HANDBOOK ANCIENT ROMAN MARBLES ABERDEEN UNIVERSITY PRESS. HANDBOOK OF ANCIENT ROMAN MARBLES OR A HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF ALL ANCIENT COLUMNS AND SURFACE MARBLES STILL EXISTING IN ROME, WITH A LIST OF THE BUILDINGS IN WHICH THEY ARE FOUND BY THE REV. H. W. P U L L E N, M.A. FORMERLY CHAPLAIN OP H.M. ARCTIC SHIP "ALERT," AUTHOR OF "THE FIGHT AT DAME EUROPA S SCHOOL," ETC. LON DON JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET i 894 m GETTY LlbhAKY ANCIENT ROMAN MARBLES. PART I. INTRODUCTION. THE following little treatise does not pretend to be scientific, or complete, or classical. ' It merely deals with an interesting subject from a picturesque, histori- cal, and (most especially) a local point of view. The study of marbles, as such, would occupy a life-time, and require an efficient training in the principles of geology, mineralogy, and chemistry. I have done little more than give a list, with approximately ac- curate names, of the few hundred species which are found in the churches and galleries of Rome ; and which invite the attention of the English visitor, first, because they are beautiful ; secondly, because of their historical associations ; and, thirdly, because they are confined within the space of a few square miles, and may be leisurely examined in the course of an ordinary season. On the other hand, while disclaiming all pretence of scientific research, it has been my endeavour to make out a good case for the dignity and worthiness i 2 ROMAN MARBLES. of the pursuit itself. It would appear to be pretty generally assumed that the study of marbles is a more or less childish diversion, which may be harmlessly taken up by young persons in search of something pretty and attractive, but which lies absolutely out- side the limits of the legitimate antiquities of Rome. Students of archaeology must surely, however, be well aware that there does not exist a single slab, or column, or tiniest fragment of ancient marble in any church or gallery or workshop in Rome, which was not brought there expressly at fabulous expense, and at the cost of infinite labour, by the very same old Romans who built the Palaces of the Caesars, and the Baths of Caracalla, and the Colosseum. Under the rule of the Emperors, Rome was a city of marble. Every public building, and every private mansion of any pretension to luxury or elegance, glistened with marble, inside and without. Columns and surface walls and statues shone everywhere like polished mirrors ; and, except in the case of wall-painting and mosaic pavement, no other method of decoration was known. And all this would have concerned but little the point for which I am now contending, if Rome had been a marble city merely because the Alban hills were marble mountains, and the Campagna a marble plain. The sumptuous embellishment of temples, baths, and patrician villas with costly marbles would then have been the most natural thing in the world, the material being close at hand. It surprises nobody to find brick buildings in a ROMAN MARBLES. 3 brick country, granite buildings in a granite country, and wooden buildings in a forest country, where there is neither brick nor stone. But, as a matter of fact, there was no marble anywhere near Rome. The sur- rounding district was purely volcanic, and furnished little else except travertine, tufa and peperino ; so that the wholesale employment of marble on so vast a scale proves, first, a deliberate intention to beautify the city at any cost, and, secondly, a deliberate choice of this partic- ular substance as the best means of doing so. Surely, when Emperors and Consuls went absolutely wild over the importation from far distant lands of the rarest and loveliest marbles for the adornment of their buildings, they then and there stamped upon marble decoration, as such, the impress of Roman antiquity, and secured for ever to slab and plinth and column the self-same dignity which invests the most imposing ruins of ancient Rome. It is not the fault of the marble that being costly, and a tempting object to greedy eyes, it has been stripped from off the walls, and the long thin lines of narrow bricks laid bare. And yet the bricks get all the credit of the antiquity, though the glittering panel of black lumachella with curly white snails, which once faced their pilasters, lay in process of formation at the bottom of some Egyptian sea millions of years before Rome or Athens or even Nineveh was heard of. However, I am not now insist- ing upon the geological antiquity of the stone, which nobody would dispute ; though it does seem a little 4 ROMAN MARBLES. hard that marbles should virtually be denied a place among the legitimate antiquities of Rome, while as a matter of fact they are co-eval both in design and exe- cution with the oldest monuments one could name, except the peperino and tufa walls, and, of course, im- measurably older even than these as regards their original construction. To the thoughtful student of Roman history, whether classical or Christian, the investigation of ancient marbles is equally important and attractive. No reference either to the political, religious, or private life, of the wonderful people whose footprints we love to trace out along an interminable Sacred Way can be complete without it. It is impossible to exaggerate the affection which they entertained for marbles. After a conquest in time of war, the columns brought home from foreign temples and theatres were esteemed among the choicest of the spoil. In time of peace, when the rulers of the city could find nothing better for idle hands to do than persecute the heretics of the age, many thousands of Christians were con- demned to labour in the quarries of Asia Minor or one of the Greek Islands, that the supply of marble should not fail. And this circumstance invests our subject with a positively sacred interest ; because it is nothing less than certain, that out of the 6000 columns now existing in Rome, many hundreds, at least, must have been excavated and fashioned into shape, and carved and polished, by a noble army of confessors, who had ROMAN MARBLES. 5 given up their goods, their liberty, and their homes, to keep our infant faith alive. We possess, unfortunately, no record of the amount of marble actually imported ; but some idea of its stupendous quantity may be gathered from the consideration that, although for upwards of a thousand years such treasures were in course of wholesale destruction by earthquake, inunda- tion, and fire ; though columns without number were carried off or overthrown by barbarian conquerors as the Empire slowly fell; though huge blocks and capitals and friezes were powdered into dust by bricklayers and burnt into quicklime ; though probably not a hundredth part of her treasures yet remains Rome is still the richest marble city in the world. One of the most flourishing of native industries is that of the stone- cutter (scarpellino), who polishes and fits into table- tops, or carves into fanciful ornaments, the scraps which he finds in well-known hunting grounds ; and although such relics are far less plentiful than formerly, those who know where to look may always be sure that an afternoon spent in diligent search will yield quite as many fragments of marble as can be conveniently carried home. Surely it is almost incon- ceivable that among all the learned writers who have so cleverly piloted the British tourist through this delightful labyrinth of temples, and palaces, and tombs, not one should ever have devoted more than a scanty page to some half a dozen perhaps out of the 150 well- defined species of marble which adorn the ancie.nt ROMAN MARBLES. buildings of Consular and Imperial Rome. All other arts and sciences, or (if these words should sound too big) all other hobbies, which any one may please to take up for purposes of amusement or instruction, have their pocket hand-books and elementary treatises. Every conceivable branch of natural history has been amply illustrated. There are popular works on astronomy, geology, electricity, and every science under the sun ; while the art student may wander through Picture Galleries and Museums of Sculpture with some pleasantly written little volume in his hand, helping him to observe what is best worth observing, and teaching him the principles upon which a correct taste may be formed. But scarcely anything has ever been done for the student of ancient marbles. Not one single book on the subject exists in English, and it is just half a century since any such work was published in Italian. This treatise was compiled by a Roman lawyer named Corsi, and may be bought unbound at any Italian bookseller's in the city for four francs. It gives a history of the importa- tion of marbles to the city, a description of the various species, and a complete list of all the ancient columns in every church and other building in Romet though in this respect the book is now a little out of date, many of the columns existing in Corsi's time having been t Delle Pietre Antiche ; Trattato di Faustina Corsi, Romano, ed. 3, Roma, 1845. ROMAN MARBLES. 7 removed or even destroyed during the process of street improvement. The list is also unsatisfactory to this extent, that it includes for the most part columns only, giving but few illustrations of surface ornament ; so that unless the marble was of a kind which is quarried in large blocks or shafts, of sufficient size to be used for columns, Corsi will seldom help the tourist to find an example of it and, of course, many of the most beautiful and precious marbles can only be obtained in small pieces, available for slabs a few feet square at the most, or for plinths, narrow bands and fillets, a holy water basin, or the tabernacle upon an altar. In 1825 Corsi completed a fine collection of 1000 speci- mens, in tablets about five inches by three and a half, and published a catalogue of their names. Two years later he sold his collection to the University of Oxford, where it yet remains ; and some time after- wards disposed of a second set of slabs, smaller in size, to a purchaser in London, from whom they passed eventually to the Geological Museum in Jermyn Street. These two collections, though of the highest value and interest, are of little practical use to English students. Oxford lies a good deal out of the way ; while the specimens in Jermyn Street have been arranged for want of space in such a position and in so bad a light that it is quite impossible to examine them thoroughly. About the year 1830, the brothers Tominaso and Francesco Belli, both Roman lawyers, got together two splendid collections, and published 8 ROMAN MARBLES. thereof a descriptive catalogue which may now and then be picked up at a bookstall, but is very rare. One of these sets, amounting to 600 oblong specimens, is now in the University of the Sapienza ; the other was bought by the late Cardinal Antonelli, and has, I believe, been dispersed. The former collection, now much neglected, was bought for the University by the reigning Pontiff for 6000 scudi (a/, a slab). The same institution possesses also a set of smaller square speci- mens (about 1000), acquired by Prof. Sanguinetti, and admirably arranged by Prof. Romolo Meli, when Director of the Geological Museum. But the most important collection of all for purposes of study, especially to an English traveller, is that of M. Rare- stein, for many years Belgian minister at the Vatican. This gentleman collected 764 examples, which were arranged and catalogued by Belli, and afterwards presented by their owner, together with numerous Etruscan, Egyptian, and miscellaneous antiquities, to the museum of the PORTE DE HAL at Brussels- The whole of the upper floor of this interesting build- ing has been assigned to M. Ravestein's various contributions, of which an excellent catalogue, ex- tending to nearly 700 pages, may be purchased on the spot for a franc ; and no better way of studying ancient marbles can be suggested to the British tourist than a visit to Brussels on his way to Rome, and two or three long mornings in the Ravestein Museum, catalogue in hand. ROMAN MARBLES. 9 The three great European centres of ancient marbles are Rome, Venice, and Ravenna. The wonderful Mosque at Cordova enjoyed formerly the reputation of making a fourth ; but it has been ascertained that among its 800 or 900 columns only twenty at the most were brought from Africa or the East, the remainder being entirely from local quarries. We are not now concerned with Venice or Ravenna ; but I may observe that after a winter spent in studying the marbles of Rome, a visit to either of those cities will be found doubly interesting first, because a multitude of old friends with new faces will at once be recognised, and, secondly, because the close connection of the Venetians with Constantinople, under the Byzantine rule, gave them facilities for the importation in con- siderable abundance of species which are extremely rare in Rome. Columns and surface marbles of undoubted antiquity, derived from some Roman city on or near their site, exist also at Naples, Capua, Palermo, and several of the smaller provincial towns of Italy ; while others have been carried off or purchased from some Roman church or gallery to adorn the Glyptothek at Munich, the Japanese palace at Dresden, the corridors of the Louvre in Paris, and even the South Kensington Museum. Pisa imported a few columns from the East ; but her convenient proximity to the Carrara Mountains, where marbles of great beauty and variety are quarried in abundance, leads to the suspicion that most of her so-called IO ROMAN MARBLES. Oriental marbles are local. The Mosques of Constan- tinople and Tunis, and several old basilicas in Palestine, are unsurpassed for the magnificence of their columns ; but these treasure-houses are either closed to the tourist altogether, or are shown upon such conditions as to render any careful examination of material out of the question. The method of transport to Rome has been recorded by Pliny and other classical historians, and is interest- ing. The superintendent of works at the quarry placed upon each column the year in which it was excavated, the name of the Consul or Emperor, and a number corresponding to that in the bill of lading. The columns were then shipped in vessels of peculiar form, manned sometimes by 200 or 300 rowers, and conveyed to Porto, at the mouth of the Tiber. Here they were transferred to flat-bottomed boats resembling rafts, and piloted up the river to a quay specially constructed for receiving them, just under the crest of the Aventine, at the precise spot where the tramway now turns abruptly away from the Tiber towards the Pyramid of Cestius and S. Paolo. From the purpose to which it was exclusively applied, this quay was called the MARMORATA, by which name the adjacent river-bank is still known. This point was conveniently situated for the transport of large blocks and monoliths to the Palatine Hill or the Forum, and it is probable that the stone-cutters of ancient times had their workshops close by ; but ROMAN MARBLES. II the Scarpellini of mediaeval days settled themselves bodily between the Chiesa Nuova and the Church of S. Apollinare, where they occupied an extensive and populous quarter. For their convenience another wharf was constructed about 175 yards above the Ponte S. Angelo, remains of which were discovered in 1891. A few words must needs be said upon the unavoid- ably dry subject of definition and classification. Cor- rectly speaking, marble is some variety of carbonate of lime ; and the name was originally applied only to the white or statuary marbles, such as Parian, Pentelic, or Carrara called by the Romans Mannar Lunense, because shipped from the port of Luna. True marble burns into quick-lime a use, alas ! to which the de- generate Romans of the post-classical age very gener- ally applied it for making mortar ; and it usually effer- vesces when solved by means of acids in water. Many species indeed, externally much alike, and disfigured by dirt or exposure to the air, can only be determined by chemical experiments, such as the application to their surface of various testing fluids and acids. For pur- poses of commerce, however, the name of marble is applied by stone-cutters and builders to ANY HARD STONE WHICH IS CAPABLE OF RECEIVING A FINE POLISH ; and in this sense the stones employed in ancient Roman buildings may be divided into fifteen groups it being understood that the classification is purely arbitrary, and is adopted for the sake of its 12 ROMAN MARBLES. practical convenience rather than for its scientific accuracy. I. White or Statuary marbles, which are either uniformly white in various shades, or white streaked with grey. II. Black or grey marbles. III. Coloured marbles, comprising only yellow and red. IV. Veined or variegated marbles, of almost every hue. V. Shell marbles, containing molluscous animals, and formed for the most part at the bottom of pre- historic seas. VI. Breccia, which is a conglomerate of angular stones or rounded pebbles, cemented together by a paste of gravel or clay. VII. Affricano, belonging properly to the last named group, but presenting well-defined characteristics of its own. VIII. Alabasters, which according to the ancient Roman signification of the word are simply stalagmites, formed by the dropping of water, charged with carbon- ate of lime, in stalactitic caves. (Modern alabaster, found in perfection near Volterra, is a compact variety of sulphate of lime.) IX. Jaspers, Agates, and precious stones. X. Arenaceous and calcareous stones. XI. Serpentine, of which the well-known Verde nntico is the finest example. ROMAN MARBLES. 13 XII. Porphyry, which may be either red, black, grey, or green. It consists chiefly of feldspar, coloured by tiny particles of copper or iron. XIII. Granite, a combination of mica, quartz, and feldspar. XIV. Basalt, a species of compressed lava, almost as hard as bronze. XV. Travertine and Volcanic stones. A large proportion of the Italian names are merely descriptive of the nature or colour of the marble such as Breccia, which can mean nothing in the world but ; breach ' ; and Verde antico, which to an Italian ear is simply ' ancient green '. To the English student, however, such names are highly convenient, as they not only describe the material at once to those who choose to translate them in their own minds, but answer the second purpose of a picturesque and bond fide name to those who accept them as they stand. It would sound strange and weak to an Englishman to hear a marble called ' ancient green ' ; whereas Verde antico satisfies his ear at once, though, of course, he is perfectly well aware that it means precisely the same thing. The French have translated Verde antico into Vert antique, and this name has unfortunately been too generally received in England. It is mischievous in two ways first, as conveying an impression that the marble is French, which it is not in any sense what- ever ; and, secondly, as being far less natural and less easy of pronunciation to an Englishman than the 14 ROMAN MARBLES. simple Verde antico. In proof of this, you may often see in English books the combination Verde antique, or Verd antique, f which, as far as I know, is neither F'rench, nor English, nor Italian. It is much better to leave the Italian words alone, and let them serve the double office of descriptive and proper names. I. The most easily recognised among our first group of marbles is the species quarried at Mount Hymettus, close to Athens, with its straight parallel lines of bluish grey running throughout the entire length of a block or shaft. It was much employed for Pagan and early Christian sarcophagi. The finest examples in Rome are the wonderful columns at 5. Pietro in Vin- coli and S. Maria Maggiore, which the canons on high festivals, by way of making their church look as splendid as possible, cover up with red calico at a penny half-penny a yard, hiding what is perhaps the most magnificent feature of the building a striking instance of the estimation in which marbles are held, even in the very head-quarters of their splendour. Most travellers, and almost all the guide books, mis- take this Marmo Imezio, as the Italians call it, for cipollino ; which never displays perfectly straight lines or stripes for any considerable length, but is always more or less wavy or zigzag, and very gener- ally has a tendency to green. One of the most inter- f The marble is thus nick-named in the official guide to the Museum of Practical Geology. ROMAN MARBLES. 15 esting of the statuary marbles is Marmo Tirio, from Mount Lebanon, near the ancient Tyre. The steps of the Scala Santa are made of it, as well as several statues in the Vatican and Capitoline Museums. It may be recognised by its bluish hue, and by its dense crowd of little bubbles or globules, which give it exactly the appearance of boiled sago. II. Bigio antico is very common in Rome, there being more columns of this material than of any other, except grey granite. It is not a striking marble as a rule, though some of its varieties are of extreme beauty. Among the best are the pillars which divide the compartments of the Galleria dei Candelabri at the Vatican, and the twelve exquisitely fluted Doric columns in the Chapel of St. Benedict at S. Paolo, which were brought from Veii. To this group belongs Bianco e Nero antico, of which the four shafts at the baldacchino of 5. Cecilia are generally considered the finest specimens. It may be distinguished from inferior and modern species, similar in colour, by the triangular disposition of its markings, and by the coating of grey dust which covers its black portions. There are two lovely and very typical little columns in the Sacristy of 5. Ignazio. Bianco e Nero tigrato is evenly marked with small pools of black and white, flushed with pink. There is a good deal of it at the Villa Borghese. The scarpellini call it Granito di Santa Prassede, because the slab on which the saint slept, still preserved at l6 ROMAN MARBU-.S. her church on the Esquiline, is made of it. But it is not a granite at all ; and the student will do well never to accept the names assigned to marbles by the scarpellini, as they are generally mere nick-names, wholly unscientific, and of no use whatever for purposes of identification. The same caution should be observed in reading any book, or extract from any book, which treats our subject from a builder's or house-decorator's point of view ; because it is certain to be utterly valueless the moment it touches the marbles of ancient Rome. In such a book, of which I forget the title, the author goes into fits of rapture over the magnificence of the grouped cipollino columns which adorn the Church of S. Maria sopra Minerva every scrap of which, above a man's height from the ground, is painted in imitation (scagliola, as the Italians call it), and not marble at all. This scagliola, which is a composition of marble dust cemented with plaster of Paris and glue, is a favourite method of cheap decoration in these economical days, and is sometimes -especially in Italy so cleverly done as to be extremely deceptive. One of the worst examples of its use in Rome may be observed on the walls of the staircase which ascends on the right to the Cortile di S. Damaso at the foot of the Scala Regia. One of the best is at the aforesaid Church of the Minerva; where, however, anybody who compares the upper part of the pillars with the lower, in a moderately good light, will soon detect the points of ROMAN MARBLES. 17 difference, and is not likely to be deceived again. The large columns in 5. M. dell' Orazione offer a clever imitation of Porfido bigio. Another cheap device, almost as reprehensible as scagliola, is impellicciatlira literally ' furring up,' or muffling up in fur. This term is applied in Italy to pillars of brick or stone, overlaid with thin strips or irregular patches of marble, like the gaudy red jasper columns at S. M. in Via Lata and S. Marco. Even the great Corsi was taken in by this abominable trick, and described the four large columns of Fiore di Persico in the right transept of 5. Carlo al Corso as entire. If they were so, they would be of fabulous value ; but anybody who pleases to look at them may see by the suspicious regularity of the pattern, and uni- formity of the hue, that the whole surface of the shaft is simply veneered. III. The well-known Giallo antico comprises endless varieties of shade and colour, and is of surpassing beauty. The Romans called it Numidian marble, but it probably came from a mountain range between Algiers and Oran, where quarries of the same species still exist. The columns at the Arch of Con- stantine are made of it except the one at the corner nearest the Meta Sudans, which is of Carrara. It is, however, never seen to advantage, when it has lost its polish by exposure to dust and rain. At a tomb in S. Francesca Romana are two very singular columns of this marble, broadly streaked with alabaster. Under 1 8 ROMAN MARBLES. the influence of fire the yellow turns almost red, as in a door frame at 5. Cecilia. Rosso antico is more commonly employed for statues, shallow vases, and tripods, than for columns ; though there are two very large ones at the Casino Rospigliosi, plentifully veined with white, and half buried in a partition wall. Some fine altar steps of this material may be seen at S. Prassede, which Napoleon ordered off to Paris an act of spoliation which was happily not effected. The colour is easily imitated in terra cotta ; but a careful examination of the substance betrays the attempted fraud. The marble is always more or less minutely mottled, or streaked with hair lines of a darker shade. When broadly veined with white, it very nearly approaches Cipollino rosso, as in the restored parts of the Faun (Capitoline Museum). Until quite lately its quarries were unknown ; but they have now been rediscovered on a promontory in the Peloponnesus, which bears the modern name of Cape Matapan ; and, but for the expense of shipping it, the marble might soon be very common. Nero antico, which is seldom found of a pure unveined black, comes from the same promontory. IV. Of the variegated marbles the most abundant in Rome, though it is almost unknown elsewhere, is Porta Santa, so called because the door-jambs of the Jubilee Gate under the portico of St. Peter's and the other great Basilicas are made of it. This marble never presents primary colours, but always shades ; ROMAN MARBLES. ig and, although infinite in its varieties, it can never be mistaken for any other. It has one unfailing char- acteristic a most remarkable resemblance to cold roast beef a peculiarity so constant as to ensure its recognition at a glance. The basins of the two end fountains in the Piazza Navona, and of that in the Piazza Colonna, are faced entirely with this marble ; and include, at some point or other of so large a surface, almost every known variety. A bath in the Octagon Court at the Vatican is made of a most beautifully reticulated block of Porta Santa, entirely different from the typical examples ; and yet, if you look closely into it, the texture of cold roast beef will at once betray the nature of the marble. Cipollino is so called from the resemblance of its veining to the vertical section of an onion (cipolla}. These veins are of mica, and the marble will split along the lines of their strata, just as an onion will come to pieces flake by flake. Very fine typical examples are the bases of the pillars in S. M. sopra Minerva ; but there are many varieties, among which may be noticed Cipollino mandolato, almond shaped in pattern, which is found on the ambones at S. M. in Cosmedin and on the chancel railings at the Gesu. Cipollino rosso is very rare in Rome, though common in Venice; and there are only five columns of it in Western Europe two at Palermo, two at Ravenna, and one at Coutances in Normandy. Everybody knows by sight the] beautiful Pavonaz- 2O ROMAN MARBLES. zetto or Phrygian marble, with its curious hue of clotted blood an unpleasing simile, but an unfailing characteristic. No matter how much the colour may otherwise vary, the clotted appearance is never absent from the purple. Statues of royal Dacian prisoners are often clothed with it, and it is a favourite material for holy water basins and altar railings. Sometimes it assumes a most exquisitely delicate silvery tone, as on the pilasters of the little baptistery at S. Marco, or the four fluted columns at 5. Tommaso in Foriuis the latter a perfect marvel of beauty. The most showy, if not the most beautiful of all the variegated marbles, is Fiore di Persico (peach- blossom). It is not uncommon in the form of slabs and smaller pieces, but exceedingly rare in large solid masses. There are only two columns in Rome;-f- but the traveller in Sicily will find six very handsome ones in the Cappella Palatina at Palermo. Nearly allied to the latter in form, though different in colour, is Cottanello, a purely Italian marble, still quarried in the Sabine hills. It is rather coarse and common looking, of a yellowish bricky red, and it furnished most of the main columns for the Vatican Basilica. The ancient Romans appear to have ex- cavated from quarries of a better and purer type, known as Cottanello antico, good examples of f Two more have lately been found near S. Martino, and are lying within the rails in the Court of the Pal. dei Conservator!. ROMAN MARBLES. 21 which are the spheres on the railings of the side chapels at the (}esn. V. The Shell marbles are all extremely beautiful. Most of them are called Lumachella, from lumaca (snail). In the left transept of S. Agostino is a narrow fillet of black lumachella, very precious and rare ; and there are four priceless slabs of a different variety on the chancel floor at S. M. in Via Lata. Astracane, another fine shell marble, was formerly supposed to come from Astrakan, but is now believed to have been quarried near Agra, in India. It may be seen on the altar rails at S. Andrea della Valle; but the handsomest columns with which I am acquainted are in the Pal. Corsini at Florence, the Campo Santo at Bologna, and the Museum of the Prado at Madrid. Broccatello comes from Tortosa in Spain, and for that reason is far more common at Naples than in Rome, having been largely imported for church orna- mentation during the rule of the Spanish viceroys. The largest columns in Europe adorn the Cathedral of the Pilar, at Zaragoza ; but there are many also in the Chapel of St. Januarius at Naples, and in other churches of that city. Only two columns exist in Rome. The predominant colour of this beautiful marble is reddish lilac or yellow, in proportion to the quantity of em- bedded snails ; the yellow representing the molluscous animal himself the lilac the soft sea-bed in which he sank to rest. Magnificent surface specimens of the lilac variety may be seen on the walls of the 22 ROMAN MARBI.KS. Cappella Borghese at S. M. Maggiorc ; and equally fine ones of the yellow kind at S. Cecilia. Of Occhio di Pavone (peacock's eye) there are two splendid columns in the Vatican Library, and two others at a doorway, in the University. The eyes are simply petrified oysters, and the general hue of the marble is either reddish brown or light purple. VI. Breccia of every kind is abundant, as might be expected from its geological formation. Wherever broken bits of rock have been crushed by external pressure, and cemented together by a paste, you have at once a Breccia. When the conglomerate is com- posed of rounded pebbles instead of angular fragments, it is called by the Italians frutticolosa, and by the English pudding-stone. The most beautiful of the Breccias, and perhaps the most beautiful marble in the world, is the green Egyptian, of which there are two columns in the so-called billiard-room at the Villa Albani, and a short pillar in the Pal. del Conservator! on the Capitol. Another very lovely little shaft in the Pal. Pitti at Florence is habitually used by some cold- blooded copyist as a post for tying up the legs of his easel such is the respect paid to rare and precious marbles by artists and directors of Museums. Several exquisite columns of this marble were carried oft by Napoleon to Paris, where they now adorn the corridors of the Louvre ; but the two finest of all, as far as I am able to judge, are in the Church of S. Francesco di Paola at Naples. ROMAN MARBLES. 2 3 Another handsome species, which, like the Breccia verde di Egitto, partakes of the nature of a pudding- stone, is Breccia traccagnina, so called from an old Italian name for the costume of a harlequin. It much resembles a kind of brawn or galantina of various cold meats, plentifully sprinkled with truffles. These similes are not very refined ; but marbles have a way of suggesting comparisons homely and prosaic, rather than romantic and poetical. There are two very re- markable columns of Breccia traccagnina in the Church of S. M. in Via. The best known of this group is Breccia corallina, which varies much both in form and colour, but usually presents small angular fragments of delicate pink, as at the baldacchino of 5. Croce. Any large surface of this marble is frequently found in alternate patches of breccia and uniform masses of flushed pink, veined with rose a pointed illustration of the little value which can be placed upon the tiny specimens with which collectors are mostly contented. Porphyries, Serpentines, Granites, and tolerably crowded examples of Lumachella, may be recognised at once, be the surface ever so small ; while a dozen well-defined species of Breccia, Affricano, Alabaster, or some variegated marble, might be chipped off, in morsels a couple of inches long, from the same square foot of a panel. For which reason collectors are advised to have nothing to do with table-tops, but to carry home as a souvenir of their visit to Rome a slab or fragment 24 ROMAN MARBLES. of such dimensions that at least it can be confidently named. Breccia di Settebasi is tolerably plentiful, and may be distinguished by its small oblong markings, which always run in one direction like a stream. It derives its name from Septimius Bassus, who had a Villa sumptuously adorned with this marble at the miscalled Roma Vecchia, on the Via Tuscolana. Its general hue is greyish violet, but it is often beautifully flushed with blood-red or golden yellow. Akin to it, but of a very minute pattern, is Breccia a Semesanto, known at once by its being splashed all over against the grain with chips of chalky white, which look exactly like fresh paint. It is so called from its resemblance to a paste of sugar-plums, having the form of seeds, t Breccia Quintilina, found sparingly at Hadrian's Villa, and much employed in the decorations of the Villa Quin- tiliorum, on the Appian Way, has pebbles of tortoise- shell embedded in orange and dark grey, and is generally considered the rarest and most beautiful of all. VII. Marmo Affricano is strictly speaking a Breccia, and is the only coloured marble which con- tains any black. To this peculiarity it owes its name, for it has nothing to do with Africa, but comes from t Such is Corsi's derivation ; but the word may possibly be derived from Serno Sancus, a Sabine divinity, to whom statues may have been raised in this material. ROMAN MARBLES. 25 one of the Greek Islands. The colours are always vivid, and there is generally a certain amount of pink or red. Not unfrequently the whole surface is tinged with an exquisitely delicate hue of grey or green. The handsomest columns in Rome are at S. M. delVOrto and 5. Giacomo al Corso : but one of the choicest varieties, jewelled with brilliant red, may be seen on the pedestals of some busts in the entrance room of the Villa Borghese. VIII. In speaking of the Alabasters it is necessary to observe that the modern alabaster of commerce is a totally different substance from that employed in Roman decoration. True alabaster is a fine massive or crystalline variety of gypsum, and is- found in its greatest purity in the neighbourhood of Volterra. It is waxy in texture, and too soft to take a high polish like marble, but is chiefly used for statuettes and fancy ornaments. A similar quality, obtained from Karnak on the Nile, was much used by the Egyptians for cinerary urns, examples of which may be seen in the Vatican and elsewhere. ANCIENT ALABASTER, on the other hand, is a true marble, and is only found in stalactitic caves. Its formation may be thus practi- cally, though perhaps not very scientifically, described. A drop of water, charged more or less highly with car- bonate of lime, filters through the surface of the earth until it reaches the roof of a subterranean cavern, and then falls to the ground. The water gradually evaporates, leaving a deposit of carbonate of lime, 26 ROMAN MARBLES. which in course of ages becomes piled up into a stalagmite. As the filtration proceeds, each drop of water begins to leave behind it, before falling to the ground, first a very little, and then a very little more, of its chemical ingredients, just as the drops running down an icicle cling more and more tenaciously to their rigid spike, until the whole is frozen. In this way is formed the pendent portion of the column, or the stalactite the two columns eventually meeting in mid-air, after the manner familiar to everybody who has visited a stalactitic cave. When no obstructions of any kind occur, the aggregate deposit of the spike will be pure white or creamy yellow ; but as foreign substances, such as different kinds of earth or metals, almost invariably creep in, the layers assume every conceivable variety of form and colour. Bearing in mind the general principle of this forma- tion, we can almost see the process going on when we look closely into a piece of ancient alabaster. The bright colours usually indicate the admixture of some foreign mineral or metal ; while the long lines or streaks, whether straight or tortuous, show the direc- tion which each successive drop of water was forced to take, owing to some local pressure or interruption either in the upper or lower column. It is interesting to remember that travertine, though to all appearance as unlike alabaster as possible, is composed of pre- cisely the same ingredients, deposited by rapidly run- ning water in the form of a sediment at the bed of a ROMAN MARBLES. 27 mountain torrent, instead of being forced to trickle drop by drop into a cave. The varieties of alabaster are infinite. M. Ravestein of Brussels enumerates 122 species; but most of them are purely fanciful, and the number may be con- veniently divided by twelve. If we examine a column or any large surface of alabaster, we shall see that by cutting it up into slabs, of the usual specimen size, we may make as many varieties as we please. The genuine and constant species may be reduced to about ten : Cotognino, or quince-coloured ; tartaruga, or tortoise-shell ; Sardonico, like a bright brown sugar- candy ; pecorella or fleecy, mottled in pink and white; fortezzino, with zigzag lines like the ground plan of a fortress ; Palombara, distinguished from all others by its broad bands of opaque ivory white ; rosti, flushed with dusky red ; erborizzato, delicately pencilled like the foliage of a tree ; verdognolo, of uniform transparent green ; listato, with parallel straight or wavy lines ; andjiorito or flowery a general term which includes all brightly coloured species, not specially distinguished by any of the characteristics mentioned above. All these may be seen and studied at the various altars of S. M. della Vittoria, or S. Catarina, two of the richest alabaster churches in Rome. Here, however, and in other churches renowned for their surface decoration, we are constantly offended by another cheap device of the Italians, more reprehensible than even scaglioln or inipellicciahtra I mean their 28 ROMAN MARBLES. abominable practice of dividing a slab into two halves or four quarters of its original thickness, and putting up the pieces end to end against the wall, in the form of a spread eagle. It answers the purpose of covering more space, and making one slab do the work of two or four ; but it is contrary to all sound principles of decoration, and cannot be too strongly condemned. In the first place, it is intensely vulgar, and vulgarity inside a church is more than commonly offensive. In the second place, it is false, for everybody knows and recognises that the marble does not shape itself into set patterns in its quarry. And, in the third place, it utterly destroys all impression of solidity. At a glance one sees that such decoration is only skin deep ; whereas the aim of the builder should be, by a perfectly legitimate expedient well understood in art, so to clothe his plinths and pedestals as to make them appear like solid cubes. This odious trick has been perpetrated to excess in the newly restored transepts and chancel of St. John Lateran ; and it is not too much to say that what would otherwise have been the finest piece of wall decoration in Rome, if not in Europe, has been utterly spoilt and vulgarised thereby. Perhaps the worst example of this perverted taste is to be seen on the left of the entrance at S. Antonio del Portoghesi, where some veins and blotches on a slab of Giallo antico have been splayed into the figure of a toad. IX. Jasper is a material extremely difficult to define, as it appears to depend more upon eccentric markings ROMAN MARBLES. 29 and violent contrasts of colour than upon any geo- logical characteristics of its own. There is little or no ancient jasper in Rome, and the modern specimens. are not generally attractive. By way of exception, we find some beautiful slabs of Legno pietrificatO in the Cappella Borghese at S. M, Maggiore. True jasper is exceedingly hard ; but a soft variety called Diaspro tenero has been brought from Sicily, of which there are some handsome columns at SS. Domenico c Sisto, and some facings of pilasters under the cupola of St. Peter's. A showy, but decidedly vulgar species of Sicilian jasper, was much employed for surface decora- tion in the last century at S\ Ignazio and S. Antonio dci Portoghese, and for muffling up the columns at S. M . in Via Lata and S. Marco. The nobler kinds of jasper form a connecting link between marbles and precious stones, and would scarcely fall within the limits of our subject, were they not occasionally found in vases or upon altars of unusually rich design. Agate occupies very much the same position, but we must perforce admit it, because it occurs not unfre- quently in the form of colonnettes to the ciborio or tabernacle over an altar. Agate has a base of chalce- dony, blended with jasper, quartz, amethyst, opal, heliotrope, cornelian, and jade. Its beauty, however, chiefly depends upon the alternation of different varieties of chalcedony and jasper. It is invariably found in the cavities of igneous rocks, akin to basalt cavities pro- bably formed by the escape of gas or steam from the 30 ROMAN MARBLES. heated flint rock, and afterwards filled with silica and other substances deposited by trickling water. Pure quartz is silica. AMETHYST is a form of crystallised quartz, its purple colour being probably metallic. CHALCEDONY is a somewhat waxy but translucent variety of quartz, occurring chiefly in stalactitic forms perhaps a mixture of quartz with opal, or soluble silica. JADE, or nephrite, is a silicate of magnesia and lime. These rough definitions will show that we are here trespassing upon the domain of precious stones, with which we are not concerned. The few remaining minerals of doubtful classification, examples of which are presented to us in any Roman church or gallery, will be noticed as they occur. The same remark applies to Section X., which forms a very unimportant division of our subject. XI. Serpentine, porphyries, and granite, are not, strictly speaking, marbles, as they contain little or no carbonate of lime. Serpentine was called by the ancients Ophite, from the Greek o^ts, a snake ; and many species bear a singular resemblance to the peculiar dull green of a serpent's skin. Common or typical serpentine is of little or no value for decorative purposes, though some of its varieties are pretty, such as the small holy water basins at S.Salvatore in Lauro. The finest of the choice serpentines, or Serpentine nobili, is Verde antico; and the handsomest piece of Verde antico in Rome is a table slab in the Sala degli Animali, because of the purity of its white and green. ROMAN MARBLES. 3! There is a unique column also, very difficult to see, blotched with red, in the Lower Church at 5. Clemente. Near Susa, and elsewhere in Piedmont, a green ser- pentine, much resembling verde antico, is still found, and has been extensively used in modern decoration ; but it may generally be distinguished by the dulness of the green and the almost total absence of white. Another of the noble serpentines is Verde ranocchia, named from its frog-like markings, of which the Sala degli Animali has several good examples; but the most curious is a dog sitting up on his haunches in the central statue room at the Pal. dei Conservator i. There is a hard, compact, and remarkably heavy kind of serpentine called Pietra nefritica (from i/e^pov, a kidney), having the form of a flattened sphere, or a large round loaf which did not rise properly in the baking. These were employed by the Romans as standard weights, and a quantity of them may be seen of all sizes in the Museum of the Capitol, mixed with others of white stone, marked with the number of pounds they represented, and sometimes bearing iron rings or rivets, by means of which they could be raised. Under the rule of some of the persecuting Emperors they were tied round the necks of Christians condemned to be thrown into a well ; and the Pietra nefritica ac- quired from this circumstance and ever afterwards retained the honourable appellation of ' Martyr's Stone'. Those in the Museums are, of course, purely pagan ; but specimens of the Martyr's Stone itself, 32 ROMAN MARBLES. recovered from the well, may be seen in several churches in Rome, and are always preserved with the most loving care. Occasionally they are found also in provincial towns, as, for instance, in the little round church of S. Angelo at Perugia, where a good example reposes in a niche, safely guarded behind an iron grating. And this reminds me to observe that one of the chief fascinations of our present study is this that, after working for a season at the marbles of Rome, one is constantly meeting with stray and unexpected apparitions of some familiar friend in out- of-the-way districts, which light up the whole place quite magically, and bring back delicious memories of the city in which we first learnt to love them. XII. The ancient quarries of the well-known red porphyry have lately been rediscovered near the banks of the Red Sea ; and the quantity appears to be so abundant that we might almost pave the streets of London with it, if, like the good old Romans, we could send slaves or captive heretics to dig it out for nothing. Black porphyry is much more interesting. Two most lovely columns of it, plentifully sprinkled with dark grey, stand at the top of a staircase in the Vatican, overlooking the Sala a Croce Greca. Porfido verde is peppered in the same way, but the general hue is green instead of black. There are two handsome columns of this marble in the Ara Coeli. Porfido bigio is freckled in such a very suspicious manner that the Italians call it morviglione, which ROMAN MARBLES. 33 appears to be an old word for smallpox, or rather for the marks which smallpox leaves behind it. Two re- markably large columns may be seen at St. Peter's, flanking the altar of St. Gregory, near the sacristy door. At a little distance you would certainly take them for grey granite, but on close inspection the difference will be at once perceived. The ancient quarries of this marble still exist about two miles north of the Station of La Boulerie on the Riviera, and remain very much in the condition in which the Romans left them. There is a subdivision of the porphyries known as Porfido serpentine, which may be either green, black, or grey. The common green kind is generally, but quite erroneously, called Serpentine. It is not a Serpentine at all, but a Porphyry, differing only from the typical form in having its crystals large and oblong, scattered over the surface like chips, instead of being small, round, and peppery. Of the black variety Porfido serpentine nero there is a precious little shaft at the entrance to the closed chapel at 5. Prassede. The student will observe that Serpentina is a substantive, and represents the genus ; while ser- pentino is an adjective, denoting a species or variety. XIII. The most important among the ancient monu- ments of granite still existing in Rome are the Obelisks. They are all composed of Syenite, an aggregate of feld- spar, quartz, and hornblende the last named lustrous mineral having taken the place of the mica. The quar- 3 34 ROMAN MARBLES. ries were situated about two miles from Syene, the modern Assouan. Several varieties of grey and black granite are of exceeding interest and beauty. Plentiful in Rome, though almost unknown elsewhere, is the Lapis Psaronius, or starling-spotted granite, called by the Italians Granito del Foro, because it supplied all the columns for the Forum of Trajan. Granito della Sedia, resembling a beautiful greenish grey lichen, is so called because it forms panels for the chair of St. Peter in the Vatican Basilica. Of Granito verde there is an exquisite little vase in the Villa Albani ; and an- other, equally precious, but of a different type, in the Villa Borghese. A generally received but doubtful specimen of granite is the curiously shaped Column of the Scourging at S. Prassede, which presents large and untidy patches of black and white, and looks as unlike a granite as possible. XIV. Basalt is variously derived from /?ao-avos, a touchstone, and basal, the Ethiopian for iron. It is an immensely hard solidified condition of lava, and at first sight may often be mistaken for bronze. Nearly allied to it is the Pietra di Paragone, or touchstone for trying the precious metals, supposed to have been found in Lydia. The most celebrated examples of basalt in Rome are the urn beneath the high altar at 5. Croce, and a large bath in the Octagon at the Vatican the latter remarkably metallic in hue. The so- called specimens of Paragone in Rome are probably jet black varieties of Nero Antico. ROMAN MARBLES. 35 XV. There remains a group of building materials which are certainly in no sense marbles, but which can scarcely be omitted from a list of the materials em- ployed in the construction of ancient Rome. Selce, a species of lava approaching the basalts, but coarser in texture, was almost exclusively employed for pave- ments and flagstones. The Via Sacra, Via Appia, and all the great roads which led out of the city, were paved with it. Very beautiful crystals have sometimes been found in the cavities between two layers of this lava. Mention has already been made of the formation of Travertine, a stone familiar to all tourists in Rome as the material of the Colosseum and St. Peter's. When closely examined its structure is curious and beautiful, the fine yellow grain giving the appearance of embedded silk-worms. Some good examples may be seen on the steps and parapets above the Piazza di Spagna ; but the formation of the stone itself may best be observed by walking up the pathway which leads near the stream from the lower to the higher Falls at Terni. Blocks of travertine, as Mr. Middleton has pointed out, become ruined and disfigured in course of time, when carelessly placed on end by the builder, instead of being laid in the position which they occupied in the river bed from whence they were hewn. The same remark might be applied to cipollino, breccia, alabaster, and various other marbles ; and it is probably for this reason that the Greeks never used monoliths, but always built up their columns in drums and courses. 36 ROMAN MARBLES. Tufa is composed of volcanic ashes and sand, showered out of a crater, and afterwards compressed or stratified. It varies in colour from tawny red to greyish brown, and is found either hard or compara- tively soft, according to the amount of pressure it has received. All the earlier buildings of Rome were made of tufa, but were covered with a thick coating of stucco, nearly as hard as marble, by way of pro- tection against frost and rain. The so-called Tarpeian Rock on the cliffs of the Capitol, and the Wall of Romulus on the Palatine, are early examples of the use of tufa. The best and hardest kind was quarried on the Aventine, near the Church of 5. Saba. In the softer qualities were excavated many Catacombs and other subterranean galleries. Peperino is similar in formation, but a good deal harder, and is always studded with black or bluish lumps of lava. It is still quarried on the northern slopes of the Alban Hills. Alternate layers of soft tufa and peperino may be seen in the walls of the so-called Temple of Cybele on the Palatine. In the following list of all the well-defined species and varieties of marble still found in the churches or galleries of Rome, I have adopted in every possible case the names given by Francesco Belli and Corsi, venturing only to correct them when they were obvi- ously mistaken. In one instance alone have I made any arbitrary change of names. Belli was fond of ROMAN MARBLES. 37 calling marbles after the title of the church or altar at which they were found Serpentina di S. Salvatore, Bigio di S. Pancrazio, Porta Santa di S. Agnese, etc. Such terms, though still largely employed by the Roman scarpellini, are absolutely useless as a means of identifying the marble ; and I have therefore substi- tuted for them a name descriptive of the variety itself, referring, of course, to the locality where it may be seen. Speaking generally, I have arranged my groups, with their respective Genera and Species, very much as a writer on wild flowers would arrange a Flora. This method has appeared to me upon the whole the simplest and most convenient. The multiplication both of genera and species was a necessity forced upon me by the present fragmentary condition of the marbles. In the days when Rome was a forest of rare and costly pillars when baths and temples were panelled from floor to ceiling with Pavonazzetto, Fiore di Persico, and Alabaster when the walls of patrician houses shone like mirrors with great slabs of Breccia, Porta Santa, and Giallo it would have been comparatively easy to catalogue even so vast a treasury of specimens, by reason of their colossal scale. But now that only fifty kinds of ancient marble remain to us in the form of columns, while slab and pilaster and plinth have been sawn up wholesale for the minute decorations of an altar, and cut into the thinnest strips to supply the largest surface possible, the difficulty of classification is in- 38 ROMAN MARBLES. creased a hundredfold. A block of alabaster or breccia, once easily recognised by one descriptive name, has been mutilated into twelve or fifteen fragments, every one of which requires a new name of its own ; and although it is not pretended that all these are genuine species, it was better to treat them as such, and to bestow upon them some specific title, than to per- plex the reader from time to time with a list of varieties a, b, c and d. Except in the case of species which are very rare indeed, the enumeration of the churches or galleries wherein they are found is not intended to be complete. In the majority of instances, I have cited only the most typical or attainable examples, to which the student may add almost as many more as he pleases. And with two exceptions only Porta Santa and Porfido rosso I have fixed the maximum of references under each head to twelve. Within these groups the Churches are arranged first, in alphabetical order, after which follow the Museums and other secular buildings. In a very few instances (enclosed within brackets) I have retained a church which has been destroyed since I made my notes there- in, as a historical record, and in the hope of affording a clue to the present location of the marble. For similar reasons I have given Corsi's list of the treasures in the Palazzo Sciarra, which I have never seen, and which are said to have been lately removed to Paris. I have also included his enumeration of certain pre- ROMAN MARBLES. 39 cious stones in the Kircherian Museum, which I have not yet succeeded in identifying. I regret exceedingly that want of space, and the necessity of providing a pocket volume, have compelled me to adopt a somewhat hieroglyphic system of ab- breviations. The reader, however, even if a stranger in Rome, will soon grow accustomed to them ; while any one who is even moderately well acquainted with the city will recognise immediately his old friends under a curtailed name. The official titles of Roman churches and galleries, and the descriptive names of marbles, are often so extremely long, that it would have required an additional fifty pages of letter-press to print them all in full. And so I commend my hobby to the patience, and I hope I may add the enthusiasm, of the reader. I do not claim for it more dignity than is its due. I do not pretend that the study of marbles is of equal importance with the study of Classical Antiquities, or of Mediaeval or Renaissance Art. But I do say that it forms a legitimate part of the study of Antiquities from the picturesque point of view, and that it ought not to be discouraged or despised. It is not a bad thing to have a little variety, even in Rome. We cannot always be strung up to the loftiest classical pitch ; and the sight of a beautifully decorated altar, especially when the names and history of its marbles have become familiar to our minds, may sometimes serve as a not unpalatable refreshment, even after a lecture in the Forum. None 40 ROMAN MARBLES. will regret the trifling expenditure of time and labour which can turn every church in Rome, over and above its interest for the sake of higher things, into a lovely garden full of May flowers. There are dozens upon dozens of little churches in obscure out-of-the-way streets, where all the world declares that there is not a thing to be seen ; but the student of marbles will find some treasure in every one of them, which he will hunt up with fresh eagerness every time he comes back to Rome. It is the old story of Eyes and No Eyes. What to the used-up man is an insufferably dismal trudge may become to the enthusiast a regular sporting tour ; and I shall be more than satisfied with my work if I can awaken in any visitor to Rome the same interest in an otherwise unattractive building that a knowledge of wild flowers, or birds, or insects, im- parts to an otherwise stupid country walk in spring. PART II. CLASSIFIED LIST OF MARBLES, WITH A REFERENCE TO THE BUILDINGS IN WHICH THEY ARE FOUND. THE abbreviations of churches and public or private galleries will be recognised without difficulty, since they all follow strictly the alphabetical order of the full title which the church or other building bears. The only exceptions are the following, to which the omitted prefix is supplied within brackets : Albani, Borghese, etc. [Villa]. Altemps, Barberini, etc. [Pal- azzo]. Animali [Vatican]. Ara Coeli [S. M. in]. Arazzi [Vatican]. Belvedere ,, Biga B. N. [Braccio Nuovo, Vatican]. Busts [Vatican]. Candelabri [Vatican]. Cap. [Museo Capitolino]. Cappuccini [S. M. dei]. Castigliana [Scuola]. Chiaramonti [Vatican]. Consolazione [S. M. della]. Crypt [S. Pietro]. Egypt [Vatican]. Etruscan Mus. [Vatican], Garden [Vatican]. Inscriptions ,, Library ,, Masks ,, Minerva [S. M. sopra]. Montesanto [S. M. di]. Muses [Vatican]. Octagon [Vatican]. Rotonda ,, Sacristy [S. Pietro]. Siciliana [Scuola]. Statues [Vatican]. Terme [Museo delle]. 42 ROMAN MARBLES. I. WHITE OR STATUARY MARBLES. PARIO. MARMOR PARIUM (Greco duro}. From quarries on mountain flanks, in the Island of Paros. Called by some ancient writers Lychnite, because of its large sparkling crystals. The Pallas of Velletri (Louvre} and the Venus of the Medici (Uffizi} are celebrated examples of this marble. Pure white ; crystals flaky and transparent. S. Cosma Trast. ; S. M. del Sole. Albani ; Borghese ; Cand. ; Cap.; Oct.; Portions of Octavia. P. giallognolo (yellowish). S. Marcello.B. N. ; Cap. PORING. MARMOR PORINUM (Grechetto duro}. From the neighbourhood of Olympia, in the Peloponnesus. Similar, with more compact texture and smaller grain. Very white and sparkling, but sometimes stained with orange, whence its name Trwpos (sand- stone). The only white marble which does not effervesce at the touch of nitric acid. S. M. in Cosui. ; S. Nereo ; S. Salv. in Lauro. Belvedere; Masks; Piazza Rondinini. PENTELICO. MARMOR PENTELICUM (Greco fino}. From Mount Pentelicus, between Athens and Marathon. ROMAN MARBLES. 43 Pure white, with fine dust-like opaque crystals. Turns yellow after long exposure to the air. A few barely visible veins of talc sometimes cause a faint tinge of green (see Iinezio), for which reason Belli calls this marble Cipolla. The Elgin marbles in the British Museum, and the whole of the Parthenon, are of M. Pentelicum. S. Antonio degli Arineni ; S. Giov. Lai.; S. M. in Damn. Arch of Titus; Borghese ; Campidoglio ; Cand.; Oct. ; Papa Giulio ; Ternie. TASIO. MARMOR THASIUM (Greco livido}. From the Island of Thasos, in the ^Egean Sea. White, with a bluish tinge, compact texture, and sparkling crystals. Ara Coeli ; Cappuccini ; S. Cecilia ; Pantheon; S- Agost. ; S. Giorgio ; S. Fr. di Paola ; S. Lor.fuori. B. N.; Forum of Nerva: Lat.; Piazza Colonna ; Pyramid of Cestiiis. LESBIO. MARMOR LESBIUM (Greco giallognolo}. From the Island of Lesbos (Mytilene). Yellowish white, stained with livid ashy black; large conspicuous crystals. Apostoli; S. Bibiana ; S. Giorgio ; S. M. in Cosin.; S. Onofrio. Albani ; Aniniali ; B. N.; Cap.; Pincio. 44 ROMAN MARBLES. TIRIO. MARMOR TYRIUM (Greco turchiniccio). From Mount Lebanon, near Tyre. Bluish white, sparingly peppered with brown, and mottled like boiled sago. 5. M. in Cosm. ; S. Pietro ; Sea la Santa. Albani ; Animali ; Belvedere ; Biga ; Cand.- Cap.; Quir. ; Stat. LUNENSE. MARMOR LUNENSE (Carrara antico}. From the Fantiscritti f quarries at Carrara. Lunense antico. Pure ivory white ; no crystals ; texture soapy, inclining to that of china. Albani; Biga; Borghese ; Cand.; Cap.; Col. of Phocas ; Oct. ; Pantheon ; Piazza di Pietra ; Temple of Castor ; T. of Vespasian. L. macchiato (modern Carrara). Common ; still quarried in abundance at Crestola, Zampona, Bettolia and Ravaccione among the Carrara mountains. White, with bluish tinge and streaks of black, or black metallic spots. Campo Santo ; S. Giacomo de' Spagtmoli. A Ibani ; Cand. IMEZIO. MARMOR HYMETTIUM (Greco rigato], From Mount Hymettus, close to Athens. Much employed for \ So called from some ancient reliefs of soldiers sculptured in the rock. ROMAN MARBLES. 45 ancient sarcophagi, both Pagan and Christian. When sawn or rubbed it emits a fetid odour, whence it has. been called M. Cipolla (Onion marble). Bluish white, crowded with spots like sago, and banded with straight parallel lines of grey in various shades. There is sometimes an inclination to green, owing to the presence of minute veins of talc. Imeziocolonnare. S.M, in Cosm; S. M. Maggiore; S, Anastasia; S. Clemente ; S. Giac. degli Spagnuoli; S. Martino ; S. Paolo fuori ; S. Pietro in Vincoli ; S. Sabina. Arch of Sept. Severus ; Arch of Titus ; Janus. I. dentellato. Lines toothed or jagged. 5. Lor. in Borgo. I. fasciato schietto. Bands very numerous, regu- lar, and sharply defined. 5. M. Maggiore ; S. Catarina da Siena. Sala Rotonda. I. zonale. Bands horizontal instead of vertical. S. Pietro. PALOMBINO. MARMOR CORALITICUM. From the banks of the Coralio, in Phrygia. Seldom found in large blocks, but frequent in tiny square chips upon ancient mosaic pavements. Palombino bianco. Ivory white, of very fine grain, without crystals. Sometimes faintly spotted with grey. Chiesa Nuova ; S. Pudenziana. Cand. 46 ROMAN MARBLES. P. bruniccio. White, like polished earthenware, powdered with chocolate. Egypt. P. eburneo (ivory). Minerva. P. latteo (milky white). Lat. Mus. MARMOR MEGARENSE. From Megaris (Livadia). P. giallognolo lumacato. Yellowish white, with long fragments of shells. Egypt. II. BLACK OR GREY MARBLES. MARMO GRECO. This somewhat indefinite term is applied to a few Greek marbles whose quarries are unknown, and which cannot well be classified under any one of the established groups. Some of the species very nearly approach Marmo Imezio, and others Bigio antico. Greco brecciato scuro. Mottled and clouded grey. Vat. Inscriptions. Greco dislocato. Bluish white, with parallel lines of grey, interrupted and turned out of their course as if by dislocation. S. Giov. e Paolo ; S. Sabina ; S. Susanna; S. M. Damn. Greco scritto (tratteggiato} . Yellowish or greenish white, suffused with grey, and scrawled with marks like letters. 5. Lor. in Borgo ; S. Niccolb in Carcere ; Albani. G. S. confuso (letters indistinct). S. Bernardino. ROMAN MARBLES. 47 Greco Yenato. White, with parallel streaks of grey in various shades. Lines very fine and numerous ; occasionally zigzag. S. M. Cosm. Albani. BIANCO E NERO ANTICO. MARMOR PROCONNESIUM. From the Island of Pro- connesus, in the Sea of Marmora. Dusty veined black, with angular stains of white ; or white ground, with angular fragments of black. 5. Cecilia ; Chiesa Nuova ; S. Ignazio ; S. M. Maggiore ; S. Pietro ; S. M. Via. Barberini. B. e N. dorato (gilded). 5. M. Maggiore. Bianco e Nero di Egitto. Quarries unknown. It probably does not come from Egypt, but derives its name from imitations of Egyptian statues wrought in this marble. It is sometimes called Occhio di Pavone nero, because of its round white circlets. Black, with marks of greyish white snails, in cres- cents or semi-circles. 5. Paolo alia Regola ; S. Saba. Egypt. Bianco e Nero tigrato. Misnamed by some writers a granite, and called by others B. e N. granitoide, from its granite-like markings. Evenly distributed pools of black and white, with suspicion of pink and bluish grey. S. Ant. Port.; S. Prassede ; S. Rocco ; S. M. Trast. Borghese ; Torlonia. 48 ROMAN MARBLES. BIANCO E NERO DI FRANCIA. MARMOR CELTICUM. Quarries unknown. Probably from the south of France. Waves and streaks of impure black and white, with smears of yellowish brown. S. Adriano ; Chiesa Nuova ; S. Cosma ; S. Giov. Fior.; S. M. Vergini ; S. M. Via.B, N. B. e Nero di Porto Ferrajo. From the Island of Elba. Impure black, untidily streaked with white. 5. Ambrogio ; Ara Coeli ; S. Lor. in Lucina. B. e Nero di Perugia. From quarries among the Umbrian hills. Black, blotched and streaked with white, and mixed with untidy yellow. Black, plentifully scratched with white and pink. 5. Alessio ; S. Dom. NERO ANTICO. MARMOR TAENARIUM. From the promontory of Taenarum in Laconia. Jet black, with faint streaks of pure white ; or dusty black with greyish ribands. 5. Giov. Lat. ; S. M. Angeli ; S. M. Maggiore ; S. Marcello ; [Regina Coeli] . Borghese ; Busts; Cap.; Doria. N. bigiastro. Ebony black, with bands of mottled white, brown and grey. Cap. ROMAN MARBLES. 49 N. strisciato. Black, with streaks of white, t CoHsolazione. BIGIO ANTICO. MARMOR BATTHIUM. Probably from North Africa. Light and dark grey in large patterns, with trans- parent surface and sparkling crystals. S.Agost.; S. Catarina del Funari ; Consolazione ; S. Lazzaro ; S. Martina; S. Pietro ; S. Salv, in Lauro ; S. Urbano. Albani. B. alabastrino. Suspicion of alabaster. 5. Anastasia. B. azurrognolo. Semi-transparent grey, with red or yellow veins. S. Lor. in Borgo ; S. Martino. B. bicolore. Two shades of mottled grey. Cand. B. brecciato. Dark grey, with semi-transparent fragments of lighter hue. 5. Marco; S. Spirito ; S. Pietro (Madonna). Camera. B. brecciato chiaro. Light grey, with white oblong pebbles. 5. Cosma Trast. B. brecciato macchiato. Black, with irregular small roundish pebbles of light grey, closely set to- gether. Sacristy. t Probably modern. 4 50 ROMAN MARBLES. B. brecciato minuto. Small markings of light and dark grey. 5. Lor. in Panis. ; S. Sabina. B. brecciato minuto rossastro. Light grey, with tiny pebbles in two shades, highly crystallised and tinged with pink. S. Ant. Port. B. brecciato minuto schietto. Uniform mottling of dark and light grey, in small patterns. 5. And. Quir. B. chiaro. Very light grey, with still lighter mark- ings, and hair lines of brown. 5. Cecilia; S. Greg.; S. M. Grazie ; S. Paolo. Cand. ; Terme. B. chiaro dorato. Yellowish streaks. Cand. B. cipollino dorato. Parallel lines of grey, streaked with gold. Cand. B. conchigliare. Clouded grey, with large slugs of lighter hue. 5. Angela Peso. B. cupo macchiato. Dark grey, spotted with white. S. Spirito in Sassia. B. dislocate. Short interrupted lines of bluish grey on lighter ground. Albani ; Doria. B. dorato. Wavy lines of grey, azure and yellow. Cand. B. a fortezzino (alabastrino). Large eyes of light ROMAN MARBLES. 5! grey, divided by lines of wavy and angular grey, bordered with brown. 5. Apollinare. B. intrecciato. Bluish grey, interlaced in shades. 5. Pancrazio. B. listato. Narrow bands of dark grey and white. 5. Bart. ; S. Giov. Fior. ; S. Stef. Rotondo. B. lumacato grande. Dark grey, with large white snails. S. Girol. B. lum. chiaro. Light grey, with lighter snails. 5. Vitale. Cand. B. lumachellato. Brownish or bluish grey, with white snails. 5. Greg.; S. Lor. Borgo ; S. M. Cosm. ; S. M. Orto ; Sacristy ; Trin. Pell. Camera; Garden. B. lumachellato piccolo. Light grey, with round or elliptical white snails. 5. Cecilia. B. macchiato nerastro. Nearly jet black, with blotches of dirty white. Chiaramonti. B. macchiato scuro. Light brownish grey, veined and splashed with white, and spotted or scratched with brown. S.Fr.Rom.; S. Pietro. B. ossifero chiaro. Narrow oblong chips of grey on lighter ground. Cand. 52 ROMAN MARBLES. B. perlato. Pearly grey, with stains of white. 5. Doni. Animali.+ B. recticolato. Finely netted. Oct. * B. rossastro lumachellato. Dark grey, hand- somely blotched with pink, and full of broken shells. Lat. Mus. B. scritto. Light grey, scrawled with darker shade. S. Cecilia; S. Clemente. Albani. B. scritto reticolato. Light grey, dashed crossways with chips of darker hue. 5. Stef. Rotondo. B. scuro macchiato. Almost jet black, faintly marked with grey or clouded with white. S. Bart. B. turchiniccio. Bluish grey. Cand. B. venato. Light mottled grey, with veins of yellowish brown or black. S. Pietro in Vincoli ; Priorato ; S. Pudenziana ; Tr in. Monti. Albani; Cand. B. venato di giallo. Dark grey, stained with clouded white, and cross-streaked with forked white and gold. S. Greg. B. yenato scuro. Smoky grey, with tortuous veins of dusky black. Inscriptions. t Belli calls this beautiful marble Bigio bardiglio, and says that it comes from Carrara ; but he is probably mistaken. ROMAN MARBLES. 53 BIGIO MORATO. MARMOR LUCULLEUM. From the Island of Melos on the Nile. Dusty powdered black, with faint streaks and spots of grey. 6\ Giac. Corso ; S. M. Grazie ; S. Greg.; Sacristy. Chiaramonti ; Doria ; Egypt; Mus. Torlonia. B. morato ad Occhi. Dark grey, with pools of lighter shade. S. M. Scala. B. morato dorato. Black, with veins of gold. 5. Pietro (Toimnaso). B. mor. lumachellato. Black, with tiny white fragments of shells. Cap. B. morato ondulato. Greyish black, with round marks of light grey. 5. M. Traspontina. B. morato orbicolare. Bluish black, with round stains of dusty black. 5. Niccolb Tol. B. morato venato. Dark grey, with oblong stains of light grey and white veins. Borgia. B. e Nero minuto. Tiny shattered fragments of white, on light and dark grey. 5. And. Valle ; S. Ant. Port. 54 ROMAN MARBLES. BARDIGLIO. Bardiglio antico. From Carrara and Massa. Uni- form slate colour; fine grain; no crystals. Gesil e Maria ; S. Martina ; S. Nice. Tolentino. B. dorato. Light grey, mottled with blue and dashed with gold. Borgia. B. fiorito listato. Striped grey, in many shades. 5. M. Maggiore. B. listellato. Two shades of grey, in narrow parallel ribands. S. Croce ; S. Paolo fuori. B. venato chiaro. Light bluish grey, with darker veins. Muses. III. COLOURED MARBLES. GIALLO ANTIGO. MARMOR NUMIDICUM. Supposed to have been brought from Numidia, where no quarries however have been found. Large quantities of this marble, exhibiting many beautiful varieties, have been dis- covered on mountain flanks in Algeria. Pale yellow, flushed with deeper yellow, and finely veined with purple. Ara Coeli ; Chiesa Nuova ; S. Giov. Lat. ; S. Luigi; S. Marco; S. M. Cosni.; S. Pietro Montorio ; S. Pudenziana ; S. Silv. Capite. Arch of Drusus ; Borghese. ROMAN MARBLES. 55 G. alabastrino. Patched with alabaster. 5. Fr. Rom. G. bigiastro. Veined with grey. 5. Greg. ; S. M. Orto. G. brecciato. Reddish brown clay, with yellow and white pebbles. 5. Catarina Fun.; S. Giov. Fior. ; S.Giov.Lat.; Minerva : S. M. Popolo ; Via ; Pantheon ; S. Pietro in Montorio. Altemps ; Animali ; Cand. G. brecciato bruno. Brown pebbles, on whitish yellow. 5. M. Minerva. G. brecciato dorato. Gilded pebbles in a paste of purplish red. 5. And. Valle ; [S. Faustina]; S. Pietro. G. brecciato pallido. Yellowish brown, with pebbles of pale rosy white. S. Doni. Sisto ; S. M. Angeli ; S. Seb. G. brecciato pallido rossastro. Pale yellow, with pinkish brown pebbles. 5. Pietro (Erasmus and Wenceslaus). G. brecciato principe. Pure violet ground, spotted with white ; pebbles of bright creamy yellow. S. Ignazio (shattered gold on purple) ; 5. M. Tras- pontina (orange pebbles on red). G. carnagione. Flesh colour and pink, stained with dusty brownish yellow. S. Agost. ; 5. Giov. Lat. ; S. M. Vittoria ; S. Seb. Albani ; Animali; Cand.; Terme. 56 ROMAN MARBLES. G. oarnagione disfatto. Fleshy red, broken and crushed. S. Crisogono. G. carnagione tigrato. Stains of fleshy red, un- tidily surrounded by greyish white. Pal. Madama ; S. Pietro in Vincoli. G. dorato. Gilded yellow, with purplish veins. Monti; S. Pietro ; Arch of Constantinc. G. dorato cupo. Dark gilded yellow. Chiesa Nuova. G. dorato piritifero. Gold and rose, with black spots showing crystals of sulphate of iron. S. M. Vittoria. G. fasciato. Yellow, banded with white. [S. Faustina.] G. focato. Uniform pink, caused by the action of fire. S. And. Valle ; S. Cecilia ; S. Silv. Quir. G. melleo. Honey-coloured yellow, with large stains of light grey and smaller ones of white. 5. Bernardino. G. nuvolato. White, plentifully clouded with light yellowish brown in parallel curves. S. Giov. Lat. ; S. Rocco ; Trin. Pell. G. paglino. Uniform straw colour. S. M. Vittoria. Giallo pallido. Cream coloured, streaked with rose or chocolate, and spotted with bluish grey. 5. Catarina Fun. ; S. Giov. Lat. ROMAN MARBLES. 57 G. picchiettato. Pale and golden yellow, minutely unctured or lichened with brown. 5. M. di Loreto, G. rossastro. Pinkish yellow. B. N. G. sfrangiato. Yellow and light brown, disposed i lumps like raw silk. Sacristy. G. solforato. Uniform bright sulphur colour. S. Paolo alle Tre Fontane ; S. Pietro (Colonna). G. Yenato. Yellow, veined with white. %S. M . Vittoria. GIALLO TIGRATO. M. CORINTHIUM. From Corinth. Indistinct and clouded mixture of pure white, pale 'hity brown, and lilac grey, plentifully flushed with ink. Ground of yellowish or pinkish grey lichen ; reccia of rosy or yellowish grey pebblets, always ordered with grey or brown. Very pale yellow, louded with bluish grey. 5. Andrea delta Valle ; S. M. Maggiore. G. tigrato pallido. General hue paler. Cand. GIALLO DI SIENA. A handsome marble, quarried at Montarenti and ther places near Siena, but unknown to the ancients, t can never be mistaken for Giallo antico ; but the ^chnical difference, where a small specimen only is btainable, consists in the entire absence of fine ortuous purple veins an unfailing characteristic of tie ancient marble, in all its varieties. 58 ROMAN MARBLES. Giallo di Siena. Dull yellow, netted with black. Sacristy ; Albani. G. di Siena brecciato. Brown and white, with yellow stones. S. Gius. Lungam. G. di Siena dorato. Uniform golden yellow, with no flush of pink, and no purple veins. Oratorio di S. Giov. G. di Siena venato. Bright yellow, veined with black. S. M. Vittoria. G. e Nero di Siena. Bright yellow, plentifully netted with black. S. Catarina da Siena. GIALLO E NERO ANTICO. MARMOR RHODIUM. From the Island of Rhodes. Black, veined with golden yellow. * S. Pietro ; S. Pudenziana. Giallo e Nero di Porto Yenere. Similar to the last, but distinguished by its triangular patches of dull yellow at the intersection of the veins. S. Ambrogio ; S. And. Valle ; S.M.Popolo; Trin. Pell.; S. Vitale.Cap. Porto Yenere schizzato (scratched). Terme. P. Y. venato (with white veins). 5. P. Montorio. ROMAN MARBLES. 59 ROSSO ANTICO. MARMOR TAENARIUM. From the Promontory of Taenarum in Laconia, now Cape Matapan. Dark red, with parallel hair lines of darker hue ; broad yellowish streaks ; texture of raw beef ; patches of fleecy white and bluish grey. S. Bibiana ; S. Pietro Vincoli ; S. Prassede. Animali ; Borghese ; Busts ; Cand. ; Cap. ; Colonna ; Doria : Ludovisi ; Masks ; Octagon. ROSSO lumachellato. Bright red, with evenly dis- tributed flame-shaped spots of white. * S. Cecilia. Rosso porfidino. Blood red, with tiny black points and no veins. Masks. Rosso striato. Dark red, with tiny veins of black and a zone of livid white. S. M. Maggiore. Rospigliosi ; Cand.: Colonna. IV. VEINED OR VARIEGATED MARBLES. CIPOLLINO. MARMOR CARYSTIUM. From Carystus in the Island of Euboea (Negroponte). These quarries have been long since exhausted, but some fine beds of a similar marble are now worked near Saillon in the Rhone Valley, about 6200 feet above the sea. Specimens may be seen at a shop in Queen Victoria Street, E.G. 6O ROMAN MARBLES. Cipollino verde. Apple green, with parallel wavy or zigzag lines of darker shade. 5. Greg. ; S. Lor. fuori ; S. Luigi ; S. Martino ; S. Pietro ; S. Salv. Lauro. Colonna ; Doria. C. verde chiaro. Green brighter and more abund- ant. Divino A more ; S. Rocco ; Sacristy ; Via Lata. Camera. C. verde giallastro. Greyish green, waved with dark green, brown, and yellow. Minerva; Piazza di Spagna. C. verde increspato. Narrow zones of white and green, interlacing and confused. 5. Nice. Carcere. Cand. ; Inscriptions. C. verde zonale. Bands very clearly defined. S. Lor. Miranda ; S. Nice. Carcere. C. verde prasio. Pale whitish green, with very bright streaks of emerald. S. Nice. Carcere; Borghese ; Mus. Torlonia. C. Yerde ondato. Dirty pinkish white, with con- fused bands of light and dark green. * S. Gius. Lungara ; S. Pietro ; S. Teodoro. C. verde rigato. Lines more distinctly ruled. 5. Paolo Tre Font. Albani. C. marine. Closely set, and tortuous lines of dark grey and white, on greenish lilac ground. S. Carlo al Corso ; Gesu ; Minerva. C. marino minuto. Veins finer. Cand. ROMAN MARBLES. 6l C. marine violetto. Greenish lilac, veined with violet and patched with pinky white. Albani. C. ondato. Greenish white, tortuously veined with greenish grey. 5. Gioacchino. Cap. C. bigio. Dark snail grey, with closely set parallel streaks of every shade. Angeli Custodi ; Sacristy ; S. Stef. Cacco ; S. Vitale. C. bigio rigato. Knotted lines of yellowish white and grey. S. Cecilia. B. N. C. bigio e nero. Bands of ashy grey and black. B. N. C. bigiastro. Light grey, with greyish lines. Etruscan Mus. C. nero. Jet black bands ; wavy lines of grey and greenish grey. S. Pietro ; Sacristy. Gipollino rosso. Parallel lines of dark purple, red, rose, and pink, knotted like timber. Broad striated veins of fleshy white, resembling beef fat. Ara Coeli ; S. Cesareo ; S. Giov. Paolo ; S. Greg.; S. Marco; S. M. Popolo : S. Paolo ; S. Pietro Vincoli; S. Salv. Lauro. C. rosso brecciato. Dull red, with large pebbles. Lat. Mus. C. rosso diasprato. Dark red, black, and a little white, disposed like jasper. Chiesa Nuova. 62 ROMAN MARBLES. C. rosso fasciato. Light red, banded with dark red and livid white. S. Giov. Lnt. C. rosso macchiato. Red, lightly veined and spotted with white. Biga ; Croce Greca. C. pavonazzo scuro. Dark purple, with waves of light purple and red. Scala Santa. C. mandolato verde. Much of this is modern, from quarries in the Pyrenees and at Caunes. The French call it Cainpan Vert, and there is a good deal of it in the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers, at Paris. Longitudinal almond-shaped pebbles, bordered with fine streaks of green or blue, on yellowish green ground. Gesu ; S. Giov. Paolo; S. Pietro Vincoli ; S. Stef. Cacco ; S. Vitale. C. mandolato verde grande. Larger markings. S. Giov. Lat. C. m. verde giallastro. Yellowish. Cosmedin. C. m. verde minuto. Tiny white pebbles on light green, bordered with black lines. Ara Coeli. C. m. lionato. Tawny red, with darker veins and lighter spots. Trin. Pell. Mus. Arch. C. m. lionato chiaro. Mottled pink, brown, and white. * Consolazione. ROMAN MARBLES. 63 C. m. rosso. Small almond-shaped mottling of dusky red and bluish grey (modern). 5. Lucia in Selci ; S. M. Popolo. C. pavonazzo. Narrow bands of purple. * Consolazione. COTTANELLO. Named after the district in which it is found, near Moricone, about forty miles from Rome, among the Sabine hills. The quarries were worked by the Romans, who appear to have found a superior quality of marble, the supply of which is now exhausted. The modern species, as employed at S. Pietro and elsewhere, is very coarse and unattractive. There are good columns of the ancient kind in the Cathedral, and Church of S. Filippo, at Spoleto. C. antico. Very pale bricky red, veined with pure white. Gesii. Cap. C. antico pav. Purple brown, with very fine close grain. Mus. Arch. C. dorato. Greenish yellow and violet, minutely streaked with brown and dashed with white. Entire absence of brick red. S. Giov. Fior. C. giallo. Whitish yellow and pale red, with numerous white veins and flame-shaped blotches. S. Pietro ; SS. Pietro e Marcellino. C. rosso scuro. Uniform reddish brown, with small streaks of pure white. 5. And. Quir. 64 ROMAN MARBLES. FIORE DI PERSICO. MARMOR MOLOSSIUM. From Epirus. Perhaps some of the varieties come from Elba. In form and dis- position of markings, though not in colour, it some- times bears a strong resemblance to Cottanello. Lilac, peach blossom, red, and white, in flowery patterns. 5. Ant. Port.; S. Giov. Paolo ; S. Martina; S. M. Itria; \Regina Cocli\; Scala Coeli; Vittoria. Con- servatori. F. di Persico brecciato. Lilac and white pebbles on red. Snffragio. F. di Persico bruniccio. Purple and white, in form of flames, with stains of brown and red. Minerva. F. di Persico chiaro. Very light lavender. 5. Eligio ; S. Susanna. F. di Persico confuso. Curiously mottled light grey, white, and chocolate. 5. Carlo Catinari. F. di Persico giallastro. Lilac and lavender, with yellowish hue. S. Carlo Catinari. F. di Persico macchiato. Light lavender, with foliated veins of darker hue, purple spots, and tinge of pinkish yellow. S. M. Campitelli : S. Pietro Vine. F. di Persico minuto. Markings very small. 5. Pietro (S. Processo). ROMAN MARBLES. 65 F. di Persico paYonazzo. Flushed lilac, veined with purple and streaked with fleecy white. vS. Prassede. F. di Persico picchiettato. Veined lilac, pricked with purple and spotted with yellowish white. S. Croce del Lucchesi. F. di Persico reticolare. Lilac in several shades, with crossed lines like network. Chiesa Nuova ; Gesu ; S. Pudenziana. Albani ; Borgia . F. di Persico rossigno. Pinkish brick red and greyish white, with veins of light transparent blue. Ara Coeli. F. di Persico rosso. Red, white >( and lilac, streaked with yellow. S. Eustachio ; S. M. Traspontina ; S. Silv. Quir. ; Rospigliosi. F. di Persico sanguigno. -Blood-red stains. 5. Giov. Fior. F. di Persico venato. Lilac, veined with purple. iS. Giuseppe Lungara. Terme. F. di Persico violetto. Shades of violet. 5. Seb. PAYONAZZETTO. MARMOR SYNNADICUM. From quarries near Syn- nada in Phrygia. Very dark brownish purple ground, with hue of clotted blood and slightly metallic texture. Large pebbles of 5 66 ROMAN MARBLES. semi-transparent creamy white, tinged with orange, pink, or green. S. Anastasia ; Ara Coeli ; S. Giov. Lat.; S. Lor. fuori ; S. M. Cosm. ; S. Martino ; S. Sabina. Bar- berini ; Lat. Mus. Pay. argentine. Silvery. 5. Vitale ; Mus. Torlonia. Pay. azzurrigno. Light blue, with fragments of yellowish and greenish white. Minerva ; S. Salv. Lauro. * Pay. argentine reticolato. Fine network of silvered purple. 5. Tommaso in Formis. Pay. bianco. Nearly all white. Chiesa Nuova ; -SS. Nereo Ach.; Animali. Pay. bianco yenato. Pinkish white, with reticu- lated veins. S. Giov. Paolo ; S. Onofrio. Pay. bigio brecciato. White pebbles, on finely mottled greyish purple. Consolazione ; Suffragio. Pay. bigio brecciato argentine. Greyish pebbles, with flush of silver. Albani. Pay. bigio yerdognolo brecciato. Greyish pebbles, with tinge of green. Animali. Pay. bigiastro reticolato. Network of purple and silvery grey on white. 5. M . Grazie. Pay. brecciato. Purple, with fragments of white. S. Agnese fuori ; S. M. Via ; S. Pietro ; S P. ROMAN MARBLES. 67 M ontorlo ; S. Silv. Quir.; S. Spirito ; S, Stef. Cacco ; Vittoria. Borghese ; Siciliana. Pay. brecciato argentine. Silvery hue. 5. Marco ; Via Lata ; Cand. Pay. br. dorato. Dark chocolate, with flushed and crystallised white pebbles. 5. Fr. Ripa; S. M. Scala ; Sacristy ; S. P. Vincoli. Ludovisi. Pay. br. fiorito. Metallic golden green, with pebbles of pinkish cream and grey. Altemps. Pay. br. minuto. Reddish purple, crammed with minute fragments of livid white. 5. Clemente. Animali. Pay. cenerognolo. Ashy green, pure purple, and white. 5. Luigi. Pay. cupo. Very dark purple with yellowish white pebbles. S. Greg. Pay. cupo reticolato. Beautifully netted. Conservatori. Pay. dorato. Purple, flushed with gold. B. Rita. Pay. ad inchiostro. Dark purple, with inky streaks. Belvedere. Pay. nero. Purple, almost black. 5. Croce. Pay. policromo. Handsome blending of purple and lilac in many shades. 5. Paolo. 68 ROMAN MARBLES. Pav. sanguigno. Beef red, with fragments of reddish white. Minerva. Pav. sanguigno confuso. Similar, but lines less distinct. S. Pudenziann. Pav. scuro angoloso. Brown, with yellowish white pebbles. S. Agnese fuori ; S. N . Prefetti. Pay. tigrato. Uniformly distributed pools of lilac and white. S. Lor. fuori; S.M.Angeli; Pantheon; S.Paolo. Pay. turchiniccio. Small oblong white fragments on bluish ground. 5. Pietro (Colonna). Pay. Yenato. Creamy white, netted and veined with purple. 55. Nereo Ach. Pay. verde. Here and there a vein of bright green. S. Bart. ; Albani. Pay. yerdiccio. Greenish purple, with pebbles of livid white and yellow. Chiesa Nuova. Chiaramonti. BIANCO E GIALLO ANTICO. M. PHENGITE. From Cappadocia. White, with veins of light yellow, over which are hair lines of a darker shade. Corsi says that this marble received so bright a polish (^e'yyeiv, to glisten) as to reflect objects like a mirror; and that for this ROMAN MARBLES. 69 reason Domitian had a corridor lined with it, in the hope of protecting himself against assassination as he walked along. I have never succeeded in finding a specimen of it, and Corsi himself appears to have dis- covered only one tiny slab, which he picked up at the mouth of a drain near the Tiber, and placed in his collection. It must either have been destroyed whole- sale as quicklime in the middle ages, or else the marble must be a myth, some highly translucent alabaster having probably been mistaken for it. By way of conjecture, I offer as a possible example a slab in SS. Giov. e Paolo. PORTA SANTA. M. JASSENSE. From the Island of Jasus, off the coast of Caria in the Archipelago. Mr. Brindley found quarries of it in the Island of Chios. A similar marble, vastly inferior in beauty, colour, and consist- ency, is common near Siena and in several parts of northern Italy. The name is derived from the ' Sacred Gate' of the four great Basilicas S. Pietro, S. Giov. in Laterano, S. M. Maggiore, and S. Paolo the door- jambs of which are made of this marble. They are opened by the Pope himself only in jubilee years -the 25th, 5oth, 75th, and looth of each century. The colours and markings of this marble are so infinite that I have thought it best to place all the columns and large masses under a general heading, and to describe the smaller examples of rare or specially 7O ROMAN MARBLES. attractive varieties as they occur on altars or cancelli. The surface of the fountain-basins in the Piazza Colonna and P. Navona, if sawn up into slabs for speci- mens, would furnish almost all the varieties in Rome. Pink, lilac, or flesh colour, in irregular mottlings or patches, with tortuous veins of white and red. Almost every hue is sometimes visible, except green. 5. Agost. ; S. Anastasia ; S. And. Fratte ; Ara Coeli ; S. Carlo Cat.; S. Cecilia; Chiesa. Nuova ; S. Fr. Ripa ; Gesu ; S. Giov. Fior. ; S. Greg.; S. Marcello ; S. Marco ; S. M. Maggiore; S. M. Via; Minerva; S. Pancrazio ; Traspontina ; Trin. Pell. Cap. ; Papa Giulio ; Piazza Colonna ; P. Navona ; Rojpigliosi ; Tenne ; Via del Cardello. * P. S. alabastrina. Colours bright and variegated, with streaks resembling alabaster. >S. Salv. Onda ; Busts. P. S. arlecchina. Patched lilac and grey. 5. M. Maggiore; Vittoria. P. S. bicolore. Patches of flesh colour and grey. S. Croce ; S. Pietro (Michele). P. S. bigia. Dull grey, veined with white and red. S. M. Monti; S. N. Carcere ; S. Pietro (Present.). P. S. bigia brecciata. Grey pebbles. Tenne. P. S. bigia dorata. Bluish grey, with gloss of gold. Sacristy. P. S. bigia fiorita. Very dark uniform grey, finely curled and streaked with red and reddish brown. 5. Carlo Cat. ROMAN MARBLES. 71 P. S. bigia nuvolata. Clouded and mottled grey, streaked with white and red. S. Salv. Lauro. P. S. bigia orbicolare. Light grey, crammed with round stains of grey and flesh colour. Chiesa Nuova ; S. Giov. Lat. ; S. Spirito. P. S. brecciata. Mottled pink, with irregular patches of dark grey, small angular flesh-coloured pebbles, and streaks of pure white. 5. M. Scala ; S. Girolamo delta Carita ; S. Mich. Ripa. P. S. brecciata lumacata. Yellowish grey pebbles on brownish red, with streaks of white and a few white snails. 5. Agata Trast. P. S. brecciata minuta. Small flesh-coloured pebbles on dark reddish brown. S. Balbina ; S. Marco. Terme. P. S. bruna bicolore. Patches of bluish grey and reddish brown. S. Eustachio. P. S. bruna giallastra. Yellowish brown. Minerva. P. S. bruna e rossastra. Brown and pink. Agonizzanti. P. S. carnagione. -Flesh colour. 5. Anastasia. P. S. carnina. Flesh colour, finely veined and curled with red and lilac. Minerva. 72 ROMAN MARBLES. P. S. cerulea. Sky blue. 5. M. Itria ; Scala Coeli. P. S. fasciata. Banded. 5. M. Maggiore. P. S. florita. Reddish grey and flesh colour upon yellowish red, veined with white. S. Agnese fuori ; S. And. Valle ; Minerva. P. S. gialla cerulea. Flints of light bluish grey embedded in dull brown, with streaks of pure white. 5. M. Pace. P. S. gialla rossastra. Pink and yellow. Chiesa Nuova. P. S. giallastra brecciata. Yellowish red, with fragments of pink, and livid white. S. M. Monserrato. P. S. lionata. Tawny, with grey fragments bordered white. S. Giov. Fior. P. S. lionata ramificata. Tawny, with branching veins. 5. Agnese fuori. P. S. lumacata. Here and there a small white or pink shell. [S. Faustina] ; S. Salv. Lauro. Albani. P. S. madreporitica, Purplish red, with round white or yellowish fragments of madrepore. 5. Pietro (Choir). B. N. P. S. pallida. Very pale. S. Giov. Lat. ROMAN MARBLES. 73 P. S. pavonazza intrecciata. Network of purple, red, and blue. 5. Onofrio. P. S. ranciata. Orange, with fragments of fleshy red, foliated in black. Sala Regia. P. S. reticolata. Faded red, covered with network of brighter hue. S. Liiigi. P. S. rossa. Light red, livid white, azure, and blue. 5. Pietro (Present.); 5. Spirito. P. S. rossa brecciata. Pinkish brick, with pebbles of white, flesh colour, and grey. S. iV. Carcere ; S. Silv. Quir. ; Vittoria. P. S. rossa reticolata. Shades of pink, plentifully veined with curly lines of dark red. Vittoria. P. S. rossastra. Pink, with bluish pebbles. 5. Giac. in Borgo ; Minerva. P. S. rossastra brecciata scura. Reddish choco- late, with bluish grey pebbles and dashes of pure white. 5. Catarina ; S. Giov. Lat. ; S. Giov. Pigna. P. S. rossastra conchigliare. Raw beef, with very finely engrained streaks of white. Chiesa Nuova ; S. Pantaleo. P. S. tigrata. Metallic yellowish green and fleecy white, flushed with pink. 5. Agost. ; S. Luigi. 74 ROMAN MARBLES. P. S. venata. Veined with white. S. Picti-o (S. Michele) ; Trin. Monti. P. S. venata a Stuoia. Rosy lilac, with parallel lines of purple at regular intervals, and cross lines of the same colour. Faint streaks of white. 5. Sabina ; Vittoria ; * Octagon. P. S. violacea. Violet red, with white veins. * S. Ambrogio ; Cap. P. S. violacea poligonia. Violet red and black, with no visible cement, like a Cyclopean wall. S. And. Valle ; S. Dorotea. ROSSO DI FRANCIA. From Cannes, in the S.E. of France. Red, with large stains, like pebbles of flint}' blue, very irregular in outline. Modern, and unattractive. S. Anastasia ; S. M. Anima ; S. Pietro. TAORMINA BRECCIATO. Very like the last, and possibly identical with it ; but the colours are more distinct, and the markings rather handsome. Corsi calls it a Sicilian jasper, with which marble it appears to have nothing whatever in common. Greyish violet and red. S. Ambrogio; S. Dionigi ; S. Gir. Carita ; S. Giov. Lat. ; S. Marco; S. Rocco ; S. Silv. Quir. ; Scuola Castigliana. ROMAN MARBLES. 75 V. SHELL MARBLES. LUMACHELLA. Except in the cases where the prevenance is stated, as in Luni. di Egitto, it is not known from whence these marbles came. Most of them are ancient, but the first-named species is entirely modern, and is quarried not far from Aquila. Lumachella degli Abruzzi. Light buff grey, crowded with tiny shells of the same hue, and larger ones of slate blue. 5. M.Maggiore; S. Pudenziana ; Trin. Monti. Lum. bigia. Light brown, densely crowded with very minute fragments of black and transparent greyish white. S. And. Valle ; Ara Coeli ; Minerva. Lum. bigia. Grey, veined with brown and full of broken white shells. 5. Lor.fuori. Lum. bigia bruna. Black, peppered with grey and crowded with large white snails. Faint flush of rose. Chiesa Nuova. Lum. bigia giallastra. Grey, tinged with yellow. S. Salv. Lauro ; Borghese. Lum. bigia orientale. Bluish grey, with numerous white snails. * S. M. Via Lata. j ROMAN MARBLES. Lum. bigia rossastra. Grey, flushed with pink. 5. M. Popolo. Lum. bigia di Egitto. Densely crowded grey snails, with a few yellowish white. Flush of pinkish brown. Angeli Custodi ; Minerva; Vittoria ; S. Onofrio. Cap. Grey, with white and blue snails and a little gold. B. >S. M. Aquiro. Bluish grey, with yellowish white snails. Cap. ; Tenne. Lum. bruna rossastra. Brownish grey, flushed with pink. Borghese. * Lum. di Calabria. Peppered brownish grey, with bluish snails, and fragments of white spiral shells. SS. Siinone Giuda. Lum. gialla di Egitto. Golden yellow, with snails of bright yellow and bluish grey. 5. M. Traspontina ; S. Onofrio. Lum. gialla. Large yellow snails with grey chips. Chiesa Nuova. Lum. gialla bigiastra min. Close-grained light brown, with grey and yellowish snails. Conservatori. * Lum. gialla e pavonazza. Dark brown, with orange shells and snails. Chocolate, densely crowded with minute yellow chips, and circlets having brown centres. Gesu ; S. M. Scala ; Minerva. ROMAN MARBLES. 77 Lum. lionata. Reddish brown, blotched with pink. Suspicion of white and yellow. 5. And. Valle. Lum. nera. Bronze, with tiny streaks of yellowish brown. 5. Onofrio ; Gesu ; S. Lor. fuori; S. M. Pace; Trin. Pell. Lum. nera minuta. Jet black, with numerous small curly white snails. * 5. Agost. ; S. Lor. Lucina. Lum. pavonazza. Purple, peppered with tiny white fragments. A few rosy flints. 5. Bernardo ; S. Dorotea. Lum. pav. disfatta. Very much broken. 5. M. Consolazione. Lum. persichina. Lilac. Inscriptions. Lum. rosea. Pale chalky rose and yellow, crowded with small narrow slugs. Gesii Maria ; Sciarra. Lum.rossa. Uniform crimson and semi-transparent white. S. Carlo Cat.; S. Onofrio ; S. Rocco. Red, with greyish white madrepores. S. Giov. Fior. Lum. rossa minuta. Red, with tiny fragments. Cand. Lum. violetta. Violet, tinged with blood red. Snails white or grey, touched with gold. S.And. Valle. 78 ROMAN MARBLES. Lumachellone antico. Earthy grey, with large snails. * S. Paolo fuori. Lumachellone bigio. Large grey snails and small white shells. * 5. Pancrazio. ASTRACANE. Said to come from Agra, though it was formerly believed to have been brought from Astrakhan, near the shores of the Caspian Sea. Astracane giallo R. Brownish orange, with fine fragments of slate-coloured snails, tinged with pink (verdastro maschio B). 5. And. Valle ; S. M. Via. Brownish yellow, finely peppered with black and faintly marked with white. R. 5. M. Scala ; Minerva ; S. Stef. Cacco. A. bruno. Dull blackish grey, on raw brick ground. R. S. And. Valle; Chiesa Nuova ; Trin. Pell. Astracane femina. Dull yellowish brown, with transparent snails like gum, and stains of violet. 5. Gir. Carita ; S. Lor. Fonte. Astracane rossastro. Similar, with pinkish hue. Lat. Mus. ; Mus. Torlonia. BROCCATELLO. MARMOR SCHISTON. From Tortosa in Spain, where it is still quarried. This handsome marble is ex- ROMAN MARBLES. 79 tensively used as a surface ornament in the Roman churches, but has never been a favourite for columns. Broccatello giallo. Pale yellow, rivered with brown and embedded with crystal snails of purplish yellow. 5. Calisto ; S. Cecilia ; S. M. Pace ; S. Paolo ; S. Stef. Cacco. Br. melleo. Honey-coloured snails on purplish ground. 5. And. Valle ; S. Cat. Funari. Br. pavonazzocupo. Finely mottled reddish purple; fragments of grey and golden shells tinged with pink. S. M. Maggiore ; Spirito Santo. * Br. principe. Mottled violet and yellow, with transparent chips of bluish white. Yellow snails with whitish centre. Apostoli ; S. M. Maggiore. Br. rosso. Bright reddish brown, with lighter markings. S. M. Pace. Br. sanguigno. Washed-out blood red, with livid white snails. S5. Cosma Damiano. OCCHIO DI PAYONE. Occhio di Pavone pavonazzo. Brick red, peppered with pearly white fragments. Oysters transparent, crystallised, and yellowish, with white circles. Sus- picion of violet brown. 5. Gius. Lungara ; Minerva ; S. N. Tolentino ; Qnattro Coron. Sapienza ; Quirinal. 8O ROMAN MARBLES. Occhio di Pav. pav. scuro. Purple, with numerous shattered fragments of white. Library. Occhio di Pav. pav. piccolo. Markings very tiny. Alba ni. Occhio di Pav. rosso B. Red, with round or oval shells changing into white lime. 5. Alessio; S. M. Trast.; S. M. Via Lata ; S. Pietro (Sapphira). Albani. Two shades of bricky red with chips and streaks of white and spots of pink. Quirinal. Occhio di Pav. bruno. Brownish red. S. Gius. Lungara. Occhio di Pav. verdognolo. Tinge of green. S. Bernardino B. VI. BRECCIA. The ancient quarries of all these marbles are un- known, and the formation is so general that some of them may perhaps have been brought from France or Northern Italy. A large number, however, undoubtedly came from Africa or the East, and many were probably imported from the neighbourhood of Hierapolis, and from the Greek Islands. To avoid splitting up into varieties, I have raised four species to the rank of genera. ROMAN MARBLES. 8l Br. di Aleppo. This marble is so very rare that there is no reason for doubting that it was brought from Aleppo. A very inferior kind with dull colours has been found near Serravezza, and a still coarser quality at Alet in France. Slate grey, and gold pebbles on dull red. S. Agost. ; S. Lor. Fonte ; S. M. Grazie ; S. Ono- frio ; S. P. Vincoli ; S. Pudenziana ; Vittoria. Borghese. Br. di Aleppo principe. Blood red, clouded with white pebbles, blotches of bright yellow, and a few violet snails. * Cand. Br. di Aleppo rossa. Dark reddish brown, with pebbles of very light pink and grey, and tinges of bright red. Ara Coeli. Br. bianca e nera. Untidy shattered mixture of black and white or muddy grey. S. Anastasia ; S. M. Maggiore. Masks. Br. bruna. Large reddish brown pebbles inclining to violet. Suspicion of white. Chiesa Nuova. * Br. della Villa Casali. Lilac, grey, and gold pebbles on ground of shattered pink. Museo Arch. Br. dorata. Purple ground, tinged with white. Bright yellow pebbles. Ara Coeli; S. Eusebio ; S. Lucia G onf alone ; S. M ar cello ; S. M. Popolo ; S.Paolo; S. P. Vincoli. . 6 82 ROMAN MARBLES. A few purple pebbles on yellow. Minerva. Br. dorata minuta. Tiny gold pebbles on lilac ground. S. Costanza ; * S. Susanna. Br. dor. oleosa. Tiny violet pebbles set in purplish red, and tinged with green and gold. 5. Luigi. Br. dor. orbicolare. Gold on violet, with round pebbles. 5. And. Valle. Br. dor. pavonazza. Gold pebbles among purple, lilac, and bluish grey. Altemps. Br. frutticolosa. Round pebbles of yellowish grey and brown on drab ground. S. Lor. Panis. Br. frutticolosa minuta.f Small oval pebbles, with tiny truffles. S. Agost. ; S. Ambrogio ; Conservator!. Br. gialla. Yellow pebbles on reddish purple, fleeced with white. Minerva ; Trast. Br. gialla fibrosa. Tiny gilded cream pebbles on ground of rich gold. Cap. Br. gialla rossastra. Reddish violet, covered with chips and pebbles of cream colour and brownish grey. 5. Croce ; S. Giov. Lat. ; S. Greg. ; S. M. Trast. t A gateway, theatre, and other Roman remains at Aosta are built entirely of this marble. It probably comes from the neigh- bourhood of Susa. ROMAN MARBLES. 83 Br. gialla e pavonazza. Yellow pebbles on violet ground. Cap. Br. gialla e nera. Very dark slate and faint clouded yellow. S. Carlo Cat. ; Cappuccini ; S. Pudenziana. Br. Gregoriana. White, flushed with bright rose. Ara Coeli ; Chiesa Nuova ; S. N. Arcioni. [Br. lionata. R. Brownish red, clouded with darker hue. Verona.] Br. marrone. Dark bricky red, with small lighter pebbles in many shades. 5. And. Valle ; Umilta. Br. minuta angolosa. Tiny light brown angular pebbles on reddish brown. S, M, Pace. Br. pavonazza. Large pebbles of white and lilac, evenly distributed. Purple on light brown and white. S. Eusebio ; Gesu Maria ; S. M. Monterone ; B. Rita. Borgia ; Sala Rcgia. Lilac and pure white long narrow pebbles on very dark violet ground. A good deal of light green. Ara Coeli. Castigliana. Pinkish white pebbles on broken ground of dark greyish purple. Minerva. 84 ROMAN MARBLES. Gilded handsome grey on very dark ground. 5. P. Vincoli. Br. pay. bianca. Nearly all white, with dark purple veins. 5. Seb. Br. pay. bigiastra. Greyish. S. M. Liberatrice. Br. pay. cioccolata. Chocolate, with small lilac pebbles, and dashes of coarse white (bruna B). Siiffragio. Br. pav. confuso. Medley of white, red, and purple. S. Adriano. Br. pay. grande. Large white oval pebbles on purple ground, very regular on distribution. S. Ignazio ; S. Pietro (Tribune). Br. pay. lineare. Very long greyish white stones on light lilac and violet ground. 5. Giac. Corso. Br. pay. livida. Bluish white pebbles. S. Paolo. Br. pay. minuta. Flushed white on pink , and purple. Pebbles very small. Ara Coeli ; Chiesa Nuova ; S. Giov. Genov. : Mns. A rch . Br. pay. reticolata. Netted. Pinkish white peb- bles on purple. Inscriptions. S. Bernardo (mottled violet and grey); 5. Don/. ROMAN MARBLES. 85 Sisto (grey pebbles on chocolate) ; S. Susanna (cream pebbles on broken ground of violet). Br. paY. rossastra. Galantina of violet, pink, purple, and white, with delicate veining. Albani. Br. pay. sfrangiata. Shattered yellowish white on light purple. S. Catarina Fun.; S. M. Angeli ; S. Pietro (Eras- mus). Br. pav. venata. White pebbles veined with purple. Crypt. Br. pav. traccagnina B. Brown, white, and pink. 5. Catarina ; S. Clemente. Br. pav. trac. minuta B. Similar, but tiny. S. Pietro (SS. Simon and Jude). Br. pav. verdiccia. Greenish hue. Brownish white pebbles on dark grey. S. M. Traspontina. Br. Quintilina. Tortoise-shell pebbles, with a few golden, green, and almost black, on shattered ground of greyish lilac. S. Catarina. Br. Quintilina dorata. Pinkish white, with a few minute pebbles of brown, and larger ones of brownish red, all tinged with gold. S. And. Voile; S.Doni.; S. Pudenziana. Br. Qu. biancastra. Flawed with white. 8. M. Maggiore ; Vittoria. 86 ROMAN MARBLES. Breccia rossa. Ground violet, rarely pink ; pebbles pink, violet, or reddish brown. S. Carlo Cat. ; S. M. Domnica ; Monserrato ; S. Pietro (S. Michele); S. Prisca; S.Salv.Lauro; S.Seb. Pallara ; S. Spirito ; S. Tomrnaso Cenci ; Vittoria. Camera. Br. rossa lumachellata. Pink, red, and purple, with a few white snails. S. Luigi. B. rossa minuta. Pebbles smaller. 5. Salv. Lauro. B. rossa poligonia. Large red and violet stones with parallel veins. Vittoria. B. rossa e gialla. Chocolate ground, powdered with white and crowded with angular bits of yellowish white. R. 5. Pietro. Br. rossa e gialla min. Tiny pebbles of yellowish brown and pinkish white on lilac ground flushed with rose. S. S. Lor. Panis. ; S. M. Maggiore ; Minerva. Br. rossa e gialla frantumata (smashed into frag- ments). S. M. Monti. Br. rossastra. Pink. 5. Greg. B. rossa SCUra. Colours less vivid. S. M. Aquiro. Br. di S. Ipolito. Modern. From quarries near Spoleto. The Church of S. Filippo in that city has four large columns veneered with it, and a handsome font of the same marble. Tiny pebblets of pink, brown, ROMAN MARBLES. 87 and yellow, evenly mixed, and about the size of peas. S. Onofrio ; SS. Vincenzo Anast. Borghese ; Terme. Br. di S. Ipolito grande. Similar, with rather larger pebbles of white and rose on pink. 5. Luigi. Br. di Serravezza. Yellowish white, inclining to pink, with purplish veins. Pebbles small, oblong or oval, and closely set. S. Lucia Gonfalone ; S. M. Liberatrice ; S. Prassede ; S. Pudenziana. Doria ; Mus. Torlonia. Br. di Ser. pallida. Colours less vivid. S. Anibrogio. Br. di Ser. pavonazza. White pebbles on lilac ground. S. M. Vittoria ; S. Martina ; S. Seb. ; Suffragio. Borghese ; Piazza di Spagna. Br. di Ser. persichina. Violet pebbles mixed with white ones, on lilac ground. 5. N. Tolentino. Br. di Ser. macchiata. Stained with less vivid colours. Doria. Br. di Ser. fiorita. Large and handsome blotches of lilac, purple, and yellowish white. Gesu. Br. di Ser. mandolata. Markings almond-shaped. 5. M. Angeli. Br. di Ser. nobile. Bright purple, with creamy pebbles and streaks of green. 5. Clemente. 88 ROMAN MARBLES. Br. di Simone (Rossa Apennina). Brick red, with pink pebbles and small white spots. Light brown on reddish brown. Ara Coeli ; Chiesa Nuova ; S. M. Scala ; S. Pietro (Greg.) ; S. P. Vincoli. Mus. Arch. Br. di Simone diasprato. Dark mottled brown and red, veined with white, and resembling jasper. S. Giov. Paolo. * Br. di Svezia. Brick red, with small white and pink spots. Albani. Br. verde. Dark green pebbles on crushed light green with a few white pebbles. S. Giac. Corso ; S. M. in Via. Br. verde di Egitto. Mr. Brindley found some quarries of this marble between Kossier and Koft, near Hamamat, in Egypt. Fragments of porphyry, granite, and various marbles, on ground of shattered greyish green. Gesil; S. And. delle Fratte; S. Paolo. Cand.; Cap.; Albani ; Mus. Torlonia. Br. verde di Egitto minuta. Similar, with smaller markings. S. Pietro Vincoli. Br. verde di Egitto porfiroide. Light green, with pebbles of dark green, pink, white, and greenish yellow. Dark longitudinal porphyry chips. Conservatori. Br. verde di Egitto scura. Green, powdered with ROMAN MARBLES. 89 gold and silver. Pebbles black, green, and pinkish grey. Apostoli ; V.Albani. Br. verde di Geneva. Metallic, and plentifully flawed with pure white. Cand. BRECCIA CORALLINA. This marble is named after its cement, which is usually of coral colour, though there is often very little of it, and sometimes none at all. The pebbles are most frequently red, pink, white, or yellow. Corallina antica. Bright coral red and pinkish white. Ara Coeli ; Minerva; S. M. Monserrato ; Trin. Pell. Borgia; Camera ; Octagon ; Rospigliosi : Villa Torlonia. Cor. brunastra. brownish cement ; crowded grey pebbles. 5. M. Via. Cor. carnina venata. Confusion of red, pink, and white. Scala Nobile ; Statues. Cor. di Cori. Dull pink and brown, shattered, and flawed with greenish grey ; easily distinguished from the ancient species. Divina Pieta ; Scala Nobile. Cor. giallognola. Yellow, veined with brown. 5. Giov. Lat. Cor. giallastra B. Transparent, with network of brown and gold. 5. M. Maggiore. Cor. grande. Markings very large. 6'. Prisca. Cor. lionata. Dark and bricky. 6\ Lor. Lucina. gO ROMAN MARBLES. Cor. lumacata B. Suspicion of snails. S. Giov. Lat. Cor. minuta. Very small crowded and confused pinkish white angular fragments on grey streaked ground. Vittoria. Cor. min. nuvolata. Similar, but clouded. V. Borghese. Cor. nuvolata. Clouded pinkish yellow, with no visible cement. Borghese. Cor. pallida. Confused creamy white pebbles on broken lilac ground. Gesd ; S. Giov. Lat. ; S. M. Liberatrice ; S. M. Trust. Cor. pall, minuta. Pinkish grey on lilac, with white streaks. 5. Ant. Port.; S. M. Itria. Cor. pall, nuvolosa. Pale pink, beautifully flushed with cloud lines of darker hue, and streaked with purple and green. S. Giov. Fior. Cor. pall, venata. Light pink, delicately veined and netted with reddish purple. S. Sisto. Cor. pavonazza. Light grey pebbles on lilac. 5. Eusebio. Cor. pav. min. Pebbles very small. 5. Lor. Panis. Cor. paY. pallida. Similar, with faint colours. S. Lor. Fontc. ROMAN MARBLES. 9! Cor. pav. scura. Dark purple with flesh-coloured pebbles. 5. Croce. Borghese. Cor. policroma. Red, rose, white, and grey. Pebbles small. 5. Luigi ; S, Marco. Cor. rosea. Small even stones of red, white, and grey. Gesu ; Terrne. Cor. rosea pallida. Pale red, with tinge of yellow. 5. Isidore. Cor. rossa. Pinkish white, on very bright red ground rivered with purple. 5. Susanna ; Vittoria. Cor. rossa scura. Cement very dark dull red, peb- bles pink. S. Lor. Fonte. Cor. rossa e gialla. Yellowish pebbles on red ; pebbles pink. S. Greg. ; Hospital of S. Giov. Cor. rossastra dorata. Gilded pebbles on pink. S. M. Orto. Cor. schietta. Closely set pebbles of brownish red, lilac, violet, and pink. S. M. Orto. Cor. scura. Angular grey pebbles on broken chocolate ground. S. Dom. Sisto ; Chiesa Nuova. Cor. venata. Pebbles plentifully veined with red. Gesii, <)2 ROMAN MARBLES. Cor. violacea. Violet with pink pebbles. S. Bibiana. Stat. Cor. violacea dorata. Rose, violet, and flesh colour, with patches of yellow. 5. Prassede. Cor. violetta giallastra. Drab pebbles on lilac .ground. S. M. Angeli ; S. P. Vincoli. BRECCIA DI SETTEBASI. Settebasi bianca (see p. 24). Almost pure white, with faint stains of blood red. M. Torlonia. S. biancastra. Pure chalky white, with veins of gold and greenish grey. Albani. S. bigia. Fine network of very pale yellow and purple, with small pebbles of dark red and grey. 5. Pietro (Wenceslaus) ; Tor de 1 Specchi. S. bigia giallastra. Grey, with tinge of yellow. Cap. S. bigia principe. Lilac white, mapped and streaked with coast lines. 5. Stef. Rotondo ; * S. Carlo Cat. ; S. Giov. Fior. B. S. bruna giallastra. Yellowish brown. >S. Stef. Rotondo. Pal. Attempt. S. cupo. Very dark violet. 5. Paolo. * S. dorata. Large stones of white, pink, and grey, on chocolate ground, smeared with gold. Ara Coeli ; S. Bernardo ; S. Carlo Cat. ; S. Giov. ROMAN MARBLES. gj Lat. ; S. Ignazio ; S. M. Minerva ; Pace ; Scala ; Vergini ; S. N. Tolentino ; S. Onofrio ; S. Silv. Quir.; Suffragio. * S. gatteggiante. Cream colour, clotted purple,, and yellow, with blood streaks and transparent white.. S. Anastasia ; S. Brigida ; S. Catarina ; S. Donu Sisto. Albani ; Siciliana. S. gialla B. Ivory cream, and yellow linear pebbles- on rivered lilac ground. Gesu ; S. M. Vittoria ; Statues. S. mandolata. Small pattern ; almond-shaped pebbles ; tinge of orange. 5. Eustachio ; S. M. Angeli. S. pavonazza. Pinkish white, or light grey pebbles,, on dark purple ground. ChiesaNuova; S.M.Domnica; Montesanto ; Scala- S.Paolo; Suffragio. S. pav. angolosa B. Yellowish white and pink ort chocolate. S. M. Traspontina. S. pay. confusa. Confused markings ; flush of pink. 5. M. Angeli. S. pay. fiorita. Very linear and minute violet and cream, flushed with gold. 5. N. Arcioni ; S. Paolo. S. persichina B. Yellowishf^brown pebbles on faint lilac. 5. Luigi. 94 ROMAN MARBLES. S. policroma. Bright green stains on the white. 5. Clemente ; S. M. Maggiore ; S. Pietro (Greg.). S. poligonia B. Flesh-coloured white pebbles, angular in form, divided by purple lines. B. N. S. rossa. Parallel veins of rose, pink, violet, and white. S. Pietro (Simon and Jude). S. rossastra. Grey and yellow, with flush of pink. Chiesa Nuova ; S. Stef. Cacco. S. rossa schiacciata. Crushed. S. Isidore. * S. venata (principe). Bluish white, veined with purplish grey and netted with gold. 5. Giov. Fonte ; Maddalena ; Braschi. S. verde B. Tinge of green. Fontana dei Termini. S. violacea. Grey and lilac. S. Giov. Lat. BRECCIA A SEMESANTO. Semesanto pavonazzo (see p. 24). Sharply defined and very minute pebbles, splashed crossways with angular spots of paint. S. Giov. Paolo ; S. Lor. Lucina ; S. M. Minerva ; Vittoria; S. Pietro Vincoli ; S. Stef. Cacco. S. pav. minuto. Chocolate ground, with minute pebbles of faint lilac, mostly parallel, and very closely ROMAN MARBLES. 95 set. A few irregularly streaked pebbles of pale pink. S. Lor. Miranda ; S. M. Maggiore. S. pav. pallido B. Clouded pebbles of lilac and grey. Egypt. S. giallo. Similar in form, but brownish yellow. S. Alessio; S. Giov. Fior.; S. M. Anima; Minerva; Vittoria ; S. N. Tolentino ; S. Pietro (Confession). Semesantone bigio. Pebblets grey, and a little larger. 5. Agata Goti. S. pavonazzo. Lilac. S. Onofrio ; S. Silv. Quir. S. rosso. Flushed with red. 5. Onofrio ; Albani. BRECCIA TRACCAGNINA. Belli calls this species policroma, because of its great variety of brilliant colours ; but this feature is shared by so many other marbles that I have thought it best to retain the name adopted by Corsi (p. 23). Traccagnina angolosa. Pebbles angular. S.Paolo. T. bruna dorata. General hue, gilded brown. .S. Giov. Lat. 96 ROMAN MARBLES. T. chiara. Colours less vivid. Vittoria. T. confusa. Markings indistinct. S. Giov. Paolo. T. disfatta. Shattered ground of pinkish white ; pebbles red, lilac, and striped grey. Doria. T. fiorita. Dark galantina with truffles, on reddish yellow clay. * Cap. Cream-coloured and grey pebbles on flushed lilac. Torlonia Corso. T. gialla. Fine network of brownish yellow, en- closing tiny pebbles of transparent white, red, pink, brown, and greenish gold. S. M. Angeli. T. lumachellata. Suspicion of snails. S. Ens- tachio. T. minuta. Markings small. 5. Sabina ; S. Stanislao. T. minuta. Red, with small pebbles of white, pink, and violet. S. M. Vittoria. T. pav. rossastra. Pinkish purple. 5. Spirt to Sassia. T. pistacchina scura. Dark purple, with clouded crushed pebbles of white, faint lilac, and yellowish green. S. M. Traspontina (3rd Chapel rt. R.). ROMAN MARBLES. 97 T. policroma. Red, pink, bluish slate, and a good deal of white. * S. Bernardo. T. principe. White, violet, greenish pink, and red, on purple ground. S. Adriatic; S. Cecilia; S. Carlo Cat.; S. Dom. Sisto ; S. M. Liberatrice ; S. M. Scala ; S. M. Via. Borghese. T. principe minuta. Grey, violet, purple, and rose. S. Catarina ; * S. M. Orazione ; S. Pudenziana ; Vittoria. T. rossa. Medley of red, pink, white, and bluish slate. 5. Susanna. * T. rossa lumachellata. Pink, brown, and gilded greenish pebbles on red ground. Terme. T. rossastra. Brownish red, with a few pebbles of pure white. Ara Coeli ; Gesii. T. rossastra. Brick red, with grey and pink pebbles. Chiesa Nuova. T. sanguigna. Greyish brown and lilac, stained with blood red. 5. M. Popolo. T. violetta minuta. Tiny pebbles on lilac ground. 5. Catarina; Monte Santo; 5. Salv. Lauro. ROSSO BRECCIATO. MARMOR LYDIUM. From Lydia in Asia Minor. 7 98 ROMAN MARBLES. Rosso brecciato schietto. Bright red, with cloudy white spots. S. Angela Pesch. ; S. Luigi ; S. Pietro (Confession) ; S. P. Vincoli ; S. Rocco. Cand. R. br. minuto. White spots, small and rosy. 5. M. Maggiore ; Minerva; Monti; Traspontina ; S. Michele in Borgo. Braschi. R. br. bruno. Brownish red, with white pebbles. S. And. Quir. R. br. confuso. Mixed purple, violet, and white. A Item ps. R. br. lumachellato. Fragments of shells. 5. Seb. R. br. scuro. Dark clotted purple, with tiny round pebbles of white and rose. Spots of white paint. 5. Croce. BROCCATELLONE.f Cream-coloured pebbles on lilac ground, tinged with yellow. 5. A gostino ; S. Alessio ; S. And. Valle ; S. Cesareo; S. Eusebio; S. Giov. Fior.; S. Gir. Carita; S. M. Via; Minerva; S. Onofrio; S.Paolo TreFont.; S. Tommaso in Formis. Torlonia Corso. Br. rosso. Red more prominent and vivid. Altemps. Br. rosso e giallo. Pale yellow and gold, with un- equal pebbles of bluish rose. Pale cream on lilac, smeared with gold and purple. Ara Coeli. t So called from a very superficial resemblance to Broccatello. ROMAN MARBLES. 99 Br. giallo. Yellow hue predominating. 5. Prassede. Br. chiaro. Colours very pale. Terme. Br. pavonazzo. Cream and violet pebbles on lilac ground, with flush of pinkish brown. S. Catarina ; S. M. Trast. Occhio di Pernice. Imitation of drab oysters,! with red eyes, on brick-red ground. Violet with lines of yellowish white, lichen of yellowish green, and incon- spicuous eyes. 5. Lor. Lucina ; Suffragio. VII. AFFRICANO. AFFRICANO. MARMOR CHIUM. From the Island of Chios. It is called African because of its dusky hue. Black, green, grey, purple, and bronze, in form of large pebbles ; colours always strongly pronounced. 5. Agost. ; S. Angela Peso.; S. Fr. Ripa ; Gesu ; S. Giov. Lat. ; S. M. Cosm.; Consolazione ; Mag- giore ; Tre Fontane ; Trin. Pell. Affr. bigio. Grey, with a few stains of reddish brown. Uniform clouding of dark and light mottled grey. 5. Giac* Corso; S. Giov. Fior.; S. Pietro; Sacristy. A. bigio fior. Bluish grey and white, smeared with blood red, Mus, Arch. t Not a shell-marble. IOO ROMAN MARBLES. A. bigio scuro. Colours all dusky and dull. S. Salv. Laura. A. b. venato. Black, sparingly veined with grey. 5. Croce Lucchesi ; S. Giov. Fonte. A. bronzato. Metallic hue. SS. Nereo Ach. A. carnino. Flesh coloured, in the red shades. 5. Gir. Carita. A. coralline. Bright coral red. Gesu. A. cor. piritifero. Black, with rose, coral red, and sulphate of iron. Chiesa Nuova. A. cor. zonale. Interrupted zones of white, grey, yellow, and vivid coral red. 5. And. Valle. Octagon. A. disfatto. Crumbling to pieces. 5. Salv. Onda ; Scala Santa. A. fiorito. Handsome mixture of bright red, black, and purple. S. M . Orto ; Busts. A. giallognolo. Grey or greenish yellow, with marks of yellowish red. 5. Cecilia. A. lumacato. -Small white snails and fragments of shells. 5. Sabina. A. nero. General hue black. S.Bernardino; SS. Nereo Ach.; S. Pudenziana ; S. Silv. Quir. * A. nero brecciato. Jet black with pebbles of dark violet and dull crimson. S. Apollinare ; S. Venanzio. ROMAN MARBLES. IOI A. nero ondato. Black, with greyish lines mean- dering between fragments of red and grey. S. Cecilia ; S. Pietro. A. nero quarzifero. Black, yellowish, and flesh colour, with veins of white quartz and rose. 5. Pietro. A. nero sanguigno. Black, with triangular patches of blood red. Trin. Monti. A. pavonazzo. Lightish grey, lilac, and rose. Dark ash, with purplish red and greyish white stains. 5. Spirito ; Vittoria. Albani. A. pav. giallastro. Purple, with tinge of yellow. Suffragio. A. pezzato. Piebald grey and black, with reddish pebbles. 5. Seb. * A. principe. Black, dashed with white and pink. Tiny vivid pebbles of crimson. Borghese ; Cap. ; Torlonia. A. rosso. Greenish brown, with large red stains, and traces of white shells. Pantheon; S. Spirito ; Vittoria. A. rossastro. Rosy grey with pebbles of bluish grey and spotted crimson. 5. M . Pace. A. rosso brecciato. Reddish brown with angular or parallel stains of red and grey. S. Cecilia ; Temple of Concord. A. rosso conchigliare. Bright red rivered with grey and splashed with greyish white snails. Vittoria. IO2 ROMAN MARBLES. A. rosso erborizzato. Grey with stains of flesh colour and lichen of blood red. 5. Giov. Lat. A. sanguigno. Pinkish white pebbles stained with blood red and rivered with purplish grey. Divino Amore ; S. Lor. Fonte ; S. M. Maggiore ; S. Pantaleo. A. S. confuso. Similar, but with indistinct outlines. 5. Ambrogio. A. schiacciato. Smashed into fragments. S. Pietro (Processo). A. venato. Veined with white. V. Mattel. A. violetto. General hue violet. 5. Paolo- Regola. A. Y. venato. Violet, veined with white. Cand. A. verde. Bluish green with fragments of pure green and stains of flushed grey. S. Calisto ; SS. Nereo Ach. ; Sacristy; S. Stef. Rotondo ; Vittoria. Mus. Torlonia. A. Y. bigiastro. Greyish green. Vittoria. A. Y. lumachellato. Bronzed green with tiny frag- ments of pearly shells. S. Crisogono. A. Y. picchiettato. Green, punctured with black. Octagon. A. Y. rossastro. Green, flushed with pink. S. Luigi. ROMAN MARBLES. 103 VIII. ALABASTERS. ALABASTRO ANTICO. MARMOR ALABASTRUM. Said to have been first brought from quarries among the Theban hermitages in Egypt, whose corrupted name it bears. Most of the following species are oriental, a few only being native. Ancient alabaster is a true marble, and differs entirely in nature and formation from the ala- baster of modern science (see p. 25). Its varieties are so infinite that I have raised five of the generally accepted species to the rank of genera, for convenience of classification. Al. agatino. Very beautiful crystal white stained with rosy pink and veined with the same hues. Stat. B. ; Cap. Al. ametista. Pinkish white clouds edged with wavy purple in curly lines. Tinges of brown and green. S. Lucia Gonfalone ; S. Pantaleo. Al. ametista dendritico. Delicate lilac hue, with foliated lines of darker shade. 5. M. Maggiore ; Montesanto ; S. Silv. Quir. Al. ametistino violetto. White, beautifully foliated with purple, and tinged with yellow and red. S. Lor. Panisperna. Al. biancastro. Uniform transparent bluish and faint brownish white in ribbons. Albani.' Al. bianco. Transparent gum, with light streaks of white. 104 ROMAN MARBLES. 5. Bibiana ; S. Giov. Fonte ; Sacristy. B. N. ; Borghese. Al. bianco a nuvole. Faint brownish white and greyish brown with chalky bluish cloud lines. 5S. Dom. Sisto ; S. N. Tolentino. Al. bianco ondato. Highly crystallised white, with wavy lines of soiled opaque white. Mus. Arch. Al. bigio dorato. Gilded grey. 5. Catarina. Al. brunastro fiorito. Brownish, flushed with rose and yellow. 5. Giov. Lat. Al. brunastro ondato. Brownish, with wavy lines. 5. M. Vittoria. Al. bruno. Brown. 5. Ainbrogio. Al. bruno pallido ondato. Light brown, with wavy lines. 5. Luca. Al. bruno rossastro. Reddish brown. Chiesa Nuova ; S. Prassede. Al. bruno rossastro listato. Reddish brown, streaked. Cand. Al. cenerino fortezzino. Clouded grey foliated with dark grey and veined with orange and reddish brown. 5. Marco. * Al. cipollino. Parallel lines of green, black, and pink. Montesanto. Al. dorato. Brilliant mapping of orange, violet, and pink. Mottled and foliated yellowish brown with blue and white spots. 5. Giov. Genov.; S. M. Vittoria. Cand. ROMAN MARBLES. 105 Al. eburneo. Faint lemon white, with fine pithy wood grain. Gesil. Al. fiorito. i. Faint quince, finely striated with pink, rose, and brownish grey. 2. White, flushed with violet, mapped and circled with yellowish brown. 3. Mapping of rose, pink, and yellowish purple. 4. Pink and yellow, mottled and veined with gum. (All the above varieties are common.) 5. Lichen of violet and gold, with veins of trans- parent greenish gum. Animali. Al. fior. brecciato. Rose, red, pink, and yellow, in breccia form. Albani. Al. fior. giallo B. Prevailing colour yellow. S. Greg. Al. fior. listato. Close parallel veins of lilac and yellowish brown. S. Catarina ; SS. Doin. Sisto ; Minerva. Vertical parallel veins of brownish red, rose, pink, and yellow. S. Giov. Paolo; S. Silv. Quir. Busts. Al. fior. pay. * Orange, purple, lilac, and cream colour. Etruscan Mus. Al. fior. melleo B. Honey colour, flushed with pink and orange. 5. Cecilia. IO6 ROMAN MARBLES. Al. fior. muscoso B. Mossy. S. And. Valle. Al. fior. spezzato B. Shattered rose, pink, yellow, and white. 5. Giac. Corso. Al. fior. venato. i. Lichen of pinkish brown, with broad streaks of yellow. 2. Veined rose and yellow. 3. Brownish red, yellow, and pinkish white. (All these are common.) t Al. fortezzino. Transparent gum and wavy islands of chalky white edged with light brown. S. Carlo Cat.; SS. Dom. Sisto ; S. Ignazio. Rosy white streaked with pure white and yellowish brown. 5. M. Maggiore ; Vittoria ; S. Rocco. Al. fort, lumachellato B. Zigzag markings of white and brownish grey. Suspicion of shells. Gesii ; Vittoria . Al. fort, occhiuto. Light quince, zigzagged with chalky white, light brown, and grey. S. Marti no. Al. a giaccione. Transparent white, with texture of sugar candy. S. Lor. Borgo B. ; Altieri ; Borghese ; Busts; Cap. Al. a giaccione rossastro. Similar, with flush of pink. Cnnd. Al. giallastro nuYolato. Clouded yellow. Chiesa Nuova. ROMAN MARBLES. lOy Al. giallo brecciato. Yellow, with blotches re- sembling pebbles. S. Anastasia. Al. giallo fiorito. Yellow, flushed with red. Cand. Al. giallo listato. Narrow bands of pink, violet, lilac, white, and brown. Annunziata ; S. Catarina; Gesu Maria. Borghese. Al. giallognolo. Brownish yellow, clouded with lighter shade. S. And. Valle ; Albani ; Barberini. Al. listato. Parallel lines of pink, brown, white, and yellow. Cand. Al. listato verdiccio. Similar, with greenish hue. Scnola Castigliana. * Al. marino. Transparent brownish white with lines of pure opaque white, and hair strokes of purple and yellowish brown. 5. And. Valle; Gesu; S. Cecilia. Al. marino dorato. Gilded. 5. M. Popolo. Al. melleo. Uniform pale brownish yellow, finely mottled and dotted with black. Albani . Al. melleo cupo (listato). Petrified fine maple grain, with parallel veins. S. Dorotea. Al. melleo fiorito (di rosa). Honey-coloured, with flush of rose. 5. Isidoro ; SS. Nereo Ach. ; S. Sabina. IO8 ROMAN MARBLES. Al. melleo listato. Honey-coloured, finely striated with pink, rose, and grey. 5. Catarina ; S. Lor.^Borghese ; Cand. * Al. melleo nuvolato. Honey -coloured, with cloud lines of purple. S. M. Maggiore ; Quattro Coron. * Al. melleo rossiccio. Bright orange mottled with pinkish brown, pink and honey. S. M . Traspontina ; S. Pietro (Girolamo). Al. a nuvole. Snow-white patched with lemon and mapped with curved parallel veins of transparent white and brown, bordered with cords of light brown. 5. Marco ; Vittoria ; S. Pietro (Confession). Al. nuvolato bruno. Brown, with cloud lines. 5. Vitale. Al. OCChiuto. White and grey, with concentric mappings of yellow, rose, and white. Gesil ; S. Carlo Cat.; S. Lor. in Lucina ; S. Rocco. Al. ad onice. Grey, pink, violet, and white. S. Catarina ; 5. Carlo Cat. ; Minerva ; Scala ; Vittoria. Al. onichino. Grey and opaque white, slightly zigzag. S. Croce ; Gesil Maria ; S. Ignazio ; S. P. Vincoli; S. Prassede ; S. Pietro (Confession). Cand. Al. onichino fiorito. Similar, with flush of yellow. Trin. Pell. Al. onichino rossastro. Similar, with flush ot pink. Cand. ROMAN MARBLES. KX) Al. orientale oleoso B. Yellow and cream in many shades. S. Salv. Lauro. Al. pav. occhiuto. Lilac, with circlets. S. Catarina. Al. perlaceo B. Pearly transparent white, with parallel veins of gum. 5. Giov. Fonte. Al. pomato. Brownish white, with clouds of whiter hue and streaks of brown. S. Clemente ; S.Susanna. Al. a rosa. Pale yellow blotched with pink and white. Vittoria ; S. P. Vincoli ; S. Pudenziana ; S. Silv* Quir. Borghese. Al. a rosa carnicino. Raw beef ; parallel veins of dark red and yellow. S. Cecilia (corniolino). Al. a rosa cinabrino fasciato B.R. Parallel veins of red, orange, white, and yellow, t Gesii. * Al. a rosa confuso. Blotches of rose, ill-defined in outline. 5. Onofrio. Al. a rosa dendritico. Red, with marks like the outline of a tree. S.Seb. Al. a rosa florito. Roundish handsome blotches and veins of crimson. S. M. Maggiore. Al. a rosa giallo. Bright yellow blotched with rose. S. Gregorio. Al. a rosa listato. Bands of flaky transparent f Probably a jasper. IIO ROMAN MARBLES. white edged with gold, and opaque white flushed with rose. 5. And. Valle ; S. Catarina ; Vittoria. Cap. Narrow bands of rose, pink, lilac, violet, and trans- parent grey. 5. And. Valle. Al. a rosa nuvolato dorato. Mottled red and white, foliated with orange. Ara Coeli ; S. Cecilia. Al. a rosa ranciato. Fine parallel streaks of very opaque coral and white. S. Pietro (Madonna). Al. a rosa sfrangiato. Bands of white with inter- rupted rose marks. S. And. Valle ; Cand. * Al. a rosa venato. Veined rose colour. S. Onofrio. Al. rosso. Clouded white and cinnabar pink. Gesu ; S. Silv. Quir. Borghese. Al. rosso fortezzino. Two shades of red, spots oi white, and blotches of orange. S. Lor. Fonte. Al. rosso nuvolato. Clouded red. 5. Spirito. Al. rosso e giallo. Dark yellow spotted and patched with rose. Ara Coeli; S. Giov. Lat. ; S. Salv. Lauro ; S. Pietro (Sebastiano). Al. rosso e giallo listato. Red and yellow in parallel lines. S. Croce Lucchesi ; S. Michele Borgo ; S. Silv. Quir. Al. rossastro. Very fine flaky mottled violet, pink, and rose. 5. M. Angeli. Al. rossastro venato. Pinkish, with veins of red, violet, and yellow. Doria. ROMAN MARBLES. Ill Al. rossiccio. Narrow bands of rose, pink, violet, and transparent grey. Ara Coeli. Al. venato. Crystallised flaky white veined with red and brown. Chiaramonti. Al. yerde giallognolo. Greenish gum flushed with reddish yellow, and full of crystal. Cap. A Y. listato. Highly crystallised flaky uniform greenish white. 5. Catarina. Al. Yerdognolo. Uniform transparent pale greenish gum, tinged with pink and yellow. 5. Agnesefuori; Busts. A. Y. cupo B. Similar, but darker green. Cap. A. Y. chiaro B. Green very faint and transparent. B.N.; Cap. Al. Yioletto listato. Shades of violet, in narrow stripes. 5. Croce. MODERN SPECIES. Al. di Civitavecchia. Streaked in wavy lines of pink and light brown, plentifully knotted with pure white. Rather coarse. S. Onofrio ; Cand. Striated brown, red, and yellow, with faint spots of white. 5. Eligio. Busts. Al. di Karnak. Yellow, close grained ; sometimes stained with red, mottled white, or spotted with brown. Egypt. Al. di Montauto. Brown in various shades, finely 112 ROMAN MARBLES. striated and mottled, with general appearance of petrified timber. 5. Crisogono ; S. Silv. Quir. Borgliese. Al. di Montauto nuvolato. Similar, but clouded. Stimulate. Al. del Monte Circeo. Brownish, veined ; here and there patched with gummy white. Masks. * Al. di Orte. Sugar candy. 6\ Pietro (Confession) ; Busts ; Cand. ALABASTRO COTOGNINO. Cotognino arancio. Whity-brown flushed with orange and lined with chalky white or yellowish brown. 5. Cl audio. C. arancio listato. Streaked orange. Cand. C. bianco. Uniform transparent white. Library. C. bianco listato. Transparent white, with narrow bands. Borghese. C. bianco Yenato. Veined transparent white. Cand. C. chiaro. Similar, but more transparent. 5. Ignazio. C. cupo. Dark quince. Borghese. C. dendritico. Dark grey lichen on mottled gum. S. And. Valle. C. listato. Narrow lines of chalky white. Borghese. C. a nuvole. Quince lined with chalky white. 5. M. Angeli ; S. Silv. Quir.; S. Venanzio. ROMAN MARBLES. 113 C. principe. Brownish yellow, mottled and honey- combed, with streaks and patches of chalky white. 5. Benedetto ; S. Lor. Fuori ; S. Lor. Damaso ; S. M. Maggiore ; S. Paolo ; Trin. Monti. C. venato. Chalky-white sago and light gum, veined with pink. 5. N. Carcere ; S. Paolo, Statues. C. Yerdiccio. Light green transparent gum, tinged with yellow. Cap. ALABASTRO DI PALOMBARA. Named from a Villa outside the Porta Pia where it was first found. It always contains more or less of solid opaque white. Palombara bianco listato. Pure chalky white, finely ribboned with yellowish brown. S. Bernardo. Pal. brunastro. Lichen of pinkish brown, mapped and waved with light brown and bordered with dark lines. 5. Carlo Cat. Pal. dendritico. Parallels of opaque ivory or bluish white, violet, and pinkish brown. S. Fr. Ripa ; S. Paolo ; S. Spirito. Pal. eburneo. Ivory white. 5. Isidoro. Pal. fasciato. Broad band of ivory veined with delicate strokes of pink and brown. S. M . Traspontina ; S. Prassede. 8 114 ROMAN MARBLES. Pal. listato. Fine parallel lines of brown, pink, lilac, and green. Colours dull. Common. 5. Pietro. Pal. listato fiorito. Light brown, with islands of darker shade and chocolate coast line. S. Lor. Lucina. Pal. pavonazzo. Striated lilac, yellowish brown, and white. Pantheon. Pal. rigato. Similar, with lines more decided and firm. Trin. Pell. Pal. rossastro. Pinkish brown lichen, veined with opaque white. 5. Gius. Capo le Case. Pal. rosso listato. Straight parallel lines of chalky white, light brown, and gum. Part mottled with pink lichen. S. N. Tolentino. Pal. tartarugato B. Opaque white, with foliage of tortoise-shell. S. Catarina. Pal. violetto. Light chalky violet with veins and cross lines of earthy brown. 5. Giac. Corso ; Vittoria. ALABASTRO SARDONICO. * Sardonico bianco. Very light hue. 5. Alessio. Sard, bruno. Opaque purple and yellowish brown. Animali. ROMAN MARBLES. 115 Sard, chiaro. Transparent gum. 5. Onofrio. Sard, giallo e rosso. Glue, tinged with yellow and red. 5. Pudenziana. Sard, listato. Glue and gum, in wavy lines. 5. Catarina ; Vittoria. Sard, macchiato. Light mottled brown gum spotted with chalky white. SS. Dom. Sisto. Sard, nuvolato. Clouded. S. M. Montesanto. Sard, occhiuto chiaro. Glue, with large eyes of lighter shade. S. Giov. Paolo. Sard, ondato. Mottled toffy brown with wavy streaks of lighter hue. S. And. Valle ; SS. Dom. Sisto. Sard, pomato. Mottled gum and glue. S. Ignazio. Sard, a rosa. Tinge of pink, in pools. S. M. Popolo ; Mus. Torlonia. Sard, a rosa nuvolato. Tinge of pink, in clouds. S. Ignazio ; S. M. Maggiore ; Umilta. Sard, scuro. Dark sugar candy glue and trans- parent gum. S. Martina ; S. P. Vincoli ; S. Seb. * Sard, tartarugato agatino. Glue, with irregular tortoise-shell markings. 5. Calisto. S. t. giallo. Veined rose and yellow. Animali. Il6 ROMAN MARBLES. Sard, tartarugato scuro. Dark coffee brown, slightly veined. S. And. Valle; SS. Dom. Sisto. ALABASTRO A TARTARUGA. Tartaruga brunastro. Oblique parallel veins ; three shades of brown. R. S. Greg. ; S. Gir. Carita ; Scala Santa. T. fiorito. Finely lichened violet, brown, or white, on yellow or lilac. S. Catarina ; S. Marco. T. giallastro. - Yellowish brown veined and lichened with violet and greyish red. 5. M. Vittoria ; Borghese. T. giallo e rosso. Veins of brownish yellow and mottled pinkish brown. S. M. Liberatrice ; Scala; S. Rocco. Cap. T. listato. Minutely striated yellowish brown and purple, with streaks of faint brown lichen. 5. And. Valle ; S. Cat. Funari. T. pallido. Pale tortoise-shell. Vittoria. T. pallido occhiuto. Similar, with small eyes. S. Isidoro. T. rigato. Tortoise-shell, in parallel lines. 5. Lor. in Lucina. T. rosso. Tortoise-shell, with red tinge. S. Marco. ALABASTRO A PECORELLA. Pecorella carnino B. Flesh colour. Octagon (in part). ROMAN MARBLES. I iy P. dorato. Flushed pinkish white patched with lichen of dark red, slightly tinged with gold. Octagon (in part). P. listato. Disposition to parallel lines. 5. Salv. Lauro. P. minuto. Fleecy mottling very fine and even. 5. Pietro (Petronilla). P. min. nUYOlato. Clouded fleece, small in texture. S. Cecilia. P. pallido. Pale fleecy marks. vS. M. Traspontina. P. a POsa. Bands of rosy transparent white mixed with fleecy mottlings. Agonizzanti : Minerva ; S. Paolo Tre Fontane ; S. P. Vincoli. P. sanguigno. Flush of blood red. 5. Giac, Corso. IX. JASPERS, AGATES, AND PRECIOUS STONES. JASPIS. The Romans obtained jasper from Scythia, Cyprus, and Egypt, but there is very little left of their importation. Though exceedingly difficult to define, true jasper may be easily recognised by the hard solid texture and well-defined colours of its surface, which is always more or less veined or circled with some transparent stone, usually agate. The only other marble with which it can be confounded is Il8 ROMAN MARBLES. ancient alabaster, which always betrays at once its stalagmitic formation. Very beautiful fragments of jasper are occasionally found on the gradino of a rich altar, or among the decorations of its tabernacle. Sicilian jasper does not in the least resemble the marble after which it is named, and is for the most part very coarse and gaudy. ACHATES. Corsi describes twelve species of agate, but gives only two examples for identification, which I have retained. The name is derived from a river in Sicily, near which the mineral was first found. Tiny bits of agate may sometimes be found among the richly veined alabasters. A few other stones are mentioned on the authority of Corsi, and because he gives an example of them ; but they do not properly form any part of our present subject. Diaspro giallo. Patches of yellow, in various shades. S. M. Scala ; Scuoln Castigliana. D. infimo. Pale pink, with a good deal of flint grey and white, and bluish flaws. S. Marco ; S. Pietro. D. Lisimaco. Dark greenish black, blotched with gold, and a few spots of blue. * Cand. D. listato. Veined crimson, pink, and white. 5. And. Valle. D. pavonazzo. Patches of purple. Minerva* ROMAN 7 MARBLES. Iig D. POSSO. Brilliant crimson, mapped with duller tints. S. Martina. D. r. venato. Bright red, veined with white and transparent blue. * Cand. D. r. brecciato. Crimson, with patches of pink or yellowish red, like pebbles. Minerva : S. Paolo. D. rosso dendritico. Red, with lines resembling foliage. Vittoria. D. r. e giallo. Crimson, mapped and streaked with yellow. 5. M. Itria. D. r. e verde. Red and green in blotches, stained with crystal white. Cand. D. r. listato. Crimson, with parallel bands. 5. Stef. Rotondo. D. tenero di Sicilia. Red, unburnt brick colour, and a little green. SS. Dom. Sisto ; S. Pietro. D. t. conchigliare. The same, densely crowded with small white snails, each of which has a brownish red eye. S. Ant. Port. ; SS. Dom. Sisto. D. verdastro rigato. Greenish, with finely drawn bands. 5. Pietro (Sebastiano). D. verde. Yellowish green. 5. N. Tolentino ; S. Stef. Cacco ; S. Stef. Rotondo. D. Y. e giallo. Green and yellow. 5. Sabina. Legno pietrificato. Many shades of green, brown, and yellow, in parallel bands like timber grain. * 5. M. Maggiore. I2O ROMAN MARBLES. L. p. Yerde. Similar, with green as the prevailing hue. Vittoria. Agata cotognina. Pure transparent quince. Library. A. rossa. Brilliant red. Vittoria. A. zaffirina. Transparent bluish white. Kirch. Mus. Corniola. Semi-transparent, with hue of pome- granate. Kirch. Mus. Gristallo iridato. Sparkling white (rock-crystal). Sacristy. Library. Niccolo. White agate, surrounded by a ring of reddish brown. Kirch. Mus. Pietra di Labradore. From the Island of St. Paul, off the coast of Labrador in Newfoundland. It is chiefly composed of feldspar, in translucent flakes. Dark mottled blue and brown, with metallic hue of shot silk on the surface, displaying beautiful colours. * Library. LAPIS LAZZULI. LAPIS CYANUS. A silicate of soda, lime, and alumina, with probably sulphate of iron and sodium. When powdered and washed it becomes Ultramarine. The best kinds are said to be found in Scythia and China. Bright blue, with pools and streaks of lighter shade Gesu. ROMAN MARBLES. 121 Lapis Lazzuli macchiato. Surface broken into irregular patches of white. 5. Catarina ; S. Pietro Vincoli. L. 1. SCUro. Very dark blue almost black. 5. Paolo. MALACHITE. MOLOCHITES. Green carbonate of copper, formed by a cupriferous solution which has deposited its residue in a stalagmitic form. The ancients obtained it from Arabia and China, but it is now found in Sweden and Siberia. Bright green, mapped in concentric circles and other figures. S. Paolo. PLASMA DI SMERALDO. SMARAGDUS CYPRIUS. From Cyprus; also found sparingly in the Tyrol. Semi-transparent mottled bluish grey, with flaws of chalky white. 5. And. delle Fratte ; S. And. Valle. SPATO FLUORE ANTICO. MURRHA. Used for making cups by the Romans, and very highly esteemed. It was brought chiefly from Parthia. Pale yellow, fringed with greyish green, on a ground of violet, white, and azure. Gesu ; S. M. Maggiore ; S. Pietro. S. f. listato. Similar, but banded. 5. Onofrio. 122 ROMAN MARBLES. X. ARENACEOUS AND CALCAREOUS STONES. Calcarea bigia. Chalky white, with numerous grey fragments resembling snails. 5. Marco; S. Pictro ; S. Crisogono ; Gesii e Maria. Calcarea gialliccia di Egitto. B. Yellowish white, with marks of tawny jasper. Egypt. Arenaria gialla di Egitto. B. Yellow with brilliant white spots (Avventurina). Egypt. A. rossa di Egitto. B. Blood red, with a few tiny stains of white. Egypt. XI. SERPENTINES. SERPENTINA COMUNE. MARMOR LIGUSTICUM, so called because some of the handsomest kinds are found in the province of Liguria. Several of these bear a strong superficial resemblance to granite. Serp. bigia. Dark green, covered with fine network of pinkish white, and streaked with pure white. Cand. Serpentina brecciata nera. Yellowish green with small angular fragments of greenish brown. S. Giov. Fonte. S. fiorita. Purple streaked with white. S. Silr. Quir. S. granatifera. Greenish grey with metallic rose spots, or ruby spots edged with transparent olive green. Cand. : Kirch. Mns. ROMAN MARBLES. 123 [Brownish green tending to grey, with crystals of granite. B.] S. bigia verdastra. Two shadesof semi-transparent olive green, with metallic chips. Cand. S. moschinata verde. Dark green streaked with light green and stained with greenish or pinkish yellow. S. Salv. Lauro. Serp. pav. Violet, fringed with pale green and streaked with pure white. A few spots of black. Cand. Serp. reticolata dell' Elba. Greenish veins on dark purple. Chiaramonti . Dark green netted with light green and pinkish white. 5. Giov. Lat. Serp. tigrata. Very dark green lichened with pure fleecy white and transparent green. 5. Pantaleo. Serp. verde e pav. Green scratched with purple. Cand. Serp. violacea. Ashy violet with white veins. Minerva. Serp. di Geneva. Olive and light green ; metallic. Cand. Serp. di Tebe (Tlicbcs). Light green scrawled with purple, and flawed with veins. Cand. YERDE DI PONSEYERA. Green, veined and netted with pinkish white. (From Ponsevera, near Genoa.) Cand. Metallic green, streaked with white and finely netted with green. Albani. 124 ROMAN MARBLES. Bluish green on lighter shade, mixed with white. S. M. Monserrato. Y. di P. chiaro. Streams of very light green and black. S. Cat. Funari ; S. Onofrio ; Via Lata. ROSSO DI LEYANTO. From the Italian Riviera, between Spezia and Genoa. Dark mottled red and black, with a few green pebbles ; all streaked and rivered with white. 5. Crisogono ; S. Lucia Gonfalone ; S. Rocco. Lat. Mus. ; Terme. YERDE RANOCCHIA. LAPIS OPHITES. Ophite appears to have been a general term for all Serpentines, because of their snake-like hue. Two species of Verde ranocchia were called LAPIS AUGUSTEUS and L. TIBERIANUS, because brought from Egypt in the time of Augustus and Ti- berius respectively, but it is not certain which of the following were thus imported. It is found at St. Tropez and other places on the French Riviera. Yerde ranocchia fibroso. Greenish yellow and dark green with fibres of pearly grey like tufts of hair. S. Luigi ; Animali. Y. r. giallastro. Yellowish hue. Egypt. Y. r. lineare. Parallel hair lines of black in lineal network, on ground of light green in several shades. Conservatori ; Egypt. ROMAN MARBLES. 125 Y. r. macchiato. Green, with stains of metallic black. S. Stef. Cacco ; Cand. Y. r. ondato. Wavy light and dark green, with a little white. S. Spirito ; Animal i. Y. r. orbicolare. Covered with tiny circles. S. M. Anima ; S. Agata dei Goti. Egypt. Y. r. SCliro. Hair streaks of dark green on lighter shade. S. N . Tolentino. Y. r. chiaro. Very light green. Ludovisi. YERDE DI PRATO. From the hills above Prato. Largely employed on the outside of the Cathedral at Florence, and in several Churches. Olive black, spotted with dark green. Animali. YERDE ANTICO. LAPIS ATRACIUS. First brought by the Romans, from Atrax in Thessaly. Though a true serpentine, it ranks as a Serpentina Nobile for the handsome dis- position of its markings and the purity of its colours (see p. 30), which are due to the presence of limestone. Yerde antico. Light green with fragments of dark green, blue, black, and white. S. Alessio ; S. Carlo Cat.; Chiesa Nuova ; Gesu ; S. Giov. Decollate ; S. Luigi ; S. M. Pace. Arazzi ,- Conservatori. 126 ROMAN MARBLES. Yerde biancastro minuto. Pale green, with small markings. S. Lor.fuori. Y. chiaro. Very light green, rushing like a torrent over spots and pebbles of darker hue. S. M. Monticelli ; S. Sabina ; S. Bernardo ; S. Greg. Doria. Y. cipollino. Greyish green, and dirty white, with a few fragments of black. 5. Brigida. Y. cupo. Very dark green. Ara Coeli ; Minerva. Y. mandolato. Disposition almond-shaped. S. Giov. Lat. Y. minuto. Dark green with tiny fragments of black and blue, but no white. Minerva, Y. ondato. Wavy green and white, between fragments of oblong black. S. And. Valle. Y. pal lido. Pale green. 5. Giac. Corso ; S. M. Maggiore ; S. Seb. Cand. Y. pallido brecciato. Pale green and white, evenly distributed. S. M. Consolazione. Y. pallido minuto. Pale green, with small markings. S. Pietro. Y. picchiettato. Dark green, punctured with black. S. Giov. Paolo ; Scala Santa ; S. Sabina ; Vittoria. ROMAN MARBLES. 1 27 * Y. principe. Green and white both very pure. 5. Clemente ; Animal i. Y. sanguigno. Stains of blood red. Rospigliosi. Y. SCUFO. Dusky green. S. Agnese Navona. Y. smeraldo. Emerald green. Minerva. Yerde di Firenze. Greyish green with faint streaks of brown, and white stains. S. Ambrogio ; S. ApolUnare ; S, Croce ; S. Pnden- ziana. V. Albani. Yerde di Grecia. Uniform greyish green with streaks of fleecy white. From rediscovered quarries in Greece. S\ Giov. Paolo; S. Paolo; S. Rocco ; S. Salv. Onda. Yerde di Susa. Dull green, with very little impure white, and a few black stains. 5. And. Valle ; S. Cat. Funari ; S. Seb. PIETRA NEFRITICA. LAPIS AEQUIPONDUS. (See p. 31.) Jet black, minutely dusted with grey ; metallic texture. S. Lor. ; S. M. Trast.Cap. (p. 31). Pietra nefritica bronzina. Dark metallic brown, with suspicion of grey dust. 5. M. Cosmedin ; S. Martina. P. n. bruna. Dusky brown. Metallic spots barely visible. S. Sabina ; Scala Coeli. 128 ROMAN MARBLES. P. n. nera. Jet black. Lat. Mus. P. n. Yerde. Dark green, with tiny spots of lighter hue. S. Cosma. AMIANTO. LAPIS AMIANTUS. A stone nearly allied to the Serpentines, and of so singular a flexibility that the Romans are said to have made shrouds of it, for wrapping round the bodies burnt on a funeral pyre, so that the ashes of the dead might not mingle with those of the fuel. The colour may be white, yellowish, or grey, and very rarely green or red. There is an example in the Vat. Library. XII. PORPHYRY. LAPIS PORPHYRITES. Common in many parts of Europe, and always imparting a warm rich colour to the cliffs and ravines where it is found ; but the best of the modern kinds, when examined in detail and polished for ornamental purposes, are vastly inferior both in texture and brilliancy to those imported from Egypt by the Romans. Porfido rosso. Very dark reddish purple, crowded with small pinkish spots. 5. Adriano; S. Bartol.; S. Carlo Cat.; S. Eustachio; Gesu; S. Giov. Lat.; S. Greg,; S. Marcello; S. Marco; S. M. Domnica ; S. M. Maggiore ; Trastevere ; SS. Nereo Ach. ; S. Pancrazio ; S. Pantaleo ; S.Paolo; S. Pietro (Baptistery); S. P. Vincoli ; S. Prassede ; ROMAN MARBLES. I2Q Scala Santa. Arazzi; Borghese; Conservatori ; Sala Rotonda. P. r. chiaro (ubbriaco). Colour very bright, inclining to pink. Cand. P. r. confuso. Pink spots very much crowded and confused. S. Giov. Fonte ; S. Crisogono. P. r. cupo. B. Darkish red with rosy white and a few black crystals. Pantheon. P. r. laterizio. R. Brick red, spotted with pink and transparent white. A few spots of black. Albani. P. r. lattinato B. Chocolate with milk white crystals, evenly distributed. S. Agnese fuori. Cap. P. pavonazzo. B. Dark purple with even crystals of milky white. 5. Giov. dei Genov. ; S. Lor. fuori. P. r. pomato. Blood red with crystals of rose and black and patches of greyish green. S5. Cosma Damiano ; S. Lor. fuori. Octagon. P. r. porporino. Blood red with many crystals of lighter red and a few white. Croce Greca ; Cand. *P. r. scuro plasmato. Dark red, with patches of light green. S. Giov. Fonte. Porfido verde. Olive green, with many little crystals of yellowish green and larger ones of white. Ara Coeli : S. N. Carcere ; S. Saba. Mus. Arch. 9 130 ROMAN MARBLES. Dark green, spotted with pale greyish green. Aniinali ; Borghese ; Cand. ; Mus. Arch. P. Y. dorato. Tinge of gold. Albani. Porfido bigio. Bluish, with even crystals of quartz or bluish or whitish feldspar, and others blacker and smaller. 5. Pietro (Greg.). Octagon; Lat. Mus.; Mus. Arch. ; Piazza S. M. Pianto ; Terme. P. b. turchiniccio. R. Similar, with bluish tinge. V. Albani. P. b. rossastro. Pinkish. Cand. * Porfido nero. Black, slightly tending to green, with little white crystals. Mus. Arch.; Scala Nobile ; Terme. * P. n. grafico. B. Oblong white or greenish crys- tals and tiny lumps of milky quartz, akin to agate or chalcedony. 6\ Sabn. PORFIDO SERPENTINO. LAPIS LACEDAEMONIM. From Laconia, in the Pelo- ponnesus. Inferior qualities are, however, found in abundance elsewhere. For the important distinction between Porfido Serpentino and Serpentina, see p. 33. Serpentina is a noun substantive, the generic name of a large group of serpentines ; Serpentino is an ad- jective, merely appended to Porfido as descriptive of some of its varieties. ROMAN MARBLES. 13! Porfido serpentine verde. Dark green with crossed crystals (others star-like, in lighter green), and white quartz. S. Giov. Fonte: S. M. Maggiore ; S. Tominaso Cenci ; S. P. Vincoli. Animali. P. s. verde agatato. Spots of chalcedony instead of white quartz. 5. Cesareo ; Cand. (violet crystals). P. S. verde bruno. B. Brown with green crys- tals and many spots and veins of chalcedony and corniola. S. Lor. Fuori. P. serp. verde cupo. Dark green, spotted black, with Chinese letters of light green. S. Giov. Fonte ; S. Lor. Fuori ; S. Paolo. P. S. bigio R. (nero B.). Black, with greenish grey crystals and cross crystals of light grey. 5. Prassede. Cand.; Mtts. Arch. XIII. GRANITE. This is not a marble, but a crystallised granular rock usually composed of black mica, white quartz, and feldspar in many shades of pink, violet, or grey. It takes a high polish, and its general hue is determined by the predominance of one or another of the above constituents, which however, in the commoner kinds, are pretty evenly distributed (see p. 33). Granite bears very much the same relation to coloured marble as the 132 ROMAN MARBLES. grasses bear to coloured flowers ; and just as the advanced Student of Nature will frequently take even more pleasure in examining a spike or panicle than a corolla, so will the traveller, who has learnt to admire the most beautiful specimens of ancient Alabaster or Breccia, turn aside with still greater interest to inspect minutely a column or slab of Granite, wherein the ordinary observer can discern nothing more remarkable than a surface of dull drab or grey. GRANITO ROSSO. LAPIS PYRRHOPOECILUS. From Syene (Assouan), and thence called Syenite (see p. 33). Crystals of fiery red, mixed with black, white and green. S. Costanza ; S. M. Cosin. ; S. Pietro ; Sacristy ; S. Sisto. Obelisk of the Pantheon, Pincio, and Piazza Navona ; Octagon; Scala Nobilc. Granito rosso fasciato. R. Red, banded with grey. S. M. Trast. Gr. rosso macchiato. B. Mixture of red and black granite in patches. S. Crisogono ; Obelisk of M. Citorio. Gr. rosso minuto. Red, with very small markings. Tenne. Gr. rosso pallido. Pale red. S. Crocc : Croce Qreca. Gr. rosso verdastro. Greenish hue in the feldspar. S. M. Mnggiore. ROMAN MARBLES. 133 Gr. rosso verdognolo. Greenish red. Egypt. Gr. rosso violaceo. Red, with violet hue. S. M. Cos in. Gr. rosso delle Guglie. B. Large rosy crystals with smaller ones of yellowish white and black. Obelisk of the Piazza Minerva, Vatican, and V . Mattel. Gr. rossastro. Pink. 5. Pietro (Petronilla). Gr. rossastro tigrato. Pink, with pools ot grey, at even distances. Cand. Gr. roseo. Vivid rosy red. Obelisk of the Later an. Gr. roseo fasciato. B. Rose, yellowish white, and black, banded or stained with small red and black crystals, evenly distributed. 5. Crisogono. Gr. roseo minuto. B. Rose, with tiny chips of black mica. Cand. GRANITO DEL FORO. White quartz and feldspar with black spots of mica equally distant, and a few yellowish dots. B. 5. Alessio : S. Costanza ; S. Giov. Port. Lat. ; S. M. Cosm. ; S. M. Maggiore ; Pantheon ; S. Pietro ; Sacristy. -Forum of Trajan; B. N.; Octagon ; Scala Xobile. LAPIS PSARONIUS. So called because spotted like a starling. It is supposed to have been first brought by Trajan from Syene (Assouan) for the columns of his 134 ROMAN MARBLES. Forum and its enclosures, and its presence in the portico of the Pantheon has furnished an interesting argument for the true date of that building (Hand- book, Rte. 1 6). Granito del Foro bicolore. Similar, banded with red. 5. M. Trast. Gr. del Foro roseo. B. Rosy, with spots and veins of grass green. Pantheon. Gr. del Foro arrugginito. Rusted with chocolate or bronze. S. Pietro (M. della Colonna). Borghesc. GR. BIGIO. LAPIS SYENITES, from Syene. Black, with minute lichen of grey, and tinge of pinkish brown. S. Giov. Lat. ; S. Lazzaro ; S. Pancrazio ; S. Pietro; S. Prassede ; S. Sisto ; SS. Vincenzo ed Anast. (Tre Fontane). V. Albani : Scala Nobile. Gr. bigio bronzato. Dark grey, with short faint black lines, and spots of coppery mica. Farnese. Gr. b. cupo tigrato. Dark grey, with lighter pools. Cand. Gr. b. dendritico. Foliated like the branch of a tree. Cand. Gr. b. macchiato. Grey, spotted with white. Cand. ROiMAN MARBLES. 135 Gr. b. minuto. Minute mixture of black, white, and pink, like grey cloth. >S\ Greg. ; Etruscan Mus. Gr. bigio minuto confuso. R. Dark bluish grey with lichen of lighter shade, indistinctly traced. Ara Coeli. G. b. m. lineare. Similar, with disposition to lines. Cand. G. b. m. FOSsastro. Similar, with suspicion of pink. P. Grazioli. G. b. m. rossiccio. R. Mottled drab, with a hue of pink over all. Egypt. Gr. bigio perlato. B. Black dots and white spots on pearly grey. Borghese. G. b. rossastro. Similar, with hue of pink. Croce Greca. G. b. terreo. B. Whitish earthy grey sown with spots of black. S. Giorgio. G. b. turchiniccio. Greyish lilac, with foliation of white, and spots of black. Egypt. Gr. b. verdastro. Greenish grey. Borghese. Gr. bigio e nero. Bluish grey on jet black. Cand. G. b. verdognolo. B. (pedicolare). Small oblong whitish and black crystals on greenish grey. Cand. Gr. bruno minuto. Brown, with small markings. S. M. Maggiorc. Gr. bruno giallastro. B. Sooty brown with minute round light spots like transparent gems. 5. Agata del Goti. 136 ROMAN MARBLES. Gr. carnicino grigiastro. B. -Marbled with flesh colour, pale grey, and black. S. Spirito. Gr. coralline minuto. B. Minute mixture of fiery red, and reddish black. Kirch. Mus. Gr. dendritico (erborizzato S.). Lilac and white ground, with foliation of black. S. Pietro. G. di Giglio. From the Island of Giglio in the Mediterranean. Grey, with large crystallised lilac spots. S. Anastasia ; S. Croce. G. di Giglio macchiato. Similar, with stains of black and white. S. M. Maggiore. Gr. persichino. Grey, plentifully flushed with lilac. Some of it is modern, and comes from Sardinia. S. Costanza ; S. Giorgio; S. Martina; S. Pietro ; S. Prisca. B. N.; Alba HI ; Etruscan Mus.; Papa Giulio ; Scala Nobile. Gr. tigrato. Dark greenish grey, with even pools of lighter grey. Chiaramonti. Gr. tigrato bianco. B. Minute mixture of black, pink, and green, with here and there a spot of white feldspar. S. Giov. Lat. Animali. Gr. tigrato rosso. B. Red, plentifully spotted with black, and stained with greyish or flesh-coloured green. Egypt. Gr. tigrato verde B. Greenish black, with spots of green and rose. Egypt. Gr. tigrato verdognolo. Black, slightly flushed with pink, and spotted with grey and olive green. Egypt. ROMAN MARBLES. 137 Gr. turchino. B. Bluish grey with stains of white and spots of shining black. S. Giov. Port. Lat. Gr. violetto. B. White and violet with small spots of hlack. S. Prassede. GR. NERO. LAPIS HETHIOPICUS, from Ethiopia. Black faintly mottled with greenish red. Metallic,- spotted with brown rust, like bits of red granite. S. Cecilia; S. Giov. Lat. Albani ; Egypt.; Octa- gon ; Sciarra. Gr. nero tigrato. Black, with large white spots, and tinge of pink. S. Prassede. B. N.; Cap.; Egypt. Gr. nero brecciato. B. Black, mottled with greenish red, and veined or waved with bright red. Pinkish grey, with fragments of black. Cap. ; Egypt. Gr. nero rossastro minuto. Minute dusky grey, tinged with pink and green. Egypt. Gr. nero macchiato. Black with round grey spots and stains. 5. Cecilia. * Gr. nero verdastro. Black, dusted with metallic green. Octagon. GR. BIANCO NERO. White, with round and oval black spots evenly dis- tributed (Sienite B.). S. Giov. Lat. ; S. Prassede ; S. Saba. Valentini. ROMAN MARBLES. Gr. bianco e nero della Colonna. Light grey and white, with large oblong black stains, due to crystals of doubtful hornblende, unevenly distributed. B. S. Prassede ; S. N . Tolentino. GR. YERDE. Gr. verde bronzato. B. Two shades of mottled green on grey metallic ground, spotted with lumps of silver crystal. Cand. Gr. Yerde confuso. B. Grey, sprinkled with con- fused spots of blackish green. Ara Coeli. Gr. verde ad Erbetta. B. Green, like foliage of grass, on darkish ground. 5. Giov. Lot. Albani. Gr. Yerde minuto. Tiny mixture of green, white, and black (diorite B.). Borghese. Gr. verde nereggiante. B. Blackish green, mar- bled with spots of green and white. Kirch. Mus. Gr. verde plasmato. Reddish grey, and green spotted with black. Animal i. Gr. verde tigrato. Finely mottled grey and white, with streaks of gold, and a suspicion of green. 5. Lor.fuori. GR. DELLA SEDIA. White and green, irregularly distributed, with large patches of brownish green (diorite B.). ROMAN MARBLES. 139 S. Dionigi ; S. M. Cosni.; S. M. Maggiore : S. Martina : S. Pietro. Mus. Arch. Gr. minuto della Sedia. Brownish green entirely absent. S. Lor. fuori. GR. GRAFICO. LAPIS JUDAICUS. It is not certain that this granite was known to the Romans, and it is now obtained from quarries in the Tyrol and Siberia. Earthy grey with black crystal lines like Hebrew letters, and sparkling chips of bronzed mica. Cand. Gr. di Elba. Greyish white, dotted and punctured with black mica. Cap. Gr. bigio del Sempione. From quarries near Baveno. Bluish white freckled with black, and regularly marked with crystals of transparent bluish grey. 5. Antonio di Padova ; S. Paolo. Gr. rossastro del Sempione. Feldspar bright pink. S. Paolo. Borghese ; Porta del Popolo ; V . Tor- Ionia. XIV. BASALT. LAPIS BASANITES. From Ethiopia (see p. 34). Basalte bronzino. B. Bronze, with scarcely visible points of yellow. 5. Giov. Fonte. Cand. : Egypt. 140 ROMAN MARBLES. B. bruno. Brownish, very metallic, and faintly spotted with various shades of brown. S. Croce. Doria : B. N. ; Busts ; Torlonia Corso. B. nero. Black, slightly but closely peppered with grey. Albani ; Egypt. B. bigio. Light grey speckled with bluish grey. Cap. B. bigio macchiato. Hard close-grained grey, with streaks and patches of lighter hue. Lat. Mus. [Everybody calls this Basalt, but it much more nearly resembles Bigio rnorato or Nero anticoJ\ B. Yerde. Dark green pricked with minute spots of yellowish green. S. Giov. Fonte. Albani ; Borghese ; Cand.; Cap.; Egypt.: Garden; Octagon. PIETRA DI PARAGONE. LAPIS LYDIUS. An extremely hard variety of basalt, said to come from Lydia, and to be the touchstone of Metallurgists. The term Paragone has however been loosely applied to several very black columns, such as those at a Tomb in the Winter Choir of St. John Lateran, and some others in the Cathedral of Ravenna. The latter almost certainly came from quarries in Dalmatia, which yield a jet black marble called Nero di Trieste, having little or no suspicion of white (see Nero antico) ; and to this species I believe the following examples are to be referred. ROMAN MARBLES. 14! Jet ebony black with faint streak of mottled white. Borghese ; Egypt. XV. TRAVERTINE AND VOLCANIC STONES. TRAVERTINE. LAPIS TIBURTINUS. A calcareous substance deposited byiheAnio at Tivoli, and the Aquae Albulnt ;at Solfatara (Handbook, Rte. 43). Travertine di Tivoli. Yellowish white, minutely porous. Sometimes, however, the grain is very com- pact, as in the first example here given. 5. Luigi ; S. Pietro. Colosseum : Theatre of Mar- cellus. T. del Monte Aventino. Pale tawny ground, with a look of petrified silkworms. Steps above the Piazza di Spagna. SELCE. LAPIS TUSCULANUS. A basaltic lava produced from the extinct volcano by which was formed the ancient Lake Regilhis, near Colonna. Dark grey, with white or yellowish crystals (see p. 35). The Romans used it for paving their roads, and a singularly well-preserved example, both of the material and the careful adjustment of its blocks, may be seen in front of the Temple of Saturn in the P\>rum (Rte, 6). 142 ROMAN MARBLES. MANZIANA. LAPIS ANITIANUS. Composed of feldspar and mica, and presenting the appearance of a granite rock which has undergone the action of fire for which reason it is sometimes called Lava granitica. Corsi says that all the fire-hearths in Rome are made of it. PEPERINO. LAPIS ALBANUS. A confused mass of ashes, gravel, and volcanic stones, closely welded together. Quarries near the gate of Albano and the Castle of Marino. Used for stairs and fountain basins, because it grows more consistent by being wetted. It suffers both from frost and heat, and is only found in really good preser- vation under ground. Dark greenish grey, studded with black fragments like peppercorns, whence its name. S. And. (Via Flaminia). Belvedere ; Papa Giulio. SPERONE. LAPIS GABINUS. A variety of Peperino, but harder and more durable, quarried near Castiglione (Rte. 46). Cloaca Maxima; Tabularium ; R^l^ns of Tusculniii. Both these stones are employed in the ancient wall of the Forum of Augustus (Handbook to Rome, Rte. 7), where their colour and weather-resisting qualities may be compared. The upper part is of Peperino, and has crumbled away at the corners, while the ROMAN MARBLES. 143 lower courses, in Sperone, have their edges as sharp as ever. TUFO. LAPIS RUBER. A conglomerate of ashes and sand thrown out of the crater of a volcano. It is abundant all over the country between Rome and the extinct volcanoes of Latium, and was the earliest building material used in the construction of the city and its walls. Tufo lionato. B. Tawny grey, with suspicion of black mica. Sepolcro del Nasoni. Tufo rosso. Tawny red, with spots of white, ash, and black. Peppered with shiny mica. Walls of Servius Tullius ; Tarpeian Rock ; S. M. Sole ; S. M. Egiziaca ; S. N. Cesarini. PART III. LIST OF CHURCHES AND OTHER BUILD- INGS IN WHICH THE PRINCIPAL MARBLES ARE FOUND. All places are arranged in strictly alphabetical order. INDEX FOR READY REFERENCE TO HEADINGS. Arches, 147. Campidoglio, 147. Campo Santo, 147. Chiesa Nuova, 147. Churches, 148. Cloaca Maxima, 186. Collegio Romano, 186. Colosseum, 186. Forum, 186. Fountain, 186. Hospital, 186. Lateran, 187. Museums, 187. Obelisks, 189. Oratory, 186. Palazzo, 189. Pantheon, 186. 10 Piazza, 192. Pincio, 192. Porta, 192. Porticus, 192. Pyramid, 192. Sacristy, 178. Scala Santa, 186. Scuola, 192. Sepolcro, 192. Suffragio (S. M. del), 185. Tarpeian Rock, 192. Temple, 187. Theatre, 192. University, 192. Vatican, 192. Via, 199. Villa, 199. 146 ROMAN MARBLES. TECHNICAL ITALIAN NAMES. Balustri, short pillars of an altar railing. Cancello, altar railing. Facciata, front of a building. Fascia, band or fillet. Gradino, shelf at the back of an altar. Lastra, slab. Lastrina, little slab. Paliotto, front of an altar. Pilastrini, short pilasters in a Cancello. Rocchio, stump of a column. Sfondi, recesses between the side of an altar and any neighbour- ing projection. Specchio (mirror), vertical slab of marble in a frame or moulding at the foot of a column. Stela, short upright gravestone. Tazza, shallow bowl, usually round, but sometimes square. Zoccolo, plinth. ABBREVIATIONS. N.B. Genera begin with capitals ; species with small letters. Affr. Affricano. Al. Alabastro. B. Francesco Belli. Br. Breccia. br. brecciato-a. C. Corsi. Cip. Cipollino. col Column. Cor. Corallina. cor. corallino-a. dend. dendritico-a. dor. dorato-a. erbor. erborizzato. F. di Persico, Fiore di Persico. fioi.forito-a. foit.fortezzino. gatt. gatteggiante. Gr. Granito. inter, interrupted (as to the fluting). H. W. Holy Water Basin. list, listato-a. Lum. Lumachella. lum. lumachellato-a. mand. mandolato. min. minuto-a. mor. morato. nuv. nuvolato-a. Occhio di Pav. Occhio di Pavonc. Occhio di Pav. pav. Occhio di Pavone pavonazzo. pall, pallido-a. ond. ondato-a. Pav. Pavonazzetto. pav. pavonazzo-a. Porf. Porfido. ROMAN MARBLES. 147 P. santa, Porta santa. R. Ravesteiti. ran. ranocchla. serp. serpentino. Trac. Traccagnina. ven. venato-a. S. Sapienza (University). trans, transept. Sard, (sard.) Sardonico. turc. turchiniccio. Serp. Serpentina. Arch of Constantine. Seven fluted cols Giallo antico dor. Col nearest Meta Sudans, Carrara. Seven Dacian prisoners, Pav.; 3rd from the left, on side towards S. Gregorio, new. Arch of Drusus.--Two cols Giallo antico. Arch of Janus. Imezio. Arch of Sept. Severus. Eight fluted cols Imezio (inside). Arch of Titus, Pentelico. Two cols outside, partly buried, Imezio. Campidoglio. Castor and Pollux, Pentelico. Milestones, Car- rara antico and dp. Catacombs of St. Alexander. At entrance to Basilica, two cols Gr. persichino. CHURCHES. (In strictly alphabetical order.) Campo Santo. Two fluted cols Carrara macchiato in chapel on the rt. Chiesa Nuova. ist rt., four slabs above arches of doors, Lum. gialla ; eight narrow, oblong slabs, Scttebasi pav. S. 2nd rt., four pilasters on walls, dp. rosso diasprato B (and. R) ; two cols Br. di Sitnonc ; two large slabs beneath, Lum. bigia bnma. 3rd rt., hexagons on pavement, Palombino bianco B ; two cols Giallo dor. cupo. I4& ROMAN MARBLES. 4th rt., on cancello, Par. verdiccio B ; on walls, Br. briina R (marrone) ; two cols Al. bruno rossastro. 5th rt., on cancello, *Br. pav. min. 6th rt., two cols Verde antico. Pilaster on rt. at gate in cancello, F. di Persico rcticolare. Chapel to rt. of tribune, fascia of pedestals within cancello, &<. B ; narrow plinth. below cancello of high altar, Scttebasi gatt. S. Calisto. Cancello of 'Sard, tartarugato agatino B ; other specchi of Broccatcllo giallo and violaceo, showing contrast. At high altar, two *pilasters of Affr. vcrde. S. Carlo al Corso. On walls in rt. transept, *four slabs of dp. marino. S. Carlo ai Catinari. ist rt., large slab on altar, Al. orientalc occhiuto B ; four slabs on cancello, F. di Pcrsico giallastro R. 2nd rt., two cols P. santa ; on paliotto Al. fort. S. Last rt., two small tapering fluted cols *Scttebasi bigia C. High altar, on gradino, *Palombara brnnastro. S; four cols Porf .rosso. 154 ROMAN MARBLES. Sacristy, two cols Br. rossa. 3rd left, on gradino, Settebasi dor. ; jambs of doors, Lum. rossa B. 2nd left, on pedestal of cols, Al. onichino ; sfondi, P. santa bigiafior. Fillet at ist left, and zoccoli of cols 2nd left, Br. trac. S. ist left, paliotto, F. di Persico conftiso ; two cols Verde antico ; H. W. on left, *Br. gialla e nera C. S. Catarina. ist rt., pilasters of Sard, orientate list. S. ; side walls and picture frame, P. santa rossastra br. scura ; below cols, and tablet below picture, Al. a rosa list. ist rt. , lower walls, ist left, lower pilasters, Settebasi gatt, B. 2nd rt., below cols Tartaniga fior. S. High altar, fillet of Br. pav. trac. B. 3rd left, on pavement, two lozenges of Br. trac. violetta (Br.fr utti- colosa) ; on lower pilasters, ovals of Al. bigio dor. within border of Broccatellone pav. ; on specchi, lozenges of Al. fior. list. S; on gradino, Br. Quintilina ; on paliotto, *Al. pav. occhiiito and Lapis lazzuli macchiato. 2nd left, below picture, Palombara tartarngato B ; on side walls, four slabs of Al. melleo list. ist left, paliotto of Al. verdognolo list. ; below picture, Al. onichino ; below cols, Al. giallo list. S. S. Catarina del Funari. 2nd rt. , two cols Giallo br. 3rd rt., two cols Bigio antico, inclining to Affr. High altar, on cancello, Giallo pall. S; two cols Verde di Sttsa. Last left, on cancello, two balls of Br. pav. sfrangiata B. ist left, two cols Verde di Ponsevera chiaro ; specchi and upper gradino, Tartaruga list. ; on cancello, four pilastrini of Brocca- tcllo melleo. S. Catarina da Siena. Pilasters of Giallo e ncro di Siena ; four minor altars framed in Imeziofasciato schictto. S. Cecilia. Portico, cols of Affr., partly A. rosso br., partly A. ncro and. B. ist rt., on paliotto, two circles of *Rosso lum. Two cols Bigio scritto : in bathroom, two of Gr. nero macchiato. ROMAN MARBLES. 155 Tomb, of Card. Sfondrati, specchio of Pccorclla iniii. intv. B ; another of Al. a rosanuv. dor. R; lowest plinth, Affr. giallognolo B ; sfondi ofBr. trac. S ; 2nd rt., col on rt., Bigio lum. piccolo R. At door on rt., two large spiral cols Tasio ; jambs of door, Giallo focato B. 5th rt., two cols P. santa. High altar, frieze of cornice at cancello, Broccatello giallo R. Two oval slabs inside cancello, beside statue of Saint, Al. a rosa corniolino ; two slabs on outer pavement, and two beside statue, Al. marino S ; pavement in front of statue, A I. fiorito incllco B. Four cols of baldacchino, *Bianco c ncro antico. 2nd left, two cols Bigio chiaro S ; urn at 2nd tomb left dp. bigio rigato. ist left, two cols Gr. ncro. S. Cesareo. Altar, rt. and left, two cols *Pav., and two strips of damaged dp. rosso. Round slab on pulpit, Porf. serp. verdc agatato B. High altar, four cols Broccatcllonc ; many good varieties of Porf. rosso and Porf. serp. vcrdc on screen. S. Claudio. Paliotto of high altar, Cotognino arancio. S. Clemente. ist rt., fillet under cols, Settebasi policroma S. End of left aisle, two cols Br. pav. trac. In nave, four fluted cols Imezio. Baldacchino, *two cols Pav. br. min. and *t\vo Bigio scritto, placed diagonally ; small bits on pavement near rt. ambo, Al. orien- talc pomellato B. LOWER CHURCH. Rt. aisle, near entrance on the left, buried col of * Verde principe ; other cols of Bigio, P. Santa, Nero, Bigio chiaro, granite and dp., all half buried. Baldacchino cols *Serravezza nobile. SS. Cosma e Damiano. Outside, facing the Forum, col on rt., Porf. rosso poniato. 156 ROMAN MARBLES. Between rotunda and nave, two half-buried spheres of Nefri- tica verde. ist rt., two cols Broccatcllo sanguigno B (Linn. pav. C). High altar, four cols Bianco e nero dl Francia. SS. Cosma e Damiano (in Trastevere). At gateway, col of Pario C. In the court, large sculptured bath of Gr. del Foro. Two door-jambs and smaller hatch, Bigio br. chiaro. S. Costanza. Two cols Gr. del Foro ; four Gr. rosso ; 18 Gr. persichino. On paliotto, four small bits of Br. dor. mitt. S. Crisogono. Tomb near principal door, urn of Calcarea bigia. Several cols in nave, Gr. roseo fasciato B ; 8th col rt., G^. rosso macchiato B. Two large cols Porf. rosso confuso R ; cols of baldacchino, Al. di Montauto. Chapel on left, paliotto of Rosso dl Levanto ; cancello, Giallo carnagionc dlsfatto. Stem of H. W. on left, Affr. verdc lum. B. S. Croce. Portico, on 1., col Bardiglio list. R ; patched with Bigio him. ist col rt., Gr. rosso pall. Cancello on rt., fine plinth of Pav. nero. 2nd rt. and left, two tiny squares, Br. gialla rossastra S, and two of Al. onichino. 3rd rt. and left, at foot of paliotto, Rosso br. min. B (scuro). Urn at high altar, Basalte bruno ; leaves of tomb on pavement in front, Verde di Firenze S ; two cols at baldacchino, Cor. pav. scura R ; two, P. santa bicolore. 3rd 1., on paliotto, two slabs of Al. violetto list. ist and 2nd cols on left in nave, Gr. del Giglio C. S. Croce dei Lucchesi. ist rt., round the urn, F. di Persico picchiettato ; outside pilasters, two vertical strips of Affr. bigio ven. ; gradino, AL rosso e giallo list. ROMAN MARBLES. 157 S. Dionigi. At high altar, two cols Taormina ; plinth under tabernacle, Or. dellu Sedia. Gradino of "P. Santa. SS. Domenico e Sisto. ist rt., two cols Diaspro tenero ; pilasters behind them, Diaspro cotichigliarc ; plinth of Scttebasi gatt. S ; gradino, Al. fort. S. 3rd rt., plinth of Br. trac. S ; gradino of Al.fior. list. High altar, paliotto of Al. bianco a niivole S ; on walls, large and small slabs of*Br. Quintilina B ; slabs above small arches, Br. par. rcticolata S ; two pilastrini of cancello, Giallo br f pall. ; two of Sard, macchiato S. 3rd left, two ovals on side walls, Sard, tartarugato scuro. 2nd left, picture framed in Bianco c nero di Perugia. ist left, ground of cross on paliotto, Bigio perlato B ; on gradino, Al.Jior. list. ; two long vertical slips, Cor. scura. S. Dorotea. and rt., and 1. on altar, Al. melleo cupo B (Al. di Montauto giall- astro). Upper and lower mouldings of both altars, *Lum. pav. B. ist left, paliotto of P. santa violocea poligonia B. S. Eligio dei Ferrai. High altar, two cols Al. di Civitavecchia ; on gradino, Al. a rosa and Al. onichino. 2nd 1., below cols, Rosso br. ist 1., on gradino, F. di Pcrsico chiaro. S. Eusebio. High altar, two outside cols, Cor. pav. ; two inside, Broccatdlonc. Specchi below outer cols, Br. dor.; gradino of side altars, Br. pav. S. Eustachio. and rt.,two cols P. santa bruna bicolore. High altar, urn of Porf. rosso ; gradino, Br. trac. him. S : lower plinth, Settebasi rnand. S. ist left, moulded gradino of F. di Pcrsico rosso. [S. Faustino. High altar, col on left, *Giallo br. dor. ; on rt., Giullo fascinto ,- cancello, P. santa htm.] I5 ROMAN MARBLES. S. Francesca Romana. Tomb on rt., two cols Giallo alabastrine. Top of cancello, * Bigio macchiato sciiro. S. Francesco di Paola. At tomb on the rt., two half cols Tasio, two Affr. S. Francesco a Ripa. 3rd rt., two cols Giallo antico. 5th rt., two cols Affr. nero. High altar, lower gradino of Pav. br. dorato, upper, Ptilontbura dend. S. Gradino of two side altars, Br. pav. S. 5th left, two cols P. santa. S. Giacomo a Scossa-cavalli. ist left, on paliotto, P. santa rossastra. S. Giacomo al Corso. and rt., frame of altar-piece and two large pilasters, Br. pav. line- are S. 3rd rt., two cols Verde antico ; two slabs on gradino, Br. verde S. High altar, *four cols Affr. bigio ; plinths below them, Al. fior. spezzato B. At tabernacle, twelve colonnettes, Verde pall. 3rd left, two cols Bigio mor. ; gradino, Pecorella sanguigno. and left, gradino, Palombara violetto. S. Giacomo degli Spagnuoli. Two cols P. santa, partly buried. Chapel on rt., fluted pilasters of Carrara ; cancello of Imczio. S. Gioacchino. Sides of altar to rt., dp. ondato. S. Giorgio. In portico, two cols Lfsbio B ; ist on rt., Gr. bigio tcrrco B. In the nave, two fluted Tasio, two fluted Pav. ; 6th col on the left, Gr. pcrsichino. S. Giovanni Decollate. High altar, two cols Verde antico. S. Giovanni dei Fiorentini. ist rt., two cols Affr. bigio. and rt., two cols Broccatellonc. ROMAN MARBLES. 159 3rd rt., two cols P. santa. 4th rt., under picture, Bigio list. 6th rt., two cols Bianco c nero di Francia. Tomb at last pilaster rt., Semesanto giallo. High altar, cols of Cottanello dor. R ; base of tomb at 5th pilaster left, F. di Persico sanguigno B. Upper plinth, end of left aisle, Cor. pall. iniv. S. 4th left, two cols P. santa. 3rd left, two cols Giallo br. ; on the wall behind urns. P. santa lionata B. and left, slab on each side wall, Lum. rossa S. ist left, two cols Settebasi grigia B (min.). S. Giovanni in Fonte. Two cols Porf. rosso confuso (largest in Rome) ; eight cols Porf. rosso scuro plasmato. Font of Basalte verde C (bronzino B) ; slabs on pavement Affr. bigio ven. ; two slabs at corners in upper pavement, Giallo a nuvole S. ist rt., two small spiral cols 'Porf. serp. verde cupo R ; capitals and bases, Porf. serp. verde B. Chapel on rt., two cols Porf. rosso C. Altar of SS. Cyprian and Justina, *Settebcisi ven. S. ist left, col on rt., Al. perlaceo B ; on left, Al. bianco C. Altar on left, Serp. br. ncra R. S. Giovanni dei Genovesi. High altar, two cols Porf. pav. ; on paliotto, eight squares *Al. dor. ; two pieces ofBr. pav. min. S. Giovanni in Laterano. Door-jambs of Porta Santa, P. s. bigia orbicolarc B. In nave, twenty-four cols Verde mand. R. Four pilasters of side door, dp. rosso fasciato B (horribly splayed). Rt. trans., two large fluted cols Giallo antico ; base, Affr. rosso dor. dend. R (A. rosso crbor. B). Behind Choir, pilaster of Tomb (Card. Filippucci), Settebasi violacca B. Tomb of Card. Muti Papazzurri, Gr. nero with small bits of Gr. tigrato bianco B. l5o ROMAN MARBLES. ist Sacristy, two pilastrini at further end, P. santa rossastra br. scura S; two cols *Gr. bianco e nero ; two cols *Gr. bigio. 2nd Sacristy, two cols Taormina. Left trans, col on rt., Giallo carnagione B; 1. , Giallo nuv. ; four cols at altar, Vcrdc antico C ; fillets of Cancello, Settebasi dor. WINTER CHOIR (closed with glass door). Piers of arch outside entrance, Cor. linn. B : inside, Cor. giall:>- gnola B. Two cols *Ncro antico C ; four of *Al. briinastro Jiorito. CLOISTER. Col of Cor. pall. ; six cols Pav. C ; two engrailed half cols of Pentelico. LEFT AISLE. 3rd chapel, two cols P. santa pall. Tomb nearly opposite, two cols Giallo antico. and left, slab on pavement under gate, Br. gialla rossastra S. CAPP. DI S. ANDREA CORSINI. Four cols and urn of Porf. rosso ; oblongs in sfondi, A I. rosso e giallo S ; pavement, Scrp. reticolata dell' Elba S. Oblong on pavement in nave, nearly opposite the Chapel, *Gr. verde ad erbetta B. C'APPELLAToRLOMA. On cancello, dp. maud, grande ; pilasters, Giallo palhdo and G. br. (both spoilt by splaying) ; on walls, Trac. bruna dor. S. Giovanni e Paolo. Two cols, inside doorway, *Greco dislocato. Slab at memorial stone in the nave, Pav. bianco vcn. Candlebearer, *Al.fior. list. C. Cancello of high altar, Verde picchiettato. CAPP. TORLONIA. On lower gradino, dp. mand. ; on upper, choice agates framed in Semesanto pav. On walls, Sard, occhiuto chiaro framed in Verde di Grecia ; long slab, Trac. confiisa framed in Palombara list, above F. di Persico. Beside these, handsome splayed slabs of dp. rosso. On pavement, five large circles, Br. di Simone diasprato. S. Giovanni della Pigna. Paliotto of four side altars, P. santa rossastra br. scura S. ROMAN MARBLES. l6l S. Giovanni a Porta Latina. In atrium, two cols Tasio, two fluted Pentelico. Two cols dp. bigio, two fluted Pav. 4th col rt. and left, Or. del Foro turc. B. S. Girolamo clella Carita. ist left, two small cols Bigio htm. grande B. 2nd, two cols Broccatclloiu- C. Rt. trans., tomb tablet, Astracane femina. High altar, four inter, cols Taormina ; at corners of arch, four slabs, *Al. tartaruga brunastro. Cancello on left, lowest plinth, Affr. carnino ; upper plinth and pilastrini P. santa br. S. Giuseppe a Capo le Case. Paliotto of two side altars, Palombara rossastro. S. S. Giuseppe alia Lungara. ist rt. and 1., frame of paliotto, Occhio di Pav. par. S. Lower step, *Cip. vcrde ond. High altar, frame of Occhio di Pav. bruno ; lower gradino, F. di Persico ven. ; upper, Giallo di Siena br. S. Gregorio. ATRIUM. Two cols Bigio mor. ; two P. santa ; two Cor. rossa e gialla. ist tomb on left, two pilasters, Bigio chiaro S ; 6th, two cols Bigio lum. 5th tomb on left, two small bits of Br. gialla rossastra S. NAVE. On pavement near door, small bits of Gr. bigio niiu. 2nd left, paliotto, A 1. fior. giallo B. 3rd left, front of urn, Al. a rosa-giallo B. Large Chapel on left, *two cols Bigio ven. di giallo (Giallo e nero B) ; four cols *Cip. verde. CAPP. ANDREA. Two cols Verde chiaro (lightest in Rome). Table on rt., stem of * Pav. cupo. CAPP. BARBARA. *Two cols Br. rossastra ; chair of dp. rosso. CAPP. SILVIA. Two cols Porf. rosso C ; frieze and specchi of *Al. tartaruga brunastro. Jambs of niche for Saint, Giallo bigiastro. II l62 ROMAN MARBLES. S. Ignazio. ist rt., gradino of Al. fort. 2nd rt., on cancello, *Giallo br. principc S. ^rd rt., circle of 'Sard, pomato. Plinth round choir, Br. pav. grande. Beside cols on wall of left trans., Cotognino orientale chiaro B ; at corners of large relief, Al. onichino, SACRISTY. *Two cols Bianco e nero antico C. Rich scraps of Settebasi dor., Br. trac., and alabasters, ist left, on paliotto Sard, a rosa nuv. S. Isidore. Cancello, ist rt. and left, Settebasi rossa schiacciatu. 2nd rt., on cancello, *Palombara eburneo. High altar, strips of *Al. melleo fior. di rosa ; cancello to rt.. Cor. rosea B (pall. R). Cancello to left, two pilasters *Al. tartaruga pull, occhiuto. ist left, *two small inter, cols Giallo antico. S. Lazzaro. Two cols Bigio antico ; two Imezio ; two Or. bigio. 2nd left, two cols Bigio antico C. S. Lorenzo in Borgo. Eight cols Bigio lum. C. Col of Imezio dentcllato. 3rd col left, Bigio azzurrognolo B ; yth left, *Greco scritto B. High altar, two cols Al. a giaccione B. S. Lorenzo in Damaso. Baldacchino cols of Cotognino orientale. S. Lorenzo fuori le Mura. In portico, four spiral cols Pav. C. In nave, six cols dp. verde. ist tomb rt., two cols Tasio C. Tomb at end of rt. aisle, plinth of Lum. bigia ; fine slabs of Al. melleo list, and Cotognino. Rt. ambo, large round slab of Porf. serp. verde cupo C. Baldacchino cols Porf. rosso C. High altar, paliotto of Porf '. rosso pomato. Chancel cols *Pav. tigrato R ; on pavement, Porf. pav. B (higio titrc.), and many varieties of granite. ROMAN MARBLES. 163 On screen, fourteen slabs in two rows upper, Porf. serp. verdc ; lower, Porf. rosso, in great variety. 6th Square on wall to rt., Porf. scrp. verde bruno B ; round slab at back of chair, Or. inin. della Sedia B ; *two cols above, Gr. verdc tigrato C. In confession, four cols *Verde biancastro win. ; sphere of Nefritica. End of left aisle, Lum. bigia R (nera di Etiopia) ; in cloister, col of Cip. verde. S. Lorenzo in Fonte. Cancello of two chapels, balustri of Astracane glallo (fetnhui) B ; pilastrini of Affr. sangitigno. Gradino on left, Cor. pav. pall, and Cor. rossa scura. Tomb on left, two strips of Br. di Aleppo ; paliotto of high altar, *Al. rosso fort. B. S. Lorenzo in Lucina. Below tomb to rt. of door, At. tartaruga rigato. S. 2nd rt., two sfondi of Lum. nera min. S ; specchi, Semesanto pav. S. 3rd rt., gradino, Palombara list. fior. S; Al. occhiuto S. Mouldings of high altar, and paliotto of altar to rt., *Occhio di per- nice B. Cols of B. e N. di Porto Ferrajo. 3rd left, pilasters of cancello, Cor. lionata S. S. Lorenzo in Miranda. Ten large cols, Cip. verde list, (zonale B). Fillet below cols at high altar, *Setnesanto pav. min. S. Lorenzo in Panisperna. Tabernacle at high altar, eight colonnettes, *Al. ametistino B (vioh'tto R) ; on cancello, two spheres, Cor. pav. min. ; and rt., urn of Bigio br. min.; ist rt., two oblongs Br.frutticolosa, and two Br. rossa e gialla min. on cancello. S. Luca. Eight cols Bardiglio; eight Serravezza pav. ; urn of Sard, scuro (see S. Martina}. S. Lucia dei Ginnasi. High altar, two cols P. santa C. S. Lucia dei Gonfaloni. High altar, slabs of Serravezza framed in Al. ametistino ; gradino of Br. dor. ; four large borders beside doorway, Rosso di Levanto. 164 ROMAN MARBLES. S. Lucia in Selci. Rich tabernacle on the 1. has fillet of dp. mand. rosso, S. Luigi. On facciata, two salamanders, Travertino C. Beside door at entrance, blotches of Pav. ccnerognolo B. Tomb to rt. of door, two cols Rosso br. B ; upper fillet, Br. dor. oleosa B. 5th left, two cols Verde antico C. Lower plinth of opposite tomb, Cor. policroma. 3rd rt., snake below tomb on left wall, Verde ran. fibroso B. 4th rt., at modern tomb, Br. di S. Ipolito grande. 5th left, two large elliptical slabs on pavement, P. santa reticolata B (rossa br. R). 4th left, specchio of pilaster on rt., Br. rossa him. B ; two cols Giallo antico C. and left, two cols Settebasi persichina B ; 3rd and 4th balustri to left, P. santa tigrata S ; large slabs on pilasters, Affr. verdf rossastro. ist left, two cols dp. verde C. S. Marcello. 2nd rt., under altar, urn of Porf. rosso C. 4th rt., two cols P. santa. High altar, urn of Nero antico C. Slab on pavement to rt. ( Pietro Gilles), Pario giallognolo B. 4th left, two cols Verde antico. 3rd left, large slab on pavement, Br. dor. B. S. Marco, istrt., gradino of Pav. rossastro. ist Tomb has four pretty colon- nettes of P. santa, varieties of Giallo antico, and central niche of dp. rosso. End of rt. aisle, tomb on steps, Calcarca bigia ; in Chapel, two cols Taormina br. ; on gradino, P. santa br. tnin. S ; paliotto of *Al. orientale a nuvolc B (cenerino fort. R) bordered with Tartaruga fior. ; specchi of Al. tartaruga rosso. In chancel, four cols and urn, Porf. rosso. ; pavement behind high altar, Diaspro infimo. Candlebearer, Cor. policroma B. ROMAN MARBLES. 165 In Baptistery to left of door, urn of *Bigio br. ; pilasters of Pav. br. argentine. S. M. degli Angeli. ist Tomb on rt., large inscribed slab of Nero antico S. 2nd Tomb on left, two little squares below urn, Al. rossastro S. 2nd rt., two cols Br. pav. sfrangiata B. 4th rt., two cols Br. trac. C ; Br. policroma B (Trac. gialla). Specchi in choir, Cor. violctta (giallastra). Two large slabs beside high altar, Cotognino a nuvole ; fillet of gradino, Settebasi pav. confusa. Four large slabs outside chapel in left transept, Settebasi mand. B (pav. S). Opposite, in rt. transept, four of Serravezza mand. ist left, two cols Giallo br. pall. ; balustri of Pav. tigrato S. S. M. dell' Anima. 2nd rt., paliotto of *Semesanto giallo S ; enclosing bits of Verde ran. orbicolare, 4th rt., two cols Rosso di Francia. S. M. in Aquiro. 3rd rt., four small bits under picture at entrance, Lttm. di Egitto bigia B (gialla e bigia R). 2nd rt., two cols Br. rossa scnra. S. M. in Ara Coeli. Tiny lozenge on pavement close to principal door, Gr. bigio min. confuso B. Below Tomb on rt. , small octagon of Br. di Simone S. In nave, two fluted cols Tasio C. Tiny square at foot of tomb, beyond the middle of nave, dp. mand. verde min. S. 3rd rt., tomb on pavement, Lum. bigia S. 7th rt., *two cols Porf. verde R. Tombs inside S. door, four small slabs, F. di Persico rossigno. 8th rt., on cancello, Br. Gregoriana S. gth rt. , four cols Pav. at tombs. Tomb in 1. corner of rt. trans., two oblongs of Br. trac. min. S ; eight specchi of Al. a rosa nuv. dor. Rt. ambo, oblong slab on parapet to rt. , Gr. verde confuso B. loth rt., on cancello, Br. di Aleppo rossa ; gradino of Br. pav. S. l66 ROMAN MARBLES. nth rt. , two cols Verde antico. Two large circular slabs at foot of chancel arch, *Porf. verdc B. Tomb near high altar, two cols P. santa. Left col blotched with black. nth left, two cols Verde cupo. TEMPIETTO. Eight cols Broccatellone dor. (rosso e giallo). roth left, two cols Bianco c Nero (di Porto Ferrajo). gth left, two cols *Br. trac. rossastra. Sth left, two fluted cols Ginllo antico. 7th left, two cols Cor. rosea ; fillet and gradino, Settebasi dor. S. 6th left, two rounds on cancello, Cip. rosso (partly pav. scuro R). 5th left, paliotto of Cor. rossa S. 3rd left, balustri of Al. rosso e giallo S ; *two cols Br. dor. C ; fillet of Br. pav. min. S ; pilasters of tabernacle, Al. rossiccio S. S. M. in Campitelli. Last left, fascia on paliotto F. di Persico macchiato S. S. M. in Cappella. Cols of Cip., Bigio br., and Imezio. S. M. dei Cappuccini. Small H. W. on each side, Br. gialla e nera. High altar, two inter, cols Tasio C. S. M. della Consolazione. 3rd rt. , two cols Nero strisciato (Bianco c nero di Porto Ferrajo). End ofrt. aisle, two small cols Affr. pav.; balustri, Pav. bigio br. High altar, two cols P. santa. 4th left, on paliotto, *fillet of Verde pall. br. and left, two cols Bigio antico (scuro). HOSPITAL. Gradino of altar at end of main alley, Cip. pav. Two pilasters at cancello, Cip. mand. lionato chiaro B ; two (round the corner) Ltim.pav. disfatta B. S. M. in Cosine din. In portico, two fluted cols Lesbio C. Rt. and left of door, spheres of Nefritica bronzina. Cols in nave : one Affr. ; one Imezio ; one Gr. rosso ; two Tirio C ; two fluted Pav. ; four Bigio lum. Slab on rt. ambo, Gr. della Sedia S ; square of Cip. maud, verde giallastro R (min. S). ROMAN MARBLES. 167 Baldacchino, cols Gr. rosso violaceo. CRYPT: two cols Porino ; four Gr. del Foro C; slabs on pave- ment to left, Greco ven. S. SACRISTY. Two small tapering cols at tomb, Giallo antico. S. M. in Domnica. In front, ship of Pentelico C. Paliotto rt., Br. rossa. High altar, two cols Porf. rosso ; frame of altar Greco dislocato. Paliotto left, Settebasi par. S. M. Egiziaca. Walls and several pillars, Titfo rosso B. S. M. delle Grazie. End of rt. aisle, two cols *Bigio br. scritto (chiaro) ; on cancello *Pav. bigiastro reticolato. End of left aisle, two cols Bigio mor. Cancello on left, four oblongs, Br. di Aleppo. S. M. dell' Itria. High altar, paliotto bordered with F. di Pcrsico and Diaspro rosso e giallo ; lower gradino, Cor. pall. min. Two small H. W., P. santa cerulea. S. M. Liberatrice. 3rd rt., two cols Cor. pall, (rossa e gialla B). High altar, two cols Br. pav. bigiastra B (Serravezza antica). 3rd left, two cols *Br. trac. ; on gradino, scraps of Al. tartaruga. S. M. di Loreto. High altar, two cols Giallo pic chiettato B. In Sacristy, two cols Pav., two Imezio. S. M. Maddalena. Cancello 3rd rt., *Settebasi ven. S. S. M. Maggiore. In portico, two cols *Gr. rosso verdastro ; one Gr. del Foro ; one *Gr. bruno min. ; one *Gr. del Giglio macchiato ; forty-two cols in nave. Imezio B ; altars and pilasters, Imezio fasciato schictto. ist tomb rt., two cols *P. santa fasciata ; plinth of *Settebasi policroma. l68 ROMAN MARBLES. ist rt., two cols Lum. dcgli Abruzzi S. BAPTISTERY. Large tazza, Porf. rosso ; two colonnettes, Nero antico ; two cols Verde antico. 4th rt. (Crucifix), two slabs beside altar, Sard, a rosa nuv. CAPP. SISTINA. Eight cols Verde pall. On altar, large circle of Gr. delta Sedia ; below angels, *Al. ametista dend. ; "Porf. serf, verde, *Semesanto min., agates and jaspers; below reliefs of tomb on rt., plinth of Affr. sanguigno. Arch of papal throne, two slabs above and two crosses below, Spate fluore S. CHOIR. Baldacchino, cols and urn, Porf. rosso ; *candlebearer, Bianco c nero antico S. [CAPP. BORGHESE. Ten large pilasters Broccatello principf S. ; at entrance to side chapels, Broccatello pav. cupo B. Plinth of both tombs at base of eight cols (verde) Rosso br. mm. S; specchi of Al. fort.; four large oblongs of Al. melleo nuv. B. Four long slips under lower reliefs of tombs, Se ttebasi policroinu S. Frame of six black inscription slabs, A I. a rosa Jior. Fillet at base of altar, Br. bianca e nera B ; broad fascia below cols, Legno pietrificato. Plinth above floor all round the chapel, Bardiglio fiorito list. In Sacristy, *two colonnettes, Cotognino orientals (broken) ; sfondi, Br. Quintilina biancastra.} LEFT AISLE. ist chapel, two cols Verde pall. ; two Affr., two *Bianco e nero dor. (broken). Two colonnettes at tomb, Cor. giallastra B (violetta). Tomb of Card. Toledo, *two small oblongs, *Giallo tigrato C ; above inscription, fascia of Br. rossa e gialla ; below, Lum. degli Abruzzi S. ist tomb left, two cols P. santa arlecchina ; plinth, Rosso striato. S. M. sopra Minerva. ist rt., two cols Giallo br. bruno. 2nd rt, on gradino, dp. marino B (nuv. R) ; four circles of Lum. gialla c pav., with ovals of *Diaspro rosso br. and Diaspro pav. : below circles, oblongs of Astracane giallo : small triangles ROMAN MARBLES. l6g Sctnesanto giallo S; on walls, Lum. bigia S ; stondi of Lum. bigia di Egitto S. 4th rt., fillets on tomb of Urban VII., Rosso br. iniii. S ; paliotto, Al. ad onice S ; two cols Broccatellonc : balustri on left, Pav. azzurrigno B (verdognolo] ; on tomb to rt., Semesanto pav. S. 5th rt., four speech! at tomb, Settebasi dor. ; two middle cols Al. for. list. B ; below cols, speechi of Al. a pecorclla B; two cols Occhio di Pav. pav. B ; four at tombs, Verde cupo ; opposite, on 5th pilaster rt., two long corner strips at tomb, P. santafior. S. 7th rt., four cols Verde antico ; inner one on 1., Verde min. B. 8th rt., two cols Verde smeraldo R. gth rt., rt. col *Br. rossa e gialla, 1. col *Br. dor. Chapel to rt. of high altar, hexagons on pavement, Palombino eburnco B. Left trans., border on pavement of large chapel, Serp. violacea B ; two cols Giallo br. Four cols Verde antico. 4th left, below cols, F. di Persico bruniccio ; plinth of tomb, on the rt., P. santa carnina S. 3rd left, col on rt. Cor. pav., left P. santa. 2nd left, two cols P. santa bruna giallastra. Urn on left of main door (G. B. Galletto) dp. verde giallastro B. ist pilaster left, large fillets at tomb, Br. pav. S ; plinth, Pav. san- guigno B. Tomb at ist pilaster left, four long narrow strips, P. santa rossastra. In convent, frame of inscription at the top of library stairs, Br. gialla. S. M. di Monserrato. ist rt., two cols Cor. and rt., two cols Br. rossa. 3rd rt., two cols Giallo antico. ist left, band on paliotto, P. santa giallastra br. B ; two cols Verde di Ponsevera (Serp. cerulea B). S. M. in Monterone. High altar, *two cols Br. pav. 3rd col rt., Bigio br. 170 ROMAN MARBLES. S. M. di Monte Santo. 2nd 1., gradino of Settebasi pav . and Trac. vloletta HI/;/. 3rd 1., below cols, *specchi of Al. dp. : on the rt., door of Sard. nuv. framed in Al. ametista dend. S. M. ai Monti. H. W., Rosso br. ntiii. ist rt., two cols P. santn. 2nd rt. and left, two large octagons on pavement in front, Br. rossa e gialla frantumata B. 2nd rt., two cols Giallo dor. High altar, two cols P. santa : col on rt. has a handsome patch of Breccia in the middle. 2nd left, two cols Verde antico ; cancello, P. santa bigia B (fior.}. ist left, two cols Affr. S. M. in Monticelli. High altar, two large cols * Verde chiaro. S. M. dell' Orazione. 2nd left, gradino of *Br. true. ; the finest in Rome for brilliancy, minuteness, and variety. S. M. dell' Orto. 3rd rt., two cols Bigio linn. High altar, two cols * Affr. fior. 4th left, col on 1., * Giallo bigiastro ; on rt., * Giallo br. : four oblongs on cancello, Cor. rossastra dor. 2nd left, on cancello, Cor. schietta. S. M. della Pace. 3rd rt., slab on pavement, Settebasi dor. S. ; on cancello, four oblongs of Br. min. angolosa. Pilasters outside 4th rt., Broccatello rosso: outside chancel, Brocca- tello giallo S. High altar, four cols Verde antico ; lowest plinth of Lnm. nera di Etiopia S ; four slabs on walls, P. santa gialla cerulea S ; 2nd left, slabs of * Affr. rossastro on arch and outer walls. S. M. del Popolo. Tomb at H. W. on rt., fillet under moulding, and two strips below, *Cip. rosso. ROMAN MARBLES. iyi High altar, four inter, cols Porto Venerc ; below cols, ovals of Sard, a rosa on Al. marino dor. Narrow fillet four feet from the ground, Br. policroma R (san- nin. S ; four lastrine of Al. rosso c giallo lisf. S. Michele a Ripa. Candlebearer, * P. santa br. SS. Nereo ed Achilleo. Altar rt. and 1., two spiral cols Pav. bianco : *specchi of Giallo br. dor. ; two candlebearers, Pav. ven. Cols of Baldacchino: three Affr. verdc, one Affr. nero : on screen, twenty-four panels, Porf. rosso : beside chair, two spiral cols Porino. Stem of pulpit, Affr. bronzato ; six ovals, Al. melleo fior. S. Niccolo degli Arcioni. Cancello of high altar, four narrow slabs, *Br. Gregoriana S : two wide, Settebasi pav. fior. S. S. Niccolo in Carcere. 3rd col rt., Cip. verde incrcspato B. Baldacchino cols, Cotognino orientate ven. ; urn of Porf '. verde B. In confession, two cols P. santa bigia ; two, P santa rossa br. B. 3rd col left, Cip. verde zonale united with Cip. prasio B. ist col left, Greco scritto B (tratteggiato R). S. Niccolo dei Prefetti. 2nd rt., *t\vo cols Pav. bruno B (sctiro angoloso). S. Niccolo ai Cesarini. Pillars of Tnfo rosso C. ROMAN MARBLES. 175 S. Niccolo da Tolentino. Frame of tomb on pavement by the entrance, Bigio nior. orbi- colarc B. Under organ, four cols Serravezza persichina. ist rt., oblong slab on pavement, Gr. dclla Colon IHI S ; paliotto, Al. bianco a nuvole S; on cancello, Diaspro verde. 3rd rt., two squares beside cols, Settebasi dor. S; two small borders on gradino, Semesanto giallo S ; four narrow strips in sfondi, Palombara rosso list. S. 4th rt. and left, and at high altar, *eight fluted cols Bardiglio. Border on side walls of choir, Occhio di Pav. pav. S. 2nd left, six cols Verde antico C ; specchi below cols. Bianco e nero min. S; feet of urns, Verde ran. scuro S. S. Onofrio. H. W., stem and foot, chased Pentelico. Cancello on rt., Pav. bianco vcn. S. 2nd rt., two cols Broccatellone ; beside tombs, four specchi of *Al. a rosa confnso ; outside the chapel, four narrow strips of Sette- basi dor. ; four bits on inner pilasters, Lum. bigia di Egitto ; four on outer, Lum. gialla di Egitto. High altar, on cancello, two lastre of *Al. a rosa veil. ; scraps on altar, Semesantone rosso, Br. di Aleppo, and many good ala- basters ; on tabernacle, six tiny oblongs of Br. di S. Ipolito. Balustrini of cancello at sides, *P. santa pav. intrecciata. 4th left, gradino of Lum. rossa. ist left, six splayed slabs of Spato fluore list.; eight oblongs of Semesantone pav. Urn of Sardonico chiaro framed in Verde di Ponsevere chiaro ; gradino of Al. di Civitavecchia. Tomb on 1. of door, narrow strip above, Lum. nera di Etiofiia R. In cloister, cols of Lesbio C. S. Pancrazio. On the left, large fluted and thrice moulded col of Pav. with capital. Baldacchino cols Porf. rosso. Beside the high altar, four cols Gr. bigio ; good scraps of dp. and Pav. ; two specchi of *Lum- achellone bigio. Two spiral jewelled candlebearers with balls of P. santa ; plinth of porphyry urn, *Bigio intrecciato B. 176 ROMAN MARBLES. S. Pantaleo. Tomb in middle of pavement, four thistle leaves ofSerp. tigrata S. Pilasters of choir, P. santa rossastra conchigliare S ; urn of Porf. rosso. Lower gradino and tabernacle, *Al. atnetista S (dend.) : cancello of Affr. saitgtiigno. S. Paolo fuori le Mura, Four cols at W. entrance, dp. verde. Floor of nave, Bardiglio list, (scuro R). Forty large and forty smaller cols, Gr. del Scmpione C. Four cols at baldacchino and two at W. door, Cotognino orientate B ; plinth of Br. verdc di Egitto. Inner baldacchino, four cols Porf. rosso ; specchi of Lapis lazsuli scuro and Malachite. Two slabs in front of high altar, Porf. serp. verde cupo. Confession, above the altar, Settebasi pav. S ; pilasters of apse and transept, Pav. policromo R ; four fluted cols *Pav. tigrato, saved from the fire. On floor of apse, *two large circles of Lumachcllone antico B ; two of the smallest, Br. pav. livida B ; on walls, dp. zonale. In transepts, eight slabs of Rosso antico framed in Verdc di Grecia. TRANSEPT CHAPELS, beginning on the left : I. Two cols Porf. rosso ; on walls, Settebasi pav. fior. II. On cancello, Br. dor. ; beside urn, specchi of *Scttebasi cupo; Rich altar has colonnettes of Broccatello and dp. rosso. III. Two cols Porf. rosso; narrow sfondo on rt., Diaspro rosso br. ; gradino and plinth of cols, Trac. angolosa B. IV. Twelve fluted Doric cols *Bigio chiaro ; paliotto and sides of altar, *Palombara (dend.) erbor. B. Portico of N. transept, twelve cols Imezio. S. Paolo alia Regola. Fillet on rt., *Affr. violetto ; pedestal on left, *Bianco e nero di Egitto. S. Paolo alle Tre Fontane. At altar, rt. and left, two cols Broccatellone C. ROMAN MARBLES. 77 Below cols on left, *Al. n pccoreila : at fountain niches, six cols Affr. C ; central head, Giallo solforato ; plinth of *Cip. verde rigato (see S. Vincenzo and Scala Co?li\. S. PIETRO IN VATICANO. Front of Travertine di Tivoli B. PORTICO, two cols Pav. br. ; two Affr. bigio [foot of col on rt., Affr. nero ondato B ; left, Affr. nero quarzifcro B]. Two cols Gr. dendritico : two Gr. bigio: two Gr. rosso : two Gr. del Foro : eight dp. verde ondato R ; at main doorways, six inter, cols Pav. Jambs of Porta santa, P. S. bigia B. Borders of slabs on pavement near entrance, Br. rossa e gialla. Forty-four cols Cottanello giallo B ; on piers, Ross > di Fr. Chapels. PIETA, on rt., spiral col Tirio. S. SEBASTIANO. Two large three-quarter cols P. san'a for. ; on cancello, Al. rosso c giallo. Bianco c nero antico, and Diaspro verdastro rigtito. Tomb of Inn. XII., door-jambs and cornice, Giallo br. dor. B. SACRAMENTO. Two spiral cols, Tirio C ; doves on four piers in front of chapel, framed in * Bigio macchiato scuro. MADONNA. Cols of Bigio br., enclosing two of Verde antico : slabs on pilasters of arch Al. a rosa ranciato B : picture frame and middle of arch, Spato fluore S. S. GIROLAMO (opposite the altar). Two three-quarter cols dp. : on cancello, Al. melleo rossiccio. ST. BASIL, and at adjacent tombs of Gregory XVI. and Benedict XIV., six cols Bigio antico (three patched wit'i Affr.). ST. WENCESLAUS. Two cols of Gr. rosso, enclosing two of Gialio br. pall, rossastro ; on wails, ovals of Settebasi bigia. SS. PROCESSO E MARTINIANO. *Two inter, cols of Giallo antico. enclosing two of Porf. rosso scuro ; specchi of F. di Persico min., and oblongs of Affr. schiacciato. ERASMUS. Two cols of Gr. rosso, enclosing two of Giallo br. pall, rossastro; four small ovals on arch, Br. pav. sfrangiata B; on cancello, P. santa fiorita. 12 178 ROMAN MARBLES. Tomb of Clement XIII., plinth of Calcarea blgia. S. MICHELE. Two cols of Gr. del Foro, enclosing *two of P. santa bicolore (ven.) ; eight lunettes on arch, divided by crosses, Br. pav. ntin. B ; speech! of Pal. list. ; corner pilasters at side of cancello, Br. rossa. S. PETRONILLA. Col on rt., Gr. del Foro ; left, Gr. rossastro ; eight slabs at foot of arch, Al. a pecoreUa min. B (dor. R). TABITHA. Two cols Gr. persichino. Slab on each side of bronze sitting statue, Gr. della Sedia B. Below cupola, eight spiral cols Tirio C. On walls, pilasters of Diaspro tenero ; pavement, Diaspro infimo. Confession. Four cols, Al. a nuvole C ; inside cancello, eight lastre of Setnesanto giallo ; on stairs, eight Rosso br. : on walls, eight A I. onichino. Colonnettes sustaining small statues of SS. Peter and Paul, *AL di Orte. Crypt Sixteen cols Br. pav. ven. C. End of tribune, four cols Imezio zonale ; plinth ofBr. pav. grande. Tomb of Paolo III., mask of Giallo e nero antico C. M. DELLA COLONNA. Two cols Gr. del Foro arrugginito ; two Giallo solforato ; plinth of cols Pav. tnrc. B; above altar, Al. rosso e giallo S. SAPPHIRA. Two cols Gr. persichino ; near middle of pier on rt., *Occhio di Pav. rosso. S. TOMMASO. Two cols dp. verde ; two Bigio mor. dor. S. PIETRO. Rt. col Giallo antico ; left * Giallo dor. B ; two cols Porf. rosso. S. FRANCESCO. Two cols Gr. del Foro ; two Bigio mor. SS. SIMON AND JUDE : on the rt., two long narrow strips, Br. pav. trac. min. B ; upper gradino, Settebasi rossa R. Sacristy. At doorway, two cols Gr. del Foro ; on projecting pier to left, 3rd slab from the bottom, *Giallo sfrangiato ; pier to rt. of it framed in P. santa bigia dor. In passage, splayed pilasters of Pav. br. dor. S. Four cols Gr. rosso ; two Gr. del Foro ; sixteen Bigio antico ; twelve fluted Bigio him. ROMAN MARBLES. 179 Pilasters on walls, Ginllo dl Siena ; slabs below pilasters, dp. vcrdc chiaro and C. bigio ; beyond glass door, *two cols Blgio mor. : in passage, pilasters of Affr. bigio and A . verde. In chapel, mass of Cristallo iridato. Two inter, cols, Al. bianco. On left of entrance, fluted col of Bigio br. macchiato. Tomb of dp. nero. GREGORIANA. *Two cols Porf. bigio ; two, Verde antico. On cancello, five lastre of Br. di Simonc ; upper gradino, Settebasi policroma B. Tomb of Pius VII. Two cols Gr. pcrsichino ; on piers at side, four circles of Verde pall. min. TRANSFIGURATION opposite, two cols dp. Tomb of Inn. XL, *Cip. nero S. Choir. *Candlebearer of Bianco e nero antico ; bands on arch outside Choir, P. santa madreporitica B. PRESENTATION. Col on rt., P. santa bigia B ; left, P. santa rossa B. Baptistery. Large font of Porf. rosso. SS. Pietro e Marcellino. Two inter, cols Cottancllo at each side altar, and urns of Verde antico. S. Pietro in Montorio. 4th rt., alternate balustri of Giallo antico and Pav. 3rd left, balustri of Pav. br. and two oblongs of *Giallo br. ; two small cols Porto Venere ven. S. Pietro in Vincoli. Twenty fluted cols Imezio. Cancello, end of rt. aisle, Br. di Simone ; long strip below tomb beyond ist rt., Cor. violetta giallastra S. In sacristy, *slabs of Porf. serp. verde, and Porf. rosso. On high altar, paliotto of Al. onichino bound with Semesanto, and flanked with Br. verde di Egitto min. : borders of Giallo car- nagione tigrato. On walls of confession, Br. di Aleppo, Rosso antico, Al. apecorella ; on each side of steps, sloping fillet of Rosso br. ; below, two small triangles, Br. dor. ; on pavement, dp. mand. ; below statues, two small bits of dp. rosso. l8o ROMAN MARBLES. End of left aisle, two cols Bigio vcn. C ; on walls, Par. bi. . rosso : eight strips of Lum. bigia giallastra. Four H. W., P. santa bigia nuv. S. High altar, balustri of Pav. azzurrigno B (bruno R). In both transepts, cols of *Cip. verdc ; specchi, P. santa lui/i. In Cloister, twelve cols dp., six Porino, eight Bigio nntico. 2nd left, on cancello, balustri of Affr. bigio scuro. ist left on cancello, two pilastrini of Al. rosso e giallo S. S. Salvatore. Near high altar, col of Bigio antico C. S. Salvatore in Onda. *Baldacchino cols, P. santa alabastrina ; cancello, Verde di Grecia. Cancello on left, Affr. disfatto. S. Sebastiano (fuori le Mura). ist rt., two small cols Affr. pezzato. Relics framed in Al. a rosa. ist tomb rt., plinth below urn, Rosso br. lutn. 3rd rt., on walls, Br. di Serravezza (Br. pav. bianca) and Giallo carnagione B ; door frames, Sard, orientale scuro : fillets and mouldings behind altar, F. di Persico violctto ; wreath at credence tables, Verde di Siisa. High altar, three cols Verde antico (extreme 1., V. pall.); moulded frame of fresco, Giallo br.pall. On cancello, Al. a rosa dend. S. Sebastiano in Pallara. High altar, col on left, Br. rossa. S. Silvestro in Capite. High altar : at tabernacle, *four inter, colonnettes Giallo antico. S. Silvestro al Quirinale. Tomb at end wall of nave, two cols of Serp. rosso (Rosso di Levanto). Fillet below relief of Baptism, Al. a rosa, with scraps of Br. Quintilina. ist rt., two cols Affr. nero C ; on entrance arch, four ovals of Semesantonc pav. Altar framed in *Pav. br. ; specchi below cols, F. di Persico rosso : *fillet of Al. a rosa ; small urn oiSerp.Jior. Six large slabs, Al. for. list. S ; eight small ovals, Al. rosso. 2nd rt. , on entrance arch, fillet of Affr. sanguigno ; four oblongs, Al. rosso c giallo list. Two small cols Al. di Montauto. ROMAN MARBLES. 183 2nd rt. and left, on paliotto, *P. santa rossa br. 2nd left, plinth and fillet, Settebasi dor. S ; gradino, Al. a rosa : two cols Taormina : behind cols, strips of Al. ametista dend. ist left, entrance pilasters, Al. a rosa on Giallo focato ; paliotto of Cotognino a nuvole. SS. Simone e Giuda. Paliotto of altars, rt. and left, circles of Lum. di Calabria S, spoilt by red monogram. S. Sisto. Slab on left of door, framed in Cor. pall. ven. In the oratory, two cols Gr. rosso ; two Gr. bigio. S. Spirito (Via Giulia). 2nd left, two cols Broccatello pav. cupo. S. Spirito in Sassia. Cancello of nine side altars, *Br. trac. pav. rossastra S. ist rt. , specchi of Al. rosso nuv. Col on rt., Affr. pav. B ; left, Affr. rosso. Four cols on rt., under organ, Gr. carnicino grigiastro B. (Gr. minuto carni- cino chiaro R). 5th left, *two cols Bigio cupo macchiato. rst left, two cols, mixed P. santa rossa and P. S. bigia orbico- lare B ; below cols, broad fascia Br. rossa. HOSPITAL : at altar, two cols Pav. br. C ; gradino of Palombara dend. Pilasters and frieze of fountain in Court, Verde ran. ond. B. Door -jambs of Spezieria, *Bigio br. B. S. Stanislao. *Fillet at all four altars, Br. trac. min. S. Stefano del Cacco. 6th col rt., *Pav. br. ; 4th dp. bigio ; ist Cip. verde. 2nd left, on paliotto, scraps of Verde ran. macchiato, Cip. inand. verde, and Semesanto pav. S ; specchi of Broccatello giallo ; below, slabs of Astracane giallo. ist left, fascia of Settebasi rossastra : two cols Diaspro verde. S. Stefano dei Mori. Behind the Church, two cols Cip. 184 ROMAN MARBI.HS. S. Stefano Rotondo. 2nd left, tomb framed in Affr. vcrdc ; fascia above. Settebasi bigia S ; slab in the middle, Biglo scritto rcticolato. 2nd left, urn of Giallo antico C. ist left, Diaspro rosso list, and D. vcrdf : moulding of Bigio list. S. Susanna. Door-jambs at entrance. *Greco dislocate B. Two ovals on face of chancel arch, Br. trac. rossn 13 (Br. pulicronni rossastra S) ; two oblongs of Cor. rossn S. Four slabs in corners of apse, facing the altar, Br. pav. rcticolata S ; plinth below chancel arch, and cancello. *Settebasi brnna giallastrti. In semi-crypt, two cols Tasio C. Chapel to left, large slabs on walls, Br. dorata S ; Chigi arms, Al. pomato S; four square slabs, Verde br. : two oblongs, F. di Persico chiaro ; two cols Verde antico. At Convent door, two cols Pentelico C. S. Teodoro. On cancello, six bits of *Cip. vcrde ond. S. Tommaso ai Cenci. Four disks on pavement, Porf. rosso and Porf. scrp. verdt . In upper Oratory, gradino of Br. rossa. S. Tommaso in Formis. High altar, four ""'fluted cols Pav. argcntino reticolato. Picture framed in Broccatfllonc. S. Urbano. In front, four fluted cols Bigio nntico. S. Venanzio. Four lastre on cancello, Affr. ncro br. : four Cotognino a nitvole. SS. Vincenzo ed Anastasio (Trevi). 2nd left, fillet under cornice of altar, and sfondi, Br. di S. Ipolito. S. Vincenzo ed Anastasio (Tre Fontane). Four cols in portico, Or. bigio. S. Vitale. ist rt., col on rt., Bigio turn, chiaro ; 1., Cip. bigio. Gradino of four altars, dp. mand. ROMAN MARBLES. 1^5 High altar, two cols of Porto Venerc : paliotto, AI. nur. bruna ; mouldings of Pav. argentine), ist left, col on left, Bigio veil. ; col on rt., Cip. big'to. S. Vito. Inscribed slab to rt. of altar on the rt., Iniczio. Scala Coeli. Two cols P. Santa ccrulea : stem of H. W., F. di Persico (veil.). In crypt, two cols Lesbio ; on shelf in niche, Nefritica brunn (Hera). Stimmate. Altar frames and mouldings, Al. di Montanto nuvolato. Suffragio. ist rt., plinth below specchi of cols, *Occhio di pcrnicc S. 2nd rt., narrow fillet of Settebasi dor. S. 3rd rt., two cols Serravczza pav. High altar, four slabs on gradino, Pav. bigio br. ; plinth below cols Settebasi pav. ; lower gradino, Fiore di Persico br. ist left, *two cols Affr. pav. giallastro ; fillet of Br. pav. bruna B. Trinita dei Monti. 4th rt., two cols P. santa. 7th rt., two cols Bigio ven. 5th left, two cols P. santa vcn. 3rd left, on paliotto, Cotognino orientate. 2nd left, on paliotto, Affr. ncro sauguigno. ist left, on paliotto, Lum. degli Abruzzi. Trinita dei Pellegrini. 2nd rt., two cols Cor. pall. ; * gradino, Bigio linn. 3rd rt., two cols Verde di Ponscvcra. High altar, *four cols Affr. ; *gradino of Palombara rigato. 4th left, two cols Porto Venere ; *specchi of Al. onichino fior. : at sides, *two slabs, Liirn. nera. 3rd left, two cols P. santa : two slabs on pilasters, Astracanc bruno ; two oblongs, A. giallo. 2nd left, *two cols Giallo nuv. HOSPICE : door-jambs of Refectory on ground floor, dp. mand. liotiato B. 186 ROMAN MARBLES. Oratorio di S. Giovanni. At high altar, *t\vo cols Giallo di Siena dor. Ospedale di S. Giovanni. At altar, two cols Cor. policroinn B (rossa e gialla). Pantheon. Seven cols in portico, Gr. bigio del Foro B (partly rosto). Pilasters at doorway, Tasio C. Door -jambs and capitals, Lunense B ; pavement at doorway, Affr. rosso B (conchigliare). 2nd rt., paliotto of Palombara pav. ; at chapels, eight small fluted cols Giallo br. Six cols Pav. tigrato. 5th altar, rt. and left, two cols Porf. rosso cupo. Candlebearer, dp. bigio. Scala Santa. Steps of Tirio C (Greco tnrchiniccio B) ; 5th step, typical. SANCTA SANCTORUM, two cols Porf. rosso C. CHAPEL on the rt., at the top of the stairs, on paliotto and in centre of gradino, * dp. pav. scuro, ruined by splaying. Middle of paliotto, Vcrdc picchiettato ; two oblongs of Al. tarta- ruga brimastro ; on cancello, two 'slabs, Affr. disfatto. Tor de' Specchi. In Chapel, cancello of Settebasi bigia. Cloaca Maxima. Mouth of Sperone C. Collegio Romano. Large block of *Serp. granatite C ; Cameo of Savonarola, Niccolo C ; buckles of Agata zaffirina C ; engravings of Polymnia, Corniola C ; triangular fragment of Clessida, with five hiero- glyphics, Gr. corallino minute B ; trunk of a small Egyptian idol, covered with hieroglyphics, Gr. verdc nereggiante B. Colosseum : Large blocks of Travertino di Tivoli B. Fontana dei Termini. Rt. col, Settebasi verde B. Forum of Nerva. Three *fluted cols Tasio C. Forum Romanum. Fluted col of Phocas ; Lunense C. Temple of Concord : slab on pavement, Affr. rosso br. B. ROMAN MARBLES. 1 87 Temple of Vespasian ; Temple of Castor and Pollux : three fluted cols Luncnse C. Forum of Trajan. Many broken cols of Gr. del Foro. Kircherian Museum (see Collegia Romano). Lateran Museum. Room II., flattened sphere of Nefritica nera. IV., large *Vase of Bigio rossastro lum. on stem of Affr. V., Stag in Basalte macchiato ; Cow in Lunense. IX., two large sculptured cols, and a smaller one, of Tasio C. X., *two cols Astracane rossastro ; rocchio of Porf. bigio. XIII., *Four cols spirally moulded Pav. XIV., floor of Mosaic scraps, Palombino lattco. XV., 942 Sarcophagus in Pario. XVI., small bronze Venus on pedestal of Rosso di Levanto. In corridor on ist floor, Compartment X., above Sarcophagus, inscribed slab of dp. rosso br. Museo Archeologico. Broken col of *Br. della Villa Casali. Good specimens of Br. dor., Br. di Aleppo, Br. pav. min., and Br. di Simone; Cottanello anticopav. ; dp. mand. lionato ; Affr. bigio fori to ; Occhio di Pav. pav.; Settebasi dor.; Bianco e Nero tigrato', Al. bianco ondato and Pecorella ; Porf. bigio, Porf. nero, Porf. verdc and Porf. serp. nero ; Gr. della Sedia. Museo Capitolino. COURT. In rt. corner, col of*Cip. ondato. ATRIUM : 39 fragment of colossal Statue, Porf. rosso latti- nato B. ROOM TO RT. 8 bust of woman on pedestal of Br. gialla e pav. Two lions in Gr. nero, partly spotted behind with Gr. brecciato B. Isis in Gr. nero S (tigrato). 6 fragment of kneeling Egyptian statue, Basalte bigio. GALLERIA. 5 Cupid in Tirio ; 7 Male Bust in Tirio ; g Boy's head in Lunense; 14 Vase in Pario ; 31, 32 Rocchi in Gr. di Elba. 57 Pedestal, *P. sauta fiorita ; 64 female bust on plinth of Affr. principc : plinth of busts 56-60, 62-66, Nero antico C. SALA DELLE COLOMBE. 42 Chimera, Al. a rosa (list.) S. l88 ROMAN MARBLKS. 55 Pedestal, Diaspro dl Siracusa. 61 Left breast of bust, Linn, blgia di Egitto S. Pedestal, P. suntu violctta. Disk below sarcophagus, *Br. verdc di Egitto. Venus in Lcsbio C (Pario gifillognolo B). SALA DEGL' IMPERATORI. i Bust of Al. tartaruga C. 4 Pedestal of Tiberius, Porto Venere. 31 Bust of Hadrian, Al. vcrdognolo cupo B; 33 Bust of Giulia Sabina, Cotognino vcrdiccio ; 51 Bust of Sept. Severus. Al. vcrdognolo chiaro B (giatlognolo] S. 56 Bust, Al. agatato. 65 Bust of Giordano Giovine, Linn, orientate big'ui di Egitto R. Door-jambs between Gladiator and Faun, and between Emperors and Philosophers, Br. gialla fibrosa B. SALONE. Door -jambs of Cottancllo aiitico. Jupiter and two Centaurs, Bigio morato Inmachcllato, Colossal Boy Hercules, Basalte verdc. Statue of Aesculapius, Nero bigiastro B. Two inter, cols P. santa C. 25 Colossal bust of Antoninus Pius, Luncnse. Faun, Rosso antico (striato] B. SALA DEL GLADIATORE. 3, 5 Rocchi of Settcbasi bigin giallastni. ii Col of Al. a giaccione S. 13 Col of*Br. traccagnina fior. Museo delle Terme. In the Cloister: I., 37 Rocchio of Fiore di Persico ven. II., 16, 18 Porto Venere sehizzato ; 40 Cor. rosea. IV., in the centre, two cols Porf. bigio ; 37 Rocchio of *Portn Santa bigia br. ; 39 Giallo carnagione. In the Garden, '"Bath of Porf. ncro ; round basin of Gr. rosso iniii. Room I., ii Rocchio of Bigio chiaro. II., 7 Porf. bigio. IV., Plinth of Porta Santa br. min. VI., Rocchio of Trac. rossa Itim. VII., 4 Rocchio of Rosso di Levanto ; 8 Bust of Lnm. bigiadi Egitto. VIII., 10 Rocchio of Broccutellonc chinrn. X., Girl's head in Pentelico. XI., 13 Rocchio of Br. di S. Ipoiito. ROMAN MARBLES. 189 Museo Torlonia. 125 Bust on rocchio of Serravezza aiitica. 189 Bust on rocchio of Affr. vcrdc. 383 Plinth of Affr. principe. 384 Bath of Bianco e ncro tigrato. 388 Fluted and moulded cols of Pav. argcnthw and Pav. bianco. 397 Rocchio of Cip. prcisio. 399, 403 Rocchi of Scttebasi bianco. 400 Rocchio of Astra cane rossastro. 426 Two wild boars in Bigio mor. 443 Large col of Sard, a rosa. 506 Large tazza of Br. verde di Egitto. Obelisks. Lateran, Gr. roseo R. Minerva, Gr. rosso dellc Guglie B (roseo R). Monte Cavallo. Gr. roseo. Monte Citorio, Gr. rosso, with four restored slabs of Gr. rosso inacchiato B. Pantheon, Gr. rosso B. Piazza. Navona, Gr. rosso B. Piazza del Popolo, Gr. rosso. Piazza dei Termini, Gr. roseo. Pincio, Gr. rosso B. S. M. Maggiore, Gr. roseo. Trinita dei Monti, Gr. rosso. Vatican, Gr. rosso dcllc Guglie B (roseo R). Villa Mattei, Gr. rosso dclle Guglie B. Pal. Altemps. CHAPEL. Vertical strips on walls, Br. dor. pav. Three cols Pav. ; one *Scttebasi bruna giallastra ; two Broc- catellone rosso ; urn, Giallo br. Oval below window Pav. br.Jior. : jambs of doors, Rosso br. confuso. Pal. Altieri. Two cols Porf. rosso C ; two Al. a giaccionc C. Pal. Barberini. Two fluted cols Pav. ; two cols Al. giallognolo : "two Bianco e nero antico C. 1QO ROMAN MARBLES. Pal. Borghese. Two cols Cor. C. Pal. Braschi. Fourteen cols in portico and Court, dp. verde. Pilasters of staircase, Scttebasi venata S. Round slabs on each landing, Rosso br. minuto S. Pal. Bufalo. Two small cols above door, dp. Pal. della Camera. In loggia, overlooking fountain, two cols Bigio br. ; one Bigio lum. ; two Cor. ; two Br. rossa : two dp. verdc chiaro ; five Bigio antico. Pal. Colonna. Inner court, *Col of dp. verde C. Ground floor, two cols Pav. ; two engrailed Rosso antico ; two cols Verde antico : two Giallo antico ; spiral col of Rosso striato. In gallery, two cols Verde antico ; two fluted cols Giallo antico. Pal. dei Conservator!. In Court, col of Porf. rosso C ; two cols F. di Persico. Room V., *Rocchio of Br. verde diEgitto B (porfiroide R). Little she-wolf relief, Lum. gialla min. B (bigiastra). Two cols Verde antico C. In Sculpture room, Dog in V. ran. lineare ; 81 fluted *rocchio of Pav . cupo reticolato. At foot of stairs leading to Pinacoteca, broken rocchio of Br. frutticolosa min. Pal. Doria. At bottom of stairs, two cols Tasio C. fTwo cols Cip. maud, rosso R. fSpiral col Bigio morato ; two cols Nero antico. *tTwo cols Br. policroma B (Trac. disfatta) ; four cols Verde antico. Large vase of A I. rossastro ven. Bacchus in Rosso antico. Vase of Porf. rosso. Two cols Bigio dislocato ; two Verde chiaro. t Recumbent Nile in Basalte bruno. fTwo cols P. santa, and two in the Chapel. f In private rooms. ROMAN MARBLES. igi Cols in pairs at upper windows facing the Corso ; N. Br. di Serravczza ; S. Serravczza macchiata. At doorways, N. dp. verde and Bigio dp. ; S. dp. zonale and C. verde. Pal. Farnese. In Court, *two cols Gr. bigio bronzato ; at loggia, above entrance, four cols Verde antico. Pal. Grazioli (Rte. 3). At doorway, two *cols Gr. bigio mlnuto rossctstro. Pal. Maccarani (Via dell' Umilta), two cols Gr. del Foro at door. Pal. Madama. -Door-jambs on ist floor, especially ist rt., Giallo carnagione tigrato B. Pal. Massimi (alle Colonne). In Chapel, two cols dp. ; two Br. pav. ; four Bigio antico. Pal. di Papa Giulio. Front of Peperino ; two three-quarter cols Gr. persichino ; two fountain basins of Gr. del Foro C. In loggia, col of P. santa, col of Pentelico. Pal. Quirinale. Two cols P. santa C ; two Occhio di Pav. rosso S ; two Occhio di Pav. pav. C. In Chapel, on screen, eight short cols P. santa. In garden, five cols Tirio C. Pal. Rospigliosi. On ground floor, 'large col of F. di Persico rosso R ; *tazza of Verde antico sanguigno B (rubiginoso R) ; col of P. santa ; col of Verde antico ; two cols Bigio mor. In Casino, two large cols Rosso antico B (striato) ; four Cor. pall. ; all cut in half by a wall. Pal. Sciarra. [On ground floor, two large *cols Lum. rosea B (Astracane madre- perlifero R) ; two Al. ; one Giallo antico ; one Verde antico ; two Egyptian statues in Gr. nero C.] Pal. del Senatore. Two cols P. santa C. Pal. Spada. Two cols P. santa C. ig2 ROMAN MARBLES. Pal. Torlonia (Corso). Six cols Cor. di Cori : six Gr. bigio ; four Gr. pcrsichino. In private rooms : two P. santa : four Palombara : two Broccatcl- lone ; one Porf. rosso C. Two bacchanti in Bigio morato. Vase of Br. trac.fior. Recumbent Nile in Basaitc bnmo C. Pal. Torlonia (al Borgo). In portico, col of Pav. ; col of Bigio mor. C. Pal. Valentini. On ground floor, ten cols Pav. : one Biffin mor. : underground, five cols Gr. bianco c nero C. Piazza Colonna. Twelve fluted *cols, and two pilasters, of Tasio C ; large bath of P. santa. Piazza Branca (S. M. del Pianto). *Col of Porf '. bigio. Piazza S. M. Maggiore. Large fluted col of Intezio. Piazza di Pietra. Eleven cols Lunense. Piazza Rondinini. Two cols Porino in court of No. 48. Piazza, di Spagna. Obelisk of dp. verde giallastro R, with panels of Serravezza pav. (resembling Affrlcano}. Pincio. Outside the gate, fountain basin of Lesbio ; at the curved terrace, three cols Gr. del Foro. Porta del Popolo. -Two cols Pav. br. ; four Gr. del St-inpioiit-. Porticus of Octavia. Four fluted cols Pario C. Pyramid of Cestius. Covered with Tasio C. Scuola Castigliana. On the left, two colonnettes, Taormina ; at the curtain, two of Al. list. C. (verdiccio) ; four cols Br. pav. ; two colonnettes, Diaspro giallo. Scuola Siciliana. Two cols at the curtain, in very bad light, left, Settebasi gattcggiante ; rt., Pav. br. Sepolcro dei Nasoni. Interior oiTufo liottato B. Tarpeian Rock. Tnfo rosso B. Theatre of Marcellus. Travertine di Tivoli B. University. At Library door, two cols Occliio di Par. pav. S. VATICAN. Sala Regia. Two cols Br. pav. C; four large slabs in a rou- on wall opposite Sistine Chapel, P. santa ranciata B. ROMAN MARBLES. IQ3 Cappella Paolina. Two cols Pav. C. Appartamenti Borgia. Three cols Cor. ,- four Br. pav. ; two Pav. ; two Imezio C. Four large cols Bardiglio dor. R ; two cols Bigio mor. B (ven.). Large tazza of F. di Pcrsico (reticolarc S, muscoloso R) ; tripod of Pav. C. Library. Two cols Occhio di Pav. pav. scuro R ; six cols Porf. rosso pomato ; four Giallo antico ; spiral col Cotognino bianco. Cameo of Octavius Augustus, Agata cotognina C. Candlebearer of Cristallo iridato : lenzuolo of A mi onto C; four tables of Labradorc ; two cols at door, Al.fior. Scala Nobile. Six cols Gr. bigio ; five Gr. persichino : four Gr. rosso ; three Gr. del Foro. At the first landing, *four cols Cor. carnina ven. : higher up, four cols Cor. di Cori. Overlooking Croce Greca, *two cols Porfido nero B (see p. 195). Croce Greca. Sphinxes, rt. Gr. rosso pall., 1. Gr. bigio rossastro : two large Sarcophagi, Porf. rosso porporino ; strips on pavement and circle round mosaic, Cip. rosso macchiato B. Sala della Biga. Four rings on pavement, Cip. rosso macchiato B. Chariot in Limcnse antico. 613 Sarcophagus in Tirio. Candelabri. Eight cols (most of them much broken), Bigio antico ; [on the left, B. lum. chiaro, B. dp. dor., B. chiaro, B. ven. ; rt., B. ossifcro chiaro, B. chiaro dor., B. him. chiaro, B. bicolore]. Four cols of A 1. di Civitavecchia. i *Vase of Br. verde di Egitto, on rocchio of Porf. rosso ubbriaco (chiaro). 14 Two-handled vase of Porf '. rosso porporino ; on rocchio of Gr. bigio cupo tigrato. 17, 18 Vases of Gr. bigio c nero. 21 Vase of Pcntelico on rocchio of Verde pall. 1 94 ROMAN MARBLES. 31 Candlebearer in Pentelico. 33 Bowl of Gr. bigio macchiato : on rocchio of dp. verde incres- pato B. 46 'Two-handled vase of Serp. bigia verdastra; on rocchio of Gr. bigio min. linearc. 56 Vase of Serp. verde e pav. on rocchio of Porf. bigio rossastro B. 48 Vase of Gr. bigio dend. ; on rocchio ofGiallo br. 50 *Vase of Porf. serp. bigio R. (crowded with chips). 52 Recumbent Bacchus in Basalte bronzino ; head and rt. arm restored in B. verde B. 6g *Vase of Diaspro Lisimaco ; on rocchio of Br. di Aleppo B. 70, 123 Two vases of Porf. serp. nero B ; on rocchi of Gr. rosso and Bardiglio. 79 Funeral urn of Lunense antico. On sarcophagus 83, two vases of Serp. bigia di Ponsevera. 830 Vase of Cotognino bianco ven. S. 87 Statuette in Lesbio, bearing vase of Bigio turc. 95 Vase of Serp. di Genova (bigia verdastra). 96 Vase of Serp. di Tebe (pav. verdastra). 98 Colossal foot of A I. apennino dorato R. 100 Funeral urn in Lunense macchiato. 1138 Vase of Gr. (Serp.) di Genova. 1130 Tazza of *Giallo tigrato pall. 1130 Vase of Serp. pav. di Ponsevera. 120 Flat tazza of Al. giallofior. ; on tripod of Al. a rosa sfran- giato B. 159 Vase of Br. verde di Genova on Al. ghiacciolo rossastro. 163 Small Silenus on plinth of *Pav. br. argentine. 166 Small Candlebearer in Pentelico on base of Gr. bianco e nero. 171 Cinerary Vase of Al. bianco; 1730 fluted rocchio of Palombino bianco. 175, 179 Vases of Lunense antico. 181 Channelled tazza of Rosso striato on col of Bigio chiaro. 181, 196 "Channelled foot of Lttm. rossa min. ; 185 Vase of Verde ran. maculato B. 188 Vase of Al. di Orte on rocchio of dp. marino min., \\ith lower plinth of Affr. violetto ven. ROMAN MARBLES. 195 189 Vase of Diaspro rosso ven. ; on rocchio of Giallo carnagionc. 191 Vase of Nero antico on pedestal of Gr. di Geneva. 202, 206 Vases of Al. onichino and Cotognino arancio list. 204 Behind sarcophagus, half buried in the wall, Vase of Al. onichino rossastro. 204A Vase of A I. melleo list. ; 2040 A I. list. 212 Channelled vase and rocchio of Tirio. 213 Boy with bird, Pario. 217 Vase of Gr. rossastro ti grata. 225 Vase of Palombino bianco ; 228 Vase of Al. bruno rossastro list. 235, 236 Two large Vases, Serp. granatifera B. 239 Tazza of Porf. serp. verde agatato B ; on plinth of Diaspro rosso e verde. 243 Boy with cock and jug, in Tirio. 247 Tazza of Gr. rosso nun. (roseo min. B). 249 Tazza of Porf . verde. 221 Vase of Rosso antico 6n foot of Lttm. rossa min., and plinth of Rosso br. 268 *Little vase of Gr. bigio grafico on rocchio of Gr. bigio verdo- gnolo B (pedicolare R). 269 Fallen warrior in Lunense macchiato, and statuette of Pen- telico. 606 Four-handled vase of *Gr. verde bronzato B (between cols of Porf. nero.). Arazzi. Four cols Porf. rosso (from S. Bartolommeo) ; four Verde antico. Sala Rotonda. Large tazza of Porf. rosso ; pedestals of statues, Imezio fasciato schietto. Sala delle Muse. Sixteen cols Bardiglio ven. chiaro from Hadrian's Villa. Sala degli Animali. 176 Col of A l.fior. 177 Engrailed col of Lcsbio S. 103 Griffin in Sard, tartarugato giallo B (britno). 112 Stork in Rosso antico. 1 19 Dog in Pav. bianco on stand of Pav. bigio vcrdognolo br. 132 Stag in A I. fior. S (rosso macchiato R) on base of Verde di Susa (showing contrast with 244). 196 ROMAN MARBLES. 133 *Lion in G. ebnrnco br. R restored in Giallo carnagione S; on base of Gr. verde plasmato B (min. R). 135 Crawfish in Verde di Praia. 247 Tazza of Pav. br. 149 *Lion in Giallo br. 155, 163 Small panthers in Gr. tigrato bianco B. 156 *Lion in Blglo perlato R (Bardiglio scuro B). 168 Porpoise in Porf. serp. verde. igo Slab of Pav. br. tnin. 195 Lion tearing horse, Tirio. Tazza of Verde ran. ond. B ; three feet sustaining it, V. r. fibroso R. 229 Crab in Porf. verde B. 244, 245 *T\vo tables, Verde principe. Galleria delle Statue. Splayed pilasters of Settebasi gialla S. Beside Ariadne (412), Cor. violacea B (carnina veil. R). 271, 390 Sitting statues in Lesbio. 250 Cupid in Tirio. 421 Vase of Al. oriental* agatino on base of Verde chiaro. 133 *Col of Al.fior. list., on base of Settebasi pav. 398 Large Bath of Cotognino orientale ven. (Al. bianco pom.). Sala del Busti. 278 Cloak of Al. verdognolo S. 293 Spiral rocchio of Nero antico ; upon it, mask in Rosso antico. 298 Jupiter Serapis, in Basaltc brnno (bronzino) S. 339 Oval vase of Affr.fior. on base of P. santa alabastrina. 340 Oval vase, Al. di Civitavecchia, on base of Al. a giaccione. 389 Fragment of Al. di Orte. Gabinetto delle Maschere. Outside, Vase of Serp. di Genova for. on rocchio of Settebasi dor. Eight cols Al. del Monte Circeo. 425 Dancing girl in Lesbio. 432, 435 Unpolished Faun and tazza, Rosso antico porjidino B. 438 Chair of Rosso antico on base of Br. bianco e nera. 443 Apollo in Porino. Octagon. 25 Col of Porf. bigio B. ROMAN MARBLES. IQ7 26, 102 Sculptured cols of Pcntelico. 29 Large Bath of Gr. nero B (min. R). 3iA, Q7A *Cols of Cor. gialla. 36 Small oblong bath of Gr. nero verdastro. 40 Rocchio of Affr, verdc picchiettato R ; central part, Affr. cor. zonale B. 41, 46 Two fragments of moulded cornice in Rosso antico. 43 *Bath of P. santa ven. ti Stuoia. 45A, 870 *Cols of Bigio reticolato. 50 Rocchio of Porf. f>av. pomato. 62, 89 Large Baths of Gr. rosso. 716 Col of Lunense antico. 82 Bath of Gr. del Foro S. 84 Two masses of Al. a pecorella carnino B (dor.). 85 Goddess in Pario. 92 Apollo di Belvedere in Lunense antico B. 100 *Bath of Basalte verdc B. 101 *Col of Porf . rosso pomato. Belvedere. Tazza of Pav. ad inchiostro : Meleager in Tirio R. Sarcophagus of Scipio Barbatus, Peperino B ; Torso in Porino. Museo Chiaramonti. 589 Statue of Mercury in Lcsbio. 464 Mithraic sacrifice, in Bigio mor. 463 Pig in Nero antico. 460 Fragment of draped statue, Al. vcu. S. 315 Leopard in Gr. tigrato. 314 Slab of Pav. verdiccio. 6, 13 Slabs of Scrp. reticolata di Elba. Two cols at gate, Bigio macchiato nerastro S. Gallery of Inscriptions. XXXVIII., To rt. of Library door, third stone from the top, Lum. pcrsichina B. XXVI., 1. of window, oblong inscribed VICTORIA FILIE, Br. pav. reticolata S. Slab inscribed ULPIA DECORATA, dp. verde increspato B. igti ROMAN MARBLES. Many sepulchral slabs in Bigio ven. scuro B, and many in Greco br. scuro R. Braccio Nuovo. *Eight cols dp. bigio e ncro B ; "two cols Gr. nero tigrato : two cols Al. bianco C ; two cols Giallo rossastro. Eight slabs on pavement under dome, Bianco e nero di Francia B. 39 Bacchic Vase, Basalte bruno. 45 Bust of Al. a gi acetone. 53 Euripides, Tasio C. 87 Bust, Al. verdognolo chiaro B. 114 Statue of Minerva in Pario giallognolo. Pavement between 92-41, and 111-26, Settcbasi poligonia B. Col on rt. in Exedra, Gr. persichino min. S. Five slabs on pavement, P. santa madreporitica B. Between Braccio Nuovo and M. Chiaramonti, two cols Gr. del Foro on plinth of dp. bigio rigato. Etruscan Museum. In hemicycle, 103 *Rocchio of Al. Jior. pav.; several rocchi of Gr. bigio min. in various shades. In room of Vases, rocchi of dp. bigiastro and Gr. persichino. Egyptian Museum. 2 Large sarcophagus of Basalte bronzino B ; 5 Basalte nero. n Idol of Arenaria gialla di Egitto B. 13 Idol of Arenaria rossa di Egitto B. 26 Sitting statue of Gr. tigrato verdognolo B. 17 Colossal statue with feet restored in another granite, Gr. tigrato verde B. Two lions with hieroglyphics, Gr. bigio min. B (rossiccio R). 12, 14 Two colossal statues, Gr. rosso verdognolo B. 23 Fragment of statue, Al. di Karnak. 19 Fragment of kneeling man, almost life size, Basalte verde B. 35 Torso of Gr. nero rossastro min. 27 Colossal Nile in Bigio mor. 44, 51 Two statues of Isis, and (112) kneeling idol, Gr. nero br. B. 28 Osiride, in Gr. nero tigrato. ROMAN MARBLES. IQQ 29 Statuette in Verde ran. orbicolare, restored in Verde ran. lineare. 34 *Idol of Semesanto pav. pall. 121 Crocodile in Basalte verdc B. 36 Antinous in Lunense antico B. 38 Statue of Isis, in Palombino bruniccio B. 62 Apis, Gr. nero B. 39 Idol in Gr. bigio turc. 41, 43 Pedestal of Sphinxes, Verde ran. giallastro. 45 Crocodile in Pentelico. 46 Double hermes of Isis and Apis, and of Isis and Tau, Bianco e nero di Egitto B. 53 Crocodile in Paragone* Isis and Horus, Gr. bigio turc. Sitting statuette, Gr. nero. 87 Table in Al. di Karnak. HEMICYCLE. 147 colossal statue, Gr. tigrato verdognolo B. Three standing statues, Gr. tigrato rosso B. Two large mummy cases, with hieroglyphics, Palombino giallo- gnolo lum. B (one unpolished) ; many stelae of Arenaria rossa e gialla. 134 Pedestal of Br. verde di Egitto. Canopo di stela, Calcarea gialliccia di Egitto B. Garden. CASINO of Pius IV. Four fluted cols Giallo antico C. NICCHIONE. Two cols Pav.; *two Basalte verde; eight Bigio lum. ; one Imezio : one Tirio C. Via del Cardello. Two cols *Porta santa in Court at No. 15. Villa Albani. Many beautiful cols of Gr. bigio and Gr. persichino ; two cols Br. pav. rossastra ; col of Bigio dislocato. 37 Tazza of Lunense macchiato ; bust of Berenice, Porf. bigio turc. R. 2nd GALLERY. Two cols Bigio ven. (one on rt. very beautiful). ROOM VIII. (outside at door), two cols Gr. nero : *col of Greco scritto. 20O ROMAN MARBLES. Large inter, col of Al. fior. B (partly br. ; at base, melleu ; in the centre, giallognolo S). * Door-jambs of dp. verde rigato ; col of Bigio scritto. 160 Mithraic priest, Affr. pav. ist CABINET. Colossal bust in Basalte nero C. 3rd CABINET. Two cols Tirio. CHAPEL. Four cols Occhio di Pav. rosso C. BILLIARD ROOM. Two cols Lesbio B ; two cols and vase of Br. di Egitto scura R. 654 Head of lion, Basalte vcrdc. 660 Female bust, Pario, on pedestal of Semesantone rosso. 665 Foot of pedestal, Gr. verde ad Erbejta. 675 Moulded base in *Pav. verde. 679 Col of Verde di Ponsevera. 692 Rocchio of Occhio di Pav. pav. piccolo. TEMPIETTO. Four fluted cols Bigio antico C. FIRST FLOOR. Pilasters of F. di Persico reticolare S (ad inchiostro) ; lower part of pilasters, especially mouldings, Settebasi gatt. S. Walls and side jambs of windows, Greco ven. S. Two tables of Br. vcrdc di Egitto. Vase on rocchio of Porf. rosso laterizio R. 930 Vase of Br. di Svezia. 932 "Vase of Gr. verde ad erbetta. 934 Bust of Annius Verus, Al. biancastro. 964 Pedestal of Aesop, Giallo di Siena. 966 Bust of Pius V., P. santa him. 994 Colossal Antinous in Lunense antico. *Door-jambs of Pav. bigio br. argentine. Door-jambs of Settebasi biancastra S. 1000 Vase of Porf. verde dor. ROOM OF PARNASSUS, dp. marino violetto S ; foliage of pilasters Verde di Firenze S. 1031 Fireplace below relief, Giallo carnagione. Villa Borghese. CHAPEL (overlooking sunken lawn). Lower part of 2nd col, left, in portico. *Cip. prasio B. ROMAN MARBLES. 2OI CASINO. In portico, two cols Lum. bruiia rossastra ; two Lum. bigia giallastra ; 23 col of Gr. del Foro arrugginlto . Plinth below busts and statues in entrance hall, *Affr. principe S. Eight cols Gr. rossastro del Scmpione : specchi of Br. di S. Ipolito. III., 62 Leda in Pario ; 105 standing boy, Pentelico ; boy's head (19), Lunense. 101 Vase of A I. melleo list. VI., Two cols Cotognino bianco list. S; *VaseofGr. vcrde niin. B ; sleeping boy and two oblong vases in Poragone. Legs of two tables, A 1. di Montauto. VII., 173 Vase of^4/. tartaruga giallastro. Two cols Giallo antico C, on plinth of Br. di Aleppo. Under Thorn boy, plinth of Br. trac. ; two cols Porf. rosso (pav.). VIII., Four cols Cor. di Cori ; below six statues, Cor. pav. scitra. *Two cols Pav. br. C ; on plinth of Scrravezza pav. Under two tables, dolphins in Al. a Montauto. IX., In corners, four Vases of Al. a giaccione. 17 Al. rosso on plinth of Porf . verde. 24 Al. a rosa. X., Tazza of Rosso antico C, on plinth of Porf '. verde. Two sphinxes, Basalte vcrde C. Several oval basins of Bianco c nero tigrato S (granitoide R). 204 Tazza of Gr. bianco e nero on rocchio of Bianco e nero tigrato, showing contrast. The latter is pinkish, and is marked in pools. 208 Tazza of Gr. bigio verdastro. 210 Tazza of Cor. nuv. 209 Draped Statue in Nero antico C. Two colonnettes at altar, beside statue 216, Gr. bigio perlato B. 119 Two four-handled vases, Al. giallo list. Tazza of Cor. min. nuv. 220, 222 Cylindrical vases of Cotognino list. Vase of Al.fior. 36 Cotognino cupo. 202 ROMAN MARBLES. Villa Ludovisi. Large tazza of Verde ran. chiaro. Mask of Rosso antico C. Spirally fluted *col of Pav. br. dor. Villa Mattel. Obelisk of Gr. rosso delle Giiglie B. In front of Casino, *two rocchi Br. gialla B. Col of Affr. ven. C. Statue ofGiallo antico C. Villa Torlonia. *Four cols Cor. C ; two obelisks in Gr. del Sempione C. INDEX. Showing the true Genera and Species. All other marbles are Varieties, frequently occurring together on the same large slab or column. Affricano bigio, 99. nero, 100. ,, rosso, 101. ,, verde, 102. Agate, 120. Alabastro ametista, 103. bianco, 103. ,. bruno, 104. di Civitavecchia, in. ,, cotognino, 112. fiorito, 105. ,, fortezzino, 106. ,, a giaccione, 106. giallo, 107. di Karnak, in. ,, listato, 107. marine, 107. melleo, 107. ,, di Montauto, in. di Monte Circeo, 112. a nuvole, 108. occhiuto, 108. ,, onichino, 108. di Orte, 112. di Palombara. 113. Alabastro a Pecorella, 116. ,, pomato, 109. ,, a Rosa, 109. rosso, no. ,, Sardonico, 114. a tartaruga, 116. ,, verdognolo. in. Amianto, 128. Arenaria, 122. Bardiglio, 54. Basalt, 139. Bianco e Giallo, 68. Bianco e Nero antico, 47. ,, di Egitto, 47. di Francia, 48. di Perugia, 48. di Porto Ferrajo, 48. tigrato, 47. Bigio antico, 49. lumacato, 51. ,, morato, 53. Breccia di Aleppo, 81. ,, bianca e nera, 81. corallina. 89. ,, di Cori, 89. 2O4 ROMAN MARBLES. Breccia dorata, 81. ,, frutticolosa, 82. ,, gialla, 82. Gregoriana, 83. pavonazza, 83. Quintilina, 85. rossa, 85. di S. Ipolito, 86. ,, a Semesanto, 94. di Serravezza, 87. di Settebasi, 92. di Simone, 88. ,, di Svezia, 88. ,, traccagnina, 95. verde, 88. verde di Egitto, 88. della Villa Casali, 81. Broccatello, 78. Broccatellone, 98. Calcarea, 122. Cipollino bigio, 61. ,, mandolato, 62. nero, 61. rosso, 61. ,, verde, 59. Cottanello, 63. Diaspro. 118. ,, di Sicilia, 119. Fiore di Persico, 64. Giallo antico, 54. ,, di Siena, 57. tigrato, 57. Giallo e Nero, 58. Granito bianco e nero, 137. bigio, 134. Granito della Colonna, 138. ,, dendritico, 138. ,, di Elba, 139. del Foro, 133. di Giglio, 136. nero, 137. ,, persichino, 136. ,, rosso, 132. della Sedia, 138. del Sempione, 139. ,, tigrato, 136. ,, verde, 138. Greco, 46. Imezio, 44. Labrador, 120. Lapis lazzuli, 120. ! Legno pietrificato, 119. ; Lesbio, 43. ' Lumachella degli Abruzzi, 75. ,, di Astracane, 78. bigia, 75. di Calabria, 76. ,, gialla, 76. ,, nera, 77. ,, pavonazza, 77. rossa, 77. Lunense (Carrara), 44. Malachite, 121. Manziana, 142. Nero antico, 48. Occhio di Pavone, 79. ,, ,, Pernice, 99. Palombino, 45. Paragone, 140. Pario, 42. ROMAN MARBLES. 205 Pavonazzetto, 65. Pentelico, 42. Peperino, 142. Pietra Nefritica, 127. Plasma di Smeraldo, 121. Porfido bigio, 130. ,, nero, 130. rosso, 128. ,, verde, 129. Porfido Serpentine bigio, 131. nero, 131. ,, ,, verde" 131. Porino, 42. Porta Santa, 69. Porto Venere, 58. Rosso antico, 59. brecciato, 97. di Francia, 74. ,, di Levanto, 124. Selce, 141. Serpentina comune, 122. dell' Elba, 123. di Genova, 123. di Tebe, 123. Spato fluore, 121. Sperone, 142. Taormina, 74. Tasio, 43. Tirio, 44. Travertine, 141. Tufa, 143. Verde antico, 125. di Firenze, 127. di Grecia, 127. ,, di PonsevSra, 123. di Prato, 125. ,, ranocchia, 124. ,, di Susa, 127. GETTY CENTER LIBRARY 3 3125 00106 6923