i'i^Jf •.5'j«^:.:,_.r;i -•- . ^W' imim, ..\ M^^ ■'-. f; l\0 v^v ^^ . ^^ .^^^ T,H E City and Comtrey Turehafer^ AND Builder s Dictionary : OR, THE Compleat jettiisers ©uiDe* SHEWING The Qualities, Quantities, Proportions, and Rates or Value of all Materials relating to Building ^ with the beft Method of preparing nnany of them. A N D A L S O The Cuftoms, and Methods of Meafuring of all Artificers Work, concern'din Building ; together with the City and Countrey Prices, not only of Workman(]iip, but of Mate- rials alfo : The which will be extraordinary ufeful in mak- ing of Bargains, or Contracts betwixt the Workmafter and Workman ; and likewife in computing the Value (or Charge of Erefting) of any Fabrick, greater fmall, LIKEWISE The Explanation of the Terms of x4,rt ufed by mofl Workmen. TOGETHER With Aphorifms, or neceiTary Rules in Building, as to Situa- tion, Contrivance, Compattncfs, Uniformity, Coaveniency, Firmnefs, and Form, i^c. Bv T. A^ Philomath. LO 1>^ D N: Printed for /. Spim at the Eell^ G. Conyers at the ^ing^ and T. Ballard at the R'lfing'Sun in hit tie Brit tain. 1703. Digitized by the Internet Arciiive in 2010 witii funding from Researcii Libr'ary, Tine Getty Researcii Institute http://www.archive.org/details/citycountreypurcOOneve TO HIS Moft Honoured Friends^ THE Truly Worthy Gentlemen, John Barker, Efq; of May feld'T lace in Su/fepc ^ Mr. Robe rt K might, Treafurer of the Honou- rable /r//^ Society in Lon-^ don, and Mr. Robert B A R K E BiyO^^irchden-Tlac^^ in Si^Jfex, Worthy Sirs, IF an Author in this Age appears in Pnhlick without a Dedication^ he is but *very little efleemedor regar* ded; And therefore^ becauje Imutd h 3 The Dedication, ^^ not feem to run ctiinter to the ufnal Cn- [ftoMy I prefnnted to lay this Ireattfe at your Feet, Iho perhaps it may kffn apiece of Arr^qgancy^ in fo mean an Author, to dare to Dedicate a Trea- fife that is fo far from he wg free from Defers, as this TraB is, to ferfons of fticb Jttdgment and Experience in JMatters of this nature : let the pre^ ceding Notions which feem to denounce this Dedication to ke a piece of Frefunt" ft ion y do jf^ftffie it at the fame time, buaufe it plainly implies a Necef* fity of fnch a Dedication. For where the Author is obfcttre^ a^id the TraSl not fo compleat as it might hai/e been, were iit to be done again, there is certainly a great occapon to fhelter it under the Wings of fame worthy Patronages, For how can it but be expeSled, but Kthat fmh a Treatife its this, (that f}af Siotbing but the Truth cf its Ohferi/ati* onSy aud its ufefulnefsy to procure it Merit., The Dedication, tua 9 Merits or Efteem ;) irhen it is emitted to the Worlds Jhonld in fome ntsafure ' proteSied againfl the Afperfion^ of CenfonoHS Age* And 1 ha*ve no caufe to doubt ^ In that Per fans of fuch Candor and Conde-> fcenfton^ as yon are^ Worthy Sirfy will allow Necefpty to be a fnficient ArgH" menty by which an ABion of this na-r tare may he jHflijied ; which othertpije might jnflly ha'z/e pajfed for a Crime ; and that too committed againjl the beji of my Friends, from wham I ha*z/e re- ceii/ed many Signal^ and neNation,are often converfant in Handicraft Im- ployments ; And other Nations exceed U9 in thenurqber of fuch Gentlemen, of which f fhall give you an;lnftance. In France the raa° king of Glafsat the Glafs.Houfes is perform- ed by Genilcnien of no mean Extrad^ion, 'viz. Moft of them of the great Glafs Houfe de- (cending.lrom jPnnce Anthony Broffurdy Na- iura! Son of Charles oi France. None but Gentlemen are imployed in the Art o[ making G1..G in France, and the(e Gendemen bear Honourable Coats of Arms, and both they, rynd their Servants, and De- puties are exerupr from paying of Taxes, Qu^rferin.g of Soi-Jiers, ^c. This Noble ,\n makts Marble, and other Stones become the Delights of Men, of which are niade our Glorious Palaces, and the Or- naments P K OE M naments of our mod fplend id Churches, and the moft durable Monuments which the Am- bition of Men could ever invent, whereby to render themfelves and their Grandure known to future Ages. This Art hath always been bad in great Efteem ; for it is become familiar in the Courts cf Kings and Princes, &c. The pre- fent King of France has Eftabliflied an Aca- demy for promoting this noble Art. Another thing which proves the Excel- lency of this Art, is that it is always poflef- fed and praftifed moft by the moft Civdized and Learned Nations* Almoft every Nation fthat are Civilized^ efpecially) have fhewed ample Teftirtionies of the Refpedt they had for this Art. For the Jews boaft much ^^ Solomons Temple, the AjUyrians of gr^dif. Baijlon, the Egyptians oi their Pyramids, &c. The lortians of their Ephefian^ or Dianas Temple ; and the other Greeks of the Temples of their Gods : Romi boafts of its Temples, Amphitheaters, Tri- umphant Arches, and I ooo Stately PalaceSc ^c. France glories in its Louvre ^ No/ire- 1^01916, Verfailles Palace, of St. 6er mains- en lay, Fonntainlleau^ &c. Spain cf its EJcureal^ &c. f/£>//tf»// of its Stately Churches, Stadt- houfe, &c. And England of its Hampton Court, iVindfor-caftle, Weflminfler-alhy^ Roy- al Exchange^ St. PauNf Salishury Churchy t K. Qt M. ^c It would be endlefs to inftance in things of kind And therefore I Ihali conclude with thisof the Excellency of this Art, and pro- ceed to that . ^r /r i idly, Of the Emolument and Necejfity oi this Art of B«//^/«g. t u- i i .j As to the Profit ot this Art, I think I need not to fay much ; tor all know, (that know anything) that Merchants and other Tra- ders, cannot (ubfift without iheir Ware-hou- ks nor Tradetmen svithout their Shops, nor the Husbandman without his Barns, Grana- ries ^c For without thefe Buildings to preferve'their Goods in, none of thefe diffe- rent Ranks of Men would make much Proht of their Commodities. Befides there can be no pretence to any kind of Profit without Buddings ; for there are no Nations in the World where the Air is (b (erence as that there is no need ot Buildings to proteft theManufafturts of it iromthe Inju- ries of corroding Time and Air:Addtothis,that it is no fmall Profir that accrues to a State or Nation, bv thofe many Trades that depend purely upon Building, viz. Carpenters, Joy- ners,"'Malons, Bricklayers, Sawyers, Glazi- ers, Plumb5rs, Painters, Carvers, Smiths, Brick and Tile-makers, Stone-cutters, fef. For I have made it appear above, that other Trades cannot fubfift without theie, viz Becauie they cannot fubfift with- out t R. OE M. out Buildings- Alfo where there is no Ar-^ chitetlure in a Nation, there can by confe- quence be no PrinceJy Government j for where the People are fo barbarous as to live in Caves, and in Hutts made of Boughs, ^c. There is no Mechanicks amongft them, and by conlcqutnce no Improvement of Manu- fadurts, andlrom thence it will follow, thero will be little or no Revenues fie to maintain a Regal Power ; and tor the mod part, where fuch a Power is wanting, People are fo fa- vage and barbarous, that they live more like Brutes than Rational Men; Uvingby Rapine, Murder, t^c So that no Man can properly call any thing his own, for they live (as it were) in a daily expectation of being rob'd, and deprived of that little which they have,, by thole which are ftrrnger than tbfmfelveSd Which alio implies a t^ecefjity of Buildings to which may be added that Complaint which Arifiotle (aith was made by feme, viz. That Man was worfe dealt with by Nature than o- th r Creatures, whereas they have feme of them Hair, fome Shells, kme Wool, lome Feathtrs, and (ome Scales to defend them from the Injuries of the Weather, Man alcne is born naked, and without any Covering: But to this it may be anfwered, that Divide Providence hath endowed every Man with 2 filch Superlative Inl\ruments, vit. The Hanc/s^ (thofe admirable Inftruments of A« a % ikrneii$ iVork. both ia the City, and alio P R OE M. in different parts of the Countrey. But alfo 2. It contains Informations, as to the Qua" iitieSf Quantities^ Proportions, and Methods of preparing and making many of the Ma' terials relating to Building. 3. Alfo the Cufloms^ and Methods of Mea* firing ail forts of Artificers Works. 4. An Explanation of the Terms of Art made u(e of amongft Workmen. 5. In the following Trad, is alfo compre- hended, ConfiJerations as to the Choice of 3 Surveyor^ Workmen^ Models or Draught, 6. AphorifmSy or necedary Rules in Build* tng, as to Situation, Contrivancet Receipt^ Firmnefs, or Strength^ and Form^ or Figure^ and Beauty. 7. The Method of Surveying of Buildings^ as to entring Dimeofions in Pocket-books, and making Bills of Meafurement, ^c. 8. Oi Valuing Buildings when they aree- reded. 9. A Method of Cenfuring, or pafling ones Judgment on a Building (that is already compleated or finilhed) as to its Commodiouf' nefSf Firmnefs, and Delight fulnefs, which are the principal Qualities in a good Fa- Irick,' In the Compofing of this Work, (befides my own, and fome Friends Ohfervations ; which P B. OE M. u hich together conufted of (everal Sheets of Paper, which were never yet made publick) I have mideufeofths bed Authors extant, to the number of about 50, great and imall^ vvlierein the Task was not fmali ; what in Heading, Comparing^ Chufwg, CorreH'iMg, Re- vi/iMg. Difpofjng^ and Tranjcrihing in refpecfl o^ Matter, Form, and Order: By reafon I was obliged not to ma^v rhis firfl (mpreflion too large: For to (peak the Truth, I muft teli you I found I hid nofmall Difficulties to wredie wi«h ; by reafon I had dcfign'd to Collet: the Heads of all (gch things as were mod material from Co msny Authors, and from my own Notts which would have Compofeda fmail Treatife of it felf; (for \ rauft tell you they are not a few, nor they hav^ been no (mail time a Coliefting, nor from none but experienced Men, and my e- VQ.x^ OiysOofervafions almofl, my Bufinefs being frequj^ntly amongfl Workmen of di- verge ProielTions, ^nd different places ; fo that the Reader will here have a great num- ber of Obfervarion'^ which are wholly new.) ^o that i was oitentimes more foUcitous, and concerned t© confider what, than what not to Write : Yet I have diligently endeavour- ed to infertthe mod important things, that nothing material might be wanting to pre- fent you with a Satisfadory Account of the Art of Building in all its parts, fo as to make good P R to M. good our Title. Some perhaps may think ic too fmall, and the Dilcourfc too Brief flor a Subject of this Nature) indeed I tiunk \b too ; but then I muft teli you that it wns my defign to be as brief as I could conveniently (in thisfirft Edition, if this be kindly recei- ved in the World, I may perhaps much in- Jargeit hereafter ; having a Srore purpofejy relcrved for that ufc, if I can find fncourage- mint.) But, Fritndly Reader, I have coniult- ed your Advantage, by rendrmg the Book l^oth more portable, and lefs chargeable ; Co that every one that defircs to look into the Precepts, &c. of this Arr, may here find Satisfaction vvitiiout great Ex; encc, either of Time or Money. The Meihod of thisTreaule is wholly new^ but the whole Arc is here ranged un 'er cer- tain Htads, and brouglit to a ctrtain Me- thod, and limited to pradlical Rules, and that (b perfpicuous, as to be underftocd by the meancft Capacity. One great Reafon of my making choice of this Method, of Compofing it under Al- phabetical Heads was this, viz. In a Subjecii of this nature there would unavoidably have been a Ncce(T|ty to have made ufe of abun- dance of Terms which are ufed by Archi- te^s, and Workmen, which would not have been underflood by Gentlemen, and young (and ignorant) Handicrafts- men, (for whom this P K OE M. this Treatife is chiefly defign'dj onlefs we had explain'd thefe Terms as they fell in, by Confequence in the Difcourfe ; but if I had done (b, I fhould too often have been necefli- tated to make large Excurfions, or Degrelfi- ons fronri the Matter in hand, which would have (o disjointed the Difcourfe, that it would not have been fo eafily underftood by young Tyro's in this Art, efpecially in a Connpendious Difcourfe, as this was defiga'd to be ; and put the cale any one had wanted at any time to know thf. meaning of fuch Terms when they had heard them ufed, it would have been nofmall trouble to have found them in continued Difcourfe. All the Treatifes that I ever yet faw on this Subjed:, (which are not a few) were ei- ther continued DifcouiTes, or branched into Ch:'.pters (or the like) containing the Parts, Members, and Materials relating to Build- ing, or tile comprifed under the Titles of Mcchanick Trades, as Carpenters Work, Bricklayers^ &c. or elfe in a Dialogue, which I like worft of all ^ becaufe m ask- ing of Queflions, commonly there is a Necclfity or ufing more wcrus than any other way of Writing : I dae to main- tain it that none of the aforeCaid Methods arc fo fit for a SuljetSl: of this Nature that relaces to fo many O/ders of Men ; parts P R OE M. parts of Buildings. Members of Parts, and vaft variety ot Materials, &>c. As this which I have here chofen, (and I have heard fome others wi(h for it, not only in this, but other Arts alfo.) For here ei- ther Gentleman, or Workman may imme- diately find (by the Letters at the top of each Page) any thing that he hath occa- iion to be inform'd about, without the trou- ble of reading over whole Chapters, or the like. Courteous Reader, I will adure you, that you have here Epitomized the Sub- ftance, or Marrow, of all, or moft of the known Authors that have Treated of this Art ; befides a great many new and necef- fary Obfervations, &c. which I hope will prove ufeful to the Publick, tho' it be Composed after a, new Method, viz. an Alphabetical Order; and upon that account it may perhaps be objeded againft as a very broken and imperfe£fc Subjedt. But I mud here inform fuch, that many times each particular word (or Head) is « com- pleat Difcourfe by ic felf, and where it is not, you are referr'd to another place which will make it compleat, by only turning o- ver a few Leaves. Having thus briefly hinted at the Rea- fbn of Compofing it in this Method ; I will next advertile you a word or two for P R. OE M, for the better apprehenfion of the Scope, and u(e of the Book. /vr/?, That it is intended for beginners, and iuch as have not had occaiion to flu- dy this Art, and not for Accompli(hed Jt- chite^s, and thereiore adapted to the mea- neit Capacities. Secondly, In feveral places the Deriva- tion ot the Word is hinted at, (which affifts the Memory, and informs the Un- derftanding) as ueJI as the Meaning and Senfe it is commonly ufed in; and feveral other Things or Circumftances, according to the Nature of the Word ^ of which I will here give feme Inftances. As fuppofe, ifi. The Word ^Vc/;, there you have \Ji* its Derivation, then an Explanation of 5- different Kinds, and the Method of ma- king them, and then 5 Theorems concern- ing them, and the Method of Meafuring ihtm, and laflly, the Price. 2. Then next Inftance Ihail be of the Word Bricks^ where you have an account what, and wherefore made, and then a Defcrip- tion of 18 forts, with their Dimenfions, Price, Weight, and Form of them ; with the Method and Price of Making, Burn- ing, alfo Direftions for Buying, Choofing, and Laying of Bricks, ^c. 3. Of the Material, call'd Glafs after a general Definition of it, you have an ac- count F K OE M. .count of 19 forts, and the Price of mod of them, ^f. ' 4. Oi Lead^ where you have 14 Particu- lars, too many to repeat here. ; 5. Of Mortar, you have 13 Heads. 6. Of Nails, you have 25 Particulars. 7. Of Fainting, where are 18 diftiui^ Heads : All other Trades having their pro- per Heads alfo. 8. Of Stair^ cafes ^ there is an account of about 2 5" forts. y. Of Tiles t there are more than 40 Par- ticulars. I Ihall tor bear to enumerate any more, but refer you to the Book it felf, where you iliall alfo find a Defcription of al! the Members of the $ Orders of Co- lumns, with their Dimenfions and Propor- tions. If this Treatife find a kind Re- ception in the World, I (hall be encourag- ed to Publilti my Cowpleat Tutor to the Pra^ick Part of Archite^ure, which will be a Treatife purely for Dire£lions, and eale to Workmen. Laftly, I do declare, that if any thing which! have fet down in the infuing Trea- tife, be obje(3:ed againft as a Miikke, or that it is not fo plain and exprefs as it might have been, upon the leafl: Informa- tion thereof, I (hall be very ready to re- voke it. And therefore if in any thing I have been befide the Matter in hand, or made a falfe Step, or Blunder : I do ear- neflly intreat the courteous good naiured Reader, P K O OE M. Reader, either to inform me of it, Cand upon Evidion I (hall freely yield,J or elfe that he would hreely remit the Fault ; (irice all know Humanum eft errare* THE A B THE City and Country Tur chafer 6c BmUer's DICTIONARY. A'BACVS. Its a fquare Table, Lift, or Plinth, in the upper part oi the Chapters of Columns, efpecially Ihofc of the Corinthi- an Orders, which ferves inftead of a Drip or Corona to the Cipital, It fupports the nether Face of the Archi- trave, and whole Trabeation. In the Corinthian and Compound Orders, the Coronets of it are call'd the Horns; the intermediate Sweep and Curvature the Arch, which has com- monly a. Rofe carv'd in the middk. The Sieur Mauderc, in the lonick Order, defigns an 6--G with a Fillet over it for an Abacus } and this Fillet is half the Latitude of the 0--G, the which he calls the Fillet of the Abacus. And in the Corinthian Order, he defcribes the Abacus to ht one -jth. part of the whoJe Capital, which he divides into three parts, and thcuppermoft of thefcis a Boultin, and \ of the next third below, is the Fillet of the /4t4f«j, and the reft below be- ing I and I is the Plinth of the Abacus. Andree Palladio in the Tufcan Order, calls the Plinth above the 'Bm\Xmy(Qi Etblnus) Abacus -y which from its form, faith he, is commonly call'd Dado, or Dye, the which ii \ of the whole lieighth gf the Capiul, « A L Id the Dorick Order, he alfo calls the Plinth above the Boul- tiQ of the Capital, the Abacus j above which he places a C'ltM- tium, for the upmoA Member of the Capital. In the lonick Order, he ^defines it to be the fame with the Skvit MaucUrc. In th« CoriBthian and Compofite Order, he defignedit to be the lame almofl with the Sieur Manclerc^ only his is a large Caiement, infiead of the Plinth. But yincent Scamo::7^i gives the Title of Abacus to a Cafement, or Hollow, which is the Ca« pital of the PedeAaiof the Tufan Order. V. Capital, Abreuvoirs. A Tcfm in Mafonry, by which is to be underflood the fntcr- vals, or Spaces between the Stones in laying them, commonly call'd the Joints wherein the Mortar is placed. Acroteria. Are fliarp and fpiry Battlements, or Pinacles, that fland in Ranges, with Rails and Balliftcrs upon flat Buildings. Alfo 1- mages fet on the tops of Houfes, are fo cali'd by Ibme. Acroteres, '^ Arc Pedcftals upon the corners and middle of a Pediment to gipport Statues j they may properly be called Pinacles. Adit on V. ChaunccL Akbajler, ^ 1. WhatyTM a kind of foft, clear, white Marble; if it be f® foft as to be cut, it is calFd Gypfum. 2. Where found, or dig' d"] Some is brought to us out of the Indiefy and from Eg)pp, Syria, &c. There is alfo fome found in pmolnflme^ and in Sfaffordjhire. 5.. Ifsufe"] It's chiefly ufed for Monuments in Churches, (fy^e. Where there are any Figures in Relief, or in Bafs-relief, ify'c. car- red. It's alfo fometimes ufed for a Coat of Arms, when a Gen- tlenan will have his Coat of Arms cut in Relief, to fet in Brick or Stone- work in the Front of hisHoufc. Alcove. By the Spmards call'd Alcohar ; 'tis a Rccefs within a Chaitj- l>cr for the fctting of a Bed oat of the way ; where for State inac| A L ; many times the Bed is advaoced upon 2 or 5 Afccnts, with a Rail at the Feet. Tliefe Alcoves arc frequent in many Noble Men's Houfcs in Spairif and other parts beyond Sea, Alder. I. What'] 'Tis ah Aquatick Tree, fo very cortimon that it . heeds no Defcription. i 2. Its Vfe^ Thofe which were large, were formerly made ufe 'of in building of Boats : So now are vei^y large AlcCen fought ' after for fuch Buildings as lie continually under Water, wherfc ; it will become as hard as a Stone -, but being kept in ao I unconftant Temper, it deca\s in a little time. i yitruvius tells us, that the Morajfes about Raveiia in Italy were ipil'd with this Timber, to Superllruft upon, and he highly com- mends it. It was alfo ufed under that famous Bridge at l/'enice, I the Riatto which palTes over tlic grand Canal, bearing a vafl I weight. 3. Poles'] Ofthis Wood are extraordinary ufeful (or Pumps, Water-pipesy (Troughs indSlucesiKoii Urge.) Thefc Poles I have ' known ufcd (in the Countrey) for Water-pipes^ to convey Watec thro' Bays, and Dams, and alfo to carry Water from any Springs !to fupply a Houfe with this neceffary Element ; large Poles of ' this fort of Wood I have known ufed for Gtomd-gutSy to con- vey the Water out of Stews, the Poles were about 8 or id Inches Diameter, and the Concavity in them about 4n, or 4 i ; for in boreing, and fitting, of which fize they have about 3 /. 6 do per Rod foir Workmanfhip. 4. But for W*ter-pipes] the Poles need not be above 4 or $ Inches Diameter, for the Cavity is commonly about i -^, or i » Inch Diameter. 5. Of the Method of boring Alder Poles.] The Order in which they proceed, in this Operation, is this : Being furnifh'd with Poles of a fit fize, not too fmall (nor too large, if for WateV' pipes.) They procure Horfes, orTrulTelS, of a fit Altitude, to lay the Peles^ and refl the Auger on whilft they are boring, they alfo fet up a Lath, to turn the leaft ends of the Poles to adapt them to the Cavities of the greater ends of the others; their Lath being up , and youf Poles cut to the lengths they will conveniently hold, w^. 8. 10, or 1 2 Foot; they proceed to turn the fmall ends of the Poles^ about $ or 5 Inches in length, to tbe feize they intend to bore the greater ends, about the lame depth, vix_. 5 or 6 Inches ; (this you muft note is to make the joint to (hut each pair of Poles, together, the concave {art is the Female, and the other the Male part of the Joint.) In turning of the Male part, they turn a Channel in it, or fmaU Grove, at a certain diAance from the end, and in the Fetrale part they bore a fmall hole to fit over this Chaonei) for what B 2 J»ar' 4 : A N purpofe you fliall hear when they fct the Poles together : They having thus tar Proceeded, they thenthorougli bore tlieir Poles, and becaufe tliey will prevent boring out at tlie fidei, they ftick up great Nails at each end to guide them right through •, but they commonly bore it at both ends; and therefore if a Pole be crooked one way, they can bore him through, and not fpoil him : The Poles being bored, they proceed to form them into Pipes in the Ground, for which purpofe they have a Trench digg'd, and prepared with Clay, to ram them in the Female part, being prepared with an Iron Ring round it, to prevent its I'plitting J they drive in the male Part, till the Grove in it isjuft under the hole, which is bored in the upper fide of the female Part; and then having fome melted Pitch ready,they pour it in- to the hole in the female Part, which flows round in the Grove which was turned in the male Part^ by which means it is made very ftanch, and clofe .• And thus they proceed till they have placed all their Poles in their order. 6. Of the Charge of thefe Pipes.] For Workmandiip only, they ufuaHy ask about 2s.6 d.ot ^ s. per Rod, v't^. only to bore andfit them } butthe Charge of all Work, and Materials, vix. Boring, Diging the Trench ; laying and Raming in the Clay, ifyrc. And the Charge of Poles, Clay, Pitch, and Iron Rings will be 4 J. 6 d. §j. $s. 6d. ot 6 s. f cr Rod i according as the Materials can be procurd. iV. B. I could here have added the Defcription of an ingenious Contrivance, which thefe Workmen have, to make the fame Auger to bore a Concavity of ditTcrent fizes ; but this, and fome other Curiofitie?, I flijll defer till I fee how this firft Ellay v\ilS be accepted in the World. Amphiiheater.^ or Amphitheatre. Is an Edifice, or Building of an Oval, or Circular Form, with rows of Seats, one above another, where Spertators might fit to heboid Stage-plays, and other publick Speftacles, as Sword play- ing, fighting of wild Beafls, &c. Anabathruni. K Place that is afccnded to by Steps. Anchors, In Architeftare, is a certain fort of Carving, fomewhat re- fcmbling an Anchor, or Arrow-head; 'tis commonly part of the Enrichments of the Boultins of Capitals of the Tufcan, Dorick, and lonick Orders, and alfo of the Boultins of Bed Mouldings, •f the Dorick, lonick, and Corinthian CorniHies. Thefe An- ■ chors, AN » 5 :hors, and Eggs being alternately carved tliroughout the whole Buildings. Anneiety or Annulet. \ From the Lat. >lnn«/Mj, a Ring, in Architedture, 'tis ufed to fignifiea narrow flat Moulding, Cof which v. (Capital,) which is :ommoft to divers places of the Columns, as in the Bafes j and Capitals, ^c. Tis the fame Member as the Sieur Mauderc, frorn yitruvius calls a Fillet, and Palladio^ a Ljjiella, or CeMlure ; and 2rown ex Scamo:^zj, a Supercilium, Liftt Tince, Eye-brote^ Square^ ind fiabit. Antechamber. I. What.'] From the Lat. Ante-camera^ an outer, or Fore- iChamber, a Room in Noble Men's Houfes, where Strangers ftay till luch time as the Party to be fpoke with is at Icifure. i 2 Oflt's Proportion in length, &c.] A well proportiond Anter ti^hambcr, ought to have in length the Diagonal Line of the Square iof the Breadtti, and not to excel the breadth and ', at moft. ' 5. Of their height.'] They are made either ajchcd or flat, if they are flit, * parts ot the breadth /lull be the height from the Floor to the joillf. < But if you would have it higher, divide the breadth into 7 ;parts, and take $ for the lieighth. Or divide the breadth into 4 parrs, and three of thofe Oall be the heighth. In great Buildings, the Ante-chamber^ Hall, and other Rooms of the firfl; Story may be Arched, which vvUI make them hand- fome, and lefs fubjeft to Fire ; andinfuch Buildings, the height may be ^g ot the breadth, which will be the height it ought to be from the Floor to the bottom of the Key of the Arch. But if this Altitude be thought too dwarfiHi, the height may be -J of t^ie breadth. Or '\ of the breadth, which will make it yet more fiately. 4. Of their Situution.] Ante-chuwbers, and others alfo ought to be fo pofited, that they may be on-each fide of the Entry, and of the f/all: And hkewife it ought to be obferved, that thofe on the right Hand, may anf.ver, and be equal, (or nearly fo) to thofe on the left, tojthe end, that the buildings may on all fides bear equally the Burden of the Roof. Antick^ or A.ntique-work, A Term in Sculpture, and PaJnt'wgy being a confufed Compo- lure of Figures of different Natures, and Sexes, (^c. As of Men, Beafts, Birds, Flowers, Fiflics, ^c. And fuch like Fancies as are pot in Rerm Jfafura, Of which I will give fomc Inftanccs, and B3 firit 6 ♦an fir ft of human Creatures, U'^. How ftrangely dcform'd, and confufed fome of the Heathens, reprefented their Gods, cither in Paint wg, or ScHlfture. And I. of Saturity he isdefcribed by foraewith ? Heads, vl^* A Lion*, a Dogs, and a Wolfs j others pourtraycd him with 3 Wings on a humane Head, 2. Oi Jupiter, him the Lacedemonians Piftur'd with 4 Facef, The Argives had his Reprefentation in Sculpture with 3 Eyes, i)/^. One in his Forehead. 3. Of Apolh, him the Laudemonians depiAed with 4 Hands, and as many Ejrs. The Ferfiar.s defcribcd, Fhcebus^ [or Apollo] with the Head of a Lion. The Egyptians had his Statue in the likencfs of a Man, with the Head of a young Ram, with fmall Horns on his Shoulden. ^. Of Mercury y the Ancients defcrib'd him like a young Man, with Wings behind his Shoulders and his Ears. The Egyptians fram'd his Image with the Head of a Dog on his Shoulders, 5. Of Janus, by fome he was depifted with 2 Faces, by others with 4. Kuma King of the Romans, caufed his Statue to be hewed out with 7,6 5 Finger?. The Phxnicians form'd his Image like a Serpent, with her Tail in her Mouth. 6. Of Neptune, fome rcprefcnt him in his upper part like a Man, and the lower like a Fifh, in his right Hand he holds a Tri- dent, or 3 pointed Spear. J. Of Pan, the Ancients depifted him from the middle up- wards, like a Man with a ruddy Comp'.'^ftion, being very hairy, ^his Skin and Breaft covered with the Skin of a fpotted Doe, or Leopard, holding in one H.ind a Shepherd's Hook, in the other a Whiftle,) and from the middle downwards, the perfeft fliape of a Goat. 8. Of Fuuns, Sjhans, Fahies, and Satyrs^ as to their corporal Shape, they were defcribed like Fan, only they had fliort Horns on their Heads, with fmall Ears, and fhort Tails. It wocJd be a Task too tedious to enumerate all the Antick Forms, and Fancies by which the Heathens did reprefent their feveral Gods 9 and their Poets, and Painters, and Carvers did defcribe them, and the Powers, PafTions, Vertues, Vices, Nymphs, lWufes,^c. They not only had flrange and monftrous Fiftions of ihumane Creatures 5 ^in F^etry and Sculpture Painting alfo :) but oi Brutes As. 1. Of the Syrens, or Maremaids,[half a Woman, and half a Fi/h, Griffins, half Hearts, and half Birds ; Fegafus was alfo ano- ther of the fame Fiftitious Kind ; Harpycs alfo which were part Women, arid part Birds; Centaurs, half Men, and half Horfes, Sagitaurs, half Men, and half Beafts ; Dragons, alfo part Ser- pents, sod part Bir?is. 2. They had alfo feme Keprefcntations f t\t. ' Ag . 7 of twiform'd Creatures, as the Araphisboena, a Serpent with a Head at each end j the Spread Eagle with 2 Heads on the fame Neck. And likcwife they fometimcs have the Reprefentatioa I of divers forts of Fruits, and Flowers, growing on the &mc Plant, jtf c. With many fuch like Figments which we have good Rcafon to believe, there are really no fuch (landing Species of Animals, and Vegetables in Nature, tho' the belief of fuch feinds hath been propagated by Orators, upon account of their fitaels to be made ufe of in the way of Similitude. This Work which we call Antick_y the Italians call Grotefat, (of which V. Pi.) and the French (/ro^f/^«e,)|which Signifies Comi- cal, Pleafant, apt to make one laugh ; alfo ridiculous. And their word C'ro^f/fMf J, fignifies fooli/h, idle Fancies. Ant'icum. From the Lat. a Twch before a Door, the fore Dooi", ^ Hatch, AntipagmeKts. The Ornaments, or Garni/hing in carved Work, fet on the Architrave, (Jambs, Pofls, or Puncheons of Doors 5) whether ©f Wood, or Stone. Apertions, 1. Whttt'] From the Lat. fignifying opening. But io Archi- tcfture ^tis ufed tp fignifie, Doon ^W'mdoxfs^ ■S'/^wr-w/f/, Qilmnies, or other Conduits : In fliort, all Inlets^ or Outlets^ of iWe», /,/gAf, Smoak.^ 2cc. To which belong 2 general Cautions, «s[, 1. Of their Number, and 2. Their Pofition. 2. Of their Sumber and Dimenfions.'] Let them be as few in number, and as moderate in Dimenfion, as may Portibly confift with other due Refjpeftsi for in a word, all Opcrings are Weak^ pings. 3. of their P-ofition.^ Be fpre to let them not approach ta> near the Angles of the Walls •, for it were indeed a mofteffentj- al Solccifm to weaken that Part which muft ftrengtlien all the reft. Aquedu^. From the Lat. Aqueduifus^ ji Conveyance nvide -for thecal tying of Water from one place to another. ^4 d -^-y^hes. S A R Arches. 1. Whence derWd.'] It comes from the Latin, Arcus^ a Bow. 2. Whai] In Architcfture 'tis u&'d to fignifie an Intern Sup- port to the Superftrufture j and it is either Ci,c«/jr, Elipticalt or Straight. Of Circular Arches, there are 5 Kinds ; Semicircular^ Scheme^ or S^een^ and Arches of the 3d. and 4th. Point of thefc, at]d of Elliptical^ and flraigkt Arches, I Hiali treat in ihcir order. 3. Semicircular.'] Thefc Arches are an cxaft Seipicircle, and have their Centre id the middle of the Diameter, or right Lin^ that may be drawn betwixt the Feet of the Arch. Of tliis Form the Arches of Bridges, Churdvwindpws, awd great Gajcs arefometimes made in our modern Buildings. 4. Scheamyor Sf^een.] Thefc I undcrftand tobefuch, ascon- fift of iefs tha;i a Semicircle, and confcquently are flatter Ar- ches. Some of thefe contain an Arch of a!)out 90 Degrees, o- thers about 70, and others (which are yet flatter) about 5c De- grees \ thefe laft are very fl^t. Now, 'tis very ejfic to diflin- guifh between Semicircular, and Scheme Ardics,for the r^orrf', (^or right Line) drawn between the Feet of a Semicircular-arch, !5 juft double to its heighth, (meafur'd from the middle of the Chord, to the Key piece.or top of the Arch ;) whereas the Chord of a Scheme-arch of 90 Degrees \\'\^ be above 4 times its height, and the Chord oi a Scheme-arch of 60 Degrees, will be above 6 times its heighth. 5. Of the 3d. and 4th. Paint.'] So our En^///7; Authors call 'em, but the Tufcan Authors calls them di tarnio, ^ d'l ^arto acuta, becaufc they always concur in an acute Angle at the Top. They confift of 2 Arches of a Circle, (meeting in an Apgle at the top) drawn from the divifion of the Chord, into 5, or 4, or more parts, at pleafure. The particular Method of drawing which, and all other Arches, and Mouldings, 5^c. I muft at prefent omit ^ bat if this find Acceptance, and I any Encouragement, the next Impreffion fhall contain thefe, and many other Curiofities, not to be found iri this. I have ob- Icrv'd many of thefe Arches, in old Stone Buildings, both Hou- ies and Churches. Bat I fav, (Tays that great Architcft, Sir ^^enr^ W^o«(m; that thefe kinti of Arches, (both for the natural imbecility of their aciite Angle, as jikewife for their Uncomeli- nefs; ought to be exil'd from all judicious Eyes, and left to their firfl Inventors, the Goths and Lombards, amongft other ReJiqueS of that barbarous Age. ■ 6. FMipticaf] Thefe kind of Arches confift of a Semi-Ellipfis, «id vyere formerly much us'd jnflead of Mantle-trees in Chim° ?ieys. They are corrimonly defcrib^d on 3 Centres 5 but they may be drawn otherwife. Thefe confifl of 3 parts, vi^. 2 Han- fes, ^nd a Scheme, now Workmen call each end of tliefc Arcl}es the Hinfe, which Hanfes are always the Arches of fmalJer Cir- cles than the Schcam, which is the middle part of thefe Ar- • ■•■ '■■■' ' ■■ ' che2 ^ R dies, and confifts of a part of a larger Circle j which is drawn betwixt the 2 Hanfes to conjoin ihem all together, to make, as it were one Helical Line, and by confequcnce an Ellrpticat Arch. Thcfe Arches have commonly a Key-Hone, and Chaptrcis, (the Kcy-rtone, is that which is the very fumnity, or top of the Arch, which is equally diftant irom both ends, and the breadth of this Key-jione at the top, ought to be equal to the height of the Arch, (-which is commonly about 14 Inches, when made of Brick) and Sommer (or point with its 2 edges) to the Centre of the Scheam, the Key-ihne fhould break without the Arch, fo much as the Chaptrels Projeft,or Sate over tlie Jambs. The Chaptrels I under- ftand to be the fame, which moft Architects call ImpoUs ^and 'tis that on which the Feet of the Arches ftand, whofe height, or thicknefs ought to be equal to the breadth of tlie lower part of the Key-ftone, N. B. That each other Courfe in thefe Arches con- fift of 2 Stretchers^ which are 7 Inches long apiece, (^wlien the Arcli is 14 Inches deep) and the other Courfcs betwixt thefe of 3 Headers, and 2 Clofers; the length of the Headers muft be 3 i Inches, and theC7o/erj, i { Inches-, thus one Courfe of the Arch will be divided into 2 Stretchers, and the other alternately into 9 Headers, and 2Clofers, throughout the whole Arc!). 7. Strait'] Thefe Arches have a flraighr, upper, and under edge, as the former had carved ones ; and thofe 2 edges arc parallel, and the Ends, and the Joints, all point toward a per- tain Center •• They are generally ufed over Windows and Doors, and 'tis a certain Rule amongft Workmen, that according to the breadth of the Peers betwixt the Windows, fo ought the Skewback_,OT Sortimcritig of the Arch to be ; for if the Peers be ©fa good breadth, as 3, or 4 Bricks in length, then the flraight Arch may be defcribed fromjhe Oxi, (as 'tis vulgarly calT'd) which being but part of the word Oxtgoniuw, fignifying an E- quiUteral Triangle ^ but jf fhe Peers are fmall, as fcimetimes they are but the length of 2 Bricks, and Ibmetimes but one Brick and a half, then the breadth of the Window, or more, may be the Perpendicular (to the middle of the under fide of the Arch) at whofe end below, fliall be the Centre for the SketV' back^otS9mplemg to point to. Thcfe _/?><;7^/jf Arches are com- monly about I I Brick, which whenrubb'd, makes about 12 In- ches high, tho' fomctimes they are but 1 1 Inches, or therea- bouts, which anfwers to 4 Courfe of Bricks ; but they may be made more orlefsin height, according$as Occafion requires.N.B. ; That by the word Skew-back^, k meant the leveling end of the Arch, and by Sommering, is to be underflood the level Joints be- twixt the Courfes of Bricks in the Arch. Thefe Arches com- monly confi ft of a Stretcher, and a Header in height, the Stretchers being a whole Bricks length, and the Headers a Bricks breadth. Now the whole Bufinefsof buifiing Arches, (faith Sir H. W.J I my be reduced into thefe <, following Theorems. I -^ 5. 7he(h 10 A R 8. Theorem the I l}r\ All folid Materials, free from Impcdi' tnent, do defcend Perpendicularly downwards, becaufe Ponde- rofity is a natural Inclination to the Center of the Earth, and Nature performeth Jher Motions by the fliorteft Lines. p. Theorem the id] Bricks moulded in their ordinary Rcdan- gular Form; if they belaid on by another in a level row, be- tween any Supporters, fuftaining their 2 ends, then all the pie- ces between will necelfarily fink, even by their own natural Gravity, and much more if they fufferany Preflurebya fuperin- •umbcnt Wcijj;hti becaufe their fides being parallel, they have, room to defcend Perpendicularly, without Impeachment ; ac- cording to the former Theorem : Therefore to make them Itand, either the Pofture, or their Figure, or both mufl be changed. J o. Theorem the ^d.'] If Bricks moulded, or Stones fquarcd, Cuneatim, (/. e. Wedge-wife, broader above, than they are below) /hall be laid in a row level, with their ends fupported, as in the precedent Theorem^ pointing ail to one Centre; then none of the pieces between can fink, till the Supporters, or Butments give way ; becaufe they want room in that Figuration to defcend I'erpendicularly. But this is yet a weak piece of Structure, be- caufe the Supporters are fubjeft to too much impulfion, cfpeci- ally if the Line be long j for which Reafon this Form, (w\. ftr^ght Arches)\s fcldom ufcd, but over Doors,and Windows that are narrow. Therefore to fortifie the Work, as in this third Theorem, we havefuppofed the Figure of all the Materials, dif- ferent from thofe in the 2d. So like wife we mufl now change the Pofition,as will appear in the following Theorem. H. Theorem the ^th.] If the Materials be figured Wedge-wife, (is in the preceeding Theorem) fhould be difpofedinthe Form of fome Circular Arch, fand not ftraight or level) and pointing to fome Centre, (or Centers.) In this cafe, neither tlie pieces of the fiid Arch, can fink downwards for want of room to defcend, (as in the iff. Theorem) Perpendicularly : Nor the Supporters^ or Butmentt of this Arch, can fuffer fo much Violence, as in the precedent flat Pofture, for the Convexity will always make the Incumbent weight, rather to reft upon the Supporters^ than to fliovc them; whence may be drawn an evident Corollary, that the fafeft of all Arches is the Semicircular, and of alj Vaults the Hemifphcre ; tho' not abfolutely exempted from fome Wcaknefs, (which is the fole Prerogative of Perpendi- cular Lines, and right Angles ) as Bernardino BaliCi, Ab- bot of GuaftaUa hath obferved in his Commentary upon Ariftojile'i Mechitnkks, where let me note by the way, that when any thing is Mathematically demonflrated weak, it is much more Mccha^ nically fo. Errors ever occurring more eafily in the manage- ment of grofs Materials, than in Lineal Defigns. 12. Theorem the sth.l As Semicircular i4/cA«, or Hemifphe- rical Vaults, being raifed upon the total Diameter, be of all o- ihcr the rowidcft, and confcqucntly the fccuccfl by the prcce- A R II dent Thmm: Sothofe are the comelicft, which keeping precifely the fame hcighth, fhall yet be diftended,one ^tb. part longer than the faid Diameter, which Addition of Diftcnt will confer much to their Beauty, and detraft but little from the ftrength. I did not intend here to have had the different PropQrtions of Arches, &c. According to the 5 Orders of Architefturc j as they have been obfcrved, and fet down for a certain Rule, by divcrfe famous Arch'iteils : But fearing I fliall too much ex- ceed my limited Bounds, I fliall defer it till another Opportu- nity ', bccaufe the Bookfeller would not have this Firft Edition too large. i^. Of Meafumg Arches'] In meafuring of them, whether they are Straight, or Circular j they mufl be meafured in the mid- dle,/, e. if a ftraightylrc^ be 12 Inches in height, or depth, the length mufl be meafured in the middle of the 12 Inches, which length will be no longer than if it were meafured at the un- der fide, next the head of theWindow» by fo much as one fide of the fpringing of the Arch is skew'd back from the upright of the Jambs, Peers, or Coins of the Windows. Alfo in Circular Arches, 'tis to be obferved, that the upper part of the Arch is longer, (being girt about) than the under part, becaufe it is the Segment of a greater Circle, cut off by the tame right Line that the leffcr is, and therefore it muft be girt in the middle, 14. Price'] For the Workmanftiip ai flraigbt Arches, well rub'd, and handfomely fet } (of Brick) in Lorio/r, about 8 fiery of Machines, or Engines. *» Archives. A Place where ancient Records, Charters, and Evidences arc kept. Architrave. 1. Whence cferiveiH Ifuppofe it to come from the French, for the word is purely fo, 2. What'] Tis ufed in Architefture, to fignifie the Moulding, or Ornamcnr next above the Capital of a Column; it being al- ways the next grofs Member below a Frieze. The word is alfo fometimes ufed to fignifie the chief, or principal Beam inaBuild- iing;now I cannot conceive what they mean by the principal Beam in a Building, becaufe I do not fuppofe it can properly be applied to all Buildings, but only to fome peculiar kinds, as what we call Pdrticoes, Piax^^a's, or Chyfiers, (by which we underftand a long kind of G4//m>j, or Walking-places, whofe fupcrn part of the Strufture, is born, or fupported by Columns, or Pillars, at leafl atone lide.)The which, if th^y confift of wooden Columns, pr Pillars, have not Arches rifing from them to bear the Super- incumbent part of the Fabrick, but have a Beam rcfling, or ly- ing on the tops of the Columns, by which the fuperiourpart of ~ the AR 13 the Edifice is fupported, upon which account fuppofe it to be <^illed the chief or principal Beam. In Chimneys, the Architrave is the Mantle over the Jambs of Doors, and Lintels of Windows ; 'tis ca lid Hyperthyron. There are iKo. Architrave Doors, and Windows ; thofie are call'd Architrave Doors, which have an Architrave on the Jambs, or Puncheons, and over the Door, upon the Cap-piece, if ftraight, or on the Arch, if the top be carved. The Form of thefe Archi- traves about Doors, are not always the fame ; for fometimes they are according to one of the $ Orders of Architecture. But *tis fometimes done according to the Workman's Fancy ', for I have fcen fome have put for an Architrave round a Door, ij}. next the Door a fmall Bead, then abroad Plinth, or Fatio, above that on 0--G, and Lifl. There are Stone and Brick Ar- chitraves, as well as Timber ones. Architrave Windows oi Timber ^ are commonly an 0-G, rais'd out of the folid Timber, and a Lift above, but fometimes they are ftruck, and laid on. Brick Architraves 3rc ufually cut in the length of a Brick, but fome- times they are cut in the length of a Brick and ', then each o- ther courfe alternately confifts of the breadth of 2 Bricks ; the upper one on which the 0--G. is cut, and part of the upper Fa- tio i they call Header, or Heading Architrave, and the breadth, or head of Bricks on which the lower Fatio, and part of the up- per one is cut, they call a Jali Architrave of Stone, v. Door, N.4. 5. Kinds'] Archite^s ciii\iag\x\(h them into $ kinds, vi^. TmC- can, Dorick, lonick, Corinthian, and Compofite, according to the $ Orders of Columns. 4. Parts, or Members] Are more numerous than the Kinds, becaufe Came of the Orders haves different forts of Architraves, and what yet more incrcafes the number, is, that fome Authors differ from others in their Forms, of the fame drders. Of all which I fhall give a particular account, in the following order. 5. Tufcan] According to Vitrnvius, ought to be { a Modaie in Altitude^ this general Member, he hath defcribed in two Forms, the i.Confifting of 3 parts, or Members, w^. 2 Patio's and a Cimatium, and is thus divided, the whole height is divided into 6 parts, 30, or 50, which is fubdivided in this manner, v'l:^. the upmoft 6th. part is the Cimatium, which being fubdivided into 3, the upper part fhall be the Fillet, and the 2 lower ones the O-G. The 5 grand Divifions which remain, niuft be di- vided into 9, 5 of which fhall be for the fuperiour Fatio, and the other 4 for the inferiour one. His 2 d: Form confifls of but g Members, or Parts, vix_. a large Plinth, or Planckter, a Cafe- ment, and a large Fillet, and is thu3 fubdivided, the whole heighth is divided into 5, the upper part is for the Fillet, (which projefts in fquare beyond the Plinth) the 'ith. part is for the Cafement, (^vvhich riles from the Plain of the Plimh, and termi- nates in a Quadrant, at "the lower corner of the fiUet.) The other 14 A R other 4 parts remaining, are for the Pl'mth^ or Flanchiery or Fatio. PalUdio hathalfo a diflinft fhapes for the 7«/c bers, vi^.iTenia^ and 2 Fatio's. 7. loniclQ According to Vitruvius's Order, this grand Meni> ber ought to be ^ a Module high j he luth defcribcd 2 Forms of Architraves^ in the lonick. Order, w^. one for the lonick Co- lumn, without a Pedcftal, and the other with a Pedeftal, and I)?. ! will defcribe that without a Pedeftal; the which he com- pofes of 4 minuter Parts, vi:^.''^ Fafcia\ and zCimatium j which isthusdivided, the whole Altitude is dirided into 7 parts, the •ppermofl of which is alloted to the Cimatium, which is fubdi- vided into ? parts, the uppermoA of which is for the Z,//?, and the 2 remaining, for the O-G. The other 6 remaining parts, they divide into 12, $ of which he makes the upper Fafcia, 4 the middle one, and 3 the lower. The other for the IonicliQ>- luma, witha Pededal, he thus proportions, v/^. He reckon* the whole heighth of the Architrave, Friefe, and Corn///;, to be jt Modules, the which he divides into 10 parts, 5 of whicharefor the Architrave, (which Is 36 m.) the which he difting'uiflics in- to 6 Minuter Parts, or Members ; the which he thus names, (be- ginning at the top, and fo defcending) v;>;. A Fillet, a Cima, a Thorns, and 3 Fafcia's ; all which fmaller Members he thus finds, v'.x.. He ift. divides the whole heighth into 6 equal parts, the upmoft of which parts, he fubdivides into 4 parts, the highefl of thefe 4 is for the Fillet, the 2 next of the 4 arc alloted to the Cima, and the 4th. remaining, is for the Thorus, The 5 grand Divifions remaining, he fubdivides into 12, which are thus diftributed, vi^. <, for the upper, 4 for the middle, and 3 for the lower Fajcia. Falladii^ afligneth 94 m. for the Altitude of this Architrave, according to his Scheme of this Member, it iscompofed of 7 parts, w>[. A ljJi,aCima, 3 Fafcias, and 2 Aftragals ; the which he thus proportions, vi^. To the LiJ}, (which is above the Cme, for I will dcfcend with the Defcription) he allots 2 - '- m. the Cima^ 4 I m. To the upper F^cia, he allows 10 1 m. to the Aficagal at his Foot | m. the middle Fafcia, is to contain 7 ;^4 m. aatf the Ajiraial at hie foot 1 1 m, to the lower Ffltia, he aflfigns <5 ^ m. all whidi being added into one Sum, amounts to 94 ? m, ScamoxKJ makes the lonicl^^ Archi- trave, 35 m. high,and of tht fame (hape with yitruvius^s fecond, w?^. To confift of 6 parts, v?^. A Uft, Cima, Aftragal (or Thorus) and 3 Fafcia's^ which he thus proportions, he allots to the Lift, 2 im. to the Ciwa, 4 m. to the Thorns, 2 m. to the upper Fafcia, 11 \m, to the middle one 8 ', m. and to the lower one 6 \ w. Vi^9h,i\\Qm 9 7 '. m. to tlic /jwcl; Arthitrave^ in heighth, afld 4- 16 __A R as to the Form, his is much the fame with yitruvius's iji. of this Order. 8. Corinthian] According to Vefuvlus, ought to be ! a Module high; but you mufl note this is for the Corinthian Column, without a Pedeflal ^ this Member he divides into 7 parts, the uppermoftof thefe is the Cittiiitium, the 6 remaining parts he di- vides into 1 2, 5 ot which he allots to the upper FakiUy | part of this K^/c?.t is to be allow'd for a BeAd at his Foot, 4 of the 12 parts he allows to the middle FAJcia^ and | of this Frt/c/a, he makes the Bead of at the Foot, and the 9 parts remaining, he makes the lower Fafcia. The Architrave for the Corinthian Or- der with a Pedeftal, VitrH\i Ground, both by drawing, and carrymg the Stones out of his Land. Whereas, if they are drawn on the Lord's W.iftc, the Lord hath only (com- monly) a fmall Acknmvlcdgment ( by the Load, or fo forthj for TrcfriiTing upon his vValle, %diy. As to the G3odncfs of Stones, that may be confider'd of under 2 Heads, riz. Durability, and Magnitude. And ifl. Of Durability ; this v/hohy depends on Experience, for none can certainly tell wlicna new Quarry is \j}. opened, how the Stones may prove; for fome Stones, when they are taken out of the Quarry, are very foft and friable, and being but a few Years cxpofed to the Weather, moulder into Sand •, tho' fome of thefe foft Stones are indurated by being expofed to the open Air} . but as for hard Stones, they are generally durable, being of a more folid and firm Confiftence. 2dly. As to their Magnitude, I need not fay much, for all know that large Stones mufl needs kc betJcr, and make firmer Work tliaa fraaU, which arc only fit for A S i£. for tilling Work in thick Walls, or to ufe in fuch Places where the Country affords no better. But 'tis too often through the Stone Drawers Carelefnefs, or Ignorance, that Stones are bro- ken up fo fmall in the Quarry } and therefore to promote (in fomc meafure) fo ufeful an Artf, I fh^ll, when 1 come to fpeak of Stones, lay down fome Precepts to be obferv'd in drawing of Stones, as 1 received it from an aincicnt experienced Stone draw^ ety who always drew the beft Stones on our fide the Coun- trey. I might have added a 5^/. Head tothe Circurtiflancesof the Quarry ; which becaufe I did not think of then, I Hiall here annex it ; tho' it be out of its proper place, but in another Editi- on it may be Correfted : Which ^d. Head is this, w>;. There is a great difference as to Quarries, in rcfpeft of the Pofition of the ■Stones in the Ground, which may be again confidcred under 2 Heads, w^. Asto-their depth in the Ground, and their manner of lying there. And ijl. As to their depth •• When they lie a con- fiderable depth, it requires a great deal of labour to remove the Earth over the Stones, or uncope it, as Workmen call it .• idly. If they lie almoft even with the Surface 0/ the Ground, then it will require but little work to uncover them. And zdly. As to their manner of lying in the Ground, that isalfo diffe- Tent, and that in 2 Refpefts •, for if the Quarry confift of a Rock, it will require more Labour to r^ife the Stones, and break them fit for ufe , than if the Stones lie fepar^te, and difunited. All which forecited Circumftances, being duly confider'd, will make the Pric« of ^fonw very uncertain-, for I have knownf Stones drawn for 9 d. per Load, and I have known 3 s. fer Load given. Before I conclude this olAfilar^ I fliall add fomething to the 5^/. General Head, of the goodnefs of Stones, and that fhall be the ^d. Divifion of that Head, vi:^. The Form of Stones ouglit to be confider'd, as to their being raifed (quare, and not with' obtufc, and Acute Angles, which requires more work in ^capt- ing, and wafts more of the StonesyW. P. Stones of fj^wjqg. AJhUring, Quartering (to tack to; in Garrets about ^ 4, or .^ Foot high, Perpendicular to the Floor, upto the under fide of the ftafurs,^ *tis from ^io6 s.pet Square Wofkraanflnp. Aflraga!. y. Capita! N. 2. 45* € % 'Attiek 20 ^ A Attick, In Building a little Otdcr, placed upon another mdchgre*- ttt'ffor in inftcad of Pillars, this Order has nothing but Piiaftcn. Attick^ or Athenian Bafe. The lame as Palladio's lonick Bafc, which fee. Back, Or tiip-moldingt is a Term in Carpentry, by which they fig- nlfie the outward Angle of Hips, or Corners of a Roof ; which in fquare Frames, where the Roof is | Pitch, contains an An- gle of 1 1(5 Degrees, 12 m. It's alfo a Term ufed by Iron-mongers, to fignifie a ccrtaia fort of Nails, V. Nails. N.2. Bake-houfe, i^What], IfsaRoomof Office, in all noble Buildings, where theO^en is placed, ^c. 2. Its Pofttlon.] According to the Rules of Sir Nenry Wotton, it ought to be placed on the South-fide of any Building. Ba/cony, I. Whaty\ Is a kind of open Gallery, Cwithout the Walls of a Houfe, or Building) for People toftand in, and behold any Afti- on, as Pageants, and the like, in Cities, or to take the Air, (^c. This Jutty, or projeftive Building commoaly is in the midft of the Front of a Houfe, if there be but one Balcony to it ; and for the moft part le?e! with the ift. Floor above Stairs. And they //ng, which projcfts Over without rhe Principal Raf ters, in all Buildings, where there is either a Gable or a Kh Ijr.- Head. Barn Is a Word that needs no Explanation, bccaufe lis a Building that e^ery one knows ; they being fo common : But J Hiall add 2 thiiies concerning them, and the f. Shall be what Mr. WwUdge advifes, cojicerning p'acin'' them, which is this, That it is very inconvenient to build Bmns^ or Stabfet, or fuch like Places, too near to a HoHfc, becanfe Cit- ric, -Poultry, ^c. rcQuire to be kept near to Barns, ^c which would 3A 23 would then annoy a Houfc : I had forae Thoughts to have ad' ded here Pliny's Obfcrvations, concerning the manner of Buil- ding B^irm; but fortheReafon already mentioned, I fhal! omit it in this ilJ. Edition, and proceed to my 2 d. Head, concern the Price of framing, ifyrc. the Carcafs, ify'c. of a Timber Barn. 2. Of the Price of Framing^ &C.3 I have known the Carcals of a Barn Framed for ^s. 6 d. per Square, Carpenters work only, and I have known 8 s. per Square given for Carpenters Work, he Felling, Hewing, and Sawing his Timber and Boards, and finding Nails. I have been inform'd by feme Workmen, that the Charge of a Square oi Building of the Timber Work of a Timber Barn,m3y be thus computed, w^. 4 j-. j)er Square for Sawing the Boards, Cconfidering their laping one over another, and the Staving the Logs) 2 s. per Square for Sawing the Timber Members, ^ s. 6 d,. per Square for Framing the Carcafs, and from 4 s. to 7 s. per Square for the value of the Timber, reckoning the Price of the Timber from 12 /. to 21 /. per Tun ; and one Tun to make g s. Square of Frame in Barnworl^ He reckon'd rough Timber, vi:^. Unhew'd, or Squir'd, and that a Tun of rough Timber (which is equal to a Load of hew'd : From thefe Computa- tions, we may reckon the whole value of a Square of fuch Timber-work to be worth from ^s.6d. to 16 s. 6d. fer Square, Bars Of Iron for upright ones for Windows, their ufual Price is 5 d. {, or 4 d. per if», in Lovdon, BiV pojls Are a neceffary fort of Pofts, much ufed in the Countrey, 2 of which, and 5 Rail; or Bars, ferve inflead of a Gate, for an Inlet to Fields, and other Inclofures •, each of tiiefe Poffs confift of 5 Mortices, aud thofe FoUs are commonly about 6 Foot, or<> \ Foot long, 4f. of which ftands above Ground. Thefe Fnjis- are in fome Places made by the Piece, vi^. 1 d. or I d. I per Poft Hewing, and | d. per Hole for Morticing them. Bafe. 1. Whence derhe the up- per g of which make the Thorus, the 4 -jth. remaining, he fub- divideth into 8 equal parts, • of the lower Sth. makes the low- er Fillet, the other \, and the 2 d. Btk. and | the 9 d. Zth, makes the ift, Scotia, and the upper ', of the 5 i. Zth. makes the 2d. Fillet, the xth, and ^th. makes the 2 Aftragals, l thp 6th. 2th. makes the g d. Fillet, the upper | ofthe5r/;. 8^/;. and all the 7?^. and ! of the laft, orupmofl 8f/;. makes the fecond Scotia, thej of the laft 9th. remaining, makes the upper Filler^ which fubjoyns to the Thorus : Above the Thorns he places ano- ther f///ef, which he doth not reckon any part of the Bafe, but part of the Body of the Column, which Fillet is -/, of the Body ofthe Co/kwh, 5 m. The lanicl^ Bafe with a Pedeftal, he thus divides into parts, viT;. ift. Into 3 equal parts, the lower one of thefe is the heighth of the Plinth, the ^ remaining, he divides into ; equal parts, the upmoft of which he aflif^ns for the rior/zx, the -| re- maining, he fubdivides into 1 2 equal parts, • the lower «,. he afltgns for the F///er, above the Plinth, the remaining j of-'.., and the 5 next i2ths. make the firft Scotia, the f^tb. laVk makes the 2 d. Fillet^ the 6 and yth. makes the 2 Aflragdlt, and 7 the %th. makes the next Fillet, the other : of the ith. and the <^th. lorA.and iirj&. make the 2^.5'co^/rf, and the iitb. ao^ laft part makes the upper Fillet, which is under the Thorus. There is alfo a Fillet above the Thorus, which is of the fame heighth with that without a Pedeftal. Palladio afllgneth 30 m. for the Altitude of this Bafe, and ^cording to his Scheme Qf this Membcf into 6 iioalicr Members 26 B A iji. A Plinth, (or rather as he delineates it a Cafement) of i o m. 2. A T?ww of 7 i m. §. A Z.?/? or i ■ m. 4. A Scotia of 4 \ m. 5. Another Lift, or Cein^ure of i j; m. 5. A Thrui of 5 ; m. all which makes 50 m. which compleats his Brf/e. Above which on the Foot of the Body of the Column, he places an Ajlragal of 2 -^ m. and above that a Ceinihre of 1 » m. all which makes 33 fra. Scamo^zj makes the /on/'c;^ B/i/e 30 m. high alfo, and of the fame number. of parts and form with Palladio, v;^. ift. A Flinth, (which is concave; of 10 f m. 2. A Thorus of 8 m. 3. A Lijl of I Min. 4. A i'co^itf of 4 ,- m. 5, A 1/7? of i m. 6. Another T^orj/j of 5 m. all which makes the Bafc of 30 m. above which on the Column, are 2 fmall Members more, xi^. An Alhagat of 2 I m. and a If/f of i ! m, all which added together make 34 m. in hcighth. Vignola Compofcs his lonick Safe, of the fame number of fmall Members, and of the fame form with Vitruv'ms. S. l\?it Corinthian^ According toVitruvm, h\ a Module hi^h, both in the Corinthian Column, with Pedeftal, and with- out a Pideftal ; tliat without a Pedeftal, he makes to confiA of 1 1 fmaller Member*, r/^. A Pimth, 2 Thorujes, 4 Fillets, 2 Sco- tia's, and 2 Ajhagals : This Ba/e, t/^. \ft. He divides the whole hei^hth into 4 equal parts, the lower one of thefe Divifions he diTigns for the F//nf /j, the 3 parts remaining, he again divides jnto 5 equal parts, the upper one of tfeefe 5 he allots for the upper Thorus^ (which is the higheft Member in the Bafe) the lower Thorus, he maketh to contain 5 quarters of one of thefe 5^&. parts, 1//;^. All the ift. or lower 5f/j part, and \ of the 2d. fo that -\ be taken for the upper T*orMj, and one *^th, and a quarter of I below for the lower Thorus, there remains but 2 of thefe <,ths, 3 of one %th. the which hefubdivides into 12 equal parts, of "j of the lower nth. he makes the \H. or (loweft Fillet,) then of the other j, and ail the id. ^d.^th. and ^ the $th. he makes the lower 5ccf74, of the remaining yof the 5//?. i;.r/?. part he makes ibc 2d. Fillet, of tlie 6 and -«/;. parrs he makes the 2 Allragals, of ! the itb. part he makes the 3 tf. FiZ/ff, of the other V of the 8, and all the c, 10, and 11 and • the i2th. he makes the 2d. Scitia, and of the hi\ ! of the 1 2fi. p.irt, he makes the 4^/.'. or lafi F.lUt, which fubjo) ns the under fide of the up- per Tboyus. Above the Bafe he adds a Fillet, which is -'^^ of the Diameter of the Column, in heighth, which is 2 \ m. The Bale for the Corinthian Coh-.mn, with its Pedeftal, is of the fame hti^ihth, and number of parts, and each part hath the lame Dimenfions, with that which hath no Pedeftal. Palladia, makes this Bafc to contain 8 fmaller Members, vi^. T Oris, 2 Tihrufes, 2 Ajiragals, 2 Cewilures, and I Scotia.\T\i my Thottg hrs, that either the Author, or the Ingravcr, have made a great blander in the Divifion, and Subdivifion of this B^/f, ivh-^ch I fliall exhibit to you as I found it, tho' I do do not fup- ' •"" pole ^ ^ 27 pofc it to be falfe : The Orlo he makes 9 1 m. the lower Ttiorw 7 m. the lo\NctAftragal \ m.(the which I am confident is too lit- tle,) the lower Ceinilure ^ m. the Scotia ^ {m. the next CeinSiure has nothing fet to him, bHt he appears about the feme fije with the other CehHure; then comes the next Afiragal of ' m. and then the upper Thorns of $ m^ above all thefe 8 Members of the Ba(e^ he places another Aflragd of 2 \ m. and above that a Ceinilure : Thus I have given you a very lame account of this Member, but I may thank the Au- thor, or Graver of both for it, that it is no better. Sc::mo^i(jj according to his Portraiture of this Bafe^ makes it 20 m. high, and he divides this grand Member into 8 petty Members of the fame Form with PaKadio, vi^. i. Orlo of 9 T m. then a Thorus of 7 m. next an AJlragal of 2 m. next a Lift of 1 m. then a Scotia of 3 i m. next another Lift of i m, and then another Afiragal of i \ m. and laft of all another Thrus of 4 'm. all which makes 30 m. Above theBafe he places 2 0- therJMembers on the Foot of the Column^ vi^. An Afiragal of 2 ?- m. and a Lift of i m. Vignoli allows this Bafe to be 30 m. alfoj and as to the Form, he makes it much the fame with yitruvius. 9. CompofitCy Compound, or E.cman,'] Vitrkvias makes this Bafe to contain 30 m. in Altitude. This grand Member he divides into TO frhaller, vi^. A Ptiuth, % Thorufer^ (one of which js in the middle where the 2 Afir.rgals are in the Corinthian Order) 4 FUlets, and 2 Scotia''s. This Member he ift. divides into 4 parts, the lower one of which is for tlieheighth of the Plmth, the other 5 parts he fubdivides into 5, of the upper one of the $ he makes the upper Tborus, the lower Thorus lie makes of the lower 5^^. and I of the 2^. $th. (fo.that the lower Thorw \% ■} high ^)the 2d. $th. pirts, and -| remaining, he fubdivides into 12 equal parts, of a the lower 1 2th. he makes the ift. Fillet^ of the other ), and all the 2d. ^d. ^th. and { the $th, he makes the ift. Scotia, of the remaining | of the $ih. he makes the 2d. fillet, of the 6th. and -jth. he makes the middle Thorus, then o£ i the Sth. he makes the ^d. F,llet,'f>i the remaining^ of theSf^o and all the glh. loth.ani nth. and | the 12th. he makes the 2d. Scotia^ of the remaining ■[ of the 12th. he makes the laft fillet, wiiich is jufl under the upper Thorus. Above the Bafe, on tlie foot of the Column, he makes a Fillet ^ which is ,-4 of the Diameter of the Column below. Palladio makes this Bafe 50 m. high, which he divides iato into 1 1 fmaller Members, vi^. An Orlo, 2 Thorufes^ 4 Ufts, 2 Scotia's, and 2 Aftragals, to the ift. Member, being an Orlo^ (which is Concave) he allows 9 m.thfeil follows 2 Thorufes ofjy m. then a Lift of j m. next a Scotia of 3 m. then another Lift of ■J m. then the 2 Aftragals, each of i m. apiece, then i Fillet, or 1/7? of i rri. thefl a 5'c#w of 3 m. and then another Lift of j- m. and then the upper Thorus oi 4 rti. above tvhich on the Foot of the Colttmn^ht places another Aftra^ttl of 5 01. afid above that a if/? elf I HL 5ctfWo*^2 28 B A .,„„»— I . ^ »i— — ~ . _ Scama^izi makej the Roman Btfe 30 m. high, the which he di- vides araongft 7 fnjallcr Members, vi^. lom to a Concave Plinth, 7 m. to the ift' Thorus, 2 m. to an Aflragal^ i m. to the id.Liflt 4 m. to the Scotia^ i m. to the 2d. Uft, and 5 m . to the upper Thorusy which is the higheft Member in the Bafe ; but a- bove the Bafe^ he places 2 Members, i/i;^. An Aflragal of 2 , m. and a JLijl of 14 m. VigmlA makes his Aowitn B^/if very much like V'ltruv'ws'it only he places 2 Aftragals in the middle betwixt the » Scotia s where Vitruvius has a Tborus. Batement. A Term ufed by fome Carpenter s^ fignifyjng thereby to abate, or wafte a piece of Stuff, by forming it to a defjgn'd Purpofe. Thus infiead of asking how much was cut off from fuch a piece of Stuff, fome Carpenters wili ask what Batement that piece i of Stuff had. Batte/f Say fome is a Scantling of Stuff, of 2, 5, or 4 Inches broad, and but feldom above 1 Inch thick, and the length unlimited. But I muft tell you what Scnfe I have obferved Workmen to ufe it in, ^by Workmen, I mean Carpenters and Joyners) which is this, w?:^. In Doors, and Windows of Shops, (^c. which are not framed of whole Deal, or 1 \ Inch Oak, with Stiles^ Haihy and PanneU (as Wainfcot is framed) and yet they arc made to appear as if they were, by means of pieces which arc braddcd on (^upon the plain Boards, which are joyned together for) the Door, or Window, all round the edges, and fometimcs crofsthem, and up, and down, tfy-c. According as ho\v many Fannels the Workman defigns the Door, or Window fhall ap- pear to have. Thefc pieces which are thus bradded on to re- prcfent 5f f/e/, Rails^ and Montans are of different breadths, ac- cording to the Defign of the Artificer, as from 2, to 6 or 7 In- ches, and commonly on one edge of thofe which reprcfent the Stiles^ and the upper and lower Katls^ and on both edges of thofe which are to appear like Montans^ and middle Railsy there is commonly fome Moulding Aruck, as a Bead^ an O. G. or the like. Batten Doors, I. What J] Batten Doocj are (as I faid before) fuch as fccm to be Wainfcot ones, tho' they are not fo \ for Wainfcot ones the Fanneh are groved into the Framing, but here they firft Joint, and Clue the Bo4rd$, Which are cut to the tuU length, and brudiji B A 2p breadth of the Door-cafe, which Gluing being dry, they tra- verfc them OTcr, both in length, and breadth with a long Plane, and then fmooth them, and then fit on the Battens on the Front- fide. And this is what they call fingle Batten-doors ; for you mufl note, there are double Batten-doors^ viz. Such as are Bat- ten'd on both fides, tho' that is but fcldom u(ed. But there are commonly ufed Batten'd Doors, which arc call'd double Doors, vi^. Such as are front, or outer Doors ; they are commonly made of whole Deal, and then Batten'd on the out- fide, and pieces of 4 or 5 Inches broad, miter'd round on the Edges, on the infide of the Door, and then crofs the Door be- twixt thefe pieces, it is lined with flit Deal, which makes it le- vel with the miter'd pieces. I have fcen fome Doors that have been lined with pieces put Bereling, and not at right Angles, but near Miter to the fides of the Door, and when all is plained off level, it hath been divided out in Rhombufes, and ftruck with a Pencil, and at the Angles of the Rhombufes, were round headed Nails driven, which added fomething of Beauty to the Work : This way of Lining upon the Doors, vit^. Pointing from the lower corner behind, toward the upper corner before, I believe may be a good way to prevent a Door from fagging, or finking at the fore corner, when ever the Joints fliall happeo to unglue. 2- Frke.'] As to the Price of fuch Daorx, vid. Do^rs N.4. where you will find Price of Materials, and Workmanfliipj but Ifhall here add, that for Werkmanfliip of making Battened- doors of flit Deal, about an Inch thick, (or of thin whole Deals) Glued, and Batten'd on one fide, 4 s. per Door, is a good moderate Price : But fuch as are mentioned above, (which are for Front, and other outer Doors) w^. both Batten'd, and Lined, arc worth 7 s. perDoot Workmanfhip. Batter, A Term ufed by Workmen, tofignifiethat a Wall, apiece of Timber, or the like, doth not ftand up right, but leans from- you-ward, when you ftand before it 5 but when it leans to- wards you, they fay it over-hangs^ or hangs over. Bay. This word is ufed, to fignifie (as it were) the Magnitude of a Bant-^ioT if a Barn confift of a Floor, and 2 Heads, where they Jay Corn, they f Sometimes a Bead-plain is fet on, upon the edge of each Fafcia of an Architrave, aftd fomctimes alfo this Moulding (efpecially in the Corinthian, and Roman Or- der") is cut, or carved, in fhort EmbofTtnentJ, which refcmbles Women's Beads in Semi -relief; and fometimes likewife an A- flragal is thus Carved ; in both wliicii, thefe Carvings are cali'd Beads. Beam^ 1. What^l In Building, is a piece of Timber, which always \\t% crofs theBuUding, into which the Feet of the priacipal Rafters are Framed ; no Building luth lefs than 2 of thcfe Beams, w^. one at each Head ; into thcfe Beams the Girdeyj of the Garret- floor arc Framed ; and if it be a Timber Building, the Tea:^le Tennons of the Ports are Framed. The TcaTje Tem«ns are made at right Angles ^0 thofe which are made on the Pofts to go into |he Raiforis, and the ReliJ}), or Cheats of thcfe Teaj:^le Tennons fiand up within an Inch and a ! of the top of the Raifon, and the Beam is caulked down Twhich is the fame as Dove-tailing a Crofsl till the Cheeks of the Mortices in the Beam con;oyn with thole of the Teazle Tennan on the Pofts. 2. The Sire] The Beams, according to an Aft of Parliament, for the Rebuilding of the City of London, after the dreadful kite, were appointed robe o! the fol'ovvingScaotliit^f, v/^. Foot B E • 31 Foot Inch Inches. 1 5 T mufl be n J ■) r 5 Iength< i^S-in that^ 8 >and << C 17J Square. LioJ C < And fo proportionably to their lengths. Eut in the Countrcy, rvhere Timber is more plentiful j they generally make their Beams Slowtet. Sit Henry Wotton advifes, that all Beams^ Girders^ and Sum- mer s^ ought to be of the ftrongeft,and moft durable Timber. Bear. Timber is faid to hear at its wlwle length, when neither a Brk\-waUy or Pofts, &c. ftand between the ends of it. But if eithera BWci^-w / 9 > in their x^ 7 >and 1 1 1 or 1 2 V Squares C. 8 > 5 Sqt So large they were order'd to be, and no lefs. They might ( I iuppofe) be as niuch bigger as they pleafed. Boarding of Walls, V. Weatheir-board'mg. Boat. A term iifcd among Iron-rtioflgers, to fignifie a certain fort of Bolts Of Iron, are of various forts. In Navigation they have 6 Kinds^ for which they have diAioft Names, which we fhall not here ftay to defcribe. Some Ji-on-mongers diftinguifh thofe for HouCe-building, into but 5 forts, t'/>;. Plate^ Round, and Spring Bolts. Plate, and Spring -bolts are made ufe of, to faften Doors and Windows, and thefe are of different Sizes, and Prizes. I have known fmall Spring-bolts fold at ^ \d. per piece, others at $>d. others at 14^, and fo likevvife Plate- boitSy feme are ^d. loi. t^c. per piece. There are alfo Brafs-kpob'd-bolts, flmrt^ are a. bout I o d. per piece long for Folding-door s^ about 1 8 rf. per Piece. Iron Balcony-bolts, dbout i s. There are al- fo Br afs-tlate- bolts ^ at about 10 d. per piece. There are alfo' Romd-bolts{oT long Iron-pins) with a Head at one end, and a key-hole at the other, thefe are commonly fold by tlie tt. vix,. %\d,at ^d.pn^. Bond, A Term ufcdamongft Workmen; for when they fay make good Bonrf, they mean faften the two, or more pieces of Timbct weH together, either with Tenanting, and Morticing, or fiioire-tailiag, &c. D Metham 34 B R Botham, Is an Iron-ir.ongers Term, which they ufc to fignific a certaia fort of fiails -, for which V. Ad///, N. 2^ Boulder-vOiiUs. 1. Whatl That is Walls made of round Flints, or Pebbles, which are lound where the Sea hath a Beach caft up, and alfo at fome other places where there were plenty of Flints. , 2. tfie Method of bKildivg thi'm,] As I am inform'd by a Brick- layer that.hath been ufed to fuch Work, 'tis their ufual wayfif they can fo fit it) for two to work upon it at a time, one at one fide of the Wall, the other at the other fide, and one to be right- handed, the other left; for two fuch fit bcfl to work together in this fort of Work : They have a Hoddof Mortar pour'ddown on their Work, and fo they part it betwixt them, fpreading it each toward himfelf, and thea they lay in their Boulders, or Flints. But he faith, they always work with a very AifF Mortar, and had need to have a good length of Work before them •, for they work but one courfe in heighth at a time •, for faith he, if wc fhould do more, it would be apt to fwell out at the fides, and run down ; and therefore we are forced to vork continually in length .- He faith likewifc, that if it chance to be mifly Weatlier, 'tis very difficult to make the work fiand. 9. Pric.i.'] He tells me, that their Cuflom is to work by the Sqiwre, or J 00 Foot; tor wiiich their ufual Price is 12/. fo? Wjrkmandiip only. Bou/i.\ V. Boltf. In an Architefture, is a Convex-moulding, that confifls of an rxaft I of a Circle; being the Member next below the Plioth 13 Tujcan and Do)k\C(tpital. Braes J In a Building, is a piece of Timber, which is framed in with Scvel Joints. Its ufe is to keep the Building from fwerving, ei- ther tfiis, or that way ; they arc fometimes call'd Strutts, vi^, Whea thej are Frana'd ia the Kmg-pkcey and principal Raf- Brads ^^ 35 Brads 1. What.} Are a fort of Nails without Heads, feme Iron- mongers diftinguifh them into fix Species, as followeth, x/^. 2. Joynersyl P'*'" f°' '^^'^^ Wood-vvainfcot, from i Inch ^o 2 ^ in length, 5. Batten] For foft Wood-wainfcot, the forts are, id. 2d. 2d. Vitto^ large 4 d. Ditto large, 'yd. 6d. 4. f/oarin^,] Plain for foft Wood, Joyfts, the. forts are 14. 15, 18, ip, 20, 21, 22, 23, 28, 32, and ^6fk.per M. 5. Ditto firong,'] Fit for hard Joy fts, the forts afe 15. i$,ip, 24, and 32 ii.fer M. tf. Quarter-beads,'] For foft Wood the forts are 10. 15, 15 18, 19, 20, 22, 25,28, and ^2 It I'fr M. ' * 7. Ditto Jlrong,'] For hard wood Jdyfls, the forts are 14. 20 54, 44, and 5 4ffc/>erM. N. B. MlBill-bradi, alias Quarter-heads, are very fit for fliallow Joyfts that are fubjeft to warp, or for Floors laid in Iiafi, or by unskilful Perfons, becaufe the Bill to the. Head will hinder the Boards from ftarting from the Joyfls, but doth not make fo fmooth Work as the plain Brads Laftly, As to the Prices of Brads, I fliall fet down but a few it prefcnt, which fhall be thefe following, w>[. ,. I. Of Batten-brads, in the Country they vulgarly call 'ent foyners Brads, the ufuaf Price '2od. 5 of a M. of ^ \\ finch is') i $ 2. Of Quarter -heads f or Bill-brads for foft Wood-floors, the I afual Price ofaM.of {;^}ifc»{t;: 9d. 6d. Break in. Is a Term ufcd fay Carpenters, when they cut, (or rather break) a hole in Brick-walls with their Rippiog-chiffeJ, D 2 Breji. ^6 BR Breft, A Term in Architefture, madeufcofby fomcto fignifiethc fame Member in a ColumQ^ that others call a Jkorus> A Bre'whoufe. None heed be told what it is*, but what I here mention it for,, ii becaufc it is a necelTary part in all Dvvelling-houfes, efpecial- Fy in the Country ; Now Sir H. Wotton in his£/ew. Arch» faith. That allOfiices that ^equireHeat,as,B^e»'-A'«/eJ,B ; and thofe from their ufe are But- trefSfOt Pilafter, Coping jiod Paving. OfaH which we fhall treat in their order. And, D§ i,Cm 58 B R -— ^— ^^^^-^^— — ^— ^— ^— ■— ^ — ^— ^— I. Compafs'bricl(^s.~\ Thefeareofa Circular Form, their ufc i: for Steenitij^ of Walls, the which I was told by an ancient ex- perienced Vyorkmao, he ufed to perform thus, v/j. He having rji. laid a good Bed of Clay, for the bottom, they I'aved it with common, ar Statute-bricks, onjy )aid down on it, and well fetled thereon, and then they began their Compafs-work with the Compafs brUks, and as they carried iqj their Courfcs, they ram- med Clay in behind them (for they had room left behind for the purpofe) which made all the Joyqts of the Br/cJ^j pen clofe and! tight together. He faith, he hath done pch Work, where the Walls have been but a little depth in the Ground, and in a loofe open Mold fwhere the Water hath been brought in by Concave- bricks) and hath known fome which he did betwixt 20 and 3c Years ago to do very w^il. As to the Pfice of thefc Bricks he could not certainly tell me ; but bethought not much dearer than common or Statute-bric\f;h\xi then he faith, he that hath them made for hisufe, is commonly at Bricks of ^ / > will Pave a In Surrey^ and feveral Counties 6f England^ are made Paving. Br.T^f of 3[ feveral Magnitudes, vi^. lan.fquare, and i • n. {hick, ion. fquare, and 1:^0. thick) and 8n. fquare, ind I n. tliick , cither of thefe forts being Polliflied , <)r rubbed with fliarp Sand on the Surface, and well joyn= ed, and the fides made equal by hewing them with a Brick- ax, ^n^ f ^bbuig them on a rubbiDg Stone with /harp Sand, makes BR 4, an excellent Pavement, and very pleafing to the Eye, cfpedally when laid Arras- ways. I have feen Expcrimeats made on fdme Sujfex Paving-bric\s^ which were 6 ^ n. fquare, i -l n. thick, 2 of them weighed II tt. Tcre, fo that 100 of them would weigh $50 ft. and x 1000 S500 ft. and by confequence about 407 of them would weigh a Tun. I have known feme made of 90. fquare in Suffex^ which ufc to be fold for about 8 j. per Hundred. An experienced old Workman told me he had made P^twrg- Br/c^iof Clay that were 15 n. fquare, which he was very much troubled to prevent tlieir warping. Thefe Bricks, when burntj, were of a pale red IColour, as were alfo fome which he made 6 n. fquare of another fort of Clay, fome Miles diflant from the former. He faith, that Paving bricks, mide of Lome^ have the red- deft Colour, when burnt : But they ought to be made of bet- ter Earth than common Brk^St tho' they fcldom are, by thofe that make them for Sale. He faith alfo, that befide the goodnefs of the Earth in Paving' Brkki-^ there ou^ht to be a great deal of care taken in the dry- ing ot them, to prevent their warping, and alfo when they are dry, to take them and drefs them fmooth and ftrait, on that which is to be the upper Surface, and alfo to pare the edges ftraight,3nd a little under, making an acute Angle with the upper fide, and to lee that they be exaftly fquare, and then put them inthe Kiln, and burn them. The ufual Frice of p,or fo n. Paving-kicksh from 8 to 12 j., per C in the Country. I have known ion. pnes {rom Surrey brought by Water to Sea- port-towns in Kent and Sujftx^ and fold for 10 s. perC. 11. Pentadoion,] Arc i (ort of Bricks in i/jfe formerly anibng the Greeks, being g f. on. long, and i f. broad, with thefe they did build their publick Edifices. V. Didoron. 12, Place- bricks '~\ This is a general name for all forts of Brickt thjtare made after the infuing Method, from whence they de- rive their Name Now Workmen tell me they are forced to have above one Method in making ofBnci^/,not for Fancy fake, but out of pure Neceffity j the Rcafon of which proceeds from certain different Qualities, inherent in different Earths. But to proceed, Place-brickjy and Stock-bricks are the 2 Kinds that receive their Names from the Method of their making. Place-brickj are generally made in the Eaflern part of Sujjex -, fo call'd, becaufe there is a Place juft by where they Strike (or Mold; their Bncksy which is a level fmooth piece of Ground, prepared for the Bearer-off (who carries the Bricks from th^ Striker)to lay them fingly dovvn in Rows (which they call Rick/j a|s fgon as they are Molded, and there they are left till they are j little 42 B R ^^ little dried, vi^. Till they are ftiffenough to be turned on their Edges, and Dre/? (that is, cut oif their Inequalities, and Rugofi- ties) and when they are dry, they carry them to the /Jacl:s (or Places where they Row them up, like a Wall of 2 Bricks thick, \vithfome fniall Intervals betwixt them, to admit the Wind and Air to dry thcm.j when the Hacl^ii fiU'dthey are covered with Straw on the top, till they are dry enough to be carried to the Kiln to be burnt. 1 5. Filafter, or Buttrefs-brkks. ] Thefe Bricks are of the fame length, breadth, and thicknefs with ihc great BricliSj ^. 9. they differ from them only in this, they have a notch at one end, which is half the breadth of tiie Bricl(j, in breadth, and alfo in the length ^ they are made in the fame Mold witli tlie great Bricl^, pnly when they make Pit ajler -bricks y they put into one corner of the Mold, a Cube of Wood of ^ n. fquare j which piece caufcs the notch in the Brklis when they are Molded. The ufe of thefe Bikks is to Bond the Work at the Pilajlers of Fence-Will L, (mltoi great Brkkj, Thefe Pilaflers are made a Foot fquare, viT^. A Brick in length, or 2 Bricks a breadth, alternately tliroughout the whole heighth of the Pilajhr. So that the Pilafter ftandsout 5 n. beyond the Surface of the Wall o}) each fide. 14. Samel, or Sandal- brkks,'} Are thofe which lie out mod in a Kiln, or Clamp, where the Salt-peter is notdigefled for wnnt of Heat, and thefe are very foft, and will foon moukier to dirt. 1$. Stocli-brickj,'] Thefe differ not from Placc-brkh in Form ; their difference lying coiiceal'd in the (Quality of the Earth \ they are made upon a Stock, c/r. The Mold is put on a Stock, after the manner of Maiding, or Striking of Tiles, and when one Brick is Molded, they lay him on a little piece of Board, a little longer than the Brick, and on that Brick they lay another piece of Board, like the \j}. and on tliat another Brick, after this manner, they lay 5Brickson one another, and fothey continue to f]rikc and place them on the Stage, as thev do Tiles, till the Stage is full, and then they take each 5 fuccefTive- Iv, and carry them to the /i^.jc(:.f, and turn tliem down on their edges ; fo that there will be the thicknefa of a thin piece df Board betwixt each Brick. When the Hac't^ is till d with 1 heiijhth of Bricks, from one end to the other, then they begin tp'fct tl»em up upon thofe which were ift. laid on the Hack, by that time thev will be a little dried, and will bear theothers; for they are Molded of very fliff Earth j when they fet a fecond or third, er 1000 at the Kiln. Tpe Price of making Statute bricksr] In the Country their ufu- al Price is 6 d.fer 1000 one Molderhath, tiie Bearer off hath ^d. and he that 'Tempers the Earth ready for ufe hath 4 d. per loco, and he that diggs it hith 6 d. per 1000^ for making the Earth ready Rafter it is digged, the digging being not reckoned intotlic making) Molding, Bearing off, ^c, iuA Buraipg, their ufuai Price is 5 /•K'' i®"^^' - ■ Mr, B R 45 Mr. Leybourn tells us, that about London, they allow the Molder 4 d. <,d.ov 6 d. per looo, and that Bricks made at home will ■ftand the maker of them in (befides the value of the Earth) be- twixt 5 and 6 s. per looo. But 1 am fenfiblc it will be more in Kentind Suffex^ at lealt feme parts of thofe Countries. 17. r^rr/irforon] An ancient fort of Greckifh Bricks, which were 3 f. or 4 Spans long; and i f. broad, being one of theif larger Size, with which they built their publick Buildings, V. Dl- doron. 1 8. Trimgular Brkks.'] This Form of Bricks is defcribed by Daniel Barbaro, Patriarch of ^^«i/e/rf, in his largeft Edition ot" hisCommen\ xtpon yitrmi'ius. He would have thcfe Triangular Bricks confifl of an equilateral Triangle, each fide to be a hootj and the thicknefs but an Inch and ; . This fort of Bricks he high- ly commends to us for many good Properties, as ifl. That they are Commodious in the Management, idly. Of lefs Expcnce. ^dly. Of fairer fljew, adding much Beauty and Strength to the mural Angles, where they fall gracefully into an indented Work : So that Sir Henry M'otron wonders that wc (in England) have not taken them into ufe, being propounded by a Man of fo good Authority in this kind of Knowledge ; but the truth is, that all Nations are apt to ftart at Novelties, and are very apt to be wedded to their own Ways and Methods. II ir. Of the Method of making.'] Of this W. Stack, unA Place- bricks. Mr. Worlidge in his Syfi. >}g>7V«/. is for exciting Btick- ma- kers to try their Skill, in making a Compofition of Clay and Sand, of which they may form in Molds, Window" frames for Houfes, of different Forms and Magnitudes, and alio C*/«r«ey- pieces, and Frames for Doors^ &c. in feveral pieces made in Molds, that when they are burnt, they may be fet together with a fine red Cement, and feem to be as one intire piece •, where- by m^y be imitated all manner of Stone-work now Hfed in Build* #og, and it will very well fupply its Defcft where Stones are wanting, or fcarce and dear, andalfofave very much Timber, which is now ufed in Brick Buildings, and appear much more Compleat and Beautiful, and be of greater f^rength, and more durable for lafling, than Timber, or ordinary Brick ^ and one would think it fhould be very feafible,as we may perceive by the i5rtr/^e«-;>/;'e/, made fine, thin, and durable, to carry Water un- der Ground at Portfmouth in Nampjhire, and by the Earthen- b/tcksf and Grates for Chimneys, made by Sir John Winter, for- merly at Charing-croffy of a ^reat bignefe and thicknefs, which arc evident, and fufficicnl Demonflrations of the PofTibility of making Work fine, thin, and light, for Tiles, either plain or cur- ved, and for making of greater Work in Molds, and through burning of them, for Dosrx, Windoves, and Chimney-jrfimes^ &c. This faith he, is one of the mofl feafiblc, and bJ^neticial Ope- rations that I know in England to be ncgkfted it 45 BJ^ It is really my Thoughts, much might be done concerning nuking of Chimney-pkces, Stotie-motdings, and Architraves for Doors, and Windows, and Architraves^ or F^fcwV ior Fronts of Buildings, i^c. if that Men of this Profelfion would but fct their Minds to work, to contrive fomc ^ood Ccmpofition of Earth, and a way to manaae it well in Molding, Burning, ;. That we ought not to be difcouragcd with our ignoble Materials for Building, which we ufe inEngland, in compirifon of the Marbles of Ajia, and Numiifta : For faith he, i have often at Kenver viewed \sith much plcafure, an Anti- porcl-., BR __47 porch, after the Greek, manner, crcfted by Andreas Palhdio upon 8 Columns of tlie Roman Order, the Backs of Stone without Pcdeftals, the Shafts or Bodies of mere Brick, ^ ; Foot in Dia- meter below, and confcquently ^5 Foot high, as himfelf hath defcribed them in his fecond Book. Than which faith the Am- badadour, mine Eyes never yet beheld any Columns moreftafe- ly ot Stone, or Marble, for the Bricks were \j}. formed in a Cir- cular Mold, and were cut before they were burnt, into 4 Quar- ters, or Quadrants, or more than 4 Parts, for he could not cer- tainly tell how many the fides were afterwards in laying, jointed foclofe and nicely, and the Points concenter'dfo cxaftly, that the Pillars appear one intire piece. And therefore J would not have Englijh Men be difticarfned, that we do here want thofe firm and folid Stones, which Nature hath furniftied other Nations with ^ but rather to exercife their Ingenuity, to fupply our fdves by Art, with thofe things which Providenee hath thought fit we fhould want, unlefs we would do fo. And if we can but bring fuch things to perfeftion which have been here hinted at, it may hereafter redound to the Ho- nour of the Englijh Nation. I mention thefc things here pure- ly to ftir up inquifitive Perfons, to endeavour after an Improve- ment of fuch Arts, and that they might not be fo ftupid, as to fuppofethat either they,or their Fore-father«,vvere arrived at the ne plus ultra of this, or any other Art i and to perfwade thenr, (if pofTtble) to throw off that (lothful and dangerous Principle, of refling contented with being pofttfled with the fame degree of Knowledge, which our Prcdeccllors had before us j and of tninking that they have skill enough, becaufe the barbarous part of the World, doth not pradlice fo much as they .• But I would very fain, (if it lay in my Power) prevail upon Mechanicks,to fee what Improvements in their Frofefllons they can bring forth. V, of the Method >,f Burmi.g BrUVs^ &c.] All Bricks that are burnt, are burnt either in Kilns or Clamps. An experienc'd old Brick-burner, or maker, tells me, thaf his (and fome other experienced Brick- burners) Method in burning of Br/t(^j and Tiles ^ was thus, vir^. The Kiln being fet, and covcr'd with pieces of Bricks, they \J\. put in fome Cord, (or great) Wood tc dry the Ware, with a gentle, even Heat or Fire-, which Fire they continue till the Ware is pretty dry y whicli they know by obferving the Reck which afccnds out oa the top of the Kiln, for when it is changed from a thick Vapour, betwixt a whitifhand darkifh colour, to a kind of a black Smoke, which is naore tranfparent than the Vapour which i/?. arofc from the Kilo-, after this blackifh Smoke hath afcended fot fome time, they put in no more great Wood, but proceed to make r^y for burning ^ which is performed, either with Spray, Eafbyfurz, Heath, Brake, or Fern Faggots j but before they put 48 BR put in any Faggots, they damm up the Mouth of the Kiln (or Mouths -y for feme Kilns have more than one Mouth) with their Shmhgy as they call it Oviiich is pieces of Bricks piled upon each other, with wet Btick Earth, inOead of Mortar.) This Shinlog they make fo high, that there is but juft room above it to thraft in a Faggot, ti^. Betwixt a i ; f. and 2 Foot, for the whole hcighthofthe Mouth is about 3 f. the Mouth being thus Shin- log'd, they proceed to put in Faggots, till they make the Kiln and its Arches look white with Heat, and the Fire begins to ap- pear at the top of the Kiln, and the Kiln and Arches below b*- §tn to change from white to agreyifh Colour -jthen he faith they ackcn the Fire for fome time, vii^. for about \ an Hour, or an Hoar, as they think fit •, tlut the Fire, or Heat may afcend to the top of the Kiln, by the Motion of the Air in at the Mouth, and alfo that the lower Ware may fettle and cool, and not be burnt more than that above it. Thas they continue to do, heating and flacking alternately, till the Ware be through burnt, which it will be (he faith) in about 48 Hours : According to this Me- thod, he faith he hath burnt many Kilns of Ware fo equally, Chat thofe on the top were almofl as hard as thofe below (if not altogether.) He told me he had burnt fevcral Kilns of T>les and iBr;c/^i together, w^. About 3000 Bricks, and 10 or iiooo of Tiles, and hath not had above 50 wafle, broken, and Sandal Tiles in all (which I will alTure you is very rare j) whereas, faith he, fuch Brick-burners as continue their Fire without any inter- miffton, make their lower Ware Cxtream hard; and that on the top of Samel-bricks, or Tiles, nay, and which is worfc, they make the lower ones run fo with theexceffive heat, that they arc almoft united into one intire Body, fo that they are forced to get them out with Wringers (or Iron-bars) and each Belt of Tdety fliall be one intire Mafs (which I have obferved my fclf.) And then as to cooling of Kilnsof Ware, fome unwifc Bur- ners, as foon as the Ware is burnt, they immediately flop up the refl of the Mouth of the Kiln, which was left open above the Shinlog, by which means it is Ion? in cooling, fo that they (w^. Such Indifcreet Burners) are commonly a Fortnight, or almofl 3 Weeks, insetting, Burning, and Cooling, and drawing of a Kiln of Ware. Whereas, faith he, I have Set, Burnt, Cool'd, and Drawn a Kiln a Week for fcveral Weeks together. But then I never flopped up the red of the Kilns Mouths above the Shinlog, but left it open for the Air to pafs ia and cool the Ware. He alfo told rac, that 5oo of Faggots Would burn a Kiln of 10 or IIOOO of Statute-brk^s. Mr. W;w^ informs os, that i Chaldron of Coals will burn about 4200 of Bricks. I have been informed that their Method of burning flmljxitt CUmpt, isfomething after this manner, vl^. They build their Clamps of the Bric^ that are tg be burnt fomething like the Method B R 4? Method of Building the Arches in Kilns, vi^. With /i vacancy betwixt each Bricks breadth, i^c. for the Fire tp afccnd by j but with this difference, that inAcad of Arching, they trufs, or fpan it ©ver, by making the Bricks Projcft over, one beyond the other, on both fides the place for the Woed and Coal to lie inj till they meet, and are bonded by the Bricks at the top, whicli . clofcs up the Arch ; this place for the Fuel, they carty up ftrait at both fides, or which is the fame thing, upright at both fides, till 'tis about 5 f. high, and then they begin to lay the Bricks J pro;efting over inwards till they meet in the middle^ which they will do in about 9 or 4 Courfe of Bricks in hcighthj the width of the Mouth being but about 2 {- f.Above this Arch they lay the Bricks in the order they do in a Kiln, to 8 or 10 f. in neighth, according as the Clawp is to be in bigncfs ; for they ufually burn a great many Thoufands in a Clawp at a timej fo that they build them 8 or 10 f. above the Arching, But you muft further note, that after they have begun to make the Place (or Places j to receive the Fuel, before it is do- led up at the top, it is aimoft filled with Wood, and on that they lay a thicknefs of Sea-coal, and then they ovcrfpanthe Archj but they flrew Sea coal, all over tl^e cUrrp from bottoni to top, lii. Betwixt ail the Rows of Bricks ; for they are not laid Contingent in theit Vertical Rows, and one Courfe of Brick is laid one way, and the other another, fothat there isfmail In- terf^ices betwixt all the Bricks, for the Coal t© befirewed into^ from the bottom to the top : This being done^ they fire the Wood, and that fires the Coal j the which, when 'tis all burnt out, they conclude the Clamp of Bricks to be burnt. VI. of the quantity of Earth to make a thoufand of Brickji &c/] I am inform'd that 2 Load of Lome (^a.Load being i? Bufnels) will make about 200 of Statute-brickj^ and then by confequence, $ Load will make a 1000. Alfo that 19 Load bf Lome will make 1600 of great Bricks, and 11 will be fiiffil- cient for a 1000 of the fame. yU, of the Choice of Bricks, ^c."] P% advjfes In making cHdice of Bricks for Building, to be fure (if poffible) to procure fuch as are iTears old at leaf!. There are commonly, and gene- rally in all Kiliis and Clamps, 3 Degrees of Bricks, in gdodoefsg iii^. The tjf. and 6eft fort arc thofe which He next the Fire^ (viz. thofe are befl for lafting^ and have, as it were, al Glofs on them, which proceeds from the Salt-peter, which is in- herent in them, and which by the Violence of the Fire, runs and glares them ; thefe are call'd CUnt^s. The fecond and mod general fort for Building,are thofe whicH lie next in the Kiln, or Clamp, to thofe before mentioned. The Tfd. and woffl fori, are thofe which lie oa the out-fides 6f the Kilns and Clamps, where the Salt-peter is not digeflcdl wt w^Qt df a dee He^t^ ind thefe whea thev come to be cxpo- ^ ' % " ' M 50 B R fed to the \7eather for feme time, will iroulderaway like Dirt j and tliefe V/orkmen call Samel, or Sandal'bricks. 'Tis an Ob- fervatron, That whilfl Biicks zre Eufning, thofe on the Windy fide of a Clamp, are the worfl of all. VIH. Of Obfcrvable^ h Buying and Id/n^ Brfc^j-, 8a.] And tjf^ Of Buying, the laQ Number will direft any Mafter or Workman (that doth not underrtand it) how to choofcgood Bricks ; and in the i5 §. of Bricks, vk. Under the Head Statute-bricks, you have fome Directions, as to the Number of Bricks ; but you fTiufl note, 'tis impolTtble to be certain (to knowj hew many will be wanting exaftly •, besaufe in fuch Cafes there can be no infallible way difcovcred ; and that fo? fcveral Reafoas, v/^.- faltho' the Bricks were all made in the fame Mold, anci- Burnt in the fame Clamp, or Kiln) the Bricklayers Hand may v.-rry in laying his Mortar, zdly, Many Bricks warp in Burning (and the SelJer will brin^ you fonic fuch, in- fpight oi all your Care in chu^ng.Ji gc/y. Some mifcarry, and arefpoilcd in every Carriage, ^tfjly. The Tally, or Tale is for tlie moft part toa little, if not well looked fo> And bcfido all thefe Uncertainties, when Bricks are dear, and Lime cheap; (^vhich fometimes happens fc) if ycu put your Work out by the Great, or by Meafuf e, and he is to find Materials that dctlr the Workj the Workman without good looking after, will cer- tainly ufc the more Mortar, and mi^e vtry great Joints ,. which- is a dcfeft in my Building. Secondly, Of laying Brick's, which is a thing cf nb fmalfCon- fequcnce in a Building ; for the well Working, and Bonding of JSr ck-work (or as fome Workmen call it, bpeaking of Joint,) cjnduccs very much to its Fortitude •, I tliink therefore it may not be amiSto add fome particular Notes aboat it, wliich ex- perienced Workmen have thouglit convenient to commend to- the Piiblick, as well- wortii their Chfervation. Firft. Let me e&mmcnd to your Care, to be (are to procure good fli'bng Mortar -, of which V, Mortar. Sccor.dly. [f your Brki:is are laid in Winter, let tliem be kept and laid a< dry as pofilbls -, if tliey are laid in Somi^ier-time, it wiHquic coft to iinploy Bo)s to wet them y lor they will uniti with the Mortar much better, than if they were laid dry, and will mike the Work much llron^er. But perhaps it" raay be v.'cil oS;\."rted, that it uill be too much trouble to wet all the BricI^ (by dipping tliein in Wafer) if the Euildihgbe large 5 and' bcfides, it nukes the Workmen's Fingers fore. To prevent thefe Inconvcniencies y there may be Water throw'd on each Courfe of tirici*/ after they are laicf, as I am inform'd was done at the Building of rh/ci(;/, and 2 n. broad, and lay it On the lafl Toothing Courfe to bear it, or a Brick-bat put upoa the laft Toothing, will bear it till the next Quoin is fet upon it, and then the Bat may be taken away. Sixthly. The fame Inconvenicncy happens at ah upright <^uoin in a Brick and ]■ Wall^ where 'tis ufual to lay a Clofer next the Header on both fides of the Watl^ and info doing, 'tis joynt in Joynt ail the length of the Wall, except by chance i 3 quarters Bat happen to be laid. To prevent which inconvenicncy, and thereby make the Wall much firmer, lay a Clofer on one fide, and none on the other fide ^ but lay a 5 quarter Bat on the Quoin in (he' 5tretching-courfe, aqd in the Heading-courfc, adjoyn an Hea- der next to the Header at the Quoin. Alfo in 2 Brick: walls y 't i^ the bed way in Stretching- courfes, wherein tliey lay firctching on both fides the Walli, next the Line, fo alfo to lay ftretching in the middle of the Wall^ and Clofers next to each Stretching-courfethat lies next the Line. . A Bricklayer and his Labourer (having all his Materials rea- dy) will lay in a Day about icoo Erkl^St in whole Work on a fo- lid Plain, and fome very expeditious Fellows will lay 12 or isoo. E 2 X. Of %t B R IX. of Fadng Ttmber-bnildings with BrUkf.'] In fome Placet ^nsMethodof facing Timber-building is in uie, but I think it fliould be call'd Cafeing ; for 'tis covered ail over on the out- fide with Brick, fo that no Timber is to be feen. The which it performed after thi» manner, w;> All betwixt the Timber Ac Wall is a Brfel^ a length thick (or 9 0. Wall of Brici^ but againfl the Timber, the Wall of Br/cjly ii, but 4 i n. or half a Brick, or the breadth of a Brick, thick (befide the Timber.; But this Method is not approved of by able Workmen, be« caufe the Mortar doth fo extceamly corrode and decay the Timber. For I remember an experienced Bricklayer told me, that he did p\ill down fuch Work at Eridg/t-fUce (which is one of my lord of Abergaven/s Country-featsj and the Timber wai ei». ticamly corroded, and eaten with the Mortar. Br'ickla^er*s» t. Work J 1\\tBmHfjef*s Wor\_ in the City is of varioitt Rinds, vi^. Tylirgy Walling^ Chirnney-venk^ and Paving with Brickt and Tiles. But in the Country 'tis commoo for the Br/clt/4;e»-V Trade, tocomprchendthc 3f4//«Tj and PU'ifterers alfo. All which Particulars will render it too large to be com- prehended under the general Head ot Bricklayer" s-vfork ; I therefore think it will be more convenient to rank it under its particular Branches, or Parts, vj\. WaUing^ Tjling, Chimntj' mrkj Pavingy gCc, m BR 53 — " -'" ' ■ ( *• Bill tf makjni.'] A Bricklayer's Bill may be Compofed after this Mctho(}. Mr. Robert Rich of Rochener hit BUI of MaterUlSj had eft Mi Jfoit ^^^^ */ Benjamin Bennct, Brickjajer^ October 5. 1702. /. X. d. For n Thoufand of Bricks at 1 5 /, perM. " 09— oo—oo For 8 Thoufand of Tiles sc aox. per M. . 08 — 00 — 00 For 17 Hundred of Lime at 14^. per C. — — — 1 1— 18 — 00 For I $ Load of Sand at 2 s. 6 d, per L. ■ 1 02 — 05 — 00 For 10 Hundred of jin. Pa?ing-tiles at 10/. 6 d.i ^^ ;>(r Hundred. j For 40 Ridge-tiles at i ^ d.per piece.— •——00— o$— 10 For§ Weeks and 3 Days Workformy fclf, at 3 ^,7^^ per diem. j ^ ^ For 27 • Days for my Man at a /, 6 d. per Day. —03 — 08 — 09 For a Labwircr 27 i Days at is. Zd.per Day, — 02—05— lo Sum Total is 4$— 11 — 0$ But note, if Bricklayers do not work by the Day, then they ufc a different Method in Writing their Bills ; for then they either take their Work by tlie Great, w^. to do all, and find all belonging to Bricklayers Work,'or elfe he is to do it by Mea- fure, and to find all Material and Work, at fuch a Price by the Rod for Walling^ by the Square for Tilings and by the Yard for Pavings &c. But if he find no Materiab, he may alfo work by Meafure, and then the Bill mufl be made after this manner, vixj. For fo many Rods oiWAlUng^ at fo much (^according to their Agreement) pfr Rod, &c. Note alu) that in fome Buildings Ch'mneys are put out to the Bricklayer by the Hearth, cither only to build, or to find Matc» rials alfo, and then the Bill is made according to the Agree - mcntf, There are fome other things which come into a Br'uklajer'' t Billy Tjz. All Hind of ornamental Work in Bric^, which is com- monly fet down, or rated at fo much per Foot, or fo much pet Piece, except a good Rate be allowed by the Rod, cr piece, according to the fargcnefs, and goodaefs of the Work and Materials ^ and thus all Ornamental wjj)^, ought to be valu- ed. By the word Ornamental worT^, is to be undcrflood in Bricl(^ l.tyers H'orli; all kind of Bricli^vcorl^ that is hewed with an Ax, or rubbed on a Rubbing ftonc, or of Stone wrought xvith Ch'iffelsy or rubbed with Stones, or Cards, all fuch is orna-' menffl/ K'o>(;, and ought to be paid for, befides the Rod-work, ^c. I fliall now proceed to fpealc of that part of Bricklayer's work, which is called I. Some Kotes ahnut Meafurw^^ ^c.l Sometimes EyIc\ walls are wrought 2 n. thicker than the reftof the Work, part of the "xvay, which 2 n. ferveth iot zW at er -table to the WalJ, which is ufually fet off about 2 Foot above the Ground ; and therefore the Brick work may be meafured at the fame thicknefs that is a- bove the Water-table^ and then the 2 n. Work may be thus added toit Suppofe a V7all 20 f. in length, and 2 Bricks thick above the Water- tahh. Afrer the Dimenfions of the Wall is taken (from the bottom, to the hcighth it is to be taken at 2 Bricks thick J then add ao f. in length by theheighth ofthe 2 n. Work, v/^. Vrom the bot- tom to the fetting off, or Wutertable,\\\nc\\ being halfed, isfq much 4 n. Work, and then reduce it to z Brick and .\ Work„ As for crnawental IVorky we need not to mention that here, it bein^ mentioned above. 8. ThsMesfavng of Gable ends in Brfck^woxkj is done after the fame Method tluit Carpenters mcafu ire Gables, (only this is reduced into Rod-workj V. Gable-end^ N. 2. 55. Be furc to obfcrvc, in taking Dimenfions of Walls that jo^'n to an Angle, that the length of one Wall be taken at the out-fide of the Angle,, and the pther^ length to the in-fidc of ihe Angle. 4. If tliere be a Gah'e endto raeafare, and the width of the Honfe be given (orknown^ Which is the Bafe of the Gable erd] and the Icnj-th of the Perpendicular is required, there is a hricfwayufcd amongft Meafurers to find it. To make it the plainer, I will piropoie an Example, viz,. Suppofe the Bafe of tJie Gahle be 24 f.' artd the length of the Perpendicular is recjui- red •, take the length of the Rafter (which will be) 18 f. to ^vhich adu \ it fclf, w>. 9 Foot, it makes 27, the -i of it is 13 f. (' n the lenj^thof the Veipendicular. But tho'" this way be c^mn'Oiily pra^ifcd, it is nottxaf^, for it makes the Tcrpen- dicular a little too much; This you muft note is praftifcd for '^ ■ ■■•••••-■ . ■■ '■ ■ • ■ Roofs, B R _55 Roofethat arc 4 pitch ; and therefore I would not advife any to make ufe of this Method iJH any other Pitch. Now I am up- on Difcourfing oiQ able-ends^ i will here add 2 exaft ways, of finding the Perpendicular jthea/LfiiaU be by Proportion, tlws, 'u'u^. As §0 to 22, 35, fois tlie length of the Rafter U the Per- pendicular rc. per Foot, biit 'tis worth 1 5 or 16 d. per Foot, if the Stones are good and well polifticd, as they ought to be, for Kitchioj, Dray-houfcs, and SJcat private Places, B/iidin^* T. ConfiJe/athns ghaut it.^ Every Man that is difpofcd to Build, cither out of Ch6ice, or thro' Neceflfity, fliould ifl. ^i down, anfJ ferioufly confider of the whole Dcfign, vi^. Both of the Manner and Method, as well as the Charge and Expenc*. And I am fatis'fied, that Premeditation is a very ncecffary Max- im, or Preliminary to Euilding, becaufe we have it from no Icfs Perfon than oar blefTed SAVIOUR himfelf, who faith in t-ui^e 14. 25. ' Which of jfou intending to but Id a Tovrsr^ fitteib iiot dcwn firfl^ anJconntetb thf'coj}^ yebether he have fu^cient to fini/J>'it ? The I^cafon and NcctlTtty of it follo\ which they belong in the Diagrams, in Characters ; biecaufe un- Jefs the Schemes be very large, it will be very difficult to take the Dimenfions nicely, of the fmaller parts, if not of the great ones likewife ; it will fcarce be prafticable to take either of them to an Inch, nor perhaps, to 2, 5, nor 4, according asthepia- grjm may be in Amplitude. In the Orthographical Schemes, there inuft be the true Deli* nca* B U 6t neations, atid Dimcnfions of each Face, and all its Concoreti* tants, as Dowj, Wlndowsy Balconies^ Turrets, or Cupuloes, Cbim- neyPtaftSy Fafcia's^ Rufticl^ J^Ko/ny, Architraves, fn£7^et, Ccr- tt'iOtes, Pedments^Pilaflen , Cdlumns^ Shells over Dons^ Laatherm^, and all other Ornaments, And if it be a Timber-buildiflg, tiwaji ail the Members in that Face ought to have their fever2 Sizcs^ in Charjfters, and true Pafitions by the Scale. As for Exam- ple, the Ground plates, or Cdls, Intcrduces, Sreft-fumiEcr^ Beams, Principal Pofts, Brace<, Quarters, Prick-ports, or WindoW-pofts j Jambs, or Door-pofts, or Puncheons, Eiog- picces, or Joggle-pieces, Struts, Ccllar-beanis, Door foead%, Principal-ratters, Shreedings, ^f .The fchnography,Orthography, and Scenogr aphy of the Stair-cafe, may be alfo delineated, aod all its Parts, as Hand Rail, Rifers, Nofeing of the cover, or top, String Board, and Mouldings on it, or Cartoufes, BiHi- fters. Pendents, j^c. with their true Pofitions, Forms, and Dimenfions, all which being carefully done by an ingeiiiois Surveyor, I think 'tis almoft impolTible for a Workntan to mi- ftake, or to Commit any Blunders-, the to my knowledge they are too fubjeft to do it. More of this V. Draughts. You fliali next hear what Srr fi. W. faith of this Matter j his Precaiitiois are as follow, m'i^. Firft, (faith he) Let no Man that intends to Build, fettle hk Fancy on a Draught in Paper (or Vellum) of the Work or De- fi^n, how exadly foever Delineated, or fet off in Perfpeftivc, Without a Undel, or Type of the whole Strufture, and of eve- ty Parcel, and Partition, cither in Part-board, or Wainfot. Secondly f Let the Model be as plain as may be, without Co- lours, or other Beautifying, Icrt tlic Pleafure of the Eye, preoc- cupate the Judgment. i-afilyy the bigger this Type is, it is fo much the better ; oc* that f would perfwade any Man to fach an Enormity, as that J^9del made by Artmo Labaciy of St. Ffr^r's Church in Rome^ containing 22 Foot in length, li in breadth, and 15 in hcighth, which coft 4 1 84 Crowns, the Price of a reafonable Chappel, yet in a Fabrick of 40 or 50000 Pounds, there maybe very well expended 30 /. at leart to procure an exaft Model, for a little Penury in the Premifes, may eafily create fome Abfurdity, or Error, of a far greater Charge in the Conclufion. What Sir H. Wottm doth here caution, is very proper aru! rccjuifite, in large and fumptuous Buildings^ whether publick,of private; as for Noble-men's Manfion-houfes, and the like, but it is not worth the while, to beat the Trouble, and Cort to procure a Model for every little Dvvclling-houfe th^t Men Build for tlieir ©wn Conven?ency. Having thus given fuflficient Caveats, I will next proceed to difcourfe ofthe Compartition, or Contrivance, whereby to di- f^ribute the whole Ground-plot, ^c, in^o Hooms of office, or Entertainment, as far as the Capacity of the Building, and the Natafc 62 B U Nature of the Climate will corrcfpond, yea, fo far as it may be both decent and ufeful. But in the mean while we are to con- fidcr, whether the Building be to be crefted in a City, or great Town of Trade, and whether for a Gentleman, or a Shop-kee- per, which is the chief thing to be confidcred of by the Sur- veyor^ or Mafter- workman, before he makes his Draught. For a Gentle-man's Houfe mufl not be contrived like a Shopkee- pers, neither muft all Shop-keepers Houfes be a like , for fome Trades require a deeper, others may difpenfe with a fliallower Shop, and fo an Inconveniency mayarifein both; for if the Shop be hollow, the Front Rooms upward ought to be (hal- low alfo ; becaufe by the ftrift Rules of Architcfture, all Par- titions of Rooms ought to fland direftly one over the other 2 For if theShopftands in an eminent Street, the front Rooms are commonly more Airy than the Back-rooms, and always more commodious for obferving publick PalTages in the Street * and in that refpeft it will be inconvenient to make the Front- rooms fliallovv ; but if there be a fair Profpeft backwards of Gardens, and Fields, ((^c. (which feldora happens in Cities) then it may be convenient to make the Back-rooms the larger for Entertainment, (?Vc. "Tis obferved by fome, that in Building of Houfes long, the ufe of fome Rooms will be loft, and it takes up more for En- tries and Partages, and recjuires more Doors : And if a Buil- ding confiflof a Geometrical Square, if the Houfe be any thing large, there will be wantofLi^ht to the middle Rooms, more than if it be Built like an H,or fome other fuch like Figurefunlefs it have a Court in the middle of it, which was the Method of Building great Houfes formerly. J This way, like a Roman Ca- pital H, is much applauded by fome ; for fay they, this Form maketh it ftand better, and firmer againft the Winds, and Light, and Air come every way to it, and every Room is near the one to the other. Some afFeft this Figure very much, be- caufe the Offices may be remote from the Parlour, and Rooms of Entertainment ; and yet in the fame Houfe, which may ("crve very well for a Countrcy Gentleman's Houfe: Now tiic Method which fome propofe for fuch Buildings, is thus. In the Front of one of the long parts of the H is the K'.tchm, and the BAkehoufCy Brenf-lmfe, and Diir). houfe, in the fame part behind it i the Hall in the middle of the H, which fcparates the Par- lours (which are in the other long part) and Room; of Enter- tainment from the Offices. I fhall here add a cheap Contrivance in RM/W/n^, approved of by fome, and then proceed to Sir f{. IV. Method of contriving Noble Buildings. Now this chcjp way is tlius, v/^. Where Cricks may be had, the H'.dls o{ a Buildinu mjy be beft, and moll lecurcly railed with diem, and withlittk cod, if there be firm and ftronfj B U 62, Quoins, or Columns raifed at the corners of the Houfe, of fuffi • etentftrength to fupport the Floors and Roof, or the maia Beams of it^ they maybe built Square, and between them- th« Walls ma? be raifed of the fame Materials, and they may be worked up together with the Qtsoins, Jea'Hng the one half of the extrjordraary breadth of the Quoins without, and the o- ther within the Wall; whereby there will be much Charge faved^, both in Materials, and Workmanfiiipj and yet the Building be firm and ftrong. According to Sir H> Wot tors Definition of Contrivance, it €on- fifts of thefe 2 Heads, or Principles, Gracefulnefs, or Decency, and Ufefulnefs. Decency^ or Gracefulnefs, he alfo faith, confifh in a double Analogy, or Correlponclency. r/?. Between the parts, and the whole, whereby a great Fabrick flionld have great Apartments^, great Lights^ or Windows, great Entranses, or Doorsy greaS Stair-cafesy gxezt Pillar s, or Pilajlers-y in fine, all the Members,, and Parts grear, proportionable to the Building. The fecond Analogy, is between the Parts themfelves,. not only confidering their breadths, and lengths, as where we {peak of Doors and Windows, which V. B»t here faith Sir N. enters a third refpeft oi ffeighthy a Point (faith he, I muft confefs) hardly rcduceable to any general Precept. The Truth is, the Ancients did determine the Longitude of all Rooms which were longer than broad, by the double of their Lath- tkde, VitruviitSy Lib. 6. Cap, 5. And the heighth by [ the breadth and length added together, but when the Room was a Geometrical Square, they made the heighth X as much more as the Latitude, which Dimenfions the modern Architects have taken leave to vary upon Difcretion : Sometimes fquaring the Latitude, and doubling that Square Number, the Square Root of that Number is the heighth, and foractimee more, but fci- dom lower than the breadth. But what is here mentioned, I think is not now praftifed neither, unlcfs it be in fome Noble-man'is Houfe, who will liave a Hall, or the like, higher pitch'd than the reft of the Rooms in the Building, and fomctimes a Dining-room -y or elfe for the moft part, all the Rooms of a Floor are of an equal heighth ; and in my Judgment, 'tis by far the mofl commodious Method, becaufe then there is no Room lof>, (as there mufl be where one Room is open aJmoft to the top cf the Houfe, as I have ob- ferved it infomeold Burldin^s,) And then the Floor of the fecond Story will lie level and even, and not in the odd old Me- thod of Steps, out of one Room into th^ other. As [0 the heighth of Ao3.*/7j-, they are various in\ov\gf\ us, according js wiiat Perfons they are Built tor, and Cuftom of the Place in the Country ; ordinary Timber-buildings, are about 7 J» 9r 8 Foot at moll, betwixt Floopi : The fecond fort of Bou- tf4 5_U fes in the Country, it about 9 Foot betwixt the Floors, whi«h for the mod part it the Pitch of their Rooms at lunbridgc' welts. The third fort ill the CoQntry, (y'lt, in Kent and Skjfex) are GcDtIcmen*$ Seats, which for the moft part arc 10 or 12 Foot high, fuch as are new Buildings : But 'tis common in old Stone-buildiogsto be much higher, vi^, 14 or 1$ Foot. By A[i of Parliament for the Building of London, there was reckoned 4 Ratet of Houf'^ fes^ viz. The c^S Rate <^> Storici, Cellars and Garrets. r I T Rates, Cellars f 6 a Foot. -V \2Qinhcighthbc-3^T .*"■ <5rtwixt Floor \6y ^^€4 jand Ceiling. ( «t the Dtfcrction of the Buildefo The ^^>Ratc I Story.. The <^>Rate2Story. ■ 9 Foot. |IO tt Difcretion, ^r. ' 9 Foot. iio no -I at Difcretion, (^^ Tlie ^^J^RatejSfory.^^ 9Foo^ at Difcretiont (yu As to S!r Hen, 2 d. Point of Contrivance^ vfz. 'Ufefutflefs, wHicfti' ^ill confifl in a fufticicnt number of Rooms, of all forts, and in their due and apt Coherence without Wftraftion, or Confufion, foas theSpcftator may not only call it una Fabrka ben racoltd^ ^as the ttal'tans ufed to fay of well united pieces ofWork}bot like- Yvilc that it may appear Airy and Spirituous, and fit to welcome chearfttl Guefls j about which the prindpal DifficoUy will ht irf Gotiirh B U 6j Contriving of the Lights, and Stair-cafes, whereof I will give you a Note or two .* For the ijl. I obferve that the Ancient Architcfts wcJ-e at much eale ; for both Greeks ind Romans, (oi whofe private Dwellings Vitruvius hath left usfome Defcription) hid commonly 2 Clo)fered open Courts, oac for the Womens fide, and the other for the Men ; who perhaps would now tike fuch a Separation unkindly. However by this nieans they had a good conveniency, to admit Light into the Body of the Build' itig, both from without, and from within, which we muflnow fupply by foihe open Form of the Fabrick, or (among gracelul Refuges) by Tcrrafing any Story, which iS in danger of being too dark; or lafily, by Perpendicular Lights ftom the Roofj which are the moft natural of all others, . As to the fecond Dif- ficulty, vij^. Contriving of the Stair-cafes, which is no hard Point in it fdf, the only thing in contriving them, is to make them handfome, convenient, and in as little room as may be, that tbey be no hindrance to any other Room, or Rooms. I have, (faith Sir H. W.) obfcrved that the Itallin Architefts, are inclined to place the Kitchin, Biike-houf^, Pantery, Waning' roomj, and the Buttery like wife under Ground, level with the Cellar-floor, raifing the \Ji. Afcent i 5 Foot, or more iip intoi thcHoufe-, by which Method, befides removing Annoyances dut of fight, and having thereby much more room above. It doth alfo by the EJevatioo of the Front, add Majefty to th? v^hole Afpeft, and with fuch a Difpofition of the Principal Stair-cafe, vvhichcommonly doth deliver us info the Plain of the 1 d. Story, where Wonders may be done with a little Room i (I have obferved, that they commonly place all their Rooms for Office, about 5 Foot under Ground at tunbridgc-wellsy the ift. Stories being about 8 Foot, and then the Lights or Win- dows to them, be jufl above the Ground withoi t ; 'ut theti ydd muft note that thefe Houfes always ftand upon an Afcent, that they may have good Sewers to keep thefe lower Rooms drein'd dry from Water.) But the petty Offices (faith Sir H.) may be well enough fo remote in Italy, yet by the natural Hofpitality oi England, the Buttery mufl be more vifiblc, and we haveocca- fion for larger Ranges, or Chimneys, and more ample Kitchms than the Italians, or than perhaps the aforefaid Compartition 'will bear \ andlikevvife not fo remote from the Dining room, oir dfe (faith hej befides other Inconveniencies, perhaps fome of the Diihes may ffraggle by the way. Here (faith Sir M) let me note a common Defeft that we have mom Englifl) Buildings, viz. The want, or negleft of a very ufeful Room, call'd by the Italians II Tinello, 'tis veryire^ent, nay, almofteflential in all their great Families. 'Tis a place properly appointed for a Confervatory of the ^leatthat is taken from the Table, till the Waiters are ready to ^at, which with us is (according to an old fafhion) more utt' fecroly fet by. in the mean time. F Nov? 66 B U Now touching tlie diftribution of Lodging-chambers^ I muft here prefume to reprove an odd Cuflom they have in Italy, without any ancient Precedent) as far as 1 can learn by ^itru' vJus. Namely, That they fe contrive their Partitions, as when all tlie Doors are open on a Floor, one may lee through the whole Houfe, which doth necellarily put an intolerable Servitude up- on all the Chambers, except the inmoft, where none can ar- rive but through the reft ; or elfe the Walls muft be extream thick for fccret PalTjges, and yet this will not ferve the turn without 3 Doors to every Room ; a thing not to be born with in cold and windy Regions, and every way no fmall weakning to the Work; This Cuftom I fuppofe to be grounded upon a fond Ambition of difpla J' ing to Strangers all their Furniture at one view. There is likewife another Defcd^, (for Abfurdities are feldom folitary) which will follow by confequence, upon fuch a fer- vile difpofing of the Inner chaaibers. That they muft be for- ced to make as many common great Rooms, as there fhall be fevcral Stories, which (befidcs that they are ufually dark, a thing hardly to be avoided, running a: they do quite through the Houfe) do likewife devour fo much Place, that thereby they want other Galleries and Rooms of Recreation, which I have often confider'd amongft them. Having thus given fome general Hints and Direftions, and deleted fome Faults, the reft muft be committed to the Sagaci- ty of the Architeft, who will be often put to diverfe ingeni- oys Shifts, when he is to wreftle with fcarcity of Ground. As fometimes to dam one Room (^thc Italians call it Vra Stanza cfannata^ as when ^ Buttery is caftundera Stair-cafe, or the like) altho* of great ufe for the Beauty and Benefit of all the reft ; at another time to makcthofe faireft which are mofl in fjght, and to leave the other (like a cunning Painter) Iha- dowed. I will clofc this part (faith Sir H.) of Compartition, with a fhort Defcription of a Feaflmg^ or Enter taining-raom after the Egyptian manner^ who feem (at leaft till the time of Vitruvi- Ms J from the ancient Hehewsy and Phoenicians (whence all Knowledge did flow) to have retain'd with other Sciences in a high degree, alfothe Principles and Praftices of this magnificent Art. For as far as I can learn, and conjefture by VitruviitSy lib. 6. cap. 5. there being no Form for fuch a Royal Ufe, comparably imagined like that of the aforefaid Nation i which I fliall now proceed to explain. Let us conceive a Floor, or Area of a good length ^e. g. at leaft 120 Foot) with the Latitude fomewhat more than \ the Longitude (the Reafon whereof fhall be in its due place given) along the 2 fides and head of thefaid Boom fliall run an order of Columns, or PilJars, which Palladio doth fuppofe Corinthi- an B U 67 anoncS) lupplying that Point out of Greece, btcaufc we know no Order proper to Egypt. The other Head, or 4/^/j. Side, I will leave free for Entrance: on theaforefaid Pillars, was laid an Architrave, which is only mentioned by Vitruviw ^ Palladio adds thereto Cand not with- out Reafonj both Friefe, and Cornice, over which went up a continued Wall, and therein \ or I Pillars, anfwering di- rectly to the Order below, but \ part lefs, between thefc ' Co- lumns above, the whole Hoom waS Windowed round about. Now, from the loweft Pillars, there was laid over a Contig- nation, or Floor, born upon the outward Wall, and the Head of the Columns with Terrace and Pavement, iubdio, faith V't- truvius, and fo indeed he might fafely determine the Matter ia Egypt^ where they feur no Clouds ^therefore PaUadio (who leav- eth this Terrace uncovered in the middle, and Ballifter'd about) did perhaps conftrue him rightly, tho' therein diifering from o- thers. We muft underftand a fufficient breadth of Pavement, left between the open part and the Windows, for tbe PlcafHre of the Speftators that look down into the Room. The Lati- tude I have fuppofed a little more than 1- the length, becaufe the Pillars (landing at a competent diftance froni the outer- wall, will by Interception of the Sight, fomevvhat diminifli the breadth in appearance ; in which Cafe Difcretion may be more Licentious than Art. This is the Defcription of an Egyptian Room for Fcafts, and other jolitics. About the Walls whereof, we muft imagine entire Statues placed below, and illuminated by the^efcendihg Light from the Terrace, and likewife from the Windows between the half Pillars above \ fo that this Room had abundance of Light, and befides other Garniftiings, it-mufk needs feem very (lately to the hcighth of the Roof that lay over 2 Orders of Columns. Having thus far confider'd of the Lower parts of the Building, the Houfe may now have his Hat put on ^ which point, tho' it be the laft in this Art in Execution, (oi any part of the bare Shell of the Houfe) yet it is always the ifl. in Intention; for none would build but for Shelter : I fhall now only deliver a few of the propereft, and naturaleft Confidcrations belonging to the Roof. There are 2 Extreamstobe avoided in the Cover^ or Roofoi a Houfe, ^/;^. That it be not too heavy, nor too light, the i/f. will bcobjefted again ft the preffing too much the under Work ; the other contains a more fecret Inconveniency •, for theCover, otRoof^ is not only a bare Defence, but likewife a kind of Band, or Ligature to the whole Fabrick, and therefore will require fame Tcafonable weight ; but of the two a Houfe top heavy is the worfl •• Next, there mufl be Care taken to contrive an Equality of the Preflure of the Roof upon all the parts of the Edifice, v'tx^. As much on one (ide, as it doth on the other. And here Fallaiioi Advice is very good, which is F 2 this. <58 B U this, 0//;^. That the inward Walls may take their fhare of the Burdeu, and the outer ones be the lefs charged with it. Third- ht The Italians are very careful in giving the Koof a graceful Pendency, or Slopenefs, dividing the whole breadth of the Building into 9 parts, 2 of thefe Divifions fliall be the Perpen- dicular to the Roof. But in this Point the Quality of the Region is to be the Rule to walk by, asT/frkv/w obferveth^ that thofe Climates that arc fubjeft to great Snows, ought to have /harper Roofs than other places, where they are notfubjeft to the like Accidents j and in all I la res, Comelinefs muft yield to NecefTity. I will now add Dr. T. K's general Maxims, for Contrivance in Buildivg, which are as followeth,!"/:^. Let not the common Rooms be feveral^ nor the fever al Rooms be common.'^ (^by which, I fuppofe he means ^by what follows) that the com~mon Rooms fliould not be private, or retired, nor the private Rooms common.) The Hall (^which is a Pandochxum^ ought to lie open, and fo ought Galleries and Stairs (^provided the whole Houfe be not fpent in Pathsy Chambers, and Clofers) ought to be private and retired. Light fGod^s eldej} Daughter J U a principal Beauty in a Buil- itig,'] Yet it fhines not alike from all parts of the Heavens. An Eaflmndovp gives the infant Beams of the Sun,before they are of flrength to do any liarm,and is offenfive to none but a Sluggard. A South-wind^ in Summer is a Chimney with a Fire in it, and needs to be skreen'd bv a Curtain. In a Weft-roindow, in Sum- mer-time, towards Night, the Sun grows low, and over famili- ar, with more Light than Delight. A S'orth wir.dorv, is befl for Butteries, and Cellars, where the Beer will be fowre, becaufe the Sun fmiles on it. Tkorow Lights are beft for Rooms of En- tertainment, and Windows on one fide for Dormitories. 3. Receit.] As for Receit, a Houfe had better be too little for a D.iy, than too great for a Tear, And 'tis eafier borrowing of thy Neighbour a brace of Chambers for a Night, than a Bag of Money for a 1 2 Month. It is Vanity therefore to proportion the Receit to an extraordinary Occafion ; as thofe, who by over- building" their Hcufef, have dilapidated their Land?, and their Eftatcs have been prelTcd to Death under the weight of their Houfe. 4. Strengthr\ As for Strength, Comtry-houfes muft be Subffatt" tives,abletoj}andoftkemfelves.] Not like City-building?, fup- ported by their Neighbours, on each fide. By Strength, I mean fiich as may refift Weather and Time, and not Invafion, Caftles being out of date in England, only on the Sea-coft. As to ma- king of Motes round about a Houfe, 'tis a queflion whether the Fogs that arife from the Water, be not more unhealthfui than fihe Fifh brings Profit, or the Water Defence, Id B U (9 In working up the Walls of a Building^ do not let any Wall be worked up above 3 r.high, before the next adjoyning Wall be brought up to it, that fo they may be joyn'd together, and make good Bond in the Work. For there is an ill Cuftom ufcd among fome Bricklayers, to carry, or work up a whole Story of the Party-wall (^meaning in London J before they %vork up the Fronts, or other Work adjoyning, that fiiould be bonded, or worked up together with them, which occafions Cracks, and Sellings in the Walls of the Building^ which weakens it very much. Sometimes the Strength of a Building is much impair'd, in thecreftingof it, by reafon theMafter did not procure fuffiii- ent Stuff, or Materials, and Money before he began to Bui 1 j for v/hen Buildings are ererted by Fits and Faufes, now a piece, and Chen another, the Workdries,and finks unequally, whereby theJfrf/// grow full of Chinks and Crevices j this paufing Hu- mour is condemned by all Authors. - 5. Bcui.ty.'] Let nit the Front ko\ a [quint on a, firanger^ but accoj} him right At bis entrance."] Uniformity and Proportion, much pleafcth the Eye, and 'tis obfcrved that Free-ftOot-, li ab!ifhed by i4;/ 0/ Parliam:nt, before -Slie Re- building oi London. F 4 . ...^ *'>A. 72__ BU F/r/^, In every Foundation within the Ground, add one Bricli in thicknefs to the thicknefs of the Wall, next above the Foundation, to be fet off in g Courfes, equally on both fides. Secondly, That do Timber be laid within 1 2 Inches of the forc-fidc of the Cb'mmej/]ainbt. Third I)., That all /qx/^j on the back of any Chimney y belaid withi Trimmeft at 6 Ifiches diRai-'ce frooi the back. Fourthly^ That no Timber be Uid within the Funnel of any Chimney, upon Penalty to the Workman for every Default 10/, and 10s. every Week it continues unrcformeiJ. Fifthly^ That no Joyfts, or Rafters be laid at gfatcr diftan- ces trom one to the otherj than 1 2 Inches ; atid no Quarters at greater diftance than 14 Inches. Sixthly, That no Joj^s bear at longer length than 1 Foot j and no fingle Rafters at more in length than 9 Foot. Seventhly, That all Roo/j, Window-jramesj and Cellar-floors be made of Oak. Eighthly, ThatT//^-;>/nj be of Oak. Ninthly, That no Summers or Girders in Brick Buildings, do lie over the Meads of Doors or Windows. Tenthly,T'nit no Summers OT Girders dolielefs than 10 In- ches into the Brick- work ; nor no Joyfts lefs than 8 Inches, and that they be laid in Lome. Soniealfo advife that all Tarfels for Mantle-trees to lie on, or Lintels over Windows, or lemplen under Girders, or any other Timber that muft lie in the Wall to lay them in Lome, which is a great preferver of Timber ; but Mortar eats and corrodes it. Some Workmen pitch the ends of Timber that lie in the Walls to prefervc them from the Mortar. V. Of Survefwgof a Building."] I will here briefly touch upon the Method of Surveying oi Buildings •, by which the Manner and Form of taking Diraenfions may be feen, which take as fol- !owcth. 13 7J 4 Survey of a Building EreSed by R. "bA-for R. S. the th'icknefs of the Walls (as by Agreement') Brick and{, at ^L i^t Rod, jor Mortar and Workmanjhip, the Dimenfions were taken asfol- loweth. Foot. Parts. . !. The length of one fide. 4^4°'~"5o?^ ^ From the Foundation to the Raifing.ii 6— oj*4»-=o 2. The breadth at one end. Ji 7 — \6^ « Thcheighth to the Crofs-bcam. cid— 50/ ^"""^f 3. A Partition-wall within. J17 — 16^ * „ Height to the ij?. Story. tio— 50/'^°""'* 4. The length of the other fide. J? 9-— 3 jZ From an old Wall to the Raifing. \ 7— ooJ^75—3i 5. The breadth at the other end. r 17—00? p From the Floor to the Crofs- beam.! 4—83/ **2~ii 5. A Water Table 30 Foot reduced tor 7 — 507 From the Foundation to the Table.l j—idX ^5—70 7. A Setting off on the other fide of/,, <, 7 .^ « - the Houfc. li<5-83]. itf-85 ?. A Gable-end. << 6tf — 00 > 66 — 00 The Total Area, or Content of thefe? Pimenfions. /i 57 5— 27 F<oo..«re,{^™''-4-3'}..-34 4.AWi.dow.rfe. f^^°/;ZjZl°}'-'5 <. Another Window-lBroad — 4—5 ?,^ ,^ cafe. lDecp~4_5X''^'^ The total of thefe Deduftions. 176 — $$ Taken from the whole Content. 1 575 — 27 There rcfis due to the Bricklayer. i ?f 8 — 72 Which reduced into fquare Rods, is 5 Rods 58 Foo^. And then according to the Contraft, there will be due to the Bricklayer 1 5 /• — 8 s. — g d. Thus far Mr. Lejbourn : We will now fee Mr. Ven. Maude)'i Method of Surveying Buildings, and taking Dimenfionsy and let- ting them down in a Pocket-book. 2. Note, Before you begin to fet down your Ditnenfions^ it is convenient to divide the breadth of the Page or Feet, into fo many feveral Columns as you think you fliall have occafion for j either with Lines drawn with Ink, or a Pencil ^ your Pocket- book being about 4 n. broad, f^which is one of the broader ijzed Pocket-books) you may then divide a Leaf into 4 Co- lumns. 5. Before any Dimenfions are fet down, the Work-mafler's and Work-men's Names ought to be exprelTed ; alfo the place where, the Day of the Month, and Date when you meafure. I will fuppofe, for Example, That you were to meafure Glazing ; thcnobitrve if it were Gljzed with Square-glafs, youmuft write Squares above the DirrenfimSy and over thofe Dimenfions which are appertaining to C^uarry-glafs (if there be any J you mufl write <;[uarries, tliat when you come to make the BiH of Mea~ B U 75 ftiremenU you may cxprds them fieverally, becaufc they arc of fevcral Prices. 4 The better to explain the M«thod, I will here infert a Bill tfAfeafuremenf of Gta^iini, Glazing done for C. D. in Long-acre, by T. G. of St, Martin's in the Fields j Meafured Q^o- ber 17, 1702. Quarries. F. I. P. 5-8-5^ S— 7— 3X Produ*. F. I. P. 31 — II — 30 1 a— o5 — 09 a— 6-— o I»--2 — o ^(g; 08— o$i— 00 2 1 0?y.x i-_8-5A^> 07—02-04 6q — 5 — 1 1 Squares F. I. P. Pro(la6l5. F. I. .p 04 — 02—00? ^ oI_o2-ooX C4-ii-o<5 02—00 — 007 o,-o5-oo> 03-^0^00 06 — 00 — 09? 05 — 00 — 05 J 30— o$— 05 CI — 02>^00?/_v 03 — 00-^-OOi^ ^ ' 45—04 — op -4;/ Explanation of the Columns, In the ifl. Column towards the left Hand, are the D'menfms of Glazings done with Squares \ which you are taught tocaftup ja Crofs AfuttjpUcation, which V. N. 2. In the 2 ^. Column you have the Produft of each D'menfm juft againfl it. In the 5 d. Column you have 4 Vmenfms of Glazing done with Squares. In the lafl you ha?e the Produft of each D'menfm juft a, jgainfl it alfo. At 75 BU At the bottom of the 2 d. Column, you have the Sum TotaJ of the Produfts of the Diitenfions done with (Quarries, which is 60 Feet, 5 Inches, and 1 1 farts. Alfo at the bottom" of the Uil Column, there is the Total Sum of the Produfts of thofe Dimenfims of the Glazing that was done with Squares, being 45 f. 4 n. 9 p. As for the odd parts itfignifics but little if they are left out in the Sum To- tals of a Bill of Meajurementy for it will amount to but very lit- tle in value. $. N. B. When you are a taking of Dimenfms, and fctting them down in your Pocket-book, whether it be Glazing, or any other Tradefman's Work j yourauft obfcrve to leave every o- ther Column vacant, that fo having fet dowa all your Vmenfi' ens in your Book f^which muft be generally done, before any is caft upj when you come to caft them up (^which muft be in a- nother Bock, or a Sheet of Paper) you may enter the Produft of each pair of Dimenfmsj jnft againfl them, as you fee be- fore. 6' If there be another to mcafure againft you, and there fhouid be a miflake in either of your cartings up of the Vimenfi' onj(as it often happens thro' Security or Negligence) then one by reading over the Dimenfions in his Book with the Produrt to each Dimenfion as he goes on, and the other looking in his own Book, the miftakc will be fooa difcovered, which mufl be refti- fied between you. Therefore to be certain in carting up your Dimepfions, you ought to caft them up twice, if not 3 times, vii^ After you have cart them all over once, begin and caft them over again, and fee whether it agrees with your iji. cafting up, if not, then caft them up again. When you make your Bill of Meafurcment, yo« muft fet your Name to it at the lower end of the Bill. 7. An Example of a B/// of Meafurement. Glaziers BU ... ..17. \ Glaziers Work done for G. D. in Long-acre, by T. G. of St. Martin's in the Fieids, m^afured Oftober 17. 1702. /. /. d. For 60 Foot 5 Inches of Gla- r zing done with Quarries,"S or — 05—1^ at 5 d. per Foot. ^ 5 a. per For 4? Foot and 4 Indies of ^ Glazing done withSquarcs, > at 7 d. per Foot. -> 01 — 0$ — 2i- Sum Total 2— 1 1 — 5 a Meafured the Day and Tear above Written, by T. S. For the Satisfaftion of the Curious, I will fliew the Method of taking the Dimenfms of Bricklayers-rf>orl(_, which is the moft troublefome of any Mechanicks work (relating to Building) to meafure. 8. Altho' I faid before, that you might divide a Page or Leaf of your Meafuring Bo )k into 4 Parts, or Columns ; yet in mea» furing of Bricktajers-rpor1(, it will be necertarv to divide a Page into but 5 Columns, one large one tor the Appellations, 2 fmaK jer, one for the Dimenfions, the other for the Prodaftj. Ai 78 BR As in this Example, Appellitims, Vlmenfms* Prodults, 3 B. 3 B. 6aiis of the Front and Rear, sa <--oo< (2^ ^* "• O • B. ^ J _ Front and Rear. ^2 <— ooJ* (2\ * ^ ^' C 2 » B. ;> Ba& of both the FJank-walls. ^^^--oaS (2) ^^ ' ^• 02 C 2B ? Both the Flanks. <55— •2?- (2) * ^* ^n~ 00^ 795— 795—08 C M B. > , p TheWalJ between the€hlmney• / \ 1 1 a— 01 C09 — lo> **5— '-'* C 1 B. ^ ThefaBing back of both Chim.sos—oo<. Ca) ' ^* ^04 OOJ <»w— -vv-f ^ 2 B. ^ _ The4 Janibs. •>i4--.ooC ^* ^' The fore part, or Brcft* ofS,,* ^^X /'-,^ 2 B. both Chimneys. T\~oo^ ii$— 00 p. The B R 19 ^.ThcDimenfmfmththekProdu^Sy being fet down, in the next place the DeduHionf of the Windows and Doors muft be pur down, and iheir Produfts. V. P. of Diraenfions in Brick: work: Dcduft. 2 ■ B. f. n. P/od. 2XB. f. Q. The 4 Windows. fo6 — o5-) , V io4-oo} (4) »°4~oo B. The 2 Doors. {oo OO^, V c4^oof^^-)7— °« 10. The next thing in order to be done is, to add the Prai iu£is of each fevcral chicknefs into one Sum. The ?rodu^s of the feveral thicknejfes* 2 \ B. 5 50 — 00 55 — 02 2B. 795—08 i6i — 00 1 1 5 — 00 585—02 1071-08 I ;- B. I IB.! 113 — 01I40 — oo| The fcveral Produfts of each thicknefs being added. In the ij?. Column on the left Hand there is 25 Feet of In the fecond 585, 2. of 2 \ B. ^c. How to find thefc Produfts V. crofs Multiplication. N. 2. Having found the Total Sum of the Produfts of the Dedufti- ons ^ each Total Sum mu ft be fubftrafted from the Total Sum of the ProduHs oi the Dimenfms, that arc of the lame Crafli- tudc. £.(7. So B U £.G. the Prodults of the DeduSions la The Total Produft of Dcd. in 2 • B is 1 76—00 Which 176 Feet of 2 • B. Work, being contain'd in the Windows and Doors ; muft be Subtrafted from the $86 Feet, and 2 Inches, being the Total Produft of all the Dimenfms of that CrafTitude, vi:{. 2 • B. Woric. This is manifcft to Reafon. Becaufe when the Dimenfms of the Front and Rear were at- ken j the whole length and breadth was taken OTcr thcDoory,and Windovpsy allowing nothing of abatement for them. 1 2. N. B. That vvhatfoever l>oors^ or Windows^ or any other Vacancies, are meafured over when the Dimenfions are taken j you muft remember to make Deduction for them out of tlie To- tal Produft of the Dimenftcns of the fame Craflitude wherein they were Situated. To make it the plainer, take the following Example. The Doors and Windows, being in 2 »- B. work, I fet down the Total Produft of all the Dimenfms of that Craflltude whic 585—02 The Total Produft of all the Dedu^i^ns of that -j • .^^ thkknefs, which are to be Subtrafted is, | ^° The Remainder is 410 — c2 The like Method mufl have been praftifed, if there had been any other Deductions in any other CralTitude j Subftraftion muft have been made of all fuch Deduliions, out of the Produ^s of the Dimenfionsy before you went to reduce your feveral Cralfi- tudcs to the Standard thicknefs Of 1 \ B. But feeing we have no other Deduftions in our prefent Ex- ample of a Survey ; the next thing to be put in praftice, will be to reduce the feveral Craftitudes to the cuftomary thicknefs of I IB. But I think it ncceffary to refer it to Wails, under the Head of Meafuring tliem. More of this Niture, Vii. Of Surveying Buildings, or taking Dimenfms, ^c. tniy be fecn under the different Heads of Car- penters work, Joiners, Bral^^Lveri-, Plaijierers, Mafons, Painters^ Thatchers, ?^c. VI. C/ B U ti VI. Ofmrnfurmi Buildings'] Having briefly treated of taking Dimenfms . '6lc. I (ball here add but little under this Head of Mcafuring : only mention the Artificers relating to BuilMngthzt ufually work by Meafure, which aie i Bmktityers, 2 Carpenters, 5 Plaiderers, 4 Painters^ $Gla:^!ers^ 6 Joiners^ and 7 Ala[ons„ Some of thcfc work by the Superficial Yi»rd, fome by the Rod, fome by the Square, and fome by the Foot : Of all which Works the Dimenfions iTc taken either with a 10 Foot Rod, or a $ Foot one, or with a 2 Foot Rule, and fometimes with a Line. Eut let the DimenlJons be taken how they will, they are ufually fet down in Feet, laches and parts of Inches ; or clfe in Feet and Centefimal Parts of Feet, which hfl way is cafieft caft up j the 4bik)vviag Table will Ihew the Cenceiimals. A Table of Cent cjiynal Numbers^ for every Inch^ and quarter of an Inch in a Foot. I quarter of an Inch. 2 quarters of an Inch. 3 quarters of an Inch. Inches. loo P. Foot. 100 P. Foot. 1 00 P. Foot. . 04 100 P. Foor. . 00 . 02 . o5 I . 08 . 10 . 12 • H 2 . 16 . i3 • 2 . 2.2 J_ ' 25 • 27 • 35 • 44 . 52 . 60 • 29 • SI 4 5 6 7 • 33 • 42 • 50 . 5^ • 37 • 45 • 5? • 62 . 39 • 47 • 55 • " ■ ' 00 — 16 — 00 Tiles fc'*' Tiioufand. — • — -— . — ■ — — — ot — 05 — 00 Lime [- Load. — — ^ - — — — cc — 03 — 00 Oak, or Fir Timber per Load. > 02 — 1 5 — 00 Deal-boardspe/' Hundred. • — 07 — 10 — 00 Laths/fr Bundle.— —— —— oo— oi — tS As BU 83 As for the Flaifierers Work. * Lathing, Plaiftering, Rendringand— — ^ \ and Wafhing with White and (.00 — 01 — oi' ForC Size, per Yard. 3 ) Lathing and Plaiftring/'er Yard. • 00 — oc— 10 C Plaiftring and Sizing, fer Yard. 00 — oc — 06 Smiths Work. -Iron Balconies, per It. ■- ■ ■ "oo — 00 — 05 For J Folding Cafements, per Pair. — — oc — 16 — 00 ^ Ordinary Cafements, per Piece-———— — oc— 04 — o5 For Fainting. Window Lights — *- — >— - ■ ■ -co — 00— o5 Shop Windows, Doors, Pales, per Yard.. — 00 — oi — 00 Now,faith he, from thefe Rates of Materials for Building, and for Workmanfliip : fuch a Houfe as is here propofed, will a« mount to about 360 Pounds, which is near 41 /. fer Square. Now Mr. H. Phillips^ propofes the following Method to find the value of a Building : viz. Suppofe, faith he, a Houfe, which is I Rod or 16 yf. m Front, and 2 Rods deep back in the Flanks; the Compafs of this Houfe will be 6 Rods,and if this Houfe ftands in a high Street, having a Cellar, 4 Stories, and a Garret, (which is one of the g <^. Rate Houfes^ theheighth thereof will be 50 Foot, or 9 Rods ; fo that there "will be 1 S Rod of Brkl^ rrorj^in the Walls j which may be all reduced to a Brick and i thick, and fuppofeeach Rod of Brkl-rt>odiio contain 45000? Brickf, and wiil coft about 7 /. the Building, vi^. Bricks, Mortar, and Workmanlhip •, then the whole 18 Rods of Brick- work will coft about 12(5/. The Timber-work for Floors^ Windows, Roofs, ^c about as much more •, the Tiling, Plaiftering, Lead, Glazing, and Painting, will be about ^s much more fo that the whole will amount to 378/. the allowance for the Party-walh will very well pay fof the Chimneys. So that this Houfe cannot amount to above 400/. the Building, which is not full T^/.pe^'Square ; butt'iis is a very great Pricf, in comparifonof Mr. -f-ejivMrnr, but he faith that it will be worth meteor Icfs, according to the Market- price of the Materials. The Friendly Society of London^ for tnfuring of Houfes, have 2 Rules by which they value Houfes^ i7>. either by the Rent, or the number of Squares contain'd o'h the Sround.plot. This G 3 Ij^ 84 B U laft is the general Rule by which they value all Buildings^ which is grounded on afl Aft of Parliament for the Re-building tlie City of London, made about Anno i8. Car. 2. The Buildings of the City of London are valued according to their RateSyOi which Rates there are 4, vij^, iff. Rate 2T ^ ' ^ oStories,Cc}Iars, and Garrets. 4- -5) And the ftikcd BttMng, of Shell of a Brick-houfe (the Floors bdng finifhcd^ is thus ralucd by the Sguare or ico Footj if ii^ h^h Streets. w>:. iJ7.Rateat 2$/.^ i II i'>Per Square. But tlwfe Rates may be augmented it the Difcrctiol! of the Surveyor, or according to the hni/liing of the //oufe. I flialS not now infift any longer on this Head» but defer it till abetter Opportunity : V. fomething more of this nature ; Houfe. VIII. OfCenfur'wg Building^'] I rtiall here draw towards a Con- clufiori Of this Head, with Sir H. W, Methodical Direftions, how fo Cenfkre, Or pafs ones Judgment on Fabricks already e- refted ; for without fortie way to contraft ones Judgment, it will be confounded amon^A fo many Particulars as a Building confifls of. I fhould therefore think it to be (i\moi\J a harder Taski to be a good Cenfurer, than a geod Architeft : becaufe tlie wori^/ng part may be helped by deliberation j but the Cfn» furing part mufl How from an fixtcmporal Habit* There- fore (not to leave this laft Part, or Head without fomc Light) I could wifli him that comes to examine any noble (or greatj Work, i/^ of all to examinehimfelf, whether the figkt of ma- ny fine Objefts, which he hath feen before, (which remain like impreffed Ideas on the Brainy have not made him apt to think that nothing is good, but that which is the beft, to be thus af* fcfted, would relifh too much of a Cynical Humour. Next before he comes to give his Opinion concerning the £»- difice, let him endeavour to inform himfelf precifely of the Age of the Fttbricl^ upon which he is to give his Sentiments or O- pinion. And if hefhill find the vifiblc Decays to exceed the Proportion of time it hath been built, he may then fafely Con- clude> without making farther inquiry, that the MattrUls WcW bad^ and tod flight, or the Scit is nought> vi^^. Policed 00 a bad •Soil BJl 85 Soil for FoundattoD, or cxpofcd too much to a Tcmpeftuous, •Corrofive Air, &c. Now after thcfc Premifes, if the Houfe be found to bear hi$ Years wcll^ (which is alwa>s a fign of a good Conftitution.) Then let him fuddenly run backwards (^for the Method of Ceii' furing is contrary to the Method of CompofmgJ fronj the Chna' ments ('which \ft. allure the Eye) to the more EfTential Merti' bersy till at laft he be able to form this Concluficn, tlut the Work 4s Commodmsy Firm and delightful : which are the 3 capital Qu;i- Jttics rcquifitc in good Buildings. And this (as I may Kvm it) is the moft Seientifical way ofCenJuring. But there are two other things which I muftnot forget. Thf jj?,f out of Georgio Vaffari'i Pretace before his Labourious Worlc of the Lives of Archite(ls))i to pjfs a running Examination Or :ver the whole Edifice, according to the Properties of a weM fiiapcn Man •, as whether t!ie Walls ftand upright, upon a geo^ Foundation J whether the Fabrick be of a comely Stature^ whether for the breadth iz appear well buriiifJ:cd ; whether the principal Entrance be in the middle of the Front, like our Mouths ; ^vhether the Windows^ as our Eye<, be fet in cqi.il nuir.ber , aiiiJ dirtance on botli fides the Entrance, &c. Vv hcrlier the O^ces^ :like the Veins iti our Bodies be conveniently difiributed, ^c. For this Allegorical Review, may be driven as far as any wit will, that is at Icifure. The fecond way, is in l^fr«w«y, Lib.i. Cap. 2. Wherclic brictiy determines fix Confideratmsy which accomplifli thi^ whole Art, v'lx. t.Ordmatio. 2. Difpofitio. 3. Eiir^thmiJ. 4. 5;?«- tnetria. s.Decor. And 6. Dijiribiitio.. The 2 firfl ofthefemay be very wellfpared oronHtted;for as far as I can perceive, eitner bv his latcrp.reters, or byhisown Text, Cwhich in that very place, where perhaps he ought to -have been cleareft, he is moft obfcurc^ he meaneth by Oidimti- on, nothing but a well fetling of the Model or Scheme of the vvhole Work. Nor by DifpofUion, he meaneth no more than a neat and full ExpreflTioii oftbe ifl. Idea or Defignment thcrc- cff, which perhaps does more immediately belong to the Artifi- ' eer, rather than to the Cenfurer. The other 4 are fufiieient to XX)ndcmn or approve (or ahfdlve)aiiy Fabjrick wihatever. Where- fore Eurythm'ia^ is tfiat af.reafcle Harmony between the thread t', length, and heighth of ail the Rooms of the Fabric\, which s very pleafihg to all Beholders ; which is always So to all by a fc- cret Power which is in proportion : Where, let mc note this, that tho' the Icafl Error or Offence that can be committed z- gainft the fij;ht,is exccfs of heighth, yet that Fault is no where Qffmall rmportance, Kccaufcit istiiegrcatefl Offence agaiuA the Purfe. G 3 5)71^., is B U S)mmetr'ij^ is a due proportion of each part in rcfpeft cf the whole ; whereby a great Fabrkk. fliQuld have great jipartmtntf or Roorns, great Ughts^ or Windorvs^ great Entrances or Doo)i, great Stair-cafes^ great Pillars and Pilajters, &c. In fine, all the Members and Parts large, proportionable to the Building. For as it would be but an odd lif^ht to fee a^reat Man with little Legs, Feet, Arms Hands, i^c. So alfo if would be undecent to fee a great pabrick* confift ot hcrle Jpunmims, Lgh s. Stair-cafes^ Entrances^ &c. So on tiie other hand, as it is ftrange to fee a little Man polled of great Member.'', and Limos, it is alfo every wliit as unfcemly Jo fee a i^'if jc^ that is but fmall, to be contrived into great Kooms, to have great StMV-c^fes, large Entrances^ Lights., &c. But again, as it is ail un'jcfeeming fight, to fee cither a great or little Man to have feme of his Members proportionable to his Body, and other feme fo large as if they did belong to a Mon- ilcr or Giant, and not to him to whom they are afiixt : So it is equally as u.^iy to fee a little Hou[e or Edifice^ to have fome of its parts monftrous alfo, vi^. great in fome parts of the Al-ait- 'tricnts, and by confequence others mufl be as little, or fome rnuft be annihilated j and fo by confequence, will be wanting -., ox grcii Stah-cafesy great H'7nfl'ow/, great Doors, or any other Members larger than they ought to be, in refpedl of the S)m- we/ry of the Parts with the whole. It's likewifc unfeemly to fee fome of the Farts too iittle,»(that they are not proportiona- ble to the whole Strufturc) as to fee a Man have one very fmall Leg, and the other proportionable to his Body, or to have one little Eye like a Bird's, and the other like (what it fliould be_^ i Man's, &c. Thus we fee there arc many Errors which may be COinmittcd, (for vvantofa dueConfideration, and Premeditati- on J m the proportion of the Parts, (fy-c. of a Building, and tl I i-. is too often too well known to fome Gentlemen that are Builders, wlicn they h^,ht on Workmen that are unskilful in the Rules of Proj-ortion, and the Theory ot Architefture, and fuch Men very often run themfelvcs into a grand Error ; fo that they are aimofl confounded in tbeir Bu^inefs, and know not well which way to winde themfelves cut of it again ^ ar.d being tims wandered from the right Road,(for want of this necclTary Know- ledge,; tiicv flill blunder on in the dark, not knowing a better way than their old in-artiiicial one^ till they have hniflicd their Couif.-: ti^. Comp'eated, or rather (which is more proper) CO eluded, thtir Building ; according to their way of Working by Guefs ; and thcfe Gueffing Workmen too often guefs wrong, ard commit many Faults, which are eafily detefted, by a- uy one, that has but a littleskill in judging of a Buildings S)m- wetry, &c. Bdides their conceal'd Crimes, which fuch Men are very fubjefl to commit, w';^. (I mean) their cuttin2, mangling, «4id fpoiling their Mafter^ Materials, when they work upon hi^ ....... g^^^ B U 87 Stuff, as they generally do in theCountrey: Sometimes you may obfcrve in your Coixrk of Cenfuring^ a Door, or Chimney fo mifplaced, either to the right or left, fo as to fpoil the intended ufe of a Room, and tho' it De not totally fpoiled, yet it I'cems as if the Artificers, (or Surveyor) wanted Jnltind as well as Rea- fon, that they could not contrive fo well as Bc-^vers, and other Brutes which build their own Houfcs, convenient lor their Oc- cafions. Perhaps fometimes you may obfcrve a Chimney fo fi- tuatcd in the Angle of a Room, ^tho' delign'd for Conveniency, bccaufe it could not well be carried up ot lerwife from the Chimney below it) yet this Chimney fliall fpoil the intendei ufe (in fome meafure) of 2 Rooms, (u'^. that in which the Chim- ney is, tnd the next adjoining to the Chimney-^ambJ thus I knew one that did obferve 2 Chambers in a great meafure thus fpoiled j the Chimney was fet in the Angle of tlie inner one, and the Door came into it from the Chamber without, juft by one Jamb, the which Jamb (and by confequence, that whole Chimney was carried a Foot too far out in tlie Room, (which they might as well have carried farther the other way) and by this means the Door was placed too far toward other the Wall of the Rooms, fo that the Fartition-wall by this means was made fo fhort betwixt the other Wall and the Door (at the Chimney- jam!)) that it was thereby rendred untit to place any Beds a- gainlt it ^altho" it was the moft becoming Place fot Beds in the Kooms.- Sometimes little fncaking ill-contiived Stair-cufes are built in a good comely large StruUure^ and then again on the contrary, fome fmall (or at mofl but midliag) Houfcs, fliall have a Stair-cafe fo large in 'em tlvat if you were 1/?. to t^ave fecn the Starr-caje, before you had leen any of tlie other Apartments, you might well conj^fture, that the Rooms of that Fabrick (ro be in proportion with the Stair-cafe) to be twice, or :? times as large again as they are. Niv, perhaps, this is not all the Error neither ^ for thefe random Workmen, do fo manage the mat- ter, that they fpoil the Conveniencies of Clofets under them, (or any other Conveniency) tho' it be now Alamode to make fome little Conveniencies under a Stair-caje \ for Chfets are accounted an Improvement in our modern Way of B i'dmg : Sometimes you may obferve, an ill Pofition of L'^hn Cor Win- dovvsj to a Stair-cafe^ not out of necefTity, but thro' want of Skill and Precaution. Again, as to Lights (or Windows J yo\x may fometimes in yourViewings obferve an ill Poficion (as well as an irregular Difpofition in them) vi^. either in r<:fpeft of U- niformity, ortofecure them from the Weather (I mean bv this lafl, when they are placed too near the Surface of the Build- ing, that the Walls do not projeft beyond thetn, the better to carry the wet fjom them which run down by the Walls in flpr- my Weather. And then, as to Uniformity in ;>/rfcin^ thena, it Q 4 fomc" 88 B U Sometimes fo happens, that they cannot place the Windows on the Garrets exaftly over thoie in the Stories below ^ and there- fore when they will not be brought into Uniformity with thofc below them, they ought to be placed as Uniform as may be within themfelves. What I am now fpeiking of, hath been obferved in a Fabrkk^, which ftood in the Form of a Roman Capital L, having 2 Fronts on the out fide ol Oie L, confronting 2 Streets which crofs'd one another at Right /^ nfek:s;the Foot, or fliort part of the L in the Fabrtck.y was not fo v ide but it might be fpann'd with one Roof, but the Inna part was too wide to be fpann'd witiione Roof(nnlef> it had been carried up a vaft deal higher than the other part, which would have tiicn rendered it very unfcemlyj^nd therefore 3 Roofswere fcton the Jong part of the L, parallel with that 01. the fliort part, fo that there was 5 Gutters, and 4 Gable Heads on that Front which was the long part of the L, and in each of thefe Gable heads there was a Win« dow ; now according to the Divifions of the Apartments in the Stones below, the Windows in them would not fit to be placed (none of them) perpendicular under the middle of thefe Gables, the Artificer thinking to make it fomething nearer to Unifor- mity, places-| of thele Windows all towards (nay, very near) one fide of the Gables, pretending they were nearer direftly o- ver the others, no doubt ^ and therefore in his judgment it's nearer to Uniformity •, whereas in truth it's farther from it^ for by this means they are not in a Uniform Pofition, neither in re- fpeft of thofe in the Stories below them, nor yet within them- felves, which laft they would have been, had they been placed iin the middle of each Gable, and would have been more decent and cornel V, in refpeft of the Front without, and the Rooms within : Ft". Lij^iirs being thus diforderly pofited, makes it look all a fquint, and as deformed (almort) as to fee a Man have an Eye in his Temples. Nay, I could inrtance in other things, concerning placing of Lights, or Windows, v'it^. of mifplaciag them, in refpeft of Altitude, like the Eyes of fome Monfters /'mentioned by Peter Lampagneus) which were fcated in tlic Shoulders, and Breafls, nay, I think almod in the Knees, or Feer, as it h*th been obferved by fome iji fome parts of fome y:brkl^s. But thefe are the Effcfts and Blunders of working without the Affiffance of Forccafting, and Contriving according to Art, Andlaftly, ffor I will not trouble you any longer at prcff ot, concerning Sjunnetry) you ought to obfervc whether JDoors have their due Sy/nmetry, as to their Dimenfions, as well as Pofitions, w:^.that they be not too high, as if they were for a Earn, nor too low, as if they were made'for Houfes in Sophia in J5;//^.i>w, where both Jews and Chriftians have their, Doors of their Houfes but a little above 3 Foot high, which is fo contri- ved, heciufc theTur^s (hould not bring in their Horfcs, whicfi .^y wo,uld do, and ir^kc uic of them for Stables j in their Tra- srels k BU 8^ vcls, if it was not for this Contrivance. In fine, my Meaning is, that thefe, as well as all other Parts of a Building, ought to be Analogous to the reft of the Fabric^. I flialj now proceed to fpeak of Decor. It is the keeping of a due Refpeft between the Inhabi- tant^ and Habitation. Whence Falladio did conclude that the principal £nrr4»cf was not to be regulated by any certain Dimen- fions, but by the Dignity of the Mafter j yet to exceed rather in the more, than in the lefs, is a Mark of Generofity, and may always be excufed with feme noble Emblem, or Infcription, as that of the Contedi Bevi I acqua over his Gate at Verona, where 'tis likely there had been comaitted a little Difproportion. Patet Janua: Cor magis. Viflribut'io, is that ufeful Cafting (or Contriving) of all Rooms for Ofice, Entertainment, or Pkafure, of which I have fuSicient- Jy treated before under this Head of Building, Num. If, Thefe are the 4 General Heads which every Man ought to rua over before he pretends to pafs his Judgment upon theSuihfmg^ j4;or undertake to Cenfure the Work that he fliall view. % I fhall conclude this laft Head, touching Cm. Twen/i; againft \i which (me thinks) I hear an Objeftion, even from fomc well meaning Man •, that thefe delightful Crafts,ox Arts, may be va- rious ways illappjied in a Nation. I muft confefsindced, that there may be a Lafcivious, and likewife a Superftitious life, both of Pilfures, znd Sculpture ; To which Polfihiliry of Mifappli- cation, not only thefe Semi-liberal Arts are fubjsft, but even the higheft Perfeftions and Endowments of Nature. As Beauty in a light Woman, Eloquence in a mutinous Man, Refilutm in a ^\xi- dan, prudent Obfervation of H)urs, and Humours, in a corrupt •Courtier, SharpnefsofiVjt, and Argument in a feducLng Scholar, and the like. Na\\ finally, let me but ask, what Art cm be- more perniciou;, than even Religion it felf, if it be converted into an Inftrum.cnt of Art. Therefore, Ab abuti ad non «ri, ne- gatur confequentia. IX. I flull finirti this Head of Building with that Conciufion of Dr. T. F. In Building (faith he) rather believe any Man, than an Artificer in his own Art for Matter of Charges, efpecialiy if either he, or any particular Friend of his, be like to be concern- ed about that Fabricliwbkh you defign to ereft ; not but that they can tell neaily the Charge, when they know the Lefign, oj;-. Some ingenious Workmen, but there is but few of them in the Countrey, that truiN underftajid the Method of valuing a Bidtding, and thofe that do, if the^ are like to have anv hand m ir, it is very rare if they will give a juft Eftimate of it ac- cording to their Judgment j bccaufe they tliink if they fliould ac- po B U acquaint the 6i«/(/fr with the full cofl at ilh it would blaft a young Builder in the Bud, and therefore they footh him up till it hjth coft him fomething to confute them. The Spirit oi Building ij?. podeifed People after the Floo?', v'hich then caufed the X^onfufion of Languages, and fince of the tftate of many a Man. I have known feme I'erfons that would curfe thofeW'ith whom they were angry fif they were Men ca- pable ofitj by wifhing that ihc Spirif of Building might poffefs them. Butment. Is a Term ufed by Mafons, and Bricklayers, by which they mean the Supporters, or Props, on, or agaieft which the Feet of Arches rcU. Buttery. 1. WkatJ] In N :)ble-men'5, and Gentle- men^i Houfes, 'tis the Room bclcnf,ing to the Butler.in whicli he difpofes all his Llten* fils, belonging to his Office,as his Napkin-prefs, Table cloth,and Napkins, Pots, Glalfes, Tankards, Monteth, Ciftcra, Cruets, Salvers, Pepper-boxes, Sugar-box, Muftard-pot, Spocns, Knives, Forks, Voider, or Basket, and all other Ncceffaries appertain- ing to his Office. 2. Of its Pofition.] According to Sir AVnr; Wottonrs Rule, it ought to be placed on the North fide of the Building, that is de- fign'd for tile Offices. It is generally witii us in £/J|/4niY placed near the Cellar, vi^ the Room commonly jufton the top of the Ccllar-ftairs. Bullen nails, I. irArf;.] Area fort of Nails with round Heads, and but flicrt Siianks, Tin'd,and Lacker'd; I think there is about 5 Si- zes of 'cm. • 2. Tkr: Vfe.l They are ufed in hanging of Rooms, and fit- tin;^ up of BedSj'c-tvering of ordinary Stools, Chairs, Couche', pebfcS, Coffins, ^c. Buttrefs. 1, What'\ A Term in ArchtteHure ufed tofignifie a Prop, or Support, either of Brick, or Stone, fet to keep the Work the fir- rner in its Pofition, asagainft Brick, or Stone-walls that arc high, or have any confiderable weight againft them ou the o- thet B U pi ther fide, as a Bank of Earth, or the like; they are alfo ufed a- gainfl the Ang,les of Steeples, Churdies, and other Buildings of Stone, (zVc. On their out- fide, and along the Walls of fucli Buildings, as have great and heavy Roots, which would be fubjed to thruft the Walls out, if they were not thick, it there be no B:'ttrejfes placed againft them -, Buttreffes arc alfo commonly pUced for a Support, and Butment againd the beet of Arches, that are turned crofs fomc great Halls, in old Palaces, Abbeys, (fyc. And generally at the Head of Stone-buildings where there are great Crocket- windows, ■ there are for tlie motl part, Buttreffesy placed for Butments to ' the Arches of thefe Windows. As to the Theory of Buttrejfes, ] or Butments, I never yet could fee anything of it. 'Tis my i Thoughts, an Ingenious, Sagacious, and prying Archited, that : is well grounded in the Mjthcnuticks (and would but take the . trouble upon iiim, througlily to examine th.is MatterJ he might ': bring it within the Bounds of Reafon, and Rules •, whereby to ; know nearly of what Size, and (by confequencc) what weight : a Buttrefs, or Butment ought to be (^which you muft note mufl , be various) according; to the Dimcnfions, and Form of the 1 Arch, and the weij^ht which is fuper-incumbent on it. As to ;.the weight of the Materials, both on the Arch, and in the Bnt- ■ fre/j, or Bi.rme/)f, 'tis no difficulty to calculate; But perhaps i it may be here objected, there is a fenfiblc difference as to the • Itrcngth, and goodnefs of the Mortar, which may in a great P meafurecompenfatcfor the weight of the B«^/rp/j-, or Butment \ ' for where there is a/tftrong firm Mortar made ufe of, lefs Weight (^or Magnitude) of Brick, or Stone, fliall be capable to refift the Preflure of an Arch, with its Super-incumbent Materials ; than where the Mortar is bad and feeble. To which I anfwer, I could very well experiment the ftrength of Mortar, both as to a direft, or oblique Force, vi:(^. Either Pvioving it out of its Po- fition, or pulling it the fliorteft wav from its Adherents, by which I mean lifting diredly up. I think it may alfo be feafi- ble(and I am fureit would be ufeful) to make Experiments, to try whit Butment would be requifite for Arches of any Dimen* fion, or Form, whether Straight, Semicircular, Skeen, or Scheam, or of the gi. or ^th. Point, or Eliptical, ^c. The Ingenious Dr. Hook, Reader of Geometry in Grefiam-col- hdge-y hath promifed in his Treatife of Heliofcopes, to Publifli fomething of this Nature ; but if ever he did do it, I have not been fo fortunate, as ever to fee it, or hear of it, but only io that Treatife ; what he there promifed, was as follows, vi^. A true Mathematical, and Mechanical Form of all manner of Arch- es, with the true Butment necelTary to each of them. A Pro- blem (faith he) which no Architeftonick Writer hath ever yet attempted, much lefs pi-rformed. A Treatife of this nature, would be extream ufeful to the Publick: For the want of a certain Rule in Arching, with its necef- 92 C A necefTary Butment^ hath too often proved the ruin of fome Stru- iiures, which have been no fraall Charge ; of which I could give an Inftancc from my own Oblervation but very lately, which is of 4 large Stone-bridge, which was no fmall Charge, to 2 Counr tries to crcft, not above 1 o or a dozen Years ago, which is al- ready fo intolerably gone to decay, that it is aimofl ready to fall, and muft be Re-builtagain in a little time-, for lome of the Arches are forced to be proped with many pieces of Timber ; thechiefeft Fault that I could ever yet obferve (but I did never make any drift fearch into it, but only as I rode over it) leems to me, to be want of a good and firm Butntenty for the Mate- rials did not feem to me to be the Caufe of the Defeft in the Work. I have only one thing more to add concerning Buttref- /a, and that is fomething of the value of fuch Work. 2. Of the Price of Building Buttrejfes.'] As to the Method of putting out fuch Work, if it be not done by the Day, it is com- monly done by theCubick Foot. A Gentleman that had an oc- cafion for 2 Buttreffes to be built againft an old Stone-building, defired me to difcourfciwith his Workman about it, and to put it out by Meafure to him-, when he and I came to treat of the Matter, I found he knew not well what to fay about it, at lufthe told me he would do it for 5 d. per Foot Cubick, w^. For Work- reanfhip only, itbeinga fort of Work, that neither he nor T ever knew put out by the Foot; and therefore after a little confidering the Work, I told him I did think lefs than 2 -^ the Price would be fufficient, and therefore we came to noConclu- (ion at that time ; and before I fliould fee him again, I knew how to inform my felf from z new/ Buttrefs which was built by the Day (by 2 good Workmen) of 5 f. fquare, and 12 high ; When I had found the Solidity of this Buttrefs^ I found that according to their Days Works, it came to about 2 ! d. per f. and this [ reckon to be a top Price •, becaufe the Workmen arc taken to be torpid Operators, and the work was alfo very well done •, upon which Account for i ' , or a d. per f. as I find by Obfervation (from the Quorry-ftonesat 5 s. per Load, Lime 2^ j. for 32 Bufhels, Sand it i s. 6 d. for 12 Bufliels to a Load) that fuch Work, Materials, and Workmanfhip may be done lor 6 d. or 7 d. per f. Cubick. Cabinet^ STriftly taken, is the moft retired Place in a Houfc. But a Cabinet in Pjlaces, and great Houfes, confifls of an Outer- chamber, an Anti-chamber, and a Cabinet with a Gallery on the fide. Call' C A P3 I. e. Conveyers of Heat. The Ancients ufed to warm their Rooms with certain (fecret) Pipes ^calld CaliduHsJ that were oonvey'd in the Walls, tranfporting Heat to fundry Parts of the Houfc, from one common Furnace. Camber- be am. A Piece of Timber cut Arching (or with an obtufe Angle) in the middle. Camber-beams are commonly us'd in Platforms, as Church-leads, ^c. And in other Cafes where there is occafion for long Beams, a Camber-beam being much ftrongcr, than another of the fame fize ^ for he being lay'd (as they generally are) with the hollow f)dc downwards, and having good Eut- ments at the ends, is a kind of an Arch. Camcs. The fmall flender Rods of Cart-lead, of which the Glaziers make their turn'd Lead. For their Lead being cart into flender Rods of fome 12 or 14 Inche? long each, iscall-d the Came <'^and fometimesthey call each of thofc Rods z Came J which being afterwards drawn through their Vice, makes their turn'd Lead, V. Lead. N. 10. Camerated. Vaulted Of Arched, Cant. - A Term us'd by fome Carpenters, when a piece of Timbtj comes the wrong way in their Work, they fay cant it, 2. e, turn it about. Canta/ivfrs. I. What.'] Several Ancient and Experienced Work-men tell file, Thattfiey are the fame as Moiilionsy only thofe are plain, but thefe are carv'd. They are both a kind of Cartouzes, fet (at equal diftances) under the Cwona of the Cornifl) of a Build- 2. Prtc<; 574 C A 2. Price of making'] Mr. Leybnurn h)s, They are commonly made by the Fiece, at different Rates, according to the Curiofi- ty of the Work. And experienced Workmen tell me, They have commonly 2 J. <^ i/. for making and carving of each. But in London they will carve them for is. Zd. each. 5. Price of Painting.] Mr. Le)bourn Uyi, They arc commonly Painted by Tale, or lu much per Piece, according to the Colour they are laid in. Cantaliver- corn'ijh. 1. What^ Is fuch a Cornifh as has Cantali vers under it. 2. Price.'] Mr. Leybourn fays, They are commonly made by the Foot, running Meafure [j. e. by the number of Feet, in length only} at different Rates, according to the Curiofity of the Work. And experienced Workmen tell me. That they com- monly have 1 s, per Foot for the Cornifh, it being plain with- out any Carving in it, and with the Cantalivers, about ^ s. 6d, fer Foot. Cam in^ flairs, V. Stair?. Capita/. 1. What.] The Oraament that is made on the top of a Co- lumn. 2. Tufcan.] According to VitruviltSi the height of the Tufcan Capital (by tlie Aflragal at the bottom; mufl be half the Dia- meter of the Body of the Column below. And this height being divided into 5 Parts, the firfl, and upperftioft part g6es to the Abacus ([which is a Square, or fiat Moulding] the 2 d. Part goes to the Boulrin, and Fillet under it, [the Boultin is a quarter of a Circle, the Fillet a narrow flat Moulding]] and this part isfubdi- vided into 4 Parts, of which g go to the Boultin, and r to the Fillet, and the 5 d. and laft Part goes to the Neck, which is flat and flraight. Again, the Neck is divided into 2 parts, one of which is the breadth of the Ajlragal under it fwhich confifts of a Semicircle, and a Fillet under it] The Afiragal is again di- vided into 5 partf, of vvhicii2 go to the Semicircle, and 1 to the Fillet. The Projrftureot the Capital flia 11 be ; part of the Diameter of the Body of the Column below. The Aftragal projefteth in a Square. According toScatnmoxjh the heighth of the Capital (by the Aftragal at the bottom) muft (alfo) be ;. the Diameter of the Co- C A Pf Column below. And this heiglith being divided into 60 parts, 20 of them iliall goto the Abacus (or Fhnth, as he calls it) i 5 to the Echinus or lialf round (which Vitruvms calls the Bouhin) 5 to the Rondel, or Bead- mould'mg T which is a Semicircle]. 3 to tlie Lijl (which Vitruvius calls a Fillet) and /y to the AVcjI^, or Frieffy (as he calls if.) Again, 7 fucji Parts mufi go to the Rondel of theAftragal, and 3 to its Z.//^. According to Palladia^ tl)e heightb of the Capital is (alfoj half the Diameter of the Body of the Column below (vi^. by the Aftragal, which none of them reckon a part of the Capital, tho' in propriety of Speech, it ought to be fo efteem'd.) And this height is divided into 5 equal Farts, the uppermofl of which goes to the Abacus ^which he alfo calls the Vado, or Dye) the next part goes to the Ovolo, or Echinus (fitruvius calls it the Boultin) the other part is divided inco 7, of one of which is made the Li(\elU(yitruvius ci.\]%\t the Fillet) under the Ovoloy and the other 6 Parts go to the Collorjnoy or Neck Che alfo calls it the //ypo^Mc^Z/MW, or F'ic^e of tile Capital. ^.Dorickf] According to K//-rHriHj-, the heighth of the Do- rick Capital Cby the Aftragal at the bpttomj is equal to | the Diameter of the Body of the Column below. And this heighth being divided into 7. Farts, the firft and lowermoft goes to the Neck, the next Part goes to the Boultin [by. which Term he here comprehends fcveral Members and defcribcs this Part in 2 Forms. I. Of which is a Bovltin (i% 'tis defcrib'd N. 2. J and 3 Fillets under it, and the other is a Boultin^ and an Aftragal under it] and this part is divided into 3 parts, 2 of which goto the Boul- tin. properly focaird,.and the other to the 5 Fillet Sy or to tlic Aftragal -y the Fillets are all of an equal fize, in the Afti-a^al, the Fillet is \ of the whole, the 3 d. and uppermoft part of the Capital is again divided into 3, • the 2 lowermoft of which go to the Square, and the other to the Ciivatum [which is an 0-G. (^with the hollow do\vnward<_^ and a Fr'/ef over it. An 0--G. is a Moulding, fomewhat rtfembling an S, vih\ch Vitruvws makes of 2 quarter Circles join'd together -y and this Cimatumhc- ing alfo divided into 3 part?, 2 of 'cm go to the 0-Gy and i to the Fillet. The Aflragal under the Capital is equal to ,- the Neck, and made as in N. 2. ScammoTji makes the Capital of the fame hei?htb, which he divides into <5o parts, of which 3 go to the Fillet of the Cima- tum, 5 to theO-G of theCimatum, 12 to the Square, i4to the Boultin, 5 to the Rondel, and 2 to the Fillet of t^e Aflra- gal under the Boultin, and 19 to the Neck, The Aflragal un- der the Neck contains lo fuch parts, of which 5 i goes to the Rondel, and 3 {to the Fillet. I have defcrib'd it by litruiius'i Terms, for Scamma:^ meaticns none of t^.em. Fal- 96 ___________ C A Palladia falfoj makes the Capital of the fame lieighth with VitruMiusy which he divides into 3 parts, the uppcrmoft of which he fubdivides into 5 parts, i of which go to the Cimatium [which V'HTuv'ius cii\% lYLtCimatumI and is again lubdivided into 3 parts, one of which goes to the i-//?fi/tf, or Amulet [which Vitruvm calls a Fillet'^ and the other 2 to the SamauHa^ [which is an 0-G, as 'tis defcrib'd in this Number] and the o- ther^ of the firftSub-divifions of this part goes to the Abacus ([which K/rrKi»;V> in this Number calls the Square^ The 2 d. of the % grand Divifions of the Capital, is fubdivided into :? parts, 2 of which go to the Ovolo^ox fc/j/nwx ([which Vltruv'iusf^. 2.^ calls a Boultin'] and the other to the Amulets under it, which arc 5, and are equal. The 3 d. principal part goes to the Hy- potrachelium, or Fri:^e [which Vitruvms calls the Neck] The A' Jhagal under the Neck, is as high as all the 5 Amulets. 4. lonickj'] According to t-^itruvius is made thus, divide the Semidiametcr of the Body of the Column below into 18 parts, take ipfuchparts, of which 3 of em muft go to the Cima- tumy 1 to the Fillet, and 2 to tiie Cima [orO-G] under it. Then take 4 parts for the Tmhilus of the l/olute, or Scroll [the Troc6//«y is that Member from whence the Scroll beginsl then take 4 parts from the Bo«/rm [which is {of a Circle] which mud beCarv'd with £^£x, and Anchors. Then take 2 parts for the Ajlrag0lunicT the Bmltitf^ the Afiragalh Carv'd with Beads^ And has i Fillet on each fide of it, each 'of the whole. Then thed rcmainingpartsmuft gotothe half of the Volute below. Then take 8 more fuch parts, which muft go to make the re- mainder of the Frieze, or Neck of the Capital, and 3 more fuch parts for the Afiragal under the Neck, of which one part goes to the Fillet. Scammox^i's Defcription of the lonick Capital is fo blind, that I think none is ever the vvifer for it. And Palladio'% Defcripti- on agrees with Vitruv'ws\. 5. Corinthian.] According to VitruvtHs, the hcighth of this Capital ('by the Aflragal at the bottom J is equal to the Diame- ter of the Body of the Column below, -^ part of which goes to the Abacus ^which confifts of a Boultiti, a Fillet, and Plinth^ [which is but a larger Fillet] the Abacus being fub.divided into 3 parts,! of em goes to the Boulfw, and a third part of the next goes to the Fillet, and the rert to the Plirtth. The heighth of the Afiragd below the Capital, is -'^ part of the Diameter of the Body of rhe Column below, and is divided into 3 parts where- of the Fillet contains 1 part, and the Bnultin 2. ScammnzTi makes this Capital i -^ Diameter of the Column high, v.liich divided into 7") parts, 4 of 'em go the Boultin, i k> the Fil'et. and 9 to the Plinth, and the rcA to the Neck_. Palladio alfo makes the heighth of this Capital equal to the ttliole Diameter of the Body of the Column below and ^ part more. ^A £7 more, which is allowed to the Abacus •, by which I underfland he means all the Mouldings above the Acanthus Leaves. 6. Romany or Compofite.] V'ttruxuts makes, and divides this Capital like the Corinthian ; and fo does ScammoT^py and Pal- ladio -y only the Carving of this is fomevvhat different from that. Carcafs. r. What.'] The timber-work (as it were the Skeleton J of a Houfe, before it is Lathed, and Plaifter'd. 2. Price of Framlng.\ The Price of Framing the Carcafs of a Houfe C'm the Countrey) as Workmen inform me, is about By; fer Square, if the Workman pay for the Sawing •, if not but ak bout 4 /. 6 d. per Square. Cariatides, In Architefturc are Statues of Women, which ferve inftcad of Pillars. Carpenter's. 1. Wor\:] The feverai kinds of Work done by Carpenters, fin relation to Building J with their Prizes, and Methods of Meafuring them, &c, are too many to be comprehended under this fo general word of C^rpenferV-wori^V and therefore I (hall refer them to their P4rffc«/8 C A Mr, William Liberal of London, his Bill of Ma- te rials had oj\ and Work done by Tho. Trueman, June 24. 1702. L s. d. For 1 7 Load of Oaken-timber, at 22 j. theLoad. 1 8— -14— 00 For a8 Load of Fir-timber, at 35 y. the Load. —49 — 00—00 For i8oFcetofOakcn-pIank,2 lnchesthick,at3(/.7j^2__^ ^ the Foot. ■ — •» . For 1-; M. of jorf. Nails, at 6 j. the M.—- 05— 02-— 00 For 7 'y C. of Deals, at 61. Ss. the C. • 45—17—06 For 28"ife. of large Spikes, at 4 d. the Ifc. —00—09—04 For 8 Weeks Work for my felf, at 3 s. the Day.— 7—04—00 For 8 Weeks 2 Days Work for sr.y Man, ^^1 ^___jj^__ 2s. 6d. the Day. — ^ — — * Sum is 13$— 16— 10 But, Note, If the Carpenter do not Work by the Day, then he Writes, Forfo many Square of Roofing ^at what Price they agree upon fer Square) fo much Money. Likewife for fo many ^uare of Flooring, at fo much per Square, fo much Money. Al- fo for fo many Square of Partitioning, at fo much per Square, fo much Money. And for fo many Square of Ceiling-joyfts, C^f . The Windows they fet down either at fo much per Light, or fomuch per Window. The Door-cafes at fo much a piece, either with, or without Doors. The MantJe-trecs, Taffels, {{yc. at fo much a piece. The Lintelling, Guttering, Gornifh, Win- dow -boards, ^c. at fo much per Foot. Stairs, at fo much per Step, or fo much a Pair, (^ct Car- toofes^-teuzes^'touch es. In Architefture are much the fame as Modilions; only thcfc are fet under the Cornifh in Wainfcoting, and thofe under the Cornifh at the Eves of a Houfc, Some Workmen call thesa Ventilfj or Teeth. Car- C A 99 Cartridges^ In Afchitedure are the fame as Cartoozes. Cart ■nails » V. Nails. Cafe'ing of Timber-work* 1. what.'} Is a PlaiAering of a Houfe all over on the out-fidc with Mortar •, and then ftriking it fhy a Ruler) with the corner of a Trowel, or the like, to make it refemble the Joynts of Scone i that fo the whole Houfe may feem to be Built of Stone. 2. Of the befl way of doing it.'] Experienced Workmen tell mc. That it ought to be done upon Heart-laths, becaufe the Mortar will decay the fape ones in a little time : And tho' it be more work to Lath it with Heart, than with Sap-laths ; yet 'tis better for the Mortar to hang to, becaufe Heart-laths are narrowed, and they ought to be clofer together for Mortar than for Lome^ They alfo tell me, that they commonly ufe to lay it on in 2 Thicknelies, vix. the laft before the firft is dry. 3. Of its Price.'] I have put out this kind of Work to Plai- flerers for 5 Foot for ordinary Cafements, which I thiak i^dcjr •, for in other I'.irrs o\ SuJJcx^ they proffer'd me to make 'em for 6 d. per FoDt, if ordinary •■, but if fomething exlra- ordiiurv ('as FuMing-cafcments, ^c) then d d. per Foot. ;;. Of F.iintiv';.'] C-ifements are commonly Painted by the Piece, at three half-pence, 2 d. or 5 - Yard. In Rutland, and fome P^rts of Kent^ (as about Tunbridge-wells^ &c.) I know they have g cf.fcr Yard, And in feme parts of 5wjjer, the W.irkmen tell me they h v- 4 d.per Yard. But if the Workmen find all Material,-, and Lath iit with Heart-oak-laths, then they commonly reckon about 1 ... per Yard, and with Fir-laths, about 8 d. pet- Yjrd. Ceiling-joyjls^ or Beams. F. WhatP\Sct Ceiling. N. i. 2. Of 3fw/Mr?>g.] The Work of putting up Cciiin^-io)ftsis meafurdby theSquarej and therefore ilic length in Feet tieing Multiply'd by the breadth in Feet, and 2 p'acjs of Figures be- sngcut off on the Right-hand, whatremiins to the Le^r-hand is Squires, and what is cutoff is odd Feet, of ^which 25, make a quarter, $o,h3!f, and 75 three quarters of a Square. ^. Price.'] Putting up of Ceiling- joy fls is worth 4 or 5 ■!• ffome Workmen tell me, they have 6 s.J per Square. Cellar 'S. 1. H'A^f.] They are the lowed Rooms in a Houfe, theCeilings ef which lie level with the Surface of the Ground, on which the Houfcftands, or at leafl but very little higher. 2. S'ltuat'm?^ Sir Hmy Womn fays. They ought (unlefs the Vfhole Houfc be Ccllar'd) to be Situated oa the A'3>76 fide of the Houfe, as needing a coo) and frefh Air. 3. (7/'0?>^JTj^.] They are commonly digged by the folid Yard, containing 27 fjlid Feet ; and therefore the length, breadth, and depth in Fcct.beiog all Multiply'd together, and the Pro- diit C E 103 ' nri-— ■ ■! 11 mil m^^ ii^in—i^. h duft divided by 27, the Quotient will give the Content in fo- lid Yards. , Cement. 1. What.'] In Architcfturc is a ftrong, ftickiog, cleaving, or binding Mortar. 2. To mal(e.'] There are 2 forts of Cement, which fome Brick- layers ufe in Cementing of Bricks for forae kind of Mouldings, or , in Cementing a Block of Bricks ("as they call it J for the Carving ■^ of Scrolls, or Capitals, or fuch like, ^c One iscall'd cold Ce- ment, the other hot Cement ; becaufe the former is made, and u- fed without Fire, but the latter is both made and ufed with Fire. The cold Cement being accounted a Secret, is known but to few Bricklayers } but the hot Cement is common. I fliall here fliew how to make them both. To make the Cold Cement. Take half a Pound of old Chelhire-cheefe, pair off the Rind, and throw it away \ cut or grate the Cheefe very fmall, and put it in to a Pot, put to it about a Pint of Cows-milk, let it (land all Night, the next Morning get the Whites of 12 or 14 Eggs, then take half a Pound of the bed unflack'd or Quick-lime that you can get, and beat it to Powder in a Mortar, then fift it through a fine Hair-five into a Tray or Bowl of Wood, or into an Earthen-difli, to which put the Cheefe and Milk, and flir them well together with a Trowel, or fuch like thing, breaking the Knots of Cheefe, if there be any, then add the Whites of the Kggs, and temper all well together, and fo ufe it. This Ce- ment will be of a white colour \ but if you would have it of the colour of the Brick, put into it either fome very fine Brick- duft, or Almegram, not too much, but only jufl to colour it. To make the Hot Cement. Take one Pound of Rozin, a quarter of a Pound of Bees- wax, half an Ounce of fine Brick-duft, half an Ounce of Chalk- duff, or Powder of Chalk ; fift both the Brick-duff, and Chalk- dufl through a fine Hair^five, (you may beat the Brick, and the Chalk in a Mortar, before you fift it) boil all together in a Pip- kin, or other Veffel, about a quarter of an Hour, ftirring it all the while with an Iron, or a piece of Lath, or fuch like ; then take it off, and let it fland 4 or*5 Minutes, and it^sfitfor ufe. Note, That the Bricks that are to be Cemented with this kind of Cement, mufl be made hot by the Fire before yo»i fpread the Cement on them, and then rub them too and ix% - H 4 ' " oat >04 C H one upon another, as Joyncrs do, when they glcw 2 Boards to- gether. , Chambers. i.Wlmt. In a Building all thofe Rooms arc call'd Chambers ^ tliit are fituated between the lowermoli (excepting Cellars^ and t!ie uppermoft Rooms. So that in fome Houfcs there are 2, in others 3, or more Stories of Chambers. 2. S?f«{\ fjcred part of a Temple, or Church, fo called trom the Ctmcelli, or Lattice?^ which anciently ijs'd to fepa'rate that part Ifom the reft of the Church. The Creeks C:i!l it Adyt:tn. Chimneys. y. What.'^ A Chimney is a particular part of a Houfe, de- fign'd for the Convenicncv ofFireing, wirha Tube, or Tunnel to convey away the Smoak. 2. Of Mcajitrtng,'] Tfio' Erick-iayers, in makin>< of Chimneys, docommonly agree by the Kearth-, yet rhcy fometimcs alfo ^^rll•k by ithe Rod, us in other Erick-work ; and tiVn their Me tl pd9f raking their pinienfions, is thus: C H 105 If the Chimney (land fingly, and alone, not leaning againft, or being in a Wall, and it be wrought upright over the Mantle- tree to the next Floor ^ they gird it about the Breft for the length, and take the heighth of the Story for the breadth, and the thicknefs of the Jambs for the thicknefs. But if the Chim- ney fland againft (or in) a Wall, which is before meafur'd with the reft of the Building •, then the breadth of the Bfeft, or Iront, together with the depth of the 2 Jambs, is the length, the heighth of the Story, the breadth, and the thicknefs of the Jambs, the thicknefs,^ But if the Chimney ftand in an Angle of a Room, and have no Jambs ^ then the breadth of the Breft is the breadth, the height of the Story, the length, and the thicknefs, the thicknefs. Then for the Shaft, [which is that pjrt which appears a^ove the Tyling,] they commonly girt ita- bout inthefmajleft part, for the breadth, and take the length of the Shaft for the length ; and they commonly reckon the thick- nefs of boti) fides for the thicknefs, in coniiideration of the >Vidths, Pargeting, and Scaffolding. Note. Here is nothing to be dedufted for the Vacancy be- twixt the Hearth, and the Mantle-tree, becaufe of the widths and the thickning for the next Hearth above. The Dimenfions being thus taken in Feet, the Work isthus meafur'd ; Multiply each Particular length by his breadth, and that Produft by its thicknefs in half Bricks, [f. e. by 2, fori Brick thick, by?, fori • Brick thick) and by 4, for 2 Bricks thick, ^c] Add thefeProdufts into one Sum, wliich divide by 3, and the Quotient will give the Content of the whole Chim- ney in Feet, at the Standard-thicknefs of a Brick and half. Then divide this Content in Feet, by 272 J, and the (Quotient ui!l be the Content in Rods. But, bec.iufe 'tis difficult to divide by 272 ', you may do thus. — Add 2 Cyphers to the Ri^ht- hand of the Content in Feet, and then divide it by 27225, and the Quotient will be the Content in Rod?, as before. And ,eve- ry IOC, of the Remainder is one Foot of Work. Or 6807, of the Remainder, is ^ of a Rod, ij^fg, is v a Rod, and 20419 is I of a Rod. 5. Frrcc] Mr. £eyio«rn fays. That Chimneys are femetimes meafur'd, and paid for by tfie Rod, like other Brick-work : And fomctimes, lays he, tliey are paid for by the Fire-hearth^ at fo much the Fire-hearth ; which fays he) is various, frrm 20, to 50 J-. the Hearth. And Mr. M'/«g fa\ s. That Building o i Chimneys for ordinary Buildings, with Architrave, Frieze, and Cornifh, is worth, from i $ j. to 20 t. per Hearth, accordi^ig tq their heighth, andfubftance; and without Architrave, snd Frieze, from 10 x. to 20 j. But in sreat Buildings, fays he, '(I fuppofe he means in his Countrey of Rut land, J they are ufu»11v done by the Foot, vi^. at about 6 d. per Foot. I know they are commonly built iu LorJos^ and about Tknbrid^e-n'ellsj for a- bou'i io5 C H bout 1 5 /. />fr Hearth ." But fome Workmen in Sujjbc tell me, they have 20 s. and fometimcs 25 s.per Hearth for building of 4. Rules about Timbers near Vw,] i. Let no Timber be laid within 1 2 Inches of the fore-fide of the Chimney- jambs. 2. Let all Joyflson the back of any Chimney be laid with a Trimmer, at 6 Inches diftancc from the Back. 3. Let no Timber be laid Tvithin the Tunnel of any Chimney. $. ProportioTis.'] Patladio lays down the following Proportions, for the breadths, and depths of Chimneys, (on the in-fide) and for their heighth to the Mantle- tree. Chimneys in Breadth. Heighth. 4', or 5 Foot. Depth. Halls, 6, 7, or 8 Foot. 2 ^,or 5 Foot. Chambers, 5 A 6, or 7 Foot. 4, or 4 3 Foot. 4,or4-; Foot. 2, or 2 • Foot. Studies, and 7 Wardrobes.! 4, 4',, or 5 Foot. 2, or 2 ', Foot Never thelefs, in thefe Points, the Workman ought rather to be guided by the Modern Fafliions, than by the words of this ancient Architeft. 6. To prevent Smoakif^g.] Mr. l.ucar (in bis Solace,) zdwifeth to leave 2 holes (one over another) on eacli fide of the Chim- ney, one flopeing upwards, and the other downwards, or elfe to place 2 Pipes (in the fame Pofition) on each fide of the Chimney. Through thefe holes, or Pipes, fays he, the Smoak will eafily pafs out of any Tunnel, which way foever the Wind blow. I cannot tell how this may take effeft ; but to me it feems but a Fancy. I think Philippe de t'Orme's Advice is bet- ter, who propofcs to provide a hollow Brafs-ball of a reafona- ble Capacity, with a little hole on one fide for the Reception of Water, f^ ^hink it were better made with a fliort Nofe to skrewoff, when 'tis fijl'd with Water ; and" then the hole at the end of this Nofe needs not to he bigger than that at the fmall end of a Tobacco- pipe. J This Ball being fill'd with Water, is to be placed (with the hole upwards) upon an Iron-wire, that ihall traverfe the Chimney (a little above the Mantle-tree, at the ordinary heighth of the greateft Heat, or Flames •, and when the Water is hot, it will berarify'd, and breakout of the hole in a windy Vapour ; which will force up the Smoak, that other- wife might linger in the Tunnel by the way, and oftentimes re- vert. It were good to have 2 of thefe Balls, one of them may fupplj C H 107 fupply the place of the other, when 'tis exhaufted ;'or for a need, bloiv the Fire in the mean time. Ihawe feen on the top of fome Chimneys, a fort of Fane, or Weatlicr-cock, (fome call it a beggar-man) whofe back-fide isco- vet'd with Plates of Tin; fo that which way foevcr the Wind be, it can never keep down the Smoak in the Chimney^but it always comes out free, and undifiurb'd. I have known this lafl Con- trivance help Chimneys, that before Smoak'd very much. But I believe the ingenious Carpenter, and Bricklayer might pre- vent tlic Smoakingof any Chimney, by a due Situation of the Doors of the Room, and an apt fallirg-back^of the Back, and convenient gathering of the Wing5, and Breft of the Chim- ney. But how, and in what manner this is to be done, I muft refer to the next Opportunity. ChifJincy hooks. 1. What.'] Thefe are Hooks of Steel, or Brafs, put into the Jambs of the Chimney, in each Jamb one, for the iiaadle of the Fire-pan, and Tongs to reft in. 2. Price.'] The Steel-hooks are commonly about i s, the pair, and the Brafs ones, about 2 s. the pair in London ; for fo J have there bought 'em. Chbnncy-jambs. The fides of a chimney, commonly coming out Perpendicu- larly (tho' fometimes Circularly) from the Back; on the Extre- mities of which the Mantle-tree refieth. Alfo, fee Corner- flone. Chimney-pieces. 1. W/jdf.] Certain Mouldings of Wood, or Stone, (landing on the fcre-fide of the Jambs, and coming over the Mantle- tree. 2. Pricel^ Chimney -pieces of Pree-flone, wrought plain, are worth I ox. but there may be fuch Mouldings wrought in 'em, as with their Coves, and other Members, may be worth 20, 50, or 40 s. a piece. Chimney-pieces cfEgiptian^ or blacky Flea1(d- trtarhlCy or ofRance^ Or Liver cttlonfd-marbley are worth (of an ordinary fizc) 12, or 14/. a-piece. Chimney-pieces of Wood^ are alfo of different Prices, as 10, 12, or 14 s. to 20 s. apiece, more or lefs, according to their largenefs, goodnefs of the Stuff, and Curiofity in the Workmanftiip. 5. Painty io8 C I 5. Painting.] They are commonly Painted by the Piece, at about 2 s.i piece, more or lefs, according to the goodoels of the Work, and largenefs of the Chimney-pieces. Cha^trels, V. Arches. N. 6. Cima. V. Capital. N. 4. Ctma tum-t'ium. V. Capital. N. 3. As Sctmarelfa. V. Pedcnal. N. V. Pcdeftal.N. Cima re[ia. Ciwbia, Qin^lure, Cilery, A Term in Architefturc, fignifying the Drapery or Levage that is wrought upon the Heads ot Pillars. Cimeliark^ In Architcfture is a Veftry, or Room where the Plate, Vcfl- nieDts,aad other rich things belonging to the Church are kept. Ciflerns, CI lop Cijierns, 1. What.'] They are VelTcIs, made to fcrvc as Receptacles of Rain, or other Water, for the neceffary ufes of a Family. 2. To make-} If youdefignto make your Citterns under your Houfe as a Cellar, which is the beft way to prcfcrve your Wa- ter for culinary Ufes j then may you lay your Brick or Stone with Terrace, and it will keep Water very well. Or you may make aCf/wenf, to join your Brick or Stone withal, with a Com- ' pofition made of flacked lifted Lime, and Lio-feed Oyl, temper- ed together with Tow or Cotton-wool. Or you may lay a Bed of good Clay, and on that lay your Bricks for the Floor ; then raife the Wall round about, leaving a convenient fpace behind the Wall to ram in Clay, which may be done as fafl as you raife the Wall : So that when 'tis fini/h'd, ■'twill be a Ciflern of Clay, walled vvithia with Brick, and being in a Cellar, the Brick will keep the Clay moift ; (aitho' empty of Water; that will never crack. This ffays Mr. Worlidge) I have known to hold Water perfeftly well, in a fha- dy place, tho' not in a Cellar. Thus in a Garden, or other place, may fueh a Ciftern be made in the Earth, and cover 'd over ; the Rain-water being convey'd thereto, by declining Channels running to it. Alfo, in, or near Houfes, may the Water that falls from them be condufted thereto. Clamp. 1. What 7] A Clamp is a kind of Kiln built above Ground (of Bricks unburnt) for the burning of Bricks. 2. How made, and horp Bricks <*>'? burnt in it.] An ancient and c: ft al-noflfull with Wood, and upon that lay Sea-coal ; then bciq^ over-fpjn'd Jike an Arch, on all the S uface t ley drew Sea- no C h Sea-coal, and then they lay another CcHirfe of Bricks the other way, laying them at a little diftance from one another, and iircwing Sea-coal upon them : And thui they continue, laying oneCoarfe one way, and the other another (and ftrcwing Sea- coal betwixt each Courfc) till they come to 8 or i © Foot high, according as the Clamp is to be of bignefs. This being done, they fire the Wood, and that fires the Coal ; which being all burnt out, the whole Clamp of Bricks is burnt. Clamp- nails. V. Nails. N. 3. Clafp-Tiaih. V. Nails. N. 4. Cleaving Of Laths, Pales, Shingle, and Timber. V. Latht^ Paks^ ^c* Cleer-flory-wMow, V. window. N. Clench-nails. V. Nails. N. 5- Clinkers. Thofe Bricks are fo call'd by fome( which having naturally much Nitre, or Salt-peter in them, and lying next the Fire in the Clamp, or Kiln, )by the violence of the Fire they are run, and are glazed over. Cloijler. A clofc and feparatc Habitation, where Friars, Monks, and Nuns live retir'd from the World. Alfo a long Place cover'd with a Floor, or Flat-fond, fupported by Pillars. V. P. Archi-: travc.N, 2. ' " Qofetc C Q 111 Clofet, A general Name for any very fmallRoom. The Contrivance of Clofets io mod Rooms, now fo much ufed ("and fo ufeful^ is 009 great Improvement of Modern Architecture. Clout-nails. V. Nails. N. 6. Clout -brads. V. Brads. N. Cockle-flairs. As Windiag-ftairs. V. Stair-cafe. N. HI. Coins. As Quoins. CollorinO' V. Capital. N. 2. Colleige. A Place fet apart for the Society, and Cohabitation of Students. Collar-beam, A Ecam framed crols betwixt 2 Prmcipal Rafters. Column. 1.2 C O Column. 1. WhAt.l A Column, in ArchiteAure is a round Pillai for Sap- port and Ornament. 2. Parts.'] Every Column (in the largcft Scnfc) confifts of 7 principal Parts, vix^. Pedcftal, Bafe, Body, Capital, Architrave, Frieze, and Corniflj •, each of which fhall be handled in their proper places of the Alphabet. 3. Kinds.'] Architcfts reckon 5 Orders or Kinds of Columns v'lx. Tufcan, Dorick, lonick, Corinthian, and Roman, Compo- fita, or Compound Order. I fliall (here) fay fomcthing to each of thefe, in their Order. 4. Tufcan.'] The whole heighth of this Column, and the heighth of each principal Parr thereof, according to fereral Auihtn, is, as in the following Table. AjUhwi c o ii3 Au- thors yitru- \'viu! nola Pal- tad:'* Vhole Minhtk lele. Eafe Bot/j/ \Capi,- ^rchi- l-ri^ze )/■«/. tra-ve. \ icrnijh Mo.Mi. Mo.^'i}Mo.Mi. Mo.Mi.' Ah. ML Mo.Mi. Mo. ''/'. Mo. /)./. 11 5 n 5 I 20,0 30 1 |- ■ 5 bo JOO 300 J" Sc 1 20 I 50 6 1 jojo 300 .;5 4' lo 15 30 d 3° ° 300 35 ° z6 4- Scam- 't»r>i'.7.! n U ^l S^\ o 5c . Mi. Mo. Mi. Mo. Ml. jo'o 37 ;- 4^0 45 Mo.Mi I 10 I I '0 fa. Paila iio 3 3 2 5 30 3(1 3 30 8 20 7 5T I IC I 5 i ,0 35 a8 so Seam- an TZ.I 14 42.L ! ( i 5 19o j'l 45i ^ 8. Roman Cmpofita, or Cmpeund.'] The whole heighth of this Column, and the heighth of each principal part thcrecrf", accor- ding to feveral Authors, is a? in this Table. An* C O ii5 yiu- thors Thames whole heighth Vede- flal Bafe Mo. Mi. Body Capi- tal. Archi- trave M9^ M^ frieze Mo.Mi Cornijb I Ml. Mi. Mo. ML J JO Ml. Ml. 8 20 Afo. Mi. I 10 ynru- vius i6 6; i5 o 30 JO JO o 5^7 52.T 4^' f^igm- dio J JO 8 20 4)" ry ic J 20 ) J 2r 8 ZT I 5 45 a ?c o 45 Scam. IS ic 30 25 I 5o 4'^ J 3 = 'o 48 9. OfD'iminip/mg.'] Columns of every Order mufl be fo formed; that the upper part of the Body be lefs than the loxver ; which dirai* ni/hing mufl be more or lefs, according to the proportion of their heighths; and is to begin from one third part of the whole Shaft upwards, \j. e. the lower third part is to be of an equal bignefs j] which Philander prefcribes (^by his own precife mcafuring of ancient Columns) as themoft graceful Diminution. And for the quantity to be dimini/hcd, Architc^s lay down this Rule..— . Tufcan J Dorick That the s lonick ^Column, be 'Corinthian .Compound I part I fmaller at the top, jufl under the Capital, than below, jufl: a« bove the Bafe, i. e. the Diameter of Tufcan .Dorick the top, of the <^ lonick S Column is 1 Corinthian f Compound J I fhe Diameter of the Column below. Colours, The Principal Colours us'd in Painting of Houies, &c. fhallbe treated of ip their proper places. I a Com- Ii6 V. Column. N. 5* c o Compoftte Order* ^nffartit'ion* By this Term, Architefts underftand a gwcffM/, and *re/«/ DWribut'm of the whole Ground- plot of an Edifice, into Rooms of Office, and of Reception, or Entertain- ment^ Compartment^ In Architeflure, is a particular Square (for an Infcription, or feme other Device) marked out in fome Ornamental fart 01 a Building. Concamerate- To make an Arched Roof, as in Vaults, fyc to AkH over. Co?iclave^ In Architefture, h a Clofet, or Inner-chamber. Conduct, Sewers, or Suttcrs to convey away the Suillage of a Houfc» Ifti thcfc f fays Sir Henry WottonJ Art fliould imitate Nature, in feparating thofe ignoble Conveyances from the Sight j and (where there wants a running Water,)niould place them m the moft remote, and loweft part of the Foundation, with fecret vents pafTing up through the Walls, (like a Tunnel) to the wide Air ; which all ttdian Artifts commend for the difcharge of noifome Vaponw j tho' elfewhere to my knowledge little praftifed. Conges^ C O 117 Conges^ In Architefture, are the Rings, or Ferrils, heretofore us'din the Extremities of Wooden-pUlars, to keep *cm from fplittiiig, afterwards imitated in Stone-work, Contramure^ In Architefturc, is an Out-wall, built about the Wall of a City. Copeing of Walls. 1. Wh cafion requires ; The under-fide ot the end fo flicking out, is fometimes cut into the Form of aBoulcin; fometimes of an 0-G, fometimes of a Face, and fometimes of other Forms, ac- cording to the Fancy of the Workman ^ the upper-fide is flat and plain. Corbels are commonly placed (for Sfrengfh-fake) immediately under tiie middle of the Semi-girders of a Plat- form, and fometimes under the ends of the Camber-beams ; but then they are commonly placed a Foot or 2 below the Beam, and a piece of Timber ftands upri^it (clofe by the Wall) from the Corbel to the Beam. CorbetSy Holes left in the Wails of ;?ncient Churches, (fy-e, for Images to (land ia« I? Corin- iiS c o Corinthian Order. V.Column.N. III. Corner tiles. V. Tiles. N. V. Corner- Hones, 1. Whit.'] Are 2 Stones, (commonly of Rigate, or Fire-ftone) of which there ftands one in each Jamb of a Chimney. Their Faces are hollow in the breadth, being a certain Sweep of a Circle. The breadth of each Stone is equal to the breadth of the Jam'i ■■, and their heighth reaches from the Hearth to the Mantle- tree. 2. Pr'ice.^ I have bought of thcfe Stones in London for ae s, per pair. Cor nice- ni/h. 1. What'] A Cornifli in Architefture, is the uppermoft of the 7 principal parts of a Column. V. Column, N. 2. Cornifhes are alfo placed on the top of Wainfcot, and under the Eves of Hou- fes, cVc. 2. KJrds.] There are js many kinds of Cornifhes, as there are Orders of Columns, vij^. Tiifcan, Dorick, lonick, Corinthi- an, a r.d Compotite ; to which may be added. Plain, Cantaliver, Modilion, and Covcing Cornifhes : Of all which I /hall treat in their Order. 5. Tufcan.] According to l^itruvius, the whole heighth of the Tufcan-cornifli is '. a Module ; which height being divided into 4 grand Diviiionf, the uppermoft of 'em goes to the Boultin, and F///ef under it ; and this Divifion being Tub divided into 4 parts, 3 of 'em goto the Bo«/rin, and i to the Fillet. The 2 next grand Divifions go to the Corona^ or Crown, [which is flat and plain,] And the lowermoft t^rand Divifion goes to the Cima- turn; which being aiiain divided into 3 paU*, the uppermoft of 'cm gf'^s to the Fil'et, and the other 2 to the Cirtia, or 0-G. The proK'^'^ure of the whole Cornifli, (as alfo of cacii Member thereof,) he makes to be equal to its heighth ; and the under fide of the Corona he divides into 1 1 parts, v hereof he gives 2 to the Fillet, and i to the Denticle, and fo Alternately ; for 'tis fitting (f*ys he) to have 5 as deep as they are large. _ According to Scammo^x'i-, the whole heighth of this Cor- nifli i. 39 Minut?, and the heighth of each Particular Member thereof f beginning at the top, and defcending c o up orderly,) is as follows j The upper LiJ}, or Flint of the Cornifti, 5 m. the S«perci//KW, LijU Tinea, or Eychrow i J m. the upper i'Wwa, or O-G. 8 m.the Lift under it 1 j m. the Corona, or Crown 9 I m. the Lift, i ; m. the 5ci/n^, or greater 0-G 6 m. ^here's i ? m. left betwixt, for the depth of the Dentils; the Superciliuw^ or Lift, i -^ cb. the Scimatium, or little OG 5 m. the Lifl 2 m. Palladio makes the whole hcighth of this Cornifli 44 m. whereof the Lift at the top is 5 ; m. the Scirna ReHa. 10 m. the Lf/t under him 2 ' m. the Corona 10 m. the Boult in 9 m. the Lift I 1 m. and the Cavetto, or ^o/W 7 ; m. 4. Dorfc4-] yitruvius makes 2 different Fa fliions of Dorick Cornifhes i the whole heighthof oneof'emis |a Module, which divided into 2 grand Divifions,one of 'em, f^i/^. the upper one) is again divided into 8 parts, of which 1 part goes to the Lift at the top, and the other 7 to the G. The other grand Di- vifion is Subdivided into 4 parts, of which the uppermoft, and lowermofl parts go to the 2 Cimatums, and the 2 middle parts go to the Corona, the Lift of each of thofe Cimatums is | of the ^Nho\t Cimatum. The whole heighth of the other fafliion'd Cornifli is 40 m. which divided into 9 parts, 2 fliall go to the 2 facidi, 1 to the Thorus, or Boultin above 'em, 2 to the Modili- ons above that, 2 to the Crown, and 2 to the Cima, or 0-G at the top. The Aiodilions, as alfo the Crown being divided, each into 3 parts, one of 'em fhall go to their refpeftive Citnatum's, of which their Lifts are each I of the whole. According to Scammox_^ilthe whole heighth of this Cornifli is 42 m. whereof the Lift at the top is 2 m. the great 0-G y m. the Lift I m. the little 0-G ^ m. the Corona 8 m. the Lift i m. the Cafement 2 m. the Boultin 5 m. the Lift i m. the S'^H^rre 7 m. the Lift I m. and the Boultin 4 m. Palladio, in his Verbal Defcription of this Cornifli, makes the whole heighth of him to be gsm.butin his Figure 'tis but 3 ^^m. Of which the Lift at the top is 2 ^ m. the Scima Re£la, or 0-G 6 \va. the Dfi i m. the Scima Reverfa 5 » m. the Corona 8 m. the Ovolo, or BoK/f/n 5 m. the Lift i m. and the Cafement at the bottom 5 m. 5. lonicl^.] The whole heighth of this Cornifli, according to Vitruvius,\i abo\xt 52 4:m. Hedefcribes 2 fafliion'd Corniflies in this Order ; in one of them he divides the whole hcighth into 1 1 partf, the 2 uppermoft of which goes to the Cimatum, and the Boultin under it; and this fpice being fub divided into 6 pirts, 2 of -em goes to the Fillet of the Cimatum, 3 to the O-G, and 1 to the Boultin. The next 2 grand Divifions go to the Corona. The next g grand Divifions go to the Cartoufes, and the Cima- tum over 'em •, and this fpace being divided into 5 partr, I of 'em makes the Cimatum, of which the FiUet is \- of the whole. Then i fof the next grand Divifion goes to the I 4 B9Ul' 120 c o Bouttiii, and fillet over it, of which the Fillet is -• part of the whole. Again, i ' of the next grand Divifions goes to the Cafcment, and Fillet over it, ot which the Fillet is -i of the whole. And the laft grand Divifion goes to the Cimatum, of which the Fillet is \ part of the whole. In the other fafhion'd CorniOi, he divides the whole heighth into 6 pirts, theupper- niolt of which goes to the 0-G^ whereof its FUiet is J. part, the next grand Diviiion being fub-divided into g parts, the upper- moH: of 'em goes to tlie Cimatutn, fof which its Fillet is y part,) 3nd the other 2 to the Corona, The next 2 grand Divifionsare fub divided into 5 pirts, the uppermofl of which goes to the ritnatum, f of which its Fillet is 4 part) and the other 4 to the Cartoufcs. The next grand Divifion being fub-divided into 4 partf, ^ of 'em go the Boultin, and i to the Fillet under it. And tlic lift grand Divifion being fub-divided into 4 parts, 3 of 'em go to the Catement^ and i to the cimatum^ of which its Fillet is ] part. Scammoxxi makes the whole heighth of this Cornifli 42 m. whereof the L/7? at tiie top is 2 m. the Sdma ReHa 5 ■. m. the Lift I m. the Santa Reverfa 2 ^ m. the Corona 6 \m. the Sci- trta Reverfa 2 -j m. the cartoufes 7 m. the B^ultin 4 m. the Lift I m. the Square 5 m. the Ltfi 1 m. and the Boultin 4 m. ' Palladio makes the whole heighth of this Cornifli ^6 \ m. whereof the Llfi at the top is 2 \ m. the Sdma Re^a 7 m. the Lift I ^ m. the S'cimu Reverfa 5 { m. the Corona 8 m. the Sq- fna Reifa over the ModiJions 5 ^ m. the Modilions 7 \ xn. the Lift I m. the Ovolo^ox Boultin 6 m. the Lift i 7 m. and the Ca- vetto, or Hollow $ m. di. Cjr'nthian.'] The whole heighth of this Cornifli according to ri(rMw«.f is about I Modqie. He dcfcribes 2 different fa- jTi'ord Corninies in this order ; in one of which he divides the whole heigluh into <; parts, the uppermoft of which goes to the C-G, of which its Fillet is 7 part. Tiien 1 :J:of the next grand Divifjons goes to the Corona and Cmatum over it, of which fpace the ciwatum is ■[■ part, and it^ Fillet \ of that. Then 1 -| Of the next grand Divisions goes to the Modjitons^ and C'matum over 'cm, of which fpace the ti;77erfcore; and fo I know fome Workmen have ; tho» Others tell me, they have known them done for 9 d. per fcore. Deal-floors, Of Laying^ The Uy'tng of ordinary Deal-SoorSj [;. e. plaining, and joyning 'em, tlgre.'] is worth 5 s, per Square. But if they are laid with Dovetail, or Key )oyots, without Pins or NiHs-^ fome Workmen tell me, they have 10 s. per Square. And if the Workman find Deals, and lay them the ordinary way, Ms worth from 24 to 30 j.yfr Square, according to the goodnefs of the Deals. But if the Deals are very good, and laid cither with I2<5 D I with Dovetail, or Key-joynts, (without Nails, or PinsJ 'tis worth 3 5 J, or 40 s. the Square. V. PL Floors. Deck nails, V. Nails. N. 6. Decor, This Word is perfeft Latin, and fignifics (properly) a good Meln^ Gracefutnefsy or Beauty. Vitruvhs^ {Lib.i. Cap. 2.) reckons it one of the 6 Confiderations that accomplifhcs the whole Art of Architefture ; And by this word he defignsthe keeping of a due Refpedt between the Inhabitant and the Hahi' tation. Whence Fa/W/o concludes. That the Principal Entrance muft never be regulated by any certain Dimeafions ; but by the Dignity of the Perfon that is to live in it ; yet to exceed, rather in the more, than in the lefs, is a Mark of Generofity, and may be excus'd with fome noble Emblem, or Infcription, as that of the Conte di Bevilacqua^ over his large Gate at VeronUy f where had been committed a little Difproportion :J Patet Ja- n«rf, Cor magis. Den- tills-tellis' ticuli^ A Member of the Cornifh, in fome of the Orders of Archi- tefture. In the Tuscan Order, they arc the Spaces left betwixt the Niches, cut out at certain Diflances, on the under-fide of the corona^ which makes it refemble a fct of Teeth, from whence they have their Name. In theDorfcj^, /omci^, and Co- rinthian Orders^ (without the Pedcflal,) they ftand under the Cormm Dlaflyle, A fort of Edifice, where the Pillars are placed at the diftancc of 3 of theif Diameters from one another. Diamond- gl of s, V. Clifs-quirry. Dia- D O 127 Diamond-pavement, V. Paving. N. 10. Digging. OfMeafmng.'] The digging of the Ground for Cellars, and for the Foundations of Buildings, is commonly done by the Yard folid, containing 27 folid Feet j and that is ufually count- ed a Load. Therefore the Dimenfions being given in Feet, Multiply the length by the breadth, and the Produft by the depth, dividing this lafl Produft by 27, and the Quotient will give the Content in folid Yards. Dimimjhing, of Columns.^ V, Columns. N. 9; Dogg-nai/s, V. Nails. N. 7. Dome, An 7r.«% cr Iciino^^,raphy cf each Floor, of Story, is delineated, ani r-prefented ; As alfo tie Form and Fafhion of each Front, together with the Window;, poorj. .. and Ornaments, f if they defign my J are to be (htwu in th£ Orthographies, or Drauthts of the Upriglits. K Some- 130 D U Sometimes more Fronts than one are fliewn perfpeftively in a Draught, and then 'tis call'd Scenography ^ but this is notca- lily underftood, except b\' thofc that underftand the Rules of Perfpeftive And therefore 'twill be more intelligible to thefcvc- iral Workmen, to have a Draughtof each Front, in a particular I'aperby it felfjand alfo to have a Draught of the Ground-plot,or Jchnography of every Floor, or Story in a Paper by it felf ; be- caufe many times the Conveniencies, or Contrivances in one Story, differs from thofe in another, cither in thebigncfs of the Chimneys, or Divifions of the Rooms, fome being larger in one Story than in another, and lometimes having more Chim- neys in one Story than in-another, Va]l,) and againft the Timber but J a Brick, or 4 [ Inch Wall. But Workmen do not approve of this way of Facing of Timber-buildings, by reafon the Mortar doth fo extreamly bura the Timber. Fii^-C!a^'c'io,Jhj^ In Architefture, is no more but a broad I.iff, or Fillet, (^V. Fillet.J They are commonly made in Architraves, (V. Archi- trave, j and in the Cornidi of Pedeftals, V. Pedeftal., In Brick- tuiidings, f Fence-zaalh. Walls of Erick, or Stone, made round Garden?, C'-c. Y- Wails, N. V. Fillet. V, Capital, Numb. 2. ' Fireflose. ff, Wbai-I Kigate-fiorxc^ commonly call d Fjre-ftone, is a fort *f ^topc very goodj (and much us'dj forChimney-fire-hearths; 2, Frke.'\ •F L »3$ 2. Prke.'] Mr. AfiUer, Stone-cutter in cold-harboury London, tells me, That they ufually fell Fire-ftone-hearths, at i s. per Foot. And Chimnev-corner-ftones of Firc-ftones at 20 s. per piir. And Blocks to fetup Coppers, each being about 5 f. lopgj i] f. broad, and 8 or 9 Inches thick, at 6 j. 8 d. per piece. V. Nails. N. V. Nails. N. p. F/at-head-mfi/s. Ylat-foint-nails. flemijhbricks. \ . What.l They arc a fort of Bricks brought out of Flanders^ and ufed for Paving ; being much nearer and llronger than common, or Clay.bricks. They are of a yellowilh Colour, and each Brick is 64 Inches Jong, 2 l Inches broad, and i ,j Inch. thick. Now allowing -\ of an Inch for the Joynt, 72 of 'em will Pave a Yard Square j but if they be fet edge-vvays, then to Pave a Yard Square will require 100 Bricks. 2. Price.2 They are commonly fold for 2 s. the Huadredo Wint -Kails. V. Walls. N. VH. floors, 1. What.'] A Floor in Architcfture is the unJer-fide of a Room on which we walk. Floors are of feveral forts ^ fome are of Earth, fome of Brick, fome of Stone, and fome of V/ood. Carpenters, by the word F/or, underftand as wcU thefram'd Work of Timber, as the Boarding over it. 2. Earthen.'] Earthen floors are commonly made of Lome, and fometimes (^for Floors to make Malt on J of Lime, and Erook fand, and Gunduft, or Anvil-dufl from tiie Forge ; the particular Method of both which I rauft at prefcnt omit j but I cannot pafs by that Receit (^ivcn ui by the In;^enious Sir Hugh Plat,) To mal^e an Artificial Compofition^ wherewith to make fmooth, glijhring and hard Floors^ and which may alfo ferve to PUijhr Walts with. Take, (fays he) Ox-blood, and fine Clay, and tempering them well together, lay the fame in any Floor, ^or Wall,) and it vvillbecome a very (Irong and binding Subflance \ as I have been told by a Gentleman and Stranger, who affirm'd to me, that the fame is of great ufe in Italy. In the next Edition, I may give you particular Direftions for making of feveral kinds of Earthen Floors. 3. Brickjtnd Stone.} Thefe I fhall prefer to Paving. V. Pi- ving. N. I. to 9. 4. Boarded.] Concerning Boarded-floors, 'tis to be oSfenr'd, that tho' Carpenters never Floor tlieir Rooms with Boards till Che Carafs is fet up, aai alfo enclos'd with Walls, leaft " K 4 th^ 1^6 F L the Weather fl^ouJd wrong the Flooring j yet they generally rough-plane their Ejards tor flooring, before they begin aqy thing elfe about the Building that they may fet them by to feafon •, which they do thus. They lean them one by one on enda fljntwiththe edgeoi" the Board againit a B^/i^, (^or as 'tis caird in fon'.e parts of Sujfex a Perch ,) for^3ewllat above the heighth of half the length of the Board , and fet another Board in the fame pofture on the other fide of the B«/^. fo that above the Bal^ they crofs one another j then on the firft fide they fet another Board in that porture, and on the fecond lide another, and fo alternately, till the whole number of Boardsarefet on end : Being fetinthis pofture, there is kit the thicknefs of a Board between every Board all the length, but juft where they crofs one another, for the Air to pafs througlModry and flirink'cm, agzinfl they have occafion to ufe 'em : But they fet them under Come cover'd Shed, that tht Rjin or Sun comes not at them ; For if tlie Rain wet "em, initead of Ouinking'em, it will fwell 'em; or if the Sun fliioeticrccly upon eni, it will dry 'em fo fafl, that they will Par or Jha{e 'cn\ as tliey Fhrafe it, tlut is, in plain Erg'ifljy fpiit or crack. They have another way to dry and feafcn their Boards for Floors, vU. By laying thcmti^t upon 5 or 4 Bilks, each Board about the breadth of a Board afundcr, the whole length of t!ie Sulkj- Then they lay another Lay of Boards athwart upon them, each Board alfo the breadfh of a Board afundcr -, then another Lay athwart the laft, and fo till all are thus laid. So that in this Pofition alfo they lie hollow for the Air to play between them. <,.0f Medi'.)Uig']^\o:Mi> Boarded are commonly meafur'd by the Square (of 1 00 Superficial Feet, by Multiplying the lent;th of tiie Room in Fcet,by the breadth '•.; Fect.ancl the Produift is the Con- tent in Feef;,then meafure t!ie Chimney- \vay5,and Well- holes for Stairs by thcmfcivef^ nnd deduct their Content in Feet from tlie whole Content in Feet, and from the Remainder cut off 2 Fi?!,ures on the Ri^ht-hand, and what remains on the Left- liandis Squares, and what is cut ciTisodd Feet of the Con- sent of Flooring in that Room. '' 6. Price.~\ The h'Tamivg of Floors in ordinary Euildinss, (fa)S Mr. Wjr.g J is uorch 7 or 8 j. per Square, in great Build- in Jf, ID or u /. But feverai Workmen in Si^jjix tell mc, That they rcmmoniy have but 4 i. fer Square, tor Framing of Floors Ml ordinary Buildings. And fome Workmen (in Sujfix) tell me, That if they Frame the jovlls the whole rtepth of the Girder, and pay for favving the Timber, thty have 9 or 10 J. />£•>• Square. The Price oi Laying, [J. e^ Boarding^ of Floors (fays Mx. X-eybiurr,)iS various, ""according to' the goodnefs of the Stuff, from 1 2 J. to 20 /. tht Square ; but if the Boards be found by p}c Builder, then they commonly allow far Plaiaing, Joypting, ' •' ■ '■'■ and" F O 137 and laying of Boards, 4 or 5 j. /'e*' Square, befides Nails, of v.'hich 2CO is a competent Allowance tor one Square ot Moo- ring. But feme Workmen in Sujfex tell me they will lay Deal* Floors Braded, and plain Joynts broken at every 4 or 5 Boards, for 5 s. per Square ; and" if they break Joynt at every Board, then 6 J. others fayd j. 2 d.or 7 s. per Square. Plaifter-floors running, the Workman finding all, is worth, (^fayslMr. Wwg^J \ s. ^d. per Yard, but the working part on- ly is worth 4 t a good Rate upon each Foot of Ground. For Ground being fcant in a City, each Foot of it there may be worth 8 or 10 j. which in the Coun- trey is not worth • a Farthing •, tho'you reclconLand at 20 s. an Acre, and 20 Years Purchafe •, for fo 'tis worth but one Penny a Yard, and every Yard has 9 Feet. Thirdly, But the way that I fhail prefcribe, (fays ray Au- thor,) as more general and certain, to value thefe Foundations, is to get a true and indifferent Eftimate of the Yearly Rent thefe Houfes formerly went at, at a moderate rack Rent, with- out any Abatement or Diminution thereof by Fines, or any o- ther Confj derations ; Which bein<^ known, you may reckon the true value of thefe Foundations to be 4, 5, or 5 Years Purchafe, according to the faid Yearly Rent, that is about tlie third part of the full worth or purchafe of the Fee fimple of the Houfe. But if you will moreexaftly judge of, and deter- mine the true worth of thefe Foundations ^ it will bebefl to range them into 5 forts, reckoning the firft and lowefl fort of Houfes which yield leaft Rent, it 4 Years Purchafe ; the 2 d. fprt which yield a moderate Rent, at $ Years Purchafe, and the 3 d. fort which yield the biggeft Rent, at 6 Years Purchafe. My Author, (the afore-mentioned Mr. IVjng,) demonftrates the il/e/wrj?)' of this way of Valuing Foundations, above any o- ther ; but I have been already too long upon this Theam, and therefore I fiiall defer the reft of his Ingenious Difcourfe oa this Subjeft to another Opportunity. fountain. An artificial Spring of, (or Well to contain) Water in a Cjrden ; whither the Water is brought in Pipes of Lead, lijc. and commonly made to fpout out of the Moathsj or other parts of Images. framing. 1. Offfjufes.] I know fome Workmen in Siiffextintdosll the Framing in a Houfe, viz. The Carcafe, Flooring, Partiti- oning, Roofing, Ceiiina-beams, Aflitoring, (fy^c. all toperher, and make the Window?, and Lantherns, and hew and faw the Timber for 1 2 s. per Square. 2. Carc.tfe of a Houfe. '\ Mr. l.eyba-Arn fays, That Carpen- ters commonly work by (he Square of 10 Foot, in crafting the C^rcafe, that is, ^fj)S he,) Framing and fettin;.; up with' the Partitions, Floors, Rafters, and fuch like •, for which (^a^s he,) tiiey have (ia running Buildings J from 1 5 to 20 j. the Sqiurr, and fome miy dcferve 50 j. or more, (snd to 2 Square of go.)d Carcafe, (fays he, J 20 Foot of Ground rough Timber may be allow'd.,; But I know not wliether he means th;t tiic Car- 142 F R Carpenter Fells,and hews and fawsthc Timber in to that Price i lorfome Workmen in .Swjffex tell me, That tor Framing the Carcafe of a Houfe, and fawing the Timber, they have but 8 /, per Square, and without Ikwing the Timber, but 4 r. 6 d. o- thers fay but 4/. /er Square. 5. Carcafe of a Bam.] Sorne Workmen tell me. That they have for Framing of Barns 5 s. 6 d. per Square. They alfo tell me, That the Charge of the Carcafe of a Barn may be thus computed, vi^. 4 s. per Square for fawing the Boards, confi- dcring the Slabbing, and the Boards lying one over another, 2 s. per Square for fawing the timber, g r. 6 d. per Square for. Framing, znd/^s. fer Square for the Timber, reckoning at 12 s. per Tun, and i Tun to make 5 Square of Framing. So that the whole Charge of the Carcafe will be at leafl i^s. 6 d. /er Square; for if the Timber be more than 12 t. per Tun, then will the whole Charge be more than vve have computed. 4. Pattitions.'] Tho" fome Workmen reckon Partitions into" the Carcafe, as was Did, Num. 2, yet others reckon them by themfelves, for which, and fawing the Timber, they tell me, they have 6 s.ox -j s.per Square j and fct the Wofkmanfhip only, 2 X. 6 d. per Square. 5. ivoo/}.] Mr. Lejbourn fays. That Carpenters commonly reckon 4or 5 j. in the Square more for Framing of Roofs, than for the rert of the Building. I know not how he means ; for I am fure fome in^ienious Workmen in Sujfex tell me, That for Framing of Roofs, and Sawing the Timber, they have but 8 or py, the Square, and for the Workmanfhip only but 4 s. S'^. fcr Square. 6. Fh^-s.~] V. Floors. N. o. 7. Through.'] Some Workmen tell me. That for Thorougfr- framing, (as they call it, that is Framing all, and making Doors and Windows,) they have 5 s.per Square, for the Work- manfhip only. 8. By the great Square,] Some Carpenters tell me. That in Brick Buildings they fometimes work by the great Square ; and then befides framing the Floors, Partitions, Roof, ^c. they alfo mike Doors, Windows, Corninies, Stair-cafes, and (in generalj all that is Carpenters Work, and fawinj of Tim- ber. Yet 1 think they told me, they were particularly paid for making the Modilions, or Cantalivers. And for this Work they have 6 Pound per Square. But 'tis to be noted. That in this way of working, they meafure only the Ichnogra- phy, or Ground-plot, only to the Dimenfions they add one of the Projeftures in Front, and one in FJank, and fo cafl it 13 p. 9. Of Meafu'ing.'] This kind of Work is meafur'd by the Square, a* Floors. V. Floors. N. 5. Fret- "^ H3 Yret work. V. Plaftick-Art. Free-Mafons Work. V. The Particulars in their proper places of the Alphabet Freeze.^ or Friefe. 1. Whitt.']k Freeze in ArcKitefture is the uppermofl but one of the 7 principal parts of a Column. V. Column. N. 2. 2. Kjnds.\ There are as many kinds of Freezes, as there are Orders ot Columns, vin^. Tufcan, Doriek, lonick, Corin- thian, and Compofite ; of all which in their order. 5. Tufcan.]l'itruvius makes this Freeze flat and plain, and ia heighth 30 Minutes. Vigr.ola. alio makes ittJat and plain, but ia hcighth 3$ Minutes. Falladio makes it convex or fwelling, and in heighth but 26 Minutes. ScammoT^i makes it plainj and in heighth 42 Minutes. 4. Dorkk.'] l-^itruvius, (znd foAKoyignola) makes this Freeze flat, only Carv'd with Trigliphs and Metops, and its heighth 30, or 45 Minutes. Fr«vfMj, but in heighth 4$ Minutes, Palladia, and Scsmmo^TJ alfo make it like Vitruvi- KXjbut Palladia makes it in heighth 28 Minutes, and Scammo^' ^i, 3 1 -J Minutes. 7. Compofite.] Vitruvius makes this Freeze flat, but befet with Cartoufes, and Carv'd betwixt each Cartoufe, and ia heighth 52 ■ Minutes. VignaU makes it like Vitruvius^ but in heigljth but 45 Minutes. Pd/W/o makes it convex, or Swel- ling, and in heighth but 30 Minutes. Scanmo^xj makes it like Vitruviits^ and in heighth but 32 Minutes. Frefco. 1. What.] A way of Painting or Plaiflering, (or rather both) upon Walls, to endure the Weather, and reprcfenting Birds, Beafts, Herbs, Fruits, (^c. in relief. 2. Of Fainting in--] Painting in Frefco is thus pcrform'd. Grind your Colours with Lime-water, or MiJk, or Whey, and fo temper and mix them together in Pots, as in Size-colcurirg. Alfo, 144 ^ ^ Alio, take the Powder of old rubbifli Stones, mix it with well burnt Fhnts, Tor LimeJ and Water ; but wafJi out the falt- nefs of the Lime, by often pouring out the Water, and putting in frefh, the ottner the better ; and this makes the Plaifter or Comport. Avoid moift Weather, for that has great iniiucnce on the Walls: And to make the Work the more durable, ftrike into the Joints of tne Brick' or Stone Wali, flumps of Horfe-nails, about 6 Inches afunder ; for this will keep the Plaifler frompcaiinj^ off". Then, with this Compofl Plainer the Wall a good thick- ncfs, letting it dry; then (your Colours being ready prepard and mingl'd,) Plaiifter again over the former, the thicknefs of a Half-crown, fo much as you intend prefently to work upon ; and whilftitis wet, work your Colours therein, which will, mix and incorporate with the Plaifler, fo as never to wafli out. Workyour Pointing quick with a free Hand ; for there can be no alteration after the firft Painting ; and therefore make your Colour high enough at the firft •, you may deepen, but not eafily heighten. Avoid Mineral Colours, Earthy Colours are the beft, as all Ol^rs, Spamfj'brown^Terra-vertjSpamflj-white, dec. Your Brufhes and Pencils mufl be long and foft; orherwife they will rake and rafe the Painting -, your Colours mufl be full, and fiowing from the Brufh ; your Defign perfeft in the Image, or Paper Copy j for in this Work you cannot alter or add upon anv Colour. 5. fifftory.'] This kind of Painting was the ancient Grecian way of Painting, and fince much us'd by the Roman*. Plw frftc/; tells us, That /Jr^ifJ^x the great Commander under Pro/?- »7>'Kingof Eg)pf, (\n a Complement to the Emperours Af- feftiot^s th^t \vay,) fpared the facking of a wealthy CitVj meerly for the Excellency of the Ftefco Pa'mtitig upon the Wails of the? Houfes. There have been feveral whole Towns of this Work in Ger^ many, rarely done, but nowruin'd by War. At /iw»e there are :: Chambers ("in the Pope's PallaceJ of Freh, done by Rath.tcl Vrb:v, and Julio Romano (^his Difci- ple) vvhofinifhed his Maflei'j Work, which is yet call'd iJ/i- fhael's Defigns. Other Places there are done by Andrea dei Sexto, and Michael Argeh, and fome other Artifts. At Fount Am-blean in Fiance is mofl excellent Frefco-vorli. It is the continu'd Travels of Vlyjjes in 60 pieces, done by BoU lameo, M.trtm Roufe 3 Florentine, and others. F/r/schg/afs. V. Glafs. N. III. F/iefe F U H$ friefe. As Freeze. Fr'igeratory. A Place to make or keep things cool io. free-Jlone, V. Stone. N. i. front y or Frontifpiece. i. What J] The Face, or Forefide of a Houfe. 2. Of Setthg.'] The Setting, [that is making] of the Fronts of great Buildings, i7\. Aftilar, [or Stones,] Architrave, Win- dows and Doors, with the Ground-table, Faftiia's, and other Mem'bers, is worth from 5 /. 10 s. to 5 /. per Rod, ((ays Mfo Wing,) according to the goodnefs of the Work. Front i/bdoors, V. Doors. N. 4. Frowy. Timber isbyfome Workmen faid tobe/rouy, when it isco venly temper'd all the way, and works freely without tearing. Funneh of Chimneys. r. What.'^ The Funnel of a Chimney is the Shaft, or fmal- left part of it, from the waft (where 'tis gather'd into its leafl Dimenfions) upwards. 2. Of making.'] Palladio tells us. That the Funnels of Chim= nies muft be carri'd through the Roof, 3, 4, or 5 Foot at leaftj; that they may carry the Smoke into the Air. And here you muft take care, (fays he,) That they be made neither too wide, nor too narrow; for if they be too wide, the Wind will drive back the Smoke into the Room ; and it they be too narrow, the Smoke (not having free paftage) returns back alfo. Theie-' fore 'tis that Camber-chimneys are not made narrower than 10 or n Inches, nor broader than 15, which is the ordinary depth of the Funnels of great Kitchin-chimneys, vvhofe breadth is 4 or 5 Foot within the Work, from the place wbefe the Breft ends to the top of the Funnel. Now the faid Breft reach= es from the Mantle-tree, to the Ceiling, or pitch of the Arch, always diminiftiing withiri the Work, till you come to the Meafures of Depth and Bre?.dth, before mentioned ; aid from thence to the end of the FMnnel, it muft be carri'd op as e- venas you can pofTiblvj for failing in thisj it often happens i)n Siijoke is offesfiYei t Furfti i^6 G A Furrs. Yurrings, In Architeflure, Furrings is the making good of the Rafter^ Feet in the Cornifh. That is, when Rafters are cut with a Knee, thefe Furrings are pieces that go ftraight along with the Rafter from the top of the Knee to the Cornifh. Alfo when Rafters are rotten, or funk hollow in the middle, and pieces (cut thickefl in the middle, and to a point at each end) are nail'd upon them to make them ftraight again j the put- ting on of thofe pieces is call'd Furring the Rafters j and thofe pieces fo put on arecail'd Furrs» Gable- end. t. ViTffat.'^ In Architefture the Gable-end of a Houfe is the upright Triangular end of the Roof. 2. To Meafure.] To meafure a Gable-cnd,MuItiply the breadth at the bottom, by half the Perpendicular, or Line from the Angle at the top to the middle of the bottom; or Multiply half the former by the whole of the latter, and the Produft will gi'^e the Content in fuch Meafuresas the Dimenfions were ^aken inr Gcjin. The bevelling Shoulder of the Joyfl, or other StufK 'TIs alfo us'd for the lapping of the end of the Joyfl, (^c. upon a Trimmer or Girder, and then the tbicknefs of the Shoulder is cut into the Trimcoer alfo bevelling upwards, that it may juft receive the Gain, and fo the Joyfl and Trimmer lie even and level upon their Superficies, this way of vvorking is us'd io a Floor or Hearth. Galleries^ hit long narrow Rooms made on the Sides or Fronts of Hou- fes ; they fcrye for Walking, Eating, and other Divertife- Eients. 1 iieir length (h,i PuliadhJ ought to be at leaft s times their breadth \ -i-cy may be (5, 7, or 8 times their breadth, but muft nuL exceed. Gardmanger. A Stors-houfe^ or E^ooid tg fet Meat io^- Gafesr G \ 147 Gates. 1. What.'] Tis a thing fo well known, that it needs no Defcription, for all know it to be a Place for Palfage of Per- fons, or Horfes, Coaches or Wagons, ^c. 2, of thdr Proportion.'] The principal Gates for Entrance, through which Coaches and Waggons are to pafs, ought ne- ver to be lefs than 7 Foot in breadth, nor more than 1 2 Foot» which laft Dimenfion is fit for large Buildings. As to the hei^hth of Gates, it ought to be 1 {- the breadth or fomething more. J But for comraoa Gates in Inns, where Wagons loaded with Hay and Straw go under, their heighth may be twice the breadth. ^. Of the Price of fomc fort f.'] As to the Price of G^fw, it is various according to the forts of Gates, which again will differ according to the Dimenfions and Workmanfhip. Thofewhicli we n^jil mention at prefent will be only Pallifado, and Fold Gates. And firfl of Pallifado GatcSyW. Wing f^ith, in Rutland^thit if the Gates bed or 7 Foot high, and rhe Workman find Tim- ber and Worknunfhip, they are worth about 9 or los. per li- neal Yard i but it he find only VVorkman(hip, then 'tis worth ^ or 7 s. per Yard. I have obferved, that if they are Semi-pallifado, with Knee- ling-rails at the top, handfomely Moulded on both fides, and fquare Pallifitdes, Raifed Pannels, and Bifciiion Mouldings on both fic^ei, the dates about 8 Foot high, ind the Ports a Foot Square, open'd in the Front, or revailcd with a Moulding flruck in it on both fides the Rcvail, a Bafe and Capital laid on the Ports, and the Heads cur into one of the Platomck Bo- dies i as fuppofean Icolaedron, and the P( rls wef about 10 or n Foot above Ground, *he Woriitnanlliip is worth 12 or 13 j-. per Yard lineal ; but if the Workmen find Timber, it will be worth more than 10 s. per hneal Yard, in facb Gates, to find all Iron-work, Painting, (fyrc. it would be worth a- bove^oj. per hneal Yard. Secondly, OfFo/^,-,but if the Carpenter pay for the fawing, then the Price is from 5^. to5i-. 6 d. Such a Gate, Timber and Work is worthjfrom 7 to 10^. accor- ding to their goodnefs •, but with Ports from 12 to 15 j. But G;ife and Iron- work from 10 to 19 x. But Gate, Iron-work, V and Poib, from r 5 *. to 18 s, but Cleft Pold Cirvrnc?,) near as dear as CrmvH-^A;/y. Of this Glafs there is but 2 5 Tables to the Cafe. V. Of Germ an. glafs.'] Of this fort of Glafs there are 2 itind:>, vix^. White and Green. 1. White German glafs."] This Glafs is of a whitifli colour, and free from thofe fpots and blemiflies which our fietrcaiile- gfafs is fubjeft to, but it hath commonly fomc fine or fmaH curved Streaks, or Lines, as the KewcafiU-glafs hath. 2. (Jreen Gerrn an -glafs.] This you may well fuppofe to be of greenifli Colour by its Name ; it is fubjeft to have thofe fine Lines, or Streaks as the white is ; but both this and the white German is flraighter, and notfo crooked and warped as tlewcafile-glafs is ; Both thefe lorts of Glafs are brought over from G L ]%} from Germany^ and yet it is generally as cheap ssNemaJile- glafs. VI. Dutch-glafs.'] It differs not much from ^Jeracaflle-gfafs in its Colour, and I have obfcrved fome of it that hath been very crooked ^ I am informed that the Tables of this fort of Glafs are but fmall, 'tis not much ufed now in England. This Glafe hath its Name alfo from thofe that make it, vi^. The ^utchy for I am told 'tis brought out of Holland^ 'tis alfo a- bout the fame Price with Kewcajlle-glafs. VII. Nemaftle-glafs.'] This fort of Glafs is of a kind of an Afh-colour"* 'tis the Glafs that is raofl in ufe here in England , but 'tis fubjeft to have Specks, and Blemiflies, and Streaks in it, and 'tis very often warped crooked. Of this Glafsy Mr. Lfybotirndys there is 45 Tables to the Cafe; but if I did not miftake, a London Glazier told me they had but 5 § Tables to the Cafe, and Mr. Leybourn alfo faith, that each Table con- tain'd $ Superficial Feet, and by Confequence a Cafe of 45 Tables to the Cafe will contain 225 Foot, the Glazier before- mention'd faid there was 6 Foot in a Table, and if but 55 Tables to the Ci/'V, that would amount to but 2 1 o Foot. But £ Avas informed by one that told me he had taken the Dimenfions of fome Tables of Kewcafile-glafs\ and he found them to con- tjin 7 Foot at leaft ; for faith he, they are of this form ; the upper edge as they ftand in the Cafes or Frames is Circular, a- hout the 4r/j. or <,th, part of a Circle, the Cord of which faith he was about 3 \ Foot, the lower fide was ftrait, about 18 or 13 Inches, the Perpendicular from the bottom to the top about 9 Foot: From this Obfcrvatiou. a Cafe of 95 Tables would amount to 245 Foot. Thefe Tables of Glafs are brought ifl Cafes, or flight Frames of Sticks fixed at foiie diflance one from another, into 4 corner pieces which are ftouter- The ends of thefe Frames are made tapering nearer one another at the bottom than they are at the top, according to the Form of the Glafs ; but the fides are parallel, the Glafs is fet in on fome Strav, which is laid on the bottom of the Frame, and there is fome Straw ahb put on the fides, and top of each Cafe, but none betwixt the Tables. Thefe Cafes are brou§lit to London'm the Coal-fhips, they being fet on end in the Coles more than half its depth, by which means they are kept ftea- dy from falling and being broke by the motion, and rowling of the Ship. Mr. Leybourn faith, that a Cafe of 45 Tables, $ Foot to a Ta- ble equal to 2 2 5 Foot, doth weigh about 200 Ifc. and by con- fequence 9 Foot will weigh about 8 it. He alfo faith, the Price of N^xr-caflle-glafs is uncertain, for when Coals are Plenty, then Glafs is cheap, and when the Coals are dear at Lwdon, then Xewcajll: -J afs is to likewife, not that they want Goals at Nevcafile j but becaufe they have K 4 m 152 G L no other Conveyance for it to Z.on(/on. So that fometiraes it is at 30 s. per Cafe, and other times 40 s. But I was informed by a London Glazier, that the moft conftant Price was 34 s. per Cafe. To cut a Cafe of this Slafs into Quarries Diamond fafhion (with halfs, and quarter?, and 3 qaitters of Quarries^ as the Glafs falls out) fome lay it is worth 6 or 7 j. but I did hear a Glafs-cutter fay he would do it for 3 j. or 3 j. 6d. Kewcaflle-glafs cut into large Squares itc fold for 22 to 25 j. per 1 00 Koot, according to their Si/e. Andfmall Squares, from 19 to 22 s. per 100 Foot. And ^uarriestoi Nenxajih'glafi for about i6s.per 100 Foot. Glaring done with this Kewcaftle- glafs with Quarries, band- ing, Soddering, pinning the Cafements being included, theu- fual Price is 5 d. or 6d. per Foot in London^ and there abouts, but in feveral parts of the Countrey they have 6d. per Foot, gnd will be paid for pinning of the Cifemcnts befides. V IF. Glazing in fome Places of £n^/indows in Stone- work are all meafured by their full Dimenfions in heighth and breadth, as if they were Square and not Curved. 4. That there is very good Reafcn for all thefe Cuftoms, if we c onfider the trouble in taking Dimenfions to make them by 2 thewafte of Glafs in working it to thefe Forms, and 5 the extraordinary time expended in fetting it up, more than in fquare Lights. I fay if thefe things be duly weigh'd and con- fidered, they will befound of more value than the Glafs which would cover a Square Superficies of that Dimenfion. Having thus difpatched the i/?. thing, w\. Of Cuflomiy I ftiall now proceed to the 2. Of taking D/men^ow, &c. In doing of which, in this Profeffion oiGlaTJng, it is generally taken to parts of Inches, and fo computed to the Nicety of a Fraftionof an Inch, which may be done feveral ways, 4 of which being praftifed by fome Surveyors and Wortimen, I fhall juft mention here, vlj;^. 1. By vulgar FraCiions^ 2. By Crofs- Multiplication of Feet, Inches, and Parts, § By Duodecimah, and 4. By Decimals. There is another way by Logarithms, which is more expeditions than either of the former •, but I cannot here ftay to treat of thefe, which will require too much time and room for this prefcnt Undertaking, or Defign. But becaufe in Glaziers Work, they ufually take the Dimeti' fions to the Parts of an Inch, the beft and readieft way to com- pute the Area's, is to take the Dimenfions with a Sliding-rule, iuch as ihtGlaxjers generally ufc ^ which Rule is divided Cen- tefimally, the Dimenfions being thus taken, and fet down, are Multiplied one into the other, as eafily as Vulgar Arithmetick in whole Numbers is. As to the Method of taking Dimenfions^ and fetting them down in a Pocket-book, or the like, Vid, Building, Num. V. §. 2, 9, 4, 5. where alfo you will find a Bill of Meafure- ment of Glazier's Work. And for the manner of Computing the Quantity, fjV? Crofs Multiplication. IV. Gf the Price of divers forts of Glazjer's-worl^'] The different forts of G/4:?^?>rV Work which we fliall here menti- on, are thefe following, vi^. Glaring with Squares, and with Scarries. And I. Of Glaring with Squares for the Price of Cromt, French, German, Dutch, and Engliffj Glafs wrouglit in Lead, and fet up. V. Num. III. ^c. ot Glafs. As to the Price of Square-work, the Mafter finding Glafs^ and the Glazier, Lead, Sodder, and Workmanfliip, 'tis worth jibout 2 i <^. pffr Foot, But they will be (in the Countrey) paid 158 G L " ' paid ; d.per Cafement for pinning of them, (^ which is putting of Lead-pins thro' the Iron-frame, and Soddering them, there- by to fix theGiafs to the Frame,) ^i^. Cafement s of 4 [ Foot long, and fo proportionably, if they find Lead or Sodder for it. But to work up Squares and fet it up, finding nothing but Workmanftiip, it's worth about i d.ov i a d. per Foot. 2. Ot Glazjng with ^Harries^ which is for the moft part done with Kewcaflle glafs, which fee for the Price of new Work and Materials. Num. VII. But if theG/j^^/er find only Lead, Sodder^ and ffori^, 'tis worth about 5 d.per Foot. But if they find nothing but Work, then I ' d. or 2 ^. is a fufficient Price. For taking down Q»arry-glafs, Scouring it, and Soddering it anew, and Banding, and letting up again, the ufual Price is I \ d. ptr Foot. But it it be in Churches where they fay they have ufually more Bjnding, ^c, their Price is 2 d.per Foot. They have alfo 2 d. per Foot for taking down, Scouring, Soddering, Banding, and fetting up again of the old fafhion'd Work, which is compofed of pieces of Glafs of different Sizes and Fi- gures. As to the quantity of Lead ufed in any number of Feet of Glafs. vid. Lead, Num. 10. I find by Mr. Leybourn, that in London they generally ufe that Size of ^ua-rJes, cali'd 1 2 s. the which he thus defcribe?. SlMariies,{i'i\th he,) for the moft part are 6 Inches in length from one Acute Angle to the other, and in breadth from Ob- tufe Angle to Obtufe Angle 4 Inches; fo that each Quarry, faith he, contains 12 Superficial Inches; which fort is that which thev call long Quarries. V. P. Quarries. N. B. That there are feveral Appellations given to the vari*- oiiS Dimenfimi, &c. of Qnarrles, viz. i. The Range^ which is a Perpendicular let fall from one of the Obtufe Angles to theoppofite fide. 2. And theler^r^ is thelongeft Diagonal from one acute Angle to the other. 5. The Breadth is the fhorteft Diagonal, which is drawn between the 2 Obtufe Angles, as for the Sides and Area of a Quarry, I think all know that. You will find in the word Quarries, that there have been, or (Ull are 12 forts of Quarries; from whence there arifes di- vers Propofitions, of great ufe to Olaziii's. As i. To find a- ny of the 5 fore-cited Dimenfions, as Range, Side, Length, Breadth, and Area, of any of the forts of quarriae. 2. To find the Area of any fort of Quarries. 5. Having any of thefe Di- menfions given, t;r. Rjn^e, Side, Breadth, or Length, to find the Name, or Denomination of the Size, u^. Whether 8x. \os. 12 s. e^c. 4. Having the Area of a Qnarry given, to fiad of what fort or fize he is. s. To find whether a Window be [ ^ ^ I5P ibe Glazed with thofe they call fquare Quarries or long ones j for you muft note there is 6 forts of fizes or fquare Unarms, anddfizcs of long Quarries ^ which makes 12 forts in all, as I told you before. Altho' I am fenfible that thefe 5 Propofitions (but juft now raentioned,J would be acceptable to Glarjer's^ and fome other ingenious Perfons, yet I muft here evade them till a better opportunity, for Reafons oft mentioned^ io this Book. Glaziers BilJ. V. Bwlding. V. 7. j Gradatory, Tis derived from the Latins, and is ufed to (ignifie a Place I to which we go up by Steps, particularly an Afccnt from the I Cloifter to the Quire in fome Churches. Granary. A Placeto lay up Corn in. Sir H. W. advifes to make it to- ward the North, is much as m;:v be -, becaufe that Quarter is moft Coo! and Temperate, Mr. Worlidg'; laith, that rh" beft Oraiiarks arc built of Brick with O'^artersof rin:b'^r wrou?ht in the in-fide, where- to to nail *!i'e Boards, with winch tUe in-fide of the Granary muft be lined fo clofe to nn' Bricks, that there be no room for Vermine to fhelter themfelves. There may be many Sto- ries one above another, and kx. them be near the one to the other, for the fluIJower the Cnni lieth the better, and it is the cafier turned, which it muft be fometimes. Some have had 2 Granaries, one above the other, and filled the upper with Whear, or other Corn ; this upper one had a fmall hole in the Floor, by which the Corn defen- ded into the lower one like the Sand in an Hour-glafs, and when it was all come down i.to the lower Granary, it was then carried up again into the upper one; and fo it was kept con- tinually in motion, which is a great Prefervation to the Corn. A large Granary full of fquare Wooden-pipes may keep jCornlong from heating. Granger, From the Latin word Grana^ a BuHding which hath Barns^ Stables, Stalls, and other neccffary Places for Husbandry.. Grates. V. Iron. Num. 4. Great Bricks^ V, Biicks. Mum, IV. §. $» Grotef' 153 G U Grotefque^ or Grotefca. V. Antick. Ground ToB«/7ion.3 V. Foundation. Num. 2. §. i. 2. 3. 4. 5. and 6. Ground guts. V. Alder. Num. 3. Ground-plat^ or P/^/-. 1. What."] A piece of Ground a Building is to be erefted upon. 2. Of Valuing ] V. Foundations. Num. 3. Ground-plate. V. Sell. A Term ufed by Joiners^ to fignifie the Channel that i* made by their Plow in the edge of Molding, or Stile, or Rail* (^f. toput their Pannels in in VVainfcotting. Guttje, V. Arckifrave. Numb. 6. Gutters. I. what.'] 7hok whkh we (hzW here treat of, are Valliei in the Roofs of BHitdings, and thefc are of 2 kinds in refpeft of their Pofition ; for they are either fomething near a Parallelifm with the Horizon, or inclining towards a Vertical Pofition to the Horizon. Of the rtritkind of Gutters^ which for diflinftion fake I will cali Parallel,) there are 3 forts which arc cover 'd with Lead ; for I If. either it is a Gutter betwixt 2 Roofs which ftand Parallel to each otiier, being made upon the Feet of the Raf- ters of 2 Roofs which meet together. Or, Secondly, A Gutter where a 6«iW//i g hath a Cantaliver, or Modilion Cornini, which projefts I y Foot, or 2 Foot, (according to the Defign of the Building) beyond the Walls, then the Roof is fet with the Feet of the Rafters, no farther out than the Walls, but rather with- in it :, fo that the Joifts of the upper Floor lie out beyond the Walls, and alfo beyond the Feet of the Rafters which is yet cover'd with Lead. The 3 d. fort of thefe Parallel Gutters, are in thefe Roofs that are Hat, commonly called Platforwsy where are alfo Gutters for the Water that runs from the Platform to defcend to, which is from thence conveyed off from the Buil' i^ir^, either by Spouts or Pipei.* _ G U i5c Having defcribed the P^iratUl Gutters, we arc next to crcat of the Vertical Gutters. Ey Vertical Gutter, ! mean lui n a one ■ as is made by two Roofs meerin^j at Ri^lit Angles, omc to the other, or which is the fame thing (but in ottier words) it is made by the end of one Root jo)niDg to the iirk of another : As for Example, if a Building be ercOed in the Form of a Roman L, 'tis then common to have i Gutter on the infide of the L. But if it referable a T, it hath 2 Gutters, but if like an H, then 4. Thefe Gutters alio are of 2 forts, vir. Either Lead or Tile. Of all wiiich we Ihal! fpeak in their Ordeis. Having given the definition of Gutters, I fiiall fiuvv proceed to treat 2. of Uying Parallel Lead Gutters.'] In fpeaking to this Head, before f proceed to treat of laving the Lead, I mu(c here give a necelTary Caution, which is this, w';^. To take care that the Gutter Boards, &c. lie net too near a rariillelifm' vvitli the Horizon, but in fuch a Poiition that it may have a good Current, Os Workmen phrafe it ;) for if it be laid tCK» near a Level, the Water is very fubj-ft to (land in fpiaHies^ if the Gutter chance to fink a little in the middle, which fome Gutters are nio(\ apt to do; but this is fomething according as they are pofite- on the Building. I have obferved fome Gutters to have a Lair of Sand for the Lead to lie upon, but this way 1 do not approve of Icr 2 Rea- fons, which are thefe, i/;;^. i. Becaufe fome forts ot Sand I have obferved does corrode and decay the Timber that lifs near it) very much 2. When 'tis laid on Sand, a very little Squating, vit^. by jumping upon it with the Heals of ones Shooes will dent it, and there the Water immediately ftands, which is a means to decay the Lead the fooner. In laying of Lead for Cutters upon Boards, if they are fo long that one Sheet of Lead will not reach them, rhen 'tis conv inon (for fome Plumbers) to fodder them ; for which purpofe they cut a Channel crofs the Gutter-boards at the end office Sheet where the Soddcring muft be ; and into this Channc' they beat down the ends of both the Sheets f^that are to meet there) into the Channel ; which when they have done, there will remain a little Cavity, which the Sodder fills up !cvef with the reft, when it is foddered. The Lead which tiiey commonly lay in Gutters^ is that w'iich weighs about 8 or j? ifc. to the Foot. Of thefe Gutters. V. ?. Lead. Num. 6. HI. Of Vertical Qutlers.] Thefe Gutters, as I told you be- fore, are of 2 forts, viz. Lead, and THe : A5 to the /.e.-t«^ oacs i ftall fay nothing here, being alnKfi: the fame in efftft as the Parallel ones. Only unlefs the Builder will be at the charge, the Lead need not be aitogeth'^f fo thick for thc.'e yertiiil ones ; for if \.\>t\ are kid with Lead fA but 5 or 7 It- M te 16'2 G U f tlie Foot, tliefe P'et tkal Gutters will Jaft as long as the Paral- lel ones with Lead of 8, 9, or lo jb. to the Foot. Guttcrs\i\A \s\i\\ Tiles, are aHb made of 2 kinds of Tiles% viz. Concave, (or Gutter, J and plain Tiles ; I fhall here fay lit- tle of the Concave, or Gut ters^ but refer you to the Defcription of Gutter tiles. Plain Ttle Gutters, are alfodiftinguifhed into 2 forts, X'/:^. I. P I amt'ii:- gutters, ^properly focall'd,; and 2dly, 5 Point Gutters, of both which I will treat in their order. And, 1. Of Plain-tiles-gutters, f properly Jo calidj in thcfc Pldin-tile-gutters, there is a Gutter-board laid which raifes them from Pointing to an Angle : And in laying on the Tiles, the Workman begins at one fide of the Gutter, and fo works crofs it as if it were plain Work, and then brings the next row of Tiles back again •, fo that he work; forth and back, Of to and fro from right to left. So that Gutters laid after this Method are not Angular, but of a kind of diftorted Curve- timay Form ; hy wliich means they are .notfo fubjeft to be fur- red up w ith the Mortar which wafhes out of the adjacent Tiles. 2. Of -i, Point -gutter s.l This is t^ie iccond fort of Gutters which ate laid with plain Tiles : In laying of which, they be- gin and lay one Tile on one part of the Roof, (it matters not which part \(l.J and lay one corner of the Tile juft in then>id- dle of xhtGutter, .ind then they lay ?nciher en the other part of the Roof, with his corner jufl in the middle of the Gutter alfo •, fo thjt the corner of the fccond Tile is contingent with the \i}. And then Ijy another Tile ia tlie Gutter, with his corner, (as it were) betwixt the other 2, and to them : Ha- ving fo done, they pcrfift in their Work, and lay a Tile on each part of the Roof, as before, and another betwixt them in tlie Gutter: After this manner they goon with their Work, till they have hniflied the Gutter : And this is what they call a 9 Pn'-r.t Gutter •, for there always come 7, Points, for Angles) of Ti'es together, (vi^. i Angle of 5 diftinft tiuif^s,^ which makes it very unuorm and handfome. You are hereto note, that only 5 ' Inches fquareof the middle Tile is vifible, ^ifthe Gage be 7 Inches,) the reft of that Tile being cover'd with (he ncMt row of Tiles above it. T/10' thc(6afure the Gutters -, but only as tliey are part of the Roof, fo GU. J 63 fo they are included in tlie Flat and '. Meafure. And I know fomc Workmen at TurbriJge-toells never demand any other, but only as it is included in the Plain Meafure ; which is art Area found by Multiplication of twice the length of the Raf- ters by the length di the Building. Or vvhtch is the fame thing (when it is » Fitch,) the Flat and a Flat. 2. Inlayingof(7«rrerj with Concave-tiles, the Workmen in fome parts ofSuJfex and I{enfji have gotten a Cuftom to he allowed 10 many Foot more than the plain Meafure, as there C«rrrr-fi/ei, (and alfo including Corner-tiles j Kidgetiles^ Dor- mdn-tilesj in the whole Roof. 2. At fome other Places, I know they claim fo many Feet more to be added to the Plain- meafure, as the Guneis, ("and alfo corners) are in length, includirig Guttert at the fides o^ Dormans and Lut herns, if there be any Dorman-tUes ufed. 4, In fome Places the Workmen claim a cuflom of havifjg double Meafure for Plain-tile, (efpecially 2 Point) Gutters, e. g. If there were but 1 Gutter in a Roof, and this Gutter / 5 Foot long, then their Cuftom is to have 50 Foot more than the Area' of the Roof amounts to ; and this Method fome Workmen claim as a Cuflbm in both forts of Gutters with Flain-tHeso Either of thcfe Plain-tile-gutters are cheaper to the Mafler Builder, tiian Concave ones i becaOfe Plain tile S are cheaper thinGutter-tiles, being not :\bove ^ part of the Price in many Places. And then again, in cjfe the Workmen be allow'd fo' many Foot more Ohan the Area of the Roor',^ as there are Gutter tiles ^ that will be ^ as much more as the double Mea- fure ^ for if it be gaged fo flight as 9 Inches, than in a Gutter of IS Foot long, there would be 45 Tiles, which will be rec- koned 45 Foot J whereas at double Meafure it did amount to but 90 Foot, 5. I find there is yet another way of computing dcTub^e Mea- fure \ for the account of which I will refer you to Slatiiigi Num. $. I am informed, that at London Plain-tiles are ufed much for Outterti Guttering^ In Carpentry, is ccmmonlydone by the Lineal Foot, whic't fome Londoners value at 1 s. tji^. Materials and Workmaa'- (hip. Gutter tiles, i. V/hcit.] Are whilfl they arc flat and plain, (before they are bent fit tor the Work for which they are defign'd,) feem- in^Jy at a diftance a kind" of a Triangle with one Convex fide- But tho' they feem fo at a dift;ince, (hey are not' really fo \ for they arc QuadranguLir Figures, confifting of 2 flraight fides of about 10 or 10 \ Inches loDg(they ouglrt to be}and of i M 2 Gil- 1 6^ HA Circular fides, one Convex, tlie other Concave, the Convex fide is about 14 Fnches, and the Concave one about 2 Inches, tliis is their Form as to their edges or fides, and I will next defcribe the form of them in relpeft of the Plain 5 at the little end they are bent Circular, and fo likewifc at the Convex great end, at firft like a Corner-tile, but then they bend the corners of the broad end back again; fo that if one look a- gainft the broad ends edge, itconfftsofa Circular Line be- twixt 2 ftraight ones, like the upper part of tlie Charafterfor the Sign of Libra, thus Si, this you muft note is when you hold the Concave fide of the Tile downwards. Thefc Tiles are laid with their broad ends, and hollow fides upwards. 2. of their Weight.'] An Experiment was made to find the Gravity of fome of thefc Tiles, and I found by Computation that 100 of thefe7'//^j, whofe Dimenfions were as foUoweth, 1//"^. 10 Inches on the ftraipht edges, 14 Inches on the greater Convex edge, w hen preiTed down flat, . as when they were in the Mold, and 2 Inches at the Concave edge, and about ^- Inches thick : I fay 100 of thefe wcigh'd about 321, or 322}!). and by confcquence loco will weigh about 3210, or 3220 ft. which is near 29 C weight. So by confequencc about 682 would be a Tun wei^^ht. ^. Oj their Price.] Mr. Leybourn faith that at London they are fold at 1 ; ^. or 2d. ^erTile^ or between 1 o. and 1 5 s. per loo. in fome Places their conrtant Price is i -•- d. per piece, or 12 J. per Hundred. "^yHat. V. Btiel^s. Num. 12. 1. IH'at.'] The Hair here mentioned is Bullock?, &c.»{of to put in rvhite Afortar of the quantity to a certain quantity ot Lime, vide M!)rtar. Num. 4. 2. The Piice.'] As to the Price, 'tis various, according to the Plenty or Scarcity of if. At fome Places in Ken/- I have known it fold tor 7 d. per Bufliel, and at other Places, r»\. in SttJJex., I have known it fold for 10 d. and I2d. per Bufliel ; fo that its Price by the Laad (for a Horfe,J which is do Buflieh, is from 30 to do s. Half-round, What.} V. Capital. Num. 2. Halh.. H E ii^5 Halls. Of the'ir Vimenfms.] According to a noted French Archi- teft, ought to be in length twice and ;- its breadth, at Icaft, and in great Buildings, ly^ faith yea may well allow the lengtli to be 3 times the breadth ; He further adds, that this laft length will be the moft beautiful and convenient. As to the heifihth of f/atb^ it may be .| of the breadth, or about 1 5 or i8 Foot in noble Buildings, In great BkilcOrgSy the J/all, and other Rooms of the ij}. Story may be Arched, by which means they will become much handforaer, and lefsfubjcft to Fire; The heighth is found by dividing the breadth of the Hall into 6 parts, and ^ of thofc fliall limit the height of the Room from the Floor to the un- der fide of the Key of the Arch. Hangs over. What.'] v. Butter. Hanje. What.'] V. Arches. Num! 6. Heads,. What.] A Term ufed by Bricklayers,* by which they mean 4 a T7/e in length, but to the full breadth of a Tile -jtliele they ufe to lay at the Eaves of a Roof. Heading Architrave^ V. Architrave. Nam. 2. Healing. What.] By this word Is uoderftood the covering of the Roof of any Building, which is of various kinds, vi^. i. Lead, 2. Tiles. 2,. Slate. 4. Horfham Stone, i. Shingles. 6. Reed. 7. Straw. An account of all tl«fe forti of /fcaiing, you may find uwder thefe Heads, vi^. Lead, under that Head. Tiles, under Tiling, Slate, under SU}hg, Hmfi^am-jione, V. the fame word j Shiniest and ShiniHn^Sf Reedf and Straw^ W.lhatchiiig. Hearth (iones. V. Fire-ftones. Hewing of Timber. V. Timber. N. VII. Hinges. M 3 I. Wi^at.^ 1 66 HI 1. what,'] Are tliofe neceflary Irons, by means of which, all Doors, whether of Houfcs, (or other Buildings,) or of Pevvs, Cupboards, fl^c. All Lids of Boxes, Chcfts, Trunks, (l^c. Kblds of Tublesy Beds, Euro's, Scrutores, (fyc. Make their Motion, whether of opening or fliutting, or of Folding, &c. 2. The forts .or kjndt.] The Species of Hinges are maDy, ^ix^. Bed,' Box, Butts, Cafement, LancaJJure^ and fmooth fi- led ; CajTirgs Cheft black, Lancaflnre, fmooth filed, Coach, Dak.* Povetails,' Ejfes, Foldhg, Garnets, Voxenrcare-long, Voien- ware-JJ}ort, Weighty-lorg, WeJghty-lorg, We'ighty-fhort, Lamb- heads, P6rt, Side-Lancafjire, Side-fwooth-filed , Side with rifjni^ joints, Lancapiire and Smooth filed, Side with Squares, Screw, Scuttle, Shutter, Lancajhke, and Smooth-filed, Stall, riJ/ni^offundry forts. Joints, Lancafhire, Dozen-ware, with Nookj, pozcn-\vare long, Dozen- ware fliort, weighty long, weighty long, weij^hty fhort. 5. The '?rke of fome forts of H'lnget.'} As to the value of Hinges, 1 fliall not now flay to infift upon the ufual Price of all forts, but fballgive the Reader a brief account of fome forts that are pretty commonly ufed : And \}h Of Butts, of which ithcreare different fizes, and by confcqueqcc of various Prixes, yiX_' from 2 r. or 2 x. 6 d, to 5 s. per Doz. "■ 2. Bed' hinges, from $ to 7 j. per Doz. 5. Box lunges, frpm 12 d.to^s. per Doz. 4.— ^Small firafs ones, from 2 s. to 2 s. 6 d. per Doz. 5. Dovetails, from 12 d. to 4/. per Doz- 6. Hooks and Hinges, &:. per it. from 5 ^i. to 4 d. 7. Sidc-hirtJCS, frpm ^s.toi^s. per Doz. 8.— — WiCh a Square, from 20 s. to g5 s. per Doz. f. Screw-hinges, from 30 j. to 48 j.;>erDoz, V. Iron. N. 4. ■ • • - Hip, I. What.] Are thofe pieces of Timb-r which arc at the cor- ners of a Roof, they are a great deallonger thari the Ratters, b\' reafon of their Oblique Pofition, and they are placed not with a Right or' Square Angle, but a very Oblique one ; and by confcquence they are not, (or atleaft ought not to bej fquarc at any An^Ie, ^as Rafters are not at all,) but bevel at every one of them ; and which is yet more, as Rafters have but 4 Plains, theTe commonly hive 5. They are commonly by Countrey- workmericall'd Corners, aadibme aWihcm Principal Rafters^ zii^ blhers Sleepers, The truth is ffps and Sleepers, arc al- mbft the fame ; onlv trie Sleepers He in the Vallies, f and join at the 'top u'irh i\\t^ h'lps :) But thofc Surface^ cr Plains tvhich make tiie back of the Hip are the uqdcr-fides of tbcSlceper. ■' '2'. B Cf-vr, ^f f{ip Angles ^attop 5.--.8 f R^fterAng!esat][;^P^4'- ° ^-atback — ii5--i2> c ^ The Anj^les are always the fame in all fquare Frames tiiat are true l^itch. The Reader may perhaps expert the Method of finding thefe things in Bevel Frames alio, but I fhail defer that till a- Rother Opportunity, and alfo to another Trcstife which I de- fij^nto Publifh, (if it pIcafeGod to lend me Life, and thi? pre- sent Treafifc prove acceptable to the World :) Wherein I de- fign to fhew how to find the Lengths, and Angles of Rafter s^ H'ps, CoU.irs, Purlains, (^c. In Square and Bevi! Frames, 3 feveral ways. w"^. Arithmerically, Geometricjlly, and LnAru- mentally: Which Treatife fiiall alfo CQntain 4 feveral Me- thods of drawing all the Members of the 5 Orders of Co- lumns. 5. Roof what.] Bv a H'/p Rnof^ you are to underffand fuch a Ro')f, as hath neicher Gable-heads, nor Shread-head, or Jirhjn- head, (by which we mean fuch Heads as are bnth Gable ind Hip at the fame end ; for 'fis a Gable, or u fright as high as the ColUr-beam., and then there is two fliort Hips which (huts up with their tops to the tops of a pair oMiaftcrs, which Countrey Carpenters call Singlars.) For a Hip R'jof hath Raf- ters as long, and with the Angles at the Foot, ^c. at the ends of Building, as it hath at the fides, and the Feet of the Rafters on the ends of fuch Buildings as have Hip-roofs, ftand on the fame Blain, {vix,. Parallel with the Horizon,) and at M 4 th( 158 HO tlie fame hcii^hfh from the Foundacion with the Rafters on the fides o: the RooK Tl-.tfc fJ-p-roofs^i'ome call Italian Roofs. 6, Of.Ueafu'ringHip-rOjf;.] As to mcafuring of Z^'/' ro^/x, if tlicy are ', or true pitch as it is commonly call'd ; then 'tis on- ]v to multiply the length of tiie Building by the breadth, and to the Area thcs found, add half as much more, or elfc multi- ply tlie len^tii by the breadth and ; ; or the breadth by the length and ', cither of thefe 3 way's will produce the flat and '.-, which is equal to the Content of the Roof in plain Mea- fure, if (here be nothing allowed for Hips and y.tllies.B\iX. if the Ao/luVe noCornJfh, but the Rafters have Feet, then they mull bcaddcd, and alfothcf^vej Bo.jr^ ina Bill of Meafme- mnit:. ■ ■ Or to meafare fuch aRoof,you may Multiply the length of it by the lenjJtli of the R3rter,3nd it fliall jjive you half its Content ; b> elfe Multiply the length of the Building by twice the length of the Hifter ^ and then you will have'the whole Content. Hi pt lies. V. Cm-mr- tiles, or Tiles, N. V. HoUovo. A Term in Architefturc, by wl.ichis meant a Concave Mold- ing, being about a Quadrant of a Circle j by feme it is call'd a Cafemcnt^ by otiiers an Abacus. Hooks Are a neccfury Tngredient which are made ufe of for feve- ral Purpofes in Buildings, (^'rc They are of various forts -, *ome ot Iron, and others of Brafs, I fliall liere mention the Nainesol fomtr, which take as foltoweth, r:;^. r. Afmour-ho)ks^ (theic arereneralivof Brafs, and are to lay up Arms upon ; as Guns, Muskets, Hafberts, Half-pikes, Pikes I-Jvelins, c^c.) 2. Cafemitit-hwK,s. 3. Chim'^ey-lx-^hs, which are made bot!i of Brafs and Iron, and of different Fafhions ; Brafs ones I have known fjld from 2 s. to 2 s. 6 d. per pjir, the Iron ones from 1 2 /. to j s. 6 d. per p.iir, their u e is Po ft-t the Tongj and Fire-fhovel Sf^ainlh 4. Curtain- hioks, 5. /I'w^/ lor Doors, Gates, f^c. thefe are from 3 d. a to ^d.per\r>. 6. Double- line- ho^lis, large and fmall. j. Single ^ hne-hoksAiXicuiiifmaW. 8. J enter-hooks, of various fo'rts, v!7. 2d, :?.d. j^d. 6d. 10 d. 20 d. and 40 (/, Horpianjlone. r. What,'] fsa kind of thin bioad Slate of a grevifn CoJour . much ufcd la fonie parrs of Sujfex formerly, not onh to heal, HO i^ or cover Churches and Chancels, but fome great Houfes alfo j h\s czWd flTrp;am(lone, in that County, becaufe it is tor the mofl part brought from a Town there called Harflmmy this fort of Stone, or Slate rather, is laid of different Sizes, w;^. From 8 or 9 Inches, to 24 Inches, or more in length, or breadth, &c. It is commonly from \ Inch, to i Inch thick. 2. Of the Price ^ the Heat of the Summer, and very much break the cold Winds and Tempefts from every Coad in the Winter. The Hills, according as they are Situated, defend only from fome certain Winds \ and if they are on the hnrth fide of your Houfe, as they defend you from the cold Air in the Winter, fo they aifo deprive you of the cool refrcfhing Breezes which are commonly blown from thence in the Sum- mer. And if Hill? arc Situated on the South fide, it then proves jifo very inconvenient. Befidc.s they yield not the Pleafures and Contentments, nor the Varieties of Oblcftations to the ingenious Ruftjck, as the till P/umps of Trees, ahd plea- fant Groves do» Yet Hills which are clojthed with Coppices, or othcrwifc improved arc plcafant Qbjedts, if they ftaud not too near a Houfe. Let not your Houfe be too low featcd, Icaft you lofe the Convenitncy of C( liars ; but if yop » ar.not avoid Building on low Grounds, fct the i/?. Floor above the Ground, in your Houfe the higher, to fupply wViAt you want to fink in your Cel- lar in the Ground ; for in fuch low and moilt Grounds, it con- duceth much to the drinefs, and healthinefs of the Air to have Cellars under the Houfe, fo that the Floors be good and cicl'd underneath. Not to fpeak of the Building of Places, cr Seats for the No- bility, or Gentry, but only of plain and ordinary F.irm-hmfes: \ have thus much o!)fcrved, Cfaitli Mr. Worlige,J that Houfet built too high in places obvious to the Winds, and not well d>'fcaded by Hills, or Trtes, require more Materials to build them , and more allb of Reparations to maintain them, and are not fo commodious to the Inhabitants as the lower built Houjes H_0 171^ Hiufes, which may he made at a much cafier rate, and alfoas co.Tipleal and beautiful as the other. 5. Of the Oround-worl(_o{ jHoufes.] Building?, or Houfcs, that are not above 2 Stories with the Ground-room , and not exceeding 20 Foot to the Raifon place, and upon a good Foundation, the length of 2 Bricks, or i3 Inches for the Heading courfe, will be fufficient for the Ground-worl^ of any conimon Strufture, and 6 or 7 Courfes above the Earth to a Water-tttble^ where the thicknefs of the Walls are abated^ (or taken in) on cither fide the thicknefs of a Brick, namely, 2 i Inches. But for large and high Houfes^ or Buildings^ of 3, 4 or $ Stories with the Garrets : ThcWulh of fuch Edifices ought to be ftom the Foundation to the ift. Water-table. 5. Head- ing courfe of Brick, or 28 Inches at the lead, and at every Story nWater-t^.bie, or taken in on the infide for the Sum- mers, Girders, and Joyfls to reft upon, laid into the middle, or ; of the Wall, at ieafl for the better Bond. But as for the innermofl, or Partitm-xvAU^ one | Brick will be of a fuffici- ent thicknefs : And for the upper Stories a 9 Inch (or Brick a length) Wall will very well fuffice. 4. An Aii concerning Building of Hnufe.dn London,] What here follows is fo much of the Aft only as relates to the Bricl^ layer' s-wnrli, vit;. The heighths and number of Stories, and thicknefs of Walls of the4 feveral Ratesof ^o«/e/, which is as follows. Aud be it further Enafted, That the Houfes of the ifl. and lea't fort of Building, fronting by Streets or Lanes, as afore- faid, f?;all be of 2 Stories high, befides Cellars and Garrets, that the Cellars thereof 6e 6 \ Foot high, if the Springs of Wa- ter hinder not; and the I j?. Story be 9 Foot high from the Floor to the Ceiling, and the fecond Story be 9 Foot high from the Hoor to the Ceiling ; that all the Walls in Front and Rear, as hi^has the i/K Story, be of the full thicknefs of the length of 2 Bricks, and thence upwards to the Garrets of the thick -^ nefb of one brick and half ^ and that the thicknefs of the Gar- ret iVa/ls on the back part be left to the Difcretion of the Builder, fo that the fame be not lels than one Brick a length; and alfo that the thicknefs of the Party-walls between tjicfe Houfes of the i/?.and leficr fort of Buildings be i Brick and 4 as high as the faid Garrets, and that the thicknefs of the Party- wall in the Garret be of the thicknefs of the length of 1 Brick, at leaft. And be it further Enaftcd, that the Houfes of the fecond fort of Building fronting Streets, and Lanes of Note, and the River of Ihamcs ftiall confift of 5 Stories higli, befides Cellars and Garrets, 25 ^forefjid^ that the Cellars thereof be 6 Foot and ^ high, fif the Springs hinder not) that the i/. Story con- tain 172 H O Mm full lo Foot in hciglith from the Hoor to the Ceiling •• Tile kcond full lo Foot: The third 9 Foot : That all the laid lVj//j in Front and Rear, as high as the ijh Story, be 2 Bricks and a thick, and from thence upward to the Garret- rloor, of I Brick and ; thick ^ and the thickncfs of the Garret i^'alls on the bjck part be left to the Difcretion of the Buil- der •, (o that the fame be not lefs than i Brick thick : And aJlo that ti:c thicknefsof the Party-vralls between every Houje of this fecond, and larger fort of Building be 2 Bricks thick as hij^h as the ifi. Story, and tnence upwards to the Garrets, of the thicknefsof I Brick and a \. Alfn, tha; the Hovfes of the 3 d. fort of Build'ivgSy fronting the high and prir.cip.il Streets, CiaJl confjft of 4 Stories high, bcfidcs Celiacs and Garrets, ?saiorcfaid: That the i/?. Story contain full 10 Ftjot in heighth from the Floor to the Ceiling, the fecond 10 Foot and"', and the third 9 Foot, the fourth 8 Footand;: That all the faid l^ alls in Front and Rear, as high a^tlie i/?. Story be 2 Bricks and | in thicknefs,and from thence up^vards to the Garret-tioor, of the thickncfs of i Brick and * ; That the thickncfs of the Garrtt-walls on the back part be le^t to the Difcretion of the Builder, fo as tlic f.ime be not lefs than i Brick; And i\lo ihit the P^rtywaHs between every fJoufc of this ^d. and lar; tr fort of Building be 2 Bricksthifk Jsliiiih as the l/^Fioor, and thence up-.vzrds to the G-irret-floor, the thickncfs ot I Brick and '. And, belt further Enaclled, that all H-'Ujct oi the 4f^.fort oi Building, bane, Mar.jm houfeSy and of the greateft big- nefr, not fronting upon any of the Streets, or Lanes, as afore- faid, the num'ier or Stories, and the heighth thereof, fliall be lett to the Difcretion of ti;c Builder, fo as he exceeds not 5 Stories. Alio, the fame Aft enioyns, that no Timber be laid within 12 fnchesof the fore-refcrve them from the Corroding of the Mortar. Somr Workmen pitch "he ends of the Timber that ii? in the Walls to prcferve them frona the Mortar. 5. r^-iir HO ^5 5. Caruerning Party-walls.'] In difcourfinf^ot this Matter, I will ptefent tlie Reader with two different Methods of valuing fuch Walls according to 2 different Survejcrs, vi^. Mr. Lej- bourHy and Mr. Fbillips. And i./f. according to Mr. Lejboum, Now, (faith hc,J forafmuch as the Buildings in London joyn one upon another, and almofl every ftvera] Houfe hath adj- (linft Proprietor, the Parliament hath decreed, that the H'all dividing Proprietors Ground, fball be built at the equal charge of both the Owners ; it will not therefore be imperti- nent to fliow how thcfe Party-walls are to be valued. All Brick-work, whether it be i, 2 3,4, or any other num- ber of Bricks lengths in thickneff, they are all to be reduced to the thicknefs of i Brick and 4. It hath been obfcrved, (^faith he, J that about 4500 of Bricks, 100 and a quarter of Lime, 2 [_ Loads of Sand will compleatly raife one Rod of Brfci^-wori^, ot a Brick and j thicknefs. /. s. d. Now 4 500 of Bricks at 16 s. per looo, is ——5 — 12 — o A Hundred and quarter of Lime at 10 s. per C.-.0 — 12 — 6 Two Load and ' of Sand at 3 s. per Load. c — 7 — ^ In all 4— 12— D And thie much will a Rod of Partywall, (the Materials onlv) reduced to Brick and \ thick, amount unto at the former Ibp- pofed Rate?, to which may be added for Workmanfliip. The whole Sam is 6 — c — o So that for every Rod that is in a Party-wall^ between Pro- prietor and Proprietor, thty are to allow 3 /. a piece for eve- ry Rod of Party-walJ. So that if a Party-wall meafured", and the meafure reduced to a Brick and |, fliouid be fcund to contain ) (5 Rods, that i^ being multiplied by 5/. giveth 48 /. and fo much i> the one Proprietor to allow the other. But note by the way, that altho't^is Rule here dcJiver'o' be general, yet the Price of the Party-wail /hall be moreor lefs, according as Materials rife cr fall. For fometimes a Rod ot Wall of Brick and ' thick, will cofl but 5 /. 10s. and ihcii eacli Proprietor mufl pay but ^'y s. per Rod. Thus far Mr. Le}bourn. I vviil how add Mr. PU'lif'i way. Now, ^faithhcjj having tiie Dimenfjuns, both in length, ajjd heit^hth of the Cellar, and all -'ithcr Stories in the fJonfe, tfiea the following Tables wilifhew ^according to the thick- ncf» 174 H O ncfs of the Wall,) how many ^ficki yqut Neighbour is to pay lor towards his Party-wall. For which purpofe the infuing Tables will fcrvc very well ; for thcfe Walls, according to the Aft of Parliament, for this purpole are to be made part of them of 2 Bricks thick, part of them of I Brick and half {hick, and part of them of i Brick thick. Now knowing the number of Bricks which go to the making of the Wall, you may eafily compute the Charge of the Mor- tar and Workmanftiip thereof, and from thence find the whole Charge, which you will find, Cdith he; to be about 30 s. for every 1000 of Bricks, (I think Mr. PhilUp'i his Price is too great •, tor I think 25 or 25 s.per looo is very well, but he ac- knowledges that Bricks then were fomething dear, v/:^. about 18 or 20 s. per 1000.) He then proceeds to an Example ^ fuppofe a ffoufe of the third Rate, the Party-wait thereof being 50 Foot long, and you would know how many Bricks are to be paid for towards this Party-wall. Firft, Meafure the Cellar where the Party-wall is to be 2 Bricks tiiick, the length whereof is 90 Foot, and the depth 7 Foot, find this length in the lide, and the depth in the top of the Table, and in the Square of meeting in the Table for one Brick thick, you will find 2514 Bricks arc to be paid for. Then proceed to the \fl. Story, wliich will be likewife 30 Foot long, and 10 Foot high, and alfo 2 Bricks thick, the fame Table fhews the allowance for this. 3 30^ The fecond Story alfo is 30 Foot long, and 10 {^ high, but the Party-wall is to be but a Brick and ^ thick, the ', whereof is ^ of a Brick, and this in the Table of A of a Brick, yields for 30 Foot long, and 10 Foot high. 2479 And for the • Foot more in heighth. 124 The '^d. Story is 9 Foot high, and 30 Foot long, being like- wife a Brick and \ thick-, and for this the Table (hews the i ^o pay for is 223^ The \th. Story is 8 Foot and 1 high, and 30 Foot in length, for the 8 Foot the Table Hiews. " 1983 and for the \ Foot 1 24 All which added together, make 12559 which are to be paid for the half of the Partj-n^all, which at i6 s. per thoufand, comes to 86 L.—6 s. — 6 d. Thus you may fee what any Party-wall comes to, tho' your Neighbour's Houle joyns never fo little, or much to yours, as rwdily as )0U can by mcjfuring by the Rod. And wiereas the Floors of the fevxral Stories addfome- vvhat H O 175 what to the heighth, you may add fomewhat for them accor- ding as you find them in thicknefs. Laftly, for the Garrets, the iValts thereof being but i Brick thick, you may take [ the number in the Table of i Brick's thicknefs, and add to the reft of the Account. All tiie difference that can be between Neighbours herein, will be about the Price of Bricks, and the Lime, and Work- maniTiip j but if Neighbours Build together, they will eafily determine it -, but it they do not, yet the if}. Builder is fuffi- ciently provided by his Workmen to reftifie his Charge, and by Attof Parliament is allowed full Sattsfaftion, with Intereft from the time of his Building. In the infuing Paget are thbfc Tables which we have been treating of. A 17^ H O A Table for i Brick in thickncfs^ or the halj of 2 Bricks. "The Walls heighth in Feet. ;- I. !I. Ilh IV. , V. Bricks Bricks Bricks Bricks Bricks Bricks I 5 J I 22 33 44 55 2 11 22 44 66 83 ^ no 3 Id 33 66 99 ir- 16$ 4 22 44 83 152 I7d 220 5 27 55 1 no 165 220 275 6 33 66 132 199 - 2d4 351 7 39 11 154 231 309 386 8 44 88 176 2^4 353 441 9 50 99 ip8 298 397 49d lo II 55 6i no 220 244 331 3^4 441 485 551 6© 6 121 12 60 132 264 397 520 66i ^Olg 72 '43 286 43' 573 715 c 14 77 '54 309 462 617 11^ ^^5 83 i55 331 49d r 66r 82d fSi^ 88 175 ^55 529 705 882 17 94 187 375 562 749 937 18 99 198 397 595 793 992 19 105 209 419 628 «37 1047 20 21 1 10 116 220 251 ^441 465 661 882 92d 1 102 d94 i'57 \ 2 2 121 242 485 72d 970 1212 23 127 255 507 700 I 1014 12^7 ■ 24 J52 21^4 529 793 1058 1322 25 26 138 143 1 275 573 8?.d 'l!do~ 1 102 1377 1432 ii4d 28 154 509 6ii 92d 1134 '543 30 165 331 66\ 991 1322 1653 40 220 1 441 881 1322 1 7^3 2204 ' «;o 275 551 / 102 I 6 52 2204 2755 H O »77 A Tabu for i Bric^ In ihkknefs^ or the half of 2 Bhcks. Ths Walls heighth in feet. VI. VIF. virr. IX. X. Bricks 60 I?2 198 Bricks 77 Bricks 85 Bricks 99 Bricks 1 110 2 M4 176 198 220 i 231 264 298 331 4 254 309 353 397 441 5 391 386 44« 496 55J 6 397 453 529 595 661 7 4^3 540 617 694 771 8 529 617 705 793 882 9 595 694 793 ' 893 992 10 66 1 771 882 992 I I02 11 727 848 970 1091 I2I2 12 79=? 926 1058 1190 1322 n 859 1005 1 146 1289 '433 ex'*^ 926 1080 •234 138.8 1543 S'5 992 1 1 57 1322 1488 1653 Zid 1058 1234 1410 1587 17^3 £•7 1124 I^U 1499 1686 1873 *l8 1 1 90 1388 1587 1787 1983 19 I2S6 1^66 i575 1884 2094 20 21 1^22 1388 1543 f l520 17^3 1851 1985 2083 2204 2514 22 J 145$ 1697 19^9 2182 2424 27, 1520 1774 2028 2281 2534 24 1587 1851 2116 2380 2645 2S 165? 1928 2204 ) 2479 2755 26 1719 2006 * 2292 2578 2865 28 1857 2160 2468 2777 3085 30'; 198^ 2314 2645 2975 330^ 40 1 2545 3085 3526 39^7 4408 50 1 330^ 3857 4408 4959 5510 N A '78 H O A Table for 3 quarters of it Brick thiak^ iemg the. half of a Brick and halj. The Walls heighth in feet. 1 1 » pir- . i^. ~i\i. IV. V. — Bricli Brick Bricks Bricks Bricks Bricks -„ -■■-- .i>— *— ■ — I 4 8 17 . -25 . 33- 41 2 8 >7 33. ^0 I 66 83 3 12 25 50 ■ 74 ■ 99 124 4 «7 33 5<5 99 132 1^55 5 21 41 »i. 124 155 207 ~6 25 50 99 '49 J 93 "248 7 29 58 n6 174 231 289 8 3? ^ 132 198 264 331 9 37. 74 149 223 , 298 372 10 4' 83 165 _248 331 413' J 1 45- 91 182 2-73 344 455 12 50 99 ipft 293 397 • 495 i^i 54 ro7 21^ 3-2* 430 ' 537 5z4 1 5» 115 231 ^ 347 4^3 578 oi5 2,^6 62 6S . '24 132 248 254 372 397 495 529 • 520 55 1 17 70 140 281 42 1 02 ■ 702 18 74 149 29a 445 595 ' 744 19 79 157 314 - 471 62S ■ 785 20 8? |5< 331 4c5 55 r 825 - -' ■ — - 2f ■87 '74 347 • 521 694 858 22 91 182 3.^9 ' 545 727 909 29 95 ipo 3-80 570 75o 950 24 99 I9« 397 595 793 99a 25 10? 2o5 413 620 825 1033 25 lor 215 430 J 545 85o ; 'to74 28 30 ii.3 'S26- 1240 f553 * 2o55 H O l'/9 A Table for 3 quarters of a Brick th'ick^ being the half of a Brick and half. The heighth of the Walls in Feet. ~ VI. Bricks 50 VII. Bricks 58 Vill. JX. X. Bricks 66 Bricks 74 Bricks I 83 £ 99 Ii5 ' 132 149 1^5 3 149 174 J 98 223 248 4 198 231 2^4 298 331 5 248 289 331 372 413 6 298 S47 397 445 495 7 547 405 453 . 521 579 8 394 4^3 529 595 661 9 445 521 595 660 744 10 495 579 66i 744 825 ii 545 635 l-i-l 818 900 12 595 691 19^ 893 992 ^13 ^45 1 752 860 97^ 1074 |i4 694 810 926 1041 1157 ^'5 743 793 858 925 99-i 1058 1117 1189 1240 i2i^ 1322 17 &43 983 1124 1254 1405 18 893 1041 1 1 90 1339 1488 19 942 1099 1255 1413 1570 20 992 "57 I32Z 1488 . 1^5? 21 1041 1215 1388 !562 173^ 22 1091 1273 H55 1^3^ 1818 23 J 140 1331 1521 1711 1785 l8<5o 1934 1901 24 1 190 1388 1587 1983 25 1240 1290 1445 1504 20^5 26 1709 2149 28 1338 152© 1851 2083 2314 30 1488 1735 1983 2231 2479 40 ; 1985 2324 2^2 5 2975 3305 $0 ( 2479 2893 3305 3719 4132 N at ■<. / j8o ri o 6. Ifljall hereadd an Ablhailtfthe aH.] Being a Table of Proportions for Enck-walls, number and heighth of Stories, (^c. In the Building of 5 forts oi fJoufes, (vi^. The 5 i^?. Rjtes) in tlie City of Londony according to the Aft of Parlia- ment. The Rates, or forts of Hou- fes. The ij}. or leaft fort of Houfes, front- ing by Strces and Lanes, arc to have Several Stories. Cellars, 1 Story, 2 Stories, Garrets. the 2d. fort of Houfes fronting lelfer Streets, and Lanes ofnote, and the Thames fide are to have Tie ^d. fcrt or Houfes f oniinj; high Streets are to liave Cellars, 1 Story, 2 Stories, ? Stories, Garrets. Cellars, 1 Storv, 2 Stories, ^ Stories, 4 Stories, Garrets. Feet in heighth. 5', 10 10 9 6: lo; 10 9 91 •T3 Brick length in thicknefs. Brick length in thicknefs. 33 o e a. 53 n n a 31 Si. n r» o a o c X o More concerning Building oi Houfes you miy find under the Mead A.cbitcct ; alio a very ample account under the Head Buddings wh.i.C^-nrK-*eration5 about BuUd'mgs-^2,AplMrijms^vih\ch is fub divided into the following 7 Seftions. 1. Sitiration, in refpu-ft of the whole. ■2. Coiitrh'jnce, with fome Precautions. ^. Receipt. 4. Strength, with Dlreftions about it. 5. Beauty, in the whole and partf. 6. Form, Figure, or FufJmny and what Figure k flrongcfl sttd moil convenient. !ll. Thc H O i8i III. The third Paragraph, contains a Comparifon betwixt the Modern, and ancient way of Building in Erg'and, IV. Contains feme general Rules which OMgi}t to he obfer- ved in Building all Houks^ both in the City, and the Couu- trey. V. Contains a Method of Surveying of BuilJingt, or f/oufesy and alfothe Method of taking of Dimcnfions, and fetting them down in a Pocket book, or the like j and alfo the Form of a Bill of Meafurement. VI. This 6th Paragraph is of the Method of Meafuring alj Artificer's Works, relating to Building of fJoufes, &c. VII. Inthefcvcnth Paragraph, tiiere is Ihewcd d Method how you may nearly value all forts (almoft^ of Buildings, whether they are great or Inull. VIII. You have in the eighth Paragraph a Method o( Cen- furing Buildings, or Houfes, li^. Direftions how to pafs ones Judgment on a Fabrick (^that is already Builc,) whether it be well and firmly compared, and whether well contrived, as to the whole, and ail its parts feparately, for Life, cr Convcnien- cy i and as to it> Beauty, whether its Parts be placed iii an uniform Order and whether the Defigner, or Mafler Builder obfervcd a due Symmetry, or Proportion of the Parts, in re- fpcftof one another, ^c, IX. And laltly, under the Head Euild'wg^ you have fomc Dircftions concerning advifing with Workmen about th^ Charge of Building any Houfe : And how much a Builder, Cot Gentleman that is going to Build) is the wifer for fuch " Men's Advice commonly, I mean if he advife with fuch as arc to do tiie Work •• Tho' otherwife perhaps he may be well in« form'd by fome ingenious Workmen that underftand the Spe- culative Part of Architefture, or Building: But of thefe knowing fort ofjArtificers there are but few, becaufe but i&vr Workmen look any further than the Mechanical, Praftick, or Working Part ot Architeilure ; not regarding the Mathematical, or Speculative Part of Building, thinking it to be of little or no ufe i this I know to be true, becaufe I have heard fome Workmen, r.vho thought themfelves none of the Ignoro's, tho' at the fame time I had the liberty to think as Ipleas'd, which was in truth almoft quite contrary •, for as they thought themfelves Men of Science [or Skill,] I thought fo too al- moft, only I thought that the Particle Ne was wanting before the word Science ^ for if that had been prefix'd, then it might have been very well applied to have fignified the acquired In- telleftual Habits of fuch Men as affirm that the Theory, or Spe- culative part of Architcfture was of no ufe, becaufe, fay they it is falfe ; But 'tis the humour of fome Men to flight and con- temn fuch things as they are not Mafters of, and do not know which way to attain them, as being beyond their reach. Like N 3 the i82 J M the Fox in the Fable, who defpifed Grapes, becaufe they grew too high for him to come at. Thus I have rtiewcd you, that what is wanting under this Head, you may find fupplied in the word Buitdhg. Houfing, A Terra ufedby fome Bricklayers, for when a Tile, or Srif% Is warped, or cart cmoked or hollow in burning, they then fay fuch a Brick., or lils is f/oufmg ; they are apt to be Hon- fing, or hollow on the ftruck fide, (or that which was upmofl: in the Mold,J and Bricks on the contrary fide. Alfo foiTie obferve th-it Tries are always fmootheft, when burnt an the ftruck-hde, by reafon the Sand flicks to the un- der-fide, which they ftrew on tlie Stock of tlie Mold, to pre- vent the Earth's adhering toit. Hyperthyron^ The Lintel, or Cap-piece of a Door-cafe, according to f^- truvinf. 'Tis alfo ufed to fignific a large Table in manner of a Frieze above Dorick Gates. Hypotrachelium^ or, Hypotr ache lion. Ipat.'] V. Capital, N. 2. and 3. V- Jack. Architrave, N. 2. Jamhs^ or, Jaums^ Door-pofts, alfo the upright Ports at the ends of Window- frames, are fo call'd. Alfo, Bricklayers call the upright fides of Chimneys, (from the Hearth to the Mantle-tree,; by this Name. T - ,...:. .£. Ichnography.^ A pielcription, or Draught of the Plat- form, or Ground- work of a Houfe, or other Building. Impqfty Is a Terra in Architeftare, which the Writers of this Science leave very much in the dark; efpecially as to any account of its ufe : But by what I can learn at prcfcnt, I underftand Im- fojls to be tht Capitals of Pilafters that fupport Arches. There are as many kinds of /m/o/?/, as there are Orders of Columns j " ' ■■ the ^,_„. . JO ^ the particular Forms and D'trmnfions^ of each of which I fhall de- fer till another Impreffion : For tho' I could at the prefent have done this ; yet I thought it better to defer it till fuch time as I (hall be capable to give a better account of their Situa- tion and Ufc » which I hope (hall be when the Bookfeller has furnifhed me with thofe other ^jieces of Architefture which he has promis'd me, but has not yet procur'il for me. Ihtercolummationf In Architedure, figaifies the fpacc or Aftatoce betwixt the Columns, or Plaifters. . ci io ,. • Tufcan Dorick In the ^lonick ^ Order. fCorintluan Com|)ofite The loterco- N^ f Diameters of the Body of the Column luminatonmuft^2 > jj^j^^^ ' be J ' Inter- ties^'duces^ In Architefture, are thofe fmaller pieces of Timber that lie Horizontally betwixt the Summers, or betwixt them and the Sell, or Refon. Johents. V. Nails. N.I o. Joggle-piece. AsCrown-'pOfl, Brads^ Rivets, . , XBrads. N. , 'iRivcts. N. Joynerswork, V. The Particulars in their proper place of the Alphabet. Joyp. 1. What.l Joyfts, ia Architefture, are thofe pieces of Tim- ber (fram'd into the Girders and Summers,^ on which the Boards of the Floors are laid. 2. Scantlings ^ Joyfts at full length (to be^r in the Wall,) I fay, their full length N 4 being Joynersi i84 I R , CiaFoot, 1 beinosii Foot, 5 Inchesj^thcy ought to be in their ^lo boot, 6 Inches, -> c9 Inches and 5 Inches.? Squarcs'<7 Inches and ^ Inches.Jf ^5 Inches and q; Inches.-' And Binding, or Trimming-joyfts being C7 Foot, 1 in lengths? Foot, nought to be in- their ^11, or 12 Foot,J (6 Inchci, and 5 Inches. Squares "s 7 Inches, and 5 Inches. ^ 8 Inches, and 5 Inches. ^.D'tjlance and Pofition.'] (i.) No Joyfts ought to lit at 4 greatti: diftancc from each other than 10, y^or at mort than 12 J inches. (2.) All Joyftson the bade of a Chimney ought to be I-ii*! with a Trimmer, at 6 Inches di fiance from the back. C^.) No Joyfts ought to bear at a longer length than 10 Foot. (^4. J No Joyfts oufjht toHelefsthan 8 Inch- es into the Brick wall. ($.J Some Carpenter? Furr the Joy Ai, ('as they call it,) that is, they lay 2 rows of Joyfts one over^- iiother -, the undermoft of which arc fum'd levei with thie under-fide of the Girder, and the uppermoft ^which lie crof? Che lower ones,) lie level with the upper fide of the Girder. lonick Ordei\ V. Column. N. 3. Iron. ^. What.'] Iron is a Metal fo univerfally known, that I nei- ther need to, nor fliall fpend time it its Defcription. 2. Kinds.] There are fcvcral kinds of Iron, as fi.) Englifhy which is a courfe fort of iron, hard and brittle, fit tor Fire- bars, and other fuch courfe ufes. (2.) Swedip?, which is of J II forts the beft we ufe in England. It is a tine toujh fort of Kron, will beft endure the Hammer, and is fofteft to file, and therefor? moft coveted by Workmen to work upon. (^.) Span'tfh, This would he as good as Swedifh Iron, were it not fubjeft to Redfear^ fa, Workmen phrjfe it,) that is to crack betwixt hot and cold. Therefore when it falls under your Hanrfs, you miift' tend it more carefully at the Forge. But tho'it be a good, tough, foft Iron, yet, for many ufes Work- niea rcfufeit, becaufe 'tis fo ill and unevenly wrought in the Bars, tfat jt coftj X'^tm a great deal of labour to fmootli it ^ but it is.iood for all great Works thatrequire Welding ;as the ^L>dies of Anvils, Sledges, large Bcll-clappcrs, large Pcftles for *' • ' ' ' ^ ' • Mortars, j_u 2^ Mortars, and all thick ftrong Bars, ify-c. But 'tis particularly chofen by Anchor-fmiths, bccapfe it abides the Heat better than other Iron, and wlxro 'tis well wrought, is toughefh (4.) There is fonie Iron that comes from Holland, (tho' in no grea; quantity,^ but is made in Germany. This fort ot Iron is call'd t>ort-[quareSy (only bccaufe it comes to us from thence, and is wrought into Bars oi \ of an Inch ftjuare. 'Tis a bad courfe Iron, and only fit for courfe ufes, as Window-hars, Brewers- bars, Fire-bars, ^c. (^$.) There is another fort of Iron us'd for making of Wire, which of all forts is the fofteft and tough - ti\ : But this fort is not peculiar to any Countrey, but is in- differently made where any Iron is made, tho' of the worft fort j for 'tis the firft Iron that runs from the Mine-ftonc wheo 'tis melting, and is only preferv'd for the making of Wire. 9. Toknow good.'] Generally the fofteft, and toughefl Iron is thcbefl. Therefore when you chufe Iron, chufefuch as bows pftfnefl before it breaks, which is an argument oftoughnefs, and fee it breaks found within, be of a grey colour, like brokea Lead, and free from fuch glittering fpecks as you feen in bro- ken Antimony, and no Flaws or Divifions in it ; for thefe are Arguments that 'tis found, and was well wrought at the Mill. 4. Frke when wr ought. "^Iton being wrought(by the Smith)into Dogs, Iron-bars, Staples, large Hooks, Thimbles, and Hinges or Hides, Grates,2^c. The ufual Price is three Pence HaIf-peDny,pr 4 d. per Pound. But for fmall and neat Hooks, Hinges, Bolts, Staples, 2^c. variou5, as from 4 (/.to 8 er piece. Riro'd-Latcbes with a.flidi-ng Bolt, 2 s.per piece, Spring-Latches, pfr piece, 1 s. 01 fio'ij , Laths. ■■' ^^'^'^ti'^^tt.'] Liths are long, narrow, thin flips of Wood usM in Tylmg and Wi!Hn^ ; every one knows what they are, without any further Defcription. 2. KinJiof.'} Tliere are 3 kinds of Laths, r/^. Heart of Oak, Sap laths, and Dv.m1 laths ; the 2 laft forts are us'd for Ceiling an.i Partitioning, and the firft for Tyling only. Again, as to their length, they are each of them diftinguifli'd into ^ fort?, viX: 5 ^"oot, 4 Foot, and 5 Foot-laths. All thefe forts of Laths are njceifary, (efpecially in repairing of old Buildings,) hecaufe ill R.-^tcrs are notfpiced alike, nor yet the Proportion ftri^ly oNftrv'd in every one and the fame Roof. V. P. JTy- lin?. N 8. 3. ":mdle 0/.] A.biindle of Laths is fo many as are bound up ro.^ether, and is generally call'd a Hundred of Laths ; tho' of the 5 Foot-laths there goes 7 Score, ^or 140 to the ■Hundred, or Bundle, and of the 4 Foot-laths, 6 Score, but of of 5 Foot Laths,} there goes but juft s Score to the Hundred, or Bundle. 4. 5;Xe LA ,87 4. Si:(eof.'] The Statute allows of but 2 forts of Laths, I of §, Che other of 4 Foot in length ; of either fort, each Mth ought to be in breadth an Inch and half, and in thick- nefs half an Inch •, but they are commonly lefs, and are feldona cxaft, either in their Tale or Mcafures. •$.OfCleaving,i^ (i.J Lath-cleavers, hiving cut their Tim- ber into lengths, they cleave each piece (witli WedgesJ into 8, 12, or 16 pieces, (according to thebignefsot their Timber,) which they call fio/rjj then they cleave thefe Bolts (with their Dovvl-Ax) by the Felt-grain, [which is that Grain which is feen to run round in Rings at the end of a Tree,] into Sizes for the breadth of their Laths, and this Work they call Felt- ing. Then, Uftly, (with their Chif) they cleave their Latiif, into their thicknelles, by the Quarter-gram, which is that Grain which is feen to run in ftraight Lines towards the Pirch. f^.) Some Men affirm, that a Foot of Timber will rwake a bundle, or Hundred of Laths ; but this I know to be-a Miflake, (unlcfs the Laths are made very flight ;J for by feveral EKpenments, which I have caus'd to be made, I find that a Tun, or 40 Foot of Round-oaken-Tin>her, will not make above 30 Hundred, or Bundles of Laths. Of which number about one third part, Cw^. 10 Hundred) will be Sap laths. 6. Price of.'] fj.) The common Price for cleaving of Laths, is 5 d. or 6 d. the Bundle. But i know a Cjrpenter Cih SuJJex) that buys a great deal of Timber, and has it cleft into Laths, and he tells me, that he ufes to give but 11 s per Load for the Cleaving of 'em, (reckoning a Load to be 30 Bun- dles, (which is not full 4 ! d. per Bundle. C^-J The Priceof Laths mufl needs be various, there being fo great Difparity in the the Commodity, as to its Goodnefs, Plenty, or Scarcity, ^c But the Prizes are generally be- tween a Shilling and half a Crown the Bundle .- And the common rate for Heart-laths is about 20 d.per Bundle, and Sap-laths arc commonly about * of the Price of Heart-laths. The Carpenter mentioned above, f\n this number,^ tells mc, that he ufes to fell his Laths for 4/. 10 x. the Carriage : He reckonsa Carriage <5o Bundles, whereof 40 are Heart, and 20 S:ip-latlis i at which rate, (reckonin:^ Sap-laths to be ^ of the Price of Heart, ^he fold his Heart-laths at 20 ^d. per Bundle, and his Sap-laths at 13 ji. per Bundle. 7. Nails aflorv'd toaBuvd'e of.] The common allowance is 5 Hundred, (at 6 Score to the Hundred, that is 600) Nails to a Bundle of Laths. 8. How iti arty to a Square.'] Workmen commonlv allow a Bundle of Laths toa Square ofTyling, which (^if the D.ftan.cs of the Rafters fit the kngths of the Laths, witiiout anv wait,j> is a fufficient allowance ; for ^then) about 90 five Foot, a jd 112 jour Foot-Laths^ will compleat a Square of Tyliiig, (Co.in- ter i88 L E -^ ' '-■' " ■ -' - ■■- — ■■■ •^~ I ■ I I — II ■ ■■ m il t' . • ter-laths and all,) at 7 Inches Gage, and at 8 Inches Gage, i Square will require fewer. hathing. The Price of Lathing, Plaiftcring, Rendring, and Waftiing jvith Size, is about 10 d. 12 i. or i^d.fer Yard, Materials and Work. Lead. I, Wh.it. And its V ft.'] Lead is a Material (us'd in Build- ings, and) well known, and needs no Dcfcription. Its chief uies are for Covering for Gutters, for Pipes, and for Glafs. Covering with Lead is the mort magnificent, and is generally moft us'd for the covering of Churches, Princes Palaces, Ca- /op. [The Slander is about s 7 Inches of a Sheet of Lead, which is let up at Right Angles to the Sheet, all along one edge ol it. The Orlop is about 3 7 Inches of the edge, fnext to theStander) of the other Sheet, rais'd up in the fame manner as the Stander.] Then with their Pincers, (which are fomething different from common Pincers; forthefe have a fmall Cylinder of Iron, (of about y an Inch Diameter, and 3 or 4 Inches long) fixed to one of the Chaps in fuch a Pofition, that when the Pincers are fhut, they feem to hold it betwixt their Chaps; J they raife up the Stander, and Orlop, by put- ting the fharp Chap under the Sheet, and the Cylindrical one on the top, near the Line, and fo they bend up the edge of the Sheet, both for the Stander and Orlop. Then they pro- an Inch broad. So that I find (by Difcourfe with Glaziers,) they have it of different fixes, as -j^, •iV» -. vfr \-^-< and -,% of an Inch broad. I hits alfo obferved; that fome Glaziers in London have 5 O fixci i^+ L E fizcB of Turn'd-lcad for Ghfswindows, vi:^. Of ,"^, -,V, and ,'-^ of an Inch broad : The largcft fize, ("they tell mejis for Ijrgc Squares, thatof ,Vfor (^u^rries, and the .^^ for Crock- et-work, Tor Fret-work, as fome Glaziers call it,) it being more phabk^or that ufc than broader Lead. Some Glaziers tell me, they can turn Lead of different fizcs in the fame Vice, by changing their Checks for each fize, and with another pair of Spindles, whofe Nuts almofl meet or touchjthey turn Lead for Tyers, which when it comes out of the Vice, is almoflcut afunder in 2 thicknelles, which they can ea- (ily rendalunder. Thefe Tyers arc very tough, but they are commonly made too Oight, and therefore forae ufe to caft Tyers, which are (touter, but not fo tough, being more apt to break in winding. ji. Nails foi.] V. Nails. N. ir. 12. Of Sodder'wg'] An ingenious Plumber, f^whoefteem'd me as his peculiar Friend,) told me the Method of Pale'ng^ fas they call it,J or Soddering on of Imbofl Figures on Lea- den Work ; as , fuppofe a Face, or Head in Bafs-relief, were to be Paid on a Pump ciflern for an Ornament to it. To do which, (faid he,) the Plate where it is to be pal'd on muft be fcrap'd very clean, and fomuft alfothe back-fidc of the Fi- gure, that it may fit clofe with a good Joynt. Then, (faid he, J place that part of the Ciffern (where the Figure is to be fix'dj Horizontal, and ftrcw fome pulveriz'd Rozin on the place where you made your Joynt. Then into the Ciflern, riuft under the p!;:ce where 'your Figure istoftand,) fet a Chiffing-diniof Coals/till you fee the Rozin is changed Rcdifh, and begins to rife in Pimples, or Bladders) then take a piece of foft Sodder, (nude of a longiHi Fi^^ure,) and rubbing the end of it round about your Figure, (and at the fame time keeping your Figure (leady in its place,) fo that it may work info the |oynt. And when this is done, your Figure will be v.e!l pal'd on, and will be as firm, as if it had been caft on there. But if rourCiftern, (VrthelikeJ be fo thin, as that you Iiave reafun to fearthat it will be too hot, and be apt to run, or bend, and yield b^-fore your Figure f^whith is on tlic out- fide of it) will' he hot enoiiph ; you may then lay your Figure on die hot Coals, till it and the place to receive it are both in a good temper for palein^, and then fet the Figure on its place, and proceed with vour Sodder, 2s before. Bythis Mctj-.od I f.iw biin Sodder on bottoms to Leadcn- ffands, or Ink-holders. I alfo fawand obferv'd /;.77?, in Soddcring the Leads of a Church, thus to manaf;e if, viz. When he Sodder'd the Sheets of Lead that itc fixM into the Wall ou one edge, and with the other edge lap over the ends of thofc which are ieim' j i» the Platform,at every other Sh:et, in the middle be- t wixt IE iP5 < III t I I I - - -irr'n i i mm—*^^mJ^mimmamiitu^kma,mmi-mmm " ' " i" "l tvvixt the Teams, he Soddereth the Lapping-Hieet down to the other, thus- — -witii one corner of tlie Scraper, [|which i^ an Ihftrumcnt made of a Plate of Steel, in the term o; jn Equi- lateral Triangle, in the middle of vvhicti is rixed an Iron Strigj on the end ot w'jich is fixed a Wooden knob, or Handu* The Plate is flat on t'ne fide next tke Handle, bat on the other fide the edges are ground off with a. Bezel ike a Cizzel, only very obtofe.] He firft marked out, Tparfly on the cdy.eof thfi Lapping- flicet, and partly on the other) aa Oblonj^ Re^'^^ngu- lar Figure, of about 5 or 6 Inches lon^, :ind ? or 4 hroid* Then he Icrapcd the Metal bright, having firfr, (btcault ic was new Lead, J green'd it, (as rhey pliratc it. J all round a- bout, to prevent the Sodder's taking any where l-tit where they fcrape it, (This Greening is only rubbing ;tui;hl6me green Vegetable, it matters not what, he did it vvi:h Poor- man's-pepper, that being at hand : He told m?, that in the Winter they us'd Cabbape-leavcs, or any grcrn thing they could get. It being thus fcrap'd, he ruVd it with Tallowj then having an Iron ready hot, f^wliich are mucii like the I- rons us'dby Glatitrs,J he took him with apiece of Felt iii his Right-hand, and a piece of Sodder in his kit, and hol.-^ina it againft the Iron, till it drop'd on tlie cleanftd place, ana when there was enough of it melted, he took a Linnen-clout in his Left hand, and therewith kept the Sodder continually fliov'd up on the cleanfed place, and at the fame tiifte work d it about with the Iron in his Right hand, thus he did, till he thought it was pretty well Incorporated with the Lead, and then he made it up into a kind of fweliing lorm in breadth, and thencrofs the breadth of it,he made it into a kind of Seams with the point of iiis Iron. This being done, he took theit Knifeand a Drclfer ro knock hirii witli, and focut it flraij-ht on the fides and end?, and what he thus cut off, by rcafon of the Greening eafily pcel'd off. After the fame manner he fodder'd Holes, or Leaks in old Lead, only then he made the Sodder flat, and not fwellinp, f^buthe made it alfo In little Seams,) neither did he green iC before he fcrap'd it. 1 5. Price.'] fi.J The Prkc '>f Lead in P'gr, (fays Mr*»ile>- bjurn) if. uncertain, as from 10 to 20 s. the hundred weight. I know a Plumber (at Lervis iti Si,jJlx,J who tells me he gives' 12 s. 6d.per hundred for Lead in Pi>'S at Lor.do:: : Some Glaziers tell me they give hut us. fcr Hundred, iftliey buy but • a Hundred. Mr. Hirg tells 115, that a Fodder of Leid is 22 i Hundred Weight, ^1 know not how he reckons ; for 1 am fure, mofl Authors reckon a Fodder of Lead but 1 9 ^ Hundred. J and is worth {fovn 9 /. to 1 2 /, which will cafl 3 1 $ Fo.t of Shectj at 8 Pound ;•?>■ Foot O a fi.) Tki 196 L E (2. J The Price of Sheet-lead,'] Mr. Leybourn fays. That in ex- change or old Lead for Sheets new run, there is commonly al- lovv'd 3 s. in every hundred weight, for Wafte and Workman- ship. I fawSheetkad (in 1701.; fold ztLewis for i6s.fer hundred weight, f^they fometimes fell it for 17s.) The Tinker who bought it to skirt a Furnace with, faid it was good thick Lead. I computed it to weigh about 11 ^ ^.per Foot ; for there was 4 pieces of it, each about 5 Foot long, and 1 5 ', In- ches broad, all which weigh'd 174 ft. C^.J The Price of Calling Sheet-lead.'] The Tinker above mcntion'd tells me, that Plumbers commonly reckon 4 s. per hundred, for carting old Lead into Sheets ^ but I apprehend that the Plumber Cior this price) makes good fo many hundred weight ot Sheet-lead, as he receiv'd of old Lead. For Mr. Ley- bourn tells 4js, That Sheet-lead is caft out of old Lead, for 5 s. per hundred, allowing for Waft and Workmanftiip : And Mr. WingUys, that there is about 2 J. 6 d. (in every hundred) lofs, in cafling old Lead into Sheets : He alfo fays, that Gafting old Lead into Sheets, is worth i /. 6 d. per hundred. Yet I know a Plumber that had 5 s. per hundred for Cafting of Sheet-lead •, but then it was weigh'd after it was Cad, and he made very great Wages. (4.) The Price of laying on of Sheet-lead in Roofingr\^c. This, CdysMT.Wing) is worth 1 5 or 16 s. per hundredweight, Lead and Workmanfhip. And Mr. Leybourn tells us, that co- vering with Lead is ufually valu'd at 13, 14, or 1 5 s.per Yard Square, ("according to the goodnefs of the Lead,3 or between 7 and 8 Prund the Square of 10 Foot, befides Sodder. C<, J The Price of Sodder, ('fays Mr. Leybourn) is 9 d. or I o rf. ;>o Pound, as it is allay'd with Lead, andScafd: For Tin is 10, 1 1 , or 1 2 i. per Pound neat. (6.^ The Price of Leaden pipes is ymous, according to their diff^frentbicfncfe. An ingenious Countrey-plumber of my Ac- quaintance, tells me, that for Pipes of ! inch Diameter in the Bore, they have is. ^ d. per Yird, {or I Inch Pipe, 1 s. Jod. for Inch Pipe, and i i Inch Pipe, 2 s. or 2 s. 6 d. fiot, fays he, they arecaftboth in a Mould, only the Inch Pipe has a lefs Eore ; and I think he faid they were both of a Price ; tho' I think, for this Reafon the Inch Pipe ought to be the deareft, fmce it contains mofl Lead, and the Work is the fame in eac'i.) For Pipes of i '^ Inch Bore they have 3 J. 6d. per Yard, and for 3 Inch Pipe, $s. or 5 i. 6 d. The London Plumbers, (I find) rat;\their Pipes according to the weight of a Yard in 'length. Their 10 ft. Pipes are 2 j. 2d. per Yard. (7.) The Priceof Turn d-lead for Glafs-windows, is various ac- cording to its breadth. I know fome Glaziers in London fell Turn'd lead of y^ Inch broad, for 18 /. per hundred, that of -Js Inch broad for ij s.per hundred. 14. Wf}ite L I 197 14. White-- for Painting.'] White-lead is a Colour (well known,) much us'd in Painting of Gates, i^c. In London^ 'tis commonly fold for 2 ; rf. or ^d. per Pound un-ground. I have alfo known it bought ^in London) for 5 d. per Pound rea- dy ground with Oyl. Ledgers. V. Putlogs. Lime. I. What.'] A Material us'd in Building, ('and well known,) j made of burnt Stones, commonly of Chalk. j 2. Whereof^ and how made.] Mr. Leyhourn tells us, oxxtoi Pal- ladio, that Stones whereof Lime is made, are cither digged out of Hills, or taken out of Rivers : That Lime is the befl i which is made of the hardeft, found, and white Stones, and be« j ing burnt, remains a third part lighter than the Stones vvhere- '■ of it is made. All digged Stones are better to make Lime of than gathered Stones, and from a (Tiady and moifl Pit, than from a dry. All Stones are fooner or latter burnt, according to the Fire which is given them ; but ordinarily they arc burnt in 60 Hours. The ingenious Sir Henry IVotton, tells us, That to make Lime (^without any Choice) of refufe Stuff, as vve commonly do, is an En^////; Error, of nofmall Moment in our Buildings. Whereas tiie Italians at this day, and much more the Ancients did burn their firmcj} Stone, and even Fragments of Marble where it was plenty, which in time became almofl Marble a- gain for its hardnefs, as appears in their ftanding Thea- ters. Thereare 2 kinds of Lime commonly made in England., one made of Stone, which is the flrongeff, and the other of Chalk, both being burnt in a Kiln. The Lime that is made offoft Stone, or Chalk, is ufeful for Plaiftering of Ceilings and Walls within Doors, or on the in- fidesof Houfes and that made of hard Stone is fit for Stru- ftures, or Buildings, and Plaiftering without Doors or on the out-fide of Buildings that lie in the Weather : And that which is made of greafie clammy Stone, is ftronger than that made of poor lean Stone, and that which is made of fpongy Stone, is lighter than that made of firm and clofe Stone ; that is again more commodious for Plaiftering, this for Build- ing. Alfo very good Lime may be made of Mill-ftone, not courfe and fandy, but fine and greafie. Likewife of all kind of Flints* (but they are hard to burn, except in a Reverberatory Kiln,_^ except thofe that are rolled in Water, becaufe a great part of itslacreafegoes away by akind ofGIafs. Alfo the Shells of 3 Fifli ip8 "LI -^ FiHi, as of Cockles, 0> Iters, iyc. are good to burn for J^inie. Ai.outus in^MjJfx.Lirae is ruaJe of hard Chalk, dig'd out of the Hilis, andii i,i riU in Kilns like BricK- kilns ^ but with this difference, that c, cy have no Arches in them, but only 4 kind o. Blanch, cr Bink on each iide, upon which they lay the Urged .'tones, and fo trufs thrn over, and make an Arch, after the nuaner o CUmp^ fcr Brinks. ("V. Clamp.) And when tiiey luvt Uiu; in;dc an Mch vuttvtlie lar^^elt Stones, they fiil yp tr.e Kiln wuii tiie Imallcr ones. A M-l.'noi my ^quaintancc tells me. That the Kentt/h l^a^<: is far letter thau that commonly made in Sujfi^x : l-br, (L)s he,) a GJiloa of Water will make as much more Kentifl) Liiuc run. asit will of 6/c'/ I.Dai, 57 Cufhels to the Load •, nut now in fme ^larfsof SiS:x 'tih i<./utes. Modilions. V. Cantaiivers. N. i. Modilioncornijh. V. Cornifh. N. 9. Mould' M O Moiild'tHgS. 203 The fcvcrjl Wrou;^ht- works made with Planes, tfy^c upon Wood, c^c. arc call'd Mouldings. The particuJafJluIes for drjwing all kinds of Mjuldings,! muf i,(for Reafons already often nicntion'd,Jat prcfcnt omit. But God continuing my Life and Health, and this Book finding Acceptance in the World, and I any Encouragement, che next Edition /hall contain this,^ and many other Curiofities, not commonly known. Moresk'Work^ A kind of Antick-work in Painting and Carving, after the manner of the Moors, (whence it has its Njme,) confifting 0;f fevcrai Grotefco's, wherein there is no perfeft figure, either of Men, or other Animals, and wherein there is a wild rcfem- blance of Birds, BcaAs, Trees, ^c. intermingl'd. Mortife^ From the Fnnch Mortaife, the hole made in one piece of Wood, to receive the Tenon of another piece. V. Tenon. Abrtar. 1 . IVhatr] From the French Mort'm, a fort of Plafter, com- monly n)adc of Lime, and Sand, and Water, ufed by Mafons and Bricklayers, in Building of Walls of Stone and Brick. ¥ot Plaftermg of Walls, they make their Mortar of Lime, and Ox, or Cow-hair, tempered well together with Water, and this is commonly call'd white Mortar. 2. Of making c-mwjon.— ]As for making of common Mortar, and for the Proportions of Lime and Sand to be us'd about it, many Men are of many Minds, 1 fliallgive you their fcve- ral Sentiments about this Matter. \ 'itruvius fays, you may put 3 parts of digged, (or Pit-) Sand to one part of Lime, to make Mortar, but (fays he) if the Sand be taken out of a River, or out of the Sea, then 2 parts thereof, and i of Lime. (He alfo fays. That if to River, or Sea-fanJ, you put a third part of Powder ofjTiles, or Bricks, it works the better.) But yitruviui's Proportion of Sand Items too much, tho' hefhould mean of Lime before 'tis flack d i for one Bufl'.el of Lime before 'tis flack'd will be 5 Pci.k5 afccr 'tis flack'd. A:)Out LnnJc::, (uhcre for the moft part Lime is made of Ciiilk,) rhey put about ^6 Bufhels of Pir-fand to 25 Bufhels of qiiick-!im;.','that is about a Bufhel and a half of Sand,to a Bufh- el of Lime. Some Workmen inSuJfex tell me, that they commonly put 2 of their Coyrtloads (that is about 24BufhelsJ of Sand to x ioad. 204 M O Load, (tlijt is 32 Builiels) of Lime, which is but 5 Pecks of Sand to i Ba/hel of Lime. Other Workmen in Sujjex tell me, that their ufual Propor- tion of Lime and Sand, in making of Mortar, is 4 Court-load, (that is about 48 Bufhels of Sand to i Load, (or 52 BufhelsJ of Lime, which is exaftly a Buriiel and half of Sand to one Bufhel of Lime, near the London Proportion. But they tell me, 'tisof Stone-Hme; for they allow but 3 Load, (or 35 Bufhels) of Sand to one Load, (or 32 BuOiels) of run Lime; (for fay, they, a Load of run Lime is nothing near fo much as a Load of Stone, [or quick-] Lime,) which is but 9 Gallons of Sand to a Bunjei of Lime.- Other Workmen in other parts oi Sujjex, tell me, that they allow 4 Load (at 18 Buflreis to the Load J of Sand, to one Load(^or 32 BuflielsJ of Lime, which is 2 i; Bufliels of Sand to one of Lime. Another Workman (in SuJJexJ teJIsme, that ("to his know- ledge^ fome London Bricklayers put as much Lime as Sand in their Mortar; efpecially for Front-work. A Gentleman in Sujjcx, tells me, that the London Bricklayers make their Mortar much more durable than our Countrcy ones ; for he told me that at his Brother's Houfe , and at another Gentleman's Houfe (which the nam'd to me, J the Mortar was not fcal'd at all ; but at his own Houfe Twhich was done by Countrcy-workmen,} it fcal'd ve- ry much, and fell out of the j^ynts. But (faid he, J the London- ers make their Mnatr by proportioning their Lime and Sand, w'^. By meafuring it all-, but the Countrey-workmen, (for the mod part) make it by guefs. Now (laid hej, our Coun- trey-workmen do not make their Mortar fat enough ; for they put in too little Lime to their Sand. Neverthelefs, his Workman told me, that he did put in, as near as he could guefs (by the Shovels full,) at lealt twice as much Lime as Sand . in his Mortar^ and took care to fift all his Lime and Sand ; and yet, (tomv knowledge^ lome of his Walls fcal'd pretty much, efpecially thofe that were done towards the latter end of the Year ; tho' (faid he) I never made ATvtar fo fat in mv life before. But indeed, none of his Walls were coped, they were onlycovcr'd with Straw on the top, and Boards or Slabs hid on it to keep it on, which fomctimes were blown off in the Winter, and fo let in the wet •, which, ("faid he,^ was the caufe of che Scaling of the Mortar; but his Mafler deny'd this, and faid, it did fo where it was never uncover'd all the Winter. From all thefe various Proportions (of Lime and Sand) a- bove mentionec^, all aiTcrted by able Workmen , ! think it reafonablc to inter, that the Froportion of Lime to Sand in mak- ing of Mntar^ ought to be various, according to the good- ncfs or badnefj of thefe Materials j and therefore is rather to be M O 205 be regulated by the Judgment of experienced and skiJfuI Workmen in each particular Countrey, than by any Hated Proportions. So let this fuffice Cat the prefent; tor the Pro- portions of the Materials I /hall next faylbmethingof The Method of makjng of Alortar.] Some Work men tell me, that 'tis the .beft way not to ufe Mortar as foon as 'tis made; nor (in making it) to nake the Lime run before it ismixt with the Sand, (as feme will do,JI but rather to take the Sand and throw it on the Lime whilft it is in Stones, before it is run, and fo to mix it together, and then wet it ; by which means, (fay they) it will be the ftron- ger, and when it has lain a while made before it is us'd, will not be fo fubjeft to blow and blifter. Others advife to let Mortar, (when made) lie in a heap 2 or 3 Years before 'tis us'd •, for fo (fay they) 'twill be the Wron- ger and better ; for the Rcafon of fo many infufficient Buil- dings, f fay they,) is the ufing of the Mortar as foon as 'tis made. Others tell us, fi.J That when you flack the Lime, you muft take care to wet it everywhere a little, (^but not over- wet it,) and cover with Sand every Laying, or Bed of Lime ^being about a Eufhel j as you flack it -, that fo the Steam, or Spirit of the Lime may be kept in, and not fly away, but mix it felf with the Sand, which will make the Mortar much flronger, than if you flack all your Lime at firfl, and throw on your Sand altogether at laft, as fome ule to do. (2. J That you ought to beat all ycur Nortar with a Beater, 3 or 4 times over before you ufe it*, for thereby you break all the Knots of Lime that go through the Sieve, and incorporate the Sand and Lime well together, and the Air which the Beater forces into the Mortar at every flroak, conduces very much to the ftrength thereof. C^-J That when you defignto Build well, or ufe flrong Mortar for Repairs, you /hould beat the Mor- tar well, and let it lie 2 or ; Days, and then beat it well a- 'gain when 'tis to be us'd. (^4.) That in Summer-time you fhould ufe your Mortar as foft as you can, but in Winter pret- ty fliff, or hard. l([x.Worlig& fays, that if you intend ^o\xx Mortar to be Iftrong, where you cannot have your choice of Lime, you may jchufeyour Sand and Watetifor all Sand that is dufty makes the I iWo>/-int of Hairm it .• It did alfo blow in L:;!ter5, tho' the Lime wcrefifttd ^ and therefore I fanfie, that 2o8 M O that if the Lime had been prepardas it is in frefco Painting^ it might have been prevented. 8. Extraordinary go:)d for Floors^ Walls, and Ceilings'] If you tcmpr Ox-blood, and fin; Clay together, and Jay the fame in any Floor, or Plailter any Wall, or Ceiii.jg with it, it will become a very ftronj^ and binding Sub'tance, as I have been told, (fays my AuthorJ by a Gentleman Stranger, who atfirm'd to me, that the fame is of ^reat ufe in Italj. p. A profitable and cheap kind o/-] A Wile , Weal- thy, and ancient Soap-boyler, d^ cJling without Aid- gate^ has (for the better Encouragement oi others,) long fmce ereftcd a fair and ftately Edifice of Brick for his own Habitation; upon the good fuccefs whereof he has fincc built another Houfe of fome Charge and good Receipt ; the Mortar whereof did confift of 2 Load of waft Soap-aflies, one Load of Lime, one Load of Lome, and onz Load of Woolwidi Sand. So likewife, another Gentleman of the fame Faculty, (be- ing likewife of good Credit, and threat Experience,) has us'd only Lome and Soap-aflies temper'd and wrought tj;^etiier tor Mortar ; whereby he has laid both the Foundations,Chimneys, and their Tunnels in his D^velling-houfe in Southn>ark^, and they have endur'd thofe Storms already paft, which have 0- verturn'd many other Tuunele, both new and old that were built with the ordinary Mortar. It may be, that many Lime-men, ^and fome of thofe Brick- layers that are in Fee with 'em,; may fpcak againlt this Pra- flice, and labour (by all pofTible means; todifcrcdit it; but there is no /iM/on cjn hold agamfl Experience, nor no Ma l- licefo great, but Truth ia her Time will be able to vanquifh. And if thefc 3 Tryals be not thought a competent number (to give Credit to a new Invention; I can, (fays my Author J back and confirm them with 3 fcore more at the leafl, which have been already made within the City of London, and Sub- urbs thereof. True, indeed, this kindof A/ortrtris fomewhat rough in the laying, and more fbarp and fretting to the Fingers than or- dinary A/orf.ir, which makes it fo much neglefted and de- cry'd by fome Workmen ; But (fivs my Author,) I could foon remedy thefe 2 flender Faults ; the firfl whereof is ra- ther an excellent Quality in Mortar, than a Fault. Yet for the Good-will I beartoall the excellent uniform Buildings of our time, I will fct down the beft Advice that lean in this Cafe, and fuch as I dare warrant upon my Credit. And firft, con- cerning the Roughnefs of this kind of Morfar, who is fo blind, as not to fee how to remedy it ■ fi'ov 'tis rather a Work of Labour than of Skill ; J for the Soap-afhes (which are in hard Cakes,) hein^ either grund, or ftamped into a fine Powder, 1 efore they be mixt with t.ic Sand, will fooc be brought to a fmootlJ _ MO ro9 funooth Temper. And here we have no need to fear tlie Charge that will arife thereby ^ tor I dare undertake, tliaf the Profit of one Days Labour will anfwcr the Chjii (? of three Men's Wages, in the difference of Price that w.l be found betwixt one Load of thele Adies, and one hundred of Lime. Then, arf/). The Sharpnefs wherewith they offerd. the Bricklayer's Fingers, may in fomclort be afpidcd by wearing of Gloves, (without which they f'jidom lay any Brick at all) to avoid the like Effefts, which they find in Lime. But for an alTured help in this cafe, (if the fliarpncfi be fuch as can.not be endur'd of Workmen,) let thefe Afnesbe re-imbibed in Water for fome rcafonable time, tiil more of their Salt be extrafted from them, and then, (without qucfti- ottj tliey will find them gentle enough, and much of their fretting Nature taken away from them. 10. For laying of Tiles.'] I know feveral Places in Sufjex, where for laying of Tiles upon Houfes, (^c They make a kind of Mortar of Lome, and new Horfe-dung, well tem- per'd and mixt together. This fome Woikmen commend for agoodjftrong, and cheap Mortar; and others tell me, that 'tis more agreeable to the Tiles, than the common Mor- tar made of Lime and Sand \ which, fay they, corrodes and frets the Tiles, caufing them to fcale and fly to pieces, which this does not, I have taken particular notice of one Houfe, where the Tiles were laid in this kind of M'rtar^ and had been laid a- bout 4 or 5 Years, and yet the Morttir did flick very well under the Corner-tiles, where it generally lies thickeff. 11. For Pladering f Fronts of Houfes in imitation of Briil-^ voorl^.] Some Workmen tell me, that they make Mortar, (fcr this kind of WorkJ of Powder of Bricks, fharp Sand, and Lime, and fome Rcd-oker. 1 know a Houfe that is Phfter'd with this kind of Mortar ; it has been done above 20 Years., and yet looks very well, and, pafTes (with common PafTengers^ for a Brick Houfe ; tho' it be only Timber Plafter'd over. They have commonly i j. j?r Yard for doing fuch Work, on- ly Workmanfhip. 12. How much allowed to a Rod of Brick^worl(, or a Square of liling.'] Workmen commonly allow a hundred and h.ilf, (or 37 ; Budielsjof Lime, and 2 Load, (or 72 Eufhelsj of Sand to make Mortar enough for a Rod of Brick-'vcrk. And for Tiling, 4 Builiels of Lime, and 6 or 8 Euiliels of Sand will make Moftarfutficient tolay 1000 of Tiles, which is about a Square and half. So that a Square of Tiling will take up (for Mortar) about 2 ? Bufhels of Lime, and about 5 Bufliels of Sand. 13. A Caution about r] 'Tis a general Caution in all parts of 4 Building that where Stones, or Bricks are contiguous P t« 2IO N A to Timber, they ou^lit to be laid dry, or without Mortar ; becaufe Lime and Wood are infociabJc, the former very much corrodeing and decaying the latter. 14. Rough Mortar, whichfecinR. Mofd'ick^- jque-ical Work, A curious kind of Work in Architefture,. renfifling of fmall inlaid pieces of Stone, Glafs, Shells, or other M4leri- als, of various Colours, Figur'd at Fleafure. 'Tis an Orna- ment of much Beauty, and long Life, but of mofl ufc in Pave- ments and Floorings. Mvfs, Vs^d in Wtni.] In fomc parts of Sujfex they lay Tiles in Mofs inftead of Mnrtar ^ and when the Workmen get the Mofs themfelves, they are allovvd 2 i. in a Square tiic more for their Work* But fome Workmen contemn this way of Tiling vrith Mofs ; becaufe, (fay they) in Windy wet Weather, whdn the Wet, Raio, Snow, or Sleet is dri- ven under the Tiles in tlie Mofc ^ it there foUow a Froft whilft the Tiles arc wet, it then Freezes the Mofs, and fo rai- feithe Tiles out of their Place. Multiplication Of Feet andlrKhes^ by Feei and Inches.] V, Croli-mullipH. cation. Mim'wns^ In Architefture, are the ftiort upright Pofls that divide the feveral Lights in a Window-frame. Muring, And old Term in Architefturc, fignifying tlie Raifiog of Walls. J^ails. I. \JUffat.'] Thefearea Material fo well known, that (in the^eneral) they need no Ddcriptioii. Bat the par- ticular Kinds of 'em (which are very numerous,) ihallbcdc- fcribed in the following Numbers. 2. Back—' ^d Bottom, — ] Thefe kinds of Naik are made with flat Shank's, aad fo as to hold faft, and not 05)cn the Grain of the Woofl } being proper ibr Nailing of JBaards t»- gcthcr N A ^ 21 E gcther for Coofcrs, for Guts to five Water under the Eves of a HoufCjOr for any Liquid Veffels made of Planks, or Boards, 5. Clamp.] Thcfe arc proper to fallen Clamps in Buil- ^ding, and repairing of Sliios. 4. Clafp.'] ThfXc are of 2 forts, w;^. (i.J Long, proper for any fine Building with Firr, or other loft Wood: the tl ?.rping of the Head brings them into little contpafs, and admits of their finking into the Wood, makes the Work fmooth, and will admit a Smoothingrplane to go over them ivhen drove. The fi?es are 7, 74, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 18, 2i, 22, 2^, 28, 52, :}6, aHd4o It.per Thoufand. (2. J Strong, tiiefearefit for Qjk, and other hard Woods. Thefizes are 15, j8, 28, 32, and 40 it. per Thoufand. '^. Clench. \ Th.efe are commonly us'd by Boat, Barge, and Lighter ^uiIders, with Boves,andGft without; They arc proper Nails for any puilding witii Boards, that mufl betaken dowa again, ^ecaufe they uil! drive without fplitting the JVood, and dravy, for admit of punching) out, {'if right made) with- out breaking. The forts are too many to be here enumerat- ed, for fine Work they are made with Clafp-heads. 6. Clout.] Thefe are commonly us'd for nailing on of (Clouts to ^^le-trees, but are proper to faften any Iron to Wppd ; gnd (^if right made,) the Heads will hold driving home without trying. The fizes arc 4 ', 7)8,9, 12, and 15 jt. per JKoufand. 7. Defki] Thefe arc proper for faftning of Decks in Ships, doubling ot Shipping, and Floors laid with P'anks. They are of 2 forts. Dye-headed, and Clafp-headcd. The Sizes arc 4. 4 1, 5, 5 V, <^, ^ T> 7, 8, and 9 Inches long. 8. hog.] Thefe are proper for faftning (£ Hinges to t)cw)rs, for j^if made right) tliey will hold the Hinge clofe without the Heads flying off, or Avithout the help of botch- ing, by putting Leather betwceti the Head and the Hinge. The fizes arc 9, 12, 20, 25, ^o, 40, 6.0, 80, and 120 Ifc. per Thou- 9. Flap Fo)nt.^ Thefe are of 2 forts, vJ^. T'-) ^ong^ which are much us'd in Sliipping, and are very proper where there is occafion to draw and holdfaft where there is noCon- veniency to Clench. TiieSizes are 7]-, 8, 9, lb, i i, 12, i^, 1.4, 16, i8j 2;, 22, 23, 2<5, 40, 55, 75, and no if.. per Thoufand. (2.^ Short' y thefe arc fortiii'd vvitii Points to drive into Oak, or other hard Wood, and 4re .often us'd to draw the Sheathing bca.'ds to, very pro- per where Ojk or other hard Wood i« us'd. The Sizes are '5,9, 18, 25,32, 40, 55, 75, and uotb. ;>?>■ Thoufand. lo, . fobem^]' Thefe arc commonly us'd to nail thin Plates <>f1ronto Wood, and to nail on rmill Hinges for Cub- beard- doors, &c. The fizes are 7. and 5 it. a Thoufand. ,11. JLead.] Thefe are commonly uvd to Naijl Lead, P z Leather; 212 N A Leather , and Canras to hard Wood. - The fizes arc 4 ^, 7, and 8 it. per Thoufand. 1 2. Port.] Thefe arc commonly us'd to nail Hinges to the Ports of Ships. They muft be made ftrong, bccaufe they wiJI not admit of being clench'd, without being prejudicial to the Lining •, and therefore care muft be taken that they be demanded of fuch a lengtli, as that they may come near through, Ch as to take fufficient hold,) and yet not fo long as to come quite through. The fizes are 24,3,4, and 5 Inches long. 1 5. Pound.'] Thefe are four fquare in the Shank, and are much us'd in £jf|ex, Suffotkj:, md Norfoll^-y but in few other Countreys, except for Paleing. The fizes are 6 d. S d. 10 d. 20 d. and 40 d. 14. Ribbing.'] Thefe are commonly us'd to faflen the Rib- bing, to keep the Ribs of Ships in their place in Building ; if tnefe Nails are made right, they will hold faft, and draw eafie, without injuring the Ribbing, or Timbers. They arc alfo very ufeful to faften Timber's to be ufed for a while, and taken down again for further Service. The fizes are 5, 5 ', , d, 5}, ^, ^h 7i 8, 9, ID, II, 12, 13, 14, 1$, 16 18, 19, 20, 22, 25, 24, 28, 30, 32, 35, 40, 55, and 75 ft» per Thoufand. 22. Titcks.'] The fmalleflof thefe are to farten Paper to Wood, midlingfor Wool-cards, and Oars, and the larger for Upholflerers, and Pumps. The fizes are 2 ^,5, i5, 8, 9, 14, and 15 Ounces a Thoufand. There are many more forts of Nails, which for brevity, ^and becaufe they are not fo proper for our prtfent BufinefSjJ i fliall omit. 23. Allowance oj in Lathing.'] In Lathing, the common Allowance of Nails is 500 to a Bundle of 5 Foot-laths, and 600 to a Bundle of 4 Foot-laths, at 6 Score Nails to the Hundred. 24. Allsn^ance of in Floor'wg ] In laying of Floors 200, (that is 240J NjiU is a compleat Allowance for a Square of Flooring. 25. To Toughen.'] A Neighbour of mine, a Mafon, tells me, that— ——the Ironmonger at Rotlierbridge tivght a Kinfman of his, (^who is alfo a Mafon J to toughen his Nails that were brittle, by heating them hot in the Fire, finaFire- fljovel, or the like,) and putting fome Tallow, or Greafe to 'cm, the firfl he fays is beft. This Ironmonger keeps a Nai- ler at Work. 26.. Of driving.] There is requir'd a pretty Skill in dri- ving a Naili for if, (when you fet tb.e pr^int of a Nail) you be not curious in ohferving to flrike the rtat Face of the Ham- mer Perpend icujarly down upon the Perpendicular of the Shiuk; the Nail, (unlcfs it have good entrance) will ftart a- fide, or bow, or break, and then you will be forced to draw it out again with the Claw of the Hammer. Therefore you may fee a Reafon when you buy a Hammer, to chufe'one witlj a true Hat Face. P 5 Perhaps I i4 OR ' Perhaps it may not be unacctptabfe to fovni Reader?, if I here mention a little Trtcl^ that is fomctimes ufed among feme rthat would be thought eunning Carpenters J private- ly to touch the Head of the Nail with a little Ear-wax, and then lay a Wager with a Stranger to the Trick, that he fliall not drive that N-iil up to the head with fo many blows. The Stranger thinks he Hull allured Iv win, but does alTuredlv lofe ; for the Hammer no fooner touches the H€ad of the Nail, but iiilleadof entring the Wood it rties away, cr ftarts afide, r.otWithlViflding hn utmoft cate in ftriking it do^v^-rigbt. Kave^ In Art!n^crttlrc is commonly us'd to fij'.nifle the rtnirt pait» or Body of a Church-, which by the nearnefs of the word may fem to be deriv/M from the Latin, Nav'is a Ship ; but it may more fignificintiy be dcriv'd from the Greek vd(J^, (thit is A'j3i-)a Tcaipk. The uprigtit Pofl that a pair of Winding- ftaifs are fum'd about. 'Niches, or N?V^j, The holldw places in a Wail, wherein Statues or Images, are fet. If thefe Images be oi wiiite Stone, orj Marble let not tlie Niches be colon r'd too black ; for tho' contraria ■juxt.t fe pofita rvaiJ! UlMcefcuttt, be an old Rule, yet 'tis ob- ferv'd, that our fight is not well pleas 'd with fuddain changes, from one Extrcam to another ; therefore let them have ra- ther a duskifh Tiiifture, than an abfolute black. . _ ___ I. \JUf/iif-'\ This is a fort oC Timber well knowft, and needs no Defcription. 'Tis 6ne of the principal Ma- terials in Building, bein^ ftrona in all Pofitions, and may well be trufled in crofs and tranverfe Work ^ as for Summers, and Girding, or Binding-beams, (fy-c. 2. of S^w'v^.] Oik is worth fa wing 2 i-. 8 i. per hun- dred, fome 5 jf. and upwards to 3 j. 6 d^ per hundred. That is the hundred Superficial Feet. G. Ogee, or Ogive^ A fort of Moulding in Architecture, eonfirting of a round and a hollow -, Vitruvnu makes it 2 Quarter-circles, Scam- m^rji and fome other /.uthors rhakc the Arch's flatter, by iirfking them from 2 Equilateral Triangles. V. Capital. N. 5. Orders^ In Architeftureare the different Forms and Proportions of Columns, &c. There are 5 Orders Ccommcnlv retkon'c) in Architefture, ai;^. The Tufcan, Dcritk, lonick, Ccrintliian, and Compofitle. Orb, P A 2IJ Orlo. The Plinth or Square under the Bile of a Column, or un- der the Bife of its Pedeflal, Orthography^ Is a Word deriv'd from the Grec^i Onhos^ true or right, and grapho, to writs or defcribe. la Architefture, it fignifies the Front or ( any other ) upright Side; of a Houfe -, or the Draught on Paper of thofc Parts of a Houfe. Ovolo^ As Echinus. Over/pan, V. Clamp. N. 2. Fainting. ■ I, f\P Out-door'Vforli in general ] Doors, Shop-windows, yj window- framcf, Pediments, Architraves, Friezes, and Corniflics, and all other Timber-works that are expos'd to the Weather, ought atfirft fetting up to be Prim'd with 5pflm/fc-brovvn, 5'/dmy/;-white, and Red-lead, (about a fiith pjrt) to nuke the other 2 Colours dry ; thcfe well ground with Linfeed-oyi, will make excellent Primer; then after- wards with the fame Colour, (^hut much whirer) for a fecond Primer, and laftly, with fair White, made of White-lead, and about a fifth pjrt in quantity, (not in weight) of Spaui/Jj- white. Out-door-work thus colour'd, may be afforded for 3 d. or 3 d. half-penny, or ±d. the Yard Square, for eacii time laid over. 2. of Aieafmng.] Painters meafure their Work by the Yard Supcrfjcidi, and in taking the Dimcnfions ok their Work, they run a String all over where the DruHi goes ^ for they fay, fand 'tis but Reafon) we ought to be pjid for all wliere the BruCi goes. But fometimes in Rails, and Baiii- f lers, they will meafure it as if it were ri it Meafure, I have fcen the Experiment tri'd, and the difference would not countervail the trouble of girting. So tlut Painters- work is meafur'd the fjme as Joyners, only Pjinters never reckon Work and hjlf, but work once,twice, or three time$,ijVc. done over i or at fo much per Yard, according to rhe Work. They always reckon doulile Work for Painting of Witidow-fhuttcri, ifboth fides are Painted alike ; otherwife, according to the value of the Painting. But they reckon Safliframes by them- felves, (at fo much per piece, and likewife Mantle-pieces) when there is no Paintinij about them ; but if they ftand in the Wainfcot, they meafure them as p'ain Work, deduftiiig nothing for the Vacjiicv. ^. Of W ainfcot- colour r\ If on new Stuff, is worth about 8 d. per Yard, on old Colour about 7 d. ^.OfU'alnut-trx-colour.'] Ic is worth lo d. fay fome, o- thcrsfay idori8<^.;)er YarJ. P 4 $ Of 2i6 P A • 5. of ordinary branch'd Painting.'^ Is worth 12, 14, or 10 ./. per yard. 6. Of ordinary Marble-colour.'] If on new Stuff, is worth i s^ per Yard, on old Colour, 9 d 7. Of white Colour. Is worth 10 d. or is. per Yard. 8. of plain Japan^ either black,or rf>hitef\ IsworthjJ. ^ rf. or 4 s. per Yard, 9. 0/ Gates, and Outnard-doors,2 Is worth ^ d. ox ^ d. half-penny, or 4 «/, fer Yard. 10. of Shop-windows.^ The fame as Gates, and Outward- doors. T I. of Window-frames.'] Is worth from 7,d. ox j^ d. im 6 d. or S d. each Light, according to their Size. J 2. of Sa(h-lights.] Is worth about i i. per Light. i^. of Sap>-fiamesf\ Is worth about i s. per Frame. 14 Cfli-on-cifwenis.'] Is worth three half-pence, 2 d. or ^d. ^ Cafement, a<;cording as they are of bignefs. J 5. of Iron-bars of Windows. 1 Is worth i d. per Bar, or niore, if verv IjTj^e. 16. of Chimney ■pieces.'] Is worth about 2 /. /^e*- Chimney- picQC. 17. OfPJ.'s.] Is worth about 10 t/. or 1 2d. per Yard. tS. Colours."] The Colours us'd in Painting, are of feveral ^inds i as Will te, and Red-lead, Spanilh-wh\tc. and brown, Vcrdigrcjfe, Smalt, j^c. Of which fee in their proper places of the Alphabet. Faking, T. With clef -pahs. Rails, and PoUs.] Some Workmen tell me, that for Palcing with 9 Rails, Cleft-pales, Rails, and Pofts, cleaving, makin;;, and fctting up, they have 5 j. 6 i. or 4 x. fer Rod, H'ellin;^ the Timber and all. But then their MtterinI: are all laid down to their Kind, fo that they have no c;irryi ;•)■;, rf!icr< tell me th.ev have 2 x- 6 d. per B.o<^., for (only J niik'n,! and fvttin:; up of Cleft- ports, Bails, and Pales, 2. With Sun-'d Fuies, R.iih, and PoOs.] Seme Wor!<. rr^nte!! me ihev hive i / 6 d. per Rod for making and get- ting up of Sa-.v'd- polls, Fails, and Pales. Pales. X. Price of Cleaving.'] Some Workmen tell me that tliey have 2 .«■. pei- Hundred for Cleaving of Pales •, but others that riejve in Brocks, fjythey have but is- S d. per liimdrcd. N 'tt% A _HuDdred ers Cleaving, fome Cleaving much better, ("and kfs to wart) than other fome ; yet by comparing feveral Obfervations, which I received from an ingenious Workman, I gather, that a Tun of good Cleaving Timber may make ^ Hundred, (or perhaps fometlTing more^ oi 4 Foot Pales, and a Tun of the hke Timber may make 4 Hundred of 9 Foot Pales ; the Reafon of which is, becaufe Timber generally cleaves better, (and lefs to wart,) in rtiort Jengths than in longer. But the Number of Sawn-pales (that may be made of a Tun of Timber,) is more certain, than of Cleft-pales-^ fori have found (by the Draught of a Tree, and Calculations,) that a Tun of Timber will make about 400 Foot of Inch-boards; which(if the Timber fit lor length,) being cut cut c^ — Foot^ into s 4 — Foot^Pales, will make <-3 — Foot-^ < 801 J 100 >• Pales, each a Foot broad •, which in Paleing will reach about 3 times as far as the like number of Cleft Pales will do. Talifade^ or IPalifado, 1. What.] A fort of flight open Pjle, or Fence, fet to Beautifie a Place, or Walk. 2. Valcs.ySovr.c Workmen tell me, that making and fetting up of Pjlifado-paks, (if the Heads are handfomely cut, the Palifjdes Mortis'd through, the Ports at the corners higher than the rert, and the Rails, Kneeling-rails,) is vwrth 14 x, pr Rod, Carpenter's Work, and Sawing. An ancient and experienced Carpenter informs me, that the Cjrptnter had 25 s. fer Rod, (for Timber and Workman- Oiipjforthe Palifado- piles at the Bowling-green at Mount- Ephrahn at Tunbridge-wells \ and likewife for the Palifades'at the High-houfe behind the Bowling-green. This old Carpen- ter told me, he gucfs'd the Carpenters Work of tliefe Pali- fades to be worth about 10 .<•. per Rod. I amalfo inform'd, that the Carpenter had 30/. jJcrRod for the Palifadcs at the Walks at TunbiUge-wells. I mention thefe about the Welis, becaufe I fuppofe them to be well known to mort Gentlemen. For there is fuch variety in the Wcrkmanfliip of Paiifado-paks, that there can be no certain Puce for it by the Rod. 3. Gates."] Thcfe are as various in the Forms and Fafliionsas P<:lifadopales,andconfcquenrly their Prizes are alfoas various. aSi P A ^>^. From 6, or 7, to i o, or 1 2 s. per Yard running Meafure, at about 6 or 7 Foot high. 4. Oflrm.'] Pjlifado-wcrk of Iron in Gates, or otherways, is from 4 d. per Pound, to 8 d. according to the Work. Fallijicationy A Term in Architcfturc, fij^nifying the Pileing of the Ground-work, or ftren^tlpninf;of the Ground-work with Piles of Timber driven into the Ground, when they Euild upona Moift and Marfliy Soil, A Room to fet Viftuals in, a Store room. ^untiles. V. Tiles, N. 7. targeting. 1. WW.] In Architefture, fignifies the Plaftcring of Walls j fcmetimcs 'tis us'd to fignifie the Plafter it felf. 2. Prke'\ Pargeting, or Plaftering is of divers kinds. As (i.) W^hite Lime, and Hair-mortar laid upon bare Walls, at * 5 (T or 4 rf. the Yard. (2.) Upon bare Laths, as in Partition- ing, and plain Ceilings, from 8 d. to 14 d. per Yard. (9.) Rendring the infides of Walls, or doubling Partition-walls, at 2 d.or ^ d. the Yard. fi^.J Rough-caft upon Heart- lathf, from is. to 5 s. the Yard Square, Workmanfliip and all Materials. (5.^ Plaftering upon Brick-work with finifliing Mortar, in imitation of Stone-work, from u. to 18 a*, or . -a-j. the Yard Square. (6.) And the like upon Heart- Jaths, from 1 8 rf. to 2 or 5 j. the Yard, V. more in Plajier- Varlou}\ A fair lower Room, defign'd principally for the Reception, and Entertainment of Company. Vartit'ions. 1. Oj Framing.'] V. Framing, N. 4. 2. Of Meafwing.'] Partitions are commonly meafur'd by the Square; but they commonly make dcdutt ion tor Doors and other Vacancies. Pajfage, An Entry, or narrow Room, fervingonly for a Thorough- fair, or Entrance into other Rooms. Paving. PA ^TTp i.WbM,] Is theUyiog a Floor with Bricks, Tiks, or 2. Wtth Statute-bricks.] Pavingwith Statute-brkkf, is done <.\t\london for about 4 J. per Yard. But I know fome Workmen n Sttjjex tint hive 5 ^.or ^d-pc Yard, info which Price they m*ke ready the Floor for tlic Work, by clcarin^^ out tlie Eaftli, and' icvejiing tiie Hoor \Vithaconvenfent quantity of Sand, (if tWy by the Bricks dry, as ibmetimes they do,) which they fjjfcad evenly with the Rake ; then laying the Bricks level hy a Line, they (^with a Trowel^ put a fufficient quantity of Sand lillder eadh Brick, to raife him full as high as (or a little higher than) the Line, and fo knock him down (level vvitli iht Line) with the Handle of thtjr Hammer; which being done, they ram i n the Sand (on the fide of, and) aoainft the botforf< of the Brick with the handle of their Hammer,(o muke him Jit iaft, Havinfi thus laid the whole Kloor, they ftrew Sand all pver the Bricks, to the thicknefs of an Inch, more, oriels, with a Command to the People of the Houfe, that tliey let it Jie for the fpace of 5 or (5 Weeks i now and then fwecpiog» it too and fro, that thereby, and by their treading on it, it ' 9tay fill up all the jovnts betwixt the Bricks. If they lay the Bricks in Mortar, the Price (they fity'J is tl»e fame as if Ihcy were laid dry. There are fome Mafons, that having laid the Floor dry, will make a very thin Mortar, which they fpread alt over the Floor, fweeping it too and fro with a Broom, to fill up the Joynts of the Bricks. This kind of Paving (with common or Statvite-bricks) is ufual for Cellars, Wafh-houfes, Sinte, Fire-hearths, and for Halls and Kitchins m common Houfes. Of thefe kind of Bricks, g2 will Pave a Yard Square, if laid flat-ways, and 64, if edge-wa\s. ^. With fquare Tiles, or (at fome call them J Favm^bnck/.] Thd Paving with Square-tiles is commonly valuM by the Square, and the dearer the fmallcr the Tiles are; for thefc kind of Tiles are of feveral fixes. 1;/^. 6, 8, ro, and 12 Inch- es Square, their Price from <5 to 20 s. the hundred. In Suf- fix thck kind of Tiles, (or as they call them J Paving-bricks. are 9 Inches Square, andcomnrionly fold at i d. per piece, or 8 s. per hundred. If you would know how many of citiier of thefe fort of Tiles 'will Pave any Floor, then 3^ Note, tlut< i5>TiIes of< 9 > Inches Square will Pave a Square Yard. 4.HM 210 P A ^. With Flemi(1}-bricl(s.'] Tlie Paving with thefe Bricks is far nearer and rtronger than common Bricks: They are of a ycllowifh Colour, and muft be laid in Sand. Earth-brick is 6 Inches and a quarter long, 2 Inches and a half broad, and I Inch and a quarter thick. Now, allowing a quarter of an Inch for the Joynt, then 72 ot 'em will Pave a Yard fquare,but if they befet edge- ways, then to Pave a Yard fquare . will require 100 Bricks. Thefe Bricks are ufuaily fold at 2 j. the hundred, and the Price ot laying them is 4er boot, or 9/. or 10 s. 6 d. per Yard. But if the Stones, thus (qu.) red and fried,) be good and well Pol ifljcd, (as they ought to be for Kitchins, Daries, and neat private Places^ then they may be worth 15 or 16 d. per Foot, or 1 1 5. 5 d,'\ or 1 2 J. per Yard fquare. 7. With Ri .',ate, or Fire-flone.'] This kind of Pavement is good for Chimney-tire-hearths, Ovens, Stoves, &c. and is fomewhat dearer than common Purbeck pavement. For the Price of thefe Stones, V. Fire-ftonc, N. 2. 8. With Pebble-flone<, or holders'] Paving with Pebble- Hones laid in Gravel, for Materials and Workmanfhip, may be worth i $, or 1 8 3rt?, whereof the lovvtrmoft nwkes ttie Aftraga!, (yviipte t'ft ^i yof the whole Aftragal,^ and the ot^er 5 parts ^0 to thcCimajirn, whereof the Lift at the tpp isoflcotthpfe pa^ts. In the other fa/Jiion'd Pedeftal, tlie he^ghtfiof the B^ieis alfo divided into 2 parts, whereof the lovyermoft goes to tMc Plintii, and the other part being fub-divided i;iro 5 parts^ e of 'em make the Thorns, and the ptiier part the lift at>ov€ if. The whole heighth of the Capita] of this fjflitpp'd jPede- ftal is divided into 5 part*;, whereof the lowexflioft goes to theAftragal, (^whofe Lift is \ of *e whole^) tlic next z parts po to the Q G ; the 2 parts remaining, being fiki-diyided into 5 parts, t ic 2 loviermoft of 'em go to the Square, atjd the other to the Cimatum, whofeLift is j of the whole. 5. bnicl^.'] The wlioie heighth of this Column bein;; di- vided into 1 4 parts, the height pf its Pediftal, ^''according to Vitruxius) is 5 of thofe parts. This Prdc(bl lie alfo defcribcs of 2 di/Ter.ent Forms, in each of which, t'c B-ifc and the Capital arc epcli j of the whole heighth of the Pedeftal. In one of tlirfe fiOiion'd Pedeftal?, he divide? the heighth of the Bife iiro 5 pjrts, whereof tlie lowcfmoft goes to the plinth, the next part goes to the Scbnn;cv:T[a, with its Lift ar top mi bott'^m, which are each ^ of the whole-, the up- pfrmioU grand Diviilon being fub divided into 2, the lower- moft of 'cm eors tr) theC.t/t'mj;;?, or Holhn\ wi'h its Lift at the tcp, whicli is one \ oi tiie uiiote -, t!^e other part goes to th.c P E 22 the Thorus, and its Lift above it, which Lift is \ of the whole. The Capital of this fafl;ion'd Pedeftal, is divided into 2 parts, the lowcrmoft of uhich goes to the Scima^. revcrfa with its Lift above and below it j whereof the lower Lift is ^ of the whole, and the upper Lift -J. of the re- mainder. The other grand Divifion being fub-diivided into 3 parts, the 2 lowermyft of 'cm go to the Square, and theo- ther to the Cimatum, whcreot its Lift is I part of the whole Cimatum. In the other fafliion'd Pedeftal, the Bafe is alfo divided into 3 parts, whereof the lowcrmoft f^ocs to the Phnth, the o- ther 2 grand Divifions being fub-divided into 5, the 5 low- ermoft of 'em go to the Scima-reverfa, and the Lift under it, which Lift is-^ of the whole ; the other 2 Divihons being a-^ gain fub-divided into 3 parts, the 2 lovvermoH of 'em goes to' the Thorus, and the remaining part to the Lift above if. The Capital of thisfafhion'd Pedeftal is divided into 2 parts, the lowermoft of which being fub-divided into 4 parts, the the lowermoft of 'em goes to the Aftragal ; ^whereof its Lift is -J part,) the other 5 of thofe fub-divifions go to die Scj- ma-reverfa, and it5 Lift above it, which Lift is J- of tlic whole j the other grand Divifion being fubdi"vided into 5 parts, tlie 2 bwermoftof 'em go to the Square, and the o-- tlicrpartto the Aftragal, whofe Lift is ' of the whole. 6. Corinthian.'] The whole heiglith of this Column being divided into 9 parts, the height of its Pedeftal, (according to yitntvius) is 2 of thofe parts. The whole heighth of this Pedeftal being divided into 9 parts, the Bufe and Capital are f^each of 'em) in heighth j ot thofe parts. The whole heighth of the Bafe being divided into 5 part% the 2 lowermoft of 'em goes to the Plinth •, the remainder be- ing fub-divided into 4 parts, the lowermoft of 'cm goes to the Thorus :, the 2 next parts make the Scima-reverfa, and the Lift below it, which Lift is \ of the whole ; the remaining part goes to the Aftragal, whereof its Lift is | part. The heighth of the Capital is divided into 2 parts, the lowermoft of which being fub-divided ieto 4 parts, the low- ermoft of thofe go to theO-G, theother 5 fub-divifions being again fub-divided into 2 parts, thcJowermoft of thofe goes to to the Scotia, or Hollow, and the Lift above it, (which Lift is 4 part of the whole i) the remaining part p.oes to the Boultuj. The other grand Divifion being fub divided into ;? parts, the 2 lowermoft of 'em goto theCoromi, and the rcma ining part tothe Cimatum, whofe Lift is . of the w!iole. 7. Cempofite.] The v.b.ok hcii^ht of this Column bcin^ divided into 1 5 part?, tlie hcij^ht of its Pedeftal, (according to |(^r«i*rfj>is.3 of thofe-paTts. The 224 P I The Bafc being divided into 7 part?, 2 of 'cm go to the Plinth, I to tlie Thorus, 2 tothe Scima-reverfa, one to the Scotia, and one to the Aftragal •, , of the Aftragal makes the Fillet above the Scotia. The Capital being divided into 7 parts, one of 'em goes to the Aftragal, 2 to the Friefe, one to the Boultinand Lift un- der it, 2 to the Corona, and one to the Cimatum. Peers. 1. What.'] In Architefture a kind of Pilafters,or Buttreffcs* for Support and Ornament. 2. Scantlings, or Si^^e."] I find the Scantlings of Stone- peers, fct down in an Aft of Parliament for the Re-building of the Cify of London, after the late dreadful Fire, Cwhich Scantlings were well confider'd by able Workmen before they were reduced into an Aft,) to be as follows, w^. In the dTdfoxt of Hoyifes, Corner-peers, 18 Inches fqu are ; middle, or fmgle Peers, 14 and 12 Inches, double-peers between Houfc and Houfe, 14 and 18 Inches. In the 2d. and 3 lonick, Corinthian, and Compound Order, V. Column. Ti/ajfers. " I. what.] In Architecture are a kind of half Pillars f ftanding againft a WallJ with Bafeand Capital, as Pillars have ; but differing from Pillars in this, that thofe are fquare, but thpfe are (^commonlyj round. '2.0fthmji^e, and Sitmtm.'] Pilaflers muft not, ^ays Sir Henry Wotton) be too tall and flender, lead they refem- ble Pillars j nor too dwarfifli and grofs, leali they imitate Piles, or Peers of Bridges : Smoothnefs does not fo naturally become them as a Ruflick Superficies ; for they aim more at State and Strength, than Elegancy. In privateBuiJdingsthey ought not to be narrower than one third, nor broader than two thirds of the Vacuity, or Inter- fpace between Pilafter and Pilafter : But to thofe tHat ftand at the Corners, may be all6w'd a little more Latitude by Dif- "tretion for firength of the Angles. In Theatres, and Amphi-thcatres, and fuch weighty Works, PrfZ/rfi/ioobfervesthem to have been as broad as the half, and now and then as the whole Vacuicv, or Inter-fpace. He not- eth likewife, (^and others confent with hira.J That their true Proportion fhould be an cxaft Square -, but (for leffening of Expence, and cnlargiot? of Room,) they are commonly made narrower in Flank than in Front, Their principal Grace confifls in half, or whole Pillars ap- ply'dto 'em; in which Cafe it is well noted by Authors, that the Columns rray be allow'd fomewhat above their ordinary length, becaufe they lean to fo good Supporters, And thus much fhallfufficeattheprefent, touching f^the f?ze and Situ- ation of) Pilaflers, which ts a cheap, a ftrong, and a noble kind of Struflure. 3. Price.'] Thefe are fometimes rrfeafur'd and rated by the Foot running Meafurc ^ but they are more commonly valu'd ar fo rrwich per piece, according to their fize, goodnels of the Materials, and Curiofity in Workmanlhip. ?ltch. By this term Architefts underf^and the Angle a Gable-end . (^andconfequeatly the whole Roof of a Building^ is fet to. If the length of each Rafter be -I of the breadth of the Building, ,tlieathat Roof isfaid to be true Pitch ; if the Rafters are lon- ger, *tis faid to be a /j'g^;, or fimpptch'd Roofj if fhbrter, Q (which 226 PL (which it feldoni isj then 'tis faid to be a /oft', or fat pitch'd Roof. Vitching^ The fame k Paving, V. Paving. Vinsfor T'lles^ what they are every one knows \ they ought to be made of Heart-oak, and to every looo of Tiles is ufually allow'd % Gal- lons of Tile-pins, from 3 Plafter at the Pits may be had for 4.r. or 4 x. 6d.pcr Load, v'.^. 40 C. weight, which will do about 40 Yards ot Flooring. 6. Of White rvajliing.] Whitf^-wafliing with Size upon Plaficr'd Wd^ls, is commonly rcckon'd at 2 d. per Yard. 7. Of Me af wing.] This kind of Work is commonly done by the Yard Scjuare, as Paving, which fee, N. 12. But Note, that in Meafiiring of Partitions, if the Workman ilt.d Materials, the Doors and Windows are mcjfur'd by them-' felvcs, and deduced from the whole ; ;!s isalfo ^ p^rt (of the ttW) for the Quarters in rendring Work : Cut if the Work- man do not find Materials, there is commonly no Alio vancc made for them, the trouble in cutting and fitting the Laths, being equivalent to the void fpace left for the Doors and Windows. Neither C^^ cafe of Workmanflnp onK) is there to be any allowance midc (in rendring) ♦or the Quarters, Bra- •'^s, or Inter-tics, the Work being as much as (if not more q 2 than) 228 P_0 than; if it were all plain. V. more of Plaftering, in the word Fargetting* F/atebands^ The Lifts, or Fillets between the Fluteings of the lonick, Corinthian, and Compofite Columns. They are ("each) in breadth a quarter of the Flute. F/atforw* I. What.] This word in Architefture is fometimes us'd, to fignifie the Ichnography, or Draught of the Ground-plot of a Houfe i but more commonly for a broad, fmooth, and open Walk upon the top of any Building. t. Of Covering tpith Lead.'] V. Lead, N. 7. F/afliqueart, or Flaftick art. The Plaftique art, is a Branch of Architefture that is not only comprehended under Sculpture, but is indeed very Sculpture itfclf; but with this difference; that the Plajhrer (by his Plaftique-art,) makes his Figures by Addition^ but the Carver by Subjirailm ; whereupon Michael Angela was wont to fay, (foraewhat pleafantly, J that 5c«/;>^«r(r was nothing but a Pur- gation of Superfluities : For take away from a piece of "Wood, or Stone all that is fupertluous, and the remainder is the intended Figure. Oi this plaftique-art, the chief ufe with us is in the grace - fill fretting of Roofs, (commonly known amongfl us by the Name of Fret-work i) bat the Italians apply it to the Mant- ling of Chimneys withgreat Figures. A cheap pieceof Mag- nificence, and as durable almoft within Doors, as harder Forms in the Weather. P///7r, or P///?/^, The lower part of the Foot of a Column, being in the form of a Square Brick, or Tile. Flujnbery^ An Art belonging to Architefture, it being the Art of Working in Lead. Forphyry.^ A fine reddifh Marble, ftreaked with divers Colours. P/r- «y, {in Hift. Nat. Lib. ^6. Caf. -j.) fays, this kind of Mar- ble comes out of tgypi where there are large Quarries of it. Fortico, P R 229 Vortico, V. Architrave, N. 2. Fortlani-dene, A Stone-cutter ia London tells me, that they ufuaJIy fell Slabs of Portland Stone, (ready Poliftied for Chiraney-ifoot-pa- ces,J for Is. S d. per Foot Superficial. 'Tis a Srone much yS'd in Building, and much fofter and whiter than Purbec^ Ton nails. V. Nails, N. 12. Vortal^ An ancient Term in Architeftqre, I fay an ancient Ternij for the thing fignifi'd by it is grown out of fafliion s it was us*d to fignifie a little fquare corner of a Room, fhifted off from the reft of the Room by the Wainfcot. The word feems tocome from the French, Portal, iGate, or Entrance-, be- caufe through it tJiey enter into the Room. Fqfls. 1. What.'] Pretty big pieces of Timber, ftanding upright inaHoufc, (fyrc. 2. Principal.] In Architefture, are the Corner-pofls of a Houfe, fyc. 5. Prick.] The Ports that are Fram'd into BrelTummers, between principal Ports, for the ftrengthning the Carcafs of the Houfe. 4. of Preferving.] An ingenious Gentleman, one Mr. Waiter Burret, Efq^ of Cuckfield in SuJJex^ deceafed, ufed to burn (to a Coal on the out-fide) the ends of all the Ports which he fet in the Ground ; whereby they will continue a long time without rotting, which otherwife would fuddenly ^ecay. Pojl and Rail. V. Fencing, N. 2. and Paleing, N. i, a. Found- nails, V. Nails, N. 13. Frick-pofts. V. Ports, N. 3. Frtming, y. Paipting, N, 1. Q. 3 Frlnci^ah 6;o P U P-nncipaL j\ PofTs.] V. Ports, N. 2. 2. Rafters,] V. Rafters. Trizes Of Work ^d Materials, V. the Particulars, that you woul^ know the Price of, in their proper places of the Alphabet. Proji/e^ A Term m Architecture, deriv'd from the Italian, and figr niiies the fame as /c/;n.i^r(j;;ib> from the Greek, vi^. The Flat, or Horizon Figure of any Building. 'Tis fometimcs us*d foi- the Fi-^ure of any part of a Building, fhew'd in any other JPofition; wherein are fet down the Breadths, Lengths, an(! fkighths of the \yhole. Projedure^ In Architefture, is the jutting out of any part of a Buil- ding, (nr of aColumaJ beyond the ref^. Thus Balconies frojcft into the Street, and thus the Bafe and Capital of a Column projeft forth beyond the Body of the Column. Piidlaysy Pieces of Stuff tQ do the Office of Leavers, or Hand- fpikcs. ' Puhinata^ A Fncze fuelling like a Pillow. Punch'ins. T. Whnx.'\ Short pirres of Timber placed under fome confidcrable weight to fupport it. T!iey commonly ftand (upripht^ between the Forts:, they are rtiorter ^and fiighter) than cither Principal-ports, or Prick-'pofcs. Thofe that rtand on each hijc of a Joor, are cali'd Donr-p^^rjchins. a. Price.'] Carpenters commonly reckon i «/. or three half- pence ;>?>• Foot for puttipg in pi new Punchins. Purli/2s. I. What.^ Thofe pieces of Timber that lie a-crofs the l^af- ^crs, on the io-fide, to keep them from fmking in in the fniddie of their length. '2. Si:{e.J By the Aft for Re-building the City of london all Purlins in ]cngth from 1 5 Foot 6 Inches, to 18 Foot 6 In- thes o\i?M to be in their Square 9 Inchc?, and 8 Inches. An4 '■■ ''•^'^- ■ ■ ■ ^- ■ • all allin length from 1 8 Foot (5 Inches, to 21 Foot 6 Inches, ought to be in their Square 12 Inches, and pinches. Vurheckftone. \,Whiit.'\ 'Tisahard grey ifh Stone, almoft like 5/fjf^'» Petties. They are much us'd for Pavements. 2. Price. 1 A Stone-cutter in lowion tells mc, that they commonly fell Purbeckrflabs, (^ready Polifhed for Chimney- foot-paces,) for 2 s. per Foot. And Purbeci^j>aving of Pro- mifcuous Sizes, only Hew'd and Squar'd, they fell for id. per Foot. Alfo Mitchels they value at about is. lo d. per Foot, V. Mitchels, Pieces of Timber, or fliort Poles, (about 7 Foot long,) us'd by Mafonsin Bailding of Scaffolds to work on. Tlie Putlogs are thofe pieces which lie Perpendicular to the Building, one end lying into it, and the other end refting on the Ledgers- which are thofe pieces that lie Parallel to the fide of the Buil- ding. The Ground for Foundations, V. Foundations, N. 2. §. 5. Quarry, I. /^ F Stone. ] A Place whence Stones are digged V^ out. 2. Of Glafs.'] A piece of Glafs cut in a Diamond-form, Quarries of Glafs are of 2 kinds, v'l:^. Square, and long ^ and thefe again are of different fizes, as 8's, lo's, 12's, i$'s, i8's, and 2o's, [that is, 8 Quarries of 8's make a Foot of Glafs, and fo does 10 Quarries of id's, i2ofi2's, &c.'] But all Quarries, (^ofwhat fize foever) are cut to one fore of Angle for the Square Quarries, and another for tiie long Quarries : The Acute Angle of the Square Quarries being 77 l>egrees, and 19 Minutes •, and the Acute Angle of the long Quarries 67 Degrees, and 2 2 Minutes. See more, Glazing, N. In Architefture, all thofe flight upright pieces between ^c Punchins and Pofts, (which ferve to Lath upon,; are cali'd Starters. They are uf 2 kinds, JJngfe and double : Single Quarters are fawn Sfuff, 2 Inches thick, and 4 Inches broad. The double Quarters are fawn to 4 Inches fquare. Q 4 "Tis 23^ R. A 'Tis a Rule ia Architefture,, that no (Quarters be plaiNjd at greater diftance than 14 Inches. "^artering^ In Architecture, fignifies the putting in of Quarters. Some- times 'tisus'd to fignifiethe Quarters themfelves. ^larterheaL , V. Brads, N. 5 7. In Architefture, fignifies a piece taken out of any regular Ground-plot, or Floor. As if the Ground-plot were a Square, or an Oblong, and a piece be taken out of one corner of it, for a Court, or Yard, that piece fo taken out is call'd a ^iim^ or ^io'iTis^ The corners of Brick, or Stone- walls. Alfo the Stones iii the corners of Brick Buildings. If thefe Stones ftick without the Brick-work, (^their edges being cypher 'd off,) they are call'd Ruftick-quoins. The Ruflick-quoins, at 1 Foot, one Face, and one Footthe other, are valu'd from i j. to i j. 4 d. per Quoin, Stone and Workmanfhip; ^adreisy A fort of artificial Stones, /"fo call'd from their Form, they being fquare,J made of a chalky, whitifh and pliable Earth, and dry'd in the Shade. They were 2 Years in drying, and were much us'd by ancient Italian Architects. Rafiers. i.'y^Iffat.'] Rafters are thofe pieces of Timber, whfch (landing by pairs on the RcfonO meet inap Ang^le at the top, and compofe tl e Roof of a Buildiar. 2« Scantlings, or Siie.'] In an Aft of Parliament forTPe- buii'ding the tity of Io;!«'cn, the following ScnUfirgs, \v.hirb were well conful ted by able Workmen, before they were re- duced to an Aft,) 3jefctdown,as fitted for all Edifices, great or fmall, vi:^. Prin- R A 233 from ^ I F. In. 12. 6 to 14. 18. 21. 6 6 21. 6 (24. 24. 6 I 25. muft be broad at the Foot. Inches. 8 9 10 12 13 Top. Inches. 5 7 9 9 and thick. Inches. 6 If 6 Foot 5 Inches, -^ Single Rafters in length's 8 Foot, Cmuft ^9 Foot 5 Inches, > f 4, and g 1 nave in their Square < 4 ;, and 3 -|, > Inches. ^ 5, and 4 ■* 5. Dijlance.] 'Tisa Rule in Architefture, that no Rafters be •aid at greater diftance from each other than 12 Inches. Rag'fione. V. Paving, N. 5. Rails ^ In Archite^ure, are us'd in various Senfes •, as for thofe pie- ces that lie Horizontally between tJie Pannels of Wainfcot, and over, and under them. Alfo for thofe pieces that Ke over, and under Ballifters, in Balconies, Stair-cafes, &c. Alfo for thofe pieces of Tiorber that lie Hoirizontally from Poll to Port, in ^ Fencing with Pales, or without, F Rails and Ballijlers. 1. Price of making.'] Mr. ffin^ tells us, That Rails and Balli-^ I fters on Balconies, or about the Platform of great Houfes, are } worth (only Workmanfhip) 4/. ffr Yard, running Mca- fure. 2. Painted^ of Meafmpi-2 "V. Painting, N. 2. ^aifer^ ?34 R I Raifer^ A Board fct on edge under the fore-fide of a Step. Raifing-pieces^ Are pieces that lie under the Beams, upon Brick or Timber by the fide of the Houfe. Kando?n- pave merit. V. Paving, N. ir. Riinge^ The fide of any Work that runs ftraight, without breaking into Angles, is faid to /? 2. Price of putting in.'] the putting in of Ground-fells in a Houfe, is commonly rated at 3 <^. or 4 d.per Foot, only Work- inao/hip. Setting. V. Pitching. Setting of Fronts, V. Fronts, N. 2. Shaky^ or Shaken^ Such Stuff as is crack'd, either with the Kcat of the SuO, of the Drought of the Wind, is call'd ftiaky, or Hiakcn Stuff. Sharp nails. V. Nails, N. 19. V. Nails, N. 20. Sheathing- nails. Sheet- lead. V. Lead, N. 3. 4. 5. ^- 7- The fame as* Shidcs, Shingles. I. What!] Thefe are fmall pieces of Wooi, or Quaftcr'd Oaken-boards, (aved to a certain Scantling •, but ihcy are more ufually cleft to about an Inch thick at one end, and made like Wedges about 4 or 5 Inches broad, and 8 or o, (and ia lome places 12) Inches long. They are u?.'d to cover Houfes with, (but more commonly Churches and Steeples.) inftead of Tiles, or Slates. This kind of Covering is very chargable, and fcKIom us'd, but in covering the Roofs of Churches, and Pyramidal Stee- ples. Neverthelefs, where Tiles arefrarce, and you wovXd have your Houfe but lightly cover'd ^ Shingles are to be pre- fer'd before Thatch •, and if they arc made of good Oak and cleft out, (not fa vv'd,^ and then vvellfeafoa'd in the Water a and 24* S H and Sua, they become a fure light, and durable Cover- ing. ^ 2. Price ofJ] Some Workmen tell me, that Shingles are fometimes lold for 20 s. per rnoufand but then they are ve- ry bad Ware •, for if they are good they are worth 30 j. per Thoufand ; nay, they tell me, they have known 40 t per Thoufand given for Shingles to lay upon Steeples ; for thofe that lie fo high, and hang fo perpendicular, ought to be of the beft fort. 3. Pri.e oj Cleaving and Making.l, Several Workmen tell me, that the common price of cleaving and making of Shin- gles, is 10 J', per Thoufand. ^, How many made of a Tun of Timkr^ Some Workmen tell me, that a Tun of Timber will make 5000 of Shingles. 5. Of laying cn,"^ For covering with thefe, the Building muft be firft well covei'd all over with Boards •, which being done, the Shingles are faflen'd to thofe Boards with ^d. <,d. or 61^. Nails, in every Courfe, at a certain Gage, vi:(. At 3 j^ Inches, or 4 Inches, from under one another ; for they com- monly make 3 Waters. {i% they rhrafcit,) that is, they com- monlv hang 5 Shingles in heighth, in the length of one j fo that if the Shingles are 12 Inches long, they are laid at 4 In- ches Ga.e. In breaking of Joynt, they do not obferve to make one Joynt over the middle of the Shingle below ^ but they fome- times break Joynt an Inch, an fnchand a half, or 2 Inches, according to the breadth of the Shingles ; tor they, ^efpecial- fy if they are cleft J arc not all exaftly of a iize. 6. F)ice cf laying on^j For laying them on upon Spire- fteeples, where the Work h high and troublefome, they have ^commonlyj 20/. per Tlioufand -, but on low Work, (as upon Houfes and the like,) they will cleave, and make, and lay them on for that Money ; Or if they only lay them on upon Houfes, they will do it for ioj. ;>er Thoufand. Some Workmen tell me, that for drefTln^ and la\ing on of Shingles upon Churches and Steeples, they have (^commonly) 18 x. per Thoufand. 7. Price of dr'ejfing old onex.^ For drejfijtg of old Shingles, [that is new hewmg them, and cutting of the ragged lower ends,3 Workmen tell me they have, (I think) 6s. per Thou- fand. 8. How many will cover a Square.'] If the Shingles are 4 Inches broad, and laid at 4 Inches Gage, 81 Shingles will co- ver a Square Yard ; and confequently 900 will cover a Square, (or 100 Superficial Feet) of Healint; ; But, becaufc Shingles fcldom hold to be all 4 Inches broad •, therefore they commonly allow loco toLhcSquaje, and of Nails as many. ShiniUn^, S L 245 Shingling^ The laying on of Shingles, V. Shingles^ Shuilog, V. Sricks, N. 5. Shop windows^ Thefe m.iy be afforded at the fame rate as plain or bat, toa'ddoors, befidesthe Iron-work, as Bolts, Staples, Hinges £ocks, Ke}s, Latches, Chains, ^c. V. Doors, N. 4. Sbreadings^ The fame as Furiirgs. Silery, As Cilery. Skew back. V. Arches, N.7. Skirting hoards^ The narrow Boards fitted round the under-fide of Waia- fcot againft the Floor. SUs, The cut-fide fappy Planks, or Boards fawn off from the (ides of Timber. Slating, 1. Wh\t.'\ Slating is the Covering of Houfeswith Slate* . This kind of Covering is very neat, efpecially the Bte- y7./rei as for the other kind of Slate, (^known in fome places by the name of Horjham-flone.J V, Horfliam-ftone. This Elue-lbte, cut into long Squares, or Efcallops, /hews very handfome, and is commonly us'd in covering of Summer, and Binquetting-houfes in Gardens ; it being a very light and lafting CoverinL'. But as this kind of Covering is very handfome. fo alfo'tis very chargable •, for Roofs cover'd with Slate, mufl be (firft) boarded over, the Slates hang'd on Tacks, and laid with finer Mortar than Tiles. But if rhefe Slates be rudely cut, and carclefly laid, (in re- fpeft of Form,) it is then accounted a cheaper Covering than with plain Tiles ; efpecially in thofe Countreys where the Earth affords plenty of them. 2. Price 0/.] This kind of covering is valu'd by forae from 3 f. to 6 s. the Yard fquare, or by the Square of 10 R a Foot, 244 S M Foot, \^that is los Fcet,J from 30 s. to 3 Pounds, or more in ome plices. 5. Price of Pointing of SlatesJ^ The Pointing of Slate?, ^[that is hcwinf; them, and making them fit for the WorkJ is worth, rf-jys Mr. Wing,) about 12, or 15 i. per Square. 4. Price of Slates.^ Slates at the Pits are worth, (^fays Mr. Wing,) 12 or 14 j. /er Thoufand, which Tvil! nearly do 315 fquare Yards. §. Of Aieafuring.] Slating is in lome places meafur'd by the Rod of 1 8 Foot Square, which contains 324 Superficial Feet, or 35 fquare Yards. In meafuring this fort of Work, where there are Out- ers or Valleys, there is commonly an Allowance, which is to ake the length of the Roof all along upon the Ridge-, which makes the Gutters double Meafure, t/^. as much more as really it is -, which in feme places is allowed, and in others not i which depends upon the Cuftora of the Place. S/ates. y. Slating, N, 3. 4. S/eeper^ la Architetlure is the Oblique Rafter that lies in a Gutter, V. Hip, N. I. Slipper^ The fame as Plinth. Shices^ i^cnts, or Drains for Water, V. Alder, N. 5. Smiths. 1. WorkS] Smith's Work in relation to Architefture, arc of divers kinds, as walking ofCafemaiti •, (for which fee Cafe- ihents, N. 2] Pailifado-uork in Gates, or other ways, CW. Palifado, N. 4. J For making Dogs, Bar5, large Hooks, Thim- bles, Hinges, Staple?, Grates, e^c. they have in fome places 3 1 c— 10— o 30. For 4 Dogs, weighing 25ft. at /\d. per^ ^ Pound, ^-^ )v. 9. For 9 great Bolts 4 j ft. at 4 d. per Pound. Kov, 9. For 9 great Bolts for Doors, weighing? _^ Sum 5^15—10 Soils. V, Sells. Solder^ or Sodder. 1. What. 1 There are feveral kinds of Solder-, but that which more immediately relates to our prefent bufinefs is Sol- der for Lead, which is made of Lead, and ,■ as much Block- tin. This for Plumbers ufe j for Glaziers ufe it may be fome- what finer. 2. Price of.] This is fold from 8./. to rot^./er Pound, ac- cording to its nnenefs. 9. To l^nowif fine enough for the GlATJer's u[e.~\ Some Gla- iiers tell me, that to know whether their Solder be fine e- nough for their ufe \ they take a piece of it, and bend it too and If o near their Ear ; for if it be of a fit temper it will crackle like Nite. Sommering, V. Arches, N- 7- Sfira^ As lift. R 5 Staying 246 S T SpLiyi/rg Of Windows and Doors, V. Bricklayers, N.2. Springs For Cafewevts.'] Some Smiths tell mc, they have 6 d. fe^ piece for Springs for Cafementf^ of tlic common or ordinary F^fhioTi. But 1 have fcen fome Springs for Cafements that \vcre fomctliins; extraordinary in their Workmanfliip; tliey being a kind of double Springs, which feem'd as if a right and left-liand Spring had been joynd together; for about 3 or < Inches from the Shoulder, where thev were driven into the Timber ; but at t!ie end where the Scrolls were at leaft r Indi- es afunder, thev had a Scroll turn'd both upwards and down- wards in each Spring; fo that each Spring feem'd Hke 2 Springs turn'd back to back. The Srnith that made thcfc Springs, told me, tliat he had i s. fer piece for 'em. Square^ A certain Meafure, (made ufe of in Meafuring feveral Artifi- crsWorks,^ conrifHng'of 100 Superficial Feet. V. Nails, N. 21. Square- nails. Stairs. J. H%it.~] Stiirs arc the Steps whereby we afcend and de- fcchd from one Story of a Houfe to another. 2. Dimerfions of.^ Several V.'ritcrs of Architeflure, have laid down feveral, and different Rules, fcr flie l:eit;hth, breadth, and length ofStairs, or Steps, and that according to the fe- veral Capacities of the Stair-cafes. But (''in general J they forbid more than <5, and lefs thm 4 Inches for the heighth of each Stair; and more tiian 18, and lefs than 12 Inches for the breadth, and more than i^, and lels than 6 Foot for the length of each Stair. But here we mufl undcrfland, that they mean thcfe Mea- fures fhould be obferv'd only in large and fumptuous Build- ings : For in common and ordinary Houfes, they may be fomething TTi^her, and narrower, and much fl^orter ; yet in thefe they ought not to exceed 7, or fit moft) 8 Inches in heighth; for if they do, they will be difficult to afcend ; for our Legsdo labour much more in Elevation^ than in bare Ho- rizontal Progrefllon. Neither ought they to be lefs than 9 or 10 Inches in breadth ; nor ought their length to be lefs than 3 Feet. To reduce this Doftrinc ('of the Dimenrioni of Stairs J to ' ■ ibmC' S T 247 fome Natural, or at leafl Mathematical Ground, Vitruvm, (as we fee, Lib. 9. Cap. 2.) Borrows, thofe Proportions that make the Sides of a Reftangular Triangle, which the Ancient School did exprefs On its lowed Terms,) by the Numbers 5, 4, and 5. That is 3 for the Perpendicular heighth of the Stair, 4 for the Horizontal breadth of it, and 5 for the whole Incli- nation, or Slope in the Aicent. But this Rule is fo far from being follovv'd in our modern Buildings, that the contrary is rather praftis'd •, for by this Rule, the lower the Stairs are, the narrower they ought to be j and if a Stair be but 6 Inches high, he mufl (according to this Rule) be but 8 Inches broad ; whereas in this cafe we feldom make 'em lefs tlian a Foot broad. And if we fhould make Stairs fo Sow as 4 Inches, (for fuch the Ancient Architefts make men- tion of,) they mufl ("by this Rule) be but § j Inches broad ; which certainly is too narrow for any Stair. 3. of malijng.'] Tho' we have laid down Rules fin the foregoing Number) for the heighth and breadth of Stairs j yet Workmen are not fo be fo flriftiy ty'd to thofe Rules, as not to vary in the leaft from "em : For they muft ftill obferve to make all the Stairs of the fame Stair-cafe of an equal heighth and breadth : To do which, they muft firfl confider the height of the Room, as alfo the Width, or Compafs they have to carry up the Stairs in. Then to find the height of each particular Stair,they ought firft topropofe the heighth of eachStair,and by that propofed heighth divide the whole heighth of the Room j which done, the Quo- tient will fhew the number of Stairs : But if the Divifion fall pot out exaft, but that there be a Remainder ; then (in this cafe) take the Quotient, (not regarding the Remainder^ for the number of Stairs, and by that number divide the whole heighth of the Room ; fo the Quotient fhall giye you the exaft heighth of each Stair. Example. Suppofe the vvhole heighth of the Room be pFoot 3 Inches, andfuppofe you dcfi^ii'd to make each Stair 6 Inches hisjh, turn the whole heighth of the Room into inches, 'twill be 1 1 1 Inches, which divide by ^, the Quoti- ent will be 18, and 3 remaining; therefore take 18 for the number of Stairs, and bv it divide in, the Quotient will be 6-j'j Inches, or 6 { Inches, which mufl be the exaft heighth of each Stair, Then, to find the breadth of each Stair, divide the width, or compafs (that you have to carry them up in,J by the number of Stairs, andtheQuotient will fhew you the exaft breadth of each Stair. There is another thing to be o^'ferv'd in miking of Stairs> vJT. That they be laid ("where tiiey joyn} m un tantm d^ ' ' " \ ' ' R 4 ~ [carpat ?48 S T fc.trpa , (as tne Italians fpeak .•) we may Tranflate it fomewhai (tho' but /if?/e) lloaping, Tw;:^ a little hi^hed behind,) that lb tlie boot may in a fort boih afcend and defcend together ; which tho' obferv'd by tew. js a lecret 9Dd delicate Decepti- on of the Pains in Mounting. Sjair-cafc. T. What-I kStxir-cjf' isfomctimes taken tofignifie the In- Ciol'ure of a pair of Stairs ; whether it be with Walls, or Avith Walh, and Railb, and Baliflers, &c. And fometimcs 'tis tjkcn fcr the whole hrame ot a pair of Stairs. :. Oj making,.'] To nuke a compleat Stair-cafe, is a curi- ous riece of Architedure; The vulgar Cautions about it are tiiefe. (i J That it have a liberal Vght, againft all Cafuaities of Slips and Falls. (2) That the ^pace over-head be large and Airy, nhich the Italians ufe to call Vn bet Sfogolo^ as it were , good Venti!jtion, becauie a Man fpends much breath in moun- ti>)-- 5, That the half- pace?, {^if there be any) be well diftribu* ted at competent dirtances, forrepofing on the vvay. (4. J That to avoid Encounters, and belldes to ^ratifie the Pehoider, the whole Stair-cafe have no nis;gard Latitude. But this ou^ht to be regulated in proportion to the Quality ot the Building: Fora great Stair-cafe in a little Houfe would be as improper, as a little Stair- cafe in a great Houfe ^ both of thcra <::QualJy Ridiculous. (5.) That there be jzreat care taken in the well pUring the $\dir cafe ; for there is not a httle diffiruity to find a place convenient, fo asthe '^ta'rs may be diflributed without Pre- judice, or hindrance lo the rcfl of the Building. I U. Kinds.] There are many kinds of Sraircafes ; for in Jome the Stairs are maie firai'ht.,\n others. Winding., in others, jmixt of both. Of Jliaight-llttjys, fome fly direclly forward, others are Square, others Triangular ; others are calld French Flights. Of WinJin^-Hairs , (which ip geneni are call'd Syiral^ or Cockie-f>air%J fome are Square^ fome Circular, or row- J, and fome Eliptical, or Ova! i and thefc again are various ; for fome wind about a So/ry, others gbout an 'fen S'eyvel. Stairs n'iixf of flra^iht and xpinding., are iih'n of various kind? ; fo-ne arecall'd Dng-legd, others there 3 re that both wind about a Solid-Newel, and fly about a Jvquarc Onen-Newel. I fhall pirticularlvytho" briefly^ defcribp all ♦hefe fever^ii kinds, in the followint, Numbers. iV. Straight Stairs.] Ti;efc are fuch as always fiy, and ne- ver nViikI, and therefore are by fome cal:'d Fleers. Of thele i6i;cf © arc fcTCfal l>indsj as^^-— — ~ — ^ I. Hi- sjr 249 1. VireU'fyersy or pla'm-fyert. Tlicfe fly direftly from one floor to another, without turning to the right or left, and are feldom us'd, unlefs it be for Garret, or Cellar-flairs in or- dinary Houfes. 2. Square-flyers.] Thefe fly round the fides of a Square- Newel, cither folid, or open, (fo that there are 2 kinds of 'em,) and at every corner of the Newel, there is a Square Half- pace, that takes up -^ of a Circle. So they fly from one Half-pace to another ; and the length of the Stairs is Perpendicular to the fide of the Newel. 3. Tri An gnlar- flyers.'] Thefe fly round by the fides of a Triangular Newel, either folid or open, (fo that there are al- fo 2 kinds of thefe,} and at each corner of the Newel there is a trapezial Halt-pace, that fakes up 120 Degrees, (^or U of a Circle. So they fly from one Half- pace to another y and the length oftlie Stars is Perpendicular to the fide of the New- el. Palladh tells us, that Triangular-flairs arc to be feen in fome ancient Edifices ^ and of tnis fort , (fays he,) are thofe of the Cupolo of St. Maria Rotunda, which are open in the mid- dle, and receive Light from above. Thofe alfo ntSanSo A- pofiolo in the fame City, are of the fame kind. 4. French-flyers.] Thefe kind of Stairs, firfl fly direftly forward, till thty come within the length of a Stair of the Wall, and then they have a fquare Half-pace -, from which you immediately, ^without any Stairs between) afcend to another Half-pace ; and from this fecond Half-pace the Stairs fly direftly back again, parallel to the firfl flight. y. Windin^-flaiyf.'] Thefe are fuch as always wind, and ne- ver fly / There are many kinds of thtfe Stairs j for fome wind round a Circle, others round an Ellipfis, or Oval, others round a fquare, and others round an Equilateral Triangle : and of each of thefe, fome wind round a folid Newel, and c- thers round an open, or hollow Newel. Again, fome are fct upon Columns, and fome Stairs are double, and fome are QuidrupJc. I fliaJl defcribe each of thefe in the following Nuni')crs. I. Circular'tvinding-Oairs.'] Thefe are of 4 kinds. Firft, Such as wind abou' a fjlid Neive', and the fore-edge of each Stjir is ii right-line pointing to the Centre of the Newel. Thefe are common in Church-fleeples, and great old Stone- Houfcs. Serondly, Such as wind round an open Newel, and the for iide of each Stairi? a right Line pointing to the Centre of the Newel. Of this kind are thofe in the Monu- inei>t of J.',r.dcn, Thirdly, Such as wind round a Solid Ne.vel, hut tlie fore-fide of each Stair is an Arch ('"of a large) Circle, that pMnts quite by the Centre, (and near to the Cir^ cumference) of the Newel, In tlicfc, the Stairs are much longer than in the common Wicding flairs. Of thefe there may 250 S T may be 2 kinds: For their Fchnography being drawn, the Stairs may be contrivd to be either Concave, or Convex on the fore-fide. Fourthly, there are other Stairs, in all re- fpefts lik^ thofe h(\ defcrib'd, only they hive an open New- el. Thefe kind of Stairs are faid to be invented by Marl^ An- thony Barbaroy a Gentleman of Venice. Any of thefe kinds of Winding-ftairs, take up lefs room than an ♦"her k' id of Srairs whitfoever. In Stairs that wind round a Solid Newel, Architefts make the Diameter of the Newel / ^' °'">of the Diameter of the ?■> whole Stair-cafe-, according as the Stair-cafe is in bignefs , for if the Stair-cafe be very fmall, they make the Newel but -} of its whole Diameter •, and if very large, then 4; and fo proportionably of the reft. In flairs that wind round an open Newel, Palladio tells us, the Newel muft be . the Diimtter of the whole Stair-cafe. But I fee noreafon, "why ihefe open Newels ought not to be proportion'd to the fize of the Stair-cafe, as well as the folid ones. Then, as to the number of Stairs in one Revolution, Pal- ladio tells us, r6, or 7, 18, 19.0 18, 18 That if the Stair-cafe be/ ' ^^ ^^ >Foot Diameter, theij there may be/^^Vstairs in one Revolution about the Newel. 2. EU'iptical-windi^^-Jlahs.'] Qf thefe there are % kinds; one winding round a Solid, and one round an open Newel, They arc much of the nature of Circular Stairs, only in thofe, the Newel is a Circle, but in thefe an Ellipfis, or Oval. Thefe kind of Stairs arc very hand Tome and pleafant, (^fays PaUaii\) becaufe all the Win- dows and Doors are commo'di *, 1y placed in the middle and head of the Oval. I have made one of thefe, (fays he,; with an open Newel at the Monaflcry of Chanty zt Venice. 3. Square-winding-fiairs ] Thefe wind round a Square- Newel, cither folid, or opea 5 fmd therefore are of 2 kinds,) and S T 251 and the fore-fide of each Staif is a right Line pointing to the Centre ot the Newel. 4. T!fa!iguUr-wincling-flairs.~] Thefe wind round a Triangu- ?.ir-Neue!, and tlie tore-fide of each Stair is a right Line, pointing to the Centre of the Newel. And bccaufe the New- el may be either folid or open; therefore there are 2 kinds of em, $. Columnated rvindorp-ftairs.] Palladh mentions a pair of Stairs belonging to the Fortk fions over the Ridging, as far as the new Straw goes. Thimbles. V, Iron, N. 4. Thoroug b framing. V. Framing, N. 7. Through-lighted, Koom? are faid to be Through- lighted when they have Windows on both ends. Tiles, V. Tyles; Timber T I 261 Timber. 1. IVhat.l All thofe kinds of Trees, which being cut down and kafon'd, are ufeful for the Carpenter, Joyner, or other wooden Tradefman to work upon, are call'd Timber when they are cut down, and Timber Trees when they arc growing. 2. Kinds.] There are many kinds of Timber ; it were tedious to mention 'em all. I fliaJI content my feif at pre- fent, briefly to flievv the mbft common ufesi and of the mart common kinds of Timber j as I hnd it fet down in Mr. Eve- lin'S Sylvay and Mr. Worlidge's S/Jlema Agriculture. As fol- lows. 1. Oak.'] The feveral ufcs of Oaken-timber for Buildings, and other Mechanick Ufes, is fo univerfally known, that 'twere needlefs to enumerate them. To endure all Seafons of the Weather, there is no Wood comparable to it j as foe Pales, Shingles, Ports, Rails, Boards, &c. For Water- works alfo 'tis fecond to none j efpecially whera it lies obvi- ous to the Air as well as the Water, there is no Wood like it. 2. Elm.'] If the Elm be fell'd between November and fe- bruary, it will be all Spine, or Heart, or very little Sap, and is of moft fmgular ufe ^in the Water,^ where it lies al- ways wet, and alfo where it maybe always dry. It is alfo of great ufe for its toughnefs, and therefore us'd by Wheel- wr^hts, Mi II- Wrights, ify-c. It is alfo good to make Dref- fers, aud Planks to chop on, becaufe it will not breakaway in Chips like other Timber. 9. Beech."] Its ufe is principally for rhe Turner, Joyner, Upholfterer, and fuch like Mechanjck Operations, the Wood being of a clean, white, and fine Grain, and not apt to rend, or flit : Yet it is fometimes us'd, ^efpecially of late YearsJ for Building-timber. And if it lie always wet, (as for Ground-guts, and the like,) 'tis thought to endure longer than Oak will in that Cafe. 4. AP).] The ufe of Afh is almoft univcrfal, good for Building, or any other ufe where it may lie dry ; ferves the Occafions of the Carpenter, Plough-wright, Wheel-right, Cart-wright, Cooper, Turner, &c. For Garden ufcs alfo, no Wood exceeds it ^ as for Ladders, Hop poles, Palifade- hedges, fyc. It ferves alfo at Sea, for Oars, Hand-fpikes, <^c. 5. fir.] This kind of Timber is commonly known by the name of Deal, and is of late much us'd in Building, efpecial- ly within Doors, for Stairs, Floors, Wainfcot, and raoft or* pameotal Works. S I 6. Wai- 252 T I 6. Wnlmi-trec.'] This Timber is of univcifal ufe, (unlefs for outward Edifices,^ none betterfcrtiie Joiner's ule , it being of 2 more curious brown colour than Beech, and not fo fubjcft to the Worms. 7, CbeftrMt-tree.l This Timber is (next to Oak) one of the moft fought after by the Joyner and Carpenter, and of very long lafting, as appears by many ancient Houfes and Barns built of it about Oravcf-end in Kent. 8. Service-tree.'] This Timber is ufeful for the Joyner, it being of a very delicate Grain, and is fit for divers Curiofi- ties : It alfo yields Eearas of a confiderablc bigneii for Buil- dings. 9- Poplar^ Abel, avd Afpeu.'] Thefe kinds of Timber dif- fer but little from one another; and of kic they are often us'd inflead of Fir ; they look as well, and are tougher and fliOQger. 10. Alder.'] This is ufeful for Ladder and Scaffold-poles, as alfo for Sewers, or Pipes to convey Water; for if it lie always wet, it will harden like a very Stone ; hut where it is fomctimes wet, and fometimes dry, it rots immediately. n. Lime tree.] I have kno.vn, (fays my Author, J ex- cellent Ladders made of Lime-tree-poles, and of a very great length/ IIL Ttme of FeUing.'] The Time of the Year for this Work is not ufually till about the end oi April, ^at which Sca- lon the Bark does commonly rife freely, and if there be any quantity of Timber fell'd, the Statute obliges us tofeil it thettt the Bjrk being neceffary tor the Trtfvw.) But the Opinions and Prafticeof Men have been very diiferent concerning the befl: time to fell Timber: Vitruvius is for an Autumnal Fall; others advife December and Jamciry : Cuto was of O- pinion, that Trees fhould hav*; firft born their Fruit, or at, Icafl it fhould not be Fell'd till the Fruit was full ripe, which agrees with that of the Architect: And tho' Timber unbarked be indeed mofl obnoxious to the Worm, yet we find the wild Oak, and miny other forts Fell'd over late, (and when the Sap belies 'o Ic proud,) to be very fubjcft to the Worm -, whereas being cut about Mid-.vinter, it neither cafis, rifts nor tftinrs; becaufe th.e Cold of the Winter does both dry and confolidate : Happy therefore were it for our Timber, if f:>me real Tnventim of Timing without fo much Bark, (^as the Honourable. Mr. Charles /^ow/jri, has mofl ingeniouriy offer'd,) were become univerfal ; tl'at Trees being more early Fell'd, the Timber might be the better feafon'd, and conf'itioTi'd for its various ufes. V\t\\ for the Age rf the Moon, it has been reli^ioufly obferv'd ; and that Di^rj's Precedency in Syhis was tot lb much celebrated to c;edit the FoDicns of the .tcftSj as for the Dominion of that moift Planet, and her TJ 2£5 her Influence over Timber : For my part, I ara not fo much incIinM to thcfe Criiidfmsy as to Fell Timber altogether at the Pleafure of this mutable Lady ; however there is doubt- lefsfome regard to be had, Secfruflra fignorum obitus jfecuU- mur & ortus. The old Rules are thefe : Fell Timber iothe Decreafe, or 4 Days after the New Moon ^ fome fay in tlic laj} Quarter y F/f- n> fays, (if pofiible,J in the very Article of the Change; which hapning, (fays he, in the laft Day of the Winter Sol- ilicc, thaP Timber will prove immortal .• Columella, fays, from the 20th. to the 50/^. Day : Cato, 4 Days after the Full : yegetius, from the 1 sth. to the 2$th. for Ship-timber, but never in the Increafe, Trees then mofl abounding with Moifturc, which is the only Source of Putrefaftion. Then for the Temper and Time of the Day ^ the Wmd low, neither Eajl nor Weft -, neither in Frofly^ Wtty or Devcy Weather •, and therefore never in a Forenoon. Laftly, Touching tlie Species ; Fell Fir when it begins to fpring •, not only becaufe it will then befl quit its Coat and Strip; but for that they hold it will never decay in Water ; which howfoever The phraflus deduces from the old Bridge made foi this Material, cut at this Seafon,) over a certain River in Arcadia^ is hardly fufficvent to fatishe our Curiofity, E'm (fays Mr. IVorlidgeJ is to be Fell'd between November and Janv.try \ for then, (fays he,) it will be all Hearty or at leaft will have but very little Sap. And tliis he alfo fays is theon-; ly Seafon for Felling of Ap). Some Authors ad vife i:i Felling of Timber, to cut it but into the Pith, and fo let it ftand till it be dry, becaufe, (fay they J by drops there will pafs away that Moiflure which AvOi.ld caufe Futrefjrtion, IV. 0/ ^ci/oM/H^'.] Timber being Fell'd, and Sawn, is next to be feafon'd ; fordoing; of which, fomeadvife, that it be laid up very dry ill an .liry place, yet out of the Wind, or Sun •, at leafl, fdy otlierr, J it ought to be free from (he Extremities of the Sun, Wind, sndRain; and tliat it may not cleave, but dry equally, you may daub it over with CoA'dung. l.ct it no; fund upright, but lay it along one piece upon another, interpofing fome fl^ort Blocks between them, to prefcrve them from a certain Mojildinefs, which theyufually coritraft while they fk\ieat, and which frequency produces a kind of Fungus, efpecially if there beany fappy parts remaining. Others ad vife to lay Boards, Planks, fyc. In fome Pool, or Ruaning-ftream for a few Days, to extraft the Sap from 'em, and afterwards to dry 'em in the Sun, or Air •, for by fo doing, (f^ythsy,) th^y will neither chap, caft, aor cleave ; ' S 4 f Mfi 2 64 T T (Mr. Evdin piiucniarly conimcndi this way of Seafoning of i-ir,) i^iinii fhrinl^n^ zheic is no Remedy. Some a^ain commend Buryings in the Earth, others in [i'oi^it \ and tiiere 'ot Seafonin;^s of the /-/re, as for the fcorching and hardning of Piles^ which are to fland cither ^n the Water, or the Earth. Thus do all the Elements con- tribute to the Art of Seafoning of Timber. Sir Hugh Plat informs us, that the Venetians ufe to burn and fcorch their Timber in the flaming tire, continually turning it round with an Engine, till they have gotten upon ar a liard, black, coally Craft ^ and the fccret carries with it great probability •, tor that the Wood is brought by it to • fuch a hardnel's and drynefs. ut cum cmris futrejaUh impiat fibhumid'y, nor Eartli nor Water can penetrate it. I my feif, {fays Efq-, Evelin,J remeniber tohavefeen Charcoals dug out of the Grovind, amongft the Ruins of ancient Buildings, which nave in all Probability lain covcr'd with Earth above 1500 -Ye^rs. V. Of Prefervitig.'] When Timber, or Boards are well fea- fon'd, or dr)'d in the Sun, or Air, and fix'd in their places, and whit Labour you inteud is bcflow'd upon 'em. The ufe of Linle^d-o>l, Tar, cr fuch like Oleaginous Matter, tends mi;ch to their prcfervatioii and duration. Hcfiod prefcrfbes to hang yo-ur Inflruments in the Smoak, to make them ftrong and lailing ; tcwonem in jumo pineres : Surely then the 0>1 of Smoak, (''or the vegetable Oyl, b\ fonie other means obtain'd J inuft needs be cifetlujl in the IVefervation of Timber. Alio r/r^i/ adyifes tiie fame, £t fufpeafa fofis exptoret Koborafumus y iays he. The Fra^ice cfthe HolLmd^s is worth our notice^ who, for r he Frcfervation of thtir Gircj, Portcullis's, Draw-bridges, SLces, iind other Timbeis CMpjsM to the perpetyal Injuries oi ihe Wcatiif^r, Coat tl.cm ever with a mixture of Pitch and Tar ; upon wiiich ti'ev \\\t\s fnall pieces oiCockJe^ and other Sb'-lls, beaten almoll to Powder, and n-.in^l'd with Se.vfand\ which incrufb, and ;irms it after an incredible rnanncr, 3- gajnrt ail ti.e Aluults cf vvind and Weather. When Timber is fe'i'ii before the Sap is perfc^ly at reli, rUyt Efqi Evil'm,) it is very fubjctt to the Worm ; but to prev'cnt, or cure this in Timber, 1 recommend the following Secret, as niofl approved. L^t cor.imon ycllo.w Sulphur be put isto a Cucurbit-glafs, upon which pour fo mucii of the flrongefl Aquafiith, as may roy^rjt^ Kiq.^ersdecp ; difl:' this fo drinefs, v;hich is done by 2 or 5 ReCtiiTcuicns : Let t\^c Sulphur rcr.iaining at tiic fiptjom, (toeing of 3 blacki.lj, or f.id Red-colour,) be laid on 5 f^Jri^i-* ^S pt^t into a Ghfs, u here it will eanly dillolv? intQQyl: With thjs a;',oi;)t what Timber, is either in- If ^c^ vyith Y/orrps, or to |)e prefcryed from 'em. It is a ' ' ^rcat T I 26$ great and cxcelleDt Arcanum for tinging the Wood of no un- pleafant Colour, by no Art to be vvafh'd out ; and fuch a Pre- fervative of all manner of Woodi, nay, of many other things alfo, as RopeSf CableSy Fiflung-nets, Mads, or Ships, &c. That it defends them from Putrefaftion, cither in Waters, under, or above the Earth, in Snon>, he. Air, Winter, or Sufri' mer, &c. 'Twere fuperfluous to defcribe the proccfs of making the Aquafortis-, it fhall futfice to let you know, that our common Coper as makes this Aquafortis well enough for our purpofe, be- ing drawn over by a Retort : And ior Sulphur, the IJIand of St. C/7r(/?o;))b«.f yields enough, (^ which hardly needs any refi- ningj to furni/h the whole World. This Secret (for the cu- riaus,) I thought fit not to oniir, tho' a more compendious way may ferve the turn, three or four Anointings with Linfeed- «yly has prov'd very effeftujj .• it was experimented in a Walnut-tree-table, where it deftroy'd Millions of Worms im- mediately, and is to be praftis'd for Tables, Tubes, Mathema- tical Jnfirumcnts, Boxes, Bed-jleads, Chairs, &C. Oyl of Wal- nuts will doubtlefsdo the fame, is fweetcr and better VarnifJj ; but above all is commended Oyl of Cedar, or that of Juni- per. For Pofls, and the like, that ftand in the Ground, the burning the out- fides (of thofe ends that are to ftand in the Ground j to a Coa', is a great Prefervative of 'em. I have al- ready, ^'n the fore-going number,) mention'd the Praflice of the Venetians in a like cafe, mention'd by Sir Hugh Plat ; to which he adds, that a Ken^zy/; Knight of his Acquaintance, did ufe to burn C\r\ this mannerj the ends of the Ports, for Railiug, or Paling ; And this was likewife praftisd with good Succefs by a ^//jf/t-x Gentleman, Walter Burrel o{ Cucl^- field, Efq; And this Praftice was probably deduced, from the Obfervations made by feveral that digged in the Earth they have found Charcoal, which they conjedur'd might have, lain there about 100 Years, (nay, Efq; Evelin fays i$oo Years, V. abovein the fore-going Number,3nd yet was not in theleaft inclin'd to Putrefaftion, but was very firm and folid ; which plainly demonflrates, that Timber thus calcin'd, will refift Putrefaftion much longer than it can do without it. This of burning the ends of Pofls, is alfo praftifed in Germany, as appears by the Abftraft of a Letter, written by David Von-der-beck^z German Philofopher, and Phyftctan at Min-' den, to Dr. Langelot, rtgintcdin the Philofophical Tranfa^ions, Num. 92. Page 1585, in thefe words, hence alfo, they flightly burn the ends of Timber to be fet in the Ground, that fo by the Fufion made by Fire, the Volatile Salts, (which by acceffion of the Moifture of the Earth, would cafily be con- fum'd, ^66 T I fum'd, to the Corruption of the Timber,J may catch, and fix one another. VI. Of clofittg the Chops, or Clefts in green Timber.] Green- timber is very apt to Iplit and cleave alter 'tis wrought into Form, which in fine Buildings is a great Eye-lore, But to clofc the Chops, and Clefts in Orecn Tmbery 1 find this Expff- pedient, to anoint, and fupple it with the Fat oi Powder'd- beef-broth^ with which it mu(t be wellfoak'd, thcChafms fill'd withSpunges dip'd into it: this to be done twice over. Some Carpenters make ufe ofGreafe^ and ^^itv-^/H/? mingl'd j but the tirft is fofgood a way, (^fays my Author, J that I have feen Windpjocl^timbcr fo C)icim{\tc\y clos'd, as not to be difcern'd where tiie Detefts were. This muft be us'd vyhcn the Timber is green. VII. Of Afeafuring.] Timber is commonly meafur'd and fold by the TMn^or Load, which is a folid Mealure, containing 40 or 50 folid Feet, i/r^. 40 Feet of round Timber, and 50 Feet of hewn Timber iscall'd a Tun^ or Lead ^ which Denomination,(l conceive] it receives from the Suppofition, that 40 Feet of round Timber, or 50 Feet of hewn Timber weighs about a Tun Weighty {'i.e. 20 Hundred,) which is commonly accoun- ted a Cart-1 oad. Now por Afcafuring of round Timber, the Cuftom is, to gird the Tree about in themiddleof the length, and folding the Line twice (to take a quarter of it,^ they account tliat for the true fide of the fquare ; then for the length, 'ris counted from the But-endof tiie Tree, fo far up as the Tree will hold half rt Foot Girt, (as they phrafe it,) i. e. The Line half a Foot, when twice folded. The Dimenfions thus taken, the Timber may be meafur'd i cither bymultiplvin^ (he fide of che fquare in it felf, and that Pfodurt by the length, by the Method of Crofs muUipli- cttion,{W. Crofs mukip)ication,J or more eafiiy and fpeedi- ly. Bv Giinter'i Line, by extending the Compaffes from 1 2 to the fide of the Squire in I.nchcs •, for that Evfent turn'd twice Tthe fjme way J from the leuj^th iu Feet, will reach to the Conter.T in Feet. If the Tree have anv great Boui^hs which are Timber, ^as they phrafe it,) i.e. which wijl hold half a toot Girt^ they commonly mcafure them, and add tiiem to the whole : The Solidity of the wholebcing thus found, tiicy divide it by 40, vvhic!i brings it into Tuns. But fn^tatidum eft.) If round Timber be meafur'd in Or- der for Si]c ; they commonly ((or Oah) caft away an Inch out of the Sqwire ^or the Bark; [j.e. if a Tree be 10 Inches Squire, they meafure him as if he were but 9,] but for Afli^ Elm, and Beech, an Inch is too much to be allow'd for the Bark, (a.) That this way of taking 4 of the Circumference fof T O for the true Square, is erroneous, and always gives the Solidi- ty lefs than the truth, by about a fifth part. For meafur'wg hewn or [quax'd Timber, their Cuftom is to find the middle of the length of the Tree, and there to mea- fure the breadth of him, by claping 2 Rules, or other ftraight things) to the fides of the Tree, and mcafuring the diflance between them, and in the fame manner they meafure the breadth the other way; which if they are unequal, they add them together, and take half their Sum, which they account the true fide of the Square. The Dimenfions thus taken, it is meafur'd in the fame man- ner as round Timber. So the Content being found in Feet, they divide it by 50 to bring it into Tuns. But no^/«nrf«OTe/?, ['tis to be noted.] (i.; That if the Tim- ber be unequal fided, this Method 9i taking the Dimenfions, always gives the Content more than the Truth, and the grea- ter is the difference of the fides, the greater is the Error. (2.) Thattho' the Method ot taking the Dimenfions, both of fquare, and round Timber, are both erroneous yet Cuftom has made them currant. VIII. Price of Felling and Hewing."] Carpenters about us in Suffex, and Kenf, have about i s. or i s. 2 d. per Load for Felling of Timber, and about 5 s. fer Load for Hemng. IX. Now much to a Square of Framing.'] Mr. Leyhurn tells us, that 20 Foot of folid Timber, (^cut into convenient Scantlings,) will compleat a Square^ (i.e. 100 Superficial Feet) of Framing in any Building, great or fmall. I mean, (^fays he,) oftheCarcafs, vit^. the out- fide Frame, Partitions, Roof, and Floors. X Buildings effacing with BricJi] V. Facing, a!fo Y, Brick, N.9. As Lift. As Aflragal. As Coller-beam. Torcus^ Torus, Jotus^ or ThoritSj A Member in the Bafe of a Colaran, in the Form of a Se- micircle. Tor/ek, 268 TU TorfeU^ AsTaffcIs. Trammel^ An Iron moving Inftrument in Chimneys, whereon they hang the Pot over the Fire. Tranfom. \. WhAt^ The piece that is fram'd acrofs a double L\^t* nnnitm. 2. \V'mhwsr\ Tranfom-windows in great Buildings, are worth making, (fays Mr. Wwg-^ \ s. ^ d. per Light, or 7 s. fn Window. Travcrft\ A Term in Joynery, fignifying to plain a Board, (^or the like J acrofs the Sraia. TraverfetUe. V. Tile, N. TO. Triglyph, A Term of Architefture. The Word is Originally Greek, and ftgnifies a hnllow Graving liliie ^ Furrows, or Gutters. In Architetlure, Triglyphs are thofe kind of ftops, (^in the Do- rick breeze) between the McK)ps, V. Metops. Trim, When Workmen fit a piece into other Work, they fay they trim in a piece. Trimmers^ In Architffture are thofe pieces of Timber fram'd at right Angles to the Joyfls againft the Ways for Chimneys, and Well holes tor Stairs. Trochilits. Y. Capital, N. 4. Turn' Head. V. Lead, N. 10. Tufcan order, V. Column, N. 2. ThsJz^ A Bevel Shoulder, made to ftrcngthen the Tenon of the Joy a which is let into the Girder. Tiles. T Y 26^ Tyles, I. Wh^t."] What they are every one knows: Yet Bp. Will^ns defines them to be a fort of Artificial Stones, (of a laminated Figure,), us'd about the Roofs and Pavements ol Buildings. They are made of Clay, kneaded together, then f<5uee2'd flat in a Mould, and then bak'd in a Kiln. II. Kind/ of.'] There are many kinds of Tiles, and thofe known by feveral Names ; as Flain, Thacl^^ Ridge, Roof, Creafey Gutter^ Pan^ Crooked, Flemtfl)^ Corner, Hipy Dorman^ Vormary Scallop^ Afiragal, Traverfe, Pavings and Dutch Tiles : Of which I ftiall treat in the following Numbers. III.*) or >0f which I ftiall give 1. Their Defcriptm.'] They are the common or ordinary Tiles (of an Oblong Figure,) us'd about covering of Houfes, 2. Their Dimenfms.] By the Statue of the lyth. of Edn^. Cap. /^th. Plain Tiles ought to be in length io-j,Inches, in breadth 64 Inches, and in thicknefs half an Inch and hajf a quarter at the leaft. But by obfervation, I find our Sujfex Tiles to be of different Dimenftons ; for fome I find to be 10 Inchej long. 6| broad, and -^ of an Inch thick. Others I find to be but 9 ■ Inches long, 5 ^ broad, and about ^ an Inch thick. ^. Their Weight.'] Mr. Leybourn fays, that one plain Tile weighs about 2 j- Pounds; whence 100 of 'em will weigh 2 50 Pounds, and 1000 of 'em will weigh 2500 Pound. But by my Obfervations one of the largefl fize of thoe I mea- fur'd, C^i^' thofe of 10 Inches long,) wiJI weigh but about 2 Pound 3 Ounces, fo that 100 of 'eni will weigh about 220 Pounds, and loooof 'emabouc 2200 Pounds. And one of the other fize that I meafur'd, weigh'd about 2 Pounds j fo that 100 of 'em will weigh about 200, and looo of 'em a- bout 2000 Pounds. 4. Their Price.'] They are in fome places dearer, and in others cheaper, according to the Scarcity, or Plenty of the Earth whereof they are made, and of the Wood wherewith they are burnt. Mr. Wmg fays, they are from 25 to 7,0 s. the Thoufand in R«//ner Tiles. So that 1 00 of either of thefe kinds of Tiles will weigh about 321, or 322 Pounds, and 1000 of 'em will weigh about 3210, or 3220 Pounds. 4. Their Price.] They are of the fame Price as corner "Riles, V. above, N. 5. §. 4. (Pan-^ . Vlf. J^''°^^^'^-'loi thcfe I fhall give i Flemijh-^) 1. Their Defcription.] They areus*din covering of Sheds, Lean-too's, and all kind of Hut Roofd Building!. They are in the Form of an Oblong Parallelogram, as pLi'n Tiks •, but they are bent ^breadth- wife J fcrwardand backward in the Form of an S, only one of the Arches is at L^A ^ times as big as the other j which biggeft Arch, or Hollcw of the Tile is alwaylaid uppermofl, and tl)> leC-r Arch, or Hollow of an other Tile, lies over the edge of ihe great Hollow of the for- mer Tile. They have no holes for Pins, but hang (on the LathsJ by a knot of their en Earth. 2. Their Dlmenfwns.] Tliey are ufually in length 14 ', Inches, and in breadth 10! Inches. 3. Their Price.] The Price of thcfe Tiks in a:ofl places 1^ about 7 or S /, the hundred. VIII. 272 T Y f Dormar — |] J VIII. -S or >0f thefe IfJiallgive ^ Dorman — ] ^ 1. their Defcript'wi.'] Thefe Tyks confift of a plain Tyle,- and a Triangular piece of a plain Tile ftanding up at right Angles to one fide of the plain Tyle, and this Triangular Piece at the broad end is about the breadth of the plain Tyle ; and fvveptwithan Arch of a Circle from the other end, which o- ther end terminates in a point, or has no breadth ; and of thefe kind of Tylcs there are 2 forts, for in fome the Trian- gular piece (lands on the right, in others on the left fide of the plain Tyle ; and of each of thefe there are again 2 forts, for fome have a whole plain Tyle,iothersbut half a plain Tylei but of all thefe forts, the plain Tyle has 2 holes (for the Pins) at that end where the broad end of the Triangular piece (lands. 2. their Vfe.'] They are ufed to belaid in the Gutters betwixt the Roof and the Cheeks, or fides of the Dormars, the plain Tyle part lying upon the Roof, and the Triangular Part (landing Perpendicularly by the Cheek of the Dotmar. They are excellent to keep out the wet in thofe places, which 'tis very difficult to do without either them^ or fome Sheet-lead. Thefe Tiles are much us'd in fome parts of Suffex, the Bricklayers not caring to do any Healing f where there are Dormers^ without 'em; tho' to my knowledge, in fome parts of Kent, they know not what they are ; and I be-» lieve they are ignorant of 'em alfo in mod other parts of England ^ For I never favv any Author that fo much as men- ticn'd 'em. 5. tbe'ir Dimenfions.'] As to their Dlmenfions, the plain Tile part is of the fame Dimenfions as a plain Tyle, both as to its length and breadth ; the Triangular part is of the fame length, and its breadth at one end 7 Inches, and the other nothing. 4. Tkeir Weight'] I have wcigh'd one of thefe Tyles, and found him to weigh about 4 I Pounds ^ whence 100 of 'cm will weigh about 450, and lonoabaut 4500 Pounds." This was a whole one, a ;- one weigh'd 5 ft. 2 ^. 5. their Frrce.'^ Tl)cy are commonly fold at Three-half- pence, or 2 d. per piece, or 1 2 or I5 /. the hundred. Scallop' r o can Of— -J IX. -} or Cof thefe I (hall ghc » Ailragal" their T Y 27^5 Then Defcriptm.'] Thefe are in all rcfpefls like plain Tylcs, only their lower ends are in the form of a Aftragal^ vi^, a Semicircle with a Square on each fide. They are in fome places us'd for Weather Tyling, and look very Iiand- fome. I have not yet karn'd io«>n fays, they ufiially allow a peck ofTyle-plns f tiom 2 j. to 4 s. the BulTiel) to e- very Thoufand of Tyles •, but furely this murt be a miflake, for an Experienced Wo'kw^n telis me, he nfes but about a pedt of Pins to 3 Square of Healing, which at 7 Inch Gage, f'the fize he commcnlv Gages) is more than enough for 2000 Tyles. And I think this Workman told me, he reekon'd Tyle-pins at 6 J. the Gallon. 7. Without MiYtay — ] Some lay Tyles without Mortar,' or any thing elfe, laying them dry as they come from the kiln. Others lay them in a kind of Mortar made with Loms and Horfe-dun^;, (V. Mortar. N. 2,0.) In fome parts of Kent they have a wav of laying Tyles in Mojs \ when the Work- men get the Mofs tl-.cmfelves, they are allow'd 2 d. in Square the mere for their Work. But an old Workman of theirs condemns this way of Tyling \^itS Mofs ^ for he tel's me, that in windy wet weather, when the Rain, Snow, or Slect is driven under the Tyles (in the Mofs) if there follow 3 frcrt while the M^^fs is wet, it then freezes and raifesthe Tyles oiit of their places. 8. With Pan-tyles.'] Thefe tyles are for the mcft part laid dty wJthoat any Mortar j yet fometimes pointed Within fide. t PT W 2J6 W A The Laths whereon they hang, are to or 1 2 Foot long, an Inch and a half broad, and an Inch thick. They are ufually fold at 2 rf. or 3 d. the Lath, or at 10 or 1 5 s. the Hundred. The Gage for nailing on thefe Laths ^vvith 4 d. Nails) is ten Inches and a half, and the breadth of a Tyle when laid 8 Inches; whence abba t 170 Tyles vv;ll cover a Square, Cot 100 Foot of this kind of Tyling. A great Covering with thefe fpends but little Mortar (if pointed) and but little time in laying. Mr. Wing reckons it worth about is. B d. per Square. Workman/hip. 9. Of its Weight.] V. Hor/ham-ftone, N. 4. T Valleys. H E Gutters over the Sleepers in the Roof of a BaildiDg^ V. Gutters. Vault. A Cellar Arched over. Under- pnning. X. W/w^] By this Term is meant, the bringing it up with Stones under the Ground-felis of a Building. Some- times it fjgnifies the Work it felf, when done. 2. Price of. 1 Infeveral partsof 5//j^ex, I know the ufual Price (for the workmanftiiponly) hid. |»fr Foot Superficial. In fome parts of Kent they have three Half-pence per Foot In fome places 'tis the Cuftom fin Meafuring it_; to take in half the Sell into their Meafure. Volute^ The Spiral Wreath, or ScroH in tfie Capital of the lonick Column, V. Capital, N. 4. T Wainfcoif H E Pannefd Work round ('againfl the Walls of) a Room. WainfcottiTjg, I. Wh^t.] The making, and fctting up of Wainfcot is call'd Wainfcottirg, 2. A W A 277 2. A Vote in — ] Some Joyncrs, (as I am inform'd,) put Charcoal behind tnc PanneU of their Wainfcot, to prevent the Sweating of Stone, and Brick-walls from Ungluing the Joynts of the Pannels, which otherwife, (efpecially in fome places) 'tis very apt to do ; and others make ufe of Wool in the fame manner, and for the fame purpofe ; yet neither of thefe ways wil] prevent their ungluing in fome Houfes : But the moft effeftual way to prevent it, is by priming over the Back-fides of the Joynts well with White-lead^ SpaniJIi-brorw^ and Linjeed'oyl. 3. Of Meafuring.'] Wainfcot is generally meafur'd by the Yard fquare, i. e. 9 Superficial Feet. Their Curtom is to take the Dimenfions with a String, prefTing it into the Moul- dings ; for they fay, (and 'tis but Reafon,) we ought to be paid for all where the Plain goes. Therefore when Joyners would take the Dimenfjons of a Room they have Wainfcotted ^ they take up a Line on the topof the corner of theRoom,and as they carry it down to the bottom, they prefs it^with their Fingers) into all the Moald- ings ; this they account the breadth, and fthey meafure) the Circumference of the Room from the laigth: Some Joyners will meafure this alfo with a String, but others do not. The Dimenfions being thus taken in Feet, they multiply rhe length by the breadth, and the Produft is the Content in Feet ; which being divided by 9, the Quotient is the Content in Yards. But • Note, (i.) That you muft make Deduftion for all Windsv^ Light Sy in^vtit^i\lXtX\\tW'mdow■boaTds^ Cheek} ^ znd Saphe- ta'f by themfelves. Ci.) ThitiotV/indow-Pjutterj, Doors, znd fuch things as are wrought on both fides, they reckon IVor^ and half\ for indeed the Work is half more. (5.) That CorMjhes,BafeiyZnd Sub-hn[es are fcmetimes meafur'd by the Foot Lineal Meafure ; fo alfo are Free:^es, Architraves^ and Chimney-pieces meafur'd j unlefs agreed for by the Great. 4. price of— "] Ihe Vr'icc oilVainfcdtting is various, accor- ding to the variety of Stuff and WorJ^manfJnp. Wainfcotting with Norrvay Oa^^^the Workman finding Stuffy is worth 60TJS. per Yard. The Workmanfliip only is aboui a s. in London, in Rutland 3 j. 6 d or 4 s. per Yard ; and "if the Mouldings are large, $j. fays Mr. Wing. Plain-fquare Wainfcotting, (^the Workman finding Deal) is worthy J. or 3 J. 6d.per Yard. For only Workmjnfhip about r s. per Yard. Ordinary Bifeftion Wainfcotting, (the Workman finding Deal j is worth in London 3 f. 6 d. in the Comtrej, ^s. 6d. - T 3 W. ^ 78 W A __^ per Yard. The Worknunlhip only about is. 6^. per Yard. Large Eifefljon- work is worth 6 or j s. per Yard of Dant- xkk Stuff. 5. Of Painting of IVainfcot,] V. Painting, Wa//s. I. Wb.it.'] By this Term in Archite 5.5, ' 3. Of tkdr Price ] The Price of Building of Walls is va- Hows -in different Places, according to the various Prices of tlatcrial*, ' Mr, U)bi:irn fa}S, (and with him agrees Mr. Hat- '•^ • - ■ •■ ' • ■• ton,) la W A 28f ton,) that the ufual Price in ioniow, for Building a Brick and half Wall, (^the Workman finding all Materials,) is five Pound, or five Pound ten Sliiijings^cr Rod fquare. And for the Workmanfliip only 30 s. per Rod fquare, which is about 1 s. per Yard fquafe, Mr. Win^ fays, that the ufual Price in Rutland, f the Work- roan finding all Materials,) is for a Brick and half Wall g /, per Yard fquare, [which is but about 4 /. 10 s. per Rod,] for a 2 Brick-wall 4^. for a 2 j- Brick-wall 5 s. per Yard Square. And for the Workmanfl-ip only f of a Brick and h.ilf Wall) 8 'ow, what fome e^^pcrienced Work- men in 5«j[|er tell mej namely, That for building a 12 Inch Wall, they have zd. per Foot, for an 18 Inch Wall 3 i. and 284 W_A aad for a Wall of 2 Foot thick, they have 4 d. per Foot. Thefc Prizes are to be under flood of Walls that have 2 fair fides ^ for if they have but one fair fide, (the other (landiag againft a Bank,^ they have a lefs Frice; for in this cafe, ! have known fomc Workmen build a Wall 2 Foot thick, for 2 V d. per Foot. VII. Flinty orBoutdn—] Walls of Flints, or Boulders, aremucftus'd in fome parts of Sujfex and Kent, where I have feen, not only Fence-wails round Cvurts, Gardens, fyc. but alfo Walls of Stables, and other Out-houfcs built of them, which fhew'd very handfome. To build Walls of Flint, (fays Sir f/enry Wotton,) is, /"as I conceive, fays he,) a thing utterly unknown to theAmetitj-f who obferving in that Material a kind of Metallick Nature, (or at leaft a Fufibility^ feem to have refolv'd it to nobler ufes J an Art now utterly loft, unlefs perhaps kept up by Chy- mifts. Some Workmen tell me, that for building of Flint, or Boulder Walls, they ufc to have 12 j". per Hundred, ffoiio tlicy phrafe it,) by which they mean 1 00 Superficial Feet ; but I forgot to ask them at what thicknefs, or whether they have but one thicknefs for all their Walls. They alfo tell me, that a right and left handed Man fit jvell together for this fort of Work ; for they have a Hod of Mortar pour'd down upon the Work which they part betwixt them, each fpreading it •towards him feif ; and fo they lay in their Flints. They alfo tell me, that their Mortar (for this Work) rtiuft be very AifF, and that 'tis beft to have a good length of Work before 'em j ior they vvork but one Courfe in heighth at a time ; for if they ftiould do more, it would be apt to fvvell out at the iides, and run down. They alfo fay, that in mifty Weather 'tis very difficult to make the Work fland, vni. Boarded — ] Sometimes Walls are boarded, particu- larly the Walls of fome Earns, Stables, and other Cut-houfes But of this kind of Work, V. Weather-boarding. The making of Walls (of what kind foever) ibcalM Walli^ Therefore, for the Price, <^c. of Walling, V. Walls. Walnut tree -paint iug. V, \n\ N. 4. Wajh' W E 285 Wajhhoufe, A Room to Wdfti ia. Water-tahie^ In Stone, or Brick- walls, is a fort of Ledge left in the Wail, fome 1 8 or 20 Inches, Craore or lefs) above the Ground, at which place the thickncfs of the Wall is abated, (or taken in) on each fide the thickncfs of a Brick, (in Brick-walls,) namely, 2 Inches and a quarter i thereby leaving that Ledge, or Jutty, that is call'd a Water-table. Thefe Water-tables- are fometimes left plain, and fometimes they are wrought with Mouldings; if the latter, (befides the plain Meafure of the Wall,) they are rated at fo much per Foot, running Meafure. Watercourfes^ Thefe are commonly rated by the Foot running Meafure, •v'lr^. If the Workman find Materials at about xod, per Foot, if he find no Materials, at about 8 d, XVeather*boar(!ing, 1, What.'\ A Term of Architefture, fignifying the nai- ling up of Boards againft a Wall, (V. Walls, N. 8.) Some- times 'tis us'd to fignifie the Boards themfelves, when nail'd up. This Work is commonly done with Feather-edg'd- boards, (V. Feathcr-edg'd.) In plain Work they nail the thick edge of one Board, an Inch, or an Inch and half over the thin edge of another ; But if the Work is to be a little extraordinary, they fct an 0-G on the thick edge of every ^oard. 2. Price.'] The Price of plain Weather-boarding, (yi^. fitting and nailing up the Boards,) is from 8 rf. to 1 2 rf. the Square, according to the length and breadth of the Boards, and Conveniency of the Place. But if the lower, (w\. the thicker) edge of the Boards be wrought with an 0~G, it may be worth 1 8 d. per Square. This for the Workmanlhip only. But- If the Workman find the Materials, {lix. Boards and NailsJ it may be worth 1 2, or i^s.per Square, or about three Half- pence per Foot, Weather a8(5 W I — " — . — • — ^. Weather- ty/i;7g, 1. What.] IstheTyling, (or Covering with tyles) the upright fides of Houfes. 2. Price.^ In feme places V/eather-tyling is done at the fame Price as other plain Tyling. V. Tyling, N. 3. But in other places they have more, in confideration of Scaffolding ; for fome Workmen tell rac they have 4 s» per Sijuarc f(3r Workmanlhip only. WeI/-ho/e, The Hdle left in i Floor for the Stairs to cortie op through. White Painting, V. Painting, N. 7* Wind-beam^ The fame as Collar-beam. Wi/tdows. 1. Whatr] ferery ohe knows that Windows are thofe parfs df a Building that are made to let in the Light. 2. Situation 0/— J Concerning the Situation of Windows, obfervc, firft, that they be as few in number, and as moderate in Dimenfion*, as may pofTibly confift with other due Re- fpefts : For in a word, all openings are vpeakinitigs. Se- condly, Let 'em be placed at convenient diflance from the Ari- gles, or corners of the Building; bccaufe that part ought not to be open and infecbl'd, whofe Office is to fupport and h- flen all the reft of the Building. Thirdly, Befure take great care that all the Windows be equal one with another in thei'r Rank and Order; fo that thofe on the right Hand may an- fwcr to thofe on the left, and that thofe above may be right over thofe below ; for this Situation of Windows, will notonlv be handfome and uniform, but alfo (the void being upon the void, and the /iJ/ upon the full,) 'twill be a great ftrcngthning to the whole Fabrick. 5. Dimeiiftorsof — '] In making of Windows, you mufl be careful,' not to t^ive them more, or tefs Light than is need- ful, that is, make them no b'^ger, nor k,i than is convenient ; where- WJ 287 wherefore you ought to have regard to the bignefs of the Hooms that a re to receive tJje Light; it being evident, that a great Room has need of 3 greater Light, and confequeatly of a greater Window^ than a little Room, 1^ e contra. The Apertures of Windows in middle fiz'd Houfes, may be 4 ', or 5 Foot between the Jambs, and in greater Build- ings they may be 5 ',, or 7 boor, and their heighth may be double the length at the lead. But in hfgh-Rooms, or larger Buildings, their heighth may be a third, a fourth, or half their breadth more than double their length. Thefe are the Proportions for Windows of the firfl Story, and according to thefe muflall the reft of the Windows in the upper Stories be for their breadth ; but for their heighth they mull diminifli ; For the fecond Storv may be one third part lower than the firft, and the third Story one fourth part low- er than the fecond. 4. Price of makjri.] Window-frames are ufually agreed for by the Light, (fays Mr. Leybourn.) fo that if a Window have 4 Lights, and it be double rabitted, (as the Workmen call it,) it may be worth \2s. that is 3 j. a Light for Materi- als and Workman/hip. But if the Builder find Timber and Sawing, then i s. a Light is fair. Tranfom-vvindows, ^fays Mr. Wing ) are worth making (for great Buildings) is. 9 d. per Light, or 7 s. per Window. Some Workmen tell me, they make 'em for 1 2 <:^. i^d. 16 d, or 1 8 i/. per Light, according to their bignefs. Luthern Windows, (fays Mr. Wing^) the making and fcttjng up, is valu'd from 9 to 14 j per Window, according to their bignefs. Some Workmen tell me, that (if they faw the Timber) they commonly have 20 s. per Window. Shop windows, (fays Mt. Leybourn) will be affor&'ed at the fame rate as plain or batton'd Doors, V. Doors. $. Price of Paintii)g.~] The Painting of Window- frames, (fays Mr. LeyhumJ is not uHially meafur'd, but valu'd at 3 dL 4