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The Encyclopedia of Indo-Aryan Research contains the first attempt at a complete, syste- matic and concise survey of the vast field of Indian languages, religion, history, antiquities, and art, most of which subjects have never before been treated in a connected form. Though the Encyclopedia is primarily intended as a book of reference for students, it will never- theless be useful to all connected with India and though it chiefly summarises the results achieved, it will also contain much that is new and leads up to further research. About thirty scholars of various na- tionalities, — from Austria, England, Germany, India, the Netherlands and the United States — have promised to unite order to accomplish this task. The contributions will be written either in English or in German. Each part will be published separately and with a separate pagination. The subscription for the complete work will be at the rate of about 65 Pfennig (8 d), the price of a single part at the rate of So Pfennig (10 d), per sheet of 16 pages. Sub- scribers will also enjoy a reduction of 20 percent for plates and maps. For the plan of the work see page 3 of this cover. Die Verlagshandlung. The Publisher. SKsr Bei Begriindung des Grundrisses war in Aussicht genommen, die einzelnen Hefte spater in drei Bande zusannnenzufassen und jedem dieser Bande ein Ge- samtregister fur die darin enthaltenen Hefte beizugeben. Da aber die bis jetzt erschienenen Hefte einen weit grosseren Umfang einnehmen als urspriinglich daftir angesetzt war und das Bediirfnis fur Register zu den einzelnen Heften sich als dringend herausgestellt hat, haben sich Herausgeber und Yerleger entschlossen, besondere Register fur jedes Heft herzustellen. Dem hier vorliegenden Heft sind Indices beigefiigt; fur die bereits er- schienenen Hefte liegen fertig vor die Indices zu: I. 3b: Zachariae, Die indischen Worterbiicher. I. 6: Speyer, Vedische und Sanskrit Syntax. I. 8: Pischel, Grammatik der Prakrit- Sprachen. I. 10: Geiger, Literatur und Sprache der Singhalesen. II. xb: Bloomfield, The Atharvaveda. II. 3b: Rapson, Indian coins. II. 8: Jolly, Recht und Sitte. III. 1 a: Macdonell, Vedic Mythology. III. 2: Hillebrandt, Ritual-Literatur. IIL 4: Garbe, Samkhya und Yoga. III. 8: Kern, Manual of Indian Buddhism. Die Verlagshandlung, Grundriss der Indo - Arischen Philologie und Altertumskunde (ENCYCLOPEDIA OF INDO -ARYAN RESEARCH) herausgegeben von g. buhler. II. BAND, 3. HEFT B. SOURCES OF INDIAN HISTORY: COINS. BY E. J. RAPSON. I. INTRODUCTION. § i. Limits of the Contribution. — The object of this contribution is to give an account from the historical point of view of all the known coinages of ancient and mediaeval India, beginning with the earliest times and extending in each particular instance to a period determined by the following considerations. In the case of the states of Northern India generally, and those also of Southern India which were situated to the north of the river Kistna, our subject is naturally bounded by those well-defined limits which are, as a rule, afforded by the introduction of the Muhammadan form of coinage as a result of the progress of Muhammadan conquest between c. xooo and 1310 a.d. In the extreme south, where Muhammadan supre- macy was never absolute, and where, consequently, no similar break of con- tinuity occurs in the coinage, our survey will not extend beyond the rise of the kingdom of Vijayanagar in 1326 a.d. Beyond these limits reference will, however, be made to any note-worthy instance in which, from some special cause, such as the isolation or inac- cessibility of a state, the use of an early form of coinage has survived until a later date. § 2. Classification. — Ancient and mediaeval Indian coins, as thus defined, fall naturally into three main classes — (1) a primitive native coinage, which, so far as the present state of our knowledge will allow us to judge, seems to have been very widely used throughout India and in Ceylon; and, following this, the classes which numismatists have usually distinguished geo- graphically as (2) Northern, and (3) Southern. These terms are not strictly accurate, as any rigid geographical classification is, in this case, impossible. The real distinction between the two classes so called is due to the disturbing influence of foreign invasions; and, while it is true that all the successive waves of foreign influence came in at the N. W. corner of India, it is equally true that most of them had spent their force not only before reaching the south, but even before reaching the centre or the north-east. On the other hand, intercourse with the north gave to the coinage of certain southern states, e. g. that of the Andhras, some of the usual northern characteristics. In the numismatic sense, therefore, the term ‘Northern’ should be understood as denoring that class of Indian coins in which the primitive native system of coinage is very greatly modified by foreign influence, and the term ‘Southern’ as denoting that class in which, for the most part, an independent and dis- tinctively Indian development is to be traced. § 3. Literature. — The following are standard works on the different branches of Indian numismatics. Further references are given in or at the end of each section. Indo-arische Philologie. II. 3 b. 1 II. Litteratur u. Geschichte. 3 b. Sources of Indian History: Coins. o (1) Graeco- Bactrian and Indian gmerally — H. H. Wilson, Ariana Antiqua, 1841; J. Prinsep, Essays on Indian Antiquities (originally published in IB A. 1832 — 38), edited and supplemented by E. Thomas, 1858. (2) Graeco-Bactrian, Graeco-Indian, and early Indo-Scythic — A. Cunning- ham, Coins of Alexander’s Successors in the East, 1873 ( = NChr. 1868, pp. 93. 181.257; 1869, pp. 28. 121. 217. 293; 1870, pp. 65. 205; 1872, p.157; 1873, p. 187); A. von Sallet, Nachfolger Alexander d.Gr. in Baktrien und Indien, 1883 (=ZfN. 1879, pp. 165.271; 1880, p.296; 1881, pp. 109.279; 1882, p. 158; 1883, p. 156), For a list of previous works on the subject v. p. 79 (=ZfN. 1879, p. 283), and also PE. II, p. 172, note; P. Gardner, Catalogue of Indian Coins in the British Museum: Greek and Scythic Kings of Bactria and India, 1886; G. BOhler, KharosthI Inscriptions on Indo-Grecian Coins, WZKM. VIII, p. 193. (3) Indo-Scythic — E. Drouin, Chronologie et Numismatique des Rois Indo-Scythes, 1888 r {— Rev. Num. pp. 8. 185); A. Cunningham, Coins of the Indo-Scythians (i. e. Sakas and Kusanas), 1892 (= NChr. 1888, p. 199; 1889, p. 268; 1890, p. 103; 1892, pp. 40. 98); id., Coins of the Later Indo-Scythians, (i. e. Later Great Kusanas, Scytho-Sassanians, Little Kusanas, and Ephthalites or White Huns), 1894 (= NChr. 1893, pp. 93. 166. 184; 1894, p. 243), Resume by V. A. Smith, JBA. 1894, p. 179; E. Drouin, Monnaies des Grands Kouchans (i. e. the Scytho-Sassanians of C.) Rev. Num. 1896, p. 154. (4) Native States — E. Thomas, Ancient Indian Weights, 1874 (= Inter- national Numismata Orientalia I, Part 1); A. Cunningham, Coins of Ancient India, 1891; id., Coins of Mediaeval India, 1894; Bhagvanlal IndrajT, Coins of the Western Ksatrapas (ed. Rapson), JRAS. 1890, p. 639; V. A. Smith, Coinage of the Early or Imperial Gupta Dynasty of Northern India, JRAS. 1889, p. 1; id., Observations on the Gupta Coinage, JRAS. 1893, p. 77; id.. History and Coinage of the Gupta Period, JBA. 1894, p. 164. (5) Southern India — W. Elliot, Coins of Southern India, 1886 (= Inter- national Numismata Orientalia III, Part 2). (6) Ceylon — T. W. Rhys Davids, Ancient Coins and Measures of Ceylon, 1877 (= International Numismata Orientalia I, Part 6). II. EARLIEST NATIVE COINAGE. § 4. Standard and date of use. — The most ancient coinage of India, which seems to have been developed independently of any foreign influence, follows the native system of weights as given in Manu VIII, 132 ff. The basis of this system is the rati ( raktika ), or guhja-btxxy , the weight of which is estimated at 1,83 grains = ,118 grammes. Of the gold standard coin, the suvarna of 80 ratis — 146,4 grs. or 9,48 gnus., no specimens are known; but of the silver purana or dharana of 32 ratis = 58,56 ST 5 - or 3 > 7 9 g 1 ™ 5 -* and of the copper karsapana of 80 ratis (same weight as the suvarna ), and of various multiples and sub-divisions of these, numerous examples have been discovered in almost every part of India. The estimate of the weight of the rati here given is that of Cunningham, CAI. p. 44. For other estimates v. Th. AIW. p. 65 ; Smith, Proc. BA. 1887, p. 222, and JRAS. 1889, p. 42. For the complete system of native weights, v. C.ASR. X, 78; XIV, 17; and Th.AIW. p. 13. Cp. also AR.V (1798), p. 9D J BA - l8 3 8 > p. 892; 1864, p. 251; 1865, pp. 14- 46. 51. The earliest specimens of this coinage are probably at least as early as the beginning of the 4 th cent. B.C. C.ASR. I, p. 70; II, pp. 229. 264. 288; XIV, p. 17; C.NChr. 1873, p. 209; C.CAI. p. 52; Th.AIW. p. 33; Rh.D.ACC. p. 1, summary of results p. 13, S 22 J Rapson, JRAS. 1895, P- 869. II. Earliest Native Coinage. III. Early Foreign Coins in India. 3 In the N.W. the influence of the Greek settlers in the early part of the 2 nd cent. b.c. greatly modified this coinage; but, in other parts of India, this primitive coinage continued for some centuries longer (Th. AIW. p. 57). § 5. Form of the coins. — The shape of these coins is approximately square or oblong, the silver coins having been, as a rule, cut from a flat sheet of metal, and the copper coins from a bar. These primitive coins are little more than weights of metal, on which was stamped from time to time the symbol of the authority responsible for their correctness and purity. From this method of marking, they have usually been called punch-marked coins (Plate I, 1). C.CAI. p. 42, PI. I, 1—23; C.ASR. VI, 213; Th.AIW. p. 57; Collection of symbols, Theobald, JBA. 1890, p. 181 (rev. Rev. Num. 1892, p. 91); 1894, p. 73. Cp. also Ar. Ant. p. 403; JBRA. X, p. XXL § 6. Guild- tokens. — To the same period belong the pieces (Plate I, 2) which Buhler has recognised as guild tokens (Indian Studies III 2 , p. 49; cp. C.CAI. p. 63, PI. Ill, 8 — 12); and, perhaps of a slightly later date, the pieces of cast copper, which, like these, bear inscriptions in Indian char- acters of an ancient form or designs of purely native art unmodified by any foreign influence (e. g. C.CAI. PI. II, 21. 22). Cp. also C.CAI. p. 59, PI. I, 24 — 29; PE. I, p. 214; Th.AIW. p. 55. III. EARLY FOREIGN COINS IN INDIA. § 7. Early Persian Coins. — During the period of Achaemenid rule (c. 500 — 331, B.c.) Persian coins circulated in the Panjab. Gold double staters (Plate I, 5) were actually struck in India, probably in the latter half of the 4 th cent. b.c. (E. Babelon, Les Perses Achemenides, pp. xi. xx. 16, PI. II, 16 — 19, and 27). Many of the silver sigloi, moreover, bear counter- marks so similar to the native punch-marks as to make it seem probable that the two classes of coins were in circulation together (Plate I, 3), and this probability is increased by the occurrence on sigloi of characters which have been read as BrahmT and Kharo?thI letters (Plate I, 4). Buhler, Indian Studies III 2 , p. 1 13; Rapson, JRAS. 1895, p. 865. Babelon, op. cit. p. XI, attributes these countermarks to other provinces of Asia. §8. Early Persian standard. — As a result of the Persian occupation is probably to be regarded the establishment in the Panjab of a weight-system apparently derived from the Persian (siglos *= 86,45 grs., or 5 * 6 ° 1 grms.), which was subsequently used in the coinages of nearly all the Greek princes. Gard. p. LXVXU; C.NChr. 1888, p. 216, explains this change of standard as due to an alteration in the relative value of gold and silver; von Sallet also, ZfN. 1879, p. 193, regards the new standard as reduced from the Attic. § 9. Athenian coins. — At an early period, the owls of Athens were carried in the course of commerce to the East; and, when the supply from the Athenian mint grew less (i. e. for about a century before b.c. 322, when the mint was closed) imitations were made in N.India. Some of these are merely attempts to faithfully reproduce the originals (Plate I, 6); others, prob- ably somewhat later in date, substitute for the owl on the reverse an eagle (Plate I, 7). From the latter class, the coins of Sophytes (v. inf. § 11), who, at the time of Alexander’s invasion (326 b.c.) ruled over a district on the banks of the Acesines, seem to be copied (Plate I, 8). Head, Catalogue of Greek Coins in the Brit. Mus., Attica, pp. XXXI. XXXII, Athens, nos. 267— 276a, PI. VII, 3 — 10; Gardner, NChr. 1880, p. 191, PI. X, 5. 6. Cp. also C.NChr. 1866, p. 220; Gard. p. xix. 1 4 II. Litteratur u. Geschichte. 3 b. Sources of Indian History: Coins. § 10. Alexander’s coins. — It is probable that certain copper coins of square Indian form, bearing the name AAEEANAPOY, were struck in India by Alexander the Great. Gard. p. xviii. Dannenbf.ro who first noticed these coins attributed them to Bactria, von Sallet, ZfN. 1879, p. 285, PL IV, 1. § 11. Indian relations with the Seleucids. — From the date of the eastern expedition of Seleucus and his alliance with Candragupta in b.c. 306 (Appian, Syr. 55), a constant intercourse was maintained between the Seleucid kingdom of Syria and the Maurya kingdom of N.India, as is shown by the Seleucid embassies established under Megasthenes and Daimachus at the court of Pataliputra, and by the mention of Greek kings in Asoka’s inscriptions (L.IA. II, p. 241). The adoption of the elephant as a type on Seleucid coins, and the similarity between certain coins of Seleucus (e. g. Babelon, Rois de Syrie, PI. I, 1 5) and those of Sophytes, are no doubt due to this intercourse. It has been generally assumed (e. g. Gard. p. xx) that the coins of Sophytes were copied from those of Seleucus; but the opposite may have been the case, or, perhaps, both of these classes may have been derived from the same originals — the imitations of Athenian coins made in India (v. s. S 9). For Sophytes, v. C.JBA. 1865, p. 46: NChr. 1866, p. 220; Geog. Ind. p. 157; von Sallet, ZfN. 1879^.285, PI. IV, 2; Gard. pp. xix. 2, PI. I, 3; Sylvain L£vi, JA. 1890 (XV), p. 237. Cp. also NChr 1893, P- 101; I’roc. BA. 1867, p. io5; Rev. Num. 1890, p. 496; ZfN. 1883, p. 2, PI. I, 1. § 12. Graeco-Bactrian influence. — But, until the beginning of the 2 nd cent b.c., no extensive modification of the native Indian coinage had been caused by foreign influence. It was from the kingdom of Bactria, established by Diodotus (Plate I, 9), who revolted from the Seleucid sovereign Antiochus II, c. b.c. 248, that there came eventually the influence which completely changed the form and character of the coinage of N.W.India (v. inf. § 18). § 13. Parthian influence. — Parthian characteristics, due no doubt to the contact between Parthians and Sakas in Bactria, are found in the Saka coinages of India, the earliest of which — those of Maues — belong to the latter half of the 2 nd cent. b.c. (v. inf. § 29). The dynasty of Vonones, which seems to have exercised a sort of suzerainty over the successors of Maues in the I st cent, b.c., is very probably Parthian in origin (v. inf. § 30). The later dynasty of Gondophares in the T' cent. a. d. is certainly Parthian (v. inf. § 61). § 14. Roman coins, dating from the beginning of the empire onwards are found in great numbers in many parts of India both north and south (v. inf. §§ 69. 123). AR. II (1790), p. 331; C.ASR. II, p. 162; XIII, p. 72; JBA. I (1832), pp. 392. 476; 1834, pp. 562. 635; 1851, p. 371; Proc. BA. 1879, pp. 77. 122. 205. 210; 1880, p. 1 18 ; 1886, p. 86; NChr. 1843 ( v )> P- 202 1 lS 43 (vi), pp. 111. 160; 1891, p. 199; PE. I, p. 148. S 15. Roman influence. — With regard to their influence on Indian coinages, two points at least seem clear — (1) the head on the Ku§ana copper coins bearing the name Kozola Kadaphes is directly imitated from the head of Augustus (v. inf. § 66); (2) the gold coinage of the Kusanas follows a weight- standard identical with the Roman (v. inf. § 70). § 16. Sassanian influence. — The result of intercourse between the Sassanian monarchy of Persia and the Kusana kingdom of Kabul, during the period from c. a.d. 300 to 450, is shown by a class of coins struck in the Oxus territory and known as Scytho-Sassanian — a class which is of great chronological importance from the fact that most of the issues can be attributed IV. Graeco-Indian Coins. 5 to the different Sassanian monarchs who reigned within these limits (v. inf. § 75). There is also further evidence of relations between Persia and India during the reign ofVarahranV, a.d. 420 — 438 (Drouin, HE. p.24, from theMuseon 1895). But the most extensive importation of Sassanian coins into India was .due to the invasion of the Hunas (last quarter of the 5 th cent, a.d.), who brought with them the proceeds of the plunder of Sassanian treasuries. Some of the coins thus introduced were restruck in repousse by the Hunas (v. inf. § 104); others no doubt were used as currency with little or no modification and formed the patterns from which subsequent Huna and also other Indian coinages were copied (v. inf. § 105). In this manner the Sassanian type of coin — Obv. King’s Head: Rev. Fire- Altar — became firmly established in certain parts of India, and continued to be used during several centuries (v. inf. § 122). During the 7 th cent, also, as is proved by the coins, Sassanian kingdoms existed in Multan and Sind (v. inf. § 109). IV. GRAECO-INDIAN COINS. § 17. The Greek invasion. — The incursions of the Bactrian princes into the Kabul Valley and Northern India must have begun about the begin- ning of the 2 nd cent. b.c. The war between the Seleucid Antiochus III and the Bactrian Euthydemus ended in an alliance between them (b.c. 206). Probably in the same year, Antiochus crossed the Paropanisus and renewed friendly relations with the king then reigning in the Kabul Valley, Sophaga- senus or Subhagasena, who has been identified (L.IA II, p. 273) with Jaloka. Polybius, Exc. Ilist. XI, 34, 11. § 18. Euthydemus and Demetrius. — It was during the reign of Euthydemus (Plate I, 18), and, perhaps, under the leadership of his son De- metrius, that the first Indian conquests were made (Gard. p. xxn). As evidence of this early settlement in India, there exists a coin of Demetiius which is, perhaps, the first to show the result of a compromise between the Greek and Indian methods of coinage (Plate I, 10). The regular types of the Greek system are retained, but the coin is of the square Indian form, and, on the reverse, is added an Indian translation in Kharosth! characters of the Greek legend on the obverse. C.NChr. 1869, p. 136, PI. IV, II; Card. PI. XXX, 3. For the extent of the Indian conquests of Demetrius, v. von Gutschmid, Gesch. Irans, p. 44, and Gard. p. XX1IL § 19. Eucratides. — Next, in point of date, come the Indian conquests of Eucratides , c. B.C. 190 — 160, the rival and conqueror of Demetrius (Justin NLI, 6). His coins are found at Balkh, in Seistan, in the Kabul Valley, and, more rarely, in the Panjab. C.NChr. 1869, p. 217, Pll. VI. VII. For the date of Eucratides: von Sallet, ZfN. 1879, p. 170; Gard. p. xxvi. Parthian coins attributed to Mithradates I (b.c. 171 — 138) imitated from those of Eucratides: Gard., Parthian Coinage, p. 32, PI. II, 4 (= Internat. Num. Orient. I, Part 5'. — Gold piece of 20 staters struck by Eucr.: Chabouili f.t, Rev. Num. 1867, p. 3S2, PI. XII, *Les textes relatifs a Eucra- tide«, id. p. 407. Gold coin of Eucr.: Montagu, NChr. 1892, p. 37, PI. Ill, 11. Cp. also ZfN. 1879, p. 295. Silver medal (decadrachm) attributed to Eucratides or Ileliocles, Gard., NChr. 1887, p. 177, PI. VII, 1. Coins of Eucratides bearing also the name of Heliocles and Laodice: von Sallet, ZfN. 1879, p. 188; von Gut- schmid, Gesch. Irans, p. 48; Gard. p. xxiv. S 20. Dates on G.I. coins. — Important for the chronology of this period is the unique tetradrachm of Plato , copied from the tetradrachm of Eucratides, and bearing the date 147 of the Seleucid era = b.c. 165. The occurrence of other dates on Bactrian coins is less certain. 6 II. Litteratur u. Geschichte. 3 b. Sources of Indian History: Coins. Gard. p. 20, PI. VI, 1 1 ; Vaux, NChr. 1875, p. 1; von Sallet, ZfN. 1879, pp. 173. 190. Cp. also Proc. BA. 1872, pp. 34, 174; C.NChr. 1869, p. 226; 1892, p. 45; Hoernle, Ind. Ant. 1879, p. 196; Th.JRAS. 1877, P- 3 ; yon Sallet, ZfN. 1879, p. 184. § 21. Pantaleon, Agathocles. — Contemporary with the reign ofEu- cratides in India are those of Pantaleon and Agathocles, whose coins are found both in the Kabul Valley and W.Panjab — those of Agathocles also as far south as Kandahar (C.NChr. 1869, p. 41). The Indian coins of these two rulers are the only coins of Greek princes which bear inscriptions in Brahmi characters ( Plate I, 12, Pantaleon). Certain copper coins of Agathocles have legends on both obv. and rev. in KharosthI letters (Plate I, 16). C.NChr. 1868, p. 279, PI. VIII, 8—10, PI. X; von Sallet, ZfN. 1879, 175, PI. V ; Gard. p. xxvi, Pll. Ill, 8. 9, IV, and XXX, 4. For the reading of the Kha- rostlu legends on coins of Agathocles: Buhler, WZKM. VIII, p. 206. § 22. Agathocles. — Certain medals (tetradrachms) of Bactrian fabric struck by Agathocles bear the portraits, types, and inscriptions of Alexander the Great, Antiochus ‘Nicator’ {sic, v. von Gutsch., Gesch. Ir., p. 38; Gard. р. xxviii, note), Diodotus, and Euthydemus; similar medals of the Bactrian prince Antimachus also bear those of Diodotus and Euthydemus. Gard. PI. IV, 1 — 3, and XXX, 5. 6. (The medal of Antimachus and Euthydemus is in the possession of an Indian coin-dealer, and is as yet unpublished). For the historical significance of these: von Sallet, ZfN. 1879, p. 176; 1881, p. 279; Gard. p. xxvm. Cp. also NChr. 1868, p. 278; 1869, p. 31; 1880, p. i8t; PE. I, p. 28. § 23. Antimachus. — The types on the coins of Antimachus point to some naval victory won by him, perhaps on the Indus or some other large river. Gard. pp. xxix. 12, PI. V, 1—3; C.NChr. 1869, p. 39. § 24. Heliocles. — After the reign of Heliocles (c. b.c. 160 — 120) the transference of the Greek power from Bactria to territory south of the Paro- panisus was complete. Until his time, many of the Greek princes had ruled both in Bactria and in India, and had struck coins both of Bactrian fabric bearing purely Greek legends, and of Indian fabric with bilingual inscriptions. Up to this date all the silver coins were struck according to the Attic standard (drachm == 67,5 grains or 4,37 grammes). This Attic standard gradually gives place to the Persian standard (v. sup. § 8). Heliocles himself, Apollodotus I, and Antialcidas use both standards; all the later Greek princes use the Persian standard only. von Sallet, ZfN. 1879, P- *935 Gard. p. lxvil § 25. Heliocles’ successors. > — The reigns of all the Greek princes who ruled after the date of Heliocles — they are about 20 in number ac- cording to the coins — must be confined within about a century, i. e. from с. 120 b.c. to 20 B.C., when the Kusanas completed the conquest of India. There were undoubtedly, for a considerable portion of this period, two or more distinct dynasties of Greek princes ruling at the same time, and varying greatly from time to time in power and extent of territory. No perfectly satisfactory arrangement of these different families or of the chronology of this period has yet been proposed. For one suggested arrangement: C.NChr. 1868, p. 274. Available data and general chronological table: Card. p. xxxuff. »Die sicheren Datenu: von Sallet, ZfN. 1879, p.191. Historical notices of Menander and Apollodotus: Gard. p. xxxvi; L.IA. II, p. 322; PE. I, p. 47; Rh.D., SBE. XXXV, p. xix; von Gitschmid, Gesch. Ir., p. 104. Coin bearing the names of Archebius and l’hiloxenus (the genuineness of this specimen and of others struck from the same dies has been disputed): von Sallet, ZfN. 1888, p. 9, l’l. I, 3; id. 1896, p. 327. Coin ofPolyxenus: Rodgers, NChr. 1896, p. 269; of Theophilus, Smith, JBA. 1897, p. 1. Interpretation of mono- V. SCYTHIC INVADERS OF INDIA. 7 grams : C.NChr. 1846, p. 175; 1868, p. 181 ; 188S, p.204; Chabouillet, Rev. Num. 1867, p.393; Th. JRAS. 1863, p. 121; PE. I, p. 55; von Sallet, ZfX. 1879, p.200; Gard. p. lv; Hoernle, Ind. Ant. 1879, p. 196. The metal nickel used for Bactrian coinage: Flight, XChr. 1868, p. 306. V. SCYTHIC INVADERS OF INDIA. § 26. The chronological difficulties of the history of Northern India during the last two centuries b.c. are not, however, confined to' the Greek dynasties. The coins bear witness to the existence, during this period, of two well-defined dynasties of Scythic origin, of other Scythic powers less clearly marked, and of a number of native Hindu states. S 27. The Saka invasion. — The history of these Scythic tribes which came in contact with the Greek kingdoms in Bactria and India is known from Chinese sources. For a list of these: Drouin, Rev. Num. 1S88, p. 13. For a consideration of their numismatic remains, the following main dates and facts will be sufficient. At the time of the establishment of the Bactrian monarchy, the territories to the north — Sogdiana and Transoxiana — were occupied by a tribe called the Sse (or Sek), who had come from the south of China. These Sse have usually been identified with the Sakas, who, in previous ages, had come into conflict with the Achaemenid and Macedonian powers. In b.c. 165, the Sse were expelled from Sogdiana by the Yueh-chi, who were themselves flying before the Hiung-nu. The Sakas, thus dispossessed, invaded Bactria. From this period until the fall of the,Bactrian monarchy, the Greeks had to contend against both Parthians and Sakas, while the Parthian and Sakas were alternately the friends and foes of one another. It is, perhaps, to this association with the Parthians that the earliest Saka coins of India owe certain Parthian characteristics , (v. inf. § 29). The Yueh-chi, who now held the ancient territories of the Sakas, in turn invaded and gained com- plete possession of Bactria, c. 120 b.c. This was no doubt the immediate cause of the first Saka invasions of India. About a century later, or c. 25 b.c., one of the five tribes of the Yueh-chi, the Kusanas, gained the supre- macy over the others, crossed over the Paropanisus, destroyed the last vestiges of Greek rule in the Kabul Valley, and subsequently conquered the whole of Northern India. Specht, JA. 1883, p. 317 (cp. Ind. Ant. 1886, p. 19); Drouin, Rev. Num. 1891, p. 217 = JA. 1891 (XVII), p. 145. But see S. Levi, JA. 1897, p. 1 ff. S 28. Saka imitations of older coins. — To the period of Saka rule in Bactria belong the barbarous imitations of Macedonian, Seleucid, Bactrian, and Parthian coins. These coins are, in general, mere imitations, and their inscriptions are debased copies of the Greek inscriptions; but on a few specimens there are legends which have been recognised as the most ancient examples of the Aramaean writing of Turkestan (Plate I, 18. 19, Euthydemus: a Bactrian original, and a Saka copy). C.NChr. 1889, p. 301, PI. XIII; Drouin, Rev. Num. 1891, p. 222; 1894, p. 174; id. Rev. Semitique 1893, P- * 73 ; C.CAI. p. 35; PE. I, p. 30. § 29. Maues, Mo a. — The earliest of the Saka dynasties in India is that of Maues or Moa, who is probably to be identified with the Moga of theTaxila copper-plate grant (Buhler, El. IV, p. 54; Bh.JRAS. 1894, p. 551). His date is probably not later than c. 120 b.c. This agrees with the fabric of his coins, which are superior in workmanship to those of the later Greek princes, and with the fact that some of them are directly imitated from the 8 II. Litteratur u. Geschichte. 3 b. Sources of Indian History: Coins. coins of the earlier Greek princes, e. g. Demetrius and Apollodotus (Plate I, 14, imitated from Demetrius, Gard., PI. Ill, 2). The form of inscription used by Maues — BAXIAEOX BAXIAEON metaaoy — (Plate I, 15) is of Parthian origin (v. sup. § 13), and first occurs on the coins of Mithra- dates I (c. b.c. 17 1 — 138). The coins of the dynasty of Maues are found in the Panjab only — particularly in the N.W. ■ — and not in Afghanistan (C.NChr. 1890, p. 104). It has accordingly been conjectured (Gard. p. xli; Drouin, Rev. Num. 1888, p. 20; and JA. 1891 (XVH), p. 146 = Rev.Num. 1891, p. 219) that this band of Sakas, unlike other foreign invaders, entered India by the Karakoram Pass, and passed through Kashmir into the Panja'b. C., however, denies the possibility of this, and supposes that, after the Saka occupation of Arachosia and Drangiana — the country afterwards called Sakasthana — a detachment under the leadership of Maues passed thence into Sind and up the valley of the Indus. C.NChr. 1890, p. 103; Gard. p. 68, PI. XVI; von Sallet, ZfN. 1879, p. 334; 1882, p. 161; 1883, p. 159. Cp. also Ar. Ant. p. 300; JBA. 1840, p. 1008; NChr. 186 1, p. 72; PE. II, p. 200. § 30. Vonones. — Nearly allied to the dynasty of Maues is that of Vonones (Plate 1,17: Vonones and Spalagadama) , the coins of which are found in the country around Kandahar and Ghazni, the ancient Arachosia, and in Seistan, the ancient Drangiana. The Parthian appearance of the names of these princes is most striking; and, consequently, the term Indo- Parthian has sometimes been applied to them. In support of their Par- thian origin may also be adduced the fact that the same territory was, in the I st cent, a.d., governed by an undoubtedly Parthian dynasty — that of Gondophares (§61) to which, in this article, the designation Indo-Parthian is restricted. At the same time, it is certain that the dynasties of Maues and Vonones were intimately connected, and it is difficult to separate them so far as to call the former Saka and the latter Parthian. The difficulty is, per- haps, to be explained by supposing the existence among the Sakas of this period of a strong Parthian element due to previous events. §31. Vonones, Azes. — As Vonones strikes coins together with Azes, the successor of Maues, his date is probably , c. 100 b.c. What the exact relations between these two ruling families of Sakas or Saka-Parthians were, it is impossible to say; but it is noticeable that, whenever they strike coins in common, the members of Vonones’ family invariably occupy the obverse, and the members of Maues’ family the reverse. To judge from other analogous instances in ancient numismatics, this fact would seem to show that the former exercised some sort of lordship over the latter. It would seem probable, that, while the dynasty of Vonones ruled over Arachosia and Drangiana (Sakasthana), and the dynasty of Maues over the valley of the Indus (i. e. both W.Panjab and Sind) with its capital at Taxila, the E.Panjab (capital Sakala), and the Kabul valley, were still, for the most part, governed by Greek princes (C.NChr. 1890, p. 109). C.NChr. 1890, p. 106, PI. VII. §32. Satraps of Mathura. — As Saka satraps must probably also be classed the Satraps of Mathura (or Northern K§atrapas), probably of the second half of the i st cent. b.c., on whose history so much light has been thrown by the inscriptions on the Mathura Lion Capital (Bhagvanlal IndrajT, ed. Blhler, IRAS. 1894, p. C2O, and other inscriptions from the same neighbourhood (BChler, El. II, p. 195). For their coins: C.CAI. p. 85, PI. VIII; and Bh. ed. Rapson, JRAS. 1894, p. 541. Cp. also JBA. 1854, p. 679; PE. II, p. 223; Smith, JBA. 1897, p. 9, PI. I, 15. V. Scythic Invaders of India. 9 § 33. Ranjubula. — Important chronological data for the period of these satraps of Mathura are the following: — (1) the first satrap, Ranjubula (Plate II, 5) who is undoubtedly the Rajula of the Lion Capital, strikes a coinage directly imitated from that of the Greek prince Strato II (Plate II, 4), (2) the Great Satrap Kusulaa Patika of the Lion Capital is almost certainly to be identified with the Satrap Patika, son of Liaka Kusuluka, of the some- what earlier Taxila copper-plate grant, dated in the 78 th year of the Great King Moga (v. supr. § 29, BChler, EL IV, p. 54, and Bh.JRAS. 1894, p. 552). Another class of the coins of Ranjubula, on which the name is written Raju- bula in BrahmT characters (Plate II, 6 )f and the coins of the Satraps of Mathura generally are related as regards both types and fabric to those of Pancala (Sungas) and those of the Hindu princes of Mathura (v. inf. §§ 5 2 * 53 )- § 34. Other Saka Satraps. — The attribution of certain other classes of Scythic coins previous to the period of Kusana supremacy is, at present, more doubtful. Some of these are imitated from the coins of the successors of Maues — Azes and Azilises; and, as they bear the title ‘satrap’, they were very probably struck by satraps of this dynasty. The date of one of these, the Satrap Zeiotiises (Jihonisa, Plate II, 3), son of the Satrap Manigula is probably as early as 80 b.c. (C.NChr. 1890, pp. 125. 168, PI. XV, 1, 4*). Of a similar date is Aspavarma, son of Indravarma, the strategos of Azes (id. pp. 126. 169; but v. also inf. § 61), and a ruler, whose name has not yet been discovered and who is only known at present as the son of Vijayamitra (id. pp. 127. 170). Somewhat later are the badly executed coins of Kharamosta , son of Artas (id.). For the suggested identificafion of this Kharamosta with the Kharaosta of the Mathura Lion Capital, v. Buhler’s note JRAS. 1894, p. 533. § 35. Doubtful Classes. — The precise nationality of the following Scythic princes, whose coins seem all to belong to the latter half of the x st cent. B.C., is uncertain. Miaus or Heraus (Plate II, 1), the former reading of the name being that which was finally adopted by C. (NChr. 1888, p. 47). Formerly the Saka nationality of this ruler was accepted, and a portion of the legend on his tetradrachms was read IAKA KOiPANOr, ‘prince of the Sakas’ (GARD.p.xi.vn). Oldenberg read IAKA-KOPPANOY, ‘the Saka-Kusana’, regarding the Kusanas as a family of the Sakas (cp. the title of Kaniska, Gusanavamsa-samvarddhaka), and the Sakas and Yueh-ti as either the same people, or the Sakas as one of the tribes of the Yueh-ti (ZfN. 1881, p. 295 = Ind. Ant. 1881, p. 215). Thomas read the first part of the legend as IANAB or IANAI, and regarded the first three letters as an abbreviation of the word samvatsara, the fourth as the Greek numeral = 1, and the last as, perhaps, denoting some particular mint (JRAS. 1883, P- 75 )- C. read LANAB or IANAOB, and KOPPANOY or KOPXANOY, comparing the legend of the oboli, which is distinctly MIAOY KOPXANOY, and translated ‘the Kusana prince’, supposing the first word to be the equivalent of a Scythic royal title Tsartyu or Chanyu = the title deva- putra used by the Kusanas in their inscriptions (NChr. 1888, p. 47; 1890, p. 155). He also suggested that this Miaus may be the adventurer Yin-mo fu, to whom the Chinese attribute the conquest of Kipin in b.c. 49 (Remusat, Nouv. Melanges Asiat. I, p. 207; C.NChr. 1888, p. 51). The silver coins, tetra- drachms and obols, bear legends in Gk. only. It is doubtful whether the attribution of a bilingual (Greek and Kharostln) copper coin to Miaus (C.NChr. 1888, PI. Ill, 13) can be supported. If so, its evidence would prove that Miaus ruled territory to the south of the Hindu Kush. This view is strengthened io II. Litteratur u. Geschichte. 3 b. Sources of Indian History: Coins. by the fact that all the obols were found in W. Afghanistan (C. op. cit. p. 50. For the opposite view, v. Gard. p. xlviii and inf. § 36). For the characteristic differences between the coins of Sakas and Kusanas, the discussion of which bears on the question of the nationality of Miaus, v. C.NChr. 1889, p. 294. § 36. The obols of Miaus are similar, both in fabric and in portraiture, to the coins of Hyrcodes (Plate II, 2), which seem undoubtedly not to have been struck on the Indian side of the Paropanisus, but to belong to the class of coins struck by the Kusanas or Yueh-ti in Bactria at some time subsequent to their settlement (here c. 120 B.c. To the same class belong also the coins of Sapaleizes, which bear the name of the goddess Nannaia whose effigy so frequently occurs on the coins of the Kusanas — Kani§ka, Huvi§ka, and Vasudeva. C.NChr. 1889, p. 303; Gard. pp. xlvui, 117, PI. XXIV, 8—16. S 37. No adequate explanation has been given of the following: — (1) The gold piece published in Gard. p. 162, PI. XXIX, 15, and classed as Indo-Scythic, Uncertain. It is possible that this piece, which differs in important respects from all known coins, may be a reproduction in gold of the designs of two seals or gems. (2) The thick piece of silver formerly belonging to General Malcolm G. Clerk, and now in the British Museum. This is said to have come from the Oxus country, and bears characters which have not yet been satisfactorily explained. It is possibly only a modern fabrication, or it may have been intended for use as a charm or ornament. Proc. ASB. 1884, p. 127; id. 1885, p, 3. §38. Indo-Chinese coins. — Copper coins found in the neighbourhood of Kashgar (J. R. Geogr. Soc. XLVII, p. 12) bearing inscrr. in both Indian (KharosthT) and Chinese characters , show an extension to this region of some Indian power — perhaps Greek or Saka. The Chinese inscrr. have reference to the weight or value of the coins. The Kharo§thT inscrr. on the few known specimens are incomplete, but certainly contain fragments of the names of more than, one ruler. All the suggested attributions of these coins to known Greek or Saka kings are merely conjectural. Terrien de Lacouperie, Comptes rendus de l’Acad. des Inscrr. 1890, p. 33S (rev. Rev. Num. 1890, p. 256); Gard., NChr. 1879, p. 274 (appendix on geog., Howorth p. 279); Gard. p. 172, no. 4. VI. COINS OF NATIVE INDIAN STATES FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO C. 50 A.D. § 39. This branch of Indian numismatics has only recently received any systematic treatment, and is still so full of difficulties, that the most convenient plan here will be to give in alphabetical order a list of those states whose earliest coins can, with any probability, be included within the wide limits given above. § 40. Alrnora. — There are three specimens, found near Almora, and now in the B. M., which are different in fabric from every other known Indian coinage. They appear to be of some alloy of silver and are heavier than any other Indian coins. Two of them bear in large Brahml characters, probably of a date between the i st cent. b.c. and the 2 nd cent, a.d., the names Sivadatta and Sivapali[ta]. The rev. type — a Caitya-railing — is VI. Coins of Native Indian States from the earliest times. i i somewhat similar to that of some of the coins of Pancala (v. § 53) and on the obv. appears a Stag, as on the coins of the Kunindas (v. § 50). . PE. I, p. 224. § 41. Aparanta. — The legend on these coins has been read Mahd- rdjasa Apalatasa. As they are similar in appearance to the coins struck by the Satraps of Mathura (§ 32) and also by Hindu princes ruling in the same neighbourhood (v. inf. sub Mathura § 52) their date is probably the latter part of the I st cent. b.c. or the first part of the i st cent. a.d. C.CAI. p. 103; C.ASR. XIV, p. 136, PI. XXXI, 3. 4; PE. II. PI. XLIV, 25. 26. Eor the locality ot Aparanta = Northern Konkan: Biiandarkar, Tr. I. Or. Congr. 1874, p. 313; and Hist. Dek. p. 17, note 4; C., however, CAI. p. 102, contends that Aparanta = W'.Rajputana. § 42. Arjunayana (Plate III, 20). — • The coins belong to the same class and period as the preceding. The Aijunayanas are mentioned in the Allahabad Pillar inscr. of Samudragupta (Fleet, CII. Ill, p. 8, and preface, p. 10). C.CAI. p. 90, PI. VIII, 20; PE. PI. XLIV, 22. § 43. Audumbara or Odumbara (Plate III, 8). — The coins, found in the district of Pathankot, are in style like the hemidrachms of the Greek prince Apollodotus and are found together with them. Their date is, therefore, probably c. 100 b.c. A similarity in style is also observable between the Audumbara coin given in C.CAI, PI. IV, 1, and one of Azilises in NChr. 1890, PI. X, 5a. Like their contemporaries the Kunindas (§ 50) the Audumbaras use both Brahml and KharosthT coin-legends. C.CAI. p. 66, PI. IV; C.ASR. XIV, p. 115, PL XXXI, 1. 2; Proc. BA. 1885, p. 96; Rodgers, Cat. Lahore Mus. Ill, p. 151; Smith, JBA. 1897, p. 8, PI. I, 12. S 44. Ayodhya. — The oldest coins seem to be the cast pieces (Plate IV, 2, and C.CAI. PI. IX, 1 — 3), the date of which is, perhaps, before 200 b.c. The square inscribed pieces, most of which are also cast (Plate IV, 4, and id. 4 — 11), may belong to the 2 nd cent. b.c. The other coins, which bear names ending in -mitra (Plate IV, 3, and id. 12 — 19, v. also Smith, JRAS. 1889, p. 51) seem to belong to the same and following centuries. The relation of these Mitra coins to those found, in N.Pancala, and the relation of either or both of these classes to the Sunga dynasty are at present matters of uncertainty (v. inf. § 53). C.CAI. p. 90, PI. IX; Rivett-Carnac, JBA. 1880, Pll. XVI. XVII; IE. I, p. 418, PI. XXXIV, 19 — 21 etc. § 45. Baran. — C. supposed this to be the ancient name of Buland- shahr and read the legend on the coins Gomitasa Baranayd (C.CAI. p. 88, PI. VIII, 10; C.ASR. XIV, p. 147, PI. XXXI, 15); but, as has been pointed out by Buhlf.r, the old name of this place was Varana , and the reading of the coin-legend is extremely doubtful. This Gomitra has usually been identi- fied with one of the Hindu princes of Mathura of the same name (v. inf. §52); but the types of his coins are different and the forms of the Brahmi letters of his coin-legends seem to be more ancient. § 46. Eran — Erakina. — The coins found on the site of this ancient city in the Sagar District are remarkable as being the finest specimens of purely native money (Plate IV, 8). It is possible to trace here the develop- ment of the punc/i-mark system into the type system. In the place of a number of symbols punched on to the coin from time to time, there appears at a later period a definite type, made up of a collection of these symbols struck from a die. This is usually the case in those parts of India which were least affected by foreign influence (cp. inf. § 129). i2 II. Litteratur u. Geschichte. 3 b. Sources of Indian History: Coins. C.CAI. p. 99, PI. XI; C.ASR. X, p. 77, PI. XXIV, 15—17; id. XIV, p. 149, PI. XXXI, 17. 18. For the reading of the legend of a very ancient coin from Eran (Plate IV, 7), v. Buhler, Ind. Stud. Ill, p. 42; for other coins, of a later date, bearing the name of the city, v. C.ASR. X, 1. c. § 47. Janapada. — No satisfactory explanation has yet been given of the coins which bear the legend Rajna Janapadasa , sometimes written in BrahmT and sometimes in Kharosthi letters. C. suggests (loc. inf. cit.) that this may be a place-name = Rajasthan, or perhaps the name of the inhabitants of this place = the Xaiptatot, i. e. Ksatriyas, of Ptolemy (VII, 1.64; cp. L.IA. Ill, p. 141). To judge from style, the coins bearing an inscr. in Kharosthi characters (Plate III, 18) seem to belong to an earlier period than the others which are in fabric like the coins of the Satraps of Mathura (Plate III, 19). C.CAI. p. 89, PI. VIII, 19; C.ASR. XIV, p. 151; PE. II, 11. XLIV, 17—19. § 48. Kada (Plate III, 7). — The attribution of the coins of cast copper, which bear the legend Kadasa in BrahmT characters, is uncertain. Buhler explains Kadasa as the genitive of Kada, the name of a king, a N.Indian form = Sk. Kala or Pali Kft/a, “black”, and for the equation — N.Indian d = Sk. 1 — compares forms found in the Girnar edicts, e. g. mahidayo = Sk. ma/ii/d/i “women”. The coin figured in C.CAI. PI. V, 6, was found among coins of the Kunindas, and this fact led C. to conjecture that it may belong to the ancestors of the present Kadaik branch of the Kunets (C.CAI. p. 71; v. also §50). C.CAI. PI. II, 21. 22; C.ASR. II, p. io; VI, p. 167. § 49. KosambI or Vatsa-pattana, an ancient city in the Allahabad District. (For its identification with the modern Kosam on the Jamna, and an outline of its history, v. C. Geog. p. 391.) The large cast coins which may be com- pared with those reading Kadasa (v. § 48) are probably as early as the 3 rd cent. b.c. (Plate III, 12, cp. C.CAI. PI. V, 7 — 10). The others (e. g. C., 1 . c. 11 — 18) may perhaps belong to the two following centuries. With them may be compared the coins of Pancala and the later coins of Ayodhya (§§ 5 . 1 - 44 , and C.CAI. Pll. VII. IX). For the coins which bear the legend Bahasatimitasa (Plate III, 11) cp. the inscrr. of Bahasatimita at Pabhosa (Fuhrer, El. II, p. 240). C.CAI. p. 73, PI. V, 7 — 18; C.ASR. I, p. 301; X, p. 4, PI. II; PE. PI. VIII, 12 — 15; JBA. 1873, PP- 109- 1 9 1 - § 50. Kuninda. — The territory of the Kunindas would seem to be the hill districts, on both sides of the Satlej, occupied by the Kunets of the present day (C.ASR. XIV, 126). Their coins are of two periods. The earlier, which, like those of the Audumbaras, have legends in both BrahmT and KharosthT characters, and like them too are found in company with hemi- drachms of Apollodotus (v. sup. § 43) are probably as early as b.c. 100 (Plate III, 9). The later, which seem to show the influence of the large copper money of the Kusanas, and which bear inscrr. in a later form of BrahmT characters, may, perhaps, belong to the 3 rd or 4 th centuries, a.d. (Plate III, 10). The fact that the coins of the Yaudheyas also fall naturally into similar classes (§ 60) would seem to show that these Hindu states, and probably others, rose in power as the Greek and Kusana supremacies successively declined. C.CAI. p. 70, PI. V, 1-5; C.ASR. XIV, p. 137, II. XXXI, 5, 6; Rodgers, I. M. Cat. Ill, p. 9. Cp. also Ar. Ant. p. 413, PI. XV, 23; IE. I, pp. 203. 208, PI. XIX, 16; Th.JRAS. 1865, p. 447; JBA. 1875, p. 89; 1886, p. 161; Proc. BA. 1875, P- l6 4- § 51. Malava. — The coins on which the legend Mdlavanam Jayah has been read were formerly regarded as ancient; but both the character of VI. Coins of Native Indian States from the earliest times. 13 their inscrr., and the fact that they are in fabric somewhat similar to the coins -of the Nagas of Padmavatl (Smith, JRAS. 1897, p. 643; v. inf. § 101), point to a date not earlier than the 5 lh cent. a.d. C.ASR. VI, pp. 165. 174; XIV, 149, PI. XXXI, 19—25; Fleet, CII. Ill, Pref. p. 67; Rodgers, I. M. Cat. Ill, p. 15. § 52. Mathura. — For an ancient cast coin found in the neighbourhood of Mathura and bearing the inscr. Upatikya in Brahml letters at least as early as the 3 rd cent. b.c. (Plate III, 17) v. C.CAI. p. 86, PI. VIII, 1 ; and C.ASR. Ill, pp. 14. 39. The coins of Balabhuti have Brahml characters of, probably, the 2 nd cent. b.c. (C.CAI. p. 87, PI. VIII, 9). For the coins of other Hindu princes found at Mathura v. C.CAI. p. 88, PL VIII; and Bh.JRAS. 1894, p. 553, PI. 10 — 14. Bh. assigns these to the period of the decline of Saka power at Mathura, i. e. after the last part of the i st ,cent. b.c., thus assuming that they were imitated from the coins of the Saka satraps of Mathura (S 3 2); but some of the coins of Rdmadatta (Plate IV, 1; C.CAI. Plate VIII, 13; and Bh.JRAS. 1894, PI. 14) seem to be undoubtedly earlier, as they have, for the reverse the incuse square which characterises the coins of Pancala (Suiigas, § 53). The coins of Balabhuti are also connected with those of Bahasatirnita {% 49) by identity of type — a Caitya-tree — and by their epigraphy. These considerations would seem to show that some at least of the Hindu princes preceded the Saka satraps, who imitated their coins. § 53. Pancala (Platelll, 16). — The coins discussed under this heading have usually been attributed to the Suhga or Mitra dynasty, and it is by no means certain that they should not still be so classed. The difficulties affecting this identification are (1) the fact that most of the coins are found in Rohil- khand, the ancient kingdom of North Pancala, whereas other indications point to East Malwa as the seat of Sunga power, (2) the fact that of the dozen names which occur on the coins, only one, that of Agnimitra, is found in the Sunga dynastic lists given in the Puranas. On the other hand, the formation of the names which generally end in -mitra is similar in either case; and the Sunga period, inferred from the Puranas, b.c. 176 — 66, is that of the style and epigraphy of the coins. There is probably, too, some connexion between these coins and the Mitra coins found at Ayodhya (v. sup. § 44). These Pancala (Sunga) coins bear inscrr. in Brahml letters. For the characteristic features of their fabric, v. sup. § 52. C.CAI. p. 79, PI. VII; Carlleyle, JBA. 1880, p. 21; Rivett-Carnac, id. p. 87 ; Rajendra Lala Mitra, Proc. BA. 1880, p. 8. § 54. Purl and Ganjam. — Numerous specimens of a peculiar class of bronze coins have been found in the Puri District of Orissa and in the neighbouring District of Ganjam in the Madras Presidency. They bear no inscriptions; but their types are evidently borrowed from those of the bronze Kusana coins of the time of Kaniska (§73) — viz. standing figure of the king on obv., and the figure of some deity on rev. In the case of the chief recorded discovery of these coins in the Puri District, they were found in company with bronze Kusana coins struck in the ordinary manner. From this it would seem probable that the two classes — the struck originals and the cast imitations — were in circulation at the same time. It appears, however, to be a fact, that Kusana coins are not, as a rule, found so far east or south of India as Puri and Ganjam; and it has been suggested that their occurrence in these districts may be due to pilgrims who brought them from a distance as offerings at the shrines of Puri. It is, therefore, possible that the cast imitations in question may have been made for the same pur- pose, and that they should be regarded not as coins, but, like the Rama- 1 4 II. Litteratur u. Geschichte. 3 b. Sources of Indian History: Coins. tankas of a later date, as temple-offerings. In either case they probably belong to that part of the Kusana period which lies between the reign of Kaniska and the end. For the coins found in the Purl Dist., v. Hoerxle, Proc. ASB. 1895, p. 61, PI. II; for those found in the Ganjam Dist., v. Elliot, Numismatic Gleanings p. 33 — JMLS. XX (New Series IV), p. 75. § 55. Sibi = the Sobii of Quintus Curtius (X, 4), the inhabitants of the country around Chitor. For coins on which this name has been read — in this case, however, the reading cannot be regarded as certain — v. C.ASR. VI, p. 204; XIV, p. 146, PI. XXXI, 13. 14. § 56. Taxila, the modem Shahdheri or Dheri Shahan, in the Rawal Pindi District (C. Geog. p.104). For the coins of the earliest period, v. supra §§ 4 — 6. The art of striking from a die would seem to have been known here at an earlier period than elsewhere in India. The earliest specimens are struck only on one side, and by a method peculiarly Indian, according to which the metal was stamped while in a semi-molten state, with the result that the impress of the die was left enclosed in a deep incuse square. The coins of Pancala (§ 53) and Tripurl (§57) offer other examples of this method (Bh.JRAS. 1894, p. 553). From the early square struck coins of Taxila (Plate I, 11) are imitated the copper coins of the Greek princes Pantaleon and Agathocles, c. 190, b.c. (Plate I, 12, Pantaleon). These, like all other Greek coins of the period, have types on both sides; and the ‘double-die’ coins of Taxila, the art of which, moreover, has an undoubtedly Greek appearance, are probably due to their influence (Plate I, 13). The double-die coins are succeeded by those of Maues, who probably conquered Taxila in the latter part of the 2 nd cent. b.c. C. regards Liaka Kusuluka as a Saka satrap of Maues at Taxila, interpreting the words of the Taxila copper-plate Ckahard[ta\ Cukhsa as one name = Taxila (Geog. p. 109). C.CAI. p. 60, Pll. II. Ill; C.ASR. XIV, p. 16, FI. X; Ar. Ant PI. XV, 26—31. § 57. Tripurl or Tripura, the ancient name ot Tewar in the Jabalpur District (C.ASR. IX, p. 54). For the coins which bear this name in Brahnn characters of, probably, the 3 rd cent, b.c., v. Bh.JRAS. 1894, p. 553, PI. 15. § 58. Ujjain. — The earliest coins bear the inscr. Ujeniya in Brahnn characters of probably the 2 nd cent. b.c. (Plate IV, 5). All the other coins known at present are uninscribed, and are distinguished by a symbol which appears to be characteristic of, though not altogether confined to, this district (Plate IV, 6). They do not afford sufficient data to allow of any satisfactory chronological arrangement C.CAI. p. 94, PI. X; C.ASR. XIV, p. 148, PI. XXXI, 16; JBA. 1838, p. 1054, PI. LXI, 2. 22. § 59. V atasvaka (Plate III, 6). — The coins bearing this legend in Brahnn characters similar to those on the square copper coins of Pantaleon and Agathocles (c. 190 b.c.) are also connected by identity of type with some of the ‘single-die’ coins found in the neighbourhood of Taxila (cp. C.CAI. PI. II, no. 17 with no. 14). As coins of Pantaleon and Agathocles are imitated from these earlier single-die coins, the date of the Vatasvaka coins is probably at least as early as b.c. 200. Buhler has explained this name as denoting the Vata (or Fig-tree) subdivision of the Asvaka tribe (Ind. Stud. Ill, p. 46). For the Asvakas = ’Ao8ay.r,vo{ : Arrian, Anab. IV, 25, and Indica I, 1. Cp. also L.IA. II, p. 129; C.NChr. 1893, p. 100. S 60. Yaudheya. — The Yaudheyas have been identified with the modern Johiyas of Bhawalpur (C. Geog. p. 245), but in ancient times their territory VII. Indo-Parthian Coins. i 5 was more extended. The coins may be chronologically arranged as follows: (1) the smaller copper coins, which, though of rougher workmanship, may in other respects be compared with the earlier coins of the Audumbaras (§ 43) and Kunindas (§ 50) c. 100, b.c. (Plate III. 13); (2) the large copper coins, which show both in their fabric and in their types the influence of the Kusanas (Plate III, 14); the coins which have as their type a six-headed divinity, perhaps Karttikeya, are somewhat later (Plate III, 15). C.CAI. p. 75, PI. VI; C.ASR. XIV, p. 139, PI. XXXI, 7-12; Prinsep, TBA. 1834, PI. XXV, 4. 5 : PE. PI. IV, xi. 12; PI. VII, 4; PI. XIX, 5. 6. 9. io. 22; PI. XXI, 16. 17. The Yaudheyas tributary to Samudragupta: Fleet, CII III, pp. 14. 251. VII. INDO-PARTHIAN COINS. § 61. Date of I.-P. Dynasty. — The Indo-Parthian dynasty, the best- known member of which is Gondophares, seems to have succeeded the dynasty of Vonones in Kandahar and Seistan, and to have, at one period, extended its territories eastwards into the W.Panjab and Sind, which at an earlier date, formed the kingdom of Maues (v. sup. § 29; C.NChr. 1890, p. 122). With regard to the chronological limits — (1) the foundation of the dynasty seems to be after 1 b.c. (von Gutsch. Gesch. Ir. p. 134); and (2) the date of one of the latest kings, Satiabares , after 77 a.d. (von Sai.let, ZfN. 1879, p. 364). For a coin bearing the name of Aspavarma (v. sup. § 34), which seems to join in some manner as yet unexplained the two branches represented by Gondophares and Azes (§31) v. Rodgers, NChr. 1896, p. 268. Gard., Parthian Coinage p. 46 (v. also Drouin, Rev. Num. 1895, p. 46) makes Sanabares contemporary with Phraataces c. B.c. 3 — a.d. 4. This, however, depends on the reading of a date TIT, Seleucid era 313 = a.d. 1, on a coin of Sanabares ( Th. Sassanian Inscrr. 1868, p. t2i); and Markoff, Zapiski Russian Asiatic Society 1892, p. 297 (v. also NChr. 1893, p. 218) has shown that this reading cannot be supported. § 62. Gondophares. — The date 21 a.d. as the first year of the reign Gondophares has been obtained from his Takht-i-Bahi inscr. by regarding the year 103 as Vikrama samvat. C.NChr. 1890, p. 1 18; Markoff, Russ. As. Soc. 1892, p. 293, rev. Drouin, Rev. Num. 1893, P- 1 1 9 > and Rapson, NChr. 1893, p. 217. Whether this procedure be justifiable or not, the result well agrees with evidence derived from the epigraphy of the Greek legends of the coins (Gard. p. xlvi) and with other indications. For the coins of this dynasty: Gard. p. 103, Pll. XXII. XXIII; von Sallf.t, ZfN. 1880, p. 296; 1881, p. 111; C.NChr. 1890, p. 158, Pll. XIII. XIV; Markoff, op. cit. PI. IV, 25 — 31; PE. II, p. 215. Coin of Abdagases with portion of Kharosthi inscr. written from left to right: Hoernle, Proc. BA. 1895, P- 83. For the identi- fication of Gondophares with the Gundophorus of the apocryphal Acts of St. Thomas: von Gutsch., N. Rhein. Mus. f. Philol. XIX, p. 161; cp. also Gesch. Ir. p. 124 • Gard. p. xliii; PE. II, p. 214. S 63. V rongly attributed coins. — The term Indo-Parthiati has also been applied by Th. (JRAS. 1870, p. 503 = NChr. 1870, p. 139 = with additions, ASWI. 1874 — 75 “Kathiawad and Kacch”, p. 52 = Dynasty of Guptas &c. p. 37) to certain thin coins of Sassanian fabric, which are more probably to be attributed to some dynasty — perhaps the Ephthalites or their Turkish conquerors — reigning in territory to the north of India and at a period not earlier than the middle of the 6 th cent. a. d. Rapson, NChr. 1896, p. 246. Cp. also Markoff, Russ. As. Soc. 1892, p. 298, H. IV, 32. 33 (rev. Rev. Num. 1893, P- 130; and NChr. 1893, p. 219). For the epi- graphy: Drouin, JA. 1891 (XVII), p. 148 = Rev. Num. 1891, p. 222. 1 6 II. Litteratur u. Geschichte. 3 b. Sources of Indian History: Coins. VIII. KUSANA COINS. § 64. Definition. — As considerable confusion has sometimes arisen from an inaccurate use of the term ‘Kusana’, it should be borne in mind that it bears two distinct significations, according to the period of which it is used: — (1) the Kusanas were originally one of the five tribes of the Yueh-ti, who, by c. 120B.C., had become the predominant power in Bactria and other neighbouring countries to the north of the Paropanisus; (2) c.25 b.c., this particular tribe gained a supremacy over the other four tribes of Yueh-ti, and, from this time onwards, the word ‘Kusana’ is used to denote the whole Yueh-ti people united under their leadership. The first result of this unity of the previously separate and, perhaps, somewhat discordant forces of the Yueh-ti, w'as the conquest of the last remaining Greek kingdom in the Kabul valley under Hermaeus. SrECHT, JA. 1883 (II), p. 317; Th., Ind. Ant. 1886, p. 19; C.NChr. 1889, p. 269; 1892, p. 41. But see S. Levi, JA. 1897, p. 1 ff. §65. Hermaeus, Kujula Kadphises. — The numismatic evidence of the progress of this Kusana conquest of the kingdom of Hermaeus is complete. The coins show the following sequence: — (1) Hermaeus alone (Gard. p. 62); (2) Kujula Kadphises associated with Hermaeus, i. e. obv. EPMAlDY, rev. in Kharosthi Kujula Kasasa (Plate II, 7; cp. Gard. p. 120); (3) Kujula Kadphises alone, i. e. obv. KDZOVAl] KAA^IZDV, rev. Kujula Kasasa (Plate II, 8; cp. Gard. p. 122). Kujula Kadphises (= Kieu-tsieu-khio in Chinese) is said to have died at the age of 80, c. a.d. 10, and the conquest of India, i. e. the Panjab and the territory as far as the Jamna is ascribed to his successor (Specht, JA. 1883 (II), p. 325). Drouin, Rev. Num. 1888, p. 23; C.NChr. 1892, p. 45, puts the date of Kujula Kadphises rather later, vi l . c. B.c. 10, and regards Hima Kadphises as having immediately succeeded him, c. a.d. 30. For the Greek inscr. on coins of Hermaeus and Kujula Kadphises, v. Rapson, JRAS. 1897, p. 319. § 66. There is less certainty in regard to the coins which should be attributed to this second prince of the Kusana dynasty. By many writers he is identified with the prince whose coins, directly imitated from the denarii of Augustus of the years 4 b.c. — 2 a.d. (von Sallet, ZfN. 1879, P- 378) are inscribed, obv. KOZOAA KAAA 4 EC, rev. Kuyula Kaphsasa (Plate II. 9); cp. von Gutsch., Gesch. Ir. p. 136; Gard. p. xlviii; Drouin, Rev. Num. 1888, p. 46). C., however, supposes these coins of Roman type to be the issue of some particular mint of Kujula Kadphises, and explains the differences in the inscriptions as due to the difficulty of representing a Kusana name in either Greek or Kharosthi characters (NChr. 1892, p. 46). § 67. The Nameless King. — This will, perhaps, be the most fitting place to discuss the attribution of the coins of ‘the Nameless King’, whose legends afford us only such information as is conveyed by the title BACiASYC BACIASYCON (sic) CCBTHP M6TAC, rarely accompanied by a Kharosthi trans- lation (Plate II, 10 ; cp. Gard. p. 114). The extent of his dominion is shown by the fact that his coins are found in great numbers “all over the l’anjab, as well as in Kandahar, and in the Kabul valley” (C.NChr. 1890, p. 115). From a consideration of the fabric and epigraphy of these coins certain tangible facts are deducible. They are connected, on the one hand, with those of Miaus (§ 35), by similarity of type, rev. Horseman, and by the use of the “reel and bead” border (cp. PI. II, 1 with 10; C.NChr. 1890, PI. XII, 1 with 4; Gard. PI. XXIV, 7 with 6); and, on the other hand, with those of Hima Kadphises (§ 69), by the use of the nominative instead of the more VIII. Kusana Coins. i7 usual genitive in the Greek inscriptions, by the use of the title otuxijp pi-fa;, and by the similarity in form between certain letters both in the Greek and KharosthI inscrr. (C.NChr. 1892, p. 71). Moreover, the Nameless King uses a symbol of the kind which is characteristic of Hima Kadphises and his successors; and, on a unique coin, published by C. (NChr. 1892, PI. V, 14) there occurs a bust with two faces, and, in front of the faces, the symbols respectively of the Nameless King and Hima Kadphises (C.NChr. 1892, p. 71). It cannot be doubted that these two were nearly related in point of time; whether they were also connected as members of the same dynasty is not so certain. C. places the Nameless King among the Sakas (NChr. 1890, p. 1 1 4), but also suggests that these coins without a name may have been issued by the satraps of one of the' early Kusana kings, perhaps of Hima Kadphises himself, von Gutschmid (Gesch. Ir. p. 136), recognising the numis- matic break which occurs between Kozola Kadaphes and the later Hima Kadphises, places the_ Nameless King in the interval, and regards him as an Indian prince — the Agnivesya prince, who, according to the GargI Samhita (Kern, Brhat-Samhita 39) ruled over India for 20 years between two Saka dynasties. C., too, saw the feasibility of some such view and suggested that the KharosthI Vi, which occurs on many of these coins (e. g. C.NChr. 1890, PI. XII, 4) might be an abbreviation of Vikramaditya (1. c. p. 1 1 5). It must be pointed out, however, that, if any such identification of the Nameless King with Vikramaditya is possible, the Vikrama era, which begins with 57 B.C., must, if our chronology of this period is correct, be supposed to date from his birth. § 68. Kujula Kara Kadphises. — This prince, who bears the Kusana title Devaputra , is supposed by C. to be the son of Kujula Kadphises, and the predecessor of Hima Kadphises. NChr. 1892, p. 65, PI. IV, 9 — 13. In the chronological table on p. 45, he is, however, placed after Hima Kadphises and before Kaniska. Usually, however, it has been assumed that the coins bearing this form of the name are merely varieties of the coinage of Kujula Kadphises (v. sup. §65); and, in favour of this assumption which allows them an earlier date, it may be pointed out that in type and execution they somewhat resemble those of Zeionises (v. sup. § 34; cp. Gard. PI. XXIII, 5, Zeionises, with 7, Ku- jula Kara Kadphises). § 69. Hima Kadphises. — The order of succession of the Indian Kusana monarchs from this point to the last quarter of the 2 nd cent. a.d. is certain. Hima Kadphises who has been identified with the Yen-kao-ching of the Chinese accounts (c. 30 — 78 a.d.; Plate II, n) is connected with his successors as the first to issue the gold coinage, which is continued by the Guptas after the supremacy of Northern India had passed into their hands in the 4 th cent. a.d. With the exception of two or three gold coins of Eucratides (Rev. Num. 1867, p. 382; NChr. 1892, p. 37, PI. Ill, 11), one of Menander (C. coll., now in B.M.) and, perhaps, one of Taxila (C.CA1. PI. H, 18), and another coin of uncertain attribution (Gard. p. 162, PI. xxix, 15, v. sup. § 37 (1) ), no specimens which can possibly have been struck in India, during the two centuries previous to the date of Hima Kadphises, are to be found in the collections of the present day. The large gold coinage of the Kusanas has been attributed to the influx of Roman gold to India at this period. C.NChr. 1888, p. 219, and the passage of Pliny there quoted, Hist. Nat. XII, 41 (18). § 70. Certain it is that the Roman weight-standard {aureus = 124 grains Indo-arische Philologie. II. 38. 2 1 8 II. Litteratur u. Geschichte. 3 b. Sources of Indian History: Coins. or 8,035 grammes) was adopted in India at this time. Pieces of the weight of two aurei were only struck by Hima Kadphises; the largest gold coins of his successors are aurei. For a table of the weights of these and later Kusana gold coins, v. C.CMI. p. 16. § 71. The coin-legends of Hima Kadphises are both in Greek and KharosthT. Those of his three next successors are in Greek only. Afterwards, Nagarl letters and monograms are used instead of the Greek inscriptions which had ceased to be intelligible (v. inf. § 74). For coins of Hima Kadphises with unusual Kharosthl inscrr., v. IIoernle, Proc. BA. 1895, P- 82. § 72. Kaniska, Huviska, Vasudeva. — The Saka era has usually been supposed to date from the ab/iiseka of Kaniska at Mathura in 78 a.d. (Oldenberg, ZfN. 1881, p. 292 = Inch Ant. 1881, p. 214); and to this era the dates found in the stone inscrr. of Kaniska , Huviska, and Vasudeva , have usually been referred. If this supposition be correct, the known dates will be as follows: — Kaniska, years 7 — 28 = a.d.85 — 106; Huviska, years 33 — 64 = a.d. in — 142; Vasudeva, years 74 — 98 = a.d. 152 — 176. C.NChr. 1892, p. 49. It used to be supposed that Vasudeva’s inscriptional dates began much earlier, so as to make the first part of his reign coincident with the last part of Huviska’s (cp. Gard. p. u; Drouin, Rev. Num. 1888, p. 38); but C. ( 1 . c.) suggests that this may be due to a misreading of the decimal figure 70 as 40. Coins of Huviska with inscrr. in Brahml characters: Smith, JBA. 1897, p.3. C. ; however, reasoning from the fact that Kaniska was a Ku§ana and not a Saka king (v. sup. § 64), seeks another origin for the Saka era (he supposes it to have been founded by Castana, v. inf. § 80), and explains the Kusana dates as being of the Seleucid era (b.c. 312), with the hundreds omitted (e. g. year 7 = 407 Seleucid = 95 a.d.). This procedure would make all the Kusana dates, as given above, 10 years later. C. justifies it by referring to the fact that the Kusanas use the Macedonian, and not the Indian, names of the months in their inscrr. (NChr. 1892, p. 44); compare also Bhandarkar (Hist. Dek. p. 2 6f.). Regarding another possibility, viz. that the dates of Kaniska and his, successors have to be referred to the second cen- tury of the era, used by Sodasa, Liako Kusuluka and others, see WZKM. IX, P- 1 73 f- § 73. Religious emblems. — As illustrating the religious history of this period, the coins of Kani$ka and Huvi§ka are important. They show a remarkable eclecticism; for on their reverses are represented Greek and Scythic divinities, deities of the Avesta and of the Vedas, and Buddha. For the coins of the Early Great Kusanas: C.NChr. 1892, p. 63, Pll. IV — VIII; id. p. 98, Pll. IX — XIV; Gard. pp. xlvhi, 120, Pll. XXV— XXIX; von Sallet, ZfN. 1879, p. 377. Cp. also Ar. Ant. p. 347, PI. X. For the chronology: Drouin, Rev. Num. 1888, pp. 8. 185; von Gutsch., Gesch. Ir. pp. 136. 164. Kusana modifications of the Greek alphabet: Stein, Baby, and Or. Rec. 1887, p. 155; C. id. 1888, p. 40. Divinities represented on the coins: Stein op. c. = Ind. Ant. 1888, p. 89; C.NChr. 1892, pp. 61. 128; Th.JRAS. 1877, p. 209; Hoffmann, Abh. f. d. K. des Morg. 1881, p. 139; ,Gard. p. LX; Rapson, JRAS. 1897, p. 322, for the reading OHpO as a name of Siva. § 74. Later Great Kusanas. — After the death ofVasudeva, c. 180 a.d., the gold and copper coinage of the Kusanas continues, but the Greek inscrr. no longer afford any information. They are mechanically repeated and rapidly become debased and illegible. Two or three isolated Nagarl letters or mono- grams are usually found on the reverse of the coins. These were, no doubt, at the time, significant abbreviations, but all hope lor their interpretation now lies in further discoveries of inscrr. of this period. These coins probably VIII. Kusana Coins. 19 constituted the currency of both the Kabul Valley and the Panjab during the long period from 180 a.d. to c. 425 a.d., the date of the settlement of Kidara Shah in Gandhara (§ 76). Within these limits the relative age of different classes may be determined by their nearness to or remoteness from the originals from which they were copied. Thus C.’s class A (NChr. 1893, p. 115, PI. VIII) on which the names of Kaniska orVasudeva can still be read, is, no doubt, older than his class B (id. p. 120, PI. IX) on which only a few vestiges of the Greek letters remain. A criterion of locality may also be applied: — (1) the coins bearing OH[do on the rev., with type, Siva and his bull Nandi (Plate II, 13) derived from the earlier Kusana types of Vasudeva (Plate II, 12) belong rather to the Kabul Valley: they were imitated by the Scytho-Sassanians (§ 75 )l (2) those with APAOXjDO, and type, seated goddess (Plate II, 14), belong rather to the more eastern portion of the Kusana dominions: they were imitated by the Kidara Kusanas (§76) and by the Guptas (§ 91; C.NChr. 1893, p. 115 — by an error in his mode of statement, he seems to mean the opposite). This type is probably also derived from the earlier Kusanas (e. g. Gard. PI. XXVI, 18: Kani§ka). This is, however, not certain, as all the coins attributed to the earlier Kusanas which bear this type have a late appearance, and it is possible that they may all have been struck by the later Great Kusanas who mechanically repeated the names of their predecessors in the Greek inscrr. on the obv. C.N'Chr. 1893, P- II2 > PH- VIII — X. Cp. also Th., Ind. Ant. 1883, p. 6; Smith, JBA. 1897, p. 3. For a coin which seems to combine a Kusana obv. with a Sassa- nian rev., v. Smith, op. cit. p. 5. § 75. Scytho-Sassanians. — These coins come generally from the districts on the Oxus, to the north of the Paropanisus; but, as they are also occasionally found in the Kabul Valley and are, probably, the result of invasions into this district (§ 1 1 5), they call for a short notice here (Plate II, 15). Their limits of date are approximately fixed by the following data: — (1) Some of the earliest specimens bear the head-dress and name of the Sassanian king, Hormazd II (a.d. 301 — 310), who married a daughter of the Kusana king of Kabul; (2) the later limit (a.d. 450) marks the date at which the terri- tories on the Oxus were wrested from the Sassanians by the Ephthalites (C.NChr. 1893, p. 169). The date of the different coins is, in most cases, fixed, as they usually bear the head-dress of the contemporary Sassanian monarch, together with his name and titles in a debased form of the Greek alphabet CNChr. 1893, p. 166, PI. XIII. XIV. According to this view this class of coins was issued by Sassanian con- querors of the Yueh-ti whose territory lay to the north of the Paropanisus. Another view is that of Drouin who regards them as coins of the Yueh-ti (Kusanas) themselves, and explains the occurence of Sassanian names and head-dresses, by supposing that both were borrowed by these Yueh-ti as a consequence of their long friendly alliance with the Sassanian monarchy. According to this view, therefore, these coins are of the Later Great Kusanas; and are distinguished from those treated of in § 74 only as being the issue of a different district comprising a portion of the extreme north of India and also Arachosia and Bactriana on the other side of the Paropanisus. Drouin, Rev. Num. 1896, p. 154, PI. V. § 76. Kidara or Little Kusanas. — From Chinese sources (Specht, JA. 1883 (II), p.328) we learn that Ki-to-lo, the leader of the Great Yueh-ti, who has been identified by C. (NChr. 1893, P- 184) with the Kidara of the coins, being hard pressed by the Ephthalites, crossed over the Paropanisus and 2* 20 II. Litteratur u. Geschichte. 3 b. Sources of Indian History: Coins. established in Gandhara — the Kabul Valley and Panjab — the kingdom of the Little Yueh-ti. The date of this invasion is approximately fixed at a.d. 425, as the Ephthalites, some time afterwards, sustained a signal defeat at the hands of Varahran V, a.d. 428. The other limit, 475 a.d., marks the conquest of Gandhara by the Ephthalites. The Kidara Kusanas seem to have retired “to the north, into Chitral and Gilgit to the west of the Indus, and to Pakhali and Kashmir to the east of the river” (C.NChr. 1893, p. 187). Their power can be traced in the coinage of Kashmir (§11 2), and their kingdom was again established on the Upper Indus after the defeat of the Huna Mihirakula (v. inf. § 107), and lasted until, in the 9 th cent. a.d., a revo- lution placed a Brahman dynasty on the throne (v. inf. § 115). The coins of the Kidara Kusanas have as their rev. type the seated goddess, which char- acterises class (2) of the coins of the later Great Kusanas (§ 74). This fact suggests their attribution to Kashmir rather than to Gandhara. They bear on the obv. the name Kidara, the founder of the dynasty, and on the rev. the name of the ruling sovereign (Plate II, 16). C.NChr. 1893, p. 184, PI. XV; Proc. BA. 1888, p. 205. For the chronology and ethnology: Drouin, JA. 1891, (XVII), p. 146 = Rev. Num. 1891, p. 219; HE. p. 14, from the Museon, 1895; Gutsch., Gesch. Ir. p. 168. IX. DYNASTIES CONTEMPORARY WITH THE KUSANAS. § 77. Now that we have traced the coinages of the Kusanas down to a period where the inroads of the Hunas (Ephthalites or White Huns) make a conspicuous land-mark in the history of India, it will be a convenient oppor- tunity to return and describe the coinages of other powers contemporary with the Kusanas. §78. Ksaharatas. — This is probably the name of some Saka family or tribe. The evidence is as follows: — (1) on the Taxila copper-plate grant of the 78 th year of the Great King Moga (v. sup. § 29), Patika is described as the son of Liaka Kusuluka, satrap of the Chahara[ta] and Cukhsa (tribes) : Bh.JRAS. 1894, p. 551, the tribal names corrected in accordance with Dowson’s original reading (JRAS. 1863, p. 22t) since verified by Buhler. For C.’s inter- pretation of these two words, v. sup. $ 56. (2) the Lion Capital, in which mention is made of the Great Satrap Kusulaa, is dedicated ‘for the worship of the whole of Sakasthana’ (Bh. ed Buhler, JRAS. 1894, p. 540); (3) Nahapana is described as a Ksaharata (BrahmT) = Chaharata (Kharosth!) on his coins (Bh.JRAS. 1890, p. 642, PI. I), and known as a Saka from the inscrr. of his son-in-law Usavadata,(C.CAI. p. 105; ASWI. IV, p. 101); ,(4) Nahapana’ s conqueror, the Andhra Satakarni, boasts of having defeated the Sakas and of having entirely uprooted the Khakharata family (Old., ZfN. 1881, p. 320 = Ind. Ant. 1881, p. 226; ASWI. IV, p. 108). § 79. Nahapana. — There is no sufficient ground for the identification either of Liaka Kusuluka with the Kusana Kozola Kadaphes (Gard. p. xlix), or of Ksaharata with the Kharamosta of the coins (C.NChr. 1890, p. 171) or the Kharaosta of the Lion Capital (Bh.JRAS. 1890, p. 641; 1894, p. 549). There are, therefore, no coins, known at present which can, with any certainty, be attributed to this family except those of Nahapana (Plate III, 1), the satrap who ruled over the southernmost conquests of the Sakas including “a portion of the Deccan or Maratha country, the northern Konkan, some portion of Gujarat proper, and Surastra or Kathiawad and Kacch.” (Bh.JRAS. 1890, p. 642). Some of these territories were conquered from the Andhras IX. Dynasties contemporary with the Kusanas. 21 (V. inf. § 86), and it has been conjectured by Bh. that the initial year of the Saka era marks the date of this Saka victory. L. c. For other views as to the origin of this era, v. Jjjj 72. 80; C.CMI. p. 3, refers the dates of NahapSna’s inscrr. to the era of the Malavas, or VikramSditya samvat, B.c. 57. In turn, however, Nahapana was certainly defeated by the Andhras, and another family of satraps, probably at first acknowledging the supremacy of the Andhra king, takes the place of the Ksaharatas. Oldenberg, ZfN. 1881, p, 322 -- - Ind. Ant. 1881, p. 225; Buhler, Ind. Ant. 1883, p. 272; Bhandarkar, Ilist. Dek. p. 25. § 80. Ksatrapas of Surastra. — The first member of this family, whom C. regards as the founder of the Saka era (CMI. p. 3) was Castatia (Plate III, 2), who was, probably,, for some time contemporary with Nahapana, and, perhaps, had like him a Saka origin. Bh.JRAS. 1 890, p. 644, wrongly reading Cnfsa instead of Cukhsa on the Taxila copper-plate (v. sup. § 33) sees in this tribal name the origin of the name Castana. His territory would seem to have been originally in W.Rajputana, and subsequently to have included Malwa (capital Ujjain). Bh.JRAS. 1890, p. 644; Bhang., Hist. Dek. p. 28. After Nahapana, the territory of these satraps probably embraced the districts originally governed by Nahapana and Castana separately. The suzer- ainty of the Andhras was, apparently, alternately successfully disputed and reasserted during the reigns of the first two satraps, Castana and Jayadaman. The distinction between the titles mahaksatrapa and k§atrapa on these earliest coins may be thus explained — Castana originally a simple ksatrapa becomes a mahaksatrapa, while his successor bears only the inferior title (Bh.JRAS. 1890, p. 645). The independence of this dynasty seems to have been per- manently established by the third satrap, Rudradaman, who boasts, in his Junagadh inscr., of having twice conquered the Satakarni king of the Deccan, and of having won for himself the title of mahaksatrapa ( svayamabhigata - mahaksatrapanamnah). After the time of Rudradaman, as is proved by the coin-dates, the reigning sovereign is regularly styled mahaksatrapa; and the the heir apparent, who governed some portion of the kingdom as viceroy, is styled ksatrapa. § 81. Coins of the W.Ksatrapas. — The silver coins both of Nahapana and of Castana and his successors are copied from the hemidrachms of the Greek princes of the Panjab — more particularly, perhaps, from those of Apollodotus Philopator (C.CMI. p. 3) and seem to follow the same weight- standard (the Persian, v. sup. § 8: hemi-drachm = 43,2 grains or 2,8 grms.). Traces of this origin are to be seen in the fragmentary inscr. in Greek char- acters, which still continued to be repeated as a sort of ornament on the obv. of the satrap coins after its significance was lost. For attempts to explain these Greek letters as significant v. Th.JRAS. 1850, p. 52; Bh., id. 1890, pp. 643. 648; TE. II, p. 88. The coins of Castana, like those of Nahapana, bear inscrr. in NagarT and KharosthI characters: on all subsequent coins NagarT inscrr. only are found. The coinage throughout this period is chiefly of silver, but specimens in billon and copper are also known (e. g. C.CMI. PI. I, 7 — 12). § 82. Inscrr. on Ksatr. Coins. — The long rev. inscrr. regularly give the names and titles both of the reigning satrap and of his father. The data thus afforded, when taken in conjunction with the dates on the obv. (v. inf. § 83), make it possible to reconstruct the outlines of this dynasty with an 22 II. Litteratur u. Geschichte. 3 b. Sources of Indian History: Coins. unusual degree of precision (v. Genealogical Table in C.CMI. p. 5). An inter- loper, named Isvaradatta, who takes the title mahaksatrapa and strikes coins dated in the first and second years of his own reign, is probably to be placed between the fourteenth and fifteenth members of the dynasty, Vijayasena and Damajadasri III (v. inf. § 84). There is a coin of an otherwise unknown Ksatrapa, Satyadaman son of Dima- jadaSrl I, in the collection of Col. J. Biddulph. This coin is remarkable as having its inscr. in pure Sanskrit. For a coin of Arjuna, who may possibly also be a member of this dynasty, v. Smith, JBA. 1897, p. 9, PI. I, 15. § 83. Dates on Ksatr. Coins. — The inscriptional dates begin with the year 72 of Rudradaman’s Junagadh inscr. (v. sup. § 80). The coin-dates (Plate III, 3; Damasena, date 153) begin with the year 100, in the reign of the 5 th satrap, jTvadaman, and continue regularly to the end of the dynasty. The last known dates are those of Rudrasimha, 310, and of his sister’s son Simhasena, 304 (Bh.JRAS. 1890, p. 662; C.CMI. p. 4). In determining the era to which these dates should be referred, it should be borne in mind that they probably do not mark the extreme limits of the dynasty. In the period of confusion, when the kingdom of the satraps was falling to pieces before the attacks of the Guptas, it is at least possible that no coins may have been struck. The earliest coins of the Guptas struck in this part of India have, unfortunately, no dates which have as yet been read with certainty (Smith, JRAS. 1889, p. 123); but it is certain that the Gupta conquest took place in the latter part of the reign of Candragupta Vikramaditya (c. a.d. 380 — 414, Smith, JRAS. 1893, p. 82). If, therefore, the coin-dates of these satraps be referred to the Saka era, 78 a.d., the latest known date 310 = a.d. 388, would fall well within the reign of Candragupta; and there would seem to be no sufficient reason for the alternative which has been suggested by Oi.den- berg (ZfN. 1881, p. 318 =Ind. Ant. 1881, p. 224), viz. that these dates should be referred to an independent satrapal era beginning c. 100 a.d. Cp. also Ar. Ant. p. 405; Stevenson, JBRA. II, p. 377; Newton, id. 1861, p. IS; VII, p. 1 ; IX, p. I; Th.JRAS. 1850, p. 1; Fleet, Ind. Ant. 1885, p. 325; PE. I, pp. 334. 425; II, pp. 69. 84. For the numerals, cp. also PE. II, p. 80; Bhad DajI, JBRA. VIII, p. 225. § 84. Abhiras. — These Abhlra kings are known from inscrr. at Nasik, and also from the Pauranic lists (Bhand., Hist. Dek. p. 45; Tr. I. Or. Cong. 1874, p.341; Buhler, ASWI. IV, 1031). They are known to have been connected with the Ksatrapas of Surastra and Malwa sometimes as commanders of their armies (Bh.JRAS. 1890, p. 657); and it has been suggested that they were the governors of the Sahyadris and Konkan during the same period (Bh., Bomb. Gaz. XVI, p. 624). It has been conjectured that the interruption in the line of Mahaksatrapas between Vijayasena, year 171, and Damajadasri, year 176 (v. sup. §82), may have been caused by an insurrection of the Abhlra king against his feudal lord. The contemporary Ksatrapa, Viradaman reigns uninterruptedly through this interval, but the position of Mahaksatrapa seems to have been usurped by Isvaradatta who strikes coins apparently imitated from those both of Vijayasena and Viradaman dated in the first and second years of his reign. This conjecture is supported by arguments derived from (1) the formation of the name, and (2) the method of dating in regnal years. Bh.JRAS. 1890, p. 656. Bh. points out that if the last year of Vijayasena, 1 7 1, be the first year of isvaradatta, this = 248 a.d may possibly mark the beginning of the Trikutaka (or of the Chedi) era; v. also C.CMI. p. 4. He also suggests that Madhariputa, who is usually regarded as an Andhra may be an Abhlra. The use of metronymics is common to Andhras and Abhiras (Bomb. Gaz. XVI, p. 623, note 2). IX. Dynasties contemporary with the Kusanas. §85. The Andhras. — The Andhras (Andhrabhrtyas or Satavahanas), though classed by the Puranas among the rulers of Magadha, are, in historical times, a Southern Indian power, the capital of which was Dhanyakataka — Dharanikot or Amaravatl on the Kistna in the Gantur Dist. of Madras (C., Geog. p. 540). But as, during the period for which the evidence of coins is available, their history is closely connected with that of the Ksaharatas and the Ksatrapas of Sura$tra and Malwa, and as the style of some of the coins themselves bears witness to this fact, it will be most convenient to discuss them here. § 86. E. and W. Andhras. — At some time previous to this period the Andhra kingdom had been extended westwards across the peninsula from sea to sea, and northwards beyond the Narbadda. The provinces to the north of this river seem to have been conquered by Nahapana (Bh.JRAS. 1890, p. 642), reconquered by Gotarnlputra Satakarni I (prob. beg. of 2 nd cent, a.d.), and included in the satrapy of Castana. Of this western and northern portion of the Andhra kingdom, the capital was Paithan, the ancient Pratisthana, on the Godavari in the Aurangabad Dist. of the Nizam’s Dominions. It has been supposed (Bhand., Hist. Dek. p. 33) that at this second capital the heir apparent to the throne ruled as viceroy, bearing the same relation to the Andhra sovereign at Dhanyakataka as the ksatrapa bore to the mahaksatrapa in the kingdom of Sura§tra and Malwa after the time of Rudradaman. This point is not determined by the coin-legends; but it is noteworthy that the two chief classes of Andhra coins correspond to these two divisions of the kingdom. The same names are found on the coins of both classes; but the Western coins, found chiefly in the state of Kolhapur, are distinguished from the Eastern, found chiefly in the deltas of the Godavari and Kistna, not only by their types (C.CAI. p. 107), but also by the fact that their inscrr. include certain names or titles not found on the others. Viftvayakura apparently date in years of the same era (Smith, JBA. 1894, p. 194); (2) Drouin, JA. 1890 (XVI), p.368, suggests a Huna era beginning c. a.d. 448, and perhaps marking the date of the first invasion of India; (3) C.XChr. 1894, P- 252, supposes either that the date is Saka with omitted hundreds, i. e. 52 = 452 ; or (4) 1 . c. that it may refer to a Huna era beginning c. 456 a.d. the date of the great victory over the Sassanians. For the dates of the known princes of the later Gupta dynasty of E.Malwa, v. sup. S 94- § 106. Hu 9 a coinage. — The silver coins of Mihirakula (Plate IV, 20) с. 5 I S — 544 a.d., the son and successor ofToramana, are of the Sassanian fabric only (C.NChr. 1894, pp. 256. 280, PI. X, 3. 4; PE. I, p. 41 1). Copper coins of both Toramana (Plate IV, 19) and Mihirakula (Plate IV, 21) are found which show at the same time the influence of both Sassanian and Gupta prototypes (C.NChr. 1894, pp.265. 280, PI. IX, 16. 17, and X, 1. 2; Smith, JBA. I ^ 94 ) PP- 195 - 2 ° 3 )- These are found chiefly in the Eastern Panjab and Raj- putana, and, in some instances, the types and inscrr. of Mihirakula have been 30 II. Litter atur u. Geschichte. 3 b. Sources of Indian History: Coins. struck over those of Toramana (Fleet, Ind. Ant. 1886, p. 245). This is the only class of copper coins which can be attributed to the Huna Toramana, but of Mihirakula other classes also are known. One of these bears the usual Kusana types (v. sup. § 74 (2); C.NChr. 1894, pp. 256. 281, Pl.X, 5. 6; Smith, JBA. 1894, p. 203); while the types of another class (e. g. C. op. cit. Pl.X, 7) are of less certain derivation. It is doubtful whether the copper coins of Mihirakula bearing Kusana types are not to be attributed solely to Kashmir, which the Kidara Kusanas probably continued to hold after they were driven out of Gandhara (v. sup. S 76) and which may, perhaps, have been conquered by the Hunas for the first time during the reign of Mihirakula. Against the suggested identification of the Huna Toramana with Toramana of Kashmir: C.NChr. 1894, p. 256. For other Huna coins doubt- fully attributed to Kashmir, v. supra sub § 104. § 107. Huna coinage. — Huna coins of all types are found bearing names or fragments of names which are at present unknown from any other source. It is possible that there may have been more than one Huna dynasty reigning at the same time; or these coins may have been struck by viceroys ruling over different provinces of the empire. The limit of date for Huna coinage is probably 544 a.d., when, in the reign of Mihirakula, the Huna power was broken up by a confederation of Hindu princes under Yasodharman, Visnu- vardhana of Malwa, and Narasimhagupta Baladitya of Magadha (C.NChr. 1894, p. 258). Fragments of this power may, however, have survived till a later date. § 108. Uncertain, Huna or Persian. — There are some well-known classes of coins the nationality of which cannot at present be exactly deter- mined. They show signs of their Sassanian orgin by their thin fabric and by the fire-altar which constantly appears as their rev. type. They have, therefore, characteristics which belong both to some of the Huna coins and also to the coins of the Persian kings of the Panjab and Sind. The best known of these doubtful series is that which bears the name of Napki Malka. C.NChr. 1894, p. 267, PI. XII, 2; Ar. Ant. PI. XVII, 5, 7, 10, 17; Drouln, Rev. Num. 1891, p. 221. XI. LATER COINS OF N., E., C. AND W.INDIA. § 109. Persian Kings in the Panjab and Sind. — There are found in N.W.India coins of Sassanian type and fabric bearing inscrr. in NagarT, Sassanian Pahlavi, and an alphabet, hitherto unread, which is probably a development of the modified form of the Greek alphabet used by the Scytho- Sassanians (v. sup. § 75). These have been sometimes attributed to the later Hunas (C.NChr. 1894, pp. 267. 289), but apparently without sufficient reason. They were almost certainly struck by some Sassanian dynasty or dynasties — as is shown by the st) le of the coins and by the use of Sassanian Pahlavi — ruling over Sind and Multan, which the earliest Arab geographers include in the kingdom of Sind (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9 ,h ed., sub Multan). It may be noticed that this region had at other periods been in the hands of Persian conquerors (v. § 61, and cp. § 30). For one of these issues, which has the name Sri Vasudeva only in NagarT characters and all the remaining portion of its legends in Sassanian Pahlavi, an approximate date is fixed by its very near resemblance to a coinage issued by Khusru II Parvlz in the 37 th year of his reign =627 a.d. (cp. Longp£rier, Medailles des rois perses, PI. XI, 3, with C.NChr. 1894, PI. XII, 10 or Ar.Ant. PI. XVII, 9). In the Pahlavi inscrr. on these coins Vasudeva is called king of Bahman (= Bahmanvasi or Brahmanabad the capital of Sind), Multan, Tukan (= Panjab), Zabulistan, XI. Later Coins of N., E., C. and W.India. 3i and Sapardalaksan (perhaps = Rajputana; C.NClir. 1894, p. 292). The coins of Shdhi Tigin, which are closely connected with those of Vasudeva and with the particular issue of Khusru II mentioned above, by the use of the same reverse-type, supposed to represent the sun-god of Multan (C.ASR. V, p. 123), also bear the title “King of India and Persia” (NagarT: Hitivi ca Airdn ca paratnesvara ) = “King of the Panjab and Khorasan” (Sassanian Pahlavi: Takan Khorasan Malkd\ C.NChr. 1894. p. 291). The attribution and inter- pretation of other coins belonging to this Indo-Persian class (e. g. C. op. cit. PI. XII, 5—8) are less certain; but it seems probable that they belong to the same region and period as the others. Cp. also Wilson, Ar. Ant. pp. 400. 402, PI. XVII, 6. 8. 9, PI. XXI, 22; Th., Hist, of Early Muh. Arabs in Persia, p. 90; PE. I. PI. V, 10. 11 ; p. 122, PI. VII 6- H, p. 105. §110. Kanauj (Kanyakubja). — Coins struck by princes of the following dynasties of the mediaeval kingdom of Kanauj are known: — (1) Raghuvamsi Dynasty. For coins conjecturally attributed to Harsadeva (c. 606—650 a.d.) v. inf. § 122. The silver coins bearing the inscr. Srimad- Adivaraha were struck by Bhojadeva (Plate V, 5; c. 850 — 900 a.d.). Hultzsch, El. I. p. 155; C.CMI. p. 49, PI. VI, 20. 21. The same ref. also for othf^r coins which may perhaps belong to this dynasty. For the mention in inscrr. of Srlmad-Adivaraha drammas and other contemporary coins, v. Kielhorn, El I p. 169. ' ’ (2) Tomara Dynasty. The princes of this dynasty seem, at first, to have held both Kanauj and Dehli, and to have been confined to Dehli after the Rathor conquest of Kanauj, c. 1050 a.d. The coins represent three consecutive rulers of both Kanauj and Dehli, c. 978 — 1049 a.d., and two others of Dehli only, c. 1049 — 1128 a.d. The gold coins follow the types of the Kalacuris of Dahala (v. inf. § 116); the billon coins those of the Brahman Sahis of Gandhara (Bull and Horseman type; v. inf. § 115 (6)). C.CMI. p. 80, PI. IX, 1—8; Th. Pathans p. 58. (3) Rathor (Gadahavala) Dynasty. The coins of the Rathor conqueror of Kanauj, Candradeva, c. 1050 a.d., are not known. The series begins with those of his son Madanapala Deva, c. 1080 a.d., and includes the coins of two other rulers reigning till c. 1193 a.d. The coin-types are like those of the Tomara Dynasty. C.CMI. p. 82,: PI. IX, 15 — 17. § 111. The Pala Dynasty of Magadha. — No coins of this dynasty are certainly known, but it is not improbable that the coins of Sassanian derivation bearing the name Sri Vigraha should be attributed to Vigrahapala I of Magadha, 910 a.d. Smith, JBA. 1894, p. 192; C.ASR. XI, pp. 175. 181, PI. XLIII; C.CMI. p. 52, II. VI, 17. For the mention of Vigrahapala drammas in the Siyadoni inscr. v. Kielhorn, El. I, pp. 167. 169. § 1 12. Kashmir. — The origin of the Kashmirian coin-types is to be found in certain coins probably struck by Kaniska (v. sup. § 74, class (2)); and from this date until the Muhammadan conquest of Kashmir in the 13 th cent, these coin-types obv. King standing: rev. Goddess seated — remained unchanged. 1 he workmanship, however, is so rude during the greater part of this period (e. g. Plate IV, 24: Jagadeva, c. a.d. 1198), that these designs were in some cases misinterpreted by the early numismatists; and the dead level of degradation is so constantly kept, that the evidence of date usually afforded by the progressive improvement or degeneration in style is here to a great extent lacking. From the reign of Avantivarman (c. 855 a.d.) onwards. 32 II. Litter atur u. Geschichte. 3 b. Sources of Indian History: Coins. the coins fairly represent the list of kings given in the Rajatarahgini. For all the previous period, the dates and order of succession given in the Raja- tarahgini are untrustworthy, although a number of the names are found on the coins. That the Kidara Kusanas held Kashmir for some time is certain, but the date of their settlement there is doubtful (v.sup.g76). The Kashmirian coins of the Hunas given in C.NChr. 1894, PI. X, 5 — 7, and 9 — 13 (v. sup. sub § 106), seem to be copied from coins of the Kidara Kusanas; and those of the succeeding Naga or Karkotaka Dynasty (c. 625 — 757 a.d., v. C.CMI, p. 39, PI. Ill, 7 — 14) all bear the name Kidara (Plate IV, 22: Yasovarman). Between the date of the Huna Mihirakula (c. 515 a.d.) and the beginning of the Naga Dynasty, C. places a number of kings among whom a Toramana occurs. This king has usually been identified with the Huna Toramana, the father of Mihirakula (Rajendra Lala Mitra, Proc. BA. 1878, p. 191; Fleet, CII. Ill, Pref. p. 1 off.). For the arguments against this identification and in favour of a somewhat later date for Toramana of Kashmir, v. C.NChr. 1894, p. 256. Some gold coins of Harsa of Kashmir (Plate IV, 23) c. 1090 a.d., are directly imitated from South Indian coins, for the attribution of which v. inf. § 125 (1). C.CMI. p. 25, PI. Ill— V; Rodgers, JBA. 1879, p. 277, P 1 I. XI. XII. Cp. also C.NChr. 1843 (VI), 1; PE. I, 388, I’l. XXXI, 1 — 15. For the reading Tuitjina (Stein) instead of Turyamana (= Toramana, C.CMI. p. 42, PI. Ill, 1) v. Smith, JBA. 1897, p. 6, PI. I, 9. § 1 1 3. Nepal. — The earliest coins peculiar to Nepal are large copper pieces which bear some resemblance to the second class ofYaudheya coins — a resemblance no doubt due to a common origin from the coins of the Kusanas (v. sup. § 60). They appear to extend over a period from the first quarter of the 5 th cent, to the last quarter of the 7 th cent. a.d. Those bearing the name Mananka have been attributed to Manadevavarman, c. 425 a.d., and those reading Gunanka to his successor Gunakamadevavarman, c. 450 a.d. These names occur only on the coins and in the native dynastic lists. No mention of them has yet been found in inscrr. or other dated records. The dates given are, therefore, only approximate. The coins of Amiuvarman (Plate V, 1) and Jisnugupta can be dated with more exactness, as both these kings are known from dated inscrr. of the seventh cent. The coins bearing the names Pasupati and Vaisravana cannot be accurately dated. These are names of divinities, and it is uncertain by whom the coins were struck; but, from their style and fabric, they would seem to belong to the same period as the others. C.CAI. p. 112, PI. XIII; PE. I, p. 62, PI. Ill, 12; JBA. 1865, p. 124, PI. 15—19; Bendall, ZDMG. 36, p.651; Smith, Proc. BA. 1887, p. 144, PI. II; Hoernle, id. 1888, p. 114. For the chronology: Buhler, Ind. Ant. 1884, p. 411; S. Levi, JA. 1894 (IV), p. 64, places Arpsuvarman earlier. § 1 14. Sahis of Gandhara. — Traces of the kingdom which was estab- lished in Gandhara — the Kabul valley and the region of the upper Indus ■ — by the first Kusana conqueror (v. sup. §65) are to found at intervals from its beginning to its end (c. b.c. 25 — a.d. 1026). For a resum <5 of the information derived from literary sources,, e. g. Ai.beruni, Hwen Thsang, and the Rajatarahgini, v. Stein, Zur Gesch. der Sahis von Kabul, i893- § X15. Sahi Coinage. — The coins may probably be arranged in the following periods: — (1) Coins of the early Kusanas, c. b.c. 25 — a.d. 180 (v. sup. §§ 65 — 73)l (2) The later imitations of these (v. § 74), from which the coins of the Sassanian invaders (c. 300 — 450 a.d.) were copied (v. § 75); (3) The coins of the Kidara Kusanas, who held Gandhara, c. 425 — 475 a.d. (v. § 76). It is, however, doubtful whether these coins should be attributed to the king- XI. Later Coins of N., E., C. and W.India. 33 dora of the Kidara Kusanas in Gandhara or in Kashmir; (4) The coins of the Hunas struck in Gandhara, c. 475 — 530 a.d.(v. § 104). The use of the title Sahi on Huna coins is probably to be traced to this source; (5) After the Huna period, during the visit of Hwen Thsang, c. 630 a.d., the king of Gandhara was a Ksatriya. This, perhaps, shows that the Kusana dynasty had become Hinduised (v. Stein, op. cit. p. 5). It is uncertain what coins should be attri- buted to this period — perhaps the late imitations in copper of debased Ku§ana type (C.CMI. p. 49, PL VI, 1 — 6); (6) According to Alberuni (tr. Sachau II, p. 13) a Brahman vazir usurped the throne and founded a dynasty. To the different members of this Brahman dynasty are attributed the series of coins commonly known, from their predominating types, as the “Bull and Horseman” coins (c. a.d. 860 — 950; C.CMI. p. 62; Plate V, 6: Spalapati); (7) For the remaining period which extends to the date of the suppression this dynasty by Mahmud of Ghazni (i. e. c. 950 — 1026 a.d.), the names of the different princes are known from inscrr., but no coins have as yet been attributed to them. They are called Rajputs, and it has been conjectured (C.) that a counter- revolution may have wrested the kingdom from the Brahmans and restored it to its ancient Ksatriya possessors. C.CMI. p. 55, PI. VII; Ar. Ant. p. 428, PI. XIX, I — 23. For the supposed dates on the coins of the Brahman Sahis v. Bayley, NChr. 1882, pp. 128. 291; Th., Ind. Ant. 1883, p. 260; Fleet, id. 1886, p. 185. § 116. Kalacuris of Dahala. — Territory: the country watered by the upper Narbada and its tributaries (C.CMI. p. 67). Capital: Tripurl (= Tewar) for the ancient coins of which, v. sup. § 57. Of the mediaeval kingdom, the coins of only one monarch. Gdiigeyadeva (Plate V, 7), c. 1005 — 1035 a.d., are known. On these coins, the ancient Indian type of the seated Goddess is retained on one side, while the whole surface of the other side is occupied by the inscr. They were imitated by the Candellas of Jejahuti (§ 118), the Tomaras of Dehli, and the Rathors of Kanauj (§ no). C.CMI. p. 67, PI. VIII, 1—5; C.ASR. XVII, 71 ; Alberuni (trans. Sachau) I, p. 202. § 117. Kalacuris of Mahakosala. — Territory: the present dist. of Chatisgarh and Raypur in the Central Provinces (C.CMI. p. 67). Coins of three princes, from c. 1060 to 1140 a.d., are known (Plate V, 8: Jajalladeva). As on the coins of the Kalacuris of Dahala (§ 116), the inscr. occupies the whole of one side, but the type of the seated Goddess no longer appears on the other. C.CMI. p. 67, PI. VIII, 6 — 11 ; Hoernle, Proc. BA. 1893, P- 93 - §118. Candellas of Jejahuti or Mahoba. — Territory: the dist. bounded by the Jamna on the N., the sources of the Kiyan (or Ken) on the S., the Dasan on the W., and the Vindhya Mts. on the E. (C.CMI. p. 77). The coins re- present seven of the nine known rulers between 1063 and 1282 a.d., and are copied from those of the Kalacuris of Dahala (§ 116) to whom the Candellas were subject before a.d. 1063 (Plate V, 9: Hallaksanavarma). C.CMI. p. 76, PI. VIII, 12—21; C.ASR. XXI, p. 77; Hoernle, (BA. 1889, p. 34, PI. IV, 11. 12. § 1 19. Cauhans of Dehli and Ajmir. — Conquerors of Dehli from the Tomaras (v. sup. §110) c. ?ii28 a.d., and of Jejahuti (§1x8) in 1182 a.d. Those specimens of the Chauhan coinage which have been read with certainty represent the two last rulers, Somesvara and Prthvlraja, from c. 1x62 to 1192 a.d., the latter of these dates being that of the Muhammadan conquest of Dehli under Muhammad ibn Sam. The coin-types of the Chauhans are the Bull and Horseman (§ 115 (6)), which continued for some generations to find a place among the coin-types of their Muhammadan conquerors, the Indo-arische Philologie. It. 30. 3 34 II. Litteratur u. Geschichte. 3 b. Sources of Indian History: Coins. Sultans of Dehli (cp. S. Lane-Poole, B. M. Cat. Indian Coins: Sultans of Dehli, Pll. 1 — 111). C.CML p. 83, FI. IX, 9—14; Buhler, Proc. BA. 1893, P- 94 : Morison, WZKM. VII; Tie, Pathans p. 63. For Rajput coins not certainly read, v. Th., Pathans, p. 59; C.CMI. p. 88. S 120. Narvvar. — For the coins of the Naga dynasty, contemporary with the Guptas, v. sup. §101. The later Rajput coins represent four of the six known princes between c. 1230 and 1290 a.d., including one — Malaya- varma Deva — who is, at present, unknown from any other source. These coins bear dates in years of the Vikramaditya era (57 b.c.). C.CMI. p. 89, PI. X, 1 — 10; JBA. 1865, p. 115; Th., Pathans p. 67. §i2i. Kangra. — The coins of the Rajas of Kangra represent a period probably from c. 1330 to c. 1610 a.d. They call for notice here merely as noteworthy instances of the survival of an Indian type — the “Bull and Horseman” — for many centuries after the Muhammadan conquest. C.CMI. p. 99, PI. XI; Rodgers, JBA. 1880, p. 10, PI. II; Bayley, quoted in PE. I, p. 392. § 122. Unattributed Coins. — There are three classes of coins found in great numbers “from the Satlej eastward as far as Benares, and from the Himalaya southward to the Narbada River” (C.CMI. p. 47) which have not as yet been very definitely attributed: — (1) thin pieces of silver derived from the Sassanian type. Those which are simply rude imitations of actual Sassanian coins have been assigned with much probability to the Hunas (§ 105). The later imitations, which show, as they recede farther from the prototype, a more degraded representation of the original types and an increasing thickness of fabric, are probably Indian; but they cannot at present be certainly attributed to any particular dynasties. They are “common in the Gangetic Doab, but are found more plentifully in Mewar and Marwar, and throughout all Rajputana” (C.CMI. p. 48). They may perhaps be the predecessors of the coins of class (2), or they may be in- dependent of them though derived from the same prototype. In weight the two classes are similar; and, as the specimens vary from 60 to 65 grains, or from 3,8 to 4,2 grammes, they probably, like their Sassanian originals, represent the Greek drachma (v. sup. § 24). Some specimens bear the letters Ha or Ja, and C. ( 1 . c.) has very plausibly suggested that the former may be the initial of Harsavard/iana of Kanauj. The later coins of Bhojadeva of Kanauj (Srlmad-Adivaraha) are, certainly, similar in fabric, and are probably derived from the same source (v. sup. § no). He also suggests that those which bear the name Sri Vigraha may possibly have been struck by some successor of Bhojadeva (CMI. p. 51); but it is, perhaps, more probable that they should be attributed to Vigrahapala I of Magadha (v. sup. § in). C.CMI. p. 48, PI. VI, 13—19. (2) thick pieces of silver also derived from the Sassanian type, but so degraded in execution as to show little similarity to their originals. They are commonly called Gadhiya paisa (Plate V, 4) and C. (CMI. p. 50) would identify them with the Sadboddhika dramnias of the Jaunpur inscr. (C.ASR. XI, p. 176). They are found in S.W.Rajputana, in Mewar, Mahva, and Gujarat (C.CMI. p. 47). By their obv. type they are connected with a class of coins, on which the name Somaladeva is substituted for the degraded fire-altar of the rev. The same name also occurs on coins which have for the obv. the “horseman” type, probably borrowed from the Brahman Sahis of Gandhara ($ 115 (6)) C.CMI. p. 49, PI. VI, 10—12; Bh.JBRA. XII, p. 325. Cp. also id. XI, p.334; PE. I, p. 341, PI. XXVII, 13—16. XII. Coinages ok Southern India. 35 (3) copper coins of very rude fabric which may perhaps be imitations of the coins ,of the Later Kusanas (class (1), v. sup. § 74) — obv. King standing: rev. Siva and Bull. The workmanship is, however, so much degraded, that the obv. of these coins has usually been supposed to represent the Sassanian fire-altar. C. supposes these coins to have formed the common copper currency of the Panjab and Rajputana between a.d. 500 and 800 (v. sup. S 115 ( 5 ))- C.CMI. p. 48, PI. VI, 1—6. XII. COINAGES OF SOUTHERN INDIA. § 123. General Remarks. — In the numismatic history of Northern India, landmarks of great importance are afforded by the successive foreign invasions. There are no such prominent landmarks to indicate the different periods in the history of the Southern coinages. At the same time the pro- portion of inscribed coins is smaller, and classification depends to a greater extent on arguments derived from the provenance of specimens, the nature of their fabric, and the style of their types. These coinages have, moreover, as yet not received a scientific treatment in any way to be compared with that which has obtained such valuable historical results from the coins of the North. It is probable that the primitive method of punch-marking (v. sup. § 5) continued in use for a much longer period in the South than in the North; and, in some instances, it is clear that later improvements in the art of coin- making are the result of a development of this native method, and not of the adoption of the foreign method of striking from dies (v. inf. § 129; cp. also E. Numismatic Gleanings p. 12 = JMLS. XIX, p. 231). Roman gold and silver coins (v. sup. § 14) are found in great numbers in Southern India and Ceylon, and it is probable that they were actually used as currency in these countries, while, in the North, the Roman gold coins may, perhaps, have provided some of the metal for the large gold issues of the Kusanas. In the following list of South Indian states to which coins have been ascribed the Andhras are not included, as they have been discussed already, sup. § 85. § 124. Pandya. — Territory: the extreme south of the peninsula. After the punch-marked coinage, which here as elsewhere no doubt belongs to a very early period (v. sup. § 4) the most ancient Pandyan coins seem to be those, which, while retaining the original square form, bear a die-struck type — an elephant — on one side only; and, somewhat later, those which have types on both sides. It is almost certain that, in accordance with the usage of Southern India, historical facts are expressed by the heraldic symbols which occur on these coins in conjunction with the chief types, and it is, therefore, possible that the varying number of these symbols may afford data for a further chronological arrangement of the coins. These coins have been assigned to a period ending c. 300 a.d.; and the general resemblance which they bear in style and workmanship to coins of the Andhras (§ 87) and Pallavas (§ 128) makes this attribution not improbable. Loventhal, Coins of Tinnevelly (Madras 1888; p. 5, PI. I, 7—15; Tufnei.i., Hints to Coin-Collectors in S.India (Madras 1889) p. 8, PI. I, 2. There is much uncertainty as to the coins which should be ascribed to the Pandyas during the period c. 300 — 600 a.d. 3 * 36 II. Litter atur u. Geschichte. 3 n. Sources of Indian History: Coins. For coins conjecturally assigned to this period: Loventhal, op. cit. p. 7, PI. I, 16-33. Gold coins bearing the emblem universally adopted by the Pandyas in later times, viz. the fish, have been attributed to a period from the 7 th to the io lh cent. a. d. (E.CSI. p. 120; Plate V, 10). Later copper coins show the influence of the Cola conquest in the middle of the 11 th cent. a.d. (v. inf. § 126). E.CSI. p. 1 19, PI. Ill, 129—138; Tracy, JMLS. 1887—8, p. 138. § 125. Cera. — Territory: the province of Malabar. No coins have hitherto been assigned to the Cera dynasty at its most flourishing period before the Cola conquest in 877 a.d. After this date, certain districts over which the Cera power had been extended and which had hitherto been governed by viceroys became independent. Coins struck in two of such districts are known: — (1) Koiigudesa. “The western part of Maisur as far as Nandidrug, together with Coimbatore and Salem” (E.CSI. p. hi). To this district have been assigned certain gold and copper coins on which the Cera emblem, a bow, is usually found together with other symbols. The date of these gold coins, the chief type of which is the elephant (Plate V, 12), is limited to a period before c. 1090 a.d., as they are imitated by Har?adeva of Kashmir (v. sup. § 1 1 2). This coinage is apparently actually noticed in the Rajatarangini, VII, 926 — Ddksinatyabhavad bhangih priya tasya vilasinah, Karnafanugunas tankas tatas tena pravarttitah. C.CMI. p. 35, translating Karnata as = Karnatic has accordingly changed the attribution of these coins; but Karnata seems to denote rather a district in the centre of the peninsula which included certainly a part if not the whole of Kongudesa (L.IA. I, p. 170). E.CSI. p. 111, PI. Ill, 118 — 128. (2) Kerala. This term, which is sometimes used as synonymous with Cera, is here used in its more restricted sense as denoting that portion of the Western Coast which lies between the Candragiri and C. Comorin (E.CSI. p.61). To a dynasty ruling over this territory belongs a unique coin (Tracy coll.; in the British Museum with the inscr. Sri Vlrakeralasya in Nagari characters of, probably, the n lh or 12 th century (Plate V, ir). For the dynasty, the members of which bore this title, v. Sundaram Pillai, Some Early Sovereigns of Travancore, Ind. Ant. 1895, p. 249 ff. § 126. Cola. — The coins all belong to the period during which the Colas were becoming, or Jiad become, the paramount power in S.India. They fall into two classes: — (1) before c. 1022 a.d. the beginning of the reign of Rajaraja Cola. These coins show that the Cola power was already becoming supreme: they bear the Cola emblem, the tiger, in the centre with the Pandya and Cera emblems (Ash and bow) on either side of it. The coin-legends, in Sanskrit characters, give the names or titles of Cola sovereigns; but they have not, as yet, been identiAed beyond dispute with those occurring in the dynastic lists (Plate V, 13); (2) after c. 1022 a.d. With the reign of Rdja- raja comes a coinage of an entirely new type — obv. King standing: rev. King seated (Plate V, 14). This type spread with the extension of Cola power over a great portion of Southern India. Its use was established in Ceylon, as a result of the Cola occupation of the island, and was continued by the independent Rajas of Kandy (v. inf. § 127). E.CSI. p. 135, I’l. IV, 151 — 174; Hultzsch, Ind. Ant. 1892, p. 323, PI. I, 7; id. 1896, p. 317, PI. I, 1. 2. To a Cola sovereign, probably Kulottunga Cola I, a.d. 1070, have been attributed coins struck in repousse on very thin gold, like XII. Coinages of Southern India. 37 those of the Eastern Calukyas, Calukyacandra and Rajaraja II (v. inf. § i3°)- Hultzsch, Ind. Ant. 1896, p. 321, PI. II, 26. 27. § 127. Ceylon. — The coins of the Rajas of Kandy, who adopted without any important modification the types of their Cola predecessors, re- present a period from 1153 to 1296 a.d. (Plate V, 15: Fara.kramaba.hu). Previous to this period the coins circulating in Ceylon have no distinctive character: — they are either of the ancient punch-marked pattern or are im- portations due to foreign commerce or invasion. Rh. D., acc.; cp. also Vaux, NChr. i854(XVI),p. 1 2 1 ; PE. I, p. 419, PI. XXXV; Lowsley, NChr. 1895, p. 211, PI. VIII; Rangachari and Desikachaii, Ind. Ant. 1895, P- 332- § 128. Pallava. • — Territory: bordered by the Coromandel Coast. In the same region lived the Kurumbars, a people of considerable importance before the 7 th cent. a.d. Between the coins of these two peoples no accurate discrimination has yet been made. The coins of this region fall into two classes: — (1) Those which in style bear some resemblance to the coins of the Andhras (e. g. E.CSI. PL II, 55 — 58, called Kurumbar; and perhaps also id. I, 31 — 38, called Pallava or Kurumbar), and may, therefore, possibly belong to the same period (2 nd and 3 rd centuries a.d.). The occurrence of the ship as a reverse type testifies to the foreign trade for which the Pallavas were famous. (2) The other class is of gold and silver and undoubtedly later; but here again there seems to be no evidence from which to determine the exact date. These coins all bear the Pallava emblem, the maned lion, together with Canarese or Sanskrit inscr. (Plate V, 16). E.CSI. pp. 35ff., PI. I, 31— 38; 11,49-58; id. JMLS. XIX, p. 237, figs. 48— 50. 52. § 129. W.Calukya. — Territory: W.Deccan. After the beginning of the 7 th cent. a.d. the Calukyas are divided into two main branches — the Western Calukyas in W.Deccan, and the Eastern Calukyas in that part of the Pallava country which lay between the Kistna and Godavari. The gold coins of both branches bear the Calukya emblem, a boar, and are remarkable as showing a particular application of the Indian method of punch-marking, by which each portion of a definite design is impressed on the coin by a separate punch. Most of the coins of the Wes tern Calukyas are of thick gold, and often cup- shaped (Plate V, 17). Ei.liot (CSI. p. 67) supposes these to have been imitated from the Kadamba padma-tankas (v. inf. § 131) which are executed in the same manner and which he assigns to the 5 th or -6 th cent, a.d.; but there is no proof, in either case, of so early a date, and, on the analogy of the Eastern Calukya coins, they should probably be placed much later. For other coins attributed to the W. Calukyas, v. Hultzsch, Ind. Ant. 1897, p. 322, PI. II, 28. 29. E.CSI. p. 39, PI. I, 19-23, PI. Ill, 81 — 86. § 130. The dates of the known Eastern Calukya coins are fixed. Spe- cimens in some alloy of bronze have been recently found near Yellamanchili in the Vizagapatam dist. bearing in the inscr. Visama-sidd/ii, the title ofVisnu- vardhana, a.d. 663 — 672. Madras Govt. Mus. Report 1894, p. 4; Hultzsch, Ind. Ant. 1896, p. 322, PL II, 34- Other coins bear the name of Calukyacandra, or Saktivarman (a.d. 1000 — 1012) and Rajaraja II (a.d. 1021 — 1062). On these coins the Calukya boar and each letter of the inscr. are stamped in repousse on very thin gold. The attribution of these coins to the Eastern Calukyas seems to be beyond doubt; 38 II. Litteratur u. Geschichte. 3 b. Sources of Indian History: Coins. but it is remarkable that most of the specimens known have been found in the island of Cheduba, off the coast of Arakan. Fleet, Ind. Ant. 1890, p. 79; E.CSI. p. 67, PI. Ill, 79. 80, assigned these coins to the Western Calukyas of the 6 th or 7 th cent. a.d. Cp. also Phayre, Proc. BA. 1872, p. 3. For specimens found in India, v. Hultzsch, Ind. Ant. 1896, p. 321, PI. II, 24. 25, who also points out that these coins bear dates in regnal years. § 1 3 1 . Kadamba. — Territory: N.W.Deccan and N.Maisur. The gold Kadamba coins are in fabric and execution like the coins of the Western Calukyas (§ 129). Elliot assigns these padma-taiikas (Plate V, 18) — so called from the lotus which occupies the centre of the coin — to the flourishing period of Kadamba independence in the 5 th and 6 th cent, a.d.; but it seems probable that, like the coins of the Western Calukyas, they should be attri- buted to a considerably later period. The form of the Sanskrit letters which are found on them certainly supports this view. E.CSI. p. 66, PI. I, 7. 8. 10. u. 13—17, PI. II, 66—78, § 132. Rastrakuta. — Territory: the Kanarese districts of the Bombay Presidency. No coins have been attributed to this dynasty during its most flourishing period (c. 757 — 973 a.d.). For the silver coins, imitated from the coinage of the Ksatrapas of Surastra, which have been attributed to Krsnaraja Rastrakuta, c. 375 — 400 a.d., v. sup. § 100. § 133. Kalacuris of Kalyanapura. — Coins of the second prince of this dynasty, Somesvara a.d. 1167 — 1175, are known. E.CSI. p. 78, PI. Ill, 87. § 134. Yadavas of Devagiri. — Territory: Kalyanapura and the northern districts of the Western Calukya kingdom (a.d. 1187 — 1311). For their coins, v. E.CSI. p. 72, PI. Ill, 88 — 89. § 135. Yadavas of Dvarasamudra. — Territory: Maisur (a.d. 1047 — 1310). For their coins, v. E.CSI. p. 8o j PI. Ill, 90 — 92. § 136. The Kakatlyas of Worangal. ■ — Territory: Haidarabad (a.d. 1 1 10— 1323); or their successors the Vema Reddis of Kodavidu, a.d. 1361 — ? c. 1450 a.d. For coins attributed to these dynasties, v. E.CSI. pp. 82. 101, PI. Ill, 93-95. S 137. Vijayanagara. — The rise of this kingdom is an important land- mark in Indian history and numismatics; for while it became paramount in the country south of the Kistna and preserved there the S. Indian form of coinage, the country to the north of the Kistna had generally passed into the hands of the Muhammadans, and the Indian type of coinage had with a few isolated exceptions been superseded in that region by a coinage of the Muhammadan form. Hultzsch, Ind. Ant. 1891, p. 301, Pll. I. II; id. 1892, p. 321, PI. I; id. 1896, p. 317, PI. I, 3—6. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. Ar. Ant. = Ariana Antiqua. AR. = Asiatic Researches. ASWI. = Archaeological Survey of Western India. Bn. = BhagvanlAl Indrajl Bhand. = Bhandaricar; Hist. Dek. == Early History of the Dekkan. Bomb. Gaz. = Bombay Gazetteer. B. M.Cat. = British Museum Catalogue. C. = Cunningham; ASR. = Archaeological Survey Reports; CAI. = Coins of Ancient India; CMI. = Coins of Mediaeval India; Geog. = Ancient Geography of India. CII. Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum. Dr. = Drouin; HE. = Memoire sur les Huns Ephthalites. E. = Elliot; CSI. = Coins of Southern India, ed. = edited by. El. = Epigraphia Indica. G. or Gard. — Gardner; or Gardner, British Museum Catalogue of Greek and Scythic Kings of India. Gutsch., Gesch. Irans = A. von Gutschmid, Geschichte Irans. Ind. Ant. = Indian Antiquary. I.M.Cat. = Indian Museum Catalogue. JA. = Journal Asiatique. JBA. or JASB. = Journal of the Bengal Asiatic Society. JBRA. or BBRAS. = Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. JMLS. = Journal of the Madras Literary Society. JRAS. = Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. JR. Geog. Soc. = Journal of the Royal Geographical Society. I.. = Lassen; IA. = Indische Altertumskunde. NChr. = Numismatic Chronicle. obv. = obverst. Old. = Oldenberg. Proc. BA. or Proc. ASB. = Proceedings of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal. PE. = Prinsep’s Essays ed. Thomas. rev. = reviewed by. rev. = reverse. Rh.D. = Rhys Davids; ACC. = Ancient Coins of Ceylon. SBE. = Sacred Books of the East. Th. = Thomas; AIW. = Ancient Indian Weights. Tr. I. Or. Congr. = Transactions of the International Congress of Orientalists. WZKM. = Wiener Zeitschrift fur die Kunde des Morgenlandes, or Vienna Oriental Journal. ZDMG. = Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlandisclien Gesellschaft. ZfN. = Zeitschrift fur Numismatik. TABLE OF CONTENTS. page I. INTRODUCTION . . . .1 — 2 S I. Limits of the Contribution . 1 S 2. Classification of I. coins . . 1 S 3. Literature of Indian Numis- matics 1 II. EARLIEST NATIVE COIN- AGE 2 — 3 S 4. Standard and date of use . . 2 S 5. Form of the Coins .... 3 S 6. Guild-tokens 3 HI. EARLY FOREIGN COINS IN INDIA 3-5 S 7. Persian Coins in India . . 3 S 8. Persian standard .... 3 S 9. Athenian coins in India . . 3 § 10. Alexander’s coins .... 4 S II. Ind. Relations with Seleucids 4 S 12. Diodotus 4 §13. Parthian influence. ... 4 S 14. Roman coins in India . . 4 S 15. Roman influence .... 4 §16. Sassanian influence ... 4 IV. GRAECO-INDIAN COINS 5—7 S 17. The Greek invasion ... 5 S 18. Euthydemus and Demetrius . 5 S 19. Eucratides 5 S 20. Dates on G. L Coins . . 5 S 21 — 22. Pantaleon and Agathocles 6 S 23. Antimachus 6 S 24. Heliocles 6 S 25. Heliocles’ Successors . . 6 V. SCYTHIC INVADERS OF INDIA 7 — 10 S 26—27. The Saka invasion . . 7 § 28. Saka imitations of older coins 7 S 29. Maues — Moa .... 7 S 30. Vonones 8 S 31. Vonones and Azes ... 8 S 32. Satraps of Mathura ... 8 S 33. Ranjubula 9 $ 34. Saka Satraps 9 S 35 — 37. Doubtful Classes of Coins 9 S 38. Indo-Chinese Coins ... 10 VI. COINS OF NATIVE INDIAN STATES 10—15 S 39. General Remarks . . . . 10 S 40. Aim ora 10 S 41. Aparanta II page S 42. Arjunayana 1 1 S 43. Audumbara 11 S 44- Ayodhya H S 45- Baran 11 S 46. Eran 11 S 47. Janapada 12 S 48. Kada 12 S 49. Kosambi . . . • . .12 § 50. Kuninda 12 § 51. Malava 12 S 52. Mathura 13 S 53. Pahcala 13 S 54. Purl and Ganjam . . . .13 S 55- Sibi 14 S 56. Taxila 14 S 57. Tripurl 14 S 58. Ujjain 14 $ 59. Vatasvaka 14 j> 60. Yaudheya 14 VII. INDO-PARTHIAN COINS 15—10 S 61. Date of I. P. Dynasty . .15 § 62. Gondophares 15 $ 63. Wrongly attributed coins . 15 VIII. KUSANA COINS . .16—20 S 64. Definition of term ... 16 § 65—66. Hermaeus and Kujula Kadphises 16 S 67. The Nameless King . . . 16 S 68. Kujula Kara Kadphises . .17 S 69 — 71. Hima Kadphises . . .17 § 72. Coins of Kaniska, Huvi§ka and Vasudeva 18 S 73. Religious emblems on these 18 $ 74. Later Great Kusanas . . .18 S 75. Scytho-Sassanians . . . .19 § 76. Kidara or Little Kusanas . 19 IX. CONTEMPORARIES OF THE KUSANAS 20—24 S 77 — 78. Ksaharatas ... .20 $ 79. Nahapana 20 S 80. Ksatrapas of SurSstra . .21 S 81. Coins of the W.Ksatrapas . 21 § 82. Inscrr. on W.Ksatrapa Coins 21 S 83. Dates on W.Ksatr. Coins . 22 $ 84. Abhiras 22 S 85. Andhras 23 § 86. E. and W.Andhras ... 23 S 87. Types of Andhra Coins . . 23 § 88. Succession of Andhra Kings 24 8 89. Nanda Kings of Karwar . 24 Table of Contents. 4i X. page THE GUPTAS AND THEIR CONTEMPORARIES . 24—30 S 9°- The Imp. Guptas .... 24 S 91. The Imp. Gupta Coinage . 25 S 92. Division of the Gupta Emp. 26 S 93- Tfi e Northern Guptas . . 26 S 94. The Guptas of E. Malwa . 26 S 95- Later Guptas of E. Magadha 26 S 96. Unattributed G. Coins . 27 S 97- The Maukharis . . .27 S 98- Valabht 27 S 99. Bhlmascna 27 S too. Krsnaraja . ... 27 $ lot*. The Nine Nagas ... 28 S 102. The Parivrajaka Maharajas . 27 S 103. Hunas 27 S 104 — 107. Huna Coinage ... 28 S 108. Uncertain, Hflna or Fersian 30 XI. LATER COINS OF N., E., C. AND W. INDIA . . . 30—35 S 109. Persian kings in the Panjab 30 S no. Kanauj 31 S lit. Palas of Magadha ... 31 S 112. Kashmir 31 S 113. Nepal 32 page S 1 14. Sahis of Gandhara ... 32 S 115. Sahi Coinage ... .32 § tl6. Kalacuris of Dahala . . 33 S 117. Kalacuris of MahakoSala . 33 s 118. Candellas of Jejahuti . . 33 8 1 1 9. Cauhans of Dehli and Ajmir 33 S 120. Narwar 34 S 121. Kangra 34 S 122. Unattributed Coins ... 34 XII. COINAGE OF S.INDIA 35— 39 S 123. General Remarks . . . 35 8 124. Pandya 35 S 125. Cera 36 S 126. Cola 36 S 127. Ceylon 36 S 128. Pallava 37 S 129. W.Calukya 37 S 130. E.Calukya 37 S 131. Kadamba 38 S 132. Rastrakuta 38 S 133. Kalacuris of Kalyanapura . 38 § 134. Yadavas of Devagiri . . 38 S 135- Yadavas of Dvarasumadra . 38 S 136. Kakatiyas of Worangal . . 38 S 137* Vijayanagara 38 KEY TO PLATES OF COINS. [When not otherwise stated, it may be assumed that inscriptions are in some variety of the Brahml alphabet.] I. PLA'l'E I. 1. Punch marked coin. § 5. Obv. A number of symbols. Rev. Two symbols, one of which has been supposed to denote the district of Benares (C.CAI p. 56, PI. I, 14). Ak. W £ 52,8 grains = 3,41 grammes. 2. Guild-token. S 6. Obv. Steel-yard ; Above, in Kharosthl characters, Dnjaka or Dojala. Rev. In incuse, in Brahml characters, negama. AZ. [Buhler, Ind. Stud. Ill, p. 49 (sec. ed.) 3. Persian siglos. § 7. Obv. Early Achaemenid king represented as archer half-kneeling to right. Punch- mark, symbol like triskelis. A. \V £ 83,5 grs. =5,41 grms. [Rapson, JRAS. 1895, p. 876, PI. 24. 4. id. Rev. Incuse, and counter-mark resembling Brahml character yo. A. \V l 84,5 grs. = 5,47 grms. [Rapson, JRAS. 1895, p. 875, PI. 1. 5. Persian double daric, struck in India- § 7. Obv. Achaemenid king (probably DariuslII Codomannus, b.c. 337 — 330) represented as archer half-kneeling to right. Behind, :ZTA; beneath, MNA; in front, X. Rev. Irregular incuse, with conventional pattern formed by curved line in relief. N. W* 262,7 grs. = 17,02 grms. [Head, Historia Numorum p. 700. The inscr. behind and beneath the figure of the king on the Obv. has been supposed to mean “2 staters = 1 mina”. 6. Indian imitation of an Athenian coin. § 9. Obv. Head of Athena to right. Behind, M Rev. Owl to right. In front, AGE ; behind, a bunch of grapes. A W [ 257,8 grs. = 16,7 grms. [Head B.M.Cat., Attica p. 25, Athens, no. 267, PI. VII, 3. 7. id. Obv. Head of Athena to right. Behind, a punch of grapes. Rev. Eagle to left, looking back. Ak. W* 54 grs. = 3,49 grms. [Head, B.M.Cat., Attica, p. 26, Athens, no. 274, PI. VII, 9. 8. Sophytes. § 9. Obv. Ilelmeted head of king to right. Rev. Zfi(J>YTOY. Cock to right; above, on left, caduceus. A. W< 58,3 grs. = 3,77 grms. [Gard. p. 2, PI. I, 3. 9. Diodotus. $ t2. Obv. Diademed head of king to right. Rev. BAZlAEfiZ AIOAOTOY. Zeus strid- ing to left, hurling thunderbolt; aegis on left arm. At his feet, eagle to left; above eagle, wreath. A. W* 257,1 grs. = 16,65 grms. [Gard. p. 3, PI. I, 6. to. Demetrius. S 18. Obv. BAZlAEfiZ ANIKHTOY AHMH- TPIOY. Bust of king to right, wearing head-dress of elephant’s scalp and diadem. Rev. Maharajusa aparajitasa Demetriyusa in Kharosthl characters ; Winged thunder- bolt; below, right, monogram AZ. [C.NChr. 1869, p- 127, PI. IV, 11 = Gard. p. 163, PI XXX, 3. 11. Taxila; single-die coin. $ 56. Obv. In incuse, left, pile of balls, right, caitya; beneath, wavy line and uncertain designs (? vine-branches). AZ. [Cp. C.CAI. p. 61, PI. II, 9. 12. Pantaleon. §§ 21. 56. Obv. Rajino Pamtalevasa ; Figure of Indian dancing-girl. Rev. In incuse, BAZlAEfiZ I1ANTA- AEONTOZ. Maneless lion to right. AZ. [Gard. p. 9, FI. Ill, 9. 13. Taxila; double-die coin. § 56. Obv. Elephant to right; above, caitya. Rev. In incuse, maneless lion to left; above, svaslika; in front, caitya. AZ. [C.CAI. p. 62, PI. Ill, 2. 14. Maues. $ 29. Obv. Head of elephant to right; bell sus- pended from neck. Rev. BAZlAEfiZ MAYOY. Caduceus; to left, monogram fM. AZ. [Cp. Gard. p. 68, PI. XVI, 1. 15. id. Obv. BAZlAEfiZ BAZIAEfiN METAAOY MAYOY. Poseidon, holding trident in left hand, with right foot placed on the shoulder of a river god. Rev. Rajaliraja:a tuahalasa Aloasa in Kharosthl characters; Female figure standing between two vines; below, right, monogram §\. AZ. [Cp. Gard. p. 70, PI. XVII, 1. 16. Agathocles. § 21. Obv. Uitajasame, in Kharosthl characters; Tree in square railed enclosure. Rev. Akathukreyasa, in Kharosthl char- acters. Caitya surmounted by star. AZ. [Buhler, WZKM. VIII, p. 206. 17. Vonones and Spalagadama. S 3°- Obv. BAZlAEfiZ BAZIAEfiN MET A AOY | ONfiNOY. King on horseback holding lance to right. Rev. Spalahoraputrasa dhramiasa Spa/a- gadatnasa, in Kharosthl characters. Zeus, facing, holding thunderbolt in right and long sceptre in left hand; below, left, monogram ®. A. W 1 36,5 grs. = 2,36 grms. [Gard. p. 99, PI XXI, to. 18. Euthydemus. *jS [ 8. 28. Obv. Diademed head of king to right. Rev. BAZlAEfiZ EYGYAHMOY. Ileraklcs seated to left on rock, holding in right hand a club which rests on rock ; below, right, monogram tfl . A. W' 254,6 grs. = 16,49 grms. [Gard. p. 4, PI. I, 11. 19. Saka imitation of coin of Euthydemus. S 28. Obv. Degraded imitation of head ofEuthy- demus. Rev. Degraded imitation of type ofEuthy- demus; left, copy of name in Greek char- acters; right, inscription in Aramaean characters hitherto not certainly read. Ak. \V> 174 grs. = 1 1,27 grms. [C.NChr. 1889, p. 507, PI. XIII, 5. INDIAN COINS BY E. J RAPSON. I. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF INOO-ARYAN RESEARCH. KARL J. TROBNER, STRASS6URG. COLLOTYPE BY W. GRIGGS. PLATE II. 1. Miaus or Heraus. S 35- Obv. Diademed bust of king to right. Rev. TYIANNBVNTDX M[or HjlAOY XAMAB KDIIANDY. King on horseback to right; behind, Victory with wreath. A. Wt 184,4 grs. = 11,94 grms. [C.NChr. 1888, p. 47, PI. Ill, 2; Gard. p. 116, PI. XXIV, 7. 2. Hyrcodes. § 36. Obv. YPKCOAOY. Diademed bust of king to right. Rev. MAKAPOY AP4H0POY. Armed figure facing, with flames issuing from shoulders, and holding spear in right hand. A. Wt 44 grs. = 2,85 grms. [C.NChr. 1889, p. 310, PI. XIII, 15. 3. Zeionises. § 34- Obv. Debased Greek legend probably intended to represent MANNiT AOY YIOY XATPAriOY | ZEKUNIXCY; Satrap on horseback to right ; various Kharosthl characters in field; in front, symbol. Rev. Manigulasa chatrapasa putrasa chatra- pasa Jihotiiasa in Kharosthl characters ; left, Satrap to right; right. City to left holding wreath and cornucopiae ; Kha- rosthl characters in right and left field. Ak. W 1 149,6 grs. = 9,69 grms. [Cp. C.NChr. 1890, p. 168, PI. XV, 1. 4. Strato II. S- 33- Obv. BACIAEDC COTHPOC CTPATQ- NOC YIOY | CTPATQNOC; Diademed bust of king to right. Rev. Kharosthl inscr. (for C’s reading, v. Gard. 1. c.); Athena to left, holding thunderbolt and aegis. Ak. \V< 37 grs. = 2,39 grms. [Cf. Gard. p. 168, PI. XXXI, 7. 5. Ranjubula, imitated from coins of Strato II. S 33- Obv. BACIA6I BACIA6CUC CCDTHPOC PAIY ; Diademed bust of king to right. Rev. Apratihatacakrasa chalrapusa | Rciju- bulasa in Kharosthl characters; Diademed bust of king to right. Ak. W‘ 38 grs. = 2,46 grms. [Gard. p. 67; PI. XV, 11. 6. Ranjubula — Rajubula. S 33- Obv. Mahdkhatapasa Rajubu/asa in Brahml characters; Standing figure facing. Ai. [Bh. JRAS. 1894, p. 547, PI. 4- 7. Hermaeus and Kujula Kadphises. S 65. Obv. BAXlAFOX XTHPOXXY EPMAIOY; Diademed bust of king to right. Rev. Kujulakasasa kusanayavugasa dhra- mathidasa in Kharosthl characters; ller- akles facing, holding club in right and lion’s skin in left hand. M. [Gard. p. 120, PI. XXV, 1. 8. Kujula Kadphises. § 65. Obv. KDPCNAKDZnVAD | KAA4HZDV; Diademed head of king to right. A 2 . [Gard. p. 122, PI. XXV, 4. 9. Kozola Kadaphes, imitated from Roman denarii of Augustus. $ 66. Obv. XOPANCY ZAOOY KOZOAA KA- AAEC; Diademed head of king to right. AL. [Cp. Gard. p. 123, PI. XXV, 5. 10. Nameless King, Soter Megas. $ 67. Obv. Diademed and radiate bust of king to right, holding in hand lance bound with fillet; behind, symbol. Rev. BACIAEVC BACIAEVUJN CLUTHP METAC; King on horseback to right. AL. [Cp. Gard. p. 1 14, PI. XXIV, 2. 11. Hima Kadphises. % 71. Obv. BACIAEVC OOHMO KAA<}>ICHC; Bust of king, wearing helmet and diadem, to left. Rc v. Maharajasa rajadirajasa sarvaloga- isva> arasa mahi'svarasa hima-kapti(?)sasa, Siva facing, holding trident in right hand, and antelope’s skin on left arm; in right and left field, symbols. A'. Wt 1 23 grs. = 7,97 grms. [Cp. Gard. p. 125, PI. XXV, 9. 12. Vasudeva. SS 72. 74. Obv. [dAONANO pAO BAZOAHO KO- [CANO; King standing to left; holding spear in left hand, and with right hand scattering grains on altar. Rev. OHpO; Siva facing, holding tri- dent in left and noose in right hand; behind him, bull to left; above, right, symbol. A'. Wt 124,8 grs. = S,o8 grms. [Cp. Gard. p. 159; PI. XXIX, 10. 13. Later Great Kusana. § 74. Obv. The figure of the king is apparently imitated from that of Vasudeva, while the legend is a copy of that of Kaniska; Nagarl characters — left, ga- middle, gho; right, hu. Rev. Type of Vasudeva. A r . Wt 120,2 grs. = 7,78 grms. [C.NChr. x 893> P- I2 °> PI- VIII, 16. 14. Later Great Kusana. S 74. Obv. Figure of king and legend copied from those of Kaniska; Nagarl char- acters — left, ha ; right, vL Rev. APAOXjDO; Goddess seated on throne facing, holding noose in right and cornucopiae in left hand ; above, left, symbol; below, left, Nagarl char- acter la. A’. W l 121,4 grs. = 7,86 grms. [C.NChr. 1893, p. 119, PI. VIII, 2. 15. Scytho-Sassanian: VarahranV, 422 — 440 a.d. (C.). S 75- Obv. Figure of king, copied from that of Vasudeva, wearing head-dress orna- mented with ram’s horns; the inscr. in debased Gk. characters contains the name^nd titles of Varahran. Rev. Siva and bull, copied from coins of Vasudeva; inscrr. in debased Gk. characters. A T . W‘ 121 grs. = 7,84 grms. [C.NChr. 1893, P- 182, PI. XIII, 15. 16. Kidara Kusana: Krtavlrya. $ 76. Obv. King standing to left; beneath right arm Dharva, and beneath left arm Kida(ra), in Nagarl characters. Rev. Sri Krtavlrya in Nflgarl characters; Goddess seated. .V. W [ 120 grs. = 7,77 grms. [C.NChr. 1893, P- 201 ; PI. XV, 11. INDIAN COINS BY E. J RAPSON. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF INDO'ARYAN RESEARCH COLLOTYPE BY W GRIGGS. KARL J. TRUBNER, STRAS9BURG. PLATE III. 1. Ksaharata: NahapSna. S 78. Obv. Head of satrap to right; traces of inscr. in Gk. characters. Rev. Rajiio Ksaharatasa Nahapdnasa in Brahml characters; Ratio Chaharalasa Nahapanasa in Kharosthl characters; Thunderbolt and arrow. Ak. \V' 29,2 grs. = i,88 grms. [Bh., JR AS. 1890, p. 642, PI. 1. 2. Ksatrapas of Surastra : Castana. $ 80. Obv. Head of satrap to right; traces of inscr. in Gk. characters. Rev. Kajho Mah a ksatrapa sa Ghsamotika- putrasa Castana-, a in Brahml characters; Cata(J)nasa in Kharosthl characters; Caitya ; right, star; left, crescent. Ak. W ( 25 grs. - 1,62 grms. [C.CMI. p. 6, PI. I, 6. 3. Damasena, dated coin. § 83. Obv. Head of satrap to right; behind, date 100 + 50 + 3, and traces of Gk inscr. Rez>. Rajiio Mahakfatrapasa RudrasThasa putrasa Rajhi Mahaksatrapasa Rama- senasa in Brahml characters; Caitya ; right, star; left, crescent. A. W* 34 grs. = 2,2 grms. [Cp. Bh., JRAS. 1890, p. 653, PI. 11. 4. Andhra: Gotamlputa, Vilivayakura. § 86. Obv. Caitya within railing; above, svastika ; right, tree. Rev. Rah 1 Gotamiputasa Vihvayakurasa ; Bow and arrow. E. [Cp. C.CA 1 . p. 109, PI. XII, 6. 5. Siriyana Gotamlputa Satakani. § 87. Obv. Siriyana Sitakanisa Ratio Gotamipu- tasa, Head of king to right. Rev. Siriyana Satakanisa .... nasa Gotaml- pitiasa; right, caitya-, left, “Ujjain” sym- bol (v. § 58). Ak. [E.CSI. p. 25. The Rev. inscr. differ- ently read by Bh., JBRA. XV, p. 3 ° 5 - 6. Vatasvaka. § 59. Obv. Vatasvaka in Brahml characters ; Caitya-, beneath, pile of balls; right, standing figure worshipping. JE. [BuHLER,Ind. Stud. Ill, p. 47 (sec. ed.). 7. Kada: Cast coin. § 43. Obv. and Rev. (similar) Kadasa in Brahml characters; above, snake. JE. [C.CAI. p. 62, PI. II, 21. 8. Audumbara: Dharaghosa. S 43 - Obv. Mahadevasa raha Rharaghosasa Odum- barisa; across field, Visvamitra, in Kha- rosthl characters; Standing figure of Siva (or Visvamitra?). Rev. Same inscr. in Brahml characters; right, tree within railing; left, trident battle-axe. Av. Wt 37,5 grs. = 2,42 grms. [C.CAI. p. 67, PI. IV, 1. 9. Kuninda: Amoghabhuti. § 50. Obv. Raha Kunimdasa A mogh abh ulisa Maharajasa in Kharosthl characters; Deer to right facing female figure; above, symbol; below, caitya. Rev. Same inscr. in Brahml characters; centre, caitya surmounted by trisul; right, tree within railing; left, svastika and another symbol. Ak. W< 34 grs. = 2,2 grms. [C.CAI, p. 72, PI. V, 1. 10. id. ChatreSvara(P). Obv. Bhagavata Catresvara Mahaimanah in Brahml characters; Siva facing, holding trident battle-axe in right hand, and antelope’s skin on left arm. Rev. Deer facing left; above, symbols; right, tree within railing; left, caitya and symbol. Ai. [C.CAI. p. 72; PI. V, 5. 11. Kosambl: Bahasatimita. § 49. Obv. Humped bull to right facing caitya ; above “Ujjain” symbol. Rev. Bahasatimitasa in Brahml characters ; tree within railing; on either side, sym- bols. AL. [C.CAI. p. 74, PI. V, 11. 12. id.: Cast coin. Obv. Humped bull to left facing symbol. Rev. Tree within railing; below, caitya-, left, dharma cakra and trisul; right, sva- stika and another symbol. M. [C.CAI. p. 73, PI. V, 7. 13. Yaudheya. § 60. Obv. Elephant to right. Rev. Inscr. in Brahml characters not fully read containing the word Vaudheyana ; Humped bull to right, facing tree within railing. M. [C.CAI. p. 77, PI. VI, 2. 14. id. Obv. Standing figure; symbol on either side. Rev. Yatidheyaganasya jaya dvi in Brahml characters. Soldier standing holding spear in right hand. JE. [C.CAI. p. 77, PI. VI, 7. 15. id. ? Brahmanya Deva. Obv. Standing figure facing; right, tree within railing; left, trisul and caitya. Rev. Bhagavata Svamina Brahmanya \Devd\ Yaudheya . ., in Brahml char- acters; Six-headed deity (Kirtikeya, sadii- nana, brahmanya ) facing, holding spear in right hand. Av. W 1 26 grs. = 1,68 grms. [C.CAI. p. 78, PL, VI, 11. 16. Pan cal a (Sunga): Phalgunlmitra. S 53 - Obv. Figure standing on lotus ; left, symbol. Rev. Phagunimitrasa in Brahml characters ; above, three symbols. /E. [Cp. C.CAI. p. 82, PI. VII, 5. 17. Mathura. $ 52. Obv. Upatikya in Brahml characters ; above, svastika. M. [C.CAI. p. 86, PI. VIII, 1. 18. Janapada. S 47 - Obv. Horse to left. Rev. . . .putra Janapadasa in Kharosthl characters; Tree within railing. JE. [Unpublished. 19. id. Obv. Humped bull to left. Rev. . . . Janapadasa, in Brahml characters Standing figure. AL [C.CAI. p. 89, PL VIII, 19. 20. Arjunayana. 8 42. Obv. Humped bull to left. Rev. Arjunayandna in Brahml characters; Standing figure; left, symbol. JE. [C.CAI. p. 90, PL VIII, 20. INDIAN COINS BY E. J RAPSON. Ill ENCYCLOPEDIA OF INDO'ARYAN RESEARCH. 6 >C COLLOTYPE BY W. GRIGGS. KARL J. TRUBNER. STRASSBURQ. PLATE IV. 1. Mathura: Hindu prince, Ramadatta. § 52. | Obv. Elephant facing &c. Rev. In incuse, Rajho Rdmadatasa in Brahml characters ; Standing figure ; on j either side, symbols. JE. [Cp. C.CAI. p. 88, PI. VIII, 13. 2. AyodhyS: Cast coin. § 44. Obv. Fish to left; above, svastika. Rev. Steel-yard ; above, crescent. JE. [Cp. C.CAI. p. 91, PI. IX, 3. 3. id. : SQryamitra. Obv. Peacock to right facing palm-tree. Rev. In incuse Suyyamitrasa in Brahml j characters; Humped bull to left, facing] post. JE. [C.CAI. p. 93, PI. IX, 14. 4. id. : Cast coin. Dhanadeva. Obv. Dhanadevasa in Brahml characters : j Humped bull to right facing symbol. JE. [Cp. C.CAI. p. 92, PI. IX, 8. 5. Ujjain. S 58. Rev. Ujeni{ya) in Brahml characters; above, man’s hand. JE. [C.CAI. p. 98, PI. X, 20. 6. id. Obv. “Ujjain” symbol; below, river with fishes; left, tree within railing; above and right, other symbols. Rev. “Ujjain” symbol. JE. [C.CAI. p. 98, PI. X, 15. 7. Eran — Erakina. S 46. Obv. Dhamapdlasa in very ancient Brahml characters written from right to left. JE. [Buhler, Ind. Stud. Ill, p.44f. (sec. ed.). ; 8. id.: Punch-marked coin. Obv. Punch-marked with various symbols. JE. [C.CAI. p. too, PI. XI, 1. 9. Gupta: Candragupta I. S 90. Obv. Right, Candragupta ; left, Kumdra- \ drJisrlh ; Queen standing to right facing ] king standing to left. Rev. Licekavayah ; Goddess facing, holding noose in right hand and cornucopiae in left arm, seated on lion to right; above, left, symbol. N. W' 123,8 grs. = 8,02 grms. [Smith, JRAS. 1889, p. 63, PI. I, 1. 10. id.: Skandagupta, silver, central fabric. S 91- Obv. King’s head to right, in front, date j 100 40 5- Rev. Deva Skandagupto ’yam vijitdvanir | avanipatir jayati , Fan-tailed peacock. A. Wt 34,3 grs. = 2,22 grms. [Cp. ] Smith, JRAS. 1889, p. 133, PI. IV, 3. 1 1. id.: Candragupta II Vikramaditya. § 9 1 - I Obv. King standing to left, with an atten- j dant, right, holding an umbrella over him. Rev. Maharaja SrT Candragupta/; ; Garuda I represented with human arms. .E. [Cp. Smith, JRAS. 1889, p. 138, PI. IV, 9. 12. Valabhl. § 98. Obv. King’s head to right. Rev. Inscr. not perfectly read ; Trident. Ak. \V« 30,6 grs. = 1,98 grms. [Cp. C.CMI. p. 8, PI. I, 16. 13. Maukhari: ISSnavarman. § 97. Obv. I lead of king to left ; in front, date 54. Rev. Vijitdvanir avanipati SrTsdnavarma deva jayati ; Fan-tailed peacock. A'- W 35 grs. = 2,26 grms. [C.CMI. p. 20, PI. II, 12; cp. Smith, JBA. 1894, P- >93- 14. Bhlmasena. § 99. Obv. Head of king to left; in front, traces of date. Rev. Vijitdvanir avanipati BhTmasena deva jayati ; Fan-tailed peacock. Ak. Wt 34,2 grs. = 2,21 grms. [Cp. Smith, JRAS. 1889, p. 135. 1 5. Sasanka. S ,93- , Obv. Right, Sri Sa(sdtika)\ below, jay a ; Siva, facing seated on bull to left. Rev. StTSasahha; Goddess seated onlotus. A’. Wt 145 grs. = 9,39 grms. [C.CMI. p. 19. PI. II, 5. 16. Iluna: Toramana, silver coin imitated from Gupta coinage. § 105. Obv. Head of king to left; in front, date 52. Rev. Vijitdvanir avanipati Sri Toramana deva jayati ; Fan-tailed peacock. Ak. Wt 32,8 grs.=*=2, 12 grms. [Cp. C.CMI. p. 20, PI. II, 11. 17. Krsnaraja. $ 100. Obv. Head of king to right. Rev. (apparently). Panama Mahesvara- mahddevyoh pdddnudhydla SrT Krsnaraja ; Humped bull crouching to right. Ak. W' 31 grs. = 2 grms. [Cp. C.CMI. p. 8, PI. 1, 1 8. 18. Huna: Shahi Javuvla, repoussi coin. S ic>4-_ Obv. Shahi Javuvlak ; Head ofking to right. Ak. Wt 56 grs. = 3,62 grms. [C.NChr. 1894, p. 278, PI. IX, 10. 19. id.: Tora(mana). § 106. Obv. Bust of king to right; behind, dha; in front, tra (?). Rev. Tora\ above, wheel. JE. [Cp. C.NChr. 1894, PI. IX, 16; and Smith, JBA. 1894, p. 200. 20. id.: Mihirakula. § 106. Obv. Jayatu Mihirakula ; Bust of king to right; in front, bull standard; behind, trident. Rev. Fire altar and attendants, copied from Sassanian coinage. Ak. W' 54,2 grs. = 3,51 grms. [Cp. C.NChr. 1894, p. 281, PI. X, 3. 21. id. S, iq 6 - Obv. SrT Mihirakula ; Bust of king to right. Rev. jayatu Vrsa ; Humped bull to left. JE. [Cp. C.NChr. 1894, p. 280, PI. X, 1. 22. Kashmir: Yasovarman. S l12 - Obv. King standing; under left arm Kidd(ra). Rev. Sri Yasovarma; Goddess seated. A'. W< 112 grs. = 7,25 grms. [C.CMI. p. 44, PI. Ill, II. 23. id.: Ilarsadeva, imitated from coinage of Kongudesa (v. § 125). S 112 - Obv. Elephant to right. Rev. SrT Harsadeva. N. W* 71,8 grs. = 4,65 grms. [C.CMI. p. 36, PI. V, 23. 24. id.: Jagadeva. S II2 - Obv. King standing. Rev. Goddess seated; left, ja; right, ga. JE. [Cp. C.CMI. p. 46, PI. V, 32. NDI AN COINS BY E. J. RAPSON. IV. ENCYCLOPEDIA OP INOO'ARYAN RESEARCH. COLLOTYPE BY W. GRlOOS. 18 M 4 >C I PLATE V. 1. Nepal: Amsuvarman. § 1 13. Obv. KcLmadehi', Cow to left. Rev. Sryamsuvarma ; Winged horse to left. JE. [Cp. C.CAI. p. 11 6, PL XIII, 4. 2. Nagas of Padmavatl : Ganapati Naga. § 101. Obv. Humped bull to left. Rev. Sri Ganapatyu. JE. [C.CMI. p. 24, PI. II, 21. 3. Huna: imitated from Sassanian coinage of latter part of reign of FlrOz (471 — 486 a.d.). § io 5- Obv. Head of king to right. Rev. Fire-altar; above, left, crescent; above, right, star. As. Wt 61 grs. = 3,95 grms. [C.CMI. PI. VI, 13; and Hoernle, JBA. 1890, p. 168. 4. Gadhiya paisa. §122 (2). Obv. Head of king to right. Rev. Fire-altar. As. W* 61 grs. =3,95 grms. [Cp. C.CMI. p. 50, PI. VI, 7. 5. Kanauj: Srimad Adivaraha, Bhojadeva. S no. Obv. Visnu in his boar avatar to right. Rev. Srimad Adivaraha ; below, traces of fire-altar. A. W £ 62 grs. = 4,01 grms. [C.CMI. p. 54, PI. VI, 20. 6. Sahis ofGandhara: Spalapatideva. § 115. Obv. Horseman to right; behind, gu; in front, inscription in undeciphered char- acters ^Turkl). Rev. Sri Spalapali Deva; Recumbent humped bull to left. A. W* 50,6 grs. = 3,27 grms. [Cp. C.CMI. p. 63, PI. VII, 6. 7. Kalacuris of Dahala: Gahgeyadeva. $ 116. Obv. Four-armed goddess seated facing. Rev. Srimad Gahgeyadeva. A!. W' 62 grs. = 4,01 grms. [C.CMI. p. 72, PI. VIII, 1. 8. Kalacuris of Mahakosala: Jajalladeva. S 117- Obv. Lion(?) rampant to right. Rev. Srimaj Jajalladeva. N. W* 57,5 grs. = 3,72 grms. [C.CMI. p. 76, PI. VIII, 9. 9. Candellas of Jejahuti or Mahoba: Hallak- sanavarman. S 1 1 8. Obv. Four-armed goddess seated facing. Rev. Srimad Hallaksanavamta Deva. N. W' 63 grs. — 4,08 grms. [C.CMI. p. 79, PI. VIII, 14. to. Pandya. S 124. Obv. Two fishes under canopy; right, lamp; left, chauri. Rev. Inscr. not certainly read. A r . Wt 57 grs. = 3,69 grms. [E.CSI. p. 152 F ; PI. Ill, 129. 11. Kerala. § 125 (2). Obv. Name not read. Rev. Sri Virakeralasya. AR. Wt 36,3 grs. = 2,35 grms. [Un- published. 12. Koiigudesa. § 125 (1). Obv. Elephant to. right. Rev. Floral design. A 7 . Wt6o,2 grs. = 3,9 grms. [Cp. E.CSI. p. 152 F; PL III, 119. 13. Cola. S 126. Obv. Tiger seated under canopy to right, facing two fishes. Rev. Uttamacola. As. Wt 62,6 grs. — 4,05 grms. [E.CSI. p. 152 G; Pl. III, 154. 14. id.: Rajaraja. § 126. Obv. King standing. Rev. Rdjaraja; Goddess seated. M. [Cp. E.CSI. p. 152 g; Pl. IV, 166. 15. Ceylon: Parakrambahu. S 127. Obv. King standing. Rev. Pardkramabahu, Goddess seated. M. [Cp. Rh.D., ACC. p. 25, PL 5. 16. Pallava. § 128. Obv. Vase on stand. Rev. Lion to right. As. W' 103,9 grs. = 6,73 grms. [ECSI. p. 152 b; Pl. II, 49. 17. W.Calukya. § 129. Obv. Boar to right, surrounded by various punch-marked symbols. Rev. Striated. .V. Wt 57,2 grs. = 3,7 grms. [E.CSI. p. 152, PL I, 19. 18. Kadamba: Padma-tanka. $ 131. Obv. Lotus, surrounded by various sym- bols and inscr. punch-marked. A'. Wt 57 grs. =3,69 grms. [Cp. E.CSI. p. 152, PL I, 8. 19. E.Calukya: Rajarija. / S 130. Obv. Boar to right; Sri Rajardja sa(m- vat) 35. AI. W 1 66,8 gTS. = 4,32 grms. [Cp. Hultzscii, Ind. Ant. 1896, p. 321. INDIAN COINS BY E. J. RAPSON. V. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF I N 0O*AR YAN RESEARCH. COLLOTYPE BY W GRIGGS KARL J.TRUBNER STRASSBURQ. INDEX. The references are to pages. Coin-legends are in italics. When one reference is of more importance than the others, it is placed first and separated from the rest !>y a semi- colon instead of a comma. Abdagases 15. Abhlra 22 ; 24. Achcemenid dynasty 3, 7. Acyuta 28. Adivaraha 31; 34. Afghanistan 8, 10. Agathocles 6; 14. Agnimitra 13. Agnivesya prince 17. Ajmir 33. Alexander the Great 4. Allahabad district 12. Almora 10. Amaravatl 23. Amsuvarman 32. Andhra (Andhrabhrtya or Sa- tavahana) dynasty 23; 20, 21. 35 . 37 - ' Antialcidas 6. Antimachus 6. Antiochus II. 4. Antiochus III. 5. Antiochus ‘ Nicator’ 6. Apalatasa, Maharaj asa 11. Aparanta II. Apollodotus 6, 8, II, 12,21. Arachosia 8, 19. Arakan 38. Archebius 6. Arjuna 22. Arjunayana II. Asoka 4. Aspavarma,son of Indravarma 9 . 15 - Asvaka 14. Athenian coins in India 3. Athenian coins, Indian imi- tations of 3. Audumbara (Odumbara) 1 1 ; 12, 15. Augustus 4, 16. Aurangabad district 23. aureus 17, 18, 25. authorities quoted : Acts of St. Thomas 15; Alberuni 32, 33 ; Appian 4; Arrian 14; Hwen Thsang 32, 33; Pliny 17; Ptolemy 12; Pu- janas 13,22,23,28; Quintus Curtius 14; RajatarahginI 29 . 32, 36; Varahamihira, G&rgl-samhita 17. Indo-arischc Philologie. It. 3 b. I Avantivarman 31. ■ Ayodhya 1 1 ; 12, 25. I Azes 8, 9, 1 5. Azilises 9, II. Bactria 5, 7, 16, 19. Bahasatimita 12; 13. Bahman = Bahmanvasi, or Brahmanabad 30. Baidava = Paithan 24. Balabhuti 13. Baladitya v. Nara(guptal. BaAeoKoupoc 23. Balkh 5. Baran 1 1 . Benares 34. Bhanugupta 26. Bhattarakasa 27. Bhawalpur 14. Bhlmasena 27; 29. Bhojadeva 31; 34. billon coins 21, 31. border, “reel and bead” 16. Budhagupta 26; 27, 29. Bulandshahr 11. Calukyacandra 37. Calukyas, Eastern 37; Western 375 3 »- Candella dynasty 33. Candradeva 31. Candraditya v. Visnugupta. Candragiri 36. Candragupta Maurya 4. Candragupta I. 24. Candragupta II. Vikramaditya 22, 25. Ca§tana 21 ; 18, 23, 24. cast coins 3, 11, 12, 13. Cauhan dynasty 33. Cera 36. Ceylon 37; 36. Ckahara[/a] 14, 20. Chatisgarh 33. Cheduba 38. Chinese authorities 7. Chitor 14. Chitral 20. Coimbatore 36. coin-legends: Aramaic 7; Brahml (orXagarl) 6, 9, 10, 11,12, 13, 14,21, 29; Brahml and Kharosthl 6, 1 1, 12, 20 ; Brahml and Pahlavi 31 ; Brahml, Pahlavi and uncer- tain 30; Chinese and Kha- rosthl 10; Greek 8, 9, 21, 29; Greek and Kharosthl 5, 9, 15, 16, 18. coins of uncertain attribution 10. coins, where found v. proven- ance of coins. coin-types: boar 37 ; bow 36 ; bull and horseman 33, 34 ; caitya 23; caitya-tree 13; deities — Avestan, Buddha, Greek, Scythic, Vedic 18; elephant 35, 36; fire- altar 30, 34, 35; fish 36; goddess seated 19,20,33; horseman 34; king seated 36; king standing 35, 36; lion 37; lotus 38; peacock 25; ship 37; Siva and bull 19.35; s *ag II; sun-god of Multan 31 ; tiger36; trident 25 ; of Kashmir 3, 3 1 ; native Indian influenced by Greek 5 ; ofRaiijubula9; of South- ern India 35; developed from punch-marks 11, 37. Cola 36. Comorin, Cape 36. copperor bronze alloyed 23,37. Coromandel Coast 37. countermarks 3. Cukhsa 14, 20, cup-shaped coins 37. Dabhala, perh. = Dahala 28. Dahala, Kalcuris of 33; 31. Daimachus 4. Damajadasrl I. 22. DamajadasrI 111 . 22. Dsmasena 22. Das 3 n 33. dates on coins: Brahman Shahis (supposed) 33 ; Grae- co-Bactrian 5 ; Gupta 22, 25, 27 ; Iluna 29 ; Indo-Parthian (Sanabares) 15; Ksatrapas of Surastra 21, 22; Mau- khari 27. 4 : 54 II. Litteratur und Geschichte. 3B. Sources of Indian History: Coins. Deccan 20, 37. 38. Dehli 31, 33, 34. Demetrius 5, 8. Devagiri 38. devaputra 9, 1 7. Dhanyakataka 23. d liar ana 2. Dharanikot 23. Dharasena 27. Dheri Shahan 14. die-struck coins 14, 35. dlnara 25. Diodotus 4, 6. double-die coins 14. dramma 31, 34. Drangiana 8. Dvarasamudra 38. emblems, religious, on coins 18 ; v. also s. vv. coin-types and symbols. Ephthalites v. Hunas. Eran (Erakina) 1 1. eras: Chedi 22; Gupta 24; Huna (supposed) 29; Malava v. Vikrama; Saka 18,21,22 ; Seleucid 5, 18; Surastra(Ksa- trapas) supposed 22; Triku- taka 22; Vikrama 15, I7> 21, 34- Eucratides 5, 17. Euthydemus 5, 6. Flruz 28, 29. Gadhiya-paisa 34. Ganapati-Naga 28. Gandhara 1 9, 20, 28, 30, 33, 34. Gandhara, Brahman Sahis of 32 ; 31 - Gangetic doab 29, 34. Gahgeya-Deva 33. Ganjam 13. Gantur district 23. Ghatotkaca 24. Ghazni 8. Gilgit 20. Girnar edicts 12. Godavari 23, 37. Gomitasa Bdrdnayd 1 1 . Gomitra 1 1. Gondophares 15; 4, 8. Gotamiputasa V ilmayakitrasa, Rano 24. Gotamlputra Satakarni I. and II. 23, 24. Graeco-Indian dynasties 5, 6, 8, 10. Greek alphabet, Kusana modi- fications of 18; Scythic modifications of 29. guild tokens 3. Gujarat 20, 29, 34. Gunanka = Gunakamadeva- varman 32. Gundophorus v. Gondophares. gunja-berry v. rati (raktika). Gupta dynasty, Imperial 24; 17, 19, 22, 27,28,34; — of E. Magadha 26; — of E. Malwa 26, 29; — Northern 26 ; — coins of doubtful attribution 27. Haidarabad 38. Hallaksana-Varman 33. Hara-Hunas v. Hunas. (Hd)riguptasya, Sri Mahdrajno 27- Harikanta , Sri 27. Harsadeva(Harsavardhana) of Kanauj 24, 31, 34. Harsadeva of Kashmir 32 ; 36. /fasti, Rdrta 28. Heliocles 6. Heliocles and Laodice 5. Heraus v. Miaus. Hermaeus 16. Hima-Kadphises 17; 16, 18. Himalaya 34. Hindu Kush 9. Hitivi ca Airan ca paramesvara 3«- Hiung-nu 7- Hormazd II. 1 9. Hflnas (Ephthalites, Hara-Sita- or Sveta-Hflnas) 28; 5, 19, 20, 24, 26, 29, 32, 33, 34. Huviska 18; IO. Hyrcodes 10. incuse square 13, 14. Indo-Chinese 10. Indo-Parthian 1 5 ; the term differently applied 8, 15. Indo-Persian 30, 31. Indo-Scythic princes of doubt- ful nationality 9. Indus 8, 20, 29. inscriptions referred to : Alla- habad (Samudragupta) 11, 28 ; Bhanugupta (dated 191) 26; Bhimasena 27; Bhitari seal (KumSragupta II.) 26 ; Budhagupta (dated 165) 26 ; Jaunpur 34; Junagadh (Ru- dradaman)2i,22 ; Kura(To- rainana Saha Jaflvla) 29; Maharaja Hastin 28; Ma- thura lion-capital 8, 9, 20 ; Mathura (Jain inscrr.) 8 ; Nasik 22; Pabhosa (Baha- satimita) 12; Satakarni 20; Siyadoni 31 ; Takht-i-Bahi 15; Taxila copper-plate 7, 9,14,20,21; Usavadata 20. 'Ijr.-roKOupa 23. Isanavarman 27, 29. Isvaradatta 22. Jabalpur district 14. Jagadeva 31. Jajalladeva 33. Jaloka 5. Jamna 12, 16, 33. Janapada 12. yanapadasa, Rajtia 1 2. Javuvlah (Jabuvlah or Jabula) Sahi 29. Jayadaman 21, 23. Jaya(gupta) 27. Jejahuti 33. Jisnugupta 32. Jlvadaman 22. Johiyas 14. Kabul 5, 6, 7, 8, 16, 19, 20. Kacch 20. Kada 12. Kadaik branch of Kunets 12. Kadamba 38; 37. Kakatlyas v. Worangal. Kalacuris v. Dahala, Kalyana- pura, Mahakosala. Kalyanapura, Kalacuri dynasty of 38. Kanarese districts 38. Kanauj (Kanyakubja) 31; 24, 28, 33, 34- Kandahar 6, 8, 15. Kandy 36, 37. Kangra 34. Kaniska 18 ; 9, 10, 13, 14, 17, 19. 31. Karakoram pass 8. Karhad 23. Karkotaka dynasty 32. Ivarnata 36. karsapana 2. Karttikeya 15. Karwar, Nanda kings of 24. Kashgar 10. Kashmir 31 ; 8, 20, 29, 30, 33. Kathiawad 20. Kerala 36. Khakharata = Ksaharata 20. Kharamosta, son of Artas 9, 20. Kharaosta 9, 20. Khingila, Sahi 29. Khinkhila Narendraditya 29. Khusru II. Parvlz 30, 31. Kidara lvusanas 19; 20, 28, _ 30, 32, 33- Kidara Shah 19. Kieu-tsieu-khio = Kujula- Kadphises 16. Kipin 9. Kirna Suvarna 26. Kistna 23, 37, 38. Ki-to-lo = Kidara 19. Kiyan (Ken) 33. Kodavidu 38. Kolhapur 23. Kongudesa 36. Konkan 11, 20, 22. Kosam (Kosambl) 12. Kozola-Kadaphes 16; 4, 17,20. Kramaditya v. Kumaragupta II. and Vlrasena. Index. 55 Krsnaraja 27 ; 38. Ksaharita 20, 21 , 23. Ksatrapa, title 21, 23. Ksatriyas (Xarpictioi) 12. Kujula-Kadphises 16; 17. Kujula-Kara-Kadphises 17. Kujula- A'nsasa 1 6. Kulotturiga Cola I. 36. KumaradevI 25. Kumaragupta I. Mahendra 25, 26. Kumaragupta II. Kramaditya 26. Kumaragupta III. ofMagadha 27. Kunets 12. Kuninda 12 ; II, 15. Kurumbar 37. Kusana 1 6 et passim. Kusanas, Later Great 18; 19, 25. Kusanas, Little, v. Kidara Ku- sanas. Kusulaa, Great Satrap 20. Kusulaa Patika 9, 20. Kuyula-Kaphsasa 16. Lae-lih 28, 29. Lakhana Udayaditya , Raja 28. lead coins 23. Li aka Kusulaka 9, 14, 18, 20. Licchavayah 24, 25. Macedonian monarchy and coins 7. Madanapala-Deva 31. Madharlputa 22, 23, 24. Magadha 23, 34; — E., Later Guptas of 26, 27; — W., Maukhari dynasty of 27 ; — Pala dynasty of 31. Mahakosala, Kalacuris ot 33. mahaksatrapa, title 21, 23. maharajadhiraja, imperial title 24 - Mahendra, v. Kumaragupta I - Mahmud of Ghazni 33. Mahoba 33. Maisur 36, 38. Malabar 36. Malava (Malwa) 12; 13, 21, 23, 26, 34; — E., Gupta dynasty of 26 ; 29. Mdlavdndm Jaya\h~\ 12. Malayavarma-Deva 34. Mananka = Manadevavarinan 32 . Manigula, Saka satrap 9. Marat ha country 20. Marwar 29, 34. Mathura, cast coins of 13; — Hindu princes of 13; 9, 11; — Saka satraps of 8 ; 9. 11, 12, 13. Maues (Moa or Moga) 7; 4, 8, 9, 14, 15, 20. Maukhari dynasty 27; 29. medals — decadrachm struck by Eucratide sor Heliocles 5 ; — tetradrachms struck in honour of ancestors by Aga- thocles and Antimachus 6. Megasthenes 4. Menander 6, 17. metronymics 22. Mewar 34. Miaus 9, 16. Mihirakula 20, 26, 29, 30, 32. Mithradates I. (ofParthia) 5, 8. Mitra dynasty v. Pancala (Sungas). -mitra, namesending in,z>.Ayo- dhya and Pancala (Sungas). Moga v. Maues. monograms 6, 18. Muhammadan conquest of Dehli 33; — Kashmir 31 ; — form of coinage 38. Muhammad ibn Sam 33. Multan s, 30. Murshldabad district 26. Naga dynasty of Kashmir 32; — Padmavatl (Narwar) 28 ; ' 3 . 34 - Nagari (Brahmi) letters on coins 18. Nahapana 20; 21, 23. Nameless King (SoterMegas) 16; 17. Nanaia 10. Nanda kings of Karwar 24. Nandidrug 36. Napki Malka 30. Xara(gupta) Baladitya 26. Narasimhagupta 26, 30. Narbada 23, 33, 34. Narendraditya v. Khinkhila. Narendragupta 26. Narwar 34; v. also Naga dy- nasty of Padmavatl. Nasik district 27. Nepal 32. nickel coins 7. Northern Ksatrapas or Satraps v. Mathura, Saka Satraps of. >0 b2 VI i = Ujiain 24. OHpO 18, 19. Orissa 13. Oxus 10, 19, 28. Pabhosa 12. padmatanka 37, 38. Padmavatl (Narwar) v. Naga dynasty of P. Paithan 23. Pakhali 20. Pala dynasty of Magadha 31. Pallava 37; 23, 35. Pancala (Sungas) 13; 9, 11, 12, 14. Pandya 35; 36. Panjab 5, 6, 8, 15, 16, 19,20, 25. 29, 30. Pantaleon 6, 14. Patakramabahu 37. Parivrajaka Maharajas 28. Paropanisus 5, 7, 10, 16, 19. Parthian coins 4, 5, 7, 8. Pasupati 32. Pataliputra 4, 24, 25. Pathankot II. Patika v. Kusulaa Patika. Persian coins in India 3. Persian kings in India 30. Philoxenus 6. Phraataces, Parthian king 15. Plato, Bactrian king 5. Polyxenus 6. Prakasaditya 26. Pratisthana 23. provenance of coins : Andhras 23 ; Audumbara 1 1 ; Eastern Calukya 37; Huna 29; Maues, dynasty of 8; Vo- nones, dynasty of 8; Later Great Kusanas with APAO- X[dO 19; Later Great Ku- sanas withOHfDO I9;Krsna- raja27; Miaus, obols of 10; Nameless King 16; Pancala (Sungas) 13; Scytho-Sassa- nian 19. Prthvlraja 33. Pulumayi, Vasithtputa 24. punch-marked coins 3, 37. punch-marks II, 35. Pura-(Puru-)gupta 26. purana 2. PurSnas, list of kings in, v. authorities referred to. Purl 13. Raghuvamsi dynasty of Kanauj 3 1 - Rajaraja Cola 36. Rsjaraja II. Calukya 37. Rajasthan 12. Rajputana II, 21, 29, 34. Rajputs 33. Ramadatta 13. RSmatanka 13. Rangamattl 26. Ranjubula (Rajabula or Rajula) 9 - Rastrakflta 27, 38. Rathor (Gadahavala)) dynasty of Kanauj 31; 33. rati (raktika) 2, 27. Rawal Pindi district 14. Raypur 33. repousse, coins struck in 5, 29 , 36 , 37 - re-struck coins 29. Rohilkhand 13. Roman coins in India 4, 16,35. Roman gold in India 17. 4 ** 56 II. Litteratur und Geschichte. 313. Sources of Indian History: Coins. Rudradaman 21, 23. Rudrasimha 22. Sadboddhika drammas 34. Sagar district 11. Sahyadri mountains 22. Saka 7—9; 4, 10. 17, 18,20. Sakala 8, 28. Saka-Parthian, term applied to dynasties of Maues and Vonones 8. Saka satraps ^.Mathura ; others , 9. 14- Sakasthana 8, 20. Saktivarman 37. Salem 36. Sanabares 15. Sapaleizes 10. Sapardalaksan=Rajputana3 i. Sarvavarman 27, 29. Sasanka 26. Sassanian dynasty and coins 4, 5, 15, 19, 20, 28, 29,30, 31. 34- Satakarni v. Gotamlputa I. and II. Satavahanas v. Andhra dy- nasty. Satlej 12, 34. Satyadaman 22. Scythic invaders of India 7. Scytho-Sassanian 19; 4, 29. Seistan 5, 8, 15. Seleucid ambassadors in India 4- Seleucid coins 4, 7. Seleucus 4. Senapati Bhatarka 26, 27. Sevalakura 23. Shahdheri 14. Shahi Tig in 31. Sibi 14. sigloi 3. silver alloyed 10. Simhasena 22. Sind 5, 8, 15, 30. single-die coins 14. Siriyana Gotamlputa Sata- kani II. 24. [SipoJirroXepaiog = Sri Pulu- mayi 24. Sita-IIunas v. Hunas. Sivadatta 10. Sivapalifta] 10. Skandagupta 24, 25, 26, 28. Sobii = Sibi 14. Sodasa 18. Sogdiana 7. Somaladeva 34. Somesvara (Cauhan) 33; — (Kalacuri of Kalyanapura) 38. Sophagasenus (Subhagasena) 5 - Sophytes 3, 4. SoterMegas v. Nameless King. Spalagadama 8. Spalapati 33. Srlgupta 24. Srlmad-Adivaraha drammas 3 i- Sse (or Sek) v. Saka. Sthiragupta 26. strategos, title of Aspavarma 9. Strato II. 9. Sunga v. Paiicala (Sungas). Surastra and Malwa, Ksatrapas of 21 ; 23, 25, 38. suvarna -z , 25. Sveta-IIflnas v. Hunas. symbols 11, 17, 35, 36; Ca- lukya37; Cera 36; Pandya 36; Ujjain 14; v. also em- blems and coin-types. Takan Khorasan Malka 31. Tukan = Panjab 30. Taxila 14; 8, 17. Tewar 14, 33. Theophilus 6. Tiaoravo; = Castana 24. Tomara dynasty of Dehli 33 ; — and of Kanauj 31. Toramana 26, 27, 29, 30, 32. I Transoxiana 7. Tripurl (Tripura) 14; 33. Tsanytt (Chanyu) = deva- putra 9. \ Tunjina 32. ] Turkestan 7. Turks 15, 28. Turyamana 32. Udayaditya v. I.akhana. Udumbara v. Audumbara (Odumbara). j Ujeniya 1 4. Ujjain 14; 21, 23. U pat iky a 13. I Usavadata 20. Vaiiravana 32. Yalabhl 27 ; 25, 26. Varahran V. 5, 20. I Varana 1 1. I Vasithlputa 23. | Vasudeva(Kusana)i8; 10, 19; — (Multan) 30. Vatasvaka 14. Vatsa-pattana 12. Vema-Reddis v. Kodavidu. Vigraha 28. Vigraha, Sri 31, 34. Vigrahapala I. (Magadha) 31, 34- Vigrahapala drammas 31. Vijayamitra, son of 9. Vijayanagara 38. : Vijayasena 22. Vikramaditya 17; v. also Can- dragupta II. Vilivayakura 23. Vindhva mountains 33. Virakeralasya, Sri 36. Virasena (Virasimha) Krama- ditya 27. Visavia-siddhi 37. Visnugupta Candraditya 26. Visnuvardhana (of Malwa) 30 ; — (E. Calukya) 37. Vizagapatam district 37. Vonones 8; 4, 15. weight-standards: of Andhra coins 23; Attic 6; Ksatrapas of Surastra 21; native In- dian 2, 25, 27; Persian 3, 6, 21, 23, 27; Roman 4, 17. 25. Western Ksatrapas (Satraps) v. Surastra and Malwa, Ksa- trapas of. White Huns v. Hunas. Worangal 38. Ysdava dynasty of Devagiri 38; — of Dvarasamudra 38. YaSodharman 30. YaSovarman 32. Yaudheya 14; 12, 32. Yellamancliili 37. Yen-kao-ching = Hima-Kad- phises 17. Yezdegerd II. 28. Yin-mo-fu = Miaus (?) 9. Yueh-chi (Yueh-ti) 7, 9, 10, 16, 19. Yueh-chi (Yueh-ti) Little, v. Kidara Kusana. Zeionises (Jihonisa), Saka satrap 9, 17. Zabulistan 30. % Uls