofe Rivers on Hides fill'd with Straw; and S. Jerome, in his Epiftles, tells us, that Malchus made his Efcape on Goats Skins, with which he crofs'd a River. The great Fifhery is carry' d on at Concon^ a Hamlet two &!%*£■ Leagues N. and by E. from Valparaiso by Sea, where there is a Creek into which the- River of Aconcagua, or oi Chili, which runs by Quillota, falls. There is Anchorage for Ships, but the Sea almoft continually runs high : There they take Corblnos, a Sort of FiQi known in Spain, Tollos and Peze- gallos, which they dry to fend to ■ Santiago > which is alfo ferv'd with frefti Fifh. from thence. The laft of them takes its Name from its Shape, be- pezc g a}1 <* caufe it has a Sort of Comb, or rather a^ Trunk, which has * Uu XVI11 given Occaflon to the Creolians to call it Fezegallo, that is r Cock-Filh. The French call it Demoifelle, or Elephant, be- caufe of its Trunk, which is here to be feen, as I drew it by the Life ,• that mark'd A. is a Point fo hard, that it may be made ufe of inftead of an Awl to pierce the dryeft Hides. In the Bay of Valparaifo, there is a plentiful Fifhery of #/*«• all Sorts of good Fifh, as Pezereyes, delicate Gurnards, Soles as above fpoken of, Mullets,dr. not to mention an in* finite Number of other Fillies that come in their proper Sea- R fonSj' Plate XVII. Page 121. explain 4 in Englifh. Pctinbuaba; A Fijbfo call'4. Scie renverfe, A Sarv-Fifh turn 4 on its Back Scie en Profil, The Trope of the fame Fi/h, Ecrevifle, &c. A Sea-Crab, or Crm-Fijh. Gheval Marin, A Sea-HQrfe. Peze Gallo, ou Poiffon Coq, The Gc± F fc 122 A Voyage to fons, as Pilchards, and a Sort of Cod, which comes upon the Coafts about the Months of Ofiobzr, November and December-, Shads, large Pikes, a Sort of Anchovies, where- of there is fometimes fo great a Multitude, that they take whole Baskets full of them on the Surface of the Water. i I here rcprefent a particular Sort of Crab, like that which Rondelet calls Tetis in Greek* and Rwnphius., I. i.e. 4. of his Natural Hiftory, Squilla Lutaria, the Colours where- of were extraordinary fprightly, and of lingular Beauty j the two oval Fins A. were of the fineft Blue that could be feen, edg'd with little Shaggs or Fringes of a -Gold Co- lour,- the Legs or Claws B. the like ; the Defences C. were of the fame Blue j D. reprefents two tranfparent Wings, or Fins ; E, the Eyes ; F. two Fins, inclining to Green, edg'd alfo with Jaggs, or Fringe ; the Shell is of a Musk Colour, and the Extremities 8 are of a Flelh Colour, edg'd white; under the Head are 6 other Legs, or Claws doub- led, which do not appear, the Extremities whereof are round, flat, blue and edg'd like the other Parts, with gil- ded Jaggs or Fringes. Batchers Butchers Meat is not fo good there, as at LaConception, Meat. efpecially in Summer. Moft of the Sheep have four Horns, Seven horned an( ^ f° met i mes five or fix ', I have feen fomethat had feven, sheep. four on the one Side, and three on the other j or three on each Side, and one in the Middle. Wild Fart °^ a league ^-W' and by N. from Point Tor- f mJ! 8 * tugci^ being the Starboard Point of the Continent that clofes the Port of Coquimbo. To the Southward of that firft Rock, which lies in the Latitude of 29 Degres, 55 Minutes, is a. little Ifland fomewhat fmaller, between which and the: Continent is a PafTage of 17- Fathom Water, but very narrow, through which fome French Ships -foolifiily pafs'd ; for the Mouth of the Bay is about two Leagues and a half wide, and without any Danger. Defcription of the Bay of Coquimbo. IT is true, that by reafon the Winds blow continually from S. to S. W. it is convenient to keep clofe to the Starboard Point, and run clofe under the aforefaid Rock,, call'd Paxaro Ninna, which is clear within a Boat's Length,. to gain, at the fewer Trips, the good Anchoring Ground, call'd the Port, which is within half a Cable's Length 'Moorage. of ^ Weft 5^^ There ^ ancnor f rom - fi x to > ten Fathom Water, the Bottom black Sand, near a Rock ten or twelve Foot long, which rifes five or fix Foofr above the Water, fhaped like a Tortois, from which k takes its Name. Ship* are fhelter'rf from all Winds, the South' Sea. I2p by doling the Starboard, or Tortuga Point, with the Lar- board Point, fo that the Land appears on all Sides, and there is no rolling Sea; only 25 or 30 Ships can enjoy that Benefit, and tho' the Bay is large, and the Bottom is every where good, Ships are no where fa well and eafy ; for next the Town, there is lefs Water and lefs Shelter than in the Port. If in entering or coming out, a Ship Pnould happen to Caution about be becalm'd, Care muft be taken not to come to an An- ^ mK>r/ *£- chor near the Rock Paxaro Ninno, in 40, or 45 Fathom Water, becaufe the Bottom is full of Rocks, which cut the Cables, or elfe fo engage the Anchors, that they cannot be weigh'd by the Buoy Rope. The Solide, a Ship of fifty S Guns, Plate XVIII. Page 129. explain d in Englifh. The Plan of the Bay of COQUIMBO, on the Coaft of Chili, in 20 Degrees, 55 Minutes of South Latitude, taken Geometrically the 5th of June 171 3, by Morifieur FrezAer. Riviere de Coquimbo, Coquimbo River, Azequia, A Trench. La Serena, The Town fo call'd. Ruiffeau d" eau douce, A Rivulet of frefh Water. RuhTeau ou Ton fait de l'eau, A Rivulet where Ships water. Aiguade, The Watering- place. Brifant, A Rod. Point du Nord a 2 1. de celle des Theatins, The North Point two Leagues from that of the Theatins . Baye de Coquimbo, Coquimbo Bay. Lagon d' eau falee, A Salt Water Lah. Nord de 1' aimant declinant a E. de 20 D. The North Point of the €otie- j>afs inclining Eajl 20 Degrees. "Nord du Monde, The due North. La Tortuga, or the Tortois, A Place fo call'd. Punta de la Tortuga, Tortois Point. Paxaro Ninno, An Jflandfo call'd. Xa Herradura, The Horfe-fhooe. Cerro de la Gloria, The Hill of Glory. Echelle d' une lieue Marine a 20 au deg. A Scale if a Sea League, after the Rate of 20 to a Degree. Vue de reconnoiflance, So the Land [hews by which the Port it known, Punta de Lotos, The Point of Sea-Wolves, or Seals. 1 1 ■ Port. 130 A Voyage to Guns, commanded by Moniieurdtf Ragueine^ loft two An- chors there in April 1712. In the Port there is theConveniency, not only of riding at Anchor very near the Shore, as ftill as in a Bafon j but befidcs in Cafe of Need, a Ship of twenty tour Guns may be careen'd on the Tortuga Rock above-mention'd, where there is twelve Foot Water at low Ebb quite dole to ic 5 fome French Ships have made ufe of it to that Purpofe. But as it is rare to find all Conveniencies in one Port, this has its Defects : The moft confiderable of them is, '^convent- that Ships anchor there a League from the Watering-place^ tmes in xhe which is to the E. N. E. in a Rivulet that runs into the Sea ,• and tho' it be taken at low Ebb, the Water is always fome- what brackilh $ however it does not appear to be unwhol- fome. The fecond is, that there is no Wood for Fewel, but that of fome Bullies, which is only fit to heat an Oven, without going far into the Vale, which is three Leagues from the Port. It may be reckon'd as a third, to be two Leagues from the Town by Land, and. that there is no landing at k by Sea, the Sea is fo rough there. The Defcription of the. Town of La Serena- He Town of Qoquimbo y otherwife calFd La Serena , is feated at the lower Part of the Vale of Coqmmbo T F. Feiullee * a Quarter of a League from the Sea, on a little riling n' a f il % 2p Ground, about four or five Fathoms high, which Nature 30 ^J 4 / J^'has form'd like a regular Terrafs^. extending from North. and 7 Deg.' to South in a ftrait Line all along. the Town, the Space of 35 Min. 45 about a Quarter of a League : On it, the firft Street forms tide £U fl ver y P^ ea ^ ant Walk, whence is a Profpett of the whole Bay and the neighbouring Country j it goes on ftill in a Line, turning away from Weft to Eaft, along a little Vale full of ever-green Trees, being moft of them Myrtles, by the Spaniards call'd Arrapnes. In the midft of thofe plea- Coquimbo fa nt Groves, the River of Coquimbo runs winding, almoft- wer " • every T the South- Sea. 131 every where Fordable, fupplying the Town with Water, and frelhning the adjacent Meadows, after having made its Efcape from among the Mountains, where in its Paflfage it fertilizes feveral fine Vales, whofe Soil refufes no Sort of Tillage. Peter Baldivia, who made Choice of this curious Situ- ation, in the Year 1544, to build a Town on, which might ferve for a Retreat in the Paflfage from Chili to Peru, ravifli'd with the Delicioufncfs of the Climate, call'd it La Serena, the Name of the Place of his Birth, to which it had more Right than any other Place in the World, the Name fignifying the Serine; and, in iliort, there is con- tinually a ferene and pleafant Sky. That Country feems to have retained the Delights of the Golden Age: The Winters are there warm, and the fharp North Winds never blow there : The Heat of the Summer is always tempered by refrelhing Winds, which come to moderate the Heat about Noon ; fo that all the Year is no other than a hap- py Union of Spring and Autumn, which feem to join Hands* S 2 . to Plate XIX. Page 131. defcribed in Englifh. Vue de La Serena, A Profpetl of LA SERENA. The Plan of the Town of LA SEREN A, on the Coaft of Chili, in 29 Degrees, 55 Minutes of South Latitude, at the Bottom of the Vale of Coquimbo, a Quarter of a League from the Bay of the fame Name, June 1713. A. A Trench which /applies all the F. The Jefuites. Town with Water. G. The Francifcans. B. The Square. H. S. Auguftin. C. The Parifh Church. I. S Agnes. D. The Council Hottfe. L. The Mercenarians. E- S. Dominick. R. de Coquimbo qui ne remplit fon lit qu'en ete, The River of Coqtum-, bo, which is full of Water only in Summer. Partie de la Vallee de Coquimbo, Part of the Vale of Coquimbo. Ri lines de S tc Lucie, The Ruins of S. Lucy. Forges de Cuivre, 'Copper Works. Terraife naturelment alignee & de niveau, A Ttrrafs naturally fcrm'd w a Line, and level. Plaine continuee jufques a la mer, A Plain extending to thi Se<0\ Echelle de 500 Toifes, A Scale of 500 Fathoms. 132 A Voyage to to reign there together, in order to produce at once both Flowers and Fruits ; io that we may, with much more Truth, fay of it what formerly Virgil (aid of a certain Pro- vince in Italy, Georg. 1. 2. Wc ver ajjiduum, atque alienis menfibus ajlas 7 . Bis gravida pecudes, bis pomis utilis arb.os : At rapid # Tigres abfunt, & fieva Leonum Semina. Thus Engliftfd by Mr.. Dry den. ».— . Perpetual Spring our Climate fees, Twice breed the Cattle, and twice bear the Trees,, And Summer Suns recede by flow Degrees. Gur Land is from the Dread of Tygers freed, Nor nourifhes the Lyon's angry Seed. No wild This laft Commendation of being free from wild Beafts Bwftsy nor arid venomous Creatures, is due, as the Inhabitants fay, to GutMres a ^ r ^ e Kingdom °f Chili$ where they lie. at all Seafons in the open Air, without fearing any Poifon. Neverthelefs, what- foever Father Ovalle may fay of it, I have feen Toads at Ha Conception, Snakes and monftrous Spiders at Valpa- raiso i' and, laftly, white Scorpions at Coquimbo. It is likely, all thofe Creatures are of a different Nature from ours in Europe ', for there is no Inftance that ever any body was hurt by them. fhn of the The Plan of the Town is anfwerable enough to the Ad- Town. vantages of Nature; the Streets are all exactly (trait in a Line from one End to the other, like Santiago, anfwering to the four Cardinal Points of the Horizon, from Eaft to Weft, and from North to South* The Quarters or Squares they form, are alfo of the fame Dimeniions, with each a Rivulet running through it ; but the fmall Number of In- habitants, the Foulnefs of the Streets which are not pav'd, the Meannefs of the Houfes made of Mud Walls, and Thatch'd, the South -Sea. • 153 Thatch'd, make it look but like a Plain, and the Streets like the Walks in Gardens,- and in fliort, they are fet round with Fig, Orange, Olive, Palm-Trees, &c. which afford them an agreeable Shade. The moft considerable Part of it is taken up by two church «,&c T Squares and fix Monafteries of "Dominicans , Auguftins, Francifcans, Mercenarians and Jefuites, without reckoning the Parifti and the Chappel of S* Agnes. Formerly there was a Church ofS.Lticy^on an Eminence of the fame Name,which runs out in a Point to the Middle of the Town : It is of the fame Height as the firft Terrafs, and commands all the Town by reafon of the Lownefs of the Houfes, which have only a Ground Floor. From thence, as it were from an Amphitheatre, appears a curious Landskip, form'd by the Town, the Plain which reaches down to the Sea, the Bay and its Mouth. All the Quarter of S. Lucy was formerly inhabited ; but (ince the Englifo and other Pyrates plunderd and burnt the Town,. it has not been rebuilt, any more than the South Part : This has happened twice within forty Years. The Difcovery of the Mines of Copiapo, and the Vexati- Copiapo ons of the Corregidores, or Chief Magiftrates, daily contri- Mines. hute towards unpeopling of it •> tho' thofe Mines are near a hundred Leagues from Coquimbb by Land, feveral Fami- lies are gone thither to fettle ; fo that at prefent there are not above two hundred Families, and at moft,three hundred inhabitants, Men fit to bear Arms, not including the Neighbourhood, In thofe few Houfes, there are fome of the' Fair Sex of a pleafant and obliging Converfation, which adds very much to the other Delights of the agreeable Place and Climate. The Fertility of the Soil keeps .abundance of People in Produtl and~, the Country, in the Vales ot"Elques, Sotaquy, Salfipued^ Tra ^ e - Andacol, Limari y &c. whence they bring Corn to load four or five Ships, of about 400 Tuns Burden, to fend to Li- ma. They alfo fupply Santiago with much Wine and Oil, reckon'd the beft along the Coaft : Thefe Provifions, toge- ther with fome few Hides, Tallow, and dry'd Flefii, are all the 134' « 2); conti&it en qrcvid la parh.el.2. aivpiatt qetierat^mA KA1XE xfatuee ol La, Cote. ffZJUf R.4DE DE ARICA JaluK aUCouAu Seivu par lS^pAe la ^lustralt WVllLye At JK/hIMM Ad i "^ Japa-' J*-" Viulte As xAjrtc «s£& .'<'.-'- l->) lela Vili le AR\CA\ am conti&it en ara/idla parhel,% An plan qetiera Y> Xa place. 1^^ T^ % " " C -& ^W . ^k \ ^ ^ " - ^w. „ \ ^ G maqazuvi Ae ljuane i a, ■ H prtJ7<£ a LltaetJhta ^g cA^ffCcA S< M,A,f\ 1 9 1 % --- %*&*, "Piu the Englifo Man's Port, becaufe a Pyrate of that Nation was the firft that anchor'd. there. We rode ir* 3.6 Fathom Water, the Bottom Sand and Shells, N. E. and by N. of the Head otCopiapo^ and S. and by E. of the Star- board Point of Caldera^ the neareft. I went the next Day to found in that. Creek, and found a Rocky Bottom to-* wards the Head, and much Water ; and, on the contrary, a. Sandy Bottom, andlefs Water on the North-fide. Defer iption of tfa Port de la Caldera: n UE SD A T the 1 3 th we faiFd-for the Port de la Caldera; -*• which is parted from the former by a Point of Land, before which there is a Rock, which we coafted ■ within Pillol-Shot, and fo held on along, the Starboard Shore, which is very clear, in order to gain upon the Wind, and get into the Anchoring Place, without being obliged to make feveral Trips. In Conclufion, we came to an An- Amhoring. chor without [hifting our Sails, in* 10 Fathom Water S. E. and by E. of the mod advanced Land on the Starboard Side,the low North Point bearing N. and by E.three Leagues diftant.. There we unladed a little Corn for the Town of Copiapo, and. laded Sulphur,, which we found upon the Shore, where it had been laid againft our coming. This Port is fecured againft the South Wind ,- but in Winter, tho' the North Winds are no longer violent in that Latitude, the Sea runs high.. It is the neareft to Co- plapo^ but little frequented, becaufe it affords no Conve- Wodmg, niency : Wood is very fcarce there, andthey^muft go five aterng, c. ^ ^ Leagues up the Vale, thro' which the River runs, to get it. . The.Water.ing- Place is bad ; it is taken in a Hollow 50 Paces from the Edge of the Road, where a little, brackifii Water meets : There is no Dwelling about it± but only a Fifher- the South -Sea. 141 a-. FHRerman's Cottage , at the Bottom of the N. E. Creek,. The Town is 14 Leagues diftant Eaftward, the fkorteft Way by the Mountains, and 20 Leagues the com- mon Road, which keeps the Courfe of the River 4 rhe Mouth whereof is five Leagues to the Southward of La Caldera, as has been faid. All the Shore of La Caldera is cover' d with Shells, especially that Sort they call Locos * >• fo that Dampier is in * See PUtt the wrong to fay, that there is no Shell-Filh all along that £ X * . eoaft. tT 1 Copiapols an open Town, the Houfes whereof do not Account of ftand in any Order, but fcattering up and down. ^{^ the Borough Gold Mines that have been difcover'd there wkhin fix Years ^ Co P ia P°- paft, have drawn fome few People thither j fo that at pre- - lent there may be above 900 Souls. This Increafe of the Number of Spaniards has occafion'd an Order for dividing the Lands, by which they take from the poor Indians not only their Lands, but their Horfes alfcv, which the Gorre- gidor, or chief Magiilrate, fells : to the new Comers for the King's-, or rather for his Officers Advantage, under Co- lour of making more eafy the Settlements of thofe who- improve the Mines. There are Mines directly above the Gold Mints Town, and others at two or three Leagues Diftance, whence $ £°W?v> they bring the Ore on Mules to the Mills, which are within the Town. In- the Year 1 7 1 3 , there were fix of thofe they cz\\ Trapkhes, and they were making a feventh of that Sort which they call Jngenio Real, the Royal Engine, with- Hammers, or Pounders, of which we Shall fpeak elfe- where, which can bruife or grind 12 times as much as the Trapiches, that is, fix Caxones, or Chefts, a Day, each Cheft there yielding 1 2 Ounces, more or lefs -, it muft yield two to pay the Goflr; the Ounce of Gold is there fold for 12 or 13 Pieces of Eight caft. Befides the Gold Mines, there are about Copiapo many *M**t of */i Mines of Iron, Brafs, Tin, and Lead, which they do SorlJ - not think fit to work : There is alfo much Load-ftone, and Lapis Lazuli, which the People of the Country do not, know^ 142, A Voyage to know to be of any Value j thefearc 1401* 15 Leagues from Copiapo, near a Place where there are many Lead Mines. In ihort, all the Country is there full of Mines of Sal Gemm, for which reafon fweet Water is there very fcarce : Salt* peter is no lefs plentiful, being found in the Vales an Inch thick on the Ground. On the high Mountains of the Chain call'd La Cordillera, 40 Leagues E. S. E. from the Port, there are Mines of the SfSphur. fineft Sulphur that can be feen : It is taken pure from a Vein ■two Foot wide, without needing to be cleans'd. It is worth three Pieces of Eight a Quintal, or hundredweight, at the Port, whence it is carry'd to Lima. At Copiapo they have alfo a little Trade of Stuff for pay- Rofln. ing of Ships, being a Sort of Rofin coming from a Shrub, the Leaf whereof is like Rofemaryj it proceeds from the Branches, and from the Berries, which they caft into large fquare Cakes two Foot long, and ten or twelve Inches thick : It is very dry, and only good to ufe inftead of Glazing, for the Earthen Jars iq which they keep Wine and Brandy ; it cofts five Pieces of Eight the Quintal, or hundred Weight, in the Port. In other refpe&s the Coun- .try is barren, fcarce yielding enough to fubfift the Inhabi- tants, who have their Proviiions from about Cootiimbo. Gaamcos In the Mountains of this Country there are abundance Beafis. ofGuanacd's, a Sort of Creature between a Camel and a Bcsjoar Stones. w ji^ Goat, in whofe Bodies the Bezoar Stones are founds formerly of fuch Value in Phyfick, that they were worth their Weight in Silver ; but now it has been found out that Crab's Eyes and other Alkalis can ferve inftead of them j they have loft much of their Value in France j however the Spaniards give great Rates for them ftilL Between Copiapo and Cootiimbo, which is 100 Leagues, there is no Town nor Village, but only three or four Farms ; and between Copiapo and Atacama in Peru, the Country is Great Defart. fo hideous and defart, that the Mules ftarve for want of Grafs and Water. In eighty Leagues Length there is but one River, which, runs from Sun-riling till it fets, perhaps becaufe the South -Sea. 145 becaufe that Planet melts the Snow, which freezes again at Night - 3 the Indians call it Anchallulac, that is, the Hy- pocrite. Tliofc are the dreadful Mountains which divide Chili and Peru, where the Cold is fometimes fo excellive, that Men are frozen up, their Faces looking as if they laugh' d ; whence, according to fome Hiftorians, the Name of Chili is derived, fignifying Cold ; tho' beyond thofe Mountains the Country is very temperate. We read fa theHiftory of the Conqueft o{ Chili, that fome of the firft Spaniards whopafs'd it died there, fitting upright on their Mules. A much better Way has been now found out along the Sea- Co ail. The Sulphur we were to lade being brought aboard, we Departure fet fail on Sunday the 18th of June for Arica- y but the/™» Copiar Calms and North Winds kept us within Sight of Land for po * fome Days : The Owner of the Ship and the Spanijh Captain being concern'd at that Delay, performed, with the Sailors, a nine Days Devotion to S. Francis Xaverius, from whom they expected a Miracle, which was not wrought at the appointed Time ,• they were fo enraged at it, that they loudly declared they would no more pray to the Saints, fince they did not vouchfafe to hear them. The Captain then addrefs'd himfelf to a little Image of the blelfed Vir- gin, which he hung at the Mizzen-Maft, and often faid to it, My dear Friend, I will not tale you down from hence, till you give us a fair Wind-, and if it happen'd that our Lady of Bethlem did not perform, he hung there our Lady of Mount Carmel^ of the Rofary, or of the Solitude, or AfHi- dion ; whence may be inferr'd after what Manner moll Spaniards honour Images, and what Confidence they re- pofe in them. At length a frelh Gale at S.S.E. carry'd us into the Latitude q ^ z Por ^ of 22 Degrees 25 Minute's, which is that of Cobija, the Port to the Town of Atacama, which is 40 Leagues up the Country. It is to be known by this Land-mark, that from Mono Moreno, or the Brown Head-land, which is ten Leagues to the Windward, the Mountain goes on rifing till it 144 A Voyage to it comes directly over the Creek where it is, and from thence it begins to lower a little j fo that the fame is the higheft Part of the Coaft, ttio" but little : This Mark is more certain than that of the white Spots feen there, be- caufe there are many all along that Coaft. ■Not fife Tho' we did not put in there, I will not omit inferting what I have been told by the Frmch who have anchored there : They fay it is only a little Creek, a third Part of a League in Depth, where there is little Shelter againft the South and S. W. Winds, which are the mod ufual on the Coaft. They who will go afhore, muft do it among Rocks, which form a fmall Channel towards the South, being the only one where Boats can come in without Danger. Cobija ni- The Village of Cdbi)a\ confifts of about fifty Houfes of %<•• Indian^ made of Sea Wolves, or Seal's Skins. The Soil being barren, they generally live upon Fiih, and fome lit- tle Indian Wheat and "topinambour^ or Pdpd/,brought them from Atacama in Exchange for Filh. In the Village, there is only one little Rivulet of Water, fomewhat brackiih, and all the Trees are four Palm, and two Fig-trees, which may ferve for a Land-mark to the Anchoring-place. There is no Grafs at all for Cattle, but they are obliged to fend their Sheep to a Break towards the Top of the Mountain, where they find fome Sprigs to fubfift on. This Port being deftitute of all Things, it has never been frequented by any but French ; who to draw the Merchants to them, have fought the neareft Places to the Mines, and the molt remote from the King's Officers, to facilitate the Trade, and the Tranfporting of Plate and Commodities. This Port is the neareft to Lipes, and toPotofijwhich is never- thelefs above a hundred Leagues diftant, through a Defart Rotdjrom Country; the Road whereof is thus: From Cobija they Cobija to muft travel the firft Day 2 2 Leagues without Wood or Potofi. Water, to come to the little River of Chacanza, the Water Chacanza whereof is very Salt. Rivtr. Next, they muft travel feven Leagues to find the like a- gain : In fhort, it is the fame River under a different Name. Thca the South Sea. i&~ Then nine Lcagxies to Caiama, a Village of ten or twelve Caiama Hi- Indians ; two Leagues ihort of it, they pafs through a "&' Wood of Algarro-vos, or Carobs, being a Kind of Tama- rinds. From Caiama to Chionchiou, or the Lower Atacama, fix chiouduou Leagues j being a Village Of eight or ten Indians^ 17 Leagues village. South from the Upper Atacama x where the Corregiddr, or chief Magistrate, of Cobija reiides. From Chiouchioii to Lipes is about fixty Leagues, which Deftrt Road. are traveled in feven or eight Days, without meeting any Dwelling; and there is a Mountain of twelve Leagues, without Wood or Water, to be pafs'd. Lipes is a Place of Mines, as the Spaniards call it AJJi- Lipes Mines. ento,t\\it is Settlement, which have for many Years yielded much Silver j without reckoning the Settlements of other letter Mines in the Neighbourhood, as Efcaia, Aqxegua, and S. Chrifiopher, where there are fix. Lipes is divided into two Parts, at leaft half a Quarter of a League diftantfrom each other ; the one call'd Lipes, and the other Guaico. Q m \ CG Inthefe two Places, including the People that work at the Mixes. Bottom of the Hill where the Mines are, there may be a- bout 800 Perfons of all Sorts. That Hill is in the midft between Guaico and Lipes, all full of Mouths of Mines ; •one of which is fo deep, that they came to the Bottom of the Rock, under which there was Sand and Water, which they call'd the Antipodes. From Lipes to Potofi is about feventy Leagues, which they travel in fix or feven Days, without meeting in all that Way above two or three Indian Cottages. Potofi is that Town, fo famous throughout all the World Potofi Town for the immenfe Wealth formerly drawn from thence, and and Mims > (till taken out of the Mountain, at the Bottom of which it {lands : There are reckon'd to be above 60000 Indians and 1 0000 Spaniards, or Whites; the King obliges the Neighbouring Parrfhes to fend thither a certain Number of Indians yearly, to work at the Mines, which is call'd Mita, The Corregidores, or ' chief Magiftrates, cauiethem U to 146 A Voyage to Conceited Re- mark. Pavellon Ifland. Lions of Pe- ru. Carapucho Head-land. Iquique Jfland. to fet out on the Feaft of Corpus Chrifti. Moft of them take their Wives and Children with them, who are feen to go to that Servitude with Tears in their Eyes, and with Re- pugnance ; however, after the Year's Duty, there are ma- ny who forget their Habitations, and continue fettled at Potofi, which is- the Occafion of that Place's being fo popu- lous. The Mines are much decreas'd of their Value, and the Mint does not coin one Quarter of what it did formerly : There were once 120 Mills, at this time there are only 40 ; and for the moll part, there is not Employment for half of them. That Place is faid to be fo cold, that formerly the Spa- nijh Women could not lie-in there, but were obliged to go twenty or thirty Leagues from thence, to avoid be- ing expofed to the Danger of Dying with their Infants , but now fome lie-in there. That Effect of their Tender- nefs was look'd upon as a Punifhment from Heaven, becaufe the Indian Women are not fubjeft to that Inconveniency : The other Particulars of that Town are to be found in feveral Relations. Having pafs'd Cobija, we were becalm'd in 21 Degrees Latitude, near the little Ifland call'd Pavellon, becaufe it looks like a Tent $ the upper Half black, and the lower white. Behind that Ifland, on the Continent, is a little Creek for Boats :■. On that Coaft there are Beads, which the Inhabitants call Lions, tho' much differing from thofe of Africa. I have feen their Skins fturPd full of Straw, the. Head whereof fomewhat refembles a Wolf and a Tiger, but the Tail is lefs than that of either of them. Thefe Creatures are not to be fear'd, for they fly from Men, and do Harm only among the Cattle. We continued two Days becaWd, near the Ifland Pavellon, without being fenfible of any Current. Some fmall Gales fet us forward to the Land's Head call'd Carapucho, at the Foot whereof is the Ifland of Iqui* que> in a Creek where there is Anchorage^ but no Water.,- the the South- Sea. 147 the Indians who live on the Continent are obliged to go and fetch it ten Leagues from thence, at the Break o£Piffagua y with a Boat they have for that Purpofe j but as it fome- times happens, that the contrary Winds keep them back, they are then obliged to fetch it five Leagues by Land, at the Rivulet of Pica. The llland of Iquique is alfo inhabited by Indians and Guana, »hd Blacks, who are there employed to gather Guana, being a * w« yellowilh Earth thought to be the Dung of Birds, becaufe besides that it ftinks like that of the Cormorants, there have been Feathers of Birds found very deep in it : However ic is bard to conceive, how fo great a Quantity of it could be gather'd there ; for during the Space of a hundred Years paft, they have laden ten or twelve Ships every Year with it, to manure the Land, as fhall be obfcrv'd lower ; and it is fcarce perceivable that the Height of thelfland is aba- ted, tho' it is not above three Quarters of a League in Compafs 9 and that befides what is carry'd away by Sea, they load abundance of Mules with it for the Vines and plow'd Lands o£Tarapaca, Pica, and other Neighbouring Places j which makes fome believe,that it is a peculiar Sort ©f Earth : For my part, I am not of that Opinion ; for it is. true, the Sea Fowls are there fo very numerous, that it may be faid without romancing, that the Air is fometimes darken'd with them. In the Bay of Arica> infinite Multi- tudes of them are feen, rendezvoufing every Morning a- bout ten o* Clock, and every Evening about fix, to take the Fifli which at that time comes up' to the Surface of the Water, where they make a Sort of regular Fifhery. In the Year 171 3, Silver Mines were difcover'd twelve New Mines* Leagues from Iquique, which they defign'd to work out of hand; it is hoped they will be rich, according to all Ap- pearance. j From Iquique to Arica, the Coaft is all the Way very Coa p ani high and clear, Ships muft run clofe along it, for fearc«rr«w. left the Currents, which in Summer fet N. and N. W. Ihould drive them out to Sea. However, it is alfo true, U a that 14S - A Voyage to that in Winter they fometimes fet to the Southward, as we and fcveral others have found by Experience. Camarones Ne'xt to the Break of PiJJagua is that of Camaronet, *nd Vitor which is larger ; and four Leagues to the Windward of Arica, is that of Vitor , where there is Wood and frefti Water :• It is the only Place where the Ships anchoring at Arica can be fupply'd with them. AUrh to When come within about a League of the Break of Ca- few Arica. jnarones, the Head-land of Arica begins to appear, which looks like an Ifland, becaufe it is much lower than the Coaft towards the Windward j but when come within three or four Leagues of it, then it is known by a little low Ifland that is before it like a Rock, and by itsSteep- nefs, wherein none can be miftaken, becaufe beyond it is a low Coaft. It is in 18 Degrees 20 Minutes of South La- tude. Arica Head- This Head-land on the Weft Side is all white with the ^ n(i - Dung of the Sea Fowls call'd Cormorant^ who there gather in fuch Numbers, that it is quite cover'd with them : This is the moft remarkable Place of all the Coaft. When the Weather is fair, there may be feen up the Land the Moun- tain of Tacora, which feems to rife up to the Clouds, forming two Heads at the Top j near which is the Way that leads to La Paz, The Air there is fo different from what is breath' d before, that thofe who are not ufed to pafs it, fuffer the fame Dizzinefs in their Heads, and Qualms in their Stomachs, that People do ufually at Sea. Defer ipt ion of the Road of Arica. PlateXXl "CNtering the Road of Arica, Ships may coaft the Ifland *-* of Guano, which is at the Foot of the Head-land within a Cable's length, and go and anchor N. and by E. of that I- fland, and N. W. from the Steeple of San Juan de D/0/, di- Jnchrage. ftinguiihable by its Height, from all the Buildings in the Town : There is nine Fathom Water,the Bottom tough Ow- ze, little out of Danger from the Rocks under Water, which in the South- Sea. 149 in feveral Places of the Road cut the Cables : There is no Shelter from the South and S.W. But the Ifland Guano fomething breaks the Swelling of the Sea. As it is advantageous on that Account, it is offenfive for theStench of Birds Dung that covers it, and the more, be- caufe it lies directly to the Windward of the Ships ,• it is even thought, that it makes the Port unwholfome in Summer ; but it feemstobe more likely, that the Diftempers of that Seafon are the Effect of the great Heats which the Winds cannot temper,- becaufe the Courfe of the Air is ftopp'd by the North Coaft, which forms a Gut of Sand and Rocks continually burning. However, the Water Ships take in is good enough, tho' Odd Water* it be had after an odd Manner. When the Tide ebbs, *"&• they dig about half a Foot deep in the Sand on the Shore, from whence it falls off, and from thofe fo mallow Cavi- ties they take good frefh Water, which keeps well at Sea. The Shore being full of great Stones, having little Wa-^"<% p ^ ter, and always rough, the Boats cannot come to fet any e "' thing afliore, but only in three little Creeks, or Guts, the beft of which is that at the Foot of the Headland. To en- ter it, they muft pafs between two Rocks , and coaft along that on the Starboard Side, among Stones : It is bare at low Water, and may be perceiv'd at high : When Boats have pafs'd it, they turn fhort to the Larboard Side, fleer- ing directly to the firft Houfes ; and thus they enter the great Creek, the Bottom whereof is almoft upon a Level, and there is fo little Water at low Ebb, that Canoes are not afloat, and Boats laden touch at high Water >• fo that, to prevent their being ftaved, they are obliged to ftrengthen the Keel with Iron Bars. To obflruct the Landing o A Enemies in that Place, the Fonificmmi. Spaniards had made Entrenchments of unburnt Bricks, and a Battery in the Form of a little Fort, which flanks the three Creeks ; but it is built after a wretched Manner, and is now quite falling to Ruin : So that the faid Village deferves nothing lefs than the Name of a ftrong Place given k by i'?o A Voyage to DampierV by Dumpier, becaufe he was repuls'd there in the Year JMlfe Account. l68o# The ^ ng ujj being convinced of the Difficulty of landing before the Town, landed at the Creek o£Chacota y which is to the Southward of the Head-land, whence they^ march' d over the Mountain to plunder Arica. Arica T they lie down till it is ta- ken off, to go and graze : Their common Food is a Sort of Grafs, fomewhat like the fmall Rufh, bating that it is a lit- tle finer, and has a fharp Point at the end ; it is call'd Tcho : All the Mountains are cover'd with nothing elfe ; they eat little, and never drink, fo that they are Creatures eafily kept. Tho' they have Cloven Feet like Sheep, yet they make ufe of them in the Mines to carry the Ore to the Mill i as foon as loaded, they go without any Guide to the Place where they areufed to be unloaded. Above the Foot they have a Spur, which makes them fure-footed among the Rocks, becaufe they make ufe of it to hold, or hook by. Their Wool has a ftrong Scent, and even difagreeable ; it is long, white, gray and ruffet in Spots, and very fine, tho' much inferiour to that of the VicunncCs. The VicunncCs arc fliaped much like the Llatnas, bating Viamnas that they are fmaller, and lighter : Their Wool being ex- how uhn m traordinary fine and much valu'd ; they are fometimes hunted after fuch a manner as deferves to be related. Ma- ny Indians get together to drive them into fome narrow Pafs, where they have made Cords faftacrofs, three or four Foot from the Ground, with Bits of Wool and Cloth hang- ing at them. The VicunncCs coming to pafs, are fo frighted X at 1^4 ^ Voyage to at the Motion of thofe Bits of Wood and Cloth, thatf* they dare not go any farther j fo that they prefs together in a Throng, and then the Indians kill them with Stones made faft at the End of Leather-Thongs. If any Guanacos happen to be with them, they leap over the Cords, and (Suanaco's. then all the VicimncCs follow them : The Guanacos are lar- ger and more corpulent ; they are alfo call'd Vifcacha\r, Alpaques There is another Sort of Black Creatures like the Llamas f ftfeftil &ea- caii'd Alpaques, whofe Wool is extraordinary fine, but their Legs are fhorter, and their Snout contracted, fo that it has Tome Refemblance of a human Countenance. The Indians make feveral ufes of thofe Creatures j they make them carry a Burden of about a hundred Weight ; their Wool ferves to make Stuffs, Cords and Sacks ; their Bones are ufed to make Weavers Utenfils j andlaftly, their Dung ferves. to make Fire to drefs-Meat, and to warm them,, BrTHtr Trade Before the laft Wars, the Armadilla, or little Fleet, com-* o/Arica. pofed of fome Ships of the King's and of private Perfons, reforted every Year to Arica, to bring thither the European- Commodities and Quick-filver for the Mines of la Paz, Oruro, la Plat a, or Chuquizaca^Potoft, and Lipes rand then carry'd to Lima the King's Plate,being the Fifth of what.Me- tal is drawn from the Mines -, but fince no more Galeons come to Portobelo, and the French have carry' d on the Trade 3 . that Port has been the. mod confiderable Mart of all the Coaft, to which the Merchants of the five Towns above r being the richeft in Mines, refort. It is true, that the Port oiCobija is nearer to Lipes and- Potofi, thzn Arica; but be- ing fo defart and barren, that there is nothing to be had for Men or Mules to fubfift, they choofe rather to go fome Leagues farther, and, be fure to find what they want j befides that it is not .a very difficult Matter for them to> bring their Plate thither privately in the Mafs, and to com- pound with the Corregidores, or chief Magistrates, to favc paying.tbe Fifth to the King,.. The. the South -Sea. 19^ The Manner of taking the Silver out of the Mines : O R, The Management of the Ore to reduce it into Majfes. TH O S E the Spaniards call Pinnas, are porous and light Mattes of Silver, made of dry'd Amalgama, or Pafte, "before form'd by the Mixture of Quick-filver, and theDuft of Silver taken out of the Mines, as I am going to relate. After having broken the Stone taken out of the Vein of Ore, they grind it in thofe Mills with Grind-ftones above- mention' d, or in the Ingenios Reales, or Royal Engines, R V£ which confift of Hammers or Pounders, like the French Plaifter-Mills. They have generally a Wheel of about 25 or 30 Foot Diameter, whofe long Axle-tree is fet with fmooth Triangles, which, as they turn, hook or lay hold of the Handles of the Iron Hammers, and lift them up to a certain Height, from whence they drop at once at every Turn, and they generally weighing about 2 00 Weight, fall fo violently, that they crulri and reduce the harden Stone to Powder, by their Weight alone. They after- wards-fift that Powder through Iron, or Copper Sieves,, to take awav the fineft, and return the reft to the Mill. When the Ore happens to be mix'd with iorne Metals, which ob- ftruft its falling to Powder, as Copper, they then calcine it in an Oven, and pound it over again. At the little Mines, where they ufe none but Mills with Wetting th> Grind-ftones, they, for the moft part, grind the Ore with 0re - Water, which makes a liquid Mud, that runs into a Re- ceiver ; whereas, when it is ground dry, it muft be after- wards fteep'd, and well moulded together with the Feet for a long Time. To this Purpofe, they make a Court, or Floor, where Moulding they difpofe that Mud in fquare Parcels, about a Foot thick, ^^*~ jeach of them containing half zCaxon, or Cheft, that is 25 X 2 Quintals, 196 A Voyage to Quintals, or Hundred Weight of Ore ,• and thefe they call Cuerpor, that is, Bodies. On each of them they throw a- bout two hundred Weight of Sea, or common Salt, more or lefs, according to the Nature of the Ore, which they mould and incorporate with the Earth for two or three Days. Then they add to it a certain Quantity of Quick- filver, fqueezing a Purfe made of a Skin into which they put it, to make it fall in Drops, with which they fprinkle the Body or Mafs equally. According to the Nature and Quality of the Ore, they allow to each Mafs ten, fifteen, or twenty Pounds ; for the richer it is y the more Mercury it requires to draw to kthe Silver it contains ; fo that they know not the Quantity but by long Experience. An In- dian is employed to mould oneofthofe fquare Parcels eight times a day, to the end that the Mercury may incorporate with the Silver ; to that effect they often mix Lime with it, when the Ore happens to be greafy, where Caution is to be ufed ; for they fay it fometimes grows fo hot, that they neither find Mercury nor Silver in it, which feems in- credible. Sometimes they alfo drew among it fome Lead, or Tin Ore, to facilitate the Operation of the Mercury, which is flower in very cold Weather than when it is tem- perate; for which Reafon, at Potofi and Lipe^ they are of- ten obliged to mould the Ore during a whole Month, or a Month and half ; but in more temperate Countries the Amalgama is made in eight or ten Days. Fire ufed in To facilitate the Operation of the Mercury, they in fome Jeme aces. p] aces ^ as at p mo anc j elfewhere, make their Buite- ro?is, or Floors on Arches, under which they keep Fires, to heat the Powder of the Ore for 24 Hours, on a Pavement of Bricks. Maying. When it is thought that the Mercury has attracted all the Silver, the Effayer takes a little Ore from each Parcel apart, which he wafhes in an Earthen Plate, or a Wooden Bowl, and by the Colour of the Mercury found at the Bottom of the Bowl, knows whether it has had its Effect > for when it is blackifli, the Ore is too much heated, and then they add more i the South -Sea. 1^7 more Salt, or fome other Drug : They fay that then the Mercury difpara, that is, {hoots, or flies away ; if the Mer- cury is white, they put a Drop under the Thumb, and preffing it haftily, the Silver there is among it, remains (licking to the Thumb, and the Mercury (lips away in lit- tle Drops. In Conclufion, when they perceive that all the Silver is gather'd, they carry the Ore to a Bafon into which a little Stream of Water runs, to wafti it, much in the fame WW»g of nature as I have faid they wafli the Gold, excepting that '** ^ this being only a Mud, without Stones, infteadof a Hook to ftir it, an Indian ftirs it with his Feet, to diffolve it. From the firft Bafon it falls into a fecond, where another Indian is, who ftirs it again, to diflolve it thoroughly, and loofen the Silver : From the fecond it partes into a third, where the fame is repeated, to the end that what has not funk to the Bottom of the firft and fecond may not efcape the third. When all has been waffi'd, and the Water runs z\tu, Separating of they find at the Bottom of the Bafons, which are lined with ^ e Mercury. Leather, the Mercury incorporated with the Silver, which they call La Fella. It is put into a Woolen Bag, hanging up for fome of the Quickfilver to drain through ; they bind, beat, and prefs it as much as they can, laying a Weight upon it with flat Pieces of Wood ; and when they have got out as much as they can, they put that Pafte into a Mould of Wooden Planks,- which, being bound together, gene- rally form the Figure of an O&ogon Pyramid cutfhort, the Bottom whereof is a Copper-plate,' full of little Holes. There they ftir, in order to faften it ; and when they defign to make many Pinna's, as they call them, that is Lumps of various Weights, they divide them with little Beds, or Layers of Earth, which hinder their coming together. To that end the Pella, or Mafs, muft be weigh'd, deducting two Thirds for the Mercury that is in it, and they know within a fmall Matter what neat Silver there is. They then take off the Mould, and place the Pinna, or Separating of Mafs, with its Copper Bafe on a Trevet, or fuch-like in- the Mrcurj. ftrument, 1^8 A Voyage to ftrttment, "Handing over a great Earthen Veflfel full of Water, and cover it with an Earthen Cap, or Covering, which they again cover with lighted Coals j which Fire they feed for fome Hours, that the Mafs may grow violent hot, and the Mercury that is in it evaporate in Smoak ; but that Smoak having no Paffage out, it circulates in the Hollow that is between the Mafs and the Cap, or Cover- ing, till coming down to the Water that is underneath, it condenfes and (inks to the Bottom, again converted into Quickfilver. Thus little of it is loft, and the fame ferves feveral Times j but the Quantity muft be increas'd, be- caufe it grows weak: However, they formerly confumed at Potofi 6 or 7000 Quintals,or Hundred Weight, of Quick- filver, every Year, as Acofla writes, by which a Judgment may be made of the Silver they got. Way of Heat- There being neither Wood nor Coals throughout the «£• greater Part of Pent, but only that Plant they call Tch§ y PUte XXIL b e f ore fpoken of; they heat the Maflfes by Means of an Oven placed near the Defazogadera, that is the Machine for drying the Silver and feparating the Mercury, and the Heat is convey 'd through a Pipe, which violently draws it, as may be feen in this Figure. cafiing ami When the Mercury is evaporated, there remains nothing faying the b ut a fpungey Lump of contiguous Grains of Silver, very "Q light, and almoft mouldring, which the Spaniards call La Pinna y and is a Contraband Commodity from the Mines, becaufe, by the Laws of the Kingdom, they are obliged to carry it to the King's Receipt, or to the Mint, to pay the Pifth to his Majefty. There thofe MaHes are call: into In- g° ts > Plate XXII. Page 1-5S. explain d in Englifli. A. Llamas, or Sheep of Peru. E. The Plan of the Infirnment to drat* B. Trapiche, or a Mill to grind Ore. off 'the Ouick- filver. C. Buiteron, or a Court to mould the F. The Profile of the fame. Ore. G. The Mafs of Silver. D. Bafvns to mfh it. H. ihe Furnace to fepartte the Quick- filver. i the South-Sea. l^p gots, on which the Arms of the Crown are flamp'd, ai 3fo thofe of the Place where they were caft, their Weight and Quality, with the Finenefs of the Silver, to anfwer the Meafure of all Things, according to an ancient Philo- fopher. It. is always certain, that the Ingots, which have paid the Fraud*- Fifth, have no Fraud in them ; but it is not fo- with the Pinnas, or Maffes not call : Thofe who make them, often convey into the Middle of them Iron, Sand, and other Things, to increafe the Weight ,• fo that in Prudence they ought to be open'd, and made red-hot at the Fire, for the more Certainty ; for if fallify'd, the Fire will either turn it black or yellow, or melt more eafily. - This Tryal is alfo ufeful to extract a Moifture they contract in Places where they are laid on purpofe to make them the heavier. In ihort, their Weight may be increas'd one Third, by dip- ping them in Water when they are red-hot; as- alfo to fepa~ rate the Mercury, with which the Bottom of the Mafs is always more impregnated than the Top : It alfo fometimes happens that the fame Mafs is of Silver of different Finenefs-. The Stones taken from the Mines, the Ore, or to fpeak (>*, in the Language of Peru, the Metal from which the Silver is extracted, is not always of the fame Nature, Confidence, or Colour; there is fome white and gray, mix'd with red or bluifh Spots, which is ca\Yd Plata blanca, white Silver ; the Mines of Lip es are mod of them of this forr. For the moft part there appear fome little Grains- of Sil- ver, and even very often fmall Branches extending along the Layers of the Stone. tv There are fome on the other hand, as black as the Drofs Qihtr $»** of Iron, in which the Silver does not appear, call'd Ne- grillo, that is blackifh ; fometimes it is black with Lead, for which Reafon it is call'd Plomo Ronco, that is, coarfe Lead, in which the Silver appears if fcratch'd with fome- thing that is harfli; and it is generally the richeft> and got with leaft Charge ; becaufe inftead of moulding it with CJuickfilver, it is melted in Furnaces, where the Lead 160 A Voyage to Lead evaporates by dint of Fire, and leaves the Silver pure and clean. From that fort of Mines the Indians drew their Silver ; becaufe having no ufe of Mercury, as the Europeans have, they only wrought thofe whofe Ore would melt, and baving but little Wood, they heated their Furnaces with the Tcho above-mention'd, and the Dung of the Lla- mas^ or Sheep, and other Beads, expofing them on the Mountains, that the Wind might keep trie Fire fierce. This is all the Secret the Hiftorians of Peru fpeak of, as of fomething wonderful. There is another fort of Ore like this, as black, and in which the Silver does not appear at alU on the contrary, if it be wetted and rubb'd againft Iron, it turns red, for which Reafon it is call'd Roficlcr^ fig- nifying the Ruddinefs of the Dawn of Day ; this is very Rich, and affords the fineft Silver. There is fome that glitters like Talk, or Ifinglafs j this is generally naught, and yields little Silver, the Name of it is Zoroche. The Paco, which is of a yellowilh Red, is very foft, and broken in Bits, but feldom rich > and the Mines of it are wrought only on account of the Eafinefs of getting the Ore. There is fome Green, not much harder than the laft, call'd CobriffO) or Copperifh, it is very rare j however, tho' the Silver generally appears in it, and it is almolt mouldring, it is the hardeft to be managed, that is, to have the Silver taken from it. Sometimes, after being ground, it muft be burnt in the Fire, and feveral other Methods ufed to feparate it, doubtlefs becaufe it is mix'd with Copper. Laftly, there is another fort of very rare Ore, which has been found atPotofi^ only in the Mine of Cotamifo ; being Threads of pure Silver, entangled or wound up together like burnt Lace, fo fine, that they call it Aranna, Spider, from its Refemblance to a Cobweb. \\%at Mines The Veins of Mines, of what fort foever they be, are Art rkhefi. generally richer in the Middle than towards the Edges; and when two Veins happen to crofs one another, the Place where they meet is always very rich. It is alio obferv'd, that thofe which lie North and South are richer than thofe which the South- Sea. l6l which lie any other way. Thofe which are near Places where Mills can be erected, and that are more commo- dioufly wrought, are often preferable to the richer that require more Expence ; which is the Reafon that at Lipes and Potofi, a Cheft of Ore rand yield 10 Marks, being 8 Ounces each Mark, of Silver, to pay the prime Charges ; , and at thofe of the Province of ^tarama 5 pay them. When they are rich, and fink downwards, they are fub- MwsfaoAcL ject to be flooded ; and then they muft have recourfe to Pumps and Machines, or clfe drain them by thofe. they call Socabones, being Paflages made in the fide of the Moun- tain for the Water to run out at, which often ruin the Owners by the exceilive Expence they infenfibly draw them into. There are other ways of feparating the Silver from the Other ways of Stone that confines it, and from the other Metals that are/ raaaAn ._ $ 61 let re ifciree Lcl telle clime iiene. JVln.ni i i' "ii pmi i "i iwnmt ine jmt' iMi,i|ii|i|i|ini'i the South Sea 1 73 Tafte, with a Mixture of that of a Hazle-Nut, eaten with Salt. The beft way of Eating it, is to pound it with Sugar and the Juice of a Lemon : That Fruit is very wholfome, and good for the Stomach j they fay it is a Provocative to Love. I faw a Tree call'd Pacay ^ whofe Leaves are like thofe Pk^xxiv, of the Walnut-tree, but of feveral Sizes. They are difpofed pacay Tuu by Pairs along the fame Side ; fo that they increafe as they remove farther from the Stem. Its BlofToms are almoft the fame as thofe of the Inga, mention'd by Fifon and Father Flumkr j but the Fruit is different. The Cod, whofe Fi- gure that Father has given us, isO˛ and that of the racay has only four Faces, or Sides, of which the two largeft are about 16, or 18 Parts of an Inch broad, and the fmall feven or eight : As for the Length, it is very uncer- tain j fome Cods are four Inches long, and others above a Foot. They arc divided within into feveral little Cells, s each containing a Grain like a flat Bean, inclofed in a white Subftance, all Filamens or Threads, which a Man would take for Cotton j but, in Reality, it is only a congeal'd Oil, which is eaten to refrem the Body> and leaves in the Mouth a little Tafte of Musk, very agreeable, which has fiven it the Name of Fois Sucrin, or Sugar-Pea, among the 'rench. In the fame Vale, there are alfo fome of thofe Trees that Caffia Fiftu- bear the CaJJia, which the Spaniards call Canna Fiflola. That Ia; Fruit fo famous in Phyfick for a gentle Purge, is a round Cod, 12 or 15 Inches long, growing on a great Tree; the Leaf whereof is like that of the fine Laurel. It is full of a yellowrih Subftance, which contains the Grains of the Seed, which grows black, and becomes vifcous as it ripens. In. Plate XXIV. Page 173. explain d in Englifh. The Pacay Plant, call'd by European Botanifts Inga of Peru t bearing a Square Cod. Sugar-Peat of Peru., 174 ^ Voyage to Sugar canej, In the fame Place where the Tree was, I alfo faw a and how Sugar Cane Garden : The Canes from which they prefs the Juice to extract that agreeable Salt, are fufficiently known by all Men, as is the Manner of making it$ but the Form of the Mill they ufe to bruize them, being in a Manner new to me, and the Knowledge of Machines belonging to my Profefiion, I thought fit to take the Pro- portions. This Mill is compofed of three Rollers of Brafs, the Middlemoft of which turns the two others, by means of the caft Nuts of the fame Piece, that hitch one within another. Thofe Rollers, which turn contrary Ways, pinch the Canes put between them, and draw them in at the fame time, crufhing them, fo that all the Juice runs out into a Trough, which conveys it into the Cauldrons. There it is three times boil'd, taking great Care to skim it, and to put Juice of Lemon and other Ingredients to it; and when it is fufficiently boil'd, they put it into Pots of a Conical Figure cut fhort, where it congeals into very brown Clods. To refine and whiten it, they only cover it with Earth tempered with Water, 4 or 5 Inches thick, and kept frefli by watering it every Day. That Moifture makes the fineft Juice run, which drops by Degrees, and the reft congeals into a white Loaf. They refine and whiten it in the fame manner in Brafil, with Clay fteep'd, the whiteftof which is thebeft; but they muft firftfcrape off a hard Film, that grows over the Pot, and would hinder the Water from penetrating through it. Laftly, the Refiners in France make it white and hard by the help of Lime and Alom. Other Pro- They alfo in the Vale ofHilo fow fome little Corn and dutt. Herbs, but much more Trefoil, whereof there is a great Confumption, when any Ships are in the Road, becaufe the Merchants, who come from feverai remote Parts, are forced to bring thither a great Number of Mules,"to change thofe that are ioaden, for fear left tiring in Defart Places they fliould die by the way, when they are not able to keep up with the others. They divide the Gangs of Mules, which ton the South -Sear. 17^ which they call Requas, into fevcral Piaras, or fmall Parcels of 10 Mules each, which are committed to the Care of two Men , and there being fometimes 30 or 40 Leagues to travel over high and fteep Mountains, without either Water or Pafture, the Mules carry'd to change and relieve the others, are fometimes double the Number of the Piaras, or fmall Parcels loaded; notwithstanding all this Precau- tion, fuch great Numbers of them die, that the Roads in Peru are not better known by the Tract of their Feet, r>y?™#, ( than by the Skeletons of thofe that tire out of the Vales, ofMala^ where they can have nothing to fubfift on, for there is fcarce ever any Grafs or Water ; for which Reafon they are obliged every Year to bring 80 or 1 00000 Mules froni Tucuman and Chi /, to make good that continual Lofs. However, notwithstanding the Trouble of traveling thro' M ort ' t0 Hi thofe defart Places, the Inhabitants are not afraid of a Journey of two or three hundred Leagues. The Merchants come to H/fo, from Cufco^Puno, Chucitito,Arequipa,&nd from Mdquegua, as to the neareft Sea- Port j and if there are no Ships zxArica, they alfo come from ha Paz, Oruro, La Plata, Potofi and Lipes ; fo that in fhort, this is the beft Port in all the Coaft for European Commodities. The City of Cufco is one of the chiefeft for the Con- Cufco G'ty* fumpt ion of thofe Commodities, next to Potofi; there are reckon'd in it above 30000 Communicants, whereof near three Quarters are Indians. Its Manufactures of Bays and Cotton Cloth y are fome fmall Prejudice to the Trade of Europe. They there alfo make all Sorts of Work in Lea- ther, as well for the" Ufe of Men, as for the Furniture of Horfes and Mules. That City is alfo famous for the vaft Number of Pictures the Indians there make, and wherewith they fill all the Kingdom, as wretched as they are. It is 130 Leagues from Hilo, in a cold Country, where the Wea- ther is fo uncertain, that they have all Sorts of it in one and the fame Day. Arequipa iQvcn. Moquegua Town. 176 A Voyage to Puno tqk». Puno is a little Town of about 150 Families, 70 Leagues from CufcOy and 76 from Hilo y on the fame Road : It is confiderable for the many Silver Mines there are about it. In the Year 171 3, they fupply'd three Grindftone-Mills, and three of thofe that pound with Hammers : The Climate is bad. Arequipais a Town containing about 600 Sfanijh Fami- lies, who trade in Wine and Brandy : It is only 24 Leagues from the Sea j but the Port of Quilca being little reforted to, becaufe it is bad, the Merchants repair to Hilo to drive on their Trade. The Town is feated at the Foot of a burn- ing Mountain, which does not fmoak now, but did for- merly vomit fuch great Quantities, that the Alhes were car- ried 30 Leagues about. Moquegua is a fmall Town of 150 Families, within the Dependences whereof there may be 4000 Men fit to bear Arms. They there drive a great Trade of Wine and Brandy, which is tranfported to La Puna, that is, to the Mountains. It is incredible, that in fo fmall a Territory as that is faid to be, they fhould make 1 00000 Jars, which amount to above 3200000 Paris Pints ; and at 20 Royals the Jar is worth 400000 Pieces of Eight, that is now 1600000 Livres French Money. A Nation of friendly free Indian; jCdAYd Chunco's, who inhabit the Eaft-fide of the Ridge of Mountains call'd La Cordillera, come every Year to trade at Moquegua for their own Country. In their Way through Potofi they fell Works made of Oftrich Feathers, as Umbrel- las, Fans to drive the Flies away, &c. They alfo carry the Fruit call'd Quinaquina, which is like an Almond, and of ufe in feveral Diftempers, and fome other Things of the Country j with the Silver they receive for them, they buy Wine and fome European Commodities fit for their Ufe. ... $ s Forty Leagues from Moquegua, and five from Cailloma, s .Anthony nave De ^n lately difcover'd the Mines of S. Anthony, which tkb. promife much Wealth, and the Silver of them is the fineft in Chunco's Indians. the South -Sea. 177 in Peru. In the Year 17 13, they were ere&ing Mills there, which will be ftill more advantageous to the Port of Hilo. Tho' the Neighbourhood of many Mines, by their Con- Incorwenim- currence, make that a good Mart, it is in other refpects bad ctii »/Hiio.' enough for the Convenienciesof Life. Water, as has been faid, is apt to fall fliort there, becaufe very much is con- fumed in watering the Vineyards of Moqitegua. Beeves are there fcarce, and their Fifh naught, except in Winter, be- caufe the Mifts which are then frequent refreih and moiften the Top of the Mountain, which caufes fome little Pafture to grow : In Ihort, other Provilionsfometimes fall fliort for the Inhabitants. There is fcarce any kind of Game, except a Sort of fmall Fallow Deer, found in the Breaks of the Mountains. There is no Want of Fifh in the Road ,• but the Sea runs fo high near the Shore, that there is no draw- ing of a Net any where. The Vale of H//0, in which there are not at prefent a- bove three or four Farms, formerly maintain'd an Indian Town, theRemains of which are ftill to be feen 2 Leagues from the Sea. The Houfes which were made of Canes, are there to be feen razed even with the Ground ; a difmal Ef- fect of the Ravages the Spaniards have made among the /»- dians. There are ftill more moving Marks of the Misfortune Tombs of of that poor Nation, near Arica, above the Church of Hi- Indians. b y and all along the Shore, as far as the Point of Coles, be- ing an infinite Number of Tombs, where they bury'd themfelves alive with their Families and Goods ,- which is the Reafon that when they happen to dig at this very Time, they find Bodies almoft entire with their Cloaths, and very often Gold and Silver Veffels. Thofe I have feen are dug in the Sand the depth of a Man, and inclofcd with a Wall of dry Stone : They are cover 1 d with Wattles of Canes, on which there is a Bed or Layer of Earth, and Sand laid over, to the end the Place where they were, might not be ob- ferv'd. A a Tho' 17S A Voyage to Tho r the Spaniards freely acknowledge the Cruelties they exercis'don'the Indians at the Time of the Conqueft\ there are fome who do not afcribe the Invention of thofe Tombs to the Dread of the Indians ; bin tell us, that they worfhipping the Sun, followed him in his Courfe, fancying they might draw nearer to him ,• and that at length being ftopp r d by the Sea,, which was their Boundary to the Weft- ward, they bury'd themfelves on the Shore that they might before they died have Sight of him till the Moment when he feems to hide himfelf in the Water. The Cuftom of the great Men, who when dying, ordered themfelves ro be carry'd to the Brink of the Sea, is a Proof of this Opinion ,- but the moft receiv'd Notion is, that they were in fuch a Fright, that they thought they muft all die, when they were inform'd that the Conquerors had not fpared even their King Atahualpa, who among them was look'd upon as the Offfpring of the Sun. To efcape out of the Hands of the Spaniards^ they fled as far as they could Weftward, but being ftopp'd by the Sea, they hid themfelves on the Edge of it, to implore Mercy of the Sun, whom they thought they had greatly offended, fince he brought upon them fuchi cruel and powerful Enemies, who alfcv faid they were de- scended from him. We are here to obferve, that there is much Difference: between thefe Voluntary Tombs, and thofe they ere&edt for Men of Note j the latter are above the Ground, built with unburnt Bricks and round, like little Pigeon rfoufes^ f or 6 Foot Diameter, and 12 or 14; in Height, .arch'-di like: the Top of an Oven, in which, the Dead were placed fitting and ; then they were wall'd-up. In traveling; through- the Country, there are ftill many to-be feens, even' of choifc Iks* fore the Conqueft by the Spaniards- the South -Sea. 17 p Removal to another Ship. THERE were two Trench Ships at Hilo, come from China fix Months before; one of them of 44 Guns, ■commanded by Monfieur De Ragueine MareiiiU a Sea Lieu- tenant, who had purchased Silks at Canton ; the other of 16 Guns, commanded by the Sieur du Bocage of Havre^ who had laden with the fame Commodities at Emoi. The firft of them was in a bad Condition, as having fuffcfd by Storms, and wanted to careen ; but becaufe the Port of Hilo is not proper for that Work, and that the Prohibition of the Trade of China is very fevere at Callao, which is the beft Harbour for careening, bethought fit to purchafe the $. Charles, and to lade it with his Goods, to the end he might be in a Condition to ftand the Search. That Pur- chafe made me take the Advantage of Monfieur dcRaguti- /^s-Courtefy, he giving me my Paflage for Callao. Departure from Hilo. ■ 01 N the 5th of September we fail'd from the Road of Hilo, in Company with a Spanifn Ship, which had defired to be -convoy'd by us, being appr.ehen(ive of the En* gliJJ) Privateer. We had the good Fortune of a frefh Gale at E. S. E. which in four Days carry'd its as far as Mono Quemado, or the burnt Head-land. -Before we reach'd that, we had fight of La Mefa de Donna Maria, or Donna Ma- rias Table, being a Mountain flat on the Top, like a Ta- ble, whence it has the Name. Eight Leagues to the Northward of it is the Ifland of hobos, or Wolves, being a League and half N. W. from Mono Quemado, or burnt Head-land ; it is indifferent high, about three Quarters of a League long, in the greats- eft Extent N. W. and S. E. Between this liland and the Head-land, there are flat and very low Rocks, which ftretch A a 2 out i8o A Voyage to out towards the Continent half way the Channel, leaving Bifftnnt a p a {f a g e through which many Ships have gone, miftaking inmiL cj lt f° r tnat between the Ifland of St. Gallan, and the Con- Mono Que- tinent of Paraca ; but it is eafy to know them afunder, raado fro™ becaufe in the latter there are no Low Rocks, as there are Pifco. flt t j ie p 0Qt Q £ t | iat Q ^ LqIq^ anc j a Sugar-Loaf Breaker. Be- fides, the Land of Paraca is of an equal Height, that of Mono quemado comes down in a Defcent on the North - fide to a little Creek, where there is Anchorage on the Starboard fide. In cafe a Ship happens to advance into that PafTage, Care is to be taken, that in coming out to the Northward of the Ifland of Lobos, there is a Shoal about the third Part of the Channel over from the Continent. I have alfo been told, by thofe who have gone into that Channel, through a Miftake, that to the Northward of the Ifland there is a fmooth flat Bank of Sand, which forms a Creek, where the Sea is fo ftill, that a Ship may anchor there in 8 Fathom Water, and even, if Occafion were, careen there in Safety. Being aflured by the Sight of the Ifland Lobar, of the Diftance we were at from that of S. Gallan, we lay by that Night ; and the next Day we pafs'd between that Ifland and the Continent of Paraca, coafting along it within a Quarter of a League, that is, within one third of the Chan- nel from the Land, for fear of a Shoal, which is within half a League S. S. E. from the Ifland. The Road of Pifco. Plate XXV. \ 71 7E failed along within the Length of two Cables of V V a ^ ct ^ e Creek, calFd Enfenada del Viejo, or the old Man's Bay, where fome French Ships have anchored, in to or 12 Fathom Water, to unlade their Goods privately. Being becalm'd, when we were within a Cable's Length of the North Point of that Creek, we found 15 Fathom Wa- ter, the Bottom Sand and Shells, and thence proceeded to anchor in the Bay of Paraca^ in 1 5 Fathom Water, the Bottom the South-Sea. 1 8 1 Bottom a fandy Qwze, N. W. from La Bodega; being fix or fevenHoufes, for the Conveniency of unlading of Ships, Anchorage At that choofeto anchor there, tho' two Leagues diftant from 1 ^ 1303, Pifco, rather than go up before the Town, becaufe the Sea runs fo high at the Shore, that it is almoft impoflible to land there in the Day-time ; however, fometimes in the Morning it is pofifible to land there with a good Hawfer, or fmall Cable, and a good Anchor, but it is always with much Trouble and Danger. The Ships that anchor be- fore the Town, wood and water half a League farther to the Northward, in the Hollow., through which the River of Pifco runs, and thofe that anchor at Paraca y do it on the Strand, half a League to the S. E. of the Houfes, as is done at Arica. The Road of Pifco is large enough to contain a whole Pifco Road.: Navy Royal. It is open to the Northward, whence no dangerous Wind blows in that Latitude, and Ships are fhelter'd from the ufual Winds, which blow from S. S. W. to S. E. If they would careen, they may go up to the Bottom of the 3ay oiParaca, where there is no rough Sea, and Plate XXV. Page 181. explain d wEnglifti. The Plan of the Road of P I SCO, on the Coaft of Peru, in 13 Degrees 40 Minutes of South Latitude. Icy on fait le bois & 1'eau, Here Ships wood and water. Ruines de lancienne Pifco, The Ruins of the ancient Pifco. Ida Blanca, white Ifland. Nord de l'aimant, The North Point of the Compafs. Nord du monde, The true North Point. Enfenada del Vie jo, The old Mans Bay. Echelle d'une Keue marine de 2853 Toifes, A Scale of a Sea League^ tontaining 2853 Fathoms. Une Lielie, A League. In the Compariiment. The Plan of the Town of P 1 S CO. A. The Parifh Church. D. The Hofpital of S. John of God. B. The jefuites. E. The Magdalen, a Chappel of the C. & Francis. Indians. P. The Square* R The Plaj-Houfe, iSi A Voyage to and there is Anchorage every where, from 5 to n Fa- thom Water. On the Weft-fide there are fevcral little Iflands, all of them clear, and between which Ships may pafs without Fear, but generally it is more convenient to pafs within that of St. Gallan^ and to coaft along the Con- tinent ofPai'aca, to gain upon the Wind< Then they come up to anchor towards the Houfes, in 4 or 5 Fa: xm Wa- ter. Among thofe little Iflands there is one cut quite through in two Places, fo that it looks like a Bridge from the Anchoring- Place. From the Houfes of Paraca to the Town, the Diftancc is two Leagues, alia fandy barren .Plain. The Description of the Town of Pifco. THIS Town, which was formerly on the Edge of the Sea, is now a quarter of a League from it. That Removal was made on the 19th of October 1682, by fo violent an Earthquake, that the Sea drew back half a League, and then returnM with fuch Fury, that it over- flowed almoft as much Land beyond its Bounds j fo that it deftroy'd the Town of Pifco, the Ruins whereof are (till to l>e Teen, extending from the Shore to the New Town. Several Curious Perfons having follow' d the Sea, as it withdrew, were fwallow'd up by it, at its Return. Since that- Time the Town has been built on the Place which the Overflowing did not reach. 'Piate XXV * c * s ducted mt0 regular Quarters, as may be feen in churches end, the Plan I here prefent. The Parifh Church of S.Clement Hojpjul. is in the middle of the Town, in a Square as large as one of the Quarters. Behind this Church is that of the Jefuitcs ; to die Eaftward that of S. Francis, fmall but very neat. On the North-fide is the Hofpital of S. John of God, and on the South-{ide is the Magdalen, a Chappel belonging to the Indians, before which is a little Square. Inhabitants The whole Town confifts of 3 00 Families, mod of them *ndGovem> Meftizo's, Mulatto's and Blacks ; the Whites being the ^ enL fmallcft the South-Sea. 183 fmalleft Number. There is a Corregidor, or chief Magi- ftrate, and a Cabildo, or Council for the Adminiftration of Juftice, and very often a Judge to hinder the Commerce with the French, and the Fraud of the Maflfes of Silver, which they bring from the Mines. When tile French were not permitted to go to trade at Callao,. that was one of the beft Ports for Trade ; becaufe it is naturally the Mart for the Towns of lea, Guanca- 'velica, Guamanga and Andagaylas , and for all thofe that lie to the Northward of 'Lima. Ica is a Town three times as populous as Pifco - 3 they Ica Torfn: drive a Trade there of Glafs made with Saltpeter; it is green, foul, and ill wrought ; there is alfo ftore of Wine and Brandy. Guancavelica is a fmall Town of about roo Families-, Guancaveli- 60 Leagues from Pifco, rich and famous for the van; Quan- a 7mn ' tity of Quickfllver taken there from a Mine, which is 40 Varas y or Spanijh Yards in Front, and which alone fur- nifhes all the Gold and Silver Mills in that Kingdom, Quick filvtr Private Perfons work there at their own Expence, and are m*^. obliged to deliver, up to the King all they get y under Pain of Forfeiture of their Eftates, Banilhment, and perpetual Servitude at Baidivia. His Majefty pays a fet rare for the fame, which at prefent is 60 Pieces of Eight the Quintal^ or Hundred Weight, upon the Spot ;. and he fells it for 80,. at the remote Mines. When a fufficient Quantity lias been taken out, the King caufes the Mouth of the Mine to be ftopp'd up, and no Man can have any but what comes from his Stores. The Earth or Mineral, which contains the Quick-filver^. is of a whitifli Red, like ill-burnt Brick * they pound and put it into an Earthen Furnace, the Head or Top where- of is a Vault like the top of an Oven, a little Spheroid. They lay it on an Iron Grate cover'd with Earth 5 under which they keep a fmall Fire made of the Shrub they call IkhOy which is properer for that purpofe than, any other eombuftible Matter * for which Reafon. there is a Prohibi- / tion> 184 A Voyage to tion to cut it irt 20 Leagues round. The Heat paflfes to it through that Earth, and To fires the pounded Mineral, that the Quick-filver flies out Volatile in Smoak, but the Cap or Covering being clofe ftopp'd, it finds no way out, but only through a little Hole which leads to a Succeffion of Earthen Veffels, like Gourds, round and join'd by the Necks, one within another ,• there that Smoak circulates and condenfes by means of a little Water there is at the bottom of each Gourd, into which the Quick-filver falls condens'd, and in well form'd Liquor. It is lefs form'd in thefirft Gourds than the laft ; and becaufe they grow fo hot that they break, Care is taken to cool the Outlides of them with Water. Water that In that Town there is another thing peculiar, which is petrifies. a Spring, whofe Water petrifies fo ealiiy and fo quick, that moft of the Houfes in the Town are built with it. I faw fome Stones at Uma y which they had carry'd thither, and they are white, with a yellowiiri Caft, light and hard enough. Guamanga Guamanga is a Bilhop's See, 80 Leagues from Pifco, cit y- faid to contain about 10000 Communicants. It's principal Trade confifts in Leather, and Boxes of Confectionary, Paftes, Marmelade, Jellies, preferv'd Quinces, and others the moft valuable in the Kingdom, where there is a consi- derable Confumption. They alfo there make Paviilions, or Field Beds, whereof there is a notable Manu^a&ure, as there is of feveral forts of printed and gilt Leather. The Town is feated at the Foot of a high Mountain, in a plain Country, very wholfomc, and fruitful of ail forts of Provisions. Avancay and I do not here take Notice of the Boroughs of A'vancay Andaguai- anc j Andegiiailas, which are fmall Places of 60 or 80 Fa- milies each; however, tho' they are not remarkable for the Number of Inhabitants, they are fo for the great Quan- tity of Sugar made there, which is the beft in all Pern. Apurima Near to Andagtiaihs is the famous Bridge of Apurima, Bri/J? which has been reprefented to me as a wonderful Thing. ** - They pUnJu xxvur. >■;■" • It Pla DE LA VILEDE LIMA Capitdie duPerou Scitiiec Pa£ 12 V *2B-dt LatiAuJt>-ale 2 a.2 lieucf duPortde Caiao I Fres.ier1.7tj- T ^1 s-„\\» ' s t bCasa iff divorcio C CaJadrmuvrierpeb A SJldtphontW r Jinp de S .leerdate/ I Cat deDenzetfet QP.ttelJetaCemp. h S Pedro de II. ,„/, Ir j I Can' rttSaserJeUr VLBt'drL, 11 r . i J "'./,//; TeritiM .1- \ " "'.■ A...,-., ■ tiS-'PheUpt tt R„d 1 College Vih, ■Ik K Dei A l,aP lace Roy alt B Palats du ! leervy C stucUarut P oy ale D lEvtcfu E Pont de pie rre F Place detlrujutsition (". tlmjutsiixanel /m'ltjpelU 11 i Iftttverstte el saChapette l laMonoye K LxCetrrtictrtA ouBoucfuru L BaratUlc tJfnChapttUMarclu* POH T£!S M PcrteRoyale duCaiiaa N /■ l OeJuan Siman iljfjJitondjJIpa P Porte d*S-%itfuu-uu P. ftw* duUt-etida S P-V*.? "flair* rtrfti'/j Chuxlos oufaurses ■< £bU3 I % KKXVOIS^ DJEJ" EgJifcs •/ Chapcllei ( t/*C-l THE DIM IZ * 2 SJ)omtniatu j S 'slug us tin + s"RczetaV«un e $S Esprit hopiiatdth— --. 6 S'Sl&as-tizn ParrwuA iJV.DameduUuTti ' r .\'D de Mcnt, '< ■ -ratRmid ^2 £ a/ DeJIatsas S-S-Chrtjlo de/VaXdrm \ 33~S"CUiirc n p J'AIARC EL Parreuit ia# Chapetbdeufyoniiaw lesusMariafyu v, 7 Tyy L.asTrinittii 'istt rjb S Pierre *3? S'rlose de I'iterb e ELparada WOparrou. u-sPethb-mUsj- 4.tt£s Incurable ST+ ' '- ' SI if ia.llrr.y r?X I: .1, Berlin t4.Nl> JtCuadalA '. kuX'MWtA i"Tlurett j, lUipital •> '/■•■ ■"'"■'"■•'• 44.S.Franceis to la I imitt j;L.. r J.:.-.,m r . "■•■'■■■ " f'». "■'>"■ ',,' j ,61v:s°dtlasUv,av t 3 SP.-"" ■'■''■" ^ -.V J r JtlSacorpM uusme / tfS'LAZAKE Pa- "».' -J ' J ' f„/.^ vlalieheisL- JHtJ, T' !B Paid %?- h A S-R osa beataJ bCasa de divorcio C Cos a. dp in uperes.p o b . d SJldtyjh one to e Hrsp. de S acer dotes £ Col dcDonze/tes QPecoldela Camp. h S Pedro de Alcantara 1 Con ■ deSacerdoies KSl "delaMerc 1 S'delB'Toribic toJV- S. Cocharcas M SFhelipe etReal o College TChapeUe -f-o WksA XAg- gS. Esprit hopitaldesinarin, 6- S'SeBA STIEN Parr a use iND arne duCanii 7. NDde Montse rratBeiud J J2L asDeJlatsas 8-S-Chri/io de Nazareth S^Clcure q S- jMA RCEL Parro isse 04. Chape lie desAa oniza to.IesusAlaria.Capucinesi7i3 ii-LaAiercy tuS-Maydeleine ouLxRecolet ifMD.de Bethleetn i4.~lV.Dde Guada.lu.pa. l^.NoviciatdeJesuites 16. JVD.delos huer/anosHu t7. S "Therese 25-1^ as Ti'utiturias 36 SPierre *^7 Sfi ose de Filer v e 1% ' Elpurado J p. le CER CAD O parro L'se o. lesB ethlemites 4% lex Incurables 4Z.S*SAL.VAV OR Parro j/jfetS '■ S.'jean de D ieuhopital 42 IHopital 19. line amotion. 44. S Franco is zo. la-Trinite 4c~.J_.0s desamp arados it S ' M artin J e suites le suites 2Z. lesJe suites ou S .'Paul 4dA r S.delas Cave cos zj-S. K ose La neuve las 4 7 AT. S- del So coroM irusm es K ecojidas 48S'L.slZARE.Parroisse 24. la Conception 49L as Descalsos %£, S'PierreJVelasque go.Copacaucuia ' 26-S ■ Catherute 51.Chape.lle delaL am.e dazyS'B ojthelemy hopi ;i.Guiya desJVoirs ■^Aruwnne Chajoetle de 28 S ''Andre hop Ital S 'Franco is de Paule 29SANNE Paj-roisse ^Chapelle deSCristopMel,o- S . Thomas dAquin. Foiw, onuotnv Scul 1 the South- Sea. iS^ They fay, there is a Cleft or Opening in a Mountain, a- .hout 1 20 Fathoms in Length, and the Depth under it dreadful, which Nature has cut perpendicular down in the Rock, to make Way for a River; and whereas the Waters of that River run with fuch Violence, that they carry away very large Stones, there is no fording of it under 25 or 3 o Leagues from that Place. The Width and Djpth of that Breach, and the Neccffity of paffing that way, have occafion'd the Invention of a Bridge of Ropes, made of the Barks of Trees, being about 6 Foot broad, interwoven with crofs Pieces of Wood, on which they pafs over, even with loaded Mules, tho' not without Dread j for about the Middle of it is felt a Shaking, which may occafion the Head to fwim ; but in regard they muft go 6 or 7 Days Journey about, to take another Way, all the Provifions and Com- modities that circulate between Lima and Gufco, and the Upper Peru, pafles over that Bridge. Towards the keep- ing of it in Repair, they pay a Toll of four Royals for each Mule's Load, which brings an immenfe Sum in to the King, befides what it cofts in Repairs. The Trade for European Commodities is not the only Trade of Thing that brings Ships to Pifco ; they alfo refort thither ttfco. for their Stores of Wine and Brandy, which is there cheaper and more plentiful than in any ether Port ; becaufe befides what the Territory produces, it is brought thither, as I have faid before, from lea, from Chinca, which is fix Leagues North of 'Pifco, where the Temple of the Sun was, before die Conquefl by the Spaniard? ; and laftly it is brought from Lanajque, 20 Leagues diftant towards the S. E. being look'dupon as the bed Wines in Peru; butallthofe Wines are extraordinary ftrong, and not very wholfome; which is the Reafon why the Spaniard? fcarce drink any of them , the Sale being almoft entirely among the Blacks, the In- dian?, the Mulaltoes, and fuch-like People. Inftead of Wine, many Spaniard?, out of an extravagant Prejudice., drink Brandy. B b The \S6 A Voyage to Vineyards The Vineyards of the Country about Pifco, which can- *nd Win*. not conveniently be water' d by Trenches, are planted in fuch a Manner as not to need it, tho 1 it never rains there, Every Stock is in a Hole four or five Foot deep, where there is a general Moifture, which Nature has fpread through the Earth to fupply the Want of River and Rain - Water ,- for the Country is defart, and fo dry, that there are no Places habitable, but a few Plains and Vales, where that Relief is to be had ; befides, the Bottom is almoft pure Salt, whence proceeds that brackifh Tafte which is found in moft of the Wines of that Country Growth. Fruit. There are alfo about Pifco all Sorts of Fruit, Apples, Pears, Oranges, Lemons, Guayavas, Bananas, Dates, dxc. Many have fancy'd they have obferv'd, that when a Date Tree is alone, it produces no Fruit, unlefs it be near ano- ther, which is call'd the Female : But all Men do not a- gree in this Particular ; fome of the Inhabitants reprefented that Obfervation to me as a Miftake. There is a Sort of Cucumber which Father Feiiillee calls Melongena lauri folia fruftu turbinato variegato, the Inhabitants Pepo, or Pef>ino y that is Cucumber. It is very refrelhing, and has fome Tafte of a Melon, but fady. The Camotes^ or Patatas, are not fo good there as in Brafil, there are red, yellow, and white. Many Frmi. They have alio a Sort of Fruit there, which grows in a Cod that does not rife out of the Earth, in which are fome Grains, or Seeds, like round Lupins; which being toafted in the Oven in their Cod, have a pleafant Tafte like a toafted Hazle-nut. They eat Abundance of them, tho' they are very hot, and provoking to Love: It is in all like- lihood the Araquidna of fome Botanifts; the Inhabitants call it Many, The Plenty of Provifions the Country affords, together with a good Trade, makes the Inhabitants eafy,- fo that they often divert themfelves with publick Shows, fuch as Bull-Feafts, Plays, and Mafquerades. I was the South -Sea. 187 I was there, at the time when the Jvtulattoes kept a Fe- &*fi *J*b g ftival in Honour of Our Lady of Mount Car m el : Thofo Sca P u!ar ' poor People, like all the other Creolian Spaniards 5 that is, the \ mix'd Rices, are fo much infatuated with a thoufand Ap- paritions, either true or falfe, that they make them the principal Object of their Devotion. This Abufe is occa- fion'd by the Ignorance of the Friers, who having neither Literature nor Criticifm, to difcern between Truth and Falfhood, givethemfelves up to a Tradition, and Cuftoms eftabliiiVd before their Time, by thofe of their Order, for their private Intereft. There being no Carmelites through- out all Peru and Chilly the Mercenarian Friers have taken to themfeives the Direction of the Brotherhood of the * Sca- pular ; and becaufe they have no Monaftery at Pifco, one of them comes from Lima to be prefent at that Fcftival. OnThurfday the 14th of Sept ember , the Mulatto's began Scandalous the Solemnity with a Play call'd El Principe Poderofo, or, f ^>'- T*fje Powerful Prince ; written by a Spanijh European Poex. The depraved Tafte of that Nation leading them to mix in their Shows, Things Sacred with Prophane ; 1 obferv'd, that in this they had indulged their Natural Genius, beyond the Bounds of good Senfe and Decency : Infhort, nothing could be feen more ridiculous than the Decoration of the farther Part of the Stage, the Point of Perfpcctive thereof terminating in an Altar, on which was the Image of our Lady of Mount Camel, with lighted Candles about it ; and all the A&ors began their Prologue kneeling, with a De- B b 2 dication * See Monfieur de Lannoy'j Treatife, De Vifione Simonis Stolii & Ori- gine Scapularii, where he makes it appear, that very long after the Death of Simon Stock, two Carmelites, whofe Names were Gregory of S. Eafil, and Mark Anthony de Cazamate, contrived to Jet up the Scapular upon an appa- rition of the Elejfed Virgin to Simon, and upon two Bulls, the one of Pope John the XXII. quoted in their Writings after fo different a Manner, not only as ro the ExpreJJions, but alfo as to the Inequality of the Length of the Difcourfe, t>;.n it plainly appears to be Counterfeit ; not to mention other Reafons which make it plain, the focond of Pope Urban V. dated at Rome, where that pope nho died at Florence had never been ftnee his Coronation. A Voyage to dication of the Play to the Bleffed Virgin. One would have judg'dby this pious Invocation, that the Play would be to the Edification of the Spectators ; but I was fuffkicntly un- deceiv'd of that Notion, when I beheld on the Stage the difagrecing Medley of Sigifmund's Piety embracing a Cru- cifix, to which he made his Application under an Advcrfiry, and the Licentioufnefs of Buffoons m the Play ; and of In- terludes, or little Farces between the A&s, which confiff- ed of grofs Obfcenities, but a little wrapp'd up, or dif- gu ifed. Bull-Fuji. The next Day there was the Show of the Bull-Fealty which was no better than that at Valparaifo^btfoxz fpoken of j a Spectacle as unfit to honour the Bleffed Virgin as fucfi Comedies, lince it is forbid by the Ecclcfiaftical Laws, by reafon of the Danger of Death Men expofc themfelves to, without any NecefSty, as frequently happens, and at this Time it was very near happening to a Black, the Bull leav- ing him on the Ground fo much hurt, that it was queftion- ed whether he could recover. Mafyicrade. On Saturday Night there was a Mafquerade of People running about the Streets by Candle-light, as they do in France at the Carnaval or Shrovetide : The Prime A&ors were in a Cart, preceded by others on Horfe-back. On that Cart I took Notice of a Man clad in the Habit of the Friers ofS. John of God, who I was aflured was really a Frier; but I could not perfuade myfelf that it was any o- ther than a Mask, for on the Cart he flood up and dane'd with Women fuch a Pofture Dance as the Blacks of the Iflands dance at their Bangala, or Inftrument, which is all that can be faid with Modefly. Be that as it will, the Name of Our Lady of Mount Carmcl often refounded in the extravagant Cries, amidft the Reproaches and the moft infamous Abfurdities with which they accofted fuch as pafs'd by at the very fame time, when on the other hand they were making the Proceffion of the Rofary. As ridicu- lous as this Cuftom appear'd, it may be faid as great Ex- travagancies have been fecn in France on the Feaft of Fools. The the South-Sea. l8p " The Priefts and Clerks went mask'd to the Church, and egrees, 45 Minutes of Weil Longitude from the Meridian of Paris. Partie de la Ville de Lima, Part of the City of Lima. Mono Solar, The ~H ad-land Solar. Penna horadada, Pierre Perc6e, The Rock bored through. Pointe du Callao, The Point of Callao. Baife quon voit brifTer, A Shoal on nhich the Sea isfeen to break Bafle, AShoAl. I. de Callao, The IJlandof Callao. Ifle de S. Laurent, The ljland of S. Laurence.- Brifant, A Rod. Vu e de Reconnoiflance de 1' Ifle tfe S. Laurent, Thus appears the I/land of S. Laurence. Pointe de la Galere, Point Galera, or of the Galley, Echelie d' une lietie marine, A Scale of * Sea League. 24 A Voyage to one likes, on an Olive-Colour Owze, without Danger of any Rocks or Shoals, excepting one, which is three Cables Length from the Shore, about the Middle of the Ifland of S. Laurence, oppofite to La Galera. The Sea is there al- ways fo ftill, that Ships careen at all Seafons, without fear- ing to be furpriz'd by any fudden Gufts : However, it is open from the North to the N. N. W. but thofe Winds hardly ever blow above a fmall cafy Gale, which does not S. Laurence caufe the Sea to fwcll to any Danger. The Ifland of S. Lau- Jjland. vence breaks the Surges that come from the S. W. to the 5. E. That Ifland is defencelefs: In the Year 1624, it was a Receptacle to James /' Hermite, who fortify'd himfelf there, in order to take Callao -, but being difappointed there- in, he burnt above 30 Ships that were in the Road. It is alfo a Place of Banifhment for the Blacks and Mulatto's^ who are condemn' d for any Crimes, to dig Stone for the publick Structures, and indirectly for the private. This Punifhment being equivalent to that of the Galleys in Spam, the Name of La Galera, or the Galley, is given to the Weft Point of the Ifland. We have faid elfewhere, that Baldivia is inftead of the Galleys for the Whites. 'Amhomge. The g enera l Anchoring-Place in the Road is E. and by N. of the Point Galera, two or three Cables Length from the Town. There Ships are alfo melter'd from the South Wind by the Point of Callao, which is a low Strip of Land, between which and the Ifland of Callao there is a narrow Channel, and fomewhat dangerous,- however, Ships pafs through it, coaftingclofe along the Ifland in four or five Fathom Water. Next the Continent is a Bank of Sand ftretching out from the Point to a Shoal, where the Sea is feen to break from far off. In the Port of Callao are to be found all Conveniences and Neceflaries for Navigation. The. Watering is eafy at the little River of Lima, which falls into 'the 'Sea under Walls of Callao, Wooding, however, cofts more Trouble, being half a League to the Northward, at Bocanegra ; they cut the Wood half a League up the Country, and pay the Je'fiiites the South-Sea. ip£ Ffefuitet 25 or 3 Pieces of Eight for each Boat-full. For the Conveniency of landing out of the Boats, there are •clofe by the Walls three Wooden Stairs and a Stone Mole, rdefign'd for unlading of Cannon, Anchors, and other Things of Weight, which are hoifted up with a Sort of Crane. That Mole will not laft Jong 5 for the Sea daily xiemoliflies k. The Defcription of the Town of Callao. H E Town of Callao is built on a low flat Point of #«& xxvu. T •*■ Land, on the Edge of the Sea, in 12 Degrees 10 Mi- nutes of South Latitude. It was fortify'd in the Reign of King Philip IV. and the Vkeroyfhip of the Marquis de Cc 2 Mancera, Plate XXV1L Page 19$. explain d in Englifh. The Plan of the Town of CALLAO, on the Coaft of Peru, in 12 De- grees 7 Minutes of South Latitude. References of Churches. Names of the Baftions. A. The Parijh Church. 1. S. Michaels Bajlion. B. £ Auguftin. 2. S. Ignatius, C. The Jefuites. 3. The Holy Crop, D. S. Dominick. 4. S. Katharine. E. A Francis. 5. S. James. F. S. John of God. 6. S. John Baptift. G. The Mercenarians^ 7. A Dominick. Places of Note. 8. S. Philip. H. The Governor's Hottfe. p. S. Lewis. I. The Corps de Garde. 10. A Laurence. K. The Adminiftratiqn. 11. S. Francis. L. The three Gates to Landward. 12. S. Peter. M. Gates next the Port. 13. S. Anthony. Breaches made ly the Sea. Profil des Courtines, The Profile of the Curtins{ Profil des Baftions, The Frofile of the Bajikm. La Boucherie, The Shambles. Chemin de Lima, The Road to Lima. Petipiti le nouveau, Nerv Petipiti. Petipiti le vieux, Old Petipiti. Aiguade des naviies, The Watering-place for Skips'. Mole, The Mole. •Partie du Port, Part of the Port. Toifes, Fathoms. Vue de la Villc de fallao, A Profpctt of the Town of CalJao: Ip6 A Voyage to Mancera, with, an Enclofure flank' d by 10 Baft tons on the Land-fide, and by fome Redans and plain Baftions on the Edge of the Sea, where there are four Batteries of Can- non to command the Port and Road. This Port was in a bad Condition in the Year 171 3 ; there were five Breaches in it, and the Sea daily ruins the Wall, iince there has been a Stone Key built 3 the Situation whereof flops the S. W. Surf, and occafions a Return of the Water, which faps the Walls of the Town. Fortifications. The Breadth of the Rampart is of two different Extents; See the Top t fe Curtins are at the Top but eight Foot thick, two and XXVIL a kzl£ of Earth, as much Banquette, and three of Stone, with Mortar made of Sand and Lime ; the reft of the Thicknefs is of unburnt Bricks, with a little Stone Wall within : The Rampart of the Baftions has five Fathoms of Earth, laid with unequal Planks, to ferve for a Platform for the Cannon, the whole of unfolid Mafonry, becaufe ill built. 'Artillery. Every Baftion is vaulted, and has its Magazine of Pow- der, Balls, and other Neceflaries, for the Service of the Artillery that is mounted on it. There are generally two, three, or four Pieces of Brafs Cannon always mounted on each of them ,• in the whole Compafs there were in my Time 41, and there are to be 70 of fevefal Sizes, from 12 to 24 Pounders, Spanijh Weight, which with us makes Baftard Bores. Among thofe Pieces there are 10 Culve- rins from 17 to 18 Foot long, and 24 Pounders, whereof there are eight mounted, to rire upon the Road, which are faid to carry as far as the Point de la Galera, of the Ifland of S. Laurence^ which is almoft two Leagues. Befides the Artillery on the Rampart, there are nine Field- Pieces mounted, and ready for Service.. There are alfo above 120 Brafs Guns of feveral Sizes^ defign'd for the King's Ships, calFd La Almhanta, La Capitana y - and El Gcvierno, which ferv'd when the Galeons came to Porto* belo to convoy the Armadilla, or little Fleet of Panama, and: to tranfport to Pern the Commodities that came from E«- the South-Sea. ip7 rope, and the King's Allowance to Chili y and the Recruits of Men they had Occafion for, before the Peace concluded with the Indians, At prefent thofe Ships are fo much negle&ed r that they are unfit to put to Sea without much Refitting $ however, the King (till maintains the Marine Troops, of which here follows a Particular, , after thofe of the Land Service. A Particular of the Land Forces paid by the King of Spain, at Callao, in 171 3. ^^^ Pieces of Eight, HP H E Governor General 7000 •*- A Colonel of the Place, appointed by the King, his yearly Allowance, 3217 Pieces of Eight, and 4 Royals. A Town Major, appointed alfo by. the King 1200 A Town Adjutant yearly 600 Seven Companies of Spanijh Foot,ioo Men each Every Captain yearly 1800 Seven Enngns, each 672 Seven Serjeants, each 348 Fourteen Drums, each-. 240 Seven Enfign-Carriers 240 Seven Fiefs, each 240 An Adjutant 396 Six hundred Foot which compofe the Garrifon,each 240 Each Company has 4 Heads of Brigades, or Cor- porals, being generally the oldeft Soldiers, two o£ whom march before the Colours,; and two. behind them, each of them has per Month 20 A Drum Major of the Place, yearly 240 All the above Officers, are appointed by the Viceroy,, with the King's Approbation, excepting the 3 firft, whom. the. King appoints, Artilkry xpB A Voyage to Artillery for the Land Service. Pieces of Eighr, A Lieutenant General, yearly 1944 A Matter Gunner 486 A Captain of the Artillery 606 Ten Matter Gunners, each 400 Two Aids- Majors, each 396 Seventy Gunners, each 396 Marine Troops in Pay. The General of the Sea, or Admiral, yearly 2206" He has the fame Honours and Privileges as the General of the Galeons. Two Chief Pilots, each 1200 Four Matters of Ships, each 540 Four Matters Mates, each 396 Four Matter Gunners, each 444 Five Chaplains, one of whom ferves tjic Chappel in thelfland o£Callao y each 396 Four Purfers, each 600 Four Clerks, each 396 Four Stewards, each 396 Four Matter Carpenters, each 396 Four Matter Calkers, each 396 Four Divers, each 396 Twenty four Gunners, each 3 9$ A Major of the Marine 600 Two Aids-Majors, or Adjutants, each 396 Twenty four Officers Mariners, that is Quarter- Matters, each 240 Forty Sailors, eadi 180 Sixteen Grummets, each 180 Marine the South-Sea. Ipp Marine Troops to ferve in twofmall Fregates. Two Captains, each of them to command a Fregate, each 600 Four Officers Mariners, or Quarter-Matters, each 244 Eight Sailors, each 180 All the Officers and Sailors, befides their Pay, have their Allowances, each according to his Degree. Militia. In the Town ofCdllao, there are three Companies, which receive no Pay. The firft is compofed of Seamen. The fecond of Inhabitants and Traders in the Town: The third of the Matters Carpenters, Calkers, and other Workmen belonging to thofe Trades, to whom are ad- ded theMulattoes and free Blacks, who work in the King's Yards. Moreover four Companies of Indians, with their Offi- cers of the fame Nation; whereof one is of thole in the Town, another of thofe in. the Suburbs of Petipiti, and two of thofe of the Magdalen, Miraflores, and Cburillos, and other neighbouring Farms. Thefe are obliged to re- pair to the Town upon the Signal of a Gun, and are ap- pointed for tranfporting of Ammunition and Provifions. Thefe Companies have a Major of their own. Thus much as to the StrengthOf Men ; let us now fee that of the Si* tuation of the Place. The Level of the Town is not above 9 or 1 o Foot a- Situation of bove the High-water Mark, which does not rife and fall Callao. above 4 or 5 Foot. However, it fometimes exceeds, fo that it*iloods the Out-Skirts of the Town, as happened in September 171 3, fo that it is to. be fear'd it may fome time or- other deftroy the fame* . Tfao' zoo Sheets, A Voyage to - Sq'iAYt. Trade to Cal lao. Commodities of Chili. 0/ Peru. Tho' the Infide is not divided into Quarters of the ufual Dimcnfions of the Quadra, or common Square ufed in o- ther Towns, the Streets are all in a Line,* but fo trouble- fome for Duft, as is not tolerable but in a Village. On the Edge of the Sea, is the Governor's Houfe, and the Viceroy's Palace, which take up two Sides of a Square, the Pariih Church making the third, and a Battery of three Pieces of Cannon the fourth. The Corps de Garde, and the Hall for the Arms are alfo by the Viceroy's Lodgings; In the fame Street, on the North-fide, are the Ware-houfes for the Commodities the Spanijb Ships bring from Chili, Peru and Mexico. From Chili i they bring Cordage, Leather, Tallow, dry'd Flelh, and Corn ; from Chiloe, Cedar Planks, a very light Wood, before fpoken of, Woollen Manufactures, and particularly Carpets, like thofe of Turky, to fpread on the Efirados, or Places where the Women fit on Cufhions. From Peru, Sugars of Andaguaylas, Guayaquil and other Places i Wines and Brandy from Lanafco zndPifco; Mafts, Cordage, Timber for Shipping, Cacao of Guayaquil and the Country about, Tabacco, and fome little Honey of Sugar. The Cacao is afterwards tranfported to Mexico, ■Of Mexico. From Mexico, as from Sonfonate, Realejo and Guate- viala, Pitch and Tar, which is only fit for Wood, becaufe it burns the Cordage, Woods for dying, Sulphur, and Balfam, which bears the Name of Balfam of Peru ; but which in reality comes moft from Guatemala, There are two forts of it, White and Brown ; the latter is moft va- lued, and they put it into Coco Shells, when it is of the Coniiftence of Tar; but generally it comes in Earthen Pots liquid, and then it is liable to be falfify'd and mix'd with Oil to increafe the Quantity. From the fame Places :hcy bring fine Works, which they call oiCaray, and Com- moditiesof China, by the way of Acapulco, tho* contraband. 1 Befides thefe Warehoufes, there is another for laying up of the European Commodities,which they call laAdjniniftra- cion the South-Sea* * 201 clon. The French Ships that have had leave to trade to Callao, have been obliged to put into it all they had aboard. They exatft upon the felling Price 13 per Cent, of fuch as come with their whole Lading, and fometimes even 16, of thofe who have already fold much in other Ports along the Coaft, and three in the Thoufand for other Royal Duties and Confulfliip, without reckoning the Prefents that are to be privately made to the Viceroy and the King's Officers, who will not tranfgrefs the Laws of the King- dom for nothing, in a Place where they have the Power in their own Hands. It is not to be wonder'd that the hungry Officers fhould be corrupted, they buying their Places only to enrich themfelves, and confequently are little concern' d for the Publick Good, provided they find their own Account therein. It is true, there feems to be FrenchT&k. fome Reafon for permitting the French to trade, du-| ring thefe late Wars, confidering the Scarcity of Mer- chandizes there was in the Country, by reafon of the Scop- page of the Trade of the Galeons ; but it muft alfo be own'dj that the Spaniards have permitted it without any Difcretion, with fo much Eafc, that it has been prejudicial to both; becaufe the French reforting thither without Meafure, have carry'd many more Goods than the Coun- try could ufe,- that Plenty has obliged them to fell the faid Goods at very low Rates, and has ruin'd the Spanijh Merchants, and confequently the French for feveral Years. Three Ships, with each of them Goods to the Value of a Million of Pieces of Eight, would have been fufficient for Peru yearly i for Chili cannot take off for above the Value of 400000 Pieces of Eight j the Merchants would have bought to a more certain Profit, and one French Ship would have made more Profit than three or four : But enough of this Reflexion, which can be of no Advantage. Befides the publick Structures already mention'd, there ,, , , are none of Note, except the Churches, which, confidering Monjmes., they are built with Canes interwoven, and cover'd with and InhM- Clay or Timber painted white, are neverthelefs very neat. ««*'■ D d There 202 A Voyage to There are five Monafteries of Religious Men, T>ominkanf v Francifcani, Augufiins, Mercenarians, and Jefuites ; be- tides the Hofpital of S. John of God. The Number of the Inhabitants does not exceed 400 Families, tho' they reckon 600. Canifon. Tho* the King of Spain has fettled a Fund of 292171 Pieces of Eight a Year, for maintaining of the Garrifon of Callao ; there are fcarce Soldiers enow to mount the Guard at the Place of Arms. Governor and Tne Governor is generally a considerable European, who Ingineer. is relicv'd by the Court of Spain every five Years. His Ca- tholick Majefty alfo keeps an Engineer there, who ferves for all the Places in South America j which, are Baldivia, Valparaiso, Callao, Lima, and Truxillo. Since the Death of Monfieur Rojjemin, the French Engi- neer, the Charge of the Fortifications has been committed to Signior Per alto, aCreollo, or Mongrel Spaniard of Lima y Aftroioger and Aftronomcr of the Cvty ; but tho' the King allows 30000 Pieces of Eight aflign'd upon the Excife on Flefli, for repairing the Walls of Calao, they let them run to ruin next the Sea ; fo that they will be obliged to rebuild near one Half of them . Without the Walls of Callao there are two Indian Suburbs call'd Pitipiti, and diftinguiffi'd by the Names of the Old and New j the firfl: of them is on the South, and the other on the North Side, into which runs the River of Rimac, or of Lima. d L- ^ n t ^ at ^ c * s ^ ie R° a ^ tnat tezds t0 Li?na, which is ma only two Leagues diftant, the Way good and plealant, a- long a fine Plain. At the Mid-way is a Chappel of S. John of God, calfd La Legua, or the League : A Quarter of a League beyond it, the Road parts into two Branches, of which that on the Left Hand leads to the Royal Gate of Lima, and the other to that. call'd Juan Simon, which an- fwers to the Middle of the City, and is confequently more frequented than the other. . That the South- Sea. 20 5 ' That Way I enter'd on the 2d of October 171 3, in or- j ■ , , 1 n J t ■ mi ri • r «i» 1 r r> ' r 2 t-s Arrival At dcr to (lay at Linn till a Snip ian d for trance. Two Days Li ma< afcer my Arrival chere, they celebrated the Feaft of S. Fran- cis of Affifmm y which is none of the leaft in the Year; for r.he Spaniards being polfefs'd and infatuated by the Friers, cfpecially the Franciscans and the Dominicans^ look upon the Founders ofthofe two Orders as the greateft Saints in Heaven. The Veneration they pay them extends even to the Habits of their Orders, much beyond other Monafticai Habits. They chiefly believe they gain great Indulgences by kifling that of S. Francis: The Francifcans to keep up that Notion, fend fome of their Friers into the mofl frequent- ed Churches, to give their Sleeve to kifs to thofe who are hearing Mafs : Even the quefting Brothers prefume to in- terrupt People at their Prayers to have that Honour done them. But in order to heighten the general Refpecl: paid to their Order, and render its Grandeur the more obfervable to the Publick, they on the Feftival of their Founder make magnificent Fire-works and Proceilions, and embellifh their Cloiftcrs within and without with therioheft Things they can come at. Thus they caft Duft into the Eyes of the Carnal People, who are taken with fine Appearances, and in fome Meafure eafe them of the truly Religious Life. The Feftival began at the Evenfong of the Eve, by a Proceflion of the Dominicans^ in which ten Men carry'd the Figure of S. Dominick^ going to viiit his Friend S. Francis. He was clad in rich Gold Stuffs, and glittering with fmall Stars of Silver, "ftrew'd upon him, that he might be Teen at a Diftance. S.Francis being inform'd of the Honour his Fiiend Proccljion. was coming to do him, came to meet him as far as the Square, which is about half Way : Before the Palace Gate they complimented one another, by means of the Ocgaris .of their Children, for tho' they made Geftures, they had not the Advantage of fpeaking. The latter being more Modeft than the former, came in his Franciscan Frier's D d 2 Cloth ; 204 ^ Voyage to Cloth; but amidft that Poverty, he was encompafs'cf hf an Arch of Silver Rays, and had at his Feet fuch a Quan- tity of Gold and Silver Veffels, that 18 Men bow r d under that Wealth. They were both reeeivM at. S. Francis's Church Door by four Giants of feveral Colours, a white, a black, a Mu- latto, and an Indian, which came to the Square to dance . before the Proceffion. They were made of Basket-work,, cover'd with painted Paper, and real Scarecrows for their Figure, Masks, Hats and Perukes. In the midft of the Giants was the Tarafca r a chimerical Monfter, known in fome Provinces of France, bearing on its Back a Basket, from which iffu'd a Puppet, or Maulkin, that danced and skipp'd.to divert the People. At length they enter 1 d the Church amidft a great Number of Tapers and little An^ gels two or three Foot high, fet on Tables, like Puppets, among great Candlefticks fix or feven Foot high. Itrt-mrh. At the Clofe of the Evening there were Fire-works in the Square before the Church : They confided of three Catties, each of them eight or nine Foot wide, and 1 5 or 1 6 in height. On the Top of one of them was a Bull,' and on another a Lion. The Steeples of the Church were adorn'd with Enfigns and Streamers of all Colours^ and illuminated with Lanthorns. They began the Entertain- ment by throwing up Sky-Rockets, fmall and ill made 5 then they play'd fome running Fires, one of which fepa- rated into three long Squibs, which refted on the Middle and the two Ends of the Line, leaving two little Globes of bright Fire at the two Intervals.* This was the only. Fire-work that defery'd to be taken Notice of. At Lift, a Man on Horfeback came down from a Steeple by a Rope, and came to attack in the Air one of thofe Caftles ; . they fet fire to it^ and fucceflively burnt the Giants, and the Tar&fca, ox Monfter 5 and fo all was reduced to Afties. The * Hoys that is done 3 may be/em in mj/Treatife of Artificial Firt-mrh. the South-Seal 20^ The next Day there was a long Sermon^ and Mufick, where they fung Spanijh Motetts. The Monaftery was open'd to the Women, and at Night another Procefficn car- ry'd Ss Dominick home : Then, tbo' it was Day, there was another Fire-work, and a Giant came down by a Rope to attack a Caftle, and fight a Serpent with three Heads* This Solemnity, tho' very expenfive, was, as they fay v much inferiour to the former, which were fometimes fo magnificent, that they were obliged to limit them ; whence may be inferred in how great Efteem thofe Friers are, (ince by means of their Wallets they get enough not only to maintain above 1500 Perfons, as well Friers as Servants, in four Monafteries, and to erect fumptuous Structures for that Country, for the Monaftery of S. Francis is the fineft and largeft in Lima -, but have enough left for Expences of meer Oftentation, which have fometimes amounted to 50000 Pieces of Eight, of what is the Right of the Poor, of whom there is no Want there, any more than elfe where.- In fliort, if what is fuperfluous in the Laity belongs to them, with much more Reafon does that which thofe friers have to fpare, they, themfelves profefling fuch rigorous Po- verty, that they do not pretend to have a Right to the very Bread they are actually eating, as we are inform'd by that pleafant Piece of Hiftory fo well known by a Bull of Pope John XXII. We need not be furprized at thefe Expences, if we con- rider the extraordinary Produce of the Queft, fince the great Monaftery alone has 24 Queftors at Lima, one of whom, who died in 1708, had in 20 Years gather'd 35000.0 Pieces of Eight: Befides, it is very common a- mong the Spaniards to wrong their neareft Relations of con- (iderable Sums of Money, and even of their lawful Inhe- ritance, in Favour of the Church and the Monafteries.,., which they there call making their Soul their Heir. In the fecond place, it may be obferv'd how little Tafte and Genius there is among them j for in their Shows there is no Fancy^ Defign, nor Subject: But I have dwelt too 2o£> A Voyage to loffg upon a Feftival, which does not deferve Fo much.' It is time to fpeak of what I faw worth taking notice of at Uma y during my Stay there. Situation. The Definition of the City of Lima. HP HE City of.Liwa, Capital of Peru, is feated two -*• Leagues from the Port of Callao, in 1 2 Degrees, 6 Minutes and 28 Seconds of South Latitude, and 79 De- grees 45 Minutes of Weftern Longitude, or Difference from the Meridian of Paris: Peralta and Father Feiiillee fay 1 2 Degrees, 1 Minute and 1 5 Seconds Latitude, and 79 Degrees, 9 Minutes and 30 Seconds Longitude. It is built in a fine Plain, at the Bottom of a Vale, formerly calFd Rimac, of the Name of a noted Idol of the Indi- ans , which was famous for Oracles ; whence, by Corru- ption, and through the Difficulty thofe People found in pronouncing the Letter R as harfhly as the Spaniards, came the Name of Lima, which is quite different from that its firft Founder gave it : For Francis Pizarro, who began it in the Reign of the Emperor Charles V. and firft King of Spain of that Name, and of Queen Joanna, his Mother, both of them reigning jointly in Caftile, callM it, La Cut- dad de los Reyes, that is, the City of the Kings ; meaning the three Wife Men that came out of the Eaft to worlhip Plate XXVIII. Page 206. explain A in Englifh. The Plan of the City of LIMA, the Capital of Vera, in 12 Degrees 6 Minutes 28 Seconds of South Latitude, 2 Leagues from the Port of Callao. a. S. Rofe, A Houfe of devout Wo- h. S. Peter of Alcantara. men. i. The Congregation of Pr'wfts. b. The Houfe of Divorce. k. Devotes of the Mother of God. c. The Houfe of poor Women. . 1. The Seminary of S. Toribins. d. S. lldephonfus. m. Our Lady of Cocharcas. e. The Hvfpital for Pritfis. n. S. Philip the Royal. f. The College of Maidens. o. The College. g. The Recollection of the Society, p. A Chappel. Places the South-Sea. 207 Places of Note: A. Tht Royal Square. B. The Viceroy s Palace. C. 7 he Royal Court. D. 7he Archbifhops Palace: F. 7 he Stone Bridge. F. The Square of the Inquiftion. G. 7he Inqnifition and its Chappel. H. The Uuiverfity and its Chappel. I. The Mint. K. The Flefh Market. L. The M.arht for [mall Wares, and its Chappel. The Gates. M. The Royal Gate of Callacx N. The Gate of John Simon. O. Matamendinga Gate. P. S. Katharine's Gate. Q. Pifco Gate. R. The Gate of the Cercado, or tht Enclofure. S. S. Claret Gate. T. T. T. Wickets, or Sally Ports, V. A Powder and Corn- Mill. X. A Water- Mill to beat Copper, 1. The Cathedral. 2. S. Dominick. 2. S. Auguftin. 4. Old S. Rofe. • 5. The Hdy Ghojf, an Hofpital for Sailor:. 6. S. Sebaftian, a Parifh. 7. Our Lxdy of Monierrat, Bene- diftins. 8. The Holy CHRIST of Nazareth. 9. S. Marcellus Parifh Church. 10. JESUS Mary, Capucines. 11. The Mercenarians. 1 2. S. Mary Magdalen, or the Recol- Icilion. 12. Our Lady of Bethlehem. 14. Our Lady of Guadalupe. 15. The Noviciate of the Jefuites. 16. Our. Lady of the Orphans. 17. S. Terefa. 18. S. John of God, nn Hofpital. 19. The Incarnation. 20. The Trinity. 21. S. Martin, Jefuites. 22. S. Paul, Jefuites. 23. New S. Rofe, Retired Wom:n. 24. The Conception. 25. S. Peter Nolafcus. 26. S. Katharine. 27. S. Bartholomew'; Hofpital for Blacks. 28. S. Andrew'; Hofpital. Churches and Chappels. 29. S. Anne\f Parifh Church. 30. S. Thomas of Aquin. Our Lady of Mount Carmel. The Barefoot Nuns. S. Clare. The Chappel of the Agonizantes^ or Priefts, who ajjijf Perfons in the lafi Agony. The Trinitarian Nuns, S. Peter. S. Rofe of Viterbo. Th 31. 32. 33- 34- 35- 36. 37- 28. e Prado, or Meadow, or Wdl~ ing- Place. 39. ihe Enclofure Pariflo Church. 40. The Bethlehemites. 41. The Incurable. 42. S. Saviour Parifh Church. 43. The Hofpital. '* 44. S. Francis. 45. Los Defamparados, or the For* faken, Jefuites. 46. Our Lady of Cavecas. 47. Our Lady of Succour, Minimes. 48. S. Lazarus Parifh Church. 49. Los Defcal^os, the Barefoot Frier s\ 50. Copacavana. 5 1 . The Chappel of the Poplar Grove. 52. Guia, the Guide. 53. the ancient chappel of S. Francis- of Paula. 54. 5. Chriftopher'-f Chappel, CHRIST 2o8 A t^oyage to CHRIST new born; perhaps becaufe the Spaniards conquer'd that Vale on the Day of the Epiphany, as many Arms ef pretend. The Arms of the City feem to favour both Opi- Linw. nions, the Efcutcheon is charged with three Crowns Or, two and one, in a Field Azure, in chief a Star darting Beams, fome add, in the Efcutcheon, Hercules' s Pillars, but in feveral Places they only ftand without as Supporters, with thefe two Words, Pins ultra, and the two Letters See pUte J and K, to denote the Names of Joanna and Charles, be- XXVIII. ing their Initials. Be that as it will, it is certain that Name was not given it on Account of its having been founded on the Day of the Epiphany,as Father Feuillee fays, after Garcilaffo dela Vega, and in the Year 1534; but on the 1 8th of January 1535, the Feftival of S. Peter s Chair, as Francifco Antonio de Montalvo relates, in the Life of the Bleffed Toribio, Bifhop of Lima, printed by the Title of El Sol del Nuevo Mundo, or the Sun of the New World, by the Procurement of D.jf* Fr. de Valladolid, School Ma- iler of the Metropolitan Church of that City, and Procu- rator General at 'Koine, for the Canonization of that Pre- late. This Circumftance, and the Particular of the Names -of the Commiflioners appointed to choofe a Place for the Situation of the City, and of the firft Inhabitants, are ftrong Preemptions againft Garcilaffo. It is true, that Herrera concurrs with him as to the Day of the Foundation j but he agrees with Montaho as to the Year 1535. This Epocha is alfo determin'd by the Reafons Pizarro had for building a City in the Place where Lima now ftands ; for the fame Herrera tells us, that the Adelantado, or Lord Lieutenant Bon Pedro de Alvarado, coming from Guatemala to Peru, with an Army, with a Defign to make himfelf Mafter there, Pizarro came to make a Settlement in the Vale of Lima, near the Port oiCallao, which is the beft on the Coaft, to obftrud his coming by Sea, whilft Von Diego de Almagro march'-d to oppofe him in the Pro- vince of Quito. The the South-Sea. ZQp The Spaniards, who out of a commendable Emulation, are always attentive to the exteriour Duties of Religion, be- fore they erected any Structure, laid the Foundations of the Church, much about the midft of the City; then Pizarro iaid down the Streets, distributed the Spaces for the Houfes^ by Quarters of 150 Varas or Spanijh Yards, that is, 64 Fa- thoms fquare, as has been faid of Santiago, Twelve Spa~ mards, who were the iirft Citizens under his Direction, began to build for themfelves there ; afterwards 30 Men from San Gal'.an, and fome others that were at Xauxa, came and join'd them, and made up, in all, the Number of 70 Inhabitants, who are confiderably increase, for it is now the largeft City in all South America, The Distribution of the Plan is very beautiful, the Streets Pl*n of iht are in a direct Line, and of a convenient Breadth. In the c "> midft of the City is the Flam Real, or Royal Square, m^Great Sq/. with a Statue of Fame, and eight Lions of the lame Metal, which are to fpout Water all about. This Fountain is alfo encompafs'd by four other little Bafons at the Angles, very rich in Metal. One Quarter from the Royal Square, -on the North-fide, River ml runs the River of Lima, which is almoft always fordabk^-™ ■ except in Summer, when the Rains fall on the Mountains, and the Snow thaws. There are Trenches drawn from it in feveral Places, to water tire Fields, and the Streets and Gardens in the City, where they convey it much in the fame manner as is done at Santiago^ but in covefd PafTages. 2io A Voyage to fridge. The Part of this River, which is cut ofT on the North- fide, has a Communication with the main Body of the City, by means of a Stone-Bridge compofed of five Arches, well enough built, in the Viceroyfhip of Montefclaror. The Street it runs through leads directly to the Church of S.Lazariif, theParilli-Church of a Suburb call'd Malambo, fmt \\\itt. anc | terminates near the Alameda, being a Walk of five Rows of Orange Trees, about 200 Fathoms long, the broadeft of the Walks between them being adorn'd with three Stone Bafons for Fountains. The Beauty of thofe Trees always green, the fweet Odor of the Flowers lading almoft all the Year, and the Concourfc of theCalefh.es daily reforting thither at the time of taking the Air, make that Walk amoft delicious Place about Five in the Evening. Cbappel. About the middle of it is a Chappel, of the Invocation of S. Liber ata, built in the Year 1711, in a Place where the Hofts of the Holy Ciborium of the Cath?dral, which had been ftolen and bury'd under a Tree, were found. That little Walk terminates at the Foot of the Mountain, where 'Mmajterj; is a Monaftery of the Obfervants rcform'd by S. Francis Solano, a Native of Paraguay. Farther to the Eaftward is another Mountain, contiguous with the former, on which is the Hermitage of S. Chriftopher, whofe Name it bears, at the Foot whereof runs a Branch of the River, whofe Pool drives feveral Corn-Mills, and one Powder-Mill, and is the common Bathing Place. Earthqaahs. The Earthquakes, which are very frequent in rem, have much damaged this City, and daily make the Inhabitants uneafy. There was one in the Year 1678, on the 17th of 'June, which ruin'da great Part of it, and particularly the Churches dedicated to the BlelTed Virgin. Montaho, who has made this Remark, in the Life of S. Toribio, fays, it was as if God the Son had rifen for his Mother : But that in the Year 1682, was fo violent, that it almoft en- tirely demolifh'd the Place, infomuch that it was de- bated, whether they mould not remove it to fome better Situation. The Memory of that dreadful Earthquake is yearly the South -Sea. 211 yearly revived there, on the 19th of October, by publick Prayers. If we may believe the publick Report, it was foretold by a Religious M:in of the Order of the Merce- narians, who feveral Days before it, ran along the Streets like another Jonas, crying, Do ?enance. In fhort, the Day came when it quaked after fo extraordinary a manner, that every half Quarter of an Hour, it gave horrid Shocks, fo that they reckoned above 200 in lefs than 24 Hours. As dreadful as that Earthquake appears, there happened Mother, one ftill more unparallell'd in the Year 1692, in the Pro- vince of Quito 1 at the Towns of Ambata, Latacunga and Riobamba. This fhook the Earth in fuch manner, that it tore off great Pieces of it, which were feen to run entire three or four Leagues from the Place where they had been before, and thus to remove whole Fields, with the Trees and Houfes (landing, • which occaiion'd the moft extraor- dinary Law-Suits that were ever heard of, brought to Lima, to decide to whom thofe Eftates belong'd ,• he on one fide alledging, they are within my Jurrfdiclion or Lordihip ; and the other pleading, I am upon my own Land. The like had happen'd in the Year 1 5 81', near Chuquiago, Ag*in. or La Paz, as Acofta I.3. c. 27. reports. The Borough called Angoango, inhabited by Indians, on a fudden fell to Ruin, and the Earth ran and fpread over the Country, for the Space of a League and a half, as if it had been Water, or melted Wax, in fuch manner that it ftopp'd and fill'd tip a Lake, and fo continued fpread over that Country, Pfalm 97. The Hills melted like Wax at the Prefence of the ■Lord. A much more amazing Earthquake happen'd in Canada Another: which began on the 5th of February 1663, and continued till July the fame Year, occafioning incredible Alterations on the Surface of the Earth for above 400 Leagues through the Country. See the Life of the Venerable Mother Mary of the Incarnation, an Urfuline Nun in New France, printed at Paris 1677* Ec 2 There 2I£ A Voyage to tonjdiures- There is no reflecting upon fucli extraordinary Pha?no~ wcerning menons without being led by natural Curiofity to cn- MmS&tos. quire imo tbc Caufe of thcm# That which philofophers generally afifign for Earthquakes, does not always- appear fatisfactory. They are afcribed to fubterraneous Winds and Fires ; but it is likely they ought rather to be look'd - upon as an Effect of the Waters the Earth is inwardly moiften'd with,, as living Bodies are by the Veins. There rreedsonly digging, and the Truth of this Suppofition al- moft every where appears ; now the Waters may occafion": Earthquakes after feveral Manners, either by diftblving. the Salts fcatter'd through the Earth, or by penetrating through porous Lands, mix'd with Stones, which they in- feniibly loofen, the Fall or Removal whereof mud caufe a Stroke or Shock, Rich as is felt in Earthquakes. La(My,,the Water penetrating fome Sulphureous Bodies, muft there caufe a Fermentation, and then the Heat produces Winds and foul Exhalations, which infect: the Air when they open, the Earth, whence it is a that after grsat Earthquakes a^ bundance of People die, as hasbeenrelatedat£tf#fmg(7and^ Una,. The Facility of this fermentation is proved hy the Example of Lime,, andby a- curious Experiment of Man— heur Lemery, pamculariz'd in- the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences,, for the Year 1700,. ^hilojcphkd If after having tempered equal Parts of Filings of Iron, SAfiriment. andof Sulphur to a certain <>uantity,as of 3-0- or 40 Pounds.,, with Water;, that AmaPgama, or Pafte, be buryM in the Ground a Foot deep, it will open and caft forth hot Va*- pours^a-nd'then- Flames; Why mwt Now in-.P^rK and Chill the Earth is all full of Mines of Earthquakes Salt, of Sufohur anefcf Metals £ add^tothfs,. chat -there are einba Coaft -burning Mountains, which calcine the Stones, and dilate- the. 'JmL'JT*** Sulphurs; Earthquakes muft therefore be there /cry frc- qnent^and particularly along the Sea €oafts,whic!r are mare watered than- towards- the- Top of the Ridge ef Mountains adY-d'tosCdrdil&ra, which is very agreeable-to-Experience, for ihsre are fame. Places where the. laid Earthquakes- are very. the South- Sea. 21 £ rare, as at Cufco, Guamanga^ and clfewhere ,• for the fame Reafon that they are more frequent in Italy than about the Alpf> In fine, it cannot but be own'd that the Water has a great Share in Earthquakes, when we fee- Fields run like -** m Eart ® melted. Wax, and Lakes fornvd on a fudden in Places that wx *" fink, becaufe the Earth fubfrding- in the Water, obliges ic to rife above it, if the Quantity be confiderable, or elfe to glide like Sand, when the Bafe is dilfolv'd and onr arc inclining Plan. Tlie Dread of Earthquakes has not obftrufbed their Ctiurdxs m& building many fine Churches, and high Steeples at UmxJ^ u ^ s '- It is true, that mod of the Arches are only of Timber whitifh, or elfe of Cane Work, but fo well order'd, that unlefs told it, no Man can difcern ft. The Walls of the- great Structures are of burnt Bricks, andthofe of the lenfer of unburnt Bricks. The Houfes have only a Ground Floor,, in which there is fometimes one upper Story made o£ Canes, that it maybe light ; and laftly, they are all with- out Proofs, becaufe it never rains there. A Phenomenon fo contrary to what we fee m- our Cli- mates, immediately occafions two Queftions. two guejfS* The firft, how the Earrii can produce, withotit Rarn ?* to*- The fecond, how comes it, that it never rains along the Coaft, tho' it rains. 15 or 2-0 Leagues from the Sea, up the Country? To- anfwer the firft, I muft declare, that this- Want ®z fertility #&£ Rain renders almoft all the Country fruitkfs- in the Riga—BArrmmfs^ lands 5 there are only fome Vales, through- which Ri- vulets glide, coming down from the Mountains^ where k rains and fnows, which afford any Produdfe, and/ which can confequently be inhabited'; but m tbefe Plascs- «he Earth is fo fruitful, and on the other hand the Country is fo thin peopled, that thofe Vales- are fuffieiem v and ; flip— ply all Things plentifully for the Subftfknee ©f the Inhabit mnts,. The ancient- India?iy were -extraordinary iuduflrious 1 m conveying the- Water oft he Rivers to their Dwelling: staeiare (till to be feeaiamany Places Aquedu&s cf Barth 5 a* 214 ^ Voyage to Indian ^,--and of dry Stones carry'd on and turnM off very ingeuu ■Ms, -onily along the Sides of Hills, with an infinite Number of Windings; which mews that thofe People, as unpolilli'd -as they were, very well underftood the Art of leveling. As for what relates to the Hills along the Coaft, there is Grafs to be found on them in fome Places, which are lend expos'd to the Heat of the Sun, becaufe the Clouds ftoop down to their Tops in Winter, and fufficiently moiften them to furnifh the necefiary Juice for Plants. T*Fnuhm. er As to the lccond Q ueftion > Zarate y in his Conqueft of Peru, has endeavour'd to give a Reafon for the Perpetual Drought that is obferv'd on that Coaft ; cc Thofe, fays he, who have carefully examin'd the Thing, pretend that the natural Caufe of that Effect is a South-Weft Wind which prevails thoughout the Year along that Coaft, and in the Plain, and which blows fo violently, that it carries a- way the Vapors which rife from the Earth, or from the tc Sea, before they can rife high enough in the Air to unite and form Drops of Water, which fall again in Rain. In mort, adds he, it often happens, that looking from the Tops of the High Mountains, thefe Vapours are feen " much below thofe that are on the faid Tops, and make " the Air in the Plain look thick and cloudy, tho' it be " very clear and fercne on the Mountains. This way of Reafoning is nothing likely, for it is not true that the S. W. Winds obftruct the Rifing of the Vapors, fince there are Clouds agitated by that Wind feen at a very great Height. And tho' that mould be granted, thofe Winds would not neverthelefs hinder thf e Vapors forming themfelves into Rain, fince Experience manifeftly mews us, in the Alp x, that the low Clouds afford Rain, as well as the Jiigheft j the Sky often appears ferene on the Top of the Mountain, when it rains moft violently at the Foot thereof. So far from it, that they ought more naturally to yield it, becaufe being lower they are heavier, and confequently compofed of more bulky Drops of Rain than the higheft Clouds. I cc cc cc cc -cc cc cc cc the South-Sea. 21 £ I fancy I difcern a better Reafon, grounded on the dif- ferent Degrees of Heat on the Coaft, and in the Inland,. It is known by Experience, that the Heat the Sun imparts to the Earth, dirTolves into Rain, and attracts the Clouds the more, by how much it is more violently heated. I will explain how that Attraction is made : It is obferv'd in France, that it rains as much, that is, that there falls as much Water, and even more, during the Months of July and Auguft, as during the other Monihs of the Year, tbo* it rains but very feldom, becaufe the Drops of Water are then much larger than in Winter. This Obfervation is fupported by the great Store of Rain that falls in the Torrid^ * Zone, during fonie Months in the Year, after the Earth has been heated by the lefs oblique Rays. Now, it is known that the inner Part of Peru, which is almoft all of it in that Zone, is very hot in the Valleys, which receive du- ring the whole Day almoft perpendicular Rays, whofe Force is ftill increas'd by the many dry Rocks which en- compafs them, and reflect thofe Rays every way; and laftiy, that the faid Heat is not temper'd by the Winds. It is farther known, that the high Mountains callM La Cor~ dillera and Los Andes, which are almoft continually co- ver'd with Snow, make the Country extremely cold in fome Places, fo that in a very fmall Diftance the two con- trary Extremes are to be found. The Sun therefore, by his Prefence, caufes a violent Di- latation and a fcorching Heat in the Valleys, during the Day, that is, one half of the Time ; and during the Night, or the other Hal£ the neighbouring Snows fuddenly cool the Air,which condenfes a new. To this Viciflitude of Con- denfation and Rarefaction is certainly to be aflign'd, as to the : flrft Principle, the Inequality of Weather that is obferv'd ac Cufco, at Puna, La Paz, and other Places, where they al- moft daily are fenfible of the Changeablencis of theWeather, of Thunder, Rain, Lightning ; of Fair and Cloudy Weathers of Heat and Cold; but in other Places it is hot for a long Time, •ZiS _ A Voyage to Time, without any Interruption, and then the Rains take their Turn. It is not fo along the Coaft, where the S. W. and S. S,W. Winds blow regularly, which coming from the cold Cli- mates of the South Pole, continually refrefli the Air, and constantly keep it almoft in the fame Degree of Conden- sation. Much more muft they bring thither Salt Particles, which they gather from the Sea Fogs, wherewith the Air muft be fiird and thicken' d much, as we conceive Brine is by the Salt it contains. That Air therefore has more : "Strength to fnpport the Clouds, and is not hot enough, nor in fumcient Morion to agitate the Particles, and confe- -quently to gather the little Drops of Water, and form fome greater than the Bulk of the Air to which they anfwerj and tho' thofe Clouds draw very near the Earth during the Seafon when they are leaft attracted by the Sun, yet they tho', in the whole, there are about 25, or 30000 Souls, including the Friers and Nuns, who take up at leaft a Quarter of the City. As in the Cities of Europe we reckon the Coaches to denote their Magnificence, lb at Lima they reckon 4000 Immenfe Calafhes, the common Carriage for Gentry in that Coun- Wcnhh. tr y^ fly^a by Mules. But to give fome Idea of the Wealth of that City, it will fuffice to relate what Treafure the Merchants there expofed about the Year 1682., when the Duke de la Falata made his Entry : Coming to take Pof- felfion of the Place, they caus'd the Streets, call'd de la Merced, or of the Mercenarians , and de los Mercaderer, or of the Merchants, extending through two of the Quarters, and through which he was to pals to the Royal Square,, where the Palace is, to be paved with Ingots of Silver, that had paid the Fifth to the King, and generally weigh about 200 Marks, of eight Ounces each, between r2 and 15 Inches long, four or five in Breadth, and two or three in Thicknefs, which might amount to the Sum of 80 Mil- lions of Crowns, and 3.20 Millions of Livres French Mo- ney, as it was in the Year 171 5. It is true, that Lima is in fome Sort the Repofitory of the Trcafures of Fern, whole Capital it is, It was computed fome Years ago, that above fix Millions of Crowns were expended there. Much muft be abated at prefent, fince the French Trade has carry'd thither the Commodities of Europe at an eafy rate, and fince the Trade they have drove at Arka y Hilo and Pifco^ has » the South Sea. 215) lias diverted the Plate that came formerly to Lima : which is theReafon that the City is now poor, to what it formerly was. Both Men and Women are equally inclined to be coftly c ofilyHabits, in their Drefs ; the Women not fatisfy'd with the Expence of the richeft Silks, adorn them, after their Manner, with a prodigious Quantity of Lace, and are infatiabie as to Pearls and Jewels, for Bracelets, Pendants and other Ornaments ; the Faihion whereof, which amounts to very much, ruins the Husbands and the Gallants. We faw La- dies, who had about them above the Value of tfoooo Pieces of Eight in Jewels : They are generally beautiful enough, of a fprightly Mien, and more engaging than in other Places; and perhaps one part of their Beauty is ow- ing to the Toils of the Mulattas, Blacks, Indians, and other hideous Faces, which are the moft numerous through- out the Country. The City of Lima is the ufual Reftdence of the Viceroy Plceroy. of Peru, who is as abfolute as the King himfelf in the Courts of Lima, Chuquifaca, Quito, Panama, Chili, and Tierra Tirme, as Governor * and Captain-General of all the Kingdoms and Provinces of that Part of the new World, as is exprefsM in his Titles. HisAllowance is 40000 Pieces of Eight yearly, without taking Notice of his extraordi- nary Perquifites ; as when he goes a Progrefs into any Pro- vinces, he is allow'd 10000 Pieces of Eight, and 3000 for going only to Callao, which is but two Leagues from Lima. He has the Nomination of above a hundred Cor- regidores, or fupreme Magiftrates of confiderable Places; and, in fliort, he has the Difpofal of all Triennial Em- ployments, both Civil and Military. It is to be obferv'd, that moft Employments are given, or fold only for a limited Time. F f 2 The * The fame Perfon has thofe two Titles, which are difiinguifh'd in the pre- tended Mawftrip of Oocmelin. Sec the Hiftory of the Buccaniers, 22o A Voyage to TeUtkh, The Viceroys and Prefidents generally hold theirs feverr Years j fome Corregidores and Governors have theirs for five, and the greater Number but for three. It is e;.fy to fee into the Defign of that Regulation, which is, doubrlefs, to prevent their having Time to gain Creatures, and '.form Parties againft a King, who is fo remote From them, that it requires Years to receive his Orders j but it muft: alfo be granted, that this Policy \s attended with many inevitable Inconveniences, which, in my Opinion, are the main Caufe of the ill Government of the Colony, and of the little Profit it affords the Kin£ of Spain ± for the Officers look upon the Time their Employments laft as a Jubilee, which is to come but once in their Lives ; at the End whereof they will be laugh* d at, if they have not made their Fortune : And as it is hard not to be overcome by the Temptation of privately conniving for Money at cer- tain Abufes, which by long Ufe are become Cuftoms, the honeiteft Perfons follow the Steps of their Predeceffors, being poffefsM of the Opinion,, that howfoever they be- have themfelves, they mail not perhaps mifs of being charged with Mai- Adminiftration ; the only Means to clear themfelves of which, is to appeafe their Judges with Prefents, giving them Part of what they have wrong* d the King and the Subjects of. I bring this Reflexion from its Original, and do not lay it down here as a Conjecture. Munera, crede mihi^ placant homine[qtie Deofgue. Believe me, Gifts appeafe both Men and Gods. 2^ Hence it is that fo many MaiTes of Silver are convey'ct from the Mines crofs long Countries, and are at laft con- vey'd aboard the Ships trading along the Coaft, without paying the Fifth to the King, becaufe the Merchants pay the Governor fo much per Cent, the Corregidbr, or fupreme Ma- giftrate, pays the Juez de Defcamino, or Judge of Conceal- ments or Connfcations,andhe perhaps theViceroy*s Officers, For this Reafon fcarce any one of them takes to Heart the publick Good, being convinced, that he fhall foon be out of Place 3 and out of Power to continue the good Or- der the South-Sea. ill der he ilitill eflablifli, and which his Succeffor will perhaps overthrow as fcon as he is in the Poft. In fhort, this is the Caufe why the Orders from the Court of Spain are not at all, or very ill put in Execution : They are fatisfy'd with only publifhing them for Formality ; * the * s « ofccdece Fear of lofing an Employment for Life is no Motive to : a 0rden ' i , r i r - • n r^ • ji ynofe cum- them ; they are lure to lole it in a ihort Time; and be- p i e# fides,- they come off at an eafy rate with the Viceroy, who The Order h reafons exadtly as they do, tho'he has a Sovereign Autho- ^'/^ hut „ rity and Power in his Hands. m exemeiL His ufual Guard is compofed of three Parcels; being a Company of ioo Halbardrers, a Troop of ioo Horfe, and a Company of i oo Foot ,• the two laft are paid by the King, and the Halbardiers are maintained out of a Fund left by a Lady of Lima, who was extraordinary rich. There is another Company of 50 felec~t Perfons, all Men of Diftin- cVion, who walk by his Side when he makes his Entry. There is a Royal Chappel in his Palace, ferv'd by R& chapped Chaplains, a Sacriftan, and a Choir of Mufick, pay'd by the King. The Garrifon of Limacontifts only of the Militia of the<^n>* Inhabitants, who have no Pay from the King, except the General Officers, and the Sergeants of the Foot-Compa- nies : Whereof thefe are the Particulars. Fourteen Companies of SpaniJJo Infantry of the Inhabi- Aifc tants. Seven Companies of the Corporation of the Commerce, who have more than the formers a Major, and two Aids de Camp. Eight Companies of Indian?, Natives of Li?na 3 who, befides the ufual Officers, have a Colonel, a Major, and an Adjutant. Six Companies of Mulatto's and free Blacks, who have a Major, two Adjutants, and a Lieutenant-General. Each of the above-mention'd Companies confifts of 100 Men, and has no other Officers, but a Captain, an Enfign 3 and a Sergeant.. Ten, 222 A Voyage to Haft. Ten Troop* of Spanijh Horfe, of jq. Men c^j fix whereof are of the City, and four of the Neighbouring Countiy-Houfes, and adjacent Farms. Each Troop has a Captain-, a Lieutenant, and a Cornet. General Officers in the Kings Pay. The Captain-General and Viceroy, Pieces of Eight per Annum* 40000 The Governor General 7000 The Lieutenant General of the Horfe 1500 The CommhTary General of the Horfe 1500 The Lieutenant to the Lieutenant General j 1200 The Lieutenant to the Captain General 1 200 Other Officers appointed by the Viceroy. The Captain of the Guard Chamber 1200 A Lieutenant of the Artillery 1200 Two Adjutants of the Artillery, each 300 Four Matter Gunners, each 540 A chief Armorer 1500 Four Armorers, each 600 A Mafter Carpenter iooo It is reported, that in cafe of need, the Viceroy can raife 1 00000 Foot and 20000 Horfe, throughout the whole Extent of the Kingdom; bur it is certain he could not arm the 5 th Part of them, as I have been infbrm'd by Men who have travelled fome of rhe Inland Parts of Peru. Under the Viceroy's Authority, the Government of the Kingdom depends on that of the Royal Court, where he prefides for matters of Moment. That Court, which may in fome Meafure be compared to a French Parliament, is compofed of 16 Oidores, that is, Judges or AffeiTors, four Alcaldes de Corte ) or Juftices of the King's Houfhold, two Fifcales, or Attorneys General, an A!q: ! .izil Major , or chief Serjeant, and a General Protector of the Indians. Each of thofe the South- Sea. 22 3 thofe Perfons in chfe faid Employments has 3000 Pieces of Eight, and 13 Royals Salary ,• but the Oidorer, or Judges, have moreover other Allowances belonging to the peculiar Courts where they are employ'd. That Body has alfo titular Officers, as Advocates, Solicitors, Notaries, Ser- jeants, &c. The Royal Court is fubdivided into a Court of Juftice, Stvo-A a Criminal Court, n Court of Accounts, and two Courts Courts. of the Treafury, or Exchequer, one of which is cntrufted with the Revenues which rich 'Indians have left at .their D:ath to relieve the Wants of the Poor of their Nation. Laftly, it includes the Chancery, which is compofed of •only one Oidor, and one Chancellor, who has that Title given him with a very fmall Salary, becaufe the Great Chancellor is always in Spain. The Cablldo, or Council of the City, is next to the City cowc.Z Royal Court. There are more Regidores, or Aldermen, belonging to it, than in other Towns. There is alfo an Alguazll Mayor, or chief Sergeant of the City, for Military Affairs, and a great Provoft, call'd Alcalde de la tlermandad, who has Power of Life and Death in the open Country. The Court of .the Royal Treafury is.efhblinYd for ther r ^';-_ King's Revenues,, as the Fifth of the Silver taken out of the Mines i the Duty of Alcavala, being 4 per Cent, on all Sorts of Commodities and Grain, and other Impofitions, which are but few in that Colony. It has Judges, Tellers, Se- cretaries, &c. There is alfo a Court of the Mint, which has its Trea-M«,\ furers, Comptrollers, Directors, Keepers, Clerks, &c. as alfo an Oldor, or Judge, who has a Salary independent of that of the Royal Court. The Court of the Commerce is the ConfulHiip, where Conf»l[hip: .a Prior and two Confuis prefide, who are chofen from a- mon^ the Merchants, who bed underftand Trade. And, to the end that nothing may be wanting to that Spiritual City, which may contribute towards preferving of good Cl/; ' '- Order 5 224 d. Voyage to ' Order, -and making it flour ilh, feveral Courts of EccLcfi- aftical Jurifdi&ion have been erected in it. Ihe Arch* The firft is the Archbiihop*s Court, compofed of the hjhotfs. Chapter of the Cathedral, and the Officiality ; its Officers are, a Fifcal, or Attorney, a Solicitor, a Sergeant, and No- taries. Inqntftion. The fecond, and mod dreadful of all Courts, is that of the Inquifition, whofe Name alone gives a Terror every where,, becaufe, i/?, The Informer is reckon'd as a Wic- nefs : idly> The Accufed have no Knowledge given then) of their Accufers*. $dly, There is no Confronting of Wir> neffes ; fo that innocent Perfons are daily taken up, whofc only Crime is, that there are Perfons, whofe Intereft it is to ruin them. However, they fay at Lima, that there is no Caufe to complain of the Inquifition, perhaps becaufe the Viceroy and the Archbifliops are at the Head of that Body. The Inquifition was fettled at Lima in the Year 1569; with all the Minifters, Counfellors,Qualificators,Fd7///7/'dm, Secretaries, and chief Sergeants 5 as it is in Spain, It has three luperiour Judges, who have each 3 000 Pieces of Eight Sa- lary : Their Jurisdiction extends throughout all thzSpanifo South America, G-ojfade. The third Spiritual Court is that of the Croifade, which is in fome Manner a Part of the Royal Court, becaufe there belongs to it an Oidor, or Judge of the Court of Ju- stice. It was erected at Lima, in the Year 1603, under the Direction of a Commiifary-General, who keeps his Court in his own Houfe, where he judges, with the Affi- ftanceof a Judge Confer vator, a Secretary, a Comptroller, a Treafurer, and other Officers, requifite for the Diftribu- tion of the Bulls, and Examination of the Jubilee and In- dulgences. His Salary is only 1000 Pieces of Eight, which is too much for fo ufelefs an Employment. Com for Laitly, There is a fourth Court for the laft Wills and Wills. Teftaments of the Dcad 3 which calls to account Executors and the South-Sea. 12,^ and Administrators, and takes Care of Chappelanies and their Foundations, for which it has fcveral Officers. In order to furnifh fo many Courts with proper Perfons, Univerfity, the Emperor Charles V. in the Year 1545, founded an Uni- verfity at Lima, under the Title of S. Mark, and granted it feveral Privileges, which were confirm'd by Pope Paul III. and Pius V. who in 1572 incorporated it into that of Sa- lamanca, that it might enjoy the fame Privileges and Im- munities : It is governed by a Rector, who is chofen yearly ; they reckon in it about 180 Doctors of Divinity, Civil and Canon Law, Phylick and Philofophy, and generally near 2000 Scholars. Some proceed thence able enough in the Scholaftick and Tricking Part, but very few in the Pofitive. There are in the Univerfity three Royal Colleges, with Colleges: 20 Profefforfhips, which have good Revenues. The firft was founded by Don Francifco ae Toledo, Viceroy of Peru, under the Invocation of S. Philip and S. Mark. The fecond by the Viceroy Don Martin Henriquez, for the Entertain- ment of 80 Collegians, or Students in Humanity. Civil Law and Divinity, the Jefuites are Re&ors and ProfelTors in it ,• and it is call'd S. Martin, The third by the Arch- bifliop Don Toribio Alphoufo Mongrovejo, under the Title of S. Tbribio, Bifhop, for the Maintenance of 80 Collegi- ans, who ferve in the Choir of the Cathedral. Their Ha- bit is gray, with a Purple Welt double behind ,• they ftudy Ecclefiaftical Literature under a Prieft, who is their Re&or. The College alfo maintains fix Boys for the Choir, under the Direction of the Mafter of the Chappel, and of the Vicar or SubDeacon, who refides there. The College has a Revenue of ab ove 14000 Pieces of Eight. The Chapter of the Cathedral is compofed of a Dean, Chtpttr: an Archdeacon, a Chanter, a School-mafter, a Treafurer, and 1 o Canons ,• one of which Number has been retrench'd, to give his Revenue to the Inquifition. Each of thofe Dig- nitaries has 7000, the Canons 5000, the fix Racionero's, or Prebendaries, 3 000 5 and the 3 o Chaplains each 6oo Pieces G g of ! r._- ' Zl6 A Voyage to of Eight a Year, without reckoning the Muficians and Singing-Boys. Qtkedral. This Church, which was the firft Structure in Lima, was . by Francis Pizarro put under the Invocation of the Ajjum- ption ; but Pope Paul III. having made it a Cathedral in the Year 1541, altered it to that of S. John the Evangelift, to diftinguifh it from that of Cuzco, which had that Name be- fore. It was Suffragan to Sevil till the Year 1546, when the fame Pope made it Metropolitan ; and the Suffragans to it are the Bifhopricks of Panama, Quito, Truxillo, Gua* manga, Arequipa, Cufco, Santiago, and ha Conception of Chili. 'Anhbijhops. The firft Archbifhop was Von Fray Jeronimo de Loayfa, a Dominican. He aHembled two Provincial Synods > the firft on the 4th of October 1551, at which never a Suffra- gan was prefent, but only the Deputies of the Bifliops of Panama^ Quito, and Cufco \ The fecond was open'd the 2d of March 1567 ; the Bifliops of ha Plata, Quito, and La Imperial, were prefent at it, with the Deputies of the other Chapters. He rebuilt the Church then ruin'd, and covered it with Mangrove Timber. The 3 d Archbifliop, Don Tbribio, is reckon' d a Saint. The 9 th, Don Melchor de Linnan y Cifneros, upon the Death of the Marquis de Malagon, was appointed Vice- roy, Governor, and Captain General of the Provinces of Peru : He was the firft in whom thofe two Dignities were united, which indeed do not feem compatible in the fame Perfon. Tight Ta- The City of Lima contains eight Partfhes. The firft is rijhes. tne Cathedral, which has four Curates and two Vicars, which is contrary to the Canon Law, whereby only one Curate is affign'd to a Church, becaufe one Body is to have but one Head. The Church is handfome enough, well built, and has three e they are ferv'd by the Brothers of S. John of God, That of S. Peter was founded only for Priefts by the Archbilhop Toribio above-mention'd. That of the Holy Ghoft, for Seafaring Men, is main- tained by the Alms and Contributions collected of Trading Veffels. That of S. Bartholomew was founded for the Blacks by Father Bartholomew de Vadillo, In that of S. Lazarus they take Care of Lepers, and fuch as have the Venereal Diftemper. It is a Royal Foun- dation, and ferves alfo for the Falling Sicknefs and Mad Folks. There is a Houfe for Foundlings, adjoining to Our Lady of Atocha, call'd Los Huerfanos, or the Orphans. The Hofpital of S. Cofmas and S. Damianus, was foun- ded by the Inhabitants of Lima, for Sfanijh Women. Gg 1 That Zi8 A Voyage to That of S. Anne was founded by Don Ieronymo de Loay~ fa, the firft Archbifhop for the Indians ; the King now de- frays the Charge of it. There is one for the Incurable, ferv'd by the Bethlehe^ mites. Another for the Convalefcent, or recovering Indians} without the City, where thofe who come from S. Anne and other Hofpitals are received. . There are alfo Officers to difpofe of the Foundations made by the richeft Indians, for the Poor of their Nation, as has been faid. Laftly, there is one founded by a Prieft, for convale- fcent, or recovering Priefts. Befides the Hofpitals for the Sick, there is a Houfe of Charity. Charity, in the Square of the lnquilition, for poor Women. There young Maids are marry'd or made Nuns. Tortious for In the College of Santa Cruz de las Ninas, or the Holy M4* s \ Crofs of the Girls, they bring up a Number of Found- ling Girls, to whom the Inquifitors give Portions, when they marry. A Prieft has alfo left a Foundation of above 600000 Pieces of Eight, under the Direction of the Dean of the Cathedral, and the Prior of S. Dominick, to marry 20 Maids, and give them 500 Pieces of Eight each. The Brotherhood of Conception marries 40, after the Rate of 450 Pieces of Eight each. There is a Foundation under the Title of Our Lady of Cocharcas, for t the Poor Daughters of Caciques, and a Col- lege for breeding their Sons, where they have all (orts of Matters. Mnafories. The Monaftical State, which has overfpread all Europe, has alfo extended beyond the vaft Seas into the remoteft Colonies, where it fills the fartheft Corners inhabited by Chriftians ; but at Lima particularly there are Legions of Friers, whofe Monafteries have taken up the fineft and greateft Part of the City. The the South-Sea. 22p The Dominican* hove four Monafteries there ; the chief- Dominicans; eft is that of the Rofary j next the Recollection of the Mag- dalen ; S. Thomas of Aquin, where their Schools are 5 and S. Rofe of Lima. The Francifcans have four, viz. that of JESUS, or Francifcans; the Great Monaftery, call'd alfo S. Francis, contains 700 Men, as well Friers, as Servants, and takes up the Space of four Quarters, being the fineft in the City. The fecond is the Recollection of S. Mary of the Angels, or Guadalupe-, the third is the College of S. Bonaventure ; and the fourth the Barefoot Friers of S. James* The Angujlins have alfo four, which contain above 500 Augufliiwi Friers, and are, S.Auguftin, Our Lady of Capacavana, the College of S. Ildefonfus, and the Noviciate, which is without the City, or the Reform of Our Lady of Gui- dance. The Order of the Mercenarians has three, viz. the Mer- Mercena-, cenarians, the Recollection of our Lady of Bethlehem ; and nans# the College of S. Peter Nolafcus. The Jefuites have five, viz. S.Paul, S. Martin, the No- Jefuites; viciate, or S. Anthony ; the Cercado, or Inclofure, by the Name of S.James, where they are Curates $ and Los Ve- famparados, that is, the Forfaken, or Our Lady of Sorrow, which is their profefs d Houfe. The Benedictines have that of Our Lady of Mont- Renediainw: ferrat. The Minims have lately been in PofTemon of the Church Minims, of Our Lady of Succour, which alfo bears the Name of S.Francis of Paula, and a Chappel of Our Lady of Victory, where the great Monaftery was, which is <^lFd by the Name of their Patriarch. The Brothers of S. John of God, have the Direction of S. John of the Hofpital of S. James. God - The Bethlehemites have two, that of the Incurable, and Bethkhe- Our Lady of Mount camel, which is without the City, mites. Thefe Friers came lately from the Town of Guatemala, in the Kingdom of Mexico, where the Venerable Brother Peter A Voyaze to Peter Jofeph, de Betancourt * founded them to ferve the Poor. Pope Innocent XI. approved of the Inftitution, in the Year 1697. They have already Nine Monaftcries in Peru. Thofe Friers, tho' to outward Appearance very fimple, are reckoned refined Politicians, as may be judg'd by the Name of the QuinteiTcnce of Carmelites and Jefuites, given them by the People. They are Brothers. They -choofe for their Chaplain a Secular Prieft, whom they keep in their Houfe at a certain Allowance; but he has no Vote among them. They are clad like the Capucins, ex- cepting that under their Beard they have a Bib, a quarter of a Yard long, ending in a Point. Their Founder, as thofe good Friers give out, had, during Eleven Years, the Company of our Saviour vifibly carrying his Crofs. The other Apparitions and Revelations they place to his Account, and which they publifli by Word of Mouth, and by Pictures, are of the fame Reputation. Nnni. There are fomewhat fewer Nuns at Lima, than Friers ; there are only twelve Monaftcries of them. 1. That of the Incarnation of Regular Canonefles of S. Auguftin. 2. The Conception of the fame Order. 3. The Trinity of the Or- der of S. Bernard. 4. S. Jofeph of the Conception, more auftere than the other, contains the Barefoot Nuns of the Order of S. Augujiin. 5. S. Clare, founded by the Archbifliop Toribio, preferves the Heart of its Founder, and contains above 300 Franciscan Nuns. 6. S. Katharine of Siena, of the Order of S. Dominich 7. S. Rofe of S. Mary, of the fame Order, 8. That they call del Prado, or of the Meadow, of Recolet Augujlins. 9. S. Terefa, of Carme- lites. 10. S, Rofe of Viterbo. 11. The Trinitarians. 12. The JESUS^Mary of Capuchins, erected in 1713, by four Nuns that came from Spain, by the way of Buenos Ay res, whom * Perhaps he was a Defcendent of a French Gentleman named Betancourt, nho having ftolc a young Woman, fled to the IJland of Madera, where he firjf planted a chrijtian Colony. F. du Tertre, p. 59. fays, He in the Tear. J 64 2, fa» a Fiancifcan in that Jfland, nho f aid he was of that Family. the South-Sea. 23 1 whom we mention'd before. In friort, they reckon there are above 4000 Nuns ? among which there are four or five Monafteries of very regular Religious Women. We might here add a Houfe founded by the Archbiffiop This h all a Toribio, for Women divorced. It is incredible to what an g>-of*Mift«ke 9 Excefs that Abufe has been carry' d •> there are People daily fy {"'* . unmarry d, with as much bale as it Matrimony were no- Spain and the thing but a civil Contract, upon bare Complaints of Mif- Indiev^- underftanding, Want of Health or Satisfaction, and what ly t0 ^ rate ± isftillmore amazing, they afterwards marry others, Board fa "1 This Abufe was brought them from Spain, at the very as cannot live Time of the Settling of this Colony. The Intercourfe they together in had long had with the Moors had made it (o common, that Peace ' Cardinal Ximenes thought himfelf obliged' to apply fome Remedy to it ; and becaufe the Pretence of Spiritual Affi- nity very often authorized Divorces, the Council of Toledo, which he affembled in the Year 1497, ordain'd,. that at Chriftenings Care fhould be taken to write down the Names of the Godfathers and Godmothers, that the Truth might be known. The Penitent Women have alfo a Place of Retreat, Penitent WK* which I do not think is very full,, becaufe of the little mn \ Scruple they make in that Country of Libertinifm, and the little Care that is taken to curb it. They call them las Amparadas dc la Conception, or the Protected of the Con- ception. It may feem that by the great Number of Monafteries and Religious Houfes of both Sexes, we may imagine Lima to be a Place much addicted to Devotion ; but that Outfide is far from being made good by thofe who live irr them ; for mod of the Friers lead fuch a licentious Life there,, that even the Superiors and Provincials draw from the Monafteries conftderableSums of Money to defray the Ex- pencesof a worldly Liie,and fometimes of fuch open Lewd— nefs, that they make no Difficulty to own the Children, that are got, and to keep about them thofe undeniable Proofs of their diforderly Life 3 to whom they often leave as-- 231 A Voyage to as an Inheritance the Habit they are clad in, which fame- times extends beyond one Generation : If I may believe what has been told me on the Spot. The Nuns, except three or four Monafteries, have alfo but an Appearance of Regularity, which they only owe to the Inclofurej for inftead of living in Community and Poverty according to their Vow, they live each apart at their own Coft, with a great Retinue of Black and Mulatta Women Slaves and Servants, whom they make fubfervient to the Gallantries they have at the Grates. We cannot fpeak of the Lives of both Sqkqs without applying to them the Words of S. Paul, 1 Cor. vi. 1 5 . Shall I then take the Members ofChrifl, and make them the Mem* hers of an Harlot ? By the Example of thofe People, who by their Example ought to edify the Laity, it is eafy to guefs at the prevailing Paffion of that Country. Its Fruitfulnefs, the Plenty of all Things, and the fedate Tranquillity they perpetually enjoy there, do not a little contribute to the amorous Temper which reigns there. They are never feniible of any intemperate Air, which always preferves a juft Mean, between the Cold of die Night and the Heat of the Day. The Clouds there generally cover the Sky to pre- ferve that happy Climate from the Rays the Sun would dart down perpendicularly ; and thofe Clouds never dif* Folve into Rain to obftruct taking the Air, or the Pleafures of Life ; they only fometimes ftoop down in Fogs, to cool the Surface of the Earth, fo that they are always there fure what Weather it will be the next Day ; and if the Pleafure of living continually in an Air of an equal Temper, were not interrupted by the frequent Earth- quakes, I do not think there is a litter Place to give us an Idea of the Terreftrial Paradife ; for the Soil is alfo Fertile in all forts of Fruits. V*rim Befides thofe which have been tranfported thither from Rhus. Europe, as Pears, Apples, Figs, Grapes, Olives, 6 c. there are thofe of the Caribbee lilands, as Ananas, Guayaw, Pa- " tatafy the South-Sea. 23.3 tatat, Banana^ Melons and Watermelons, befides others peculiar to Verve, The moft valu'd of the laft Sort are the Cbirimoyas y refembling in fmall the Ananas and Pine Ap- ples, being full of a white folid Subftance, mix'd with Seeds as big as Kidney Beans ; the Leaf is fomewhat like that of the Mulberry Tree, and the Wood refembics that of the Hazle. The GranadiUas are a Sort ofPomgranates, full of black- Granadilla*. ifli Kernels, fwimming in a Vifcous Subftance, of the Co- lour of the White of an Egg, very cooling, and of an agree- able Tafte. The Leaves are fomewhat like thofe of the Lime Tree, and the Imagination of the Spaniards forms in the Flowers all the Inftruments of the PafTion. Father FeuiUe'e, who has drawn this Fruit, calls it Granadilla Po- ?nifera Tili but there are two of them which do not fuit it j for the Regular or Trade Winds do not prevail throughout all the Zone, and the In- lands of South America 2lxq not eool'd by the Neighbourhood of the Sea. There is therefore no general Reafon, but what is groun- ded on the Equality of Time, the Prefence and the Abfence of the Sun, and the Obliquity of his Rays for fome Hours, at his Riling and Setting ; but tho' it may prove much, it will not hold for Uma, if we compare the little Heat there is there, with that which is felt at Bahia de todos os Santos, which is almoft under the fame Parallel, and on the Sea Shore. It muft therefore be added, that the Neighbourhood of the Mountains which crofs Peru, contributes much to- wards tempering of the Air that is there breatffd. But it is farther urged, why thofe Mountains are as cold as thefe in our Climates. To that I anfwer, that befides the general Reafons which may be aflign'd, the Situation of the Mountains call'd La Cordillera, or the Andes, is another Caufe ; for they generally run North and South, whence it follows : fyePUteXX. x ' That if there are Rocks R, (landing perpendicular like a Wall, it is evident that their Faces expofed to the Eaft, or Weft, would not receive the Sun for above fix Hours, even tho' they were in the Middle of a Plain; and if any Mountain happens to ftand before them, they will receive much lefs, that is, lefs than half the Rays the Plain receives, and about only the fourth Part of the natural Day. 2. But to make a Suppofition on which to ground a ge- neral Argument, we will allow the Inclination, or Bent of our Mountains an Angle of 45 Degrees, which may be look'd upon as an exact Mean between thofe which are deeper and thofe that have an eafier Afcent. It will then appear, that thofe which are not blinded by other Moun- tains, the South Sea. 1^ tains, as. AC maybe, muft be lighted three Quarters of the Day • but we know, that from Sun-rifing till Nine of the Clock, the Obliquity of his Rays on the general Face, and the Oppofitioh ofan Air condensed by the Cold of fif- teen Hours. Abience, on which they muft have an Effect to put it into Motion, render his Action but little fenfible till he is got up to a certain Height ; for according to fome able Pnilofophers, Cold conlilts in aceafing from Motior. 3. If one Mountain is contiguous to another, it is evj- * dent that the fame will be cover'd till the Sun has attaind the Height of the An^le TDC, which the Horizon forms with the Line drawn from the Foot of one Mountain to the Top of the other ; then the Sufi will not operate on all the Face E D above fix Hours ; and tho 1 he operates a long time . on the Top, it will be never the more heated, becaufe. the Rays reflccl upwards, as S A to N, where their Operation is interrupted by the continual Flux of the Air, whofe vi- olent Agitation in a flrait Line is ' oppofite to the Heat, as Experience fhews by the Wind, or if you pleafe by a ftrong Blaft, doling the Lips, which cools the Hand that receives it. In fine, when the Sun, being in the Zenith, violently heats the Plain, it only half heats the Mountains, as is plain to thofe who underftand a little of Geometry ; for fuppo- fing the Rays of the Sun Parallel, the Surface ED receives no more than the Perpendicular E Y, equal to X D, which may be lcok'd upon as in the Plain, tho' the Line E Y be much longer, but the Triangle being rectangular, and Ifo- fcekf, the Squares of thofe Lines which exprels like Surfaces, being to one another as 25 to 49, that is, almoft as 1 is to 2, it will appear, that the Mountain receives half the Rays lefs than the Plain, which anfwers to a Quarter of the na- tural Day, as in the firftCafe,- the Sun there will require half as much more Time to render the Earth capable of producing on the Mountain, than it will need on the Plain j therefore theHarveft will be Ions after, and it is not to be wonder'd that this Difference (hould extend to fix Months. H h 2 I {hall Z36 A Voyage t&- v I fliall not regard the Objections that may be made, nor go about to apply this Difcourfe to Valleys and Mountains that lie Eaft and Weft ; it is not proper for me to fay any more: I will proceed to another Remark, concerning the Vale of Lima. Since the Earthquake in 1678, the Earth has not produced Corn as it did before, for which Reafon they find it cheaper to have it brought from Chili, from whence enough is every Year exported to maintain 50 or 60000 Men, as 1 have elfe- where computed. The Mountain and the reft of the Coun- try isfufficient to maintain the Inhabitants. 'timers. As for Garden Flowers, I have not feen any peculiar to that Country, except the Niorbos, which fomewhat refera- ble the Orange Flower ; their Scent is not fo ftrong, but more pleafant. PW u3] ° * nul ^ not * iere omit l ^ e Singularities of fome Plants I have heard Perfons of Credit fpeakof. There is an Herb call'd Carapullo, which grows like a Tuft of Grafs, and yields an Ear, the Decoction of which makes fuch as drink it delirious for fome Days : The Indians make ufe of it to difcover the natural Difpofition of their Children. At the Time when it has its Operation, they place by them the Tools of all fuch Trades as they may follow j as by a Maiden a Spindle, Wool, SchTors, Cloth, Kitchen Furni- ture, &c. And by a Youth Accoutrements for a Horfs, Awls, Hammers, &c. and that Tool they take moft Fan- cy to in their Delirium, is a certain Indication of the Trade they are fitted for, as I was allured by a French Surgeon, who was an Eye Witnefs of this Rarity. JUradife \ n tne plains of Truxillo there is a Sort of Tree, which bears 20 or 30 Flowers, all of them different, and of divers Colours, hanging together like a Bunch of Grapes ; it is call'd Flor del Paraifo y or the Flower of Paradife. About Caxatambo and San Matheo, a Village in the Ter- ritory of Lima, at the Foot of the Mountains, there are certain Shrubs bearing blue Bloffoms, each of which as it changes f Pianche AAA*/' Espadnole dztperouenChupon etraideHiri'B > autre enMentera et preaorillo C- azdf~e it.'iic tenant Wt Chalumeau ddrq &rvt p our Suce*~ la. teuiture de titierbc dit >araguoA./ -Z> Mate' au Coupe cie Caled?asse artnee' daru ent E < p o t daraen! our Chaitrer leau an milieu de la Quelle eJt le feu aUzns uu rederiuru* & ■ >' ' 1'Uniihf XX/X yl-Espagrwle ewvelopee de Sa t-nantill< > a/i/ufzt le uuaqeammheCoiuiert: B • an/rr etrRewos horde de denlelles C ■ Create, du Petou &i habit de Uoi/a fo call d from the Name of a Bird, that ufes it as a Purge, and is green and fmall like a Parrot, excepting that it has a Copple Crown and a long Bealc. They fay, that in the Kingdom of Mexico, to get fome of this Herb, they flop the Entrance into the Nefts of thofe Birds on the Trees with Iron Wire; and that the Bird breaks thofe Wires by means of the faid Herb, whofe Leaves it brings, which are found there. It is farther added, that Piifoners have made their Efcape, getting off their Fetters with it. This looks fomewhat fufpicious. There is alfo Maguey, from which they get Honey, Vi-M a g ue */- negar and Drink. The Stalks and Leaves are good to eat : They may alfo be wrought like Hemp; and from them they draw the Thread call'd Pita. The Wood of it ferves to cover Houfes ; its Prickles, or Thorns, for Needles; and the Indians ufe the Fruit inftead of Soap. - Salfaparilla, Quinquina, whofe Tree is like the Almond- Tree ; Quefnoa or Qu'mna, a little white Seed, like that of Muftard, but not fmooth, which is good againft Falls, and a Diltemper they call Pafmos, whofe Fits are Convul- sions : Dragons Blood, fome Rhubarb, Tamarind, Cami- na Oil, and AFarnaaca, are alfo to be found in Peru, The Balfam, which bears the Name 3 comes thither but in a fmall Quantity jj 1 238 A voyage "to Quantity •; it is brought from'' Mexico, as I have fatd be- Pico /g/eff. It remains to lay- lomethrng of a very troublefome little Infett, call'd Pico. It gets infenfibly into the Feet/ be- twixt tire Flcfn and the Skin, where it feeds and grows as big 'as a Pea, and then gnaws the Part, if Care be not ta- ken to get it out; and being full of little Egg's, like Nits, if it be broken in taking our, thofe Nits which fcatter a- bout the Sore, produce as -many new Infects j but, to kill themv tliey'a6rily -Tobacco, or Tallow. • Cufioms and Manners of the Spaniards of Peru. BEfore we leave Peru, it will be proper, in this Place, to fay fomething of what I could obferve of the Man- ners of the Creolian Spaniards, that is, thofe born in that Country. To begin with Religion, I mud obfeive, that, like thofe in Europe, they value the mfe Ives upon being the bed Chriftians of all Nations; they even pretend to di- ftinguifh betwixt themfelves and us by that Qualification; fo that among ^hem it is a very uiual'Way of i peaking, to fay a Chriftian and a French Man to fignify a Spaniard and a French Man : But, without diving into the Interior of either, they have nothing of the outward Practice of the Church Difcipline, - by which they may merit that Pre- eminence. The Abftincnce from Flefh is among them much changed by the Ufe of that they call Grojpira, that is, Of- fal Meat, which confifts in Heads, Tongues, Entrails, Feet, and the extreme Parts of Beads, which they eat on Fiih- Days, not to mention the Ufe of what they call Manteca, being Hogs-Lard and Beef-Suet 5 which they ufe inftcad of Butter : ' (Note, (tho" the Author tales no Notice of it) that thefe Things are only permitted on Saturdays, to not in Lent, ci on Fridays, or other Fafting Day.) Excepting the Mafs, J ii is not ufual to affifl: at any other Divine Service. Thofe who are above three Leagues from the Parifli Church and jhe Chriftian Indians, who are but a League diftant, are exempted the South- Sea. 23 9 exempt^ from hearing of ; Mafs on Days of Obligation"; At Lima they difpenfe with themfelves for going to the Parifh Church, becaufe there are few good Houfes but what have Oratories, that is Chappels, where Mafs is (aid, for the Conveniency of the -Inhabitants, which cheriflies their Sloth, and keeps them from the Parifh. Duty. In-fhort, if their particular Devotion be ftri&ly txa^Rofarj Dsvo- min'd; K feems to be all reduced to that of the Rofary. It thn. is faid in all Towns and Villages twice or thrice a Week, at the Proceflions which are made in the Night, in private Families, or elf e every Perfon apart, at lead: every Even- ing, at the falling' of the Night. Religious Men wear their Beads about their Necks,- "and the Laity under their Cloaths. The Confidence they repofe in that pious In- vention of S. Dominick Guzman, which they believe was brought down from Heaven, is fo. great, that they ground their Salvation upon it, and' expect, nothing lefs than Mi- racles from it, being amufed With the fabulous Accounts daily given them, and by the Notion of the good Succefs every one applies to that Devotion in the Courfe of his Af- r - fairs. But, what will hardly be believ'd, I have often ob- ferv'd, that they alfo depend upon it for the Succefs of their amorous Intrigues. Next to the Rofary follows the Devotion of Mount Car- Mount Car- mel^ which is no lefs beneficial to the Mcrccnariam, than meI - the former is to the Dominicans. That of the immaculate Conception is next; the Fran- Conception, cifcans and the Jefuites have gain'd it fuch Reputation, that they mention it at commencing all Actions, even the molt indifferent. Praifed be, fay they, when a Sermon begins, at Grace, and at Candle-lighting, in every Houfe, praifed be the mod: Holy. Sacrament of the Altar, and the Virgin Mary, our Lady, conceiv'd without Blemilh or original Sin, from the firft Infhnt of her natural Being. They add to the Litanies, Abfq : ie labe co.ncepta, Thou who art conceived without blemilk In ihort, this Sentence is foifted in at ail Times when it can ncimer ierve for the Instruction, nor the A Voyage to the Ediheati on of the .FahM*l; ] and tjhe Expr^Qfes;: k rfio Hymns they _ fmg, «l> Honoiftc 0f 'tfouOpuii&oi^ are fo lin- gular, that it will not be ungraceful to, fee fome 'Staves of them here with the Notes. In them may he, obierv'd an Application of the <5th Verfe of the 1 8th Pfalm.y ajeconding to the Vulgate, In fole pofnit tabemaculum fuum, He placed: his Tabernacle in the Sun ; by which it appears, that the Author of that Hymn was not- well vers'd in the Language of Holy Writ, which the Spa- niards feldom learn ; for H he had confulted the Hebrew, he would certainly have pereeiv'd, that the Meaning of that Pafiage is, that God has placed the Throne of the Sun in the Heavens, Soli pofuit folium fuum in eis, He placed the Throne for the Sun in them, that is, in the Heavens, which does not fuit with their Subject. ——I tmm .— >— . ' : | : 3 : §# : «F Ma-ri-a, todo esMa-ri— a, Ma-ri-a, to-do es a Mary, all is Mary y i — e— l vos: Mary, all is yours P¥¥: Toda la noche y el at ::o£:p#: £ I di a All the Day and Night :», Se me vai enpenfar en il Toda vos refplandeceis Con foberano arrebol, Y vueftra cafa en el Sol Dice David que tends* vos. I think on nothing but yon, 2. Tou are all guttering With Sovereign Light, And David fays- Tour Houfe if in the Sun'. 3 . Vucftro the South ^Sea. 24 l Vueftro cal^ado es la Luna, The Moon is your Footftool, Vueftra veftidura el Sol, "The Sun your Garment, Manto bordado de Eftrellas, TmrVeil embroider \d with St art Por corona el mifmo Dios. God himfelfyour Crown* 4. 4. Aunque le pefe al Demonio, TJjo it fret the Devil, Y reviente Satanas, And Satan burft for Rage, Alabemos a Maria Let us pra>Je Mary- Sin pecado original. Concert d without originalSin. 5- *• El Demon io efta muy mal, The Devil is very ill, Y no tiene mejoria, And not likely to mend, Porque no puede eftorbar Becaufe he cannot obftruc~t La devocion de Maria. The Devotion to Mary. This Fragment of Poetry may alfo ferve to ftiew the Tafte of the Spanifi Nation, which is only fond of Meta- phors and extravagant Comparifons, taken from the Sun, the Moon and the Stars, or from precious Stones, which often carries them into a Sort of Ridicule, and an out-of- the-way Flight, which they take for Sublime. Thus, in this Hymn, the Poet affigns the Virgin the Moon for her Footftool, the Stars for the Embroidery of her Veil, at the fame time that he places her Houfe in the Sun j which, of Confequence,. mull include them all : But if he has wanted Judgment in his Poetical Enthufiafm, it may be fa id he is much miftaken, when he fays that the Devil is burfting with Rage to fee the Devotion to the Virgin in Repute in Peru, That Devotion is certainly too much intermixed with Vices and Senfuality, to make us believe it can be very meritorious tcf them. 1 know they are very careful to fay the Rofary often daily j but it may be faid they are there- in true Pharifees, and think that Prayer confifts in much Talking, tho* meerly with the Lips, and with fo little At- I i tention. 242. A Voyage to tention, that they often mutter over their Beads, vvhilft they are talking of Things that are no way compatible with pious Exercifes. Betides, they all live in a State of Pre- sumption of their Salvation, grounded on the Protection of the Virgin and the Saints, which they believe they me- rit by fome Brotherhood Exercifes, in which the Friers have aflfociated them, without making them fenfible that the prime Devotion conftfts in the Reformation of the Heart, and the Practice of good Manners. It rather looks as lf y by means .of Revelations, and the ill-grounded Miracles they affect: continually to tell them in the Pulpit at their Sermons, they would impofe upon the amazing Facility with which thofe People believe Things moft ridiculous and contrary to good Morality, which is certainly mod: pernicious to the Purity of Religion, and ftrictly prohibited by a Constitution of Pope LeoX, dated 15 16. I could quote fome Examples, if the Grofnefs of thofe Fictions would not render the Credit fufpected. Thence it pro- ceeds, that thofe People fcarce know what it is to pray to God ; but they only addrefs themfelves to the Virgin and the Saints. Thus the Acceffory of Religion almoft extin- . guifhes the Principal. Thofe People are not only credulous to excefs, but alfo fuperflitious. They add to the Beads they wear about their Necks fome Habilla^ being a Sort of Sea Chefnuts, and another Sort of Fruit of the like Nature, rcfembling the Shape of a Pear, call'd Chonta, with Nutmegs, and o- ther fuch Things, to preferve themfelves againfl Witch- craft and infectious Air. The Ladies wear Amulets about their Necks, being Medals without any Impreffion, and a little Jeat Hand, a Quarter of an Inch long, or elfe made of Fig-tree Wood, and call'd Higa, the Fingers clofed, but the Thumb (landing out. The Notion they have of the Vertue of thofe Amulets, or Counter-Charms, is to pre- ferve themfelves from the Harm that might be done by fuch as admire their Beauty, which they call, as in Englift, an evil Eye. Thefe Preservatives are made larger for Chil- dren. the South -Sea. 243 dren. This Superflition is common among the Ladies and the meaner People ; but there is another which is almoft: general, and or" great Moment for avoiding the Pains of the other World, which is, to take care in this to provide & religious Habit, which they buy, to die and be bury'd in i being perfuaded, that when clad in a Livery fo much refpecled here below, they mail, \\i:hout any Difficulty, be admitted into Heaven, and cannot be drove into the utter Darknefs, as the Friers give them to underftand. This is not to be wonder' d at : It is known, that this Devotion, which began in France, in the 12th Century, being advan- tageous to the Communities, made the Franciscans advance, that S. Francis once a Tear regularly came down into Purga* to>y, and took out all thofe who had died in the Holy Ha- bit of hit Order, with fome other Follies which were con- demn' d by the Council of Bafil in the 15 th Century, which thofe Friers in Peru have little regarded, as alfo in the Portugueze Colonies I have feen ; for their Churches are (fill full of Pictures, representing this yearly Defccnt of S. Francis into Purgatory j the other Orders fay no lefs of their Patriarch. They have alfo form'd another Method^ by abufing the Credulity of the Rich, to draw to themfcives fome Part of their Wealth ,• which is, to perfuade them, that the nearer the Altar they are bury'd, the more they partake of the Benefit of the Prayers of the Faithful; and there are fome Nonenim eft Cullies foolifli enough to believe them, and tacitly toacceptatio flatter themfelves, that God will make Exception of P cr -a e udDeum fons. Of this Sort were two Perfons fome Days before 1 XL. 2. e came away from Lima, who had each of them given 6000 Pieces of Eight, to be bury'd in the Charnel Houfe of the Augujlins of this City. Experience .making it appear, that thefe Honours and Advantages are at an End with the Solemnity of the Funeral i notwithftanding the great Sums they have coft, Recourfe is had to pious Legacies, under the Denomination of Foun- dations for Malfes or other Prayers, There is no dying I i 2 Perforr 244 ^ Voyage to Perfon to whom the Neceflfuy of making fome fuch Foun- dation to avoid the Pains of the other Life, is not incul- cated j the Merit of thefe Donations is fo highly extoll'd, that all Men are for redeeming their Sins, to the Prejudice of what Charity and natural Inclination require, with re- fpedt to the neareft Relations, Creditors and the Poor, through whole Hands we are to redeem them, according to the Scripture Rule,- but in regard that the Good which is done to eidier, is foon bury'd in Oblivion, Self-love, which ftill leaves in the Heart a Defire of Eternizing one's felf, when going to be cut off from the Number of Men, makes us preferr Foundations above other good Works, becaufe they are more proper for that End, and perhaps becaufe they are thought more Efficacious. In a word, whether it be through the Fear of Pains, which touches us mod to the Quick, or for the Love of God and one's felf, the Cuftom is become fo univerfal, and has fo much en- rich'd the Monafteries of Lima, and of fome other Cities, within a Hundred Years, that the Laity have fcarce any real Eftates left ; their Wealth is reduced to Moveables, and there are few that do not pay Rent to the Church, ei- ther for their Houfes or Farms. It would be for the Good of thofe Colonies, to make fuch a Regulation as the Vene- tians made in the Year 1605, which prohibits the Aliena- tion of real Eftates in Favour of the Church, or in Mort- main, without the Confent of the Republick, in Imitation of thofe of the Emperors Valentinian^ Charlemagne^ and Charles V. and of feveral Kings of France from S, Lewis down to Henry HI. But the Court of Rome taking the Alarm, caus'd that Decree to be for fome time fufpended in a Country where it has lefs Power than in Spain ; thus this Abufe, in all Likelihood, will continue there ; and in a [hort Time the Laity will find themfelves under a greater Dependency on Communities for Temporals, than they are for Spirituals. 1 will fay nothing here of the Honour they pay to I- mages j coniideiing the Care they take to adorn them in their the South- Sea. 249 their Houfes, and to burn Frankincenfe before them, I know not whether they might not be fufpe&ed of carrying that Worfhip very near to Idolatry. The Quefters, a fort of People who never fail to make their Advantage of the Pre- poiTerTion of the People, in order to draw Alms from them, carry Pictures along the Streets, on Foot and on Horfeback, in great Frames, and with Glaffes over them, which they give to be kifs'd for what they receive. It is true, that we fee the bed Things frequently mifufed in Europe, as well as. in America, which obliged the Bifhops of France to defire of the Council of Trent fome Reformation as to that Ar- ticle. Either through Intereft or Ignorance, the Clergy and the Friers take little Care to undeceive them, and to teach, them to adore God in Spirit and Truth, to fear his Judg- ments, and not to lay any more Strefs on the Protection of the Virgin and the Saints, than as they imitate their Ver- mes. On the contrary, if they make their Panegyricks, they extoll diem without Difcretion, . never intermixing. Points of Morality ; fo that thofe Sermons, which are the mod frequent throughout the Year, become of no \}{z to them, and feed them in their ufual Prefumptions. To conclude, tho r fuch Perfons fliould with their Mouths, preach up Chriftian Vermes, what Fruit could they pro- duce whilft they give fuch ill Example ? If it were upon Modefty and Meeknefs, they are impudent in the higheft Degree,- may I prefume to fay it, mod of them are gene- rally arm'd with a Dagger; it is not to be thought that is to murder, but at lealt to oppofe any that mould oppofe their Pleafures, or offend them. Should the Subject be Poverty, and the Contempt of Riches; the mod Regular of them trade and have their Slaves of both Sexes; and feveral Churchmen appear in colour'd Cloaths adorn'd with Gold, under their ufual Habit. Should it be Humility; they are infufferably Proud, a true Copy of the Phaifees, who would take Place everywhere, and be fa- luted in publick Places. In fliort.,. not fatisfy'd with the low A Voyage to low Bows made them, they offer their Sleeves to bekifsM in the open Streets and in the Churches, whither they go on Purpofe to difturb the Faithful, who are attentive to the Sacrifice, to have Homage done to their pretended Dignity; differing very much therein from the Sentiments of thcrirft of the Wefcern Monks, S. Benedi5t ,who chofe for his Religious Men the Habit of the Poor in his Time, and S. Francis, a ridiculous Habit, to render himfelf contemp- tible in the Eyes of Men. In ihort, it is well known thy to prevent their meddling with worldly Affairs, the King of Spain has been formerly obliged to make ufe of his Au- thority, and yet he has not prevaiPd. Herrera, Anno 1 5 5 1, writes thus: 'The King charged Don Lewis de Velafco, the Viceroy, to tale Care that the Prelates and Religious Menfiould hep within the Bounds oj their own Employments, without in- terfering with thofe of others, as they hadfometimes done, becaufe that belonged to the King and his "Lieutenants. To conclude, ihall they preach up the Example of Continence? this is the general Vice, which fcarce allows of any Exception among thofe whom Age has not difabled. Neither are they very refeiVd as to this Point, but excufe themfclvcs with the Neceffity of having a She-Friend to take Care of them, becaufe the Monafteries allow them nothing but Diet -, fo that they are obliged to intrigue to keep in with them, dealing in Merchandize, and fometimes in Slight of Hand, which have often warn'd the French trading along the Coaft to miftruft them as Sharpers. The Captain of . the Mary Anne, in which I went thither, had fevere Expe- rience of it, one of them taking a Bag of 800 Pieces of Eight out of his Round-houfe. This Diffipation is alio the Reafon why they fcarce ap- ply themfelves to Study ; out of the great Towns there are fome, who can fcarce read Latin, to' fay Mafs. Nay, I knew a Profeflbr of Divinity in a Monaftery, who per- form'd it very imperfectly. In Ihort, it is manifeft, that moil of them only make themfelves Friers in order to lead a more eafy and more honourable Life, it is faid, that the A Jnccus , oiiJ^oy an Tei^ou- B Coici oil *J\etne . ccj deticc ftqnr&t ontele. dej^uueej daprAi vn tablecavfcut par leJinaietu an Ciuco xaira the South-Sea. 247 the King of Spain is fenfible of this Evil, and will regulate the Number of Communities. I owe this Teftimony to Truth, that thefe Remarks do not concern the Jefuhes, who Study, Preach, Catechize,, even in Publick Places, with much Zeal ; and I believe, that were it not for them, the Faithful would fcarce be in- ftructed in the Principal Articles of Faith. I muft alio here honour the Probity and good Behaviour of the Bifhops, who are not altogether to be charged with the Diforders of their Flock, who by ancient Cuftom are in a manner cntituled to live a little more Licentious, ef- pecially the Friers, who are Mailers, and own no other Eccleiiafticaljurifdi&ion, but that of their Superiors, pre- tending they only depend on them, and on the Pope, as Supreme. A Monftrous Independence, according to the ingenious Opinion of S.Bernard, as if a Finger were taken from the Hand, to affix it directly l#the Head. I have happen'd to compare the Friers to the Pharifees^ whereas according to their Inftitute of Life, I mould have fet them in the fame Rank with the Effenians ; but iniiead of mewing that their Righteoufnefs abounded more than that of thofe f Jews, I mould have expofed Vertues that would confound the pretended Perfection of fome Chri- ftian Communities. Eufebius, lib. 8. Prdp. Evang. fpeaking of the Effenians, fays, 'There are no Boys or raw Touths among them, becaufe of the Unfettlednefs of that Age. They do not live in Cities, believing that as an infectious Air is hurtful to the Body, fo the Converfation of the Multitude is to the Mind. No one of them makes Inflruments of War -, nor do they follow- thofe Profejjions, which caufe Men eafily to fall into Wichd- nefs. Trjere is no Merchandizing^ no Victualling, no Na- vigation known among them ; there is no Slave among them, but being all Free, they ferve one another, for Nature like a Mother, fay they, brought forth all-, wherefore, tho 1 not call" d fo, we are all really Brothers. In mort, I do not, by what I have (aid, pretend' to ex- clude the worthy and learned People of Peru and Chili. I. know 248 A Voyage to know there ait fuch among all Conditions ; there have been fome of eminent Piety, whom the Church has admitted into the Catalogue of Saints. Lima has produced within its Ter- ritory S. Rofeot S. Mary of the third Order of S. Dominick. The Bifhop of that City Tbribius, an European, fanctify'd himfelf there ; and they there honour the Bleffvd Francis Solano, a Native of Paraguay. But after all, I differ very much from the Opinion of the Author of the Life of the Holy Toribius, who fays, that in all Likelihood Peru will afford Heaven more Saints, than it has given Silver to the Earth. Vertue feems to me to be more common among the Laity, than among the Friers and the Clergy ; I make no fcruple to fay fo, it would be a falfe Nicety .to fpare Men who diftionour their Profeffion without Controul, under Pretence that they are confecrated to God by fo- lemn Vows. All Vices, fays jfuvfal, are the more criminal, by as much as he is the greater who is guilty of them. This is what I have to object, as a Traveler, who ob- ferve what is done in the Countries where I happen to be, and who deduce as a Confequence from the Behaviour of fuch People., that they have little Religion in their Hearts, notwithftanding their Gravity and outward Affectation. Creolians or jf we next examine the Character and Inclinations of fornfn Peru tne ^ecular Creolians, we mail find among them, as among other Nations, a Mixture of Good and Evil. It is faid, that the Inhabitants of la Puna, that is, the Mountain Country of Peru, are well enough to deal with, and that there are very worthy People among them, generous and ready to do a good Turn, efpecially if it can feed their Va- nity, and (hew the Greatnefs of their Souls, which they there call Punto, that is, Point of Honour, which moil of them value themfelves upon, as a Qualification that raifes them above other Nations, and is a Proof of the Purity of the Spanifli Blood, and of the Nobility all the Whites boaft o£ The mod beggarly and meaneft of the Europeans become Gentlemen as loon as they find themfelves tranfplanted among the South -Secu 249 among the Indians, Blacks, Mulattoes, Meflizo's, and o- thers of mixt Blood. That imaginary Nobility caufes them to perform moft of their good A&ions. I found in Chili, that they pradtifed much Hofpitality, efpecially abroad in the Country, where they entertain Strangers very gene- roufly, and keep them long enough in their Houfes with- out any Intereft. Thus the little Merchants of Bifcay, and other European Spaniards, travel much, with fmall Ex- pence. In the great Towns, and along the Coaft, we now find that the Creolians are fallen off from thofe good Qualities our firft French Men had found among them, and which all Men applauded ; perhaps the Natural Antipathy they have for our Nation, is increas'd by the ill Succefs of the Trade they have drove with us. This Antipathy extends fo far as to leiTen the Affection they ought to have for their King, becaufe he is a Frenchman. Lima was at firft divided into two Parties j and fo on the Mountains $ and the Clergy and Friers impudently pray'd for his Competitor ; but the Bif- cainers fcatter'd about the Country, and moft of the. Eu- ropean Spaniards, being informed of the Valour and Vertue of Philip V. always exerted their Fidelity to him ; fo that theCreolians being convinced of their ill-grounded Prejudice, began to have an Affe&ion for the Holy King, for fo they call him j and tho* there fhould ftill remain any obftinate Spirits, they will become more cautious, feeing his Crown fix'd by the unanimous Confent of all Nations. They are timorous and eafy to be govern'd, tho' difperfed and re- mote from their Superiors, and have a Thoufand Retreats *)f Defarts and Plains to efcape Punifliment; and be- lides, there is no Country where Juftice is lefs fevere ; for fcarce any Body is punifliM with Death. Neverthelefs, they (land in awe of the King's Officers > four Troopers, who are no better than Meffengers, coming from the Vice- roy, make all Men quake at the Diftance of 400 Leagues from him. As for Wit in general, the Creolians of Lima do not want it 3 they have a Vivacity a»d Difpofition to Sciences j thofe Kk of 2^o A Voyage to of the Mountains fomewhat lefs j but both Sorts of them fancy they much exceed the European Spaniards, whom a- mong themfelves they call Cavallos y that is Horfes, or Brutes ; perhaps this is an Effect of the Antipathy there is between them, tho 5 they are Subjects of the fame Monarch. I believe one of the principal Rcafons of that Averfion is, becaufe they always fee thofe Strangers in Pofleifion of the Prime Places in the State, and driving the belt of their Trade, which is the only Employment of the Whites, who fcorn to apply themfelves to Arts, for which they have no Relifh. In other Points, they are little addicted to War j the eafy Tranquillity they live in, makes them apprehenflve of difturbing their Repofe ; however they undergo the Fa- tigue of long Journeys by Land, with much Satisfaction; 4 or 500 Leagues traveling through Defarts, and over un- couth Mountains, does not fright them any more than the ill Fare they meet with by the Way ; whence may be con- cluded, that they are good for the Country they live in. In relation to Commerce, they are as Sharp and Un- derftanding as thcEuropeans j but being dainty andflothful, and not vouchfafing to deal without there be conflderable Profit, the Bifcainers, and other European Spaniards, who are more Laborious, grow Rich fooner. The very Work- men, who live barely on the Labour of their Hands, are fo indulgent to themfelves, as not to fpare taking ihtSiefla^ that is, a Nap after Dinner ; whence it follows, that lofing the beft Part of the Day, they do not half the Work they might, and by that Means make all Workmanihip ex- ceflively dear. Delicacy and Slothfulnefs feem to be peculiar to the Country, perhaps becaufe it is too good ; for it is obferv'd, that thofe who have been bred to Labour in Spain, grow idle there in a fhort Time, like the Creolians. In fhort, Men are more Robuft and Laborious in a poor Country than in a Fruitful. For this Reafon Cyrus would never fuffer the Ferfians to quit the uncouth Mountains and Bar- ren Country they inhabited, to feek a better ; allcdging, that the South Sea. 2£I tTiat the Manners' of Men are relax'd and corrupted by the Goodnefsof the Place they live in. In fliort, the Strength is kept up by the Exercife of the Body > whereas Eafe foftehs it, through too much Want of Action, and ener- vates it with Pleafures. The Creolians are generally outwardly compofed, and do not depart from that Gravity which is natural to them- They are fober as to Wine ; but they eat greedily, and after an indecent Manner, fometimes all in the fame Dim, com- monly a Portion, like the Friers. At any confiderablc Entertainment, they fet before the Guefts feveral Plates of different Sorts of Food fucceilively ; and then each of them gives the fame to his Servants, and to thofe that ftand by, and are not at the Table, to the end, fay they, that all may partake of the good Che*. When the Creolians came to eat Aboard our Ships, where they were ferv'd after the Trench Faihion in great Dimes, placed according to Art and Symmetry, they boldly took them off to give to their Slaves, fometimes before they had been touched ; but when the Captains durft not make them fenfible of that Indecency, our Copks, who were jealous of their own Labour, did not fpare to let them underftand that they difcompofed the Beauty of the Entertainment. Not ha- ving the Ufe of Forks, they are obliged to warn after eating, which they all do in the lame Bafon, and with that ge- neral and difagreeable Warning- Water they do not flick to warn their Lips. The Meat they eat is feafon'd with Axi^ or P foment o, that fort of Spice we have before fpoken of, which is fo hot, that Strangers cannot poflibly endure it,- but that which makes it (till worfe, is a greafy Tafte the Lard gives to all their Cookery. Befides, they have not the Art of roafting great Joints, becaufe they do not turn them continually, as we do, which they admired the moll of all our Dilhes. They make two Meals, one at 10 in the Morning, the other at four in the Evening, which is inftead of a Dinner at Lima, and a Collation at Midnight. In other Places they eat as we do in France* Kk 2 During 2^2 A Voyage to lltrbojVzr During the Day, they make much Ufe of the Herb of raguay. Paraguay, which fome call S. Bartholomew's Herb, who they pretend came into thofe Provinces, where he made it wholfome and beneficial, whereas before it was veno- mous : Being only brought dry, and almoft in Powder, I cannot defcribe it. Inftead of drinking the Tin&ure, or >. Infufion, apart, as we drink Tea, they put the Herb into a Cup, or Bowl, made of a Calabam, or Gourd, tipp'd See Plate with Silver, which they call Mate> they add Sugar, and XXIX. pour on it the hot Water, which they drink immediately, without giving it Time to infufe, becaufe. it turns as black as Ink. To avoid drinking the Herb which fwims at the Top, they make ufe of a Silver Pipe, at the End whereof is a Bowl, full of little Holes > fo that the Liquor fuck'd in at the other End is clear from the Herb. They drink round with the fame Pipe 3 pouring hot Water on the fame Herb, as it is drank off. Inftead of a Pipe, which they call Bojnbilla, fome part the Herb with a Silver Sepa- ration, calfd Apartador, full of little Holes. The Relu- clancy the French have Ihewn to drink after all Sorts of People, in a Country where many are pox'd, has occa- fion'd the inventing of the Ufe of little Glafs-Pipes, which they begin to ufe at Lima. That Liquor, in my Opinion, is better than Tea ; it has a Flavour of the Herb, which is agreeable enough; the People of the Country are fo ufed to it, that even the Pooreft ufe it once a Day, when they rife in the Morning. Trade tj Pa- The Trade for the Herb of Paraguay is carry'd on at ngxizy Herb. Santa Fe y whither it is brought up the River of Plate, and in Carts. There are two Sorts of it ; the one call'd Ter- ba de Pahs -, the other, which is finer, and of more Vertue, Terba de Camini: This laft is brought from the Lands be- longing to the Jefuhes, The great Consumption of it is between La Paz and Cuzco, where it is worth half as much more as the other, which is fpent from Potofixo La Paz* There comes yearly from Paraguay into Peru above 50000 Arrovaty being 12000 Hundred Weight of both Sorts j whereof the South- Sea. 2^3 whereof, at leaft, one Third is of the Camini, withoue reckoning 25000 Arrovas, of that of Polos for Chili. They pay for each Parcel, containing fix or feven Arrows, four Royals for the Duty call'd Alcavala, being a Rate upon all Goods fold ; which, with the Charge of Carriage, being above 600 Leagues, double the fir ft Price, which is about two Pieces of Eight ; fo that at Potofi it comes to about five Pieces of Eight the Arrova. The Carriage is commonly by Carts, which carry 150 Arrovas from Santa Fe to Ju- }uy 9 the laft Town of the Province of Tucuman ; and from thence to Potofi, which is 100 Leagues farther, it is car- ry'd on Mules. I have elfewhere obferv'd, that the Ufe of this Herb is neceffary where there are Mines, and on the Mountains o£ Peniy where the Whites think the Ufe of Wine pernicious ;. they rather choofe to drink Brandy, and leave the Wine to the Indians and Blacks, which they like very well. If the Spaniards are fober as to Wine, they are not very referv'd as to Continency. In Matters of Love they yield to no Nation : They freely facrifice moil of what they have to that Paifion ; and tho' covetous enough upon all other Qccafions, they are generous beyond Meafure to Women. To add the Pleafure of Liberty to the reft, they feldom mar;y in the Face of the Church ; but, to ufe their own Way of Expieflion, they all generally marry behind the Church, that is, they are all engaged in a decent Sort' of Concubinage, which among them is nothing fcandalous ; fo far from it, that it is a Difgrace not to keep a Miftris, upon Condition ihe be true to them, but they are as apt. to obferve that Fidelity, as Wives do to their Husbands in Ewope. It is even frequent enough to fee marry'd Men- for fake their Wives to adhere to Mulattos and Blacks^. which often occafions Diforders in Families. Thus the two ancient Ways of Marrying ftill fubfift in that Coun- try ; that of keeping a Miftris is very anfwerable to that, which was call'd by Ufe, and there is fome Remainder o£ the other in the Ceremony of Marriage. The Bridegroom puts into the Bride's Hand 13 Pieces of Money, which ftic the vk 2?4 ^ Voyage to then drops into the Curate's Hand ; fo in the Marriage per Coemptionem^ the Bride and Bridegroom gave one ano- ther a Piece of Money, which is calFd Concentre in manum. The Pi icfts and Friers, as 1 have faid before, make no Scruple of it ; and the Publick is no farther fcandalized, than as Jealoufy concurrs, becaufe they often keep their' MiftriiTes finer than others, by which the Mulatto, Women are often known. Several Bifhops, to put a Stop to that Abufe, every Year, zxEafler, excommunicate all that are engaged to Concubines ; but as the Evil is univerfal, and the Confeffors are Parties concerned, they are not fevere in that Particular ; whence it follows, that thofe People, who are otherwife eafily frighted by the Church Thunderbolts, do not much fear thefe. The Friers evade thofe Strokes, on account that they, not being free, are not look'd upon as Concubinaries in the utmoft Forms; and that, befides, they have not the Intention to be fo. A pleafant Solution, the Invention whereof muft doubtlefs be affign'd to fome cunning Cafuift, grounded on Jufliniarfs Code, which de- clares Conventions invalid which are made among Perfons that are not free, and on the wife Maxim expounded by thofe Cafuifts fo much cry'd down in France, 'that the In- tention regulates the Qiiality of the Atfion. In fine, this Cu- ftom is fo fettled, fo commodious, and fo generally re- ceived, that I queftion whether it can be ever abolifli'd. The Laws of the Kingdom feem to authorize it; for Ba- ftards inherit almoft like the lawfully begotten, when ■they are own'd by the Father ; and there is no Difgrace in- herent to that Birth, as is among us, where the Crime is wrongfully imputed to the innocent Perfon, wherein we fhould perhaps be more favourable, if every Man were well acquainted with his Original. Women. Tho' the Women are not ihut up like the Spanijh Wo- men in Europe, yet it is not ufual for them to go abroad by Day ; but about Night Fall they have Liberty to make their Vifits, for the moft part where it is not expected; for the modefteft in open Day are the boldeft at Nights, their •Faces being then cover'd with their Veils, fo that they can- not the South- Sea. 2<^ riot be known, they perform the Part which the Men doWomen, in France. The Method they ufe at home, is to fit on Cufhions a- long the Wall, with their Legs a-crofs on an Eflrado, or Part of the Room raifed a Step above the reft, with a Car- pet on it, after the Turhflj Fafhion. They fpend almoft whole Days in this Manner, without altering their Pofture, See Plate even to eat* for they are ferv'd apart, on little Chefts, xx,x » which they always have before them to put up the Work they do : This makes them have a heavy Gate, without the Grace of our French Women. That which they call Eftrado, as was hinted above, is, as ufed in Spain, all one End or Side of a Vifiting-Room, rais'd fix or feven Inches above the Floor, of the Breadth of five or fix Foot. The Men, on the contrary, fit on Chairs, and only fome very great Familiarity admits them to the Eftrado. In other refpects, the Women there have as much Liberty at home as in France ; they there receive Company with a very good Grace, and take Pleafure to entertain their Guefts with playing on the Harp, or the Guitarre, to which they fing ; and if they are defired to dance 3 they do i it with much Complaifance and Politenefs. Their Manner of Dancing is almoft quite different from Dancing, ours, where we value the Motion of the Arms, and fome- times that of the Head. In moft of their Dances, their Arms hang down, or elfe are wrapp'd up in a Cloak they wear ; fo that nothing is feen but the Bending of the Body, and the Activity of the Feet. They have many Figure Dances, in. which they lay by their Cloaks, or Mantles j but the Graces they add are rather Actions than Geftures. The Men dance almoft after the lame Manner, without laying afide their long Swords, the Point whereof they keep before them, that it may not hinder them in riling or coupeeing, which is fometimes tofuch a Degree, that it looks Plate XXIX. Page 255. explain d in Englilri. A. A Spanifh Woman wrapp'd up in hsr Mantle, with her Face half cov.rd, B. Another with a Veil laced about. C. A Cieolian, or Mongrel oj Peru, in a Traveling Habit, 1^6 A Voyage to looks like kneeling. I could wifli I had been skilPd in Choregraphy, to reprefent fome of their Dances. I will neverthelefs, here infert the Tune of one of thofe that are common with them, as the Minuet is in France ; they call it Zapateo, becaufe, in Dancing, they alternatively (hike with the Heel and the Toes, taking fome Steps, and coupee- ing, without moving far from one Place. By this Piece of Mufick may be difcern'd what a barren Tafte they have in touching the Harp, theGuitarre, and the Bandola, which are almoft the only Instruments ufed in that Country. The two laft are of the Species of Guitarres,but the Bandola has a much fharper and louder Sound. It is to be obferv'd, that the Bafs is made in France y to the Humour of the Harp. Zapateo, a Dance in Pe- ru and Chili. ^H* 2 *x~t-£ IP vA w 4 i ~iT ^ — wi ~r * Href " ~>rfrt gl ' — r--H-~ t*»r~rj:t* r — ■ »i zdttxzcz -i -■■ r _ b_y_ . Thcfe the South -Sea. 297 Tbefe agreeable Accomplifhments, which SpaniJJj Wo- men have horn their Education, are the more moving, be- caufe they are generally attended with a graceful Air : They are for the moft part fprightly enough ; their Complexion is good, but not lafting,by rcafon of their ufingfo much Subli- mate, which is- contrary to what Oexmelian fays in his Hi- (lory of the Bticcaniers ; Sublimate, fays he, is aljo fortnd, or metamorphosed, tho not ufed in America, becaufe the Wo- men there do not paint : They have fparkling Eyes, their Difcourfe pleafant, approving of a free Gallantry, to which they anfwer wittily, and often with fuch a Turn as has a Tafte of Libertinifm, according to our Cuftoms. Thofe Propofals, which a Lover would not dare to make in France, without incurring the Indignation of a modeft Woman, are fo far from fcandalrzing, that they are pleas'd with them, tho' they be, at the fame time, far from con- senting ; being perfuaded that it is the greateft Token of Love that can be ihevvn them, they return Thanks as for an Honour done them, inftead of taking Offence as of an ill Opinion conceiv'd of their Vertue. By thefe (Imple and natural Ways we perceive the fecret Pleafure and Satisfa- ction we receive when we find ourfelves courted. This Effect of Self-love, which is the Source of reciprocal Affe- ction, is afterwards the Occafion ofDiforder, when De- cency and Religion do not put a Stop to it j but, without regarding effential Duties, humane Prudence alone ought to fuffice to hinder a Man of Senfe from being taken in the Snares of the Coquets of that Country -, for their obliging Behaviour is generally the Effect of their Avarice, father than a Token of their Inclination. They are perfectly skillM in the Art of impofing on the Frailty a Man fhews for them, and engaging him in continual Expences, with- out Difcretion ; they feem to take a Pride in ruining many Lovers, as a Warrior does in having vanquish' d many Enemies. And I found more bitter than Death, the Wo- man whofe Heart is Snares and Nets, and her Hands as Bands ; whofo plcafeth God, Jhall efcape from her, but L 1 the 258 A Voyage to the Sinner floall be taken by her, Ecclef. vii. 26. That Misfortune is not the only Punilhment of thofe who fuffer themfelves to be taken ; they there often lofe the inefti- mable Treafure of Health, which they feldom recover, not only becaufe in thofe temperate Climates they make lit- tle Account of the Venereal Difeafes, , notwithstanding which they attain to the longeft old Age, but alfo becaufe the Scarcity of Phyficians, who are only to be found in three or four great Cities, does not afford them the Oppor- tunity of being cured. Some Women only patch up their Diftempers with Sarzaparilla, Ptifans of Mallows, and o- ther Herbs of the Country, and efpecially theUfeof Cau- teries, which are look'd upon as Specificks, and whereof both Sexes alike make Provifion, which the Women fo lit- tle endeavour to conceal, that, in their ferious Vifits, they enquire after their Iffues, and drefs them for one another ; fo that we may apply to them that Text of Scripture, James v. 2,3. Tour Riches are corrupted, — your Gold and Silver is canker d, and the Rufl of them — jloail eat your Fleflo as it were Fire, for they ruin themfelves in debauch- ing with the Women ; and they themfelves obferve, that whether it is that God punifh.es them for thofe criminal Expences, or, as others think, that the Eftates they have are unjuftly ufurp'd from the Indians, they are fcarce ever feen to defcend to the third Generation. What the Father rakes together with much Trouble, and often with much Injuftice in the Adminiftration of Governments, the Sons do not fail to fquander; fo that the Grandfons of the greateft Men are often the poorcft. They are themfelves fo far convinced of this Truth, that it is become a Proverb in Spain, where they fay, No fe logra mas que hazienda de las Indias: It thrives no better than an Indian Eftate. The Women, as I have faid, are the principal Caufej Vanity and Senfuality render them infatiable as to Orna- fldit. ments and good Feeding. Tho* the Make of their Habit be of itfelf plain enough, and not very fufceptible of Changes in Fafhions, they love to be richly drefs'd, what- foever the South -Sea. 2? u vow la haute iyiMe.< 1 Xa Se on la CalheArale j'.S/Hitalar F ^M aaaJUi. a, *-PonAre< D Coryj Ae Cardej E Ca denies k 2, £a ^AxuericorAe tj J . rJvaiicou 6 Cilft» f - tin her.' Ordre 7 J' alma 11 f J? Jo *Kx> zarto \0 J*J2>eiito,onJ*J?>ettou>t J I Pedro Cx JLemparfo ieterre JKiiinee T&tfjrttteriA' Ait Chateau I Place da cTalai*) K SeCPalais I> ■,,. I ^S»***"-"u i" ' t *aro JSnrhontJ oti 'Jltrrcif ftffdaCamuil 'tAnttnrir fw/y Afl/t-Jbauje, y3L G where it appears, that when they would have only the third boil, they muft fill the firft and fecond with Water, to the end that the Flame, finding the neareft Paf- fages ftopp'd, may be forced to extend to the third Pot. They generally ufe Earthen Ware, according to their Earthen ancient Cuftom, as appears by that which is found in the^ r(% Tombs of the Ancients. I lighted on feveral of their Vef- fels, which may be feen in Plate XXXI. and among them one that is in the Collection of Rarities of Monfieur de la N n Falaife y 274 ^ Voyage to Falaife, Chaplain of S. Malo, who has gather' d all the Earthen and Silver VeiTels, Indian Pi&ures, and other Cu- riofities he could, of that Country, where he has been: That Veflfel confifts of two Bottles join'd together, each about fix Inches high, having a Hole of Communication at the Bottom : The one of them is open, and the other has on its Orifice a little Animal, like a Monkey, eating a Cod of fome Sort ; under which is a Hole, which makes a whittling when Water is pour'd out at the Mouth of the other Bottle, or when that within it is butfhaken, becaufe the Air, being prefs'd along the Surface of both Bottles, is forced out at that little Hole in a violent Manner ; whence I have concluded, that it might be one of their Inftru- ments, fince theSmalnefsand Shape of that Veffel did not make it commodious, or large enough to contain Liquors to drink. That Animal may be a Sort of Monkey they call Corachupa, whofe Tail is naked, the Teeth all of a Piece, without any Divifion, and two Skins covering its Stomach and Belly, like a Veft, into which they put their young when they run away. There are none of them at the Coaft ; they are common along the River MiJJiJJipi y where they are call'd Wild Rats. Jnhtbitdnts. The Number of the Inhabitants of that great Empire of Peru, which Hiftorians reprefent by Millions, is confide- rably diminifh'd fince the Conqueft by the Spaniards : The Work at the Mines has contributed much towards it, efpe- cially thofe of Guancavelica, becaufe, when they have been there a while, the Quickfilver does fo penetrate into them, that moft of them have a Quaking, and die ftupid. The Cruelties of the Corregidores and Curates have alfo obliged many to go and join the Neighbouring Indian Na- tions that are not conquer'd, not being any longer able to endure the Tyrannical Dominion of the Spaniards. Removal the South-Sea. 27^ Removal to another Ship. IT being my Duty to endeavour to return to France as foon as pofllble, becaufe the Time of my Leave drew near to an End, I contrived to get aboard the Ship that was to fail firft, which was the Mary Anne of Marseilles , before fpoken of, commanded by Monfieur PiJJon, of the State of Savoy, who was willing to take me aboard, and of whom I receiv'd fo many Civilities, during the Yoyage, that I can never fufficiently commend that gallant Man, as well as Monfieur Roux, the Merchant of the fame Ship. Departure from Callao. IEmbarqued on Monday the 9th of Otfober, and the next Day, being the ioth, about Noon we faifd for La Con- ception, to take in the neceffary Provifions and Stores for our Voyage, becaufe they are there better and cheaper than at Callao. The 14th of the fame Month one of our Sailors died of an Impoftume in his Stomach, which choak'd him. The 15th, after having fail'd four Days without an Obfervation, we found ourfelves One, and according to fomc, Two De- grees farther to the Southward, than our Reckoning, in about 17 j whence we concluded, that it was the Effect of the Currents. The three Ships which came out after us, found much about the fame Error. The Reafon of thefe Currents is eafily conceiv'd, whenwhy Currents a Man is inform'd, that along the Coaft of Peru the Sea out at Sea arc always fets to the Northward ; that continual Flux thejK^J^ fame Way cannot be fupported but by an Eddy Motion ;£ oa jt m the Waters therefore out at Sea muft needs flow to the South, to fucceed thofe that run along the Coaft to the North. Zarate, in his Hiftory of the Conqueft of Peru^ afcribes that Current Northward to the S. W. Winds^ which prevail along the Coaft all the Year ; and he adds, N n 2 that 276 A Voyage to that the Waters of the North Sea pafling through the Streights of Magellan in a violent Manner, drive thofe of the Coaft of Peru to the Northward, following the Bearing ©f the fame. This laft Argument, form'd at a Time when it had not been yet difcover'd that there was a larger Paf- fage beyond Sierra del Fuego, might have had fome Re- femblance of Truth, if the- fame Current had been ob- fcrv'd along the South Part of Chili ; but Time, which dif- covers all Things, has fhewn, that inftead of the North- Sea's running into the South Sea, there is Reafon to be- lieve that the South Sea runs into the North Sea, fince at Cape Horn the Currents generally fet Eaft, which feveral Ships have evidently perceived, not only by their Reck'ning and by the Charts, on which there is no relying, but upon Sight of Land, according to the beft Journals. The common Winds, which prevail from E. S. E. to S. E. attended us to 3 7 Degrees of Latitude, blowing frefh, and obliged us to run upon a Stretch 200 Leagues out to Sea, and then they fell to South, S.S. W. and W. S.W, T&kns of be- Making towards the Land in that Latitude, we perceiv'd ingnear % n Alteration in the Waters, being {till above 60 Leagues **** out at Sea. The Obfervation is generally made in. thofe Parts, even at 80 Leagues Diftance from the Land. The Regularity of the Winds at E. S. E. and S.. E. and the Breezes at S. W. along the Coaft of Pm*, made the Na- vigation fo tedious, before the Method was found of run- ning out to Sea, that Ships were fix or feven Months failing from Lima to La Conception^ becaufe they only advanced by the Help of fome fmall Northern Blafts and the Land- Breezes, during the Night, and fome Part of the Morning. This mews, that the Want of underftanding Natural Phi- lofophy among Sailors, is a greater Evil than is imagined 5. for, in ihort, I fancy that this Difcovery, which is owing only to Chance, may be made by downright Reafoning. ffajtheWmis T j ie cont j nua | pi llx f Air being from the Eaft in the withe '' Torrid Zone at Sea, and not on the Land, where thofe TsrrttZenj/ffinds are net regular, mult be made good by another Air coming. the South-Sea. Z*]J coming alfo from the Sea > confequerrtly, beyond the Tor- rid Zone, the Flux of the Air muft be quite contrary : Therefore, about the Tropicks the Winds muft be much upon the "Weft and South, as we draw near the Land, which lies almoft North and South from the Streights of Magellan to Arica, in about 18 Degrees of South Lati- tude. The Winds blowing always from the Eaft in the great Whytht Ocean, along the Torrid Zone, is a Confequence of the^Xw daily Motion of the Earth from Weft to Eaft, becaufe chat in the Torrid Zone containing the greateft Circles of the Sphere, is hur- Zone, ry'd away with more Rapidity, than the others which are nearer the Poles ; and the Land having a groiTer Bulk, it is alfo fwifter than the Atmofphere of the Air which en- compaftesit: We muft therefore confider the Refill: a nee, whytbofe as if the Air flow'd on an immoveable Body ,• and this ^^ * r ' r November, 171 3, weanchor'd i\thequin y in the Bay of La ' [j^ oncep "' Conception, where we found 3 French Ships, the S.Joh?r Baptift, the Francis, and the Peter, laden with Goods, and commanded by S. Malo Men. Fifteen Days after our Arrival, we careen'd at Talcaguana, upon a Spanifh Ship. Monday the 25 th of November , the S. Michael ', a Spanijh Ship, which came from CW/tfo to load Corn, brought us the News of the Peace concluded between all the crown'd Heads in Europe, except the Emperor, which was like to be in a few Days. That Advice was confirm'd by I? Beger, who arrived fome Days after from the fame- Port. The 8th of December, being the Feaft of the Conception, Feafi of the we faw it folemnized, as being the Patronage of the City, Conception by an AfTembly of Horfemen, compofing 4 Troops of Pikemen a Horfeback, and one of Foot, who by the ill Condition of their old Muskets with Refts, and fome Fire- locks they had, fhew'd the Scarcity of Arms there is m the Country. I will not here fpeak of the Ceremony of the Reception^ of a new Eniign,- there was nothing in it remarkable, be- fides the manner how the Horfemen made their Horfes trip* it gently along, and the pleafant Trappings ofhisHorfe, that cover'd him down to the Ground with Ribbons of all Sorts of Colours ; to complete that State, he was prece- ded by two Pair of Wooden Kettle-Drums, and two Ket- tle-Drummers in Liveries, with naked Legs. The next Day the Prcfident fet forth an Order for zWOrder to fop the Trench to depart the Kingdom, and be- obliged to em-?'/' a ^ ^ barque within two Days, with a Prohibition to allow them ienc * Proviiions or Lodgings in the Town, or hire them Horfes,- under the Penalty of 500 Pieces of Eight ; but thofe-Pro- hibitions were (till more ftrict, in regard of 7 Ships which had been fitted out at Marfeilles by the Genocze, and were to 2,8o A voyage to to come thither to trade, as was mentioned in the King's Order. Nevcrthelcfs, after this Publication, there arrived in De- cember and January, 7 French Ships, almoft all of them commanded by Men of S. Malo. The firft was the Mar- tial of 50 Guns j the Chancelor, the Mary Anne, the Fly- boat under the Direction of the Chancelor, the Well-beloved, which had been detain'd at Buenos Ayres, with the Captain and the Supercargo j but the former having found Means to make his Efcape, came by Land to his Ship at La Con- ception. The Flying* Fijh, after having ftay'd 8 Days in the Road, went away to Valparaiso, where he was refufed the Port, fo that he was obliged to proceed to Quint ero, to join the Affumption, which was under the fame Cir- cumllances. Belides thofe Ships arrived from Europe, feveral others of thofe that were upon the Coaft came together j the Holy Gboft, and the Prince of Afiurias arrived from Callao > the Margaret from Pifco j the S. Barbara Tartane, from Valparaiso ; and the Concord from the fame Place, bring- ing their Plate to be fentto France. So that there alTem- bled at La Conception 1 5 Sail of French, great and fmall, and about 2600 Men, Tho' the Corregidor, or Governor, a mortal Enemy to the Nation, fought all means to do Harm to the French, yet he could not have the Orders publifli'd againft the French put in Execution, either becaufe he was hindred by his own Intereft, endeavouring to extort fome Contri- butions from them, or becaufe that Multitude impofed a little on him -, or laftly, becaufe the Inhabitants privately dilTuaded him, that they might make the better Market of their Provifions. He was iatisfy'd with offering all the Affronts he could to the Officers and Ships Crews, as hamftringing their Horfes, when they went out of Town to *ake the Air ; imprifoning them upon the leaft Pretence of Misbehaviour, and talking to them in publick in the vileft Language, and moft provoking Expteflions. That wicked Man, the South-Sea. 281 Man, who was a fmall Merchant difguized, was always boafting, that he had hang'd up a Frenchman by the Heels, when he was only Lieutenant-General, and impudently added in the Street, that he Ihould not die with Satis- faction till he had hang'd up another by thofe Parts which Modefty does not allow to name. Chance, which had furnifh'd his wicked Inclination with an Opportunity to put to that Shame, upon the flight Pretence of an Infult, the Nephew of a Captain of a Ship belonging to the Eaft- India Company, who happened to be in the Road, in the Year 171 2, presented him another to execute his bafe De- fign in Part. The Armourer of the Ship call'd the Holy Ghoft, quarrel- ing with a. Spaniard, ran him through, and kilfd him 'j he immediately clapp'd him in Gaol, and condemn'd him to Death,- whatfoever Offers were made, he would not be mollify'd, nor brought to abate of that extraordinary Severity, in a Country where the mod heinous of Crimes are notpunihYd after that Manner j but we being upon the Point of Sailing, Grout , the Captain of the Ship, left that Man expofed to the Malice of the Corregidor, either through Caution or Timoroufnefs, whereas he might have de- manded him to have him punifli'd in France. Be that as it will, we were afterwards inform'd, that he had been refcued by difguized Friers, who for Money forced the Guards. The fame Day, being the 17th of February, the Cafar of Marseilles arriv'd from France, to trade along the Coaft. In fine, after having lain there 3 Months, we fail'd on the 19th of February on our Return for France, in Com- pany with the Shepherd, the Prince oj Aflurias, and the Holy Ghoft, which was admitted as Commadore, de- figning to put in together into Bahia de todos os Santos in Brafil. Oo PART +** » r-'WW^&W&mw rw^^W^-^^ rwiwtr^rm?^ r* vm ^k\^%&AM^M^\^2Bk^&i^^^;MW^;^ \ ■*%$&%*%;&* %;'Mi® Part III. Containing the Return from the South Sea into France. Departure from La Conception. E fail'd four Ships together, on the 19th of February, with a frefli Gale at S. W. and S. S. W. which carry'd us into 39 Degrees Latitude, and 80 Leagues out to Sea, where we found the Wind at W. and N. W. blowing frefh, and the Weather foggy, after which much Wind. We not being fo good Sailors as our Comrades, crowding Sail to keep up with them, fplit our Main-yard in the middle. The 9th of March, in 57 Degrees Latitude, and 74 De- grees 3 o Minutes Longitude, we made a Signal of Diflrefs, and they lay by for us. We immediately hoifted up a fmall Top-fail, inftead of the Main-fail, to make the others lofe as little time as poMiblc. The next Day the Yard was mended and hoifted up in its Place. The fame crowding Sail to keep up with them, made us the next Day lofe a great Stay-fail. Our Comrades feeing us out of order on account of our Main-fail, confpired to leave us $ little regarding the Pa- role of Honour they had given to convoy us to France, the' before fatisfy'd that we were not fo good Sailors as they, and knowing that on that account we had waited for them above a Month. In fhort, we were apprehensive ok VUE ..La. ge *&3- Pliuic/it XXX\TI . PROFIL PAR LA LIGNE A. B . OP PROFIL par la liane CD. vu du cote de la Terre^jj^ ^Ifontaqtic tin haut Brejil . 3. La de . \>,.L,£j- Jcsuiees. K.Sefvarv. C.Caj-a da poluora. 1 ..Metneatuc et batene , , . . t &. Cuervo tf*> in. Fort de JT Antoine . VUE DE LA VILLK DE ANGRA dll COte du mOlllllage. e. -Fort J. de^tiaon. i\.. Tours el* U deeouvert*. f. .Baterie basse . ■a.. Parte de la. fdle - II. .CitadelLe . o. . Qttau Porte flu- haut B r&sd - the South' Sea. < 283 of meeting with Pirates, who were faid to be on theCoaft of Bmfil, where Ships in their Return generally put in, and among the reft one of 300 Men, that had been luted out at Jamaica for the South Sea; not to take Notice here of fome Obligations the chief Men anions them ow'd Mon- fieur Piffon j all thefe Confederations did not prevail with them, whole original Unworthinefs got the upper Hand. On the 1 2th of March they made the beft of their way, and got clear of us, by help of the Fog, fo that by Five in the Evening we had loft Sight of them. It avaifd us little to hang out Lights at Night ; they anfwer'd us not, and to as little Purpofe we fired fome Cannon the next Morning at Break of Day. We were not much concern'd to lofe the Company of Ships of S. Malo^ on which there is fo little relying, thac it is become a Proverb as fueh, even among the People of the fome Province ; but we had reafon to be concern'd for having follow'd them in the moft foolifn Navigation ima- ginable, which had brought us into 58 Degrees 40 Minutes Latitude, when we might pafs with all Safety at leaft 40 Leagues more Northward, and have iliortned our Voyage by fix Days, without running fo far into thofe hard Cli- mates, where much muft be endured, and Dangers unfore- feen may be met with. In fliort, whilft we were taken up, looking out for them Unexpctld in the Fog, we difcover'd, about 3 Quarters of a League Ice on March Weft from us, a Shoal of Ice, which might be at leaft 200 ! |'i 7I 4- in Foot high above the Water, and above 3 Cables long. It ^ Mimus was at firft Sight taken for an unknown Ifland, but the Latitude, and Weather clearing up a little, it perfe&lv appear'd to be Ice, 63 Degrees whofe blewifli Colour in fome Parts look'd like Sraoak^ Mges^ the fmall Pieces of Ice we immediately faw floating on both ° n&i H e fides of the Ship, left us no farther room to .doubt. We were becalmM in a very rolling Sea, and fcarce had AnotherTloxt a fmall Gale at S. W. made us advance 2 Leagues N. E. that of Ice. is, E. N. E. as to the Globe, before we fpy'd at E. and by N. about a League and a Quarter from us, another Float O o 2 of 284 A Voyage to of Ice, much higher than the former, which look'd like a Coaft four or five Leagues long ; the End whereof we could not well fee, by reafon of the Fog. Then frighted, with goodReafon, at fo unexpected a Danger, we lamented the fair N. W. Winds we had loft, to follow the ridiculous Na- vigation of the Faithlefs S. Malo Men. The Wind luckily frelhningat Weft, permitted us to (land to the Northward, and in lefs than an Hour we law no more Pieces of Ice. Tho' thofe Parts have been frequented for 14 Years paft, at all Times of the Year,very few Ships have met with Ice, fo that it was.not apprehended. Only the Affumption, com- manded by Poree, in 1708, faw avail: Float, like a Coaft. Our Comrade, who, lying near the Wind, had got to E. N. E. had no View of thofe we faw, but they amrm'd they had met with a large Piece in 54 Degrees and 3-qrs. This Accident may be a Warning to fuch as attempt to pafs Cape Horn in Winter, as we did in the S. Jofeph, becaufe the Length of the Nights, and the Darknefs of the Days, do not afford Opportunity of avoiding them ea- fily. Perhaps the Autumn is the mod dangerous Seafoa, becaufe then the Ice breaks and feparates by means of the little Heat there has been in the Summer ; however, being extremely thick, it does not thaw till the next Summer, for that Height which appears above the Water, is only the third part of the true Thicknefs, the reft being below. Terra An- If it be true, as many pretend, that the Ice in the Sea is firalis Chime- only form'd of the frefh. Water, which runs down from the rtcal. Land, it muft be concluded that there is Land towards the South Pole ,• but it is not true that there are any more to the Northward than 63 Degrees of Latitude for the Extent of above 200 Leagues, from 55 of Longitude to 80 ; for that Space has been run over by fcveral Ships, which the S. W. and S. S. W. Winds have obliged to ftand far to the .Southward, to double the End of the Lands. Thus thofe Southern Lands, or Terra Auftralir generally laid down in the old Charts, are meer Chimeras > which have been juftly left out of the new Charts. But the South -Sea 28^ But tho' thofe falfe Lands have been put out, Brouvers^ Fer ' s A ~ Streight has been again put in, which is no lefs imaginary men3iI7C0, than Terra Anjlralis ; for all the Ships which have pais'd to the Eaftward of Staten Landt, have found no other Land to the Eaftward, either in fight of Land, or out at Sea, which is the way that almoft all the Ships returning from the South-Sea pafs. We ourfclvcs doubtlefs pafs'd through thole Parts. In fine, they have not yet corrected the Errors in the Lands Error in St* that are known, which are very ill laid down, both as to^ art! - Longitude and Latitude. There we fee CapeHw* in 57 Degrees and half and 58 Degrees Latitude, and above 20 Leagues,and even i4oLeagues diftant from Streight leMaire, * tho' in Reality it is only in 55 Degrees 45 Minutes, and 40 • or 5 o Leagues at molt from Streight le Maire. I fay nothing here of the Longitude, which is not pofitively known, but which may be pretty near afcertain'd by that of La Con- ception^ whereof we have fpoken, according to the greatefl: Conformity between the Computations, at 310, or 311 Degrees from the Meridian of Teneriff, inftead of 303, or 3 04, as laid down in the Charts, which is at leaft 6 De- grees Difference. Thence alfo proceeds the Falfity of the laying down of the Coaft, from that Cape to Cape Pillars, which lie S. E. 1 by E. and N. W. by Weft, inftead ofS. E. by S. and N. W. by N. as they are laid down ; and near Longitude of Cape Horn it has a little more of the Weft, as has been Ca P e Horn ' obferv'd by thofe who have feen a great Part of the Coaft, which moft Charts mark as unknown, with Points -, but at prefent, tho' we are not perfectly acquainted as to the Particulars, we at leaft know the main bearing. All thefe Considerations have mov'd me to; gather Me- moirs for drawing of the Chart I here infect, in which may See phts. be feen two new Difcoveries. The one is a Paffage into XXXII. Tierra del Fuego 9 through which Chance carry 'd the Tar- tane S. Barbara^ commanded by Marcanil, out of the Streights of Magallon into the South-Sea, on the 15th of May, 1713. Aboul &6 A Voyage to LA new Chan- About Six in the Morning they faifd from Elizabeth ml in Terra g^ fleering S. W. and S. W. by S. they took the com- %cwereT' mon Channel for i bat of the River Ma [[acre, and were Ann. 1713. {landing to S. W. on an Ifland, which they took for the Dauphin 's, aflfifted by the Currents which fivour'd them, and a good Gale at N. E. they ran along that Ifland, and an Hour after they had pafs'd it, they found themfelves in a large Channel, where on the South-fide they faw no other Land, but a Number of (mall Iflands among Breakers, Then perceiving they had mifs'd their Way, they fought for Anchorage, to gain time to fend the Boat to difcover where they were. They found a little Bay, where they anchor' d in 14 Fathom Water, the Bottom gray Sand, and white Gravel. The next Day, being the 26th of May, they made ready at 7 in the Morning, and after making fome Trips to gee out of the Bay, which is open to the E. S. E. they flood South, Plate XXXII. Page 286. explain 'd in Englifh. A contracted Chart of the extreme Pan of SOUTH AMERICA, in which are contain d the new //lands difcover d by the Ships of S. Malo, fince IJCOj the Wc/hrn Part whereof is fiill unknown. The Paffage here call'd by the Name of S. Barbara, was lately found oat by a Tartane of the fame Name, on the 2yh. of May, 171 3. A. The Ifland of S. Elizabeth. B. The Ifland of S, Bartholomew. O The If.:nd of Sea Wolves or Seals. D. 7 he Ifland of Louis Je Grand. E. The Dauphins Bay. F. Port Fhilipeau. G. Cape S.Lew is. I. The Company's channel. K. Mort au Pain. L. Cape Garde, or Quad. M. Cape S. Jerome. N. Anchoring i lace newly difcover ed. The Roman Numbers /hew the Vari- ation of the Compafs. a a. The way of the Ship call'd le Mau- repas, in 1706. b b. The Way of the Ship call'd the S. John Baptift, in 1712. c c. The Way of the Ship call'd the S. Lewis, in 1 706. d d. The Way of the Ship call'd the Aflumption, in 170S. which ran twice along this ■ 'oaft, taking it for a new Ifland, which it thought to be more to the Eafiward in regard of the Continent. q q. The way of the Tartane S. Bar- bara, in May 171 3. F. The Port where theT art an anchor d. Echelle de Longitude du Meridien de Paris, a Scale of Longitude from the Meridian of Paris. t'Uin: /;.-. -;\ \Ti Grave vai- ^iBerey leFiIi WM II. I II Carte Redvite de MLxtrcmUe OdeuAmcriqueM.eridiowwa.U COaus talPartie du Suet Sent Comprises tcs A'ouvelles Isles decouvertes, (Vies VatssauJ: de S. AAalo depuis iroo cfont la p arhe de 1 nest est encore Inconniie le fjasstxpe qu on Qpelte icy dn nom de S t i arbe a esic Houuetlement decouuertpafvn Ta.rta.nedu meeme nom le 25 Alayr/17. J^ %2edu Afertdteiyi deTtrfa a<\ Route du Vairseau leul/Laurettas en 1706 bbRcutedu ydisseauteS JecutBapHstetttxru , cc.Routedu t'atsscau teS. Louie en .1? 00 . del Route Jul aisseau EAssomptipn en.noS . qiuCouria deux Eels cette Cotte tap r errant pom vneh'ouuelte Isle ju UCroyoHptud at Est par R ap a t alaTerre Eertne - QQQRoute deiaTaj-tane la S aewbe >/.'dinmre JuRay Crnvt- ,-.;■ tl the South- Sea. \ 287 South S. and by \V. and S. S. W. and at Noon were got out from between the Lands. They took an Obfervation with very fair Weather, and found 54 Degrees 34 Minutes Latitude. This Obfervation was confirm'd by that they took the next Day, in Sight of a fmall Iiland, which bore Eaft from them according to the Globe ; they found 54 De- grees 2? Minutes. That little Ifland was to the Southward of a great one, Tokens t& the S. E. Point whereof was calfd Black Cape, becaufe iti**»tb?mm is of that Colour. The little Mind here fpoken of, is a cte * Rock maped like a Tower, of an extraordinary Height j clofe by which there is a fmaller much of the fime Shape, by which it appears, that it would be impoffible to mifs that Channel, if it were fought after by its Latitude, up- on fuch Angular Land-Marks. The Ship's Crew fay, that there is a good Bottom, and that great Ships may pafs there without any Danger, the fame being about two Leagues broad. This Streight is perhaps the fame as that of Jeloticbte > which Monfieur de Lijle has laid down in his laft Map of Chili ; but as the EngUJJo Memoirs, which he has been plcas'd to {hew me, feem to place it South of Cape Frou- Dart, it may be fuppos'd that they are two different Streights. Perhaps alfo it is the fame through which the Squadron of Monfieur de Gennes pafs'd out in the Year 1696. If I have in this Chart fupprefs'd imaginary Lands, I have alfo added fome real, in 51 Degrees Latitude, which I have call'd new Iflands, becaufe diicover'd fmce the Year Nwlflnndu 1700, moft of them by Ships of S. Malo. I have laid them down according to the Memoirs or Obfervations of the Manrepas and the S. Lewis, Ships belonging to the India Company, which faw them near at hand - 3 and even the latter was water'd there in a Pool, which I have fct down, near Port S. Lewis. The Water was fomewhat ruddy and unfavory ; in other refpects good for the Sea. Both of them ran along feveral Parts of them, but none coaited along fo clofe as the S. John Baptijl y commanded by Dou- blet 288 A Voyage to blet of Havre, who endeavour'dto pafs into an Opening he -faw about the Middle ; but having fpy'd fome low Iflands, almoft level with the Water, he thought fit to tack about. This Range of Iflands is the fame that Monfieur Fouqr.et of Anican S. Malo difcover'd, and to which he gave the Name ofAni- JJland*. C(ln ^ t ] ie Perfon that h id fet him out. The Tracks I have traced will fliew the Bearing of thofe Lands in regard to Streight le Maire, which the S. John Baptiji was come out of, when he faw them, and with refpeft to Staten Landt 3 which the other two had feen before they found them. The North Part of thofe Lands, which is here under the icoaft of the Name of the Coaft of the Affumption, was difcover'd on the Afliimption. i6thofJuly 1708, by Poiezof S. Malo, who gave it the Name of the Ship he commanded. It was look'd upon as a new Land, about 100 Leagues Eaft of the new Ifles I fpeak of,- but 1 have made no Difficulty to join it to the others, having convincing Reafons for fo doing. The firft is, that the Latitudes obferv'd to the Northward and to the Southward of thofe Iflands, and the Bearing of the Parts known, anfwer exactly to the fame Point of Re- union on the Eaft-fide, without leaving any Space between them. The fecond is, that there is no Reafon to judge that Coaft of the Afjimption to be Eaft of the Ifles of Anican ; for Monfieur le Gobien de Saint Jean, who has been pleas'd to ihew me an Extract of his Journal, judges it to lie South from the Mouth of the River of Plate, which being taken ftri&ly, could not remove it above two or three De- grees to the Eaftward, that is, about 25 or 30 Leagues ; but the Diveriity of Judgments is always a Token of Un- certainty. The firft Time they faw that Coaft, as they came from the Ifland of S. Katharine, they judg'd it to be in 3 29 Degrees ; and the fecond, coming from the River of Plate, whither the contrary Winds had obliged him to go and anchor, after having attempted to pafs Cape Horn, they judg'd it to be in 322 Degrees, and, according to fome, in 3245 on Peter Goor his Ckarts, the Errors whereof we have the South -Sea. l8p have taken Notice of at Page 3 o j To that little Regard is to be had to them. However, they repofing Confidence in them, thought themfdves very far from the Continent ,- and reckoning they were too much to the Eaftward, rati alfo 300 Leagues too far Weil: in the South-Sew, fo that they thought they had been running upon Guinea, when they made Land at Hib; but the third and moft convincing is, that we and our Comrades muft have run over that new Land, according to the Longitude in which it was laid down in the Manufcript Chart ; and it is morally impoflQble that a Shiplhould have had no Sight of it, being about 50 Leagues in Length E. S. E. and W. N. W. Thus there is no Room to doubt, but that it was the North Part of the new Iflands, whofe Weftcrn Part, which is yet unknown, Time willdifcover. Thefe Iflands are certainly the fame which Sir Richard Uawltim difcover'd in 1593. Being to the Eaftward of the Defart Coaft, in about 50 Degrees, he was drove by a Storm upon an unknown Land ; he ran along that Ifland about 60 Leagues, and faw Fires, which made him con- clude that it was inhabited. Hitherto thofe Lands have been cail'd Sib aid's Iflands, becaufe it was believ'd, that the three which bear that Name cm the Charts were fo laid down at Will, for want of bet- ter Knowledge ,• but the Ship the Incarnation, commanded by the Sicur Brignon of S. malo, had a near View of them in fair Weather, in 171 1, coming out of Rio de Janeiro. They are, in ihert, three little Iflands, about half a League in Length, lying in a Triangle, as they are laid down in the Charts. They pafs'd by at three or four Leagues Di- stance, and they had no Sight of Land, tho' in very open Weather, which proves, that they are at leaft feven or eight Leagues from the new Iflands. In fine, 1 have fet down in Roman Numbers the Varia- tions of the Needle obferv'd in thofe Parts, where its De- clination is very cgnfiderable to the N. E. for we have ob- P p fervM 2po A Voyage to ferv'd it to 27 Degrees, being to the Eaft ward of the new lflands. After having got clear of the Ice, we were favour' d with a ftiff Gale at S. W. and S. S. W. as far as 3 5 Degrees La- titude, and 39 of Longitude, where we had fome Calms * and then the Eaft Winds, which carry'd us as far as the Tropick of Capricorn. There we had four Days of Calm, and pouring Rain, fo heavy, that the Cataracts of Heaven feem'd to be open'd. After that, a little Wind came up; and on Sunday, the 8th of April, we had Sight of the Ifland of ihe Afcenfion, when, according to my Reckoning, we were to fee it ex- actly on the Mannfcript Chart corrected, as I have faid, having taken our Departure from La Conception at 75 Degrees 15 Minutes, which anfwer to the 303 Degrees 5 Minutes from the Meridian of Tenerijf, inftead of 298, which is that of the Dutch Charts. Thus I found that Ifland in 32 Degrees 5 Minutes, which anfwer to the 346 Degrees 15 Minutes, that is, three more to the Weftward than it is laid down. Thofe who had taken their Depar- ture from La Conception on the Charts, found it 1 5 o Leagues more to the Weft. This Error in Longitude is not the only one ; it is alfo wrong laid down as to Latitude in 20 Degrees -, for it is in 20 Degrees 25 Minutes, aslobferv'd at Anchor near the Land. This Ifland, call'd, according to the Portugueze Name, Afcenzao, to diftinguifh it from another Afcenfwn Ifland, which is in about fix Degrees towards the Coaft of Guinea, is properly no other than a Rock, about a League and a half long, very eafily to be known on the South and Weft Sides, by a round Body of Stone like a Tower, fomewhat conical, and almoft as high as the Ifland. On the Eaft it forms as it were two Heads, which terminate the Cape. It is ftill better to be known by three fmall lflands, one of which is about half a League long, lying E. and by N. ac- cording to the Compafs, from the great Ifland of the Af- cenfwu Thofe three fmall lflands have caufed fome to be- lieve. the South-Sea. 2.9 1 lieve, that this Ifland and that of Trinidad were the fame, grounding their Opinion on this, that fome Ships have fought for the other in its Latitude,without finding it *. But I * alfo know, that Ships have feen it at their Return from the Eaft-Indies, and have alfo water' d there in a Pool. It *Seetl}cPojt* is therefore without Reafon, that Edmund Halley has in h\$t cr ^ t ' great Chart fupprefs'd the llland of the Trinity, and given that Name to the Ifland of the Afcenfion, which he lays down very well in its Latitude of 20 Degrees 25 Minutes. We were glad to have met with this Ifland, becaufe we hoped to find Water there, and by that Means purfue our Voyage without lofing Time, by putting in any where. We therefore came to an Anchor at Weft, five Degrees Anchoring. North, or W. and by N. according to the Globe, from that Peek, about four Cables Length from the Shore, in 3 o Fa- thom Water, the Bottom Sand and Owze. The Boat was immediately fent to find fhoaler Water, and found it in 25 Fathom, large black Sand, N. N. W. of a fmall Cleft Ifland, more to the Northward than we. The next Day the Boat was fent to look out for Watery and found a curious Fall, which would have fupply'd a whole Squadron j but the Shore is fo fet with great Stones, and the Sea wasfo rough, that there was no going a Shore without Danger. Thus, during the whole Morning, we could get but two Casks of Water, which flunk in 3 or 4 Days, for which Reafon, doubt may be made, whether it comes from a Spring. Thus our fine Project mifcarry'd, and we were obliged to refolve [to put into Bahia de todos os fantps, where the appointed Rendezvous was, Monday the 9th of April we made ready, and perceiv'd that there was near the Ifland a Current fetting to the N. W. and N. N. W. for the Calms kept us there fome Days. At length, the 2 oth of the fame Month, in 1 2 Degrees coafl of Rra : 50 Minutes Latitude, we had Sight of the Coaft of Braftl^l 'which we found more remote from the Ifland of the Afcen- fion than is laid down in the Charts of Peter Goos, Robin, Vankeulen^ and Loots 3 almoft the one half in fome of them, P p 2 and 2^2 . A Voyage to and a Third in others ; for there are about nine Degrees of Longitude between the Ifland and the neareft Land. From what I have faid, it is eafy to conclude what an Error they muft be in, who had taken their Meafures by the Charts ; for having taken their Departure from Le Conception, 5 or 6 Degrees too far to the Weft, and the Coaft of Brafil being advanced too far Eaft by as many Degrees, they found an Error of at leaft 200 Leagues, according to which they muft have penetrated into the Land, as happened to the Ships of our Squadron, by their own Confetfion. Thefe Errors have always been much the fame with all Ships that have put into Brafil, or the iGand of Fernando de Noronha, in their Return from the South-Sea. The Ignorance of the Theory, which prevails among our Navigators, made them afcribe this Difference in Judg- ment, and the Charts, to the Currents, which they faid did fet Eaft, without being undeceived by a fort of uni- form Error, not only in their making the Land of Brafil, but even that of France, after a Navigation of 14 Years, tho' they faw they found the Lands of Brafil too far to the Weft; and that correcting their Point on the Charts, they found the Land of Europe too far to the Eaft, much about the fame Quantity or Diftancc, as they had made their Reckoning. In this they at leaft difcover their want of Cu- riofity in not feeking to be better inform'd ; but they are flill more excufable than their principal Hydrographers, who ought to make their Advantage of the Obfervations which the Gentlemen of the Academy of Sciences publidi in their ConnoiJJance des Temp. But thofe things being too far above their Reach, to understand and reduce them to the common Calculation of the Dutch Maps, which are commonly madeufeof, they are guilty of fo much Folly, as to defpife them, as the Productions of Learned Men who want Experience. Thus in a Manufcript Instruction D. G. of S. Malo affirms, that the Coaft of Brafil is right Jaid down on thofe fame Charts, wherein, neverthelefs, according the South -Sea. 2^3 according to the Obfcrvations taken atOHnda and Cayenne » there muft be fix Degrees Error to the Eaft. The next Day after we had made Lund, being Sunday in the Morning, we faw a frnall Veffel of two Mafts, which feem'd to fland as we did S. W. After having lain by a little, he flood about directly upon us, bearing up clofe to the Wind, with only the Main Courfe. This extraor- dinary working, made us take him for a Pyrate j and the rather, becaufe he feem'd to be Englijh built,- we put up our Fights, and expected him with our Arms in our Hands. When he was within Cannon Shot, we put up French Colours, and he immediately anfwer'd with Portuguese, dill lying as clofe upon the Wind as he could. We could never know what to think of it; for when we came to Bahiade todos os Santos, they allured us, that no Ship had faiPd from thence in a long time. We held our Courfe towards the Land, on which many white Spots appear'd ; then ftood off at Night, and yet when it was Day found ourfelves within a League of the Coaft, the Sea running high, the Wind in Gufts, and the Rain pouring, which made us fear, becaufe the Coaft is fouh That foul Weather obliged us to ftand out to Sea, to expect fome more favourable to make the Bay, and to the Southward a gain ft the Currents, which fet us to the N. EL as is obferv'd in the Grand Flambeau de Mer, at this Sea- fon of the Year j that is, from March till September , during which time the S. E. and S. S. E. Winds alfo prevail ; fo that -Ships muft keep to the Southward as is there difcreet- ly advifed. At length, on the 26th of April y we difcovered Prayaf> TZys j e de Znmba, a Place very eafy to be known by an infinite Zumba, Number of white Spots, which look likeLinnen hung out to dry, as far as within 2 or 3 Leagues of Cape S. Anthony. The Interval Bahia de todos os Santos makes between that Cape, and the lile of Taporica, makes it look discontinued, when 294 ^ Voyage to Plate when feen to the N. W. and the Ifland, or the Larboard XXXIII. Coaft very confufedly. Afarh to Drawing near the Land, Fort S.Anthony appears at the ofSlS - Bay E n ^ °f tne Cape, in the midft whereof is a Tower, ending " at the Top in a Point, which looks like a Paviliion. Before that Cape is a Hat Rock, on which there are 4 or 5 Fathoms Water at low Ebb. It runs out about a Quarter of a League S. W. Taporica The Ifland of c laporica i which forms the Mouth on the ■<.fla»d. Larboard-fide, is ftill fouler, having before it a Shoal, which ftretches out above a League S. E. and is feen to break very high upon the Ebb ; fo that Ships muft bear up due North along the middle of the Channel to get in fafe, and take heed of the Tides, which are of 3 Hours and 3 Quarters. Momh of the The Mouth being two Leagues and a half wide, Ships ^** may pafs out of the Point Blank reach of the Cannon of the Forts of S. Anthony and S.Mary ; fo that they are lefs to be apprehended in paifing, than they are fit to obftrud a Defcent in the Sandy Creeks on the Starboard-fide. As we come in by Degrees, we difcover on the fame fide, on an Eminence, one part of the City, which affords a pleafant Profpeft enough, extending to the moll: Northern Cape, on which is the Fort of Our Lady of Monferrat. In that Bay, at the Foot of the City, is the Port where the Fortugueze Ships come to an Anchor, clofed on the South and Weft-fide by the Bank call'd Alberto, on which the Water Caftle (lands, which might be call'd a Pate, or Horfe-ftiooe, by reafon of its Roundnefs. In 1624, when •the Plate XXXIII. Page 294. explain d in Englifh. Vue de Reconnoiflance du Cap Saint Antoine, Thus the Land appears ft knowing of Cape 5. Anthony. The'Plan of the Bay of all Saints, on the Coafi of Brafil, in 13 Degrees of South Latitude. Baye de tous les Saints, The Bay of all Saints. or the South- Sea. 2$$ t\\t Dutch took the Town of San Salvador, Admiral Willed fans pofTcfs'd himfelf of that Battery, which was then of io Pieces of Cannon 5 and in 1638, when Prince Maurice would take that Town from the Portugueze, he alfo began by poffefEng himfelf of Fort Albert, which obliged the Por- tugueze to call: great Stones into the Sea quite round it, to render the fame inaccelfible for Ships, and even for Boats. To enter this Port, Ships muft bear up a little to the North, within the Fort of Monferrat, and when they bear Eaft and Weft with the End of the Town, they are at the Mouth of the Port, and paft the Bank Alberto. Entring the Bay we difcover'd 3 Ships, which were out of the common Anchoring-Place, and by the Signals per- ceiv'd they were our Comrades. In our Paifage we faluted the Flag of the Holy Ghoft, which anfwer'd us, and we proceeded to anchor S. and by W. of the Fort of Monferrat y and W. and by N. of the Cattle, in 1 2 Fathom Water, a bad Bottom of Sand and Rock. We would have removed to another Place ; but the Governor who had not permitted the French Ships to put into the ufual Port, would not allow us to come near the Land, where the Bottom is bet- ter ; fo that we there loft a Cable and an Anchor 10 Days after, wherein we were little beholden to him, no more than the She herd and the Fidel, or Faithful, who had had the like Mifchance. This laft was alfo one of thofe, whom the News of the Peace put upon haftening to the South Sea, as to a Treafure that is going to be fhut up; but they were going to the Fag-end of that Trade which they have entirely ruin'd by over-flocking of the Country with Goods. Jking come to an Anchor, we faluted the City with Seven Guns, and were anfwer'd by the like Number. Then we went about getting Provisions, Water and Wood, and furnifhing a Main -Yard, and a Mizzen Maft, ours being unfit for Service.. During ip6 A Voyage to Plate XXXIV. During that Time, I employed myfelf in feeing the City, and the Parts about it, as far as was in my Power, notwithstanding the almoft continual Rains, intermix'd at Intervals with fcorching Heats. Thofe Inconveniences, together with our fhortitay, would not permit me to take To exa& a Plan as I could have wifh'd. However, lean give it as a very good Idea, differing but little from the Truth in what is cffential. Befides, it would have been no Ad- vantage to me, if we had ftay'd long there ,- fome indif- treet Perfons of our Squadron having made me known to the Portuguese Officers for an Engineer, it was not proper for me to expofe myfelf to fome Affront in a Place, where the Memory of the Expedition to Rio de Janeiro^ ftill frefli, render' d our Nation fufpc&ed. In Ihort, they had dou- bled the Guards every where, and even erecled new Corps de Garde, becaufe there were already five French Ships in the Road, among which were two of Force, the one of 50, and the other of 70 Guns. The Defer iption of the City of S. Salvador, or 5. Sa- viour, the Capital of Bra Ml. TH E Town which our Charts call S. Salvador, or S. Saviour, is in the Language of the Country plainly callM Cidade da Bahia, the City of the Bay. It is in about 12 Degrees 45 Minutes of South Latitude, on an Eminence of about 100 Fathoms, form'd by the Eaft- fide of the Bay of all Saints. The Accefs to it is fo dif- ficult, by reafon of its great Steepnefs, that they have been forced to have recourfe to Machines for carrying up, and letting down of Goods from the Town to the Port. The Plan of the Upper Town is as regularly drawn, as the Unevennefs of the Mountainous Soil would permit ; but tho' the Streets there are Straight, and of a good Breadth, moll of them have fo deep a Defcent, that they would the South-Sea. would be impracticable for our Coaches, and even for out- Chairs. The rich People, notwithftanding that Inconveniency, do not go a Foot j being always induftrious, as well in Ame- rica, as in Europe, to find Means to diftinguifli themfelves from the reft of Mankind, they would be auiamed to make ufe of the Legs which Nature has given us to walk. They Q_q lazily 2^7 Plate XXXIV. Page 157. Explain d in Englifh. A ProfpeEl of the City of San Salvador next the Bay. The Plan of the City of San Salvador, the Capital of Brafil, in the Bay of All Saiuts, and in 12 Degrees 45 Adhmtes of South Latitude. A Scale of 3C0 Fathoms. References in the Upper Town. Churches. i. The Cathedral, or S. Saviour. 2. The Mifericordia, or Houfe of 3- 4. 5- Mercy. The Bifiop's Palace. The Jefuites. J.Francis. 6. The Chappel of the %d Order. 7. S. Clare. 8. Our Lady of Palma. p. Our Lady of the Rofary. 10. S. Benedi£t. 11. 5. Peter. , The Capucins. , S. Terefa, , The Carmelites. , .S". Anthony. Churches in the Lower Town. 1 6. The Dominicans. 17. Our Lady of the Conception. 18. S. Elmo, ip. S. Barbara. 20. Our Lady de Fila. F laces of Note.' A. The Fort on the Strand. B. Fort James. C: New Fort. 12 15 Profil par la Ligne A. B. The profile by the Line A. B. D. Corps du Garde. E. Cafcones. F. The Poxdcr Magazine. G. A rmnd Rampart of Etrtk. H. The Battery of the Cajfle. I. ihe Palace-yard, K. The Palace. L. The Court of Juftic<. M. The Mint. N. Cranes to draw up and let down Goods. O. The Square before the Cathedral. P. The jefuites Square. Q. Fort S. Anthony. R. A neve Battery level with the Water. S. The Watering Place. T. S. Francis'; Battery. V. The Battery for the Port vhcre tht Boats lie. X. A? ate, or Platform. Y. The Battery of the Arfenal. Z. A projelled Battery. a. The Arfenal. b. The Port for the Boats. c. The Docks and Yards. d. The Creek for building. e. Ways to go up to the Tovin. 2; 8 A Voyage to fUteXXXV. lazily caufe themfelves to be carryM in Beds of fine Cotton, hanging by the Ends to a Pole, which two Blacks carry on their Heads or Shoulders j and to be there conceal'd, and that neither the Rain, nor the Heat of the Sun may offend them, that Bed is cover' d with a Teller, to which they hang Curtains to be drawn when they pleafe. Thus ly- ing along there at their Eafe, with the Head on a rich Pillow, they are carry'd about more gently than in Coaches or Chairs. Thofe Cotton Hammocks are call'd Serpentins, and not Palankins, as fome Travelers (ay; If this great Unevennefs of the Ground is inconvenient to the Inhabitants, it is on the other hand very advanta- geous to the Fortifications. With a fmall Expence this might be made a Town morally impregnable ; Nature has See vhte there made Ditches and Outworks flanking one another, XXXIV. w here the Ground might be difputed Inch by Inch. The Eaft-fide is almoft inacceffible, as may be feen in the Pro- file, by the Line A. B. being almoft cover'd by a deep Pool, having 1 5 or 20 Fathom Water in fome Places, which lies down in a Vale between two Hills, the Afcent whereof is very fteep. From that Pool, which comes very near the Sea, on the North-fide, they have drawn a little Stream, that ferves for Ships to Water. In fhort, to approach the Town on the South-fide, the Landing muft be near the Forts I have mention d, or farther in among the Batteries, which are on theCoaft* which would certainly be very difficult, tho' the Oppo- sition were never fo fmall. The Dutch, in 1624, having taken this Place, when un- der the Dominion of the Spaniards, fortify *d it on the Land- fide with a Rampart, or rather a great Entrenchment of Earth, which enclofed the Body of the Upper Town, the 3d Part of a League in Length,- which did not prevent the Spaniards retaking of it the next Year 1625. That Enclo- fure is now quite ruin'd j it has been neglected to endea- vour the South- Sea. zyg vour to fortify the Approaches by a Number of Forts made in feveral Places. The firit, on the South-fide is the New, or S. Peter s s.VeteijPort Fort, made of Earth, faced with Stone-work, which they were working upon when we were there. It is a regular Square, with 4 Baftions, of 20 Foot in the Face, as muchCurtin, and 4 Fathoms Flank ; furnifh'd with Can- non, which on the one fide plays upon the Road, but much under Metal ; about it is a little Ditch, five or fix Fathoms wide. Thefecond, on the fame fide nearer the Town, is Fort Fort James; Diego, or James. It is alfo a Square of Stone-work, without a Ditch, with 4 Baftions of 8 Fathoms in the Face. It is a Battery of Bombs for the Road, and ferves now for a Magazine. The third, is the great Powder Magazine, call'd CV*/# Cafa da Fol : da Polvora, or the Powder-Houfe. It is alfo a Square of vora * Stone-work, without a Ditch ; the Baftions of 6 Fathoms Face, the Curtins of 14, and the Flanks of 2. It contains •8 diftinft Magazines, vaulted and cover' d Pyramid-wife, with as many Globes on the Tops > faid to contain 2 or 3000 Barrels of Powder; but there are often under 100. The fourth, is Fort S. Anthony, on the North, which is s. Anthony^ dirc&ly over the Watering-Place, of Stone-Work, fquare Fort. like the others, but fomewhat larger and better conmVd. The Baftions have about 16 Fathoms Face, the Flanks 4 or 5, and the Curtin 25, with a good Ditch. One fide of it plays upon the Road, but it does not well defend a Depth, by which Men may come under Covert to the Counterfcarp, and by the fame way go to the Town. Half a Cannon Shot from this, towards the N. E. is Fort NoJJa No{ ^ s ^ nhoZ Senhora da Vittoria, the Fort of our Lady of Victory, made ™ a £ m ^ ° z of Earth, to which I could not go, nor to the others that are farther off, as that of S. Bartholomew, which defends a little Harbour, where Ships may careen 5 that of Mont- ferate i nor to thofe at the Entrance, before mention'd. Qq 2 To 300 A Voyage to Troops. To fecure thefe Forts and the Town, the King of Por- tugal maintains fix Companies of Regular Forces, uniform- ly cloath'd, and not in brown Linncn, as Damper fays j that is alter'd j they are well difciplin'd and pay'd; thofe Ifaw were in a very good Condition, well arm'd, and fuil of fine Men $ they want nothing but the Reputation of be- ing good Soldiers. The City of Bahia, as is well known, is the Capital and Metropolis of Brafel, and the ufual Seat of a Viceroy -, however, the Governor has not always that Title, Witnefs he that was in our Time. Manners. The Inhabitants have an Out-fide good enough as to Politenefs, Neatnefs, and the manner of giving themfelves a good Air, much like the French. I mean the Men only, for there are fo few Women to be feen, that but a very imperfect Account can be given of them. The Portugueze are fo jealous, that they fcarce allow them to go to Mafs on Sunday? and Holidays ; neverthelefs, in Spight of all their Precautions, they are almoft all of them Libertines, and find Means to impofe upon the Watchfulnefs of their Fathers and Husbands, exposing themfelves to the Cruelty of the latter, who kill them without Fear of Punilliment, when they difcover their Intrigues. Inftances hereof are fo frequent, that they reck'ned above 30 Women murder'd by their Husbands within a Year. Fathers ifiew more Hu- manity towards their Daughters ; when they cannot hide their Shame by marrying them off, they turn them out of Doors, and then they are at Liberty to be common. A fine Expedient ! Quod licet Whether it be the Effect of the Climate, or of our na- ingratum tural Bent after that which others endeavour to keep from Hce?acrius° n us ^y Force, there is no need of any extraordinary Efforts urit,Ovid. to be admitted to the laft Familiarity. The Mothers help Matres om- the Daughters to keep out of the fight of their Fathers, ei- nes fihis in ^ tner through Compaffion, or out of a Principle of the Law uices, auxi- ^ Nature, which enjoins us to do by another as we would Jioin paterna injuria folent efle. Tcr. Hetut. be the South -Sea, 301 be done by ; but in lhort, tho' they did not themfelves fneet Men halfway, the Scarcity of white Women would draw the Crowd after them,- for 19 in 20 of the People we fee there, are Blacks, Men and Women, all naked, except thofe Parts which Modefty obliges to cover ; fo that the City looks like a new Guinea. In fliort, the Streets are full of none but hideous Figures of Black Men and Women Slaves, whom Delicacy and Avarice, rather than NecefTity, have tranfplanted from the Coaft of Africa, to make up the State of the Rich, and contribute towards the Sloth of the Poor, who eafe themfelves of their Labour on them, fo that there are always above 20 Blacks to one White. Who would believe it? there are Shops full of thofe poor Wretches, who are expofed there dark naked, and bought like Cattle, over whom the Buyers have the fame Power; (o that upon flight Difgufts, they may kill them almoft without Fear of Punifhment, or at leaft treat them as cruelly as they pleafe. I know not how fuch Barbarity can be reconciled to the Maxims of Religion, which makes them Members of the fame Body with the Whites, when they have been baptized, and raifes them to the Dignity of Sons of God, All Sons of the moft High; doubtlefs they will not fuffer themfelves to be convinced of that Truth ; for thofe poor Slaves are too much abufed by their Brethren, who fcorn that Relation. I here make this Comparlfon, becaufe the Fortugueze are Chriftians who make a great outward Shew of Reli- gion, even more than the Spaniards ; for moft of them walk along the Streets with their Beads in their Hands, a Figure of S. Anthony on their Breads, or hanging about- their Necks, and with an extravagant Furniture of a long SpanijJd Sword on their Left, and a Dagger almoft as long as a fhort French Sword on their Right ; to the end that when Occafion fhall offer, neither Arm may be ufelefs to- wards deftroying of their Enemies. In reality, thofe out- ward Tokens of Religion are very deceitful among them, not only in regard to true Probity, but even to Chriftiar* # Sen- 302 A Voyage to Sentiments j they often ferve to conceal from the Eyes of the World a great Number ol Jews ^ an amazing Inftance has been feen in that Town. A Curate, after having for feverai Years behaved himfelf outwardly to Edification, at laft made his Efcape with the Sacred Ornaments into Hoi- land, to live there as a Jew ; for which Reafon, to be ad- mitted to the Clergy, a Man muft prove himfelf an old Chriftian, as they call it, that is, of ancient Chriftian Defcent. Cathedral. The Upper Town is adorn'd with feverai Churches, the moft remarkable of which is the Cathedral, which ha- ving the Title of S. Saviour, has communicated its Name to all the Town. Before it, is a fmall open Place, like a Platform, whence is a Profpe<5t of all the Bay, and feverai Iflands, forming an agreeable Landskip. Adjoining to that Place is the Hofpital under the Name of Nojfa Senho- ra da Mifericordia, or our Lady of Mercy. On the Ca- thedral depend the two Pariihes of S.Anthony and S. Peter, Jefuites and if I miftake not, S. Barbara. To the North of the church. Cathedral is the Monaftery of the Jefuites, whofe Church is all built with Marble carry'd from Europe. The Sacri- fty is very beautiful, as well on account of the neat Work the Buffets, or Places for vefting, the curious Wood, in- laying and Ivory they are made of, as for a Scries of little Pictures that adorns them. But we muft not with Froger call the Painting on the Cieling fine, being unworthy to be taken notice of by a Man of Skill. The ether Churches and Monasteries have nothing remarkable. There are Beneditfins, Francifcans, Carmelites, Dominicans, Barefoot Auguftins, and a Monaftery of Capucins, which formerly confifted of all French, but they were turn'd out during the laft Wars, to put in Italians-, they are there call'd, os Barbados, or the Bearded Friers. I know of but one Monaftery of Nuns, call'd as Freiras da Incarnafao, or the Nuns of the Incarnation. In the Lower Town there are other Chappels of Brotherhoods, S. Barbara^ our Lady of the South- Sea. [ 303 the Rofary, and de Pita ; this laft for the Soldiers, Corpo Santo for poor People, and the Conception for Sailors. The great Trade that is drove at the Bay, for tbc Coun- 7™fc m try Commodities, makes the Inhabitants eafy. Every Europe- Year about March, there arrives a Fleet of about 20 Ships from Lisbon, laden with Linnen and Woollen Cloths and Stuffs, efpecially Serges, Perpetuanas, Bays, and Says, which the Women ufe for their Veils, inftead of black Taffety, as the Women wear in Spain, which Fafliion they follow pretty near : The Ufe of that Stuff is a Piece of Modefty forced upon them by the King's Order, who prohibits the wearing of Silk. The other faleable Com- modities, are Stockings, Hats, Iron, Kitchen Furniture ; but above all, Biskct, Meal, Wine, Oil, Butter, Cheefe, &c. The fame Ships, in Exchange, carry back Gold, Su- gar, Tobacco, Wood for Dying, call'd Brafil Wood, Bal- fam, Oil of Copayva, Hypecacuana, fome raw Hides, &c. The Town (landing on a fteep Eminence, they have Maebmi, erected three Machines for carrying up, and letting down of Goods to and from the Upper Town. Of thofe three, one is at the Jefuites, not only for the Publick, who pay for the Ufe of it, but alfo for the Ufe of that Community, which is certainly no Enemy to Trade. Thofe Machines confifl of two great Wheels, like Drums, which have one com- mon Axle-Tree, over which is wound a Cable, made faft to a Sledge or Cart, which is drawn up by Blacks, who going in the Wheels, wind the Cable up the Spindle, and to the end that the Sledge may meet with no Opposition, but come up eafily, it flides along a boarded Way, reach- ing from the Top of the Hill to the Bottom, being about 140 Fathoms in Length, and not 250., as is faid in Le Flambeau de la Mer, Befides the Trade of European Commodities, the Por- Trade t$ tugueze have another considerable in Guinea. ■ They carry Guiae*. thither Linnen Cloth, made in the {{lands of Cape Verde, Glafs Beads, *nd other Trifles, and bring back Gold, Ivory and Blacks to fell at BrafiL The ^C4 A Voyagj? to &c The Correfpondence with Rio de Jan:'.; \ near \\] : arc the Gold Mines of the Patliftar, which afford great ency, ftill adds to the Wealth or" the Bay. The Homes - are well bsi t, the Inhabitants handlomely lodg'd and k*d; the Men and Women are mod eft in theft Habit becaufe they arc wifely forbid wearing of Gold or Si ■ :r Lace; hue they (hew their Wealth in certain Or- naments o: .'■ - Gold, even on their black Women Slaves, who are adorn'd with rich Chains feveral times h cks, great Rings and Pendants in their Ears, Croffes, Plate's they wear on their Foreheads, and other Wwig ity Ornaments of Gold. c^„~ „*, C ary to the ufual Policy of other Crowns, the King dtrtJigrrs net J s . ' o u trade tki- * Portugal does no: permit Strangers to retort thither, to carry away the Product of the Country, tho' they buy with Specie, much lefs fo carry Goods to lell or exchange, he is more faithfully ferv'd than the King of Sf in Peru. This RcguL is grounded on two goodR ions; the hrft, to blige bis Subjects to take Pains, and by that means procure i all the Profit of the Commerce, The fecond and thechiefeft, to prevent the Duties he has upon all Commodities being funk by the Viceroys and Governors, for all Ships being obliged to come and unlade in his S:gh: at Lisbon, nothing can efcape him. Tho' this Bay of dU Saint be a very populous Place, where they reckon there are about *6oo Houfes, it is not neverthelefs a good Place for Ships to put in, efpecially in Winter, not only becaufe of the great Rains it is fabject to at it time, but alio becaufe Provisions are not good there ; the Meal and Wine carry'd thither from Europe, are always the worfe for that Paflage; the Beef there is worth nothing; there is no Mutton, .;. Fowls are fcarce and dear. The fruits of that Seafon, as the Banana, and the Oranges, will not keep long at Sea, and Garden Stuff is there almoft unknown, trough the Supinenefs of the Portugueze, or t Matter to cultivate the fame, by reafon of the great I tude of Pifmires which deftroy Piants and the Fruit almoft every where, fothat they are the Bane c xiculture in BraGL Dc- the South -Sea* 3°5' Departure from the Bj\\ AFTER having refitted and victual'd, we faii'd la Company with our former Comrades, on Mond.y*, the 7th of May. Being at Noon two Leagues and a half Enm to the Southward of Cape S. A?ithony 3 I found by Obfer- Cbm vation 15 Degrees of Latitude, whence I concluded, that it lies in 12 Degrees 50 Minutes, and the City in 12 De- grees 45 Minutes, and according to the Observation o: Olinda, fet down in La Connoiffance des Temps , of 171 2, ic fliould be in 41 Degrees 30 Minutes of Weft Longitude, or Difference of the Meridian from Paris, which differs from the Pofition, the Dutch Charts afTign it 6 Degrees more Weftward ; for inftead of 336 Degrees 50 Minutes, it is 343 Degrees from the Meridian otTenerijf* On the 1 8th, Beauvais Grant came to ask our Point, perhaps not fo much to aicertain his own, as to make a Signal to the others for them to crowd more Sail the next Day, and leave us. In fhort, they did not fail of fo doing j they bore up to make the more way, knowing that ic concern' d us more than them to gain Ground to the Eaft- ward. They fucceeded, and we loft Sight of them before Night, without endeavouring to bear up with them, and keep fuch Company as the Advice of the Peace had ren- der'd ufelefs, and their Infidelity odious. From the time of our putting into the Bay till we came G*ram. to the Line, we had almoft continual cloudy Weather, with Gufts of Wind and Rain, Calms, and little Wind, the Winds blowing from S. S. E. to E. S. E. and tho' the Current fets to the Northward near the Coafl, out at Sea we tbund it rather fet us a little to the Southward ,• but when we were once come into 4 Degrees of North Lati- tude, we found a very great Difference in our Reck'ning on that fide; we attributed it to the General Current, fetting N. W. which prevails in that Latitude along the Coaft of Brafil and Guiana. R r In 3o6 A Voyage to IVhitcnefs in the Sea. In that Latitude \vc began to feel the Trade Winds from Eaft to N. N. E. frefti enough, which carry'd on us to 16 Degrees, and turn'd back to the Longitude of Cape S. Auguflm. Then we, began to be becalm'd, which kept us near a Month, making little Way. From thence forward we began to be fenfible of many Currents, and Runs of Tides, and to fee a fort of Drift in fmall Grains like Goofeberries, faid to come from the Chan- nel of Bahama, which was neverthelefs about 600 Leagues to the Weft ward of us. The Reafon for that Conjecture is, that none of that fort is found either about the Azores , or Canary Iflands,which are the neareftLands j and that on the other hand, failing to the Weftward, there arc great Quan- tities of them found. If it be fo, they muft be brought by the Currents, which ftt to the Eaftward. The Cur- rents obfervM about the Coaft of Guiana, ferve to make good the Waters that run out at that Channel, which is alio the Reafon that the Ships coming from Brafd, gain as much to the Eaftward, under the Tropick of Cancer, as they lofe to the Weftward, under the Line. On the 15th of June, in about 21 Degrees of North Latitude, a Sailor died of the Bloody Flux. Wednesday the 4th of July, in 36 Degrees 50 Minutes Latitude, and 36 Degrees \6 Minutes Longitude, the Sea being ftill, we faw within Cannon Shot a Whitenefs on the Water, as if it had broke a little, we immediately judg'd there might be a Shoal. The Captain had a mind to be fatisfy'd, but the Boat being too much dry'd up by the great Heats for two Months paft, was not fit to put to Sea. However, moft Men thought that might be Foam 3 or fome- thing floating on the Water. The next day we had fight of a fmall VeiTel,which feem'd to ftand to the Eaftward, as we did. The Calm held us in fight of one another three Days. We put up our Fights, and made a Signal by firing a Gun and lowering our Top- fails, to perfuade him to make towards us, that we might hear fome News from Europe; but a Gale coming up at Weft, \ the South-Sea. 307 Weft, he flood away to the North. Wc chas'd him for fome Hours, till confidering we loft fo much Way, we flood our own Courfe without having been able to come up with him. Tuefday the ioth, we fpy'd another, towards the Eve- ning, and the next Morning about Break of Day he was within Cannon-mot of us. We again made ready, and lay by for him, but he flood away S. W. and left us. That fame Evening we had light of the Peeke of one p ee k of the of the Iflands of Azores, to which that Mountain has given Azores, its Name. It is like a Sugar-loaf, and fo high, that it can be feen at 30 Leagues Diftance, like that of Teneriff. We were then about 25 Leagues from it, S. and by E. according to the Globe, and law it diftin&ly. This Sight of Land was very pleafing to us j for the Tokens of Currents which we had obferv'd, made us very uncertain as to our Recknings ; and it was a double Sa- tisfaction to find them anfwer within a very fmall Matter. I do not pretend to talk of any but thofe of the Officers, who having not made flight of what I had obferv'd to them concerning the Poiition of Olinda, had taken their Departure 6 Degrees more to the Weftward than the Lon- gitude of the Bay on the Dutch Charts. The Currents we had obferv'd for fome Days, could not obftruct the Exact - nefs, becaufe they fometimes did fet to the North, and .fometimes to the South -, and within Sight of Land, we obferv'd that they were N. W. and S. E. For this Reafon, and perhaps partly through the Error /p n( t „/ of the Charts, we, within three Days after feeing the s. Michel. Peek, difcover'd the Ifland of S. Michael, 20 Leagues fooner than we expected. In fliort, 1 am of Opinion, that Peter Goos places thofe two Iflands too near together, and the Flambeau de la Mer at too great a Diftance from each other. We alfo obferv'd the fame Error, as we drew near the Ifland Tercera, where we thought fit to put in, for fear left the Calms continuing, we might want Proviiions. R r 2 That 308 A Voyage to Tcrccra That Ifland is indifferent high, and to be known on the Ijltnd. S. E. Side by a Point of low Land that runs out Eaft, and by a Cape cut on the Weft-fide, fornvd by a Point of Land, on which there are two Riilngs ; laftly, by two fmall Ifles cut Perpendicular, which are a League to the Eaftward of the faid Cape, call'd llheos. Half a League S. S.E. from thefe, there are three Breakers, even with the Surface of the Water ,- all of them ill placed in the Flambeau de la Mer. Saturday, July the 14th, about Night falling, we came to an Anchor in the Road of the City of Angra, in 20 Fa- thom Water, the Bottom a gray Sand, broken Shells, and fmall white Coral, Cape S. Anthony bearing from us S. W. and by W. the Cathedral N. W. and by N. the llheos, or little Illands above mentiond E. S» E. and Fort S.Sebaftian N. N.W. This Pofition is to be obferv'd, in order to a- void it upon Occafion, becaufe the Bottom is there mix'd with great Stones. We faluted the Town with 9 Guns, which it return'd the next Morning Gun for Gun. A Pilot of the Town coming aboard to advife us to change our Station, when we were about weighing, the Anchor was found engaged among Stones, fo that it was requifite to put fuch Strefs to get it loofe that the Yard broke -, but that Pilot, either through Malice or Ignorance, inftead of carrying us fomewhat farther out into 30 Fa- thom of Water, in the midft between the little Iflands and the Hillocks, where the Men of War anchor, having brought us into 66 Fathom Water, we thought fit to re- move to theufual Place, in 13 Fathom, the Bottom blackifh Sand Plate XXXVI. Page 259. explain d in Englilh. A. A Spanifh Woman of Peru, in her Stays and wide Petticoat. B. Another with a Cap and Mantle. C. Another fitting holding a filver Pipe t$ fuel through it the Tinftttre or De* cotlion of the Herb of Paraguay. D. A Bowl made of a Gourd adorn d with Silver. E. A Silver Pot to heat the Water, in the midft of which is the Fire, in a Place made for it G. the South~&ca. 3,09 Sand and Owze, mix'd with fome few Shells, and about a good Cable's Length from the Land. Then Fort S. &- baftian bore from us S. \V. and by W. that of S. Anthony N. aad by E. we rode there only by a fmall Stream An- chor, becaufe there the Tide is very fmall. They fay the Ebb begins at the Rifing of the Moon, and fets S. E. and the Flood N. W. There a Ship is near the City Gate, where the Key and the Watering-Place are... The Defcription of the City of A N G R A. HP HE City of Angva is feated on the Edge of the Sea, &** -*- about die middle of the South-fide of the Ifland XXXViR. Tercera, at the Bottom of a fmall Bay, fbrm'd by a very high Point of Land, call'd Monto de Brafil, or the Mount- of Brafil. I call that little and bad Port a Bay, being open from tlae Eaftto the S. W. not above 4 Cables long in Breadth, and perhaps not two of good Bottom, where Ships cannot ride in Safety any longer than in the fair Summer Weather, becaufe then only gentle Winds prevail, from the Weft to the N. N. W. but as foon as the Winter begins, there are fuch violent Storms, that the ihorteft way for Men to fave their Lives, is to fail as foon as ever they fee the lead ill Tokens in .the Air. The Inhabitants, by long Expe- rience, are feldom miftaken ; for then the high Mountain is cover'd and grows dark, and the Birds for fome Days before come and cry about the City, as it were to give them Notice. Thofe Mariners, who are obliged to flay in the Road, being detain'd on Account of Trade, forfake their Ships, or elfe bring fmall Veffels amore, at the Foot of Fort S. Sebaftian, and all of them ftay in the Town, till the Storm is over. A fatal Experience has ifiewn that they were in the Right. In September 1713, feven Sail perifrVd there, Shipnmk being drove afhore \ and not one Man of ajl theirCrews was faved. A* 310 A Voyage to S. Anthony'; As fmall and bad as that Port is, the Portugusze have & m - fortify'd it very well. They have raifcd a triple Battery, almoft upon the Level of the Water, upon themoft advanced Cape on the Starboard fide, going in, being that of S. An- thony, a Name which is never wanting in Places belonging to the Portugueze. It is then continued in good Stone-work all Plate 36. Page 310. explain d in Englifh. The Plan of the Town, Citadel and Forts of ANGRA, on the South- fide of the Ifland Tcrcera, one of the Azores, in 39 Degrees of South Latitude. Churches. 1. The Cathedral. 2. Ottr Lady of Hope, Nuns. 3. Our Lady of Grace^ 4. S. Peter. 3. S. Katharine'; Chappel. 6. S. Gonzalo. 7. A Chappel. 8. The Mifericordia, or Mercy. 9. Corpo Santo, or the Chappel of the Holy Body. 1 0. The Chappel of the Incarnation. 11. Our Lady of the Incarnation, a Priory. 12. The Nuns of the Conception. 1 3. The Chappel of S. Benedict. 14. S. Anthony, Rccolets. 15. A Chappel. 16. S. John'* Chappel. 17. S. Lucy's Chappel. 18. The Jefuite's College. 19. S. Francis, Friers. 20. The Capucin Nuns. 21. The Chappel of the Chiefs. Quartier de S. Pedro, S. Peter'; Quarter. Caftello de San Joao, S. John'; Cajile. Oueft du Monde, the due Weft Point. Oueft de l'aimanr, declinant de 8 Degrez, the Weft Point of the Compafs, varying 8 Degrees. Montague du Rrefil, the Mountain of BrafiJ. Tours des Sentinels, the Sentinel's Toners. •EcheJle de 500 Toiies, a Scale of 500 Fathoms] Places of Note: A. The Square of the Cajile. B. The Gale and Corps du Girde. C. A Chappel not fimfh'd. D. Cazerns. E. Square Wells dug in the Ditch. F. The Horfe-Jbooe, G. The Rampart carry d dovsn to the Sea. H. Redoubts andChappel of S.Anthony. I. Intrenchments and Batteries on the Edge of the Sea. K. A Moineau, or Plat Baft ion. L. S. Anthony'; Battery. M. The Upper Brajil Gate. N. The Key at the landing Place. O. The Sea Gate. P. The Square and Fountain in it. Q. The Town-Houfe. R. The Goal. S. Fort S. Sebailian. T. Alow Battery. V. The old Qreek. the South- Sea. 311 all along the Coaft to the Citadel, with Redans or Inden- tures, and little Moineaus, or Plat Baftions before the Curtio, which flank it,without much need ; becaufe theRocks render it inacceflible for Boats. To fecure a Communication between Fort S.Anthony and the Citadel, they have thrown up a Trench along the Mountain, crofs'd by a little Gully, over which they pafs on a Bridge, defended by two Redoubts, in the midft be- tween which is a Chappel of S. Anthony, and a good His chappel. Spring. The Batteries of the Coaft join without the Citadel, Batteries. and come down to the Shore. The Citadel, by the Portuguese call'd Caftello de S. citadel. Joao, or S. John's Caftle, ftands at the Foot of the Moun- tain of Brafil, which it inclofes, as well by the Walls of the Body of the Place, on the Weft-fide, as by the Out- works before fpoken of, next the Port. Thofe Outworks, which might be call'd a Continuation of the Enclofure, tho' without a Ditch, would be of little ufe, in cafe of a Siege by Sea and Land,- for a Ship at Anchor in 50 Fa- thom Water at S. E. and by S. would render them almoft ufelefs, firing into them on Reverie and by Enfilade. The Upper Fort has not that Defect ; it is well enough. fcated,contriv'd and built of good Stone- work,founded on a Rock Plate XXXVII. Page 311. explain d in Englifh. Profil'par la Ligne A. B. The Profile by the Line A. B. Profil par la Ligne C. D. Vue du cote de la Terre. The Profile by the Line C. D. feen jrom the Land- fide. Montagne du haut Brefil. The Mountain oj 'the Upper Brafil. Vue de la Ville de Angra du Cote du Mouillage. A Profpecl of the Tow® of Angra next the Anchoring place, a. The Cathedral. i. S. Anthony'/ chappel. b. The Jefuites. k. Out-Parts. c. The Ponder- hoxfe, J. A PlatBaftion and Battery. d. Corpo Santo. m. S. Anthony'/ Fort. f. A low Battery. n. Tower to look out. g. The City Gate. o. The Key. h. The Citadel. p. The Port of the upper Brafil jr.2. A Voyage to Rock, in which is dug a Ditch, between 4 and ^ Fathoms deep, and 10 Or 12 in Breadth. At the Bottom of the Ditch, all along the Efcarpe, there is a Row of Wells or Pits, 2 or 3 Fathoms fquare, and 10 or 12 Foot deep, which are fo near one another, that they are only parted "by a Traverfe of the fame Rock, 2 or 3 Foot thick. Be- fore the Curtin, where the Gate is, thole Rows of Wells or Pits are triple, and advanced within 4 or 5 Fathoms of the Counterfcarp. The Depth of the Ditch, the Reinforcement of thofe Pits, the Height of the Walls, and the Solidity of the Stonework, make the Portugueze fancy, that their Caftle is impreg- nable ; and the rather, becaufe the Spaniards flood a Siege of three Years in it, tillatlaft a Supply of 6 000 French ob- liged them to abandon the Place, and get away by Sea, where they were taken. By this may be judg'd what the Strength of the Portugueze was, and the manner of their Attacks ; for in the firft place, that Fortrefs has no other Outworks, befides a Horfc-fhooe next the Port, and a little Cover'd-way, now without Pa* lifadcs i the Glacis whereof, at the Salliant Angle of the Baftion next the Town, is fo deep, that it might well ferve for a Rideay, or Covert, to take the Ditch by Sappe ; and the more, for that it is moftly of Earth thrown up together, and the Rock under it fecms to be very cafy to cut. Then the Ditch is only defended by three Pieces of Can- non i for the Flanks of the Baftion are fo fmall, that they can hold no more ; that is^ one in the lower Flank, or Cazematte, one on the Back Flank above, and one in the Epaulment. At the Entrance into the Fort, under the Rampart, is a good handfome Corps dc Garde, vaulted, but not Bomb Proof, in my Opinion. I did not hear there was any thing elfe under Ground, befides the Powder Magazine. In the Caftle there are two fine Cifterns ; and, hrcafcof Neceflity, they can alfo have Water ftqmS.Anthonfs Spring, which the South -Sea. 31 3 which is on the Mountain of Brafil, which cannot become at without paffing by the Fort, becaufe the Weft Coaft is lined with Batteries, almoft like that on the Eaft, and the South Side is fteep, with inacceffible Banks,- for which Reafon the Fort has no other Enclofure, but a plainWall oil that Side. On the Top of the Eaft Hill there are two Towers calFd Facha, in which there is a Sentinel conti- nually, to difcover what Ships come near the Illand, the Number whereof he denotes by that of the Colours he puts out, as far as five j and for a Fleet they have another Signal. As for the Building of the Body of the Place, it is faced with good Stone- Work of the Sort of the Mill- ftones, on which is a Parapet fix or feven Foot thick, of the fame Subftance. The Rampart behind it is generally upon the Level with Earth-work, and the Jettees on the> Weft-fide. The Defence of the Baftions is Razant, the Faces are of about 28 Fathoms, the Flanks of 8, and the Cur- tins of 3 j or 40. There are about Twenty Pieces of Cannon ; and they fay there is a Magazine of 4000 Arms. The Caftle of S. $ohn having been formerly built by Fort £ Seba* the Spaniard?, on the Weft-fide of the Port, rather to com- ftian - mana the Land than the Sea ,- the Portugueze have fince built a fmall fort on the Eaft-fide, call'd Fort S. Sebaflian, to command the Road. It is a fquare Piece of Stone- Work, of about 60 Fathoms on the Out-fide, with the Entrance on the Land-fide with a little Ditch ,• and next the Sea, a Battery of a Salliant Angle before the Curtin, defended by the Faces of the little Baftions. Below this* level with the Water, there is another, built following the Turn of the Rock, Which carries very well into the Road and the Port. All the Batteries, and particularly that of S. Antho- ny, are well furnilh'd with Artillery, but in bad Order. .... s f ....... ^ here 514 ^ VQyage to There are reckoned above 200 Pieces of Iron Cannon,' and about 20 Brafs- Of the latter I faw none in the Caftle, but a Culverin of 20 Pounds Ball, and 16 or 17 Foot long.. For the Guard of this Place, the King of Portugal, ge- nerally allows 200 Men, but in a very different Manner from thole at Bahia de todos os Santos ; for he allows them fo little Pay, that they are all poorly equip'd, and in a very wretched Condition. In fhort, they are laid to have only 7000 Reys a Year, that is, little above Fifty Shillings of our Money, being under Two Pence a Day ; but in Cafe of Need, there are in the Ifland dooo Men able to bear Arms, according to the Computation made fome Years ago, when they met to oppofe Monfieur du Guay, who appear'd before that Ifland, and afterwards took that of S. George. Tho' the City of Angra be in the beft of the Iflands Tercerar, the Inhabitants thereof are Poor, becaufe they, have no other Trade but that of Corn, and fome little Wine, which is carry'd to Lisbon, which fcarce keeps them in Cloaths, fo that Money is very fcarce there. For this Reafon it is perhaps, that they are more Courteous than thofe of the Bay of All Saints , but tho' Poverty humbles Men in outward Appearance, it does not make them the better; and therefore there muft be no Confidence repofed in that fine Out-fide $ for fome European Portu- guese charge thefe with not having the fame always in their Hearts which they utter'd by their Lips. The Scarcity of Money has not however obftru&ed their building a Town that is pretty enough. The Houfes there are but one Story high, rarely two, and contrary to Cinches, ours, handfomer without, than well futnifh'd within. The Churches are beautiful enough, built after a manner th#t has fomewhat, of Grandeur, by reafon of the raifed Walks, Platforms,., and Galleries, which lead to, and a4 dorn the Entrance/ efpecjally the Cathedral of the Invo- . the South-Sea. ^\% cation of S. Saviour. The fineft next to it are thofe of - the Francifcans and the Jefuites, whofe Houfe appears fronting the Road, above all the other Buildings in the Town, to be known by that, as in all other Places, viz. by the good Choice of the advantageous Situation that So- ciety is always fure to make for itfelf. There are two other Monafteries of lefs Note,- that of the Auguflim, call'd NoJJa Senhora da Graf a, or our Lady of Grace; and that of the Recolets, by them alfo call'd Capucins, feated on an Eminence without the Town. Thefe, who are commendable for their good Behaviour, live in a fine Place, and an agreeable Poverty, under the Protection of their Patron S.Anthony, who among the Portugueze an* fwers to S. Francis among the Spaniards in Peru, and S. Patrick among the Irijh. Anfwerable to the Four Monafteries of Men, there are Four of Nuns, one of the Conception, an Order : brought from Toledo n one of Poor Clares, under the In- vocation of Nojfa Senhora da Efperan fa, or, our Lady of Hope 5 one of S. Gonzalo, and the fourth of Capucln Nuns. I do not take Notice of many Chappels, which they call Hermitas, or Hermitages. They may be feen in the Plan. Tho' the City is not upon a Level Plain, nor very regularly divided, it is neverthelefs very agreeable >• they have there the Conveniency of feveral good Fountains, di- ftributed into every Quarter, and a Brook running through the middle of the City, to drive the neceflary Mills for publick Ufe. Near thofe Mills, which are moft of them above the City, is an ancient little Fort, call'd by reafon of its Neighbourhood Forte dos Molinhos, or the Fort of the Mills, and fometimes Caza da Pohora, or the Powder- Houfe, becaufe it now ferves for a Magazine of Pow- der. It is a fquare Pile of Stone-Work of 15 Fathoms S f 2 ba 316 A Voyage to on every fide, flank' d after the ancient Manner, with a Half-Tower in the middle of each fide. Thence is a Profpcct of the whole City, from above ; an agreeable Composition of Land, Sea, Structures and Verdure, making up a pretty Landskip, and a very pleating Object to the Eye. In other Refpe&s, there is not about the Town, next the Coumry, any Enclofure, or detach'd Fortification,- and yet it might be come at by Land, debarking at Porto Judeo, or S. Martin, which are two or three Leagues from thence, Eaft and Weft, where there is good An* chorage and little Defence : But it is fo little Advantage to the King of Portugal to have thofe iQands, that I do not think any ought ro envy him the Poffeflion thereof, for he receives nothing thence that may recommend them, except a little Corn. There are Abundance of thofe call'd Canary Birds, which are fmaller than thofe bred in France j but on the other hand they exceed them much in ftrength of Voice. H Departure from the Ifland Tercera. "Aving furnifli'd ourfelves with Water, Wood, Meal, Wine, fome Beeves, Fowls, and Greens, we fail'd on Wednejday the 1:5 th oi July. ^ M ^ chael/ The 2 ° th we had fi § ht of the Ifland of S# Mi&ail, which appeared to us at S. E. as it were divided into two lilands, in the midft whereof were feveral little Hills, which might have been taken for little Illes, had not we known that they were join'd by a low Land, which is loft at four Leagues Diftance, by which that Illand is par- ticularly to be known on the North-fide. The 19th at Nighr, we had the Eaft Point of it, bear- ing South from us about twelve Leagues diftant, and flood to the Eaftward during the Night, without appre- hending the South-Sea. 317 hending a Shoal laid down in the Charts fn our Way, ten- or twelve Leagues N. E. of the fame Point of the Ifl.tnd of S. Michael-, fo that we muft have pafs'd over the Place where it is. We mould Jlave been very cautious of (Veer- ing that Courfc, had not we been allured by the long Experience of a Pcrtugueze Captain, that of all the Shoals laid down in the Charts about the Azores, there is real- ly none but that of Formigas, lying between S. Mary and S. Michael, the other being barely deep Soundings, on which there is no lefs than 40 or 50 Fathom Wa- ter j but he warn'd us, that in thofe Places the Sea was much more rough than elfewhere. He did not even ex- cept the three or four Shoals laid down about 60 Leagues out at Sea, to the Weftward, on which he faid Wanders daily go a Fifhing, becaufe they there find abundance of Filh. He may be believM, yet without relying entirely upon it, or being difturb'd at the Nearnefs of thofe Places; for doubtlefs Mr. Halley has not left them out in his new Chart, without good Reafons for fo doing, fince it is of no lefs concern than the Lofs of fuch Ships as mould confidently make ufe of the fame; wherein in all appear- ance an Hydrographer mould rather err in exceeding than in omitting any thing. The one can only occafion fome Lofs of Time, or Tome groundlefs Fear ; but the other may be the Caufe of fatal unexpected Shipwrecks,, if any thing of that which is doubted mould happen to be found. Befides, it is poflible that the Sea may fall, and at one Time difcover that which was coneeal'd at another. I will here leave the Thread of my. Relation, to tell what the faid Captain told us concerning the Shoals and the Abrolhos, laid down under the Line, to the North- ward of Cape S.Auguftin. He affirms, that feveral Navi- gators have convinced him and all other Portugueze Cap- tains failing to Brafil, that there are none of thofe foul Places, except thofe call'd Penon de S. Pedro, which is 3 - ~ ~ Rack 3 1 8 A Voyage to •Kock alnioft round, rifing about 50 or 60 Fathoms above the Water, and near about four Cables Length Diameter, fo that it may be feen at four or five Leagues Diftance ; and therefore it is not dangerous, and the more becaufe there is no Bottom all about it, which he had the Curiofity to be fatisfy'd in one Day when he was becalm' d very near it, having fent his Boat to found quite round it. Mr. Tialley in his Chart has alfo left out all thofe Shoals, as well as thofe of the Azores; but as I have faid elfewhere, he has without Reafon omitted the Ifland of the Afcenfion, to confound it with that of the Trinity. The fame Cap- tain I am fpeaking of, confirm'd to us, that they were Teally two diftinct Iilands, and fituated very near as laid down in the Dutch Charts, in refped to one another. Doubtlefs the other Ifland of the Afcenfion y which is about fix Degrees, near enough to the firft Meridian, made Mr. Halley judge that the other which is diftinguifh'd by the Portugeze Name o£Acenfaon 3 was Suppolititious. Let «s return to the Voyage. We paffed, as has been faid, over an imaginary Shoal, during the Night. The next Day, and the Day after the Winds began to grow boifterous, and the Sea ran high for fome Days, during the which our Mizzen- Sail fplit, and our Main-Top-Mail: gave way, fo that we were obliged to change it immediately. During the firft Days that we made from the Iflands, we found fome little Difference with the Reck'ning to the South- ward. As foon as we were about half way over between the Azores and the Continent, the Wind became more favourable, and the Sea fmoother j and on the 31ft of July we arrived at the Mouth of the Str eight s^ without any fenfible Error ; whence it may be concluded that thofe Iflands are rightly laid down in the Grand Flambeau de la Meu the South-Sea. Pafling through the Str eights of Gibraltar] we heard many Cannon-mot from the famous Siege of Ceuta y which has been befieged above 3 o Years, by the People of Mo- rocco ; and at the beginning of the Night we faw the Fires of their Camp. We then went and anchor'd at Cape Moulin, near Malaga, to receive our Orders. Laftly, on the idth of Attgufl we came to an Anchor at the Ifles of- Were?) and the next Day at Marfeille?. 319 F 1 N I JS POSTSCRIPT. WE have noted in this Author, fag, 278. a Defire to depretiate the Sea-Ohart of Mr. Halley, made to fliew the Variations of the Compafs, as not rightly repre- fenting the Situation of the Coaft of Peru and Chili. Whe- ther the (ingle Reckoning of the Ship Mary-Ann of Marseilles be fufficient to determine this matter, is fubmitted to the Reader's Judgment : But whatever ground there may be for this Exception, (in a matter wherein Halley pretends to no Knowledge of his own, but only to have followed the beft Accounts he could at that time procure ) yet as to his other Cavil, p. 291. he is fully allured that M. Frezier is under a grofs miftake, when he affirms that thelfland of A- fcenfion and Trinidad, in the Lat. of about 20 Degrees South, are two different Iflands ; and in that refpe& gives the Pre- ference to the old Dutch Charts. Mr. Halley knows, by the Defcription given of it, that thelfland at which M. Fre- zier touched, and which by him is call'd Afcenfion, is the very fame he calls Trinidad - y and he is certain to Demon- stration, that to the Eaftward of this Ifland there are no others to be found, except the three Iflets, or rather Rocks, which are but about 7 or 8 Leagues to Windward thereof, ^and which having been feen from the Eaft, have by fome been named the hies of Martin Vaz. He affirms that in the Year 1700, he kept the Parallel of 20 Degrees, 20 Minutes South, with a Weft Courfe, for above 200 Leagues to the Eaftward of this place, and met with no Land, or Sign of Land, by Birds or otherwife, till he firft made the faid three Rocks, which lie nearly in a Line North and South, and are not above a Mile afunder, the middlemoft being the biggeft 3 the other two very fmall,and the Southermoft very the South- Sea. 321 very much rcfembling a Bell. Whence 'tis evident, that if our Ifland were Afcenfion, there can be no fuch as Trinidad Eaft therefrom. And he challenges M. Frezier to produce any Authentick Account of Land feen thereabout, that was not in the faid Latitude of 20 Degrees 20 Minutes. Betides, this Latitude has been often examined by Ships which have had the Mifchance, for want of an Obfervation, to mifs the Ifland of S. Helena, and have been obliged to look for thefe lflands, in hopes to find a Watering-place. Particularly Commadore Warren, with a Squadron of five Men of War in the Year 1 696 , being bound to S. Helena, and defign'd Convoy to the homeward-bound Eaft-India Fleet, had the misfortune to fall to Leeward of that Ifland, and be- ing in great want of Water, he hoped to find relief at fomc of thofe lfles which the Charts defcribc between the La- titudes of 20 and 21 Degrees: And not being fure of their Situation, he fprcad his Ships fo as nothing between thofe twoParallels could be pafs'd by undiscovered : But following a dueWeft Courfe almoft home to the Main o(Brafil,for near 400 Leagues, he found no other than this Angle Ifland which we call Trinidad, and the French Afcenjion ,- which afforded him no fufficient Water-place. Moreover, all the lflands thereabout being by Letters Patents of his lateMajcfty King William^ granted to Sir ^ohn Hosbjns, late of Harwocd in the County of Hereford, Bart, and to his Heirs ; the faid Honourable Proprietor has caufed PofTeffion of the faid Tri- nidad to be taken for his Ufe, in the name of the Crown of England, and has put live Stock thereon ; having found himfelf difappointed of all the reft that are laid down in the Charts, which upon due fearch he was fatisfied were noc inrerutn natura. It muft however be owned, as an Obligation from M. Frezier, that he does not require the Site of the lflands of Dos Picos, Maria d'Agofta and Martin Vaz, as well as that of Trinidad, and that of Penon de S.Paulo, which he mifcalls deS. Pedro, of the Omiflion whereof he complains in his laft Leaf. This latter may, for ought we know to T t the 322 A Voyage, &tc. the contrary, be an Omiffion j but then M. Hallcy, when he made his Chart, had no account of its being ever fecn by the Engl'ifp Pilots, as lying out of the way of their Shipping ; much lefs had he any Authority where to place it in refped of the adjoining Continent. Laftly, M. Frezler might have as well obferved that his new Difcovery lying N. E. from Le Maire Streight, in 51 grad. is found in the aforefaid Chart of the Varia- tions, by the Name of Falkland's Jjles; as to have amu- ied his Reader with the Pretences of the Omiffions of fuch minute Matters, as are not ordinarily to be expected in a General Chart. Somf JWf * Account of the Settlement of the J E SUITES in the Spanifh Indies. OF all the Settlements that have been made in the Indies fince the Conqueft of that vaft Country by the Spaniards, there neither has been, nor ever will be, any fo confiderable, as that which the Jefuites have form'd there. The firft Beginning of this Settlement was only 50 Families of wandring In* dians, whom the Jefuites were at the pains of col- lecting together, and fixing upon the Banks of the River Japfur in the Heart of the Country ; but it has increafed in fuch a manner, that it contains at prefent above 300000 Families, poffefs'd of the fineft Part of all the Continent, (ituate 200 Leagues South from the Portugueze Paidifts^ and feparated from them by the River of Lorugmy, which falls into the Great Parava and Japfur, and thefe again difcharge themfelves into the River of Paraguay. This laft takes it Courfe, according to the Difcoveries of the Jefuites in 1702 and 1703, (which are the beft that ever were made ) from the toot of the Mountains of Poiofi. The Air there is temperate, the Land fertile, the Indian Inhabitants laborious and tradable,- and there muft un- doubtedly be Plenty of Gold and Silver Mines. Thole Indians might be brought with eafe to fubmit themfelves, could a Method be found to improve and cultivate them. T t 2 The * This Account is not Monfeur Frezier'/ • neither is it printed in the Paris Edition of his Book. 324 The Jefuites Settlement The Jefuites have not been able to extend their Million that way, for want of Fathers 5 otherwife they would re- ceive an Augmentation of more than 60000 Families, and 300 Leagues of Ground. To refume the Thread of our Account, and the Situa- tion of the Jefuites Country, itjs, as above obferv'd, 200 Leagues South of the Paulifts, 200 North of the Province of Buenos Ayres, 180 from that of Tucuman, and 100 from Paraguay. Thefe 3 Provinces are feparated from the Kingdoms of Chili and Peru by the Chain of Mountains call'd La Cordillera, and were of themfelves a Kingdom before the Conqueft of the Indies. The Country of the MiiTion is fruitful, being water'd with a great number of Rivers, which form Iflands in many Places. They have Plenty of Timber and Fruit-trees, excellent Pulfe, Bread-Corn, Flax, Indigo, Hemp, Cot- ton, Sugar, Pievtento, Hypecacuana, Galapa, Macheca- cuana y a Root they call Lautrabanda, and many other Simples of great Ufe in Pharmacy, particularly the Herb Paraguay, Their Savanna's, or Meadow-Lands, are full of Horfes, Mules, Cows, Bulls, and Flocks of Sheep : And more than all thefe, their Gold and Silver Mines are very confiderable. 'Tis true, the good Fathers will not own it j but there are too many Proofs of it, to leave any room for Doubt. The People are good-natured and quiet, handy and laborious ; and are brought up to all forts of Trades. They are at prcfent divided into 42 Parifhes, from 1 to 10 Leagues apart, lying along the River of Paraguay j and in every Parifh there is a Jefuite, who has the Supreme Com- mand, and is obey'd with the exa&eft Regard and Awe. He puniihes theleaft Fault, ifhepleafes, with the utmoft Severity. The ordinary Chaftifement there, is a certain number of Lalhes with a Whip, in proportion to the nature of the Crime. The Caciques and others, who are in the beft Polls of the Government, whether Civil or Military, are not at Paraguay, 32$ not exempted from it: But which is very particular, he that has been feverely whipt, comes and kiifes the Father's Sleeve, acknowledges his Fault, and thanks him for the Correction he has received. Thus doth one (ingle Mart command ioooo Families, more or lefs ; and 'tis certain, there never was known a more fubmiflive People, or a more perfect Subjection. The fame Method of governing has been introduced into all the Parifhes of the Million. But that is not all : This entire Submiflfion is attended with fuch a Content- ment of Mind, ( which the Jeluites have taken care to prefs upon the Indians, in confederation of the Felicities of ano- ther Life, whereof they pretend to grant them Shares in this ) that the Indians are very happy with bare Food and Raiment, and do not repine at the good Fathers reaping all the Benefit of their Labours j for which purpofe they have large Ware-houfes in every Parifh, whither the In- dians are obliged to carry Provifions, Stuffs, and generally every thing without exception $ they not having the li- berty fo much as to eat a Chick of their own Brood ,• fo that all thofe Multitudes of Indians may juftly be reckoned as fo many Slaves to the Jefuitcs for their Bread j and that Verfe of Virgil cannot be more properly apply'd, than to them : Sic vos non xobis fertis ar&tra, boves. Let it be confider'd at the fame time, what vaft Advan- tages thofe Sovereign Fathers muft needs make of the Labour of fo many hands, and what a Trade they drive to all Parts of the Indies, with the above-mentioned Com- modities, particularly the Herb Paraguay, of which they vend an immenfc Quantity, there being none but what comes from the Jefuites Country, or from the Province of Paraguay. That Kerb is drank almoft like Tea; the Spaniards and Indians, as well Ma/ters as Slaves, ufing ir Morning and Evening. It is computed; that the Sale of. that Herb, at firft hand, comes to above a Million of Crowns yiG The Jefuites Settlement Crowns a Year ; and the Jefuites have the bed Part of it ; which, with the other Commodities they vend to equal Advantage, and with the Gold- Dud, which the Indians go and gather up in the Wailies where the Waters have been, after their Rivers are funk below their Banks again, brings in to the Jefuites the Revenue of a Sovereign. For the form- ing a truer Idea of this matter, be it fuppofed, that each Family of Indians does not produce to the Jefuites above 5oLivres a Year, all Expcnces borne; w r hy, even at this rate the general Produce of 300000 Families will appear to amount to 5 Millions of Crowns; but this Hint is iuf- ficientto convince any one, that they get a great deal more. However, if you'll believe thofe good Fathers, their Mif- ilon colts them a great deal of Pains, and brings them but little Profit : But this mull be taken in the Senfe they ge- nerally fpeak, the Interpretation whereof is Nunquam fat is. The Gold and Silver, coin'd and uncoin'd, which the Jefuites fend by every Opportunity into Europe j the Mag- nificence of their Churches, where mafTy Gold and Silver are glittering on every fide; and their confiderable Com- merce, which is known to all the Spaniards^ oblige Men to form a different Judgment. It may not be amifs to give here a Defcription of the Church and Apartment of the Father of one of the Parifhes, from the Mouths of two Frenchmen belonging to the Ship of Monfieur de laSolliette d'Efcafeau of Nantes. That Ship being in the Port of Maldonades^ weigh'd Anchor, and fet Sail, when the faid two frenchmen^ one a Captain of Arms on board, and the other a Sergeant, happen'd to be on Ihoar, and at fo great a Diftance, that they came too late for the Boat, which was gone off. Not knowing what to do in this cafe, all the Coaft being defart, they refolv'd to advance into the Country, tho' they had no other Suftenance than what their Fufees brought them. Having march'd three Days, they met Indians with Beads about their Necks, who received them very at Paraguay. 327 very kindly, and made a thoufand Signs of Fricndfliip to them ; for they naturally love the French, and diftinguiifi them from all other Nations. They even conducted them to one of the Pariihes belonging to the MiJJion, above 200 Leagues from the Place where they firft met, and liv'd by the way upon wild Cows, which the Indians take at plcafure with incredible Dexterity, by throwing aNoofe over their Heads at 4 or 5 Yards diftance; after which they hamftiing them, and flick them in the Throat. Our two Frenchmen being arrived at the MiJJion, were well received by the Jcfuite, at whofe Houfe they tarry'd four Months, without ever going abroad, and then return'd to Buenos Ayres with a Detachment of Indians which the Go- vernor demanded. The Account they give, is this : The Pariih-Church there is long, and proportionably broad ; the principal Entrance into it, is a Portico, and an Afcent of feveral Steps, at the top of which are 8 Stone Pillars wrought with a good Shew of Art, which help to fupport the Front of the Portico. Over the Entrance of the Church, is a very fpacious Lobby for the Mufick in Divine Service, which conhfts of 60 Perfons, Voices and Inftruments. There is alfo a particular Place for the Women, fet round with a Baluftrade. The reft of the Church is mil of Seats, where the Men- place themfelves according to their Potts and Ages. The great Altar is fhut in by a Baluftrade of India Wood very curioufly wrought. On the Left of the Altar, is a Seat for the Cacique and Civil Officers ; on the Right, another for the Military : But all in general are placed agreeably to their Rank. The Facing of the Altar is very fumptuous. In the firft place are three large Pictures in Frames of malTyGold and Silver. Above them are carv'd Works and Bafs Reliefs in Gold i and higher yet, quite up to the Roof, is a Sculp- ture of Wood enrich'd with Gold. On the two Sides of the Altar are two Pedeftals of Wood cover'd with Plates of Gold engraven, on which ftand two Saints of maffy Silver* 32,8 The Jefuites Settlement Silver. The Tabernacle is of Gold. The Pyx, wherein the Holy Sacrament is kept, is made of Gold, and fet round with Emeralds and other precious Stones. The Foot and Sides of the Altar are adorn'd with Cloth of Gold laced. In fliort, the Candlefticks, and other Veflels of Gold and Silver, with which the Altar is fet off at fuch times as the Service is performed with a great number of Wax-Candles, make a Shew almoft beyond all Imagina- tion. There are two other Altars on the Right and Left, adorn'd and enrich'd in proportion to the great one ,* and in the Body of the Church, toward the Baluftrade, is a Silver Candleftick of 30 Branches enrich'd with Gold, with a great Silver Chain which reaches quite to the Roof. By this Defcription one may form fome Judgment of the Riches of that Million, if all the 42 Parifnes are upon the fame foot, as it is reafonable to believe. The Presbytery, or Father's Houfe, confifts of feveral fpacious Halls adorn'd with a great many Pictures and Images, in which the Indians wait till the Father comes out of his Apartment to give Audience. There are more- over large Warehoufes, to which the Indians bring all the Fruit ot their Labour. The reft of the Houfe contains Walks, Gardens, and divers Lodings for the Domeftick Indians ; the whole, with the Church, making a wall'd In- clofure of about 6000 Perches fquare. The 42 Jefuites, who have each their Pariih to govern, are independent one of another, and are anfwerable to none but the Principal of the Convent of Cordoua in the Province ofTucuman, who makes a Progrefs once a Year to vifit the MiJJions^ guarded by a great Number of J»- (iians. Upon his Arrival, the Indians mew all poffible Demonftrations of Joy and Refpe<5t. The Principal of them do not approach him without Trembling, and Hang- ing down the Head j and the Common fort are upon their Knees, with their Hands crofs'd, as he paffes along. During his Stay he makes the Jefuite of every Parifh give iiim an Account oE all that hath been brought into the Store- in Paraguay. 329 Store-Foufes, and of the Confumption thereof fince his laft Vifit. All the Merchandizes mentioned toward the Beginning of this Relation, are carry'd by Water from the Mijfions to Santa Fe\ which being the Staple for them, the Order hath an Attorney-General there ; and from Santa Fe they are carry 'd to Buenos Ayres by Land, where they have likewife an Attorney. From thofe two Places they di- bute their Goods into the three Provinces of Tucuman, Paraguay and Buenos Ayres t and into the Kingdoms of Chili and Peru; and we may fafely affirm, that the Miffion of the Jefuites alone drives a greater Trade than all the three Provinces together. The chief Bufincfs of the Caciques, or Civil Magiftrates, is to learn the Number of Families, to make known to all of them the Orders and Intentions of the Father, to vifit Houfes, to examine every one's Work according to his Abilities, and to promife as a Reward to him who doth the moft and the beft, that he lhall kifs the Father's Sleeve, which is held in great Veneration by thofe Indians, as being the firft Step toward attaining to the Beatitude ot the next Life. There are other Infpe&ors. for the Coun- try, to whom the Indians are obliged to declare every thing they get, even to a (ingle Egg, .which they muft not dil- pofe of i being to carry all, without Exception, into the Magazines, upon very fevere Penalties. There are alfo Diftributors, who give out to every Family, according to its Number, twice a Week, whereon to fubfift: And this is done in wonderful Order, in the Jefuite's Prcfence j to whofe Praife it muft be faid, that their Labours are end- lefs, fince they are vigilant, in the laft degree, to prevent their Indians from running into any Difordtr: Not but that they are made ample Amends too, by the vaft Profit of the Work of fo many Hands. There were formerly two Jefuites in every Parifh. $ but fince their great Acceflions, there can be but one, till they get fome more over from Spain. U u The w« »: . • 330 The Jefuites Settlement The Indians do not drink any Wine, or other hot Li- quors. Herein the good Fathers copy after the Law of Mahomet, who forbad them to his Followers, left being inflamed, they fliould be apt to raife Commotions, give Difturbance to his Defpotick Government, and perhaps ihake off the Yoke he had laid upon their Necks. They marry the Indians young, for the Hike of Procre- ation ; and the 'firft Catechilm they teach their Children, is the Fear of God and of the Jefuite, the Contempt of Temporal Goods, and a plain and humble Life. Thefe, it be own'd, are pious Difpofitions; but then it is no lets certain, that the good Fathers find their Account in fuch political Inductions. The Military Government is as well eftablifh'd there, as the Civil. Every Parifh is obliged to maintain a Number of difciplin'd Troops by Regiments of Horfe and Foot, in proportion to its Strength. Each Regiment confifts of fix Companies of 50 Men, a Colonel, fix Captains, fix Lieu- tenants, and a General Officer who exercifes them every Sunday after Vefpers. Thofe Officers, who are brought up to Arms from Father to Son, are very expert in disci- plining their Men, and in leading them when they march in Detachments. It is upon no other Occafion that the Parilhes have a Communication, but only to form an Army, which the Senior General Officer commands under the Di- rection of a Jefuite, who is Generaliflimo. The Arms of thofe Indians are Fufees, Swords, Bayonets, and Slings, with which they throw Stones to five Pound Weight, and are very dextrous at- that Weapon. The Mijjions together can ailemble 60000 Men in eight Days time. Their Pretence for maintaining fo great a Number is, becaufe the Portugueze Paultfts make Excur- fions into the Country, to take away their Indians : But this doth not go down with the more knowing Spaniards, who are convinced that the Jefuites keep fo many Troops on foot, for no other End than to hinder all the World with- out in Paraguay. 5^1 ont Exception from having any Communication with their Mijjion. Their Precaution in not teaching the Indians the Spa- nijh Tongue, and in making it a Cafe of Confcience for them not to converfe with the Spaniards when .they go to work in the Towns for the King's Service, is declarative enough of the true Defign of the Father Jefuites. The Foreigners who are driven by any Accident into their MiJJions, as the Frenchmen above-mention'd ; nay, the Spaniards themfelves, who 'are fometimes obliged to touch upon them, parting to and fro upon the River of Pa- raguay, do not ftir without the Walls of the Presbytery ; But if the Spaniards do intreat for Leave to take a Walk in the Town, be fure the Jefuite is always at their Side > and the Indians being forewarn'd, fhut their Doors, and are never fcen in the Streets. Whence 'tis plain, the Jefuites have very good Reafons for ufmg fo much Cir- cumfpe&ion with regard even to their own Countrymen, They have moreover the Precaution to make Detach- ments of 5 or 6000 Men, by Battalions of 4 or 500, to fcour the Country along the Coaft, from S. Gabriel's Iiles to the Mountains of Maldonades, and the River they call Rio de los Patos, to cut off all Communication betwixt thofe Lands and the Europeans or People of the Country, for the fake of the Gold and Silver Mines, which are there in abundance. We will here give fome Inftanees of the Excurfions of thofe Indians along the Coaft. The Ship Falmouth of S. Malo being caft away near the Iiles of Flcres in the Year 1706, the Indians plunder'd a Part of her Cargo, which the Governor of Buenos Ayres caus'd them to reftore, and it is actually in the Fort. The Atlas, which perifti'd at the Ca- jliles, in December 1708,- whofe Officers having faved fome of their Goods, and Sails to make Tents, were ftript of all by the Indians, in their March over Land to the Maldo-_ nades, in order to come back by Sea, and take up their U u 2 Silver 332. The Jefuites Settlement Silver which they had happily bury'd, to the Value of above 200000 Crowns. There are confiderable Mines at the foot of the Moun- tains of Maldonades, 24 Leagues from the Port, and 14 from Monte-vide, which were difcover'd by Dom Juan Pacheco, Inhabitant of Buenos Apes, and ancient Miner of. Fotofi. He gave Advice thereof to Dom Alonfo Juan de Valdes Inelau, Governor of Buenos Apes, who made a Detachment of 15 Men, under theCommand otDojnJo- feph de Vermude, Captain of Foot, and Engineer at Buenos Apes, Thefe embarqued with Dom Pacheco, and croffing the River, they marcfrd to the Head of the Mountains of Maldonades, where they fearch'd the Earth, and return'd with Stones from the Mines containing Gold and Silver : But the Governor, being gain'd by the Jefuites, gave out that he had made a Proof, and found they»would not anfwer the La- bour. However, Dom Pacheco, who had refcrv'd his own, was convinced that this was a mcer Fetch of the Jefuites, to prevent a Settlement on the fide of their MiJJion. Some Pieces taken out of thofe Mines have been brought to fiance, where they may have been try'd, to know their Value: But they were taken from the very Surface of the Earth with Pick-Axes only. The aforefaid Dom Pacheco, who is celebrated for the moft experienced Miner that hath been in Peru thefe many Years, affirms, that there is no better Earth in the World to fearch, than that round the Mountains of Maldonades, and the Rivers thereabout, in which he doubts not but Gold-Duft might as eafily be found, as by the Portugueze Paulifts, and in as good Quan- tities. The Indians of S. Dominick de Swvillant have fe- veral times brought fuch Gold to Buenos Apes, which they found in the Territories of the MiJJion ; whence we may conclude, that there is a great deal of it, becaufe this Gold was taken by Stealth by the young Indians, who are not fo fcrupulous as the others. In the Year 1706, the Sieur de la Solliette d'Efcafeau of Nantes 3 having caft Anchor in the Port of Maldonade, was accofted in Paraguay. 333 accofted by the Indians of a Detachment who came under a Chief upon that Coaft, to get Cows together, and drive them to the Mijiom. Monfieur ctEfcafeau having made them a Prefent, they propofed to him, in Return, that if he would advance fo far into the Country, to a Place they pointed to him, he fhould find Silver Mines eafy to be come at ; which proves, that thofe Mines do not lie deep in the Earth, andalfo that they are plenty. The Jefuites have always been apprehenfive of the Dif- covery of thofe Mines by the Spaniards, and will do all that is in their Power to prevent the working them, becaufe, the making a Settlement upon that Coaft would prejudice the good Fathers, who would be obliged to furnilh In* dians to labour in them. They have even deftroy'd all the Horfes on that fide, to make it the more incommodious for People to fettle there. It remains now to make a juft Application of the Con- dud of the Jefuites in the Particulars above recited, and to Ihew that their Ambition of Sovereign Power, and' their infatiable Defire of heaping up immenfe Riches, are the only Objects they purfue. The Method they take in educating and governing their Indians, from whom they fqueeze all the Fruits of their Labours, leaving them no- thing but the NecefTaries of a frugal Life -, the Care they take to hinder their Communication with the Spa- niards $ their Circumfpection when at any time either Spaniards or Foreigners are driven by Accident into their MiJJion; the Number of armed Men they continually keep on foot; their perpetual Scouring the Coaft: by De- tachments, to prevent Peoples Settlement on it ; all thefe are plain Proofs, that they aim at making themfelves in- dependent, and not only conceal the Advantages of the Country they are poftefs'd of, but even of what they have not in PofTeffion. Neverthelefs, that Country belongs without" all Difpute to the King of Spain, as Lord and Sovereign of the Indies: Nor ought fuch a Number of People to be reduced under any other Obedience than his alone, 334 The Jefuites Settlement alone. They ought to be free, to have Lands, and the IXfpofal of their Crops and Labour. By this means they would become a Colony in Form, every Man would im- prove his Talent, with the Gold and Silver Mines of the Country, Money would be coin'd, and all together would caufe a Circulation of Trade there as well as in other Colonies, the King's Authority would be acknow- iedg'd, and his Dominions preferv'd : But nothing of all this; the Jefuites have made themfelves Abfolute Lords and Matters over all thofe reduced Indians^ together with the Country they poffefs, their Fruits and Labour, and extend themfelves farther and farther every Day, with- out Title or Permiflion. The Indians have nothing of their own; the Jefuites have all; and thofe poor People, who have a Right to be free, having voluntarily fubje&ed themfelves, are treated like true Slaves : And in fhort, 300000 Families^ and more, work for 40 jfefnites, and own and obey none but them. One Circumftance which makes good this Affertion, is, that when the Governor of Buenos Ayres receiv'd Orders to lay Siege to S. Gabriel^ in which a Detachment of 4000 Indian Horfe aflifted, with a Jefuite at their Head, the Governor commanded m the Sergeant Major to make an Attack at Four o' Clock in the Morning; but the Indians refufed to obey, becaufe they had not the Jefuite's Order, and were even upon the point of revolting, when the Jefuite ( being fent for ) arrived, under whom they ranged themfelves, and exe- cuted the Order from his Mouth. Hence you may judge, how jealous thofe Fathers are of their Authority with regard to their Indians^ even to the forbidding them to obey the King's Officers, when 'tis plainly for his Majefty's Service. The Capitation Tax of a Crown a Head which the Je- fuites ought to pay the King yearly for every Indian^ is not only exhaufted by the Payment of the Indians em- ploy 'd in his Majefty's Works, but there is hardly a Year that the King is not made a Debtor, for three Reafons equally in Paraguay. equally fallacious. The firft is, That the Jefuites do not give in an Account of half their Indians for the Capita- tion* The fecond, That the Governor of Buenos Ayres, who ought once, in the five Years of his Government, to vifit the Miflions, and take an Account of the Indians^ is prevented by the Jefuites, who making him a Prcfent of a round Sum of Money, the End of his Vifit is loft, and he contents himfelf with the Jefuites own Lift of their Families. The third Reafon is, That when a Detach- ment of 500 Indians is employ'd in the King's Works, they fet him down 1500, and fo many his Majefty pays. Thus is his Catholick Majefty ferv'd in the Indies^ where his Revenues are confumed in feign'd Employments, Fraud,, and Plunder. Thefe Abufes do however deferve the moft ferious Attention ; feeing the King's Revenues, which ought to amount at leaft to 3 o Millions of Livres, ( were his Majefty faithfully ferv'd ) are brought to nothing, or to very little, becaufe the Governors and Treasurers have a good Underftanding, and only contend who lhall plunder moft. What remains therefore, ( to anfwer the End of this Relation ) but to find Means of reducing the Jefuites to their Duty, to bridle their Abfolute Power, and to turn fomePart of the Profits which accrue to them from the Labour of fo many Hands, to the King's Advantage ? Nothing can excufe the Jefuites from fubmitting to it, unlefs they will give Marks of their Difobedience and wicked Intent : Xho', after all, we are perfuaded, that they'll raife Obftacies enow, and alledge feveral fpecious Pretexts, but eafy to take away, and not furrender till the laft Extremity. 33? THE THE INDEX A" A. Ccident unlut ky. Aconcagua River, advice for turning of Horn. Agi, a fort of Guinea Pepper. Cultivating of it. Alpaques, ufeful Creatures. Ambergreafe. Andaguailas Borough. Anican Iflands. Angra City defer ibed. St Anthony'; Fcrt. Page 105 121 Cape 42 M 1 »5* 154 T 5 184 288 309 310 His Chappel,Batteries and Citadel. 3 1 1 Fort S. Sebaftian. 2 1 3 Churches. 3 1 4 Anil, a fort of Indigo. 78 Apurima wonderful Bridge. ' 184 Aquedutls of Indians. 2 r 4 Architecture of Peru. 262 Arequipa Town. 1 76 Arica, Marks to know it, the Headland, and Defer iption of the Town. 1 48 Landing Places and Fortifications . 1 4 9 Churches and Pale. Trade there, lis former Trade. Difficulty of getttng out of it. Afcenfion Ifland. Anchoring there. 152 *54 169 290 291 Afllimption Coaft. 2S8 Avancay Borough. 184 Author, his Inclination, embarques at S. Malo. 1 Sails out of that Port. 2 Puts in again. 3 Sails again. . 4 Pajfes the Line, and Ceremonies ob- fervid thereby Sailors. 14 Repents his going to Sea, and Reflecti- ons thereon. 38 Goes aboard another Ship at Coquim- bo. 137 Removes to another at Arica. 169 Again to another at Hilo. 1 79 Arrives at Lima. 203 Removes to another Ship at CallaO. 275 Sadsf or France. 281 B. BAldivia City, in Chili, with the Cutt of the Port. 42 Strength of that Place. 44, 45 Bananas Fruit. 2 5 Bay of all Saints in Brafil, how to Irnw it- 294 Mouth of it. ibid. Beeves ', huntintr of them. 28 Bezoar Stone. 142 Brfhaga The INDEX. Bifnaga Plant. Page 1 18 Bold'/, Aromtfick Plant. 78 Brafil Coafi. 291 Bribery. 2 2o Bull Feafi. ! 88 Butchers Meat in Chili. 122 C. Calama Vill-ge. 145 Callao Port, how known. 192 Defer ij>tion of its Road. 193 ^Anchorage there. 1 94 Defcriptionof the Town. 19*5 Fortifications and Artillery. 1 96 Forces paid by the King there. 197 Militia and Situation. \ 99 Streets, Square, Trade. 200 Churches, Monafteries, Inhabitants, Garrifon, Governor, Engineer, and Road to Lima. 202 Departure from thence. 275 Calm dead, 1 5 Gamarones Break. 1 48 Corangue F^i. 27 Carapucho Headland. 1 45 Carapullo Plant. 236 Caflia Fiftula. 173 Ceremony us'd by the ChilinianS at ma- king Peace. 79 Cerro del Guanaquero. 1 27 Chacanza River. 144 Chanaral Ifland; 138 Channel, a new one difcoverdin Tierra del Fnego. 286 Tokens to know it. 287 Charts, Errors in them. 30, 278, 285 Chili, Towns and Inhabitants there. 1 02 Trade there. I t 5 Why fa calCd. ibid. No wildBeafts^ or venemous Creatures there. 132 Commodities of the Country. 200 Chimifis, Pretences of theirs. 1 64 Chiouchiou Village, t Page 1 45 Choros I (land. 138 Chuncos Indians. 176" Clouds green. 6 Cobija Port. 143 Not fafe. ! 44 Cobija Village. ibid. Coco Plant, aPrefervative. 16 J More of it. 169 COCO Tree. I I 8 Commod.ties of Chili, Peru «*»^ Mexi- co. 200 Conception Fefiival. 239 La Conception Port, Tokens to know it by, with a Cutt of the fame. 47 The Bay defer ib^d. 50 The befl Place to furnifii Ship. 5 1 The Town defcrib'd, with the Cutt, its Situation. ^ 2 Fortifications and Artillery. «j 3 Military Government, advanced Pops. 54 Civil and Eccleflafiical Government. 5S Trade. 7 5 Fruit, with the Cutt* 76 Aromatick Herbs. 77 Dying Herbs, and Aromatick Trees. 78 Wild Fowl. 80 Fijh. 82 60 W *i» d Copp er Mines. ibid. Return thither. 1 79 Departure from thence. 282 Condor 5W. 122 Conjetlures concerning Earthquakes. 2 \ 2 About Currents. 4 r Copiapo Mines, Inhabitants, ProduEb and Trade. -. 133 Departure thence, 145 Copper Mines. . 82, 1 34 Coquimbo &y, how known. 128 Defer ib^d. ibid. Caution about anchtrinq there. 1 29 Xx 7/7- The I N D E X. Inconveniences in the Pirt. Pag. 1 3© Coquimbo Fiver. 130 Provifions there. 135 Directions how to get out of the Bay. 137 Corn Country. 116 Its Cheapnefs. 1 17 Coral Port, at Bildivia." 44 Cotton, how it grows, with the Cult of it. 2 5 Counter en arms. 242 Crabs. 12 2 Creolian Spaniards born in Peru. 248 Cruzes Fort, near Baldivia. 46 Crucifix Natural. I 1 o Cuefta de Prado Hill 98 Curoama Cape. 88 Currents. 16, 139, 147, 305 Conjectures about them. 4.1 Why out at Sea, contrary to thofe on theCoafi. 275 Cufco City. 175 Cuftoms andMa?mers of the Spaniards of Peru. 23 8 D. DAraiers Birds. 29 DampierV Account of Cotton in Brafil. 25 His falfe Account of Arica. 1 50 Dance calCd Zapateo. 256" Dancing in Pe r u . 255 Dangerous going to Santiago. 97 Departure from the Ifland of S. Katha- rine. 29 From La Conception. 88 From Valparaifo. 1 27 From Coquimbo. 1 37 From Copiapo. 143 From Arica. 169 From Hilo. 179 From Pifco. 192 From Callao. 275 From La Conception *£<*/«. Fag. 282 Frcm the Bay of all Saints. 30$ From the Ifland Tercera. 3 1 6 Befart very great. 141 Devotion of the Rofary. 239 Diego Ramirez Ifland. 87 Directions to fail out of the Bay of Co- quimbo. 137 Dorados, or Gilt Bach, Fifhes. 6 Ducking of Sailors. 15, 12$ Dying Herbs. 78 E. EArth, how it may run. 2 1 3 How it can produce without Rain. 213 Earthen Ware in Peru. 273 Earthquake s in Chili, ioj, 123,210, 211 Conjectures concerning them. 2 1 2 Why more near the Coafi than up the Inlands. ibid. Engines Royal. 155 Errors of Charts. l 1 ]^, 285, 305 Effaying of Silver. \ 5 6 Exhalations of Mines. \ 66 F. FEr'j America. Fertility of Chili. Of Peru. Feflivdof the Scapuloi*. Of the Conception. Fire Works. Fifliery. Fifhes of fever al forts. Flamancos Birds. Floats of blown Skins. Floripondio Plant. Flowers in Peru. Flying Fijhts. Forces paid by the King, at Calla Fort de la Latte, nearS. Malo. 0. 285 119 152 187 273 204 121 27 80 120 77 235 8 197 2 Fowl The INDEX. Fowl numerous in 21 and 22 Degrees of South Latitude. Page 1 $ Fraud in Silver. I 59 Frenage Road, near S. Malo. 2 French Trade to the South-Sea. 20 1 Order to dfmifs them all. 279 Frier complimented- 124. Fruit at Pifco. l85 At Lima. 232 Furniture of Houfes in Peru. 25 1 G. GAL Ifland, on the Coafi of Peru. 22 Galera Point. 43 Crdwe 70it> r/jfw. ibid. //?.?wd 0/ Parrots. 29 See it in Plate 3, between i3 and' 19 K K. Nots in Toffels of Thread, ufed by the Indians infiead of Writing. 73 L. LAgunilla Creek. 88 Lampanguy Gold Mines. 1 14 Land unexpccledly dtfcover'd, 39 Lengua de Vaca Point, » 27 Licti venomous Tree. -;9 Li&u, or Liufu P/<*»*. 79 J t ight Sea. 7 Lima City defaibed, its Situation. 206 Vf j' Arms and Foundation. 2c8 P/dff, Great Square, Fountains, Ri- ver, and Trenches. 109 Bridge, Fine Walk, Chappel, ALna- fleries. 2 1 o Houfes covered with Mats, Fortifica- tions. 2 1 7 Jmmenfe Wealth. 218 Co/?/y Habits and Viceroy. 2 1 9 Chappel t Garnfon, Fort, ill D E X. /frry* 222 Courts, Council, Treafury, Mint, Con fulflii p, Spiritual Courts. 223 Vniverfity, Colleges, Chapter, 225 Cathedral, Archbifiwps, Pariflies. 226 Hofpitals. 227 Charity, Portions for Maids, Mona- fteries. 228, 229 Nuns. 230 Penitent Women. 231 Fruit there. 232 JL/. 1 3 2 Churches there. 133 5/?fe/> w'thq Horns. 122 Sheep of Peru. 152 77?e/V Burden and Food. I 53 S/?//> <: