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 >VtU> • 
 
 London PRICES 
 ° F . 
 
 Bricklayers Materials and Wmks^ 
 
 BOTH 
 
 Of New Buildings and Repairs, 
 Tuftly Afcertained : 
 
 AND 
 
 tfhe Common Ex a 5} ions and Abufes therein Detected, 
 Interfperfed with Rules for Eftimating , Performing 
 and Meafuring all Kinds of 
 
 Plain, Circular, Elliptical, Gothick, 
 Spherical, Spheroidical, Conical and 
 Pyramidical Brick-Works : 
 
 WHEREIN 
 
 The Abutments of all Sorts of Arches, 
 
 And the Manner of 
 
 Building Brick-Flooring for the Prevention of Fire, 
 is clearly explained. 
 
 The Whole Arithmetically and Geometrically 
 
 Demonstrated. 
 
 Alfo Illuftrated with a great Variety of Defgns for 
 
 Plain and Rnfticated Piers, for Gates, 
 Piazzas, &c. 
 
 In Thirty-two curious Copper Plates. 
 
 Written for the Ufe of 
 
 Gentlemen, Stewards, and Workmen in general, 
 and particularly for fuch Landlords and Tenants 
 who are fubjedl to the Repairs of Buildings. 
 
 By Batty Langley, Architect. 
 
 The Second Edition. 
 
 * 
 
 LONDON: Printed for Richard Adams, at Dryde ’s Head, 
 Holborn Bars ; and John Wren, at the Bible and Crown, Great 
 urn- file , Holborn. 1750. 
 
 [ Price bound Six Shillings,] 
 

 
 
 Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2015 
 
 https://archive.org/details/londonpricesofbrOOIang 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 A S this Work is defigned for to afcertain 
 Honest Prices for Materials and 
 Workmanjhip in all the feveral Buflneffes 
 of Building, in order to prevent Contejls 
 at Law , Difputes , &c. between Gentlemen and 
 Workmen , without the leaft Injury to either Party; 
 therefore none can objedt againft it, but fuch. 
 whom it may, and indeed, will affeB ; namely , 
 Thofe who live chiefly by Frauds and ExaBions . 
 
 By Frauds I mean, First, fuch Practices, 
 as not performing Works in fo good a Manner as 
 is undertaken and agreed to be done, and is paid 
 for; and. Secondly, the charging Gentlemen , 
 with much greater Quantities of Materials and 
 % Workmanjhip , at .very high Rates , which never 
 were delivered , and performed ; and which is al- 
 ways done, and indeed can't be avoided, by 
 every Perfon who is fo bafe and injurious to the 
 Fair Trader, as for to undertake to ferve in 
 Materials, and perform Works for lejs Money than 
 they mnft aBually pay for them , out of their own 
 Pockets . 
 
 This bafe Practice , for no lefs can I call it, is 
 at this Timepradtifed by many Tradefmen of Re- 
 pute, under the Face of working cheap ; when 
 at the fame time, and efpecially in all future 
 Works, after they have fo initiated themfelves, 
 
 A 2 they 
 
iv INTRODUCTION, 
 they are conftantly picking thofe Gentlemens 
 Pockets , and that very largely too, as will, in the 
 Courfe of this Work, be clearly proved. 
 
 By ExaBions in the Prices of Materials and 
 TVorkmanfhip y I mean, Excefies more than their 
 real Value. 
 
 By the real Value of Materials , I don’t mean 
 the mott Money that they may be fold for at any 
 Time after having been ufed, or employed 3 
 but I mean fuch an Advance or Increafe of Price 
 above their prime Cofts, which is reafonable, that 
 every Matter fhould be paid, for the Intereft of 
 his Monies laid out 3 for his Warehoufe-Room, 
 &c. and for his Time, Expences, and Trouble 
 to K uy in, attend Gentlemen, &c. which when 
 fold in fmall Quantities for Repairs, as like wife 
 for Day-Workmen’s Labour, is honeftly worth 
 2 9 per Cent. But for Materials fold in large 
 Quantities for new Works, "Twelve and a half 
 per Cent . is a fufficient Honest Gain, provided 
 that Workmen are fo paid, in Proportion to the 
 Quantity of Works done, at all Times when re- 
 quired 3 and which every Gentleman, who em- 
 ploys Builders, ought to do for his own Sake : Be- 
 caufe, then the Matter is enabled, not only to 
 purchafe and lay in Materials, at the bett Hand 3 
 but to buy the be ft of Materials jor lefs Money , 
 than he muft pay the Timber -Merch ant , &c. for 
 the very worfl , when he buys on Credit. 
 
 It is very reafonable to believe, that long Cre- 
 dit, exaBed by fome Gentlemen from Tradefmen, 
 was the Original of Exadions in Trade 3 becaufe, 
 when Tradelmen fold their Goods with Expec- 
 tancy 
 
INTRODUCTION. v 
 fancy of being obliged to give long Credit ; they 
 were under a Neeeffity of rating them at fuch ex- 
 cedi ve high Rates, as they were lure would be 
 adequate to the Length of Credit to be given, 
 which no Honest Trader would have done, or 
 will do now, would but every Gentleman pay 
 his Debts, as the Worthy and Honourable 
 never fail to do , when defired. 
 
 And indeed was fuch Exactions in the Prices 
 of Goods, &c. to extend to no other Gentlemen, 
 but fuch who are long-winded : it would not be 
 unreafonable ; provided the Excefs was not too 
 .great : But now, without Diftindtion, all Per- 
 fons by many T raders are treated alike. The wor** 
 thy honest Gentleman, who takes Pleajure 
 in paying his Tradefmen their honest Dues 
 when d fire d, is made to pay the fame extravagant 
 Prices, as he who exacts long Credit for Tears ; 
 which is as abulivein fuchTradefmen ; as long Cre- 
 dit taken at Pleafure by fuch Gentlemen who know 
 their Perfons to be inviolable , is difhonourable and 
 deftrudtive to Trade. 
 
 In fhort, as long Credit is the Bane of Trade , 
 and Ruin of Families and as Exactions in Trade 
 without refpedt to Perfons, is very hurtful to the 
 Public, it is therefore heartily wilhed that feme 
 Expedient may be found, which will totally fup- 
 prefs thofe oppreffive Pradlices, which are hateful 
 to God, and all worthy Men . 
 
 To preferibe Laws for their Annihilation, would 
 be a Prefumption unpardonable, and a Work be- 
 yond my Capacity ; but I humbly conceive, that 
 if the Legislature in their great tVijdom y 
 
 A would 
 
vr INTRODUCTION. 
 
 would abolifh the Laws of Privileges , by Virtue 
 of which, very great Lengths of Credit are taken 
 by many ; and to which I am confident every 
 honest Gentleman will not refufe to fub- 
 fcribe ; it would be a great (if not the only) Means, 
 for to totally fupprefs thofe Abufes for the future. 
 
 But as to eftablifh fo glorious a Law, may 
 be a Work of Time, I mu ft therefore beg Leave 
 to observe, in the Interim, as Debt lyeth againft 
 every Gentleman for Materials, Works and La- 
 bours, as (oon as they are delivered and done, that 
 therefore Workmen have the fame Right to be 
 paid lawful Intereft for their Money fo due to 
 them, from fuch Time, or at lea ft: from the Time 
 of the Delivery of their Bills 3 the very fame, as if at 
 thefameTime, they had adtually lent Sums of ready 
 Money out of their Pockets, equal to the Sums fair- 
 ly due to them for their Materials fold and delivered, 
 and for their Works and Labours done; becaufe, 
 when a Workman is fo paid at the Delivery of his 
 Bill ; he is thereby enabled to go to Market again, 
 and in his Courfe of Trade and Bufinefs, can make 
 a much greater Advantage of his Money, than 
 the lawful Intereft: thereof would amount to. 
 
 If Workmen were to be fo paid, on their De- 
 livery of honest Bills, all of them would 
 flourish, and become ufeful to their Country; in- 
 ftead of which many of them, by giving long Credit, 
 are ruined, and become burthenfome to their Pa- 
 ri flies. For when Workmen make honest Bills 
 for their Materials and Labours, and are kept out of 
 their Money for a long Time without any Con- 
 fideration for it, and are thereby (for to pay their 
 
 journey- j 
 
INTRODUCTION. vi'i 
 Journeymen, and maintain their Families) com- 
 pelled io borrow Money of Ufurers at very high ln~ 
 ter eft) and very often much higher than their Pro- 
 fits in Trade and Bufinefs amount to; they can- 
 not avoid very great Lofles, if not irretrieveahie 
 Ruin. 
 
 Now, as 1 have given thefe few Hints of the 
 ill Confluences of exaBing long Credit ; and as 
 the Defign of this Work, is to prevent Frauds 
 and ExaBiom for the future , by Workmen, by 
 expofing thofe Abufes to public View ; it is there- 
 fore hoped, that no Workman for the future 
 will attempt exorbitant Gain, and that every 
 Gentleman will honourably detest long 
 Credit . 
 
 And in order to prevent Frauds and Exactions 
 in the Quantities and Prices of Materials , and 
 Abufes in the Performance of Works, in all the 
 feveral Bufineffes of a Bricklayer, Carpen- 
 ter, &c. I have not only ihewn the Kinds , Di- 
 rnenftonSy and Quantities of every Kind of Mate- 
 rial required for the Performance of every Sort and 
 Kind of Work (be it great or fmall) with Arith- 
 metical Rules for 10 compute them, with very 
 great Accuracy ; but alio how, by knowing the 
 prime Coils, to afcertaw their retail Prices , with 
 honest Gain, in all Parts of the Kingdom; and 
 confequently to dilcover and detedl Frauds and 
 Exadtions, when they may be attempted. 
 
 And with Regard to the Prices of all Kinds 
 of Workmanjlip ; thofe I have after tamed from 
 my own Experience of twenty Years pail, athoneit 
 Rates; that is, I have after tained, what Quantity 
 
 A 4 vf 
 
viii INTRODUCTION, 
 
 of every Kind of Work y fmgly 9 in every particular 
 Branch and Drade , that many tolerable good and 
 hone ft Workmen , have each always done , and al- 
 ways do per Day 9 from fix in the Morning to fix 
 in the Evening, including the ufual Times for 
 Breakfafl:, Dinner, and Refrefhment in an After- 
 noon, without Harry or hard Labour. 
 
 And therefore, if any Quantity of Work 
 done i or to be done , be divided by fuch Quantity 
 thereof which a Workman can perform in a Day 
 as aforefaid ; the Quotient will be the Number 
 of Days required for to perform the whole Work , 
 which Number of Days, being rated at the cuf- 
 tomary Price of the Country, will give the total 
 prime Coft of Workmanfhip, 
 
 But methinks I hear fome objedt hereto, and 
 fay, That Country Workmen are flow, and don’t 
 perform Works with Expedition as our London 
 Workmen do, and therefore there cannot be a fixed 
 Quantity of Work afeertained, for a Country 
 Workman to perform in a Day. To this I an- 
 fwer, That Country Workmen can, if they will, 
 do as much Work per Day as our London Work- 
 men. For our belt London Workmen are chiefly 
 Country Men > who have no mere Hands than 
 two, each Man ; as every of thofe in the Country 
 have : And therefore, if by an idle Habit of Body, 
 they will not move, and work with the fame 
 Celerity and Agility of Body, as London Work- 
 men do, let them ftarve in their obftinate Sloth. 
 
 Now, if to the total of the prime Co As of 
 Materials and of Workmanfhip, be added a 4th 
 Part thereof (which is 25 per Cent . Profit) the 
 
 Sum 
 
INTRODUCTION. & 
 
 Sum will be the honest Value of the whole, 
 when for Repairs: Bat when the Work is a 
 new Erection ; then to the Total of the prime 
 Cofts of the Materials, add an 8th Part thereof 
 (which is 12 and a half per Cent, Profit thereon) 
 and to the total of the prime Co ft of Workman™ 
 fhip, add a 4th Part (as before) and then the Sam 
 of thefe Totals, and Additions, will be the ho- 
 ned Value, which the Workman is to be paid 
 for his Materials and Labour. But when Gen- 
 tlemen find, or buy in their own Materials, 
 which in mo ft Countries is commonly done, then 
 to the prime Coft of Workman fhip add a 4 th 
 Part thereof (which is 2 5 per Cent . Profit as afore- 
 faid) and the Sum will be its juft Value, .which 
 the Mafter-workman ought to be paid. 
 
 From a juft Knowledge of the Prime Cofts of 
 Materials and Labour in Workmanfhip, Gen- 
 tlemen are not only taught to know how to 
 diftinguifh honest Workmen from Impojtors , 
 who frequently will undertake Works for lefs than 
 Prime Coft, as I have already obferved : But 7 tis 
 of great Ufe even to Mafter- workmen themfelves 
 in many Cafes, and efpecially to young Beginners, 
 who will thereby be enabled not only to avoid in- 
 advertent Impofitions on Gentlemen, by asking at 
 a Venture too much ; but even on themfelves, 
 when, for want of being thoroughly acquainted 
 therein, they may ask too little, and contract (as 
 many have done) for the Performance of Works 
 at lefs Prices, than their Prime Cofts have amounted 
 to, and thereby injure (if not ruin) themfelves 
 and their Families. 
 
 And 
 
x INTRODUCTION. 
 
 And with Regard to the Performance and 
 Goodnefs of Workmanfhip being made known ; 
 I am confident that able Workmen will make no 
 Objections to it, becaufe they regard no: who in- 
 fpedt their Works, and indeed had much rather, 
 that every Gentleman for whom they do Bufinefs, 
 was a competent Judge of their Performances, 
 than not to be fo ; becaufe ft ch Gentlemen know 
 when they are well ufed, and never fail to hand- 
 fomely reward every Workman for his Labour, 
 as his Merit deferves. Whereas many other Gen- 
 tlemen, who are quite unacquainted with the 
 Nature and Goodnefs of Works, are therefore 
 generally fufpicious of being ilLufed, and un- 
 willing to pay a good Workman, his juft and 
 honeft Dues, notwithftanding that he has done 
 his Works, in the moft Mafterly and Workman- 
 like Manner. 
 
 Hence ’tis evident; that to keep Gentlemen in 
 Ignorance , of the Nature , Goodnefs , a?id V a ue of 
 Materials and Workmanfldip y is injurious to good 
 Workmen in general ; and indeed, none but idle % 
 poor Proficients , to fkreen their own Ignorance ; 
 and defigning, over-reaching Wretches , will attempt 
 fo to do. 
 
 In the Courfe of this laborious Work , which 
 none (I believe) but myfelf would have under- 
 taken in this Iron- Age (reproachful to Pofteriry) 
 when little elfe but ftupid Luxury , Vice , and 
 Coxcombs are encouraged; when A ts and 
 Artists are known to, and encouraged but by 
 few; and when Porters to Perfons or lefs Meric, 
 are by them, authorized impudently to rejedf all 
 2 ~ Offers 
 
INTRODUCTION. xi 
 
 Offers and Propofals, for the Encouragement of In- 
 duftry, and for the Improvement of Arts and 
 Sciences ; notwithftanding that Trade, the 
 very Ba/is of the common Good , is abfolutely 
 founded , and dependant thereon ; l have inters 
 fpetfed, not only a very great Number and Va- 
 riety of ufeful and grand Defigns , for ail the par- 
 ticular Parts , and Ornaments of Buildings in ge- 
 neral^ in all the feveral Branches of Bufinefs - P 
 and the Manner of proportioning them to any 
 Magnitude required ; but 1 have alfo to every of 
 them, affixed the Honest Prices or Values of 
 their Materials and Workmanfhip feparately ; fo 
 that Gentlemen from thence may fit themfelves 
 with fuch, as may be agreeable both in Point of 
 Dejign and Expence , without Trouble. 
 
 And that this Work may be a compleat 
 System or Body of Architecture, after having 
 fully explained the Kinds, Dimenjions , and Prices 
 of Materials and Workman foip ; as alfo Rules 
 for Defigning and performing ad Kinds of Works , 
 &c. I have added a great Variety of very ufefui 
 Plans and Elevations, for Buildings in ge- 
 neral, viz. for City, Country and Farm- 
 Houses, from 300/. to 20,000 /. Value, as alfo 
 for Pavilions , Temples , and other Buildings of 
 Pleafure, for Decorating of Gardens , Parks, &c. 
 in the Gothic and Modern Pajles 5 many of 
 which, are finely defigmd by a Noble Lord* 
 of exquifite Judgment j by which, fuch Gentle- 
 men who hereafter have Occafion to build, may 
 not only, from the great Choice , fix on Plans 
 agreeable to their Purpofes ^ but at the fame 
 
xii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Time be truly informed, by an Eftimate of every 
 Particular at large, of the real Expences ; and 
 thereby avoid , being drawn in , and compelled to 
 lay out a greater Sum of Money (as is often done 
 by the Advice of unfkilful defigning Workmen 
 and Builders) than at the Fird was propofed 
 or intended ; and indeed fometimes, more than 
 may be agreeable, or can be conveniently fpared, 
 without doing an Injury to the Eftates ; witnefs 
 that intended ftupendous Building, began Years 
 ago, at the Expence of fome Thoufands, at 
 Carjhalton in Surry , under the Direction of the 
 late Mr. Leoni , lince difcontinued and dormant 
 in Ruin. 
 
 Had fuch a Work as this been extant, before 
 that worthy Gentleman its Owner began it, 
 he, by being hereby enabled to eftimate , would 
 have feen the great Expence he was going to 
 plunge himfelf into, and confequently would not 
 have entered into it, by any Advice or Means 
 whatfoever. 
 
 To this I could add many other Inftances, to 
 prove the Neceffity of Gentlemen’s under (land- 
 ing how to eflimate and value their own Works, 
 that thereby they may prevent being drawn into 
 fuch Dilemma’s, and be lure of w T hat they are 
 about doing. 
 
 I very well remember, that the late truly 
 NOBLE-SPIRITED DUKE of C HA N DOI S, 
 to whom I bad the Honour of being known, 
 allured me, that the greateft Part of his Build- 
 ings at his GRACE’S Seat at CANNONS , 
 near Edgware in Middlefex , coft his GRACE 
 
 confiderably 
 
INTRODUCTION, xiii 
 
 confiderably more than double the Sams propofed 
 by his Surveyors and Workmen. And that the 
 Offices, &c. to his GRACE’S Houfe in Caven *■> 
 dijh-fquare , before they were began, was pro- 
 pofed by Mr. S— p—d to be built for 600 /. 
 which, when finiffied, meafured, and valued, 
 amounted to 1800 /. and which was 1200 /. more 
 than his Grace was informed of, and (as his 
 Grace faid) more than he would, at chat Time., 
 have laid out for fuch Purpofe. 
 
 The Motive that induces many Workmen, 
 thus to deceive Gentlemen (as I have often heard 
 many of them fay) is to promote, or caufe Bu~ 
 iinefs ; for, fay they, were Gentleman to know the 
 \ Total Expence of Works before they were began , 
 few would have Spirit fuffcient to do any : But 
 when they don’t know it, and have began, and 
 gone on, for a confiderable Way, they mu ft then 
 go forward and finifh, if able, let the Expence 
 and Confequence thereof, happen as they will. 
 And for their Jollification, fay they. We de- 
 fine to be paid no more than real Value, which 
 no Gentleman can deny ; without conlidering or 
 regarding, whether the real Value of the Works 
 be, or be not, agreeable or fuitable to ISe paid, 
 by the Gentleman for whom they are done. 
 
 Thus much for to prove the Neceffity of 
 knowing, how to compute Quantities of Materials 
 and Works , and to eftimate their Values ; which 
 herein, I have fully explained, and with great 
 Accuracy, juftiee and Concifenefs. 
 
 N o w, in order of proceeding to the general 
 Work 3 I mull, in the next Place, explain the 
 
 Me- 
 
xiv INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Methods and Rules by which all the ExaBi - 
 cm in the federal Buildirtg- 7 rades , are dij covered. 
 
 By ExaBion , I mean (as I have already noted) 
 the Excefis in Price more than real Value , at j2j, 
 or 25 per Cent. Profit. That is, if I buy a Thou- 
 sand of plain Tiles, &c. for 20 s. and retail them 
 at 30 s. I exadt 5*. becaufe at 15 per Cent. Profit , 
 which is a fufticient Gain in Trade, they are 
 worth no more than 2 5 
 
 The Method that 1 make Ufe of for to dis- 
 cover fuch Exactions is, by comparing the Prime 
 Cofts of Materials with their cuftomary Retail 
 Prices, by the Rule of Proportion, or Rule of Three 
 Direct. 
 
 By this ANALOGY: 
 
 As the Prime Coft oj any Kind of Material is to 
 its retail Price $ 
 
 So is 100 to a fourth Number , whofe Excefs 
 (when any) above 125, is Exadtion. 
 
 And fo in like Manner, the Prime Coft of 
 any Kind of Material being known, the honeft 
 retail Price, for which it ought to be fold, is alfo 
 found 
 
 By this ANALOGY: 
 
 As tooI. Principal Money laid out, is to 125L 
 Principal and Profit ; 
 
 So is the Prime Cofi of any Kind of Material \ 
 to the retail Price (at 25 per Cent. Profit) for 
 which it ought to be fold. 
 
 And as very poflible, by want of Pradlice, 
 the Operation, or Manner of working the Rule 
 
 of 
 
XV 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 of Proportion, may have flipt fome Memories, I 
 will therefore, in order for their Refreihments, 
 beg Leave to note, that it is performed by 
 
 4 This RULE, m. 
 
 Multiply the fecond and the third jlated Numbers 
 together , and their ProduB being divided by the 
 jirfi Jlated Number , the Quotient is the fourth 
 Number , and the Anfwer required . 
 
 N. B. When it is required to difcover an Exaction, 
 the Prime Coft of the Materials in Pence, Shil- 
 lings, or Pounds, isalways the firft ftated Num- 
 ber; the Retail Price the fecond, and 100 is the 
 third. But when the retail Price of any Materials 
 at 25 per Cent. Profit is required, having their 
 Prime Coft given, then 100 is always the firft 
 ftated Number, 125 the fecond, and the Prime 
 Coft of the Materials in Pence, Shillings, or 
 Pounds, is the third; 
 
 example l 
 
 To find how much per Cent. ExaBion does a Gen - 
 tleman pay for twentypenny Nails , which Nails 
 Workmen buy at fix Shillings per Thoufand (which 
 is 1200 Nails) and retailing them at Twenty- 
 pence per 100 Nails , make twenty Shillings per 
 Thoujand. 
 
 Now here, the Jlated Numbers , are, 
 
 Ti r Jl y Six Shillings the Prime Coft. 
 
 Secondly , Twenty Shillings the retail Amount, 
 And, 
 
 thirdly , One Hundred 5 therefore The 
 
x vi INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The ANALOGY is. 
 
 As fix Shillings the Prime Cofi, 
 
 Is to twenty Shillings the retail Amount ; 
 
 So is ioo, the third fated Number, 
 
 To 333 f, a fourth Number. 
 
 And the hated Numbers mud be placed, and 
 worked as aforefaid, viz, 
 
 6 s, 20 s. ioo. 333 t 
 
 20 
 
 6) 2000 (333 t 
 
 Now, as. the fourth Number 333 f doth ex- 
 ceed ioo, by 233 fo much per Cent . Profit, the 
 Workman has in his Thoufand of Nails ; and if 
 from 333 \y befubftra&ed 125, which is 25 per 
 Cent, Profit, then the Remains is 208 f per Cent . 
 the Exaction required. 
 
 EXAMPLE II. 
 
 To find the hone ft retail Price at 25 per Cent. Pro- 
 fit, of a Thoufand Twentypenny Nails, whoje 
 Prime Coft is Six Shillings. 
 
 Now again, here the ftated Numbers are, 
 pirfi, 100/. Principal Money. 
 
 Secondly , 125/. Principal and Intereft. 
 
 Thirdly , 6 s. the Prime Coft j and, therefore. 
 
 The ANALOGY is, 
 
 As too/. Principal Money , 
 
 Is to 12 5/, Principal and Profit 5 
 
 So. 
 
INTRODUCTION. xvii 
 
 So is 6 s. to 7 s, 6 d. a fourth Number , which 
 is the Retail Price required 5 and the ftated 
 Numbers mu ft be placed and worked as a- 
 forefaid, viz, 
 
 100 /. : 12 5/. : : 6i. : j s. 6 d. 
 
 of Twentypenny Nails per Thoufand, he fub» 
 traded from 205. the ufual Sum for which 
 they are retailed, at the Rate of 20 Pence per 
 Hundred, or 5 Score Nails > the Remains^ 
 12 s, 6 d. is Exaftion. 
 
 Thus much by Way of Introduction $ now 
 to the Purpofe in Hand. 
 
 March 2 ;, 
 
 6 
 
 Batty Langley. 
 
 C 
 
 THE 
 
ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 BOOKS publijhed, and fold by the. 
 
 AUTHOR, viz. 
 
 OTHIC Architecture, improved by Rules 
 
 and Proportions, in many grand Defigns of Co- 
 lumns, Windows, Chimney-Pieces, Arcades, Colonades, 
 Portico’s, Umbrello's, Temples, Pavillions, &£. with 
 Plans and Elevations. Large Quarto. Price 155. in 
 
 The Builder’s Treasury of DESIGNS, viz. 
 For Brick and Stone Piers, Frontifpieces to Gates, Doors, 
 Windows, Niches, and Chimney-Pieces, Tabernacle- 
 Frames, Pulpits, Pavements, Book- Cafes, Cieling-Pieces, 
 Iron-Gates, Rails, &c. with Variety of Roofs, lAc. Large 
 Quarto. Price 12 r. in Sheets. 
 
 The Builder’s Jewel, explaining fhort and eafy 
 Rules for Drawing and Working the Five Orders of 
 C O L U M N S in Architecture, or any Part of an Order, 
 without Regard to the Module or Diameter, and to inrich 
 them with their proper Ornaments ; with a great Variety 
 of Pediments, and Manner of working their Cornices, &c. 
 Xlluftrated by upwards of 200 Examples. Made fit for the 
 Pocket, Price bound 4 s. 6 d. 
 
 Sheets. 
 
THE 
 
 City and Country 
 
 COMPLETE 
 
 BRIG KLAYE R. 
 
 CHAP, I. 
 
 Of the Kinds and Prices of Bricklayers 
 Materials . 
 
 which, 
 
 H E Kinds of Materials, ufed by 
 Bricklayers, are Bricks , TileSy Lime d 
 Sand y Terrace , Lathsy Naihy Tyle~ 
 PinSy Hair y Loam y Clayy &c. of 
 in their Order. 
 
 S E C T. I. O/BRICKS. 
 
 The Kinds of Bricks ufed in and about Lon ~ 
 dony are the following, viz. Place Bricks t Grey 
 and Red Stock Bricks t and Paving Bricks. Place 
 Bricks axe, the moft ordinary Sort that are made, 
 and are therefore ufed in FoundationSy Party 
 C 2 Walter 
 
2 Of Place Bricks. 
 
 Walk, In/ides of Fronts , (Sc . of which there 
 are two Kinds, viz. The common ordinary Sort) 
 and another Sort, which is made with fomething 
 more Neatnefs, after the Manner of a Grey 
 Stock Brick , which are fold at a Shilling per 
 Thoufand more than the common Sort, and are 
 called Place Bricks , made Grey Stock Fa/hion. 
 
 These Sort of Bricks, when thoroughly 
 burnt, for the Ufes aforefaid, are as good as 
 Grey Stocks, and cheaper y but if they are not 
 fo, but are what is called Samel y they will crufh 
 in lofty Buildings, and caufe Settlements, which 
 in fome Buildings have been their Ruin y and 
 therefore, in Contracts for Place Bricks, it 
 fhould always be ftipulated, that all Samel 
 Bricks be excluded. 
 
 By the Statute of Edward III. the Mould 
 in which Building Bricks were made, was nine 
 Inches in Lengthy four Inches and a half in 
 Breadth , all in the Clear y and every Brick, when 
 burnt, was eight Inches and a Half in Length , 
 four Inches in Breadth , and two Inches a?id a 
 Half in Height: But now by the Statute 3. 
 George ll. c. 22. Self, 1. Bricks made for Sale, 
 within i 5 Miles of London, when burnt, (hall 
 be 8 Inches, 3 Quarters in Length y 4 Inches 
 and 1 Eighth in Breadth, and 2 Inches and a 
 Half in Height ; on Penalty of 20 s . per 
 Thoufand. Vide alfo 12 Geo . I. c. 35. 
 
 Place Bricks are fold prime Ccf , at the 
 Brick Kilns about Town, for ii s. but if de- 
 livered in any Parc of London , or Wefmtnfier, 
 for 14L- per Thoufand y which Bricklayers in the 
 
 Li- 
 
Of Place Bricks. 3 
 
 Liberty of Wefiminfier , in fobbing Works. , retail 
 at 2 s. every 80 Bricks , which they call (/oar 
 of Bricks ,) and fell for a.iooj fo that 
 they are paid 25s. per 1000, which is 78, and 
 4 fevenths per Cent. Profit, and 53, 4 fevehths 
 per Cent . Exaction, more than 25 />rr Cent. 
 honed Gain. For, 
 
 As 14*. per Thoufand prime Cofi , 
 
 Is to 25*. the retail Amount , 
 
 So is 100 /. 
 
 To 178 /. and 4 fevenths : 
 from which deducting 125, the Remains 53 , 
 and 2 fevenths, is Exa&ion. 
 
 Place Bricks are fold in London , by the 
 Company of Bricklayers, at their Wharf near 
 Black-Fry ars , for 20 ri. Thoufand 5 for 
 
 which the City Bricklayers in Jobbing Works, 
 to have the fame Profit as their Brother-Trade 
 have in the Liberty of Wefiminfier , fhould be 
 paid 1/. 15*. 8 d. For as 14J. the prime Cofi 
 at Wefminfier , is to 25J. the Retail Price at 
 Wefiminfler: So is 20 s. the Prime Cofi at 
 
 the Wharf, To 35, and 4 fevenths: which is 
 no more than 1 /. 1 51. 8d. per Thoufand. So that 
 thofe bought of the faid Company at 20 s. per 
 Thoufand Prime Coft, are worth but 255. Re- 
 tail, at 25 per Cent. Profit ; and thofe in 
 W efiminfier at 145-. per Thoufand prime Coil- 
 are worth but lys. 6 d. Retail, at 25 per Cent, . 
 Profit. 
 
 Four Thousand and five Hundred Place 
 Bricks , is the common allowed Quantity to make 
 one Rod of Work (viz. 272 fuperficial Feet,) 
 at one Brick and a half inThicknefs; but if they 
 
 c 3 
 
 arc 
 
Q/Tlace Bricks. 
 
 are worked in thick Courfes of Mortar, as is 
 commonly done, fo as for every four Courfes 
 in Height, to be equal to one Foot ; then every 
 Foot and a half in Length, and one Foot in 
 Height, will contain 24 whole Bricks, which 
 is 1 6 Bricks per fuperficial Foot , cn the Surface 
 of the Wall. ^ 
 
 Now if 272, the Number of fuperficial Feet 
 in a Rod, be multiplied by 16, the Number of 
 Bricks in a fuperficial Toot of Brickwork , at 
 one Brick and a Half Thicknefs ; theProduft 
 4352 is the greatefi Number of Bricks that can 
 be worked up in one Rod of Place Bricks. But 
 as there is always fome Wafte, and jf good 
 Care be not taken, a Shortnefs in the Tale alfo, 
 we will therefore allow 4500 to make one Rod 
 of Place-Brick Walling, ahho’, ’tis 148 Bricks 
 more than is fufficient. 
 
 Now 4500 Place Bricks , retailed in large 
 Quantities at the exceflive Rate of 20 s. per 
 Thoufand, comes to 4/. ior. whereas at 25 
 per Cent . Profit, lys. 6 d. per Thoufand, they 
 come but to 3/. i8r. 9 d. which being in. 
 3 d. lefs, is therefore fo much Exaction for the 
 Bricks alone , in every Rod of Work. For as 
 Place Bricks are bought, Prime Cofi delivered \ 
 for 14;. per Thoufand ? they are therefore- 
 worth no more Retail at 25 per Cent . Profit, 
 than 1 ys. 6 d. per Thoufand, and all lefler Quan- 
 tities, as exhibited in the following Table, 
 yiasm . 
 
 A 
 
Of Grey Stock Bricks. 5 
 
 A TABLE [hewing the Retail Value of any 
 Number of Place Bricks, lefi than a Thcu- 
 fand y at 25 per Cent. Profit . 
 
 Number of 
 
 Value 
 
 
 Number of 
 
 
 Value, 
 
 Bricks. 
 
 
 
 Bricks. 
 
 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 ?• 
 
 1000 — 17 
 
 6 
 
 0 
 
 fi 
 
 ^70—1 
 
 2 
 
 2 ,6 
 
 750 — 11 
 
 3 
 
 0 
 
 
 60 — 1 
 
 © 
 
 2 ,2 
 
 500 — 8 
 
 9 
 
 0 
 
 
 50—0 
 
 10 
 
 1 ,8 
 
 400 — 7 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 
 40 — 0 
 
 8 
 
 1 A 
 
 300 — s 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 
 30 — 0 
 
 6 
 
 1 ,a 
 
 200 - — 3 
 
 6 
 
 0 
 
 
 20 — 0 
 
 4 
 
 0 ,8 
 
 100 — - 1 
 
 9 
 
 0 
 
 L 
 
 10 — 0 
 
 % 
 
 0 ,4 
 
 90 — 1 
 
 6 
 
 3 >4 
 
 5—0 
 
 I 
 
 O ,2 
 
 80 — » 1 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 Which . 
 
 is ^ ^ 
 
 * i 0 1 
 
 3 of 
 
 a 
 
 Farthing per 
 
 Brick. 
 
 Grey Stock and Red Stock Bricks are the 
 next Kind of Building Bricks $ of which, the 
 firft are ufed chiefly for to face the Fronts of 
 Buildings either entirely of themfelves, or mixt 
 with Red Stocks, commonly call’d Rubb’d an 4 
 Gaged Work ; as in the Arches to the Heads 
 of Windows, Fafcias, Ruftick Quoins, 
 
 The Dimenfions, both of Grey and Red 
 Stock Bricks y according to the Statute , are the 
 fame as thofe of Place Bricks : But as they are 
 generally laid in much thinner Courfes of Mor^ 
 tar than Place Bricks commonly be, therefore 
 a greater Number of Bricks mud be employed 
 in this Work, more than is commonly ufed in 
 a Rod of Place Brick- work, whofeCourfes of 
 Mortar are generally near, or quite double, the 
 Thicknefs of thofe in which StockBricks are laid. 
 
 C 4 When 
 
6 Of Grey Stock Bricks. 
 
 When Stock Bricks are neatly laid, 4 Courfes 
 in Height Jeldom exceeds 1 1 Inches , which is a 
 twelfth Part lefs Meafure on the Surface of the 
 Wall, than the fame. Number of Place Bricks 
 laid in thick Courfes, and 12 Inches in Height, 
 would produce. So that to 4500, the Num- 
 ber of Place Bricks allowed for a Rod of Brick- 
 work, we mud add a twelfth Part thereof, viz . 
 bricks, and the Total 4875. is the real 
 \^/£f^^ umb er °f Stock Bricks required for one Rod of 
 Work , which is nearly 18 Bricki^rFoot fuper- 
 ^ one Brick and a Half Thicknefs, 
 '/ v / therefore, any Number of fuperficial 
 
 ~ A Stock-Brick^ work done, or to be done 
 
 one Brick and a Half in Thicknef , being 
 multiplied by 18, the Product is the Number 
 
 23 * 4 . ^ / ofBricks re( l uired ‘ 
 
 N< B When the Thicknefs of thc Wa ll is 
 but one Brick, then two- third Parts of the 
 Number found for one Brick and a Half in 
 Thicknefs, is the Number of Bricks required, 
 at one Brick inThicknefs; and when theThick- 
 nefs of the Wallis more than i \ Brick in 
 Thicknefs, viz. 2, 2 % Bricks, &c, then for every 
 half Brick in Thicknefs, more than 1 f Brick, 
 add to the Number found, for a Thicknefs of 
 1 j Brick, as many third Parts thereof, and the 
 Total wilt be the Number of Bricks required. 
 This is made familiar, by the Examples follow- 
 
of Computing Brick Walling. 7 
 
 EXAMPLE I. 
 
 How many Bricks are fufjicient to build a 
 Piece of Wallings wbofe Surface contains 27, 
 276 [uf>erficial Feet , and wbofe Phi chiefs is but 
 1 Brick's Length ? 
 
 OPERATION: 
 
 Multiply 27276 fuperficial Feet 
 
 By 18 the Number of Bricks per 
 
 Foot. 
 
 218208 
 
 27276 
 
 490968 Product. 
 
 Now 49,0968 the Product, being divided by 
 3, and the Quotient doubled, the Sum will 
 be the Number of the Bricks required. 
 OPERATION. 
 3)490968(163656 Quotient 
 19 
 18 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 I 9 
 
 1 8 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 © 
 
 So 
 
8 Of Computing Brick Walling. 
 
 So here the Quotient 1,63,656, being dou- 
 bled, the Sum is 3,27,3 12, which is Qqual to 
 two Thirds of 4 , 90,968, and is the Number 
 of Bricks required, at 1 Brick in Thicknefs. 
 
 EXAMPLE II. 
 
 How many Bricks are jujfcient for to build 
 the aforefaid Piece of Walling , , at 2 Bricks in 
 \ Thicknefs ? 
 
 To the Product 490468, which is the Num- 
 ber of Bricks required, at i \ Brick in Thicknefs, 
 add the Quotient 163656, (which is equal to 
 one third of the fame Product,) becaufe the ex- 
 traordinary Thicknefs is half a Brick, and the 
 Sum, 654124, is the Number of Bricks re- 
 quired. 
 
 OPERATION. 
 
 To the Product 490468 
 
 add the Quotient 163656 
 
 then the Sum 654124 
 
 is the Number of Bricks required, at two 
 Bricks in Thicknefs. 
 
 EXAMPLE. III. 
 
 How many Bricks are fuff dent for to build 
 the aforefaid Piece of Wallings at 2 ~ Bricks in 
 Thicknefs ? 
 
 To the aforefiid Prod 11 61 , 490468, add the 
 aforefaid Quotient doubled, becaufe here the 
 extraordinary Thicknefs, is two half Bricks, 
 viz. ^27312, and the Sum is the Number of 
 Bricks required. 
 
 OPE- 
 
9 
 
 Of Computing Brick Walling. 
 
 OPERATION. 
 
 To the Produfl 490468 
 
 add the Quotient doubled, viz. 327312 
 
 then the Sum . 817780 
 
 js the Number of Bricks required, at 2 f 
 Bricks in Thicknefs. 
 
 EXAMPLE IV. 
 
 How many Bricks are fufficient for the afore- 
 jaid Walling, at 3 Bricks Length in Thicknefs ? 
 
 Double 4,90,468, theaforefaid Product, be- 
 cauie the 1 hickneis is doubled, and the Sum 
 js the Number of Bricks required. 
 
 OPERATION. 
 
 To the Product! aforefaid, 49046S 
 
 add 490468 
 
 and the Sum 980936 
 
 is the Number of Bricks required, at 3 Bricks 
 Thicknefs. And fo in like manner may be found 
 the Number of Bricks for any other greater 
 Thicknefs. 
 
 Now having thus explained the Manner of 
 finding the Number of Bricks, neceffary to s 
 make any Quantity of Walling, which I can’t 
 but think will be agreeable to many of my 
 Readers, efpecially to fuch Gentlemen, and 
 their Stewards, whom it may concern ; I fhall 
 now beg leave to obferve, that when the Fronts 
 are faced with unrubbed Bricks, either Grey 
 or Red, ’tis cuftomary to work up their Infides 
 with Place Bricks, which, to make go"od Work, 
 their Courjes Jhould be laid in no greater a Lhick- 
 neji 
 
i o Of Computing Brick Walling. 
 nefs of Mortar -, than the Stock Bricky that 
 thereby every Courfe may be kept Level, and 
 ftrongly bonded together, which cannot be done 
 when the infide and outfide Courfes are not 
 carried up Level, as is too often pradifed. 
 
 The Number of unrubbed Stock Bricks, re- 
 quired to face a Rod of Wallings at i ~ Brick in 
 Thicknefs, . is juft a half Part of the whole, 
 m. 243 7, which is nearly 9 Bricks to every 
 fuperficial Foot ; but as in all Computations, 
 it is beft to allow rather more than lefs, I will 
 therefore allow 9 Bricks per Fopt, which will 
 make Eftimations of this Kind very eafy ; 
 for if the Number of fuperficial Feet, contained 
 in any intended Front, be multiplied by 9, 
 the Produd is not only the Number of 
 Grey Stocks required ' but isalfo the Number of 
 Place Bricks required to work up againft them 
 within fide ; the Thicknefs of the Wall being 
 one Brick and a Half. 
 
 Phe Prime Coft of Grey Stock Bricks , is ac- 
 cording to their Goodnefs and Colour , the 
 common dark Sort, taking them as they rife 
 out of the Kiln, is 18 s. per Thoufand, de- 
 livered in any Part of V/efiminfer or the Liber- 
 ties thereof ; but if they are picked at the Kiln, 
 fo as to have them all of the beft Colour, as 
 nearly alike as can be cnofen, then their Price is 
 from 20 to 22 per Thoufand, delivered. 
 
 N B. Thofe Grey Stock Bricks , which Brick- 
 layers buy Prime Coft, at iS s. /^Thoufand 
 delivered, they generally Retail in Repairs, 
 &c. at 3 s, per 80 Bricks, which they fell 
 
 for 
 
The Price of Grey Stock Bricks, ii 
 for ioo, as afore faid of Place Bricks $ which 
 amounts to i /. 1 7 s. 6 d. per Thoufand, 
 and which is 108 ± per Cent # Profit, and 
 83 j per Cent . Exadlion, more than 25 per 
 Cent . honed Gain. For, 
 
 As 1 8 j. the Prime Cod per Thoufand, is to 
 I /. 1 js. the Retail Amount of a Thoufand, 
 fo is 100 /. to 208 4 f . 
 
 But as Grey Stock Bricks are bought Prime 
 Cofl f for 1 8 s . /tfr Thoufand delivered ; they 
 are therefore worth no more Retail, at 25 per 
 Cent . Profit, than 1 4 25. 6 d. per Thoufand 5 
 and all leffer Quantities, as exhibited in the 
 following Table, viz . 
 
 A TABLE, jhewhig the Retail Value- of any 
 Number of common Grey Stock Bricks, lefs 
 than a Thoufand , at 25 per -Cent . Profit, 
 
 Number of 
 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 1 Number of 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 Bricks. 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 ?• 
 
 Bricks. 
 
 / 
 
 
 d. 
 
 
 1000 
 
 22 
 
 6 
 
 0 
 
 70 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 3 >6 
 
 750 
 
 l6 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 60 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 0 ,8 
 
 500 
 
 I I 
 
 3 
 
 0 
 
 50 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 400 
 
 9 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 40 
 
 0 
 
 10 
 
 3 >2 
 
 3 00 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 0 
 
 30 
 
 0 
 
 8 
 
 o ,4 
 
 200 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 0 
 
 20 
 
 0 
 
 5 
 
 1,6 
 
 IOD 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 0 
 
 10 
 
 0 
 
 2 
 
 2,8 
 
 90 
 
 2 
 
 0 
 
 1,2 
 
 5 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 1 >4 
 
 80 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 1 >4 
 
 
 
 
 
 Which is little more than 1 Farthing per Brick, 
 And as the bed-coloured pick’d Grey Stock 
 Bricks , are fold Prime Cod, for 22 s. per 
 Thoufand delivered, they are therefore worth 
 Retail, no more than 1 4 ij s. 6 d. per Thou- 
 fand $ 
 
12 The Price of Red Stock 
 
 land ; and all Idler Quantities, as exhibited in 
 the following Table, viz. 
 
 A TABLE, Jhewing the Retail V alne of 
 any Number of the heft-coloured Grey Stock 
 Bricks, lefs than a Thoufand , at 25 s. per 
 Cent. Profit . 
 
 Number of 
 
 
 Value. 
 
 Number of 
 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 Bricks. 
 
 s . 
 
 d 
 
 ?• 
 
 Bricks. 
 
 s . 
 
 d . 
 
 ?• 
 
 1000 
 
 27 
 
 6 
 
 0 
 
 70 
 
 I 
 
 11 
 
 0,4 
 
 756 
 
 20 
 
 07 
 
 2 
 
 60 
 
 I 
 
 7 
 
 3 >2 
 
 500 
 
 *3 
 
 9 
 
 0 
 
 50 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 400 
 
 1 1 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 40 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 0 ,8 
 
 3 °o 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 0 
 
 3 ° 
 
 0 
 
 9 
 
 3 >6 
 
 200 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 0 
 
 20 
 
 0 
 
 6 
 
 2,4 
 
 100 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 0 
 
 10 
 
 0 
 
 3 
 
 1 ,2 
 
 90 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 2,6 
 
 80 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 ,6 
 
 
 
 
 
 Which is very little lefs than i- Farthing per 
 Brick. 
 
 Red Stock Bricks, and Paving Bricks , 
 are fold Prime Coft y for 30 s. per Thoufand 
 delivered ; and retailed by Bricklayers, at 40 s. 
 wherein they exadt 8f per Cent . more than 
 25 per Cent . honeft Gain. For, 
 
 As 30 s. the Prime Coft, 
 is to 40 s. their Retail Price : 
 
 So is 100I. to 133I which is Sj more 
 than 25 per Cent, honeft Gain . 
 
 For as the Prime Coft per Thoufand deliver- 
 ed, is 30 « r. therefore they are worth no more 
 Retail, at 25 per Cent. Profit, than 1 /. jys. 6 d. 
 
 and 
 
and Paving Bricks. 13 
 
 and all lefier Quantities, as exhibited in the 
 following Table, 
 
 A TABLE, /hewing the Retail Value oj 
 any Number of Red Stock Bricks, commonly 
 called Rubbing Bricks, being rubbed , when 
 imployed to ornament Brickwork , and of Pa- 
 ving Bricks, lefs than a Phoufandy at 25 per 
 Cent. Profit. 
 
 Number of 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 Number of 
 
 Value* 
 
 
 Bricks. 
 
 
 
 
 Bricks. 
 
 
 
 
 
 i. 
 
 d. 
 
 ?• 
 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 < 1 • 
 
 1000 
 
 37 
 
 6 v 
 
 0 
 
 70 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 750 
 
 28 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 60 
 
 
 3 
 
 0 
 
 '500 
 
 18 
 
 9 
 
 0 
 
 5 ® 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 400 
 
 15 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 40 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 0 
 
 30° 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 0 
 
 30 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 200 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 0 
 
 20 
 
 0 
 
 9 
 
 0 
 
 100 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 0 
 
 10 
 
 0 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 90 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 © 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 80 
 
 3 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 
 
 
 
 Which is 1 A Farthing per Brick. 
 
 iV. B. The Dimenfions of a Paving Brick 
 is as follows, viz . Length 9 Inches, Breadth 
 Inches, and Thicknefs jQ Inches. 
 
 If ( 1296, the Quadrature of a Yard in 
 Inches , be divided by 40^ the Area of the Sur- 
 face of a Paving-Bricky the Quotient 32, is 
 the Number of Bricks laid fiat and dry , that 
 will cover one fuperficial Yard. And therefore 
 any Number of Yards required to be Paved, 
 being multiplied by 32, the Produdt is the 
 Number of Bricks required. Again, 
 
 If 
 
*4 0 / W i xN d s o r Bricks. 
 
 If 1296 y the Quadrature of a Tard in Inches i 
 be divided by 15J, the Area of a Brick on 
 Edge , the Quotient 82-, is the Number of 
 Paving Bricks laid dry without Mortar, on 
 their Edges , that will Pave one Square Yard. 
 And as ’tis not poflible to lay them quite 
 clofe together, the Fraction f may be omit- 
 ted, and 82 taken for a fufficient Quantity. 
 And therefore it follows, that any Number of 
 fuperficial Yards given, being multiply ed by 8 2 , 
 the Product will be the Number of Bricks 
 required. 
 
 N. B. The Weight of a Place Brick and of a 
 Grey Stock Brick are nearly equal , viz. about 
 5 Pounds avoir dupois each 5 as alfo is a Paving 
 Brick. But the Weight of a Red Stock Bricky 
 * is generally five Pounds , 1 2 Ounces . 
 
 Now as 500 Bricks is a Load ’ therefore 
 a Load of Place Brick is 2500 Weight, as 
 alfo, is a Load of Grey Stocks , and of Paving 
 Bricks ; but a Load of Red Stocks is 2875. 
 
 Windsor Bricks, fo called, from their 
 being carried there (from Gerrard’s Cross 
 where they are made) to be fent by Water 
 to London y are chiefly ufed for Furnaces and 
 Potters Kilns , as being the beft for {landing 
 great Heats. They are Sold by the Brick 
 Merchants at Fleet-Ditch Side in London, 
 prime Cofl y at 3/. per Thoufand, which is 
 2 Farthings -Mr per Brick, exclusive of Car- 
 
Of Tiles and their Dtmenfimu 15 
 
 Sect II. O/TILES. 
 
 r "T"'' H E feveral Kinds of Tiles made about 
 London , are Plain Tiles, Ridge Tiles 9 
 Pan Ties , Paving Tiles , and Chimney Tiles . 
 
 I. A Plain Tile, by 17 Edward IV. 
 
 (hall be io Inches ~ in Length 6 Inches 
 and a quarter in Breadth , | of Inch 
 
 (at leait) Thicknefs , when burnt. 
 
 II. A Roof or Cross Tile (which now 
 is called a Ridge Tile ) /^// ^ 13 Inches in 
 Length , and Thicknefs as before , to/A convex 
 nient Depth accordingly. 
 
 III. A Gutter, and a Corner Tile 
 
 ('which now is called a Tile) Jhall be 
 10 Inches and ~ in Length , with convenient 
 Thicknefs , Breadth , and Deepnefs. And if any 
 Jhall fell Tiles other wife made , ^ /foi/ forfeit 
 to the Buyer the double Value thereof to be 
 recovered by Adi ion of Debt , be fide s, Jhall 
 
 make fine and Ranfom at the King's Will. 
 
 N. B. This Adi remains fill in Force. 
 
 IV. By the Statute 12 Geo. I. c. 25. 
 ’tis Enacted that all Pan Tiles, which after 
 29 Sept. 1726. fhall be made for Sale in 
 England , fhall, when burnt, be not lefs than 
 j 3 Inches and a half long , nine Inches and a 
 half wide, and half an Inch thick . 
 
 D 
 
 Sect, 
 
1$ Phe Trice of the Plain Tiles, 
 
 Sect. II. And all Perfom who after 
 29 Sept . 1726, whofe Pan Piles when burnt 
 fhall be of lefs Dhnenfions in Lengthy Breadth 
 or Phicknefs , than are herein before prefcribed 
 to be, fall forfeit 10 s. for every Phoufand , 
 and proport ionably for a greater or l offer £>uan- 
 tity . 
 
 Plain Tiles are fold Wholefale at the 
 Kilns about London for 20 s. per Phoufand , 
 with 10 Ridge Piles Included , delivered in 
 any Part of London or Wejlminjler . But when 
 they are retailed by Bricklayers in the Re- 
 pairs of Buildings, they are rated at 3 s. per 
 Hundred , or 30 s. per Phoufand , Exclufive of 
 the 10 Ridge Tiles, which they charge at 
 I Penny half-pe?iny per Pile befides ; which 
 is 3 if per Cent . Exaction more than 25 per 
 Cent. Honest Gain, For, as 20 s, the Prime 
 Coft of a Thoufand of plain Tiles, and 12 
 Ridge Til£S is to I /. 1 1 s. 3 d. their Retail 
 Price: fo is 100, to 15^6^ . Which is 3 
 Cent . more than HoneiT: Gain at 25 per Cent . 
 
 For, as plain Tiles are fold prime Cojl at 
 205 *. per Ihonfand delivered, (without any re- 
 gard being had to the Value of the 10 Ridge 
 Tiles) they are therefore worth no more Re- 
 tail at 25 per Cent, Profit, than 1 /. 51. per 
 Phoufand ; and all leifer Quantities, as exhi- 
 bited in the following Table, viz. 
 
 A 
 
37 
 
 and Number ufed in a Square . 
 
 A TABLE, Jhewing the retail V alue of 
 any Number of Plain Tiles, lefs than a 
 P houfand . , at 25 s. per Cent. Profit . 
 
 Number of Plain 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 Number of Plain 
 
 Value* 
 
 Tiles. 
 
 /. 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 
 Tiles. 
 
 /. 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 1000 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 75 ° 
 
 0 
 
 18 
 
 9 
 
 
 60 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 500 
 
 0 
 
 1 2 
 
 6 
 
 
 5° 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 400 
 
 0 
 
 10 
 
 0 
 
 
 40 
 
 0 
 
 t 
 
 ■ 0 
 
 300 
 
 0 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 
 30 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 9 
 
 200 
 
 0 
 
 5 
 
 0 
 
 
 20 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 6 
 
 10 0 
 
 0 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 IV 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 3 
 
 90 
 
 0 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 5 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 
 80 
 
 0 
 
 2 
 
 0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Which is if Farthing Tile. 
 
 The Quantity or Number of Plain Tile 
 required to cover one Square of Work (viz* 100 
 fuperficial Feet) is according to the Gage at 
 which they are to be laid* 
 
 The different Gages at which plain Tiles are 
 laid, are generally Three , vhz. 6 Inches* 
 7 Inches and 8 Inches. That is* the upper 
 Edge of every other Lath is nailed exadly 
 at fome one of thofe Diftances, which is called 
 the Gage 5 and between every two of them is 
 nailed another Lath* whole upper Edge is 
 placed as nearly in the Middle between the 
 others as can be done by Sight, without 
 Meafuring. So that in every Gage of 6, 7, 
 q: 8 Inches,, there are two Courfes of Tiles , 
 
 D z And 
 
iS The Price of Ridge Tiles 
 
 And therefore it follows, that every Ccurfe 
 of Tiles has but Half of the Gage they are 
 laid at, clear to the Weather, viz . 
 
 a Inches f 3 1 
 
 Gage "j 3 i > Inches clear, 
 have but (4 J 
 
 And as the Breadth of aPlain Tile is 6 * Inches: 
 therefore 
 
 Inches. Inches. 
 
 6* Inches [3 1 fi 8^1 is the Quantity 
 
 multiplied {^r^aj- 
 
 And if 144C0, the Quadrature of 120, the 
 Number of Inches in a Length of 10 Feet, the 
 Side of a Square of Work, be divided firjl by 
 i8|, fecondly by 22, and lajlly by 25, 
 
 The te 6 ^r^?“ m s b ‘ r0f J 6 'ilnd>- 
 quotient [ j ofWork> at t 8 )Gage. 
 
 And again, if any 
 given Number of 
 Squares of Work, 
 be multiplied by 
 
 the Produce 
 will be the i 
 N° of Tiles 
 required at a . 
 
 Inch- 
 
 Gage. 
 
 Ridge Tiles, when bought without 
 plain Tiles , are fold prime Cojl at the Kilns 
 for 6 St per Hundred delivered, which is 2,** 
 Farthings per Tile, and which the Bricklayers 
 have the Modefty to retail at i d. - per Tile, 
 or 12 s. 6 d. per Hundred, and therein ex aft 
 86 per Cent . more than 25 per Cent. Honest 
 Gain . For, 
 
 As 
 
and Pan Tiles. 19 
 
 As 6 s, the prime Cojl per Hundred is to 
 iz s. 6 d. their retail Price ; Jo is 100 to 211, 
 which (as before objerved ) is but 86 per Cent . 
 Ex aid ion, over and above 25 per Cent . Honest 
 G*z//z. 
 
 Note, In new plain Tiling, the Bricklayer 
 ought not tp make any Charge for Ridge Tiles, 
 becaufe they are always included in the prime 
 Cojl of the plain Piles, unlefs every Thoufand 
 of plain Piles require more than 10 Ridge 
 Piles , and then the overplus Quantity more 
 than 10 to a Thoufand muft be paid for 
 extra , at 7 s. 6 d. per Hundred, and no more, 
 or 1 d . per Tile, for any Number under a 
 Hundred. For, as 100 is to 125* fo is 6 r. 
 the prime Coft per Hundred, to 7 s. 6 d. the 
 Honed retail Price at 25 per Cent. Profit. 
 
 Pan Tiles are alfo fold prime Cojl at the 
 Kilns for 6 s. per Hundred , and are retailed 
 by Bricklayers at id. \ per Pile . So that 
 they exa 5 i 83 per Cent, therein, the fame as 
 
 in Ridge Piles . 
 
 For, as Pan Piles and Ridge Piles are 
 {q\& prime Cojl at 6 s. per Hundred, delivered $ 
 they are therefore worth no more retail at 
 25 per Cent. Profit, than 7 s. 6 d. per Hun- 
 dred, or 3 /. 15 s. per Phoufand 5 and all Quan- 
 tities left than a Thoufand, as exhibited in the 
 following Table, viz . 
 
 D 3 
 
 A 
 
Of Glazed Pak Tiles^ &cl 
 
 2Q 
 
 A TABLE, j 'hewing the retail Value of any 
 Number of Pan Tiles or Ridge Tiles 
 lejs than a \ thoufand , , at 25 per Cent . Profit . 
 
 Number of 
 
 Value. 
 
 Tiles. 
 
 /. s. d. 
 
 1000 
 
 3 1 5 0 
 
 750 
 
 2 16 3 
 
 500 
 
 1 17 6 
 
 400 
 
 1 10 0 
 
 300 
 
 1 26 
 
 200 
 
 0 15 0 
 
 100 
 
 O76 
 
 90 
 
 069 
 
 80 
 
 060 
 
 Number of Value. 
 
 Tiles. 
 
 /. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 70 
 
 0 
 
 5 3 
 
 60 
 
 0 
 
 4 6 
 
 50 
 
 0 
 
 3 9 
 
 40 
 
 0 
 
 3 0 
 
 30 
 
 0 
 
 2 3 
 
 20 
 
 0 
 
 1 6 
 
 10 
 
 0 
 
 0 9 
 
 5 
 
 0 
 
 0 4* 
 
 Which is 3 p 0 Farthings per Tile. 
 
 Glazed Pan Tiles are infinitely pre- 
 ferable to the Unglazed, becaufe the Rains 
 cannot penetrate them, as they frequently do 
 the Unglazed ; and their Colour being a dark 
 Purple, has a much piore agreeable Effedt on 
 the Eye. 
 
 The firft Glazed Pan "Tiles ufed in Eng- 
 land were brought here from Holland ; but 
 now many of our Englijh Tile-makers make 
 them equally as good as thofe made by the 
 JDutch, ^nd particularly Mr. Barret of 
 Brentfordy who delivers therp in London or 
 Wefiminfter at 6 /. per Thoufand, which 
 Bricklayers in Repairs, £?c. retail at 2 d. per Tile ; 
 and therein exaff 13 £ per Cent, more than 
 25 per Cent. Hqnest Gain. 
 
 For, 
 
21 
 
 their Price and Gage , 
 
 For, as 12 s. per Hundred prime Coji , 
 
 Is to 16 l 8 d. their retail Price: 
 
 So is 100, to 138 £ ; which is nearly 
 14 per Cent . Exaffion above 25 per Cent® 
 Honest Gain . 
 
 And as Glazed Ridge and Pan Tiles 
 are fold prime Coji for 1 2 s. per Hundred de- 
 livered j they are therefore worth no more re- 
 tail at 25 Cent. Profit, than 155. per Hun- 
 dred, or 7 /. 10 s. per 'Thou [and • and all Quan- 
 tities lefs than a Thouiand, as exhibited in 
 the following Table, viz. 
 
 A T A B L E f hewing the Retail Value of any 
 Number of GlazedRivGE or Pan Tiles, 
 lefs than a Hhoufand , at 25 per Cent . 
 Profit . 
 
 Number of 
 Tiles. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Number of 
 Tiles. 
 
 
 Value* 
 
 % 
 
 /. s. J. 
 
 
 /. 
 
 s. d . 
 
 1000 
 
 7 10 0 
 
 70 
 
 0 ] 
 
 to 6 
 
 750 
 
 5 12 6 
 
 60 
 
 Q 
 
 9 0 
 
 500 
 
 > 15 0 
 
 5 <\ 
 
 O 
 
 7 6 
 
 400 
 
 3 00 
 
 40 
 
 0 
 
 6 0 
 
 3 °o 
 
 250 
 
 3 ° 
 
 0 
 
 4 6 
 
 200 
 
 1 10 0 
 
 20 
 
 0 
 
 3 0 
 
 JOO ■ 
 
 0 15 0 
 
 IQ 
 
 0 
 
 1 6 
 
 99 
 
 80 
 
 0 13 6 
 0 12 0 
 
 s 
 
 0 
 
 0 9 
 
 Which 
 
 is I d. 3 q. per Tile, 
 
 
 Pan Tiles are generally, or at lead; ought 
 to be, laid at a 10 Inch Gage , whereby they 
 have# Lap downwards of Inches , and leave 
 
 D 4 10 
 
22 Of Paving Tiles, or 
 
 10 Inches clear to the Weather ; and as they 
 are generally laid with a fide Lap of j \ hch, 
 therefore the Area of each Tile to the Wea- 
 ther will be i o by 8, squal to 8ofquare 
 Inches. 
 
 Now if 14400, the Number of Square 
 Inches in a Square , (or 100 Square Feet) of 
 Work, be divided by 80, the Square biches of 
 Weathering in one Tile , the Quotient i8q, is 
 the Number of Pan Tiles required to cover 
 a Square of Work . And therefore if any given 
 Number of Squares of Work done, or to be 
 done, be multiplied by 180, the Product 
 will be the Number of Pan Tiles required ; 
 and which being rated at the Prime Cojl of 
 the Country , per Hundred , will {hew the Ex- 
 pence. 
 
 Paving Tiles for the Ground Floors of 
 Offices, &c. are made of two Sizes ; the one 
 called Foot Tiles , which when burnt, hold 
 
 1 1 \ Inches J'quare , and 1 Inch and \ in Thick - 
 nej's ; the other called Ten Inch Tiles , which 
 when burnt, hold 9 \ Inches fquare , and 1 Inch 
 in Thicknejs. 
 
 These Kinds of Tiles are made and fold 
 Prime Coft by Mr. Dean near May Fair , 
 and Mr. Harris at the Pinner of Wakefield 
 near Grays Inn Lane , the Foot Tiles at 201. 
 per Hundred , which is 2 d. 1 q. f per Tile ; 
 and the 10 Inch Tiles at 8 s. per Hundred, \ 
 which is 3 Farthings per file. 
 
 Foot 
 
Foot Tiles, and their Price. 23 
 Foot Tiles are retailed by Bricklayers at 
 4 d. per Pile, which is 1 1 . 13 h 4^. per Hundred , 
 and therein they exadl 41 to p er Cent.^ For 
 Js 20 s. the prime Coft of a Hundred , 
 
 Is to 33 s » 4 d. their retail Price: 
 
 So is 100 1 . to 166 1 . tt ; which is 41 1 . 
 per Cent . Exadlion , above 25 per Cent, Honefl 
 Gain. 
 
 Ten Inch Tiles are retailed by Brick- 
 layers at 2 d.per Pile , which is 16 s. Sd.per 
 Hundred , and therein they exaB 83 j />f?r O/tf. 
 For 8 s. the prime Cojl of a Hundred ^ 
 
 Is to 1 6 s. 8 d. their retail Price z 
 So is 100 L to 208 1 . I ; which is 83 1 . * 
 per Cent. Exadlion, above 25 per Cent. H q« 
 neft Gain. 
 
 But as Foot Piles are fold prime Cofl at 
 20 s. per Hundred delivered; they are there- 
 fore, at 25 per Cent . Profit, worth no more 
 than 1 1 . 5 s. per Hundred, or 12 l. 10 5. per 
 Phoujand , Retail ; and all Quantities lefs than a 
 Thoufand, as exhibited in the fecond Co- 
 lumn of the following Table. 
 
 And as Pen Inch Piles are fold prime Co ft 
 delivered, at 8 s. per Hundred, they are there- 
 tore worth no more Pet ail at 25 per Cent . Profit, 
 than 10 s .per Hundred, or 2 1 . 10 s. per Phou - 
 Jand and all Quantities lefs than a Thoufand, 
 as exhibited in the third Column of the fol- 
 lowing Table, viz* 
 
 A 
 
24 Of Chimney or Gaily Tiles: 
 
 A TABLE Jhewing the retail Value of 
 Foot and Ten Inch Paving Tiles , at 
 25 per Cent . Profit . 
 
 Number 
 
 Value of 
 
 Value of 10 
 
 Number 
 
 Valae of 
 
 Value of lo 
 
 of Tiles, 
 
 Foot Tiles. 
 
 1. i. d. 
 
 Inch Tiles. 
 /. s. d. 
 
 of Tiles. 
 
 Foot Tiles. 
 
 /. s. d. 
 
 Inch Tiles. 
 
 /. s.d. 
 
 1000 
 
 12 
 
 10 0 
 
 5 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 70 
 
 0 
 
 *7 
 
 6 
 
 O7O 
 
 750 
 
 9 
 
 7 6 
 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 0 
 
 60 
 
 0 
 
 
 0 
 
 0 6 0 
 
 5 °o 
 
 6 
 
 5 0 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 0 
 
 50 
 
 0 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 0 5 0 
 
 400 
 
 5 
 
 0 0 
 
 4 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 40 
 
 0 
 
 10 
 
 0 
 
 0 4 0 
 
 3 °o 
 
 3 
 
 15 0 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 0 
 
 30 
 
 0 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 O3O 
 
 200 
 
 2 
 
 10 0 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 20 
 
 0 
 
 5 
 
 0 
 
 0 2 0 
 
 100 
 
 1 
 
 5 0 
 
 0 
 
 10 
 
 0 
 
 10 
 
 0 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 OIO 
 
 90 
 
 1 
 
 2 6 
 
 0 
 
 9 
 
 0 
 
 5 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 0 0 6 
 
 80 
 
 1 
 
 0 0 
 
 0 
 
 8 
 
 0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Which is 3 d. per Foot Tilt , and 1 */. x * 0 of a 
 Farthing per 10 Inch Tile „ 
 
 2 V. 5 . When FW are made of good 
 Earth, and well burnt, they make good and 
 cheap Coping for 9 Inch Walls, being well 
 Bedded in good Mortar, made with Sea- 
 coal Allies and hot Lime. 
 
 Chimney Tiles, commonly call’d Gaily 
 Tiles y for to fet the Coved Sides of Chimnies , 
 were iirft brought here from Holland , and are 
 yet fo continued, as being made of a free kind 
 of Earth, that will rub on a Stone ; which 
 thofe made by the Englifh Potters at Lambeth , 
 &c. will not fo freely do, and are therefore 
 troublefome to Gage and Set, 
 
 There 
 
their Sorts , Size, and Price. 25 
 
 There are divers Kinds of thefe Dutch 
 Piles, viz. entirely White, Marbled , and 
 Painted with divers Devices, as LandfcapesfSc* 
 in blue and white Colours. 
 
 The White Sort is fold by the large Deal- 
 ers in Earthen Wares, at 2d. per Tile, the Mar- 
 bled-kind at 3 d. and the Painted at 3 d. at 3-, and 
 4 d.perTile, according to their Goodnefs of Work. 
 
 Every four Tiles is call'd a fquare Foot, 
 and lb paid for; tho’ in Fad: they meaftire, 
 when Gaged and Set, not more than 100 
 fquare Inches (each Tile being but 5 Inches 
 fquare) whereas a fquare Foot contains 144 fquare 
 Inches ; fo that 4 Tiles are very little more than 
 2 third Parts of a fquare Foot, which is 96 fquare 
 Inches. And therefore , 
 
 In making Computations of the Quantity of 
 Tiles required for any Number of fquare Feet , 
 there muji always be 6 Tiles allow'd to every 
 fquare Foot of Work. 
 
 When thefe Tiles are retailed by Bricklayers , 
 they mud be paid for them no more 
 
 { 2 j d. per Tile for the White, 
 
 3^ for the Marbled, and 
 j for the bed painted fort. 
 
 Which is at the Rate of 25 per Cent, neat Profit. 
 
 N.B. Th ese Sorts of Tiles are made by 
 the White Potters at Lambeth , and by Mr. 
 Gades at his Pot-Houfe in New- G ravel- La ne 
 in Southwark, where there is a very great 
 
 Choice, 
 
26 Of Lime and its Price: 
 
 Choice. But I think not any of them can be 
 rubb’d and gaged with that Neatnefs as 
 can be with Dutch Tiles , unlefs they have 
 very lately made that Improvement by 
 moderately opening the Body f their Clay 'with 
 Woolwich Sandy which I think is no difficult 
 Matter to do. 
 
 Now having thus fhewn the feveral Di - 
 ?nenfons y Exactions and Prices of Bricks and 
 Tiles, together with the manner of finding the 
 Number of each, that will complete any given 
 Quantity of Rods y Squares , Yards , Feet, 6cc. 
 of Work, I fhall now proceed to explain the 
 lame of Lime, Sand y &c. of which the Ce- 
 ments or Mortars in which they are laid, are 
 made. 
 
 8 e c t. III. Of Lime. 
 
 T he Lime ft fed in common for Mortar in 
 London y is made of Chalk calcined in a 
 Kiln ; of which very large Quantities are brought 
 out of 'Kent and Efjex by Water to London , 
 where the Lime Merchants fell it unflacked, for 
 9 s. per Hundred delivered ; which Bricklayers re- 
 tail at 12s . 6 d. per Hundred, and therein exadt 
 13* perCent . above 25 perCent. honefl: Gain. For 
 As gs. the prime Coft per Hundred is to 
 izs. td . the Retail Price: 
 
 So is 100, to 138 J; which is 13! at 25 per 
 Cent, above Honefl: Cain, 
 
 A 
 
The Bufhel and the Hundred . 27 
 
 A Hundr ed of Lime is 25 Bufhels, Winchefler 
 fir iked Me a fur e> which is generally fent in 25 
 Bags, that fhouldeach contain a Bujhel as afore- 
 faid : But very few Lime Bags will contain a 
 Bujhel , even when filled, and ’tis very feldom 
 that they are fo ; for I think there is no Trade 
 belonging to the Bufinefs of Building, fo guilty 
 of fhort Meafire, as Lime Merchants or 
 their Servants, if not carefully look’d after. 
 
 A Winchefler Bujhef ft r iked Meafure, con- 
 tains 2256 Cube I?iches , (which is equal to 8 
 Gallons, each Gallon equal to 282 Cube Inches 
 and fo much every Bag of Lime ought to con- 
 tain. 
 
 if a Bufijel Meafure be Jufi or 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Multiply the fquare Inches contain’d in the 
 Area of its Bottom , by the Number of Inches 
 and Parts contained in its Depth ; and if the Pro- 
 dud: be equal to 225^? ( the Number of Cube 
 Inches in a Winchefler firiked Bufijel) it is a Juft 
 Bufhel ; but if lefs, ’tis Falfe. 
 
 Now as 25 ftriked Bufhels of Lime is 
 called a Hundred ; and as Lime in and about 
 London is fold by the Hundred ; therefore if 
 2252, the Cube Inches in a Winchefler Bujhel 
 ftriked, be multiplied by 25, the Number of 
 ftriked Bufhels in a Hundred , the Produd 
 56300, is the Number of Cube Inches, which 
 every Quantity of Lime delivered for a Hun- 
 dred ought to contain. 
 
 THE 
 
28 Of Frauds in the 
 
 The Meafure by which Bricklayers mea- 
 fure Lime , at their receiving it from the Lime 
 Merchant , is a bottomlefs Cube Vcffel, whofe 
 Root or Side is 3 Feet 1 Inch, and whofe Cube 
 quantity is but 50653 Inches* 
 
 Now if 50653, the Number of Cube Inches 
 in the aforefaid Meafure, be fubtra&ed from 
 56300, the Number of Cube Inches in a Hun - 
 dredy or 25 Bujhels of Lime ; the remains* is 
 5647 Cube Inches, which is fomething more 
 than 2 Bulhels, and which every fuch Mea- 
 iure is Ufs , and wants of being an Honejl Hun- 
 dred of Lime . 
 
 But if the Side or Roof of the faid hollow Cub e 
 be made 38^ Inches, viz . 38^ Inches fquare 
 within in the Clear, and as much in Depth, it 
 will contain when filled level, but 205 Cube 
 Inches, which is not 3 Quarts more than 25 
 ftriked Bulhels. 
 
 For the Cube of 38 j Inches is 56505 Cube 
 Inches ; and the Cube Inches in 25 Bufhels 
 is 56300, which is but 205 Cube Inches 
 Difference, which is lefs than £ of a Gallon, 
 viz. of 282 Cube Inches. 
 
 N. B. In filling of the aforefaid Box or 
 Frame, Care fliould be taken that the Bags 
 are not all emptied at one Cornier only \ becaufe 
 then the largeft Parts of the Lime rowl away 
 to the oppo/ite Sides i &c. where they caufe very 
 large Vacuities between them, capable of con- 
 taining a great deal of leffer Lime Stones, 
 which cannot intermix as ought to be done 
 to have Honest Meafure , and which I have 
 
 often 
 
Admeafurement of Lime , zg 
 
 often found has amounted to upwards of Two 
 Bufhels in every 25. — And therefore to prevent 
 fuch Fraud, ' as much as may be, cauje the 
 Bags to be emptied into every Part alike, as 
 near as poffible, keeping the Lime Jpread level 
 as ’tis filled in, and then you will be fure to 
 have Honest Me a fure. 
 
 A t and about Ghrijl-Church in Hampjhire , 
 where there is exceeding good Lime made with 
 the Rubble of Purbeck Stone , it is fold by the 
 Hundred or Tun Weight ; by which, no Fraud 
 can be exercifed 5 and was the Legislature 
 to enadt, that Lime throughout the Kingdom 
 fhould be fo fold, and that all Lime under burnt 
 (hould not be paid for, as being not only ufe- 
 lefs, but an Impofition on the Buyer, it would 
 be an univerfal Service done to the Publick 2 
 For it is not here in London only, that 
 Frauds in the Meafure of Lime are pradtifed, but 
 ’tis fo in all Parts of the Kingdom befides, where 
 the Lime Burners pretend to fell it by the Hun- 
 dred, or by the Load , which in fome Parts is 
 30 Bufhels , and in other 32 Bufhels ; and there- 
 fore is a Grievance, which calls out univerfally 
 for F.edrefs. — At Shoreham in Kent I was an 
 Eye-Witnefs to a Waggon- Load of Lime, faid 
 to contain 1 00 Bufhels , which I caufed to be 
 meafured by the Lime-man's own Hands, who, 
 with all his Art ufed in filling it in lightly, 
 could not make of it quite 70 Bujhels jiriked 
 Meafure , which was full 30 Bujhels lefs than 
 he delivered it for. 
 
30 Cautions in contracting for Lime; 
 
 1 n contracting for a confiderable Quantity 
 of Lirne^ it fhould be bargained with the Lime 
 Merchant , &c. that in Cafe there he much 
 Wajie in it by Lime Stones (which are nothing 
 but Chalk Stones under burnt, and therefore 
 will not flack) an equal Quantity of good 
 Lime be given in lieu of fuch Wafte ; for as 
 they are paid for real good Lime, all of it 
 ought to be fo. 
 
 And it muft be objerved , that you buy not 
 Lime ready flacked at the fame Price, and 
 the fame ftriked Meafure, as unflacked Lime 
 is fold. Becaufe, then you will not have 
 quite four Fifth Parts of your Meafure. For I 
 have experienced , (as any other Perfon may 
 do) that a ftriked Bujhel of Lime unflacked, 
 i will meafure , when flacked , fomething more than 
 five ftriked Pecks, which is above one Fifth 
 Part increafe. 
 
 When Bricklayers retail Lime entirely 
 flacked , at the lame Rate as they do unflacked 
 Lime , viz. 6 d. per ftriked Bujhel or Bag, 
 they have 50 per Lent. Profit. 
 
 For as 5^. allowed for the prime Coft of 
 one Bufhel of Lime and for flacking it, is 
 to yd. \ the retail Price of five Pecks, which 
 ’tis then increafed to $ fo is 100 to 150, which 
 is 50 perCent. Profit, and 25 per Cent . Exac- 
 tion above 25 per Cent. Honest Gain. 
 
 Un- 
 
Of San t>2. 
 
 3 * 
 
 Un slacked Lime Retailed at 25 per 
 Cent. Profit, is in. 3 d. per Hundred, or 
 5 d. too P er Bufhel 3 and Slacked Lime at 4 
 and of a Penny, ftriked Meafure. 
 
 - 
 
 It is alfo t'o he noted , That when Lime is 
 kept any confiderable Time after drawn from 
 the Kilns, before ufed, the Humidity of the 
 external Air being imbib’d by it, will Jlack it 
 as it lies in the Store-houfe y and its Strength 
 is found by Experience to be thereby impaired ; 
 and that more in the Winter when the Air is 
 replete with Moifure , than in the Summer ; 
 wherefore ’tis evident, that everyStore-houfe 
 for Lime fhould be kept dry, and clofe from 
 the external Air. 
 
 Sect. IV. Of SANDS. 
 
 T H E Kinds of Sands ufed for Buildings 
 in London, are generally either Pit 
 Sand or Thames Sand ; unlefs by Jobbing 
 Bricklayers , who often ufe Glafs-Grinders 
 Sand 9 after being done with by the Grinders. 
 
 Pit Sand is generally either mixt with 
 a fmall Quantity of Loam , or entirely of a 
 Jharp Griti That which is mixt with Loam 
 requires lefs Lime than the other, but then 
 "tis only fit for Infide Works. 
 
 E 
 
 Both 
 
32 Of the various Kinds 
 
 Both thefe Kinds of Sands, as alfo 'Thames 
 Sand \ are delivered at about 3 s. per Load, but 
 if fetched, at 2 s . 
 
 A Load of Sand is 24 heaped Bufhels . 
 Glass-Grinders Sand is fold by them at 
 \ Penny per half Bujhel Bafket heaped, and 
 fetched from thern. 
 
 Sect. V. Of the various Kinds of C E« 
 M E N TS, or Mortars, ufed in Buildings . 
 
 T H E feveral Kinds of Mortar ufed in 
 Buildings are Eight , viz. 
 
 1. Inside and Outside Mortar, made 
 of Lime and Sand, 
 
 2. Terrace Mortar, made of Lime and 
 Terrace . 
 
 3. Brick-dust Mortar, made of red 
 
 Stock Brick- duft and Lime . 
 
 4. Bastard Terrace, made of a Smith's 
 
 Forge AJhes and Lime . 
 
 5. Pargetting Mortar, made of Lime 
 
 and Horfe-dufig . 
 
 6. Furnace Mortar, for Furnaces, O- 
 vens, ^ Kilns, &c. made of Woolwich Loam or 
 of Wind for Loam only. 
 
 7. Plais- 
 
of X/EMtNTS or Mortars. 33 
 
 7. Plaister Mortar, made of calcin’d 
 Alabojler . 
 
 8. Fine Mortar, called Putty, for 
 rubbed and gaged Works , made of Lime only. 
 Of all which in their Order 5 and, 
 
 L Of Inside Mortar. 
 
 Inside Mortar is ufed for Vaultings 
 Foundations, Partition and Party Walls , Jn~ 
 /ides of Fronts , and other Parts, which are hid 
 from the Eye and not expofed to the Weather. 
 
 This Kind oj Mortar is generally made 
 with Pit-fand , which requires more or lefs 
 Lime^ as it abounds more or lefs with loamy 
 P articles ; and therefore when Pit-fand is of a 
 loamy fat Nature , to 1 Load, (viz. 24 heaped 
 Bulhels) put 1 Hundred of Lime ; but when 
 it is a clean Jharp Grit as Lhames Sandy then 
 to 1 Load of Sand put Q Hundred of Lime , 
 which mix up together as the Lime is flacked* 
 in fmall Quantities. And fince that a Hun~ 
 dred of unfacked Lime is jifl 20 heaped Bu- 
 fhels, therefore in the firfl: Cafe of loamy Sand* 
 the Quantity of Lime is to the Quantity of 
 Sand, as 20 is to 24 ; that is, in the lead 
 Terms, as 5 is to 6* viz. 
 
 5 of Lime, to 6 of Sand. 
 
 And in the 2d Cafe, of a fnarp Grit or 
 E a Drift - 
 
34 The Price of Mortar, 
 
 Drift -fan d, the Lime is to the Sand as 30 is to 
 24, or as y\ is to 6, viz, 
 
 y\ of Lime, to 6 of Sand. 
 
 Phe Expence , prime Cofly of making a Hun- 
 dred of Lime into in fide Mortar with loamy 
 Sand y is as follows , viz. 
 
 1 Hundred of Lime 090 
 
 1 Load of Sand ° 3 o 
 
 A Labourer f Day 
 
 The Quantity of Mortar which the afore- 
 faid Lime and Sand will produce, is upwards 
 of 50 heaped Bufhels, which will make 100 
 Hodsy much larger than any that are fold in 
 the Repairs of Buildings, very frequently by 
 many for 6 d , but never for lefs than 4 d . per 
 
 N o w in the firft Cafe, when Infide Mor- 
 tar is retailed at 6 d. per Hod, the Retailer 
 has 270 per Cent . Profit. 
 
 For, as 13 s. 6 d. the prime Cojl of 100 Hods , 
 is to 50s. the Amount at 6d. per Hod: 
 Jo is 100 1 . to 370 1 . ; which is 270 
 
 per Cent. Profit . And, 
 
 In the fecond Cafe, when Sand-Mortar is 
 retailed at 4 d, per Hod, the Retailer has 143 
 per Cent . Profit. 
 
 fift, turn up and 
 
 Hod. 
 
 For, 
 
and its fever al Ingredients . 35 
 
 For, as 13 s. 6 d. the prime Cojl 0/100 Hods, 
 is to 33 s. 4d. the Amount at 4c!. per Hod x 
 fo is iool. to 243 1. which is 143 per 
 Cent. Profit . 
 
 Now, if from 270 per Cent. Profit, at 
 6 d. per Hod, we fubftradt 25 per Cent . 
 (which is allowed as a reafonable Gain in the 
 retailing of fmall Quantities) the Remains 
 245 per Cent, is Exadlion above real Value . 
 
 And if from 143 per Cent. Profit, at 4^0 
 per Hod , we fubllradt 25 Cent, as before, 
 the Remains is 118 per Cent. Exaction. 
 
 By divers Experiments I have found, that 
 50 heaped Btijhels of unfiacked Lime and Sand 
 together , are fully fujficient for to do \ Rod of 
 Brickwork , viz. 
 
 I. For Inside Mortar made with loamy 
 Sand , 
 
 25 Heaped Bufhels of Lime, with 
 2 5 Ditto of Sand . 
 
 Sum 50. 
 
 II. For Inside Mortar made with a 
 Jkarp Grit-fand , 
 
 2 8 Heaped Bufhels of Lime , with 
 22 Ditto of 
 
 E3 
 
 Sum 50. 
 
 The 
 
36 Ldhe Exptnces of making 
 
 The Expence of the preceding Mortars 
 per Rod, is as follows, viz. 
 
 I. Of the firft Kind, with loamy Sand . 
 
 2 5 Heaped Bushels of Lime , equal! 
 
 to i Hundred and a 5 th of 3., Han- i o 10 10 
 dred, at 9 s. J 
 
 25 Ditto of Sand, at 1 d. I o 3 1 * 
 
 A Labourer j Day, to flacky Jkreen , | ^ ^ ^ 
 
 ^r /2 tip* and chaff, j 
 
 Total per 2 W o 155* 
 
 II. Of the fecond Kind with fharp Sand , 
 
 2 8 Heaped Bufhels of Lime equal > « 
 
 to 1 Hundred and y at 9 s. I ° 2 
 
 22 Ditto of Sand at 1 J. \ 020 
 
 A Labourer £ Day to flack, fkreen, 
 turn up and chaff. 
 
 I o x 6 
 Total per Rod o 16 ir 
 
 N. B. In all thefe Computations of the 
 Expence of making Mortars, Tis fuppofed that 
 the Labourer has Water ready at Hand, 
 that is, near to his Work ; and therefore when 
 it is not fo, there mu ft be a reaftnable Allow- 
 ance made for bis Lime in going for it, or 
 another Labourer imployed for that purpofe. 
 
 And 
 
37 
 
 various Mortars per Rod . 
 
 And whereas very often it happens that 
 j Lime, by the Humidity of the Air only , will 
 flack as it lies in the Store-Houfe, as before 
 obferved ; and whereas a ftriked Bufloel of 
 unflacked Lime will, when flacked, make 
 fomething more than a heaped Bufhel, equal 
 to five ftriked Pecks ; therefore when Lime 
 happens to be fo flacked, there mu ft be 25 
 heaped Bu/hels , or 3 1 £ firiked Bufhels, allow- 
 ed for every Hundred of Lime . 
 
 And for the fame Reafon, there muft be 
 6 - ftriked Pecks of flacked Lime , allowed 
 for every heaped Bujkel of unflacked Lime , 
 
 For as 4 ftriked Pecks unflacked, is to 5 
 ftriked Pecks when flacked, fo is 5 ftriked 
 Pecks unflacked to 6; ftriked Pecks when 
 flacked. 
 
 II. Of the Out-side Mortar. 
 
 Out-Side Mortar for Fronts, Tiling, 
 &c. expofed to the Weather, fhould be made 
 with the fharpeft Grit-fand that can be had, 
 as being beft able to withftand the Infults 
 of Rains, &c. which Loamy Sands , cannot fo 
 well do — and which therefore fhould not be 
 ufed in any Part of a Building, that is ex- 
 pofed to the Weather. 
 
 The Proportion that the Lime Jhould have 
 to the Sand, is as 2 is to 1. viz. 2 heaped Bu~ 
 lloels of unflacked Lime to 1 ditto of Sand ; 
 
 E 4 and 
 
38 Price of Mortar per Hod, &c. 
 
 and therefore if 50, the Number of heaped 
 Bufhels of Lime and Sand requifite for 1 Rod 
 of Brickwork, be divided by 3, the Quotient 
 16 t is the Number of Bufhels of Sand ; and 
 twice that Quantity, viz. 33 is the Number 
 of Bufhels of Lime for 1 Rod } whpfe Expence 
 is as follgws, viz . 
 
 a 
 
 33 \ heaped Bufhels of Lime equal ^ 
 
 to 41 f Bags or ftriked Bufhels , £0159 
 at 9*. per Hund. is 3 
 
 16 \ Bufhels of Sand at 1 d. \ o 20* 
 A Labourer * Day to flack ^Jkreen ^ ) x 
 
 turn up and chajf\ > ° ^ * 
 
 Total Expence per Rod 0188 
 
 Now fuppofing as before, that thefe 50 
 Bufhels of Lime and Sand make but 100 
 Hods of Mortar , each to contain * a Bufioel 
 (which none do, that are fold by Bricklayers ) 
 at 6 d. per Hod$ the amount is 2/. ipr. 
 which is 1 /. 11 s. 4^. or 167 and upwards 
 per Cent. Profit. 
 
 > 
 
 For as 18 s. 8 d. the prime Coft, is to 2/. 10 s. 
 the retail Price ; fo is 100/. to 267 /. which 
 is 167 per Cent. 
 
 L’o find the prime Coft per Hod y of In-fide 
 and Outfide Mortars . 
 
 I. Of 
 
and Rules to calculate it . 39 
 
 I. Of In-side Mortar. 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Divide 812, the Farthings in 165. nd. 
 the prime Co (l of the Mortar for one Rod, 
 by 100, the Number of \ Bufhel Hods, which 
 50 Bufhels of Lime zn&'Sand will produce; 
 and the Quotient 8 is the Farthings per 
 Hod , which is very little more than 2 d. 
 
 II. Of Out-side Mortar, 
 RULE. 
 
 Divide 896, the Farthings in 18 s. 8 d. 
 the prime Cofl of Mortar for one Rod , by 100 , 
 as before, and the Quotient 8 , is the Far~ 
 
 things per Hod ; which is not quite 2 d. 
 
 To find the prime Co/l of Out- (id e or Infide 
 Mortar for one Rod of Brickwork in any, 
 Part of the Kingdom . 
 
 L Of In-side Mortar. 
 
 RULE. 
 
 To the prime Coji of 3 5 ftriked Bufhels of 
 Lime, and of 22 heaped Bufhels of Sand , at 
 the Market-Price of the Country, add f of 
 a Day Labourers Wages , and the Total will 
 be the Expence per Rod . 
 
 II. Of Out-side, or left Mortar. 
 
 To the prime Cofi of 41 £ finked Bufhels 
 of Lime, and of 1 6 * heaped Bufhels of Sand \ 
 as before, add ^ of a Day Labourers Wages , 
 
 accord- 
 
40 Terrace Mortar, what; 
 according to the Rate of the Country, and the 
 Total will be the Expence per Rod. 
 
 III. Of Ter race Mortar. 
 
 As Lime Mortars are made of Lime and 
 Sand, fo Terrace Mortars are made of Lime 
 and Terrace . 
 
 Terrace is a Kind of Sand brought from 
 Holland , but from whence the Dutch have 
 it, is unknown to me. It is fold by the Brick 
 and Lime Merchants in London , and particu- 
 larly by thofe on the Fleet- D i tch - fide , at 
 3 s. 6 d. per friked Bujhel , and fometimes for 
 lefs Money. 
 
 Terrace Mortar is chiefly ufed in 
 Walls expo fed to Water, as to Rivers , Ponds , 
 Ciflerns , Bog-Houfes , told Baths , &c. 
 
 The heft Terrace Mortar is made with 
 two Bujhels, &c. of hot Lime , and one Buft:el y 
 &c. of Terrace , well incorporated by beating. 
 And which Quantity to beat well, is a good 
 Day’s Work for a Labourer. 
 
 prime Cofl cf Terrace Mortar 
 is as follows , viz. 
 
 One Bufhel of Terrace — ° 5 6 
 
 T wo (Liked Bufhels of unflacked Lime 009 
 
 A Labourer one Day to beat, &c. 022 
 
 Total o 6 J 
 
 fo made , 
 
 Now 
 
its enormous Price and red Value. 4 r 
 
 N o w thefe three Bufhels of Lime and Ter- 
 race together will make 6 large Hods of Mor- 
 tar , which Bricklayers retail at 3 r. 6 d. per 
 IJod, and thereby have upwards of 127 per 
 Cent, clear Profit. 
 
 For as 6 a 5^. the prime Coft of 6 Hods, 
 ( which is nearly 1 s. 1 d. per Hod) is to 
 2 1 s. the retail Price, at 3 s. 6 d. per 
 Hod, fo is 100 to 227^* ; which is 
 102 f* Exaffiion , more than 25 per Cent . 
 Honest Gain. 
 
 But notwithftanding that the Profit is fo 
 very large, yet ’tis very feldom that Bricklayers 
 put left than 3 Bufhels of Lime to 1 Bujhel of 
 Terrace , their Avarice is fo great, which will 
 make 8 large Hods, and which they retail at 
 3 s. 6 d. per Hod , as before, and thereby have 
 312 per Cent, clear Profit . 
 
 Demonstration. 
 
 I. The prime Cofi is as follows , viz* 
 
 1 Bulhel of Terrace 036 
 
 3 Striked Buftiels of unflack’d Lime 01 1 \ 
 
 1 Labourer 1 Day to beat, &c . 022 
 
 Total o 6 9; 
 
 II. As the Amount of 8 Hods at 3 s. 6 d. 
 per Hod, is 1 /. 8 s. o d . therefore from 
 1:8:0 fubftradl 6 s. 9 * d. the prime Coft, 
 and the Remains 1 /. 1 s. 2 \ d. is the Brick- 
 
 layer's Profit ; which is 3 12 per Cent. 
 
 For 
 
42 Cautions in making Terrace. 
 
 For as 81 \ Pence equal to 6 s. 9* d. 
 the prime Cojl of 8 Bods , 
 
 Is to 336 Pence, equal to x /. 8 s. od . 
 the retail Price of 8 Hods : 
 
 So is 100 to 412*7, which is 3 1 2 J f per 
 Cent. Profit, and 287* f FxaElion , above 25 
 per Cent. Honest Gain. 
 
 And fince that I have before proved, that 
 the prime CoJl of the bfl fort of Terrace Mor- 
 tar is but 1 3 per Hod, it therefore follows 
 its Price per Hod retail, at 25 per Cent. Profit, 
 is but 1 s. 4^ d. 
 
 For as 100 is to 125, fo is 13 d. the prime 
 Cojl per Hod , to is. 4 \d. the retail Price 
 aforefaid. 
 
 1 ■ * 
 
 Bricklayers alfo fell Terrace dry , mixt 
 with flacked Lime , made ready for Beating, 
 which muft be done near to the Work where 
 his ufed, becaufe of its fetting very quick - y 
 which it will always do if his good and well 
 beaten, and therefore muft be inftantly ufed 
 in fmall Quantities as his beat. 
 
 I n the beating of Terrace, great Care ftiould 
 be taken not to over-wet it, but to beat it as 
 Itiff as can be ; and the oftner his beat, the 
 ftronger it is. 
 
 The prime Co/l of good Terrace , mixt with 
 flacked Lime, per Bujhel flriked , is as follows , 
 viz. 
 
 To 
 
Of Brick-dust Mortar. 43 
 
 To one Bu{hel of ’Terrace at 036 
 
 Add two Bufhels ftriked of un -7 0 0 
 
 flacked Lime j ^ 
 
 Total 043 
 
 Which is 1 s. 5 d. per Bufhel prime CoJi> and 
 1 r. 9^ d . retail, at 25 Cent , Profit. 
 
 For as 100 is to 125, fo is 17^. the 
 prime Coft per Bufhel, to 21^.25; which is 
 1 s. 9* per Bufhel. 
 
 • , - '/ 
 
 iV. 2 ?. In this Computation there’s nothing 
 allowed for fetching the Terrace from Fleet - 
 Ditch , nor of the Carriage of the Lime and 
 Terrace from the Bricklayer’s Dwelling to ihe 
 Place of Work ; which muft be feparately 
 paid, as it may be worth, according to the 
 Labourer’s Time imploy’d therein. 
 
 IV. Of Brick-dust Mortar. 
 
 This Kind of Mortar is exceeding good, and 
 in fome Cafes is better than Terrace Mortar ; 
 for unlefs Terrace Mortar is always wet, ’tis 
 not better than common Mortar made of Lime 
 and Sand. 
 
 This Kind of Mortar is thus made, viz. 
 
 o two heap’d Bufhels of hot Lime put 
 one heap’d Bulhel of Brick-dufl made from 
 red Stock Bricks , which mix, beat, and work 
 up, as before directed for Terrace. 
 
 This 
 
44 Brick-dust Mortar, its Price. 
 
 'This is an excellant Mortar for to lay 
 
 T Tiles y or ten Inch Pile Pavements in, on 
 t >ors which are naturally wet or damp ; and 
 tor Brick Pavement and Tiling, unlefs for 
 Glazed Piles , and then in the ftead of Brick - 
 an It ’us bed to ufe Sea-coal Ajhes y with fome 
 unburnt [mail Sea- coal Dujl mixt, in the ftead 
 of the Brick-dufl. 
 
 The prime Cofi of Brick-dust Mortar 
 is as follows , viz. 
 
 1 Heaped Bufhe! of Brick-dufl 014 
 
 2 Heaped Bufhels of Hot Lime y fay o 010 
 Labour to flacky Jift , and turn up 003 
 
 These 3 Bufhels of Brick-dufl and Lime 
 will make 6 Hods of Mortar , which comes to 
 yd, per Hod prime Coft, and per Hod 
 retail, at 25 per Cent, Honest Gain. For 
 
 As 100 is to 125, fo is 7 d. the prime Coft: 
 per Hod, to 8 \d. which, to avoid the Trou- 
 ble of Fradions in Computation, I allow at 
 9 d. per Hod. 
 
 Labourer \ Day to beat 
 
 Oil 
 
 Total 036 
 
 V. O f 
 
Sea-coal Mortar, its Ufes , &c. 45 
 
 V. Of Sea-coal Mortar, called 
 Bastard Terrace. 
 
 This is alfo an exceding good Mortar for 
 to lay the Coping f Walls in, for to point 
 glazed Pan- tilings for to lay Slating , , Pur- 
 beck and Portland Pavement , &c. in ; and 
 many other Ufes, where the Rains are required 
 to be kept out. 
 
 This Mortar is thus made. 
 
 To 3 heap’d Pecks of a Smith's Forge Sea ~ 
 Coal Ajhes (which is fold for 4 d. per heaped 
 Bufhel) intermix’d with the Iron Flakes , put 
 1 heaped Peck of unburnt Sea- coal Duft y and 
 two heaped Bud. els of hot flacked Lime 
 which incorporate well by Beating, as before 
 faid of Terrace Mortar 3 and ufe it up as ’tis 
 beat. 
 
 The prime Cofl of Sea-c*oal Mortar is 
 as follows , viz. 
 
 3 Pecks of Ajhes 
 
 1 Peck pf Sea-coal Dufl , about 
 
 2 Bufhels of Lime 
 
 Labourer to flacky jflt and beat 
 
 003 
 003 
 o 010 
 012 
 
 Total 
 
 Which as thefe 3 Bufhels of Ingredients 
 will make 6 large Hods of Mortar, the prime 
 
 Cod 
 
4$ Pargetting Mortar. 
 
 Cojt ; 5 d. per Hod, and retail Price at 25 
 per- Cent. Profir 6 \d. For 
 
 As ioo is to 125, fo is 5 d. to 6^ d. 
 
 VI. Of Pargetting Mortar. 
 
 T h is Kind of Mortar is chiefly ufed for to 
 plaifler the Infides of the Funnels of Chimneys i 
 and is alio very good for to point common 
 Pan-Filing, &c. and is thus made : 
 
 To 1 heaped Bulhel of fine Ikreened clear 
 Lime add about a 4th Part of frefh Horfe - 
 dung , clear from Dirt and Straw ; which in- 
 corporate with the Lime by well beating it, as 
 is fa id of Terrace Mortar . 
 
 The prime Cojl of this Mortar is as follows , 
 
 viz. 
 
 1 Bufhel of fine Lime , taken out 0 
 2 Bufhels of unfkreened Lime 
 Horje- Dung and Labour to get it o o 1 \ 
 Labour to flack , fift , turn up and beat 004 
 
 Total o o io 
 
 These Ingredients will make two and a half 
 Hods of Mortar, which comes to 4 d< per 
 Hcd } prime Co/l , and 5 d. per Bod retail , at 
 25 per Cent. Profit : But Bricklayers retail 
 it at 8 d. per Hod , which is 1 00 per Cent. 
 Profit, or 75 per Cent . ExaBion> above 25 
 per Cent . Honest Gain . 
 
 VII. Of 
 
 f] 
 
 jo o 4 
 
How to make Furnace Mortar. 47 
 
 VII. Of Furnace or Fire Mortar. 
 
 This Mortar is made either of Woolwich 
 Loam , or of JVindfor Loam , viz. Loam brought 
 from Woolwich in Kent , or from the Brick Kiln 
 at Jerrard' s Crofs> by way of Windfor . 
 
 Both thefe Kinds of endure wry 
 
 great Heats before they will vitrify. 
 
 The Manner of making them into Mortar 
 is to well chaff and beat them , as outfide 
 common Mortar is done, and of fuch a Con- 
 liftency as to work eafy. 
 
 The Woolwich Loam is fold by the Load 
 (viz. 24 heaped Buff eh at 10 s.) and the 
 Windfor Loam by the Tun Weight, at 2 51. 
 exclufive of Carriage, at the Fleet ’-Ditch Side. 
 
 Of White Plaister Mortar. 
 
 Plais ter prepared (vulgarly called Plaifer 
 of Paris) when mixt with Water, becomes a 
 Mortar or Cement , that fets very foon and 
 hard ; and by Bricklayers is ufed for fetting of 
 Galley Tiles in the Covings of Chimneys, 
 Cold Baths, Paftrys, (Sc. 
 
 And as common Lime is made of Chalk 
 calcined , fo Plaifer i.s made of Alabajler-flone 
 I or Talk calcined and pulverized 5 or firft pul- 
 verized in the Raw f one > and calcined after- 
 | wards in a Boiler. 
 
 I F To 
 
48 How to make 
 
 To Calcine Alabafler-Jlone , and to make Plaijler 
 commonly called , Plaijler oj Paris . 
 
 Beat the Stones to Pieces , about the Size 
 of a Hen’s Egg ; then for# or bake it , until 
 the Jhining Quality within each Piece (which is 
 eafily known by breaking fome of them) be 
 entirely gone, and they appear entirely white 
 within like Chalk ; then beat it on a flat Pur - 
 beck Stone, enclofed with a Frame, about 3 
 Feet fquare, and lift it through a fine lVier or 
 Lawn Sieve into a Tub for Ufe. 
 
 To boil raw Plaijler pulverized. 
 
 The raw Alabafterbzmg pulverized, &c. as 
 aforefaid, and having an Iron Boiler fixed up 
 in manner of a fmall Wajhing Copper , that will 
 contain about 6, 8, &c. Gallons ; fill it about 
 half full, and having a good Fire under it, keep 
 it conjiantly Jlirring up from the Bottom (where 
 it will endeavour to coagulate or thicken) un- 
 til the Humidity of the pulverized Stone is 
 entirely evaporated, when it will boil , and may 
 be flirred (which mull be conftantly done) 
 with the fame Eafe as fo much kPater. 
 
 I n the jlirring of pulverized Plaifer when 
 boiling , beware of its flying into the Face of 
 him that ftirs it, which the rarified Air within 
 will often oecafiom 
 
 When 
 
White Plaistek. 
 
 49 . 
 
 When the pulverized Stone will no longer 
 boil , but fubfides, and becomes fo heavy and 
 compact, as not to be eaiily ftifd, then ’ tis 
 done, and mu ft be taken out with an Iron 
 Ladle > and put into Tubs, and when cold, into 
 brown Paper-Bags , and kept dry and clofe from 
 the Air, for life. 
 
 Old Plaifler-Floors or Molds , being dryed 
 and pulverized, and boiled as aforefaid* make a 
 fur prizing ftrong Mortar, for Rock-works , made 
 with Flints , Chalk , Scum-lion, Clinker s y &c. 
 and will endure the Inclemency of Rains , 
 Frofts , for many Tears , being ufed imme- 
 diately after boiled : And tho’ it will not Jet 
 Jo Joon as new Plaijler , yet when 'tis fet 
 (which it will do in a few Hours Time) ’tis 
 much harder than new Plaifter. 
 
 When new Plaijler in Working Jets 
 fajler than the Workman can uje it , he mull 
 ufe Small Beer inftead of Water , which will 
 caufe it not only to be flower in jetting, , but 
 to be much ftronger and harder when fet. 
 
 , fl’-- * 
 
 Pla ister prepared as aforefaid, fujfers 
 very great Wafle in the Boiling ; at lead one 
 fifth Part, 
 
 ’Tis fold Wholejale in the Stone by the 
 Gainjborough Merchant- men , who bring it as 
 Ballait to London , at about 30/, per Tun* de- 
 livered at any Part of the Town. 
 
go Of Laths for Plain Tiling: 
 
 I t is alfo fold wholefale , ready calcin’d and 
 pulverized, fit for common Ufe, at 8 s . per 
 Hundred Weight. 
 
 But Bricklayers retail it in the Setting of 
 Chimney Tiles , &c. at 2 d. per Pound ; wherein 
 they exaft 108^ per Cent . above 25 per Gent 
 Honeft Gain. For 
 
 As 8 s. the prime Coft of 112 Pounds, 
 is to 18 s, 8 d. the Amount at 2 d. per Pound 5 
 So is 100 to 233^ : which is 133 J perCent. 
 and io8^ Exaction above 2$perCent . Honest 
 Gain . 
 
 Sect. VI. Of LATHS for Plain Tiling 
 and Pa?i Tiling. 
 
 I. Of Laths for Plain Tiling . 
 
 T H E Laths ufed for plain Tiling , fhould 
 always be made of good Heart of Oak , 
 and are therefore called Heart Laths : But too 
 often when Buildings are built for Sale , the 
 covetous Builder ufes Fir Laths , as being 
 cheaper, but are of very fhort Duration. 
 
 Heart Laths are made of two different 
 Lengths, viz. 4 Feet and 5 Feet, which are 
 both made up and fold in Bundles. 
 
 A Bundle of 4 Feet Laths fhould contain 
 s 20 Laths} each 4 Feet in Length, making 
 
 480 
 
'Their Size and Price . 51 
 
 480 Feet ; and a Bundle of 5 Feet Laths fhould 
 contain 100 Laths , each 5 Feet in Length, * 
 making 500 Feet : But unlefs ’tis agreed on 
 with the Seller, that every Bundle fhall make 
 the aforefaid Meafures, they feldom or ever 
 will do fo, For what with the Shortnefs of 
 Tale, and the Shortnefs of the Laths , Kna- 
 vijhly placed in the Middles of the Bundles, they 
 feldom or ever produce the Quantities for 
 which they are fold, 
 
 A Heart Oak Lath, by the Statute 
 Edw. III. fhould be 1 Inch in Breadth and 
 J an Inch in Thicknefs : But now, tho* their 
 ! Breadth is an Inch according to the Statute, 
 yet their Thicknefs is feldom more than a Quar- 
 ter of an Inch ; fo that two Laths , as they 
 are now ufually made, are but equal to one 
 Lath according to the faid Statute. 
 
 These Laths are fold wholefale by Timber 
 Merchants for 50 s. per Load, which is is, 8 d. 
 per Bundle. 
 
 N.B. 
 
 N.B. Bricklayers retail Heart Laths 
 in Repairs^ generally at 3 s. per Bundle ; but 
 the retail Price at 25 per Cent. Gain, is no 
 more than 2 s. id. For as 100 is to 12$, fo 
 is 20 d. to 2j. 1 d . 
 
 Fir or Deal Laths are about an Inch and 
 Quarter in Breadth, and barely a Quarter 
 ! of an Inch in Thicknefs. 
 
 F 3 
 
 1 
 
 ALoad S 4 } Foo.U«hs { 37 ;}Bundles 
 
 They 
 
52 Of Laths for Pan Piling. 
 
 They are made of divers Lengths, as 3, 4, 
 
 5 and 6 Feet : But all of them are reduced to 
 the Standard Length of 5 Feet ; and fo every 
 1 50 Feet Run of Bundles (each Bundle con- 
 taining 100 Laths) is a Load, as being equal 
 to 30 Bundles of 5 Feet. 
 
 Thes e Laths are fold prime Coft at 30 s. a 
 Load, which is 1 per Bundle, and at retail 
 Price of 25 per Cent . Gain, is is. 3 d. per 
 
 Bundle. 
 
 • - 
 
 II. Of Laths for Pan Tiling. 
 
 Pan Tile Laths fhould be cut out of 
 good yellow Deals, as being of greater Strength 
 and Duration than white Deals. 
 
 * 
 
 They are generally made about 10 Feet in 
 Length, qr they are rather fo called, for ’tis 
 iekiom ‘that thofe which are called 10 Feet 
 will work more than 9 Feet ; becaufe the Deals 
 out of which they are cut, very rarely exceed . 
 that Length. 
 
 The Thicknefs of a Pan Tile Lath fhould 
 be I Inch, and its Breadth Inch, but they 
 are feldoin more than f in Thicknefs, 
 
 They are fold by Timber-Merchants made 
 tip in Bundles, each containing 12 Laths, at 
 1 s m 6 d.per Bundle; which Bricklayers, in Re- 
 1 pairs. 
 
Of Brads, their Size and Price. 53 
 
 pairs, frequently retail at 3 d . per Lath, and 
 thereby have a Profit of 100 per Cent. 
 
 Sect. VII. Of the Prices , &c. of fuch 
 Kinds of BRADS, which are commonly ufed 
 in the Repairs , &c. of Buildings. 
 
 feveral Kinds of Nails called Brads, 
 are Two-penny , Three-penny , Four-penny , 
 Six-penny , Ten-penny , and Twenty-penny. 
 
 I. 0 / Two-penny Brads. 
 
 These Brads being about Inch in 
 Length y are therefore called Bradsy and 
 a Thoufand 1200) weighs about 14 
 
 Ounces. 
 
 j 
 
 The Price, prime Coft/^r Thoufand , is io//. 
 which Workmen retail at 2 7 . 100, which 
 
 is 2 r. 1200 or Thoufand, and thereby have 
 14 ^/. per Thoufand Profit 3 which is 140 per 
 Cent. For 
 
 10 d. the prime Cofl , is to 2 4 <7 their 
 retale Pricey fo is 100 to 240; which is 140 
 per Cent. Profit, and 115 per Cent. Exadion, 
 more than 25 per Cent. Honest Gain. 
 
 F 4 
 
 AT P 
 
 i. V . X/ 6 
 
54 Of Brads, their Size and Price . 
 
 N. B. The honeft retail 
 Price of 2 d . Brads, at 
 25 O/tf. Profit, is 
 
 1200 
 
 120 
 
 II. O/'Three-penny Brads. 
 
 These Brads being about IJ Inch in 
 Length , are therefore called Inch and Half 
 Brads 5 and a Thoufand of them, ws. 120c, 
 weighs about one Pound and 12 Ounces. 
 
 The prime Coft per Thoufand is is. 4 d. 
 which Workmen retail at 3 d. ioo, which 
 is 3 s. per Thoufand $ and thereby have is. 8 d. 
 per Thoufand Profit , which is 125 O/z/. 
 
 For „ 
 
 As i6i. fat prime Cofi y is to 36 d. their 
 retail Price , fo is 100/. to 225; which is 
 325 per Cent. Profit, and ioo per Cent . Exac- 
 tion, more than 25 perCent. Honest Gain. 
 
 N. B. The honeft retail! s. d.l f 
 Price of 3 d. Brads, at Vi 8 >per< 1200 
 25 perCent. Profit, isjo 2) i 20 
 
 III. Of Four-penny Brads. 
 
 These Brads being about two Inches in 
 Length , are therefore called Two Inch Brads , 
 and a Thoufand of them, viz . 1200, weighs 
 about 2 Pounds and 12 Ounces. 
 
 The 
 
Of Brads, their Size and Price . 55 
 
 The Price, prime Cojl , is 1 8 d. per 
 
 Thoufand, which Workmen retail at 4 d . 
 
 100, which is 45. Thoufand Profit, and 
 which is 140 per Cent . For 
 
 As 20^. the Co ft, is to 48 d. their 
 
 retail Pri<e y fo is 100/. to 240/. which is 
 140 per Cent . Profit, and 115 CW. Ex- 
 adtion, more than 25 ( 3 ^. Honest 
 
 Gain. 
 
 N' B. The honeft retain s . 
 Price of 4 */. Brads, at 2 1 
 2 5 Cent . Profit, is J o 2^ 
 
 H' 
 
 200 
 
 120 
 
 IV. Of Six-penny Brads. 
 
 These Bm/r are about 2^Inches/^L^ < g'/^, 
 and a Thoufand (viz. 1200 of them) weighs 
 about 5 Pounds. 
 
 The prime Co ft per 1200, or Thoufand, 
 is 2 r 6 */. which Workmen retail at 6 
 ioo, which is 6 s. per Thoufand of 1200, 
 and thereby have 3 s. 6 d. per Thoufand Pro- 
 fit, which is 140 per Cent. For 
 
 As 30 d. the prime Cofi:, is to 72 d. or 
 6 s. their retail Price, fo is 100/. to 240/. 
 which is 140 per Cent. Profit, and 115 per 
 Cent . Exadtion, above 25 per Cent. Honest 
 Gain . 
 
 N-B, 
 
56 Of Brads, their Size and Price . 
 
 IV. B. The hone ft retail 
 Price of 6 d. Brads, at 
 25 per Cent . Profit, is 
 
 1200 
 
 120 
 
 V. Of Ten-penny Brads. 
 
 These Sort of Brads are about 2* Inches in 
 Length, and a Thoufand (viz. 1200) of them 
 weighs about 13 Pounds and a Half. 
 
 The Price, prime Cod , is 4J. Thou- 
 fand, which iorne few Workmen have the 
 Modejly to retail at 8 d. per 100, which is 
 8 s. per Thoufand : But for the Generality, 
 they are retailed at 10 d. per 100, which 
 is 10 s. per Thoufand. 
 
 Those Workmen who retail thefe Brads 
 at 8 d. per 100 have 100 per Cent. Profit. 
 
 For as 45. the prime Coft, is to b s. their 
 retail Price, per Thoufand ; fo is 100/. to 
 200/. which is 100 per Cent. Profit, and 75 
 per Cent . Exadion, more than 25 per Cent . 
 Honest Gain. 
 
 Bu r thofe Workmen who retail them at 
 10 d. per 100, have 150 per Cent . Profit. 
 For 
 
 As 41. the prime Coft of 1200 Brads, is to 
 1 or. their retail Price ; fo is 100/. to 250/. 
 which is 150 per Cent. Profit, and 125 per 
 Cent . Exadion, more than 25 per Cent. Ho- 
 nest Gain. 
 
 N. B . 
 
Of Brads, their Size and Price . 57 
 
 N. B. The honefl retai/1 s. d.l f 
 Price of 10 d. Brads, at >5 o >per< 1200 
 25 per Cent. Pro fit, isjo 6J (. 120 
 
 VI. Of Twenty-penny Brads. 
 
 There are three Sorts of Twenty-penny 
 Brads , viz, thofe of 17, of 20, and of 22 
 Pounds Weight per Thoufand, viz . 1200 
 Brads. 
 
 Inches 
 
 ! iyl Pounds (2 Jl 
 20 > Weight, < 3 ^ >in Length. 
 22 J are about (3 £ J 
 
 s . d. 
 
 The prime Cod f iyl 7 f 5 ol Thoufand, 
 of thofe whole < 20 < 5 8 > viz. 1200 
 
 Weight is L22j|( i .6 2J Brads. 
 
 Which generally are retailed by feme 
 Workmen at 1 s. 4 d. and by others at is. 8 d. 
 per 100. 
 
 In thofe of 17 Pounds Weight per Thou- 
 fand, which are moftly ufed, as being the 
 cheapeft, the Workman who retails them at 
 is. 4 d. per 100, has 220 per Cent . Profit. 
 For 
 
 As 51. the prime Coft is to 16 s. the retail 
 Price at n. 4 d. per 100 ; fo is 100/. 
 to 320/. which is 220 per Cent . Profit, and 
 
 195 
 
58 Of Brads, their Size and Price . 
 
 195 perCent . Exaction, above 25 Cent. 
 Honest Gain. 
 
 And thofe Workmen who retail them at 
 is. 8 d. per 100 ('which is frequently done) 
 have 300 per Cent. Profit. For 
 
 As 5 s . the prime Cojl per Thou land, is to 
 20 s. their retail Price at 1 s. 8 d. per 100 ; 
 fo is 100/. to 400/. which is 300 per Cent. 
 Profit, and 275 per Cent. Exadtion, more than 
 25 per Cent. Honest Gain. 
 
 A T ,B. The honed 
 
 " lb ■ 
 
 ■2 , 
 
 m s. d. 
 
 retail Price of 
 
 17 
 
 *5 
 
 u O „ 
 
 6 3 
 
 20 Penny Brads , 
 
 20 
 
 
 7 1 
 
 which weigh < 
 
 ► 22 - 
 
 HJ 
 
 -7 
 
 Sect. VIII. Of the Prices , &c. of fuch 
 Kinds of NAILS as are commonly ufed 
 in the Repairs , See. of Buildings. 
 
 H E S E Kinds of Nail§ are Rofe-headed y 
 as Two fenny , Three fenny , and Pour- 
 penny ; ) and Clafp~headed y as Six-penny , Ten- 
 penny , and Twenty-penny. 
 
 I. Of Two- fenny Rofe-headed Nails, 
 70 Thoufand per Bag. 
 
 The prime Cod of thefe Nails is 1 i‘. 2 d. 
 per 1 2 go, which Workmen retail at 2 d. 
 per 100, and which is 2 s. per Thoufand, 
 
 and 
 
Of Nails, their Size and Price . 59 
 
 and is 71 f per Cent . Profit. For as 14 d a the 
 prime Coft, is to 2 their retail Price 5 fo is 
 1 00 /. to 17 1 /. which is 46* Exadtion, 
 above 2 5 per Cent* Honest Gain. . 
 
 These Nails are about 7 Eighths of an Inch 
 in Length , and a Thoufand '(viz. 1200 of 
 them) weighs about 2 Pounds. 
 
 N.S.The honejl retail Price of Two- penny 
 Rofe-headed Nails, at 25 per Cent. Profit, 
 is. 5^ d. per 1200, or ijd. per 120. 
 
 II. Of Three-penny Rofe-headed Nails, 
 48 Thoufand per Bag. 
 
 The prime Coft of thefe Nails is is. 4 d. 
 per Thoufand (viz. 1200) which Work- 
 men retail at 3 d. per ioo, and which is 
 3 s. per Thoufand, and 125 per Cent. Profit, 
 For as is. 4 d. the prime Coft, is to 35. 
 their retail Price ; fo is 100/. to 225 /. which 
 is 100 per Cent. Exaction, above 25 per Cent. 
 Honest Gain. 
 
 These Nails arc of two Kinds, viz . Long 
 and Short. The long 3 Penny Nail is about 
 an Inch in Length, and the other fomething 
 fhorter and thicker, fo that a Thoufand of either 
 Sort is about 2 Pounds and 14 Ounces Weight. 
 
 N. B. The honejl retail Price of Three- 
 penny Rofe-headed Nails, at 25 per Cent. 
 
 Profit, 
 
6o Of Nails, their Size and Price. 
 
 Profit, is is. 8 d. per 1200, or 2d. per 
 120 Nails. 
 
 III. Of Four-penny Rofe-headed Nails. 
 
 The prime Coft of thefe Nails is 1 s. 9 d. 
 per Thoufand, which Workmen retail at 4 d. 
 per 100, and which is 128 per Cent . Pro- 
 fit. For as 2 1 Pence, the prime Coft, is 
 to 48 Pence, their retail Price; fo is 100 /. 
 to 22877 y which is 10377 per Cent, Exadtion, 
 above 25 per Cent . Honest Gain. 
 
 These Nails are alfo of two Lengths, and 
 are therefore called Short and Long Four- 
 penny . 
 
 The Jhort Four-penny Nail is about an 
 Inch and * , and the long Four -penny about an 
 Inch and * in Length, and a Thoufand of 
 either Sort weighs about 3 Pounds 12 Ounces. 
 
 N. B. The honefl retail Price, at 2 $ per 
 Cent. Profit, is 2 s. 27 d. per 1200, or 2 \ d. 
 per 120 Nails. 
 
 IV. Of Six-penny Clafp-headed Nails* 
 
 20 Thoufand per Bag . 
 
 The prime Coft of thefe Nails is 2 s. 6 d. , 
 per Thoufand, viz. 1200 Nails ; which Work- 
 men retail at 6 d. per 100 Nails, or 6 s. per 
 Thoufand, of 1200, and therein have 140 
 
 per 
 
Of Nails, their Size and Price . 61 
 
 per Cent . Profit, &c. as before nqted in the 
 Six -Penny Brads , p. 55. 
 
 The Length of a Six- penny CJafp-headed 
 Nail is generally about 2 Inches, and a Thou- 
 fand of them weighs about 7 Pounds. 
 
 N B* The honefi retail Price of Six-penny 
 Clafp-headed Nails is 3 s. 1 ~d. per 1200, 
 or 3 \d.per 120 Nails . 
 
 V. Of Ten-penny Clafp-headed Nails, 
 12 Phoufand per Bag . 
 
 o 
 
 The prime Coft of thefe Nails is 4 s: 
 per Thoufand, which Workmen retail at 8 d. 
 per 100 Nails') the cheapeft, and very often 
 at 10 d. and thereby have the Profits of 100 
 and 150 per Cent . as before noted in the Pro- 
 fits of Ten-penny Brads, in p. 56* 
 
 N . B. The honefi retail Price of Clafp- 
 headed Pen-penny Nails , at £5 per Cent . is 5^ 
 per Thoufand, or 6 d. per 120 Nails. 
 
 r 
 
 N t B* The Length of a Pen-penny Nail is 
 about Inches, and a Thoufand of them 
 weighs about 13 Pounds. 
 
62 Of Nails, their Size and Price . 
 
 VI. 0 /"Twenty-penny Clafp-headedN ails, 
 
 7 Thoufand per Bag . 
 
 T k e prime Coft of Twenty-penny Clafp- 
 headed Nails, of about 20 Pounds per Thou- 
 fand, is 6 s. which Workmen retail at 1 s. 
 4 d . the cheapeft, but oftner at 1 s. 8 d. per 
 1 go Nails, and thereby, in the ijl Cafe they 
 have a Profit of 1337, and in the laft , of 233* 
 per Cent . For, in the firft Cafe, 
 
 As 6 s. the prime Coft, is to 16 s. their 
 cheapeft retail Price; fo is 100/. to 2337, 
 which is 1337 perCent. Profit, as above faid. 
 And in the fecond Cafe, 
 
 As 6 s. the prime Coft, is to 2oj. their 
 retail Price ; fo is 10 ol to 3337/. which is 
 2337 per Cent. Profit, as aforefaid, 
 
 N. B. The Length of a Twenty-penny Nail 
 of 20 Pounds to the Thoufand, is about 3! 
 Inches ; and their retail Price, at 25 per Cent. 
 honeft Gain, is 7 s. 6 d. per 1200, or 9 d. 
 per 120 Nails . 
 
 VII. Of Two-Shilling Nails, Half- 
 
 Crown Nails, and Spikes. 
 
 1. 0/ Two-Shilling Nails. 
 
 These Nails are each about 4 Inches in 
 Length, and about 1 Ounce in Weight. 
 
Of Nails, their Size and Price. 6 % 
 
 Th ey are fold prime Cod: at i 12 o 
 per 1 12 Pounds, which is not quite o o 3^ 
 per Pound, and nearly 1 Farthing per Nail . 
 
 Now as 100/. is to 125/. fo is 32 Shil- 
 lings, the prime Coft per hundred Weight, to 
 40 Shillings the retail Price per 1 1 2 Pounds at 
 25 per Cent . Honest Gain , which being 
 fomething more than 4 Pence Farthing per 
 Pound , I fhal! therefore, for any Quantity lefs 
 than 1 12 Pounds, allow them at 4^. per 
 Pound y and for which I think they are retailed 
 by Workmen. 
 
 II. Of Half Crown Nails, 
 
 These Nails are each about 5 Inches 
 long, and about if of an Ounce in Weight, 
 
 These Nails are alfo fold prime Coll: at 
 32 Shillings per 1 12 Pounds Weight, which 
 is nearly 3 \d. per Pound, and \± o of a Farthing 
 per Nail . 
 
 And therefore , 
 
 In 
 
 1 7 Pound, there 
 2 C is about 
 
 And therefore , 
 
 G 
 
 N B. 
 
64 Of Spikes, their Size and Price. 
 
 N B . The retail Price, at 25 per Cent* 
 Honest Gain, is 405. per 112 Pounds, or 
 4~ per Pound, for any lefs Quantity. 
 
 III. Of Spikes. 
 
 The common firft Size of Spikes are each 
 about 6 inches in Length, and about 2 f of 
 an Ounce Weight. 
 
 And therefore , 
 
 Ini Pound there are 6 Nails and x * of a 
 Nail, and in a Hundred of 112 Pounds 
 Weight, 689 Nails : But as they differ a little 
 in their Size and Weight, I (hall therefore al- 
 low but 6 Nails to a Pound , and but 672 to a 
 Hundred Weight. 
 
 The prime Co ft of Spikes is 3 d. per Pounds 
 or 28 a per Hundred of 112 Pounds , which is 
 a Halfpenny per Nail. 
 
 The retail Price at 25 per Cent . Profit, is 
 3 Pence 3 Farthings per Pound : But Work- 
 men generally retail them at 4 Pence, and 
 therein have 133* per Cent . Profit, which is 
 8 j Exa&ion, above 25 per Cent. Honest 
 Gain . 
 
 N. B. Spike Nails of greater Length and 
 Weight, are in general fold by the Pound (or 
 Hundred) Weight, at the above Prices. 
 
 Note alfo , That the Prices of Clout-Nails , 
 Hold- F aft s, Wood- Screws, Wall- Hooks, 1 'enter- 
 
 Hooks , 
 
Of Bullocks-Haik. 65 
 
 Hooks , &c. being properly the Materials of the 
 Carpenter fas indeed are moft of the preceding 
 Kinds of Brads and Nails ) I fliall therefore 
 forbear to fpeak of their Prices, until I come 
 to treat of the Materials, &c . in general, of 
 that Trade in Part II. 
 
 Sect. IX. Of BULLOCKS-HAIR. 
 
 A S the Bricklayer has often an Occafion 
 to ufe Hair in fome of his Works, I 
 mu ft therefore take Notice of its Prices, prime 
 Coft ahd Retail . 
 
 This Kind of Hair is fold wet, by the 
 Tanner, at 1 s. per Bufiel heaped ; which the 
 crafty Workman, after he has dried and 
 thrafti’d it, and thereby caufes every Bufhel to 
 meafure full two Bufhels, retails it at is. 4 d \ 
 per Bufhel , and thereby gets is. 8 d. in every 
 Bufhel; which is 1 bb per Cent. Profit. For 
 As 1 5. the prime Coft of a Buftiel of wet 
 Hair from the Tanner, is to 21. 8 d. its re- 
 tail Price, when dried and thrafti’d as afore- 
 faid 5 fo is 100/. to 266/. which is 141 per 
 Cent o Exaffiion, above 25 per Cent . Honest 
 Gain. 
 
 N.B. The retail Price of wet Hair , at 
 25 per Cent. Profit, is is. 3 d. and of dried 
 and thrafhed Hair, 8 d \ per Bufhel heaped, 
 exclufive of Carriage. 
 
 G 2 
 
 A 
 
66 
 
 The Prices of Bricks. 
 
 d. 
 
 o 
 
 6 
 
 o 
 
 6 
 
 A SUMMARY 0/* the various Prices of 
 Bricklayers Materials , ^ Exactions 
 
 therein . 
 
 I. 0 / Place Bricks, p. 2. 
 
 /. 
 
 fRime cofl Phoufand o 14 
 
 Retail Pr. at if per Cent . Profit o 17 
 Retail Price by Bricklayers 1 5 
 
 Exaction Phoujand o 7 
 
 II. Of the common Sort of Grey Stock Bricks, 
 
 P- 5 - 
 
 Prime Cofl per Phoujand 018 o 
 
 Retail Price at 25 per Cent . Profit 126 
 Retail Price by Bricklayers 1 17 6 
 
 Exaction per Phoujand o x 5 o 
 
 III. Of the beft-coloured Grey Stock Bricks. 
 
 P- 11 - 
 
 Prime Cofl: per Phoujand 120 
 
 Retail Price at 25 per Cent . Profit 176 
 Retail Price by Bricklayers 200 
 
 Exaftion per Phoujand 012 6 
 
 IV. Of Red Stock and PavingBricks. p. 
 
 10 
 
 l 7 
 
 Prime Cofl: per Phoufand 
 Retail Price at 25 per Cent . Profit 
 Retail Price by Bricklayers 
 Exadtion per Phoufand 
 
 V, Of Windsor Bricks. p, 
 Prime Cofl: per Phoufand , and 7 
 fetch them from Fleet-Ditch j 3 
 Retailed at honeft Gain per Thou - 1 
 fand, and fetch them y 3 
 
 12. 
 
 o 
 
 6 
 
 o 
 
 6 
 
 14. 
 
 15 
 
 VI, 
 
 Of 
 
6? 
 
 The Prices of Tiles. 
 
 VI. Of Plain Ti LES. p. l6. 
 
 /. s. d. 
 
 Prime Coft per Thoufand i o o 
 
 Retail Price at 25 per Cent . Profit 150 
 Retail Price by Bricklayers 1 10 o 
 
 Exaction per \ Thoufand 050 
 
 VII. Of Ridge and Pan Tiles, p. 18. 
 
 Prime Coft per Hundred 060 
 
 Retail Price at 25 per Cent . Profit 076 
 Retail Price by Bricklayers 012 6 
 
 Exaction per Hundred 050 
 
 VIII. Of Glazed Pan Tiles, p. 18, 19. 
 
 Prime Coft per Hundred o 12 o 
 
 Retail Price at 25 perCent . Profit o 15 o 
 Retailed per Hundred by Bricklayers o 16 8 
 
 Exadtion per Hundred 018 
 
 IX. Of Foot Paving Tiles, p. 23. 
 
 Prime Coft per Hundred 100 
 
 Retailed at 25 per Cent . Profit 150 
 
 Retail’d by Bricklayers per Hundred 1 1 3 4 
 
 Exadtion per Hundred . 084 
 
 v 
 
 X. 0 / Ten Inch Paving Tiles, p. 23* 
 
 Prime* Coft per Hundred 080 
 
 Retail Price at 25 per Cent . Profit 010 o 
 Retail’d by Bricklayers 016 8 
 
 Exadtion per Hundred 068 
 
 G 3 XL Of 
 
68 The Price of Chimney Tiles and of Lime. 
 
 XL Of Dutch White Gally Tiles 
 for Chimney-coves , &c. p. 25, (Sc. 
 
 1. s. d. 
 
 Prime Coft per Tile 002 
 
 Retail Price at 25 per Cent . Profit o o 2\ 
 
 XII. Of Dutch Marbled Gally Tiles. 
 p. 2 5 - 
 
 Prime Coft per Tile 003 
 
 Retail Price at 25 per Cent . Profit o o 
 
 XIII. Oj Painted Gally Tiles, 
 the 2 d bejl Sort. p. 25. 
 
 Prime Coft per Pile o o 3- 
 
 Retail Price at 25 per Cent. Profit o o 
 
 XIV. Of Painted Gally Tiles, 
 the if bef Sort . p. 25. 
 
 Prime Coft per Tile 004 
 
 Retailed at 25 per Cent . Profit 005 
 
 XV. O/'Unslacked Lime per Hundred . 
 p. 26. 
 
 Prime Coft per Hundred 090 
 
 Retail Price at 25 per Cent. Profit on 3 
 Retailed by Bricklayers per Hand, o 12 6 
 
 Exaction per Hundred 013 
 
 XVI. Of Unslacked Lime per flriked Bujh. 
 P- 3 0e 
 
 Prime Coft per Bujhel o o 4* 
 
 Retail at 25 per Cent , o o 
 
 Retailed 
 
The Prices of Lime and of Mortar . 69 
 
 l s. cl 
 
 Retailed by Bricklayers 006 
 
 Exadtion per Bujhel o o of 
 
 XVII. Of Slack ed Lime per ftriked Bujhel 
 
 P- 3 1 - 
 
 Prime Coft 004 
 
 Retail at 25 per Cent . 005 
 
 Retail Price by Bricklayers 006 
 
 Exadtion per Bufliel 001 
 
 XVIII. Of Inside Mortar, p* 39* 
 
 Prime Coft per Hod 
 Retailed at 25 per Cent . Profit 
 Retailed by Bricklayers at 
 Exadtion per Hod 
 
 0 o 1 
 002 
 004 
 
 001 
 
 i & 
 
 4. I o 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 XIX. O/Outside Mortar. p» 39. 
 
 Prime Coft per Hod 
 Retail at 
 
 Retailed by Bricklayers at 
 Exadtion per Hod 
 
 O Q 
 
 o e 
 o o 
 o o 
 
 XX. Of Terrace Mortar, p. 32, 
 
 Prime Coft per Hod o 1 
 
 Retail at hone ft Gain o 1 
 
 Retailed by Bricklayers per Hod o 3 
 Exadtion per Hod o 2 
 
 1 
 
 4 i 
 
 6 
 
 Q 4 
 
 XXL Of 
 
jo The Prices ^Mortar ^Plaister. 
 
 XXI. Of Dry Terrace andh\WE mixt, 
 ready for beating . p. 42. 
 
 /. 5 . d . 
 
 Prime Coft /><?r ftriked Bujhel o 1 5 
 
 Retail at £0^// G^//z o 1 9 1 
 
 Carriage excepted \ 
 
 XXII. Of Sea-coal Ash-mortar, 
 y r Forge- Aftoes and Lime » p. 45. 
 
 Prime Coft/^r Hod 005 
 
 Retailed at Honeft Gain o o 6 \ 
 
 XXIIL Of Brick-dust Mortar, p. 44. 
 
 Prime Collar Hod 
 Retailed at honeft Gain 
 
 8 
 
 XXIV. Of Pargetting Mortar, p. 46. 
 
 Prime Coft per Hod 004 
 
 Retailed at honejl Gain 005 
 
 Retailed by Bricklayers per Hod 008 
 Exaction per Hod 003 
 
 XXV. Of Raw ^/^PLAiSTER-STONE.p.49. 
 
 Prime Coft p er Tim 
 Retailed at honefl Gain 
 
 1100 
 
 1176 
 
 XXVI. Of White Vlaistkk prepared for Ufe, 
 tie common Sort . p. 39. 
 
 Prime Coft per Pound o o I 
 
 Retailed at honeft Gain, allowing? x 
 
 for Waite 1 
 
 Retailed 
 
P he Prices of Laths. yt 
 
 L s . d. 
 
 Retailed by Bricklayers per Pound 002 
 Bxadtion per Pound o o oj 
 
 XXVII. (^Windsor Loam Mortar, p.47. 
 
 Prime Coft per Pun weighty anc 
 fetch it from Fleet-Ditch 
 Retailed at honeft Gain per Pun 
 and fetch it 
 
 N. B . One Pun will make 40 large Hods of 
 
 Mortar. 
 
 XXVIII. Of Oak Heart Laths, p. 51. 
 Prime Co ft per Bundle , by the Load o 1 8 
 
 Retail Price at 25 per Gent . Profit 
 
 0 
 
 2 
 
 i 
 
 Retailed by Bricklayers 
 
 0 
 
 3 
 
 0 
 
 Exadlion^r Bundle 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 1 1 
 
 XXIX. Oak Sap Laths. 
 
 
 
 Prime Coft per Bundle 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 Retail Price at 25 per Cent . Gain 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 XXX. Of Deal Laths, 
 
 P- 5 
 
 1. 
 
 
 Prime Coft per Bundle , by the Load 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 Retail Price at 25 per Cent . Gain 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 XXXI. O/'Pan-tileLaths, 10 Feet. p. 52. 
 
 Prime Coft per Bundle or Dozen 016 
 Retail Price at 25 perCent . Gain o 1 io\ 
 Or yp Q Farthing per Lath . 
 
 I 
 
 1 5 o 
 
 'I* JO 3 
 
 XXXII 
 
72 
 
 The Price of Brads, 
 
 XXXIL Of Inch or Two-penny Brads," 
 Weight about 14 Ounces per Thoufand. p. 53. 
 
 Ss d t q % 
 
 { Thoufand! o 10 
 or 1200, > 
 
 100 Jo o 3? 
 
 Retail Price at f Thoufand! 1 o\ 
 
 25 perCent. Gain ,< or 1200, l 
 
 per i 100 jo 1* 
 
 Retail Price by f Thoufand! 2 o 
 Bricklayers, & c -\ or 1200, > 
 
 per 1 100 Jo 2 
 
 Exaction per^ 
 
 1200 
 
 ICO 
 
 i o in 
 
 3 f 
 
 XXX III. Of Inch and Half ^Three-penny 
 Brads, Weight about 1 Pound 12 Ounces 
 per Thoufand . p. 54. 
 
 s. d. q, 
 
 C Thoufandi 1 4 
 
 Prime Coft perd or 1200A 
 
 l 100J0 I I\ 
 
 Retail Price at f Thoufand 1 1 8 
 
 25 per Cent . Gain,< or 1200, > 
 
 per 
 
 
 100 
 
 j i 
 
 Retail Price by f Thoufand! 3 o 
 Bricklayers, or 1200, > 
 
 per 
 
 
 3 00 
 
 J 
 
 2 j 
 
 Exadlion 
 
and the Exactions therein. 
 
 S . d -j 
 
 i 4 
 
 73 
 
 Exadtion, 
 
 200 
 
 100 
 
 XXXIV. Of Two Inch or Four Penny 
 Brads, Weight about 2 Pounds iz Ounces . 
 Page 54. 
 
 5 • dt ^ • 
 
 { Thoufand,! i 8 
 
 Or I2QC > 
 
 IOOJ O I 
 
 Retail Price, at rThoufand,"! a I 
 z$ per Cent . Gain, < or 1 2 o o > 
 
 per £ iooJ o 2 
 
 Retail Price by f Thoufand,! 4 o 
 
 Bricklayers, or 1200 > 
 
 per l iooJ o 4 
 
 2* 
 
 
 Exadion 
 
 ’ P er \\ 
 
 200 
 
 OO 
 
 1 II 
 O i 
 
 XXXV. Of Six-Penny Brads, Weight 
 about 5 Pounds per Ihoufand \ and Length 
 z\ Inches . Page 55. 
 
 f Thoufand,! 2 6 
 
 Prime Coft or 1 200 i 
 
 L ioo] 
 
 
 25 
 
 per 
 
 Retail Price, at f Thoufand,! 3 ij 
 per Qent t Gain, 5 or 1 200 > 
 
 1 100] o 3 o 
 
 Retail 
 
74 
 
 The Prices of Brads, 
 
 j. d. q. 
 
 Retail Price by f Thcufand,'} 6 o 
 Bricklayers, &c.< or 1200 1 
 per I 100 Jo 6 
 
 Exadion 
 
 ion 
 
 20a 
 
 100 
 
 2 10* 
 
 2 i 
 
 XXXVL Of Ten-Penny Brads, Weight 
 about 13 £ Pounds per Thoufand , and Length 
 about 2; Inches . Page 56. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 { Thoufand,! 4 o 
 or 1200 > 
 
 100 Jo 4 
 
 Retail Price, at f Thoufand,! 5 o 
 2$ per Cent. Gain,< or 1200 > 
 per L 1 00 Jo 5 
 
 Retail Price by j Thoufand >7 8 o 
 orkrnpn ter 1 OT 1200 f „ 
 
 Workmen, per 
 
 
 IOO 
 
 Jo 8 
 
 And very often, 
 
 TheR« a ilPrice( T “ a " d -l' 0 ° 
 
 by Workmen, per 1 " 1 ioo J 
 
 So that 
 
 The Exadion in f 1 200 
 the firftCafe is, per 00 
 
 o 10 
 
 3 o 
 0 3 
 
 And 
 
and the ExaBions therein. 
 
 75 
 
 And 
 
 s. d. 
 
 The Exaction in f 1 200 5 o 
 
 the laft Cafe is, per 1 1 o o 05 
 
 XXXVII. Of Twenty-Penny Flooring 
 Brads, Weight about 17 Pounds per Thou* 
 fand> Length 2 \ Inches . Page 57. 
 
 I s. d. 
 
 I Thoufand,! 5 o 
 or 1200 > 
 
 iooj o 5 
 
 Retail Price at f Thoufand,! 6 3 
 
 25 perCent . Gain,< or 1200 v 
 per l iooj o 
 
 Retail Price by { Thoufand ’l l6 ° 
 
 Workmen, per ] or I200 f 
 
 r i iooj r 4 
 
 And very often 
 
 The Retail Price f Thoufand > 7 1 0 ° 
 
 by Workmen per ] or l2oo f 
 
 r t ioo Jo i 8 
 
 So that 
 
 The Exadtion in f 1 200 
 the firfh Cafe is per 1 100 
 
 And 
 
 The Exadtion in f 1200 
 tne laft Cafe is per l 100 
 
 099 
 o o 9i 
 
 o 13 9 
 
 o i i£ 
 
 XXXVIII, 
 
7 6 
 
 j the Prices of Nails, 
 
 XXXVIII. Of Two -Penny Rofe-headed 
 Nails, Weight about 2 Pounds per Thou - 
 fand. Length \ of an Inch. Page 58. 
 
 s. 
 
 { Thoufand,! 1 
 or 1200 > 
 100 Nails J o 
 
 d. 
 
 2 
 
 
 Retail Price, at 
 25 per Cent. Gain, 
 per 
 
 Retail Price by 
 Bricklayers, per 
 
 ! Thoufand,T 
 or 1200 > 
 ico] 
 
 { Thoufand,! 
 or 1200 > 
 100J 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 2 
 O 
 
 5 2 
 
 1 H 
 
 o 
 
 2 
 
 Bxadtion per 
 
 1200 
 
 100 
 
 062 
 o o 2 1 
 
 XXXIX. Of Three-Penny Rofe-headed 
 Nails, Weight 2 Pound 14 Ounces , Length 
 about an Inch. Page 59. 
 
 1. */. y; 
 
 S Thoufand,! 1 4 
 
 or 1200S 
 
 100J o 1 if 
 
 Retail Price at f Thoufand,! 1 8 
 
 25 per Cent . Gain,< or 1 200 > 
 per [ 100 j o 1 2 f 
 
 Retail 
 
and the Exadiions therein . 77 
 
 s, d. q* 
 
 Retail Price by F Tliou-fand, 3 o 
 Bricklayers, per | IOO J 0 % 
 
 Exa&ion per^ 
 
 1200 
 
 100 
 
 I 4 
 Oil 
 
 XL. Of Four-Penny Rofe-headed NAiL$ t 
 Weight about 3 Found 2 Ounces per Fhoufand 9 
 and Length about i| of an Inch . Page 60. 
 
 s* d. q* 
 
 I Thoufand, j 1 
 or 1200 > 
 
 100J o 
 
 Retail Price atC Thoufand,^ 2 
 2 $ per Gent. Gainx or 1200V 
 per C loo £ o 
 
 9 
 
 if 
 
 
 Retail Price byS Th ° ufand ’? 4 
 Bricklayers, per 
 
 or 1200 
 ioo J o 
 
 Exa&ion per\ 1 
 
 C I 
 
 200 
 
 IOO 
 
 9* 
 
 i Zh 
 
 XLL Of Six-Penny Clafp-headed Nails, 
 Weight about 7 Pounds per Ihoufand , 
 Length 2 Inches. Page 60. 
 
 s. d 9 
 
 { Thoufand, 1 2 6 
 
 or 1200 > 
 
 ioo] Q Zi 
 
 Retail 
 
78 
 
 *Ihe Prices of Nails, 
 
 s. d. q . 
 
 Retail Price at f Thoufand,! 312 
 
 25 per Cent. Gain,< or i2oo> 
 
 per i 100J o 3 o* 
 
 Retail Price by ( Thoufand 0 6 ° 
 
 Bricklayers, per | I00 | Q 6 
 
 Exadtion per | 1 
 
 1200 
 
 ;oo 
 
 2 II 
 O 2 
 
 3 
 
 XLII. 0/Ten-Penny Clafp-headed Nails, 
 Weight about 13 Pounds per c Ihoufand > 
 Length about 2 Inches Page 61. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 { Thoufand,*) 4 o 
 
 or 1200 i 
 
 100) o 4 
 
 Retail Price at rThoufandl 5 o 
 
 25 per Cent . Profit^ or 1200 % 
 per 100J o 5 
 
 Retail Price by fThoufandl 8 o 
 
 Bricklayers, &c. < or 1 200 
 the loweft, per [ 100J o 8 
 
 ry A c t Thoufandi 10 o 
 
 But more oftenN J200 / 
 
 P er c 100 J o 10 
 
 So 
 
Hhe Prices of Nails. 79 
 
 So that at 8 d, per Hundred Nails, 
 s. d. 
 
 The Exadtionis °\^f r I20 °* 
 
 [o 3 \per 100 Nails; 
 
 And at 10 d 9 per 100 Nails, 
 
 The Exaction isj ^ 
 
 to 5 ^ per 100 IN ails. 
 
 XLIII. Of Twenty-penny Clafp-headed 
 Nails, 20 Pounds Weight per fkoufand^ 
 and Length about 3 Inches f . p, 62, 
 
 s . d. 
 
 S Thoufandld o 
 or 1200S- 
 
 ioojo 6 
 
 Retail Price at fThoufandi 7 6 
 
 25 per Cent . Gain< or 1200 i 
 per 
 
 Workmen per 
 
 l ioojo 7* 
 
 Retail Price by) Thoufand ] 16 ° 
 
 J ** or 1200 > 
 
 100J i 4 
 
 L s. d. 
 
 JThoufandj 100 
 
 But more often per\ or 1 200 > 
 
 L ioojo i 8 
 
 So that at is. 4 d. per 100 Nails, 
 The Exadtion is 
 
 f 8 s . 6 draper 1200. 
 
 lo 8jj per 100. 
 H 
 
 And 
 
8 o The Prices of Nails. 
 
 And at i s .. 8 d. per 100 Nails, 
 
 The Exa&ion is 
 
 { 12 6 Iper 1200. 
 
 i } per iooT 
 
 i per i oo Nails. 
 
 Above a$per Cent. Roneft Gain. 
 
 XLIV. 0/ Two-Shilling Nails. 
 Length 4 Inches, Numb . per Pound , 16 Nails . 
 p. 62. 
 
 /. r. </. 
 
 Prime Coil Pound o o 3 * 
 
 — — per Hundred Weight 1 12 
 
 Retail at 25 per Cent. Profit per^ ^ ^ 
 
 Hundred Weight 
 per Pound 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 4i 
 
 XLV. 0/ Half Crown Nails, Length 
 5 Inches, Number Pound 11 Nails, p. 63. 
 
 /. s. d. 
 
 Prime Coil per Pound 003^; 
 
 • — — — Hundred Weight 
 
 Retail at 25 per Cent. Profit per^ 
 
 Hundred Weight 
 per Pound 
 
 1120 
 200 
 O O 4£ 
 
 d. 
 
 XLVL Of Sp ikes, Length 6 Inches , Number 
 per Pound 6 Nails. p. 64. 
 
 /. 
 
 Prime Coft^r Pound o o 
 
 * — . — . Hundred 1 8 
 
 Retail at 25 per Cent . Profit per 
 
 Hundred 
 
 -per Pound 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 3* 
 XLVII. 
 
 1 i5 
 
 o o 
 
Of Bricklayers Works* Si 
 
 XLVII. O/Bullocks Hair. p. 65. 
 
 Prime Coft 1 s. per Bufhel, wet and heap- 
 ed ; which when dried and thrafhed, makes 
 2 Bufhels heaped. 
 
 Retail Price at 25 per Cent . Profit 1 S ' 
 per Buffiel, wet 5 1 
 
 Ditto , dried and thrafhed o 
 
 Retail Price by Bricklayers, dried 
 and thrafhed, per Bufhel 
 
 Exadlion per Bufhel when dried ^ 
 and thrafhed. 5 0 
 
 d . 
 
 3 
 8 
 
 4 
 8 
 
 CHAR II. 
 
 Oj the Kinds and Prices of Brick- 
 layers Works. 
 
 B RICKLAYERS Works are of di- 
 vers Kinds, viz. Firft , Common rough 
 I Place-Brick Walling unjointed , as a Sewers, 
 j Drains , Foundations , Partition and Party - 
 1 Walls, &c. whofe Surfaces are to be covered 
 | with Rendering, Wainfcot, &e. 
 
 . 
 
 Secondly , Common Place-Brick Walling 
 
 | jointed ; as Garden Walls, Backs of Out- 
 
 Offices, Fronts of ordinary Houfes, &c. 
 
 H 2 Thirdly, 
 
 * * 
 
Of the Kinds 
 
 'thirdly. Common Front Walling, faced 
 with Grey Stocks, with common (and 
 with tuck-and pat) Joints. 
 
 Fourthly, Court Walls, faced on both Sides 
 with Grey Stocks , with common (and with 
 tuck-and-pat) Joints. 
 
 Fifthly, Fronts faced with rubbed Red 
 Stocks , with common fand with tuck-and-pat J 
 Joints. 
 
 Sixthly, Paity Walls, between Courts, &c a 
 faced on both Sides with rubbed Red Stock 
 Bricks y with common (and with tuck-and- 
 pat,) Joints. 
 
 Seventhly, Fronts entirely of rubbed and 
 gauged Red Stock Bricks , fet in Putty. 
 
 Eighthly, Walling done in Terrace Mortar, 
 for Defence againft Waters, &c. 
 
 Ninthly, Ere£t, circular and elliptical Wall- 
 ing of grey Stocks , or red Stocks, rubbed only, 
 or rubbed and gauged ; as cylindrical Stair-Cafes , 
 circular Colonades , Dado's of circular Pedefals, 
 Piers of Gates , Shafts of Columns, Bodies and 
 Heads of Niches, &c. 
 
 tenthly, Horizontal, circular and elliptical 
 Arches for Bridges , Groins to Rooms , Pajfages , 
 &c. 
 
of Bricklayers Works, 83 
 
 Eleventhly, Spherical and fpheroidical Domes, 
 Cones , and Fruflums of Cones and Pyramids 
 for Spires to Church Steeples, Obelifks , &c. 
 
 j Twelfthly, Rubbed and gauged flat Orna- 
 ments, as Arches to Windows, Fafcias , Re- 
 turns , Ruflicks and Ruftick Quoins, Frizes , 
 Shafts of Pillafters, Dadds of Pedeftals, Pan - 
 nels , Bodies of Piers to Gates, &c. 
 
 T o thefe 'Twelve Kinds of Brick-Works 
 muft be added the different Kinds of Pave- 
 ments, with Bricks and Tiles, and the Cover- 
 ings with Plain and Pan Tiles ; which, with 
 the Repairs of Walling and Tiling, are the 
 principal Works of a Bricklayer. 
 
 Sect. I. Of the Price of common , rough, un- 
 jointed, Place-Brick Walling, entirely of P lac e- 
 Bricks , as Foundations, Party-Walls , &c. 
 
 I N this Kind of Brickwork, a Bricklayer 
 and a Labourer can lay 1500 Bricks per 
 Day (and not over-heat themfelves) which I 
 have often experienced, and who therefore 
 have performed one Rod of fuch Work (which 
 is 272 fuperhcia! Feet of 1 Brick and a Half 
 in Thicknefs) in three Days. For 4500, the 
 Number of Bricks allowed for 1 Rod of this 
 Kind of Work, being divided by 1500, the 
 Number of Bricks frequently laid per Day, 
 the Quotient 2, is the Number of Days. 
 
 H 3 Now 
 
84 Of rough unjointed Place-Brick Walling « 
 
 Now, as I have already declared in p. 3 5, 
 that 25 heaped Bujheh of unflacked Lime, 
 and as many heaped Bujheh of Sand , are 
 fufficient for one Rod of this Kind of Brick- 
 work, it is very eafy to find the prime Coft 
 per_ Rod , either of Materials and Labour ;, or 
 Labour only, in every Part of the Kingdom, 
 where the Prices of Workmens Labour, and 
 prime Cojls of Bricks , Lime , and Sand is 
 known, and from thence to find the real 
 Value which the Mafier ought to be paid. 
 
 As for Example, 
 
 In and about London, Place Bricks are 
 delivered at 14 s. per Phoufand , Lime at 9 j, 
 per Hundred , Sand at 3 5. yter ; Brick - 
 
 layers at 3 L and their Labourers at 2 J. /w 
 23 #y. Therefore, 
 
 /. 5. d. 
 
 4500 Place Bricks at 14 s. per \ 
 
 Thoufand, is 5^3 
 
 25 heaped Bufhels of unflacked 1 
 Lime, which is equal to 2 8 Bags or > o 10 10 
 Bufhels flriked, at ^.-d. per Bag, LJ 
 
 25 Bufhels of Sand at 1 \d. is o 3 i\ 
 A Labourer f of a Day to flack 1 
 and fkreen the Lime, and to turn up > o 1 6 
 and chaff the Mortar, at 2 s. a Day, is j 
 
 One Bricklayer 3 Days, is 090 
 One Labourer 3 Days, is 060 
 
 1 otal 4 13 5 1 
 
 Which 
 
Of rough unjointed Place-Brick Wallhig, 85 
 
 Which is 3/. 16 s. 9 \d. per Rod for Ma- 
 terials, and 16 s. 6 d. for Labour. 
 
 N o w if the Majier be allowed 12* per 
 Cent . Profit on his Materials , and 25 per Cent . 
 Profit on his Workmens Labour , which for his 
 Time and Trouble to attend and direct Work- 
 men, he well deferves •> then he mu ft be paid 
 
 l» St dt y • 
 
 For his Materials per Rod 4543 
 
 And for Workmanfhip 1072 
 
 Which together make 5601 
 
 And which, to avoid the Trouble of Frac- 
 tions, may be allowed at 5 L 6 s. per Rod \ 
 wherein he has 12 s. 8 d. 3 q. Profit. 
 
 When Gentlemen find their own Bricks , 
 and the Bricklayer finds Mortar and Labour , 
 the prime Coft to the Bricklayer for Mortar, 
 per Rod, is as follows, viz. 
 
 I . St d. 
 
 For 2 5 heaped Bufhels of unflacked \ o 
 Lime j 
 
 For 25 heaped Bufhels of Sand o 
 For a Labourer £ Day, to flack, \ 
 fkreen, turn up , and chaff, i 0 
 
 10 10 
 
 3 1 1 
 
 1 6 
 
 Total prime Cojl per Rod for Mortar 015 5 \ 
 
 Which I allow at 16^. and for which the 
 Mafler, at 12* per Cent . Profit, muff be 
 paid 18 Shillings, And therefore. 
 
 H 4 
 
 If 
 
86 Of rough unjointed Place-Brick Walling . 
 
 /. 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 If to 0 
 
 18 
 
 0 
 
 Be added for Workmanfliip, with 1 
 2 § per Cent . Profit, as before, viz. 1 
 
 0 
 
 71 
 
 The Total 1 
 
 18 
 
 ° 7 l 
 
 Is the Mailer’s Price per Rod , for Mortar 
 and Workmanfliip, wherein he has 6 s. y\ d. 
 Profit. 
 
 But when Gentlemen find their own Bricks , 
 Lime and Sand , then the Mailer’s Demand 
 for Workmanfliip, with 25 per Cent . Profit, 
 as aforefaid, is but 1 /. os. J\d. But with 
 regard to his not haying Profit in the Mate- 
 rials, it mail be made up 1 /. vs and then he 
 has 4 s. 6 d. Profit (which is 30 per Cent. 
 and Gentlemen fave 6 si) per Rod. 
 
 1. s. d. 
 
 For, if to the Prime Coil of> 
 
 4500 Bricks, at 14; per Thoufand, ) 3 3 0 
 
 Be added for Mortar 016 o 
 
 And for Workmanfliip 1 1 o 
 
 The Total is 5 ° o 
 
 Which is 6 s. lefs than 5 /. 6 s. the real 
 Value per Rod to the Bricklayer, when he 
 finds all Materials and Workmanfhip. 
 
 N o w from the Preceding ’tis evident, That 
 in every Country, if to the prime Cofis of 
 4500 Bricks ; of 25 heaped Bufhels of un. 
 
 fiacked 
 
Of Jointed Place-Brick Walling. 87 
 
 flacked Lime ; of 25 heaped Bufhels of Sand, 
 be added, the Wages of a Labourer £ of a 
 Day, to Jlack and Jkreen the Lime , and to 
 turn up and chaff the Mortar , fit for Ufe ; and 
 the Wages of a Bricklayer, and of a Labourer, 
 for 3 Days, to lay the Bricks, the Total will 
 be the prime Coft per Rod ; to which the pre- 
 ceding Profits being added, as aforefaid, the 
 Total will be the honejl Value per Rod in each 
 Country. 
 
 Sect. II. Of the Price of common Place- 
 Brick Walling , jointed ; as Garden-Walls , 
 Out -Offices , Car caffes of Ordinary Houfes # 
 Barns , &c. 
 
 I N this Kind of Brick-work, there is more 
 Care required in the laying of Bricks, and 
 confequently more Time is employed than is 
 in rough W ailing • and befides, here is alfo 
 Time expended in Scaffolding, which in Foun-* 
 dations is but little, and jointing not any : So 
 that to lay a Thoufand of Bricks per Day, one 
 Day with the other, is a reasonable Day’s 
 Work for a Bricklayer and a Labourer $ and 
 which every honest Journeyman will not 
 fail to do. 
 
 The Number of Bricks per Rod are, in 
 this Kind of Wor k, nearly the fame as in 
 rough Walling 5 but the Quantity of Lime 
 
 here 
 
88 Of Jointed Place-Brick Walling. 
 
 here is more, and the Quantity of Sand is lefs; 
 becaufe here, to have good Mortar, the Lime 
 to the Sand fhould. be, as 2 is to i, viz. To 
 two heaped Bufhels of unflacked Lime, put 
 one heaped Bufliel of {harp Sand; or other- 
 wife, to every 41 J ftriked Bufhels, or Bags of 
 unflacked Lime, which are equal to 33^ heaped 
 Bufhels, put 16^ heaped Bufhels of Sand; which 
 together, as I have obferved in Page 3 5, is 
 fufficient for a Rod of this Kind of Work. 
 And therefore, 
 
 The prime Cofl; of a Rod .is as follows, viz, 
 
 L s. 
 
 4500 of Place Bricks, at 14 s. per \ 
 
 Thoufand 3 
 
 4 1 * Bags of Lime, at 9 s. per 1 
 Hundred 3 
 
 16 1 Heaped Bufhels of Sand, at 
 1 d. l per Bufhel 
 
 A Labourer \ of a Day, to flacky \ 
 
 Jkreen , turn up and chaff 3 0 1 
 
 A Bricklayer 4 Days and * , to lay 3 
 
 the Bricks S 0 
 
 A Labourer to ditto o 9 
 
 d. 
 
 3 3 
 o 15 
 
 
 
 Total prime Coft 5 4 
 
 0 + 
 
 Now, if the Matter be allowed 12 \ per 
 Cent. Profit on his Materials, and 2 5 per Cent. 
 on his Workmanfhip, then the real Value per 
 Rod is as follows, viz. 
 
 Firft, 
 
Of ‘Jointed Place-Brick Walling, 
 Firft, Of Materials, 
 
 8 9 
 
 
 1. 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 For 4500 Bricks, prime Coft 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 0 
 
 For 41^ Bags of Lime 
 
 0 
 
 i 5 
 
 © 
 
 For 16' Bufhels of Sand 
 
 mt 
 
 0 
 
 2 
 
 
 ' Sum 
 
 4 
 
 0 
 
 
 Profit admitted thereon at x 2 \ per > 
 
 © 
 
 10 
 
 0 
 
 Cent . * 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 Total Value per Rod of Materials 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 0 i 
 
 Secondly, Of Workmanship. 
 
 /. s. 
 
 One Labourer f Day, to flack , j j 
 
 Jkreen , /z/r/z and chaff S 
 One Bricklayer 4 Days and - to 1 
 
 lay Bricks — */° * * 
 
 One Labourer 4 Days and - to ditto o 9 
 
 d. 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 o 
 
 Prime Coft of Labour 1 
 Profit admitted thereof at 25 perl 
 Cent . > 
 
 4 
 o 6 
 
 TotalValue^rRodofWorkmanfhip 1 10 o 
 
 Now, if to 4/, io a oj d> the total Value 
 of Materials, be added 1 /. 10 s. the total 
 Value of Workman (hip, the Sum 6 l. os. o~ d. 
 is the real Value per Rod to the Workman, for 
 his Materials and Labour 5 unlefs in lofty 
 
 Buildings, 
 
9 0 °f Jointed Place - Brick Walling. 
 
 Buildings, where much Scaffolding is ufed, 
 and then ’tis worth 6 1 . 6 s. per Rod. 
 
 But when Gentlemen find their own Bricks , 
 and the Bricklayer finds Mortar (made as afore- 
 faid) and Labour, then the prime Cojl to the 
 Bricklayer for Mortar per Rod , is as follows, 
 viz. 
 
 L s. d. 
 
 For 41 f Bags of Lime o 15 o 
 
 For 16* Buihels of Sand o 2 of 
 
 For a Labourer f of a Day, tol 
 Jlack,Jkreen> turn up and chaff] > o 1 6 
 
 at times J 
 
 018 6 j 
 
 Which I allow at 19 s. and for which the 
 Matter, at 12* per Cent. Profit, mutt be paid 
 1 1 . is. 4* d. 
 
 And therefore. 
 
 If to ----- 1 1 4* 
 
 Be added for Workmanfhip, with 1 
 
 25 P er Cent. Profit 1 ! 10 0 
 
 The Total is 211 4* 
 
 Which, with regard to Scaffolding, I allow at 
 2 /. 125. 6 d. for the Mqfters Price per Rod, for 
 Mortar and V/orhnanJhip ; wherein he has 1 1 s. 
 6 d. per Rod Profit. 
 
 And the total Expence per Rod to the 
 Gentleman is but 5 /. 155. 6 d. For 3 /. 35. the 
 prime Coft of the Bricks, being added to 
 2 /. 1 2 s. 6 d. the Price per Red for Mortar and 
 TVorkfnanJhip , the Sum is 5 /. 15 s. 6 d. 
 
 But 
 
 3 
 
Of Grey-Stock Fronts; 
 
 91 
 
 But when Gentlemen find their own Bricks 
 and Mortar , then the Bricklayer's Demand for 
 Workmanfhip is bat 1 /. 10 s. and Gentlemen 
 pay but 5 /. 1 is. 6^ d. per Rod for the whole : 
 For, 
 
 If to the Workmanfhip per Rod at 
 Be added. For 450© Bricks 
 
 For 41 £ Bags of Lime 
 For 16* Bufhels of Sand 
 For flacking , Jkreen-i 
 ing , &c. J 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 1 5 
 
 2 
 
 5 11 
 
 The Sum is but 
 
 Which wants 8 s, 6^ d. of 67 . or. oj Rod, 
 as aforefaid ; and which is upwards of 7 /. 
 faved. 
 
 Sect. III. Of the Price of common Front 
 Walling > Fronts of Dwelling-Honfes ? &c. 
 faced with Grey -Stock Bricks , with common 
 ( and with tuck-and-pat) Joints . 
 
 O F this Kind of Wallings there are /z&m’ 
 Varieties , , w;s. Firji , That whofe 
 Courfes are laid of the fame Thicknefs of 
 Mortar as Place-Bricks ufually are, viz. For 
 every 4 Courfes in Height, to rife 1 Foot, and 
 jointed in the common Manner. 
 
 Secondly , That whofe Courfes of Mortar 
 are laid fo much thinner than the preceding, 
 
 as 
 
92 Gf Grey-Stock Fronts, 
 
 as for every 4 Courfes of Bricks to rife but 
 11 Inches in Height, and jointed as aforefaid. 
 
 And thirdly , That whofe Courfes of Mor- 
 tar don’t exceed ~ of an Inch in Height, and 
 confequently every 4 Courfes of Bricks to rife 
 but 11 Inches in Height, a$ in the laft, with 
 tuck-and-pat Joints. 
 
 These are the three Varieties of Grey-ftock 
 faced Walls , whofe Prices per Rod, at 1 Brick 
 and half in Thicknefs, are as follows. 
 
 Variety I. 
 
 Of Walling , where every 4 Courfes of Bricks 
 rife 1 Foot in Height. 
 
 In this Kind of W ailing , , every Rod will re- 
 quire the fame Quantity of Place-Bricks and 
 Grey-Stock Bricks taken together ; the fame 
 Quantity of Lime and Sand , and the fame 
 Time of Workmanihip ; as before faid of 
 Place-Bricks , in the laft Section : So that the 
 whole Difference herein, wholly confifts in the 
 Price and Quantity of the Grey-Stocks ; for a 
 grey Stock-Brick is laid in the fame Time, or, 
 indeed, I think rather fooner, as being better 
 to handle than a Place-Brick . 
 
 The Number of Grey-Stock Bricks , in this 
 Cafe, to face 1 Rod of Walling, is more or 
 lefs, as the Manner of working the Courfes is. 
 
 That 
 
Of Grey-Stock Fronts. 93 
 
 That is to fay, Firjl , If every Front Courfe 
 be laid with Headers and Stretchers, as in the 
 Plan and Elevation, Fig. I. and II. Plate I. 
 which is called the Flemifk Bond \ and which 
 is very ftrong and beautiful, then the Number 
 of Grey-Stocks to the Place-Bricks will be as 
 4 is to 5. And therefore 2000 of Grey-Stocks , 
 with 2500 of Place-Bricks y will do one Rod 
 of Walling. 
 
 N. B. Thofe Bricks which , in the Plans , 
 Fig. II, IV, V, VII. and VIII. are Jhadowed % 
 fignify Grey-Stocks > and thofe unfadowed % 
 
 ' Place-Bricks . 
 
 Secondly , If the Front Courfes be laid all 
 Headers and all Stretchers , alternately, as Fig. 
 Ill, IV, and V. then the Number of Grey- 
 Stocks , and of Place-Bricks , will be equal, viz. 
 2250 of each. 
 
 Phis Kind of Bond is alfo very Jlrong and 
 beautiful . 
 
 Thirdly, If the Front Courfes be laid all 
 Headers , with whole and half Bricks, as Fig. 
 VI. and VII. which is the mod beautiful, and, 
 I think, the ftrongeft, the Grey-Stocks and 
 Place-Bricks will be alfo equal, as in the laft. 
 But if every Front Courfe be laid with Headers, 
 as in Fig. VIII. where there are two heading 
 half Bricks between every two heading whole 
 Bricks; then the Grey-Stocks will be to the 
 Place- Bricks, as 4 is to 5, as aforefaid, in Fig. 
 I, II. which is equally as beautiful and as 
 ftrong as the laft ; So that the Quantity wholly 
 
 depends 
 
94 Of the Price of Grey-Stock Fronts.’ 
 
 depends upon the Kind of Bond> that may be 
 chofen ; viz. If after the Manner of Fig. II. 
 and VIII. then 2000 Grey-Stocks : And if 
 after the Manner of Fig, IV, V. and VII. then 
 2250 of each Kind* 
 
 N. B. For the fake of faving about 400 
 Grey-Stocks in a Rod of Work , whofe Value 
 is not Half a Crown , Bricklayers will often 
 carry up the Face of a Building of a Brick's 
 Breadth only , for 8, 10, nay even 12 Courfes 
 together , (as in Fig. IV.) before they bond in 
 upon the Place-Bricks : So that , in fndl y the 
 whole Wall , though of a Brick and half in Thick- 
 nefs , is very little ftronger than a x Brick 
 Wall ; becaufe , between the Grey-flocks and the 
 Place-Bricks , there is an almojl continued up- 
 right Joint. Which is not only a very great 
 Deceit, but, in lofty Buildings , is dangerous. 
 
 Now, the Expence, prime Cojl per Rod, is 
 as follows, viz. 
 
 Firjl, According to the Manners of Fig. I, 
 
 II. and VIII. Plate I. viz. 
 
 * r 
 
 /. 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 2500 of Place-Bricks, at 14 s. 
 
 1 
 
 
 O 
 
 2000 of Grey-Stbcks, at 18 s. 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 O 
 
 4 1 * Bags of Lime, at 9 s . 
 
 0 
 
 *5 
 
 O 
 
 16* Bulhels of Sand 
 
 0 
 
 2 
 
 °4 
 
 Slacking, Skreening, &c. 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 Workmanfhip 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 * Total 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 Which, 
 
Of Grey-Stock Fronts. 95 
 
 Which* with the aforefaid Allowances of 
 Profits on the Materials and Labour* amounts 
 unto 61 . 7 s. 2 d. per Rod. 
 
 Secondly ' , According to the Manners of Fig. 
 
 V. VI. and VIII. Plate I. viz. 
 
 /. 
 
 s . 
 
 d. 
 
 2250 Place-Bricks, at 14 s. 
 
 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 6 
 
 2250 Grey-Stocks, at 18 r. 
 
 2 
 
 0 
 
 6 
 
 Al\ Bags of Lime, at 9 s. 
 
 0 
 
 15 
 
 0 
 
 i6\ Buihels of Sand 
 
 0 
 
 2 
 
 
 Slacking, Skreening, &c. 
 
 0 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 Workmanlhip 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 Sum 
 
 5 
 
 *3 
 
 °+ 
 
 Which being but 1 s. more per Rod than 
 the preceding Manners, I therefore judge it 
 reafonable, that the Bricklayer be paid for 
 this Kind of Walling per Rod, as follows* 
 viz. 
 
 I s. d. 
 
 For Bricks, Lime, Sand, and La- i , , 
 
 bour } 6 10 6 
 
 For Lime, Sand, and Labour only 2 10 o 
 For Labour only 1 1 10 o 
 
 And therefore* when the Bricklayer finds 
 Mortar, and Gentlemen the Bricks, the Ex- 
 pence per Rod is but 6 /. 2 s. and when the 
 Bricks, Lime and Sand are found by Gentle- 
 men, as aforefaid, the Expence per Rod is but 
 5/. 19 s. 6 d. which being 10 s . 6 d. per 
 
 I Rod 
 
g 6 Of Common Jointed Grey-Stock Fronts. 
 Rod lefs, than when the Bricklayer finds all 
 Materials, is fo much faved. 
 
 Variety II. 
 
 Of Front Walling faced with Grey -flock 
 Bricks , where every four Courfes rife but 
 ii Inches , with common Joints . 
 
 Since that in this Kind of Walling every 
 four Courfes of Bricks rife but n Inches, as 
 has been already obferved, therefore 4870 
 Bricks are required to 1 Rod of this Kind of 
 Walling, which, for the fake of even Num- 
 bers in Computation, I allow at 4900, of 
 which one half mud be Place-Bricks, and the 
 other Grey-Stock Bricks. 
 
 And as by reducing the Thicknefs of the 
 Courfes of Mortar, there is lefs Mortar, and 
 more Bricks laid, than is in a Rod of Place- 
 Brick Walling ; therefore, when the Brick- 
 layer finds ail Materials , his extraordinary 
 Time to lay the additional 375 Bricks, muff 
 be allowed by him, in Balance for his Ad- 
 vantage in ufmg lefs Mortar ; but when Gentle- 
 men find their own Lime and Sand, then the 
 Bricklayer has a Right to be paid for the laying 
 of the additional Bricks, which, together, will 
 employ (nearly or quite) a Bricklayer and La- 
 bourer 5 Days. And therefore, 
 
 The prune Co ft of one Rod of this Kind of 
 Walling is as follows, viz. 
 
 245° 
 
Of Common Jointed Grey - S took Fronts. 07 
 
 
 L 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 2450 Grey -Stock Bricks, at 18 s. 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 
 2450 Place Bricks, at 14 r. 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 3 
 
 4 1 f Bags of Lime 
 
 0 
 
 
 0 
 
 16^ Bufhels of Sand 
 
 0 
 
 2 
 
 
 A Labourer f of a Day, to flack, ? 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 fkreen, turn up and chaff j 
 
 A Bricklayer and a Labourer, } 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 
 each 5 Days, to lay Bricks f 
 
 1 
 
 s 
 
 KJ 
 
 Total prime Co ft 
 
 6 
 
 I 
 
 
 Which, when all Materials are found by 
 the Bricklayer, is worth 7 /. 05. 6* d. viz. 
 5 I. 7 Si, 4 1 d. for his Materials, and 1 /. 1 3 s. 2 \ d. 
 for his Labour* 
 
 But when Gentlemen find their own 
 Bricks, then the prime Coji to the Bricklayer 
 is as follows, viz. 
 
 L s. do 
 
 41* Bags of Lime o 15 
 
 16* Bufhels of Sand o 2 
 
 A Labourer j of a Day, to flacky 7 
 Jkreen , turn up and chaff j 0 1 
 
 A Bricklayer and Labourer, each 7 
 
 5 Days, to lay Bricks f 1 $ 
 
 o 
 
 O t 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 Sum 236^ 
 
 For which the Bricklayer mart be paid 
 (being allowed Profits as aforefaid) the Sum of 
 2 L 1 2 s. 3 d. and then the Gentleman pays but 
 
 la ‘ 6 4 
 
98 Of Luck-and-pat Fronts. 
 
 hi. 10 s. y d. per Rod, which is 9 s. 1 1 d. lefs, 
 than when the Bricklayer finds the Bricks. 
 And when Bricks , Lime and Sand are found 
 by Gentlemen, then the Expence per Rod is 
 but 6 /. 8 s. y d. viz. 4/. 15 s . 4 \d. for 
 Materials, at prime Coft, and 1 /. 13 s. z \ d. 
 for Workmanship j which is 11 s % iQ d. per 
 Rod laved. 
 
 Variety III. 
 
 Oj Walling faced with Grey flock B ricks i 
 where every 4 Courfes rife but 11 Inches , 
 with Tuck- and- pat Joints . 
 
 In this Kind of Wallings there is the fame 
 Number of Bricks , and the fame Quantity of 
 Lime and Sand , as in Variety II. the only 
 Difference of Expence being in the Work- 
 manfhip of the Joints, which is very confider- 
 able, as taking up a great deal of Time, and 
 which is generally paid 6 d. per Foot fuper- 
 ficial, extra , more than the preceding Prices, 
 per Rod. - 
 
 So that the Expence per Rod, all Materials 
 being found by the Bricklayer, is as follows, 
 
 viz . 
 
 I s. d. 
 
 For Materials 5 7 4* 
 
 For Labour to the common Work 1 13 2 
 
 For 272 Feet fuperficial of tuck- 
 and-pat Joints, extra , at 6 d. 
 i>er Foot 
 
 •i 
 
 Sum per Rod 13 16 6; 
 
 ~ Which, 
 
 j. 6 16 o 
 
•Of Tuck-and-pat Fronts. 99 
 
 Which, as I obferved before, when Gentle- 
 men find the Bricks, will be 11 d. lefs, 
 and when Bricks, Lime and Sand, in. 1 if d. 
 lefs 5 which, in large Works, is worthy of 
 Notice. 
 
 N. B. When Walls faced with Grey flock 
 Bricks are of greater Thicknejs than one Brick 
 and a half the extra Thicknejs mvft he con - 
 fidered and rated at the fame Price per Rod as 
 rough Walling , p. 83. becaufe there is no Joint- 
 ing on either Side ^ and is performed in the fame 
 Time . 
 
 Note also, That in all Front Walls , 
 Bricklayers ufe two Sorts of Mortar , viz. The 
 one finer than the other ; the fine Sort to the 
 Front Cour/es , and the other to the Infide Courfes ; 
 but the Quantity of Lime in the whole is the 
 fame. 
 
 Before I proceed farther, I think ’tis 
 reafonable to obferve, that many Bricklayers 
 charge their Labour of tuck- and fat Courfes 
 at 9 d. per fuperficial Foot, extra , which alone 
 of itfelf, exclufive of Materials and common 
 Work, amounts to 1® /. 4 s. and, together 
 with Materials and common Work, 17 /. 4 j. 
 6 d, per Rod. 
 
 Surely nothing in other Trades can come 
 up to this monflrous Impofition ; for even at the 
 cheapeft, viz. 6 d. per Foot for the Labour 
 
 I 3 of 
 
loo Of Fuck-and-pat Fronts. 
 
 of the Fuck-and-pat Courfes only, the Amount 
 thereof is but4r. 6^d. lefs than the whole Ex- 
 pence of all the Materials and common Work 
 when taken together ; fo that, I think, no 
 Perfon who knows this (unlefs mad) will go 
 to fuch an Expence ; and efpecially 5 when 
 after all that the beft Bricklayer can do, it has 
 an ill EffeB, and looks as if the Mortar had no 
 Union with the Bricks , and was forced from 
 them : Neither is it fo fiong, or fo beautiful, 
 as when worked in their Courfes jointed in the 
 common Manner, as all the rubbed Red -flock 
 Fronts , &c. are done, of His Grace the Duke 
 q( Marlborough’s Houfe in St James's 
 Park , built by that great Architect Sir Chri- 
 stopher Wren • which would have cofl 
 double the Money , had the Courfes been work’d 
 Fuck-and-pat, 
 
 Nay, in Brick- and-Haf Garden Party- 
 Walls , faced on both bides, as there are fome 
 about Marlborough Houfe, had their Courfes 
 been worked Fuck-and-pat , they would have 
 cofl three times the Money they did ; for the 
 Courfes fo worked on both Sides, exclufive of 
 all Materials and common Work , would have 
 coft above 13 1 per Rod more than they did, and 
 would not have been one Farthing the better. 
 
 1 have often experienced, that a tolerable 
 good Bricklayer, without Hurry or Driving, 
 but working of his own Free-will, will lay in 
 ¥ ery good Fronts 500 Grey-Stock Bricks per 
 
 ' ' Diem \ 
 
Of Grey Stock Fronts. ioi 
 
 Diem , with common Joints, which is about 
 1 Brick per Minute , with great Neatnefs : So 
 that the prime Coft per Rod , for Fronts of a 
 Brick and Half Thicknefs, faced with Grey 
 Stock Bricks, is as follows, viz. 
 
 1 . s. d. 
 
 2450 Grey Stock B r icks to the 
 Front, at 1 8 s. per Thoufand 
 2450 Place Bricks to the Infide 
 at 14 s. 
 
 Mortar 
 
 1 Bricklayer and a Lab 0lirer 
 five Days to the Front 
 
 1 Bricklayer and a Labourer two 
 Days and Half within Side 
 
 \z 4 
 
 \ 1 H 
 o 18 
 
 P 5 
 
 jo 12 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 o 
 
 6 
 
 Total prime Coft per Rod 
 
 6144 
 
 Which is 7/. 2 s. 2d . per Rod lefs 
 Money than with 7 uck^and-pat Courfes, and 
 is much {Longer and handfomer. 
 
 Now, as the prime Coft of the~j /. s. d. 
 Materials is 4 /. 16 s. 10 d. there- / 
 fore at 1 2 \ per Cent. Profit thereon, ( o 12 1 * 
 
 I mud add to the above 61. i^s.^d. j 
 And as the prime Coft of theo 
 Labour is 1 /. 1 7 s. 6 d. there- ( 
 fore at 2C per Cent. Profit thereon, [ o o 4* 
 I mu ft add J 
 
 And the total Expence per Rod is 715 9t 
 
 i 4 
 
 Which 
 
102 Of Grey Stock Fronts. 
 
 Which is 6 /. os. per Rod lefs Mo- 
 ney, than when worked with Tuck* and-pat 
 Courfes , at 13 /. i6r. 6 d. per Rod ; and is 
 Jironger and more beautiful , and not fo fubjed 
 to be injured by Rains and Profs. 
 
 When the Mafler Bricklayer finds all Ma- 
 terials, as in this Example, he has 1 1 . is. 3 id. 
 Profit per Rod: But when Gentlemen provide 
 their Bricks, Lime and Sand, and make up 
 the Mortar fit for Ufe, then the Bricklayer's 
 Profit per Rod in his Workmanfhip, is but 
 9 s • 4 ;^ 
 
 Sect. IV. Of Court, &c. Walls, 
 Brick and Half in Thicknefs, faced on bGth 
 Sides with Grey-Stock Bricks, with 
 common , and with Tuck-ajid-pat Courfes . 
 
 with Grey- Stock Bricks , the Expence per Rod 
 is greater than the preceding, and is as follows. 
 
 Firft, 
 
Of Grey -Stock Court- Walls, io 
 
 Fir ft, with common Jointed Courfes. 
 
 L s. d. 
 
 2900 Grey-Stock Bricks, at 7 n 
 
 1 8 s. per Thoufand > ^ 
 
 Mortar, as being fine on both? _ 
 
 Sides !' 0 0 
 
 i Bricklayer and a Labourer? 
 
 1 o Days * 
 
 Total prime Coft 7 18 2 
 
 }° 13 6 
 
 To this I add, for Profit on Ma- 
 terials at 12 j per Cent. 
 
 And for Profit on Workmanfhip 1 , 
 
 at 25 per Cent. S° 12 6 
 
 Total Expence per Rod 942 
 
 Of which the Mafter-Bricklayer has il. 6s 0 
 Profit, unlefs Gentlemen provide the Mate- 
 rials themfelves $ and then his Profit is but 
 12 s. 6 d. 
 
 Secondly, With TuCK-and-PAT Courfes . 
 
 4 a d. 
 
 To the preceding Expence of 7 
 Materials and common Work, viz. 5 9 4 2 
 
 Add for twice 272 Feet, viz. 1 
 544 Feet fuperficial, of Tuck- >13 12 o 
 and-Pat y at 6 d. fer Foot j 
 
 And then the total Expen ctper Rod is 2 2 1 6 c 
 
 Which 
 
 
104 Rules for meafuring Brick-Walling. 
 
 Which is 13 l 12 s. per Rod , more than the 
 Work is worth when fo performed. 
 
 Having thus explained the Quantities and 
 Prices of Materials and Workmanship in the 
 preceding Kinds of Brick- walling, I fhall now 
 by way of Digreffion, for the Entertainment 
 and Inftrudtion of my Readers, and young 
 Students in Architecture, Shew the Manner of 
 meafuring all Kinds of Brick-wallings and to 
 compute and ejlimate the Quantities and Ex- 
 pence of Bricks , Limes Sands &c. neceffary 
 for any Quantity of Work, and in any Part 
 of the Kingdom. 
 
 Brick- walling is meafured by thefe 
 Rules, viz. 
 
 Rule L 
 
 Multiply the Length by the Height, at 
 the fame Thicknefs, and the ProduCt will be 
 the fuperficial Content. 
 
 Rule II. 
 
 Multiply the fuperficial Content by the 
 Number of Half Bricks contained in the 
 Thicknefs of the Wall, and then the ProduCt 
 being divided by 3, the Number of Half Bricks 
 in the Standard Thicknefs, the Quotient will 
 be the Number of Feet reduced. 
 
 Rule III. 
 
 Divide the Number of Feet reduced, by 
 272, the Number of fuperficial Feet in a Rod, 
 and the Quotient will be the Number of Rods, 
 and the Remains (when any) will be Feet. 
 
 As 
 
Of the Menfuration of Brick-Walling. 105 
 As for Example. 
 
 Suppofe a Piece of Brick-walling be 7790 
 Feet in Length , 12 Feet in Height , and 2 
 Bricks and a Half in Thicknefs . 
 
 Operation. 
 
 The Length 7790 Feet, 
 
 Multiplied by 12 the Height, 
 
 155 80 
 
 7790 
 
 Product 93480 the fuperficial Content. 
 Which multiply by 5 Half Bricks, 
 
 Produil 467400. Which divide by 3 as 
 
 follows, viz. 
 
 3)467400(155800 Quotient, which di- 
 16 1 * vide by 2j2 y as follows. 
 
 17 
 
 15 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 o 
 
 272)155800(572 Rods 
 1360- • 
 
 1980 
 
 1904 
 
 544 
 
 216 Feet. 
 
 For 
 
io 6 Of the Menfuration of Brick Walling. 
 
 For to readily find what Parts of a Rod 
 the Remains are, when Divifion is over, I 
 have here added the Aliquot Parts of a Rod 
 as following. 
 
 A TABLE of the Aliquot Parts of a fuper- 
 jicial Rod> of 272 fquare Feet y viz. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 
 272 
 
 - 1 Rod 
 
 204 
 
 
 3 Quarters 
 
 136 
 
 
 a Half 
 
 68 
 
 
 a Quarter 
 
 34 
 
 is < 
 
 an Eighth 
 
 1 7 
 
 
 a i6teenth 
 
 8i 
 
 
 a 32d 
 
 4 i 
 
 
 a 64th 
 
 
 
 d. 128th 
 
 Now as 204 Feet is 3 Quarters, and the 
 Remains is 216, therefore the above Quotient 
 is 572 Rods, 3 Quarters and 12 Feet 
 
 And for to readily divide any given Num- 
 ber of fuperficial Feet contained on the Face 
 of any Wall, by 272, I have here added, 
 
 A 
 
OftbeMenfurationof Brick Walling. 107 
 A TABLE fl/'Di visors. 
 
 272^ 
 
 1 
 
 "O 
 
 544 
 
 
 2 
 
 816 
 
 
 3 
 
 1088 
 
 
 4 
 
 < 1360 > is -< 5 > 
 
 1632 
 
 
 61 
 
 1904 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 2176 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 ^2448 j 
 
 - 9 . 
 
 The Ufe of this Table is as follows. 
 
 Suppofe 160752 fuperficial Feet on the 
 Face of a Wall, be to be divided by 272, for 
 to find the Number of Rods, as follows, 
 
 272) 160752 (591 Rods. 
 
 * • 1360. . 
 
 2 475 
 
 2448 
 
 272 
 
 272 
 
 o 
 
 Here the firft Queftion is, how often is 
 272 in 1607, the firft Pun&ation ; which to 
 know, I look in the Table of Divifors for 
 
 the 
 
 ! 
 
i © 8 Of the Menfur at ion of B r i c k W a l l i fj q . 
 
 the next lefs Number, which is 1360, and 
 againft it (lands 5 Times 5 which I put in the 
 Quotient, and 1360, under 1607,* and then 
 fubftraCting 1360 from 1607, the Remains is 
 
 2 47 * 
 
 Again, to 247 bring down the next Figure 
 of the Dividend. 5, making 247, 2475, 
 
 which next lefs Number in the Table of 
 Divifors is 2448, againft which is 9 Times. 
 Wherefore, putting 9 in the Quotient, and 
 fubftraCting 2448 from 2475, as before, the 
 Remains is 27, to which the laft Figure 2 
 in the Dividend being annexed, makes 272, 
 wherein, 272 is once, and the Quotient is 591 
 Rods. 
 
 t 
 
 N. B . When a Brick-Wall is of divers 
 Thickneffes, as the Foundation of 3 Bricks, 
 the next Part above it of 2 Bricks and a half ; 
 the next above that of 2 Bricks ; the next above 
 that ij Brick, and the upper Part of 1 Brick • 
 then the Dimenfions of each Part mu ft be taken 
 feparately, and their Products being each redu- 
 ced to ftandard Thicknefs, and added together 
 (there being no Deductions of Doors, Win- 
 dows, &c.) their Sum will be the Total Quan- 
 tity required to be known. 
 
 As for EXAM FEE. 
 
 Siippofe a Wall of 220 Feet in Length and 
 v2Q Feet in Height , of the following Thickneffes 
 he given , viz. Its Foundation for 3 Feet 6 
 
 Inches 
 
Of the Menfuration tf/’BRicK Walling. 109 
 
 Inches in Height, of 3 Bricks ; the next two 
 Feet £ in Height, of 2 Bricks and a half; 
 the next 5 Feet in Height, of 2 Bricks in 
 Thicknefs ; the next 5 Feet in Height, of 1 ~ 
 Brick, and the upper Part 4 Feet in Height 
 of 1 Brick ; then the feveral Dixnenfions and 
 their refpedlive Quantities of Feet reduced., 
 will ftand as following, viz. 
 
 - 
 
 Feet reduced. 
 
 3 B ) 220 °) f , n 
 540 
 
 = B;) * 2 °n 9 >6i 
 
 2 6 % y * 
 
 2B) 2 “°o}'4« 6 f 
 
 i BO 220 07 r ^ 
 2/ > 1 100 
 
 5 °3 
 
 1 Bj 220 o 
 
 4 0 
 
 } 586 f 
 
 Total a6io 
 
 N. B. When in Brick-Walling there be 
 Windows, Doors, &c. care muft be taken, 
 to take their Dimenfions after thofe of the 
 Brick- Work are taken, and in the very fame 
 manner, fignifying of what Thicknefs the 
 Wall is, where every fuch Deduction is made, 
 
 and 
 
no Of the Menfuration o/Brick Walling. 
 and the Number of Times each Deduction 
 is, where there are more than one of the 
 fame Magnitude. 
 
 Suppofe in the preceding Wall there be 
 20 Windows, viz. io Windows, each 3 Feet 
 by 3 Feet in 2 Brick thicknefs; and as many, 
 3 Feet by 3 Feet, in 1 Brick and a Half : 
 Then I write down their Dimenfions, and 
 Quantity of Feet reduced as follows, viz. 
 
 Now from 4610, the Number of reduced 
 Feet in the whole, including the Deductions 
 aforefaid, fubftraCt 210 reduced Feet, contained 
 in the Deductions ; and the Remains, 4400 
 reduced Feet, is the Quantity of Brick-work, 
 which being divided by 272, the Quotient is 
 16 Rods 48 Feet. 
 
 Brick-Work may be alfo meafured by Cube 
 Meafure, and which very often can’t eafily 
 be meafured truely any otherwife, as angle 
 Chimnevs. &c . where the Dimenfions of the 
 
 D D. Feet reduced. 
 
 Total 210 
 
 Plans 
 

 Of the Cube Feet in a Rod of Br i c k Work. 1 1 1 
 
 Plans, are not eafily reduced to any certain 
 Number of Bricks in Thicknefs. 
 
 Now as a Brick and a Half Wall is but 
 13 \ Inches in Thicknefs, viz. a Brick’s Length 
 I 8 f Inches, a Brick’s Breadth 4 f Inches, with 
 a Joint of Mortar of £ of an Inch ; therefore 
 I if 272 the Square Feet in a Rod Square, be 
 I multiplied by 1 Foot 1 \ Inch, the Thicknefs 
 j aforefaid, the Quotient 306 is the Number 
 of Cube Feet in a Rod of Work ; and 
 : therefore any given Quantity of Cube Feet 
 of Brick- work being divided by 306, the 
 Quotient will be the Number of Rods con^ 
 tained therein : 
 
 As for EXAMPLE. 
 
 In 8262 Cube Feet of Brick Wallings hen® 
 many Rods of Work ? 
 
 OPERATION. 
 
 306) 8262 (27 Rods* 
 612 
 
 2142 
 
 2142 
 
 00 
 
 I 
 
 I N. B. Tho’ ’tis Cuftomary in the 
 ; j furement of Chimneys to meafure the whole 
 I » K as 
 
0 2 Of the Menfuration of C n imne ys* 
 
 as folid Brick- work, (the Fire Places, from the 
 Hearth, to the Height of the Mantle only 
 excepted, which in every Chimney is always 
 dedufted ;) yet I can by no means think it to 
 be reafonable, when the Bricklayer finds Bricks 
 and Mortar, becaufe he is then paid for Ma- 
 terials which in Fa 61 are not ufed. But in- 
 deed as to Workman (hip only, with regard 
 to his Trouble in carrying up the Withsand 
 pargetting the Funnels; it is but reafonable* 
 that all Funnels above each Mantle fhould 
 be meafured as folid Work, for in the fame 
 time, that he is carrying up the Withs, &c * 
 he could work up the whole in a Solid. 
 
 Therefore, to meafure the Brick-work of 
 CbimneySy 
 
 Firft take the Dimenfions of the whole as 
 folid Work, and then dedudting the Vacui- 
 ties, as well thofe of the Funnels, as of the 
 Fire Places, the Remains will be Brickwork* 
 whofe Materials being confidered at prime 
 Coft, and 1 2 £ per Cent, added thereto, will 
 be the Value to be paid the Bricklayer in cafe 
 he provide them. But when they are pro- 
 vided by Gentlemen, then meafure the whole 
 as Solid, the Fire Places only excepted as be- 
 fore, and the Content of the Cube Quantity 
 being reduced into Rods by Divifion as afore* 
 faid, will be the Quantity of Work for which 
 the Bricklayer is to be paid for his Work- 
 manship, which is honeftiy worth 4 or. per 
 Rod when feparately perform’dv 
 
 N. 
 
T o reduce Cule Feet into Rods* 
 
 113 
 
 N. B. When ’tis required to reduce Cube 
 Feet of Brickwork, to Rods at Standard Thick- 
 nefs, the following is the Rule, viz. 
 
 As 306 the Cub^ Feet in 1 Rod of Work, 
 is to 1 Rod: 
 
 So is any given Number of Cube Feet of 
 Brick-work, to the Number of Rods, &c. at 
 Standard Thicknefs. 
 
 And for the ready dividing of any given 
 j Number of Cube Feet of Brick- work by 306, 
 X have here annexed a Table of Divifors, viz. 
 
 306' 
 
 1 
 
 -1*. 
 
 612 
 
 
 2 
 
 918 
 
 
 3 
 
 1224 
 
 
 4 
 
 15 3 ° 
 
 ^ is H 
 
 5 > 
 
 1836 
 
 
 6 
 
 2142 
 
 
 7 
 
 " 2448 
 
 
 8 
 
 2754 . 
 
 t 
 
 v 9 j 
 
 ^Times, 
 
 Now if 4500, the Number of Place Bricks 
 in a Rod of Work, be divided by 306, the 
 Number of Cube Feet in a Rod, the Quotient 
 will be nearly 14^, which is the Number 
 of Bricks per Cube Foot. 
 
 And fo in like manner , 
 
 If 4900, the Number of Grey Stocks in a 
 Rod of Work, be divided by 306, as before, 
 K 2 the 
 
1 14 Of the Value 0/* Mortar in Repairs. 
 
 the Quotient will be 16 which is the 
 Number of Bricks per Cube Foot. 
 
 Now 5 tis evident , 
 
 That any Number of Cube Feet of Place- 
 Brick Work done, or to be 'done, being mul- 
 tiplied by 14 1 i or of Grey Stock Brick Work 
 by 16, the Product will be the Number of 
 Bricks imployed, or required. 
 
 And there] ore it follows , 
 
 That any known Number of Bricks being 
 rated per Noon] and , &c . at the prime Coft of 
 the Country wherein they are made ; the 
 Sum will be the amount prime Coft of their 
 Expence. 
 
 Now, if to the amount of the prime Coft 
 of any Number of Place Bricks, or Grey Stock 
 Bricks, be added 12 \ per Cent, which is an 8th 
 Part, the Sum is their Value to be paid to 
 the Bricklayer, excluiive of Workmanfhip a& 
 aforefaid. 
 
 As to the Value of Mortar which may 
 befoufed in Chimnies, it is no difficult Thing 
 to difcover, after you have found the Number 
 of Cube Feet of Brick- work. For 
 
 As 306, the Number of Cube Feet in a Rod \ 
 is to 816 Farthings , equal to 17 Shillings the 
 prime Coft of Mortar for 1 Rod of Work ; fo 
 is 10 Cube F ret to 26 f Farthings ; which, to 
 
: Of the Number of Place Bricks per Foot. 115 
 avoid Fractions, I allow at 28 Farthings, equal 
 to 7 Pence, and which is the prime Colt of 
 Mortar in every 10 Cube Feet of Brick- work 3 
 and therefore, if to the amount of the prime 
 Coftof Mortar, be added 12 * per Cent. Profit, 
 the Sum is the Value of the Mortar to be paid 
 to the Bricklayer. 
 
 I (hall now add two Tables, fhewing the 
 Number of Place Bricks , and of Grey Stocks , 
 (laid in thin Courfes as aforefaid) that are 
 ! contained againft every fuperficml Foot on the 
 Surface of any Wall, from * a Brick to 6 
 Bricks in Thicknefs, viz. 
 
 TABLE L 
 
 Of the Number of Place Bricks in a fuper- 
 ficial Foot cf Wallings &c. from \ a Brick 
 to 6 Bricks in Thicknefs . 
 
 Brick , 
 
 In one fuper- 
 ficial Foot of 
 
 1 0 ! 
 
 1 1 
 
 2 0 
 
 2 1 
 
 ^ z 
 
 3 0 
 
 l 
 
 k There is . 
 
 r S 
 
 1 
 
 Walling, whofe ^ 
 
 3 1 ] 
 
 Thicknefs is 
 
 1 
 
 4 0 ! 
 
 4 l 
 
 5 0 
 5 l 
 
 V. 6 O j 
 
 s 
 
 L 
 
 
 K 3 
 
 T 
 
 Bricks . 
 
 Si 
 
 iof 
 1 6 
 
 26f 
 
 3 71 
 42f 
 48 
 
 53? 
 
 < 8 ? 
 
 64’ 
 
ii6 Of the Number of Grey Stocks per Foot, 
 
 TABLE II. 
 
 Of the Number of Grey Stock Bricks in a fu- 
 perfcial Foot of Wallings from \ Brick to 
 6 Feet in Thicknefs a 
 
 Brick 
 
 In one fuper- 
 ficial Foot of 
 Walling, whofe 
 Thicknefs is 
 
 r r 
 
 l.o 
 
 
 | 1 i 
 
 
 { 2 O 
 
 
 r : 
 
 
 < 3 ° 
 
 J 2 . 
 
 Y There is*^ 
 
 4 0 
 
 
 4 t 
 
 
 5 0 
 
 
 1 5 i 
 
 
 l 6 °. 
 
 i 
 
 Bricks . 
 6 
 12 
 18 
 24 
 
 3° 
 
 36 
 
 42 
 
 48 
 
 54 
 
 60 
 
 66 
 
 Now if the foperf cial Content of a Piece 
 of Brick Walling, of any Thicknefs, be mul- 
 tiplied by the Number of Bricks, that is con- 
 tained in its Thicknefs, againft one fuperficial 
 Foot of its Surface, the Produdt is the Quan- 
 tity of Bricks contained in the whole Wall. 
 
 As for Example : 
 
 Suppofe a Piece of Brick Walling 250 Feet 
 tn Length , 9 Feet in Height , and 3 j Bricks 
 in Thicknefs , whofe fuperficial Content is 2250 
 
 Feet, 
 
Of the Calculation of Br i c k Walling . nj 
 
 Feet , be given, to find the Number of Place 
 Pricks contained therein u 
 
 In the fird Column of the Table of Place 
 Bricks , againft 3 Bricks and * hands 37 \ 
 Bricks — and therefore 2250 being multiplied 
 by 37 f, the Produd 84000, is the Number 
 of Bricks contained therein. 
 
 And fo in like manner , if the above fuper- 
 ficial Feet of Walling had been of Grey Stocks, 
 then 2250 mud have been multiplied by 42 
 fas hands againd 3 Bricks and a * in the 
 Table of Grey Stock Bricks) and the Produd 
 9450c, would be the Quantity of Bricks. 
 
 EXAMPLE II. 
 
 To find how many Place Bricks will build 
 a Park Wall one Mile in Length, 12 Feet in 
 Height from the Bottom of the Foundation, 
 and of the following Thickneffes, viz . 
 
 Bricks. 
 
 f Fird 5I Feet in fa;*) 
 
 The<j Next 2 > Heights 2 l in Thicknefs, 
 [Upper 5) to be [iJJ 
 
 This is the Rule, viz . 
 
 Fird multiply 5280, the Number of Feet 
 in one Mile by 5 Feet the fird given Height, 
 and the Produd 26400 by 26 f (the Num- 
 K 4 bet 
 
1 1 8 Of the Calculation o/’Brick Walling , . 
 
 her of Bricks in i Square Foot on the Sur- 
 face, at 2 Bricks and a f in Thicknefs) the 
 laft Produdt 704000, is the Number of Bricks 
 required for the Bottom or Foundation Part. 
 
 2 dly, Multiply 5280 into 2 Feet, the next 
 given Height j and the Product 10560 into 
 21 f the Number of Bricks in 1 Square Foot 
 on the Surface at 2 Bricks in Thicknefs ; the 
 laft Product 225280 is the Number of Bricks 
 required for the Middle Part. 
 
 34, Multiply 5280 into 5 Feet, the Height 
 of the Upper Part, and the Produdt 26400 
 into 1 6, the Number of Bricks in 1 fquare 
 Foot on the Surface at 1 Brick and a \ ; the 
 laft Product, 422400, is the Number of Bricks 
 required for the Upper Part. 
 
 Now thefe three Products laft found, being 
 added together, their Sum 1351680, is the 
 Total Number of Bricks required, and which 
 being multiplied by the Market Price prime 
 Coft fer Thoufand, in the Country where they 
 are made and fold, the Product will be their 
 Total Expence. 
 
 Now to find the Number of Rods of Rrick~ • 
 work, which any given Quantity of Place 
 Bricks , or Grey Stock Bricks will perjorm , this 
 is the Rule . 
 
 RULE 
 
Of the Reduction of Bricks into Rods. 119 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Divide the given Number of Bricks (if 
 Place Bricks) by 4500, and if Grey Stock Bricks 
 by 4900, and the Quotient will be the Num- 
 ber of Rods. 
 
 So the aforefaid Number 1351 68oj being 
 divided by 4500, the Quotient is 300 Rods 
 and 475 Bricks remaining, of Place Brick- work; 
 and being divided by 4900, the Quotient is 
 275 Rods and a Half, and 650 Bricks remain- 
 ing, if of Grey Stock Work. 
 
 For to readily reduce any given Quantity 
 of P lace Bricks or Grey Stock Bricks into Rods. 
 I have added the following Tables of Divifors. 
 
 Table I. Of Divifors 
 
 T ab l e II. Of Divifors 
 
 for Place Bricks. 
 
 jor Grey Stock Brick s * 
 
 4500 1 
 
 490c — 1 
 
 9000 2 
 
 980c — 2 
 
 I 35°° 3 
 
 14700—3 
 
 18000 4 
 
 1960c — 4 
 
 22500 — 5 
 
 24500—5 
 
 27000 — 6 
 
 2940c — 6 
 
 3 J 5°o — 7 
 
 34300—7 
 39200 — 8 
 
 
 44100 — 9 
 
 To find readily, the Aliquot Parts of a Rod, 
 contained in the Remains, after Divifion is 
 
 
 ended 
 
120 Of Brick Wallin®. 
 
 ended (as in the preceding Computation) I 
 have here added the following Tables, viz. 
 
 Table I. 
 
 Table 
 
 II. 
 
 Of the Aliquot Parts of Of the Aliquot Parts 
 
 a Rod of Place 
 
 Bricks, 
 
 of a Rod of Grey Stock 
 
 viz . 
 
 
 Bricks . 
 
 
 
 Bricks. 
 
 
 Bricks . 
 
 1 Rod 
 
 4500 
 
 1 Rod 
 
 4900 
 
 A 
 
 4 
 
 3375 
 
 JL , - 
 4 
 
 3675 
 
 i 
 
 3 
 
 2250 
 
 2 L 
 
 2 45 ° 
 
 4 
 
 1125 
 
 - 5 - 
 
 4 
 
 1225 
 
 1 1 ^ 
 
 s 
 
 S & 2 1 
 
 i 
 
 8 
 
 6l2f 
 
 l~6 
 
 281' 
 
 i 6 ~~ 
 
 306- 
 
 • 3 *» *'**“"’“* 
 
 14°* 
 
 fl 
 
 * 53 S 
 
 EXAMPLE III. 
 
 T o find what Length of Wallings at any 
 given Height and Lhicknefs , any given Num- 
 ber of Erich will build. 
 
 Suppofe a Wall is to be built 8 Feet in 
 Height and i Brick and \ in Thicknefs, with 
 970000 Bricks ; Of what Length will that 
 Wall be? 
 
 Anfwer> 7578 Feet. 
 
 For 16 the Number of Bricks in 1 fquare Foot 
 on the Surface, at 1 Brick and \ in Thick- 
 nefs, being multiplied by 8 Feet, the given 
 Height of the Wall, theProdudtis 128, which 
 are the Number of Bricks imployed in every 
 Foot run in the Wall’s Length 5 and therefore 
 
Of the Calculation of Lime. 121 
 
 if 970000 the given Number of Bricks be di- 
 vided by 128 j the Quotient 757 8 is the Nunv 
 ber of Feet in Length required. 
 
 The next Thing in order of the Work is 
 to fhew, 
 
 How to find the neceflary Quantity of 
 Lime and Sand, that may be required for any 
 given Quantity of Walling, by thefe Rules, viz . 
 
 Rule I. To find the Quantity of Lime , ne- 
 cejfaryfor any given Quantity of W ailing, eithen 
 in Foundations , &c\ or Walls above Ground . 
 
 Firjl , For Foundations, &c. 
 
 Multiply the Number of Rods given by 
 28 (becaufe 28 ftriked Bufhels, or Bags, are 
 nearly equal to 22 \ heaped Bufhels of Lime, 
 the Quantity fufficient for a Rod of Work) 
 and the Product being divided by 25 (the 
 Number of Bufhels in a Hundred of LimeJ 
 the Quotient will be the Number of Hundreds 
 required. 
 
 As for Example. 
 
 Suppofe the Foundation and Party Walls 
 up to the Ground Floor of a Building contain 
 27 Rods of Work. Then I fay, if 27 Rods 
 be multiplied by 28 ftriked Bufhels, the Pro- 
 duct 756 is the Number of Bufhels, and 
 1 which 
 
i 22 Of the Calculation of Sand. 
 
 which being divided by 25, as aforefaid, the 
 Quotient is 30, and 6 remains ; which is 30 
 Hundred and 6 Bufhels. 
 
 Secondly , For Wailing above Ground . 
 
 Multiply the Number of Rods given, 
 by 41 l> the Number of Bags fufficient for 
 a Rod of Work, and divide the Produd as 
 aforefaid, the Quotient will be the Hundreds 
 required. 
 
 N. B. In Countries where Lime is fold by 
 the Load , viz. 30 or 32 Bufhels , then injlead 
 of dividing the Number of Bags by 25, as 
 before , jyflz* divide by 30, or ^2, accord - 
 
 # j the Number of Bufhels or Bags which 
 make a Load of Lime, as the Cuftom of the 
 Place is y and then the Quotient will be Loads . 
 
 And therefore it follows , that if the Num- 
 ber of Hundreds, or Loads of Lime fo found, 
 be multiplied by the Market Price per Hun- 
 dred or per Load prime Coft, the Produd will 
 be the Total prime Coft. 
 
 RULE II. 
 
 To find the neceffary Quantity of Sand, for 
 any given Number of Rods of Brick-work. 
 
 Multiply the Number of Rods given by 25, 
 if for coarfe Mortar in Foundations; and by 
 
 16 
 
Of the Calculation of $an!>. 123 
 
 16 if for Walling above Ground; becaufe 
 25 heaped Bufhels of Sand, with as many 
 heaped Bufhels of Lime, will make a Quan- 
 tity of Mortar fufficient for a Rod of rough 
 Walling, as in Page 84; and becaufe 16 * 
 Bufhels of S Thames Sand, with 41 * Bags of 
 Lime, will make a Quantity of Mortar fuffi- 
 cient for a Rod of Walling above Ground, as 
 in Page 88. And then the Produdl be- 
 ing divided by 24, the Number of heaped 
 Bufhels in a Load of Sand, the Quotient will 
 be the Anfwer required. 
 
 As for Example. 
 
 Wk at Quantity of Sand is required for 
 coarfe Mortar to 752 Rods of Brickwork in 
 Foundations ? 
 
 Anfwer , 783 Loads, 5 Bufhels. 
 
 For 752 multiplied by 25, the Produdt is 
 18800 Bufhels, which divided by 24, the 
 Quotient is 783 / 4 . 
 
 Example II. 
 
 What Quantity of Sand is required for bejl 
 
 Mortar to 752 Rods of Brickwork above 
 
 Ground ? 
 
 Anfwer , 517 Loads. 
 
 For 752 multiplied by 16 the Product is 
 12408 Bufhels ; which divided by 24, the 
 Quotient is 517. 
 
 Now as from the preceding Rules and Exam- 
 ples, it is very eafy to compute the Expence of 
 any known Quantity of W ailing, either of Ma- 
 terials 
 
124 Of Notes to be cbferved 
 
 terials and Workmanflfip together, or fepa- 
 rately ; I (hull in the next Place, defire every 
 Gentleman, or his Steward, concerned in Build- 
 ing, to Note , 
 
 i. That Bricks are well burnt, vizi 
 Free from thofe which are called Samel , or 
 imperfectly burnt. 
 
 2. Th at there be no Fraud in the Tale, 
 or Number of Bricks, when received from the 
 Kiln or Brick-Merchant, which is too often 
 praCtlfed when not infpeCted into. 
 
 3. That the Lime be frefih in the Stone 
 and well burn’d, fo that there be little or no 
 Wafte by imperfect burnt Chalk-Stones, as has 
 been already obferved (in Sect. II. Chap I.) 
 and that you have honeft Meafure. 
 
 4. That due Care betaken, that the In- 
 fide Joints of every Courfe of Bricks, are fill- 
 ed flu {h with Mortar, before the next Courfe 
 of Bricks is laid ; which Bricklayers, when 
 they find Mortar, are very apt not to do, be- 
 caufe thereby they fave a little Mortar and fome 
 Time. And indeed when Gentlemen find 
 their own Mortar, they will, to fave a little 
 Time, do the fame ; whereby Buildings, much 
 expofed to Winds and hard driving Rains, are 
 very frequently penetrated by them, which, 
 where it fo happens, is definitive to all Kinds 
 of Infide Finifhings of Stucco, Wainfcot , Pa- 
 
 per 
 
in Building of Brick Works'. 125 
 
 fer Hangings , &c. Befides, there is no more 
 Strength in the infide Bondage, than when 
 Bricks are laid dry without Mortar. 
 
 5. That every Courfe be fo laid, that no 
 two upright Joints be immediately over each 
 other. 
 
 6. That all Advantage pofltble be made 
 of the Rubbilh of old Walling ; for when his 
 trod and broke down fit for lifting, by Car- 
 riages palling over it, being laid in the Street, 
 as is frequently done in London , and Ikreen'd, 
 it does not only come a great deal cheaper 
 than Sand, whereby much Money is faved ; 
 but his much better, as that it requires lefs 
 Lime, and may be fafely ufed even in frofty 
 Weather, as I have often experienced, which 
 Mortar made with Sand cannot be : For, as 
 Sand cannot imbibe the Water with which 
 Mortar is made, with that Force as Rubbilh is 
 found to do $ Mortar fo made is therefore a much 
 longer time in confolidating ; and when it hap- 
 pens that his frozen before its Union is con- 
 firmed, that its Cementing Quality, or clofe 
 Adhelion of Parts is deftroyed by the expan- 
 five Force of its frigid humid Particles, then 
 at the Thaw, or Diffolution of the Froft, it 
 moulders, and, by driving Rains, is walhed 
 out of the Courfes to very confide rable Depths, 
 whereby Walling is not only defaced, but is 
 confiderably weaken’d : And therefore when 
 
 Rubbilh 
 
126 Of Red Stock Fronts. 
 
 Rubbifh is not to be had in frofty Weather, no 
 outfide Walling or Tiling fhould be done. 
 
 N. B . The Mortars hitherto fpoke of being 
 fuppofed to be of Chalk Lime, it is therefore 
 to be noted, that in Countries where ftrong 
 Stone Lime is ufed, the Quantity of Sand may 
 be increafed at the Difcretion of the Workman 
 according to the Strength of the Lime. 
 
 Sect. V. O/Red-Stock Fronts, rub - 
 bed and edged only , with common jointed 
 Courfes , and with Tuck-and-pat Courfes . 
 
 Hp HIS Kind of Brick- wallings when well 
 performed, is very ftrong and beautiful, 
 but is fomething more expen jive than TV ailing 
 faced with Grey-Stocks • becaufe thefe Bricks 
 are 12 s. per Thoufand more in Price at prime 
 Cojl , and there is Time expended in rubbing, 
 to face them, and for to juft fharpen their 
 Arraces, which is not done in common Wall- 
 ing of Grey Stock-Bricks . But as to the Num- 
 ber of Bricks, Quantity of Lime and Sand, 
 they are all the fame as Grey-Stock Work, , and 
 Fronts are backed up within-fide with Place- 
 Brick, in the fame manner, fo that the Ex- 
 pence per Rod is as follows^ viz . 
 
 Firji, 
 
12 7 
 
 Of Re»-Stock Fronts, 
 
 . 
 
 Firji, V/ith common jointed Courfes, as at 
 Marlborcugh Houfe aforefaid. 
 
 0 
 
 1. 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 2450 Red-Stock Bricks at 3 0 s. 
 
 3 
 
 J 3 
 
 6 
 
 2450 Place-Bricks at 14^ 
 
 f 
 
 H 
 
 3 
 
 Mortar 
 
 0 
 
 l 7 
 
 0 
 
 272 Feet of Red-Stocks rubbed 
 and edged, at 3 r/, per Foot 
 
 h 
 
 8 
 
 . 0 
 
 I Bricklayer and a Labourer 5 
 Days to the Front 
 
 1. 
 
 5 
 
 0 
 
 1 Bricklayer and a Labourer 2 
 
 1 r. 
 
 12 
 
 c 
 
 Days and half to the within-fide 
 
 $° 
 
 O 
 
 Total prime Coft per Rod, 
 
 I I 
 
 IO 
 
 3 
 
 Now, as the Materials come tol 
 6 /. 4 s. 9. I muft therefore add, >0 15 7 
 
 for \2\ per Cent. Profit thereon, J 
 
 A nd as the Workmanfhip comes") 
 to 5 /. 5 s. 6 d. I muft therefore i 1 6 
 
 add for 25 per Cent . Profit thereon j 
 
 And then the total Expence per 1 
 Rod is 1 12 ^ 
 
 Out of which the Mafter-Bncftlayer has 
 2I is. nf Profit; but when Gentlemen 
 find their own Bricks and M6rtar, his Profit is 
 but 1 /, 6 s. 4 
 
 L 
 
 Secondly^ 
 
12$ Of rubbed Red-Stock Walling. 
 
 Secondly, With TucK-and-pAT Courfes. 
 
 To the preceding Expence per Rod of Ma- 
 terials and Labour, 13 /. 12 s. 2 \, add 
 272 Feet of Tuck-and-Pat 1 , , 
 
 Courfes at 6 d . per Foot, $ 1 
 
 And then the Total 
 
 Which is 6 A 16 s. more than ’tis worth. 
 
 Sect. VI. O/Tarty-Walls Brick and 
 Half thick , between Court-Yards, GV. 
 faced on both Sides with rubbed Red- Stock 
 Bricks ; with common Joints , and with Tuck- 
 and-Pat Courfes. 
 
 F IRST, With common Joint Courfes, 
 •viz. 
 
 4900 Red-Stock Bricks at 30 s. 7 7 o 
 544 Feet of Bricks rubbed and 7 , , ^ 
 
 edged, at 3 d. \ b 16 ° 
 
 Mortar o 17 o 
 
 1 Bricklayer 4nd a Labourer 10 \ 
 
 Days to lay Bricky I 2 10 
 
 per Rod is 
 
 /. s* d. 
 
 Total Expence prime Ccfl 17 10 o 
 
 Now, 
 
Of rubbed Red-Stock Walling. 129 
 
 Now, as the prime Cod of the Materials is 
 8 /. 4 s. therefore allowing 1 2 \ per Cent . Pro- 
 fit thereon* /. r. d* 
 
 I mud add 1 00 6 
 
 And as the prime Cod of the"} 
 
 Workmanfhip is 9 /. 6 s. I mud ! ^ 
 therefore, allowing 25 per Cent . f 
 Profit thereon, add more 3 
 
 6 6 
 
 And then the total Expence per 
 
 Rod i 
 
 is 
 
 20 17 Q 
 
 Out of which the Mader-Bricklayer has 3 /. 
 7 a Profit. But when Gentlemen find their 
 own Materials of Bricks and Mortar, prepared 
 ready for Ufe, then his Profit is but 2 /. 6 s. 6 d. 
 
 Secondly , With TucK-and-Pat Courfes. 
 
 /. r. 
 
 To the preceding Expence per 
 Rod , of Materials and Workman- 
 fhip 
 
 Add 544 Feet of Tuck-and-Pat 
 Courfes, at 6 d. per Foot 
 
 And then the total Expence perl 
 Rod will be f 34 9 0 
 
 Which is 13/. 12 s. more than ’tis worth. 
 But when Gentlemen find their own Materials, 
 the Expence is but 19/. 165. per Rod, viz. 
 
 For Materials, 8 /. 4 s. o d 0 
 
 For Workmanfhip, n j2 6 
 
 W T hich is 1/. or. 6d. per Rod, faved. 
 
 L 2 Sect. 
 
 j-20 17 O 
 ji3 12 o 
 
* 3 ° 
 
 Of rubbed and gauged 
 
 Sect. VII Of Pcain Walling, with 
 rubbed and goug d R.ed Stock Bricky Jet 
 i i Putty \ exclufive of Jirches to Windows , 
 and ail other Kinds f Ornaments. 
 
 H I S Kind of Walling, when well per- 
 il form’d, is of all others the moft beau- 
 ti iil, and efpecially when every Courfe is laid 
 with Headers, as expreffed in Fig. VI. Plate I. 
 
 i - ■ [ 
 
 T o perform this Kind of Walling in the 
 moft fubtlantial Manner, the Workman muft 
 gauge and rub down the Red- Stock Bricks; 
 fo, that every 5 Courfe of them (hall come 
 level with every 4 Courfe of Place-Bricks, 
 worked up with them, within-fide, as exprefT- 
 ed in Fig . I. Plate III. Becaufe then, every 
 5th Courfe of the Red-Stocks, as c c , will 
 bond on the Place-Bricks, and make fub- 
 ftantial Work ; notwithftanding, that between 
 every fuch Band, there are 4 Courfes of Red- 
 Stocks, which are but a Brick’s Breadth in 
 Thicknefs, as x x, &c . and have an upright 
 Joint between them and the Place-Bricks z z , 
 
 &c. for their whole Height. 
 
 Note, In this Manner of Working, at every 
 4th Courfe of Place- Bricks in Height, the 
 Height of the ift Place-Brick, as a , being 
 greater than that of the Red Stock- Brick c , the 
 Courfe of Mortar at b x will be of an extraor- 
 dinary 
 
Red Stock Wailing. 13 1 
 
 dinary Thicknefs ; wh’ch mud therefore be 
 filled up widi Tile- Sherds ai d Mortar, fo as to 
 bring every fuch Courfe level wrh the Place- 
 Bricks, that thereby the a ore fa id Bond may 
 be maintained throughout the vvnole iUght of 
 the Building. 
 
 In every Brick’s Length, md Foot in 
 Height, there will be 6 Red-Stock Bricks in 
 Front, viz. 2 Pleaders, as c y ana 4 Stretchers, 
 as x x, &c . and 7 Place- Bricks to back them, 
 (in a Brick and Half Wall;) fo that the 
 Number of Red-Stock Bricks, to the Number 
 of Place-Bricks, are, as 6 is to 7. 
 
 I n a Wall fo faced, every 2 Bricks Length, 
 and a Foot in Height, will imploy 1 2 whole 
 Bricks ; and if it be allowed, that 2 Bricks 
 Length, when laid, make 17 Inches, which 
 they will do ; then 17 Inches multiplied by 
 12 Inches (the Height of 5 Courfes) the Pro- 
 du£t is 204. And therefore it follows. 
 
 That as 204 Square Inches, is to 12 Bricks, 
 fo is 144 (the Number of fquare Inches in a 
 fquare Foot) to 9*, the Numb. r of Bricks to 
 1 Foot ; which, with regard to Wafte, and 
 Eafe in Computation, I allow at 10 Bricks fer 
 fuperficial Foot. 
 
 No w as 6 is to 7, fo is 10, the Number of 
 Red-Stocks fer fuperficial Foot, to 8ff, which 
 is the Number of Place-Bricks fer fuperficial 
 Foot. And therefore it follow s, 
 
 L 3 
 
 That 
 
132 Of Putty, or Mortar 
 
 That if 272, the Number of fquare Feet 
 in a Rod, be multiplied by 10, the Number 
 of Red-Stocks per fuperficial Foot, the Pro- 
 duct 272c, is the Number of Red-Stccks re- 
 quired for to face 1 Rod of Walling. 
 
 And 
 
 If 272 be multiplied by 8ff, the Number 
 of Place-Bricks per fuperficial Foot; the Pro- 
 duct 2304 is the Number of Place-Bricks re- 
 quired, for to back up 1 Rod of rubbed and 
 gauged Red-Stock faced Walling; and the to- 
 tal Number of both Kinds o< Bricks per Rod 
 is 5024, viz, 2720 of Red-Stocks, and 2304 
 of Place* Bricks. 
 
 *The Mortar in which rubbed and gauged 
 Bricks are jet) is called Putty, and is thus 
 made : 
 
 Dissolve in any fmall Quantity of Water, 
 as two or three Gallons , fo much frefh 
 Lime (conftantly ftirred with a Stick) until 
 the Lime be entirely flacked, and the whole 
 become of the Confiftency of Mud; fo that 
 when the Stick is taken out of it, it will 
 tut juft drop ; and then being lifted, or run 
 through a Hair Seive, to take out the grofs 
 Parts of the Lime, is fit for Ufe. 
 
 The Expence per Rod of this Kind of 
 Facing Walls, oj \\ Brick in Thicknejs , 
 is as follows , viz. 
 
 2720 
 
2720 Red Stocks at 305. 
 Profit thereon, at 12* per Cent. 
 2304 PLACE-Bricks at 14 s. 
 Profit thereon, at 12 \ per Cent. 
 Mortar and Putty prepared 
 Profit thereon , at 12* per Cent . 
 272 Feet of Facing, rubbed, 7 
 gauged, and fet, at 1 s. S 
 Two third Parts of a of 
 Place Brickwork within-fide 
 at 1 4 1 s. per Rod 
 
 Total Expence per Rod 
 
 3 
 
 LING. 
 
 133 
 
 /. 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 0 
 
 10 
 
 K 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 0 
 
 4 
 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 *3 
 
 12 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 14 
 
 0 
 
 21 
 
 16 
 
 9 
 
 Which is is. yd. 1 q. per fquare Foot 
 on the Surface, including the Place Brick- 
 work and which, to avoid Fractions in 
 Computation, I allow. at 20 <4 per Foot. 
 
 If 18 J. 15 s. 2d. the Amount of the 
 Red-Stocks, with 12 * per Cent. Profit thereon, 
 and of the Putty, allow’d at 1 is. 3 d. and of 
 the Workmanfhip of rubbing, gauging and 
 fetting at 13 /. 1 2 s. be reduced into Farthings, 
 (viz. 18000J and divided by 272, the Num- 
 ber of fuperficial Feet in a Rod; the Quotient 
 66^,, equal to 1 l 4 d . 2 q is the Price 
 per fuperficial Foot , for the Bricks, Putty, and 
 Workmanfhip, exclulive of the Place Brick- 
 work and Mortar within-fide ; which, to avoid 
 Fractions, and in Confideration of the Trouble 
 and Charge of Scaffolding, may be juftly as- 
 certained at 1 s. 6 d. per fuperficial Foot. 
 
 L 4 ' T# 
 
I 34 Q/~ rubbed and gauged Brick Walling. 
 
 Tfo fi-id the Vahie , per fuperjicial Foot , 0/* 
 Wo 'Kmanfhip , any Fart of the Kingdom , 
 
 this is the Rule. 
 
 As 3 x. Day, the Workman’s Wages at 
 London , is to i r. the Mailer’s Price Foot 
 
 in London ; 
 
 So is the Price of the Country Workman’s 
 Wages Day, to the Mailer’s Price per 
 Foot, when in the Country. 
 
 As for Example. 
 
 Suppose a Country Bricklayer be paid no 
 more than 2 s. per Day 3 -~— Then I fay. 
 
 As 36 Pence, a Bricklayer’s Day Wages in 
 London , 
 
 Is to 12 Pence , the common Honest 
 /'W^ ofWorkmariihip of 1 fuperficialFcot 
 of rubbed and gauged Facing in London ; 
 
 So is 24 Pence, the Bricklayer’s Day Wages 
 in the Country , 
 
 To 8 Pence, the Price per Foot in the 
 
 Country . 
 
 N. B. When Wails thus faced ' than 
 
 I Brick and a Half in ' (hicknefs , the extra 
 Phi chiefs mu ft be confide Pd and me aj tired as rough 
 Place-Brick Walling ; when Walls are 
 
 faced on both Sides , then add to the above , 
 for Materials and Labour is. 6 d. and for 
 Worhnanjhip only , 1 s. per Fbc/. 
 
 Sect. 
 
Of Brick Walling in Terrace Mortar. 135 
 
 Sect. VIII. Of common Brick Walling 
 with Terrace Mortar, for Defence a- 
 gainft Waters ; as Wails to Rivers , Canals , 
 Ponds i Bafons , Drains , Sewers , Conduits > 
 Mill-Heads of Water, Bog-Houjes, &c* 
 
 r~|r^HIS Kind of Walling ought to he 
 made of the heft burnt and founded 
 compact Bricks, that can be had ; and there- 
 fore, where Place Bricks are not very good. 
 Grey Stock Bricks fhould be ufed j of which, 
 thofe of the word Colour, if well burnt, are 
 as well for thefe Purpofes, as thofe of the belt 
 Colour. 
 
 When Walls of this Kind are to be built 
 next to a River, as againfta Bank, to preferve 
 it from being wafhed away; then to lay the 
 Out- fide Courfes four Inches in Terrace Mor- 
 tar, and the Back Part in common Lime 
 Mortar, will be fufficient ; and fo the like for 
 the Sides of Drains, Common Sewers, Mill- 
 Heads, &c\ 
 
 But where Water is required to be kept 
 in , as in Cifterns, Bafons, Canals, &c . whofe 
 Bottoms are fecured ; then every heading Brick, 
 to make fure and found Work, ought not 
 only to be wholly laid in Terrace, but all the 
 upright Infide Joints at the Ends and Sides 
 
 of 
 
136 Of Brick Walling in Terr ace Mortar. 
 
 of Headers, and Sides of Stretchers, (hould be 
 carefully worked up in Terrace, that there- 
 by fuch Water as may Filter through their 
 Pores, (hall go no farther. 
 
 The Expence per Rod of this Kind of Wall- 
 ing, is greater than either of the preceding 
 Kinds, and which confifls in the Mortar and 
 Workmanfhip ; the Quantity of Bricks being 
 the fame as in Grey Stock Brick Walling, 
 where 4 Courfes of Bricks rife but 1 1 Inches, 
 viz. 4900 per Rod. 
 
 Terrace Mortar, as I have already 
 faid, is made of Terrace and Lime without 
 Sand, the Terrace being u fed in its (lead ; and 
 the Expence per Rod prime Cod, is according 
 to the Quantity of Terrace ufed, viz. 
 
 'Terrace* 
 
 I. Of B ick and half Walling , laid entirely in 
 
 l s. d. 
 
 } 
 
 4900 of Grey Stock Bricks at 
 18 s. per Thcufand 
 
 41 J Bags of unflacked Lime 
 22 1 flrikedBufhels of Terrace at 
 
 } 
 
 4 s - 
 
 1 Labourer 2 Z\ Days to flack! 
 the Lime and beat it up in the( 
 Terrace, 1 Bufticl well beaten being \ 
 a good Day’s Work for a Labourer J 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 11 17 8 
 
 Brought 
 
Of Brick Walling in Terrace Mortar, i 
 
 37 
 
 
 l 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 Brought over 
 
 II 
 
 17 
 
 8 
 
 1 Bricklayer to lay Bricks 5 Days 
 
 O 
 
 15 
 
 0 
 
 1 Labourer 5 Days to ditto 
 
 O 
 
 10 
 
 0 
 
 Prime Coft per Rod 
 
 *3 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 . 
 
 Of which the Materials coft 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 And the Workmanfhip 
 
 ✓ 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 0 
 
 Now, allowing the Matter Brick - 1 
 1 layer 12 ' perCent. Profit for his i 10 16 n 
 \ Materials, they come to J 
 
 And allowing him 25 per Cent.") 
 
 Profit on his Workmanfhip, then >476 
 that comes to \ 
 
 And the Total is 1 5 4 3 
 
 Which to avoid Fractions, I allow at 15/ 77 
 
 per Rod, and which is nearly is. id. * per 
 Foot. 1 r 
 
 But when Gentlemen find their own Materials 
 
 then the Expence is but 14/. or. 2 d. per 
 Kod, viz. 1 
 
 For Materials at prime Coft q I2 g 
 
 For Workmanfhip 476 
 
 Which is 1 /. 4 s. per Rod laved. 
 
 II. Of Brick and half IV, ailing , laid 1 Brick's 
 Length in Terrace : , and a Brick's Breadth in 
 common befi Lime Mortar . 
 
 4900 
 

 138 Of Brick Walling /^Terrace Mortar 
 
 /. s. d. 
 
 4900 Grey Stock Bricks at i8r. 4 7 8 
 
 41 * Bags of Lime o 15 o 
 
 15 finked Bufhelsof Terrace at 4;. 3 o o 
 5 heaped Bufhels of Sand o I 7* 
 A Labourer i5Days to heatup” 
 
 15 finked Bufhels of Terrace 
 30 Bufhels heaped of Lime 
 
 A Labourer * Day to flack, fi ft,l 
 turn up, and chalf, 10 heaped/ , 
 
 Bufhels of Lime into common \ 0 0 
 
 Mortar J 
 
 1 Bricklayer 5 Days to lay Bricks 015 o 
 
 2 Labourer 5 Days to ditto 010 o 
 
 KJ 1 y 
 
 at upl 
 
 with> 1 10 o 
 
 Of which the Materials coft 
 And the Workman (hip 
 
 Bricklayer 12J per Cent. Profit c 
 h s Materials, they amount to 
 And 25 per Cent, on his Li 
 bour a it amounts to 
 
 And the Total Expence per Rod is 1 2 
 
 10 
 
 18 
 
 9 l 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 Si 
 
 2 
 
 
 6 
 
 r-1 
 
 
 
 nj- 9 
 
 3 
 
 8i 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 Si 
 
 t is 12 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 W T hich is nearly n d. jer Foot. 
 
 'But when Gentlemen find their own Mate- 
 rials , then the Expence is but 11 /. 52, 8 d. \ 
 per Rod, viz. 
 
 For 
 
Of Brick Walling in Terrace Mortar. 139 
 
 For Materials 8 3 3 \ 
 
 For Workmanfhip 325 
 
 Which is 1 /. os. 5 d. ter Rod fived. 
 
 III. Of Brick and half Walling, laid a B ic z *$ 
 Breadth only in Terrace , and a B icTs 
 
 4900 Grey Stock Bricks at i?s, 
 4 1 i Bags of l ime 
 
 1 o heaped Bufhels of Sand 
 A Labourer 7* Days, to beat 7 1 7 
 Bufhels of 1 erraca ) 
 
 A Labourer \ Day to (Lck, fi 1 
 and turn up, and chaff the Mort..«r 3 
 1 Bricklayer 5 Days to 1 bricks 
 1 Labourer 5 Days to ditto 
 
 And the Workmanship to 
 
 /. 
 
 s . 
 
 n. 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 0 
 
 1 5 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 0 
 
 *S 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 J S 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 10 
 
 0 
 
 8 
 
 14 
 
 1 r 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 
 1 1 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 0 
 
 Now allowing the Matter Brick- 
 layer 12 \ perCent. Prodt on his 
 Materials, and 25 per Cent. Profit 7 10 9 
 on his Labour ; men the Value of 
 his Materials is 
 
 And his Workman (hip 2 r t 3 
 
 And the total Expence per Rod is 10 2 o 
 
 Which 
 
*4° Of Brick Walling in Terrace Mortar., 
 Which is nearly 9 d. per Foot. 
 
 But when Gentlemen find their own Mate- 
 rials^ the Expence is but 9 /. 5 s. 2d. per 
 Rod, viz. 
 
 For Materials (as beforey 6 13 1 1 
 
 For Workman fhip 2 1 1 3 
 
 Which is 16 s. 10 d. per Rod faved. 
 
 Now from the Preceding ’tis evident, that 
 the Expence of thefe Kinds of Walling per 
 Rod, is as follows, viz . 
 
 ijl y If laid entirely in Terrace 15- 4 3 
 
 2 dl)\ If laid 1 Brick length in 1 
 Terrace, and the remains in >12 6 2 
 
 Mortar J 
 
 3 dly\ If laid 1 Brick’s breadth 1 
 only in Terrace, and the remains >10 2 o 
 
 in Mortar j 
 
 The feveral Prices of Place Bricky and Grey 
 Stock Brick Wallings in all the common Va- 
 rieties of Work being now explained ; it there- 
 fore follows, that any Quantity or Number 
 of Rods of any Kind of Walling being mul- 
 tiplied by the Price per Rod, the Produdt will 
 be the Total Expence required ; unlefs that, 
 after Divifion, there be odd Feet, lefs than 
 an Half, Quarter, or Eighth remaining, whofe 
 Value may be found by this Rule, viz. 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Reduce the Price per Rod into Farthings, 
 and then, 
 
 As 
 
Of the Value of odd Feet ^Brickl Work. 141 
 
 As 272, the Number of fquare Feet in a 
 Red, is to the Number of Farthings in 
 the Price of a Rod ; 
 
 So is 1, &c . Foot to a 4th Number of Far- 
 things ; which is the Value of the odd 
 Feet required. 
 
 EXAMPLE I. 
 
 What's the Value of 40 Feet of Place Brick 
 Walling , at $ 1 . 6 s. per Rod ? 
 
 Now as in 5/. 6 s. there are 106 Shillings, 
 or 5088 Farthings ; therefore as 272 Feet is 
 to 5088 Farthings ; fo is 40 Feet to 748 Far- 
 things, equal to 1 5 s. 7 d. 
 
 OPERATION. 
 
 272:5088 140 1748 
 40 
 
 272)203520 (748 
 1904 ’• 
 
 I3'2 
 
 1088 
 
 2240 
 
 2176 
 
 64 
 
 Which is 4 d. 2 q. per Foot. 
 
 Example 
 
14 2 Of the Value cf odd Feet of BrickWork, 
 
 Example II. Of Cube Feet of Brick Work . 
 
 What's the Value of 105 Cubical Feet of 
 Gr ey Stock Brick Waling , entirely in Ter - 
 
 1 3 1. per Rod? 
 
 Now as 306 cubical Feet of BrickWork, 
 are equal to a Rod of Work - y 
 Therefore 
 
 As 306 Feet, the cubical Feet in a Rod, 
 is to 12480, the Number of Farthings in 13 /. 
 the Price of a Rod : So is 105, the Number 
 of Feet given y to 4282 Farthings, equal to 
 4 /. 12 s. 10 d, which is the Value of 105 Feet 3 
 as required. 
 
 OPERATION. 
 
 Cube Ft. Far. Cube Ft. Far. 
 
 306 : 12480 : : 105 : 4282 
 
 I0 5 
 
 62400 
 
 12480 
 
 306)1310400 (4282 
 1224 
 
 864 
 
 612 
 
 2520 
 
 2448 
 
 720 
 
 612 
 
 108 Remains. 
 
 Sect. 
 
Of circular Walling, 143 
 
 1 , ■ • 
 
 Sect. IX. Of EreB Circular , and Elliptical 
 Walling . 
 
 A N EreB Circular Wall is that whofe 
 Bafe is a Circle (as Fig. IV. Plate II*) 
 or a Part of a Circle, (as the Segment Fig. I. 
 and II. and the Semicircle) Fig. III. 
 
 An Elliptical Wall is that whofe Bafe is 
 an Ellipfis, (as Fig. IV. or a Part of an Ellip- 
 fis, (as the SemEEllipfis. Fig. II. and III, 
 Plate III.) 
 
 I n all Works of thefe Kinds , there is no 
 more Materials imployed, than in ftraight 
 Walling : But the Time of Workmanfhip is 
 confiderably more. For as thefe Kinds of 
 Walls can’t be worked by a Line, as ftraight 
 Walling is ; but muft be worked up with a 
 Plumb Rule and Templets of the fame Curva- 
 ture, as that of the Wall ; they therefore im- 
 ploy full half as much Time more than ftraight 
 Walling doth ; and therefore muft be allowed 
 as Work and Half \ viz. at half as much more 
 Price as is paid for ftraight Walling. 
 
 The Expence of all Kinds of Eredt Circu- 
 lar ©V. Walling, is as follows, viz . 
 
144 Of circular Place Brick Walling. 
 
 I. The Expence per Rod of Circular , &c„. 
 rough Place Brick Walling in Founda- 
 tions^ is as follows, viz. 
 
 /. s. d \ 
 
 4500 Place Bricks at 14 s. 3 3 0 
 
 2 5 heaped Bufhels, or 3 1; Bags } 
 of Lime unflacked, at 4c/.. ' Bag 5 
 
 25 Bufhels of Sand at 1 d, \ 0 3 1 \ 
 
 A Labourer \ Day to flack , l ^ 6 
 
 jkreen, turn up and chaff 3 
 
 Prime Cofl of Materials per Rod is 3 1 9 5^ 
 
 Which is nearly 3 ±per Foot. 
 
 To wlfich I add Profit thereon at 
 
 Is the Expence per Rod for Materials, which 
 is 4 d. f per Foot. 
 
 Now for the Workmanfhip . 
 
 As in Sect. I. of this Chapter, the Worfc- 
 manfhip of a Rod of rough Brick-work in 
 ftraight Walling, is allowed at 1 L os . 7 d. \ 
 which is nearly a Guinea $ we mu ft in this 
 circular Work allow the Workmanfhip at 
 I L 11 s. 6 d . per Rod $ and for Materials and 
 Workmanfhip at 6 /. per Rod , which is nearly 
 5 d. ~ Foot, 
 
 II. The Expenceper Rodof circularVLACiz 
 Brick Walling, with common jointed 
 Courfls, is as follows } viz. 4500 
 
 12-^ per Cent . 
 
 And then the Sum 
 Which I allow at 
 
 4 9 5 
 410 o 
 
Of circular Pl ac£ Brick Walling. 145 
 
 A Labourer j- Day to flack , Jift, ? , 
 
 i 1 ° 
 
 Prime Cojl for Materials per Rod 4 1 6f 
 
 Which, to avoid Fractions, II 
 allow at 4 l. 2S, which is very little >4 g o 
 more than 3 d.\ per Foot. J 
 
 To which I add Profit thereon 
 
 at 12 l per Cent. 4 
 
 And then the Sum 412 3 
 
 Is the Expence per Rod for Materials, which 
 is nearly 4^ d. per Foot. 
 
 As in Sect. II. of this Chapter, the Work- 
 manfhip of a Rod of this kind of ftraight 
 Walling is allowed at \L ion od. therefore 
 herein it is worth 2 /. 5 s. and for Materials 
 and Workman/liip 6/. 175. 3 d. which is nearly 
 6 d per Foot. 
 
 III. The Expence per Rod of circular 
 Place Brick Walling faced on one Bide 
 only with Grey Stock Bricks, every four 
 Courfes to rife 1 1 Inches , with common Courfet 
 jointed ; and with Puck and Pat Courfes, is 
 
 4500 Bricks at 14 
 
 41* Bags of Lime at 
 
 16 \ heaped Bafhels of Sand 
 
 /. s. d. 
 
 3 3 0 
 
 o 15 o 
 
 0 2 °4 
 
 Now for the Workmanjhip . 
 
 M 2 
 
 First* 
 
346 Of circular Grey Stock Wallin^ 
 
 First, with common 
 
 jointed 
 
 Courfes 
 
 O' 
 
 
 l 
 
 s. 
 
 
 2900 Grey Stock Bricks 
 
 at 183. 
 
 2 
 
 1 1 
 
 8 
 
 2000 of Place Bricks at ] 
 
 145. 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 0 
 
 41* Bags of Lime at 
 
 0 
 
 15 
 
 0 
 
 1 6 * Bufhels of Sand 
 
 
 0 
 
 2 
 
 °i 
 
 Slacking, fkreening, &c 
 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 Prime Cojl of Materials per Rod 418 2 
 
 Which is very little more than 4 d.\ per Foot. 
 To which I add Profit thereon 7 x 
 
 at 12 l per Cent. j 1 
 
 And then the Sum 5 10 6 
 
 Is the Expence per Rod for Materials, which 
 is not quite 5 d . per Foot. 
 
 To which I add for Workman- } 
 
 s 2 r a> 
 
 fhip as in the laft, viz . S -> 
 
 1 S 6 
 
 And then the Total Expence per . 
 Rod for Materials and Labour is y 
 Which is nearly 7 d. per Foot. 
 
 Secondly, When this Kind of Walling 
 is faced with Grey Stocks, and the Courfes 
 are worked Tuck and Pat at 6 d. per Foot 
 extra ; then to the above Total of 7 /. 151. 
 6 d, mu ft be added 6/. 16 s. for Tuck and 
 Pat y and the Total Expence per Rod will be 
 14/. in. 6 d. which is nearly is, id. 
 per Foot; and which is 6 1 . 16 s. per Rod 
 more than ftis worth ; becaufe , when this Kind 
 of Walling is neatly worked with common foints % 
 
 'th 
 
X)f <cir'cidar Grey Stock Walling. 147 
 
 7/j not only Jlronger and more beautiful , but 
 is performed for 61 . 16 s. per Rod lefs Money . 
 
 IV. The Expence per Rod , of circular Grey 
 Stock Walling , w /76 common jointed Courfes , 
 w/V/6 Tuck-and-pat Courfes , A <21 follows , viz.* 
 
 First with common jointed Courfes, 
 
 /. d» 
 
 4900 of Grey Stocks at i8x. 4 8 2 J 
 
 41 * Bags of Lime ° 15 o 
 
 16 i BufhelsofSand o 2 oj 
 
 Slacking , fkreening y &c. o j 6 
 
 Prime Coft of Materials per Rod is 5 *6 
 Which is nearly 4 </. 2 y. * Foot. 
 To which I add Profit thereon 1 
 at 12 l per Cent. 3 ° 
 
 V 
 
 And then the Sum 6 
 
 Is the Expence per Rod for the J) 
 which is nearly 5 d . * Foot. 
 
 o 1 1 
 
 Now /or Workmanjhip y viz. 
 
 /. J. d. 
 
 One Bricklayer 1 5 Days 250 
 
 A Labourer 10 Days 1 o o 
 
 Total prime Coft of Workmanfhip 350 
 Profit thereon at 25 per Cent. 016 3 
 
 Total Expence of Workmanfhip \ 
 per Rod 5 4 1 3 
 
 Which is nearly 3 d. \ per Foot. 
 
 M 3 
 
 To 
 
 4> h | ** « +\r 
 
148 Of circular Red Stock Walling. 
 
 /. s. d . 
 
 To which I add the total Ex-i , x 
 
 pence of Materials 3 112 
 
 — « 
 
 And then the Sum 10 2 2 *< 
 
 Is the total Expence per Rod of Materials and 
 Labour , which is nearly 9 d.\ per Foot. 
 
 N. B, In Cylindrical Walling 2 Labourers 
 will ferve 3 Bricklayers, with the fame Eafe 
 as 3 Labourers will 3 Bricklayers in ftraight 
 Walling. 
 
 Secondly, When this Kind of Walling 
 is worked with Tuck-and-Pat Courfes, then to 
 the above Sum of 10/. 2 s. 2 d. ~ the further 
 Sum of 13/. 12 s mull be added, for 544 fquare 
 Feet, on the two Faces of the Wall at 6 d. 
 per Foot ; and the Sum Total per Rod for 
 Materials and Labour will be 23 /. 14 s. 2 d.\ % 
 which is 13/. 1 2r. more than ’tis worth, as 
 aforefaid. 
 
 
 
 V. The Expence per Rod of circular V/ ail- 
 ing, faced on o?ie Side with Red Stock 
 Bricks, rubbed and edged , every four Courfes 
 to rife 1 1 Inches with common jointed Courfes , 
 andwith Euck-and-Paf Courfes Js as follows ,viz. 
 
 First, with common jointed Courfes. 
 
 2900 
 
 
Red Stock Walling. 149 
 
 /. 
 
 2900 of Red Stock Bricks at 30 s. 4 
 2000 of Place Bricks at 145. 
 
 41 1 Bags of Lime 
 16 l Bulhels of Sand 
 Slacking , Jkreening , &c. 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 J S 
 
 1 
 
 d. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 6 
 
 Total Expence of Materials prime i , , 
 
 Coft 1 13 0 
 
 Which is nearly 6 Pence per Foot, 
 
 To which I add Profit thereon? , q 
 
 at 12 1 per Cent . 1 
 
 And then the Sum 7 10 3 
 
 is the Expence per Rod for the Materials 5 
 which is a little more than 6\ d. per Foot, 
 
 N ow for the Workmanjhip . 
 
 /. s. 
 
 A Bricklayer 9 Days to lay 2900 1 
 Stock-Bricks at 3*. ) ' 
 
 A Bricklayer 6 Days to lay 2000 ) g 
 of Place-Bricks * 
 
 1 Labourer 1 o Days to ferve ditto 1 o 
 272 Feet of Stocks, rubbed and? g 
 edged, at 3 d. J ^ 
 
 Then the prime Coft of Work - 1 ^ Q 
 
 manfhip per Rod is 3 ^ 
 
 And Profit thereon at 25 per 1 
 dent, being i 1 3 ^ 
 
 Therefore the total Expence of ? g , 
 Workmanfhip per Rod is * ^ 
 
 Which is nearly 7* Pence per Foot 
 
 M* 
 
 10 
 
 4- M 4 * i" I 4 " 
 
15° Of circular Red Stock Walling. 
 
 /. s. d . 
 
 To which I add the total Ex- 7 
 
 15 16 6 
 
 1 6 o o 
 
 For the total Expence per Rod of Materials and 
 Workmanlhip, which is is. 2 d. per Foot. 
 
 Secondly , When this Kvid of Walling is 
 worked on the out Face with Tuck-and-pat 
 Courfes, then to the above Sum of 16 /. os. 
 mull be added the farther Sum of 6 /. 16 s. 
 for 272 fquare Feet of Tuck-and-pat , and 
 , the Sum total per Rod, for Materials and La- 
 bour, will be 22 1 16 s. which is 6/, 161. 
 per Rod more than ’tis worth, asaforefaid. 
 
 pence of Materials 
 
 And then the Sum is 
 Which I allow at 
 
 VI. The Expence per Rod of circular Brick 
 and \ Walling , faced on both Sides with Red 
 Stock Bricks , rubbed and edged , every four 
 Courfes to rife 1 1 Inches with common jointed 
 Courjhy and with Tuck and Pat Courfes , is as 
 follows , viz. 
 
 First, with common jointed Courfes. 
 
 /. s, d. 
 
 4900 of Red Stock Bricks at 30J. 77 o 
 4 1 * Bags of Lime at 0150 
 
 ^16 \ Bulhels of Sand 020* 
 
 Slacking Lime, &c, 016 
 
 Total prime Coll of Materials per 
 Rod is 
 
 is 
 
 5 6 i 
 
 W h ich 
 
Of circular Red Stock Walling. 151 
 Which is nearly per Foot. 
 
 /. s. d. 
 
 To which I add Profit thereon 7 ( 
 
 at 12 l per Cent. ) 
 
 8 
 
 And then the Sum 963 
 
 Is the Total Expence per Rod for Materials, 
 which is nearly 8 d. ~ per Foot. 
 
 4900 Bricks 
 
 A Labourer 10 Days to ditto 
 544 fuperficial Feet of Red , 
 Stocks, rubb’d and edg'd at 3 d. $ 1 
 
 Prime Coll of Workmanlhip 7 
 per Rod is I 10 
 
 Which is nearly 9 d. per Foot. 
 
 To which add Profit thereon 7 
 at 25 per Cent. > 
 
 And then the total Expence of 7 
 Workmanlhip per Rod is J 
 
 To which I add the total Ex- 7 
 pence of the Materials 3 
 
 /. 
 
 J. 
 
 d. 
 
 
 s 
 
 O 
 
 I 
 
 0 
 
 O 
 
 \» 
 
 16 
 
 O 
 
 10 
 
 I 
 
 0 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 II 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 And then the Sum 21 17 6 
 
 Is the total Expence of Materials and Work- 
 manlhip, which is nearly than 20 d. per 
 Foot. 
 
 Secondly, 
 
 
152 Of circular Rubb'd and Gauged Walling* 
 
 Secondly* When this Kind of Walling is 
 worked on both Sides with T tick and Pat 
 Courfes, then to the above Sam of 21 /. 
 17 s 6 d. muft be added the farther Sam of 
 13/. 125. for 544 fuperficial Feet of Tuck 
 and Pat , and the Total per Rod will be 
 3 5/ 95. 6 d. which is 13/. 12 s. per Rod 
 more than ’tis worth, as aforefaid. 
 
 VII. The Expence per Rod of circular 
 Brick and half Walling , faced on the Convex 
 Side with rubbed and gauged Red Stock Bricks 
 fet in Putty,* every five Courfes in Front to 
 rife one Foot , equal to four Courfs of Place 
 Bricks worked up againft them within Side . 
 
 
 /. 
 
 5 , 
 
 d. 
 
 2750 Red Stocks at 305. 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 3150 Place Bricks at 145. 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 u 
 
 41 1 Bags Lime at 
 
 0 
 
 15 
 
 0 
 
 16^ Bufhels of Sand 
 
 0 
 
 2 
 
 °i 
 
 Labourer to make Putty 1 Day 
 
 0 
 
 2 
 
 0 
 
 To make coarfe Mortar f Day 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 Total prime Coft of Materials 
 r Rod, is 
 
 \? 
 
 7 
 
 H 
 
 To which I add Profit thereon' 
 : * per Cent. J 
 
 
 18 
 
 4 i 
 
 And the Sum 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 Is the total Expence per Rod of Materials, 
 which is nearly 7 d. \ per Foot. 
 
 1 
 
 Now 
 
Of circular Rubbed and Gaug'd Walling, 153 
 
 Now for the WorkmanJhip y viz. 
 
 /. s. d \ 
 
 272 Feet of rubbed and gauged ) 
 
 Work fet in Putty , at is, per Foot ) r 3 12 0 
 
 3150 Place Bricks laid at 30 s } 
 per Rod, or per 4500 Bricks f 1 1 0 
 
 Total Expence per Rod of} 
 Workmanship 0 
 
 To which! add, the above to-^ g ^ 
 tal Expence of Materials, viz, * $ 
 
 And then the Sum 22 18 6 
 
 Is the total Expence per Rod of Materials 
 and Workmanfiip y which is little more than 
 is. 8 d. per Foot. 
 
 To find the Value of the Workmanship 
 of any Number of Bricks, lefs than the Num- 
 ber of Bricks required for one Rod of Walling, 
 at 1 \ Brick in Thicknefs, this is the 
 
 Analogy. 
 
 As the Number of Bricks required to one 
 Rod of Walling 
 
 Is to the Mailer’s Price per Rod for Work- 
 manfhip ; 
 
 So is any given Number of Bricks 
 To the Value of their Workmanfhip, 
 
 So 
 
3 54 Of circular Rubbed and Gauged Walling. 
 
 So here, in the preceding Eflimate, the 
 Workmanfliip of 3150 Place Bricks, at 301. 
 per Rod, comes to 1 /. 1 s . 
 
 For, as 4500 Place Bricks in a Rod, 
 
 Is to 305. their Value oj Workmanjhip^ 
 
 So is 3150 Place Bricks , 
 
 To 21 j. their Value of Workmanfhip . 
 
 VIII. The Expend per Rod of circular 
 Brick and \ Walling, faced on both Sides 'with 
 rubb'd and gaug'd Red Stock Bricks Jet in Putty , 
 every five Courfes of Red Stocks to rije one Foot , 
 is as follows , viz. 
 
 N. B . As in two Bricks length, and one 
 Courfe in height, there is 6 Bricks, as repre- 
 fented in Fig. V. Plate III. therefore in 5 
 fuch Courfes, there are 30 Bricks: And as 5 
 fuch Courfes of two Bricks in length, which 
 are nearly 1 \ Foot, at 1 Foot in Height, con- 
 tain 30 Bricks, therefore in every fuperficial. 
 Foot on the Surface, there are 20 Bricks. 
 
 Now 272, the Number of fuperficial Feet 
 in a Rod of Brick- work, being multiplied by 
 20, the Number of Bricks in a fuperficial Foot, 
 the Produ»fl 5440, is the Number of Bricks 
 required Jor one Rod of this Kind of Wall- 
 ing : But as 'tis impoffible to work without 
 fome Wafie , I ihall therefore allow 5500 of 
 Bricks for the Performance of one Rod of Work, 
 and then the Expence per Rod is as follows, viz. 
 
 5S 00 
 
Of circular W a l l i n g in Terrace . 155 
 
 /. d. 
 
 5500 Red Stock Bricks at 30*. 8 5 o 
 
 1 Hundred and \ of Lime o 13 6 
 
 A Labourer 2 Days to make Putty 040 
 
 Prime Coft of Materials per Red is 9 
 Which is a little above 8 d. per Foot. 
 To which I add Profit thereon*) 
 at 12 \ per Cent. y 1 
 
 2 6 
 2 10 
 
 And then the Sum 10 5 4 
 
 Is the total Expence per Rod of the Mate- 
 rials* which is little more than 9 d, per Foot. 
 
 To which I add for Workmanflnp . 
 
 viz. 1 . j. 
 
 For rubbing and fetting 5441 
 fuperficial Feet in the two Faces (27 4 
 1 s. per Foot, J 
 
 4 
 
 o 
 
 And then the Sum 37 9 4 
 
 Is the total Expence per Rod y for Materials 
 and W orkmanjhip • which is very near 2 j. 10 d> 
 per Foot. 
 
 IX. The Expence per Rod \ of Brick and ~ 
 circular Place Brick Walling, faced on 
 one Side with Grey Stocks , the outward Brick's 
 breadth laid in Terrace , and the inward 
 Brick's length in Lime Mortar y every 4 Courfes y 
 to rife but 11 Inches , is as follows , viz. 
 
 245° 
 
i s6 Of circular Walling in "Terrace, 
 
 
 l 
 
 s % d. 
 
 2450 Grey Stocks at 18 s . 
 
 2 
 
 4 it 
 
 2450 Place Bricks at 14^. 
 
 1 
 
 14 3 
 
 7 j Buihels ftriked of Terrace 
 
 1 
 
 10 0 
 
 10 Bufliels of Sand 
 
 0 
 
 1 3 
 
 41 * Bags of Lime 
 
 0 
 
 15 ° 
 
 Total prime Cofl: of Materials? 
 
 6 
 
 4 71 
 
 per Rod j 
 
 Which is nearly 6 d. per Foot. 
 
 To which I add Profit at 12 l ;l 
 
 
 
 per Cent. S 
 
 ' 0 
 
 J 5 6 t 
 
 | 
 
 And then the Sum 7 02 
 
 Is the total Expence of Materials, which is 
 nearly 6 J per Foot. 
 
 Now for the Workmanjhip , viz. 
 
 /. s , d. 
 
 To beat 7 * Buflielsof Terrace, 7 
 1 Labourer 7 * Days f 0 1 5 0 
 
 To flack, fife, or fkreeri, &c. > 
 the Lime, 1 Labourer f a Day 5 0 1 0 
 
 1 Bricklayer 5 Days to lay 4500 > 
 
 Bricks $ 0 5 0 
 
 1 Labourer 5 Days to ditto o 10 o 
 
 Total prime Cofl: of Labour per 
 Rod 
 
 To which I add Profit, at 25 
 per Cent. 
 
 2 
 
 o 
 
 t 
 
 10 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 And then the Sum 
 
 2113 
 
Of circular Walling in Terrace. 1 57 
 
 Is the total Expence per Rod of Work- 
 manfhip ; which is fomething more than 2 d. * 
 per Foot. 
 
 /. s. d. 
 
 Now, if to the total Expence 
 of Materials 
 
 Be added, the total Expence 
 of Labour 
 
 1 ^ 
 
 l 
 
 2 I I 
 
 The Sum 9 1 1 5 
 
 Is the total Expence per Rod of Materials 
 and Workmanfhip which is 8 d. per Foot. 
 
 X. The Expence per Rod of Brick and Half 
 Circular Walling, whofe outward Brick" $ 
 Length is of Grey-Stocks laid' in Ter- 
 race Mortar , and inward Brick's Breadth 
 is of Place Bricks, laid in the befi fort of 
 Lime Mortar , every 4 Courfes to rife but 1 1 
 Inches , is as follows , viz. 
 
 /. 
 
 3250 Grey-Stocks at 18 l 2 
 
 1650 Place Bricks at 14 s. 1 
 
 15 Bufhels ftriked of Terrace, at 
 
 4 
 
 41 - Bags of Lime at o 
 
 5 Bufhels of Sand o 
 
 Vi 
 
 s. 
 
 18 
 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 o 
 
 d. 
 
 6 
 
 31 
 
 o 
 
 7 \ 
 
 Prime Coft of Materials jfer Rod 7 
 which is nearly 7 d. per Foot. 
 
 To which I add Profit at izil ^ 
 percent. J° l 9 
 
 *7 5 
 
 8 
 
 And then the Sum 
 
 8 17 1 
 
 Is 
 
158 Of circular Walling in Terrace . 
 
 Is the total Expence per Rod of the Materials s 
 which is nearly 8 d . Foot. 
 
 Now for the Workmanfhip . 
 
 /. x. </. 
 
 1 Labourer 1 5 Days to flack Lime, 7 
 turn up & beat 15 Bufh. of Terrace 3 10 0 
 
 1 Labourer j Day to flack, 7 , 
 
 fkreen, turn up, and chaff Mortar f 0 0 
 
 1 Bricklayer 5 Days to lay Bricks 015 o 
 1 Labourer 3* Days to ditto 070 
 
 Total prime Coft of Labour per 
 Rod 
 
 To which I add Profit at 25 
 per Cent. 
 
 i 
 
 ! 
 
 2 12 
 o 13 
 
 6 
 
 And then the Sum 3 5 7^ 
 
 Is the total Expence per Rod of Workman- 
 fhip ; which is nearly 3 d. per Foot. 
 
 Now if to the total Expence of 7 0 
 Materials r l 7 1 
 
 Be added the total Expence of) 
 Workmanfhip, viz . * 
 
 2 12 
 
 Then the Sum n 9 7 
 
 Is the total Expence per Rod of Materials 
 and Labour, which is nearly 10 d. I per Foot. 
 
 XI. The Expence per Rod of Brick and \ 
 circular Walling , entirely of Grey Stock Bricks , 
 laid entirely in Terrace Mortar , every 4 
 Cour/es to rife hut 1 1 Inches in height > is as 
 follows, viz. 
 
 4900 
 
Of circular Walling in Terrace. 159 
 
 /. s. d \ 
 
 4900 Grey Stocks ati8r. 478 
 16 \ Bulhels of Terrace at 4 s 0 360 
 41 l Bags of Lime 0 15 o 
 
 PrimeCoft of Materials/^rRod is 8 8 8 
 
 To which I add, Profit at 12 '7 
 percent. V 1 1 
 
 And then the Sutn 9 9 9 
 
 Is the total Expence per Rod of the Mate- 
 rials, which is nearly 8 d. \ per Foot. 
 
 Now for the Workmanfkip* 
 
 t s . d 6 
 
 1 Labourer 16 \ Days to beat 16 * 1 
 Bufhels of Terrace ^ 1 J 3 0 
 
 To flack and fkreen Lime 006 
 
 1 Bricklayer 5 Days to lay Bricks 015 o 
 1 Labourer 3 * Days to ditto 070 
 
 Total prime Coft of Labour per\ , 
 
 Rod 1 5 & 
 
 To which I add Profit at 2c> 
 perCent. }° *3 I0 ; 
 
 And then the Sum 394* 
 
 Is the total Expence per Rod of Work- 
 manship, which is a little more than 3 d. per 
 Foot, 
 
 N 
 
 Now 
 
i6o Of Jetting out Circular Walls. 
 
 /. s. d. 
 
 Now if the total Expence of> 
 the Materials f 9 9 ° 
 
 Be added, the total Expence ^ 
 
 of Workmanlhip 9 4 * 
 
 Then the Sam 12 18 44 
 
 Is the total Expence of Materials and La- 
 bour, which is very near n* d. per Foot. 
 
 Having now fhewn the Expences of all 
 the Varieties of Works in circular Walling ; 
 
 I will now fhew how to deferibe or fet out 
 for Work fuch Walls y and to meafure them 
 when built. 
 
 Problem I. Fig. I. Plate II. 
 
 The Extr earns of the Arch of a Circle , as a c b, 
 being given , to find its Centre geometrically. 
 
 ■ v ' - r , ■ . / :£■ 
 
 OPERATION. 
 
 Draw the Chord Line a b, and from the 
 given Point c, draw the right Line c d, at 
 right Angles to a b $ draw the Chord Line 
 a c y which divide in two equal Parts at e 9 
 whereon raife the Perpendicular e d , which 
 wili interfeft the Li need, in the Point d t 
 which is the Centre required , on which the 
 Arch a c b may be deferibed. 
 
 This Problem may be pe? formed Arithmeti- 
 cally, as follows , viz. 
 
 RULE 
 
Of fetting out Circular Walls. t 6 i 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Divide the Quadrature of a x y viz, of half 
 the Chord Line a b y by x c the verfed Sine, or 
 Altitude of the Segment ; then adding the 
 Quotient to x c the verfed Sine, the Sum is 
 the Diameter of a Circle, of which the Seg- 
 ment is a Part. 
 
 EXAMPLE. 
 ax Half the Chord Line is i© 
 Multiplied by io 
 
 The Quadrature is ioo 
 
 which being divided by x c 6, the verfed Sirie, 
 the Quotient is i6f, and which added to 6, 
 the verfed Sine, the Sum is 22 f, which is the 
 Length of the whole Diameter; and there- 
 fore, fetting 11 \ Feet from c to d y the Point 
 d will be the Centre required. 
 
 Prob. II. Fig. II. PI. II. 
 
 The Ext reams of the Arch of a Circle (as 
 a c b) being given , to defcribe its Arch y with* 
 out Regard being had to its Centre , 
 
 This is a very ufeful Problem 5 becaufe 
 in Pradtice, ’tis frequently required to defcribe 
 the Arch of a Circle, when there is no pof- 
 fibility of coming at its Centre, without very 
 great Inconveniency, &c . 
 
 N a 
 
 0 PE- 
 
1 6 2 Of Jetting out Ovallar Walls* 
 
 OPERATION. 
 
 Fix together two ftraight-edged Pan-Tile 
 Laths, &c< as e cf fc that the angular Point 
 made by them, at the Extream c and their 
 Sides, may touch the given Extreams acb\ 
 this being done, apply the angular Point c at 
 the Point a y and the Side cf to touch the 
 Point b\ then moving the angular Point 
 from a to c 9 and from thence to b y keeping 
 always the two out Edges clofe up to the 
 Points a and l\ it will tract the Curve or Arch 
 Line a c b y as required. 
 
 So in like manner, Fig. III. any Semi- 
 circle, or entire Circle may be defcrihed, with 
 the help of a Square, as g h b y applyed between 
 the Extreams of its Diameter a c. 
 
 Prob. III. Fig. II. Pi. III. 
 
 To defcribe a Semi -Oval oj any given Length 
 and Breadth , ^rabc. 
 
 OPERATION. 
 
 ifl y Make a v equal to the given Length; 
 bifed a c in g y and make g b perpendicular 
 to a c s and equal to the given Breadth. 
 
 idly. Make a e equal to b g y and divide e 
 g in three equal Parts, and make e d equal 
 to one of thofe Parts. 
 
 3 dly 9 Make g f equal to g 4 and on df 
 make -the equilateral Triangle d f k, conti- 
 nuing 
 
Of fitting o \ it Elliptical Walls. 163 
 
 miing the Side k d towards /, and the Side 
 K f towards m. 
 
 \thly On the Points d and/ with the Ra- 
 dius a d defcribe the Arches or Handles a 
 h and / c 5 and on the Point k with the Ra- 
 dius k h y defcribe the Arch or Scheme Part 
 b b iy which will complete the Semi-Oval as 
 required. 
 
 Prob. IV. Fig. III. PI. III. 
 
 To defcribe a Semi-Ellipfis of any Length and 
 Breadthy by the Help of a Tramel . 
 
 OPERATION. 
 
 Set out the Length a c, and Breadth b 
 as in the laft Problem $ and fix the Tramel 
 on the long Diameter a c, fo that its Center 
 z may be dire&ly in the middle, and its Arm 
 e z lye on the Semi-Diameter b z : This be- 
 ing done, lay the Defcribent b x on the long 
 Diameter a Cy fo that ics End may extend 
 fomething beyond the Point c ; and at the 
 Point Cy fix the defcribing or tracing Point 
 x , and as the Points n and m are moveable, 
 therefore make the Diflance of x n equal to 
 (z c) half the long Diameter * and theDiftance 
 x m equal to b z the given Breadth. Then 
 putting the two Points n and m into the Grooves 
 of the Tramel^ with the tracing Point x at 
 one End, as at a , with one Hand move it 
 from a to p y thence to by thence to x, and 
 thence to c y whilft the other Hand guides the 
 Pins or Points n and m in their refpe&ive 
 N 3 Grooves, 
 
164 Of fet ting out Elliptical WalIs. 
 Grooves, and then the Point at will have defcribr 
 ed the Semi-Ellipfis a b c i as required. 
 
 Prob. V. Fig, IV. Plate III. 
 
 70 defer i be a Semi-Ellipfis of any Length and 
 Breadth , by the help of a Line, &c. 
 
 - ' - ■ f 
 
 OPERATION. 
 
 Make a c equal to the given Length, and 
 bifedt acmdy make d b equal to the given 
 Breadth, and perpendicular to a c. 
 
 On the Point b , with the Diftance d c (half 
 the long DiameterJ interfeft the long Diame- 
 ter a c in the two Focus Points e and f 9 
 wherein drive two Nails, &c. about either 
 of which put a double Line of Twine, Pack- 
 thread, &c. which {hall reach unto the End 
 of the long Diameter, as to a. Then with 
 a Pencil or Tracer applied upright within the 
 doubled Line, trace the Curvature of the Semi- 
 Eliipfis as required. 
 
 Prob.VI. Fig. IV. Plate III. 
 
 7 o deferibe a Semi-O r cal of any Length and 
 Breadth , as a g c, without regard being had to 
 the Centres of the Arches y of which ’tis com - 
 po/ed. 
 
 OPERATION. 
 
 i/?, Make a c equal to the given Length ; 
 bifect a c in d ; make d g equal to the given 
 Breadth, and perpendicular to a c $ on d with 
 
 the 
 
Of fitting out 'Elliptical Walls. 165 
 the Radius d g defcribe the Arch of a Qua- 
 drant, as g i k l h y and divide d h into any 
 Number of equal Parts ; fuppofe four, as at 
 the Points m n 0, and draw the Ordinates 0 /, 
 n b y m /, parallel to d g . 
 
 2 dly y Divide a d in the fame Number of 
 equal Parts, as d by viz. Four, at the Points 
 s t v, from whence draw the Ordinates s p 
 t <7, and v r, parallel to d g . 
 
 3 dfyy Make the Ordinate v r equal to the 
 Ordinate in i 3 alfo the Ordinate t q equal to 
 the Ordinate n k 3 alfo the Ordinate s p equal 
 to the Ordinate 0 /, &c. and from the Point 
 a to the Point g t through the Extreams of 
 the Ordinates, viz. the Points p q r, trace the 
 Curve ap q r g 3 or thofe Points being repre- 
 fented by Tacks or Nails, and a Lath being 
 bent to them, the Curve or Quarter Part of 
 the Oval may be very truly defcribed there- 
 by ; and fo in like manner the other Quar- 
 ter Part gc y (or an entire Oval) may be 
 defcribed. 
 
 N. B. For to fet out the Foundation of 
 any Elliptical Ovalary or Circular Building , 
 it is always beft done, by firft defcribing the 
 Plan as large as the Building is to be on a 
 large Floor, capable to receive it 3 and then 
 from the Plan fo made, to make a Mold or 
 Templet with flit Deal equal to it, which 
 being applyed on the Foundation where the 
 
 N 4 Building 
 
1 66 Of the Methods for building 
 
 Building is to be eredted, and Lines being 
 traced by its Edges on the Ground, and the 
 fit ft Courfe of Bricks being laid to ihofe Lines, 
 the Work will then be fet out with Truth, 
 and being raifed eredt in every of its Parts ? 
 will be truly Circular , Elliptical or Ovalar, 
 as may be required. 
 
 To carry up an entire circular Wall, ns Fig. 
 IV. Plate II. after the firft Courfe of Bricks 
 are laid as aforefaid ; ’tis heft to divide the 
 Circumference into fome certain Number of 
 Parts (nearly or exadtly equal) fuppofe 8, as 
 at the Points abcdefgh , and at thofe 
 Points, carry up the Wall by the Help of a 
 Plumb Rule, of about 3 Bricks length in 
 Breadth, and as many Courfes in Lleight as 
 imy be convenient^ as 5, 6, &c. at a Time. 
 
 This being done, caufc two Templets to 
 be made of flit Deal, as h /, for the Out-fide, 
 and k n for the In-fide, of the fame Curva- 
 tures as the exterior and interior Circles 
 are which limit the Thicknefs of the Wall 5 
 which Templets being applied to the upright 
 Parts at a b c, &c . will he fure Guides for 
 to carry up all the intermediate Parts : And 
 fo in like manner, the fame Method is to be 
 obferved in all Segments, as Fig. I. II. Gfc. 
 
 The fame Method is alfo to be followed 
 in carrying up an Flliptipal or Ovalar Wall, 
 as Fig. IV. Plate III. excepting that therein, 
 
 there 
 

 ft • 
 1 
 III 
 
 as 
 
 to 1 
 ie, 
 
 ia- - 
 :les 
 
 gto I 
 
 for ’ 
 
 d I 
 
 be 
 
 of Circular and Elliptical Walls. 167 
 
 there mu ft be Tem plets made for theln-fide 
 and Out-fide of one Quarter Part of the whole, 
 as s t and v w, whole outer Ends muft be 
 carefully kept to perpendicular Lines, raifed 
 and carryed up from the Extreams of the two 
 Piameters, as at 4, b c, &f. 
 
 N. B. Templets fo made, to 1 quarter 
 of an Ellipfis, by turning them will do for the 
 whole. 
 
 Now before I can fhew the Rule by which 
 thefe Kinds of Walling are truely meafured 
 (and which has never yet been publijhed by 
 any Author) I muft 
 
 Fir ft fhew, a Rule to me a fare or fnd the 
 Area of a Circle and of an Ellipfis , and their 
 Parts 5 as being not only abfolutely neceffary 
 fo to do, but with regard to its being a very 
 ufeful, and a delightful Digrcffion, and indeed, 
 the Ext radii on of the jquare Root muft be alfo 
 known , before the Area of an Ellipfis can be 
 found ; which for the further Inftrudtion and 
 Entertainment of young Students, 1 willfully 
 explain fas being of very great ufe in many Im- 
 portant Affairs.) 
 
 But before the Area of a Circle, or of any 
 Part of it can be found, its Diameter, or Cir- 
 cumference muft be given, in order that they 
 may be both known. 
 
 When 
 
1 68 Of the Circumference of a Circle. 
 
 When the Diameter of a Circle is given , 
 its Circumference is found by 
 
 This Analogy, viz . 
 
 As 7 is to 22, fo is the given Diameter to 
 the Circumference required. 
 
 Suppofe the given Diameter of a Circle be 
 15 Feet, What's the Circumference ? 
 
 Anfwer 47*. 
 
 OPERATION. 
 
 7:22 : : X 5 : 4 7 ) 
 
 22 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 7)33° (47t 
 
 But as this Analogy makes the Circumfe- 
 rence fomething more than the real Truth $ 
 therefore where a greater Exa&nefs is required, 
 then fay. 
 
 As 113 is to 355 ; or 
 As 1000, is to 3,140 ; fo is the Diameter 
 to the Circumference. 
 
 That is, 
 
 As 113 : 355: ; 15: 47, 
 
 Which Fra&ion is a little more than 
 
 For 
 
Of the Diameter of & Circle. 16,9 
 
 For as 113 its Denominator 
 
 Is to 14 its Numerator, 
 
 So is 10 a Decimal Denominator 
 
 To 1, and 27 Parts of 1, divided into 113,, 
 its Numerator. 
 
 Again, 
 
 As 1000 : 3,140 : : 15 : 47 ^ 
 
 Which is very little iefs than before ; and 
 both ways very little lefs than the firft j fo 
 that in common Works, any of the three Ana- 
 logies may be ufed. 
 
 And fo the Circumference of a Circle being 
 given , its Diameter is found in like ?nanner % 
 by the Converfe of the preceding , viz. 
 
 As 22 is to 7: fo is the Circumference, 
 fuppofe 47 , A 0 ,to the Diameter. 
 
 That is, 
 
 As 22 : 7 : : 47 : 14 J the Diameter. 
 
 O R, 
 
 As 355 : n 3 : : 4 7 i z o> : H 1st the Diameter. 
 
 O R, 
 
 As 3,140 : 1000 : : 47 A : 15 the Diameter. 
 
 These Analogies for finding the Diame- 
 ter, or Circumference of a Circle being under- 
 flood, the Area of any Circle may be eafily 
 .found, as follows. 
 
 Proe* 
 
170 Of the Menfuration of a Circle. 
 
 Prob. VII. 
 
 To find the Area of any Circle , having the 
 Diameter given : Suppofe 12 Feet, 
 
 I. By Euclid, 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Square the Diameter , and divide the 
 Quadrature (which is the Product) by 14. 
 From the Quadrature , JubtraEl three \ Times 
 the Quotient , and the Remains is the Area of 
 the Circle required . 
 
 Example. 
 
 Let the given Diameter be 15 Feet, what's 
 the Area of the Circle ? 
 
 Operation. 
 
 *5 
 
 i 5 
 
 75 
 
 14)225,(164 Quotient 
 
 1 
 
 Now 
 
Of the Menfaration of a Circle. 171 
 
 Now from the Quadrature 225 
 
 Subtract 3 Times the Quotient, viz. 48^ 
 
 Then the Remains l 7 ^\i 
 
 is the Area of the Circle required. 
 
 II. By Plato. 
 
 Rule. 
 
 Multiply - half the Circumference by half 
 the Diameter 5 and the Product is the Area of 
 the Circle, \ required . 
 
 Now, Half the Diameter is 7 if 
 And Half the Circumference is 20 11 
 
 O 2 O 
 
 Whofe Product is 176 y 
 
 Which is the Area of the Circle required. 
 
 The Area of the Circle may be alfo found by 
 either of the following Rules . 
 
 RULE I. 
 
 Square the Diameter*, multiply its Qua- 
 drature by 11, and divide the Produdi by 14^ 
 the Quotient is the Area . 
 
 Example. 
 
 Let the given Diameter be 15 Feet. 
 
 i 
 
 Opera- 
 
I 72 Of the Menjuration of a Circle. 
 
 Operation. 
 
 J 5 
 
 'S 
 
 Product 
 
 Now 
 
 Multiplied by 
 
 75 
 
 15 
 
 225 which is the Quadra- 
 ture of the Diameter. 
 225 
 
 11 
 
 Divide by 
 
 225 
 
 225 
 
 i4^475(*7 6 it 
 
 H 
 
 207 
 
 98 
 
 u 
 
 II 
 
 Which is equal to the Area, according to 
 Euclid, 
 
 RULE II. 
 
 Multiply ,7857, [always, it being a fixt 
 Number) by the Quadrature of the Diameter , 
 
 and 
 
Of the Menfuration of a Circle. 17 V 
 
 and then cutting off jour Figures to the Right- 
 hand, the Remains to the Left is the Slrea in 
 1 whole Numbers, and thojefour Figures cut off 
 is a Decimal FraSlicn. 
 
 Example. 
 
 Let the Diameter be 15 Feet as before. 
 
 Operation. 
 
 '5 
 
 15 
 
 7.5 
 
 15 
 
 Product 225 which is the Qua* 
 drature of the Diameter. 
 Now the fixt Number ,7857 
 multiplied by 225 
 
 39 28 S 
 
 * 57*4 
 
 I 57 I 4 
 
 176,7825 
 
 Now, the laft four Figures to the Right, 
 being cut off by a Comma , the Remains to the 
 Left, viz. 176, are whole Numbers, and the 
 four Figures cut off, viz. 7825, is a Decimal 
 Fraftion ; and fo, the Area of the Circle is 
 176 Feet, and ,7825 Decimal Parts of a Foot, 
 which are equal to 1 1 2 fuperficial Inches, and 
 of an Inch, 
 
1 74 Of the Menjuration of a Circle. 
 
 T find the Number of fuperficial Inches 
 contained in any Decimal Frail ion of a fuper- 
 ficial Foot . 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Multiply the Decimal F rail ion by j 44, 
 the fquare Inches in a fquare Foot , and the 
 ProduB being divided by the Decimal Deno- 
 minator^ the Predull , cutting off from the 
 Right , as many Figures as there be Places of 
 Cyphers in the Denominator ; the Remains , 
 (when any) cut off' to the Left y are Decimal 
 Parts of an Inch . 
 
 For, as the Denominator of the Decimal 
 Fraction of a Foot, 
 
 Is to the Number of fquare Inches in a 
 fquare Foot; 
 
 So is the Numerator of any Decimal Frac- 
 tion 
 
 To the Number of fquare Inches contain’d 
 in that Fradion. 
 
 Example. 
 
 As 10000, the Decimal Denominator, 
 
 Is to 144, the fquare Inches in a fquare Foot; 
 
 So is ,7825, the aforefaid Decimal Fradion, 
 
 To 1 12 Inches and ff 0 • 
 
 Opera- 
 
Of the Parts of a Circle. 
 
 l 7S 
 
 
 As IOGO 
 
 Operation. 
 
 144 : : ,7825 : 112 i 
 144 
 
 3 1 3 °° 
 
 3 I ?QO 
 
 7 82 5 
 
 A 1 r o o 
 
 OOlOO 
 
 1 I2,6Bco 
 
 Pros. VIII. Plate IV. 
 
 *To find the Area of any Pa> t of a Circle 9 
 
 The Parts of a Circle are diftinguifhed 
 from one another as follows, viz . 
 
 1 /?, Ira Circle be divided into two equal 
 Parts, by a Diameter drawn through its Cen- 
 tre, as Figure A, each Part is cal^d a Semi- 
 circle. 
 
 2 dly, If a Sem’cbcle be divided into two e- 
 qual Parts, by a Perpendicular eredted from 
 the Centre on its Diamet.r as Fig. B. each 
 Part is called a Quadrant. 
 
 3 dly y If a Circle be divi Jed into two unequal 
 Parts by a right Line, as Fig. C, by t k e Line 
 a c , then the Part d is calitd the ltffer Seg- 
 ment, and the Part e the greater Segment. 
 
 4 *bly> If a Circle be divided into three Parts 
 1 by two Right Lines parallel to its Diameter, as 
 
 O 
 
 Fit 7 . 
 
176 7 'he Menfuration of a Quadrant, &c. 
 
 Fig D, by the Lines a b 3 c d, that Part of 
 the Circle contained between thcfe Lines, is 
 called the Zone of that Circle, as being fimilar 
 to the c Torrid Zone , contained between the 
 Trop es of Cancer and Capricorn . 
 
 $tbly y If a Part of a Circle be contained be- 
 tween two Right Lines, down from its Center 
 to its Circumference, and a Part of its Circum- I 
 ference, as a b c, Fig. F, fuch a Part is called 
 a SeBor, or the Se&or of the Circle, and the 
 Remainder of the Circle is called the Comple- 
 ment of the Sector. 
 
 These are the feveral Parts of a Circle, 
 whole Areas are found by the following Rules. 
 
 I. To find the Area of a Quadrant, having 
 the Length of a Side given. 
 
 RULE. Fig. B. Plate IV. 
 
 1. Find the Circumference of a Circle , *whofe\ 
 Diameter is equal to twice the given Side or 
 Radius of the Quadrant. 
 
 2 . Multiply the Side of the Quadrant by one 
 8 th Part cf the Circumference 0 f the Circle , and 
 the ProduB is the Area of the Quadrant. 
 
 IL To find the Area of a Semicircle, having 
 the Diameter given. 
 
 k U L E. Fig. A. 
 
 Find the Area of one Half , as of a Qua - ; 
 dr ant , and double that Area. 
 
 O 1?, 
 
 Multiply Half its Circumference by Half Jts j 
 Diameter , and the ProduB is the Area . 
 
 III. To : 
 
Circular Sectors and Segments meafured. 1 77 
 
 III. To find the Area of the Settlor of a Circle 3 
 as a b c, Fig. F. Plate IV. 
 
 RULE. 
 
 As 1, is to l the arch Line a b. 
 
 So is the Radius a c y to the Area : 
 Therefore, 
 
 Multiply a c the Radius, by ad half the 
 Curve, and the Produdt is the Area required c 
 
 To find the Length ( nearly ) of the arched 
 Line of the Segment of a Circle ; as a c d, 
 
 , Fig. E. Plate IV, 
 
 Operation. 
 
 Divide the Chord Line a d in four equal 
 Parts ; on the Point a with the Radius a 1 
 interfedt the Curve a c in b ; and draw the 
 Line b d y which will be nearly equal to £ 
 the arched Line a c d y as required. 
 
 0 ! 
 
 ill 
 
 lVIF 
 
 fi, 
 
 IV. To find the Area of the Segment of a 
 
 Circle , as d } Fig. C. Plate IV. 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Firfi , by Prob, I. Page 16, find the Centre 
 f] and draw the Lines a f and c fi 
 
 Secondly , by the laft Rule, find the Area 
 f the Sedtor fa h c ; and then, the Area of 
 •he Triangle a c f being fub ft radled from the 
 ^rea of the Sedtor, the Remains will be the 
 ^rea of the Segment a h c, as required, 
 
 O 2 IT 
 
Plain Triangles 
 
 2 V, B> All plain Triangles are meafured by 
 thefe Rules, viz. 
 
 RULE I. 
 
 Multiply the whole Bafe (as a c) by 
 half ( d f ) its Perpendicul r, and the Produfa 
 is the Area . Or, Multiply half the Bafe ad 
 by (d f ) all the Perpendicular , and the Pro- 
 duct is the Area . 
 
 RULE II. 
 
 Multiply the whole Bafe a c, d e 
 the whole Perpendicular , and half the Pro- 
 duct is the Area required . 
 
 V. fo find the Area of the Zone of a Circle . 
 Fig. D. Plate IV. 
 
 RULE. 
 
 From the Area of the whole Circle fub- 
 ftradt the two Segments e and f and the Re- 
 mains will be the Area of the Zone required. 
 
 Pros IX. 
 
 T o find the Area , or fiperficial Content of 
 
 any Ellipfis* 
 
 RULE I. 
 
 Multiply the Lengths of the conjugate and 
 tranfverfe Diameters t gether : The fquare 
 Root of their Produd is the Diameter of a 
 Circle, whofe Area is equal to the Area of 
 the Ellipfis. 
 
 Example. 
 
 Suppofe the Length of the conjugate Dia- 
 meter be 24 Feet, and the tranfverfe 6 Feet: 
 
 Then 
 
and Ellipses meafured, \ 
 
 Then 24 
 
 By 6 
 
 l 79 
 
 The Product is — 144, whofe fquare Root 
 1 2, is the Diameter of a Circle, whofe Area 
 (: or fuperficial Content is equal to the Area or 
 fuperficial Content of the Ellipfis ; and which 
 i by the foregoing Rules will be found to be 
 1 13 \ Feet, 
 
 RULE II. 
 
 As 1, is to ,7854, fo is the Quadrature 
 bf the two Diameters, to the Area. 
 
 rm 
 
 Example, 
 
 Suppofe the Quadrature of the two Dia- 
 (t meters be 144, as in Rule I. Then 
 
 1, : ,7854 : : 144 : 113,0976 
 144 
 
 31416 
 
 3H16 
 
 7854 
 
 113,0976 
 
 Now, as the Area of every Ellipfis is a 
 aean Proportional between the Areas of its 
 ircumfcribing Circle, as abed , and its in- 
 bribing Circle, as efg h. Fig. V. Plate IV, 
 Therefore 
 
 As the Area of the circumfcribing Circle 
 a b c 
 
 O 3 Is 
 
\60 Elliptical Segments measured. 
 
 Is to the Area of the Ellin s af c h ; 
 
 S© is the Area of the faid Ellipfis, 
 
 To the Area of the inferibed Circle efgh. 
 
 Prob. X. Fig. IV. and V. Plate IV. 
 
 To me af ure the Segment of an Ellipfis , as the i 
 Segments A and B. 
 
 T o meafure the Segment A. Fig. V. 
 RULE. 
 
 As the Diameter b d of the circumfcribins; 
 Circle, 
 
 Is to fh the conjugate Diameter of the 
 Ellipfis 3 
 
 So is the Area of the Circle’s Segment i cm. 
 
 To the Area ( k c l) of the given Segment 
 of the Ellipfis, as required. And fo in like 
 manner, 
 
 To meafure the Segment B. Fig. IV. 
 
 As the Area of the inferibed Circle f eg h , 
 
 Is to the Area of the Ellipfis a e c h ; 
 
 is the Area of the Segment o e p of the in- 
 feribed Circle, 
 
 To the Area of the given Segment n e q. 
 
 Or, 
 
 As e h , the Diameter of the inferibed Circle, 
 
 Is to^ c the tranfverfe Diameter; 
 
 So is the Area o f the Segment o e p> of the 
 inferibed Circle, 
 
Of the Square Root, i8j 
 
 To the Area of the Segment (n e q) of the 
 Ellipfis, required. 
 
 And fince that the Knowledge of the Ex- 
 traction of the fquare Root is not only ufeful 
 in the Menfuration of Ellipfes, but alfo in many 
 other important Affairs of Bufinefs ; I will 
 therefore, for a farther Entertainment, and for 
 the better InftruCtion of young Students, en- 
 large this Digreffion, andfliew, how to ext rati 
 the Square Root. 
 
 T o extract the fquare Root of a given Num- 
 ber^ is to find a mean proportional Number , be- 
 tween i and the Number given jor Extra Aim. 
 
 That is, it is to find a Number, whofe 
 Quadrature isequal to the given Number* 
 
 As for Example. 
 
 If 36 be a given Number for Extraction, 
 then the Work is, how to find the Number 
 6, which is called its Root, whofe Quadra- 
 ture 36 is equal to the given Number. And 
 the manner of finding it, is called extracting 
 the fquare Root . 
 
 A given Number for Extraction, is either 
 fquare or rational , or furd . 
 
 A Square or rational Number , is the 
 Quadrature of fome given Root, and therefore 
 is always commenfurable to its fquare Root. 
 
 O 4 Thus 
 
182 Of /ingle and compound fquare Numbers. 
 
 n a 
 
 I cs 
 
 2 ir 
 
 9 
 
 16 . -5 
 
 2 5 *3 
 3 6 vS 
 
 49 ' - a! 
 64 I -3 
 
 8 ,m 
 
 8< 
 
 IOC 
 
 121 
 
 <u 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 <u 
 
 ■U 
 
 C 
 
 5! a 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 16 
 
 >^1 
 
 i ■*— * I 1 1 <-* : 
 
 3 & 
 
 >44- 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 1 1 
 
 L> 2 . 
 
 c 
 
 < 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 1 11 
 
 V12 
 
 JG 
 
 <D 
 
 I fi 
 
 S" 4 s 
 
 2 5 ^f 
 
 ©X =* 
 
 ^ Q .£ #2 
 
 49 co 
 
 64 
 
 81. 
 
 i2i K 
 
 j 4 tJ^ z 
 
 p 1 ^ -Q 
 
 £ vS' § 
 
 All Quadratures or fquare Numbers pro- 
 duced by the 9 Digits, are called (ingle fquare 
 Numbers, as i, 4, 9, 16, 25, , 9 64, 
 
 and 81, as being each produced by the Mul- 
 tiplication or fquaring of a (ingle Figure, as 
 1, 2, 3, OV. to 9 ; but all other Quadratures 
 produced by the Multiplication or lquaring of 
 10, 11, 12, &c. viz. the Quadratures 100, 
 12 1, 144, &c 9 are called compound fquare 
 Numbers 
 
 A Jurd Number is that, which is incom- 
 menfuralle to its fquare Root, and whofe. 
 Root is inexplicable by Numbers, as 37, 82, 
 10 1, &c. 
 
 Now in order to extraft the fquare Root, 
 it is to be oblerved. 
 
 Firft, That all fingle fquare Numbers with 
 their lefpedtive fquare Roots, or Sides, are 
 
 exprefi 
 
Rules to ext raff the fqaare Root . 183 
 
 expreft in the Third and Fourth Columns of 
 the preceding Table. 
 
 Secondly , That when the Root ofany Num- 
 ber lefs than 100 is , required (which is 
 not one of the Angle fquare Numbers expreft 
 in the Table) you are to take for its Root, 
 the Root of that Angle fquare Number in the 
 Table which (being lefs) is neared to the 
 given Number. — So if it be required to And 
 the fquare Root of 40 ; it would be found 
 to be 6 ; becaufe the greateft fquare Num- 
 ber in 40 is 36, whole Root is 6 : And fo 
 the like is to be underflood of all other Num- 
 bers, lefs than 100, notexpreAed in the Table, 
 whofe fractional Paits of their Roots, to be 
 annexed, I fhall fhew how to And, after that 
 I have taught how to extraCt the fquare Root 
 of any compound fquare Number Arithmeti- 
 cally, as follows, viz. 
 
 I. T o extraSi the Square Root of 
 any fquare Number. 
 
 RULE I. 
 
 Point the Number given for Extraction as 
 following, viz. place a Point over the firfl 
 Figure towards the right Hand, and every 
 other one towards the left. 
 
 Thus 1 1 902 5 
 
 Aid 
 
184 Rules to extract the fquare Root . 
 
 And herein Note, That the Figures thus 
 diftinguilhed, are called P unci at ions or Points ; 
 and as many fuch Points, as are contained in 
 the Number given for Extraction, of fo many 
 Figures will the Root of that Number con- 
 fid: 5 provided the given Number be an exaCt 
 compound fquare Number, becaufe the fquare 
 of any one lingle Figure never exceeds 2 Places. 
 
 RULE II. 
 
 Draw a curved Line on the right Hand of 
 the Number given for Extraction (after the 
 manner as is done in Divifion for to place 
 the Quotient in) wherein the Root is to be 
 placed. 
 
 Thus ii9025( 
 
 RULE III. 
 
 Find the greateft Square in the firft Point 
 towards the Left Hand (by the Table of fingle 
 Square Numbers, which you rnuft get by 
 Heart, according to the School Phrafe $) place 
 its Root in the Quotient, and the Square under 
 the firft Point aforefakl, which fubftrafi from 
 the firft Point, and fubfcribe the Remains un- 
 derneath it. 
 
 Thus' 
 s 19025 (3 
 9 
 
 2 Remainder* 
 
 Now 
 
Rules to extract the fquare Root. 185 
 
 Now as the fir ft Point to the Left is 11, and 
 the greateft fquare Number therein is 9, whofe 
 Root is 3 : Therefore place 3 in the Quo- 
 tient, and 9 under n, and then fubftradting 9 
 from 11, the Remains is 2. 
 
 RULE IV. 
 
 To the Remainder bring down the next 
 Point, placing it on the Right Hand thereof, 
 which is called the Refolve?id. 
 
 • • • 
 
 1 1 9° 2 5 (3 
 9 - 
 
 Thus 290 Refolvend. 
 
 RULE V. 
 
 Double the Quotient (or Root of the firft 
 Point) to wit 3, which doubled is 6, and place 
 it on the Lett Hand of the Refolvend (as 
 the Divifor is placed in common Divifion, 
 diftinguifhed therefrom in the fame manner 
 by a curved Line) which is alfo called a Di- 
 vifor. 
 
 Thus, 
 
 119025 (3 
 9 
 
 The Divifor 6)29,0 F.efolvend. 
 
 RULE VL 
 
 Point off the laft Figure of the Refolvend 
 towards the Right Hand by aComma 3 and find 
 
 how 
 
1 86 Rules -to extract the fquare Root . 
 
 how often the Divifor, or double Quotient 6, 
 is contained in the remaining Figures of the 
 Refolvend (to wit, in 29) which here is 4 
 Times, that is to fay, 4 Times 6. There- 
 fore place the Anfwer 4 in the Quotient, and 
 alfo on the Right Hand of the Divifor. 
 
 Thus, 
 ii 9 ° 2 5 (34 
 9 
 
 Divifor 64) 29,0 Refolvend. 
 
 RULE VII. 
 
 Multiply the Divifor (6) with the Figure 
 laft added to it (4, which together is 64 ) 
 by (4) the Figure laft placed in the Quoti- 
 ent ; and thefi fubftradt the Product ^256) 
 from the Refolvend ^290) and fubfcribe the 
 Remainder (34.^ 
 
 Thus, 
 
 * « • 
 
 1 1 9° 2 5 ( 34 
 9 
 
 64)29,0 Refolvend, 
 
 256 Produfit. 
 
 34 Remainder. 
 
 To the laft Remainder (34) bring down the 
 next Point (to wit, 25) for a fecond Refol- 
 vend (which is 34 25) and then proceed there- 
 with 
 
Rides to extract the fquare Root, 187 
 
 with -as with the firft Refolvend, repeating the 
 Work of the 5th, 6th and 7th preceding 
 Rules, and continue fo to do until the Ex- 
 traction be finished, as following, viz. 
 
 Firjl , Double the Quotient 34, and it makes 
 68, which place on the Left of the new Re- 
 folvend . 
 
 Thus, 
 
 119025 (34 
 
 9 
 
 64)290 Firft Refolvend. 
 
 256 ProduCt. 
 
 68) 342,5 Second Refolvend; 
 
 Secondly , Find how often the Divifor 68 is 
 contained in the Refolvend, the laft Figure to 
 the right Hand being always excepted, to wit, 
 in 342, and place the Anfwer (5,) in the Quo- 
 tient ^making it 345^ and alfo on the right 
 * Hand of the Divifor f68, making it 685 — 
 as follows, \ 
 
 1 19025 (345' 
 
 9 
 
 ifi Divifor 64^ 29,0 Refolvend. 
 
 25 6 Product. 
 
 2d Divifor 685^ 343,5 Refolvend, 
 
 3425 ProduCt. 
 
 o 
 
 3 #> 
 
1 88 Rules to extraB the fquare Root. 
 
 Thirdly , Multiply the Divifor 685, by (5) 
 the Figure lad placed in the Quotient, and 
 fub drafting the Produft from the Refolvend, 
 fubfcribe the Remains, which in this Example 
 is o, which thews that the Extraftion is fi- 
 nished, and that 119025 is an exaft com- 
 pound fquare Number, whofe fquare Root is 
 345 ; becaufe the Quadrature of 345 is 
 1 19025. 
 
 Note , That when the Divifor (with the 
 lad Figure added to it, as directed in Rule 
 VIL multiplied by the Figure lad placed in 
 the Quotient) the Produft exceeds the whole 
 Refolvend, the Work is erroneous ; and there- 
 fore at all fuch times a lefs Figure mud be 
 put in the Quotient, and to the Right of the 
 Divifor; which being multiplied into the Di- 
 vifor Shall produce a Produft next lefs than 
 the whole Refolvend ; and which being fub- 
 ftrafted from, it (hall leave a Remainder lefs 
 than the Divifor. 
 
 As jor Example, 
 
 Let 256 be a jquare Number given for Ex*> 
 tratt ion. 
 
 27 ) 15,6 Refolvend. 
 
 1 b 9 Product too great. 
 
 26) 15,6 Refolvend removed. 
 150 Product. 
 
Rules to extraB the fquare Root. 189 
 
 Here the greatefl Square in the fir ft Point 
 2, is i, whofe Root 1 I place in the Quo- 
 tient, and its Remains 1 underneath it, and 
 bring down and annex to the faid Remains 
 the next Point 56, making it 156 for a Re- 
 folvend, whole laft Figure 6 to the Right, I 
 point off as before (hewn. 
 
 Now, the Double of 1 in the Quotient, be- 
 ing 2, I therefore place 2 for nay Divifor, on 
 the Left of the Refolvend, and find that 
 it will go 7 times in 15 ; the Remains of the 
 Refolvend to the Left; wherefore, according 
 to Rule V. I place 7 in the Quotient, and 
 alfo on the Right of the Divifor 2, making 
 it 27. 
 
 Now 27 multiplied by 7, the laft Figure 
 in the Quotient, the Produd is which 
 
 being greater than the Refolvend 1 c6, will 
 not do ; wherefore I place in the Quotient, and 
 | to the Right of the Divifor, a lefs Figure, viz. 
 the Figure 6, in the Place of the Figure 7, 
 making the Quotient 16, and the Divifor 
 26. Then multiplying the Divifor 26 by 
 6, the lail Figure placed in the Quotient, 
 the Produd is 156, which being equal to the 
 whole Refolvend, (hews that the Extradion 
 is compleated, and that the fquare Root of 
 256, is x6. But had the above Produd been 
 yet greater than the Refolvend, I mud again 
 have placed a lefs Figure, as 5, &c. in the 
 
 Pic 
 
 
igo Rules to extract the Jquare Root. 
 
 Places of the Figure 6, until the Proiudt be- 
 came equal to or lefs than the Refolvend. 
 
 iT isalfo to be farther noted; That when 
 the Remainder Rafter the Pro lud is fubftraCt- 
 ed from the Refolvend) is greater than the 
 Double of the Figures then in thefQioiient, 
 which is the next Divifor; place a greater Fi- 
 gure in the Quotient, and to the Right of 
 the Divifor, as is done in the focond Exam- 
 ple of the Extraction of Integers and Deci- 
 mals, and then proceed to multiply, as in 
 Rule VII. 
 
 Note alfo y That when the Divifor cannot 
 be had in the Refolvend (according to Rule 
 VII. which frequently will happen) then place 
 a Cypher in the Quotient (as is done in com- 
 mon Divifion) and alfo on the Right Hand of 
 the Divifor ; and then to the Refolvend bring 
 down and annex the next Point, for a new 
 Refolvend, and then proceed as before. 
 
 This I will make plain and eafy by the 
 following Example. 
 
 Suppofe 13017664 be a fquare Number 
 given for Extraction : 
 
 13037664 
 
Rules to extraB the fquare Root, 1 9 1 
 
 • • • 4 
 
 J3017664 (3608 
 
 9 
 
 ijl Divifor 66^40,1 Refolvend. 
 
 396 Product. 
 
 2^/Divifor 720) 57,6 Refolvend. 
 
 Divifor 7208^ 5766,4 Refolvend, 
 ^7664 Produdt. 
 
 o Remains, 
 
 Now, from the fir ft Point 13 I fubftradt 9, 
 the greateft fquare Number therein, which 
 Root 3, I have placed in the Quotient, and 
 its Remains 4 underneath it. 
 
 To the Remainder 4, I bring down and 
 annex the next Point 01, making it 40 j for a 
 Refolvend, and then doubling the Root 3 in 
 the Quotient, which is 6, I place 6 on the * 
 Left of the Refolvend for a Divifor, and point 
 off the laft Figure of the Refolvend. 
 
 This dene , I next examine, how often the 
 Divifor 6 is contained in 40, the Remains of 
 the Refolvend ; and finding it to go 6 Times, 
 I therefore place 6 in the Quotient, and on 
 fche right Hand of the Divifor 6, making it 
 616, which being multiplied by 6, the laft: 
 Figure placed in the Quotient, the Product 
 
 ! 
 
 P 
 
 39 6 
 
192 Rules to extract the fquare Root . 
 
 396 being fubtraded from the Refolvend, the 
 Remainder is 5, to which bring down and 
 annex the next Point (76) for a new Refol- 
 vend, which then will he 576. 
 
 This being done, begin as before, viz. Dou- 
 ble the Quotient (3.6) which is 72, and which 
 I place on the Left of the new Refolvend 
 for a fecond Divifor, and point off the lafi 
 Figure of the Refolvend as before. 
 
 And, as before, I examine how often the 
 Divifor 72 is contained in 57, the Remains of 
 the Reloivendj which being lefs than 72, I 
 therefore place a Cypher in the Quotient, and 
 alfo on the Right-hand of the Divifor 72, 
 making it 720. 
 
 This being done, I remove the Refolvend 
 with its Divifor a Step lower, and bring down 
 and annex to it the next Poiht 64, making 
 it 57664, for a new Refolvend, and point off 
 its lad; Figure to the Right. 
 
 Now, as before, I examine how often the 
 Divifor 720 is contained in 5766, the Remains 
 of the Refolvend to the Left 5 and finding it to 
 go 8 Times, I therefore place 8 in the Quotient, 
 and alfo on the Right oi the Divifor 720, mak- 
 ing it 7208, which I multiply by 8, thelaft Fi- 
 gure placed in the Quotient ; and the Produdt 
 57664, being equal to the Refolvend, the Ex- 
 traction is therefore completed— and the fquare 
 Root of the Number given is 3608. 
 
 II. To 
 
Rules to extract the fquare Root . 193 
 
 II. To know when the fquare Root of 
 a given fquare Number is truly 
 extraEled. 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Multiply the Root into its felf, whofe Pro- 
 dud: muft always be equal to the given Num- 
 ber for Extra<dion. 
 
 I As for Example. 
 
 3608 the above Root,, 
 multiplied by 3608 
 
 28864 
 
 21648 
 
 10824 
 
 
 1 
 
 theProdud is 12017664, which is equal to 
 the Number given for Extradion. 
 
 Or by common Divifion, as follows , viz. 
 
 Divide the fquare Number given for Ex- 
 tradion, by the fquare Root found ; and the 
 Quotient will be equal to the faid Root, with- 
 out a Remainder. 
 
 So 13017664 being divided by 3608, the 
 Quotient is 3608, as before is proved by Mul- 
 tiplication. 
 
 To make the Extradion of the fquare 
 Root as intelligible as I can in the Cafe laft 
 P ^ men- 
 
194 ‘Rules to extract the fquare Root . 
 
 mentioned, I will give a fecond Example, as 
 follows, viz . Suppofe 49126081 to be the 
 given fquare Number whofe Root is required: 
 
 49126081(7009 
 
 49 
 
 14 ) oi,2 Refolvend. 
 
 A- 1400) 126081 Refolvend. 
 
 14009) 12608,1 Refolvend. 
 
 126081 Product. 
 
 o 
 
 Here 49, the firft Point, being a fquare 
 Number, and its Root 7 ; I therefore place 7 
 in the Quotient, and fubdracding 49 from 49, 
 nothing remains $ wherefore I bring down the 
 next Point (12) for a Refolvend. 
 
 This done, I double the Quotient 7, which 
 is 14, and place it on the Left of the Re- 
 folvend, and point off the lad Figure to the 
 Right of the Refolvend, fo that its Remains 
 to the Left is but 1. 
 
 Now as 14 the Divifor cannot be had in 1, 
 the faid Remains of the Refolvend, therefore 
 I place a Cypher in the Quotient, and alfo 
 another on the Right-hand of the Divifor 
 (after having removed the Refolvend a Step 
 lower) making it 140 (as againft A) and to 
 the Refolvend 1 2 bring down and annex the 
 next Point 60, making the new Refolvend 
 1260, and point off its lad Figure to the 
 Right as before ; fo then the Remains of the 
 Refolvend to the Left is 126. 
 
 Now 
 

 ; 
 
 l- 
 
 I 
 
 
 Rules to extradl the fquare Root . 195 
 
 Now again, as 14© the Divifor cannot be 
 had in 126 the faid Remains of the Refolvend, 
 I muft therefore place another Cypher (as 
 before) in the Quotient* and alfo on the Right 
 of the Divifor 140, making it 1400, and bring 
 down and annex to the Reiolvend 1260 the 
 next Point 81, thereby making it 126081, 
 from which I point off the laft Figure to the 
 Right as before, and then the Remainder of 
 this new Refolvend to the Left is 126080 
 
 In the next Place, I examine by common 
 Divifion, how often the Divifor 1400 is con- 
 tain’d in the faid Remainder of the Refol- 
 rend 126083 which being 9 Times, I there- 
 fore place 9 in the Quotient, and alfo on the 
 Right of the Divifor 1400, making it 140092 
 as at B. 
 
 Then multiplying the Divifor 14009, by 9 
 the laft Figure placed in the Quotient, the 
 Produdt is 1260813 which being equal to the 
 Refolvend, fhews that the Extraction is com- 
 pleted, and that the fquare Root of 49126081 
 is 7009. 
 
 Thus much for the Extraction of fquare 
 Numbers, which confift of whole Numbers 
 or Integers only. Now I fhall, in the next 
 Place, (hew how to extraCt the fquare Root of 
 fquare Numbers, which confift of Integers and 
 Decimal Fractions only. 
 
 P 3 III. fo 
 
196 Rules to extraSi the fquare Root. 
 
 III. 7 0 extraSi the fquare Root of any 
 fquare Number , conffing of In- 
 tegers and a decimal F rail ion. 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Po * NT the Integers of the given Number 
 to be ext. added f om the Right to the Left , 
 as before \ and the Figures of the F radii on, 
 from Units, place ( f the Integers) towards 
 the Right ; and as many Points as are in the 
 prcdhon, of jo many Places wi l its Root con- 
 fft, and which , when the Extra del on is ended, 
 (which is the very fame as if the whole were 
 Integers) mvfi be jeparated from the Integers 
 by a Comma . 
 
 Example. 
 
 Suppofe 449537025 be a fquare Number 
 for Extraction : 
 
 • • © t- 
 
 4495,7025(67,05 Root 
 
 3 6 
 
 12 7) 89,5 Refolvend 
 889 Product 
 
 1 3405)67025 Refolvend 
 67025 Product 
 
 o 
 
 Now, the Quotient being 6705, and the 
 Fraction confiding of two Points, therefore 
 the Root of the Fraction confifts of two Places *, 
 
 which 
 
Rules to extraB the fquare Root. 197 
 
 which feparate from the Integers by a Comma 
 thus, 67,05, and then the Work is done. 
 
 Secondly, To exiraSi the fquare Root 
 of a decimal FraElion , which is 
 commenfurable to its Root. 
 
 To perform this, proceed in every Refpedt 
 as in the Extradtion of Integers, placing a 
 Comma before the Root, to fignify that *tis a 
 decimal Fradtion ; which the two following 
 Examples will make plain. 
 
 Suppofe ,5625 and ,55*1536 to be two gi- 
 ven decimal Fractions, commenfurable to their 
 Roots : 
 
 Example I. Example II. 
 
 > 5 6 z 5(>75 Root 
 49 
 
 E45) 72,5 Refolvend 
 725 Produdt 
 
 3 S7 I S36( 5 756Root 
 
 49 
 
 145) 81,5 Refolvend 
 725 Produdt 
 
 1506) 9036 Refolvend 
 9036 
 
 J o 
 
 In the Extradtion of decimal Fradtions, 
 which have two or three Cyphers in the two 
 or three, &c. frit Places next the Left-hand, 
 you muit always Note , to cut off as many twos 
 of them , with a Da fa of your Pen, as are there 
 contained 3 and for every fuch two Cyphers fo 
 b P 4 cut 
 
19^ Rules to extratl the fquare Root. - 
 
 cut off, place a Cypher in the Quotient, or 
 firfl Place or Places of the Root, and then 
 proceed to extract the fquare Root of the re- 
 maining Figures, as if they were Integers. 
 
 Thus the fquare Root of ,004489 is ,067, 
 and he fquare Root of ,00003 5 1 649 is ,00593 , 
 as in the following Examples. 
 
 Example II. 
 
 ,ooool35i6 4 9(, 00593 
 
 2 5 
 
 Example L 
 ,001448^,067 
 
 227) 88,9 Refolvend 
 889 Product 
 
 o 
 
 X 09) 1016 Refolvend 
 981 Product 
 
 1 1 83 ) 354>9 
 
 3549 
 
 1 o 
 
 N. B. When a Vulgar Fra Elion, injlead of 
 a Decimal Fraction , is annexed to a given 
 Number , commenjurable to its Root , reduce the 
 vulgar Fraction to a decimal Fra El ion, and 
 then proceed as in the preceding F^x ample s. 
 
 Vulgar Fractions are reduced to De- 
 cimal Fractions, 
 
 By this Analogy, 
 
 As theDcnom in at or of a vulgar FraEiion , is 
 to its Numerator, 
 
 So is 10,100, &c. the Denominator of a 
 ’ Decimal FraEiion to its Numerator . 
 
 Suppofe 
 
Rules to ext raft the fquare Root . 199 
 
 Suppofe J be a given vulgar Fraction, to be 
 reduced to a decimal Fraction, whofe Deno- 
 minator is 100. 
 
 Then 4 : 3 : : 100 : 75. 
 
 3 
 
 4)3 °°(75 
 
 28 
 
 20 
 
 So the decimal Fraction, equal to \ is ,75 ; 
 with which proceed as before. 
 
 N B . In the Extraction of Integers and 
 Decimals annexed, and Decimals alone, that 
 if the Number of decimal Places be not even* 
 viz. of Two, Four, Six, &c. Places, then 
 the Number propofed for Extraction is in com- 
 menfurable to its Root, and is therefore called 
 a furd Number , as I have obferved already, 
 
 IV. To extraB the fquare Root of a 
 vulgar FraBion alone , commenfur- 
 able to its Root 3 as r 6 » &?c. 
 
 RULE. 
 
 ExtraB the fquare Root of the Numerator of 
 the given Fraction , for a new Numerator , and 
 alfo of the Denominator , for a new Denomi - 
 nator ; then Jhall the new FraBion (fo produced ) 
 be the fquare Root of the given Fraction. 
 
 Let 
 
200 Rules to extract the Jquare Root. . 
 
 Let the firft of the Fradtions which I 
 juft now mentioned, be a given fquare Frac- 
 tion to find its Root. Now, 
 
 The fquare Root of i the Numerator, is t, 
 which is the new Numerator ; and the fquare 
 Root of 4 the Denominator, is 2, for the 
 new Denominator ; wherefore the new Frac- 
 tion is the fquare Root of f , the given fquare 
 Fradtion. 
 
 As in Extractions of this kind, the Root of 
 a fquare Fradtion is greater than the Fradtion 
 Itfelf, which may be furprizing to fome, I 
 will therefore demonftrate the Reafon thereof. 
 
 Demonstration. 
 
 Suppofe the Square abed , Fig. I. Plate IV. 
 be a fquare Integer, divided into 4 equal Parts 
 by the two Diameters e x and y g-, then ’tis 
 plain that the little Square e bfg is a quarter 
 Part thereof, and equal to I, the given Frac- 
 tion.- — Now as e b , which is the Side or Root 
 of the Square e bj g> is Half the Side a b, of 
 the Integer abed , therefore the fquare Root 
 of * is I s that is, it is not \ of the given 
 Fradtion, but ’tis * the Length of the Side of 
 the Integer, of which the given Fradtion is a 
 quarter Part. 
 
 So in Fig. II, Plate IV. the fquare Root of 
 the Square i k l m f which is * of the Square 
 h k no, is f ; that is to fay, ’tis * of h k, the 
 Side of the Integer k h n 0. 
 
 And 
 
Rules to extract the fquare Root . 2©i 
 
 And in Fig. III. Plate IV. the fquare Root 
 of the Square r q s t, which is of the In- 
 teger p q v w, is l ; that is to fay, ’tis J of 
 p q , the Side of the Integer p qv w, of which 
 r q s t, the Iquare Fraction given, is a fixteenth 
 Part. 
 
 V 
 
 V. 7*0 extraB the fquare Root of a 
 fur d Number (as near as ?teed be 
 in common Affairs.) 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Find the fquare R ot of the Number given 
 for Extraction , as if it was commen fur able to 
 its Root , and then exprefs the Root of the Re- 
 mainder by a vulgar Fraction , as follows ; viz. 
 Double the Remainder for a Numerator , and 
 quadruple (which is to multiply by the Root 
 found , and thereto add i for the Denominator . 
 fhen that vulgar Fraction being annexed to 
 the Root found , that mixt Number Jhall be 
 (nearly) the fquare Root of the given Number . 
 
 Suppofe 1 8 to be a Number given for 
 Extraction. 
 
 18(4 ,? 7 Root 
 16 
 
 I 
 
 2 remains. 
 
 Here the Root of the integral Part is 4, and 
 2 is the Remains — Now the Double of 2, the 
 Remains, is 4, which is the Numerator : and 
 
 the 
 
202 Rules to extradl the fquare Root . 
 
 the Root 4 quadrupled, i6, and i added to 
 it is 17, is the Denominator ; and fo 4 f is 
 .very near the fquare Root of 18. 
 
 For 4v,‘ 
 
 Multiplied by 4 r - 7 
 
 J_ 6. J /». 
 
 17 17 
 
 jfcW , " I -" —" I 1 II MIIB J B— ^ a 
 
 The Product is 17— f 7 — — ft* which 
 is little more than ^ lefs than the true Root. 
 
 N. B. When very great Exaclnefs is re- 
 quired ^ the fquare Roots of furd Numbers may 
 be obtained much nearer by an Approximation , 
 as follows, viz. 
 
 When a furd Number is given for Extrac- 
 tion, confiding wholly of Integers, you mud: 
 proceed in the Extraction, the very fame, as 
 with a rational fquare Number, till all the 
 Points are finished, when there will always 
 be a Remainder ; which not only (hews that 
 the Number propofed is a furd Number, but 
 alfo, that you have already found the greateft 
 whole Number that the fquare Root can con- 
 fid of : And to find the decimal Fraction to 
 be annexed to the Root fo found, to bring it 
 nearer the Truth, proceed as follows. 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Place two Cyphers on the Right-hand of the 
 Remainder, for a new Refqlvend. \ and double the. 
 
 Root 
 
Rules to extract the fquare Root . 203 
 
 Root found for a new Divifor , wherewith pro- 
 ceed y as in Rule VI. and VII. and then there 
 will be produced one Figure more to be placed in 
 the Quotient , which is the firft Figure of the 
 decimal Fraction^ and which you mujl dijlinguif 
 from the Integers in the Root , by a Comma ; 
 and fo by a continual annexing of two Cyphers 
 to every lajl Remainder , you may continue the 
 Extraction to as many Places of Decimals as 
 you pie afe ; for as many Pairs of Cyphers as yon 
 annex , fo many Places of Decimals will there 
 be in the Root , 
 
 Example. 
 
 What is the fquare Root of 6968(83,4745, &c , 
 
 64 
 
 163) 568 Refolvend 
 489 Product 
 
 Remains 79 
 
 Now to 79 add two Cyphers, &c. 
 1664)790,0 new Refolvend 
 6656 Product 
 
 16687)12440,0 new Refolvend 
 116809 Product 
 
 166944) 75910,0 Refolvend 
 
 667776 Product 
 
 1669485) 913240,0 Refolvend 
 
 8347425 Product 
 
 Remains 784975, &c. 
 
 Now 
 
2©4 Rules to extract the fquare Root . 
 
 Now in this Example you fee, that I have 
 added a Pair of Cyphers to the Remainder 4 
 Times, and thereby obtained as many Places 
 of Decimals in the Root ; and fo in like 
 manner you may go on until you have a Deci- 
 mal of a Hundred, Thoufand, &c. Places, and 
 (till have a Remainder. 
 
 In the Extraction of furd Numbers, con- 
 lifting of Decimals annexed to Integers, or of 
 Decimals alone, it is to be obferved, that if 
 the decimal Places be not even, as Two, 
 Four, Six, &c. they mu ft be made fo, by an- 
 nexing a Cypher. So if ,751 be a given De- 
 cimal for Extraction, you muft make it ,7510; 
 and in like manner the decimal Fraction ,6 
 muft be made ,60, &c . before they be pointed 
 for Extraction. 
 
 V* To prove the Rxtra&ion of Surd 
 Numbers . 
 
 The Extraction of furd Numbers is belt 
 proved by fquaring the Root found and if the 
 ProduCt, with the Remains added, be equal 
 to the Number extracted, the Operation is 
 true, otherwife not. 
 
 This I will make familiar and eafy, by a 
 Proof of the laft Example, 
 
 { given Number is 6968 
 Root found is 83,4745 
 Remainder is 784975 
 
 As 
 
Of Decimal Multiplication 4 205 
 
 As following. 
 
 Multiply 83,4745 the Root 
 by itfelf 83,4745 
 
 4i737 I. 2 5 
 
 333898° 
 
 5*43215 
 3 3 38980 
 
 25'°'4 2 35 
 
 667 7 960 
 
 696799215025 Product 
 
 784975 Remainder 
 
 Produd is 696 8,00000000 3 which is equal 
 to the given Number. 
 
 And as I have work’d the Proof of this Ex- 
 ample by decimal Multiplication, which per- 
 haps may not be well underftood by all my 
 Readers, I will therefore, for the well un~ 
 demanding of it, beg Leave to obferve s 
 
 I. In the Multiplication of Decimals (whe- 
 ther the Numbers be Decimals alone, or Inte- 
 gers and Decimals) that after having placed 
 the Multiplier under the Multiplicand, as in 
 common Multiplication, the Work is, in every 
 refpedt, the fame as with Multiplication of 
 whole Numbers of one Denomination 3 diflin- 
 guiihing from the Right-hand of the Product 
 Jo many Figures for Decimals, as there are de- 
 cimal Places both in the Multiplicand and 
 
 Multi- 
 
206 Of Decimal Multiplication. 
 
 Multiplier, and then the Remains to the Left- 
 hand (when any) are whole Numbers. 
 
 II. In the Multiplication of Decimals alone 
 (that is, when the Multiplicand and Multiplier 
 are each lefs than an Unit) the Produdt 
 thence arifing is always lefs than either of 
 them ; and therefore it often happens, that 
 after Multiplication is finished, there are not 
 fo many Figures in the Produdt, as there are 
 decimal Places in the Multiplicand and Mul- 
 tiplier ; wherefore when fuch Defedt happens, 
 it mu ft be obferved to prefix as many Cyphers 
 On the Left-hand of the Produdt, as will make 
 the Number of decimal Places in the Produdt, 
 equal to the Number of decimal Places in 
 both the Multiplicand and Multiplier. Thefe 
 will be beft underftood by the following Ex- 
 
 Example II. 
 Multiply 62,25 
 by 3 >75 
 
 amples, viz. 
 
 Example I. 
 Multiply 72,5 
 by 1 8,7 
 
 5075 
 
 5800 
 
 725 
 
 3112 
 
 43575 
 
 18675 
 
 % 
 
 1 355.75 
 
 2 33>4375 
 
 Example 
 
Of Decimal Multiplication . 607 
 
 Example III. Example IV. 
 
 Multiply 2,724 Multiply 9,7654 
 
 by 2,124 by 8,6923 
 
 10896 
 
 292962 
 
 i 9 53°8 
 
 5 44 8 
 
 2724 
 
 5448 
 
 878886 
 
 585924 
 
 781232 
 
 5>7 8 577 6 
 
 84,88378642 
 
 I n Examp. I. there being but two Places 
 of Decimals, viz. 5 arid 7, therefore from the 
 Product 135575 (by a Comma) I feparate the 
 two laft Figures thereof, viz. 75, fo that the 
 true Product is 1355,75. 
 
 I n Examp. II. there being 4 Places of De- 
 cimals, viz . 25 and 75, therefore from the 
 Produdt 2334375, I fepafate the laft 4 Fi- 
 gures to the Right, viz . ,43 75, and then the 
 real Product is 233,4375. 
 
 So in like manner, the Decimal in the 
 Prod, dl of Examp. III. corififts of 6 Figures, 
 becaufe there are 6 decimal Places in the Mul- 
 tiplicand and Multiplier; arid the Decimal in 
 the Product of Examp. IV. confifts of 8 Fi- 
 gures* becaufe there are fomanv decimal Places 
 in the Multiplicand and Multiplier, viz. ,76^4 
 and ,6923. 
 
 Q 
 
 Now 
 
 
2g8 Of Decimal Multiplication . 
 
 Now I wilt give two Examples, wherein 
 there don’t arife fo many Figures in the Pro- 
 d ? dts as there are decimal Piaces in the Mul- 
 tiplicand and Multiplier, which muft be made 
 good by prefixing of Cyphers, as aforefaid. 
 
 Example I, 
 
 Multiply ,09 
 by ,05 
 
 5Q045 Here I muft prefix two Cy- 
 phers, as the two Decimals confift of 4 Places,, 
 and their Multiplication produces but 2 Fi- 
 gures, viz. 45. 
 
 Example II, 
 
 Multiply ,0075 
 
 by ,075 
 
 375 
 
 5 2 5 
 
 ,0005625 Here I muft prefix 3 Cy- 
 phers, becaufe the Multiplication of the two 
 Decimals produce but 4 Figures, viz. ,5625. 
 
 It is alfo to be noted , 
 
 That when a decimal Fraction, or whole 
 Numbers with Decimals annexed, is to be 
 multiplied by io, 100, 1000, &c. Units, it 
 is but removing the Comma fo many Places far- 
 ther towards the Right-hand in the Multipli- 
 cand, as there are Cyphers annexed to the 
 One. 
 
Of Decimal Multiplication 0 209 
 
 As for Example, 
 
 If ,8763 be multiplied by 
 10 0 ' 
 
 10000 
 
 Now, as I have thus fully explained the 
 Extraction of the fquare Root in all its Va- 
 rieties, of whole Numbers and Fractions 5 I 
 (hall in the next Place, for to fave the Trou~ 
 ble of Extractions, add a Table of fquare 
 Numbers with their Roots, from 1 to 250,000, 
 and then return to the Menfuration of Cylin** 
 drical Walls, &c* 
 
 2 
 
 A TABLE 
 
( 210 ) 
 
 A TABLE of Square Numbers and 
 their Roots , 
 
 Root. 
 
 Square. 
 
 Root. 
 
 Square. 
 
 Root. 
 
 Square. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 3 i 
 
 961 
 
 60 
 
 3600 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 32 
 
 1024 
 
 61 
 
 372 t 
 
 4 
 
 16 
 
 33 
 
 1089 
 
 62 
 
 3844 
 
 5 
 
 25 
 
 34 
 
 1156 
 
 6 3 
 
 39 6 9 
 
 6 
 
 3 6 
 
 35 
 
 1225 
 
 64 
 
 4096 
 
 7 
 
 49 
 
 36 
 
 1296 
 
 65 
 
 42 2 5 
 
 8 
 
 64 
 
 37 
 
 1369 
 
 66 
 
 4356 
 
 9 
 
 81 
 
 38 
 
 *444 
 
 67 
 
 4489 
 
 I o 
 
 100 
 
 39 
 
 1521 
 
 68 
 
 4624 
 
 1 1 
 
 121 
 
 40 
 
 f 600 
 
 69 
 
 4761 
 
 12 
 
 144 
 
 41 
 
 1681 
 
 70 
 
 4900 
 
 13 
 
 169 
 
 42 
 
 1764 
 
 7 i 
 
 5 ° 4 i 
 
 14 
 
 196 
 
 43 
 
 1849 
 
 72 
 
 5184 
 
 i 5 
 
 225 
 
 44 
 
 1936 
 
 73 
 
 5329 
 
 16 
 
 256 
 
 45 
 
 2025 
 
 74 
 
 5476 
 
 17 
 
 289 
 
 46 
 
 2116 
 
 75 
 
 5 6 25 
 
 18 
 
 324 
 
 47 
 
 2209 
 
 76 
 
 5 77 6 
 
 *9 
 
 361 
 
 48 
 
 2304 
 
 77 
 
 59 7 -9 
 
 20 
 
 400 
 
 49 
 
 2401 
 
 78 
 
 6084 
 
 21 
 
 441 
 
 50 
 
 2500 
 
 79 
 
 624I 
 
 22 
 
 484 
 
 51 
 
 2601 
 
 80 
 
 64OO 
 
 23 
 
 5 2 9 
 
 52 
 
 2704 
 
 I 81 
 
 6561 
 
 24 
 
 57 6 ' 
 
 53 
 
 2809 
 
 1 82 
 
 6724 
 
 2 5 
 
 625 
 
 54 
 
 2916 
 
 1 83 
 
 6889 
 
 26 
 
 676 
 
 55 
 
 3 02 5 
 
 i 84 
 
 7056 
 
 27 
 
 729 
 
 56 
 
 3 ‘36 
 
 ■i 85 
 
 7225 
 
 28 
 
 784 
 
 57 
 
 3 H 9 
 
 j 86 
 
 739 6 
 
 29 
 
 841 
 
 5 8 
 
 33 6 4 
 
 87 
 
 7569 
 
 _ 3 ° 
 
 900 < 
 
 59 
 
 3481 
 
 88 
 
 77 ^ 2 . 
 
 
Of fquare Numbers and their Roots . 211 
 
 Root. 
 
 Square. 
 
 , Root 
 
 Square. 
 
 Root 
 
 Square. 
 
 89 
 
 8121 
 
 119 
 
 14161 
 
 149 
 
 22201 
 
 90 
 
 8 100 
 
 120 
 
 14400 
 
 150 
 
 22500 
 
 9 < 
 
 8281 
 
 1 2 1 
 
 14641 
 
 151 
 
 22801 
 
 92 
 
 8464 
 
 122 
 
 14884 
 
 152 
 
 23304 
 
 93 
 
 8649 
 
 i2 3 
 
 15129 
 
 153 
 
 23409 
 
 94 
 
 8836 
 
 124 
 
 15376 
 
 154 
 
 23716 
 
 95 
 
 9025 
 
 I 2 
 
 15625 
 
 155 
 
 24025 
 
 96 
 
 9216 
 
 126 
 
 15876 
 
 156 
 
 23336 
 
 97 
 
 9409 
 
 127 
 
 16129 
 
 1 57 
 
 24649 
 
 98 
 
 9704 
 
 128 
 
 16384 
 
 158 
 
 24964 
 
 99 
 
 9801 
 
 I29 
 
 16641 
 
 i 59 
 
 25281 
 
 IOO 
 
 10000 
 
 130 
 
 16900 
 
 160 
 
 25600 
 
 101 
 
 10 01 
 
 * 3 | 
 
 17161 
 
 161 
 
 25921 
 
 102 
 
 10404 
 
 I 3 2 
 
 i 74 2 4 
 
 162 
 
 26244 
 
 103 
 
 10609 
 
 i 33 
 
 1 7689 
 
 163 
 
 26569 
 
 IO4 
 
 10816 
 
 134 
 
 17956 
 
 164 
 
 26896 
 
 IO5 
 
 11025 
 
 *35 
 
 18225 
 
 1 65 
 
 27225 
 
 106 
 
 1 1 236 
 
 136 
 
 18496 
 
 166 
 
 27556 
 
 IO7 
 
 1 1 449 
 
 137 
 
 18769 
 
 167 
 
 27889 
 
 IOS 
 
 1 1 664 
 
 138 
 
 19044 
 
 168 
 
 28224 
 
 IO9 
 
 1 1881 
 
 i 39 
 
 19321 
 
 169 
 
 28561 
 
 no 
 
 12100 
 
 140 
 
 19600 
 
 170 
 
 28900 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 1 2321 
 
 141 
 
 19881 
 
 171 
 
 29241 
 
 I 12 
 
 12 544 
 
 142 
 
 20164 
 
 172 
 
 29784 
 
 IJ 3 
 
 12769 
 
 H 3 
 
 20449 
 
 i 73 
 
 29929 
 
 114 
 
 12996 
 
 144 
 
 20736 
 
 i 74 
 
 30276 
 
 ”5 
 
 i 3 22 5 
 
 14 5 
 
 20025 
 
 1 75 
 
 3 0 585 
 
 1 1 6 
 
 i 3456 
 
 146 
 
 21316 
 
 1 76 
 
 30776 
 
 11 7 
 
 13689 
 
 147 
 
 21609 
 
 177 
 
 3 X 3 2 9 
 
 1 1 1 8 
 
 r 39 2 4 
 
 148 
 
 21904 
 
 178 
 
 31684 
 
 0-3 
 
g 1 2 Of fquare Numbers and their Roots . 
 
 Root. 
 
 square. 
 
 Root. 
 
 Square. 
 
 Root. 
 
 Square. 
 
 179 
 
 320.1 
 
 208 
 
 43264 
 
 2 37 
 
 56169 
 
 180 
 
 32400 | 
 
 209 
 
 43681 
 
 238 
 
 56644 
 
 181 
 
 .32761 
 
 210 
 
 44 1 00 
 
 239 
 
 57 12 1 
 
 182 
 
 .33124 
 
 21 1 
 
 44521 
 
 240 
 
 57000 
 
 1 3 
 
 33489 
 
 2x2 
 
 44.944 
 
 241 
 
 5808 1 
 
 184 
 
 33856 
 
 213 
 
 45369 
 
 242 
 
 58564 
 
 185 
 
 34025 
 
 214 
 
 45796 
 
 243 
 
 59049 
 
 186 
 
 34596 
 
 2 *5 
 
 46225 
 
 244 
 
 59536 
 
 i8 7 
 
 34969 
 
 216 
 
 46656 
 
 245 
 
 60015 
 
 188 
 
 35344 
 
 217 
 
 47089 1 
 
 246 
 
 60516 
 
 189 
 
 35621 
 
 2 ? 8 
 
 475 2 4 ; 
 
 247 
 
 61009 
 
 190 
 
 36100 
 
 219 
 
 47961 
 
 248 
 
 61504 
 
 191 
 
 36481 
 
 220 
 
 48400 ; 
 
 249 
 
 62001 
 
 192 
 
 36864 
 
 22 1 
 
 48 84 1 
 
 250 
 
 62500 
 
 1 93 
 
 37249 
 
 222 
 
 492^4 
 
 251 
 
 629.01 
 
 194 
 
 37636 
 
 223 
 
 49729 
 
 252 
 
 63504 
 
 i 95 
 
 38025 
 
 224 
 
 50176 
 
 2 53 : 
 
 64009 
 
 196 
 
 38426 
 
 225 
 
 50625 
 
 254 
 
 64516 
 
 1 97 
 
 38809 
 
 226 
 
 51076 
 
 255 
 
 65025 
 
 198 
 
 39204 
 
 227 
 
 5 i 5 2 9 
 
 256 
 
 65536 
 
 199 
 
 39601 
 
 228 
 
 51984 
 
 257 
 
 66049 
 
 ■ 200 
 
 40000 
 
 229 
 
 52441 
 
 258 
 
 66564 
 
 . 201 
 
 4040 1 
 
 2 3 ° 
 
 5290° 
 
 259 
 
 6708 1 
 
 202 
 
 40804 
 
 231 
 
 53361 
 
 260 
 
 67600 
 
 204 
 
 41209 
 
 232 
 
 53804 
 
 261 
 
 6812 1 
 
 204 
 
 41616 
 
 2 33 
 
 54289 
 
 262 
 
 68644 
 
 205 
 
 42025 
 
 234 
 
 54756 
 
 263 
 
 69169 
 
 206 
 
 42436 
 
 2 35 
 
 55225 
 
 264 
 
 69696 
 
 207 
 
 42849 1 
 
 236 
 
 55696 
 
 265 
 
 70225 
 
Of fqnare Numbers and their Roots . 213 
 
 Root:. 
 
 Square. 
 
 Root. 
 
 2 66 
 
 70756 
 
 296 
 
 267 
 
 71289 
 
 297 
 
 268 
 
 71824 
 
 298 
 
 269 
 
 72361 
 
 299 
 
 27© 
 
 72900 
 
 30° 
 
 271 
 
 73341 
 
 3 01 
 
 272 
 
 73984 
 
 302 
 
 273 
 
 74529 
 
 3°3 
 
 274 
 
 75076 
 
 3°4 
 
 275 
 
 75625 
 
 3°5 
 
 276 
 
 76176 
 
 306 
 
 2 77 
 
 76729 
 
 3°7 
 
 278 
 
 77284 
 
 308 
 
 279 
 
 7777 1 
 
 3°9 
 
 280 
 
 78400 
 
 310 
 
 281 
 
 78961 
 
 3 1 1 
 
 282 
 
 79524 
 
 3 12 
 
 283 
 
 8oo8g 
 
 3*3 
 
 284 
 
 80656 i 
 
 3 H 
 
 285 
 
 81225 ' 
 
 3*5 
 
 2S6 
 
 8 1 796 j 
 
 316 
 
 287 
 
 82369 1 
 
 3 J 7 
 
 288 
 
 83 M 4 : 
 
 31S 
 
 289 
 
 83521 i 
 
 3 J 9 
 
 290 
 
 84IOO s 
 
 320 
 
 291 
 
 84681 | 
 
 321 
 
 292 
 
 85264 • 
 
 ■ 322 
 
 293 
 
 85849 j 
 
 323 
 
 294 
 
 86436 , 
 
 324 
 
 2 95 
 
 87025 • 
 
 3 2 5 
 
 Square. 
 
 Root. 
 
 Square. 
 
 87616 
 
 326 
 
 106276 
 
 88209 
 
 327 
 
 106929 
 
 8 8804 
 
 328 
 
 107584 
 
 89401 
 
 329 
 
 108241 
 
 90000 
 
 33 ° 
 
 108900 
 
 90601 
 
 33 1 
 
 1 0956 1 
 
 91204 
 
 332 
 
 1 10224 
 
 91809 
 
 333 
 
 110889 
 
 92410 
 
 334 
 
 111-556 
 
 93 ° 2 5 
 
 335 
 
 112225, I 
 
 93636 
 
 336 
 
 1 1 2 8 96 
 
 94249 
 
 337 
 
 112469 
 
 94S64 
 
 338 
 
 1 14244 
 
 95481 
 
 339 
 
 1 1492 1 
 
 96100 
 
 340 
 
 1 1 5600 * 
 
 9672 1 
 
 34 i 
 
 1 16281 
 
 97344 
 
 342 
 
 116964 
 
 97969 
 
 343 
 
 1 1 7649 
 
 98596 
 
 344 
 
 1183361 
 
 99325 
 
 345 
 
 1 19025 
 
 99856 
 
 346 
 
 119716 j; 
 
 100489 
 
 347 
 
 120409 
 
 101124 
 
 348 
 
 121104 
 
 1 0 1 76 1 
 
 349 
 
 121801 
 
 102400 
 
 350 
 
 122500 
 
 103041 
 
 35 i 
 
 123201 
 
 103684 
 
 352 
 
 1 2 39 ° 4 I 
 
 io 43 2 9 
 
 353 
 
 124609 1 
 
 104976 
 
 354 
 
 12 53 I 6 j 
 
 105625 
 
 355 
 
 126025 I 
 
%\\ Oj fquare Numbers and their Roots . 
 
 H.oot. 
 
 Square. 
 
 Root 
 
 Square. 
 
 Rcot 
 
 O-jUdltL. 
 
 356 
 
 126736 
 
 385 
 
 148225 
 
 414 
 
 1 7 1 39 6 
 
 357 
 
 127449 
 
 386 
 
 148996 
 
 4 i 5 
 
 1722^5 
 
 358 
 
 1 2$ 164 
 
 387 
 
 149769 
 
 416 
 
 1730^6 
 
 359 
 
 128881 
 
 388 
 
 150544 
 
 4 i 7 
 
 173889 
 
 360 
 
 129600 
 
 389 
 
 151321 
 
 418 
 
 174724 
 
 361 
 
 130321 
 
 39 ° 
 
 152100 
 
 419 
 
 *75501 
 
 -62 
 
 * 3*044 
 
 39 1 
 
 152881 
 
 420 
 
 176400 
 
 3 6 3 
 
 131769 
 
 392 
 
 133664 
 
 421 
 
 177241 
 
 3 6 4 
 
 132496 
 
 393 
 
 154449 
 
 42Z 
 
 178084 
 
 3 6 5 
 
 133125 
 
 394 
 
 1552^6 
 
 423 
 
 178929 
 
 366 
 
 133956 
 
 395 
 
 156025 
 
 424 
 
 * 7977 6 
 
 367 
 
 134689 
 
 39 6 
 
 156816 
 
 425 
 
 1 80625 
 
 368 
 
 435424 
 
 397 
 
 157609 
 
 426 
 
 181476 
 
 369 
 
 i 36161 
 
 39 8 
 
 158404 
 
 427 
 
 182329 
 
 37 ° 
 
 1 36900 
 
 399 
 
 159201 
 
 428 
 
 183184 
 
 37 1 
 
 137641 
 
 400 
 
 1 60000 
 
 429 
 
 184041 
 
 37 2 
 
 ■38384 
 
 401 
 
 160801 
 
 43 ° 
 
 184900 
 
 373 
 
 139129 
 
 402 
 
 161604 
 
 431 
 
 185761 
 
 374 
 
 139806 
 
 403 
 
 162409 
 
 432 
 
 186624 
 
 375 
 
 140625 
 
 4°4 
 
 1632 16 
 
 433 
 
 187489 
 
 376 
 
 141376 
 
 4 ° 5 
 
 164025 
 
 434 
 
 ,88356 
 
 377 
 
 142 1 29 
 
 406 
 
 164836 
 
 435 
 
 189225 
 
 378 
 
 142884 
 
 407 
 
 165649 
 
 436 
 
 190096 
 
 379 
 
 [43641 
 
 408 
 
 166465 
 
 437 
 
 190960 
 
 380 
 
 144400 
 
 409 
 
 167281 
 
 438 
 
 191844 
 
 33 i 
 
 I45 1 6r 
 
 410 
 
 168 100 
 
 439 
 
 192721 
 
 382 
 
 [45924 
 
 41 1 
 
 16892 1 
 
 440 
 
 193600 
 
 383 
 
 146789 
 
 412 
 
 169744 
 
 44-1 
 
 194481 
 
 384 
 
 147456 
 
 4*3 
 
 170569 
 
 442 
 
 195364 
 
Of fquare Numbers and their Roots. 215 
 
 Root. 
 
 Square. 
 
 Root. 
 
 Square. 
 
 443 
 
 196249 
 
 472 
 
 222784 
 
 444 
 
 197136 
 
 473 
 
 223729 
 
 445 
 
 198025 
 
 474 
 
 224876 
 
 446 
 
 198916 
 
 475 
 
 225625 
 
 447 
 
 199809 
 
 476 
 
 226576 ■ 
 
 448 
 
 200704 
 
 477 
 
 227429 
 
 449 
 
 201601 
 
 478 
 
 228484 
 
 450 
 
 202500 
 
 479 
 
 229441 
 
 45 1 
 
 203301 
 
 480 
 
 230400 
 
 452 
 
 204304 
 
 481 
 
 231381 
 
 453 
 
 205209 
 
 482 
 
 232324 
 
 454 
 
 2061 16 
 
 483 
 
 233289 , 
 
 455 
 
 207025 
 
 484 
 
 234256 
 
 456 
 
 207936 
 
 485 
 
 235225 
 
 457 
 
 208849 
 
 486 
 
 235996 
 
 458 
 
 209564 
 
 487 
 
 237169 
 
 459 
 
 210681 
 
 488 
 
 238144 
 
 460 
 
 2 1 1600 
 
 489 
 
 239121 
 
 461 
 
 21252 1 
 
 490 
 
 240100 
 
 462 
 
 213444 
 
 491 
 
 241081 
 
 463 
 
 214369 
 
 492 
 
 242064 
 
 464 
 
 2 15296 
 
 493 
 
 243049 
 
 465 
 
 216925 
 
 494 
 
 244036 
 
 466 
 
 217156 
 
 495 
 
 245025 
 
 467 
 
 218089 
 
 496 
 
 245916 
 
 468 
 
 j 2 19024 
 
 497 
 
 247009 
 
 469 
 
 219961 
 
 498 
 
 248004 
 
 470 
 
 220900 
 
 499 
 
 249001 
 
 1 47 1 
 
 j 2 21841 
 
 5 00 
 
 250000 
 
2i6‘ 
 
 To meafure the Solidity of 
 
 Prcb. XI. To meafure the Solidity of a circular 
 or elliptical Wall . As Fig. IV. Plate. II. 
 whofe, T hi chiefs, from the Bottom to the Top, 
 is the fame . 
 
 RULE. 
 
 From the Area of the exterior Circle iklm % 
 fubtradt the Area of the interior Circle a c e g, 
 and the Remains will be lh e Area of the Plan 
 or Bafe of the Wall ; which multiply by the 
 Height, and the Prodndt will be the Solidity 
 in cube Feet, and which being divided by 306, 
 the” Number of cube Feet in a Rod, the Quo- 
 tient will be Rods, and the Remains (when 
 any) cube Feet. 
 
 And fo in like manner, 
 
 The Solidity of an elliptical Wall , as Fig. IV. 
 
 Plate III. may be found thus , viz. 
 
 From the Area of the Eliipfis 1, 2, 3, 4, 
 fubtradt the Area of the Eliipfis a b c g^ and 
 the Remains will be the Area of th*e Plan of 
 the Wail ; which multiply by the Height, &c. 
 as aforefaid. 
 
 Example. 
 
 Suppose the Circle Fig. IV. Plate II, to be 
 28 Feet Diameter in the Clear within, and the 
 Wall to be 4 Bricks length in Thicknefs , and 25 
 Feet in Height, whaf s the Content of that Wall ? 
 
 Now, as the Thicknefs of the W all is 4 
 Bricks, equal to 3 Feet 5 therefore to 28 Feet, 
 
 the 
 
a circular or elliptical Walk 
 the given Diameter, add 6 Feet for the two 
 Thickneffes of the Walls on each Side, and the 
 Sum 34 will be equal to the Diameter of 
 i k l the exterior Circle. 
 
 By Prob. VII. Page 170, find the Areas of 
 the exterior and interior Circles, which will 
 be found to be, for the Exterior, 908^ 
 
 and for the Interior, — — 616 
 
 whofe Difference — 2927 
 
 is the Area or Number of fuperfteial Feet, 
 on which the Wall Hands $ and which being 
 multiplied by 25 Feet, the given Height, the 
 Produd: 7303 being divided by 306, the 
 Quotient will be 23 Rods and 265 cube Feet, 
 which is the foil’d Content required. 
 
 N. B . The Solidity or Content of circular 
 Walls, may be alfo found as follows. 
 
 RULE. 
 
 j„ Add together in one Sum the Number 
 of Feet contained in the Girts or Circum- 
 ferences of the exterior and interior Circles, or 
 Arches of the Plan ; and then their half Sum 
 being multiplied by the Thicknefs of the Wall, 
 the Produd; will be the Area of the Plan. 
 
 2. Multiply the Area of the Plan, by the 
 Height /of the fir ft Thicknefs) and the Pro- 
 duct will be the Solidity of that Part in cube 
 
 Feet, 
 
 KB, 
 
2 1 8 Of Arches to Vaults , &c. 
 
 AT. B. When a Wall is built of different 
 Thickneffes, this Rule mu ft be repeated at 
 every Thicknefs, after the firft; and then the 
 Teveral Solidities being added together, and di- 
 vided by 306, as aforefaid, the Quotient w ill 
 be the Solidity required. 
 
 In the preceding Example, the Circum- 
 ference of the exterior Circle is 106- Feet, 
 and the Circumference of the interior Circle is 
 8-8 Feet, whofe Sum is 194*, and whofe Half 
 is 97^. Now 97^ being multiplied by 3 Feet, 
 the Thicknefs of the Wall, the Product 2927 
 is the Area or Number of fuperficial Feet on 
 which the Wall ftands ; which is but - of a 
 Foot more than in the preceding Example. 
 
 — ' V V ' 
 
 Sect. X. Of Arches to Vaults, of 
 Cellars, Ground Offices, Bridge-, 
 Drains, &c. 
 
 A S circular Walls are called Ere5i Arches, 
 as being perpendicular to the Horizon, 
 io the Arches of Vaults are called Horizontal 
 Arches, as being parallel to the Horizon. 
 
 Horizontal Arches are either Circular , 
 
 Elliptical, or Gothic k. 
 
 Cm- 
 
Circular, Elliptical, and Gothick. 2ig 
 
 Circular Arches are either Semi-circles 
 or lefs than a Semi-circle, called Scheme Arches, 
 
 Elliptical Arches are Semi-ellipfes, 
 cither on their tranfverfe Diameters, as Fig. III. 
 or on their conjugate Diameters, as Fig. II 
 Plate IX. 
 
 Gothick Arches are alfo of two Kinds^ 
 viz. Ox-Ey'd , as Fig. II. and III, Plate XI. or 
 Hunch'd, as Fig. I. and II. Plate XII. 
 
 The Arches of Vaults are either continued 
 entire from End to End, or interfered at 
 right or oblique Angles, with one or more 
 other Arches : which together, are then call'd 
 Groin d Arches . 
 
 I n all Kinds of arched Vaults, the Prices 
 of Bricks and Mortar are the fame, as in other 
 common Works, but the Price of Workman- 
 fihip is more; viz. For continued Ilraight 
 Vaults, Work and Half ; and for groin'd Vaults, 
 Double Work , exclufive of cutting the Angles ; 
 And therefore ftraight continued Vaults, joint- 
 ed in the common Way, are worth for the 
 Workmanihip 2 /. 5 s. and groin'd Vaults 
 3 /. per Rod , exclufive of 6 d . per Foot-run, 
 for cutting the Angles, as aforefaid. 
 
 I n die building of Arches, great Care 
 fliould be taken, that no Jamel Bricks be ufed 
 1 therein. 
 
£20 Cautions in budding Arches . 
 
 therein, which in large Works will crujld y and 
 thereby caufe the Work to fall down. 
 
 And it muff alfo be obferved, that every 
 Courfe of Bricks be kept from Jbmmering more 
 than a right Angle from the Surface of the 
 Centre ; for when they are fuffered fo to do, 
 the keying- in Courfes on the Crown not hav- 
 ing any Skew Back , or tV'edge Property , on 
 which the Strength of all Arches depend, will 
 inevitably fall. 
 
 In the Turning of Arches, it is always 
 advifable, to lay the Bricks next to the Cen- 
 tre as thin in Mortar as can be done, and to 
 firmly wedge up their upper Ends with Tile 
 Sheds , or thin Slate Sheds , rather than to work 
 them up with Mortar only, which in its Con- 
 folidating will fhrink considerably, and there- 
 by, at the Jlriking of the Centre , admit of fome 
 Settlement. 
 
 Almost every arched Vault has a lateral 
 Preflfure, more or lefs, according to the Nature 
 of the Curve of which its Arch is formed ; 
 and therefore it is, that fuffclent Abutments 
 to refift fuch Preflbre are required. 
 
 Sect., 
 
( 221 ) 
 
 Sect. XL Of the Abutments of 
 Brick Arches. 
 
 O R the better undefftanding the Nature 
 
 of the FrefTure and Abutments of Circular, 
 
 Elliptical, and Gothick Arches, it will be beft 
 for to firft explain the Preffure and Abutment 
 of that, which (tho' very improperly) is called 
 a Jlraight Arch , as Fig. I, II. Plate V. whofe 
 Courfes being in Fadt nothing more than a 
 Complication of fo many Fruftums ol Wedges, 
 their lateral Preffure is therefore beft accounted 
 for, by coniidering one half of an entire Arch 
 as a right-angled Wedge, and its Weight, as a 
 Power applied thereto. 
 
 The Power of the Wedge is found by the 
 following Rule, viz. 
 
 As its perpendicular Height 
 is to the Length of its Safe, 
 
 So is the Power applied 
 to the Weight it will equipoife. 
 
 So is the Adtion of the Power applied* 
 to the Re-adtion of the Body, on which 
 it adts. Wherein ’tis to be noted, 
 
 That the' more acute-angled a Wedge is,’ 
 the greater k its Power, 
 
 O R, 
 
 In 
 
Ziz Of the AhutmHti of Straight Arches. 
 
 I n the following Calculations of the Abut- 
 ments of Brick Arches, it is fuppofed, that the 
 material Matter of themfelves, and of their 
 Abutments, are of the fame Compa&nefs, 
 Gravity, and Depth or Thicknefs ; and there- 
 fore the Areas of their Faces being only con- 
 fidered, without Regard being had to their 
 Depths, will be fufficient. 
 
 Prob. L Fig. I. Plate V* 
 
 "The half Part of a (Iraight Arch , as a b c d s 
 being given , to find the Length of its Jaumb , 
 whofe Breadth Jhall be equal to the Height of 
 the Arch , and whofe Refifiance or Re-affiion at 
 the fkew Back y which is to contain 45 DegreeSy 
 (hall be equal to the Power or Preffure of the 
 half Arch . 
 
 Operation. 
 
 As b Cy 4 Ft. 6 Inch, (the Top of the half 
 Arch, which is confidered as the Perpendicular 
 of a Wedge;) is to b e 4 Ft. 6 Inch, the Di- 
 fiance from the Head of the Arch to its Centre 
 (which is confidered as the ESafe of a Wedge ;) 
 fo is 5 Ft. Inch, the Area b cad of Half the 
 Arch ; which is to be confidered as a Power 
 applied to 5 Ft. 7- Inch, the Area of c d f g y 
 the abutting Jaumb ; and as the Breadth of the 
 Jaumb and Height of the Arch are equal, and 
 as the Area of the abutting Jaumb is found to 
 be equal to the Area of the half Arch, therefore 
 making eg equal to b c y the Length c g will 
 
 be I 
 
i 
 
 V 
 
 Of the Abutments of firelight Arches « 223 
 
 be the Length of the Jaumb required, and 
 which will relift the half Arch b c a d y wifti 
 the fame Power as the half Arch preffes on it : 
 For as the Adion and Re-adion of the Tri- 
 angles b c e, and c eg are equal, therefore the 
 Adion and Re-adion of the two Remains, 
 (viz. the two Trapezoids bead , and c df g, 
 which are the half Arch) and the abutting 
 Jaumb are alfo equal, as required. And as I 
 have already obferved, that the more acute a 
 Wedge is, the greater is its Power ; therefore 
 in all ftraight Arches, the lefs the Skew-back 
 is, the greater the Abutment mull be. 
 
 m 
 
 in 1 
 a f j 
 
 treij 
 
 k 1 
 
 Demonstration. 
 
 In Fig. I. where the Skew-back is 18 
 Inches, the Area of the abutting Jaumb is 
 5 Ft. 7^ Inch, But in Fig. II. where the Skew- 
 back is 9 Inches, the Area of its abutting Jaumb 
 mud be io~ Feet, which is nearly double the 
 other. 
 
 For in Fig. II. as ab , 3 Ft. 9 Inch, isto# c , 
 7 Ft. 6 Inch, fo is 5 Feet the Area of a b d e 
 the half Arch, to io, the Area of its abut- 
 ting Jaumb. 
 
 [cflj And tho’ in Fig. I. the Breadth of the 
 abutting Jaumb is made equal to the Height 
 J of the Arch, for the fake of making the De- 
 nil monftration clear, yet their Breadths or Heights 
 to 1 are to be made at Pleafure as Occafions may 
 require ; but either their Height muftbe given 
 to find the Breadth, or the Breadth to find the 
 Height 3 which are both found as follows, viz. 
 
 R Pros. 
 
224 Of the Abutments of Jiraight Arches . 
 
 Prob. II. "The Area and Height of an abut- 
 ting Jaumb of a freight Arch being given, to 
 find the Breadth : 
 
 Let the given Area be io fuperficial Feet, 
 and the Height of the abutting Jaumb 6 Feet. 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Divide (io) the given Area, by (6) the 
 given Height, and the Quotient (if) is the 
 Breadth required. 
 
 Prob. III. The Area and Breadth of an ■ 
 abutting jaumb to a Jiraight Arch being given, 
 to find its Height : 
 
 Let the given Area be io Feet as before, 
 and the given Breadth x8 Inches (equal to 
 the Height of the Arch,) 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Divide (io) the given Area, by ( if J and 
 the Quotient (6 )) is the Height of the abut- 
 ting Jaumb, as required. 
 
 N. B. When the re-adting Area of an abut- 
 ting Jaumb is found, it is neceffary to make 
 fome Addition thereto, fo that the re-adting 
 or refilling Area of the abutting Jaumb, may 
 be fuperior to the adling or preffing Area of 
 the half Arch : And therefore in Fig. I. add 
 the Area of the Triangle c d i \ and in Fig. II. 
 
Of the Abutments of Ji might Arches . 
 
 the Area of the Trapezoid b x e z, to the 
 Areas of the abutting Jaumbs, and then the 
 Arches cannot remove their Jaumbs, unlefs 
 they are loaded with Weights of greater 
 Power. 
 
 When a ftraight Arch* as a d y Pig. L 
 Plate VI. muft fuftain Weight as the Paral- 
 lelograms A and B, then the Breadth of its 
 abutting Piers, as e a and d h y muft be made 
 each equal to d c, the Height of the Parallelo- 
 grams, and their Depths d i and a g y toan y 
 half their Length : Becaufe then the abutting 
 Piers C and D, will be equal in Area and 
 Re-a&ion, to the Area and A&ion of the 
 Weight or Parallelograms A and B. 
 
 For as n d the Perpendicular, is to n m 
 the Bafe of the right-angled Wedge n d m y 
 fo is the Area of the Parallelogram B, together 
 with the Area of the half Arch, to the Area 
 of the abutting Jaumb G, and of the abutting 
 Pier D : And therefore if to the abutting Piers 
 C D, be added any Parts of the geometrical 
 Squares E and F, their Power of Refiftance 
 will then be fuperior to the preffing Power of 
 A B, the Weight on the Arch, which there- 
 fore cannot fall* 
 
 : 
 
 When a ftraight Arch, with its abutting 
 Piers, are to fuftain Weight, as Fig. II. and 
 III. Plate VI. then the Breadth of its abut- 
 ting Piers a b and d e , muft be made (at leaft) 
 R a each 
 
226 Of the Parts of an Arch. 
 each equal to half the Extent of the Head of 
 the Arch, viz. to be: Becaufe then the Area 
 of the Pier A C will be greater than the Area 
 of the Weight B, and its repulfive Force will 
 confequently be fuperior to the preffing Force 
 of the Weight ; fo that if the Weight and 
 Piers were to be raifed together infinitely, 
 the Arch could not in the lead be affected 
 
 Thus much for the Abutments of ftraight 
 Arches , now for thole of a femicircular Arch. 
 
 The femicircular Arch for its Uniformity, 
 is very much ufed, where Height will admit 
 it 5 but where it will not, then a femi-elliptical 
 Arch, on the tranfverfe or long Diameter, 
 muft be fubftituted in its Place, as alfo mult a 
 femi-elliptical Arch on the Conjugate, or (hort 
 Diameter, when a femi-circular Arch will not 
 rile to a Height required. 
 
 All Kinds of femi-circular, femi-elliptical, ) 
 and Gothick Arches, are divided into three 
 Parts, namely, two Hanches, as B B, Fig. I. 
 Plate VII. and the fcheme Part A A, con- ! 
 rained between them. 1 
 
 The two Hanches of a femi-circular Arch : 
 contain 90 Degrees, viz. each 45 Degrees, and 
 the Scheme Part 90 Degrees more, which to- l 
 gether make 180 Degrees, 
 
 I N I 
 
 thereby. 
 
Of the Abutments of a Semicircular Arch . %ty 
 
 In all femi-circular Arches, whofe Span- 
 drels are to be work’d up level with their 
 Crowns, as Fig. I. and II. Plate VII. their 
 Abutments are contained within the tangent 
 Lines of their outward Arches. 
 
 Demonstration. 
 
 I n the geometrical Square c i a m, the 
 Adtion and Re-adtion of the Triangles c i m, 
 and cam are equal, and the geometrical 
 Square E is common to both \ and as the 
 Spandrel C is equal to the Spandrel D<> and 
 half the Scheme A to the Hanch B, there- 
 fore the Adtion and Re-adtion of the Spandrel 
 C with the half Scheme A, and of the Span- 
 drel D with the Hanch B are equal $ and the 
 Square E, which is contain’d within the tan- 
 gent Line c a , remains, and is their Abutment 
 or Super-Ballance. Becaufe its Area or Readti- 
 on with that of the Scheme B and Spandrel D, 
 is as much fuperior to the Preflu re or A ft ion 
 of the Spandrel C, and half Scheme A, as its 
 .own Area or Re-adtion amounts to. 
 
 So in like manner Fig. II. Plate VII. 
 where the Arch is of much greater Thicknefs 
 than Fig. I, the Adtion of the Spandrel C 
 with the half Scheme E, is equal to the Re- 
 adtion of the Hanch F, with its abutting Span- 
 drel D ; but adding the Square A to the 
 Hanch F, and its Spandrel D, then their joint 
 Re-adtion will be fuperior to the Adtion of 
 
 R 3 the 
 
£28 Of the Abutments of a Semicircular Arch. 
 
 the half Scheme E and its Spandrel C, as be* 
 fore in Fig. I. 
 
 N. B. This la ft Example is given for to 
 ftiew, that let the Thicknefs of a lemi-circular 
 Arch be great or fmall, as may happen, its 
 Abutments are always fimilar, and contained 
 within the Tangent Lines of its Extreams. 
 
 When the Scheme Part only of a femi- 
 circular Arch, as x z, Fig. II. Plate VII. is to 
 fuftain a given Weight, and the Height 
 of the Abutments muft be but equal to the 
 Height of the outer Arch * then the half 
 Part of the Weight, together with the Weight 
 of the half Scheme and its Spandrel, muft be 
 confidered as a Power applied to a right-an- 
 gled Wedge, as c d e, and the Breadth of the 
 Abutments may be found, as before faid of a 
 ftraight Arch. 
 
 Prob ? IV. Fig. II* Plate VII. 
 
 *The Area of a f mi- circular Brick Arch 
 loaded with a given Weighty on its Scheme 
 Part only, being given , to find the Breadth of 
 its Abutments , whofe Height is to be equal with 
 the Vertex or Crown of the Arch, viz. 7 Ft, 3 In. 
 
 Suppose the Area of the half Scheme E to 
 be ii- Feet, of the Spandrel C 3!, and of 
 it$ Weight C 15 Feet, which together make 
 30 Feet, 
 
 Now the right-angled Triangle c d e being 
 confidered as a Wedge, and the aforefaid Area 
 
 of 
 
Of 'the Abutments of a Semicircular Arch. 229 
 
 of 30 Feet as a Power applied, the Abutments 
 may be thus found, viz. 
 
 As c d 5 Feet 
 is to d e 5 Feet, 
 
 So is 30 the Power applied 
 to 30 the Equipoife, or Re-aftion of 
 the Abutment required. 
 
 Now, as the Amount of the Abutment 
 within c a , the tangent Line of the outer Arch, 
 is but 19 Feet, viz. the Hanch F ; 3^ 
 the Spandrel D, and 4 the Square A 5 there- 
 fore there is a Deficiency of 1 x Feet, which 
 muft be added to the Hanch, &c. as follows. 
 
 To find the Breadth of the additional Abut- 
 ment. 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Divibe(i 584) the Number of fquare Inches 
 in (ji fquare Feet) the Deficiency, by (87) 
 the Number of Inches in the given Height of 
 the Abutment, and the Quotient (18 Inches 
 f J) is the additional Breadth for an Equipoife 
 as required : And therefore, 
 
 I T the additional Breadth be made 2 Feet, 
 then the repulfive A&ion of the H nch with 
 its aforefaid Abutment, will be fuperior to the 
 Power* of the half Scheme, together with its 
 Spandrel C and Weight G 5 which therefore 
 cannot remove them, and confequently can- 
 not fall. 
 
 R 4 
 
 When 
 
23° Of the Abutments of a Semicircular Arch . 
 
 When a femi-circular Arch, as Fig. I. 
 Plate VIII. together with its abutting Pier, is 
 to fall a in Weight to a confiderable Height, 
 then their Breadth, as po and op^ muft be made 
 (at lea ftp each equal to o b , half the Extent 
 of the whole Scheme, as before faid of a 
 ftrai ht Arch in Page 225 (and which is the 
 neareft: Diftance that a femi circular, or ftraight- 
 he ded Window or Door ought to Hand from 
 the Quoin of a Building.) 
 
 Demonstration. 
 
 A s the Area of the Ranch C, with its 
 Abutment A, is fuperior to the Area of the 
 half Scheme D, with its Spandrel B ; and as 
 the Breadth of the Pier E is equal to F, the 
 Breadth of half the Weight ; therefore the 
 Weight F, together with the Weight of the 
 Spandrel B, and Scheme D, is inferior to the 
 Weight of the Pier E, together with the Span- 
 drel A and Hanch C ; which therefore can’t be 
 removed by it, and confequently the Arch can-^ 
 not fall. When a fembcircular Arch is not to 
 fuftain Weight, as Fig. III. Plate VII. which 
 frequently happens when Vaults are laid over 
 with boarded Flooring, then their Abutments 
 need be carried up but 45 Degrees above their 
 Springing, as to d d , becaufe the Scheme Part 
 C C, can by no means remove the Hanches 
 D D, which are ftrongly fortified by the in- 
 cumbent Weight of the Walls B B. 
 
 When 
 
Of the Abutments of a Semicircular Arch. 23 1 
 
 When a femi-circular Arch, as Fig II. 
 Plate VII. by Neceffity mu ft be built to the 
 very Extreams of a Front, and fuftain a con- 
 fidcrable Weight, then, as no abutting Piers 
 can be had to reft ft the Adtion of the Weight, 
 there muft be laid within the Wall, next over 
 tfte Crown of the Arch, and at every 5 Feet 
 from thence upwards, a fubftantial discharging 
 Piece of Oak j which, over large Arches, ftiould 
 be cogged down on Lintels, and truffed, as a 
 Girder of confiderable Length is frequently 
 done 5 which will not only difcharge the Arch 
 of the Weight, but will firmly bond the Work 
 together. 
 
 I n a Series of femi-circular or femi- ellip- 
 tical Arches, as Fig. I. Plate IX. the Diame- 
 ters of the internal Piers, as B B, &c. may be 
 at Pleafure ; becaufe the Adtion and Re-adtion 
 of the Abutments over them are equal : But 
 the Breadth or Diameter of the external Pier, 
 as A, for to fecurely fteady the whole, £?c. 
 fhould be (at leaft) equal to the Semi-diameter 
 of the Arch next to it ; becaufe the Re-adlion 
 of that Part, together’ with the Addition of 
 the Hanch B, will be very much fuperior to 
 the PrefTure or adting Force of the half Scheme 
 C, fuftain’d by them, and therefore can't be 
 affedted by it. 
 
 The Thicknefs of Brick Arches is at Plea- 
 fure > but I think, in common Works, they 
 
 ftiould 
 
232 Of the 'Thicknfes of Arches. 
 fhould not exceed 1 Brick and a Half, for the 
 painted Dome of St. Paul's Cathedral, "London , 
 which is 110 Feet in Diameter, is but 2 Bricks, 
 or 18 Inches in Thicknefs; as alfo is the 
 Thicknefs of the Brick Fruftum of a Cone, 
 Handing over it, which fuftains the Stone Cu- 
 pola, and Crofs, with the Iron Gallery ; and 
 therefore their Thickneffes muft be either a 
 half Brick, a whole Brick, a Brick and Half, 
 or two Bricks, as may be judged fufficient for 
 the Purpofes required. 
 
 I n all Kinds of Arches, their Scheme Parts 
 being of fufficient Strength to fuflain the 
 Weight they are to carry, cannot be made too 
 light. 
 
 Arches to Drains, Common-Sewers, &c. 
 need be in Thicknefs but a Half Brick, or 
 Brick’s Breadth ; becaufe the Ground (being 
 filled in equally over them) becomes their 
 Abutment: And Arches to Vaults, under 
 Roads, &c. need not exceed 9 Inches, or a Brick’s 
 Length in the Thicknefs of their Scheme Part ; 
 becaufe they are alfo fill’d up with Earth or 
 Clay, which becomes their Abutments in the 
 fame Manner. 
 
 In an Arch of a confiderable Span, as 20, 
 30, &c. Feet, be it circular or elliptical, as 
 Fig. III. and IV. Plate X. if its Handles be 
 made 1 Brick and a Half, the Scheme Part 
 need be but 1 Brick’s Length in Thicknefs j 
 
 the 
 
Of Elliptical Arches. 233 
 
 the Hanches being iecured in their Abutments, 
 as before taught, which for a further Expla- 
 nation I will repeat in this. 
 
 Example. Fig. IV. Plate X. 
 
 Suppose the Area of Half the Scheme Part 
 be 3 ^ Feet, and the Area of one Hanch 5^ 
 Feet 5 and let the right-angled Triangle a b c> 
 reprefent a Wedge. 
 
 Then, as a b (the Perpendicular^ 6 Feet, 
 is to a c its Bafe, 6 Feet, 
 
 So is 3 Ft. 6 In, the Area of the Scheme, 
 to 3 Ft. 6 In. the Area of its Equipoife 
 required in the Hanch. 
 
 But as the Area of the Hanch is equal to 
 5^ Feet, therefore there is a Surplus of 2 Feet 
 in the Area of the Abutment of the Hanch, 
 which therefore cannot be difplaced by the 
 Force or Weight of the half Scheme, as be- 
 ing fo much fuperior in its Power of Re- 
 finance. 
 
 In a Semi-Elliptical Brick Arch, the 
 higher its Rife is, the lefs is the Power of its 
 Scheme on the Hanches. 
 
 And the Co?itrary y 
 
 The lower an Elliptical Brick Arch is in 
 its Rife, the greater is the Power of its Scheme 
 on the Hanches. 
 
 Problem V. 
 
 The Areas of two Semi-Elliptical Brick 
 Arches > the one on ike Conjugate , the other on 
 
 the 
 

 2 34 Of the Abutments 
 
 the Tranfverfe Diameter , being given , to find 
 their Abutments . 
 
 Let Fig II. and III, Plate IX. be the 
 two given Arches. 
 
 I. Tb find the Abutments of the Semi -Ellip- 
 tical Arch , Fig. II. the Area of whofe half 
 Scheme is 11-3, and of its Hanch 15-9. 
 
 Now the right-angled Triangle b gfi be- 
 ing confidered as a Wedge, whofe Perpendi- 
 cular b g, is Feet, and whofe Bali bgf is 
 4 \ Feet, it therefore follows, that, 
 
 As b g, 7 Ft. 6 In. the Perpendicular, is 
 to g f 4 Ft. 6 In. its Bafe ; 
 
 So is n Ft. 2 In. the Area of the half 
 Scheme, to 6f Feet, the Equipoife. 
 
 Now, as the Area of the Hanch is 15 Ft. 
 9 In. and the Amount of the Equipoife of the 
 Scheme is but 6 Ft. 8 In. therefore the Hanch, 
 within its felt only, contains a Super- Ballance 
 of 9 Ft. 1 In. which is nearly equal to 9 Ft. 
 9 In. the Area of the Spandrel on the half 
 Scheme. 
 
 If the Area of the Spandrel on the half 
 Scheme be added to the Area of the half 
 Scheme, whofe Sums are equal to 20 Ft. 
 9 In. then their abutting Equipoife muft be 
 1 2~ of a Foot. E or, 
 
 As 
 
 1 
 
of Semi-Elliptical Arches. 235 
 
 As *]\ Feet, the Perpendicular b g y 
 is to 4; Feet, the Bafeg/; 
 
 So is 2o£ Feet, the Areas of the Scheme and 
 its Spandrel, to i2|; which is upwards 
 of 35 Feet lefs in Power, than is con- 
 tain’d in the Hanch only : So that this 
 Surplus above the Equipoife, will not ad- 
 mit the Hanch to be removed by the 
 Preflure of the half Scheme and its Span- 
 drel. 
 
 If to the Hanch be added the abutting Span- 
 drel z, and the Parallelogram x> whofe Areas 
 are 19* Feet, and with the Area of the 
 Hanch, are equal to 35 ; Feet, the Power of 
 their joint Re-adtion againft the half Scheme* 
 and its Spandrel, will be 58*. 
 
 For as 4* Feet,, theBafeg/, 
 
 is to 7* Feet, the Perpendicular b g% 
 
 So is 35* Feet, the Area of the Hanch, &c. 
 to 58I Feet, its Equipoife; which is a 
 Surplus of upwards of 48 Feet. 
 
 Surely had Palladio known how to 
 calculate the adting and re-adting Powers of 
 the Scheme and Hanch Parts of an Elliptical 
 Arch, on its conjugate or fhort Diameter, he 
 would not have faid that a Semi-circular Arch 
 is of all others the ftrongeft ; becaufe herein 
 ’tis manifeftly proved to be otherwife. 
 
 II. To find the Abutments of the Semi-Ellip- 
 tical Arch , Fig. Ill, Plate IX. the Area of 
 
 whofe 
 
236 Of the Abutments 
 
 whofe half Scheme x is 31* Feet, and of its 
 Hanch z, 24 Feet. 
 
 The right-angled Triangle a be, being 
 confider’d as a Wedge, whofe Perpendicular 
 a b is io Feet, and whofe Bafe be is 17* Feet, 
 and the Area of the half Scheme, with its 
 Spandrel, being 41*, the Abutment is thu9 
 found, viz. 
 
 As 10, the Perpendicular a b , 
 is to 73 £ Feet, the Bafe b c ; 
 
 So is 41 1 Feet, the Area of the half Scheme, 
 with its Spandrel, to Jif the Equipoife. 
 
 Now as the Area of the Hanch 2:, toge- 
 ther with its abutting Spandrel p , and Paralle- 
 logram n, is but 54, therefore there is a De- 
 ficiency in the Equipoife of Abutment, of 
 17* Feet, whic h muft be annexed. 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Now, as before, in Page 229, if the De- 
 ficiency 17* Feet, be divided by the Height 
 of the Crown of the Arch, viz. 1 1 Feet, the 
 Quotient Foot, is the Breadth of Abut- 
 ment to be annexed, for to make good the 
 Ballance of Re-adtion in the Abutment. But 
 as the Re-adtion of the Hanch of an Arch, 
 with its abutting Spandrel, &c . fhould always 
 be fuperior to the preffing Power of the half 
 Scheme Part, therefore if the Breadth of the 
 annexed Abutment be made 2 Feet inftead of 
 j\j: Feet, the Arch never can fall. 
 
of Semi-Elliptical Arches. 237 
 
 In all Kinds of Arches whole Abutments 
 exceed their Limits, as that of Fig. III. PL IX. 
 the thinner or lighter the Scheme Part is made, 
 the lefs the annexed Abutment will be. As 
 for Example ; 
 
 In Plate X. the Arch Fig. I. is the fame 
 Extent and Height as Fig. III. Plate IX. but 
 the Thicknefs of the Arch being equal but to 
 Half the other, therefore the Breadth of the 
 annexed Abutment required is but 8 A Inches* 
 which is upwards of 10 Inches lefs than the 
 annexed Abutment of the other. 
 
 For as a b, 8 \ Feet, 
 is to b c, iyl Feet ; 
 
 So is 19 1 Feet, the Area of the half Scheme* 
 and its Spandrel, 
 
 To 40 f Feet, the Equipoife. 
 
 Now as the Area of the Hanch/^ with 
 the Areas of its abutting Spandrel g, and Pa- 
 rallelogram h , are equal to 32* Feet, there- 
 fore the Deficiency in the Equipoife is about 
 7* Feet; which being equal to 1080 fquare 
 Inches, and being divided by 132, the Num- 
 ber of Inches in 11 Feet the given Heigh t 9 
 the Quotient 8*, Inches is the Breadth of the 
 annexed Abutment ; which to make (with the 
 Hanch, &c.) fuperior in Ke-adtion, I allow 
 at 9 Inches. 
 
 When 
 
238 Of d Rampant Semicircular Arch . 
 
 When an Elliptical Arch, as Fig. IL 
 Plate X. is to fuftain Weight on its Scheme 
 Part, as before faid of the femi-circular Arch, 
 Fig. I. Plate VIII. then the Breadths of the 
 abutting Piers, as a b and d e , muft be made 
 each equal to b c, Half the Breadth of the 
 Scheme, for theTame Reafon. 
 
 Rampant femi-circular Arches being 
 fometimes required, I fhall therefore fhew their 
 Conftrudtion and Abutments. 
 
 Prob. VI. 
 
 defcribe a Rampant Semi-circular Arch 7 
 and to find its Equipoife of Abutments , Fig. I„ 
 Plate XI. 
 
 Operation* 
 
 Bisect the given Diameter x y in B, and 
 on B eredt the Perpendicular B C — Make x t 
 equal to the given Height of the Ramp, and 
 draw the Ramping Diameter t A y . — On the 
 Point A eredt the Line A i, perpendicular to 
 ty, and equal to the Semi-diameter B v.— 
 Draw the Lines t i and i y , and bifed them 
 in the Points v and w.— From the Point w 3 
 draw the Line w /, perpendicular to i y, cut- 
 ting the Diameter x y in the Point/. — From 
 the Point v draw the Line v / 3 , perpendicular 
 to the Line t /, until it meet the Line i /, in h . 
 Then h is the Center of the Rampant Arch 
 / D /, and / is the Centre of the Arch i E r. 
 
 The Breadth of the Arch y z s is at Pleafure. 
 
 Now 
 
 
 
nnd its Abutment & 
 
 2 39 
 
 Now jor the Abutments i 
 
 f A s the Sides of this Kind of Arch are une- 
 qual in their Curvatures, fo their Abutments 
 are alfo unequal. But the Method or Rule 
 by which they are found, is the fame as the 
 preceding. For if the Triangle n l A be con- 
 sidered as a right-angled Wedge, then 
 
 As the Perpendicular n l, 3 Feet, 
 is to the Bale / A, 5 Feet, 
 
 So is 4 Feet, the Area of the Rampant half 
 Scheme b , and its Spandrel e , to 63, the 
 Equipoife. 
 
 Now, the Areas of the Parallelogram c , of 
 the abutting Spandrel d , and of the Rampant 
 Hanch a, being together equal to 7* Feet, 
 which is 10 Inches more than 6 \ Feet, the 
 above Equipoife ; therefore the Re-aftion of 
 the Hanch a with c and d i is fo much fuperior 
 to the Preflare or Adtion of the rampant 
 Scheme b. 
 
 Again, If the Triangle g k A be confider- 
 ed as a Wedge, as before : 
 
 Then as the Perpendicular g k, 4 Feet, 
 is to the Safe g A, 2 Feet 9 Inches ; 
 
 So is 7 Feet, the Area of the hair Scheme 
 F, with its Spandrel p, to 4 Feet 9 Inches^ 
 the Equipoife. 
 
 N ow 
 
 S 
 
240 
 
 Of Got hick Arches , 
 
 Now, as the Area of the Hanch S, with 
 the abutting Spandrel r, and Parallelogram q 
 together, are equal to 7 Feet; which is 2 Feet 
 and 3 Inches more than 4^ Feet the Equipoife, 
 therefore the Re-a£tion of the Hanch S, &c. 
 is fo much fuperior to the Preffure or Action 
 of the half Scheme, &c. 
 
 Hence ’tis evident, that the Abutments of 
 a rampant femi- circular Arch, are contain’d 
 within the Perpendiculars of the Extreams or 
 Limits of its Diameter. 
 
 Gothick Arches, which rife higher than 
 half their Extent, called Oxe-Ey’d Arches, as 
 Fig. II. and III. Plate XI. have alfo their A- | 
 hutments within the Limits of the Extreams 
 of their Extents : But thofe Arches which rife 
 lefs than half their Extent, as Fig. I. and II. 
 Plate XII. demand Abutments which will ex- 
 tend beyond the Limits of their Extent, in 1 
 the fame manner as an elliptical Arch on the 
 long Diameter. 
 
 Demonstration. Fig. II. Plate XI. 
 
 Let a b c be considered as a right-angled 
 Wedge . 
 
 Then as a b , the Perpendicular 4 Feet, 
 is to b c the Bafe, 4 Feet ; 
 
 So is 8 Feet 6 Inches the Area of the half 
 Scheme x, and its Spandrel e y to 8* Feet; 
 the Equipoife, 
 
 Nowj 
 
and their Abutments. 24 1 
 
 Now as the Area of the Hanch f toge- 
 ther with the Area of its abutting Spandrel g, 
 and Parallelogram d , is 22^ Feet more than 
 $1 the aforefaid Equipoife ; therefore the re- 
 filling Power of the Hanch f with the abut- 
 ting Spandrel g , and Parallelogram d , is fo 
 much fuperior to the Preffure or ading Power 
 of the half Scheme x y and its Spandrel e . 
 
 When an Arch of this Kind, whofe Ra- 
 dius’s are equal to 3 Fourths of the Breadth 
 in the Clear, is to fuflain Weight, the Breadth 
 w z of the Abutment from w the Perpendi- 
 cular of the Hanch, mu ft be made equal to 
 v w : For as the Spandrel e is much lefs than 
 the Spandrel g, and the Parallelogram d ; there- 
 fore v w and w z being equally loaded, the 
 Weight laid on v w cannot affed the Weight 
 laid on w z> 
 
 Again, Fig. III. Plate XI. 
 
 Let bed reprefent a right-angled Wedge ^ 
 as before . 
 
 Then as b c the Perpendicular, 3 Feet, 
 is to c d the Bafe 3 Feet; 
 
 So is 6* Feet, the Area of the half Scheme 
 a 3 and its Spandrel x, to 6* Feet, the 
 Equipoife. 
 
 But as the Area of the Hanch e, together 
 with the Area of its abutting Spandrel f and 
 Parallelogram n 3 is equal to 28 Feet, which 
 is 2 i\ Feet more than 6^, the aforefaid Equi- 
 goife 5 therefore the half Scheme a y with its 
 
 S 2 Spandrel 
 
242 * Of Go thick Arches , 
 
 Spandrel a:, cannot affed: the Hanch e y &c, 
 whofe Superiority of Refiftance is fo much 
 
 greater. 
 
 It is from this great Superiority of Re- 
 fiftance in the Hanches and their Abutments, 
 that the Strength of this Arch (whofe Curves 
 are defcribed on the extream Points of its Open- 
 ing in the Clear' much exceeds that of a Se- 
 mi-cirlc-j for this Arch may be loaded with 
 any Weight, without enlarging its Abutments 
 beyond the Perpendiculars of its Limits (which 
 cannot be done fo with a femi-circular Arch.) 
 Becaufe the Weight h i and / m y over the 
 Hanches, are of greater Breadth than i k and 
 k l over the Scheme contained between 
 them, and therefore have a Superiority of 
 Refiftance ; whereas in a Semicircular Arch, 
 as Fig. II. Plate VIII. the Breadth bed over 
 the Scheme, is greatly Superior to a b and d e % 
 the Breadth over the Hanches, and therefore 
 when fuch an Arch is to fuftain Weight, its 
 Abutments will extend beyond the Perpendi- 
 culars of its Limits, as Fig. I. Plate VIII. 
 which the Go thick Arch, Fig. III. Plate XL 
 will not. 
 
 Got hick Arches which rife lefs than 
 half their Extent in the Clear, as Fig. I. and II. 
 Plate XII. demand Abutments which will ex- 
 tend beyond the Perpendiculars of their Li- 
 mits, as aforefaid. 
 
 Demon- 
 
and their Abutments. 
 
 2 43 
 
 Demonstration. Fig. I. Plate XII. 
 Let owl reprejent a right-angled Wedge , 
 as be for e. 
 
 Then as 0 w the Perpendicular, 5 Ft. 4 In. 
 , is to w l the Bafe, 10 Ft. 8 In. 
 
 . So is the Area of b , with its Spandrel d (viz, 
 11 Feet) £0 22 Feet the Equipoife, 
 
 N o w as the Area of the Hanch a, toge- 
 ther with its abutting Spandrel e y and Paralle- 
 logram c y is equal but to 7 Feet 9 Inches, 
 which is 14I Feet lefs than 22 the Equipoife ; 
 therefore the Equipoife of its Abutment will 
 extend beyond A B the perpendicular Limit of 
 the Arch, 2 Feet 1 1 Inches and of an Inch: 
 For 2152, the Number of fquare Inches con- 
 tained in 14J fuperficial Feet, the aforefaid 
 Deficiency of Abutment, being divided by 60 
 Inches, A B, the Streight of the Arch, the 
 Quotient 357 j is the Extent in Inches of the 
 Abutment from C to D, the Extream of the Arch ; 
 and therefore, if from C to D be fet 36 Inches 
 or 3 Feet, for the Extent of the Abutment, 
 *then its Power of Refiftance will be f of an 
 Inch fuperior to the Preffure or adding Power 
 of the half Scheme E and its Spandrel F, 
 which therefore cannot fall 
 
 And fo in like manner. Fig. II. Plate XII. 
 if a b c be confidered as a right-angled Wedge, 
 then. 
 
$44 Of Got hick Arches, 
 
 As the Perpendicular a b, i2t Feet, 
 is to the Bafe be, 17 Feet ; 
 
 So is 51 £ Feet, to 70^ Feet. 
 
 Now, as the Area of the Hanch q , toge- 
 ther with the Area of its Spandrel, and of its 
 Parallelogram d , is equal but to 28 Feet and 
 2 Inches, which is 41 Feet 10 Inches (nearly) 
 lefs than 70 A the Equipoife ; therefore the 
 Abutment will extend 3 A Feet, as from n 
 to m. 
 
 For 41 Feet 10 Inches, the Deficiency of 
 Abutment, being divided by 11 Feet, the 
 Height of the Crown of the Arch, the Quo- 
 tient is nearly 3 A . 
 
 Wh$n thefe kind of Arches are to fuftain 
 Weight, then their Abutments mull: be en- 
 larged, as thofe are to the Semi-ellipfis. Fig. II. 
 Plate X. 
 
 From what has been now delivered ’tis 
 plain, that all Arches which rife half (or more) 
 of their Extent in the Clear, contain their 
 Abutments within the Perpendiculars of the % 
 Limits of their Extreams, and the horizontal 
 Lines of their Crowns, as the femi» circular 
 Arch Fig. I. Plate VIL the femi-elliptical Arch 
 Fig. II. Plate IX. and the Gothick Arches, 
 pig. II. and III. Plate XL 
 
 And therefore, 
 
 I f in a Series of either of thofe kinds of 
 Arches, as of a Piazza, Bridge, as in 
 " Plate 
 
and their Abutments. 245 
 
 Plate XIII. the Breadth of the Piers or Legs 
 in Front, be made equal (at lead:) to twice 
 the Thicknefs of the Arch, then every Arch 
 will be independent and if any one fhould 
 fail, it will not affed the Arch, or Arches 
 next to it 5 and therefore may be taken down 
 and rebuilt at Pleafure. 
 
 In a Series of Elliptical or Gothick Arches, 
 as Fig. I. and II. Plate XIV. whole Height 
 is lefs than Half their Extent in the Cle ir, 
 the Breadth of their Piers, or Legs in Front, 
 mud be (at lead) equal to thp two Abutments 
 of each Arch, becaufe then each Arch will be 
 independent, and may, on Failure, &c. be 
 taken down and rebuilt at Pleaiure, without 
 affeding the Arch or Arches next to it, as 
 aforefaid, which cannot be done when the 
 Breadth of the Piers are of lefs Dimenfions 0 
 
 And when an elliptical arched Vault is to be 
 built between two femi-circular Vaults, of lefs 
 Extent, as Fig. III. Plate XIV. the Breadth 
 of the inward Piers, which carry the elliptical 
 Vault, mud be (at lead) equal to the Abut- 
 ment of the Ellipfis, and the Thicknefs of the 
 fern i- circular Arch alfo ; for if the Breadth is 
 lefs, the Force of the elliptical Arch will affed 
 the femi-circular Arches on both Sides ; and 
 if the Force be any thing confiderable, at the 
 driking of the Centres, it will force up the 
 femi-circular Vaults at their Crowns, and all 
 together fall down in Ruin, as happen’d (if 
 
Of Brick Floors 
 
 my rmation be true- at Spit a fields new 
 % whole Vaults were at the firfl fo 
 b and fell down at the ftriking of the 
 ■ and which had alfo been the Cafe of 
 Bfop-Sr-Gate •f when lall; rebuilt, had it not 
 be n fhored up for fame Time, whilft its 
 Scheme Part was made lefs mafly, and its 
 Abutments more weighty. 
 
 Having thus explain’d the Abutments of 
 Arches, in fo plain a Manner, as to be under- 
 Pood by any Perfon who is Matter of fo much 
 Vulgar Arithmetick, as to work the Rule of 
 Three Diredt, 1 hope it may be a Means of 
 preventing the Lofs of Lives for the future : 
 For, for the want of a juft Knowledge herein, 
 11 any Lives have been loft by the falling of 
 Arches on Workmen, at the ftriking of their 
 Centres, when they have not been fecured with 
 fufficient Abutments. 
 
 Sect. XII. Of Brick Floors and 
 Arched Ceilings. 
 
 O R to fecurely prevent the fid Confe- 
 
 quences of Fire in Dwelling- Houfes, 
 and efpclially in London t the making of Brick 
 Floors, with arched, groined, or coved Ceil- 
 lings, would be effectual, and efpecially if the 
 In tides of Rooms were to be finifhed with Or- 
 
 naments 
 
 * Built by Mr. Hawkfmore. 
 
 rpBuilt by Mr. James > l&te of Greenwich . 
 
and Arched Ceilings. 24.7 
 
 uaments of Stucco (favs the Skirtings next 
 the Floors, and the Surbafes, to keep off 
 Chairs from the Walls) the Floors to be laid 
 with coloured polifhed Plaifter, as thofe are 
 in the Houfes of their Graces the Moft Noble 
 Dukes of Richmond and Montague in Privy- 
 Garden \ Whitehall , and many others in and 
 about the City of London , and the Stair-Cafes 
 of Stone. 
 
 I fay, if Buildings were to be thus eredied 
 and finished, no Fire, unlefs that from Hea- 
 ven (which may vitrify even the moil compact 
 Flint in an Inftant) can affedt them in any 
 Part, their Roofs excepted, wheii made of 
 Timber ; and even then, it cannot affedt the 
 lower Parts : But if the Covering be of Lead 3 
 bedded on the Arch of the upper Appartments, 
 nothing of accidental Fire can ever affect them. 
 
 Indeed fome may obiedt hereto and al« 
 ledge, That ftucco’d Walls have a cold Look, 
 and too much of the Samenefi . But to this I 
 anfwer, That tho’ the Hall, &c. is ornamented 
 on its Sides and Ceiling with Stucco, yet 
 other Rooms being rendered on the Walls 
 (no Partitions being of Timber) may be hung 
 with Paper parted on the Rendering, in as va- 
 rious a Manner as the moft curiou Eye can 
 defire, which Fire will not eafily affedt 5 and 
 in cafe by Accident it fhould, it can go no 
 farther than to the Ceding, nor can the Suffo- 
 cation of its Fire he any thing comparable to 1 
 that; of Wainfcoting, 
 
24§ Of Brick Floors 
 
 In Plates XV, XVI, XVII. I have given 
 four Varieties of arched Ceilings and Brick 
 Floors ; thofe of Plate XV. are femi-circular ; 
 thofe of Plate XVI. are femi-elliptical ; and 
 thofe of Plate XVII. the upper one is Gothick 
 and the lower one is flat, fuftained by a Cove 
 whofe Height is one 5th of the entire Height 
 of the whole Room. 
 
 I n all Apartments whatever, the Weight 
 of the Walls, riling from their Floors, is al- 
 ways much fuperior to the prefling Force of 
 their Floors, which therefore cannot fall. 
 
 The Thicknefs of Brick Floors to Rooms 
 not exceeding 30 Feet in Breadth (being 
 truely worked) need not exceed a Brick’s 
 Length in the Thicknefs at the Crowns of 
 their Arches. 
 
 The Bricks with which arched Ceilings are 
 turned, fhould be perfectly found, and the 
 mod compact that can be had, as the belt of 
 Red-ltock Bricks, &c. But their Spandrels and 
 Floors above may be made good with Place 
 Bricks , &c. Becaufe they fuftain nothing more 
 than their own Weight and the Plaifter Floors 
 laid on them. Nor is there any Neceffity to 
 make the Scheme Part of arched Ceilings to 
 the upper Apartments, of greater Thicknefs 
 than a Brick’s Breadth ; becaufe they carry no- 
 thing more than their own Weight, unlefs 
 when Buildings are covered flat With Lead, 
 
and Arched Ceilings. 249 
 
 and then indeed the Thicknefs of their Crowns 
 over large Rooms, fhouid be a Brick's Length. 
 
 To fecure the Ceilings of the upper A - 
 partments from falling, their refpecftive Abut- 
 ments muft be lirft found, and then railing 
 the Walls fo far above them, as that their 
 Weight above the fpringing of the Arch (hall 
 be fuperior to their Abutments required ; then 
 there will be no Poffibility for the Ceilings 
 ever to fall, becaufe the refiftive Power of the 
 Walls will be fuperior to the Preffure or act- 
 ing Force of the Ceilings againfl them. 
 
 I n the fetting of arched Ceilings (the 
 Bricks being firft rubbed and gaged truly) 'tis 
 beft to fet them dry rather than to ufe Putty 
 Mortar, or .if any be ufed, to be as little as 
 poffible ; for the lefs Mortar is ufed, the lefs 
 Settlement will be. 
 
 I n the working of a flat Ceiling fuftained 
 by a Cove, as Fig. II. Plate XVII. It will be 
 beft to work it a little cumber, to allow for 
 the Settlement of the Courfes, which w ill al- 
 ways be fomething, tho’ they are rubbed and 
 fet with all the Care and Bxadtnefs that can 
 poffibly be taken and done. 
 
 No w with regard to the Expence. When 
 'tis determined to build an Edifice in this Man-, 
 ner, there may be a great deal of Labour faved 
 by making a Mould agreeable to the Arch to 
 
 be 
 
250 The Expence of Brick Floors 
 
 bs raifed, for the Brick-maker to make the 
 Ceiling Bricks in, whereby the Labour of cut- 
 ting or fawing off the Wafte, to bring them 
 into their Wedge Form, will be faved, and 
 they will need nothing more than a little rub- 
 bing, unlefs in groin’d Ceilings, whofe Angles 
 muft be cut. 
 
 Every Cube Foot, allowing for Wafle, 
 will imploy 16 Bricks, and therefore every Rod 
 of Work, viz. every 306 Cube Feet, will 
 imploy 4896 Bricks, which for Eafe in Com- 
 putation, 1 allow at 4900 , and which, at 30 s . 
 per Thoufand, comes toy/, ys. prime Cold, 
 which is nearly 6 d. per Cube Foot. And as 
 the Mortar for this kind of Work muft be 
 well beat, I therefore allow it at 25 s. 6 d. per 
 Rod, which is 1 d . per Cube Foot ; and the 
 Workmanship at 2 /. 5 s. per Rod, which 
 is ~ \ Farthings per Cube Foot : So that allow- 
 ing the Bricklayer 12^ per Cent, per Rod Pro- 
 fit on the Bricks, the Expence per Rod is as 
 follows, viz. 
 
 For Bricks 
 
 7 7. 
 
 0 
 
 Profit thereon 
 
 018 
 
 4 i 
 
 Mortar 
 
 1 5 
 
 6 
 
 Labour 
 
 2 5 
 
 0 
 
 Total 
 
 9 10 
 
 i°i 
 
 Which is near 7 y~ Pence per Cube Foot. 
 
 In 
 
end Arched Ceilings . 
 
 252 
 
 In the arched Ceiling and Floor, over 
 Fig. II. Plate XV. which is 1 5 Feet in Dia- 
 meter, every Foot in Length on the Floor 
 contains 42 Cube Feet of Brick-work in the 
 Arch, and Spandrels over it. 
 
 Now 42, the aforefaid Number of Cube 
 Feet, being multiplied by 7^ Pence, the above 
 Price per Cube Foot, the Product 315 Pence, 
 divided by 15 the Number of fquare Feet on. 
 the Floor, at 1 Foot in Length, the Quotient 
 2 1 Pence, equal to 1 j. 9 d. is the Price per 
 fquare Foot on the Floor, which is 8 L 15 s. 
 per Square, which I allow at 8 /. 8 s . exclufive 
 of the Plaifter Floor to be laid on them, which 
 is worth about 3 /. per Square more, and ex-, 
 clulive of the Expence of Centering to turn 
 the Arches on, which is explained in the Prices 
 of Carpenters Works, to which I refer. 
 
 To meafure the Solidity of a continued 
 arched Brick Ceiling and Floor . 
 
 This is the R U L E. Fig. II. PL XV. 
 
 From the Area of the Parallelogram, con- 
 tained between the Surface of the Floor and 
 the Springing of the Arch (as a b h i) fubtraft 
 the Area of the Vacuity of the Arch (be it 
 femi-circular, femi-elliptical, &c.) as the Area 
 
 of 
 
2 1 2 To me a fur e the Solidity of 
 
 of the Semi circle hki ; and the Remains 
 will be the Area of the Face or Sedion of the 
 Arch and its Spandrels, which being multi- 
 plied into the Length, the Product will be the 
 Solidity of the Arch and Spandrels together, as j 
 required. 
 
 Again, 
 
 I f from the Area of the Section of the 
 Arch and Spandrels, be fubtraded the Area of 
 the Section of the Arch’s Thicknefs only, the 
 
 Remains will be the Area s of the two Spandrels.* j 
 
 • 
 
 ! 
 
 Now if thefe feparate Area’s in fquare 
 Feet, be multiplied by the Length of the Floor, 
 and their Produds by 16, the Number of 
 Ericks required to i Cube Foot, the laft Pro- 
 duds will fhew the Number of Stock Bricks 
 required for the Arch, and the Number of 
 Place Bricks for the Spandrels ; from the 
 Knowledge of which their Expence may be 
 computed with Certainty. 
 
 And that the Menfuration of the Faces of 
 femi-circular, &c. Arches, and of their Span- 
 drels, may be truly underftood, I will give 
 another Example by way of Problem, which 
 will make fuch Admeafurements eafy to the 
 meaneft Capacity, that is concern’d in the 
 Bufinefs of Meafuring. 
 
 Problem. 
 
 The Area of a Parallelogram , as a p c q, 
 Fig. II. Plate VII. being given , to find the 
 Area of its injeribed Semi-circle, c b q, and 
 
 f 
 
a continued Brick Floor and Ceiling J 253 
 of its Spandrels a b c and b p q, and their x 
 rejpedlive Proportions to each other : 
 
 Suppose the Length of the Parallelogram 
 c q , to be 50 Feet, and its Breadth 25 Feet,, 
 and Area 12500. 
 
 Now as the Area of every Geometrical 
 Square is to the Area of its infcribed Circle, 
 as 14 is to 11 3 therefore the Area of every 
 Parallelogram is to the Area of its infcribed 
 Semicircle as 7 is to 5f : And therefore, 
 
 A s 7 is to 5^, fo is 1250 Feet the Area 
 of the given Parallelogram, to 982* Feet, the 
 Area of the Semi-circle c b q- y which being 
 fubtradted from 1250, the Remains 267^ 
 Feet, is the Area of the two Spandrels a be 
 and bpq y whofe half, viz. 133^ Feet is th© 
 Area of each. 
 
 Or otherwife y 
 
 Consider the Semi-circle c b q y as two 
 Quadrants, as b c e, and b e q y infcribed with- 
 in the Squares a b c e and b p e q y whofe Areas 
 are each 625 Feet. 
 
 Then this is the RULE, viz. 
 
 Divide (625) the Area of one of the 
 Squares by 14; then 11 Times (44,- ) the 
 Quotient (viz. 49 i,^) is the Area of its in- 
 fcribed Quadrant, and 3 Times (44,*) the 
 Quotient, viz. 133 \ \ is the Area of its Span*: 
 drel, as before. 
 
 For 
 
• 2£4 Of the Superficies of groin'd Ceilings. 
 
 For as the Area of a Square Is to the Area 
 of its in fcribed Circle as 14 is to 11, fo the 
 Area of a Square is to the Area of its infcribed 
 Quadrant as 14 is to 1 1 alfo ; and therefore 
 the Area of a Semi-circle fo infcribed, is to the 
 Areas of its Spandrels, as 5* is to i \ ; and as j 
 the Area of a Square (as a b c e) is to the Area ; 
 of its infcribed Quadrant (as bee) as 14 is 
 to ii; therefore the Area of the Quadrant 
 bee is to the Area of the Spandrel a b c , as 
 11 is to 3. 
 
 And therefore , 
 
 As 1 1 is to 3, fo .is the Area of a Quadrant 
 to the Area of its Spandrel 
 
 And contrary , 
 
 As 3 is to 1 1, fo is the Area of a Spandrel 
 to the Area of its Quadrant. 
 
 Thus much for this Digrefiion, which is 
 both entertaining and ufeful. Now to return. f 
 
 When a femicircular arched Celling is in- 
 terfered by one or more femi-circular Arches 
 of the fame Height, at right Angles, called 
 Groin’d Arches, the Superficies of fuch a Ceil- 
 ing, fo groin’d, is exadlv the fame as if the 
 Curve of the Ceiling was a continued Arch 
 without fuch Groins. 
 
 Let i kh x , Fig. I. Plate XVIII. be the 
 Plan cf a femi-circular Arch, of 20 Feet in 
 
 Diameter j 
 
 o 
 
 <L* 
 
Of the Me?ifuration of groin'd Ceilings . 255 
 
 Diameter and 20 Feet in Length—* alio, let 
 abed be the Plan rf a femi- circular groin’d 
 Ceiling of the aforefaid Dimenfiens. 
 
 Now I fay> 
 
 If mo the Length of the Parallelogram^ 
 Fig. II. be made equal to 63^ Feet, the Cir- 
 cumference of the given femi-circular Arch % 
 and its Breadth p to 20 Feet, the given 
 Length of the Arch ; its Area will be equal to 
 the Area of the given continued Arch : And 
 therefore the two Diagonals m r and p 0, being 
 drawn, the Areas of the two Triangles m s 0 
 and p s r will be equal to the Area’s of the 
 two groin’d Triangles which {land over the 
 two Triangles A and B in the Plan : And fi. ce 
 that the two Triangles C and D in the Plan 
 are equal to the Triangles A and B, therefore 
 the groin’d Triangles that {lands over them, as 
 the Triangles E and F, muft be equal in their 
 Dimentions to the two Triangles m s 0 and 
 p s r. 
 
 No w as the Triangle m 0 s and p s r are 
 Parts of the continued Arch, it therefore only 
 remains to prove, that the Triangles E and F, 
 which are equal to the Triangles m 0 s and 
 p s o, when bent to their Curves, an fet in 
 their Places ; are alfo equal to the two Tri- 
 angles m s p and s 0 r 
 the continued Arch. 
 
 the remaining Parts of 
 
 Demon- 
 
256 Of the Menjuration of groin'd Ceilings, 
 
 Demonstration. 
 
 Draw the two Diameters n q and v f, 
 which will divide the whole into four leffer 
 Parallelograms, as m n v s, n 0 s t y v s p q y 
 and s t q r, which are all of equal Dimen- 
 fions, and which are each divided into two 
 equal Triangles. 
 
 No w as the Triangles B and C are equal, 
 and as the Triangle D is equal to the Triangle 
 C, and like wife to the Triangle E, therefore 
 the Triangles D and E, are equal to the Tri- 
 angles B and C, and the Triangle s 0 r, is 
 equal to the Triangle m 0 s or p s r, which 
 are alfo equal to the two Triangles E and F, 
 which was to be proved, 
 
 N, B. The Areals of the Triangles msp 
 and 0 s r, may be proved to be equal to the 
 Triangles mos and sp r, arithmetically, as 
 follows, viz. 
 
 Multiply the Bafe of the Triangle p r, 
 63^- Feet, the Circumference of the Arch, by 
 10 Feet, Half the given Length, and the Pro- 
 duct 637^ is the Area of the two Triangles 
 m 0 s and s p r. 
 
 Again , 
 
 Multiply the Bale of the Triangle s /, 
 20 Feet the Length, by 31^- the Half of the 
 Curve, and the Product is 637* as before; 
 wherefore the Triangles m s p and 0 s r, are 
 
 equal 
 
Of the Price of groin d Ceilings. 257 
 
 ?qual in Area’s to the Triangles m 0 s and 
 p r. 
 
 Now fince that the Superficies of conti- 
 jiued femi-circular Ceilings, and femh circular 
 roin’d Ceilings of equal Dimentions are equal, 
 therefore follows, that the Dimenfions of a 
 min'd Ceiling is to be taken, as if kwas a con-* 
 nued Arch throughout the whole Length : 
 ut as the working of Groins, in cutting 
 d fetting, require a great deal more Time 
 an a ftraight continued Arch, the Price of 
 fVorkmanfhip (only, not of Materials) mud 
 1 ije rated at the double Price of common Work, 
 
 ; \iz. 3 /. per Rod, which is nearly 2* Pence 
 ||r Cube Foot : And the Expence per Rod, 
 icclufive of the Plaider, Flooring, and Cen- 
 tring is as follows, viz . 
 
 811 ! 4900 Bricks at 30 s. 
 tQl I Mailer’s Profit thereon 
 1 Mortar 
 
 Labour i Excluflve of cutting 
 
 t the Angles 
 
 7 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 h 
 
 7 
 
 18 
 
 Sum. 12 11 
 
 if Which for Eafe in Computation, I allow 
 12/. 12 s. which is almoft 10 d. per 
 ribe Foot. 
 
 ,, fc, as before , 
 
 A s 42 Cube Feet, produced but 15 fuper- 
 1 al Feet of Flooring, therefore 1 Rod, viz. 
 
 T 2 306 
 
258 Of hemifpherical Brick Works. 
 
 306 Cube Feet, will produce but 109?, which 
 for Eafe in Computation, I allow at 1 10 Feet. 
 
 Now, if 12096, the Number of Farthings 
 in 'Twelve Guineas , the Price per Rod as afore- 
 faid, be divided by no, - the Quo ient, which 
 is nearly no, is the Number of Farthings 
 per Foot fuperficial on the Floor, viz . 2 s. 3 \d. 
 which is 1 1 /. 9 s. 2d, per Square ; and 
 which, for Eafe in Computation, I allow at 
 11 L 1 1 5. 
 
 N. B. The common Price for cutting 
 Groins in and about London y is 6 d. per Foot 
 lineal Meafure. 
 
 Sect. XIII. Of Hemispherical, He- 
 
 MISPHEROIDICAL, CoNICAL, and Py- 
 
 ramidical Brick Works . 
 
 Emisfherical and Hemifpheroidical 
 
 Brickworks, are vulgarly called Domes % 
 
 as thofe of St. Paul’s Cathedral, where the in* 
 tide painted Dome is a Hemisphere, and the 
 outward Dome covered with Lead, is a He- 
 rn ifphero id. 
 
 A Hemisphere is a Concave generated 
 by the Revolution of a Quadrant about one of 
 its Sides, as an Axis $ as likewue is a Hemif- 
 
Of hemifpherical Domes. 259 
 
 pheroid, by the Revolution of a 4th Part of 
 an Ellipfis, about the longeft Side. 
 
 As I have already proved, that a Semicir- 
 cular Arch or Vault, which hath no Spandrels 
 on it or againft it, and therefore fuftains no 
 Weight fave that of its own, cannot fall, the 
 Adtion of the Scheme Part, and the Re-adlion 
 of the Hanches being equal ; fo here in the 
 hemifpherical Dome his the fame, for the fame 
 Reafon. 
 
 But as a Superiority of Refinance in the 
 hanch’d Part of a Dome is neceflary, it is there- 
 fore beft for to make the Crown Part of leffer 
 Thicknefs than the Hanch Part, as is repre- 
 fented in Fig. IV. Plate X. or Abutments may 
 be worked up above the Springing of the 
 Dome, as a a. Fig. III. Plate XVIII. 
 
 All fpherical Domes, be they of little or 
 large Dimenfions, may be built with Brick or 
 Stone, without a Centre to turn them on, as 
 has been ufually pradtiled : For as the Diftance 
 from the Centre to the concave Superficies of 
 a hemifpherical Dome is in all Places the fame, 
 and as every Courfe of Bricks, worked with a 
 true Sommering to the Centre, doth thereby 
 become an inverted Fruftum of a Cone, and 
 confequently does firmly wedge themfelves to- 
 gether, therefore they cannot defcend, fo as to 
 have any bearing on a Centre, was one to be 
 placed under them for that Purpofe. 
 
 N. B. 
 
z6o Of the Menfuration of the 
 
 N. B. A ftraight Piece of Deal , as a Pan- 
 tile Lath , &c. made in Length equal to the 
 Sem diameter of the Concavity of the fpherical 
 Dome , having one End always fixed to the Cen- 
 ter , , the other End will not only fhew the juft 
 Di fiance of every Courfe of Bricks , all the Way 
 up to the Vertex or Crown of the Dome, but 
 will alfo give the true Sommering of every 
 Courfe . ( This Inftrument I call a Director. 
 
 The Materials, viz Bricks and Mortar, 
 for this kind of Brickwork, are the fame per 
 Rod, both in Quantity and Price, as in com- 
 mon Walling of Grey-Stock Bricks 5 but the 
 Price of Workmanship, exclufive of Scaffold- 
 ing, if the Work be lofty, is worth double 
 Price, viz. 3 /. per Pvod. 
 
 The Superficies (either convex or concave) 
 of a Hemifphere , may be meafured by either of 
 the following Rules , viz. 
 
 RULE I. 
 
 Find the Area of a Circle which is equal 
 to its Bafe, then, double that Area and the 
 Sum is the Area of the Hemifphere. Becaufe 
 the Superficies of a Sphere is equal to the Areals 
 of 4 great Circles of the fame Sphere. 
 
 Example. 
 
 Su ppose the Diameter of a fpherical Dome, 
 from Out to Oat, be 20 Feet, then 3147 
 
 the 
 
Superficies of a hemifpherical Dome . 261 
 
 the Area of the Circle over which it ftands, 
 being doubled, the Sura is 628^ Feet, which 
 is the Area of the convex Superficies of the 
 Hemifphere, as required. 
 
 RULE II. 
 
 Multiply the Diameter of the Hemi- 
 fphere from Out to Out, by half the extream 
 Circumference of its Bafe, and the Produd' is 
 the Area required. 
 
 So 20 Feet, the above Diameter, being 
 multiplied by 317^, the half Circumference of 
 the Bafe, the Produd is 628* Inches, as before. 
 
 RULE III. 
 
 Square the Diameter, multiply the Pro- 
 dud by 11, and the laid Produd being divided 
 by 7, the Quotient is the Area required. 
 
 So the Diameter 20 fquared^ the Produd 
 is 400, which multiplied by 11, the Produd 
 is 4400, and which being divided by 7, the 
 Quotient is 628^, as before. 
 
 N. B. These Rules for finding the convex 
 Superficies of a Hemifphere, will alfo find the 
 con cave- Superficies 3 the Diameter being taken 
 in the Clear, from Infide to Infide, inftead of 
 from Out to Out. 
 
 The next Work in Order, is to £hew, 
 How to meafure the Solidity of a Brick Hemi- 
 fphere \ 
 
 T 4 But 
 
S62 Of the Megfuration of 
 
 But before I lay down Rules for its Ad- 
 jneafurement, I mu ft firft fhew, 
 
 How to meafure the Solidity of a Sphere , as 
 follows, viz* 
 
 The Solidity of every Sphere is equal to 
 two Thirds of its circumlcribirg Cylinder. 
 
 Therefore the Area of a great Circle of 
 a Sphere, being multiplied by two Thirds of 
 its Diameter, the Product is the Solidity of the 
 Sphere. 
 
 As for Example . 
 
 Suppose the Diameter of a Sphere to be 
 20 Feet. Then I fay. 
 
 If 314- Feet, the Area of its great Circle, 
 be multiplied by 137 Feet, equal to two Thirds 
 of its Diameter, the Product 4190*7, is its 
 
 The Solidity of a Sphere may be alfo found, 
 by either of the following Rules, viz . 
 
 RULE I. 
 
 Cube the Diameter, multiply the Produd 
 by ii, and divide the laft Produd by 21. 
 Then ihe Quotient is the Solidity required. 
 
 Suppose the Diameter of a Sphere be 
 ao Feet. 
 
 Then 
 
the Solidity of a Sphere. 263 
 
 
 Then 8000, the Cube of the Diameter, 
 multiplied by n, and the Prodtd 88000 
 divided by 21, the Quotient 4190,7 is the 
 Solidity required. 
 
 RULE II. 
 
 As 1 is to the decimal Fraction ,5238, fo 
 is the Cube of the Diameter to a fourth Num- 
 ber, from which cutting off four Places of 
 Figures to the Right-hand, the Remains to 
 the Left are Integers, and the four Figures cut 
 off are decimal Parts, which together is the 
 Solidity required. 
 
 So the decimal Fraction 5238 multiplied 
 by 8000, the Cube of the Diameter, the Pro- 
 duct is 4190,4000, from which cutting off four 
 Places of Figures to the Right-hand, viz. 
 4000, the Remains to the Left, viz. 4190 
 are Feet, and the Remains 4000 is whofe 
 Difference from 41 go 7 7 the Solidity found in 
 Rule I. is very inconfiderable. 
 
 Now, to find the Solidity of a Brick Dome, 
 this is the Rule, viz. 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Conceive the aireal Space, within a fphe- 
 rieal Dome, as one half P, rt of a Sphere ; 
 alfo conceive the Dome itfelf, together with 
 its aireal half Sphere, as an entire half Sphere. 
 
 Then 
 
 i 1 
 
264 Of the Menfuration of the Shell 
 
 Then fubtradting the Solidity of the aireal 
 half Sphere, f om the Solidity of the entire 
 half Sphere, the Remains or Difference will 
 be the Solidity of the Shell or Dome. 
 
 Example. 
 
 Suppose the Diameter of a Brick fphericai 
 Dome from Out to Out be 20 Feet, and the 
 Thicknefs of the hell or Dome be 2 Bricks 
 Length, viz. 1 \ Feet, which reduces the Dia- 
 meter of the aireal half Sphere to 17 Feet. 
 
 Then 1 fay , 
 
 If from 2095/,, the half Solidity of a 
 Sphere, whofe Diameter is 20 Feet, be fub- 
 tradled 1 3 3 J J Feet, Half the Solidity of a 
 Sphere, whofe Diameter is 17 Feet, the Re- 
 mains or Difference 76 is the Solidity of 
 the Shell or Dome. 
 
 Thus much with refpedt to entire hemi- 
 foherical Domes. Now I fhall explain the 
 Menfuration or their Segments. 
 
 But before the Segment of a Dome can 
 be meafured, the Admealurment of the Seg- 
 ment of a Sphere muft be underflood. — 
 
 The Solidity of any Segment of a Sphere 
 may be found very nearly true by thefe Rules. 
 
 RULE 
 
of a hemifpherical Dome . 
 
 RULE I. 
 
 T o three Times the Square of the Semi- 
 diameter of its Bafe, add the Sum of the 
 Square of its perpendicular Height, then that 
 Sum being multiplied by the Height^ and the 
 Product by the decimal Fraction ,5236, the 
 laft Produdt fo produced, cutting off four Places 
 of Figures to the Right, as a decimal Fraction, 
 is the Solidity required. 
 
 So if the Diameter of a Segment of a 
 Sphere be 16 Feet, and its Perpendicular Height 
 4 Feet, 
 
 ^Tken I fay , 
 
 If to 192, which is equal to 3 Times the 
 Square of 8 its Semf diameter, be added 16, 
 the Square. of its Altitude, and the Sum 208, 
 multiplied by 4 the Height, whofe Product is 
 832, and that again by the decimal Fraction 
 ,5236, then the Prpdudt 435,6352, is the 
 Solidity of the Segment. 
 
 RULE II. 
 
 From 3 Times the Diameter of the entire 
 Sphere, fubtradt twice the Height of the Seg- 
 ment, and multiply the Remains by the 
 Squares of the Segment’s Height ; then this 
 laft Produdt being multiplied by the decimal 
 Fraction 5236, and four Places of Figures cut 
 off to the Right as before, the Produdt will be 
 the Solidity of the Segment. 
 
 Sup- 
 
266 Of the Menfuration of the Shell 
 
 Suppose the Height of a Segment of a 
 Sphere be 7 Feet, whofe Axis or Diameter 
 of the Sphere be 20 Feet. 
 
 Then I fay , 
 
 I f from 60, which is equal to 3 Times 
 the Axis or Diameter, be lubtra&ed 14, equal 
 to twice the Height of the Segment, the Re- 
 mains wih be 46. 
 
 And if 46 be multiplied by 49, the Square 
 of the Segments Height, and that Produdt 
 2254 by the decimal ,5236, the Product there- 
 of viz. 1180,1944, is the Solidity. 
 
 Now ’ tis evident , 
 
 That if the aireal Space within the Seg- 
 ment of a Hemifphere, be confidered as the 
 Segment of a Sphere, and if the Segment of 
 the Hemifphere, together with its aireal Seg- 
 ment be both together confidered as a Seg- 
 ment of a Sphere, then fub trad ing the fuppofed 
 Solidity of the aireal Segment from the Soli- 
 di:y the aireal Segment* and Shell of the 
 Hemifphere confidered as one Segment of a 
 Sphere, the Remain- or Difference will be the 
 Solidity of the Shell of the Hemifphere or 
 Dome 3 as before was fhewn of an entire Dome. 
 
 A Hfmispheroid is a Concave generated 
 by the Revolution of the quarter Part of an 
 Ellipfis, about its longed Side, as an Axis, as 
 has been before obfcrved. 
 
 As 
 
of a hemijpheroidical Dome . 267 
 
 As I have before proved in Page 234, that 
 a femi-elliptical Arch, on its (hort Diameter, 
 contains more Abutment within its own 
 Hanches, than a femi-circular Arch doth ; fo 
 the hanch’d Part of a Hemifpheroid, has a 
 greater Refiftence againft the preffing Force 
 of its Crown than that of a Hemifphere, and 
 therefore wants no additional Abutment. 
 
 All hermfpheroidical Domes may be built 
 with Brick, with the Help of two Directors 
 (without a Center) as the hemifpherical Dome 
 may be by a Angle Diredtor. But as in the 
 Hemifphere, one End of the Diredtor muft be 
 always fixed at the Centre, here it muft be 
 otberwife, viz. A Floor of coarfe Boards being 
 firft fixtexadtly level with theBafe, or fpringing 
 of the Dome, (as Fig. II. PlateXIX,) thereon, 
 about its Centre z, defcribe a Circle, as e f g h, 
 whofe Diameter (hall be equal to / m 3 the Di- 
 ftance of the two Ceatres of the Hanches k p 
 and s n , in the Sedtion kp qr s n. 
 
 Now a circular Rim or Step being fix'd 
 down on the Circle ef g h, with a plumb 
 Line fo fix'd as to always hang over the Cen- 
 tre i ; and two Diredtors being made, the 
 one for the hanched Part, equal in Length to 
 the Line In or / r y and the other for the 
 Crown Part, equal in Length to 0 p or 0 r, 
 then the Work may be begun as follows, viz. 
 
 Apply 
 
2 68 Of the Manner of building , anil 
 
 Apply one End of the long Diredtor con- 
 ftantly againft the aforefaid circular Stop, fo 
 that its Side do but juft touch the plumb Line 
 over the Centre, and then the other End at 
 the fame time will give the exadt Diftance of 
 the Infide of every Courfe, and its true fom- 
 mering alfo, until the Work be carried up 
 level with the Points p and r, when ’tis of 
 no more Ufe : Becaufe at the Heights of thofe 
 Points the hanch Part of the Dome termi- 
 nate, and the crowning Part begins, which is 
 turned by Help of the fhort Diredtor on the 
 Centre o only, as diredted for a Hemifphere. 
 
 N o w I fay, if every Courfe of Ericks be 
 thus, well laid, in thin Courfes of good Mortar, 
 with their true Sommerings, firmly wedged 
 behind, where the Forms of Bricks require 
 it, then every Courfe will be an inverted 
 Frnftrum of a Cone, as in the Hemifphere, 
 and therefore cannot fall ; and more efpecially 
 as that the refilling Power of the hanched Part 
 is fo greatly fuperior to the prefling Force of 
 the Crown, as before proved. 
 
 Had the Stone Dome which was begun 
 and carried on for feme Time over the new 
 Library eredted lately at Oxford , under the 
 Direction of Mr. Gibbs , been well underftood, 
 it would not have fradtired the Body of that 
 Building ; nor need it have been taken down 
 and a Timber Dome fubftituted, to the Me- 
 mory of its Architect, in its Place. 
 
 The 
 
Price of hemifpherical Domes . 
 
 The Price of Bricks and Mortar a/e herein 
 the fame as in hemifpherical Domes, but the 
 Workmanfhip is worth more Money, becaufe 
 the Application of the long Director to the 
 circular Rim, and centeral plumb Line, will 
 imploy more Time than when ’tis fix’d to the 
 Centre, as is done in the Building of a HemR 
 fphere s and therefore I allow the Workman- 
 jfhip of this kind of Brick Work at 3 /. 10 s, 
 per Rod, exclufive of Scaffolding, making the 
 Directors, fixing the Floor, &c. 
 
 The convex or concave Superficies of a 
 Hemifpheroid, may be found very nearly as 
 follows, m. 
 
 A s the Radius of its Bafe is to twice the 
 Area of that Circle over which it Hands, fo 
 is the perpendicular Height of the Spheroid 
 (from the Level of its Bafe to its Vertex) to 
 its Superficies. 
 
 Example. 
 
 Suppose the Radius of the Bafe of a Sphe- 
 roid be 2 0 Feet, and its perpendicular Height 
 15 Feet. 
 
 < Then I fay , 
 
 As .10 Feet, the Radius, is to 6a8 4 Feet 
 (equal to twice the Area of the Circle over 
 which their Spheroid Hands) fo is 15 .he per- 
 pendicular Height, to 94a f its Superficies. 
 
 Before 
 
2y° 
 
 Of the Menfuration 
 
 Before the Solidity of a Brick hemifphe- 
 rodical Dome can be meafured, the manner 
 of finding the Solidity of a Spheroid mu ft be 
 known. 
 
 The Proportion that the Solidity of a Sphe- 
 roid hath to the Solidity of its circumfcribing 
 Cylinder, is, as 2 is to 3 ; the very fame as of 
 a Sphere to its circumfcribing Cylinder. 
 
 And therefore , 
 
 I f the Area of a Circle, equal to the Bafe 
 of a Semi-fpheroid, be multiplied by f Parts 
 of its Perpendicular Height^ the Produdt is its 
 Solidity. 
 
 Example. 
 
 Let the Circle over which a Semifpheroid 
 (lands, be 20 Feet Diameter, whofe Area is 
 314- Feet, and the Height 15 Feet. 
 
 Then, 314; multiplied by 10, equal to 2 
 Thirds of 15 the given Height, the Product 
 3141^ is the Solidity of the Semi-fpheroid. 
 
 This being underftood, the Menfura- 
 tion of a hemifpheroidical Dome of Brick 
 Work, &c is very eafy. For if the Air con- 
 tained within its Concavity be conceived to be 
 one Semi-fphercid, and that together with the 
 Shell be confidered as another, then fubtradting 
 the aireal Semifpheroid from the whole, the 
 Remains will be the Solidity of the Shell or 
 Dome, as before was done for to find the So- 
 lidity of a hemifpherical Shell. 
 
 Seg- 
 
of the Solidity of a Spheroid \ 271 
 
 Segments of Spheriods and of fpherodicai 
 Domes, are not fo eafily meafured as their 
 entire Bodies ; but that nothing ufeful may 
 be omitted herein, I will explain their Admea- 
 furement as follows, viz . 
 
 If a Spheroid be infcribed in a Sphere, as 
 Fig. I. Plate XX. then every Segment of 
 the Sphere is to every Segment of the Spheroid 
 (being of the fame Altitude) as the Solidity 
 of the Sphere is to the Solidity of the Sphe- 
 riod. 
 
 Suppose a Sphere of 14 Feet Diameter, 
 whofe Solidity is 14377 F e£t > have a Sphe- 
 roid infcribed therein, whofe conjugate or 
 fhort Diameter is 10 Feet, and Solidity 7337 
 Cube Feet. 
 
 Now, the Solidities of the Sphere and of 
 the Spheroid being thus given, 
 
 The Anology is, 
 
 As 14377 Feet, the Solidity of the Sphere, 
 is to 7357 Feet, the Solidity of the Sphe- 
 roid ; 
 
 So is the Solidity of any given Segment of 
 the Sphere, to the Solidity of a Segment 
 of the Spheroid. 
 
 Now from hence "tis evident, that before 
 the Solidity of the Segment of a Spheroid can 
 be found, the Soliditv of a Segment of a Sphere 
 
 U of 
 
272 Of a fpheroidical Segment. 
 
 of the fame Altitude muft be firffc known. 
 To make this plain, I will give an 
 
 Example. 
 
 Suppose a x, Fig. I. Plate XX. to be a 
 Spheroid, infcribed within the Sphere of a i x } 
 iand let cad be a given Segment of the Sphe- 
 roid, whofe Solidity is required. 
 
 Operation. 
 
 i ft . Continue the right Line or Bafe of 
 the given Segment, until it meet the Limits of 
 the Sphere in the Points h e. 
 
 2 dly, By Rule I. or II. Page 265, for to 
 find the Solidity of any Segment of a Sphere^ 
 find the Solidity of the Segment b a e, which 
 will be found to contain 169,6464. 
 
 Now, as 1437,7 Feet, the Solidity of the 
 Sphere fa i x , is to 735,7 Feet, the Solidity 
 of the incribed Spheroid; fa is 169,6464 Feet 
 the Solidity of the Segment of the Sphere 
 b a e, to ahnoft ? 7 Cube Feet, the Solidity of 
 c a d y the Segment of the Spheriod. 
 
 Thus much for finding the Solidity of the 
 Segment of a Spheroid, when its two Diameters 
 (by which the Solidity of the Spheroid is found) 
 .are given : But when the perpendicular Height 
 and Diameter of the Bafe of the Segment are 
 only given, without knowing the Lengths of 
 $ihe two Diameters or Axis’s, it is impracticable $ 
 y be* 
 
Of poly angular Domes . 273 
 
 becaufe Spheriods of the fame Length are in- 
 finitely different in their conjugate Diameters. 
 
 N. B. The Solidity of a Segment of a he- 
 mifpherodical Brick Dome, ..may be found by 
 fubit rafting the Segment of the aireal Sphe- 
 roid from the aireal Segment and Shell con- 
 fidered together as one Segment, as before, in 
 the Cafes of the hemiopherical and hemifphe- 
 rodical Domes. 
 
 Domes to Temples, &c . have very often a 
 Polygon, as a Pentagon, Hexagon, Oftagon, &c. 
 for their Bafe, inftead of a Circle, and are there- 
 fore called pentangular, hexangular, oftangu- 
 lar, &c . fpherical or fpheroidical Domes, as 
 reprefented in Plate XX. 
 
 A s the Superfices of a Hemifphere is equal 
 to twice the Area of the Circle over which it 
 ffands, fo is the Superficies of any angular 
 Dome, equal to twice the Area of the Polygon 
 over which it flands. 
 
 And, 
 
 A s the Solidity of a Semifphere is equal 
 to two Thirds cf its circumfcribing Cylinder, 
 fo the Solidity of an angular fpherical Dome, 
 is equal to two Thirds of its circumfcribing 
 Prifim, be it pentangular, hexangular, oft- 
 angular, &c. 
 
 And as the convex fuperficies of a Semi- 
 fphere is to the convex Superficies of a Semi- 
 
 U 2 fpheroid 
 
274 0 / poly angular Domes. 
 
 fpheroid, (the Cycles o f their Bafes being 
 both equal) s the Radius of their Bafes is to 
 the perpendi ular Height of the Semi-fphe- 
 roid, fo the convex Superficies of any fpheri- 
 cal angular Dome, is to the fuperficies of a 
 fpheroliacal angular Dome (the Polygons to 
 each Bafe, being equal and the fame) as the 
 Semi-diameter of the fpheriodical angular 
 Dome, is to its perpendicular Height. And 
 the fame Rules which are here laid down for 
 to find the Solidities of the Segments of a 
 Sphere and a Spheroid, will alfo find the Soli- 
 dity of the Segment of an angular Sphere and 
 an angular Spheroid $ and confequently the 
 Solidities of their Shells or Domes alfo. 
 
 N. B. To well proportion a fpheriodical 
 Dome— Divide the Diameter of its Ba'e into 
 1 2 equal Parts ; of which give 9 to the per- 
 pendicular Height, as Fig. 2?. Plate XX. 
 
 All kinds of angular Domes may be built 
 without Centres, by the Help of Ribs only, 
 being made equal to the infide Curvature of 
 their Hips, backed as circular Hip Rafters are, 
 and placet 1 at each Angle. For if every Courfe, 
 between every two Ribs, be worked as the 
 Joints or Courfes of a ftraight Arch, and with 
 a juft Sommer ing, then every Courfe will form 
 an inverted Fruftrum of a Pyramid ; and being 
 firmly and clofe worked, cannot have any 
 Bearing on a Centre, was one to be ere<fted 
 for that Purpofe ; which is therefore needlefs. 
 
 In 
 
Of the Prices of Brick Domes . 275 
 
 In a Semi-fpherical angular Dome, the 
 Sommering of every Courie of Bricks muft 
 have a find: Recourfe to its Centre, and that 
 as well on their Sides as on their upper Sur- 
 faces ; which a Chalk Line, fix’d to the Cen- 
 tre, will in both Cafes and in every Courfe 
 truly dired. 
 
 And as for to build a femi-fperoidical Dome, 
 there is a Neceflltyof fixing a Floor level with 
 its Springing, for to fix on a circular Stop for 
 the Director : So in like manner, when a fe- 
 mi-fpheroidical angular Dome is to be ereded, 
 a Floor muft be fixed, and a Polygon, fin* ilar 
 to the Bale of the Dome, defcribed thereon in 
 the Place of the Circle ; becaufe it is to the mid- 
 dle Point in each Side thereof that the Courfes 
 of Bricks in every oppofite Side of >he Dome, 
 up unto the Top of the handl’d Part, muft 
 fommer. 
 
 When the hanched Part of a femi-fpheroi- 
 dical angular Dome is carried up to the Spring 
 of its Crown, then the Sommering of every 
 Courfe of Bricks contained therein, muft have 
 Recourfe to the Centre only, as before fhewn 
 in the femi-fpherical angular Dome. 
 
 Both thefe kinds of Brick Domes are worth 
 3/. 10 s. per Rod, for Workman (hip only, 
 
 exclufive of 4! per lineal Foot for cutting the 
 Hips, and exclufive of the Expence of the 
 U 3 Flooring, 
 
276 Of the Menfuration of a Cone* 
 
 Flooring, Ribs, Scaffolding, and Materials; 
 which laft is the fame as in common Grey- 
 Stock Walling, the beating of the Mortar only 
 excepted, as before noted. 
 
 Conical Brickwork is either an entire 
 Cone, or a Fruftrum thereof. 
 
 An entire Cone is a Solid, which is gene- 
 rated by the Rotation of a right-angled plain 
 Triangle, having oneof its Sides fixed as an Axis, 
 about which its Revolution is made, as Fig. I. 
 Plate XXL 
 
 The Solidity of a Cone is equal to one 
 third Part of the Solidity of its infcribed Cy- 
 linder; and therefore it follows, that if the 
 Area of a Cone’s Bafe be multiplied by 1 third 
 Part of the Cone’s perpendicular Height, the 
 Produd will be the Solidity of the Cone. 
 
 Suppose a Cone, whofe Bafe is right-an- 
 gled to its Axis, be 20 Feet in Diameter, and 
 its Axis 30 Feet, 
 
 Then 314* Feet, the Area of its Bafe, be- 
 ing multiplied by 10 Feet, the 3d Part of its 
 given Height, the Produd 3157 cubical Feet 
 is the Solidity. 
 
 Cones of Brickwork well perform’d, with 
 durable Materials, and well proportioned, have 
 a very agreeable Effed on the Eye, when 
 ereded on a Church Steeple as a Spire : An 
 Example of which was lately to be feen at 
 
 Chriji - 
 
Of the building of a Brick Cone. 277 
 
 Chrifl-Church in Southwark, when the old 
 Church was ftanding; which, at its re-build- 
 ing, I believe for wane of knowing how to 
 make fecure ihe Foundation of the new Steeple, 
 was omitted, for the Sake of lefs burthening 
 it, and a Cupola, or Lantkorn , of the moil 
 inelegant Tafte introduced in its (lead, not of 
 much lefs Weight and Expence than a conical 
 Spire would have been ; for Spires of this kind 
 need not exceed the Thicknefs of that at Saltf- 
 bury Cathedral, which tho upwards 0/ 200 Feet 
 in Height above the Tower, is but 9 Hches in 
 Thicknefs. 
 
 A Cone of Brickwork need not a Centre 
 to build it on, becaufe as every Courfe of 
 Bricks muft have fuch a Sommering as for 
 their upper Surfaces to be exadfly right-angled 
 with the Outfide of the Cone, and every Brick 
 therein to point direftly to the Axis ; as re- 
 prefented in Fig. II. Plate XXL therefore 
 every Courfe of Bricks will become an inverted 
 Fruftrum of a Cone; which being clofely and 
 truly worked, will fo ftrongly wedge them- 
 felves together, that if a Centre was eredled, 
 they could not have any Bearing on it, and 
 therefore would be ufelefs. 
 
 Besides, if a Cone of Brickwork was tp be 
 built on a Centre, as the Courfes fettled it 
 would difunite and ruin them by its Refinance; 
 becaufe in the Settlement every Courfe of 
 Bricks will be forced out, and form a greater 
 U 4 Circle 
 
278 Of the Menfuration of 
 
 Circle than that which it made when it was 
 laid ; which therefore in the Expanfion will 
 difunite all the upright Joints, and fo ruin the 
 whole. 
 
 A s the Workman (h ip of this kind of Brick- 
 work is perform'd fometimes by the Foot Ju - 
 perficial , on the out Surface of the Cone, and 
 fometimes by the Cube Foot or Rod, I will 
 therefore (hew how to meafure the Superficies 
 and Solidity of the Shell of a Cone, as follows, 
 viz. 
 
 Suppose a Brick Cone be 20 Feet Diame- 
 ter at its Safe , from Out to Out , its Axis 100 
 Feet in Height , and the Fhicknejs of its Shell 
 9 Inches . 
 
 N. B. The Area, or Superficies of every 
 Cone, whofe Bafe is right-angled to its Axis, 
 is equal to a Sector of a Circle, whofe Radius 
 is equal the Length of the Cone’s Side, and 
 whole Limb or curved Side is equal to the 
 Circumference of the Cone’s Bafe. 
 
 S o the Sector / a g d. Fig. II. Plate XXI. 
 is equal to the Superficies of the Cone a d c ; 
 becaufe the Radius f a is equal to the Side of 
 the Cone a d, and the Curve// d is equal to 
 the Circumference of the Cone's Bafe k e k i. 
 
 Now when the Diameter of the Bafe, and 
 perpendicular Height of the Cone is given, the 
 
 Length 
 
the Shell of a Brick Cone 279 
 
 Length of the Side of the Cone, as ad, muft 
 be found, before the Superficies of the Cone 
 can be known 3 which may be found as fol- 
 lows, viz. 
 
 Add the Square of the Semi-diameter of 
 the Cone’s Bafe, to the Square of the Height 
 of its Axis; then the fquare Root of their 
 Sum will be the Length of the Side of the 
 Cone. 
 
 So the Square of d e , 10 Feet, is 100 Feet ; 
 and the Square a e , ioo n Feet, is 10000 Feet ; 
 whole Sum is 10100 Feet ; and whofe fquare 
 Root is very inconfiderably more than oof 
 Feet ; which is the Radius of the Se&or and 
 Side of the Cone. 
 
 The Side of the Cone being thus found, 
 the next Thing to be known is the Circum- 
 ference of the Cone’s Bafe, which find as fol- 
 lows, viz. 
 
 As 7 is to 22, fo is 20 Feet the Diameter 
 to 627 Feet the Circumference, which is the 
 Length of the Curve fgd. 
 
 Now, as is taught in Page 177, multiply 
 loot the Side of the Cone, by 31!, the half 
 of the Curve f g d, and the Product 3158^ 
 is the fiaperficial Content of the Cone. 
 
 The 
 
280 The Price of Brick Cones. 
 
 The Solidity of the Shell of a Cone is 
 thus found, viz. Confider the Shell and its 
 aireal Vacuity together, as a folid Cone; then 
 fubftradting the aireal Cone from the fuppofed 
 folid Cone, the Remains is the Solidity of the 
 Shell. 
 
 But before the Solidity of the aireal Cone 
 can be known, the Height of x e its Axis, muff 
 be found, as follows, viz. As the Triangles 
 a d e % and x z e are fimilar, therefore, 
 
 As de loFeet, is to e a ioo Feet ; fo is 
 ze g\ Feet, to e x Feet, which is the 
 Height of the Aireal Cone. 
 
 Now, the Solidities of the two Cones be- 
 ing found as before is taught ; that of the 
 fuppofed folid Cone will contain 10476 Cube 
 Feet, and the Aireal Cone 8264^, whofe 
 Difference 221 ij Cube Feet is the Solidity of 
 the Shell. 
 
 If 2211 Cube Feet, be divided by 306, 
 the Quotient 7, is the Number of Rods ; 
 and the remains 69 are Cube Feet. 
 
 This Kind of Brickwork being well per- 
 formed, for the Workmanfhip, exclufive of 
 the Expence of Scaffolding, and of raifing up 
 the Bricks and Mortar, is worth Six-pence per 
 Cube Foot, or 7/. 13 s. per Rod.— And the 
 
 Bricks 
 
Of the Fruftrum of a Cone. 2S1 
 
 Bricks and Mortar about 8/. 12 s . — So that 
 the Expence of Bricks, Mortar and Labour, 
 will be about 16 Guineas per Rod 5 and of 
 a Cone of the aforefaid Dimenfions, about 
 120/. exclufive of Scaffolding, &c . as aforefaid. 
 
 When the upper Part of a Cone is taken 
 away from the lower Part, the remaining Part is 
 called a Fruftrum, fo in Fig. III. Plate XXI. 
 the Part a b c being taken from the entire Cone 
 a d e , the lower Part, or Remains b c d e is a 
 Fruftrum. This Kind of Brickwork is often ufed 
 not only for Spires to Steeples, which are 
 finifhed with Balls and Vanes, &c. and thereby 
 made Fruftrums as aforefaid, but for to fuftain 
 Cupolas over Timber Domes, as that of St. 
 Paul's, whofe Cupola, on which the Crofs is 
 placed, is entirely fuftain’d within the out- 
 ward Dome, by a Brick Fruftrum of a Cone, 
 of 18 Inches in Thicknefsj fo that the out- 
 ward Dome fuftains no Part of that Weight, 
 and has no other A&ion there then that of 
 its own bearing againft it. 
 
 The Sides of Lime-Kilns, arealfo inverted 
 Fruftrums of Cones ; but as they are gene- 
 rally within the Ground, and are performed 
 but in an ordinary manner, are worth no 
 more than Work and half in rough Walling, 
 vide Page 8 1. But when Fruftums are built 
 for the fupport of Cupola's, &c. as aforefaid, 
 they are worth the fame Money as before 
 faid of an entire Cone. 
 
 When 
 
282 Of the Menfuration 
 
 When the Dimenfions of the Fruftrum of 
 a Cone is given, to find its external fuperfi- 
 cial and folid Content, they are beft and eafieft 
 found, by firft finding the Deficiency of the 
 Cone, and then confidering the whole as an 
 entire Cone, fubftradt the Superficies and So- 
 lidity of the imaginary Top from thofe of 
 the whole, and the remains, will be the Quan- 
 ties of the Fruftrum. 
 
 Suppose Fig. III. Plate XXI. to be the 
 Frufirum of a Cone given, who Dirnenfions 
 are as follows, viz. 
 
 Diameter of it Bafe 30 Feet 
 Ditto of its Top 1 5 
 Perpendicular Height 60 
 
 To find a b c, the Deficiency. 
 
 Operation. 
 
 From i e 15 Feet the Semidiameter of the 
 Bafe, fubftradt key Feet 6 Inches the Semi- 
 diameter of the Top, and then the remains 
 7 Feet 6 Inches will be the Length of x e . 
 
 N o w as kc is Parallel to x e , and c x is 
 Parallel to a k y and the fide of the Cone 
 make the fame Angle with the Line k c , as 
 with x e, therefore the Triangles a k c y and 
 c x e, are Similar $ and therefore 
 
 As x e y\ Feet, is to c x 60 Feet ; 
 
 So is k c y\ Feet, to a k 60 Feet. 
 
 Now 
 
of the Frujlrum of a Cone . 283 
 
 Now a k 60 Feet, added to k i 60 Feet, 
 makes the Height of the entire Cone 120 
 Feet, with which proceed as follows, viz. 
 
 Firji , (as before taught in Page 279) find 
 the Length of a e , the fide of the Cone, and 
 on .tfdefcribe the Arch eg, which make equal 
 to the Circumference of theBafe, and draw 
 the Line a g : Then the Sedtor a eg will be 
 equal to the Superficies of the entire Cone. 
 
 Secondly , perform the fame, with the S editor 
 a c f and then fubfiractirfg the Area of the 
 Sedtor a c f from the Area of the great Sedtor 
 a eg , the Remains, will be the Area of cfe g, 
 which is equal to the Superficies of the 
 Fruiirum. 
 
 So the Square of i e Feet, is 225 Feet, 
 and the Square of a i 120 Feet, is 14400 Feet, 
 whofe Sum is 14625, and whofe fquare Root 
 is very near 12 1. Again, 
 
 If 1 2.1 be multiplied by 477, the half of 
 94t, the Circumference of the Bafe, the Pro- 
 dudt 5604- Feet, is the Superficies of a e g, 
 which is equai to die Superficies of the entire 
 Cone. 
 
 And therefore , 
 
 If in like manner, the <rea of the Sector 
 a c f be found (which isequal to 1407^ Feet) 
 and be fubftradted from 5604^ Feet, the Re- 
 mains 
 
2 84 0 f the Menfuration 
 
 mains 4287 Feet is the fuperficial Content of 
 the Fruftrum. 
 
 And with regard to the finding of the So- 
 lidity of the Fruftrum, it is evident, that if 
 from the Solidity of the entire Cone a d e y be 
 fubtrafted the deficient Cone a b the Re«* 
 mains or Difference will be the Solidity of the 
 Fruftrum. 
 
 As for Example, 
 
 Firjl , The Area of the Bafe d e is 7077 Ft. 
 and f of the Axis a i is 40 
 
 whofe Produdt is 28285^ F t. 
 
 which is the Solidity of an entire Cone. 
 
 Secondly , The Area of the Bafe b c, is 1767 J 
 and j- of the Axis a k y is 20 Feet, 
 
 whofe Product 35354 is the Solidity of the 
 deficient Cone a b c. 
 
 Now, if from 28285,7 the Solidity of the 
 entire Cone a d e y be fubtrafted 3535^ the 
 imaginary Solidity of the deficient Cone a b c y 
 the Remains 24750 Cube Feet, will be the 
 Solidity of the Fruftrum b c d e. 
 
 The Solidity of the Fruftrum of a Cone 
 may be alfo found without completing the 
 Cone as aforefaid, by the following Rule. 
 RULE. 
 
 Multiply the Area of the Bafe by the 
 Area of the Top, ,and extrad the fquare Root 
 &f their Produd, 
 
 To 
 
of the Fruftrum of a Cone . 285 
 
 To the Sum of the two Area’s aforefaid, 
 add the Square Root before found, and that 
 Sum multiplied by 1 Third of the Fruftrum’s 
 Length, will be the Solidity of the Fruftrum . 
 
 So 707 f, the Area of the Safe, multi- 
 plied by 176— the Area of the Topj the 
 Product is 12 50 12*, whofe fquare Root is 
 very near 353 * 4 , 
 
 Now, if to the Area of the Bafe 70 7 
 
 which being multiplied by 20, viz. 1 Third 
 of 60 Feet, the Height k i y the Product will 
 be 24750 Feet, which is equal to the Produdt 
 before found in Page 284. 
 
 A s I have thus made the Menfuration of 
 the Fruftrum of a Cone, I think very eafy, 
 
 I {hall therefore conclude this Section with 
 the following Obfervations, viz. 
 
 ifi , That to meafure the Solidity of the 
 Shell of a Fruftrum of a Cone, is no more 
 than firft to confider the Shell and its aireal 
 Fruftrum together as a folid Fruftrum, and 
 then fubtra&ing from that, the fuppofed Soli- 
 dity of its aireal Fruftrum, the Remains or 
 Pifference of Solidity, will be the Solidity of 
 
 Feet . 
 
 and to the Area of the Top 
 be added the fquare Root 
 
 their Sum is 1237 
 
 z 
 
 I 4* 
 
 the 
 
286 0/ Brick Ornaments. 
 
 the Shell, as before (hewn by many repeated 
 Examples, for finding the Solidities of the 
 Shells of Domes, Cones, &c. 
 
 2 dly> That every thing which has been 
 faid rela ing to Cones and their Fruftrums, the 
 fame in every refpedt is to be underftood in 
 Brick Pyraments, and their Fruftums, let their 
 Bafes be a geometrical Square, Pentagon, Hexa- 
 gon, Octagon, &c. unlefs in the Price of their 
 Workmanship, to which mu ft be added Six- 
 pence per lineal Foot, for cutting and rubbing 
 the angular Bricks of their Blips, as Fig. IV, &c. 
 
 Sect. XIV. Of Brick Ornaments. 
 
 FI E S E Ornaments are of various 
 kinds, viz. Embed only, and fet in 
 Front Mortar ; or, gaged, rubed, and fet in 
 Putty. 
 
 Those which are rubbed only, are chiefly 
 the Sides or Jaumbs of Windows, and the ex- 
 ternal Angles or Quoins of Buildings, which 
 Workmen call Returns , and which generally 
 confift of alternate Courfes; the one a Stretcher , 
 the other a Header and Clofier , as Fig. L 
 Plate XXII. or the one a Stretcher and Header, 
 and the other a Header, Clofier and Stretcher, 
 as- Fig. IX. 
 
 A 7 . B. 
 
Of fquare Returns to Quoins, &c. 287 
 
 N. B. A Stretcher is a Brick laid at Length* 
 &s thofe numbered 3, 3, &c. a Header is the 
 Head End of a Brick, as 2, 2, &c. and a 
 Clofier is Half a Header^ as r, 1, as in 
 Fig. I. 
 
 When every 4 Courfes of a Brick Front 
 rife a Foot, then 8 Red-flock Bricks will do a 
 fuperficial Foot of Return ; but when the 
 Front Bricks are worked in thin Courfes of 
 Mortar, fo as for every 4 Courfes to rife but 
 11 Inches, then every fuperficial Foot will 
 impioy nearly 9 Red- flock Bricks. 
 
 A s the Difference of the Price of Red-flock 
 Bricks more than of Grey-flock Bricks, is 
 nearly f of a Farthing per Brick, therefore 
 the Price of 9 Red-flocks, the Number per 
 fuperficial Foot, more than fo many Grey- 
 flocks, is 1 Penny and 3 Farthings 5 which 3 
 with regard to unavoidable Wafte, I allow at 
 2 Pence, andt 3 Pence per Foot Workmanfhip, 
 makes 5 Pence per fuperficial Foot in the 
 whole. 
 
 In Walling, where every 4 Courfes, rife 
 1 Foot. 
 
 Every 
 
 { 5 { Stretchers! 
 
 10 f Headers > 
 21 j Clofiers j 
 
 make a fuperficial 
 Foot, 
 
 But 
 
 jr 
 
 x 
 
288 Of OB angular. Sec . Returns." 
 
 But in Walling where every 4 Courfes rife 
 but 11 Inches, then 
 
 { 6 Stretchers") . 1T , A , r 
 
 r2 Headers l wlU but make a fu ‘ 
 24 Clouers ] Perficial Foot. 
 
 The bed way to meafure thefe kinds of 
 Works, is to number the Stretchers, Headers, 
 and Clofiers feparately, in one Window, &c a 
 and then dividing their refpeCtive Quantities 
 by the above refpedtive Number that make a 
 Foot, the Quotients added,, will be the Num- 
 ber of fuperficial Feet in the Window, &c»- 
 which being multiplied by the Number of 
 Windows, &c. the Produdt will be the Con- 
 tent of the whole. 
 
 When Quoins of Buildings are Hexangu- 
 lar, Octangular, &e. as Fig. IV. Plate XXIII. 
 there is more Trouble than where the Quoins 
 are fquare ; becaufe, in all fuch obtufe angular 
 Quoins, the Head of every Stretcher, that 
 forms the Angle or Quoin, muft be gag'd,, 
 cut, and rub'd, exactly to the Quantity of the 
 Angle ; which is worth 3 Pence per Foot li- 
 neal Meafure for the Workmanfhip (as well 
 when the whole is built with Grey-ftocks as 
 when ornamented with Red-docks) extra more 
 than $d. per Foot as aforefakh 
 
 Gaged and rub'd Brick Ornaments are of 
 divers kinds, of which fome are worked flufh, 
 in the fame Plane of the common Work, as 
 
 Frizes- 
 
Of rubbed Brick Frizes. 289 
 
 Prizes to Entablatures, Arches over the Heads 
 of Windows, &c. and fome Project before it, 
 as Fafcia’s, Architraves, Rufticks, &c. 
 
 In Ornaments which are worked flufh, 
 with the Plane of the common Work, the Ex- 
 cefs in Price of Red-ftocks, more than of the 
 Grey-ftocks or Place Bricks, muft only be al- 
 lowed for the Red-ftocks : But in all Works 
 that have Projection , as aforefaid, the Red-ftock 
 Bricks muft be entirely paid for, with 25 per 
 Cent. Profit, at a Halfpenny per Brick. 
 
 I n plain horizontal Brick Works, as a Frize 
 to an Entablature, &c. there is not fo much 
 Wafte in the Bricks, nor fo much Time im- 
 ploy’d in the Workmanfhip, as is in Arches ; 
 over the Heads of Windows, and therefore i$ 
 not fo expenfive. 
 
 I n all fuch horizontal Brick Works, where 
 every 5 Courfes rife 1 Foot in Height, every 
 fuperficial Foot will imploy 10 Bricks (the 
 Courfes being laid Headers and Stretchers al- 
 ternately) and the Expence, per fuperficial 
 Foot, is as follows, viz. 
 
 The Excefs in Prices ofv 
 
 1 o Red-ftock Bricks 1 0 0 2 
 
 Putty 001 
 
 Workmanfhip o o 10 
 
 oil 
 
 Total 
 X a 
 
 Btrx 
 
2 9 ° Ofjlraight, circular , and elliptical Arches* 
 
 B u T in arched flufh Ornaments, whofe 
 Courfes fommer to one or more Centres, as 
 ftraight, circular, elliptical, and Gothick Arches, 
 a greater Number of Bricks and more Work- 
 man (lup, per fuperficial Foot, is required ; 
 becaufe every Brick muft be cut and rub’d to 
 its true Sommering, which caufes not only 
 confiderable Wafte in the Bricks, but alfo im- 
 ploys more Time to gage, rub, and fet them. 
 
 In the ftraight Arch of a Window, as 
 Fig. I. and II. Plate V. every fuperficial Foot 
 will require 1 2 Bricks, as alfo will the Scheme 
 Arch, Fig. I. the femicircular Arch, Fig. II. 
 and the Gothick Arch, Fig. III. Plate XXIV. 
 But elliptical Arches, as Fig. I. and II. and 
 Gothick Arches, as Fig. III. Plate XXIII. muft 
 be allowed 16 Bricks per fuperficial Foot. 
 
 The Expence, per fuperficial Foot, of 
 ftraight^ Scheme , femicircular , and Gothick 
 Arches y confiding but of two Curves, as Fig. 
 III. Plate XXIV. is as follows, viz. 
 
 The Excefs in Price of? ■ A 
 12 Red-flock Bricks! 0 ° 2% 
 
 Putty o o i 
 
 Workmanfhip o i o 
 
 Total o i 3^ 
 
 But Elliptical Arches, as Fig. I. and II; 
 and Gothick Arches* as Fig. III. Plate XXIII. 
 
 have 
 
Of Fascia’s. 291 
 
 have greater Wafte, and requires more Time 
 in the fommering of the Courfes. 
 
 The Expence per fuperficial Foot of thefe 
 kinds of Arches is as follows, viz. 
 
 o 3l 
 
 0 1 
 
 1 3 
 
 1 7\ 
 
 Fasc ias’s fet in Putty, over Arches of 
 Windows, are made either plain, of one entire 
 Face, or enrich'd with plain Tenia’s, or Sa* 
 liant Courfes, as A B D, or with Moldings, 
 as CEFGHIK, Plate XXV. 
 
 I n all thefe kinds of Brick Fafcia ’s, every 
 fuperficial Foot on the upright Face of the 
 Fafcia, will require 10 Bricks, the Courfes be- 
 ing laid, Headers and Stretchers alternate, as 
 aforefaid ; which mnftbe rated at 1 Halfpenny 
 per Brick, or 5 ^/. per Foot, on the Face, 
 Pole Height 5 or if an Account of the Num- 
 ber of Bricks ufed in any Fafcia, be kept, 
 then each Brick mail be valued at a Half- 
 j penny, 
 
 I n all plain Fafcia’s, whether they confiit 
 .of one or more Faces, the Girt of the whole, 
 
 X 3 from 
 
 The Excefs in Price of 16 Bricks! 
 which is the Number that every >0 
 Foot will require^ is J 
 
 Putty o 
 
 Workmanfhip o 
 
 Total 
 
2gz Of Fascia's Jet in Putty. 
 
 from the Upright of the Wall above, to the 
 fame underneath, mull be taken for the Height 
 of the Fafcia, and the Workmanfhip thereof 
 paid for per fuperficial Foot as follows, viz. 
 
 if. For thofe of one Face only, as A, 1 1 cl, 
 viz . io d. fqr Workmanfhip, and id. for 
 Putty. 
 
 a dip. For thofe whofe upper 3 Courfes pro- 
 ject over the lower, as B, 1 s. viz. 1 1 d. for 
 Workmanfhip, and 1 d. fpr Putty. 
 
 3 dly, For thofe whofe Height is divided 
 into two Faces, and each cap’d, as C, 1 s. 1 d. 
 viz. 1 s . for Workmanfhip. and 1 d. for Putty. 
 
 4 thly, For thofe which are enriched with 
 Moldings, the plain Parts at 1 s. 1 d. and th6 
 Moldings at 1 5. 5 d. the Putty of both in- 
 cluded. 
 
 Upright Rusticks to Windows, Doors , 
 Quoins, Pilajlers , Piers to Gates, &c. are 
 either fquare, called Rabbk Rnjlicks , as thofe 
 of thp Pier, Fig. I. or champhered , as thofe 
 of Fig. II. Plate XXVIII. 
 
 Square Rusticks of 5 Cotirfes to a Foot 
 in Height, will imply 10 Bricks per fuperficial 
 Foot, and therefore their Value is as follows, 
 
 viz o' 
 
 10 Red- 
 
Of fquare and champhePd R u sticks. 293 
 
 10 Red-ftock Bricks o o 5 
 Putty 001 
 
 Workmanfhip o 1 o 
 
 Total 016 
 
 v ' * ■■ •• ‘ • 
 
 N. B. I n taking the Dimen fions of the Su- 
 perficies of a Ruftick, obferve not to omit the 
 Edges ; becaufe the Workman has the fame 
 Right to be paid for their Workmanfhip, as he 
 has for the upright Face : But when Dimen- 
 fions are taken, for to find the Number of 
 fquare Feet of Bricks only, then no regard 
 muft be taken of the Edges. 
 
 Champher’d Rusticks muft dfo be al- 
 lowed 10 Red-ftock Bricks per fuperficial 
 Foot, but their Workmanfhip is more than 
 that of a fquare Ruftick ; that is, in Con- 
 sideration that they are worked fquare, as a 
 fquare Ruftick, before their Edges are cham- 
 pher’d off, the Workman has therefore a Right 
 to be paid for them ; firfl, as a fquare Ru- 
 ftick, including the Edges, as aforefaid, at 
 is. id. per Foot fuperficial, for Labour and 
 Putty ; and then is. 4 d. per Foot fuperficial, 
 as Molding extra for the champher’d Sides. 
 
 Rusticks whofe Courfes have Sommer- 
 ing, as thofe in the Heads of fquare, femi- 
 circular and femi-eliiptical Gates, Doors, and 
 Windows, require more Bricks and more 
 X 4 Work- 
 
2Q4 Of circular , &c. Rusticks, 
 
 Workmanfhip per fuperficial Foot, than the 
 preceding kinds* 
 
 Keying in, and Side Rufticks, to fquare 
 headed and femicircular head d Gates , Doors % 
 and W\ widows , are worth fuperficial Foot, 
 as follows, viz. 
 
 12 Red~ftocks e o 6 
 
 Putty o o i 
 
 Workman (hip o i o 
 
 But Brick Rufticks in femi-el!iptical headed 
 Gates, Doors, or Windows, is worth more 
 Money ; becaufe there is not only a much 
 greater unavoidable Wafte in the fommering of 
 the Bricks, and therefore muft be allowed 1 6 
 per fuperficial Foot : But the Trouble of cut- 
 ting and rubing them to their Sommerings(which 
 in one half Part of an elliptical Arch are all 
 different) is much greater than thofe of a Se- 
 mi-circle, where the Sommering of every 
 Courfe is the fame ; and therefore every fuper- 
 ficial Foot of Rufticks in an elliptical Arch to 
 a Gate, Door, or Window Head, is worth as 
 follows, viz. 
 
 Total 017 
 
 1 6 Bricks 008 
 
 Putty 001 
 
 Workmanfhip 016 
 
 Total 
 
Of Brick Architraves; 295 
 
 Architraves to Doors and Windows are 
 either ftraight, circular, or elliptical ; and the 
 Number of Bricks required per fuperficial Foot 
 is as follows, viz. 
 
 And as a circular Architrave requires more 
 Labour than a ftraight Architrave ; and an ell ip* 
 tical Architrave more than a circular, therefore 
 the Value of their Workmanfhip muft be dif- 
 ferent. 
 
 I n all ftraight Architraves, the Courfes be- 
 ing parallel, they are therefore fooner worked 
 than a circular Architrave ; becaufe the Sides 
 of its Courfes muft be firft cut and rub’d to 
 their Sommering before the Molding on the 
 Face can be work’d ; and the Trouble of work- 
 ing a circular Molding is more than of a 
 ftraight Molding. 
 
 Straight Architraves, and all other 
 ftraight Moldings worked in Brick, is worth 
 1 s, 4 d. per fuperficial Foot 5 but circular 
 Architraves, and all other circular Moldings, 
 are worth 2 s. and elliptical Architraves, and 
 all other elliptical Moldings, 2 s. 6 d . for their 
 Workmanfhip : And therefore the particular 
 Expence per fuperficial Foot, of thefe different 
 Architraves, is as follows, viz , 
 
 To a 
 
 fuperficial Foot of 
 
 ftraight 
 
 circular 
 
 elliptical 
 
 I. Of 
 
2^6 Of the Prices of Brick Architraves . 
 
 L Of Straight Architraves, &c. 
 
 10 Rcd-ftock Bricks 0 
 
 0 5 
 
 Putty 0 
 
 0 1 
 
 Workman(h:p 0 
 
 1 4 
 
 Total 0 
 
 1 10 
 
 II, Of Circular Architraves, 
 
 12 Red-ftock Bricks 0 
 
 0 6 
 
 Putty 0 
 
 0 1 
 
 Workmanfliip 0 
 
 a 0 
 
 Total 0 
 
 2 7 
 
 III. Oj Elliptical Architraves 
 
 16 Red-ftock Bricks 0 
 
 0 8 
 
 Putty 0 
 
 0 1 
 
 Workmanlhip 0 
 
 2 6 
 
 Total 0 
 
 3 3 
 
 N. B . The Girt of an Architrave muft be 
 taken, as well on its Back from the Face of 
 the Tenia, to the Upright of the Building ; 
 as thorough every Fart of its Face j but the 
 Infide, or Return, to the Window Frame, 
 muft be taken feperately, as plaiu Work, viz. 
 at jod. fer fuperficial Foot for ftraight Work, 
 i s. for circular, and is. 3 d t for elliptical. 
 
 Shafts 
 
Of Shafts , Dado's , Staffs, &c. 297 
 
 Shafts of Pilafters, Dado’s to their Pe- 
 /dcftals. Panne ling, Tables under Win- 
 dow Stools, &c. being all plain Work, and 
 their Courfes parallel, therefore in every of 
 thefe Works, 12 Bricks laid Headers, Stretch- 
 ers, and Clofiers, in Courfes alternate, and 
 every 5 Courfes to rife 1 Foot in Height, 
 will make a fuperficial Foot of Work, and 
 therefore their Expence per fuperficial Foot is 
 as follows, viz. 
 
 10 Red-flock Bricks 005 
 Putty 001 
 
 Workmanfhip o o 10 
 
 Total 014 
 
 N. B. When the Angles or Quoins of 
 Pilaflers, or Dado’s to Pedeftals, &c. are 
 work’d with a Bead Molding, commonly call- 
 ed a Staff, that mud be girt, and paid for 
 extra , as Molding, at 1 s. 4 d . per fuperficial 
 Foot. 
 
 N. B. The Breadth of a Staff, or Bead 
 Molding to a Pilafler, &c. is 3 X X Part of the 
 Pilafler’s, &c. Diameter ; and therefore if the 
 Diameter of a Pilafler, &c. be divided into 
 31 equal Parts, the two outer Parts will be 
 the Breadths of the two Staffs. 
 
 Foot Laceings to Settings-off, ought to 
 be confider’d as flraight Molding ; the Bricks 
 tp be paid for at a Halfpenny per Brick, and 
 
 the 
 
298 Of Brick Piers to Gate -ways. 
 
 the Workman £hip at is. 4 d. per fuperficial 
 foot. 
 
 Brick Piers to Gates, at the Enterances 
 into Noblemens Palaces, &c. when well per- 
 formed, are very great Ornaments, and efpe- 
 cially when their Bafes and Capitals are made 
 of Portland , &r. Stone ; which is not only a 
 fine Contraft in their Colour, but is a greater 
 Prefervative to the Shafts, from Rains, which 
 can’t affed them, fo forcibly, as when made 
 of Bricks. 
 
 The Forms of Piers are always at the Plea- 
 fure of the Archited, viz. Firjl , Plain, as 
 Fig I. orpinnel’d, as Fig. II. Plate XXVI. 
 
 Secondly , Rufticated, with fquare Rufticks, 
 as Fig. I. or with champher’d Rufticks, as 
 Fig. II. Plates XXVII, and XXVIII. 
 
 "Thirdly , Odangular, as Fig. I. or circular, 
 as Fig. II. Plate XXIX. 
 
 Every fuperficial Foot of thefe kinds of 
 Brick Piers, will imploy 10 Bricks, Value 
 5 Pence ; but the Expence of their Work- 
 manship in every kind is different, as for 
 Example, 
 
 Firjl , Wh en the Body of a Pier is worked 
 with a plain fuperficies (as Fig. I. PI. XXVI.) 
 its Value (excluuve of the Core) for Work- 
 maafhip, is 10 d. per fuperficial Foots and 
 
 when 
 
Of the Prices of Brick Piers . 299 
 
 when the Quoins are beaded, they muft be 
 paid for, is. 4 d. per fuperfkiai Foot, extra . 
 
 Secondly , When the Body of a Pier is pan- 
 k nelled in Front and Rear, as Fig. II. Pi. XX VL 
 the Margin about the Pannel, and the Pannel, 
 as a a, is v/orth 1 s. and the Molding, as h y 
 about the Pannel, 1 s . 4 d. per fuperficial Foot; 
 but the Returns of thofe pannelled Sides, and 
 all other plain Parts, are worth but 1 o d. un- 
 lefs their Angles are beaded, which muft be 
 added extra , as aforefaid. 
 
 Thirdly, Wh en the Body of a Pier is worked 
 with Grey-ftock Bricks, and radicated with 
 fquare Rufiicks of Red-ftocks, as Fig. I. Plates 
 XXVII and XXVIII. the Grey-ftock Work is 
 worth for Workmanihip 5F. and the Rufticks 
 1 s. per fupenicial Foot, 5 Courfes per Foot in 
 Height, exclufive of the Core. Bat when the 
 Body of a Pier is alfo built with Red-ftocks, 
 and gaged and rubed down to 5 Courfes, as 
 aforefaid, then the Workmanihip of every fu- 
 perficial Foot, in fuch a Pier, is worth 1 j. 
 
 Fourthly , When the Body of a Pier (or 
 the Bafemcnt of a Building) is rufticated with 
 champher'd Rufticks, as Fig. II. Plates XXVI 
 and XXVII. every Ruftick muft be urft mea- 
 fured as a fqure Ruft-ck, including its Edges, 
 as has been before noted, at 1 Shilling pet -u., 
 p rficial Foot, and he Champhering to 
 
 be meafured extra, as Moldings and added at 
 is. 4 d. per fuperficial Foot., 
 
 9 
 

 300 Of the Prices of Brick Piers . 
 
 Fifthly, Octangular Piers, as Fig. I 9 
 Plate XXIX. are worth for the Workmanfhipof 
 their Shafts or Bodies, i s. per Foot fuper tidal, 
 and 4* Pence per Foot lineal, for cutting their 
 obtufe Angles ; and the Bodies of circular 
 Piers, as Fig. II. for their Workmanthip muft 
 be confidered as molding at 2 s . per Foot fu- 
 perficial. 
 
 N. B. In all gaged and rubed Piers, the 
 rubed Work is confidered but at a Brick’s 
 Breadth in Thicknefs •> fothat all which is con- 
 tained within that Thicknefs, is called the Core , 
 which is to be meafured feperately, and paid 
 for as common Walling, the Workmanfhip at 
 5 Farthings, the Bricks at 3 d . and Mortar at 
 1 Penny per Cube Foot, which together is 
 5* per cube Foot, and fomething above 61 . 
 
 13 s. per Rod. 
 
 1 1 
 
 Note alfo, That Grey-ftock Bricks ufed to 
 face the Bodies of Piers, muft be rated at 1 \ 
 Farthings per Brick, or at 2 Pence Halfpenny 
 per fuperficial Foot ; aud the Mortar at 1 d. 
 for every cube Foot of Brick Work contain’d 
 in fuch Facing. 
 
 Niches ate made in their Bodies, either 
 femi-cylindrical, having a Semi-circle for the 
 Bafe, as Fig. I. cover’d with the half Part of 
 a Hemilphere, or Semi-cylindroidical, having a 
 Semi-ellipfis for the Bafe, as Fig. II. PL XXXIL 
 cover’d with the half Part of ? Hemifpheroid. 
 
 As 
 
Of Brick Niches; 301 
 
 A s the Courfes in both the Bodies of thefe 
 kinds of Niches are parallel, therefore in both 
 Cafes 10 Bricks will face 1 fuperficial Foot* 
 and their Workmanfhip is worth 2 s. in cir- 
 cular, and 2 s. 6 d. in elliptical : But as the 
 Courfes in their Heads have Sommering, from 
 their Faces to their Centres, there is a very 
 great and unavoideble Wafte in the Bricks, 
 caufed by their Diminution as they approach 
 their Centre, and that more or iefe, according 
 to the Magnitude of the Niches. 
 
 In a femi-hemifpherical headed Nich, 
 where all the Courfes are equal to one another, 
 3 2 Bricks per fuperficial Foot, may be about 
 fufficient, and 16 per fuperficial Foot for a fe- 
 mi-hemifpherodical Head. 
 
 The Workmanfhip of a femi-hemifpherical 
 Head, being well perform'd, is worth 4 s. per 
 fuperficial Foot, and of a hemifpheroidicai 
 Head 6 x. their upright Faces excepted, which 
 are worth no more than the fame kinds of 
 Arches over the Heads of Windows, viz. 1 r. 
 for the femi-circular, and j s. 3 d. for the 
 femi-elliptieal. 
 
 IV. B. The Backs of Niches, worked up 
 with common Work, is to be paid for fepe- 
 rately, at the fame Rate as before faid, for the 
 Cores of Pier3. 
 
 Impost Moldings to Niches, and all 
 other kinds of circular Moldings, are worth, 
 
 for 
 
302 Of Pilafters or Piers to Arcades.' 
 for their Workmanfhip only, being well per« 
 formed, 2 s. 8 d. per fuperficial Foot. 
 
 Arcades of Brickwork being very beauti- 
 ful, comes the next under Confideration. 
 
 There are 14 kinds of Pilafters or Piers to 
 Arcades, viz. Three, which are plain ; fouF, 
 which are rufticated with fquare detatched Ru- 
 fticks ; three, with Rabbit Ruftick $ and as 
 many with champher’d Rufticks. 
 
 In the Defigning or Forming of Pilafters to 
 Arcades, Care muft be taken fo as to propor- 
 tion them, that their Breadths always conftft 
 of fome Number of half, or whole Brick in 
 Breadth, as lj Brick, 2 Bricks, 2* Bricks, 
 3 Bricks, &c . as reprefented in Plates XXX 
 and XXXI. becaufe when the Fronts andSides 
 of Pilafters arefo contrived, there is no Wafte in 
 the Bricks, and are perform’d in much lefs 
 Time than when they are not fo, and the Work 
 is more beautiful. 
 
 Arcades are made either entirely with 
 Grey- Stock Bricks, or with Red- ftock Bricks, 
 and fometimes with both. 
 
 The Height of the Shaft of a Pilafter muft 
 always be fo contrived, as to contain fome cer- 
 tain Number of Courfes of Bricks, and not to 
 terminate its Height with a I, or &c. of a 
 Brick, which has an ill Effect on the Eye : 
 
 / 
 
Of Plain Pilasle£S. 303 
 
 And when the Shafts of Pilafters are to be 
 rufticated, with fquare Rufticks, detatched as 
 Fig. I. Plate XXVII. the Intervals between the 
 Rufticks muft be equal to the Height of a 
 Ruftick ; and therefore, when the Height of 
 a Shaft, is fuch, as for its Courfes, not to 
 form its Rufticks and their Intervals without 
 rubbing all the Courfes down, to diminilb their 
 Heights, and to bring them into Proportion, 
 they muft be done fo. 
 
 The feveral kinds of Pilafters to Arcades, 
 are as follows, viz. 
 
 4 
 
 2 ‘ 
 ^ % 
 
 I. Of Plain Shafts, entirely of Grey± 
 flock Bricks , as Fig. I. Plate XXVI. 
 
 For Workmanlhip to the Facing 7 
 per fuperficial Foot > 
 
 For Grey-ftock Bricks to ditto 
 per fuperficial Foot | 0 
 
 For Mortar to every cube Foot*} 
 of the Out-fide, confidered at four io o 1 
 Inches in Thicknefs J 
 
 For Bricks per Cube Foot to the 7 
 Core } 0 0 3 
 
 For Mortar to ditto, per cube Foot 001 
 For Labourer ditto o o 
 
 II. Pl ain Shafts entirely of Red-flock 
 Bricks , rubbed only , are worth as follows , 
 viz. 
 
 For Workmanihip to the Out- 
 fide, per Foot fuperficial 
 
 For Red-ftock Bricks to ditto ,7 
 Num\ S, per fuperficial Foot i° 0 ^ 
 
 Y For 
 
 } 
 
304 Of De f atched Rufiicated Pilasters, - 
 
 For Mortar to every cube Foot*) 
 in the Oat- fide, confidered asbe->o o t 
 fore, at 4 Inches in Thicknefs J 
 For Bricks per cub Foot to the 7 
 Core j° 0 3 
 
 For Mortar to ditto, per cube Ft. o o 1 
 For Labour to ditto, per cube Ft. o o 
 
 HI. Plain Shafts , entirely of gaged a?id 
 rubbed Red-ftock Bricks Jet in Rutty > are worth 
 as follows , viz. 
 
 For Workmanfhip, per fuperfi- 7 
 cial Foot 5 ° 0 10 
 
 For Red-flocks, Numb, io, per -7 
 fuperficial Foot J 0 ° 5 
 
 ForPutty, per Foot fuperficial 001 
 
 014 
 
 And d. per cube Foot for the Materials 
 and Labour to the Core, extra . 
 
 IV. Rusticated with fquare Rujlicks 
 detatched , as Fig. I. Plate XXVII. entirely of 
 Grey-Jlock Bricks , unrubbed , are worth as fol- 
 lows, viz. 
 
 For Workmanfhip per Foot fu- 
 perficial to the Outfide, 4 Inches 
 in Thicknefs 
 
 For Grey-flockBricks,Numb. 8, 
 per fuperficial Foot 
 
 For Mortar, per cube Foot, in 
 the whole Pilafler 
 
 For Bricks, per cube Foot, to 
 
 the Core 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 
, Of Detatched RuJUcated Pilasters. 305 
 For Labour, per cube Foot, to \ 
 the Core S° ° 1 
 
 V. Grey-stock Pilaflers , rujiicated with 
 detatched fquare Rufiicks of Red-flocks , rubbed 
 only y are worth as follow s, viz. 
 
 For the Workmanfhip of every ^ 
 fuperficial Foot of the Grey- ocks5° 
 For Grey-flocks, Numb. 8, toi 
 every fuperficial Foot 
 
 For the Workmanfhip of every ^ 
 fuperficial Foot or rubbed Rufticki 0 
 For the Red-ftock Bricks, 
 Numb. 8, per Foot fuperficialj 
 the Rufiicks 
 
 For Mortar, per cube Foot, in” 
 the entire Pilafter 
 
 For Bricks, per cube Foot, to 
 the Core 
 
 Bricks,! 
 :ial, to> 
 
 For Labour, per cube Foot, to 
 
 ditto 
 
 \o 
 
 0 4 
 
 1 1 
 
 VI. Grey-stock Pilaflers^ruficatedwith 
 detatched fquare Rufiicks , g'ged and rubbed , 
 5 Courfes to a Foot in Height , are worth as 
 follows , viz. 
 
 For the Workmanfhip of every n 
 )ot fuperficial of Grey-ftocks 5 
 ForGrey- (locks. Numb. 8, to| 
 
 every Foot fuperficial 
 
 Y a 
 
 o 2 
 For 
 
306 Of Detatched Rufticated Pilasters, 
 For the Workmanship of every! 
 
 Foot Superficial of gaged and rub- >o i 
 bed Rufticks J 
 
 For Red- frock Bricks Num. 10, j 
 per Superficial Foot 1° ° 
 
 For.Putty to Set the Rufticks in, ? 
 per Foot Superficial * ° ° 
 
 For Mortar, per cube Foot, to 
 the whole Body of the Pilafter 
 
 For Bricks, per cube Foot, to 1. 
 the Core 1° 
 
 For Labour, per cube Foot, to? 
 the Core >° 
 
 VII. Red-stock Pilafter s, rufticated with 
 detatched fquar e Rufticks , the whole , rubbed only , 
 is worth as follows, viz. 
 
 For the Workman Snip of every") 
 
 Superficial Foot, both in the Shaft >o o 7 
 
 and Rufticks. j 
 
 For Red-ftock Bricks, Numb. 8, ^ 
 per Superficial Foot 3° 0 ^ 
 
 For Mortar, per cube Foot, in ) 
 the whole Pilafter * 0 0 1 
 
 For Bricks and Labour, per\ 
 cube Foot, in the Core 
 
 r 50 o 5 
 
 VIII. Red-stock Pilafter s r rufticated with 
 detatched fquare Rufticks , the whole gaged and 
 rubbed , and fet in Putty , is worth as follows , 
 
 viz. 
 
 For the Workmanfhip of every! 
 
 Foor Superficial, both in fhaft and >0 1 o 
 
 Rufticks 3 
 
 For 
 
Of Rabbit Rufiicated Pilasters. 
 
 For Red- flock Bricks, Num. io,i 
 prr Foot fuperficial J ° ° 
 
 For Putty, per Foot fuperficial o o 
 For Materials and Labour, per i 
 cube Foot, to the Core. S 
 
 3°7 
 
 5 
 
 i 
 
 Si 
 
 N. B. When Pilaflers with detatched 
 Rufticks, as in thefe three laft mentioned, have 
 the Edges of their Rufticks champhered, then 
 to the above Values muft be added as extra 
 Work, i5. 4 d. per fuperficial Foot, for the 
 cutting of the Champhers ; the Rufticks be- 
 ing firft meafured as fquare Work> including 
 their Edges. 
 
 IX. Grey -stock Pilaflers , Rabbit rufii- 
 cated , as Fig. I. Plate XX VIII. are worth as 
 follow s y viz. 
 
 For Workman (hip, per Foot? 
 fuperficial 3 0 ^ 
 
 For Grey 'flocks, Numb. 8, perl 
 Foot fuperficial $° ° 2 
 
 For Mortar, per cube Foot in \ 
 the whole Pilafter 3 ° ° 1 
 
 For Bricks and Labour, per cube , 
 
 Foot, in the Core. f ° ° * 2 
 
 X. Red-stock Pilaftersy Rabbit rufti - 
 cated y faced only> are worth as follows i viz. 
 
 For Workmanfhip, per Footi 
 
 fuperficial y 0 0 7 
 
 For Red-flock Bricks, Numb. 8, \ 
 
 ’ o 4 
 
 Y 3 For 
 
 per Foot fuperficial 
 
308 Of Champher’d Rusticks. 
 
 For Mortar, per cube Foot, in 
 the whole PUafter 
 
 For Bucks and Labour, per 
 cube Foot, in the Core 
 
 XL Red-stock Pilajiers , Rabbit rujli - 
 cated, gaged and rubbed , Jet in Putty , are 
 worth as follows , viz. 
 
 For Workmanfhip, per Foot 
 fuperficial 
 
 For Red-ftock Bricks, N umb, 1 o, 
 per Foot fuperficial 
 
 For Putty, per Foot fuperficial 
 
 For Materials and Labour, per 
 cube Foot, in the Core 
 
 N. In all kinds of Rabbit Rufticks of 
 Brick Work, the Height of the Rabbit, or 
 Diftance between every two Rufticks, mu ft 
 be a Courfe of Bricks, and the Projedtion of 
 the Ruftick, a Half, or 3 quarter Part thereof 
 at the moft. 
 
 
 005 
 
 V 
 
 OOI 
 
 ° 0 si 
 
 }o o 4I 
 
 XII. Grey-stock Pilajiers entirely rujli - 
 cafedy with champherd Ruficks y are worth as 
 follow Sy viz. 
 
 For VVorkmanfhip, per F00O 
 fuperficial, every Ruftick being ( 
 fh ft meafured as a fquare Rufticks f 
 including all Edges. J 
 
 For Grey- flock Bricks, Num. 8, 
 per fuperficial Foot 
 
 I 
 
 O S 
 
 O 2 
 For 
 
Of Champher’d Rusticks. 309 
 
 For every fuperficial Foot of 7 
 Champhering in their Edges 3 1 4 
 
 For Mortar, per cube Foot, con -7 
 tained in the whole Pilafter 3 1 
 
 For Bricks and Labour, per cube? _ 
 
 Foot, in the Core 3 0 4i 
 
 XIII. Red -stock Pilafters , entirely ru~ 
 fticated with champherd Rufticks , rubbed only , 
 are worth as follow r, viz. 
 
 For Workman (hip, per Footq 
 fuperficial, every Ruftick being ( 
 firft meafured as a fquare Ruftick, ( 0 0 7 
 
 Edges included 3 
 
 For Red-ftock Bricks, Numb, 8 . 1 
 per fuperficial Foot * 
 
 For every Foot fuperficial of? 
 Champhering i 0 
 
 For Mortar, per cube Foot,j 
 contained in the whole Pilafter. 3 0 
 For Bricks and Labour per cube 7 
 Foot to the Core S° 
 
 4 
 
 XIV. Red -stock PilaflerS , entirely ru - 
 fticated , with champhered Rufticks , rubed and 
 gaged , and fet in Putty , worth as follows , 
 
 viz . 
 
 For Workmanfhip Foot fuper -1 
 ficial, every Ruftick being firft! 
 meafured as fquare work, includ-f° 5 0 
 
 ing Edges 3 
 
 For every fuperficial Foot ofl 
 Champher $ 0 1 4 
 
 Y 4 . For 
 
o 5 
 
 o i 
 
 ° si 
 
 The different Values of Pilafters to Arcades 
 being thus explained, there is nothing more to 
 be known with regard to Arcades in general, 
 than that the Expence of their Arches are the 
 very fame as thofe to the Heads of Gates, 
 Doors and Windows, before fet. forth in Page 
 289, and that the Brick Work in which they 
 are contained, is to be valued as common 
 Work, according to its Kind and Goodnefs of 
 Performance, as before fhewn in the firfl five 
 Sections of this Chapter. 
 
 Sect. XV. Of Plain and Pan Tileing. 
 
 I. Of Plain Tileing. 
 
 f RAVING in Page 17, fhewn that plain 
 ^ A Tiles are laid at a 6, 7, or 8 Inch Gage, 
 and in Page 18, the Number of Tiles required 
 per Square, at thofe feveral Gages, the Ex- 
 prnce of plain Tileing is very eafily known 
 in any Country, &c. For if to the prime Co ft 
 of the Tiles per Square be added the prime 
 Coft of 2 Bufhels of Lime, 1 Bufhel of Sand. 
 
 1 Bundle 
 
 310 Of Plain Tileing. 
 
 For Red-ftocks, Numb, io, peri 
 Foot fuperficial 5° 
 
 For Putty per Foot fuperficial o 
 For Materials and Workmanfhip? 
 per cube Foot to the Core S ° 
 
Of Plain Tileing. 311 
 
 l Bundle of Heart Oak Laths, 1 Peck of Oak 
 Pins, 600 of fourpenny Nails, and 1 Day for 
 a Bricklayer and Labourer, which are the Ma- 
 terials and Workman fhip required for x fquare 
 of Tileing, the Sum will be the prime Co & per 
 Square. 
 
 As for Example, in London the Prices of the 
 aforefaid Materials and Workman (hip, are as 
 follows, viz. 
 
 768 Plain Tiles, to 1 Square, 
 
 at a 6 Inch Ga^e, at 20 s. per > 
 
 0 
 
 
 4 : 
 
 Thoufand \ 
 
 A Bundle of Heart Laths 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 600 of 4 d. Nails 
 
 0 
 
 T 
 
 JL 
 
 
 1 Peck of Pins 
 
 0 
 
 O 
 
 6 
 
 2 Bufhels Lime 
 
 0 
 
 O 
 
 9 
 
 1 Bufhel Sand 
 
 0 
 
 O 
 
 
 1 Day a Bricklayer and a Lab. 
 
 0 
 
 5 
 
 0 
 
 Total 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 Si 
 
 Now, if to 
 
 0 
 
 IQ 
 
 6 
 
 the prime Coft of the Materials, 
 
 be added 1 2f per Cent. Profit, viz. 
 
 0 
 
 2 
 
 5 i 
 
 and to the prime Coft of Workm. 
 
 0. 
 
 5 
 
 0 
 
 be added 25 per Cent. Profit, viz . 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 Then the Sum 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 21 
 
 is the real Value of a Square of plain Tileing 
 at a 6 Inch Gage. And fo in like manner a 
 Square of plain Tileing, at a 7 Inch Gage, 
 will be found to be 1 /, 4 s. 8; d. and at an 
 eight Inch Gage 1 /. 2 s. \i d. the Difference 
 P er Square being chiefly in the Number of 
 Tiles, 
 
 N. B . 
 
312 Of Plain Tileing. 
 
 N. B . Before Contrafts are made with 
 Bricklayers, for plain Tileing, the Gage at 
 which the Tiles are to be laid, mud: be parti- 
 cularly expreffed, and then the Price to be 
 agreed for accordingly. 
 
 Note alfo. That the beft Mortar for laying 
 of plain Tiles in. is that which is mixt with 
 Horfe-Dung, as mentioned in Page 46. 
 
 A s I have thus fhewn the Price per fquare 
 for plain Tileing, when the Bricklayer finds 
 all Materials and Workman fh ip, I fhall now 
 fhevv the Expence per Square, when Gentle- 
 men find their own Materials, and the Brick- 
 layer Workmanfliip only, viz. 
 
 I. Of Plain Tileing, 6 Inch Gage. 
 
 768 Plain Tiles, at 20 s. perl 
 Thoufand j 
 
 •o 
 
 15 
 
 4 l 
 
 1 Bundle Pleart Laths 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 600 Fourpenny Nails 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 °l 
 
 2 Buflhels Lime 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 9 
 
 1 Bufiiel Sand 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 1 1 
 
 Pins 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 6 
 
 1 Bricklayer and Labourer 1 day 
 
 b 
 
 5 
 
 0 
 
 Profit thereon at 25 per Cent. 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 Total 1 5 S\ 
 
 Which is 3 s. 6 d. per Square, lefs than 
 i L 8 s. 2 d* the Price per Square aforefaid. 
 
 II. Of 
 
Of Plain Tileing. 313 
 
 II. Of Pl ain Tileing, 7 Inch Gage. 
 
 655 Plain Tiles at 20 s. per 7 
 Thoufand j 
 
 ' 0 
 
 13 
 
 K 
 
 1 Bundle Heart Laths 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 600 of Fourpenny Nails 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 °i 
 
 2 Bufhels of Lime 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 9 
 
 1 Bufhel Sand 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 U 
 
 Pins 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 6 
 
 Workmanfhip per Square, with 
 25 per Cent. Profit 
 
 \° 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 Total per Square 1 2 6* 
 
 Which is 3 s, 2 d. per Square lefs than 
 I /. 5^ 8 d, the Price per Square as aforefaid. 
 
 N. B. The Price of Workmanship herein is 
 thus found, viz. 
 
 As 768 Tiles, in a Square of 6 Inch Gage, 
 is to 6 s. 3 d. its Price of Workman (hip ; fo is 
 655, the Number of Tiles in a Square of 7 In. 
 Gage, to 5 s. 4 d. the Value of its Work- 
 manfhip. 
 
 III. Of Plain Tilling, 8 Inches Gage. 
 
 576 Plain Tiles, at 2 os. per \ 
 
 lo 
 
 1 1 
 
 A r 
 
 Thoufand - 
 
 r 
 
 V , 
 
 1 Bundle Heart Laths 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 600 of Fourpenny Nails 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 Bufhels of Lime 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 1 Bufhel of Sand 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 
 Pins 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 6 
 
 WorkmanfhipjWkh 2 $ per Cent . ; 
 Profit \ 
 
 [0 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 I o 4* 
 
 Which 
 
 Total per Square 
 
314 Of Pan Tileing. 
 
 Which is 2 s. 7 \d. per Square lefs than 
 1 /. 2 s. 11 d* the Price per Square aforefaid, 
 the Workmanfhip herein being but 4 s. 9 d. 
 per Square, For, 
 
 As 768 Tiles laying, is to 6 s. 3 d. as afore- 
 faid, 10 is the laying of 576 Tiles, to 4*. 9 d . 
 
 II. Of Pan Tileing. 
 
 Pan Tiles are ufed for to cover the Roofs 
 of Buildings, which are of a low Pitch, where 
 plain Tiles can’t be fo well ufed; for when a 
 Roof of a low Pitch is covered with plain 
 Tiles, driving Rains will get between and un- 
 der them, which Pan Tiles, being well pointed 
 within and without, will not admit. And 
 befides, as ihe Defcent from the Edges of 
 Pantiles, to the Middles of their Concavities, 
 is much quicker than the Defcent of the Roof, 
 therefore the Rains haftily defcend from their 
 Edges into their Middles, and fo confequently 
 are carried off in much lefs Time than when 
 they fall on plain Tileing, of the fame Pitch 
 or Defcent, where the Surface being an inclined 
 Plane, or nearly fo, cannot colled the Rains 
 into fuch Streams, but fuffers them to defcend 
 by their own Gravity in all Parts alike, which 
 imploys a longer Time in their Defcent. 
 
 Pan Tiles laid at a iolnch Gage, a Square 
 will imploy 180 Tiles, as before fhewn in 
 Page 22* 
 
 The 
 
Of Pan Tileing. 31 5 
 
 The Diftance that Rafters fhould be placed 
 at, from the middle of one to the middle of 
 the next, fhould never exceed 15 Inches, and 
 that as well for plain Tiles as Pan Tiles 5 be- 
 caufe when the Diftance is greater, the Laths 
 are apt to fagg or fall inward between the Raf- 
 ters, and efpecially in plain Tileing, and there* 
 by diflocates the whole, and admits the Rains 
 to enter. 
 
 Every Square of Pan Tileing at 10 Inch 
 Gage, will take up 130 Feetrun of Lath ; and 
 as I have already noted in Page 52, that what 
 is called a 10 Foot Lath will feldom work 
 more than 9 Feet, therefore if 130 Feet, the 
 Quantity required for 1 Square of Tileing, be 
 divided by 9, the Quotient is 14J, wherefore 
 I allow 15 Laths per Square, which will take 
 up 120 Sixpenny Nails. And the Expence of 
 Pan Tiles, Laths and Nails, prime Coft, is as 
 follows, viz. 
 
 180 Pan Tiles at 6s. per Hand, o 10 9^ 
 
 15 Pantile Laths at 1 \d.per Lath o 1 10J 
 
 120 Sixpenny Nails 003 
 
 Total prime Coft o 12 10J 
 
 Which, to avoid Fradtions in Computation, 
 I allow at 13 s. per Square ; to which, adding 
 Profit at \2\ per Cent , viz. 1 j. J\ d. makes 
 the Mafter’s Price for Tiles, Lath, and Nails, 
 14 s . 7 \ d. per Square. 
 
 When 
 
3x6 Of Pan Tileing. 
 
 When Pan Tiles are laid dry, the Work- 
 manfhip for lathing and laying them, is worth 
 is. 6 d. per Square but when laid in Lime 
 and Hair, then the Workmanfhip is worth, if 
 pointed without, 3 s. or, if pointed within, 
 3 s. (yd . per Square, exclufive of Lime and 
 Hair, which is worth 2 s . per Square more. 
 And therefore it follows. That a Square of 
 Pan Tileing laid dry is worth, for Materials 
 and Labour, 16^. 1 \ d. and when laid in, 
 and pointed with Lime and Hair, 1 /. i\d. 
 
 N. B. As glazed Pan Tiles are double the 
 Price of common unglazed Pan Tiles, there- 
 fore when glazed Pan Tiles are to be ufed, the 
 preceding Expence of common Pantiles per 
 Square, muft be doubled. 
 
 Note alfo, That in the Menfuration both of 
 Plain Tileing, and Pan Tileing, every Foot- 
 run on the Ridge, Valleys and Hips (when any) 
 is accounted a Foot fuperficial of Work, extra , 
 and the Tiles muff be paid for at 1 d . per Tile, 
 which is 4 d. per Hundred more than 25 per 
 Cent. Profit. 
 
 Sect XVI. O/'Brick and Tile Pavements . 
 
 I. Of Brick Pavements. 
 
 B RICK Pavements are generally ufed for 
 the Floors of Vaults, Cellars, G?c. and 
 in London they are made either of Grey-flock 
 
 Bricks, 
 
Of Brick Pavements. 317 
 
 Bricks, or Bricks made for this Purpofe, called 
 Paving Bricks , vide Page 13 5 and are laid ei- 
 ther on their Flat Surface, or on their Edges. 
 
 If 1296, the fquare Inches in a fquare 
 Yard, be divided by 36, the Area of a Grey- 
 ftock Brick in fquare Inches laid flat, the Quo- 
 tient 36 is the Number of Bricks per fuperfi- 
 cial Yard laid fiat. 
 
 And if 1296 be divided by 21*, the Area 
 of the Edge of a Grey-flock Brick, the Quo- 
 tient 60** is the Number of Bricks per fu- 
 perficial Yard, laid on their Edges. 
 
 And fo in like manner, 
 
 If 1296 be divided by 40^ Inches, the 
 Area of the Surface of a Paving Brick (as in 
 Page 13) the Quotient 32 is the Number of 
 Bricks per fuperficial Yard, laid flat: And if 
 1296 be divided by 15J, the Quotient 82, is 
 the Number of Bricks per fuperficial Yard laid 
 on their Edges. Vide Page 14. 
 
 Now, the Number of Bricks required per 
 Yard fuperficial in the preceding Manners and 
 Kinds being known, the Expence of Bricks 
 and Workmanfliip may be eafily known, as 
 follows, viz. 
 
 By divers Experiments made, I have found, 
 that a Bricklayer and a Labourer, in the com- 
 mon Courfe of working, without their Know- 
 ledge of my Remarks, have laid in Pavement 
 750 Bricks per Day (the Ground being before 
 made level and fit for their Reception) for 
 
 which 
 
318 Of Brick Pavements. 
 which Levelling, &c. no certain Price can be 
 affign’d, and therefore muft be done by the Day. 
 
 Now, as the prime Coft of laying 750 
 Bricks is 5 s. viz. 3 s. to the Bricklayer and 
 2 s. to the Labourer, the Expence prime Colt 
 per Yard, is eafily difcovered, as follows, viz. 
 
 I. Of the Price per Tard of Grey-stock 
 Brick Pavement, laid flat . 
 
 RULE. 
 
 A s 750 Bricks laid perD ay, is to 55. or 240 
 Farthings ; fo is 36 Bricks, the Number here- 
 in required Yard, to nf* Farthings their 
 Expence of Laying : Which, for to avoid 
 Fractions in Computation, I allow at 3 d . per 
 Yard. 
 
 Now, for to find the Value of 36 Grey- 
 llock Bricks, fay. 
 
 As 1 coo Bricks is to 18 s . or 864 Farthings 
 their prime Coft ; fo is 36 Bricks to aim oft 
 32 Farthings, their prime Coft. 
 
 And therefore the Expence per Yard is as 
 follows, viz* 
 
 36 Grey- flock Bricks prime Coft 008 
 
 Profit thereon at 1 2 \ per Cent , o © 1 
 
 Workmanship, prime Coft 003 
 
 Profit thereon at 25 per Cent . 000^ 
 
 Total o 1 o* 
 
 o 3 1 
 
 11 . or 
 
 Which may be allowed at 
 
Of Brick Pavements. gr? 
 If. Of the Price per Yard of Grey- stock 
 Brick Pavement, laid on lodges. 
 
 RULE. 
 
 As 7 so Bricks laid per Day, is to $s. or 
 240 Farthings, the Expence prime Coft of 
 their laying; fo is 60 Bricks, the Number re- 
 quired herein p r Yard, to nearly 20 Farthings, 
 or 5 d. per Yard. 
 
 Now for to find the Value of 60 Grey- 
 flock Bricks, fay, 
 
 As 1000 Bricks is to 18 s. or 864 Far- 
 things, their prime Coil; ; fo is 60 Fricks, to 
 almoit 52 Farthings, equal to n. 1 d . their 
 prime Cold : And therefore the Expence per 
 Yard is as follows, viz p 
 
 Profit thereon at 12* per Cent, o o i| 
 
 Workmanfhip o ° 5* 
 
 Profit thereon at 25 p rCent. 001 
 
 III. Of the Price per Yard, of Brick 
 Pavement, laid with Paving Bricks flat . 
 
 As 750 Bricks, laid per Day, is to 240 
 Farthings, equal to 5 s. the Expence prime 
 Coft of their laying; fo is 32, the Number 
 required herein per Yard, to nearly 2 d . 
 Which, to avoid Fractions, I allow at 2 j per 
 
 Total o 1 
 
 RULE. 
 
 Yard. 
 
 z 
 
 Now 
 
T* *{ 
 
 320 Of Brick Pavements. 
 
 Now for the Value of 32 Paving Bricks 
 fay, 
 
 As 1000 Bricks is to 30 s. or 1440 Farthings, 
 their prime Coft 5 fo is 32 Bricks, the Num- 
 ber required per Yard, to a little more than 
 46 Farthings, equal to 1 1 \ d. their prime Coft : 
 And therefore the Expence per Yard is as fob 
 lows, viz. 
 
 32 Paving Bricks, at 30 r 
 Thoufand, prime Coil 
 
 Profit thereon at 12* per Cent, o 
 Work man (li ip, prime Coft o 
 Profit thereon at 25 per Cent. o 
 
 er l 
 
 (O 
 
 o 1 1 
 
 2 1 
 ^ z 
 
 Total 
 
 4a 
 
 IV. Of the Price per Yard of Brick 
 Pavement, laid with Paving Bricks on 
 Edge . 
 
 RULE. 
 
 As 750 Bricks laid per Day, is to 240 Far. 
 tilings, or 5 j. the prime Coft of their Laying; 
 fo is 82 Bricks, the Number herein required 
 per Yard, to nearly 27 Farthings : But for 
 Eafe in .Computation, I allow the Workman- 
 ftiip at yd. per Yard. 
 
 Now for to find the Value of 82 Paving 
 Bricks, fay, 
 
 As loooBricksareto 305. or 1440 Farthings, 
 their prime Coft ; fo is 82 Bricks the Number 
 required herein per Yard, to fomething mo/e 
 than 1 17 Farthings : Wherefore t< avoid Frac- 
 tions 
 
Of Ten- Inch Tile Pavements. 321 
 
 lions in Computation, 1 allow them at »20 
 Farthings, or 2 s. 6 d. their prime Co ft, and 
 therefore the Expence per Yard is as follows, 
 viz. , * 
 
 82 Paving Bricks at 30 s. per ■ 
 houfand 1 
 
 1 ° 
 
 a 
 
 6 
 
 Profit thereon, at 12* per Cert . 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 3i 
 
 Workman (hip i prime Co ft 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 7 
 
 Profit thereon, at 25 per Cent 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 U 
 
 Total 
 
 0 
 
 r> 
 
 0 
 
 6* 
 
 N. B. I n all thefe kinds of Erick Pave- 
 ments *tis beft to lay them dry, and afterwards 
 to waih in their Courfes with Lime and Sand, 
 made into a liquid Mortar, called Grout , or 
 with Sand only. 
 
 Pavements of 10 Inch, or Foot Tiles, 
 are often ufed for the Floors of Wafh-PIoufes, 
 Dairies, &c. 
 
 As thole Tiles which are called 10 Inches, 
 hold but 9^ Inches Iquare, there; cr: 1 Tile 
 will cover but 90^ fuoerfickl Inches, inftead 
 of wo, as they ough: to do. 
 
 If 1296, the Quadrature of a Y id in 
 Inches, be divided by 90, the Number of 
 fquare Inches in a 10 Inch Tile, the Quotient 
 143 is the Number of 10 Inch Til s required 
 to cover a (uperficial Yard : But to avoid Frac- 
 tions, I will allow 15 Tiles fer Yard. 
 
 Z 2. 
 
 An© 
 
322 Of Foot Tile Pavements. 
 
 And as Foot Tiles hold but 1 1 \ Inches (as 
 obferved in Page 22) therefore 1 Tile will co- 
 ver but 132^ fquare Inches indead of 144; 
 and therefore., if 1296 be divided by 132, the 
 Quotient is 9 f , wherefore I allow 10 Tiles 
 per fuperficial Yard. 
 
 A s this kind of Pavement fhoula be well 
 bedded in good Mortar, made of hot Lime and 
 Brick-dud: or Sand, and takes up about the 
 fame Quantity as plain Tiling doth, viz. two 
 Bufhels of Lime, with 1 Bulhel of Sand or 
 Brick- duft, to every Square of Work; and a 
 Square of Work contains i 1 fquare Yards, 
 the Expence per Yard is eafily known, as fol- 
 lows, viz. 
 
 1. Of Lim e and§Am>for 11 Yards. 
 
 2 Bufhels of Lime 009 
 
 I Bufliel of Sand o o 1 \ 
 
 o o 10* 
 
 Which is nearly 1 Penny per fuperficial 
 
 Yard. 
 
 2. Of Lime and Brick-dust for n Yards, 
 
 2 Bufhels of Lime 009 
 
 1 Bufhel of Brick-duft 014 
 
 Total 021 
 Which 
 
The Prices of Tile Pavements* 323 
 Which is fome thing more than 2 + d. per 
 Yard; but to avoid the Trouble of Fractions, 
 I allow it at 2 \d. per Yard prime Coft. 
 
 Now the Expence per fuperficial Yard is as 
 follows, viz. 
 
 I. Of Ten-Inch Tile Pavement , vlz a 
 
 15 Tiles at 8 s. per Hundred 
 Profit thereon at 12^ per Cent . 
 Mortar of Lime and Sand 
 Workman fhip, prime Coft 
 Profit thereon, at 25 per Cent . 
 
 o I 2 \ 
 00 if 
 O O if 
 o o 4f 
 o o if 
 
 Total o 1 nf 
 Which I allow at 2 s. but when laid in 
 Brick-duft Mortar, at 2 s. 2 d . and when laid 
 in Terrace, at 2 s, 8 d. 
 
 II. Of Foot Tile Pavement, laid in 
 Lime and Sand. 
 
 1 o Foot Tiles, at 20 s. per Hund. 020 
 Profit thereon, at 1 per Cent. 003 
 Mortar o o 1 \ 
 
 Workmanfhip o o 4* 
 
 Profit thereon, at 25 per Cent • o o if 
 
 Total o 2 10 
 But when laid in Brick-duft Mortar 3 o 
 And when in Terrace o 3 7 
 
 z 3 
 
 Sect, 
 

 324 Of Gally Tiles, 
 
 £ ct. XVII. Of Gally Tills fir 
 mneys , &c. 
 
 H E S E Kinds of Tiles have been of 
 j[ great Ufe for to ornament the C'vings 
 of Chimney S) Sides of Cold Baths , , &c. and Inch 
 as are well painted, and neatly fet, are very 
 beautiful. 
 
 Their Sizes, Kinds, and Prices, being al- 
 ready fet forth in Page 24, therefore 1 have 
 nothing more to fay here, hut what relates to 
 the Expence* of the Plaifter in which they are 
 fet, and of Workmanfhip to gage and let 
 them ; which is worth no more than 4 d. per 
 4 Tiles, which is called a Foot, tho* many 
 Bricklayers, &c . demand and take 6 d. and 
 therein exadt coper Cent, 
 
 N. B. Old Gaily Tile's taken down and re- 
 fet, are worth but 3 d . per 4 Tiles, or Foot, 
 for Plaifter and Setting, and old Tiles already 
 taken down, 2 d . per Foot. 
 
 "Note alfo , When Bricklayers, &c. under- 
 take to find the Tiles, if his agreed that they 
 are to be Dutch' made, beware that they are 
 not mixed with Englijh made Tiles, which is 
 often done, and efpeciaily thofe that are en- 
 tirely white, as being cheaper. 
 
 
 
 Sect. 
 
Of the Decay ^Materials. 325 
 
 Sect. XVIII. Of the Re paxes of Brick- 
 works and of Tiling, &c. 
 
 A S every Part of a Building begins to de- 
 cay the very next Moment after his fi- 
 nished, it is therefore that Repairs become ne- 
 ceftary, when Decays in Materials are much 
 advanced, in order to preferve and render them 
 ufeful, until the Iron Teeth of TimeThdW have 
 deftroy’d the Union or Adhefion of their Parts, 
 i and reduced them to their firft Principles of 
 Matter, viz. Earth and Air. 
 
 But not with fianding the early Decay of 
 Materials in geneial, yet fome decay moY'e ha- 
 stily than others, and particularly thofe which 
 are mod expofed to the Sun, Rains, and Air. 
 For altho* the genial Heat of the Sun, affifted 
 with Air and Moiftare, gives Life and Growth 
 to all kinds of Animals, Vegetables, SV. for 
 certain Periods of Time, at the Will of the 
 Great Maker and Preserve r ofallThingsi 
 fo at the Expirations of thofe Periods, when 
 Growth ceafcs, then by his unalterable Laws, 
 Decay commences, and the Sun, Rains, and 
 Air, which before gave them their Life and 
 Growth, do then in Conjunction, contrarily 
 rend, and deftroy them with rapid Force, un- 
 til every of their conftituent Parts are difiolved 
 into their firft Principles;, as aforefaid ; from 
 which, very probably; new Prcdudtions do 
 
 Z 4 and 
 
j2& Gj Mortar for Gut- fide 'Repairs * 
 
 and may arife, until Matter an * Time be no 
 more. 
 
 The Kind 5 of Bricklayers Works mol! ex- 
 posed to the £un, Rains, &c. are the Shafts of 
 Chimneys, Tyling, Tops of Parapet Walls, &c. 
 and Fronts of Buildings. 
 
 Tops of Chimneys, being wholly expofed, 
 are fooner affected by driving Rains, &c. than 
 any other Brickwork, and efpecialiy when the 
 greedy Bricklayer don't allow Lime and La- 
 bour fufficient to make the Mortar good ; they, 
 for the general Part of them, having a very 
 great Regard to the following Proverb, viz. 
 That the Decay of Id 7 ork is the Life of their 
 frade » 
 
 Mortar for the Shafts of Chimneys, 
 Parapet Walls, Tops of Garden Walls, &c m 
 fhould be made with the flurpefl: and cleaned; 
 Sand, from Earth or Loam, that can be got ; 
 and therefore the drift Sand of Rivers, where 
 t can be had, is the bed: fort of Sand for 
 thefe Purpofes that can be ufed. But where 
 Sea- Coal Afhes, clean from Wood A dies and 
 Dirt, can be had, they are preferable to drift 
 Sand, proyided that the Mortar be well beat 
 and ufed as baftard Terrace. 
 
 This Mortar is thus made. 
 
 To 2 heaped Bufhels of unflacked Lime, 
 put 1 heaped Bufliel of Drift Sand or Sea- 
 
 Coal 
 
Of Chimney Shafts. 327 
 
 Coal A '[he s which beat well, and work up 
 hot, as his made ready for Ule. 
 
 This Mortar, when well made, is worth 
 7 d. per Hod 5 and the Workmanship for tak- 
 ing down the old Shafts, and for rebuilding 
 them, is worth 4 d, per fuperficial Foot, the 
 Widths and Scaffolding included. 
 
 N. B. The Widths cf Chimney s y are thofe 
 Partitions, 'within Side , which Jeparate the 
 Funnels one from the other , 
 
 Note alfo , That as the Shafts of Chimneys 
 are built but a Brick’s Breadth in Thicknefs 
 (both Out-fides and Widths) therefore every 
 fuperficial Foot, of Out-fi.de, and of Widths, 
 contain but 5 ] Bricks, whofe Value, if of Grey- 
 hocks, with 12I per Cent. Profit, is not quite 
 1 Penny Halfpenny, but to avoid Fractions ia 
 Computation, I allow it fo ; and the Mortar, 
 per fuperficial Foot, I allow at 1 and * Far- 
 thing, which is at the Rate of 1 /. 5$. per 
 Rod. 
 
 Now from hence, the Expence per fuperfi- 
 cial Foot, of Gut-fides and of Widths, of an 
 entire new Shaft, is as follows, viz. 
 
 Grey-flock Bricks, Numb. 5* o o i\ 
 
 Mortar o o 
 
 Workmanfhip 004 
 
 o o 5* 
 Which, 
 
328 Of Chimney Shafts. 
 
 Which, to avoid Fractions in Computation, 
 1 allow at 6 d. but' when in old Shafts the old 
 Bricks are found and will ferve again, then the 
 Ecpence of Mortar' and Wcrkmanfhip per 
 Foot fuperncial, is but a \ cL 
 
 N. B. When it happens, that feme of the 
 old Bricks are decay’d and unfit for Ufe, and 
 that new Bricks in lift be ufed in their Steads, 
 then the new Bricks being Grey-ftocks., muft 
 be rated at a Farthing per Brick and no more, 
 which is 20 s. and jod. per Thoufand, and 
 5 d. per Thoufaad more than ib s, with 12 1 G 
 per Cent. Profit thereon. 
 
 hiotealfo , If the Number of Bricks ufed in 
 any Chimney Shaft, -be divided by 5* the Num- 
 ber of Bricks im ploy’d in a fuperficial Foot, 
 the Quotient will be the Number of fuperficial 
 Feet of Work done, and the Trouble of tak- 
 ing Dirnenfions and of fquaring them, is faved. 
 
 It is alfo to be noted, That fometimes the 
 Shafts of Chimneys are built by Rod Meafure, 
 when the Workmanfhip thereof is confidered 
 as if the Shaft was entirely folid, but the Ma- 
 terials thereof are to be confidered as they are, 
 and not other wife. 
 
 Tops of Parapet, &v. Walls, to take down 
 and rebuild, are beft done by Day Work, there 
 being oftentimes confiderabie Trouble, which 
 
 can’t be' for dee n 
 
 or accounted for when done. 
 
 '*** j ^ ~ ^ ~ ■■ * • — - • 
 
 •Arid the new Bricks and Mortar imoloy’d, muft 
 
 be 
 
Of Mending Plain Tiling. 329 
 
 be charged as follows, viz. the Bricks at 1 Far* 
 thing per Brick, being Grey- (locks, and the 
 Mortar at 1 Penny per Foot, at 1 Brick and a 
 Half in Thicknefs, .which is at the Rate of 
 1 L is. id. per Rod, lor the Mortar only. 
 
 Fronts of old Houfes, when the Mortar 
 is much decay'd, are frequently floated down, 
 the old decay’d Mortar raked out, and the 
 Joints frefh pointed anew.; fo that they look, 
 when 'done, nearly as well as 'when fir ft built, 
 
 This fort of Work when well performed, 
 is worth, for Mortar and Workmanfhip, ex- 
 clufive of Scaffolding , 3 d. per fuperficial 
 
 Foot. 
 
 The next kind of outward Repairs, is Plain 
 and Pan Tiling. 
 
 I. Of the Repairs of Plain Tiling. 
 
 The Repairs of Plain Tiling is either 
 Mending or Ripping . 
 
 Mending of plain Tiling is not unlike a 
 Tinker’s mending or flopping of a Hole in a 
 Kettle ; for as fare as a Bricklayer undertakes 
 to Hop or mend a Deled: in plain Tiling, ‘at 
 the fame Time, if ’tjs poflible, he will make 
 another ; fo that there’s no End of thofe Ex- 
 pences, and therefore when this kind of Til- 
 ing wants much Repairing, his always befl 
 
 and 
 
330 Of Ripping Plain Tiling. 
 
 and cheapeft to rip, and new lay the whole $ 
 the Expence of which, per Square, is as fol- 
 lows, viz. 
 
 1 Bundle of Heart Laths 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 600 of Fourpenny Nails 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 o\ 
 
 Pins 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 6 
 
 a Bufhels of Lime 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 9 
 
 3 Bufliel of Sand 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 U 
 
 Prime Coft of Materials 
 
 0 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 
 Profit thereon at 25 per Cent. 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 9 l 
 
 Workman (hip to ftrip, &c.per Sq 
 
 .0 
 
 1 
 
 0 
 
 Workmanfhip to lay Tiles 
 
 0 
 
 5 
 
 0 
 
 Profit thereon at 25 per Cent. 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 • 
 
 Total per Square 
 
 0 
 
 12 
 
 4 ; 
 
 Which I allow at 1 2 s. 6 d. and which 
 Bricklayers frequently demand and take 17 s. 
 which is 45. 6 d. per Square Exaffiion. 
 
 N V B. 17?, When the Laths are found and 
 good, and want no Repair, then from the a- 
 forefaid Sum of 12 s. 6 7 . muft be fubftradted 
 3 s. io* (viz. is. 8 7 . for Laths, is. o \d. 
 for Nails, and 6 d. for Labour of Lathing) 
 and then the Remains 8 s. y\ d. is the Value 
 per Square. 
 
 zdly , When old Laths are found and their 
 Nails are decay’d, which often happens, then 
 
 the 
 
Of Ripping Pan Tiling. 331 
 
 the old Laths mu ft be new nailed. 
 
 and 
 
 to 
 
 the 
 
 above Sum of 
 
 0 
 
 8 
 
 7 l 
 
 muft be added 
 
 
 
 For 600 of Fourpenny Nails 
 
 0 
 
 1 
 
 
 Labour to new nail the old Laths 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 6 
 
 Profit thereon at 25 perCent. 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 4; 
 
 Total Value per Square 
 
 0 
 
 10 
 
 
 3 dly, When the Laths are partly new and 
 partly old, then to the above Sum of 10 J. 6 id. 
 add for Half a Bundle of Laths, per Square, 
 ii. o \d. more, which will make the whole 
 Hi. yd. fer Square, exclufive of fuch new 
 Tiles as may be wanted, which mud be rated 
 at 25 s. per Thoufand, and Ridge Tiles at id \ 
 per Tile. 
 
 N. B. As all new Tiles, for fome Time 
 after they are laid, will admit the Rains to 
 penetrate them, therefore old Tiles, which 
 have been feafoned by the Weather, are of 
 greater Value than new Tiles. 
 
 II. Of the Repairs of Pan Tiling. 
 
 When Pan Tiles are found, and the Lath- 
 ing and Pointing is decay'd, fo that the whole 
 mud be rip’d, then the Expence per Square 
 is as follows, viz. 
 
 I. When 
 
33' 2 
 
 Of Ripping Pan Tiling, 
 i. When . laid dry . 
 dhs, prime Co ft 
 Sixpenny Nails, ditto 
 Profit thereon at 2C per Cent. 
 
 %s 1 ■ ■ 
 
 Workmanship to lath and lay > 
 the Tiles dry 
 
 Profit thereon at 25 per Cent . 
 
 I K Lcn 
 
 I 20 o< 
 
 T>. „ C 
 
 0 
 
 I 
 
 101 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 3 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 3; 
 
 > 
 
 1° 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 0 
 
 0 4 
 
 9 
 
 0 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 Total Square 
 To which mu ft be added for fuch new Pan 
 Tiles and Ridge Tiles, as may be wanted, 1 d. 
 
 per Idie. 
 
 W 
 
 hen Pan Tiling is to be laid in, and 
 pointed with Lime and' Hair, then the' Expence 
 of Ripping, per .Square, is as follows, viz . 
 
 15 Laths ■ 
 
 120 Sixpenny Nails 
 Profit thereon 
 Lime and Hair 
 Workman fhip 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 .0 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 10; 
 
 3 
 
 31 
 
 o 
 
 6 
 
 o .7. 10* 
 
 Which I allow at Ss. per Square, exclufive 
 of fuch Tiles as may be wanting, which are to 
 be rated at 1 d. per Tile, as aforefaid. 
 
 put when the old Lathing and Nails are 
 found, and nothing but Work man fhip is want- 
 ed* then its Value per Square is as follows, viz. 
 For Pan Tiling kid dry 016 
 
 Ditto laid in Lime and Hair 1 ^ 
 
 pointed, the Lime and Hair included ) ° ^ 
 
 
 A $ 
 
 
Of Mortar for jo 3 b i n g W cr:z* 33 
 
 A s I have now gone through all the prin- 
 cipal Works cf a Bricklayer, ; thofe of the "job- 
 bing Bricklayer only excepted, which are al~ 
 inoft endlefs to men "ion, I Snail therefore con- 
 clude this Work with a Remark on the Quan- 
 tity and Value of Mortar to be ufed in Jobbing 
 Works*, with any Number ' of Bricks, ’ which 
 may be a Means of ‘preventing Frauds for tbs 
 Future. 
 
 A s I have demonft rated in the fir ft Part of 
 this Chapter, in Sect. II, III, &c. That the 
 Expence of Mortar required to a Rod of Brick 
 Work, is under 201 viz. for 4500 Place 
 Bricks ; it is therefore very eafy to find the 
 Value of Mortar 11 fed in jobbing, with any 
 other Number of Bricks : f \ nd as in Jobbing 
 Works there is oftentimes more Mortar. ufed 
 with Bricks than is ufually dene in new Work, 
 I will therefore allow, that the Mortar ufed in 
 laying of 4500 Bricks in Jobbing Works, be 
 worth 1 L 55. which is nearly half as much 
 more than its Value in laying the fame Num- 
 ber of Bricks in common Wallin 2V 
 
 Now the RULE is, 
 
 A s 4500 Bricks, laid in j Rod of jobbing 
 Work, is to 25 s. the allowed Value of the 
 Mortar in which they are laid, fo is any given 
 Number of Bricks to a 4th Number ; which 
 is the Value of Mortar neceffary for them. 
 
 Exam- 
 
334 Qf Mortar, for fobbing Works. 
 
 Example. 
 
 What is the Value cf fo much Mortar , as is 
 necejjary to be ufed with 300 Bricks t 
 Anfwer, is. 8 d. 
 
 For, as 4500 Ericks is to 1200 Farthings, 
 or 25 s. ibis 300 Bricks to 80 Farthings, equal 
 to 20 Pence, which is nearly yd. per 100 
 Bricks. 
 
 Now, allowing in Jobbing Works, that to 
 lay 500 Bricks per Diem be a Day’s Work for a 
 Bricklayer and a Labourer, then the Expence 
 of Workmanihip is 1 s. per Hundred. 
 
 And if to 1 s. J d. the Expence of Mortar 
 and Workmanihip per too, be added 1 s. 10 d. 
 the retale Price of a 100 Bricks, then the Sum 
 3 s. $d. (which for Eafe in Computation, I 
 allow at 3 j. 6 d.) is the honeft Value per 100 
 Bricks for Materials and Labour. And therefore. 
 
 If in Jobbing Brick Works the Number of 
 Bricks ufed be known, the Value of Materials 
 and Workmanihip maybe alfo known. For, 
 
 As 100 Bricks, with Mortar and Workman- 
 ihip, is to 35. 6 d. fo is any other Number of 
 Bricks to their Value, together with the Mor- 
 tar and Workmanihip included. 
 
 A SUM- 
 
[ 335 3 
 
 A SUMMARY of the various 
 Prices of Bricklayers Works, t oi%. 
 
 Sect. I. Of rough Place Brick Wall- 
 ing, Page 8?. as Foundations . Partition 
 Walls , &c. 
 
 I. Bricks, Lime, Sand, and Labour. 
 
 /. d. 
 
 Prime Coll per Rod 4 13 jf 
 
 per Foot 004^ 
 
 Ditto , with 1 2f Cm/. Profit on the 
 Materials, and 25 Cent • Profit on the La- 
 bour, Rod 5 7 2 t 
 
 Foot, nearly o o 4J 
 
 II. Lime, Sand, and Labour only. 
 
 Prime Coft Rod 1 10 5 * 
 
 y>mFoot, nearly o o if 
 
 Ditto, with the preceding Profits. 
 
 per Rod 1 16 4f 
 
 per Foot nearly o o if 
 
 Ilf. Workmanship only. 1 
 Prime Coft per Rod o 16 
 
 per Foot nearly o o 
 
 Ditto , with 25 Cm/. Profit, 
 per Rod 1 o 
 
 per Foot nearly o o 
 
 o o 
 
o 
 
 336 Of Rough Pl ace-Brick Walling. 
 
 IV. Place Bricks only. 
 
 Prime Coft per Rod 3 3 
 
 per Foot nearly 003 
 
 Ditto , With 12 \ per Cent . Profit. 
 
 Rod 3 10 1 o I 
 
 per Foot nearly o o 
 
 V. Lime only. 
 
 Prime Coft per Rod o 10 10 
 
 per Foot nearly o o of 
 
 Ditto , With i2f per Cent , Profit. 
 
 Rod o 12 2f 
 
 Foot nearly o o of 
 
 VI. Sand only. 
 
 Prime Coft per Rod, p. 84* o 3 if 
 
 per Foot nearly o o of 
 
 Ditto , with 12 1 per Cent . Profit. 
 
 per Rod o 3 11 
 
 per Foot nearly o o of 
 
 VII. Bricks, Lime, and Sand only. 
 Prime Coft per Rod 3 16 1 1 f 
 
 per Foot nearly o o 3J 
 
 Ditto , with I2f per Cent . Profit. 
 
 per Rod 467 
 
 per Foot nearly 004 
 
 VIII. Lime and Sand only. 
 
 Prime Coft per Rod o 1 3 1 1 1 
 
 per Foot nearly o o of 
 
 Ditto , with 12 1 per Cent . Profit. 
 
 per Rod o 1 5 8 \ 
 
 per Foot nearlv o o of 
 
 IX. 
 
Of Place-Brick Walling , 337 
 
 IX. Lime and Sand made into Mortar. 
 Prime Coil per Rod o 15 5* 
 
 per Foot nearly o o oj 
 
 Ditto , with 12J Cent. Profit. 
 
 per Rod 018 o 
 
 per Foot, Something more than o o o* 
 
 Sect. II. Of Place Brick Walling with 
 common J 'dints, as Garden Walls , &c. 
 Page 88. 
 
 I. Bricks, Lime, Sand and Labour. 
 Prime Coft per Rod, p. 88, 540^ 
 
 per Foot nearly o o 4* 
 
 Ditto , with 12* per Cent. Profit on the 
 Materials, and 25 per Cent. Profit on the 
 Workmanship. 
 
 per Rod 604* 
 
 per Foot nearly o o 5 \ 
 
 But in lofty Buildings,! 
 where much Scaffolding is ufed, ’tis >6 6 o 
 
 worth per Rod J 
 
 II. Lime, Sand, and Labour only. 
 Prints Cod per Rod 210' 
 
 per Foot nearly 002 
 
 Ditto , with the preceding Profits. 
 
 per Rod 2 5 10J 
 
 per Ft. little more than 002 
 
 A a 2 
 
 III. 
 
338 Of Place-Brick Walling. 
 
 III. Workmanship only. 
 
 Prime Coft per Rod, p. 88. 1 40 
 
 per Foot nearly 001 
 
 Ditto , with 25 per Cent . profit. 
 
 per Rod 1 10 o 
 
 per Foot nearly o o 1 \ 
 
 IV. Place Bricks only. 
 
 Prime Coft fe r Rod 3 3 0 
 
 per Foot nearly 003 
 
 Ditto . with 12 \per Cent, profit. 
 
 per Rod 3 10 10* 
 
 V. Lime only. 
 
 Prime Coft fer Rod ° 15 o 
 
 per Foot nearly o o oj 
 
 Ditto , with 1 2 \ per Cent. Profit. 
 
 per Rod . o 16 10* 
 
 Vi. Sand only. 
 
 Prime Coft per Rod, p. 88. 020^ 
 
 Ditto , with i2\ fer Cent. Profit. 
 
 per Rod 02^ 
 
 VII. Bricks, Lime, and Sand only. 
 
 Prime Coft per Rod, p. 89. 400^ 
 
 per Foot nearly o o i 4 
 
 Ditto , with 12* per Cent , profit. 
 per Red 41 
 
 per Foot nearly 
 
 VIII. 
 
 4 * H 
 
339 
 
 Of Grey-stock Fronts. 
 
 VIII. L ime and Sand only. 
 
 Prime Coft pe r Rod 017 o* 
 
 Ditto, with 12 1 per Cent. Profit. 
 
 per Rod . o 19 1* 
 
 IX. Lime and Sand made into Mortar. 
 Prime Coft per Rod * 0186* 
 
 Ditto Retailor Rod, p. 90. 114- 
 
 Sect. III. Of Common Fronts, faced with 
 Grey-Stock Bricks, where every 4 Courfes 
 rife 1 Foot, p. 94. 
 
 I, Bricks, Lime, Sand, and Workmanfhip. 
 Prime Coft per Rod, according! 
 
 to the Manners of Fig. I, II, andly 12 o', 
 
 VIII. Plate I. p, 94. ) 
 
 Ditto , with 1 2 \ per Cent. Profit j 
 on the Materials, and 25 per Cent. >6 7 2 
 
 Profit on the Workman (hip. j 
 
 II. Bri cks, Lime, Sand, and Workmanfhip. 
 Prime Coft per Rod, according j 
 
 to the Manners of Fig. V, VI, ardic 13 ® 
 
 VII. Plate I. p.95. J 
 
 Ditto , with the preceding Profits 610 6 
 
 III. L ime, Sand, and Workmanfhip. 
 Prime Coft per Rod, p. 94 21 
 
 Ditto , with 12* perCent . Profit 
 on the Lime and Sand, and 2$ per >2 5 o 
 
 Cent . Profit on the Workmanfhip, J 
 
 A a 3 IV 
 
340 Of Grey-stock Fronts . 
 
 IV. Workmanship only. 
 
 Prime God per Rod 140 
 
 Ditto , with 25 per Cent. Profit 1 10 o 
 
 V. Bricks only. 
 
 Prime Cod per Rod, according! 
 to the Manners of Fig, l, II, and >3 u o 
 VIII. Plate I. p. 94. 3 
 
 Dkto, with 12* per Cent . Profit 3 19 joi 
 
 VI. Bricks only. 
 
 Prime Cod per Rod, according! 
 to Fig, V 5 VI, and VII. Plate I.I3 12 cr 
 
 P' 95; . ^ ^ J 
 
 Ditto , with 1 2 1 /tfr Cent. Profit. 4 1 o 
 
 VII. Limp only. 
 
 Prime Cod per Rod 015 o 
 
 : iio, with izl per Cent, Profit q 16 ip* 
 
 ■ri 
 
 JL// 
 
 VIII. Sand only. 
 
 Prime Cod per Rod 020 
 
 Ditto, with j 2 ’ per Cent. Profit q 2 3 
 
 IX. Bricks, Lime, and Sand. 
 
 Prime Cod per Rod 490 
 
 Ditto , with 12I perCent . Profit. 5 $ o 
 
 X. Lime and Sand. 
 
 prime Cod per Rod 017 o 
 
 Ditto, with iz\ per Cent . Profit. 019 i 
 
 XI, 
 
 
Of Grey-stock Fronts . 
 
 34i 
 
 XI. Lime and Sand made into Mortar. 
 
 Sect. IV. Of Front Walls faced with 
 Grey-flock Bricks , where e r cery 4 CourJ'es 
 rife about 1 1 Inches , p. 97. 
 
 X. Br I ck.s, Lime, Sand, and Workmanfhip. 
 Prime Coft Rod 6 110* 
 
 Ditto } with the preceding Profits 7 o 6\ 
 
 II. Sand, Lime, and Workmanfhip. 
 Prime Coft per Rod 166 
 
 Ditto , with the preceding Profits 2 J2 1 1 * 
 
 III. Workmanship only. 
 
 Prime Coft per Rod 166 
 
 Ditto , with 25 per Cent, Profit 1 13 i\ 
 
 IV. Bricks only. 
 
 Prime Coft per Rod, p. 97. 3 18 4 
 
 Ditto , with n \ per Cent. Profit 4 8 1* 
 
 V. Lime only. 
 
 Prime Coft per Rod o 1 5 o 
 
 Ditto , with 12 1 perCent. Profit o 16 10* 
 
 VI Sand only. 
 
 Prime Coft per Rod 
 Ditto , Retail 
 
 Prime Coft per Roc! 
 
 Ditto, with 12 \ per Cent . Profit 
 
 A a 4 
 
 P 
 
 o 
 
342 Of Grey-stock Fronts. 
 
 VII. Bricks, Lime, and Sand. 
 
 Prime Co ft per Rod 4 15 4j; 
 
 Ditto, with 12 1 perCent . Profit 574* 
 
 VIII. Lime and Sand. 
 
 Prime Cod; per Rod ’ 0170^ 
 
 D ittG 5 with 12* ^er Cent. Profit 019 1 
 
 IX, Lime and Sand made into Mortar. 
 Prime Coft /><?r Rod 018 6 
 
 Ditto , Retail 1 1 4^- 
 
 Sect.V. 0/ Front Walling, &c. faced 
 with Grey -pock Bricks , where every four 
 Courfes rife about 1 1 Inches , with Tuck-and- 
 p at joints, p. 98. 
 
 7 v. _B, The Prices and Quantities of Bricks, 
 Lime, Sand, and common Workmanfhip, are 
 the fame here as in Sect. IV. hereof; the 
 only Difference being in the Tuck-and-pat 
 Joints, So that the Expence per Rod of this 
 kind of Walling amounts to 13 /. 6 s. 6 d. 
 which is a very little more than 1 s. per fu- 
 perficial Foot, at 1 Brick and Half in Thick- 
 nefs. But when this kind of Walling is neatly 
 worked with jointed Courfes in the ufual man- 
 ner, then the Amount per Rod is but 6 L 14*. 2d. 
 as in p. 1 01, which is but is. 8 d. more than 
 Half the preceding. 
 
 Sect. 
 
Of Grey-stock Fronts . 
 
 343 
 
 Sect. VI. Of Brick Walling faced on 
 both Sides with Grey-flock Bricks * worked 
 with common jointed Courfes , and with Fuck- 
 and-pat Courfes , p. 102. 
 
 I. Bricks, Mortar and Labour, with com- 
 mon Joints. 
 
 Prime Coft per Rod, p. 103. 7 18 2 
 
 Ditto , with the aforefaid Profits 942 
 
 II. Mortar and Labour, with common 
 Joints. 
 
 Prime Coft per Rod 3 10 o 
 
 Ditto , with the aforefaid Profits 318 9 
 
 III. Workmanfhip only, with common joint- 
 
 ed Courfes. 
 
 Prime Coft per Rod 210 o 
 
 Ditto , with 25 per Cent. Profit 326 
 
 IV. Workmanfhip only, with Tuck-and-pat 
 
 Courfes. 
 
 Per Rod 16 14 o 
 
 Per fuperficial Foot at 1 Bricks 
 and Half in Thicknefs, nearly 1 J 
 
 V. Bricks, Mortar, and Workmanfhip, with 
 
 Tuck-and-pat Courfes, p. 103. 
 
 Per Rod 22 16 © 
 
 Per Foot, at Brick and Half in 7 
 Thicknefs, nearly j° 1 9 
 
 VL 
 
344 °f Red-s^Ack Brick Fronts ; 
 
 VI. Bricks only, p. 103. 
 
 Prime coft per Rod 482 
 
 Pitto, with 1 2 1 per Cent . Profit 4 1 1 o\ 
 
 VII. Mortar only, p. 103. 
 
 Prime Coft per Rod 100 
 
 Ditto, with 12 * per Cent. Profit 126 
 
 Sect. VII. Of Fed-Stock Brick Fronts, rubbed 
 and edged only , with common jointed and with 
 Fuck-and-pat Courfes, p. 127. 
 
 13 12 
 '20 8 
 
 i°: 
 
 I. Bricks, Mortar, and Workmanfhip, with 
 common jointed Courfes. 
 
 Prime Coft per Rod 11 10 3 
 
 Ditto , per Foot o o 
 
 Ditto , per Rod, with the pre- 
 ceding Profits 
 
 Per Rod, with Tuck-and-pat 
 Courfes 
 
 Per Foot ditto 
 
 o 
 
 6 
 
 II. Mortar and Workmanfhip, with common 
 Joints. 
 
 Prime Coft per Rod 626 
 
 Ditto, with the preceding Profits 6 11 4* 
 
 III. 
 
Q/'Red-stock Brick Walling . 345 
 
 m- Mortar and Workmanship, with Tuckr 
 and-pat Courfes. 
 
 P^r Rod, Profits included 13 17 
 
 Vi$, Mortar o 19 
 
 Common Work 2 6 
 
 Rubbing 3 16 
 
 Tuck-and-pat 6 16 
 
 10; 
 
 Total 13 17 io\ 
 
 IV. Workmanship only, with common joint T 
 ed Courfes. 
 
 Prime Coft per Rod 450 
 
 Ditto , with 25 per Cent . Profit 563 
 
 V. Workmanfhip only, with Tuck-and-pat 
 Courfes. 
 
 Per Rod 12 2 3 
 
 VI. Bricks only. 
 
 Prime Coft per Rod 5 7 9 
 
 Ditto , with 25 per Cent, Profit 6 14 10* 
 
 VII. Mortar only. 
 
 Prime Coft per Rod 017 o 
 
 Ditto , with i2£ per Cent. Profit o 19 1* 
 
 Sect. VIII. Of Party-Walls between Court- 
 Yards, faced on both Sides with Red-Stock 
 Bricks , rubbed and edged, p. 128. 
 
 I. Bricks, Mortar, and Workmanfhip, with 
 common jointed Courfes. 
 
 Prime Coft per Rod 17 10 o 
 
 Ditto, with the arorefaid Profits 20 17 o 
 
 II. 
 
346 Of Red-stock Brick Walling . 
 
 II. Bricks, Mortar, and Workmanship, with 
 
 Tuck-and-pat Courfes. 
 
 Per Rod, Profits included as] 
 aforefaid j 34 9 ° 
 
 III. Mortar and Work man (Lip, with common 
 
 jointed Courfes. 
 
 Prime coft per Rod io 3 o 
 
 Ditto , with the aforefaid Profits 12 n 7J 
 
 IV. Mortar and Workmanfhip, with Tuck- 
 
 and-pat Courfes. 
 
 Per Rod 26 3 7* 
 
 V. Workmanfhip only,, with common jointed 
 
 Courfes. 
 
 Prime Coft per Rod 960 
 
 Ditto , with 25 perCent. Profit 11 12 6 
 
 VI. Workmanfhip only, with Tuck-and-pat 
 
 Courfes, 
 
 Per Rod 25 4 6 
 
 VII. Bricks only. 
 
 Prime Coft per Rod 77 o 
 
 Ditto , with 12 J Ciwtf. Profit 854* 
 
 VIII. Mortar only. 
 
 Prime Coft per Rod o 17 o 
 
 Ditto, with i2~per Cent. Profit o 19 1^ 
 
 Sect, 
 
Of Grey flock IV ailing , in Terrace . 347 
 
 Sect. IX. 0 / plain Wallings faced with gaged 
 and rubbed Red- Stock Bricks, Jet in Butty, 
 
 p.130.' 
 
 Bricks, Mortar, Putty and Workmanfhip. 
 Per Rod 2116 9 
 
 Per Foot on the Surface, aO % 
 
 Brick and Half thick \° * 1 II. III. IV. V. 
 
 Sect. X. Of common Grey-Stock Brick Wall- 
 ing, worked entirely with Terrace Mortar * 
 
 p. 136. 
 
 I. Bricks, Mortar, and Workmanfhip. 
 Prime Coft. per Rod 13 2 8 
 
 Ditto, with the aforefaid Profit 15 5 o 
 
 II. Mortar and Workmanfhip. 
 
 Prime Coft per Rod 8150 
 
 Ditto, with the aforefaid Profits 10 5 
 
 III. Workmanfhip only, to beat Terrace and 
 lay Bricks. 
 
 Prime Coft per Rod 3 10 o 
 
 Ditto , with the aforefaid Profits 476 
 
 IV. Terrace, Lime, and Beating, 
 
 Prime Coft per Rod 710 o 
 
 Ditto, with the aforefaid Profits 814 4* 
 
 V. Bricks 
 
34-8 Of Grey -flock Walling , , in Terrace * * 
 
 V. Bricks only. 
 
 Prime Cod: per Rod 478 
 
 Ditto , with 1 2 \ per CenL Profit 418 5 f 
 
 VI. Lime only. 
 
 Prime Coft per Rod o 15 o 
 
 Ditto, with P er Cent. Profit o 16 10; 
 
 VII. Terrace ontyi 
 
 Prime Coft per Rod 410 o 
 
 Ditto, with \z\per Cent. Profit. 513 
 
 Sect. XL Of common Grey -Stock Brick 
 Walling, worked 1 Brick Length only , in 
 Terrace Mortar, and a Brick's Breadth in 
 common Lime Mortar . 
 
 I. Bricks, Mortars, and Workmanfhip. 
 Prime Coft per Rod 10 18 9^ 
 
 Ditto , with the aforefaid Profits 12 6 2 
 
 II. Mortars and Workmanfhip. 
 
 Prime Coft per Rod 5 1 2 1 * 
 
 Ditto, with the aforefaid Profits 7 15 1 
 
 III. Workmanfhip only, to beat the Terrace 
 and lay Bricks. 
 
 Prime Coft per Rod 215 6 
 
 Ditto , with 25 per Cent. Profit. 3 8 10* 
 
Of Grey flock Walling , in Terrace. 34 9 
 
 IV. Terrace, Lime, and Beating. 
 
 Prime Coft per Rod 5 * 1 II. 3 
 
 Ditto y with the aforefaid Profits 51 7 6 
 
 V. Bricks only. 
 
 Prime Coft per Rod 478 
 
 DittOy with 12 \ per Cent. Profit 4 18 5* 
 
 VI. Lime only. 
 
 Prime Coft per Rod o 15 o 
 
 Ditto y with *2* per Cent. Profit o 16 io£ 
 
 VII. Terrace only. 
 
 Prime Coft per Rod 300 
 
 DittOy with 12* per Cent. Profit 376 
 
 Sect. XII. Of common Grey-Stock Brick 
 Wallingy having a Brick's Breadth only 
 laid in Terrace Mortary and a Brick's 
 Length in common Mortar . p. 139. 
 
 I. Bricks, Mortars, and Workmanfhi p. 
 Prime Coft per Rod 814 1 
 
 DittOy with the aforefaid Profits 10 2 10 
 
 II. Mortars and Workmanfhip 
 Prime Coft per Rod 470 
 
 DittOy with the aforefaid Profits 540 
 
 III. 
 
350 Of Circular and Elliptical Walling. 
 
 III. Workmanfhip only* to beat the Terrace 
 and lay Bricks. 
 
 Prime Coft per Rod 210 
 
 Ditto > with 25 per Cent. Profit. 2 11 3 
 
 IV. Terrace, Lime, and Beating. 
 
 Prime Coft per Rod 3 o p 
 
 Ditto , with the aforefaid Profits 394^ 
 
 V. Bricks only. 
 
 Prime Coft per Rod 478 
 
 Ditto y with 12“ per Cent, Profit 4 18 5* 
 
 VI. Lime only. v 
 
 Prime Coft Rod 015 o 
 
 Ditto, with 22* perCent. Profit, o 16 10* 
 
 VII. Terrace only. 
 
 Prime Cofl per Rod 1 10 o 
 
 Ditto , with 12* perCent . Profit [1 13 9 
 
 Sect. XIII. Of Erecl Circular , Ellipti- 
 
 cal Walling, p. 143. 
 
 I. Circular, ©V. rough Place-Brick Walling 
 in Foundations, &c. p. 144. 
 
 Prime Coft per Rod 5 3 2 * 
 
 Materials 3 19 5* 
 
 Workmanfhip 149 
 
 Ditto , with the preceding Profits. 
 
 Materials 
 
 Workmanfhip 
 
 4 10 O' 
 in 6 
 II. Cir- 
 
i8 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 J 4 
 
 18 
 
 16 
 
 *5 
 
 io 
 
 5 
 
 0 / Circular Place-Brick Walling, 3 51 
 
 II. Circular Place-Brick Walling with com- 
 
 mon jointed Courfes. p. 144. 
 
 Prime Coft per Rod 5 
 
 Viz, Materials 4 
 
 Workmanfthip 1 
 
 Ditto, with the preceding Profits 6 17 
 
 Viz . Materials 4 12 
 
 Workmanfhip 2 5 
 
 III. Circular Place-Brick Walling, faced on 
 one Side with Grey- Stock Bricks, with 
 common jointed Courfes. p. 146. 
 
 Prime Co ft per Rod 6 
 
 Viz, Materials 4 
 
 Workmanfhip X 
 
 Ditto , with the preceding Profits 7 
 Viz, Materials 5 
 
 Workmanfhip 2 
 
 IV. B. When this kind of Walling is work- 
 ed with Tuck-and-pat Courfes, then to the 
 above muft be added. 
 
 Per fuperficial Foot 006 
 
 Per Rod 6 16 o 
 
 IV. Circular Grey-Stock Walling, with cofn- 
 
 mon jointed Courfes. p. 147, 
 
 Prince Co ft per Rod 
 Viz, Materials 
 
 Workmanftiip 
 
 Ditto , with the preceding Profits 
 Viz. Materials 
 
 Workmanfhip 
 N. B . When this kind of Walling is work- 
 ed with Tuck-and-pat Courfes, then add to 
 the above, per Foot fuperficial 006 
 per Rod 6 16 o 
 
 V. Cir- 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 rx 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 9 1 
 91 
 o 
 
 Bb 
 
352 Of Circular Red- Stock Brick Walling. ■ 
 
 V. Circular Place- Brick Walling, faced with 
 Red-Stock Bricks, rubbed and edged, with 
 common jointed Courfes. p. 149. 
 
 Prime Coft per Rod 13 6 6 1 
 
 Viz. Materials 6 13 6~ 
 
 Workmanship 6 13 o 
 
 Ditto , with the aforefaid Profits 15 16 6 
 
 Viz. Materials 7 10 3 
 
 Workmanfhip 863 
 
 N, B. When this kind of Walling is worked 
 with Tuck-and-pat Courfes, then to the above 
 muft be added, 
 
 per Foot fuperficial 006 
 
 per Rod 616 o 
 
 Which is 2 s. 6 d. more than the prime Coft 
 of the Materials. 
 
 VI. Circular Red-Stock Brick Walling, en- 
 tirely of Red-Stocks, rubbed and edged. 
 
 Prime Coft per Rod 18 6 6^ 
 
 Viz. Materials 8 5 6* 
 
 Workmanfhip 10 1 o 
 
 Ditto , with the aforefaid Profits 2117 
 Viz. Materials 9 6 2* 
 
 Workmanftiip 12 11 3 
 
 N' B. When Walling of this kind is worked 
 with Tuck-and-pat Courfes on both Sides, 
 then to the above muft be added, 
 per Foot fuperficial 006 
 
 ^rRod, both Sides included 13 12 o 
 
 VII. Circular Place-Brick Walling, faced on 
 one Side with Red-Stock Bricks, and rubbed 
 and fet in Putty, p. 152. 
 
 Prime coft per Rod 
 
 22 o 1* 
 Viz . 
 
Of Circular Red- Stock Brick Wailing . 353 
 
 Viz. Materials 7 7 i\ 
 
 Workman (hip 14 13 o 
 
 . Ditto , with the preceding Profits 2218 6 
 
 VIII. Circular Red-Stock Brick Wailing, faced 
 on both Sides, gaged and rubbed, fet in 
 Putty. 
 
 Prime Coft per Rod 36 6 6 
 
 Viz . Materials 92*6 
 
 Workmanfhip 27 4 o 
 
 Ditto, with the afore faid Profits 37 9 4 
 
 IX. Circular Place-Brick Walling, faced on 
 one Side with Grey* Stock Bricks, laid a 
 Brick’s Breadth in Terrace Mortar, and a 
 Brick’s Length in common Mortar. 
 
 Prime Co ft per Rod 8 6 7^ 
 
 Viz. Materials 6 4 7* 
 
 Workmanfhip 220 
 
 Ditto, with the aforefaid Profits 9 12 4* 
 
 Viz . Materials 7 o 1^ 
 
 Workmanfhip 2 12 3 
 
 X. Circular Walling, two third Parts of Grey- 
 Stock Bricks and one third Part of Place- 
 Bricks ; the Grey- Stocks laid nine Inches in 
 Terrace, the other half Brick of Place-Bricks 
 in common Mortar. 
 
 Prime Coft per Rod 10 911 
 
 Viz . Materials 7 17 4 
 
 Workmanfhip 2 12 6 
 
 Ditto , with the aforefaid Profits 12 2 8* 
 
 Viz. Materials 8 17 1 
 
 Workmanfhip 3 5 7 
 
 XI. Circular Grey-Stock Walling, laid entirely 
 
 in Terrace Mortar. 
 
 Prime Coft per Rod 
 
 Bb 2 
 
 n 42 
 
 Viz . 
 
354 0 / Brick Arches , Floors , &c. 
 
 Viz. Materials 8 8 B 
 
 Workmanfhip ’ 2 15 6 
 
 Ditto , with the preceding Profits 12 19 1 1 
 
 J'fe. Materials 9 9 9 
 
 Workmanfhip 3 9 4^ 
 
 Sect. XIV. Of Brick Arches to Vaults , 
 Cellars , Cielings y &c. p. 219. 
 
 I. Of ftraight arched Vaults, ©V. Materials 
 the fame Rod as in common Walling. 
 Workmanfhip per Rod 250 
 
 II. Of groined arched Vaults, &c . 
 Materials Rod as aforefaid. 
 Workmanfhip Rod 300 
 
 Exclufive of 6 */. lineal Foot, for cutting 
 the Angles, &c . 
 
 Sect, XV. Of Brick arched Cielings and 
 Floor Sy for the Prevention of Fire, p, 250. 
 
 Expence per Rod 9 10 10^ 
 
 per Square 8 8 0 
 
 Exclufive of the Centring. 
 
 Sect. XVI. Of Groin d Cielings. p 257, 
 
 Materials per Rod 9 12 o 
 
 Labour per Rod 300 
 
 Exclufive of Centring and of Cutting th< 
 Angles of the Groins, 
 
Cf Domes and Quoins. 25$ 
 
 Se c t. XVII. Of Hemifpherical and Hemt- 
 fpheroidical Domes • 
 
 Workmanfhip per Rod 
 
 To -5 S; mi f P u erI ^5‘ ,} Domes 53 » ° 
 
 ^Hemiipheroidical j 10 o 
 
 N. B. Materials in both Cafes are the fame 
 
 per Rod as in common Walling. 
 
 Sect. XVIII. Of Brick Cones and their 
 Frujlrums , for Spires to Church Steeples , &c. 
 p. 281. 
 
 Workmanfhip only, per Rod 7 13 o 
 
 per Cube Foot o o 6 
 
 Materials only 8 12 o 
 
 Materials and Labour per Rod 1616 o 
 
 Sect. XIX. Of Brick Ornaments . 
 
 I. Of rubbed fquare Returns to Quoins, (§c m 
 
 p. 286. 
 
 Bricks, N° 9. per Foot fuperiicial 002 
 Workmanfhip 003 
 
 II. Of rubbed odhngular Returns to Quoins, 
 
 &c. p. 288. 
 
 Excefs in Price of 9 Bricks perl 
 Foot fuperficial 5 ° ° 
 
 Rubbing as common Work, perl 
 fuperficial Foot j° ° 3 
 
 Cutting and rubbing the Angles , \ Q Q 
 
 per Foot lineal j 
 
 B b 3 III. Of 
 
356 Of Frizes and rubbed Arches , 
 
 IIL Of Plain Horizontal Ornaments, 
 Frizes, &c. p. 289. 
 
 Excefs in Price of 10 Bricks, perl 
 Foot fuperficial 3 0 0 2 
 
 Putty to ditto o o 1 
 
 Worknianihip to ditto o o 10 
 
 as 
 
 Total 011 
 
 IV. Of gaged and rubbed ftraight and cir- 
 cular Arches, to Heads of Windows, &c. 
 p. 290 . 
 
 Excefs in Price of 12 Red-Stocki ^ 
 Bricks, per fuperficial Foot 3 
 Putty to ditto o o 
 
 Workmanlhip to ditto o 1 
 
 2 1 
 
 I 
 
 O 
 
 Total 013 
 
 V. Of gaged and rubbed Elliptical and Go- 
 thick Arches, to Heads of Windows, &c* 
 p. 290. 
 
 Excefs in Price of 16 Red-Stocky t 
 
 Bricks, per Foot fuperficial f ° ° ^ * 
 
 Putty to ditto o o 1 
 
 Workmanlhip to ditto 013 
 
 Total o 1 y\ 
 
 VI. Of plain, gaged, and rubbed Red-Stock 
 
 Fafcias, p, 291. 
 
 1. Of one Face. 
 
 Bricks per Foot fuperficial, 10. 005 
 
 Putty to ditto 001 
 
 Workmanlhip o o 10 
 
 Total 
 
 o 1 4 
 2. Of 
 
 
357 
 
 Of Fa/cias and Rufticks . 
 
 2. Of two Faces. 
 
 Bricks per Foot fuperficial, N° io. 005 
 Patty to ditto o o i 
 
 Workmanfhip o i o 
 
 Total o i 6 
 
 VII. Of gaged and rubbed Brick Fafcias, en- 
 riched with a Moulding, p. 291. 
 
 Bricks per Foot fuperficial, N° 10. o o 5 
 Plain Work to do. per Ft fuperfkial o o 10 
 Mouldings per Ft. fuperficial to do. o 1 4 
 
 Putty per Foot fuperficial to ditto 001 
 
 Total 028 
 
 VIII. Of Red-Stock horizontal fquare Ru« 
 flicks to Doors, Quoins, Pillafters, &c. p. 292. 
 
 Bricks, N® 10, per Foot fuperficial 005 
 Putty to ditto o o 1 
 
 Workmanfhip to ditto 010 
 
 Total o i 6 
 
 IX. Of Red-Stock horizontal champher’d Ru- 
 
 fticks to Doors, Quoins, &c. 
 
 Bricks, N° ro, per Foot fuperficial 005 
 Putty to ditto p. 293. o o i 
 
 Workmanfhip to ditto, \Jl, as a 7 
 
 fquare Ruftick, per Ft. fuperficial \ 0 
 
 And then^ extra, per Ft. fuperficial, 
 for the Champhers 
 
 X. Of Red-Stock fommering Rufticks to 
 ftraight and circular Arches, p. 294. 
 
 Bricks, N° 12, per Foot fuperficial 006 
 Putty to ditto 001 
 
 Workmanfhip to ditto 010 
 
 Total 
 
 Bb 4 
 
 o i 7 
 
 XI. Of 
 
35S Of Jlraight , circular , &c. Architraves, 
 
 XI. OF Red-Stock fommering Rufticks to 
 Elliptical and Gothick Arches, p. 295. 
 
 Bricks, N 9 \ 6 ,per Foot fuperficial 008 
 Putty to ditto 001 
 
 Workmanlhip to ditto 016 
 
 Total 023 
 
 XII. Of Red-Stock gaged and rubbed Archi- 
 traves to Doors and Windows, p. 295. 
 
 1. Of ftraight Architraves. 
 
 Bricks, M 9 1 o, per Foot fuperficial 005 
 Putty to ditto 001 
 
 Workmanship 014 
 
 Total o 1 10 
 
 2. Of Circular Architraves, p 295. 
 Bricks, N° 12, per Foot fuperficial 
 Putty to ditto 
 Workmanlhip to ditto 
 
 006 
 001 
 020 
 
 Total 
 
 3. Of Elliptical Architraves. 
 Bricks, N° 16, per Foot fuperficial 
 Putty to ditto 
 Workmanfhip 
 
 o 2 
 p. 295. 
 o o 
 o o 
 
 O 2 
 
 Total 0 3 3 
 
 XIII. Of plain, gaged, and rubbed Red-Stock 
 Works, as Shafts of Piilafters, Dados, Pan- 
 nelling, &c. p. 297. 
 
 Bricks, N° 10, per Foot fuperficial 005 
 Putty to ditto 001 
 
 Workmanfhip to ditto o o 10 
 
 Total 014 
 
Of plain and pannelled Piers, &c, 359 
 
 XIV. Of gaged and rubbed Red-Stock Staffs 
 at the Angles of Pillafters, &c. and of Foot 
 Lacings, p. 297. 
 
 Per Foot fuperficial 014 
 
 XV. Of Red-Stock Piers to Gates, p. 298. 
 
 I. Of plain Piers gaged and rubbed. Fig. 1. PI. 26. 
 Bricks, N° 10, per Foot fuperficial 005 
 Putty to ditto 001 
 
 Workmanfhip to ditto o o 10 
 
 4 
 
 pan- 
 
 5 
 
 o 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 Total o 1 
 
 Exclufive of the Core. 
 
 II. Of Red-Stock gaged and rubbed 
 
 nelled Piers, p. 299. PI. 26. 
 
 Bricks, N° 10. per Foot fuperficial o o 
 
 Plain Margins to ditto o 1 
 
 Mouldings to ditto o 1 
 
 Plain Returns, &c . to ditto . o o 
 
 III. Of Grey-Stock Piers, rufticated with de- 
 tached fquare Rufticks, rubbed and edged 
 only, fet in Mortar, p. 299. Fig. 1. PI. 27. 
 
 1. Of the Grey- flock Work in the Shaft. 
 
 Bricks, N° 8, per Foot fuperficial o o 2* 
 
 Workmanfhip to ditto , 005 
 
 Mortar, per Cube Ft. in the whole? 
 
 Pier 3 0 o 1 
 
 2. Of the Red-Stock Work in Ruflicks. 
 
 Bricks, 8, per Foot fuperficial 004 
 Workmanfhip to ditto 008 
 
 Exclufive of tho Core. 
 
 IV. Of Grey-Stock Piers, rufticated with de- 
 tached fquare Rufticks, gaged and rubbed, 
 fet in Putty. Fig. 1. PI. 27. 
 
 ; 
 
 N. B, 
 
360 Of rufticated Red-flock Piers . 
 
 N. B . The Grey-Stock Work in the Shaft 
 and the Core is the fame as in N° III. but 
 the Ruftick Work is as follows, viz. 
 
 Bricks, N 0 1 o, per Foot fuperficial 005 
 Putty to ditto 001 
 
 Workmanfhip to ditto 010 
 
 Total 016 
 
 V. Of Red-Stock Piers rufticated with de- 
 tached fquare Ruftick s, the whole rubbed 
 and edged only, fet in Mortar. 
 
 Bricks, N 0 8, per Foot fuperficial 004 
 Mortar, per CubeFoot, in thewhole] 
 
 Pier j° o 1 
 
 Workmanfhip to ditto 008 
 
 Exclufive of the Core. 
 
 VI. Of Red-ftock Piers, rufticated with de- 
 tached fquare Rufticks, gaged and rubbed, 
 and let in Putty. 
 
 Bricks, N° 10, per fuperficial Foot 005 
 Putty to ditto 00 1 
 
 Workmanfhip to ditto 010 
 
 Total o i 6 
 
 Exclufive of the Core. 
 
 VIL Of Red-ftock Piers, rufticated withcham- 
 phered Rufticks, the whole rubbed and 
 edged only, fet in Mortar. 
 
 Bricks* N° 8, per fuperficial Foot 004 
 Mortar, per CubeFoot, in the whole") 
 
 Pier 3 ° ° 1 
 
 Workmanfhip to ditto , exclufive? o 
 
 of the Champhers j ° 
 
 Cham-r 
 
Of rujlicated Red-flock Piers . 361 
 
 Champhcrs cut per Foot fuperficial 7 
 
 extra j 0 1 4 
 
 Exclufive of the Core. 
 
 VIII. Of Red-ftock Piers, rufticated with de- 
 tached champhered Rufticks, the whole gag- 
 ed and rubbed, andfet in Putty. Fig. 2. PI. 27. 
 
 Bricks, N Q 10, per Foot fuperficial 005 
 Putty to ditto o o i 
 
 Workmanftiip to ditto , exclufive? 
 
 r 1 r 1 >0 I O 
 
 or the Champhers ^ 
 
 Champhers cut per Foot fuperficial 014 
 Exclufive ofithe Core. 
 
 IX. Of Red-Stock Piers, rufticated with R abbit 
 Rufticks, rubbed and edged oniy.Fig. 1 . PI. 28, 
 
 Bricks, N Q 8, per Foot fuperficial 004 
 Workmanftiip to ditto 008 
 
 Mortar, per Cube Foot, in the| ^ ■ 
 
 whole Pier J 0 
 
 Exclufive of the Core. 
 
 X. Of Red-ftock Piers, rufticated with cham- 
 pher’d Rufticks, rubbed and edged only, 
 let in Mortar. Fig. 2. Plate 28. 
 
 Bricks, 1 o, per Foot fuperficial o o j 
 Mortar to the whole Pier, perl 
 
 Cube Foot ^ 0 ° 1 
 
 Workmanftiip to ditto , exclufive 7 
 of the Champhers S° 
 
 Champhers, per Foot fuperficial 014, 
 Exclufive of the Core. 
 
 XL Of Red-ftock Piers, rufticated with 
 champher'd Rufticks, gaged and rubbed, 
 and fet in Putty. Fig. 2. Plate 28. 
 
 Bricks, N° 10, per Foot fuperficial 005 
 Putty to ditto o o 1 
 
 Work- 
 
 8 
 
362 Of off angular and circular Piers. 
 
 Workmanfhip to ditto o 1 4 
 
 Exclufive of the Champhers. 
 
 Champhers per Foot fuperficial extra 014 
 Exclufive of the Core. 
 
 XII. Of Red-ftock o&angular, &c. Piers, plain 
 
 or rufticated. Fig. 1. PI. 29. 
 
 N. B. The Prices of Materials and of 
 Workmanfhip of odtangular Piers is the fa^ie 
 as of the fame kind of fquare Piers, excepting 
 the extra Work of Four Pence Half-penny 
 per lineal Foot, for cutting their obtufe An- 
 gles, which muft always be added. 
 
 XIII. Of Red-ftock circular Piers, gaged and 
 rubbed, fet in Putty, plain or rufticated, as 
 Fig. 2. Plate 29. 
 
 Bricks, N Q 16, per Foot fuperficial o o B 
 Putty to ditto 001 
 
 Workmanfhip to ditto 020 
 
 Total 
 
 0 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 Exclufive of the Core. 
 
 N. B . That the Core of a 
 
 Pier. &c. 
 
 is 
 
 thus valued. 
 
 Sticks per Cube Foot 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 3 
 
 Mortar to ditto 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 1 
 
 Workmanfhip 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 it 
 
 Workmanfhip and Bricks 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 51 
 
 Workmanfhip and Mortar 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 2f 
 
 Work, Bricks, and Mortar 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 Si 
 
 XVI. Of Circular and Elliptical Niches, ga- 
 ged and rubbed, fet in Putty. 
 
 Firjt , Of Circular Niches, p. 300. 
 
o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 Of Niches, Arcades, and plain 'filing. 363 
 1 ft. Of the Body. 
 
 Bricks, 10, per fuperficial Foot 
 
 Putty to ditto 
 Workmanfhip to ditto 
 
 2dly , Of the Head. 
 
 Bricks, 1 2, per fuperficial Foot 
 
 Putty to ditto 
 Workmanfhip to ditto , 
 
 Exclufive of the common Work in the 
 Back, &c. 
 
 Secondly , Of Elliptical Niches, p. 
 
 I ft, Of the Body. 
 
 Bricks, N° 10, per fuperficial Foot 7 
 to the Body J 
 
 Putty to ditto o 
 
 Workmanfhip to ditto o 
 
 2 dly, Of the Head. 
 
 Bricks, N Q 16, per fuperficial Foot o 
 Putty to ditto o 
 
 Workmanfhip to ditto o 
 
 Exclufive of the common Work 
 Back, which mu ft be reckoned per Cube Foot, 
 as the Core of a Pier. 
 
 XVII. Of Pillafters to Arcades. 
 
 N. B, The Value of Pillafters, both plain 
 and rufticated, is in all Refpe&s the fame as of 
 plain and rufticated Piers to Gates, &c. con- 
 tained in the XVth, &c. hereof, p. 354. 
 
 XVIII. Of Circular Impoft, &c. Mouldings, 
 Per fuperficial Foot o 2 & 
 
 3 °a 
 
 o 
 
 6 
 
 in 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 the 
 
 Sect. XX. Of new Plain Tiling. 
 
 if. Of a fix Inch Gage. 
 
 Prime Copper Square 1 4 jj 
 
 Ditto , 
 
364 Of new Pan Tiling and Brick Pavement . 
 
 Ditto , with the allowed Profits 1 8 2 \ 
 
 Tiles per Square, N 9 768. 
 
 2 dly. Of a feven Inch Gage. 
 
 Prime Coft per Square 1 1 6 
 
 Ditto , with the preceding Profits 1 4 8j 
 
 Tiles per Square, N Q 655. 
 
 3 dly> Of an eight Inch Gage. 
 
 Prime Coft per Square o 19 4 
 
 Ditto , with the preceding Profits 124 
 Tiles per Square, N 9 576. 
 
 Sect. XXI. Of new Pan Tiling , to a 
 
 ten Inch Gage . 
 
 Prime Coft Square laid dry o 14 6 
 
 Ditto, with the preceding Profits o 16 1* 
 
 Ditto , Square, when laid in 7 ± 
 
 Lime and Hair and pointed J 1 0 1 a 
 
 Workmanfhip per Square, laid dry 016 
 Ditto , laid in Lime and Hair 036 
 Lime and Hair per Square 020 
 
 Tiles per Square, N° 180. 
 
 N. B . Glazed Ridge and Paiv Tiles are 
 double the Price of unglazed, viz . 12 s. per 
 Hundred. 
 
 Sect. XXII. Of Brick Pavements. 
 
 iji. Of Grey-flock Bricks laid flat. 
 
 Prime Coft per fuperficial Yard o on 
 Ditto , with allowed Profits o 1 o£ 
 
 Bricks N? 36 per Yard, 
 
Of 'Tile Pavement and Gaily Tiles. 365 
 
 2 dly, Of Grey-ftock Bricks laid on their 
 Edges. 
 
 Prime Co & per fuperficial Yard 016 
 Ditto , with the allowed Profits o 1 9* 
 
 Bricks 66 per Yard. 
 
 3 dly, Of Paving Bricks laid flat. 
 
 Prime Coft per Yard 012 
 
 Ditto, with Profits aforefaid 014- 
 
 Bricks M v 32 per Yard. 
 
 4 thly, Of Paving Bricks laid on their Edges. 
 Prime Coft per Yard 031 
 
 Ditto , with Profits aforefaid o 3 6* 
 
 Bricks N Q 82 per Yard. 
 
 Sect. XXIII. Of Tile Pavements. 
 
 I Ji, Of Ten Inch Tiles. 
 
 Prime Coft per Yard 018 
 
 Ditto, with the aforefaid Profits 020 
 
 Ditto, laid in Brick-duft Mortar 021 
 
 And when laid in Terrace Mortar 028 
 2 dly, Of Foot Tiles, 
 
 Prime Coft per Yard 026 
 
 Ditto, with the aforefaid Profits o 2 io 
 
 Do . when laid in Brick-duft Mortar 030 
 And when laid in Terrace 0 3 7 
 
 ’ — “ ' * ' ; L ' r / 1 A. ' 
 
 Sect. XXIV. 0 / Dutch Chimney Tiles, corner 
 monly called Gaily Tiles . 
 
 if. Of white Tiles . 
 
 Prime Coft per Tile 002 
 
 Ditto, with 25 per Cent. Profit o o 2 1 
 
 2 dly, Of marbled Tiles. 
 
 Prime Coft per Tile 003 
 
 Ditto , 
 
366 Of Repairs of Chimney Tiling , &c. 
 Ditto , with 25 per Cent . Profit o o 
 3 dly, Of the beft painted Tiles, 
 Prime CoR per Tile o o 
 
 Ditto , with 2 $ per Cent . Profit o o 
 4 thfyy Of the 2^ beft painted Tiles, 
 Prime Coft per Tile 00 
 
 Ditto , with 25 per Cent. Profit o o 
 Squaring and fetting, per Tile, 7 
 Plaifter included 3 ° 
 
 Old Tiles taken down and re-fet, 7 
 per Tile, Plaifter included 3 0 0 
 
 Old Tiles already taken down, and 7 
 new fet,^rTile,Plaifterincluded3 0 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 Sect. XXV. Of Shafts to Chimneys . 
 
 Per Foot fuperficial, for Outfides 
 
 and Widths 3 
 
 Viz . Bricks, N° 5* 00 
 
 Mortar o o 
 
 Workmanfhip o o 
 
 The whole allowed at 00 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 Sect. XXVI. Of Flouting and new Fronting 
 the Fronts of old Houfes . 
 
 Per Foot fuperficial 0 0 3 
 
 Exclufive of Scaffolding. 
 
 Sect. XXVII. Of the Repairs of Plain and 
 Pan Tiling, 
 
 Vide for Plain Tiling, Page 329. 
 
 And for Pan Tiling, Page 331. 
 
 F I N I S . 
 
 w a? >-! N «| Y> 
 
A N 
 
 E X 
 
 I N D 
 
 O F 
 
 The Principal Matters contained in 
 the preceding Work. 
 
 A Butment of a ftraight Arch 
 of a femi- circular Arch 
 
 
 Page 
 
 221 
 
 — » 
 
 227 
 
 of a femi-elliptical Arch 
 
 
 2 34 
 
 , of a rampant Arch — 
 
 — 
 
 239 
 
 of a Gothick Arch •— 
 
 — 
 
 247 
 
 Alabafter Stone — » 
 
 • 
 
 47 
 
 Aliquot Parts of a Rod — - 
 
 106 
 
 , 120 
 
 Angular Domes — — 
 
 274 
 
 Arcades — - •*— 
 
 — 
 
 202 
 
 Arch of a Circle. 
 
 How defcribed without a Centre 
 
 l 6 l 
 
 Its Length, how found 
 
 
 177 
 
 Arch femi- circular, its Parts 
 
 
 226 
 
 Arch ftraight. 
 
 
 
 Numb, of Bricks per Foot 
 
 
 290 
 
 Price per Foot — — * 
 
 
 ibid. 
 
 Arch circular. 
 
 Numb, of Bricks per Foot 
 
 
 ibid. 
 
 C c 
 
 
 Arch 
 
2 9 I 
 
 ibid. 
 
 294 
 
 218 
 
 220 
 
 368 1 N b E X. 
 
 Arch Gothick , ' 
 
 Numb, of Bricks Foot — 290 
 
 Arch elliptical, 
 
 Numb, of Bricks per Foot 
 Price per Foot 
 Arches for Vaults, 
 
 Turning a Note thereon 
 Their Preffure reducible to the Power of 
 a Wedge 221 
 
 Elliptical — ■— * — 233 
 
 Rampant — — *—238 
 
 Arches rubbed — * — — 356 
 
 Arches to Vaults — — 354 
 
 Arches groin’d — — — — » ibid. 
 
 Architraves rubbed — — — 358 
 
 Architrave ftraight, circular and elliptical 295 
 Price per Foot — 296 
 
 B> 
 
 Bag of Lime, what ~ — 27 
 
 Brads, Two-penny — — 53, 72 
 
 Three-penny 1 __ 
 
 Four-penny 3 54 * 7 * 73 
 
 Six-penny — — 55, 73 
 
 Ten-penny *— — 56, 74 
 
 Twenty-penny • — 56,75 
 
 Bricks, the Kinds — ~ 1 
 
 their Dimen lions — - — 2 
 
 500 per Load ~ ■— — 14 
 
 Place Bricks, their Price, — — - 3, 66 
 
 Numb, per Rod 4500 3 
 
 Table of their Retail Price — 5 
 
 Grey- 
 
INDEX. 369 
 
 Grey- Stock Bricks, 
 
 their Dimenfions — * — - 5 
 
 Numb, per Rod 4875 — 6 
 
 P ice per Thoufand — 10, 1 1, 66 
 
 Table of the retail Price — 1 1, it 
 
 Value per Y ard in Pavement — - 3 1 9 
 
 Red-Stock Bricks, 
 
 their Price — — — — 12, 66 
 
 Table of retail Price — - 13 
 
 Brick Works, horizontal — ■■■ -— 298 
 
 Paving Bricks, their Dimenfions 13 
 
 Numb, per Yard laid flat — * ibid. 
 
 Numb, per Yard laid on Edge 14 
 
 their Weight — ibid. 
 
 Windfor Bricks — — — 14, 66 
 
 Bricks* the Numb, in a Cube Foot 1 13 
 
 The Numb, in a Foot, of Place Brick 
 Walling, from half a Brick to 6 Bricks 
 in Thicknefs 1 1 5 
 
 Ditto , of Grey-flock Brick Walling 116 
 
 7 
 
 135 
 
 43 > 45 
 
 — 286 
 
 Brick Walling, how computed 
 in Terrace 
 Brick-Duft Mortar 
 Brick Ornaments 
 
 To find their Values in all Parts of the 
 
 Kingdom 
 
 Brick Floors on Brick Ceilings 
 Their Price — ^ 
 
 How meafured — . — 
 
 Bricks ufed in Jobbing Works, 
 How to be valued 
 
 134 
 246 
 2 co 
 
 252 
 
 332 
 
 Bufhel, WincheJlerNlzifaxZ) 2252 Cube Inches 
 
 Cc 2 
 
 27 
 
 Bufltel 
 
3/0 INDEX ; 
 
 Bufhel ftriked is to a Bufhel heaped, as 4 is to 5 
 Bufhel heaped is 2820 Cube Inches 
 Bufhel Meafure, if true or falfe - — 27 
 
 Bufhels of Lime in a Hundred of Lime 28 
 Bufhels linked, Numb. 2c and f, wanting 
 63 Cube Inches in a Cube Yard 
 Bufhels heaped, Numb. 16 and a half, and 
 3 Gallons in a Cube Yard. 
 
 C. 
 
 Ceilings groin’d, how meafured 255 
 
 their Price — - — — - — 257 
 
 Chimney Tiles, vide Gaily Tiles — 24 
 
 Kinds and Prices 25 
 
 Chimneys, how meafured — 112 
 
 Their Shafts rebuilt — 327, 328 
 
 Circular Walling, rough of Place Bricks 144 
 Ditto , with common Joints 14 £ 
 
 Circular Walling of Place-Bricks, faced on one 
 Side with Grfcy-ftock Bricks 145, 146 
 Circular Walling of Grey- flock Bricks 147 
 Circular Walling of Place-Bricks, faced on one 
 Side with Red- flocks laid in Mortar 149 
 Circular Walling faced on both Sides, with 
 Red-flock Bricks laid in Mortar 150, 15 1 
 Circular Walling of Place-Bricks, faced with 
 rubbed Red-ftocks fet in Putty 1 52, 153 
 Circular Walling faced on both Sides, with 
 rubbed Red-flocks fet in Putty 154, 155 
 Circular Walling of Place-Bricks, faced on one 
 Side with Grey-flocks^ laid 4 Inches in 
 Terrace # 155 
 
 Circular 
 
INDEX. 37I 
 
 Circular Walling of ditto, laid 9 Inches in Ter- 
 
 race 157, *j8 
 
 Circular Grey-dock Walling, laid one Brick 
 and a half in Terrace 158 
 
 Circle, its Diameter how found 1 69 
 
 its Circumference how found 168 
 
 its Area how found 170, 172 
 
 its Centre how found — 160 
 
 Circular Arches — — ™- 2 1 9 
 
 Circular Wails, how built — — 160 
 
 How meafured — — — 216 
 
 Clay tempered, clofe trod and ram’d down, as 
 on a Vault, &'c. Weight per Cube Foot 
 1 12 Pounds 
 
 Clay ditto , 20 Cube Feet per Load 
 Clofier, half a Header, vide Heading -Bricks 87 
 
 Cone ^ — — — — 355 
 
 Cone, its Solidity how meafured 276 
 
 how built * 277 
 
 its Superficies, how meafured 278 
 
 Solidity of its Shell how found 280 
 its Fruftrum how meafured sit 
 
 Price of Workmanfhip, &c. 280 
 
 Coping with Tiles — — 24 
 
 Chimney Shafts repaired 327, 328, 366 
 
 Cube Inches, 
 
 Numb. 282 in a Gallon 
 
 1728 in a Cube Foot 
 2252 in a Winchejier Bujh'el 
 2815 in ditto, heaped Meafure 
 46656 in a Cube Yard 
 Cube Feet, 
 
 Numb. 306 in a Rod of Brick Work 1 1 1 
 How reduced to Standard TWeknefs x 1 3 
 Cc 3 
 
37 2 
 
 INDEX, l 
 
 D. 
 
 Dado’s of Brickwork 
 Decimal Multiplication 
 Fradtions — 
 Deductions in Brick Walling 
 Divifors, a Table 
 Domes hemifpherical 
 
 297 
 - 206 
 
 • 208 
 109 
 107 
 258 
 260 
 262 
 £6q 
 
 Domes hemifpheriodical how proportion’d 274 
 
 their Superficies how meafured 
 their Solidities how meafured 
 Price — >■ — r-r — 
 
 how built 
 their Superficies how meafured 
 their Solidities how found 
 
 their Price — 
 
 Domes ^ *r 
 
 E. 
 
 Semi-Ellipfis, how defcribed 
 Ellipfis, its Area, how meafured 
 
 Elliptical Arches 
 
 Elliptical Walls, how built 
 Exadiion in Place-Bricks 
 in Grey-ftock Bricks 
 in Red-ftock Bricks 
 in Paving Bricks — 
 
 in Plain Tiles 
 
 in Ridge Tiles - — 
 
 in Pan Tiles — 
 
 267 
 
 269 
 
 270 
 
 2 75 
 
 355 
 
 163 
 
 178, &c. 
 219 
 166 
 
 ~ 3 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 - it. 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 in 
 
I N D 
 
 in un flacked Lime 
 in flacked Lime 
 in Foot Paving Tiles 
 in Ten-Inch Tiles 
 in Infide Mortar 
 in Terrace Mortar 
 in Brads — 
 
 in Nails * 
 
 in Hair — — 8 1 
 
 Extra&ion of the Square Root 181, & c . 
 
 of Square Numbers — 183 
 
 of Integers and a Decimal Fraction 196 
 of a decimal Fraction 197 
 
 of a vulgar Fradiion — 199 
 
 of a furd Number - — 201 
 
 How proved — * — 204 
 
 F. 
 
 Fafcia’s, Numb, of Bricks per Foot 29 1 
 Price per Foot — — • 292 
 
 Foot fquare — — — - 297 
 
 Feet fuperficial in a fuperficial Yard, No. 9. 
 
 Feet cubical in a cube Yard, Numb. 27. 
 in a Rod of Brickwork, Numb. 306. 
 
 Feet fuperficial in a Rod of Brickwork, at one 
 Brick and a Half in Thicknefs, No. 272 J * 
 in a fquare of Tiling, GV. No. 100. 
 
 Foot Tiles, their Dimenfions 23' 
 
 their Price — — — ib. 
 
 Numb, no per Square 
 
 10 per Square Yard 
 C c 4 
 
 E X. 
 
 373 
 
 * 26 
 
 — 30 
 
 2 3 
 
 2 3 
 
 34 * 3 ^ 
 
 41 
 
 53 > &c. 
 59 * 
 
 Floons 
 
374 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Floors of Brick on Brick arched Ceilings, for 
 
 the Prevention of Fire 
 How meafured — — 
 their Price --- — 
 
 Frizes rubbed, Price per Foot 
 Fronts of Grey-ftock Bricks 
 
 Price — 
 
 Fronts of Red-ftock Bricks 
 Fruftrum of a Cone, what 
 How meafured — 
 
 97 ’ 
 
 246 
 
 252 
 
 2(0 
 
 289 
 
 96 
 
 &c. 
 
 126 
 
 281 
 
 Old Fronts of Houfes, fluted and new point- 
 
 ed, (Sc. 
 
 Fronts fluted 
 Fafcia’s — 
 
 Frizes 
 
 Fruftrums of Cones 
 Floors of Brick 
 
 366 
 
 366 
 
 35 6 
 
 356 
 
 355 
 
 354 
 
 a 
 
 Gaily Tiles, their Kinds, Size, and Pi ice 25, 68 
 Price of Setting — —-324, 365 
 
 Glazed Pantiles — — — 20 
 
 Gkfs-Grinders Sand - 32 
 
 Gravel Sandy clofe trod, Weight per Cube Foot 
 120 lb. Avoir du pois. 
 
 Note, A Cube Foot of clofe trod Gravel, when 
 filled loofe without treading, wild make 
 1 Cube Foot and 1 third of a Cube Foot. 
 Therefore loofe Gravel is to trod Gravel , as 
 4 is to 3. 
 
 And 
 
INDEX. 375 
 
 And fo a Cube Tard of loofe Gravel is but three 
 Fourths of a Cube Tard , when trod or fettled 
 in a Walk , &c. and 27 Cube Feet , firm in 
 the Pit before being digged, will y when digged 
 and filled into a Cart , be equal to 36 Cube 
 Feet, which is but little more than 22 Bu- 
 fhels heaped ’ 
 
 Gothick Arches ■»—— 219 
 
 Grey-Stock Bricks •— —— 5 
 
 Numb* per Rod — — - 6 
 
 Prime Coft — — iq 
 
 Numb, to face 1 Rod of Walling 10 
 their Value per Rod — 11, 12 
 
 their Weight — - — 14 
 
 Groin’d Ceilings, how meafured — 254 
 
 their Price ~ — - — 257 
 
 Gutter Tile, its Dimenfions — * 
 
 H. 
 
 Hair, its Price, &c. 27 
 
 Haunch of an Arch, what 226 
 
 Heading-Brick or Header, a Brick laid with 
 one End outwards 
 
 Numb, per Foot 87 
 
 Hemifphere, what 
 
 how built — — — - 
 
 its Superficies, how meafured — • 260 
 
 its Solidity, how found — — 264 
 
 its Price of Workmanfliip, &c. 260 
 
 Hemi- 
 
376 i N D E X 
 
 Hemifpheroid, what — 266 
 
 how built — 267 
 
 its Superficies, how meafured — ' 270 
 
 its Solidity, how found ibid. 
 
 Price of Workmanfhip, &c. 269 
 
 Hexangular Dome, how built — - 274 
 
 its Superficies, how meafured 273 
 
 its Solidity, how found ibid ' 
 
 Price of Workmanfhip, &c . — 275 
 
 I. 
 
 Import Moldings — 301, 302 
 
 Inches fuperficial. 
 
 Numb. 36 on the Surface of a Statute Brick 
 
 2 1 % on the Side of ditto 
 l of on the End of ditto 
 
 40^ on the Surface of a Paving 
 
 Brick 1 3 
 
 i£f on the Edge of ditto ib. 
 
 6 cr on the Surface of a Statute Plain 
 Tile 
 
 Numb* i8f on the Surface of ditto , clear to 
 the Weather at a 6 Inch Gage 18 
 
 22 ditto at a y Inch Gage 
 25 ditto at an 8 Inch Gage 
 
 X28f on the Surface of a Statute Pan- 
 Tile — — 
 
 80 on the Surface, clear to the Wea- 
 ther, when laid — 22 
 
 2 5 in Gaily Tile 
 132^ in a Foot Paving Tile 
 
 N^mb. 
 
377 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 J^umb.poJ in a iolncli ditto 
 144 in a Square Fcpt 
 n in a Circular Foot 
 1296 in a Square Yard 
 14400 in a Square of 100 fquare Feet 
 
 39168 in a fquare Rod ? 
 
 Inches Cubical, 
 
 Numb. 90 in a Statute Brick — 
 
 70 in a Paving Brick — 
 
 2256 in a JVinchejler Bufliel, Water 
 Meafure — — 
 
 282 in a Gallon, Water Meafure 
 2820 in a heaped Bufhei — — 
 
 352 1 in a heaped Gallon — 
 
 1728 in a Cube Foot « — - 
 
 46656 in a Cube Yard — 
 
 50653 in the common Meafure for a 
 Hundred of Lime — 28 
 
 5.6300, in 25 Bufhels, or a Hundred of 
 
 Lime — — — ib. 
 
 Indies in a decimal Fraction, how found 174 
 
 L. 
 
 Laths, the Kinds — 50, 5* 
 
 their Dimenfions, 50, 51, 52, 7 1 
 
 Numb, per Bundle — ~ 
 
 Number of Bundles per Load ib. 
 
 their Price — — 51, 71 
 
 Lime, its Price — — 26, 30, 68, 69 
 
 a Hundred, what — * —27 
 
 a Bag, what • — ib. 
 
 Lime 
 
378 INDEX. 
 
 Lime Meafure, how to be filled — 28 
 Slacked, its Xncreafe 7 — — -jo, 
 
 its Price — — — 31, 68 
 
 the Quantity for 1 Rod of Brick Work 
 
 . ■ 35 > 3 6 
 
 Lime unfticked, is to Lime flacked, as 4 is 
 
 t0 5 
 
 Lime neceffary for any given Quantity of 
 Walling — ~ — 12 1 
 
 Load of Lime, what — 29 
 
 of Sand, 24 heaped Bufliels — 
 of Loam, ditto ^ . — 
 
 of Gravel, 1 8 heaped Bufhels — 
 of Bricks, Numb. 500 — - 
 
 ©f Clay, 20 Cube Feet firmly trod, 
 
 of Plain Tiles, Numb. 1000 — 
 
 of Pan Tiles, Numb 0 1 — 
 
 of Ridge Tiles, Numb, 3 ^°° — « 
 
 Loam for Furnace Works — 47 
 
 M. 
 
 Materials, their Decay — •— 325 
 
 Mortar, the Kinds — — 32 
 
 for infide Works — — 33 
 
 its prime Cofl: per Hod _ 39, 69 
 
 per Rod «— 34 
 
 for outfide Works — — 37 
 
 prime Cofl: per Hod 39, 69 
 
 per Rod — . 38 
 
 Mortar of Dutch Terrace and Lime 40 
 prime Coft » 40, 69, 70 
 
 Mortar 
 
INDEX. 379 
 
 Mortar of Brick-duft and Lime — 43 
 
 prime Coft 44, 70 
 
 Mortar of Sea- coal Aihes and Lime 45 
 
 prime Coft - — — - 45, 70 
 
 Mortar, what Quantity per Square for Tiling 
 
 3 10 
 
 Mortar for Pargetting — - 45, 70 
 
 for Furnaces — — * 47, 70 
 
 for Tile Pavement — 322 
 
 called Putty, how made — 132 
 
 for outfide Repairs - — — — 326 
 
 for jobbing Works ~ 333, 334 
 
 N; 
 
 • 58 
 
 5 8, 76 
 
 59, 7 6 
 
 60, 77 
 
 - 60, 77 
 
 61, 78 
 
 62, 79 
 
 62, 80 
 
 63, 80 
 
 64, 80 
 
 301, 362 
 
 124 
 
 o. 
 
 Nails, the Kinds* — 
 Two-penny, Rofe-headed 
 Three-penny, ditto 
 Four-penny, ditto — 
 
 Six-penny, Clafp-headed 
 Ten-penny, ditto • — 
 
 Twenty-penny, ditto 
 Two Shilling Nails — * 
 
 Half Crown Nails — «■— 
 
 Spike Nails - 
 
 Niches — — — — 
 
 Notes to be obferved in Building 
 
 Odtangular Dome 
 Oval, how defcribed 
 how meafured 
 
 273 
 
 162 
 
 — 178 
 
 Orna- 
 
380 INDEX. 
 
 
 Ornaments, flafK — — 
 
 289, 2 go 
 
 Ornaments of Brick * 
 
 355 
 
 p. 
 
 
 Pargetting Mortar — — 
 
 — 46 
 
 Paving Bricks, their Dimenfions 
 
 — 
 
 their Price — — 
 
 — 12 
 
 Numb. 32 per Yard, laid flat 
 
 • — 
 
 Numb. 82 ditto y on Edge 
 
 — 14 
 
 their Weight — - 
 
 ib. 
 
 their Areas — — 
 
 • i 3 » H 
 
 Paving Tiles, the Kinds — 
 
 22, &c. 
 
 Foot-Tiles — — 
 
 — 
 
 Numb. 110 per Square 
 
 — 
 
 Numb. 10 per fquare Yard 
 
 — 
 
 iTen-Inch Tiles 
 
 
 Numb. 160 per Square 
 
 — 
 
 Numb. 15 per fquare Yard 
 
 — — 
 
 Pan Tiling, new, Price per Square 
 
 316 
 
 Pan Tiling new ript — 
 
 331, Gfc. 
 
 Pan Tiles, their Dimenfions 
 
 ~ 15 
 
 their Gage 2 1 
 
 their Price - — — — — 1 9 
 
 Numb. 180 per Square — — 314 
 
 Surface per Tile to the Weather, 80 fquae 
 Inches 
 
 Pan Tile Laths, Numb./^r Square 315 
 
 Numb, of Nails to ditto — ib. 
 
 Pentangular Dome, 273 
 
 Penalty on Pan Tiles — 16 
 
 on Bricks — — — 2 
 
 Penalty 
 
1 N D E X. 
 
 Penalty on Plain Tiles — 
 
 on Ridge Tiles 
 
 on Gutter Tiles — 
 
 Pannelling of Brick Work 
 Paving Bricks, Numb, per Yard 
 Value per Yard — - — 
 
 Pavements of Grey-ftock Bricks 
 Price per Yard — — 
 
 Pavements of Paving Bricks 
 
 Price per Yard 
 
 Pavement of Ten-Inch Tiles 
 Price per Yard — 
 
 Pavement of Foot-Tiles — 
 
 Pavement of Tiling ■ 
 
 of Bricks — ~ 
 
 Price of ditto 
 Pillafters rubbed 
 Parapet Walls repaired 
 Piers, their Kinds 
 Piers to Arcades 
 Piers, their Core 
 Piers to Gates, &c. 
 odtangular 
 circular » 
 
 indicated — ~ 
 
 plain — 
 
 pannelled 
 
 38s 
 
 ?5 
 
 ib. 
 
 lb. 
 
 297 
 
 3 *7 
 320 
 
 3 i8 « 3*9 
 3*9» 320 
 
 3 2I > 
 
 3 22 » 
 
 3*7. 3 i8 » 
 
 323 
 
 323 
 
 365 
 
 364 
 
 323 
 
 35 8 
 
 328 
 
 298 
 
 3°2 
 
 300 
 
 361, 362 
 
 ~~ — 359 
 
 Pillafters or Piers plain and pannelled. Fig. I. 
 
 and II. Plate XXVI. Viz. 
 
 Of Grey-ftock Bricks 298, 299, 303 
 of Red-ftock Bricks, fet jn Mortar 303 
 of ditto fet in Putty — 30+ 
 
 Pillafters 
 
382 I N D E X. 
 
 Pillaflers or Piers, with detached fquare Ru^ 
 flicks, Fig, I Plate XXVII. Viz, 
 
 Of Grey* ftock Bricks entirely 399, 304 
 of Grey-Hocks with Red-flock Ruflicks, 
 fet in Mortar — — 305 
 
 of ditto with Ruflicks, fet in Putty 305 
 of Red-flock Bricks entirely, fet in Mor- 
 tar — - •— 306 
 
 of ditto , fet in Putty ib* 
 
 Pillaflers or Piers with detached champher'd 
 Ruflicks, as Fig- I. Plate XXVII. Viz, 
 
 Of Grey-flock Bricks entirely 
 Shaft of Grey-flocks, with Red-flock Ru- 
 flicks, fet in Mortar — 
 of ditto with Ruflicks, fet in Putty 
 of Red- flock Bricks entirely, fet in Mor- 
 tar 
 
 of ditto, fet in Putty — 
 
 Pillaflers or Piers Rabbet rufticated, as Fig. I. 
 Plate XXVIII. Viz. 
 
 Of Grey-flock Bricks entirely 
 of Red-flock Bricks entirely, fet in Mor- 
 
 of ditto , fet in Putty ~ 
 
 Pillaflers or Piers of champher’d Ruflicks, as 
 
 Fig. IL Plate XXVIII. Viz. 
 of Grey- flock Bricks entirely 308 
 
 of Red-ftock Bricks entirely, fet in Mor- 
 tar — 309 
 
 of ditto, fet in Putty ib. 
 
 Pillaflers or Piers, Numb, of Bricks in a fuper- 
 ficial Foot of their Shafts 297 
 
 Price per fuperficial Foot — ib. 
 
 Piers 
 
i N D E X. 383 
 
 Piers Odtangular and Cylindrical* as Fig. I. 
 and II. Plate XXIX! Viz. 
 
 Of Grey- flock Bricks entirely 
 of Red-flock Bricks entirely^ fet in Mor- 
 tar — — 
 
 of ditto , fet in Putty - 
 
 Plain Tiles, their Dimenficms — 
 
 their different Gages ~~ 1 8 
 
 Number per Square 
 Plain Tiling, new, Price per Square 
 Plain Tiling mended «— 
 
 new ript — 
 
 Pan Tiling ~ « — - 
 
 Place Bricks, Numb. 4500 per Rod 
 prime Coft — 
 
 retail Price ^ ■ — * 
 
 their Weight — - 
 
 Plaifter of Paris , what — 
 
 how made — — 
 
 its Price — — •»— 
 
 Pit Sand — — — - 
 
 Price per Load — . 
 
 per Buihel — 
 
 Pundtation, what 
 
 Putty Mortar, how made — 
 
 Price of Brickworks, how 
 Country 
 
 17 , 18 
 3 U > 312 
 
 329 
 
 ibid . 
 364 
 
 3 
 
 2 > 3 
 
 - 5 
 
 - 14 
 
 — 47 
 
 - 48 
 
 49 , 5 ° 
 
 3 1 
 
 24 
 
 — 32 
 
 — - 184 
 
 *■— 132 
 in every 
 86, 87 
 
 Quadrant, what 
 How meafured 
 Quoins rubbed 
 
 D d 
 
 175 
 
 176 
 
 355 
 
 Ev 
 
3*4 
 
 INDEX \ 
 
 R. 
 
 Rafters, their Diftance 
 Rampant Semicircle, 
 how defcribed 
 Red-flock Bricks — 
 their Price 
 their Weight 
 Refolvend, what 
 Returns, what — 
 
 “ ~~ 3 l S 
 
 * 3 * 
 
 ' — — 52 
 
 — 12, 13 
 
 — 14 
 
 ” 185 
 
 — — 286 
 
 Numb, of Bricks per fuperficial Foot 287 
 Octangular — 288 
 
 Price per Foot — ~ — 287 
 
 Ridge Tiles — — — 1 5, 1 8 
 
 Ripping of plain Tiling - — 329 
 
 Rod of Brick Work 306 Cube Feet, or 272 
 fuperficial Feet, at 1 Brick and a Half in 
 Thicknefs — 
 
 Rods of Brickwork, how many any given 
 Number of Bricks will make 1 17 
 
 Root (fquare) how extracted — 181 
 
 Ripping of Pan-Tiling — 331*332 
 
 Rubbed Walling fet in Mortar, v 
 
 Price per Rod — — 1 3 o 
 
 Ditto , rubbed aftd gaged — ib. 
 
 Price per Rod — — 133 
 
 Rubbed Ornaments, •— £86 
 
 the Kinds — — — ibid. 
 
 their Prices — — — 287 
 
 Rufttck& 
 
3% 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Rufticks, fquare, as in Plate XXVII. 
 Numb, of Bricks per Foot 
 
 Price per Foot 
 how meafured 
 
 292 
 
 , 2 93 
 
 ibid. 
 
 Rufticks champher’d, as in Plate XXVII. 
 
 Numb, of Bricks per Foot * — - 293 
 
 Price per Foot ' - — ? — — ibid. 
 
 Rufticks, fommering, in the Heads of Gates, 
 Windows, &e. 
 
 Numb, of Bricks per Foot j — 294 
 
 Price per Foot — ibid. 
 
 Repairs of Tiling — * 325, 366 
 
 Repairs of Brick Works — ibid. 
 Rufticks — — — 357 
 
 Rufticks, fommering 358 
 
 S. 
 
 Sands, the Kinds 
 
 their Prices — 
 Sand, what Quantity to 
 
 Sea-Coal Allies Mortar 
 Scheme Part of an Arch 
 Seftor of a Circle, what 
 how meafured 
 Segment of a Circle, what 
 
 how meafured — 
 
 Segment of an Ellipfis, 
 
 how meafured — 
 
 Segment of a Sphere, 
 
 how meafured — 
 
 Dd 2 
 
 - - 31 
 
 a Rod of Brickwork 
 
 3 £> 36 
 
 45 
 
 576 
 
 ibid. 
 
 *75 
 
 *77 
 
 80 
 
 - 265 
 
 Segment 
 
3 86 INDEX : 
 
 Segment of a Spheroid, 
 
 how measured — — 27a 
 
 Semi-Oval, how defcribed — — 162, j6a 
 
 Seml~Eiiipfis, ditto — ~ 163, ibid, 
 
 Semi-Circle, what — — 175 
 
 how meafured — 176 
 
 Semi Circle Rampant, 
 
 how defcribed • — - 238 
 
 Spandrels ? how meafured — r— 
 
 Sommering, a Remark thereon — 220 
 
 Spike Nails — — ~ 64 
 
 Sphere, its Superficies, 
 
 how meafured — — 260 
 
 its Solidity, ditto — — 262 
 
 Spheroid, its Superficies, 
 
 hew meafured ~ — 
 
 its Solidity, ditto • — — 271 
 
 Square Root, what — 181, 182 
 
 Rules for its Extraction — 183, &c. 
 
 how proved — r — 193 
 
 a Table *— — — 210 
 
 Square Numbers, what — 181, 182 
 
 Staffs of Brickwork — - — 297 
 
 Stretcher, a Brick laid lengthways with a Side 
 outward. Numb, per Foot 87 
 
 Summary of the Prices of Materials 67, &r. 
 Summary of the Prices of Workman fid p, &c, 
 
 33 ° 
 
 Staffs cut ■— — — 359 
 
 Number, what — 182 
 
 if. 
 
I t* D E X. 387 
 
 T, 
 
 Tables * — 2 97 
 
 Table of Place Bricks £ 
 
 of Grey-ftocks - — - 11, 12 
 
 of Red- flocks 13 
 
 of Paving Bricks ib. 
 
 of Plain Tiling — — 17 
 
 of Pan Tiles — 20, 21 
 
 of Ten-Inch and Foot-Tiles 24 
 
 of the aliquot Parts of a Rod 106 
 Table of Divifors of 272 — 107 
 
 Ditto, of 306 — — - 1 13 
 
 Table of fquare Roots 210 
 
 Terrace, where fold 4 ° 
 
 Terrace Mortar, how made 41 
 
 prime coft » 1 " ■ ■ ■ 4 2 
 
 Quantity per Rod 155, &c 
 
 Tiles, the Kinds, * r 5 
 
 their Dimenfions — ibid. 
 
 their Prices 16, 18, 19, &c. 
 
 their Gages 18 
 
 Plain Tiles, Numb, per Square, at a 6 Inch, 
 7 Inch, and an 8 Inch Gage ibid. 
 
 Pan Tiles, Numb, per Square 
 
 at a Ten- Inch Gage — 
 
 Glazed Pan Tiles, 
 
 where made — — ■ 2 q 
 
 Price — 18, 19, 67 
 
 Gaily Tiles - — 25, 68 
 
 Plain Tiling, new — 303, 363 
 
 Tiling 
 
$88 I N D & X. 
 
 Tiling mended — 
 
 Tiling ript — - — 
 
 Triangles, how meafured 
 
 3 2 9 
 
 33 ° 
 
 178 
 
 W. 
 
 Walling of Place Pricks, rough 83 
 
 Price per Rod 84, 85, 336 
 
 Ditto , jointed 
 
 Price per Rod — 88, 89, 337 
 
 Walling faced with Grey-dock Bricks 91, 339 
 Numb, of Grey-flocks per Rod 92, 93 
 Price per Rod 94, 95, 97, ior 
 
 Front Walls faced with Grey-flocks, with 
 Tuck-and-pat Joints 98 
 
 Walling faced on both Sides with Grey-flock 
 Bricks, with common joints 102, 103 
 Walling ditto , with Tuck- and- pat Joints ib . 
 
 how meafured 104, 105 
 
 Walling faced on one Side with Red- flocks 
 laid in Mortar, with common Joints 126 
 Pric& per Rod 127 
 
 Party WalW, double faced with Red-flocks 
 laid i% Mortar joo 
 
 Price per Rod — j o r 
 
 Court Walls double, faced with Grey-flocks 
 
 103, 128, 129 
 
 Walling of Red-flock Bricks, rubbed and fet 
 in Putty 130, 133 
 
 Walling in Terrace Mortar m 136, ^47 
 
 ^ Walling 
 
INDEX. 389 
 
 Walling Circular * - * 350 
 
 of Place Bricks — — 351 
 
 of Grey-ftocks — — — - ibid. 
 
 of Red-flocks 352 
 
 Walling ftraight, 
 
 rough, of Place-Bricks — — 
 
 of Place-Bricks jointed 
 
 Ditto , faced with Grey-ftocks 
 
 34 342 
 
 Ditto y faced with Red-flocks 
 
 355 
 337 
 339> 
 343 
 344? 345 
 
 347 
 
 Walling in Terrace 347, 348, 349 
 
 Widths of Chimney Shafts — — • 327 
 
 Workmanftiip of Jobbing Brick-Work* 
 
 how to be valued 334 
 
 > 
 
 i 
 
 ' 
 
 1 
 
p 
 
 E R RA T A. 
 
 Age 34, Line 14, for heaped read finked. 
 Ditto, Line 2 6, for Sand Mortar read laid 
 Mortar. 
 
 P. 
 
 , L. i, for 3 
 
 16 
 
 9 
 
 read 3 
 
 16 
 
 11 
 
 
 8, for 4 
 
 5 
 
 3 i 
 
 fwJ 4 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 
 10, for 5 
 
 6 
 
 0 1 
 
 read 5 
 
 7 
 
 2f 
 
 
 12 ,/or 5 
 
 6 
 
 0 1 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 O 
 
 
 13, for 0 
 
 12 
 
 8 3 
 
 read 0 
 
 
 4 t 
 
 86 
 
 21, for 0 
 
 6 
 
 0 
 
 read 0 
 
 7 
 
 2i 
 
 95 
 
 20, for 6 
 
 JO 
 
 6 
 
 ra&/ 3 
 
 1 
 
 Oi 
 
 158 
 
 I 9 > f or 2 
 
 14 
 
 6 
 
 read 3 
 
 5 
 
 7 i 
 
 20 for 1 1 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 
 Page 
 
 255 Line 6 
 
 ,f> r 
 
 63 
 
 read 3 1 j 
 
 
 256 21 
 
 >f°r 
 
 b 3 
 
 mzi 3 1 £ 
 
 
 23, jor 637 read 158^ 
 
 27, for 31* read if 
 
 28, for 637 read 158* 
 
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