1/ b b /^ CHAPTER OR PART IV. CONTAINING THE EGYPTIAN OBELISKS, AND A SUPPLEMENT TO THE FIRST THREE PARTS, WHICH FORM THE FIRST VOLUME. THE ARCHEOLOGY OF ROME. BY JOHN HENRY PARKER, C.B. Hon. M.A. Oxon,, F.S.A. Lond. ; keeper of the ashmolean museum of history and archeology, oxford; vice-president of the oxford architectural and historical society, and of the british and american archeological society of rome ; member of the royal archaeological institute, MEMBRE DE LA SOCIET^ FRAN9AISE D' ARCH^OLOGIE, HONORARY MEMBER OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF BRITISH ARCHITECTS, AND OF VARIOUS ARCHEOLOGICAL SOCIETIES, ENGLISH AND FOREIGN. CHAPTER OR PART IV. THE EGYPTIAN OBELISKS: TO WHICH IS ADDED A SUPPLEMENT TO THE FIRST THREE PARTS, WHICH FORM THE FIRST VOLUME. OXFORD: JAMES PARKER AND CO. LONDON: JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE-STREET. 1876. THE GETTY C£NTfR THE EGYPTIAN OBELISKS. PREFACE. This concise account of the Egyptian Obelisks in Rome is drawn up entirely from the inscriptions on them. Those of the Popes, record when each was placed in its present situation. Those of the Emperors, state on what occasion each was brought to Rome. The hierogl)^hics give the original history of each in Egypt. One of them only was made for the Romans, or is of their time ; the others are much older, and belong to the history of Egypt, as will be seen in reading the account of them. These were brought to Rome as trophies of conquest only, and were erected in the most public places to commemorate the triumph of the Roman arms. The hieroglyphic inscriptions have been kindly translated for me by an eminent Egyptian scholar residing in Rome during the winter, who declines to have his name published; but I am per- mitted to state that the translation has been compared by Dr. Birch, of the British Museum, and Mr. Bonomi, of the Soane Museum, and they agree that it is done in an accurate and careful manner. Their names are a guarantee to the public that this portion of the work can be fully depended on. CONTENTS. PAGE I. and II. The pair once before the Mausoleum of Augustus, now one before the Quirinal Palace, the other behind S. Maria Maggiore, originally made c. B. c. 2000 . . . . .1 III. The one at the Lateran, originally made c. B.C. 1660; brought to Rome by Constantine, A.D. 311 . . . . . ib. IV. At the Porta del Popolo ...... 2 V. At the Trinita de Monti . . . . . . ib. VI. Before the Pantheon . . . . . . . ib. VII. In the garden of the Villa Mattel, on the Coelian . . . ib. Numbers IV. to VII. bear the name of Rameses II., and were made between 1486 and 1490 B.C. VIII. The one now in front of S. Peter's was made about B.C. 1400, and brought to Rome by Caligula, A.D. 40 . . . .3 IX. The one near the Monte Citorio, formerly placed near the site of the church of S. Lorenzo in Lucina, and then used as the pointer to a great sun-dial. It was originally made c. B.C. 590, and was brought to Rome by Augustus . . . . -4 X. The small Obelisk placed on the back of a bronze elephant in the Piazza della Minerva, was made c. B.C. 580, and was put up in its present place by Bernini, in the time of Pope Alexander VII. . 5 XI. The one on the Piazza Navona was made in Egypt for the Emperor Domitian. It was placed in the Circus of Maxentius, and set up in its present place by Bernini, A. D. 165 1 . . . .6 CHAPTER IV. The Egyptian Obelisks. I. and II. The pair once before the Mausoleum of Augustus, and now before the Quirinal Palace and behind S. Maria Maggiore, were perhaps originally set up by Papa Maire, the Moeris of Herodotus, the first king of Egypt who did anything remarkable, and the pre- decessor of the earliest Sesostris. He lived to the age of xoo, being bom in B.C. 2074, about the time when Abraham was in Egypt, and dying in B.C. 1975, when Jacob was nineteen years old. He began to reign as a subordinate king in Central Egypt when only six years old ; but all the monuments which he has left, and so also these two obelisks, are to be referred to the last twenty or twenty-one years of his life, when he was suzerain of all Egypt. The rescue of Lot by Abraham (in B.C. 2070 or thereabouts), the meeting of Melchisedec and Abraham (at the same date), the birth of Ishmael (in B.C. 2068), the apparition of the three men, or angels, under the oak at Mamre, and the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah (in b.c. 2055), the birth of Isaac (in B.C. 2054), his subsequent marriage, and the birth of Jacob (in B.C. 1994), are all events covered by the one hundred years of the life of Papa Maire ; the last of them, viz. the birth of Jacob, being nearly coincident with the beginning of his reign as suzerain, and so nearest to the precise date at which these two obelisks were set up. III. The obelisk now at S. John Lateran was set up by Thothmes III., the great oppressor of the Hebrews in Egypt, from whose death in B.C. 1655 the narrative of the Exodus (which took place April 5 in the next year) commences. Having been brought to Rome by Constantine and his son after the edict of a.d. 311 had at length given peace to the Church, it stands now as a trophy before the chief basilica of Christendom, marking both the first and the second Exodus, the beginning and the end of that long period of above 2,000 years during which the Church was generally oppressed and held in bondage by the idolatrous empires of the heathen world ; till at length, after passing through a new Red Sea of blood in the persecutions of the first three centuries after Christ, the new Israel saw their Pagan persecutors dead on the sea-shore, to tyrannise over them openly no more for ever. This obelisk has on it also the names of Thothmes IV., the grandson and next successor but one 2 The Egyptian Obelisks. [BOOK II. of Thothmes III. ; and there is a notice on its lower part that it remained in the hands of the sculptors thirty-six years, from a date near the end of the reign of Thothmes III. to another near the end of that of his grandson. It was set up too at HehopoHs, from the neighbourhood of which the Hebrews set forth ; so that it was having the central lines of its hieroglyphics cut a little before the Exodus, and it had the lateral lines cut, and was set up before the temple of the Sun, five or six years before the death of Moses and the entry of the Hebrews under Joshua into Canaan. IV. The obelisk at the Porta del Popolo, and that at the Trinita de' Monti, that before the Pantheon, and that in the Villa Mattei on the Coelian, all four bear the names of Rameses II., the king who was the greatest of all Egyptian conquerors and builders, who has left the most numerous monuments, and whose historical reign is the principal of those which are blended and confused together in the fabulous accounts of Sesostris. But the obelisk at the Porta del Popolo bears also the name of Seti, the father of Rameses II., who seems to have made at the opening of his reign two campaigns in Mesopotamia with such brilliant success as to have gained a re- nown equal to that of any other Egyptian conqueror, though he was wounded in his second year, and lost his sight, so that his reign is marked as having lasted less than two years, while his son Rameses II. reigned sixty-six years and some months. But the magnificent tomb of Seti, discovered by Belzoni, proves that though he may have been incapacitated from reigning, he really lived on after the apparent accession of his son, who seems to have put his father's name on no fresh monuments, but only on those which were already commenced when he lost his sight, and to have been too selfish to allow any other compensation for the loss of actual power, than that of continuing to increase the magnificence of his tomb, a monument hidden from the eyes of all contemporaries in the bowels of the rock. The inscription of the name of Seti on the obelisk at the Porta del Popolo must have been cut in b.c. 1487. v., VI., VII. The other three obelisks mentioned above as belong- ing to the reign of Rameses II. after the blindness of his father, must have been erected at dates lying between the years i486 and 1420 B.C. During this period it was that Ehud and Shamgar judged Israel ; and during the same period, near its beginning, after Rameses II. had in nine years overrun Western and Central Asia, certain colonists from Egypt, especially Danaus, the father of a line of Argive kings, settled in Greece. Rameses II. is the historical source of the fabulous king called CHAP. IV.] The Egyptian Obelisks. 3 Egyptus by the Greeks ; and a brother whom he had left to govern Egypt as deputy or viceroy during his own absence, and who took advantage of the length of that absence to set up for himself, is, in part at least, the historical source of Danaus. The Greek fable, too, of the fifty sons of Egyptus, and the Danaides, the fifty daughters of Danaus, is founded upon facts relating to this same king. For besides his conquests in Asia and Africa, and the length of his reign, which would be spoken of among all the neigh- bouring peoples, the prodigious number of his children must have attracted equal or even more attention, and may have given rise to more fables than that of the Danaides ; as for instance, to the story of Priam, who, when king, had fifty sons and fifty daughters- in-law in his palace. For the monuments shew that Rameses II. had not fifty only, but one hundred and thirteen sons ; and not fifty only, but between sixty and seventy daughters ; so that both the families of fifty, each which the Greeks divided between two bro- thers, belonged to Egyptus alone ; and the number, instead of being exaggerated in the fable, was very much curtailed , only instead of cousins who were to fly to Greece, and there murder their husbands, they were all brothers and sisters who remained in Egypt, and wore married there, no doubt, to suitable consorts. VIII. The obelisk now standing in front of S. Peter's was erected, according to Pliny, by the son of the king who went blind, which last was in truth Seti I., the father of Rameses II. ; but these two kings were confounded and blended together ; so what is meant is, that it was set up by Menephthah, the son and successor of Ra- meses II. ; (he was originally the thirteenth of his sons of the first rank, by queens, but the first twelve had died before the father). This king reigned from B.C. 1420 to B.C. 1400; and it was during his reign that Jabin, king of the Canaanites of the north of Syria and Palestine, and Sisera the captain of his host, were overthrown by Deborah and Barak. Jabin was the ally or tributary of the king of Egypt, and nearly connected with him, the mother of Menephthah having been a Canaanitish princess. This obelisk was brought to Rome by Caligula in the year 40 of our era, so marking the date when S. Peter is related to have baptized the centurion Cornelius, and in him, and his kinsmen and friends of the same cohort of Italian volunteers, to have opened the Gospel to the Gentiles, and more particularly to the Italians and to Rome. It was set up by Claudius a little later, (about the time that S. Peter is said to have come to Rome, and to have been delivered from prison a.d. 42, reaching Rome Jan. 18, a.d. 43), on the spina of his 4 The Egyptian Obelisks f BOOK II. Circus on the Vatican ; and it was standing there in a.d. 65, a silent witness of the first persecution of the Christians by Nero, and of the crucifixion of the Apostle, as it has since been a witness of the con- course of the Christian world to the triumphant festivals celebrated at his tomb. IX. We now pass over eight centuries, from B.C. 1400 to B.C. 594, (a space including the times of the later Judges, of Eli and Samuel, of the first three kings of all Israel, and of their successors of the divided kingdom of Judah and Israel,) and come to an obelisk exhibiting the family name Psammeticus, the first king of which name was the founder of an Egyptian dynasty at Sais. Before his time Egypt had long been subject to great calamities and oppression, had been invaded and conquered both by the Ethiopians and by the Assyrians, and in particular by So, or Sabaco, and Tirhakah of Ethiopia, and by Sennacherib of Assyria ; and it had been torn and wasted by native dissensions. Psammeticus I. obtained the victory over all his rivals, who had leagued together against him, chiefly by the aid of certain Greeks — Carian and Ionian pirates — who had been wrecked upon his coasts. And from the time of his establishment on the throne he maintained permanently a large corps of Greek mer- cenaries, and opened Egypt through the Canopic branch of the Nile to Greek commerce and enterprize, giving them the city of Naucratis for a port and factory. So under the dynasty connected with this obelisk Egypt was first brought into contact with the peoples of the West, and became accessible to them ; and some of Psammeticus' Greek mercenaries were even sent by him up the Nile far into Nubia, where they have left an inscription, legible at this day, at Abou-Simbel, on the leg of a colossus, which had been already, as it seems, in their time thrown down from the front of a rock-temple of Rameses II. by some earthquake, and lay when it was inscribed by the Greeks as it lies still. Psammeticus I. reigned fifty-four years, from B.C. 663 to B.C. 609, and so was contemporary with Manasseh, Amon, and Josiah, kings of Judah. It was his son Pharaoh Necho who slew Josiah at Megiddo. And it was during the reign of his grandson, Psammeticus II. (b.c. 594 to 588) that this obehsk was set up. It was brought to Rome by Augustus after the reduction of Egypt and the deaths of Antony and Cleopatra in B.c. 30, and was set up near the present church of S. Lorenzo in Lucina, as the gnomon or pointer to throw the shadow on the great sun-dial or town-clock which he made there. From that time it was that the Romans, following the custom of their E^gyptian subjects, began to deify and worship their Emperors, not only after their deaths, but even while they were still livinsr : and the com- CHAP. IV.] The Egyptian Obelisks. 5 monest test which was applied to Christians in the persecutions was that of rendering to the Emperor, or refusing to render, this honour. The obelisk of Seti I. and Rameses II. in the Piazza del Popolo, was brought by Augustus at the same time with this, after the con- quest of Egypt, to be set up on the spina of the Circus Maximus ; and, like this, it bears the date B.C. lo, when he held the Tribunician power for the fourteenth time. On the Vatican obelisk there is an inscription of Caligula dedicating it to " the god Augustus, son of the god Julius, and to the god Tiberius, son of the god Augustus ;" but it is now surmounted by the Cross. The small obeUsk which was set up by Bernini on the back of an elephant in the Piazza della Minerva (from which Bernini himself had the nickname of the Elephant) has upon it the cartouches of Apries or Pharaoh-Hophra, who reigned from B.C. 588 to 569, and to whom, in his second year, the Jews fled for protection, in spite of the warn- ings of the Prophet Jeremiah, carrying the Prophet himself by force with them. So it is a monument which dates from about the time of the burning of the temple of Solomon, and the commencement of the Babylonian captivity of seventy years, beginning from the capture of Zedekiah on the extinction of the kingdom of Judah, and ending with the fourth year of Darius son of Hystaspes, when the Altar and Temple were restored. But as set up at Rome in its present place, under Alexander VII., it marks the date of the completion of the present church of S. Peter's, which, for its magnificence, is for Roman Catholics now something like what the temple of Solomon was for the Jews. And, if we think of Roman history, then, while the other eight obelisks mentioned above belong to ages far more remote than the foundation of Rome, or even those of the founda- tion of Alba or of Lavinium, more remote than the war of Troy, or the earliest fables connected by Roman poets and historians with their ancestry, the last two — the ninth, that is, of Psammeticus II., and the tenth, of Pharaoh-Hophra, — belong to the time of the Roman kings ; that of Psammeticus II. (b.c. 594 to 588) to the time of Tarquinius Priscus, the fifth king, who reigned from B.C. 637 to 579: so it is contemporary with the construction of the walls of old Rome, with the agger, and with the lower dungeon of the Mamertine Prison, which are all works ascribed to Servius TuUius : and the obehsk of Pharaoh-Hophra (b.c. 588 to B.C. 569) belongs to the time of the same king, Servius TuUius, who reigned from b.c. 579 to 535, or it may be to one of the last years of his predecessor, Tarquinius Priscus : and so we may associate it with the formation 6 TJie Egyptian Obelisks, [book II. of the Circus Maximus, and the first foundation of the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. XI. In the Piazza Navona, opposite the church of S. Agnes and the spot of her martyrdom, there is now an obehsk cut in Egypt for the Emperor Domitian and inscribed with his name, and with all those blasphemous titles of deification (though he was still living) which are joined with the names of the earlier Pharaohs : "Sun-god, Son of the Sun-god, Supporter of the World, Giver of Life to the World, the Man -god Horus, the Son of the Woman Isis, who is to come and avenge the death of his ancestor Osiris, the King Living for Ever," such are the titles or epithets, or their sense, if they were explained in full, which appear on the latest monuments cut in Egypt for any sovereign, and removed to Rome, in connection with an Emperor whose father and brother were the instruments of God to destroy the murderous and unbelieving Jews and to burn their Temple and city, and whose cousin was himself a Christian martyr, being beheaded about the same time that S. John was put into the boiling oil and banished to Patmos, and that S. Clement was banished to the Crimea, and that Flavia Domitilla the younger, with her freedmen and attendants, were banished to Pandataria and after- wards martyred. Of the obelisks thus described five were set up in their present positions by, or under, Sixtus Quintus, who sat from a.d. 1585 to 1590, viz. those of the Lateran*, of the Vatican'', of the Porta del • SIXTVS V. PONT. MAX. OBELISCVM HVNC SPECIE EXIMIA TEMPORVM CALAMITATE FRACTVM CIRCI MAX. RVINIS HVMO LIMOQ. ALTE DEMERSVM MVLTA IMPENSA EXTRAXIT ; HVNC IN LOCVM MAGNO LABORE TRANSTVLIT : FORMAE Q. PRISTINAE ACCVRATE RESTITVTVM CRVCI INVICTISSIM^ DICAVIT. . M. D. LXXXVIII. PONT. IIII. FL. CONSTANTINVS MAXIM VS AVG. CHRISTIANAE FIDEI VINDEX ET ASSERTOR OBELISCVM AB AEGYPTIO REGH IMPVRO VOTO SOLI DEDICATVM SEDIB. AVVLSVM SVIS PER NILVM TRANSFERRI ALEXANDRIAM IVSSIT VT NOVAM ROMAM AB SE TVNC CONDITAM EG DECORARET MONVMENTO. '' The one in the garden of the Vati- can, brought from the Circus of Nero, was erected by Sixtus V. in 1586, with this inscription on the base. SIXTO V. PONT. MAX. OPT. PRINC. FELICI PERETTO DE MONTE ALTO PA. PA. OB PVRGATAM PRAEDONIB. ITA- LIAM RESTITVTAM INSTAVRATAMQ. VRB. OBELISCVM CAES. E CIRCO NERON. IN MEDIAM D.PETRI AREAMINCREDIB. SVMPTV TRALAT. ET VERAE RELIGIONI DEDICATVM S. P. Q. R. AD REI MEMOR. OBELISC. HVNC P. The cross at the top was placed there by Sixtus V. ; the history of the removal, and some other paiticulars, CHAP. IV.] The Egyptian Obelisks. Popolo ', of S. Maria Maggiore *•, and that in the Villa Mattei • on the Ccelian. That in the Piazza Navona (brought from the spina are recorded in the following inscrip- tions on the base. On the west side : — CHRISTVS VINCIT. CHRISTVS REGNAT. CHRISTVS IMPERAT. CHRISTVS AB OMNI MALO PLEBEM SVAM DEFENDAT. On the south side : — SIXTVS V. PONT. MAX. OBELISCVM VATICANVM DIIS GENTIVM IMPIO CVLTV DICATVM AD APOSTOLORVM LIMINA OPEROSO LABORE TRANSTVLIT AN. MDLXXXVI. PONT. II. On the east side : — ECCE CRVX DOMINI FVGITE PARTES ADVERSAE VICIT LEO DE TRIBV IVDA. On the north side : — SIXTVS V. PONT. MAX. CRVCI INVICTAE OBELISCVM VATICANVM AB IMPVRA SVPERSTITIONE EXPIATVM IVSTIVS ET FELICIVS CONSECRAVIT AN. MDLXXXVI. PONT. XL On the summit of the obelisk towards S. Peter's : — SANCTISSIMAE CRVCI SIXTVS V. PONT. MAX. CONSECRAVIT. E PRIORE SEDE AVVLSVM ET CAESS. AVGG. AC TIB. I. L. ABLATVM M.D.LXXXVI. ' This obelisk stands in front of the church of S. Maria del Popolo, and has the following inscriptions on the base : — IMP. CAESAR DIVI F. AVGVSTUS PONTIFEX MAXIMVS IMP. Xn. COS. XI. TRIE. POT. XIV, AF.GYPTO IN POTESTATEM POPVLI ROMANI REDACTA SOLI DONVM DEDIT. SIXTVS V. PONT. MAX. OBELISCVM HVNC A CAp;SARE AVG. SOLI IN CIRCO MAXIMO RITV DICATVM IMPIO MISERANDA RVINA FRACTVM OBRVTVMQ. ERVI TRANSFERRI FORMAE SVAE REDDI CRVCIQ. INVICTISS. DEDICARI IVSSIT AN. M.D.LXXXIX. PONT. IIII. ANTE SAC RAM ILLIVS AEDEM AVGVSTIOR LAETIORQ. SVRGO CVIVS EX VTERO VIRGINALI AVG. IMPERANTE SOL IVSTITIAE EXORTVS EST. ^ SIXTVS V. PONT. MAX OBELISCVM AEGYPTO ADVECTVM AVGVSTO IN EIVS MAVSOLEO DICATVM EVERSVM DEINDE ET IN PLVRES CON FRACTVM PARTES IN VIA AD S. ROCHVM lACENTEM IN PRISTINAM FACIEM RESTITVTVM SALVTIFERAE CRVCI FELICIVS HIC ERIGI IVSSIT AN. D. M. D. LXXXVII. PONT. III. On the other side : — CHRISTVS PER INVICTAM CRVCEM POPVLO PACEM PRAEBEAT QVI AVGVSTI PACE IN PRAESEPE NASCI VOLVIT. On the third side : — CHRISTVM DOMINVM QVEM AVGVSTVS DE VIRGINE NASCITVRVM VIVENS ADORAVIT SEQ. DEINCEPS DOMINVM DICI VETVIT ADORO On the east side : — CHRISTI DEI IN AETERNVM VIVENTIS CVNABVLA LAETISSIME COLO QVI MORTVI SEPVLCHRO AVGVSTI TRISTIS SERVIEBAM. * It is related of this obelisk that when it was being placed, the architect directing the works had incautiously placed his hand on the pedestal at the moment when the cords were relaxed 8 The Egyptian Obelisks. [book II. of the Circus of Maxentius and Romulus) was set up by Bernini in A.D. 1651, under Innocent X. (Pamphili), who built the church of S. Agnes and the adjoining Palazzo Pamphili (and who is buried himself in the church). Inscriptions on the base record the history ^. That in the Piazza della Minerva ^ was also set up, as has been already said, by the same Bernini, in a,d. 1667, for Alexander VII. That before the Pantheon had been removed from the site of the Circus Maximus, and set up earlier in the Piazza di S. Martino by Paul v., but it was set up in its present place in a.d. 17 ii, by Clement XI., and the three remaining obelisks, of the eleven, were set up by Pius VI. before the Quirinal, at the Trinita de' Monte, and on the Monte Citorio, in the years 1786, 1789, and 1792, respectively. A twelfth obelisk, erected in honour of their favourite Aniinous by Hadrian and Sabina, and so of less public interest, was set up in 1822, by Pius VII. on the Pincian. to let it fall to its place, and as it was impossible to move the obelisk again, the hand was obliged to be cut off ; the bones are pointed out as remaining there. ' Bernini had rebuilt the fronts of the other principal buildings round the Piazza Navona, or Forum Agonale, and erected the very fine fountain there, and the placing of this obelisk was consi- dered the completion of the work. These works are recorded in the in- inscriptions on the four sides of the pediment or base. On the south side : — ■ INNOCENTIVS . X. PONT. MAX. NILOTICIS . AENIGMATIBVS . EXARA- TVM . LAPIDEM AMNIBVS . SVBTERLABENTIBVS . IM- POSVIT VI. SALVBREM SPATIANTIBVS . AMOENITATEM SITIENTIBVS . POTVM MEDITANTIBVS . ESCAM MAGNIFICE . LARGIRETVR. On the east side : — NOXIA . AEGYPTIORVM . MONSTRA INNOCENS . PREMIT . COLVMBA QU.^ . PACIS . OLEAM . GESTANS ET . VIRTVTVM . LILIIS . REDIMITA OBELISCVM . PRO . TROPHEO . SIBI . STATVENS ROMiE . TRIVMPHAT. On the west side : — INNOCENTIVS . DECIMVS . PONT. MAX. NATALI . DOMO . PAMPHILI A OPERE CVLTVQ. AMPLIFICATA LIBERATAQ. INOPPORTVNIS . AEDI- FICIIS AGONALI . AREA FORVM . VRBIS . CELEBERRIMVM MVLTIPLICI. MAIESTATIS. INCREMENTO NOBILITAVIT. On the north side : — OBELISCVM AB. IMP. ANT. CARACALLA . ROMAM . ADVECTVM CVM . INTER . CIRCI . CASTRENSIS . RVDERA CONFRACTUS . DIV. lACVISSET INNOCENTIVS . DECIMVS . PONT. OPT. MAX. AD . FONTIS . FORIQ. ORNATVM TRANSTVLIT . INSTAVRAVIT . EREXIT ANNO . SAL. MDCLI. PONTIF. VII. On this occasion a medal was struck, with the obelisk in the middle of a circle, and the inscription, — ABLVTO AQVA VIRGINE AGONALIVM CRVORE. * This obelisk stands in front of the church of S. Maria Super Minervam, and on the side of the base which faces the church is this inscription : — VETEREM OBELISCVM PALLADIS ^GYPTIj^ MONVMENTVM E TELLVRE ERVTVM ET IN MINERVA OLIM NVNC DEIPAR^ GENITRICIS FORO ERECTVM DIVINiE SAPIENTI^ ALEXANDER VII. DEDICAVIT ANNO SALVTIS M.DC.LXVIL On the opposite side of the base : — SAPIENTIS ^GYPTI INSCVLPTAS obelisco figvras AB elephanto BELLVARVM for- TISSIMA gestas QVISQVIS HIC VIDES DOCVMENTVM INTELLIGE - -""VSTyE MENTIS ESSE ..V sapientiam svstinere. HISTORICAL PHOTOGRAPHS ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE EGYPTIAN OBELISKS IN ROME. [j Ae numbers refer to Mr. Parker'' s Catalogue. ] I. This obelisk was originally set up by Pope Maire or Mceris, c. B.C. 2000 ; erected by Augustus in the Campus Martius, in front of his mau- soleum ; now in the Piazza di Monte Citorio, where it was placed by Pius VI., A.D. 1792; this has been taken on three sides, in order that the hieroglyphics may be legible for Egyptian scholars. 1448, 1449, 1450 II. The obelisk now behind S. Maria Maggiore, was brought to Rome by Augustus, A.D. 10. It was one of the two of Pope Maire or Mceris, c. B.C. 2000, and was set up here by Sixtus v., A.D. 1587. III. The obelisk now at the Lateran was originally set up by Thothmes III., c. B.C. 1650; brought to Rome by Constantine, and was put in its present place by Sixtus V., c. A. D. 1588. 760, 1342 IV. The obelisk in the Piazza del Popolo bears the names of Rame- ses II. and his father, Seti, in B.C. 1487. It was brought to Rome by Augustus, B.C. 10, and was originally placed on the Spina of the Circus Maximus. It was set up in its pre- sent situation under Sixtus V., r. a. D. 1590. 766, 1 1 19, 1 35 1 V^ The obelisk at the Trinita de Monti was originally erected by Rameses II., c. B.C. 1450; it was set up in its present place by Pius VI., A. D. 1789. 649 VI. The obelisk at the Pantheon was also erected originally by Rameses II., c. B.C. 1450. It was placed on the Spina of the Circus Maximus, from which it was removed by Paul V., A.D. 1620, to the Piazza di S. Mar- tino ; and was erected in its present place by Clement XI., A.D. 1711; it is now placed in the middle of the basin of a fountain, in front of the Pantheon. 767, 1350 VII. The obelisk now in the garden of the Villa Mattel or Coelimontana, is another of those originally erected by Rameses II. It was erected on its present site by Sixtus V., c. A.D. 1590. VIII. The obelisk now at the Vatican, in front of S. Peter's, was originally set up by Menephthah, the son of Rameses II., c. B.C. 1400; and was brought to Rome by Caligula, A.l). 40, and has an inscription of his time dedicating it to the God Au- gustus. It is now surmounted by a Cross ; it was placed where it now stands under Sixtus V., c. a.d. 1590. IX. The obelisk which formerly stood in front of the Church of S. Lorenzo in Lucina, was originally erected by Psammeticus II., B.C. 590, and was brought to Rome by Augustus, B.C. 30, and used for a sun-dial. X. The small obelisk set up by Bernini, A.D. 1667, on the back of an ele- phant, in the Piazza della Minerva, has upon it the cartouche of Apries, or Pharaoh- Hophra, c. B.C. 570. 648 XI. The obelisk now in the Piazza Navona, was cut in Egypt for the Emperor Domitian, c. a.d. 90, and inscribed with his name. It was placed on the Spina of the Circus of Maxentius, and was erected in its present situation by Bernini, A.D. 1651. 1302, 1303, 1304 THE EGYPTIAN OBELISKS. PLATE I. THE OBELISK IN THE PIAZZA DEL LATERANO. The Egyptian Obelisks. Description of Plate I. THE OBELISK IN THE PIAZZA DEL LATERANO. This Obelisk was originally set up in Egypt by Thothmes the Third, the great oppressor of the Hebrews, B.C. 1655. It was brought to Rome by Constantine, about a.d. 311, and it now stands as a trophy before the earliest, and in some respects the chief, Basilica or cathedral church in Christendom. (See p. i.)^ THE EGYPTIAN OBELISKS IN THE PIAZZA DEL LATERAJNO THE EGYPTIAN OBELISKS. PLATE II. THE OBELISK IN MONTE CITORIO. The Egyptian Obelisks. Description of Plate II. THE OBELISK IN MONTE CITORIO. This bears the name of Psammeticus, and was executed in Egypt by Psammeticus II., b.c. 594 — 588. It was brought to Rome by Augustus, after the reduction of Egypt, and the deaths of Antony and Cleopatra, B.C. 30, and was first set up near the present church of S. Lorenzo in Lucina, to serve a& the gnomon or pointer to throw the shadow on the great sun-dial, which Augustus made there for a sort of town-clock. It was not removed to Monte Citorio until a comparatively recent period. (See p. 4.) THE EGYPTIAN OBELISKS "JW ■^jps^fc^'^jSWE^'^ AT THE MONTE CITORIO The Egyptian Obelisks. Description of Plate III. THE SMALL OBELISK IN THE PIAZZA BELLA MINERVA. This was originally executed in Egypt, by Pharaoh-Hophra, who reigned from B.C. 588 — 569, to whom in his second year the Jews fled for protection, in spite of the warnings of the Prophet Jeremiah, carrying the prophet himself by force with them ; it is therefore of about the time of the burning of the Temple of Solomon, and the commencement of the Babylonish captivity of seventy y^ars. It was set up in Rome by Pope Alexander VII., a.d. 1660, and marks the date of the completion of the great church of S. Peter, which for Roman Catholics is something like what the Temple of Solomon was for the Jews. It was placed on the back of an elephant by Bernini, from which Bernini himself had the nickname of the Elephant. (See p. 5.) THE EGYPTIAN OBELISKS IN THE PIAZZA BELLA MINERVA THE EGYPTIAN OBELISKS. PLATE IV. THE OBELISK IN THE PIAZZA NAVONA. The Egyptian Obelisks. Description of Plate IV. THE OBELISK IN THE PIAZZA NAVONA. This Obelisk was made in Egypt for the Emperor Domitian, and is inscribed with his name, and with the blasphemous titles of Deification which are joined with the names of the earlier Pharaohs : SuN-GOD, Son of the Sun-god, Supporter of the World, Giver OF Life to the World, the Man-god Horus, the Son of the Woman Isis, who is to come to avenge the death of his ancestor, Osiris, the King Living for ever. This inscription was actually incised on the Obelisk during the lifetime of Domitian, for whom it was made, and to whom these titles were applied. It now stands in the great market-place, oppo- site to the church of S. Agnes, and on the supposed spot of her martyrdom, (See p. 6.) THE EGYPTIAN OBELISKS IN THE PIAZZA NAVONA •■■•i'v THE ARCHEOLOGY OF ROME, BY JOHN HENRY PARKER, C.B. Hon. M.A. Oxon., F.S.A. Lond. ; keeper of the ashmolean museum of history and archeology, oxford; vice-president of the oxford architectural and historical society, and of the british and american archeological society of rome ; member of the royal archeological institute, MEMBRE DE LA SOCIETY: FRAN9AISE d'aRCH^OLOGIE, HONORARY MEMBER OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF BRITISH ARCHITECTS, AND OF VARIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETIES, ENGLISH AND FOREIGN. SUPPLEMENT TO THE FIRST VOLUME. OXFORD: JAMES PARKER AND CO. LONDON: JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE-STREET. 1876. CONTENTS OF THE SUPPLEMENT TO VOLUME L Preface ......... v — x Chronological Table, Part II. From a.u.c. 1093, a.d. 340, to A.U.C. 2453, A.D. 1700 ....... xi The First Wall of Rome'. The Southern Foss of Roma Quadrata, across the Palatine Hill . 3 — 7 The Second Wall of Rome^ Which enclosed the two hills in one city .... 8 — 12 The Seven Hills of Rome, as separate Hill-Fortresses . . 13 — 22 The Capitoline Hill . . . . . . .16 The Palatine Hill ....... 20 The Coelian Hill ....... 21 The Third Wall of Rome'. Which enclosed the Seven Hills in one City ; defended by the Scarped Cliffs of the Hills on the North and South, the Tiber on the West, and on the Eastern side by the great Agger of Servius Tullius . 23 — 34 Aggeres of Servius Tullius ...... 23 The Porta Capena in the short agger from the west side of the Coelian to the Aventine. Church of S. Clement ....... 25 In another short agger from the north side of the Coelian to the Es- quiline. The Great Agger on the Eastern Side of Rome . . . 26 — 37 The horn-work at the north end, with the house of Sallust upon it. The horn-work at the south end, with the house of Maecenas upon it. The Fourth Wall of Rome"*, or Wall of Aurelian. Extent of Rome in the time of the Empire .... 37 — 39 On Brick-Stamps. By the Cavaliere C. L. Visconti ... 41 Plates I. Primitive Fortifications— Gabii. Scarped Cliffs and Primitive Habitations. II. Palatine Hill. First Wall of Rome,— Foss of Roma Quadrata. III. Site of the Porta Mugionis, or Mugonia. IV. Basilica Jovis, built in the foss at the higher level on substructures. — Restoration. V. The Lupercal, made in the foss under the north-west comer of the Palatine Hill— Plan of the Site. • See also Plates II., III., IV. *> See also Plates VI., VII., VIII. « See also Plates IX., X., XL, XIL, XIII., XIV. " See also Plates XX. and XXI. a 2 iv CONTENTS OF SUPPLEMENT. Plate VI. Plan of the Forums of Augustus and Nerva, with part of the Second Wall of Rome. VII. Details of the Second Wall of Rome, and of the Forums of Augustus and Nerva. VIII. Part of the Second Wall of Rome, and of the Forum of Augustus. IX. Third Wall of Rome. Agger of Servius TuUius ; ancient Horn- work at the North-east Angle of the City, afterwards part of the Garden of Sallust.' X. Third Wall of Rome. View of the site of the Porta Capena. XI. Plan of the same. XII. Fountain of Egeria, near the Porta Capena, in its present state. Plan and Section. XIII. House of M^cenas, built upon the Horn-work at the south end of the great Agger of Servius Tullius, — Section and Plan. XIV. House of Maecenas. View in the Auditorium (?) or Green-house (?). A sham window, with fresco painting. XV. Palatine Hill. Palace of Tiberius. XVI. I. View in the Clivus Triumphalis(?), or Palatinus (?). 2. Passage of Caligula in the same, with stucco ornament, and tran- senna, or pierced marble parapet. XVII. Plan of the Private House of the Emperor Hadrian, under part of the Thermge of Caracalla. XVIII. Mamertine Prison. Section of the Vestibule, called the " Prison of S. Peter." XIX. Mamertine Prison. Plan of the Great Prison of the time of the Kings, and of the Vestibule, and Subterranean Passage. XX. CiPPUS OF the Pomcerium of Hadrian, still in situ, half-way be- tween the northern cliff of the Palatine Hill and the Porta Flaminia, outside of which a Cippus Pomoerii of Augustus was found. XXI. Walls and Gates. Map of the Camps of the Goths around Rome at the time of the Defence by Belisarius. XXII. Construction of the Walls of the Kings.— Details. XXIII. Machine for Raising large Stones on to a high Wall, as used in the First Century. XXIV. Brick-Stamps. — Specimens. PREFACE TO THE SUPPLEMENT. IN this work the plural, we, is frequently used, instead of the singular ; not, I hope, from any affectation, but from the wish to tell the truth, which is, that I have been assisted by so many friends in different parts of the great work I have undertaken, that I consider myself rather as the Editor than as the Author. It would have been absurd for me to undertake such a work single-handed, but I knew how many friends I had, each more competent#than myself to write on his own branch of the subject. The field is too wide for any one to be master of it all. My long experience in the archi- tectural branch of the subject, and habit of closely observing the construction and details of a building as a guide to the date of it, on the principle of comparison, qualified me for the post of general Editor, The object of this Supplement to the first volume is to explain more fully and clearly some points where this seems to be required, especially by means of plans and diagrams, because they are new to most people, being the results ob- tained by the great excavations and explorations that have been going on in Rome during the last few years, more especially the last two years. The great excavations made for the drains of the new city have brought many things to light quite unknown previously, especially the house of the Lamiae, near to that of Maecenas ; the latter is on the southern horn-work of the great agger of Servius TuUius, as that of Sallust is on the northern horn- work. This great bank was covered with houses in the first century, a street being made in the inner foss, of which the pavement has been found at the depth of about twenty feet. The houses were on the sloping bank, or the lower chambers dug out of the side, with no back windows. vi PREFACE TO THE SUPrLEMENT. The first two parts of this work are naturally connected together, because both relate to the fortifications ; the first, to the Primitive Fortifications, or Walls of the Kings; and we are told by Varro ^ that a vallmn, or bank of earth, was also called niiirus, a wall ; and in that sense the City of the Kings had an outer wall to it ; not in the first in- stance, for the cliffs of the hill-fortresses, and the connect- ing walls of Servius Tullius, which united the seven fortified hills into one city, were the original boundary of THE CITY, and long continued to be the municipal boundary; but pro- bably an outer line of defence always formed part of the plan of the original engineers, and this was begun by Tar- quinius Priscus, as Pliny mentions ^ ; and in the outer wall, or bank, or moenia, or finis (for it is called by all these names), there were always gates where the roads passed through that line. These gates continued in use until the time of the Empire ; they were rebuilt many times, but on the same sites. But the bridle-roads from each of the neighbouring villages on the edge of the hills round the Campagna of Rome were found too numerous when car- riage-roads were introduced, and the levels of the roads altered by the filling- up of the hollow-ways, or foss-ways, to the level, because they were not convenient for carriages on four wheels ; and at that time two of the bridle-roads were generally united in one carriage-road for the last half- mile into Rome. So many gates would have been incon- sistent with the stronger line of defence intended to be introduced by the Wall of Aurelian ; for this reason two roads generally meet at each of the present gates, but the old bridle-roads can still be traced as a cart-road in many instances. The carriage -road is generally carried on an embankment on the high level across the great outer foss, or valley, (for it is sometimes a natural valley used for that purpose,) while the old cart-road remains at the bottom of the foss, or valley. This may be seen very ' Varro de Ling Lat., v. 32. •> Plinii Nat. Hist., xxxvi. 24, 3. PREFACE TO THE SUPPLEMENT. Vii clearly outside of the Porta di S. Giovanni, on the high level and embankment, and the Porta Asinaria, a few yards from it, on the low level. In this instance three old roads are united in one new one, the Vis Asinaria, Lateranensis, and Latina ; all these are united in the Via Appia Nova, the first mile of which is the Via Asinaria, into which the Via Lateranensis runs within that distance, and the old Via Latina is united with it (or rather, perhaps, crosses it obliquely, and is united with it for a short distance only), at two miles from Rome ; but this still continues in use as a cart-road, and about a mile further on becomes the car- riage-road to Frascati, and then again a bridle-road to Tus- culum, and another branch of it a carriage-road to Rocca di Papa, originally Alba Longa. But tombs of the first century occur at intervals along the Via Appia Nova, shew- ing that it was a new road at that time, and it is men- tioned as a new road by Frontinus in his treatise on the Aqueducts. The second part, or chapter, consists of The Walls and Gates of the Empire, repaired and restored in parts many times by the Popes, but the line not altered on the eastern side of Rome. These walls and gates were built upon the old earthworks of the outer mcenia ; these two chapters are, therefore, closely con- nected together, and the pagination has been continued, though it was originally intended to have kept each separate, and paged separately ; so that in case of any fresh evidence being brought to light on this particular subject, it might be added without disturbing the rest of the work". I had seen the evil of the opposite plan in the case of Dr. Smith's Dictionary. Dr. Dyer's account of Rome in that work was the best that had been written at the time it was first pub- lished, twenty years since ; but the great excavations of the last ten years have made a great part of it quite obsolete. I am aware that my opinion on this point is disputed ; ' My plan being unusual, some con- edition being brought out during my fusion in the paging occurred from this absence from England, circumstance, as well as from the first Vlll PREFACE TO THE SUPPLEMENT. but this additional evidence makes my view of the case per- fectly clear and unanswerable ; it is impossible to explain in any other manner the thirty-seven gates of Pliny '\ which all the editors of his works have declared to be inexplicable, because they did not see that there was an inner and an outer wall to Rome, and that Pliny mentions first the twelve in the inner wall, and then adds the twenty-four in the outer wall, and says that the first twelve are not to be counted twice over, although it was necessary to pass through these twice in measuring the distance from the Milliarium Aureum to the outer gates. When the clue is once given, any one can measure them upon the plan of Rome ; any decent plan shews the line of the great agger of Servius Tullius, and the line of the cliffs of the hills. The inner gates are always at the upper end of the valleys between them, not at their mouths, where they are usually misplaced on the ordinary plans ^ Another proof of this is the Cippus Pomoerii of Hadrian, still remaining in situ, half-way between the cliffs of the old Capitoline fortress and the outer wall at the Porta Fla- minia, outside of which a Cippus Pomoerii of Augustus was found. The cippus of Hadrian is now engraved, and given in this Supplement^. The line of the "second wall of Rome," which " united the two hills in one city ^," is also now traced more distinctly, and additional evidence is given by the existing remains. Other plates are added with the same object, to demonstrate the truth of what had been be- fore stated. The primitive huts within the strong walls and cliffs of Gabii ^ give a good idea of what the habitations of the early Romans within their stone walls on the Palatine must have been. * Plinii Nat. Hist., iii. 9. Foram of Augustus, corresponding with * Most of the modem plans of Rome, the one that had previously been found which are very numerous, are based at the southern end ; the remains of upon reductions of that of Nolli, in the northern tower are slight, but which these points are clearly shewn. sufficient to be decisive of the fact that ' Plate XXII. such a tower stood there. It is now « Dionysius, Ant. , ii. 66. This could visible in the garden, and is partly not be done in a satisfactory manner under the buildings of the nunnery that until the year 1875, because one im- occupies the site of the great temple of portant link in the chain of evidence is Mars Ultor, which had been quite in- the existence of a tower of the time of accessible for half-a-century until the the Kings at the northern end of the year 1875. ^ Plate I. PREFACE TO THE SUPPLEMENT. IX Of Roma Quadrata, some fresh evidence by engravings from drawings is also given, because in some cases photo- graphs are not practicable. The incredulity of the modern school is well known, and all drawings that do not agree with their ideas are at once set down as made to suit the views of the artist or of his employer. For this reason photographs and photo-engravings are always given where it is practicable to do so, because these are evidence of the fact that such a wall stood there when the photograph was taken. In many cases the pits that had been dug were obliged to be filled up again, so that the photographs are then the only evidence, without people will dig up again the objects which were not destroyed. The great foss across the Palatine Hill, on the south side of Roma Quadrata (called by Signor Rosa an Intermofitmin), could not be shewn with- out drawings and sections'. The Basilica Jovis, the remains of which stand near the eastern end of the great foss, are scarcely intelligible to persons who are not accustomed to such examination with- out a restoration; one has therefore been made^. Enough remains to shew those accustomed to the study of such buildings that it must have been very nearly, if not exactly, what is here represented ; but probably the great brick vault was concealed by a rich flat ceiling, such as we find in the churches built in imitation of the basilicas, but of this we have no evidence, the portions of the walls that remain are not high enough ^ The Lupercal being mentioned by Augustus among his works, remains of it were almost sure to exist, and these have been found recently by the archaeologists. Sections of it have already been given", but nothing to shew the site, which is an important part of the evidence that this was the Lupercal ; the site is exactly where it ought to be ". • These are given in Plates II. and remains standing is a conspicuous ob- III. ject in all views of that part of the '' It is now given in Plate IV. Palatine. See Hills of Rome, Plate ' The visible remains have previously X., and Photographs, Nos. 2224, 2225, been given in the Plates of the Palatine, 2230. and more completely in the Photo- "' Plate V. graphs, and shew that no liberties have " This is shewn in Plate V. of the been taken. The one tall column that Supplement. PREFACE TO THE SUPPLEMENT. In the same manner the plan of the site of the Porta Capena is now given, with more details of it ° ; and the real fountain of Egeria p is also shewn, as it is in connection with it, having been at the lower end of the Camenae, or Grove of the Muses, at the upper end of which was the gate. A fountain in the valley of the Caffarella, two miles from Rome, has long been mistaken for the fountain of Egeria, but the fountain there shewn has been proved by some excavations to be a nymphcBtcm of an aqueduct, the Aqua Antoniniana, which passes along the bank of the valley. That the fountain intended in the legend is in the valley between the Coelian and the Aventine is perfectly clear. The great agger of Servius Tullius has been further illus- trated, before the remains are entirely swept away by the necessities of the new city ^ The very remarkable horn- work at the north end, on which the house of Sallust was built, is shewn, and the house of Maecenas ', which stood on a similar horn-work at the south end. The palace of Tiberius on the Palatine is also given in a photo-engraving ^ in its present state ; it is on the side next the Circus Maximus, which it overlooked, and is iden- tified by the comparison with the interior of the north wall of the Praetorian Camp, built by Tiberius. The building usually so-called at the north-east corner of the hill over- looking the Forum is of the time of Trajan and Hadrian, This is shewn in another plate*, and details of it, on the Clivus Palatinus. A beautiful piece of stucco -ornament, in a small vault under a passage which leads to the bridge of Caligula, is also given ^ This may possibly be of the time of Caligula ; but the other palace called by his name is built up against this, as the vertical joints in the con- struction shew. « Plates X. and XI. p Plate XII. i Plate IX. ' Plate XIII. and XIV. • Plate XV. t Plate XVI. " Ibid. ASHMOLEAN MuSEUM, OXFORD, October, 1875. CHKONOLOGICAL TABLES. PART 11. * Remains Existing. ■ Photographs. Buildings in Rome, ^c. . A.D. 340 S. Croce in Gerusalemme — Church made ia the Prsetorium of the Sessorium, the residence of S. Helena, by Constantine II. x 352 S. Maria Maggiore (Liberian Ba- silica), founded by Pope Liberius (Anastasius, 52)- a 354 Mausoleum of S. Constantia built. 3 1112 359 **Sarcophagu8 of Junius Bassus. (Inscription.) 4 366 **Obelisk placed in the Circus Max- imus, now in the Piazza di S. Giovanni. (Inscript. Gruter, 186, 3.) S 367 Church of S. Petronilla(?), Via Ar- deatina, founded by Pope Dama- sus, (54)- 6 S. Lorenzo in Damaso (or SS. Lau- rence and Damasus), founded by Pope Damasus (Anastasius, 54). **In8criptions of Damasus in the Catacombs. 7 1121 368 ••Bridge of Cestius dedicated. (In- script. in situ. ) 8 1130 377 Basilica Julia restored by Cajus Vettius Probianus the Prefect. (Inscript. ap. Orell, 24.; 9 879 Arches of Gratianus, Valentini- anus, and Theodosius. (Inscript.) 380 Capitolium restored. Porticus of the twelve gods restored. 1119 382 Catacomb of S. Sebastian, restored bv Pope Damasus. (Inscript. ap. Gruter, 1172, 11.) 10 Catacomb of the Vatican, restored by Pope Damasus. (Inscript. ap. Gruter, 1163, 1—10.) 386 S. Paul's, on the Via Ostiensis, re- built by Valentinian II., finished by Theodosius and Honorius ^Anastasius, 67 ; and Inscription t« situ over chancel-arch). Basilica Crescentiana in Via Mamer- tina, founded, (66). Church of S. Pudentiana rebuilt by Siricius {inscription in situ). 398 Catacomb of Anastasius, ad ursrnn pileatum, founded, (56). 1148 395 ) Theatre of Pompey restored. (In- 1161 408 I script. Orell., 5090.) Contemporary Eventt, A.U.C. A.D. 337 CONSTANTINUS II. \ Constantius II. | Emperors. Constans. ) 347 Birth of S.John Chrysostom. 352 Liberius, a Roman, Bp. of Rome. 353 Paul of Constantinople, Martyr. Constantius, sole Emperor. 354 Ammiamts Marcellinus, historian, 355 Felix II., a Roman, Bp. of Rome. 358 Atirelius Victor, historian. 360 Julian the Apostate (Flavins Claudius) Emperor. 362 Julian abandons the Christian faith, and persecutes the Christians, 61. 363 Jovian (Flavins), Emperor. 364 Valentinianl. and Valens, Emperors. Valentinian and Gratian, Emperors of the West. Sextus Rufus, historian. Valens, Emperor of the East. S. Gregory, Bp. of Nazianzum. S. Hilary, Bp. of Poictiers. Uutropii Epitome ends at this date. 366 S.DamasusI.,ofSpain,Bp.ofBome. 371 S. Basil, Bp. of Cmsarea. Optatus, Bp. of Milevi. Martin, Bp. of Tours. 373 S. Athanasius dies. 375 Gratian and Valentinian II., Emperors of the West. S. Ambrose, Bp. of Milan. 378 492 Church of S. Anastasia founded by Gelasius I. 498 Church of SS. Silvester and Martin (now 8. Martino ai Monti), made by Pope Symmachus (in the Thermae of Trajan) (80). 3 Cemetery or Catacomb of S. Alex- ander and the Jordanes made, (81); (R«Btored 772.) 4 A.U.C. A.D 466 467 468 472 473 474 476 478 482 491 492 494 495 496 498 499 Contemporary Events. Mamertus Claudianus Felieius, Christian writer^ Anthemius (Procopius), Emperor of the West. Simplicius, of Tivoli, Bp. of Rome. Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus, statesman and writer. Olybrius (Anicius), Emperor of the West. Glyceeius (Flavius), Emperor of the West. Nepos (Julius), Emperor of the West. Leo II., Emperor of the East. Zeno, Emperor of the East. Romulus August ulus, Emperor of the West. Fall of the Western Empire by the hands of Odoacer. Odoacer, King of Italy. -67 Narses, general. Felix II. (called III.), Bp. of Rome. Anastasius I., Emperor. Gelasius— Africa, Bp. of Rome. Earthquakes. ■565 Procopius, Greek liistoriat\. Anastasius II., a Roman, Bp. of Rome. Rome under the Exarchate". Symmachus, a Roman, Bp. of Rome. A Roman Sykod » held under Pope Symmaclius, in the time of King Theodoric, (77)- » A.D. 499. Synodus Romanus sub Sym- macho Papa tempore Theodorici Regis. (Uarduini Concil., vol. ii. 961.) EPISCOPORUM LXXIII. CiELIUS LAURENTIUS, archipresbyter, tituli Praxedis. Presbttkri LXVII., De Roma. Petrus Lampridius, tituli Praxedis. Jovlnus, Dionysius, Laurentius, Eutyches, tituli iEmilianee. Paschasias, Yalentinus, Stephanus, tituli Eusebii. Januarius, Opilio, tituli Vestinse. MarcianuB, Bonifacius, tituli Sanctis Caeciliffi. Gordianus, tituli Pammachii. Petrus, UrbicuB, Servus Dei, tituli S.Clementis. Paulinus Marcelllnus, Septimius, tituli Julii. Petrus, Redemptus, tituli Chrysogom. Astefius, Justinus, tituli Pudentis. Andreas, tituli S. Mattheei. Valen8,Abuiidantius,Victoriu8, tituli S. Sabinse. Felix, Sebastianus, Adeodatus, tituli Equitii. Projectilus, tituli Damasi. Bonus, Dominicus, Vincemalis, tituli CrescentiansB. Romanus, Redemptus, tituli Tigridee. Sebastianus, Gencsius, tituli Nicomedis. Martinu8,Epiphanius, tituli Cyriaci in Thermis. Marcellus, tituli Romani. Asellus, tituli Vizantis. Agatho, tituli S. SusanntB. Anastasius, Julianus, tituli Anastasieo. Epiphanus, Paulinus, Agapetus, Stephanus, tituli Apostolorum. Hilarius, Paulinus, Marcus, Paulinus II. tituli S. Laurentii in Lucina. Acontius, Paulinus, Sevei us, tituli FascioltB. Benedictus, tituli OaiL Vetiantius, Dominicus, Timotheus, tituli Marcelli. Cyprianus, Abunduis . tituli Marci. This list is valuable evidence of the number of churches in Romcin the j-ear 500. VII. Deacons subscribe their names, one for each of the seven Regioncs of the Church in Rome, s No8.2n, 212. 3 Nos. •226, «327. 4 Nos. 384, SM. XIV CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES, A.D. 500 — -600. Buildings in Rome. A.U.C. A.D, 500 •»Walls of Rome repaired, and some of the Gates rebuilt by King Theodoric (Theodorici ep. 34, ap. Cassiodori Var., lib. ii. ) i 500-14 Church of S. Agnes (extramural) apse rebuilt by Pope Symmachus (80). » S. Pancratius founded, (79). 3 SS. Cosmas and Damian built on the site of three temples, and against the temple of Roma, (80 and 90). 4 SS. John and Paul, addi- tional buildings, (80). 5 508 Flavian Amphitheatre restored by Basilius. (Inscript. in situ.) 6 520 Church built by Hormisdas at Albano, (82). Altar in Church of S. Clement made by Hormisdas. (Inscript. in situ.) 523 Cem. of S. Priscilla restored or enlarged, (made in 296). 7 SS. Felix and Adauc- tusmade(89). 8 SS. Nereus et Achilleus , made, (89). 9 526-30 Church of SS. Cosmas and Da- mian restored by Felix IV. (90) ; ■with Mosaic Pictures. (Joannes Diaconus, Vita S. Gregorii; and Inscription in situ). 10 626 Cem. of Saturninus made, (90). 11 533 S. Sophia built at Constantinople. 536 Palace of Belisarius, on the Pin- cian, (100). 586 Pelagius II. makes his house into a Hospital for old people {Xeno- dochium Pauperum), 112. la 553 Pons Salaria restored by Narses. 13 559 Church of SS. Philip and James (now SS.Apostoli) built by Pela- gius I. (finished and dedicated by John III.), (110). 14 577 Cem. of S. Hermes made, (112). 15 Restored a.d. 772. 578 Church of S. Lorenzo (extramural) rebuilt, and chancel-arch adorned with mosaics by Pelagius II. (112). 16 580 S. Gregory, Monastery and Church of S. Andrea (now called S. Gre- gory), made by him in his paternal mansion (Joannes Diaconus, Vita S. Gregor. Turin., 1. 13, c. 8) ; there are *Ruins of this house, (113). 17 590 Church of S. Nicholas in Carcere made out of three temples. 18 595 Church of S. Balbina founded. Contemporary Events. A.U.C. A.D. 505 Alaric, King of the Visigoths. 505-63 Belisarius, general. An earthquake at Rome, the Colos- seum again damaged. 506 Pompeius Festus, grammarian. 507 Defeat of Alaric, by Clovis. 510 Boethius, philosopher. 514 HormisdasofFrosinoneBp.ofRome. 518 Justin I., Emperor. 523 John I., of Tuscany, Bp. of Rome. Arian Churches re-consecrated. 526 Felix IV., of Benevento. 527 Justinian, Emperor (time of Beli- sarius and Narses). 529 Dioseoros, a Roman, Arian Bp. of Rome. Codex Justinianus. First Benedictine Monastery at Monte Cossino. 530 Boniface II., a Roman, Bp. of Rome. 532 John II., a Roman, Bp. of Rome. 535 Agapetus I., Roman, Bp. of Rome. Siege of Rome by Vitiges and the Goths. 536 Belisarius sent to defend Rome. S. Silverius, Bp. of Rome. 538 Vigilius, a Roman, Bp. of Rome. 546 Capture of Rome by Totila. 551 Totila restores the Senate. 552 Totila defeated and slain by Narses. Fifth General Council. 555 Pelagius I., a Roman, Bp. of Rome. 560 John III., a Roman, Bp. of Rome. 562 Cassiodorus, historian, becomes a monk. 563 Belisarius acquitted and restored. 565 JusTiNus II., Emperor." 574 S.Benedict I., a Roman,Bp.of Rome. Gregory, Bp. of Tours, historian. 577 Siege of Rome by the Lombards, (HI, 112). A great flood in Rome and Italy, (112). 578 Tiberius II., Emperor. Pelagius II., a Roman, Bp. of Rome. 579 Nicephorus Calixttis, historian. 589 Benedictine Monastery on Monte Cassino destroyed by the Lom- bards, {restored in 716). The Lombards besiege Rome. 582 Mauritius, Emperor. 590 Gregory I., a Roman, Bp. of Rome. 593 Ravages of the Lombards. 598 S. Augustine goes to England. 599 A famine in Rome. Photographs — I Nos. 51 to 55. a No. 1591. 4 Nos. 268, 418. 7 Nos. 612, 618, 619, 1467 to 1472. 9 Nos. 1609, 1613, 1615, 1616, 1815, 1816. Photographs — 10 Nos. 1441 to 1444. 13 Nos. 757, 758. 16 Nos. 320, 592, 594, 1082. 17 Nos. 420, 421, 996, 997. 18 Nos. 1115, 1117. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES, A.D. 600 700. XV Buildings in Some, A.l). 600 Church of S. Agatha Gothorum in Suh- ura, founded, (113). i 607 The Pantheon consecrated as the Church of the Martyrs, with the consent of the Emperor Phooas, (116)- » 608 Column of Phocas in the Forum Ro- manum (inscription, ap.Henzen. 559). 3 613 Boniface TI. makes his house a Monas- tery, (116). 4 617 Cem. of Nicodemus, (118)- S 623 Church of S. Agnes rehuilt, and Mosaic pictures made, (119)' 6 626 Cem. of SS. Petrus et Marcellinus made (120), (restored a.d, 772). 7 Church of S.Lucia in Selce founded in the Thermae of Trajan, (120)- 8 S. Sisto Vccchio, Monastery of. 9 Church of the Santi Quattro Coronati buUt (120), (rebuilt a.d. 847). lo 626-38 SS. Vincentius and Anasta- sius, " ad aquas Salvias" (or Tre Fon- tane), founded by Honorius I. (Ughelli, Additions to Ciaconius). 11 S. Adrano (or Hadrian, "in tri- bus Fatis," or in tribus /oris) built by Honorius I. (120). 12 S.Lorenzo in the Cem. of Cy- riacus, (119). 13 S. Pancratius, (120). 14 638 Church of S. Severinus at Tivoli,(120). 15 Mosaic picture in the Apse of S. Peter's. (123). 16 640 Oratory of SS. Venantius and Anastasius, adjoining the Lateran Baptistery, built by John IV. (124). 17 612 S. Stefano Rotondo, Mosaic picture on the apse of, placed by Pope Theodore (128; and Inscription). 18 645 Relics of SS. Primus and Felicianus translated to the Church of S. Ste- phen, (123). 19 Church of S. Valentinus at the Pons Mil- vius, founded, (123). ao Oratory of S. Silvester, at the Lateran, (123). ai 674 Church of S. Peter, Via Portuensis, restored, (138). aa Monastery of S. Erasmus, on the Ca3lian, enlarged, (138). a3 675 Church of the Apostles, Via Ostiensis, restored, (139). a4 683 Church of S. Giorgio in Velahro founded by Leo II., (149). as Relics of S. S. M. translated to Church of S. Bibiana, (149). ,6 684 Church of 8. Lorenzo in litcina, re- stored, (152). 87 Contemporary Events. A.D. 602 Phocas, Emperor. 603 Dialogues of S. Gregory . Conversion of the Saxons in England. 604 Sabinianus of Volterra, Bp. of Rome. 606 Persian -war, — Syria and Palestine devastated. 607 Boniface III., a Roman, Bp.of Rome. 608 Boniface IV., of Valeria, Bp. of Rome. 610 Heraclius, Emperor. Theophylact, historian. 612 Isidorus of Spain, theologian. 615 Deusdedit I., a Roman, Bp. of Rome. 619 Boniface V., of Naples, Bp. of Rome. 622 Muhammad. 625 Honorius I., of Frosinone, Bp. of Rome. Restores the Aqua Sabatina of Trajan, (120). 628 The Paschal Chronicle ends. Oeorgius of Pisidia, historian. 640 Johannes Philoponus, historian. Severinus, a Roman, Bp. of Rome. John IV. of Dalmatia, Bp. of Rome. 641 Heraclius, Constantinus, and Heracleonas, Emperors. CoNSTANS IT., Emperor. He goes to Italy and sacks Rome. 642 Theodore I., of Jerusalem, Bp. of Rome. 649 S. Martin I., of Todi, Bp. of Rome. The Second Synod of Bishops held in the Lateran, (131). 654 Eugenius I., a Roman, Bp. of Rome. 657 Vitalian, of Segni, Bp. of Rome. 668 Constantinus II., Emperor. 672 Adeodatus, a Roman, Bp, of Rome. 675 Domnus I., a Roman, Bp. of Rome. 678 Agatho— of Reggio, Bp. of Rome. The Plague in Borne, (141). 680 Sixth General Council. 682 S. Leo II., of Sicily, Bp. of Rome. 684 Benedict II., a Roman, Bp. of Rome. 685 John V., of Antioch, Bp. of Rome. JusTiNiANus II., Emperor. 686 Peter, a Roman, Bp. of Rome. TTieodore, a Roman, Bp. of Rome. Paschal, anti-Pope. 687 Conon, of Thrace, Bp. of Rome, elected by the army in 8. Stefano Rotondo, (156). Sergius I., of Antioch, Bp. of Rome. Sergius ordains Birectualdus Abp, of Britain, (162). Photoohaphs— a Nos. 2959, 2730. 3 No. 2288. 6 Nos. 1591, 1592, 1593. 8 No. 299. 9 No. 974. 10 No. 219 Photographs— II No. 3063. la No. 306. 16 No. 638. 17 No. 1710. 18 No. 1925. ■s Nos. 390, 1258, 1259, 1260. XVI CHEONOLOGICAL TABLES, A.D. 700 — 800. Buildings in Rome. 700 Church of S. Maria in Via Lata rebuilt. 705 Catacomb of S. Marcellinus restored. Church of S. Euphemia restored, (163). S. Peter's Lady-chapel built by John VII. (167. and Inscription in situ in the crypt). 724 Church of S. Croce in Ilierusalem, re- stored by Gregory II., (167)- » 730 House of Honesta, mother of Gregory II., converted into the Mon. and Church of S.Agatha, (183)- 736 Mon. of Chrysogonus in trastevere, built, (196). There are remains of these buildings. 731-11 Walls of Rome restored, (202). Monasteries of Jobn Evan., John Bapt., Pancratius, built, (197) • Church of S. Salvator, or of Constantine, at the Lateran, restored, (197)- Church of S. Calixtus, or S. M. Nova Transtiberim, rebuilt. Hoof of the Pantheon, restored, (200)- 731 — 741 Cemetery Chapels restored by Gregory III. (197). Januarius. Processus et Urbanus. Martinianus. Tiburtius. Genesius (et altare Valerianus, erexit). Maximus. 742-52 Triclinium of the Lateran adorned with Mosaic pictures (218), and steps (scala) to go up above it, and a porch ■with bronze doors, and a belfry-tower, and a bronze railing (cancellus), and a figure of Christ in front of the doors. 752 Catacomb of S. Sotherus restored. 759 Church of SS. Sylvester and Stephen (now S. Silvester in capite) built by Paul I. (260). 760 SS. Peter and Paul, in the Via Sacra, near the Temple of Romulus, (261) • [That is, in the northern aisle of the great Basilica of Constantine.] 770 - 772 S. Angelo in Pescaria built by Theodatus (Inscription in situ). S.John at the Porta Latina (Apse). 772 — 795 Churches restored by Hadrian I. (324-354). S . John in the Lateran. S. Peter. S. Paul, with porticus leading to it. S. Lorenzo, f.m., (or S. Laurence). S. Mark. Valentine. Felix on the Pincian. Damasus. The .\postles, in via lata. Prisca. Clement. Silvester. Janujrius (at the Porta S. Lorenzo). Susanna. Quiriacus. Of the Saviour, called also of Constantine, near the Lateran. Peter and Paul. Contemporary Events, A.D. 700 Cathedral of Ostia restored (Anastas. 163). 701 John VI., of Greece, Pope. 705 John VII., of Greece, Pope. 708 Sisinius, of Syria, Pope. Constantinus, of Syria, Pope. 711 Philippicus Baedanes, Emperor. 712 A civil war in Rome. 713 Anastasius II., Emperor. 715 Gregory II., of Rome, Pope. A great flood at Rome, il89). 716 Theodosius III., Emperor. 718 Leo II. (Isauricus), Emperor. He icsues an Edict against the worship of Images. 731 Gregory III., of Syria, Pope. 741 Zacharias, Pope. CoNSTANTiNusIV.(Copronymus),Emperor. 752 Stephen II. or III., of Rome, Pope. Stephen III., of Rome, Pope. Blockade of Rome for three months by the Lombards (249). 754 The French, under King Pippin, promise to help the Pope (244). 755 Boniface {Winifred) converts many in Germany, and is martyred, 757 Paul I., of Rome, Pope. He brings Relics of the Martyrs from the Catacombs into Rome, (244). 768 Theophilactus, Pope. Constantine II., of Nepi, Pope. Stephen IV., of Reggio, Pope. The Lombards besiege Rome, (237). 769 Philip, of Rome, Pope. 772 Hadrian I. (Colonna), of Rome, Pope. 775 Li.0 IV., Emperor. 776 Charles the Great or Charlemagne defeats the Saxons, and visits Rome. baptized with his chief companions by Pope Hadrian, in the Baptistery of the Lateran, then called the church of the Saviour, near the Lateran. Pope Hadrian makes numerous donations of gold and silver vessels, with hang- ings, vestments, and ornaments, to the principal churches in Rome and the neighbourhood, assisted by the Emperor Charlemagne. Pope Hadrian urges " the donations of Constantine" as a reason for him to support the Papacy ; Charles settles a dispute between Rome and Ravenna ; he decrees Tythes throughout all his dominions, and endeavours to revive learning. Photographs— I No. 399. z No8. 428, 999. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES, A.D. 700 — 800. XVU Buildings in Rome. A.D. 772 — 795 Churches restored by Hadrian I. {cotitinued). Laurentius in Pala- tinis. Maria in Cosmedin. Lorenzo in Luciiia. Agapitus, f.m., (near S. Lorenzo.) Praxedes, " Eccl. Tiburlius, et Valerianus, et Maximus sur Bas. Zinniis • ;" " foris portam Appiam." Lorenzo, f.m. (with Felicissimus et Aga the porticus leading _ pitus. to it). Sixtus. Hadrianus. Pancratius. Waria Majora. Euscbius. Euplus (at S. Paul's). Stcpben (near S. Paul'sl. llierusalem (in Ses- soriano, S.Croce). Peter ad Vincula (or Eudoxia). Cosmas and Damian, in Tribus (Fanis?). John Baptist (ad Por- tam Latinam). Apostles at m. iii. in Via Appia,in loco qui appellatur catacum- bis (S. Sebastian). Pudens (or Poten- tiana). Theodoras (in Velum Januarius et Cyrinus. S. Maria sen Calixtus trans Tiberim. Marcellus, via lata. Bas. Cocm. Heimitis, Prothi, et Ilya- cinthi. Silvanus, via Salaria. Bonifacius, ibid. Saturninus, via Sa- laria. Felix, f.p.Portuensem. Abdon et Sennon et Candida. Faiii Hadrianus. Cosmas et Damianus. Stephen on the Coolian. Eugenia. John and Paul (titulus Pammachii). Agnes seu Emeren- tiana. Nicomedes, f.p. Nu- mentanam. SS. Quatuor Cosmati. Sergius et Bacchus. Velahrum?) Eugenius (turn intus Anastasius quamque foris). 772—775 Cemeteries OR Catacombs restored BY Hadrian 1. (325-361)- SS. Peter and Mar- cellinus. Gordianus and Epi- machus. Quartus and Quintus. Sophia. TertuUianus. Urbanus. Felicitas. Chry santhus etDarlus . Hilaria. Jordanorum videl. Alexandri, et Vita- lis, et Martialis, seu Septem Virginum. Silvester. Abdon, et Sennen, et Candida. Hippolytus (ad S. Laurentius). Stephanus, ibid. Adrianus et Lauren- tius. 795— SI 6 Churches (368-426). S. Peter in Vaticano. S. Salvator in La terano. S. Paul. S. Anastasia. 8. Sabina. S. Maria Major. 8. M . in Fonticana. S. Vi talis. S. Susanna. S. Crucis. 8. Stephanus galla. S. Andrew. S.Martin. 8. Lucia in Orphea. RESTORED BY LeO III. S. Balbina. - SS. Cosmas and Da- mian. S. Martina in tribus fatis. Laurentis Damasi. Valentinus. S. Apostoli in via lata. S. Agatha in Subura. S. Agapitus in Prse- nestina. 8. Stephen via Latina. Basilictis in Merulana. 8. Nereus et Achilleus. 8. Agapitus fuxta. 8. Laurentii, f.m. 795—816 Cemeteries restored by Leo III. (361). SS. Felix and Adanc- 8. Sixtus. tus. S. Cornelius. S. Menna. 8. Zoticus. Cata- Contemporary Events. A.D. 777 Kise of the Merchants of Venice. Church of Edistus on the Via Ardeatina sixteen miles, restored. The arches of the Claudian Aqueduct, then called Jobia, rebuilt by Hadrian I. (332. 333). The Aqua Virgo restored, (336). 780 CoNSTANTiNus V., Emperor. rso The porticus or arcade, or covered way, from the Tiber to S. Peter's, rebuilt on a larger scale, 12,000 blocks of tufa used in the foundations. 782 Church of Rufina and Secunda, at Silva Candida (?) (with a Baptisterj'). Church of S. Peter in Silice (on the Via Appia, M. XXX.) 783 Church of S. Lucius (Via Flaminia, M. v.) 784 Mosaicists of Ravenna sent to Aix-la- Chapelle. 787 The seventh General Council of th* Church orders the use of Images. The Gregorian Chant is introduced into France. 788 The Greeks attack Italy, and are totally defeated. 790 Diaconates founded and endowed. The Aqueduct from the lake Sabbatina restored to use, and brought to S. Peter's. Church of Secundinus at Prtenestina re- stored. 791 A great flood in Rome, carries away the wooden gale of the Porta Flaminia to the Church of S. Mark; damages the WalU of Rome and the Aqueducts; they are restored by Pope Hadrian. 792 Church of S. Sabina in Ferentinello re- stored. 795 St. Leo III., of Rome, Pope. 797 Irene, Emperor. Sigem, king of Essex, goes to Rome. Paulus Biaconus made a monk of Monte Cassino, The Pope flies from Rome ; he returns in 799. This most be the small church now called 8. Urban's. b XVIU CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES, A.D. 800 — 900. Buildings in Borne. A.D. 800 Lateran Palace, Triclinium built, (384)- i 805 Church of S. Sabina, restoration begun by Leo III. (361). Oratory of S. Michael at the Lateran built, and adorned with mosaics, (414). 817-24 Church of S. Praxedis (S. Prassede) rebuilt on a new site, and the chapel of S. Zeno, or of the Holy Column, with Mosaics, added by Paschal I., (434)- a 820 ■ S.Cecilia Transtiberim rebuilt, (438). 3 S. Maria in Domnica rebuilt, and has mosaics of this period, (435i- 4 Hospital for piljf rims built in the Nauma- chia Transtiberim, (439). 821 Monastery of Sergius and Bacchus built against an arch of the Aqueduct of the Lateran, (442)- 824-27 Church of S. Sabina, restoration com- pleted, and apse adorned with mosaics by Eugenius II. (452). 827 Church of S. Saturninus, via Salaria, re- built, (459). S. Hadrian r» tribus fatis (i.e. in the Forum) rebuilt by Gregory VII., (465). 5 833 S. Mark rebuilt and adorned with mosaics (Inscription in situ,i,QQ.) S. Giorgio in Velabro, Atrium (or Portico) added, (464) Aqueduct — Sabbatina restored, (467)- 840 The City of Gregoriorolis, at Ostia, founded by Gregory IV. (477). 844 SS. Sylvester and Martin (S. Martino ai Monti), the upper church partly re- built by Sergius II., (491). 847 Church of SS. Quatuor Coronati rebuilt. 6 Monasteries of SS. Peter and Paul, Ser- gius and Bacchus, Svlvester and Martin —founded, (493). 850 The Leonine City built, (533). 7 Church of S. Sisto Veccliio. 8 Monastery of Stephen and Cassiorum re- stored, and Greek monks established in them, (511). Monastery of S. Martin restored, (563). 855 Catacomb of S. Marcus restored, 672 (vide A.D. 336). „ Church of SS. Peter and Marcellinus restored, (573). Church of S. M. Antiqua founded by Leo III. ; enlarged by Benedict III., (568). 10 858 Catacomb of S. Pontianus restored. n S.Clement'sChurch, Fresco painting in. la 858-67 Church of S. Maria in Via Lata, (583). S. Maria Nuova restored, and apse adorned with mosaics, by Nicho- las!., (592), now called S. Francesca Roman a. 860 Cemetery of Felix, Abdon and Sennon, and Sebastian, restored, (601). Aqueducts, Virgo and Trajan restored. 875 The fortified Monastery of S. Paul f. m., built by John VIII., and called Gio- vannipoli. i. Contempornry Events. A.D. 800 Charlemagne, crowned by the Pope at Rome Emperor of the West, receives the keys of Jerusalem. 801 A great earthquake in Italy. 802 NicEPHOEA, Empress. 803 Venice becomes independent. 810 Pepin, king of Italy, dies at Milan. 812 Bernhardson of Pepin, made king of Italy. WilfredjAbp.of Canterbury, goes to Rome. 814 Death of Charlemagne, vet. 71. 816 Stephen V.— Rome, Pope. — • Crowns King Louis at Rheims. 817 Pascal I.— Rome, Pope. The election of Pascal as Pope confirmed by King Louis. 820 Lothaire made King of Italy. 824 Eugenius II.— Rome, Pope. 826 Zinzinins — Home, Anti-Pope. 827 Valentinus II.— Rome, Pope. Gregory IV.— Rome, Pope. 828 The Saracens of Africa take Syracuse. 840 Death of King Louis, his kingdom is divided. Lothaire, King of Italy. 842 Theodora, Empress of the East. 844 Sergius II. — Rome, Pope. 846 The Saracens advance to the walls of Rome, and sack S. Peter's and S. Paul's, Porto and Ostia fortified against them. {Fable of Tope Joan.) 847 Leo IV.— Rome, Pope. 855 Death of Lothaire, his son Louis King of Italy, and Emperor of the West. 857 St. Benedict III.— Rome, Pope. 858 Anastasius — Home, Anti-Pope. Nicholas I. — Rome, Pope. 867 Hadrian II.— Rome, Pope. The Emperor Louis is crowned a second time in Rome. Anastasitis the Pontifical Librarian. John the Deacon. The false Decretals. 872 John VIII.— Rome, Pope. 875 Death of the Emperor Louis. Charles the Bald, King of Italy and Emperor of the West. 876 A great earthquake in Rome. 877 Carloman, King of Italy. Sj-nods at Rome and at Ravenna. 879 Charles the Fat, King of Italy and Em- peror, crowned at Rome in 881. 882 Martin II., Pope. 884 Hadrian III.— Rome, Pope. 885 Stephen VI.— Rome, Pope. (He is strangled in prison.) 888 Dea:h of King Charles, confusion in Italy. " The Synod of Terror" is held. Lambert takes the Pope prisoner. Pope Gregory VIII. flics to France. 891 Formosus— Corsica, Pope. Guy of Spoleto, Emperor of the West. Lambert Emperor and King. Photographs — I No. 761. a Nos. 1477 to 1484, 1506. 3 Nos. 426, 1000. 4 No. 1083. 5 No. 306. 6 No. 1001. Photographs — 7 Nos. 222, 224, 225, 371 to 375, 1311, 1312. 8 No. 221. ' 10 Nos. 3248, 3249. 11 Nos. 607 to 610. la No. 1267, 1415. 13 No. 3258. CHEONOLOGICAL TABLES, A.D. 896 975. XIX Buildings in Rome. A.D. 896 Church of the Lateran, or Basilica op CoNSTANTiNE, much damaged by a great earthquake, and falls from decay. I Monastery of S. M. Cosmedin, for the Scala Grteca, or Greek monks in Rome. 904-28 Church of the Lateran rebuilt by Ser- gius III. and his successor, John X. (Inscription formerly in .situ, edited by Pcrtz from MS. in Chigi library). 3 75 ••Mona.stcry of S. Croce in Gcrusarcmme, built by Benedict VIIL (Inscription.) 4 Contemporary Events. A.D. 896 Boniface VI. — Tuscany, Pope 18 days. Stephen VII. — Rome, Pope. Ahnulf crowned Emperor in Rome. 897 Romanus I., Pope. Theodore II. — Rome, Pope 20 days. 898 John IX.— Tivoli, Pope. Berenger, King of Italy. 900 Benedict IV.— Rome, Pope. 901 Death of Alfred the Great. 903 Leo V. — Ardea, Pope two months. Christopher— Rome, Pope. 904 Sergius III. — Rome, Pope. 911 Anastasius III.— Rome, Pope. 913 Landonius — Sahina, Pope. 913 The Saracens defeated by the Christians. John X.— Ravenna, Pope. Berengarius crowned Emperor at Rome. Theodorus and Marozia in the Castle of S. Angelo. Marozia marries Guido, Count of Tus- culum. A Revolution in Rome. Alberic made Senator. 926 Hugh of Provence, King of Italy, mairies Marozia. 928 Leo VI.— Rome, Pope. 929 Stephen VII.— Rome, Pope. 931 John XI. — Rome, Pope ; he was the son of Marozia. 936 Leo VII.— Tusculum, Pope. 939 Stephen VIII.— Germany, Pope. 943 Martin III.— Rome, Pope. Hugh besieges Rome. The Italians call Otho to help them. 946 Agapetus II. — Rome, Pope. 947 Lothaire II., King of Italy. 949 A Synod held in Borne. 9.J0 Berenger and Adalbert, Kings of Italy. 956 John XII. (Octavlanus) — Tusculum, Pope. 962 Otuo I.— Emperor, crowned in Rome. Otho II., King of Italy. 963 Leo VIIL— Rome, Pope. A Synod held in Home ; John XII. de- posed, Leo VIII. elected. 964 Berenger surrenders to Otho. Revolt of Rome, Leo VIII. set aside and Benedict V. elected Pope. Rome besieged by Otho I. 965 John XIII. elected Pope and expelled. 966 John XIII. restored by Otho. 967 Ravenna restored to the Popes by Otho I. 970 Otho II. crowned Emperor; he marries Tbeophania. 972 Benedict VI.— Rome, Pope. Benedict VI. exiled in Saxony. MarriageofOthoIl.toTheoi)UaniaatRomc. 974 Uomnus II.— Rome. Crescentius the real Governor of Rome. 975 Benedict VII.— Rome, Pope one month, then strauKled. Boniface T//.- Pope. PHOTooHArns — 3 Nos. 936, 937. b 2 4 No. 398. XX CH-RONOLOGICAL TABLES, A.D. 981 1046. Buildings in Rome. A.D. 983 Tomb of the Emperor Otho II., in the crypt of S. Peter's. (Dionysius, Basil. Vat., pi. X.) I 984 S. Alexius, Benedictine Monas- tery founded by Serpius, Bishop of Damascus. (Inscription.) z 985 Benedictine Abhey of S. M. de Ara Coeli del Campidoglio, founded. 3 1001 Church of S. Bartholomew on the Island of the Tiber (originally dedicated to S. Adalbert of Prague) built by the Emperor Otho III. (Chronicles of Leo Ostiensis and Otho of Frusingen in Muratori, Rer. Ital. Script. ; and in- scription.) 4 1011 •» — S. Urbano alia Caffarella, Wall paui tings. (Inscription in situ.) 5 PHOToaEAPHS— 3 Nos. 2273, 2274. Contemporary Events. A.D. 981 Otho visits Rome, and dies there in 983. 983 John XIV.— Pavia, Pope. Otho III. King and Emperor. Thkophania, Empress. 984 Pope .John XIV. tortured and murdered in the Castle of S. Angelo. Great fall of the Papal Power. 985 John XV. — Home, Pope ; he flies from Home, but is recalled and dies. 989 Theophania arrives at Rome as Regent, and suppresses sedition. 996 Gregory V. (Bruno) — Saxony, Pope. Otho III. again besieges Rome. Death of Hugh Capet. Otho III. , Emperor of the "West, King of Italy, crowned at Rome. 997 John XVI.— Pope ten months. The Hitngarians become Christians. Crescentius excommunicated by Gregory. A Synod in S. Peter's under Otho and Gregory. 998 Otho restores Gregory. Castle of S. An- gelo taken by assault. Crescentius be- headed. 999 Sylvester II. (Gerbert) — Auvergne, Pope. 1001 Otho III. enters Rome as a pilgrim. 1002 Death of Otho. Ardouin King of Italy. Pope Silvester endeavours to revive learn- ing, and is accused of magic. 1003 John XVI.— Rome, Pope. John XVII. — Rome, Pope. 1004 S. Bruno consecrated Bishop of Prussia, and martyred by the Pagans. Henry crowned King of Italy at Pavia. 1009 Sergius IV.— Rome, Pope. Temple of Jerusalem destroyed by the Sultan of Babylon. 1012 Benedict VIII. driven from Rome. 1014 Benedict restored, and crowns Henry as Emperor. 1016 The Saracens repulsed by the help of the Normans. 1020 The Pope applies to the Emperor Henry for help against the Greeks, and en- gages Rudolph with a band of Normans. 1021 Benedict VIII.— Tusculum, Pope. 1024 John XVIII.— Tusculum, Pope. Death of Henry, election of Conrad. 1027 Conrad is crowned King of Italy and Emperor at Rome ; he licenses the Normans to defend Southern Italy. 1033 Benedict IX. -Tusculum, Pope. Alberico, Count of Tusculum, purchases the Papal chair for his son, ten years of age, who takes the name of Bene- dict IX. 1044 The Romans expel Benedict IX. Sylvester 111., Anti-Pope for three mo7iths. Gregory VI. buys the Papal chair. 1046 Henry crowned Emperor at Rome, ex- pels the three rival Popes. S Nog. 1366, 1367, 1368, 1369, 1371, CHEONOtOGICAL TABLES, A. I). 1047 — 1099. XXI Buildings in Rome. 1054 »*Church of S. Pudentiana, North Aisle rebuilt with Uebri.no-ijone-work. (Inscription.) i 1061 Church of Monte Cassino, built and dedi- cated in the presence of the Pope. 1072 Church ot S. Biagio della Pignetta, built by Alexander II. (Inscription.) 1073 **Castle of Hildebrand, in Trastevere. a Church of S. Maria in Portico, near the Forum Romanum, dedicated. (Inscrip- tion.) 3 1080 * S. Clement, Fresco paintings of Beno di Rapiza in Crypt. 4 S. Pudentiana restored by Car- dinal Benedictus. 5 S. Prassede restored, and a cloister built. 6 1090 1099 1099- S. Maria in Capella, Campa- nile of. 7 S. Clement, Apse of, decorated with Mosaics by Cardinal Anastasius. 8 -1118** SS.QuattroCoronati, re- stored and consecrated by Paschal II. (Pundulf of Pisa, in Muratori, t. iii.) 9 S. Hadrian in the Forum re- consecrated (probably restored) by Paschal II., "ad monticulum S. Ha- driani in tribus foris." 10 S. Maria in Monticelli conse- crated (campanile and mosaic on apse). (Pandulf of Pisa, Muratori, t. iii.) Contemporary Events. A.D. _ 1047 Clement II. (Suidger)— Saxony, elected Pope. A council at Rome condemns simony, and declares no election (if Pope valid without the sanction of the Emperor. 1048 Damasus II.— Boppa— Bavaria. Pope 23 days. 1049 Leo IX. — Bruno— Alsace, Pope. 1050 Councils at Rome and Vercelli. 1053 Battle of Civitella, Leo IX. defeated by the Normans. 1054 Division op the Eastern and Western Churches. 1055 Victor II. — Gebhard, Tyrol, Pope. 1056 Death of the Emperor, Henry III. Henry IV. Emperor, Agnes, Regent. 1057 Stephen X. — Lorraine, Pope. 1058 Benedict X.— Rome, Anti-Pope. Nicholas II. 'Gherardus) — Burgundy, Pope. 1059 A Council at Rome decrees that the Pope shall be elected by the Cardinals. 1061 Alexander II. (Radagio)— Milan, Pope. HonoriusII. (Cadalous of Parma), Anti- Pope. Earl Tostig comes to Rome and compels the Pope to confirm Aldred as Arch- bishop of York. 1062 Godfrey restores Alexander II. 1072 Petrus Damianus, historian, dies. 1073 Gregory VII. (Hildebrand, or Aldo- brandeschi) — Soana in Tuscany, Pope. 1074 Robert Guiscard excommunicated. 1075 A Council at Rome decrees all ecclesi- astical appointments to be made valid by the Pope only. 1080 Clement II. (Guibert of Ravenna), Anti- Pope. A Council at Rome recognises Count Rudolf. Another Council at Brixia deposes Gregory VII. 1081 The Emperor Henry and the Anti-pope attack the Leonine City and are de- feated by the Romans. 1083 The Emperor again attacks Rome. 1084 Rome surrenders to the Emperor Henry, and Gregory VII. is besieged in S. Angelo. Robert Guiscard and the Normans sack Rome and burn many buildings, from the Lateran to the Colosseum. 1085 Gregory VII. dies at Salerno, Papacy vacant for a year. 1086 Victor III. (Dcsiderius, Abbot of Monte Cassino). 1088 Urban II. (Otho, Bishop of Ostia), Pope. 1089 The Emperor Henry excommunicated. 1095 Peter the Hermit preaches the Crusade. 1099 Paschal II.— Bieda, Pope. PllOTOGRArnS — I N08. 389, 858, 3060. a No. 230. 4 Noa. 1264 to 1268. 6 N08. 1370, 1477. Photographs 7 No. 439. 8 No. 1274. 9 No. 2213. 10 No. -306. CHEONOLOGICAL TABLES, A.D. 1108 — 1148. Buildings in Borne. A.D. 1106 Church of S.Maria del Popolo, founded by Paschal II. i 1108—1119 •*Church of S. Clement rebuilt (the upper part), by Cardinal Anastasius. 2 1110 S. Prasscde, Campanile built over north transept. 3 1112 Church of SS. Quattro Coronati, restored. Church of S. John Lateran, rebuilt. 4 1114 *• S. Lorenzo in Lucina, Campa- nile of. 5 — S. Sebastian in Palatio built. 6 1118 S. Maria in Cosmedin restored hv Gelasius II. (Pandulf of Pisa, in Muratori.) 7 S. Bartolomeo all' Isola, re- stored, and campanile. (Inscription.) 8 Body of S. Sempronius, martyr, found in Via Latina, translated to S. Lorenzo in Lucina. (Inscription.) 1 1 19 Church of S. Sylvester in Capite rebuilt. 9 Lateran Palace, Chapel of S. Nicholas. 10 1120 Church of S. Calixtus built. S. Balbina built or rebuilt. 11 *• S. Michael (in Borgo) built. 12 S. Lorenzo in Pane Perna. 13 •• S. Cecilia in Trastevere, Cam- panile of. 14 1129 S. Chrysogonus rebuilt by Car- dinal Johannes De Crema. 15 S. Agnes de Agone, " ecclesia S. Agnetis de cryptis Agonis " (Piazza Navona), dedicated. 16 1130-43 *»Chapel of S. Sylvester, adjoining the church of SS. Quattro Coronati, found- ed by Innocent 11. , and has original paintings. 17 Church of S. Pudentiana restored by In- nocent II. (Inscription). 18 ** S. Maria in Trastevere rebuilt, and the apse adorned with mosaics (Inscription). 19 S. Stefano Kotondo restored 1139 (Nicholas of Aragon, Muratori, t. iii.) 20 S. John in the Lateran, roof rebuilt. S. Paul, apse repaired. Porticus from the Vatican to Church 23 S. Maria (Traspontina) restored. of Church of S. Thomas in Parione, con- secrated by Innocent III. 24 1140 Church and cloisters of SS.Vincentius and Anastasius alle lYe Fontatie, rebuilt. (Ughelli, and Inscription.) 25 1144 S. Croce, church and monastery restored, with campanile, by Lucius II. (Nicholas of Aragon, in Muratori., 26 1148 S. Maria in Trastevere, campanile of. 27 Contemporary Events. A.n. 1100 ^;6e?-<— Atella, Anti-Pope. 1102 Theodoric—'Rome, Anti-Pope. Sylvester Til. — Rome, Anti-Pope. The Countess Matilda bequeaths all her estates to the Roman Church. 1111 Henry enters Rome, is crowned by Pas- chal, and appoints the Countess Matilda vice-gerent. 1112 A Council in the Lateran annuls the con- cessions made by the Pope. 1115 Death of the Countess Matilda, set. 69. Her inheritance is disputed by the Emperor and the Pope, 1117 The Emperor Henry marches to Rome and is crowned a second time by the Abp. of Braga. Beginning of the struggle between the Guelfs and the Ghibellines. 1118 GelasiusII. (Giov.Caetani)— Gaeta.Pope, Gregory Fill.— Abp. of Braga, Spain, Anti-Pope. 1119 Calixtus II.— Burgundy, Pope. Zonares, historian. 1120 Gregory VII. retires to Sutri. Calixtus takes possession of the Lateran palace. 1121 Sutri taken. Gregory surrenders. The Order of the Prsemonstratensian^ established. Pefrus Diaconus, historian. 1123 A General Council held at the Lateran. 1124 Honorius II.— Bologna, Pope. Theobald {"BoccadiPecore"),A7iti-Pope 1125 Death of the Emperor Henry. Lothaire elected Emperor. 1127 Roger, Count of Sicily, is excommu- nicated. 1128 Conrad, King of Italy, excommunicated. 1130 Innocent II. (Papareachi) — Rome, Pope. Anacletus II., Anti-Pope, gains posses- sion of the Lateran. Roger crowned King of Sicily. Innocent holds a Council at Clermont. 1132 Lothaire expels Conrad, the Pope joins him. 1133 Lothaire crowned at Rome. 1137 Lothaire conducts Innocent II. to Rome, and dies. 1138 Victor IV., Anti-Pope. All submit to Innocent II. 1139 Pope Innocent taken prisoner by Roger. 1140 Arnold denounces the corruptions of Rome. 1143 Celestin II.— Cittil di Castello, Pope. 1144 Lucius II. — Bologna, Pope. 1145 Eugenius III. (Paganelli) — Pisa, Pope. Pope Lucius II. is killed by a stone, in attempting to suppress the new Senate. Photographs — 2 Nos. 1270, 2072. 5 No. 2284. 7 No. 634. II No. 269, 278. 17 Nos. 2214 to 2219. Photographs — 18 No. 307. 19 No. 1915. 20 No. 212. 26 Nos. 404, 406. CHE0N0L06ICA1 TABLES, A.B, 1150 1198. XXlll Buildings in Some. A.D. 1150 •Tomb of Cardinal Alfanus in the Church of S. Maria in Cosmedin. z Church of S. Pietro in Vincoli built. a S.Agatha rebuilt. ♦Campanile of S. Benedict. 4 1145) Vatican I'alace built by Eugenius III. 1152)" (Ciaconius.) 1154-59 *Church of SS. John and Paul partly rebuilt, with Campanile and Porticus added by the English Pope (Break- speare). (Inscription.) S Buildings connecting the Lateran Basilica with Us Baptistery raised by Hadrian IV. (Beniardus Guidonis, in Muratori, t. iii.) 1157 Porta Mctronia, on a bridge over the river Almo, rebuilt by the Senate. (Inscription in situ). 6 1167 The buildings near the Vatican burnt by the Emperor Frederic Barbarossa. 1181 A Palace built in the Basilica Liberiana (S. M. M.) by Cardinal Paulas Scho- larius. 7 1181—1198 Tombs of Popes in the Lateran. 1188 The Lateran Palace rebuilt. 8 1189 Church of S. Maria in Aquirio founded. (Inscription.) 9 1190 • S. Maria in Capella. lo Campanile of S. Rufina in Trastevere. •Campanile of S. Giovanni, a Porta Latina built, and the Church re-consecrated by Celeslinus III. (Inscription iVi«t Cornice, &c., Nos. 271, 847. level of the road. ' A person standing on the steps of ^ Palatine, south-east angle, No. 1 1 7. the church of S. Maria in Carinis, at The Second Wall of Rome. 1 1 rises to the level ef the platform on the surface of the hill. Part of the Palace of Commodus (?) is- built up against the cliff and hides it, but the cliff exists behind it. The western cliff of the Velia also remains distinct, and the earth is supported in a vertical position by the arcade or porticiis of Nero, of which the back wall remains for some distance, and four of the upper arches '. This porticus was a double arcade one upon the other (as was the porticus of Caracalla between his Thermae and the Via Appia, of which there are con- siderable remains), but the lower arches of Nero have been de- stroyed in the Middle Ages, when a great castle was erected there. These four upper arches have escaped by accident. The wall then turned to the west under the south end of the Palatine, against the cliff. It is not there visible, but the stones from it seem to have been used for the substructure of the Colosseum. Further light was thrown upon this subject by the excavations of 1873-74, under the south end of the platform"" on which now stands the church and monastery of S. Francesca Romana, and imme- diately opposite to the Colosseum. It has been before observed that these large stones of the time of the Kings, each of which is of a ton weight, were seldom carried far, and can generally be traced. It was found that this end of the platform was supported by an ancient wall of concrete, and in the plaster on the surface of this wall are evident marks of the large tufa blocks of a wall against which it had been built, although the tufa wall has been long carried away ". It is pretty evident that these great stones had been taken from the old wall under the Palatine, part of the Second Wall of Rome, and they had only been again carried across the short space in front (where the old pavement remains) to the Colosseum itself, and used in the substructure of that enormous building, in the walls on each side of the passages from the area, under the corridors. These walls are largely built of old tufa blocks, but with piers of travertine at short intervals, because the builders were afraid to trust the soft tufa to carry so great a superstructure. Archi- tects have long been puzzled to find where so large a quantity of materials were obtained so rapidly, and this excavation seems to make it evident that the great blocks of tufa from all that part of the Second Wall of Rome, that passed under the south end of the Palatine Hill, were used as old materials for the Colosseum. ' Porticus, No. 3162. in 1868, and the impressions of the "' No. 3228, and Plate XII. of this great blocks of tufa are visible in the Supplement. photograph, No. 3154, and can be seen " The same thing was observed in in the pit by the side of the road, lefl the excavations near the Porta Capcna open in 1875. 1 2 The Second Wall of Rome. The part that went on the east, west, and north sides of the trian- gular earthen fortress called the Velia, probably remains buried, supporting the earth in a vertical position. The line of the wall then turns the corner of the Palatine, and the lower cliff on that side next the Circus Maximus is in part supported by it. A small portion remains visible in the gardens at the back of the houses in the Via de' Cerchi ° ; and a little further to the north, under the church of S. Anastasia, are remains of two square towers of that period. This is shewn in Plate IV. of Construction p. This tower was at another angle. The wall then went across the valley to the bank of the Tiber, on which a considerable part of it still stands, now called the Pulchrum Littusi. After following the Tiber from the corner of the Aventine to near the Capitoline Hill, it then went on by the north side of that hill, the steep cliff of which, on the northern side, was considered as sufficient protection for the inner line of defence, and this completes the circuit of the second city of Rome. As it was usual to have a triple line of defence to the arx or citadel, it is probable that there were two trenches, or fossce across the level ground to the north of the hill of Saturn in the original fortifications, and these afterwards became successively the Municipal boundary in that direction. We see that there was a small space on the southern side next the Forum, with a wall and gate, which remained till the time of Varro, 50 B.C., with temples within the enclosure. On the northern side we might expect to find a similar plan followed. There can be little doubt that the streets which wind round the foot of the hill are in the line of the old foss. The Via di Marforio is on the eastern side, and the Via della Pedacchia on the northern side ; this would place the " three temples under one roof," men- tioned by Classical authors (now the church of S. Nicholas in Car- cere), in the Palatine, and the foss would lead on to S. Angelo in Pescheria, the porch of which is the old Porta Triumphalis at the entrance into the City (the Temple-Bar of old Rome) ; the line of this foss would then go on to the Tiber and the Pulchrum Littus, part of the second wall of Rome. The third line, on the northern side, would be the foss across the level ground from the cliff of tlie Quirinal, near the Palace, to the Tiber, passing in front of the Pan- theon, and on the line on which the two cippi remain, one hi situ, the other only moved a few yards, so that the Emperor Hadrian only extended the Municipal boundary to this old foss '. " Wall of Kings, Photographs, Nos. 98, *99. p Towers under S. Anastasia, No. *loo. 'i Pulchrum Littus, No. 159. ' See PJate XVII. THE SEVEN HILLS OF ROME, As SEPARATE HiLL-FORTRESSES. A SUMMARY of the information given on this subject in the first part of this work seems to be still called for, to explain upon what grounds it is said that each hill was a separate fortified village before they were united into one city by Servius TuUius *. This is noto- rious to scholars, but is not generally understood by the visitors to Rome, and adds much to the interest of the ruins, and to make them more easily understood. All the historical information extant on the subject is believed to be already given, but the information to be obtained from a careful examination of th3 ground is perhaps not so clearly given as it might be, and re- quires to be brought together. It appears to be evident that at the time of the foundation of Rome the inhabitants of Italy, and of many other parts of the world, lived in mere huts, which were open to the attacks of enemies of all kinds, including wild beasts, and a pack of hungry wolves would be very formidable enemies to attack the inhabitants of such huts; for this reason they were collected together in villages, and these villages were always fortified ; they were generally placed on the tops of hills, as being at the same time the most healthy and the most easily protected. The cliffs round the edges of a platform on the summit of a hill, whether entirely natural, or partly cut into a vertical form to a sufficient height by the hand of man, were the best protection, as walls used to resist an attack of wolves must be at least twenty feet high **. The valleys were for the most part either swamps or covered with timber, as we see by the peat-bogs in all parts where the soil was favourable to that formation ; and the streams, which were the natural drains, had been impeded by the trees that had fallen across them ; as may be seen in Ireland at the present day, where enormous trees are often found that have been embedded in those peat-bogs for many centuries. We have it recorded that each of the hills of Rome was inhabited ■ The seven hills of the earlier period tration of what a city of the time of the — the Oppius Cespius, &c., mentioned foundation of Rome was like; nothing by Varro — are too obscure to be made could be more primitive than the dwell- out in any satisfactory manner. ings of the peasantry in the Pontifical I" Part of the modern village of Cas- States at that time. See Historical tiglione, as it stood within the ancient Photographs, No. 1582, and Plate I. walls of Gabii in 1870, is a good illus- of this Supplement. 14 TJie Seven Hills of Rome. separately, in rapid succession, it is true, but still each distinct from the other; it could not be inhabited without being fortified, for the reasons just given. There would not necessarily be walls, but the soft tufa of Rome generally requires walls to support it in many parts in the vertical position which was necessary for defence. As a matter of fact, we do find remains of such early walls against the cliffs in many parts. These remains are as often within the line of the city of Servius Tullius as outside of it ; they are found on each of the hills ; for instance, on the Coelian, at the north-west end opposite to the Palatine, now in the grounds of the monastery of S. Gregory, there is a considerable portion of such a wall belonging to the second period of the Kings, part of concrete, the rest of the large squared blocks of tufa. On the Aventine ", in several places, both outside and inside of the line of the wall of the city, under S. Balbina, S. Sabba, S. Prisca, the Priorato, and S. Sabina. On the Quirinal, in the Colonna gardens ^^ and in the garden of what is now the King's palace. On the Viminal, against the cliff of the valley, between that hill and the Quirinal, opposite to S. Vitale, near the new Via Nazionale, where remains of walls and towers are still visible, of a different and ruder kind than those of Servius Tullius. On the Esquiline the cliffs are concealed by walls of the Empire, or of later periods, built up against them. The three colles were the least important as fortresses, being in fact promontories from the high table-land to the east, on which the great agger was made. Each of these separate fortresses had its own arx or citadel, which can also be traced. That of the Palatine it is not neces- sary to recapitulate. For the Aventine, the detached part called the Pseudo-Aventine had evidently the citadel upon it. S. Bal- bina has scarped cliffs on the east and north sides very distinct, with walls built up against them, and a foss-way on the western side ; on the south side the cliff is concealed by the earth thrown up against it to make a hot-bed for cultivation. On the Coelian ^, the square fortress near the Colosseum, on which the Claudium was afterwards built, was evidently the citadel ; the scarped cliffs on three sides of it are very visible, although later walls have been built up against them, and on the fourth side it has a deep foss-way * See Historical Photographs, Nos. fortification of the Sabines. (See the 141, 143, 820, 829, 993, 2085. Photograph, No. 21 13.) '' This piece of wall is of very early * Nos. 123, 126, 127, 144,381, 802; character, the vertical joints are even and Plates engraved from them, xvii., wider than those of Roma Quadrata. xviii., xix. , xx., xxi., xxii. It may, perhaps, belong to the original The Seven Hills of Rome. 1 5 called the Clivus Scauri. On the other side of this deep foss-way is another great fort, on which the Villa Mattei, now called the Villa CeU-Montana, is built; that fort, being on the outer line at one angle of the city, was an important fortress with very high cliffs, and defended the approach to two gates', — the Porta Capena on its western side, and another gate on its southern side, the site of which is very distinct in the narrow gorge leading to the Piazza della Navicella from the Porta Metronia in the outer wall. There was probably a third gate on its northern side also in the narrow end of another gorge, which was the natural place for a gate, but this probably led into the fort itself. On this site one of the Cohortes Vigilum, or barracks for the police, was afterwards built, consider- able remains of which have been found and described. The other part of the Coelian, as a separate fortress, extended to the great foss at the east end of the hill, which divided it from the Lateran, which was another separate fortress by the side of the city, defending the approach to the gate, which was where the church of S. Clement now stands, and the researches of Father MuUooly seem to shew that the foundations of the church are built upon the barbican of the gate. For the Quirinal, as a separate fortress, the site of the present king's palace must have been the citadel. The steep and lofty cliffs are very visible on all sides of it, although parts of the great palace are built up against them in several places. The Palazzo Barberini was another fortress, and the cliffs of it can readily be traced. On the side near the Hotel Costanzi, they were very visible when that great hotel was being built, about 1870. Another im- portant gate was where the four roads meet, now the Via di Quattro Fontane and the Via di Porta Pia ; the approach to this gate was defended by the two forts, one now the Barberini Palace, and the other the King's palace. At the north-east comer of this hill are distinct remains of the great horn-work to defend that weak part in the defences of the city, where the House of Sallust was afterwards built, as described in the account of the Wall of Servius TuUius. For the Viminal », the citadel appears to have extended from the part where the walls remain, before-mentioned, on one side, to the site of the house of Pudens on the other side, where now the cHffs can be distinctly traced, with the houses built up against them. For the Esquiline, the site of the church of S. Pietro in Vincoli appears to have been the citadel. The cliffs are very clear, with a passage and steps cut through them, and descending from the f Nos. 124, 125 ; and Plates (Photo- » See View, No. 150; Plan and Sec- engravings) xiii., xiv., XV., xvi. . lion, 148, 149. 1 6 TJic Seven Hills of Rome. high level on which the church stands to the level of the foss below, now the street of S. Lucia in Selci. The remarkable horn-work at the south-east corner, opposite to the church of SS. Pietro and Mar- cellino, has been described ^. This completes the seven hills of the original City. After the Wall of Aurelian was built upon the outer moenia of the Kings, called by Pliny the agger of the Tarquins, the three coiles (Quirinal, Viminal, and Esquiline) were reckoned as one hill ; the Janiculum and the Vatican hills are then reckoned as part of the seven hills, to complete the mystic number. The Janiculum was included in the Aurelian Wall, but the Vatican was not; it was con- nected with the City by a foss-way only, until the Leonine city was built in the ninth century. Since that time the Vatican has been connected with the Janiculum by an enormous wall along the ridge of the hill, and the valley between that ridge and the Tiber was thus included in the city of the Popes, or the modern city of Rome ; but it is still chiefly garden-ground, as was the old city on the hills, until the new city was built there in 1872-75. The Capitoline Hill. The history of the great public building of ancient Rome, of the time of the Kings, called the Capitolium, of which a portion of the original structure remains, as described by Varro, is much disputed by eminent scholars. It seems therefore desirable to give some further evidence from classical authorities in addition to what has been given in pp. 31 — 42 of the chapter on the Construction of Walls. The construction is in itself the best evidence to eyes accus- tomed to observe the different modes of it at different periods, and the Plates illustrating this building are in themselves evidence to such persons. For further evidence these references to incidental notices are therefore given, in confirmation of the view taken in this work. That the Hill of Saturn was occupied by the Sabines at the time that the Romans fortified the Palatine, has been shewn', and that it was called the Capitoline Hill after the two hills were united '' in one city and enclosed in one wall, as Dionysius tells us, because the great building to contain the Public Offices for the united City was built upon it ' ; but as this is not yet generally admitted, and is still •" See the Chapter on Primitive Forti- on the Historical Construction of Walls, fications, Part I., p. 62. pp. 33 — 36; and Varro de Ling. Lat., * Ibid., pp. 33 — 36. lib. V. c. 7 ; and the references to Livy '' Dionysius Hal., lib. ii. c. 50. in the Chronological Table, A. u.c. 12. ' See the Appendix to the chapter TJie Seven Hills of Rome. 17 a point of dispute, a few more authorities for it may here be intro- duced with advantage. Phny mentions that the Capitolinm was finished by Tarquinius Priscus ™, after the capture of Apiolre. Scipio placed the tablet of his Asiatic victories in the Capitoliiun'^ . Pliny also reckons the substructure of it among the wonders of Rome °, and says that it was in the CapitoliUm that ceilings made of gilt tiles were first used after the conquest of Carthage, which afterwards became common in private rooms and passages?. In another passage Pliny also men- tions that si?nilago, a kind of bread or cake made from wheat, was used in the offices of the " Treasury and the Record Office." This is a certain proof that the two were closely connected, and makes it almost sure that they were in the same building 1. In the Mirabilia Urbis Romce, the Hill of Saturn is said to be now called Capitolium, because the Senators assembled there to deliberate ■■. In the Graphia Aurea Urbis Ro^nce, it is said that the Capitol was the head of the world, where the Consuls and the Senators deliberated on its government *. Solinus, who formed his collections about a.d. 230, mentions that the Sibylline books were destroyed by fire when the Capitolium was burnt in the time of Sylla, and that before that time the Pontifex Maximus used to consult those oracles. This shews that the Capi- tolium was the great building which caught fire when the body ot Clodius was burnt in the Se?iaculum, which was part of the same fabric, called the Capitolium, being the place for the chief public offices throughout the time of the Republic, and from this building the hill previously called of Saturn, was afterwards called the Capi- toline Hill *. Dionysius mentions an altar to Saturn" at the foot of the hill, near " Plinii Nat. Hist., lib. iii. c. 9. Longa Alba, Fidenae Aricia, Nola a " Ibid., lib. XXXV. c. 7. Tyriis, ab Eulioensibus Cumae, ibidem " Ibid., lib. xxxvi. c. 24, s. 2. Sibyllse sacellum est, sed ejus quae re- P Ibid., lib. xxxiii. c. 18. bus Romanis quinquagesima olympiade 1 "Hoc (similago) aerariae officinae interfuit cujusque librum ad Comelium chartarisque utuntur." (Plinii Hist., usque Sullam pontifices nostri consule- lib. xviii. c. 20 — 22. ) bant : tunc enim una cum Capitolio ' "De Monte Saturnali qui dicitiir igni absumptus est: nam priores duo, hodie Capitolium caput populi sive civi- Tarquinio Superbo parcius pretium offe- tatum . . . vel dicitur potiiis a capitulo, rente quam postulabatur, ipsa exuperat, quia ibi conveniebant senalores sicut hujus sepulchrum in Sicilia adhuc ma- claustrales in capitulo." (Mirabilia, net." (Solini Collectanea rerum memo- ap. Codex Urbis, ed. Urlichs, p. 144.) rabilium, recognovit Th. Mommscn. * " Capitolium erat caput mundi ubi Berolini, 1864. 8vo., p. 38. ) Consules et Senatoi-es morabuntur ad " See Part I., Primitive Fortifica- gubemandum urbem." (Graphia ap. tions, sect. iv. pp.45 — 48; and Ap- Codex Urbis, ed. Urlichs, p. 120.) pendix to Construction, pp. 33 — 54- ' "Deinde constituta ab Ascanio The Seven Hills of Rome. the ascent that leads from the Forum to the CapitoHum, and that the hill was called the Saturnian Hill\ He also says that at a later period a temple was built on the same spot y. Aurelius Victor says that the building on the Clivus Capitolinus, in which the money was kept, was called in his time {hodie) the Treasury of Saturn ^ Servius mentions the Temple of Saturn as adjoining to {Juxta) the Temple of Concord". He also assumes its connexion with the Tabularium. Varro states that in his time— "Three traces of it (the Oppidum of Saturnia, on the Tarpeian Hill) still re- main ; the Temple of Saturn in the gorge, and the gate which Junius calls the Saturnian gate, now called Pandana, are there, and walls of buildings behind the Temple of Saturn are designated in some laws relating to private edifices in the postern of this wall **." 'Postern of this wall' (that is to say — Postern of the city or fortress on the hill of Saturn). That the Senaculum or Senate-house was in this great public building, and that the Temple of Concord was only the entrance to it, and the place from which the decrees were given out, is further confirmed by the following extract from the life of the Emperor Pertinax, by Julius Capitolinus, in the Scriptores Historice Augustce. "When he had come by night from the camp to the Senate, and had ordered the cella of the Senate-house {curia) to be opened, and the door-keeper could not be found, he seated himself in the Temple of Concord . . . immediately then all the magistrates with the Consul came to the Senate-house {curia) and saluted as Emperor Pertinax, who had entered by night'." The directions by Vitruvius for a Forum in a Roman city are as follows ; they are evidently in imitation of the Forum Romanum. " A Treasury, a prison, and a Senate-house * (curia) ought to adjoin the Forum, but so that the magnitude of their proportions should correspond with it. The Senate-house especially should be proportionate to the dignity of the town. If it is a square building, its height may be determined by adding half as much again to its width. If oblong, its length and width may be added together, and half of the sum so obtained may be allowed for the height under the ceiling." * Dionys. Hal., Antiq., 1. i. c. 34. ' " De Castris nocte cum ad Senatum '' Ibid., vi. I. venisset et cellam Curias jussisset ape- ^ "^des quoque sub clivo Capito- riri neque inveniretur a^dituus, in tern - lino, in quo pecuniam conditam habe- plo Concordice resedit . . . statim ergo bat, serarium Saturni hodieque dicitur." omnis magistratus cum Consule ad Cu- (Aur. Victor, Origo gentis Rom., c. 3, riam venerunt, ingressumque Pertina- s. 6.) cem nocte imperatorem appellaverunt." " Servius in ^neid, lib. ii. v. 116. (Julius Capitolinus Pertinax, c. 4.) •• Varro de Ling. Lat., lib. v. c. 7, '' Vitruvius, de Architectura, lib. v. p. 48 : see the passage quoted in note f, c. 2. p. 43, of Appendix to Construction. The Seven Hills of Rome. - 19 Servius, in his commentary on the ^neid of Virgil, explains the Tabularium : — *' Popnli Tabiilaria^ is the place where public records are kept. He (Virgil) alludes however to the Temple of Saturn, in which also the treasury had been, and where were deposited the deeds which were executed by parents on under- taking the care of their children." It must be borne in mind that each of these ancient hill-fortresses would require an enclosure, or wall of enceinte, according to the universal principle of fortification, which seems to be natural, as the same is found everywhere. This outwork would consist of a wall of earth and a great wide and deep foss, and the earth thrown up from this would be thrown on the outer side, thus making a wall of earth. This we are expressly told by Varro ^ was accord- ing to the Etruscan rite, and that the bank was called a wall {?nurus). There would also necessarily be a similar foss on each side of the aggeres of Servius Tullius, both his great agger on the eastern side of THE City, and his short aggeres to connect the hill-fortresses together into one city. The foss round the castle at Exeter, as the capital city of the county of Devon, which remains open, is as wide and as deep as the great fosses in Rome in various parts, of which we have so many traces, as across the middle of the Palatine Hill on the southern side of Roma Quadrata, and the one cutting off the Velia from the Esquiline Hill. It also is evident that there was one round each of the hills, and that the buildings erected afterwards within the line of these great fosses and walls would be considered as on the hill, and were so mentioned. Thus on the Capitoline Hill, Varro again e mentions the Temple of Saturn, and the Postern Gate of Saturn, as if on that hill, and yet they are evidently not on the hill, but within the outer wall of it, on the southern side. It is clear that the paved street called Clivus Capi- tolinus was made in the foss on that side, and enclosed the temple and the gate, probably built one within the other upon the bank of earth, called either murus or moenia. On the northern side of the hill also, the Via della Pedacchia is made in the foss, and the Via di Tor de' Specchi is a continuation of it ; the three temples under one roof', now the church of S. Nicholas in Carcere, would there- fore be reckoned as in the Capitoline Hill. Other difficulties in the Regionary Catalogue may be explained in the same manner. Portions of the scarped cliffs of these ancient hill-fortresses may • Servius in Virg. Georg., ii. 502. . . . Satumia Porta . . . Privatis pa- ' Varro de Ling. Lat., 1. v. c. 32. rietes postici muri." * Ibid., 1. V. c. 7. "Saturni Fanum ^ Pietas, Spes, Juno Sospita. 20 The Seven Hills of Rome. be seen in several places, if looked for; a portion is left open on the side of the new road up to the Piazza del Campadoglio, made in 1^74, and behind the houses — on the north, under the Capitoline Hill, in the Via della Pedacchia, the house No. 15^ — on the south, the part called the Tarpeian rock, under which Tarpeia is supposed to have been buried as a mark of infamy, being then the place of public execution ; for as there was no gate there, she could not have stood there to have the shields thrown upon her, instead of the armlets or torques of the warriors. On the Coelian, near the church of S. Gregory, opposite to the Palatine, and within the line of Servius Tullius, and therefore before his time, as after he enclosed THE City, this wall would no longer be required excepting to sup- port the earth. On the Quirinal, in the Colonna gardens, perhaps included in the same line, but of earlier character than his time, as is seen by the very wide vertical joints. On the Aventine a very fine piece remains, not of his time, but earlier"^. On the Palatine the lower wall at the foot, on the western side ^, has been described as part of the Second Wall of Rome. On the Viminal there are remains of a wall and tower against the cliff, opposite to S. Vitale and near S. Lorenzo in panis-perna™. There are also ancient horti- works to the Quirinal and the Esquiline, but these may belong to the great work of Servius Tullius ". In various parts of the great outer bank of the Tarquins », which is mentioned by Pliny as a great, arduous and necessary work, and on which the Wall of Aurelian was afterwards built, there are re- mains of the old tufa walls used as old materials for foundations, and sometimes for towers also ^ The Palatine Hill. After the two hills were " united in one City and enclosed in one wall," the Velia formed a necessary part of the fortifications ; it had originally been a promontory from the Esquiline Hill, but in order to complete the line of defence of the united city, it was cut off from that hill by a very wide and deep foss, through which the Via del Colosseo now passes. From that time this small hill was always reckoned as part of the Palatine. Dionysius mentions the Velia * Photos., No. 3253. plebis manibus faceret, essetque labor '' Photos., Nos. 790, 791. incertum longior an periculosior, pas- ' See Photos., No. 98. sim conscita nece." (Plinii Nat. Plist., "» Photos., Nos. 148, 149, 150. xxxvi. 24, 3.) n Photos., Nos. 153, 154. P See the Plates of the Walls and ° "Cum id opus Tarquinius Priscus Gates of Rome. The Seven Hills of Rome. 2 1 as a high hill commanding the Forum, and that Marcus Horatius, the colleague of Brutus, gave offence to the people by building a house upon it, which he consequently removed to the foot of it °^. This could only be on the Summa Sacra Via, which was made on the north-west slope of the Velia. This is therefore also part of the Palatine Hill, and it will be more convenient to include some notice of the buildings upon it here, than in the account of the Regiones to which they belong, the boundary of which in this part is very doubtful. Dionysius also says' that the -^des Penatium, or temple (?) of the household gods, was here, most probably on the site now occupied by the church of S. Francesca Romana. On the western side of the Summa Sacra Via, between the Arch of Titus on the north, the Colosseum on the south, the Porticus I.iviae on the east, and the cliff of the upper part of the Palatine Hill on the west, are considerable ruins (excavated in 1874). Of these an account will be found in the section on the Via Sacra. The Ccelian' Hill. The site now occupied by the Villa Celimontana has evidently been an early fortress on that promontory of the hill (as has been described at p. 15); the other promontory was the southern, on which the Claudium was afterwards built. The barrack of the fifth corps of the Vigili would naturally be placed in this strong position, where the remains of it were found. The Lateran Palace also evidently stands on the site of a de- tached fortress by the side of the City, but not part of it. The great foss between the east end of the Ccelian Hill and the Lateran has a tomb of the first century on the western bank of the Lateran and outer side of the foss*, and remains of another tomb, also of the first century, on the inner bank of the foss. This is now under an arch that supports the modem road going from the Santi Quattro Coronati to the Lateran, close to the bank that goes across the foss to carry the aqueduct and the road. As no interment was permitted within the City, it is evident that the Lateran was not in the City at that time, that is, not until the time of Aurelian, who extended the boundary of the City to his new wall, built in part upon the older moenia, the outer bank af the Tarquins. The Lateran was probably ") Dionys. Hal., Ant. Rom., v. 19. ' See the Chapter on Tombs, and ' Ibid. " This name is Photo., No. 175. now spelt Celian in Rome. 22 The Seven Hills of Rome. on the Coeliolum, but in the Middle Ages it was reckoned as on the Coelian. This was the case in the time of Sixtus V., as appears by the translation of the Mirabilia Urbis, published under his aus- pices. The guide to the Antiquities of Rome at the end of this book, mentioned in the title-page given below ", is by M. Andrea Paladio (or Palladio), who afterwards became the celebrated archi- tect, the reviver or imitator of the old Roman style, named after him the " Palladian style." In this work the Lateran is distinctly called " nel Monte Celio." This most energetic Pope and his en- gineers also mistook the water first brought into Rome by Hadrian, and afterwards by Alexander Severus, for the celebrated Marcian water, though the springs of the one are under La Colonna (or Labicum) and near Gabii, about twelve miles from Rome, while those of the Marcia are near Subiaco, and about forty miles from Rome. " Le Cose Maravigliose Dell' Alma Citta' Di Roma, Dove si veggono il movimento delle Guglie, e gli Acquedutti per condurre I'Acqua Felice, Le ample, e commode strade, fatte a beneficio publico, dal Santissimo Sisto V. P. O. M. Et si tratta delle Chiese, rappresentate in disegno da Gieronimo Francino, con le Stationi, e Reliquie de' Corpi Santi che vi sono. Et un Trattato del modo d'acquistare I'indulgenze. La guida Romana, che insegna facilmente a i Forastieri a ritrovare le piu notabili cose di Roma. Li nomi de i Sommi Pontefici, Imperatori, e altri Principi Christiani. II numero delle Parrocchie, e Compagnie che sono in Roma. L'Antichita' di Roma, brevemente raccolta ; e un discorso sopra li fuochi degli autichi. Nuovamente corretti, e purgati da molti errori, et ampliate dal Reverendo Padre Fra Santi di Sant' Agostino. Con privilegio del Sommo Pontefice. In Venetia, Per Girolamo Francino, Libraro in Roma, al segno della Fonte. m d lxxxviii. THE THIRD WALL OF ROME. The Porta Capena. Some further account of the important excavations made in 1868, 1869, and 187 1, in the valley between the Coelian and the Aventine, seems to be called for in this volume, without waiting for the publication of the other portions of the work, — the Aque- ducts and the Regiones, in which they are mentioned". By means of these excavations it was clearly proved that Servius TuUius did not build one continuous wall round the city of Rome, of seven miles in extent, as is commonly said, and is shewn upon German and English maps of Rome, following the conjectures of the learned men of the seventeenth century, miscalled the " Roman Traditions," in this matter. What he really did is what any military engineer would naturally do, and what common sense seems to re- quire, — he made use of the previously existing fortified hills, the scarped cliffs of which were the chief defences, according to the cus- tom of that age, and he made short aggeres across the valley, from the cliff of one hill to that of the opposite one ; and he carried his short agger^ with the gate in it, as high up the valley as he could, in order that the promontories on the ends of the two hills might have forts placed upon them to defend the approach to the gate, as was clearly shewn to have been the case in this valley. To demonstrate this plain fact, seven pits were dug in a line across the valley, from the foot of the Ccelian on the east to that of the Aventine on the west. In each of these pits the aggsr was found, with the aqueducts carried upon it, and with a wall on the outer side of the agger, or great bank of earth. In the first pit, close under the Coelian, remains of the Porta Capena and the pave- ment of the Via Appia were found ** ; the exact site of this is marked by a mediaeval tower at the east end of the gardener's house in the garden of the monks of S. Gregory. That brick tower is actually » These plans and drawings appeared "^ See Plates VIII., IX., and X., in the Archccologia of the Society of and photos., Nos. *II38 to *li43i Antiquaries of London, in volume forty- 2221, 2222. two, for 1869. 24 Porta Capena. built upon an old tower of tufa of the time of Servius Tullius, which had formed the western side of the gate-house. The old tufa wall is visible in the interior, the exterior has been concealed by brick. The pavements were at two levels, the upper one having been made when the level of the street was altered. The same thing has oc- curred in many other excavations in Rome, in the line of the old foss-ways : in one case it is still left open, in the garden of the Villa Volkonski, where the two pavements, one several feet over the other, can still be seen ^ The second pit was inside of the tower, to shew the tufa wall more plainly ; the third was just at the west end of the gardener's house, between that and the present road, which is parallel to the old road, but considerably to the west of it ". In this pit the two aqueducts were more perfect than in any of the others ; they are carried on the a^er from east to west. Another very ancient aqueduct passes under them, and under what is now the gardener's house, in the opposite direction, in which the water runs from south to north '^. The fourth pit* was on the western side of the present road, in waste ground belonging to the Munici- pality (just at the south end of the rope-walk). In this the agger and the wall were very distinctly visible, and some building of the time of the Republic made against it, and passing under the present road, which is comparatively modern. This pit was re-opened in 1874-75, and a low parapet wall built round it, with the permission of the Municipality, who promise to leave it open for the benefit of future antiquaries and scholars who visit Rome. The fifth pit was on the other side of the river Almo (now called the Marrana), in the same vineyard as the Piscina Publica, but at the north end of it, and on the bank which is here still ten feet above the level of the ground on the north side ^. Here again the wall and the aqueduct were found on the bank, and here also are two of the tall brick piers of the aqueduct of Trajan, of which two others are seen in the gardener's house before mentioned. These piers, in a line from the Coelian to the Aventine, standing on the bank, indicated the line of the agger before the excavations were made, but this was not then understood. The sixth pit was near the north-east corner of the Aventine?, and close to the Piscina Publica, at the point where a branch went from •* See No. 355. « See Nos. iioo, 1136. •* See the account of the Lupercal, and the water of S. George, p. 7, of this Supplement. •= Nos. 1 1 64, 1 165, 1 1 66. ^ No. 1289. B No. 1288. Aggeres of Servius Tulliiis. 25 the aqueduct into a great reservoir of the time of Trajan, belonging to the Piscina PubUca, attached to which seems to have been a great swimming-bath suppUed by the aqueducts, now forming a consider- able part of the vineyard between the piscina and the road. The aqueduct was here very distinctly visible ; a man could go into the speciis : the branch turned sharply to the south from the main line, which went on along the northern cliff of the Aventine towards the reservoir under the cliff, further to the west and nearer to the Tiber. This main line is still visible (in 1875) at another point, in an old stone-quarry under S. Sabba, where seven different branches of the aqueducts cast their surplus water into the oldest and deepest of them all, the Aqua Appia. Considerable excavations were again made there in 1875, and the old specus was shewn very distinctly, some- times cut out of the tufa rock, and in other parts built of the large square stones in the style of the Walls of the Kings. (See the Chap- ter on the Aqueducts.) The seventh and last pit was in the Piscina Publica itself, in the lower chambers of the piscina (in its strict sense as the filtering-place), with the wall between two chambers and the small holes through that wall ^. Another of the short aggeres of Servius TuUius passed under the church of S. Clement ' high up in the valley, between the other side of the Coelian and the Esquiline. In the excavations of 1873 for building the new quarter of the city on the Coelian, a continuation of this wall was found on the same line joining on to the cliff, close to the church of the Santi Quattro Coronati, which is evidently built on the site of an old fortress to protect that gate. The site of the outer gate between the two parts of the Aventine is more distinctly marked by the remains of the forts on each of the hills, on the promontories, to protect the approach to that gate '. There was no outer wall in this part between the Pseudo-Aventine and the Tiber until the time of Claudius. The site of an ancient gate may also generally be distinguished by its being evidently at the narrow end of a gorge in the hills, and also where four roads meet '' These pits were left open for several walls and gates of Servius Tullius. On months, but were then filled up again, all the plans hitherto published the While they were open, the whole line wall is made continuous across the end of the agger and wall of the City of of each valley, which is certainly not Servius Tullius was marked out by correct ; each gate was brought high numbers placed at intervals on the up into the valley to the narrow end walls, either within sight of one an- of a gorge. other, or within easy reach, with the sites ' .See the Photograph of this con- and the probable names of the gates. stniction. No. 1263. No one has yet published a correct J Sec the cliffs on which these forts plan of THE City of Rome, with the stood, in Nos. 141, 820, 829, 993, 2085. 26 Aggeres of Servius Tidlius. at that point. The Porta ColHna must have been near where the workhouse now stands, in the Via di Porta Pia, which is still a foss- way for some distance, as far as the junction of the old roads from the Porta Salaria or the Porta Nomentana; the eastern part of the Via di Porta Pia is entirely modem. There are considerable remains of the fort, or " horn-work V to protect the approach to this gate on the north side, a great earthwork upon which the house of Sallust was afterwards built, and his circus made in the foss ; his gardens were extensive, and occupied part of the Pincian Hill, on the other side of the foss and of the circus. This earthwork is much stronger than the others, because there was no outer wall to defend this part of Rome : there was a gap left between the Prae- torian Camp and the Pincian Hill. This was always the weakest part of the defences of Rome, the point at which it was repeatedly taken in the sieges. The great agger, about a mile long, extended from the cliff of the Quirinal at this point to that of the Esquiline, between S. Maria Maggiore and the Lateran. Nearly the whole of it has now been cleared away,' in 1873 and 1874, to make level ground for the new City of Rome on the hills. This was rendered necessary by the first error of bringing the railway station within the great agger, instead of keeping both the railway and the station on the outer side of it, which would have saved a great expense, and would have been equally convenient. The great horn-work at the north end of the great agger of Servius Tullius has been previously described \ with the house of Sallust built upon it. It is near the junction of that agger with the Quirinal Hill, the natural cliff of which formed the defence on the northern side of the City ; and the artificial cliff made by the agger and the wall built up against it, was the defence on the eastern side, to the junc- tion with the Esquiline Hill. At that point there seems to have been another great horn-work, on which the house of Maecenas was built. The cliff of the Esquiline carried on the defence of the eastern side as far as the angle of the valley, between that hill and the Coelian. At that angle there was another remarkable fort pro- jecting from the line of the cliffs and wall already described ™. The line of defence then goes up the side of that valley as far as the site of the present church of S. Clement, where one of the short aggeres and walls across the valley was made, and part of the wall remains under the church, which seems to be built on the barbican of the gate (as has been said). •< See Plate VIL, and the Plan, No. *848 ; House, Nos. 154, 380, ioi6; Views, Nos. 1022, 21 10. ' Part I., p. 72. ■" Part 1., p. 62. The great Agger of Serviiis Tulliiis. 27 The house of Maecenas is recorded " to have been on the Esqui- line, and on high ground, as it was from a tower of this house that Nero witnessed the great fire. The exact site has hitherto been unknown, and has been supposed to be on the site of the church of S. Pietro in Vincoli, which is also on the EsquiUne, from whence there is a fine view over a great part of Rome. But in the great ex- cavations made by the Municipality of Rome in 1874 for the new City, in removing part of the great a^er of Servius Tullius near its southern end, and its junction with the cliff of the Esquiline Hill (which is only a great promontory from the high table-land on which the agger was erected), remains of this celebrated house were found, at a short distance to the south of the church of S. Maria Maggiore, on the eastern side of the Via Merulana, the street that leads from that church to the Lateran. The house has evidently been of considerable extent, part of it within the City and part without, as the great agger on which it was built was here the boundary of the City ; or perhaps, strictly speaking, the great foss outside of it was the municipal boundary in this part, and a street was made on each side of the agger ^ the two fosses being paved, and the houses built on the sloping banks, and in part dug out of them. So that this great house must have had one door in the inner street, and the other in the outer one. The only part at all perfect that has been found is called the AUDITORIUM, or lecture-room, being like a small theatre. This is a very remarkable building ; it seems to have been lighted from above, and has sham windows in the walls of the apse, or round end of the hall, which are beautifully painted on the plaster, with " " Hoc miserae plebi stabat commune sepulcrum, Pantolabo scurras, Nomentanoque nepoti. Mille pedes in fronte, trecentos cippus in agrum Hie dabat : haeredes monumentum ne sequeretur. Nunc licet Esquiliis habitare salubribus atque Aggere in aprico spatiari ; quo modo tristes Albis informem spectabant ossibus agrum." (Horatii Sat., lib. i. 8, v. 10 — 16.) It was also on the /«£t«w (Dio Cass. , rorum erat dedicata. Maecenas ante 1. 52 c. 16), and contained the first considerans seris salubritatem hortos eo swimming-bath of warm water made loci constituit. Hue ad hunc locum in Rome (ibid., 1. 55, c. 7). The ubi Priapus stabat, olim servorum cada- intted ; and this is probably the case, rus, and, among individual names to also, with the occasional Greek names, whom the estates or the kilns belonged, as Pantagathus in Visconti's list, and we also meet with the Empresses Plo- Aristipha and Vinoatus in the Ashmo- tina and Faustina, the Emperor Verus, lean collection. — W. S. W. V. SUPPLEMENT. FRONTISPIECE, OR PLATE I. PRIMITIVE FORTIFICATIONS. GABII. Frontispiece. — Gabii. Description of the Frontispiece, or Plate I, PRIMITIVE FORTIFICATIONS OF GABII % With the Modern Village, in 1870, within the old Walls. These early fortifications remain tolerably perfect on the edge of a high cliff, which was originally the bank of a lake ^. The fortifications extend along the edge of the cliff for a consider- able distance, with a road between two walls, leading from the arx or Citadel, where a medieval tower now stands, to the principal part of the city, where there are ruins of a fine and very early temple, and of a medieval church made out of a tomb of the first century. The long and narrow plan of these fortifications is believed to have been copied from those of Alba Longa, from which Gabii was originally a colony. ■ See Historical Photographs, No. 1582. It would have been desirable to add Plates of the fortifications of Tus- culum, Lanuvium, Varia, Volterra, Fie- sole, &c., for comparison with those of Rome, but the number of plates re- quired for Rome itself renders this im- practicable. Those who wish to make the comparison must obtain the photo- graphs of them, which can be had of Stanford, at Charing Cross, for one shilling each ; or in Oxford they can be seen in the Bodleian Library or in the Ashmolean Museum. •" This lake has unfortunately been drained under the direction of Canina, the Roman architect and engineer ; the interesting and very primitive village, or rather hamlet, which stood on the edge of the cliff in 1870, has been en- tirely destroyed by the middle-man who had charge of the property in 1872, in order to gain a few yards of com land. The old turf has all been ploughed up, and the ancient foot-paths which led from one part of the ruins of the old city to another have all been ploughed up also. Part of the road round the city has been entirely destroyed, the great proprietor, or his middle-man, considering these most interesting and important ruins as only an incum- brance on the property. The exist- ence of this modem village, or ham- let, within the walls of the old fortress, is referred to several times in Part I. of this work, as an excellent illustration and explanation of Roma Quadrata on the principle of comparison ; anything more primitive than the dwelling-places of these poor peasants it is impossible to find, and this explains why it was so easy to transfer all the inhabitants of a conquered city to Rome in its early days. The Italians of those days lived in similar huts j they were shepherds and herdsmen, their wealth consisted of their flocks and herds, as in the oriental nations described in Scripture at the same period. If they could have pasture found for them, and a safe place for their huts, the removal from one place to another was little hardship to them, and the increasing power of the Romans gave them better protection against neighbouring tribes. See Chap- ter or Part I., Section i. SUPPLEMENT. PLATE II. — ♦ — PALATINE HILL. FIRSTWALL OF ROME. Foss OF Roma Quadrata. E 3 Palatine Hill. Description of Plate II. FOSS OF ROMA QUADRATA^ I — I. Section from north to south, shewing the buildmgs erected in this great foss, before it was filled up to make a level platform for the state palace of the time of Domitian. A. Tufa Rock, with remains of a temple upon it. B. Northern bank of the foss, and subterranean passages cut in the rock. C. Part of the Palace of Domitian, and of the Villa Farnesi built upon it. D. A building of the time of the later Kings, or early in the Republic, built in the foss, and a portico of the time of Domitian upon it. E. Cliff and wall on the southern side of the foss. 2 — 2. Section of a part of the Wall of Roma Quadrata, on the south side, from east to west, with remains of towers, and a platform on the ledge at the foot of the wall and in the rock, over the subterranean passages cut in it. F — F. The rock, with ancient pavement upon it. G. Passage cut in the rock under the wall. H — H. Wall of Roma Quadrata, at the south-west corner. I — K. Walls of a tower, on the south side. • There is some doubt whether this purpose by the original settlers on this is strictly speaking a foss cut by the hill. In some parts it seems evidently hand of man out of the tufa rock, or to be cut, and this is the case in the a natural valley made use of for that part where these sections are taken. SUPPLEMENT. PLATE III. PALATINE HILL. FOSS OF ROMA QUADRATA. Site of the Porta Mugionis. Palatine Hill. Description of Plate III. SITE OF THE PORTA MUGIONIS\ This shews the most probable site of the chief gate of the Pala- tine fortress, in its present state in 1874, as excavated by Signor Rosa; with remains of the early wall, but rebuilt of old materials, and with an inscription cut on one of the stones in the time of Diocletian. The site of this gate has long been a matter of dis- cussion and dispute, but this seems the most probable. It is evi- dently in the southern wall of Roma Quadrata, on the north side of the great foss (?), (or natural valley used as a foss ?) and near the south-west corner of that citadel. It is very near the Summa Sacra Via and the Arch of Titus, on the western side of it ; the approach to that point was by a steep incline, both from the north and from the south. The southern approach from the site of the Colosseum was the most open to attack, and was protected by forts on the Velia to the east, and on the south-east corner of the Palatine on the western side of the approach. In this part the foss is considerably wider than at the western end, where the sections shewn in Plate I. are taken; but in this eastern part the earth has been so much moved about by Signor Rosa, between i860 and 1874, that no conclusion can be drawn from it. On the oppo- site, or southern side of the foss (or what appears to have been the foss) in this eastern part, is a sloping road (or divus) going up from the bottom of the foss, to the original City on the southern side of the hill. This road has a pavement of the time of the Empire, but the wall supporting the outer side of the bank is of much earlier character, and is commonly called by the guides the wall of the City of Evander (?) ". •* This name is sometimes written defence of it at the earliest period ; but Mugionia ; some say it was so called this is all conjecture, all that we know from the lowing of the oxen which were for certain is, that the name is a very driven in there, others, with more pro- early one, for the principal entrance bability, from the bronze figure of an into the primitive City, or Roma Quad- ox placed there ; others, again, from the rata. name of a person who had charge of the * See Hist. Photos., No. 2295. PALATINE - REMAINS OF PORTA MUGIONIS REBUILT OF OLD MATERIALS ON PROBABLE SITE SUPPLEMENT. PLATE IV. PALATINE HILL. FIRST WALL OF ROME, FOSS OF ROMA QUADRATA. Basilica Jovis. Palatine Hill. Description of Plate IV. BASILICA JOVISd. Perspective View of the Interior, looking towards the Apse. The existing remains are distinguished by the darker tint. This Basilica is built over part of the great foss. The restoration, on paper, is intended to shew what a Roman Basilica was like. One corner of it is visible in nearly all views on the Palatine Hill. It will be seen that it had a very wide nave, vaulted over with a great barrel vault, very narrow aisles with galleries over them, and steps up to the gallery, and a clerestory over all. An apse or tribune at the east end, with cancelli or a chancel-screen, and an altar for taking oaths upon, just within that screen ; seats for the Emperor and his officers round tlie apse ; a fine portico in front of the west door. The small chambers down the side, with arches over the passage, serve the purpose of flying-buttresses, to support the vault. This was the great hall of state of the Palace of Domitian, built upon the old foss of Roma Quadrata. It never was made into a church, as many of the old halls were, but it shews the type which was so fre- quently followed by the early Christians in the fourth and fifth cen- turies. Before the peace of the Church was proclaimed by Con- stantine, the Christians had been accustomed to assemble in the Basilicas for worship. They found the arrangement of these halls convenient for their purpose, and therefore copied them when they built new churches. S. Peter in the Vatican Palace, S. Croce in Gerusalemme in the Sessorian Palace of S. Helena, S. John, origi- nally S. Saviour, in the Lateran Palace (called the Basilica Con- stantiniana), and several other churches in Rome, were originally halls in the great houses or palaces. S. Agnes outside the walls is the best-preserved type of the old Basilica now in use as a church. The site of the Basilica Jovis is considered as the most probable site of the Curia Veteres men- tioned by Tacitus ^, but they were on the lower level at the bottom of the foss, and to judge by other parts, the old building would be mercilessly destroyed or used as foundations for the new one on the higher level. * See Photos., Nos. 2224, 2225, 2230, 3184, 3192 a and b, and Sections, 3193 A and B. * Taciti Annal., xii. 24. BASILICA JOVIS, PROBABLE RESTORATION ir> «ra B. r/mmhrrv hfttiHvn buHreen-s C ■ .\orth aUte D. Knd wall behitul Tribune *• South /ti\rie PPF.AUatv betmern buOre^tur Allllfcllli-: » !•• »• where all the particulars that are known respecting it are collected, and references to the authorities are given. The old pavement of the Infima Via is in part visible under the church, and the rest has been traced at different times. That street was made in the foss of the second wall of Rome in this part, one of the towers of it is under that church at an angle, and a part of the wall is visible against the cliff a few yards further to the south. The pavement of that street is at the same low level as under the Arcus Quadrifrons, or Arch of Janus, and that of the Forum Ro- manum as now visible, excavated in 1873, ^^^ is nearly as low as the Lupercal. ' Photos., Nos. 702, 1 1 30. \\ flMtift [ J ■" 1 r=| - ^ 1 fc i 1 ti r 1 a 1 ^ s SUPPLEMENT. PLATE VI. PLAN OF THE FORUM OF AUGUSTUS, With part of the Second Wall of Rome. The Second Wai,l of Rome. Description of Plate VI. PLANS OF THE FORUMS OF AUGUSTUS AND NERV/\. A, A, A. Parts of the Second Wall of Rome s. B, B, B. Wall of the Forum of Augustus, with niches on the inner side, of which there are two tiers. C, Nunnery, called Monastero delle Sepolte Vive, or of ''The dead alive." The buildings of this nunnery are of the sixteenth century. D, D, D. Part of the Second Wall rebuilt ; used to enclose the Forum of Augustus. E-^E. Temple of Mars Ultor. F. Tor de' Conti, a Medieval Tower, built upon the tufa walls of an ancient tower of the time of the Kings of Rome. G. Tufa Wall used for the south side of the Forum Transitorium of Nerva. H. Way-side Altar of Pallas or Minerva '\ I — I. Temples destroyed by Palladio, by order of the Pope, for building materials. * The existence of any remains of thus occupied by them as an outwork this second wall of Rome had not pre- to protect the communication with the viously been observed, and some further Tiber. But if this was the case, that illustration of it was here required. The part of the wall which would have con- Plan and Section of the starting-point, nected it with this in the Forum of where it joins on to the wall of the Augustus, was cut away by Trajan, Hill of Saturn, or Capitoline Hill, is when he widened the original narrow given in Plate IH. of Diagrams in foss of the fortress of the Hill of Saturn Part I. It is probable that this wall ori- to make room for his Forum, as re- ginally enclosed a considerable part, or corded by an inscription on the base of possibly the whole, of the Quirinal Hill his column. on which the City of the Sabines was ^ The Area Minervse may have been situated, with their CapitoUum Vetus, only the small space between this altar (mentioned in the Regionary Catalogue, ) and the temple, on the opposite side of before the union of the seven hills into the street, or a larger space between one City. The Hill of Saturn being this altar and the Forum Romanum. PLAN OP THE FORUM OF AUGUSTUS etc. -'i_J trL- ■II"! »- A. A. A— PARTS OF THE SECOND WALL OF ROME SUPPLEMENT. PLATE VII. DETAILS OF THE SECOND WALL OF ROME AND OF THE FORUMS OF AUGUSTUS AND NERVA. The Second Wall of Rome. Description of Plate VII, DETAILS OF THE SECOND WALL OF ROME, AND OF THE FORUMS OF AUGUSTUS AND NERVAL A— A. Temple of Mars Ultor ^. B — B. Niches of the Forum of Augustus '. C — C. Cornice or Corbel-table of the Forum of Augustus™. D — D. Great Wall of Tufa, with the arch mis-called Arco di Pantano inserted in it. This arch is of another kind of stone, brought from Gabii, called by Vitruvius Lapis Gabiensis, and by the modern Italians Sperone^. E — E. Wa:ll of Travertine, of the time of Nerva, inserted in the old wall °. F — F. The old Wall of Tufa, part of a round tower of the time of the Kings P. There can be no doubt that such massive and rudely-built walls as those of this tower are of the time of the Kings of Rome^ and it has been shewn that these may be divided into three periods ; this tower belongs to the second. Of the first period the only remains are those of Roma Quadrata, with the exception of one small piece of wall against the western cliff of the Quirinal Hill, in what are now the gardens of the Colonna Palace, which is of quite as early character as those on the Palatine, and may possibly belong to the City of the Sabines. These remains of the Second Wall of Rome are at the south-west corner of the Quirinal Hill, but they are not of the same early character. It is difficult to see where that hill could have been divided, and the whole extent of it up to the ancient horn-work at the north-east corner would exceed the pro- bable limits of the City of the Sabines. ' There have been for a long time author of this work, and the architec- great difficulties in the way of getting tural draughtsman employed by him, to this Plan completed. Part of this Se- inspect the cellars and substructures in cond Wall of Rome is under the walls a friendly manner, and by these means of a Nunnery, which is the most strict the Plan has been completed. Re- in Rome, having no communication mains of another ancient tower were whatever with the external world ; and found just where it had been expected so long as the priests continued to be they would be found, the governing body in Rome, no one, '' Photos., No. 272. not even ladies, were permitted to enter • See Plate VIL, and Photos., No. it: but in January, 1875, the Govern- 3154. ment, or Ecclesiastical Commission, " Photos., Nos. 265, 3151. took possession of it. They have not ° Photos., No. 3153. displaced the nuns, but an arrangement ° Photos., No. 844, and Construc- was made with a Monsignor, who is tion, Plate III. known by them, to accompany the p Photos., No. 846. / SUPPLEMENT. PLATE VIII. PART OF THE FORUM OF AUGUSTUS, AND OF THE SECOND WALL OF ROME. The Second Wall of Rome. - Dkscription of Plate VIII. THE FORUM OF AUGUSTUS. This is the south end of the wall of the Forum of Augustus (A), which still remains unfinished, as it was left by him, because he would not interfere with private property (as Suetonius'" tells us). The last niche for statues is shewn on the left-hand side of the view, and this wall is purposely left white to distinguish it from the older wall behind it, which is part of the Second Wall of Rome. It is a small portion of a large circular tower (similar to one in the wall of Servius Tullius, brought to light in the excavations of 1874, near S. Antonio Abbate). On the other side of this piece of very ancient wall of tufa (B) another' wall (C) is inserted, which is of travertine, of the time of the Empire ^ This was the boundary between the Forum of Augustus and that of Nerva, called the Forum Transitorium. With this fragment of a great tower of the time of the Kings a small portion of the wall is also preserved, with a shop and chambers (in fact a house) made in it at a remote period, still inhabited. This wall is fifty feet high and twelve feet thick, and there is a straight vertical joint from top to bottom, between that and the other part of the wall rebuilt in the time of Augustus for his Forum, in which niches for statues were made. A series of these are shewn in Pal- ladio's Plan of this Forum ; the part left unfinished he has put in dotted lines ; he has not inserted the old wall in his plan because it was not part of the Forum. In the small portion of the plan given in this plate, the space between the two walls is exaggerated to make the evidence more clear, in reality the back of one wall touches the face of the other, and this makes it difficult to understand. This is now in a stone-mason's warehouse. The vault is probably medieval, it is plastered over in a rough manner, so that the real construction cannot be seen, but it is probably rubble only. For the other side of this wall of tufa, with the wall of travertine inserted in it, see Construction, Plate III., and Photograph, No. 844, which shews also the height and thickness of the wall. Also the two preceding Plates, V. and VI., for the plan and other details. 1 Suetonius Octavianus, c. 56. ' See Photos., Nos. 846 and 266. PART OF'FORUM OF AUGUSTUS" PLAN A- Zaj-t niche- in raaU of ^fhrtuiv B Wall of old tower C WitU betwfffl trvo forum.r SUPPLEMENT. PLATE IX. THIRD WALL OF ROME. AGGER OF SERVIUS TULLIUS. Ancient Horn-work at the North-east Angle of the City, AFTERWARDS THE GARDEN OF SaLLUST. The Third Wall of Rome. Description of Plate IX. ANCIENT HORN-WORK AT THE NORTH-EAST ANGLE OF THE CITY, Afterwards the House of Sallust. A. A. A. Branch of an aqueduct of the first century of the time of Nero. This was carried upon the agger of Servius TuUius and over the Arch of the Porta ColUna, across the foss-way to the House of Sallust, which was built upon the agger at an angle belonging ori- ginally to the ancient horn-work to protect this corner of the City. It will be observed that the horn-work projects from the cliff of the Quirinal Hill at this corner for about 150 yards towards the north, then turns sharp at a right angle to the east for about 250 yards, then curves towards the south round a great earthen mound, against which a wall and tower have been built. This mound served as a fort to protect the approach to the Porta Collina, at which the Via Salaria and the Via Nomentana met, after passing through the gates of those names in the outer moenia. The modern Via di Porta Pia is made between the two old roads and old gates. Against the outer wall of that part of the agger which was the horn- work, a grand arcade of the time of Aurelian, a.d. 274, was built, and there are considerable remains of it, as shewn on the plan. The Circus of Sallust was made in the great outer foss on the northern side of the horn-work, and this is said to have been a favourite place for horse-exercise of the Emperor Aurelian, who also built the Porticus Milliarius, or the arcade before mentioned and so called. On the northern bank of the Circus are remains of another building, perhaps the Pulvinarium of the Circus. Part of the Thermae of Diocletian is shewn on the south-west corner of this plan, with the church of S. Bernard, made out of one of the round halls of the therma. The House of Sallust has been rebuilt several times, but some fragments of a wall of the first century remain under the present fine modem house of Mr. Spithoever. At the east end of the arcade which leads from the house east- wards are the very remarkable ruins of some great building of the first century, shewn on the plan ; this was formerly called " the house of the Vestal Virgins," but without any authority. It was probably part of the thermcB belonging to the House of Sallust". A part of this is still inhabited by the gardener, who actually lives in a house of the first century. » Photos., Nos. 379, 380, 842, 1016, 1017, 1018, 1019, T020, 3291, 3292, 3293, 3294. SUPPLEMENT. PLATE X. POETA OAPENA. THE THIRD WALL OF ROME. Site of the Porta Capena. r 2 The Third Wall of Rome. Description of Plate X. SITE OF THE PORTA CAPENA. An excavation on this site was made in 1868*, and an account of what was found was given to the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1869, and published in the Archceologia for that year. This plate and the plan which follows are repetitions of what appeared there, but it has been thought necessary to repeat these plates here, and give some account of them. In the front of the picture is seen the pavement of the old Via Appia passing under the cliff of the Coelian Hill, parallel to the modern road which runs on the western side of it ; the continuation of the old road is marked by dotted lines. Beyond this the Wall of Servius TulHus is seen, twelve feet thick, as usual at that period ; the part that remains is buried about fifteen feet below the present surface of the ground. On the left are some remains of two aque- ducts built against the wall, (the Aqua Appia and the Aqua Marcia). On the right is the bank of earth as dug out in steps by the work- men, who threw the earth up from one to the other. In front is a medieval tower, which now forms the east end of the house of the gardener of the monks of S. Gregory. The lower part of this tower, below the present level of the ground, is built of tufa in the style of the Wall of the Kings, and this tower appears evidently to have been one of the flanking towers of the Porta Capena. An aqueduct passes through it, and the channel or specus of the aque- duct is cut in the tufa wall ". A piscina, or filtering-place, of the time of Trajan, has also been made upon the agger at this point ; the present gardener's house contains part of the wall oi \ki\^ piscina, with brickwork of the time of Trajan, lined with the water-cement ( Opus Signinum) used only for the aqueducts. ' An excavation was also made on has given an account, this site in searching for statues in the " This is shewn in the photograph, time of Piranesi, and more of the old No. 1142; see also Nos. 1138, 1139, gate was then remaining, of which he 1140, 1141. SITE OF PORTA CAPENA SUPPLEMENT. PLATE XI. POETA OAPENA. THE THIRD WALL OF ROME. Plan of the Site of the Porta Capena. The Third Walt, of Rome. Description or Plate XI. PLAN OF THE SITE OF THE PORTA CAPENA. This plan has already appeared in the ArchcBoIogia for 1869, as previously stated. It shews the line of the short agger of Servius Tullius to connect the cliff of the Coelian Hill with that of the Pseudo-Aventine, fortified to form the citadel of the Aventine as a separate fortress. This agger, with the aqueduct vipon it and the Porta Capena in it, runs across the upper end of the valley as far to the north as it could be carried, and comes near to the south end of the Circus Maximus. It was misplaced by Canina (followed by all modern topographers) at the south end of the valley, near the point where the Marrana, or river Almo, crosses it. To the right of the plan, in the upper part, are the churches and monas- teries of S. Gregory and SS. John and Paul ; the piscince and the line of the aqueduct are also strongly marked. The gardener's cottage built upon the agger is faintly shewn near the cliff of the Coelian, and on the opposite end of the agger, close to the Aventine, the Piscina Publica is indicated. On the left corner of the plan are the great Thermae of the Antonines, which are now called after the last of them, Antoninus Caracalla. On the Aventine the house of Cilo is marked, and in the valley below some ruins, the name of which is doubtful. To the right is to be seen, on the hill at the edge, a great piscina of an aqueduct ; on the extreme right of the plan is the great reservoir of the Aqua Appia, now under part of the garden of the Villa Celimontana (formerly called Villa Mattei), and in one corner of it is the small chapel of S. Thomas in Formis, as rebuilt in the twelfth century. Below this is the larger church of S. Maria in Domnica, and part of S. Stefano Rotondo just comes at the edge of the plan, with the Piazza della Navicella between them ; and at the lower end of this place is the narrow gorge in the cliff, which evidently was one of the old gates into the Coelian for- tress, with a road leading down from it to the Porta Metronia, in the outer wall, built upon a bridge over the river Almo, where it entered Rome. Two of the mills of this stream are also shewn ; under the westernmost the pavement of the old Via Appia can be seen when the water is clear. Near this is the real Fountain of Egeria, which was at the south end of the Grove of the Muses ; and below this on the plan are the church and monastery of S. Sisto Vecchio, and opposite to it the church of SS. Nereus and Achilleus. PLAN OF SITE OF PORTA CAPENA aoo 3oo melt*e^ rhv/o^/^ioure DnfanHn , Parix SUPPLEMENT. PLATE XII. THE FOUNTAIN OF EGERIA. Plan and Section. The Valley op^ the Muses. Description of Plate XII. THE FOUNTAIN OF EGERIA. Plan and Section. The site of this natural spring makes it of importance for this part of the present work, from its necessary connection with the site of the Porta Capena. It is situated at the lower end of the valley, be- tween the Coelian and the Aventine, in which was the Grove of the Muses {Camence). It is also on the line in which Canina (followed by all modern topographers) has placed the agger and wall of Servius Tullius, which they imagine to have been a con- tinuous line all round the City. We have seen that this could not have been the case ', and in this valley have been found consider- able remains of the agger and wall, and one of the towers or bastions of the Gate at the upper end, near the Circus Maximus, instead of at the lower end, near the Thermae of Caracalla. This spring or fountain was covered over by a bath-house in the seventeenth cen- tury, and made into a swimming-bath. The water is beautifully clear, so much so that numbers of persons have stepped into it up to their ancles without seeing that there was water. It has a slightly saline quality, though that is not perceptible to the taste ; and it is believed to have a gentle medicinal action, which is very wholesome ; this was considered as miraculous in the time of the Kings and of the Empire, and in the Middle Ages. The stream runs out from under an arch of much older character than the present building, it probably descends from the Ccelian. The outlet for the water has not been distinctly traced, being deep underground, but it seems evident that it goes to the north, in the same direction as the Almo, now the Marrana, but at a much lower level, nearly under the old Via Appia. It may be seen again under the piscina of Trajan, now the house of the gardener, running in a specus or con- duit through the bottom of a well, and going in the direction of the Palatine. It then appears to pass under the western side of that hill, and gushes out in the Lupercal, under the north-west comer of the hill, and from thence to the church of S. Giorgio in Velabro, and then to the Cloaca Maxima, with a washing-place at the mouth of it just before it falls into that muddy stream. In the latter part of its course it is called the Aqua de S. Giorgio, and there is an inscription in that church relating to its miraculous quality. ■^ See Plates X. and XL, and the Photographs there referred to. TIIIC FOUNTAIN OF EGERIA. PLAN AND SFXTION jy A> >»;, A. THE JiPRlNG — B. THE BASIN OR BATH — CC. DRESSING ROOMS DD. STAIRS — E. VESTIBULE SUPPLEMENT. PLATE XIII. HOUSE OF M^CENAS. Built upon the Agger of Servius Tullius, OR the Third Wall of Rome. The Third Wall of Rome. Description of Plate XIII. HOUSE OF MAECENAS. Auditorium (?) or Greenhouse. — Section and Plan. This interesting building was excavated in 1874 and 1875, and from various circumstances was soon identified as part of the villa of Maecenas (the evidence for which is given in the text). It was at first supposed that this hall was the auditorium or lecture-room. This was the opinion of the best Roman antiquaries, and this name was at once given to it '' ; but Herr Mohr subsequently brought for- ward such strong argument against this opinion, and such good grounds for believing it to have been a greenhouse for choice plants in pots, that the general opinion now agrees with him \ He shews that the steps are not all of the same height, not convenient to sit upon, and that there are no passages to give access to them, as in all theatres or lecture-rooms. The windows are all sham windows, and so built from the first ; all the light comes from above ; and he has collected a number of passages shewing that the ancient Romans did cultivate choice plants in pots, just as is done now. This was probably one of the chambers that was shewn to Philo Judseus, when he came on an embassy to Caius or Caligula, and found the Emperor residing here at that time. The plan shews the connection of the hall with other parts of the house or villa. On the right the large blocks of tufa are indicated, which appear to have been the foundations of a lofty tower. It is on the site of the agger or wall of Servius Tullius, at the west end, near the junction with the cliif of the Esquiline Hill, but the stone appears to have been used a second time. The site is on very high ground, and a tower placed there would command the whole of Rome; from which circumstance, this is supposed to have been the tower from which Nero saw the fire, rather than the one at S. Lucia in Selci, near S. Pietro in Vincoli, which is commonly said to have been the site. y Bulletino Archseologico del Muni- ' Bulletino di Correspondenzia Ar- cipio Romano, 1874, from which these chteologica, 1875. plates are taken, with permission. HOUSE OF MAECENAS - SECTION AND PLAN OF AUDITORIUM? OR GREEN HOUSE? SUPPLEMENT. PLATE XIV. HOUSE OF M^CENAS. Built upon the Agger of Servius Tullius, OR THE Third Wall of Rome. The Third Wall of Rome. Description of Plate XIV. HOUSE OF M^CENAS. Sham window in the greenhouse, with a painting representing a garden, as if the window was open and looked out into the garden. It will at once be seen that the painting is of the highest class of art, of the time of Augustus, and those who know the paintings in the paternal mansion of Livia, at Prima Porta, will also see the identity of the style of drawing, so as to make it almost certain that it is the work of the same hand ; the trees, flowers, and birds are all beautifully drawn. The pierced parapet wall, with the recess in it, and the vase standing in the recess, have all the reality of nature, and well shew the custom of the period. Under the window, on a small scale, are, to the right, four figures, one apparently the empress seated, and two children brought up to her by an elder sister or governess, whose head is drooped as if in mourning, or in an attitude of respect. In the centre is a piece of sculpture, of birds round a short column on a pedestal. On the left of this is apparently a lawn, enclosed by a canceilus, or parapet of trellis-work, with a fountain in the centre, and a table on each side, and the cords for an awning over it. HOUSE OF MAECENAS SHAM WINDOW WITH FRESCOES ,,>..r.1> k^£- SUPPLEMENT. PLATE XV. PALATINE HILL. PALACE OF TIBERIUS. Palatine Hill. Description of Plate XV. PALACE OF TIBERIUS. This Palace stands on the edge of the western cliff of the hill overlooking the Circus Maximus. A part of it fell down in a land- slip about 1820, but enough remains to identify it, and to shew that the construction of it is the same as that of the interior of the north wall of the Praetorian Camp, the historical type of the time of Tibe- rius ". It was built upon the western wall of Roma Quadrata, which is probably buried under it, and used as a foundation for it. The front of it was on the level of the platform, and made at the foot of the wall ; and the upper part of it was abore the wall, on the top of the hill, but all the upper part has been destroyed, excepting the hypocaust of two of the chambers, at not quite the same level '\ A fine mosaic pavement of one of the rooms remains by the side of the modern steps, shewn in this plate ^ It stands just on the southern side of the great flight of steps from the top of the Palatine to the Vallis Murcia, afterwards the Circus Maximus, sup- posed to be the same as the steps of Cacus. This would obviously be the direct path to pursue in going to the Velabrum, which is only a stone's throw below it ; and it is not probable that when the Emperor Otho went to the Forum Romanum through the Velabrum, that he first went round by the Porta Romana, as is commonly said. If he had gone as far as that gate, which is at the north-eas^ corner of the hill, he would have gone down by the steps or the zig-zag path to the Forum, not passing along the Velabrum, which is specially men- tioned. The church of S. Giorgio in Velabro identifies the site of the Velabrum, and this is close to the Arch of Janus, under the north-west corner of the hill. " A Photo-engraving of the details tograph, No. 2975. of the construction is given in Plate '' See Photograph, No. 3155. XIX. of Construction, and in the Pho- "^^ See Photograph, No. 3165. SUPPLEMENT. PLATE XVI. PALATINE HILL. CLIVUS TRIUMPHALIS(?). Talatine Hilt,. Description of Plate XVI. CLIVUS PALATINUS{?), Or Clivus Triumphalis (?). This slope goes by the name of Clivus Triumphalis, or Via Triumphalis, and it is said that the army marched down this street in the triumphal processions, after the officers had received their decorations and human honours in the Basilica Jovis, and then went to pay their'respects to the gods on the Mons Capitolinus. This road led direct to the bridge of Caligula, and would have passed over it by the side of the aqueduct, without having to descend into the Forum, and that bridge led direct to the temple of Jupiter Capi- tolinus. There were steps down into the Forum, at the corner just outside of the gate called Porta Romana, the upper part of which, with some old pavement of the time of the Empire, was destroyed about 1870. A small portion of the steps at the bottom was visible behind the Temple of Vesta in the excavations of 1874. The Vis, Triumphalis was in all probability the line over which the triumphal arches of Constantine and of Titus were built, and went on straight to the Forum along the Via Sacra, and under the Arch of Fabianus, near the Temple of Vesta (not yet found). The upper picture on the Plate shews that the construction is of the time of Trajan, and the lofty vault added by Hadrian ; the tall brick piers to carry this vault are built up against the wall of Trajan, and not bonded into it. The vertical joints between the piers and the wall, two or three inches wide, are seen in the picture **, The lower picture represents a portion of a foot-bridge and pas- sage on corbels leading to the bridge of Caligula, with fine stucco ornament, and a piece of the parapet formed of marble transenna or cancelli, an elegant fragment still in situ. It is corbelled out upon an older wall, which may be a portion of the palace of Caligula built on the higher level, and connected by his bridge ; in the same manner as part of the Venetian Palace is built on the Capitoline Hill, when the bulk of it is in the valley below, and is only con- nected by a passage, which passes through the backs of the houses '. '' See Photos., Nos. 2972, 2973. "^ No. 2255. PALATINUS- VIA V R I U M PHA L I S i-tii^viiNUS -CONSTKuo.iw I. CALICUI.iE SUPPLEMENT. PLATE XVII. PRIVATE HOUSE OF THE EMPEROR HADRIAN. Under part of the THERMit; of Caracalla. Supplement. Description of Plate XVII. PRIVATE HOUSE OF THE EMPEROR HADRIAN. Under part of the Therms of Caracalla. The remains of part of this extensive palace were excavated by the Cavaliere Guidi in 1864, and miscalled the house of Asinius Pollio, by a conjecture of the antiquary Pellegrini, on the ground only that his tomb had been found not far off, on the Via Appia ; but the whole of the work is of the time of Hadrian, and it is evi- dently part of an extensive domus, or palace. Other parts of it were excavated under the direction of the British Archaeological Society of Rome, in the adjoining vineyard of Signer Pietro Brocard, and it is now evident that they were part of the same mansion. As we could not afford to excavate the whole, we had a tunnel made from one to the other, in doing which some walls, with remains of painting upon them, were seen clearly, as shewn in the plan. The walls that remain are twenty feet under ground, and they have been cut off at the level of ten feet, when the Thermae of Caracalla were made; still, enough remains to shew that this would have been an interesting excavation to make, and that some fresco paintings would be brought to light. The whole was much da- maged by the great flood in 1870, and the liability to these floods was probably the reason that it had been abandoned. The records of the Roman Observatory shew that these great floods recur once in about forty years ; they appear always to have done so, and this was one reason that the old Romans built their city on the hills, and not in the valleys. The Thermae of Caracalla have great substruc- tures under them, to raise the level of the mosaic pavements of the ground-floor above the reach of the floods. The ground behind the porticus, or double arcade, on the line of the Via Appia, between that and the main building, has evidently been filled up to that level, as was shewn in the excavations in 1870, and may still be seen where a portion of the aqueduct at the back of the porticus is left open at the south end. SUPPLEMENT. PLATE XVIII. MAMERTINE PRISON. Section of the Vestibule, or " Prison of S. Peter." C 3 Supplement. Description of Plate XVIII. MAMERTINE PRISON. Sections of the Vestibule of the great Prison of the time of the Kings, usually called, " The Prison of St. Peter." A — B. Section through the Prison. (See the next Plate). j. Section of the shorter subterranean Passage. 1 — I. Plan of the lower chamber of "The Prison of S. Peter." 1 — 2. Longitudinal Section of the same chamber. I — 3. Transverse Section of the same chamber. m — 2. Longitudinal Section of the upper chamber. y y. A natural spring of water. w w. Man-hole through the vault of the upper chamber. There are similar holes in the vault, for letting a man down with cords, in other chambers of the great prison, of which six have been found, each -about twenty feet high, and some of those that are perfect are forty feet long and fourteen wide. The construction of the walls is in the style of the Kings, exactly similar to that of the Cloaca Maxima of the same period. This prison was built, accord- ing to Livy's history f, in a.u.c. 121, (b.c. 682) ; it is now always called in Rome the Mamertine Prison, from a statue of Mars, who was also called Mamertus s, that formerly stood on the opposite side of the street to the vestibule of the prison. The elevation and section of the main prison and the passage have been given in Plates XIX., XX., XXL, XXIL, of the Appen- dix. The site in connection with the Forum is shewn in this plan, with the Arch of Septimius ^verus marked upon it, and the Clivus Capitolinus, with the remains of the Porta Saturni, the postern of that fortress, and the northern entrance into the Forum. ' Livii Hist., i. 33; see also the Ap- where the figure stood. The statue pendix to Part I., pp. 103 — 112. itself is preserved in the Capitoline ^ Fragmenta, Dionis. Cass., xi. There Museum, is an inscription on the wall at the place '^ V\'\s^N ^ W5!J\NV ^ X ^:; ^\ ^^ \sxs «!, if ^5 SUPPLEMENT. PLATE XIX. MAMERTINE PRISON. Plan of the Prison of the Kings of Rome. Supplement. Description of Plate XIX. PLAN OF THE PRISON OF THE KINGS OF ROME. With the Vestibule, or " Prison of S. Peter." A — B. Line of the section through the steps in front of the ves-* tibule or guard-chamher, called ** The Prison of S. Peter," and through the subterranean passages and three chambers of the great prison. C — D. Line of the section through the old passages. (Plate XXII.) E — F. „ „ „ the five chambers (Plate XX.) G— H. „ „ „ under the front (Plate XIX.) in the Vicolo del Ghetarello (Forum of Julius Caesar). I — K. Line of the section through one of the five chambers. L — M. Section through another chamber. a. Tabularium, or ^rarium. b. Mediaeval Tower at S.E. corner of the Capitolium. c. Temple of Saturn, with the three Columns. d. Temple of Concord, with the Doorway and pivots of the doors. e. Steps of the Temple of Concord. f. Temple of Vespasian, with the eight Columns. g. Vestige of the Porta Saturnii. h. Pavement of the time of the Republic. i. i. Clivus Capitolinus, with Pavement of the Empire. j. j, j. Long subterranean Passage. k. k. Another subterranean Passage crossing the previous one. 1. Lower chamber of " The Prison of S. Peter." m. Upper chamber of the same. n. n. n. Modern or mediaeval Cellars. o. o. Slope and steps of Michael Angelo. p. p. Other steps of the same period. q. q. Arch of Septimius Severus. r. Site of Milliarium Aureum. s. Remains of one of the Rostra. t. Church of Santa Martina. u. Modern stairs to Cellars (the Prison). V. Modern vault over the Stairs. X. Church of S. Adriano. V. Capitoline Hill — Garden of Ara Cceli. Supplement. Description of Plate XX. CIPPUS OF THE POMCERIUM. This cippus remains in its original place, and has not been moved ; it was originally in a trench or foss across the valley, between the cliff of the Quirinal and the Tiber. This was a wide and deep foss, and formed the municipal boundary at that period. The cippus is now in the cellar of the house No. i8, Piazza Sforza Cesarini, near the Chiesa Nuova. This is on the line from the Quirinal Palace to the Tiber, and the Pantheon stands on the same line, more to- wards the east and further from the Tiber. The inscription is given in Part II. in the Appendix on the Pomoerium to the Chapter on the Walls and Gates, p. 105, and the other inscription of Claudius at p. 103. The latter was found in a drain in the same line in the seventeenth century, and was built into the wall of a house near this spot. No. 146, Piazza di Santa Lucia, where it remains. The Quirinal Palace is probably on the site of the Capitolium Vetus, the arx of the Quirinal fortress. It must always have been a stroag position, from the high cliffs on all sides of it ; and it is probable that when Hadrian enlarged the pomoerium it was the inner line only, and a foss was made to mark the line in which the cippi were placed. There would then be three lines of defence. The inner one was the scarped cliff of the Capitoline Hill; the second, the one in which this cippus is found, and the outer one, that on which the Wall of Aurelian was afterwards built, and on which a cippus of Augustus has been found. From the north-west corner of the palace the line runs along the Via delle Muratte and the Piazza di Pietra to the front of the Pantheon, beyond that the streets are entirely modern and very irregular. . The names of the streets or open places shewn in the plan are — I. Via de Filippini. S. Via Larga. 2. Via della Chiesa Nuova. 9- Via de banchi Vecchi. 3- Piazza Sforza Cesarini. 10. Via del Pellegrino. 4- Piazza della Chiesa Nuova. II. Vicolo della Chiavica de S. Lucia. 5- Vicolo Sora. 12. Vicolo della Moretta. 6. Vicolo Calabraga. n- Via di S. Lucia. 7. Vicolo dei Cartari. CIPPUS POMERII CLAUOll IN SITU (A) .ICLAVDIVS ^RVSI'FCAISAR .XCIRh«NlCVS f.MTM«TICAESARE'DIvI traiami'parthici'f DlvI-NEB-VAfNEPOTE "RAIANO>HADRIANO AVG' ?0NT>MAX'TR1B PONl'VCOS'lliPROCOS , TERMfNOS POM"EHlI : KESTITVENDOSCVRAVit iiiiiiiiii -i;i'Mf'li'!'l'i;;i^(ii:'i-''"'ia t!i'iiN''liiiil'iiil PLAN OF STREETS ETC WITH SITE OF CIPPUS SUPPLEMENT. PLATE XXI. WALLS AND GATES. Map of the Camps of the Goths around Rome in the time OF THE Defence by Belisarius. Supplement. Description of Plate XXI. THE CAMPS OF THE GOTHS ROUND ROME. I. The first is about half-a-mile from the Sessorium, where the am- buscade took place, in part of the Amphitheatrum Castrense, where a new wall had been built by Aurelian, leaving the old outer wall as an outwork, thus forming a triangular space, which still exists ; and at the narrow end of this triangle Belisarius made an opening just large enough for a man to squeeze through. This camp is on a raised platform, with a foss round it, which can be readily traced. A house now stands upon it, and there may have been a villa at that time of which the Goths took possession. II. and III. The second and third camps are near the south-east corner of the Praetorian Camp and the Porta Tiburtina, in situations similar to the first, one on either side of the Via Tiburtina, the modern road to Tivoli. The second is very near to the great church and burial-ground of S. Lorenzo f. m., from which the cliffs of it are very distinctly seen. IV. The fourth camp is near the Via Nomentana, on the road to the church and monastery of S. Agnes f m. It is concealed from view by modern walls. V. The fifth is in the grounds of the Villa Borghesi, and near the Porta Pinciana ; the raised platform for the tents to stand upon, and the cliffs round it, are very visible. VI. The sixth camp is in the grounds of the villa of the Domitii (now of Mr. Esmeade) ; some of the cliffs on which it stood are within a stone's throw of the Porta Flaminia, now del Popolo. VII. The seventh is on the bank of the Tiber, close to the bridge called Pons Milvius (now Ponte Molle), and is surrounded by a bank of earth about ten feet high, which has had a foss or trench under it, now made into roads which enclose it on all sides. The plan is not regular, but follows the nature of the ground. It is just at the foot of Monte Mario, VIII. The eighth camp is believed to have been near the Torre Fiscale and Roma Vecchia (a farm-house so called). This is three miles from Rome, between the roads to Albano and to Frascati, and the railway to the latter passes close to it. SUPPLEMENT. PLATE XXII. TO CHAPTER OR PART III. CONSTRUCTION. WALLS OF THE KINGS— DETAILS. Construction. Description of Plate XXII. WALLS OF THE KINGS— DETAILS. I. Roma Quadrata. This wall is of earlier character than any other in Rome ; the rude construction, and the wide vertical joints between the stones, mark a very early period, and it is usually called the Wall of Romulus. The material is the tufa of the Palatine Hill itself, pro- bably cut out of the foss across the hill, which forms the south-west boundary of the original oblong citadel of Rome. It will be observed that the measurement of each stone is given, and the width of the joints is also measured. In the upper row the ends of the stones are shewn, in the lower one the sides ; they agree with the account of Dionysius, that " each stone is a load for a cart." 2. Temple of Jupiter Feretrius. The remains of this temple were excavated in 1873, and stand near the top of the steps of Cacus. According to Livy, this temple was built in the year four of Rome, and the construction is exactly the same as that of the walls of the fortifications. There is no other temple in Rome of the same early character. 3. In the Horn-work at the North-east Corner of the City. On this site the House and Gardens of Sallust were afterwards made. The construction is different from any other of the walls of the time of the Kings, but it is very rude and early, and the difference arises from the different building-material. This is also a kind of tufa, but not of the same quality, or of the same colour, as that of the other hills of Rome. It is found upon the spot. The horn-work consists of a ridge of tufa, forming a sort of natural wall, with a road on the top of it, as in the Etruscan city of Orte. An arcade of the time of the early Emperors is built up against the north side of it, and perhaps was on both sides ; but on the southern side it has been destroyed, or used to form a sloping bank for cultivation. 4. Servius Tullius. Part of the wall near the railway station ; the stones of this are larger than any others in Rome. These are believed to have been brought from the old quarries on the bank of the river Anio, now called the Caves of Cervaro. WALLS OF THE KINGS - DETAILS :. ^V- jJSl&t^fiyiA^-s::^' /.3y '■■^^iSiu-^ ttm it.so 50 8 'IS- --T'.S.v _1 tt«o o its 1 ROMA QUADRATA 2 TEMPLE OF JUPITER PEBETRIU3 3 HORN-WORK IN GARDEN OF SALLUST 4 SERYIUS TULLIUS SUPPLEMENT. PLATE XXIII. MACHINE FOR RAISING STONES. Description of Plate XXIlI. ANCIENT ROMAN MACHINE FOR RAISING STONES". 1. This ingenious machine, for raising heavy stones to the top of a high building, is carved upon a tomb of the first century, of the family of the Aterii. It was found at the place called Cento Celle, about three miles from Rome, on the Via Labicana, where remains of a great cemetery of the first century have been found, and where also, there is reason to believe, there was an Imperial villa. It repre- sents a small temple (?) or tomb(?), with a portico in front, and busts and small figures on the side. At the end of this is a machine, evidently on an exaggerated scale, to shew it more distinctly. It will be seen that it is a kind of crane, with steps up the sides of it forming a ladder, and two men at the top placing a large stone on the roof of the building. At the foot of the crane, which stands erect, is a tread-wheel (or tread-mill as it is commonly called), with four men standing in it, and raising the stone by their weight as they step up : two other men are on the top of the ladder, apparently employed in placing the great stones upon the wall. Cords for keep- ing the crane steady are also seen on both sides. Other buildings on a small scale are seen indistinctly in front of the principal building. 2. Other buildings from the same tomb, which seems to have been that of an architect of the time of Hadrian. The first of these buildings, beginning from the left hand, is a triumphal arch, with the inscription — ARCVS AD isis. . The next is part of the Colosseum, looked down upon from a higher level, between two other buildings, and represented as on the coin of Vespasian, with figures in the arches of the great arcades, and of two storeys only ; the upper storey, built upon the top of the great arcades, was at first of wood only, to make a great gallery for the plebs, and seems to have been an after-thought, not part of the ori- ginal design. The next building appears to be the side of a trium- phal arch, with a colossal figure under it, the head of which nearly touches the top of the arch, and a quadriga on the top of it. The next building seems to be the front of the same arch on a larger scale, with the same figure under it, and the inscription on the entablature — ARCVS in sacra VIA SVMMA. There is no reason to believe that this arch was ever erected, it was probably a design for the Arch of Titus on that site. The last building to the right is a hexastyle temple, that is, a temple with six columns in the portico ; an opening is left in the centre, with a figure in it, as is usual in the representation of a temple on coins or medals. '' See Part III., Construction, p. 91 ; and Ilist. Photos., No. 1500. ' CONSTRUCTION- MACHINE FOR RAISING STONES. BUILDINDS FROM A TOMB OF THE ATERII CENT. 1 Helioff. Ditfardin. Parur ,.*?i SUPPLEMENT. PLATE XXIV. BRICK -STAMPS. HISTORICAL PHOTOaRAPHS. A CATALOGUE OF PHOTOGRAPHS OP ANTIQUITIES IN ROME AND ITALY, PEEPAEED TJNDEE THE DIEECTION OF JOHN HENRY PARKER, C.B. HON. M.A, OXON., F.S.A. LOND. KEEPEE OF THE ASHMOLEAN MUSEUM OF HISTOEY AND AECH^OLOGY; VICE-PEE8IDBNT OF THE AECHITEOTUEAl AND HISTOEICAL SOCIETY OP OXFOEU AND OP THE BEITISH AECHiEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF SOME; HONOEAEY MEMBEE OF THE SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, AND OF . THE COUNTY SOCIETIES OF BUCKS., CHESHIEE, ESSEX, KENT, LINCOLN, NOBTHAMPTON, SOMEESET, SUSSEX, AND WILTS. ; MEMBEE DU CONGEES AECHF.OLOGIQUE INTEENATIONALE ; MEMBEE DE LA SOCIETE FEANCAISE POUE LA CONSEEVATION DES MONUMENS, ET DES SOCIETES AECHEOLOGIQUES DE LA NOEMANDIE, DE BOEDEAUX, &C.; MEMBEE OP THE GEEMAN AECHiEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE IN EOME ; COEEESPONDING MEMBEE OF THE NEW YOBK HISTOEICAL SOCIETY. PART IV. KUMBEBS 2959 to 3300, LONDON: EDWARD STANFORD, CHARING - CROSS. ROME: PHELPS AND CO. 1876. THE ARCHiiOLOGY OF ROME. I. The Primitive Fortifications. Earthworks. The Seven Fortified Hills connected by Aggeres into one City. II. The Walls and Gates of Rome. The XXXVII. Gates of Pliny {c. A.D. 50) ; Wall and Towers of Aurelian (a.d. 275) : with the Gateway Fortresses of Honorius (a.d. 403), and Theodoric (a.d. 520); Repairs of the Popes. III, The Historical Construction of Walls (Vitruvius), — Time of the Kings, — Republic, — Empire, — Medieval. IV. Aqueducts. The IX. Aqueducts of Frontinus (a.d. 100). Later Aqueducts — Almo, Aqua Crabra, Marrana. V. The Egyptian Obelisks : their Inscriptions, &c. VI. Tombs in and near Rome. Within the Walls, and on the Via Appia, Via Latina, &c. VII. The Catacombs. Chronology. Topography. Inscriptions. Fresco-paintings. Churches outside the Walls connected with the Catacombs. VIII. Houses and Gardens. In the Pomceria, on the CoUis Hortorum, &c. Medieval Castles and Towers. IX. Church and Altar Decorations. The Cosmati Family : their Ambones, Screens, Pavements (called Opus Alexan- drinujri), &c. X. Mosaic Pictures in the Churches, in Chronological Order. Early Empire, — and Christian, (Centuries Four to Sixteen), — and Frescoes in the Churches of S. Clement, &c. XI. Sculptures. On Sarcophagi, in Panels, and Statues. XII. The Antiquities. According to the Regionary Catalogue of the Fourth Century. Arranged in the XIV. Regiones. And the Architectural History of the Churches in the same Topographical Order. A SELECTION OF HISTORICAL PHOTOGRAPHS, FROM MR. PARKER'S SERIES: In Quarto Volumes, bound in Cloth, at prices varying from £1 10s. to £3, according to the number of Photographs in each Volume. The Photographs are also sold separately, at \s. each, unmounted. The Walls of the Kings on the Hills of Rome, And Similar Walls in other Ancient Cities of Italy, For Comparison. Twenty-four Photographs, jQ\ \\s. The Walls and Gates of Rome, of the time of the Empire and of the Popes. Thirty Photographs, jQz. The Historical Construction of Walls, From the time of the Kings of Rome to the Middle Ages, Shewing Historical Types of each Period. Thirty-two Photographs, j[^2 2S. The Aqueducts, from their Sources to their Mouths. Forty Photographs, j£,2 \qs. The Catacombs, or Cemeteries of Rome, Their Construction, and the Fresco Paintings in them. Taken with the Light of Magnesium. Thirty Photographs, jQ2. Forum Romanum. Tventy Photographs, jQx los. The Colosseum. Twenty Photographs, j£i los. Also a more complete Set. Forty -four Photographs, jQ2 i^s. The Palatine Hill. Thirty Photographs, jQ2. Sculpture — Statues. Thirty Photographs, jQz. Sculpture— Bas-reliefs. Thirty Photographs, jQ2. Sarcophagi Pagan and Christian. Forty Photographs, £2 10s. Mosaic Pictures up to the Ninth Century. Mosaic Pictures up to the Seventeenth Century. ■Forty Photographs, ^2 10 J. Fresco Paintings of the First Nine Centuries. Fresco Paintings to the Seventeenth Century. Forty Photographs, j[^2 \os. Church and Altar Decorations— Cosmati Work. Twenty Photographs, ^i 10s. The Remains of the City of Pompeii. Twenty Photographs, ^i los. Also in Quarto, price Five Guineas, in Cloth, One Hundred of the above, Selected as the best Photographs, by W. S. W. Vaux, Esq. AZP VMS for mounting these Photographs, to hold One Hundred, 5 j-./ to hold Fifty, s^s. HISTORICAL PHOTOGRAPHS. " For the present state of monuments and examples, Mr. J. H. Parker's col- lection of Roman and other Photographs stands by itself, as a unique and in- valuable addition to modem means of accurate knowledge." — Rev. R. St.yohn Tyrwkitt, in Preface to " The Art Teaching of the Primitive Church," 1874. London : Edward Stanford, Charing-cross. CATALOGUE OF PHOTOaRAPHS.— PART IV. The Forum Romanura in 1872. 4to. 2959 Near the north end, shewing the column of Phocas in front of the Arch of Septimius Severus, and the fras^ments of the marble wall of the Comi- tium in front of the Church of S. Hadrian and S. Luke. Sculpture — One side of one of the Marble Walls of the Comitium. 8vo. 2960 Shewing the Magistrate (?) or the Emperor (?) seated on his curule chair surrounded by the officers of the court, and the procession of voters coming up to vote, according to one interpretation ; in the back-ground the entablature and cornice and panelling of a basilica, or market-nail, is represented. This is believed to be a view of the Eorum Romanum itself at that period. It is of the time of Hadrian, and the figure seated on a throne is probably that Emperor. Sculpture — One side of the second Wall of the Comitium, in fragments, as it was found, before it was put together. 8vo. 2961 A procession of persons carrying books or tablets is distinctly visible, they are supposed to represent the books of the taxes which Hadrian had cancelled, and they are bringing them up to be burnt ; the sculpture thus represent- ing an historical event of importance. In the background are seen the porticoes of two temples, with an arch between them, which there is reason to believe is also a view of the Forum. It is evident that the sculptures on these two marble walls of the Comitium must be considered as a con- tinuation of the same subject, and this most probably is the great donation to the Roman people by the Emperor Hadrian. In this view the original stone wall of foundation, of an earlier period, is seen under the marble wall. Sculpture — Other fragments of the Marble Wall of the Comitium, as found. 8vo. 2962 This view shews 1 he same wall as 2961 in perspective, and on the back of the other wall the three animals prepared for sacrifice — the Bull, the Kam, and the Boar, decorated with garlands of flowers. The Comitium is mentioned by Yarro as a law court (de Ling. Lat., v. 154), and he says that the Grsecostasis was near to it, and that above this (that is, on a higher level) were the Senaculum, the Temple of Concord, and the Basilica Opimia. The discovery of the Comitium on a low level, therefore, fixes the sites of the other buildings. Livy says that the Comitium was covered over at the time that Hannibal was in Italy, but the roof was probably of wood, or perhaps an awning only (Livii Hist., lib. xxvii. c. 36). Fountain in the Piazza Tartaruga, near the Ghetto. 4to. 2963 The design is by Giacomo Delia Porta, incorrectly attributed to Raphael. The figures by Taddco Landini. The water flows from the mouths of toads standing on the margin of a circular basin ; it is j opularly called the load fountain. Primitive Fortifications— Secticns of the Coelian Hill. 4to. 2964 2 Excavations. Excavations, 1872 — Sculpture — Small Statue representing the young Hercules, found in the Campo Verano in the spring of 1872. 8vo. 2965 Excavations, 1872 — Sculpture — Statue representing Tellus, or the Earth, seated, found in the spring of 1872 in the Campo Verano. 8vo. 2966 Excavations, 1873 — Architectural Details — Gigantic Cor- nice, found at the Maccao, near the Praetorian Camp, in 1873. 4to. 2967 Excavations, 1873 — Remains of a House of the time of the Antonines, shewing the Fountain or Cistern, on the ground-floor, 4to. 2968 Found in 1873, against the cliff of the Esquiline, at the point where the Via Nazionale touches the Via de Serpenti. Excavations, 1873 — Remains of a House of the time of the Antonines — Yiew shewing the Construction, on the upper floor. 4to. 2969 Excavations, 1873 — Mosaic Pavement of a House of the time of the Antonines. 4to. 2970 Excavations — Architectural Details — Base of a large Column of the fourth century, time of the Emperor Constantius. 8vo. 2971 Found in the Forum Romanum, and now placed at the entrance to the Palaces of the Caesars, with sculptures representing the three animals for sacrifice, the same as on the wall of the Comitium. Palatine — Palaces of the Caesars — Part of the Palace of the time of Trajan. 4to. 2972 With square brick piers added in the time of Hadrian, to carry a lofty vault over the paved road that descends near the north-east angle of the Palatine Hill, called the Via Triumphalis. (This Palace is miscalled that of Tiberius.) Palatine — Palaces of the Csesars — Wall of a Chamber of the time of Hadrian, adjoining the paved road called the Via Triumphalis, at the north-east angle. 4to. 2973 This adjoins the paved road, and corresponds exactly with a similar wall in the Villa of Hadrian, at Tivoli. Palatine — Part of the Palace of Tiberius against the west cliff', near the middle of the Palatine Hill. 4to. 2974 Palatine — Details of the Palace of Tiberius. 4to. 2975 These details correspond exactly with the sleeping-places of the guards inside the north wall of the Preetorian. Camp, built in the time of Tiberius. Excavations, 1872 — Architectural Details — Fragments of Cornices and Bases of the second century, found in the Palazzo Fiano, and now in the courtyard of the same palace. 4to. 2976 Excavations — Crypt of 8. Peter's. 3 Excavations, 1872 — Architectural Details — Fragments of Cornices, with elegant foliage of the second century, found in the Palazzo Fiano, and now in the courtyard of the same palace. 4to. 2977 Excavations, 1872 — Architectural Details — Fragment of Sculpture on a Base, found in the Palazzo Fiauo, and now in the courtyard of the same palace. 8vo. 2978 Excavations, 1872 — Architectural Details — Base of a Pilas- ter, with foliage of the second century, found in the Palazzo Fiano, and now in the courtyard of the same palace. 8vo. 2979 Sarcophagus of the second century, with figures of actors and masks, now in the garden of the Villa Celimontana, formerly called Villa Mattel. 8vo. 2980 It was found in this garden on the site of one of the Cohortes of the Vigili, or barracks of the firemen and night police of the Empire. Excavations, 1872 — Fresco Painting in a subterranean cham- ber of the private house of Trajan, on the Aventine. 4to. 2981 Tombs — Fresco Painting of a female figure holding a crown, the Genius of Death (?), in the Pyramid of Caius Cestius, B.C. 30(?), outside the Porta S. Paolo. Taken with magnesian light. 8vo. 2982 Tombs — Fresco Painting of the Genius of Death holding a crown, in the Pyramid of Caius Cestius, b.c. 30(?), outside the Porta S. Paolo. Taken with magnesian light. 8vo. 2983 Crypt of S. Peter in the Vatican (34) — A fine picture of the fourteenth century, representing the Madonna and Child with two Angels. Taken with magnesian light. 4to. 2984 Crypt of S. Peter (8) — A fine Door-post of Marble, used in the Chapel of John VII., a.d. 706, with animals, birds, and foliage. Taken with magnesian light. 8vo. 2985 Crypt of S. Peter (8) — A fine Door-post of Marble, used in the Chapel of John VII., a.d. 706, with birds, foliage, and figures. Taken with magnesian light. 8vo. 2986 Crypt of S. Peter (8) — A fine Door-post used in the Chapel of John VII., A.D. 706, with birds, foliage, and figures. Taken with magnesian light. 8vo. 2987 Crypt of S. Peter — Fresco Painting of the old Basilica of S. Peter, before it was destroyed in 1570 under Paul V. Taken with magnesian light. 8vo. 2988 B 2 4 Crypt of S. Peter's in the Vatican. Crypt of S. Peter (6y) — Ciborium of the Holy Lance (time of Innocent VIII./ a.d. 1490), two Angels adoring the Holy Kelic. Taken with magnesian light. 8vo. 2989 Crypt of S. Peter (22) — Sculpture from the Tomb of Cardinal Berardus Herulus, of Narni, a.d. 1479. Taken with magnesian light. 8vo. 2990 It represents the Almielity in the act of blessing, holding a book, and surrounded by Angels with eight wings. Crypt of S.Peter (53) — Sculpture in white marble repre- senting S. John the Evangelist. Taken with magnesian light. 8vo. 2991 This sculpture was ordered by Innocent VIII., a.d. 1490, to decorate the Ciborium of the Holy Lance, with the other three Evangelists. Crypt of S. Peter (156) — Antique Sarcophagus of red granite used for the body of Pope Hadrian IV., a.d. 1159, the . only English Pope (Breakspear) . Taken with magnesian light. 4to. 2992 Crypt of S. Peter {t,^) — A Bas-relief made at the end of the sixteenth century, under Pope Sixtus Y. Taken with magnesian light. 4to. 2993 This splendid bas-relief was made to decorate the front of the Altar of the Pope. It represents the Judgment of the Apostles by Nero. Crypt of S. Peter (18) — Cross of white marble, formerly on the gable of the front of the old Basilica. Taken with magnesian light. 8vo. 2994 Crypt of S.Peter (16) — The celebrated Statue of S.Peter, with decoration of Cosmati-work, formerly under the portico of the old Basilica. Taken with magnesian light. 4to. 2995 The Apostle is represented seated, holdbg the keys. The figure, which recalls the statues of the Consuls, is antique ; the head is of the sixteenth century, and the hands are modern. Crypt of S.Peter (221) — Bas-relief from the Ciborium of Pius II., A. D., 1460. Two angels holding the head of S. Andrew. Taken with magnesian light. 4to. 2996 Crypt of S. Peter (231) — The celebrated Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, prefect of Rome, five times Consul, deceased a.d. 359. Taken with magnesian light. 4to. 2997 The subjects represented in the In the lower part are : — tipper part are : — 1. Job on his mat, insulted by his 1. The Sacrifice of Abraham. Wife and his Friends. 2. The Capture of S. Peter. 2. Temptation of Adam and Eve. 3. Christ seated between Peter and 3. Entrance of Christ into Jeru- Paul. salem. 4. The Capture of Christ. 4. Daniel in the lions' den. Pilate washmg his hands. 5. Capture of S. Paul. Construction — Excavations — Frescoes. 5 Construction — Brickwork of the Pantheon, b.c. 26. 8vo. 2998 Construction — Brickwork of the Palace of Caligula, a.d. 40. Svo. 2999 Construction — Brickwork of the Arches of Nero on the Coelian, near S. Stefano Rotondo, a.d. 60. The best period of construction. Svo. 3000 Construction of the upper part of the Praetorian Camp, Tiberius, a.d. 20. Svo. 3001 Construction — Brickwork at the Praetorian Camp, Tiberius, A.D. 20. Svo. 3002 Obelisk in the Garden of the Villa Celimontana (Mattei). Svo. 30O3 Excavations, 1873 — Agger of Servius Tullius — Yiew of part of the " Mons Justitiae," destroyed near the Railway Station in 1873, with remains of houses built upon it, and into it. 4to. 3004 Excavations, 1873 — Agger of Servius Tullius, shewing a por- tion of his wall between the Railway Station and S. Maria Maggiore. 4to. 3005 X "oo* Castle of S. Angelo — Fresco Painting on the left side of an external Loggia — the Mausoleum of Hadrian, as it ap- peared in the sixteenth century. 4to. «3006 Castle of S. Angelo — Fresco Painting on the right sidev of an external Loggia — the Cupola or Dome of S. Peter's, as originally designed. , 4to. 3007 Series of Paintings hj the Pupils of Paphael. Castle of S. Angelo — Fresco Painting by Siciolante, (da Sermoneta, a.d. 1504), representing, Alexander the Great visiting the Temple of Jerusalem, • Svo. 3008 Castle of S. Angelo — Fresco Painting by Siciolante, a.d. 1504, representing the triumph of Alexander the Great. Svo. 3009 Castle of S. Angelo — Fresco Painting by Siciolante, a.d. 1504, representing King Pyrrhus on the Elephant. Svo. 3010 Castle of S. Angelo — Fresco Painting by Siciolante, a.d. 1504, representing a battle-scene. Svo. 3011 Castle of S. Angelo — Fresco Painting by Siciolante, a.d. 1504, representing Alexander the Great with the Jewish high- priest. Svo. 3012 Castle of S. Angelo — Fresco Painting by Pierino del Yago, A.D. 1540 ; St. Michael, &c. 4to. 3013 Castle of S. Angelo — Fresco Painting bv Pierino del Yago, A.D. J 540: King Pyrrhus, &c. * 4to. 3014 / 6 Fresco Painlings, 8fC. Castle of S. Angelo — Fresco Paintings and Stuccoes by Giulio Eomano, a.d. 1540 ; Mythological subjects. 4to. 3015 Castle of S. Angelo — Fresco Paintings and Stuccoes by Giulio Romano, a.d. 1540 ; Mythological subjects. 4to. 3016 Castle of S. Angelo — Fresco Paintings and Stuccoes by Giulio Romano, A.D. 1540; Mythological subjects. 4to. 3017 Castle of S. Angelo — Fresco Paintings and Stuccoes by Giulio Romano, A.D. 1540; Mythological subjects. 4to. 3018 Castle of S. Angelo — Fresco Painting and Stuccoes by Giulio Romano, A.D. 1540; Mythological subjects. 4to. 3019 Castle of S. Angelo — Fresco Painting and Stuccoes by Giulio Romano, A.D. 1540; Mythological subjects. 4to. 3020 Castle of S. Angelo — Fresco Painting and Stuccoes by Giulio Romano, a.d. 1540 ; Mythological subjects, 4to. 3021 Castle of S. Angelo — Fresco Painting and Stuccoes by Giulio Romano, a.d. 1540 ; Mythological subjects. 4to. 3022 Castle of S. Angelo — Fresco Paintings by Pierino del Vago, A.D. 1-540 ; Mythological subjects. 4to. 3023 Castle of S. Angelo — Fresco Paintings by Pierino del Vago, A.D. 1540 ; Mythological subjects. 4to. 3024 Castle of S. Angelo — Fresco Paintings by Pierino del Vago, A.D. 1540 ; Mythological subjects. 4to. 3025 Church of S. Paul f. m. — View of the Interior, and the Mosaic over the Arch of Triumph. 4to. 3026 Out of Rome — Mausoleum of the time of Hadrian, called the " Torrone," two miles from Frascati, with part of a Castle of the Savelli of the fifteenth century. 4to. 3027 Grotta-Ferrata — Tower and part of the fortified Monastery of the fifteenth century. 4to. 3028 Aqueducts — Source of the Aqua Tepula, the arch made B.C. 126, on the hill of Marino, imder Grotta Ferrata. 4to. 3029 Albano — Distant view of the Castle of the Savelli. 4to. 3030 Albano — Remains of the Roman Amphitheatre. 4to, 3031 Albano — Tivoli — Vico- Varo, 7 Albano — Original Viaduct of the Via Appia, near Ariccia, B.C. 312. 4to. 3032 Palazzuola (Alba Longa) — Scarped cliff, with a Tomb of a Roman Consul cut upon it. 4to, 3033 Alba Longa — Scarped cliff at the lower end of Alba Longa, (under the Monastery of Palazzuola, behind a wall). 4to. 3034 Alba Longa — Rocca di Papa. — Fortress shewing the scarped cliffs at the upper end of Alba Longa. 4to. 3035 Alba Longa — Rocca di Papa. — View of one side of it. Part of the town of Alba Longa. 4to. 3036 Civita Lavinia (Lanuviura) — Part of the wall of the Citadel of the time of the Empire, with a distant view of the scarped cliffs and earthworks of the older City. 4to. 3037 Civita Lavinia (Lanuvium) — View of a Castellum Aquae of the time of Sylla. 4to. 3038 Tivoli (Tibur)— Temple of the Sybil and of Vesta. 4to. 3039 Tivoli (Tibur)— The Cascades from the opposite Hill. 4to. 3040 Tivoli (Tibur) — Portion of a large Castellum Aquae of the time of Sylla, on the road to the Cascatelle. 4to. 3041 Villa or Farm of Horace in the Sabine Hills — View of the country, shewing the village of Licenza, with small por- tion of Civitella. 4to. 3042 Villa or Farm of Horace — Villages of Licenza and Civitella. 4to. 3043 Villa or Farm of Horace, in the Sabine Hills, near Vico- Varo— View of the Hill called " Rocca Giovane.*' 4to. 3044 Tivoli (Tibur) — Village of Castel Madama on the hill near Tivoli, with a tomb in the foreground. 4to. 3045 Vico- Varo— View of the Church called the " Tempietto." 4to. 3046 Vico-Varo — A fine Sarcophagus of the first century, dis- covered in 1872. 4to. 3047 Vico-Varo — Portraits of the defuncts on the Sarcophagus of the first century, discovered in 1872. 4to. 3048 8 Villa of Horace — Frescoes, i^c. Vico-Varo — View from the River Anio. 4to. 3049 Villa or Farm of Horace — ^View of a small Medieval Castle ia a hill near Vico-Varo, called " Castellaccio." 4to. 3050 Aqueducts — Aqua Marcia Pia. — Stone Specus on arches, between Vico-Varo and Tivoli. 4to, 305] Aqueducts — Claudia and Anio Novus, a.d. 50. — Reservoir of Nero over the Arch of Dolabella on the Coelian. 4to. 3052 Temple of Fortuna Virilis, b.c. 90, and a.d. 10, from the north-west — The columns of the Portico walled up with a Medieval wall, to make the Church of S. Maria -^gyp- tiaca. * 4to. 3053 Church of S. Thomas in formis on the Coelian, as rebuilt in the twelfth century. 4to. 3054 Walls of Rome — Praetorian Camp, north-east corner, part of the original brickwork of the time of Tiberius, a.d. 20. 4to. 3055 Excavations, 1872 — Villa Celimontana (Mattel) — Shewing a Brick Arch of the second century in the cliff under the house, apparently the entrance to a subterranean passage. 4to. 3056 Thermae of Trajan — Fresco Painting found in excavations in 1872 near the Church of SS. Martin and Silvester. A dancing figure. 8vo. 3057 Thermae of Trajan — Fresco Painting of a dancer found in excavations in 1872 near the Church of SS. Martin and Silvester. 8vo. 3058 Thermae of Trajan — Fresco Painting found in excavations in 1872 near the Church of SS. Martin and Silvester. 8vo. 3059 It is of the time of Trajan, and represents the rape of Europa. Church of S. Pudentiana — Doorway as restored in 1872. 4to. 3060 The columns and the shallow sculpture of the heads are ancient, representing the family of Pudens. Church of S. Pudentiana — Sculpture, in the Gaetani Chapel, behind the altar. 4to. 3061 The offering of the Magi in fine alto-relievo, c a.d. IGOO. Mosaics — Lucca — Pisan Style. 9 Church of S. Pudentiana — Mosaic Picture of the sixteenth century, in the Gaetani Chapel. 8vo. 3062 The sisters Pudentiana and Prassede collecting the blood of the Martyrs with sponges, c. a.d, 1600. Church of S. Paul alle tre Fontane — View of the Exterior of the Transept, a.d. 800, and East End, c. a.d. 1150. 4to. 3063 Mosaics in the Church of S. Maria Scala Coeli, at S, Paul alle tre Fontane, sixteenth century, representing the Ascension of the Virgin above, with four Saints below. 4to. 3064 Mosaic Pavement from Ostia, c. a.d. 250, representing the four Seasons, now in the Church of S. Paul alle tre Fontane. 8vo, 3065 Lucca — Portion of the Roman Amphitheatre. Cent. II. 4to. 3066 Lucca — Front of the Duomo, a.d. 1204, Pisan style, with the small arcades and detached colonettes. 4to. 3067 Lucca — Bas-relief with Inscription, under the Portico of the Duomo. Cent. XII. Representing the legend of S.Martin, with allegorical figures of six of the months und.er arches in panels. 4 to. 3068 Lucca — Bas-relief with Inscription, over the principal Door of the Duomo. Cent. XIL 4to. 3069 It represents S. Maria and the twelve Apostles, with their names under each, in sculpture of the thirteenth century. In the tympanum above is the ascension of Christ in an aureole, supported by two angels. Lucca — Base of the Campanile, with part of the Apse of the Church of S. Frediano, a.d. 1151. 4to. 3070 This portion shews three periods of construction. Centuries XI., XII., and XIII. Lucca — Church of S. Frediano. View of the Apse and Cam- panile. Cent. XII., built of old materials. 4to. 3071 Lucca — Church of S. Frediano. View of the Fa9ade with Mosaics. Cent. XII.,— XIII. 4to. 3072 Lucca — Church of S. Christopher. Principal Door, with fine mouldings and capitals. Cent. XII. 4to. 3073 Lucca — Church of S. Julia. Cent. XII. View of the Facade. 4to. 3074 Lucca — Church of S. John. Principal Door, with fine Sculp- ture. Cent. XIL 4to. 3075 10 Lucca — Pisa. Lucca — Church of S. Michael. View of the left Side, with ' double Arcade and Tower, a.d. 1188. 4to. 3076 Lucca— Church of S. Giusto. Cent. XII. Front view. 4to. 3077 Lucca — View of a part of the Palazzo Guinigi, with remains of a large brick Tower, a.d. 1380 — 1413, in the Via di S.Andrea. 4to. 3078 Lucca — Chapel of the Madonna della Rosa, a.d. 1280 — 1304 (?). Side view. 4to. 3079 Lucca — Church called the "Oratory," curious Bas-relief over the Door. 4.to. 3080 This is a very curious and early piece of sculpture of about the middle of the twelfth century, apparently representing the legend of S. John Baptist. In tlie centre is the saint in the cauldron of boiling oil ; on either side is a small temple, with a domical vault, and shafts having twisted fluting round them. It may probably be the work of the same sculptor as the celebrated font in S. Frediano, who has there inscribed his name and date, Robertus, 1151. Pisa — General View of the Baptistery, a.d. 1153, and 1278 — 1350 (?), and Front of the Cathedral, thirteenth cent. 4to. 3081 Pisa — Construction of the left side of the Duomo, shewing the junction of two periods, a.d. 1067 — 1118. 4to. 3082 Pisa — Inscriptions on the right angle of the Duomo. 4to. 3083 Pisa — Inscription on a Tomb now in front of the Duomo. 4to. 3084 Pisa— Church of S.Paul. View of the Side and Transept. 4to. 3085 This view shews three periods of construction, and the cupola over the central space. This church served for a model of the cathedral, and is a few years earlier in each part. It has been raised higher, and lengthened in all directions. Pisa — Church of S.Paul (Duomo Vecchio). View shewing the construction, and the junction of three periods, A.D. 1156, 1230 (?), and 1300 (?). 4to. 3086 Pisa — Medieval Tower of the Fortifications near the Church of S. Paul, part of the Wall of the City with fine bold machicolations. 8vo. 3087 Pisa — Leaning Tower, a.d. 1174 — 1350, and Cathedral. The Pisan style of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. 4to. 3088 This view shews the southern transept, and east end of nave, with the junctions in the construction, when the building was carried to a much greater height, and lengthened one-half at the west end in the thirteenth century ; also the cupola of the fourteenth over the central space. The leaning tower is on the right hand, and an apse at the end of the transept. There are three distinct periods visible in the construction. Florence — Church of S. Maria Novella. View from the south. 4to. 3089 i Illuminations, Ninth Century. IZJ For the First Series, sec Photographs 1476, 2712, 2713, 2714, 2715, 2716, 2717, 2718, 2719, 2720. Second Series of (35) Photographs from the Illaminations and Initial Letters of the Bible given, to the Basilica of S. Paul, by Charles the Bald, a.d. 850, [now in the monastery of S. Calixtus), Rome. Initial Letter F and the commencement of the Preface to the entire Bible, by St. Jerome, " Frater Amurosius." 3090 Title-page of the Book of Genesis, " InciPiT Liber Bresit, ID est Geneseos." 3091 Commencement of the Book of Exodus, "Haec sunt Nomina.^' 3092 Illumination at the commencement of the Book of Leviticus. Moses placing the Ark within the Tent or Tabernacle, guarded by Cherubim, below which is the seven-branched Candlestick, with Moses oflfering up a burnt sacrifice be- fore the children of Israel. 3093 Commencement of the Book of Leviticus, " Vocavrr autem MOYSEN ET LOCUTUS EST." 3094 Commencement of the Book of Numbers, "Locutus que Dns ad Moysen in deserto Sinai in tabernaculo foederis." 3095 Illumination at commencement of the Book of Deuter- onom3\ Moses receiving the Tables of the Law from the hand of God on Mount Sinai, and describing the same to the children of Israel. 3096 Commencement of the Book of Deuteronomy, " Haec Sunt VERBA quae LOCUTUS EST MoYSES AD OMNE IsRAHEL TRANS JORDANEN." 3097 Illuminated Page at the beginning of the Book of Joshua. Moses marshalling the Israelites to pass over Jordan, over which the Ark has already been borne; the twelve stones borne on men's shoulders, and the destriiction of the walls of Jericho. 3098 Commencement of the Book of Joshua, " Et factu est post MORTE MoYSi SERVi DNi" — " Now after the death of Moses, the servant of the Lord, it came to pass." 3099 12- Illuminations, Ninth Century. Illuminated Page at the comraencement of the third (first) Book of Kings. Solomon anointed by Zadok and Nathan. The wisdom of Solomon, seated on his throne giving judgment between the two women. 3100 Commencement of the third (first) Book of Kings, " Ex rex David sbnuerat" — "Now king David was old and stricken in years." 3101 Illumination at the beginning of the second Book of Samuel (or second Book of Kings). David tearing his clothes on hearing of the death of Saul, and slaughter of the mes- senger, who accused himself of Saul's death. 3102 Commencement of the fourth (second) Book of Kings, " Praevaricatus est aut Moab in Israhel post qua mor- TUUS EST ACAB CECIDITQ. OhOZIAS PER CANCELLOS CAENACULI QUOD haberat" — "Then Moab rebelled against Israel after the death of Ahab, and Ahaziah fell down through a lattice in his upper chamber." 3103 Illumination at the commencement of the Apocryphal Book of Judith. The story of Judith and Holofernes, in three compartments. Judith attended by her maid leaving Bethulia ; brought before Holofernes ; and cutting off his head. 3104 Commencement of the Psalter, "Beatus vir qui non abut IN CoNsiLio impiorum" — " Blcssed is the man that walketh not in the counsel of the ungodly." 3105 Commencement of the Book of the Prophecies of Jeremiah, "VerBA HIEREMIAE FILII HiLLCHIAE DE SACERDOTIBUs" — " The words of Jeremiah, the son of Hilkiah, of the priests." 3106 Commencement of the Book of Daniel, "Anno tertio regni loACHiM REGIS Iudae" — " In the third year of the reign of Jehoiakim king of Judah." 3107 Illumination at the beginning of the Gospel of S. Matthew, The Evangelist writing, his symbolical angel in the upper angle of the drawing. On a large rainbow-like scroll is inscribed : " •{• Mattheus agens hominem generaliter implex"—" Matthew, for the most part, fills up the story of the Actions (of Christ) as a Man." 3108 Illuminations, Ninth Century. 15 Illuraination at the beginning of the Gospel of S. Mark. The Evangelist seated writing, with his symbolical Lion in the clouds; on a similar scroll, dividing the design into two parts, is inscribed : " Marcus ut alta fremit vox PER DESERTA Leonis" — " Mark raises his voice aloud, like a lion in the wilderness." (ch. i. ver. 3.) 3109 Illuraination at the beginning of the Gospel of S. Luke, who, with his symbolical Bull, is represented writing on a long roll from a book on a stand before him. The scroll is inscrilDcd : '' Jura sacerdotis Lucas tenet ora juvenci" — "Luke holds the laws of the priests in the mouth of a bullock," in allusion to the priestly office of Christ set forth in his Gospel. 3110 Commencement of the Gospel of S. Luke, " Qm quidem MULTi coNATi sunt" — " Forasmuch as many have taken in hand (or have endeavoured)." 3111 Illumination at the commencement of the Gospel of S. John. The Evangelist seated, about to write in a book at the dictation of his symbolical eagle, also holding an open book in the clouds. The long rainbow-like scroll is in- scribed : " More volans aquile verbo petit astra Io- HANNEs" — "In the manner of a flying eagle, John seeks the stars for the Word," in allusion to the doctrinal cha- racter of his Gospel. 3112 Commencement of the Gospel of S.John, "In principio erat verba" — "In the beginning was the Word." 3113 Illumination at the beginning of the Acts of the Apostles. Above is the Ascension of Christ, Ascendit xps in altum — " Christ ascendeth on high." Below is the Gift of Tongues. The Twelve Apostles seated in a circle, within a walled and battlemented enclosure, each with a flame of fire on his head ; the Virgin in the centre, with only a plain nimbus round her head. 3114 Porticus of the Thermae of the Antonines and of Caracalla, began by that Emperor and finished by his successor, Heliogabalus. — One of the bath-chambers excavated in 1873. 3115 Thermse of Caracalla — Wall of the private house of Hadrian, on this site, before the Thermae was built, at the north- east corner (now 20 feet below the surface), excavated in 1873. 3116 14 Thermce — Pantheon — Vatican Museum, ^c. Thermse of Caracalla — Remains of a Temple (?) or of a Tomb (?) on the side of the Via Appia, behind the Church of SS. Nereus and Achilleus, and torso of a Greek .' statue, found in the Vineyard of Sig. Pietro Brocard, between the Portions and the present road, in 1873, 3117 Thermse of Caracalla — Porticus in front of the Thermse, with Bath-chambers under the lower arches, now in the vine- yard of Sig. Brocard. 3118 Kircherian Museum — Vase of the fourth century, with the offerings of the Magi in shallow sculpture, and good foliage-like capitals. 3119 a and b Kircherian Museum — Sarcophagus of the fourth century, representing the Last Supper of our Lord. 3120 Primitive Fortifications — Scarped Cliff of the ancient fortress of the Vatican Hill, on the northern side. 3121 Priipjitive Fortifications — Scarped Cliff of the Vatican fortress, northern side of the hill or rock. 3122 Palatine — Palace of Domitian, Fountain. 3123 The oval basin, and remains of the building in the centre; with the veneering of marble and the channel in wliich the water flowed, are seen in tlie foreground ; and in the background the lofty angle of the Basilica Jovis. Statue of Pasquino in the Piazza di Pasquino, at the back of the Palazzo Braschi. 3124 Palace of the Caesars — View through the Arch of Titus. 3125 Via Appia — Third Mile General View, with the Tombs. 3126 Via Appia— Third Mile General View, with the Tombs. 3127 The Pantheon — View of the Portico, with the Obelisk and the Inscriptions. 3128 Vatican Museum (86) — Statue of a Female of elegant style, with the attributes of Higeia or the goddess of Health. 3129 Vatican Museum (120) — Statue of a Greek Woman, found in the Villa of Hadrian. The left hand is restored. 3130 Vatican Museum (224) — Statue of Nemesis. 3131 Vatican Museum (533)— Statue of Minerva, with the shield. 3132 Vatican Museum — Colosseum — Mosaics — Forum. 15 Vatican Museum (68 1) — Statue of Diana, restoredj with the symbols of Minerva. 3133 Vatican Museum (582) — Statue of Apollo, said to be an imitation of the celebrated original of Scopes. 3134 Mausoleum of Hadrian, now Castle of S. Angelo — The south side, with the Mediaeval Battlements and the figure of the Angel. 3135 Colosseum — Inscription on a base at the north end. 3136 Colosseum — Inscription on a tablet at the south end. 3137 Colosseum — Arch at the north-west end, restored ^TohohXy in the time of the Gordians, a.d. 220 — 238. 3138 Arch of Constantino — Panels of Sculpture on the east side ; the two round panels are from the Arch of Trajan, a.d. Ill ; the long flat panel represents the Forum Romanum in the time of Constantino, a.d. 326. 3139 Church of Ara Coeli — Ambo, with Cosmati-work, 3140 Church of Ara Coeli — Ambo, with Cosmati-work. 3141 Church of Ara Coeli — Panels of Ribbon Mosaics from the Ambo. 3142 Church of Ara Coeli — Mosaic Pavement of Opus Alexan- drinum. 3143 Church of Ara Coeli — Octagonal Panels of the Mosaic Pavement. 3144 Forum Romanum — Temple of Concord, Marble Veneering in the north-west corner, a.d. 11. 3145 Forum Romanum — Temple of Concord, south-west corner, with the entrance to a subterranean passage under the platform, b.c. 303 (?), 216 (?), or 144 (?). 3146 Forum Romanum — Pavement of the Clivus Capitolinus, b.c. 174, with remains of the Gate of Saturn. 3147 Forum Romanum — West side of the Podium of the Temple of Saturn, a.d. 12, with the Doorway of the Steps of the ^rarium, b.c. 494. 3148 Forum Romanum — Via Sacra. Podium of the Temple of Vesta, B.C. 794, excavated in 1874. 3149 16 Forum of Augustus — Forum Romanum, 8fc. Temple of Fortuna Virilis — Architectural Details. The Cell of Tufa, B.C. 90 ; the Portico of Marble, a.d. 16. 3150 Forum of Augustus — Cornice or Corbel-table of the east wall, A.D. 19. 3151 Pyramidal Tomb of Cajus Cestius, a.d. 10, from the English burial-ground. 3152 Forum of Augustus — Exterior of the Wall, b.c. 19. 3153 Forum of Augustus, b.c. 3 — Interior of the wall at the south- east corner in 1874, (Plin., Hist. Nat. xxxv. 10). Taken with magnesian light. 3154 Here this part of the Forum has been left unfinished, and the interior of the old round tower of the second wall of Rome, B.C. 741, is seen in the background. This is now in a stonemason's workshop ; the six-foot rule is seen against the Wall of the Kings. Palatine — Shallow Hypocaust, Palace of Tiberius (Domus Tiberiana; Regionary Catalogue; Dio, i. 57; Taciti Hist., i. 27.) 3155 This is on the upper level, and on the edge of the western cliff, over the Circus Maximus. The small hollow space under the bricks or tiles of the pavement, the bricks to support them, and the flue up which the hot air ascended, are shewn. Forum Romanum — Podium or basement of the Temple of Concord in 1874. Built b.c 303, rebuilt b.c. 216, and' again a.d. 11. Construction of three periods is visible. 3156 West side, taken from the Temple of Saturn, with the pavement of the area of Vulcan, between them and the wall of the J^lrarium (or public Treasury of tlie kings of Rome), with tw o of the windows in it, and the base of an arch of the Tabularium or Public Record Office of the kings of Rome — both in the Capitolium. Forum Romanum — Podium of the Temple of Castor and Pollux, or the Dioscuri, in 1874. 3157 This basement is of the time of the Kings (rebuilt B.C. 479 ; Livii Hist., ii. 20); the celebrated three columns, of Mhich the lower part is shewn, are of the time of the Early Empire (a.d. 4 : Dio, xlvii. 18). Forum Romanum — Remains of the Podium of the Temple of Yesta and Fountain of Juturna in 1874. 3158 The basement of this temple is of the time of the Kings, built when the two hills were united in one City (Dionys., ii. 50). The remains of the fountain are of the time of Augustus. Tliis is at the south end of the Forum Romanum, and a step is seen between this and the temple, which is in the Via Sacra, and not in the Forum. Forum Romanum — Palatine 17 Forum Romanum — Rostrum of Julius Caesar in 1874. 3159 With the pavement in front of it, and his temple behind it. This is at tlie south-east corner, and nearly under the Temple of Antoninus and Faustina. Forum Romanum — Marble Walls of the Comitium in 1874. 3160 On the wall to the left are seen the three animals prepared for sacrifice (the boar, the ram, and the bull,) called the suovetaurilia. On the right- hand wall, part of the procession going up to the Emperor Hadrian, with the tablets of their debts to be cancelled and burnt, some of them thrown in a heap on the ground. The other part of the procession is at the back of the other wall. The basement of these walls is of stone, of the time of the Republic, with a modern base of marble introduced upon it. This sculpture was found in fragments, and cleverly put to- gether by Signor Rosa. Palatine — Four Arches of the Porticus of Nero, on the Velia. 3161 These are the upper arches of his Porticus, which was an arcade of two storeys ; this was one use of the word Porticus in Rome, as in the Thermae of Caracalla. The Porticus of Nero was a mile long, and can be traced by remains of it from this point, which is against the cliff of the Velia (always reckoned as part of the Palatine), to the Exquilise. In front of the picture is seen the pavement of the Sumraa Via Sacra, and the north-west corner of the platform on which the Porticus of Livia was placed. On the right is a portion of the Monastery of S. Francesca Romana, and in the back- ground the Colosseum. Palatine — Four Arches of the Porticus of Nero. 3162 In this view they are taken close, to shew the beautiful brickwork of the time of Nero, the finest brickwork in the world. Ten bricks to the foot can here be counted. Forum Romanum — Basilica Julia. 3163 In this part some of the walls built of travertine, of the time of Julius Csesar, are seen, shewing also that the direction of this great hall was then from east to west, and some of the brick arches of the fourth century, or the modern imitation of them, in which the direction is from north to south. Forum Romanum — Cloaca Maxima, (b.c. 615 ; Livii Hist., i. 38). 3164 This part is under the south end of the Basilica Julia, and on the site of the Lake of Curiius, to drain which this great drain was made. The brick arch in the foreground is of the time of the Early Empire, that behind it is one arch of the original vault, built of the large blocks of tufa of the time of the Kings, and it is evidently part of the original construc- tion. The same early construction occurs in the subterranean passage connected with the Prison of the Kings, (b.c. 632 ; Livii Hist., i. 33). Palatine — Palace of Tiberius (Domus Tiberiana), Mosaic pavement. 3165 This is on the lower level, on the platform on which that palace was built ; although the upper part is above the level of the top of the hill. A considerable part of this house was carried away in a land-slip about 1830. It was behind and above the upper gallery of the Circus Maximus, with a road also in front of it. 3168 18 Forum JRomannm — Veii. Palatine — Palaces of the Caesars, Passage of Caligula. 3166 This passage is corbelled out from an earlier wall, and may have led over the bridge of Caligula, on the western side of his palace below. It is richly ornamented with stucco patterns, and has a portion of the transenna, or pierced marble parapet, remamiug in its place. A wall of the time of Trajan is built up against the front of it, as shewn in the right hand of the picture. Forum Eomanum — Basement of a Temple and gigantic Column in 1874. 3167 This is under the great bank of earth on which the modern road is made, and close to the Arch of Septimius Severus ; the podium or basement is built of stone of the time of the Kings, probably taken from the wall of the old fortress of the hill of Saturn, and used for the foundations of a temple. Forum Romanum — Sculptures from the Arch of Constantino. The two circular panels are taken from the Arch of Trajan, at the south end of his Porum, destroyed in the time of Constantine ; the long flat panel is of the time of Constantine, and represents the Forum Romanum of that time; in the centre is the rostrum, with the idols or statues upon it, and the transenna in front in the centre. Behind these are the tall columns, with images of the gods on the top of them. The arcade or portions, at the back, appears to be the Tabularium. Forum Romanum — Podium or Base of an equestrian statue. 3169 This is near the centre of the Forum ; the podium is of brick of the time of Constantine, and the very thick marble casing of it is seen in the fore- ground to the right — it was probably the basement of the horse of Con- stantine. On each side is one of the square brick structures of the third century. These are commonly called bases for the tall columns, but they are hollow, with a door in each, and were more probably wine-shops. Forum Romanum — General View, from the Palatine. 3170 On the right, in the foreground, is the Palace of Caligula, with part of his bridge. Beyond that, in the centre of the picture, is the Arch of Sep- timius Severus, to the left the Temple of Vespasian, with the seven columns, and behind that the Capitolium. Veii— The Isola Farnesi. 3171 The picturesque modern village, and the Farnesi Villa built upon the old walls. Veii -The Ponte Sodo. 3172 A natural bridge or tunnel through the rock, for the river to pass. Veii— Ponte dell' Isola. 3173 The bridge is built of late Roman brickwork, upon older foundations, on stone of the character called Etruscan, Veii— Portion of the Wall of the City. 3174 This fragment of very early masonry is situated on an angle of the rock over the Ponte Sodo. The character is earlier than that of the earliest wall in Rome. Veil — Palatine — Agger of Servim Tullhis. 19 Veil — As seen from the ravine, to shew the remains of the ancient scarped cliffs, and the rocky bed of the river, which is often nearly dry. This very picturesque spot is called the washing-place. , 3175 Yeii — The Isola Farnesi, as seen from the south, with the church, and the road up to it. 3176 Veii — The Farnesi Villa on the rock, as seen from the east. 3177 Veil — The early and rude Columbaria, cud i^ ^^^ rock. 3178 Veii — The Horaan Bridge, built of stone, and resting on earlier foundations. 3179 Palatine — Fresco Painting of the first century, with frame- work of stucco ornament, in the Palace of Caligula (?). 3180 Palatine — Fresco Painting of the first century, with stucco ornament, in the Palace of Caligula (?). 3181 The painting is much faded, but the design is visible. Palatine — Aqueduct at the north end. 3183 On the upper platform, behind the round Church of S. Theodore, shew- ing the angle made by the Aqueduct, as was usual at each half-mile. The specus that turns to the left goes in the direction of the bridge of Caligula. Palatine — Great oval Piscina and reservoir of water for the Palaces of the Caesars, at the north end, near the House of Augustus ; it was supplied with water from the Aque- duct of Nero. 3183 Palatine — Basilica Jovis : the Apse with the Cancellus, and columns of the south aisle. 3184 Excavations, 1874 — Part of the great Agger and Wall of Servius Tullius, with 'ruins of houses of the first century built up against it and into it. 3185 Excavations, 1874 — Part of the great Agger and "Wall of Servius Tullius, near the Exquilise, with a House of the first century built up against it. 3186 Excavations, 1874 — Part of the great Agger and Wall of Servius Tullius, near the railway station, which is seen in the background, with some blocks of houses of the new city. 3187 Excavations, 1874 — Part of the great Agger and Wall of Servius Tullius, a tower on the inner side of it (apparently for a catapult), and remains of houses of the first century, near the Church of S. Antonio; the tower in the distance belongs to the Porta di S. Lorenzo. 318ft 20 Tombs — Via Sacra — Basilica Jovis. Tomb on the Via Appia, one mile from Rome, in the Vigna Colonna, with the Columbaria of the liherti, or freedraen of Livia Augusta. 3189 Tomb of the liherti or freedmen of Livia Augusta, in the Yigna Colonna, shewing the Construction of the period, similar to that of the Pantheon. 3190 This tomb was described by Dr. Gori in tlie eighteenth century, and the inscriptions found on it are given in his work. Excavations, 1874 — Palatine and Summa Via Sacra. ^3191 a The Platform on the summit, with substructure at the south end, of rubble-work of the time of the Republic. Elevation, looking north, with probable Restoration of the Portions Livise and Colossus of Nero. E. Narrow street on east side. F. Portions of Nero. G. The Velia, always reckoned as part of the Palatine. The back of the Colossus is seen through the columns. A. South-east corner of Palatine. B. Lavacrum of Heliogabalus. C C. Steps to Platform at each end. DDD. Substructure of the Plat- form, to raise the south end to the level of the north. Excavations, 1874 — Palatine and Summa Via Sacra. *3191 b The Platform, looking east, with steps up to it at the north end, and a substructure at the south end. Probable restoration of the Porticus Livise, longitudinal section, and side of the Colossus of Nero. A. Basilica of Constantino, south- west corner. B. Part of the Velia, the earth sup- ported by remains of the Porticus of Nero. C. Porticus of Nero. Four arches of the upper story seen through the columns. D. The Colossus of Nero, on its podium or basement, as shewn on the Marble Plan. E. The Substructure, with the Aque- duct to supply the four fountains at the corners. F. Pavement in front of the Colos- seum. G. The Velia. Palatine — Basilica Jovis, and Section of Nave and Aisles, looking towards the Apse. A. Vault. B. Clere-story. C. Gallery. DE. Aisle. 3192 a F. Steps to gallery. G. Arch through the buttresses. H H. Buttresses with pilasters. I. Substructure in the foss. Palatine — Central part over the great southern Foss of Roma Quadrata — Basilica Jovis, probable restoration. *3192 b Perspective View of the Interior, looking towards the Apse. The existing remains are distinguished by the darker tint. * These reductions from Drawings and Plans are made for special purposes, and are not to be considered a part of the Series of Photographs. They are in- cluded in the Catalogue for convenience, because some persons may wish to have them separately, and tbey can only be found by the numbers on the negatives. Basilica Jovis — Foss of Roma Quadrata. 21 Palatine — Central part, on the Platform over the great Foss of Roma Quadrata. Section and Plan of the Basilica Jovis, with probable restorations. ■'*'3193a 1. Section. A. Vault. E. Steps to gallery. B. Clere-story. G. Chamber between buttresses. C. Gallery. HH. Buttress with columns at- D. Aisle. tached. E. Column of aisle. I. Wall of substructure in the foss. 2. Plan. A. Buttresses. B. Chambers between buttresses on north side. C. North aisle. D. End wall behind the Tribune or Apse. E. South aisle. E F E. Altars between buttresses on south side. G. Seat of Emperor on the wall of the apse, above the wooden seats for his officers. H. Altar for taking oaths. I. Cancellus or transenna. J. A low screen of pierced marble. K. Old pavement. L. Doorway. MM. Portico. Basilica Jovis — 1. A. Roof and Vault. B. Clere-story. C. GaUery. Section of Interior. j D. Aisle. E. Portico. I F. Substructure. *3193 B 2. Elevation of north side A. Roof and Vault. D B. Clere-story. C. Columns against buttresses. Portico. E. Substructure on walls across the foss. Palatine — Central part, over the Foss of Roma Quadrata ; Triclinium or Dining-room of the Palace of Domitian, with a small Temple of the same period. *3194 1. Section from north to south. A B , South-west comer of Roma Qua- drata, built on the rock, at the corner of the great foss. . Subterranean passages cut in the rock under this old Citadel. , Part of the Villa Farnesi, of the seventeenth century, built upon a portion of the great palace of Domitian, in the foss. I D. Substructure— a building of the time of the later Kings or early Republic, constructed in the great foss, and built over in the time of Domitian. E. Southern bank of the great foss, a vertical cliff. Palatine — 2. Section from west to east of the north*west corner of Roma Quadrata. E. The rock, with platform cut upon it, at the foot of the wall, G. The passage, with the wall over it. H. The rock, with platform and wall upon it. I. Remains of wall and buttress. K. Remains of the Tower. Palatine — 3. A. Plan, and B. Section of the same, Triclinium, &c., with transverse walls to carry the vaults under the level platform above. 22 Forum Romanum — Colosseum — Mithras. 1. Forum Romanum — South-west corner, Temple of Castor and Pollux, and Palace of Caligula, with probable resto- rations. *3195 A. Temple, with the celebrated three columns of the time of Augustus, A.D. 4, and the earlier podium or basement, B.C. 721. B. Palace of Caligula. C, Pier of Bridge of Caligula, with the springing of arches at two levels. D. Part of the bridge under a shed, in the background Palaces. 2. Forum Romanum — Palatine, north-east corner, with modern Church of S. M. Liberatrice, Temple of Castor and Pollux, and Bridge of Caligula, looking west. A. Palaces of the Caesars, TTadrian D. Fountain of Juturna in the foreground. E. Temple of Castor and Pollux. P. Bridge of Caligula. and Trajan, and Caligula (?). B. Podium of the Temple of Vesta. C. Church of S. M. Liberatrice, on the site of the Regia, and the house of the Vestal Virgins. 3. Forum Romanum and Palatine, north-east corner, Church and Temple, looking south. A. Palaces. B. Church. C. Temple — the three columns. Excavations, 1874— The Colosseum. *3196 A. Section, and B. Plan of one Division, with the channels for water recently found (distinguished by a darker tint). Excavations, 1874 — A Slab of rude shallow Sculpture, chiefly incised lines only, representing the Mithraic worship, with the usual accompaniments. 3197 Kadiated sun and moon, two busts. Mithras {pileata) slaying the bull ; dog, serpent, scorpion, torch-bearers, palm-tree, and rock. — (Inscription.) c. p. PRIMUS PATER PECIT Pater was one of the seven degrees. The pileated Mithras blessing, or lifting up, a nude man. The pileated Mithras and a clothed figure grasp hands over an altar. ^Excavations, 1874~A Slab of shallow Sculpture of the Mithraic worship. 3198 Similar to, but not the same as the last ; the style and sculpture is not quite the same, and the accessories are different. It is Mithraic, with tlie usual accompaniments. Mithras {pileata) slaying the bull, serpent, dog, scorpion ; the two torch- bearers, palm-tree, sun arising out of the rock, moon on the other side. (Inscription) — Deo sancto Mitra (mka), grat. (gratuiti), et de sua pecu- nia (h. d. s. p.), placidus Marcellinus Leo, antistites. . . . The omission of the "et" between the two proper names, shews a good period, early in the Empire. For gratuiti, see 1307, ZoU. ; for Leo (one of the seven Mithraic degrees), see S. Jerome, epist. ciii. ad Lactam : Dr. Henzen's paper in the Bullettino deW Instituto for 1868, pp. 97, 9S. See Orelli, 1955, 2552, 6042b, "pater Leonum." For antistes, as appropriated to Mithraicism, see De Rossi Bullettino de Archeologia Christiana, pp. 156, 157, &c., "pater et antistes." Colosseum. 23 Basis Oapitolina — One side of this celebrated Base of a Statue of Hadrian, with the Regionary Catalogue of Regioues XII. and XIII. 3199 The Prometheus Sarcophagus, from the Capitoline Museum. (No. 88.) 3200 The man made by Prometheus endowed with life and faculties by the gods. It represents the complete story of the Soul, according to Neo- Platonic theories — the creation of the mortal tenement by Prometheus ; the infusion of life in the form of a butterfly, by Minerva ; deatii at the inevitable hour decreed by the Parca; ; the emancipated spirit first as a butterfly, then embodied in tlie flgure of Psyche, and on its journey to the invisible world under the guidance of Mercury. The effigy placed upon this Sarcophagus in the Museum is believed to have no connection with it. Excavations, 1874 — The Colosseum, Subterranean passage at the south end. 3201 About twenty feet below the present level of the area, with square- headed doorways or arches across it. This was one of the original en- trances from the old foss-way, now filled up to the level of the ground. Perhaps this passage was for the wild beasts. Excavations, 1874 — Colosseum, several small chambers, and passage below the level of the area. 3202 There is construction of diff'erent periods ; that near the surface is of the fifth century, when the level was raised considerably, as recorded on an inscription found here. Excavations, 1874 — Colosseum under the area, shewing some passages and walls of different periods. 3203 Part of these are evidently rebuilt of old materials when the level was raised. Some of the walls are of tufa, with vertical grooves, originally used for the lifts, the greater part are of brick. Some of the older por- tion belonged to the Vetera Naumacliia, on the same site, before the great arcades of the Colosseum were built round it. Naval fights (that is, river fights) in the old Naumachia, at the time of the dedication, are mentioned by Dion Cassius. Excavations, 1874 — In the Colosseum, with a fragment of an Inscription. 3204 IN . THEATB . LKCEPLU . . . . ICET P . XII. This inscription is important as shewing that the Flavian amphitheatre was also called a Theatre indifferently. The classical authors frequently use the word Theatre for it. Excavations, 1874 — Colosseum under the area, shewing some walls of different periods. 3205 One wall has vertical grooves in it for lifts for the cages of the wild beasts. Sculpture — Villa Ludovisi (41) — The fine Colossal Head known as the Ludovisi Juno. 3206 Sculpture — Villa Ludovisi (28) — The group of Paetus stabbing himself, after his wife Arria had given him the example. 3207 This group is considered by Winckelmann to represent Cauacc receiving the sword scut by her father, Jiolus. 2% ' Sculpture, 8fc. Sculpture — Villa Ludovisi (7) — The celebrated group consi- dered by Wiuckelmanu to represent Orestes discovered by Electra ; bearing the name of a Greek sculptor, Mene- laus, pupil of Stephanus. 3208 Sculpture — Villa Ludovisi (43) — Bernini's celebrated group of Pluto carrying off Proserpine ; one of his finest works, 3209 Sculpture — Villa Ludovisi (i) — The fine group of the sitting Mars, reposing with a Cupid at his feet. 3210 It was found within the precincts of the Portico of Octavia, and restored by Bernini; it is supposed to have formed part of a group of Mars and Venus. Sculpture — Excavations, 1874 — General View of the objects of Sculpture, &c., found in building the new quarters for ■ the City of Rome, preserved in the Warehouse of the Municipality. 3211 Sculpture — Excavations, 1874 — Another View of remains of Sculpture, &c., found, and preserved in the Warehouse of the Municipality. ' 3212 Sculpture — Excavations, 1874 — Bust of Plotius, or Plautius, found on the Esquiline. 3213 Sculpture — Excavations, 1874 — Fragments of a Statue found on the Esquiline. 3214 Sculpture — Excavations, 1874 — Bust of the time of the Flavian Emperors, of an unknown person, found on the Esquiline. 3215 Sculpture — Excavations, 1874 — Bust of an unknown person, of the fourth century, found on the Esquiline. 3216 Sculpture — Excavations, 1874 — Bust of Manila Scantilla, found on the Esquiline. 3217 Sculpture — Excavations, 1874 — Bust of Didia Clara, found in the Villa Palombara, on the Esquiline. 3218 Inscriptions — One side of the Basis Capitolina, giving the Catalogue of Regiones of Rome I., X., XIV. 3219 Now on the staircase of the Palazzo de Conservatori, on the Capitol, (for the other side, with Eegiones XII. and XIII., see No. 3199). Excavations, 1874 — View of the remains of the Basilica and Catacomb of S. Petronilla — The Entrance and part of the Nave. 3220 Excavations, 1874 — View of the remains of the Basilica and Catacomb of S. Petronilla— The xipse. 3221 Inscription of Pope Damasus on the left of the principal door of the Church of S. Sebastian. Twelve verses in- scribed by that Pope to the martyr Eutychius. 3222 Fresco Paintings, S^c. 25 Inscription in the Church of S. Sebastian, stating that the bodies of S. Calixtus and 174,000 holy Martyrs are interred in that cemetery. 3223 Fresco Painting of the eleventh century, in a Chapel on the side of the staircase of the Crypt of S. Sebastian's Church. 3224 Witli aa inscription over an altar stating that the bodies of S. Peter and S. Paul had been deposited there. Fresco Painting of the eleventh century, in a Chapel on the staircase of the Crypt of S. Sebastian's Church. 3225 The conventional heads of S. Peter and S. Paul. Sculpture in the Church of S. Francesca Romana — Bas- relief in the right-hand transept, representing the return of Pope Gregory XI. and his Court from Avignon in 1377, from the designs of Pietro Olivieri. 3226 Apse of a Basilica on the Sumraa Sacra Via, now in the garden of S. Francesca Romana, miscalled the Temple of Venus and Rome (?). 3227 Taken from the interior to shew the exact similarity to that of the Basi- lica or Market-hall of Constantiue adjoining to it. Excavations, 1874 — Substructure of the Platform of the Porticus Livise (miscalled the Temple of Venus and Rome). 3228 Excavations, 1874 — Forum Romanum — View of the Basilica Julia, with the modern bases, &c. from the Palatine. 3229 Temple of Vesta (?) and Fountain in the Piazza della " Bocca deila Verita.'^ 3230 Theatre of Marcellus — View, shewing the curve. 3231 Theatre of Marcellus — Details, shewing the actual state of the building. 3232 Excavations, 1874 — View of objects — of Glass and Metal- . work — found in building the new City, (now in the Ware- house of the Municipality). 3233 Excavations, 1874 — View of objects found in building the new City — Busts, &c., (now in the Warehouse of the Municipality). 3234 Excavations, 1874 — View of objects found in building the new City — Busts and Statues. 3235 Excavations, 1874 — View of objects found in building the new City — Busts and Statues. 3236 Veii — View of the Arco del Pino, an Arch over a road cut in the Tufa rock. 3237 Veii — ^View shewing a Gate in the gorge cut in the Tufa rock. 3238 26 -A-gger of Servius Tullius, ^c. Tomb of the celebrated young English poet Keats, in the English burial-ground as it was before the restoration in 1875. The wall of Aurelian is seen in the background. 3239 House of Domitii in the Villa Esmeade — Plan and section of the subterranean Chambers, ' 3240ab* Villa Esmeade — General Plan of one of the Camps of the Goths. 3241* Aqueducts — Specus or reservoir of the Anio Vetns, in the Vigna Sbarretti near the Porta Furba, two miles from Rome. 3242* Aqueducts— Two cippi found at the foot of the Mons Jus- titise near the Railway Station, with inscriptions on them, stating that the three Aqueducts passed between them (the Marcia, Tepula, Julia). 3243 Primitive Fortifications — Agger of Servius Tullius in 1871, near the Railway Station, with houses of the first cen- tury built into the side of the bank, now all destroyed. 3244 Primitive Fortifications — Agger of Servius Tullius in 1871. The Mons Justitise with the figure of Roma on the top, and houses built into the bank at the foot, now all de- stroyed. 3245 Inscriptions on the Jambs of the Porta Salaria, destroyed in 1872. 3246AB Tombs — Tomb of Lady Emma Dorothea de Grey, April 6th, 1873, in the English burial-ground, near the Pyramid of Cains Cestius, with a Cross in imitation of the old Cosmati Work, 3247 Church of S. Maria Antiqua on the Palatine — Interior of the Apse and Altar, a.u. 847—855, 3248 This Churcli was made in the ruins of the Lavacrum of Heliogabalus, by Leo IV., a.d. 847, and enlarged by Benedict III., a.d. 855 (Auastas, 529 and 568). Church of S. Maria Antiqua, exterior of Apse of the ninth century. 3249 The Plan of the original Church is of the Greek Cross, with a Portico, and a Sacred Well under it : to this a long nave was added. The con- struction of the wall of the niutli century is clearly seen in this photo- graph. Part of a brick wall of a.d. 224 is also seen on the left. The architect used the old walls when they suited his plan. Catacombs, Sfc. 27 Architectural Details — Oorinthiaa capital from the Temple of Romulus, the son of Maxeatius, of a.d, 310. 3250 Architectural Details — Cornice and Entablature of the Temple of Rjraulus, the son of Maxentius, a.d. 310. 3251 With the end of the doorway under it, now the door of the Church of SS. Cosmas and Damian, brought; up from the original level, twenty feet underground, the ori^iual floor of the Temple haviug been made into the crypt of the Church in the sixteenth century. Arch of Titus — View through it. 3252 Shewing the caissons of the Vault and the sculpture of the Seven- branch Candlestick on the right, the Triumph on the left, aud the Colosseum and Arch of Constautine in the distance. Tarpeian Rock — Remains of it in 1875 behind the houses. 3253 Basilica of S. Petronilla — Remains of the Nave, and of the Apse and Columns in 1875. 3254 Basilica of S. Petronilla — The Arch of the Apse has been rebuilt in 1875. Tlie bases of the Columns and the Sarcophagi of the fourth and fifth centuries, let into the floor, are still seen. 3255 Church of S. Sebastian f m.— The Front, a.u. 1612. 3.25G Church of S.Paulf. m. — The Front, witii the Portico and the modern Belfry Tower. 3257 Monastery of S.Paul f m. — Exterior, a.d. 1250 and 1575, with modern alterations. 3258 Catacomb of Prsetextatus — Circular Chapel at the entrance, c. A.u. 350, called a Basilica — Exterior. 3259 This is a circular building of the fourth century, with a series of Apses round it. Catacomb of Praetextatus — Square Chapel at the entrance, called a Basilica. 3260 This Chapel is built on the plan of a Greek Cross, and belongs to the fourth century. Catacomb of Pratextatus — Basilica at entrance, interior of tlie circular Cliapel with Apses. 3261 The exterior of this is No. 3259. Catacomb of Prsetextatus — Basilica at entrance, interior of the Cruciform Chapel. 3262 The exterior of this is No. 3260. 28 The Colosseum. Colosseum — Ancient wooden frame -work on the Floor in 1875. 3263 This is at the lowest level, twenty-one feet below the boarded floor, covered with sand, called the Arena, which rested on the top of the cross-walls of the substructures. Colosseum — Substructure of the Corridors of the Flavian Emperors. 3264 In this are seen the Piers of Travertine at short intervals, to carry the Superstructure and the filling up with large blocks of Tufa, evidently used again, and probably taken from the second wall of Rome, under the south end of the Palatine, close at hand, not then wanted, Colosseum — View of the Central Passage, from above, in 1875. 3265 It is taken from the Gallery on the south-east end, looking northwards. The Pavement is seen, and the small Chambers for lifts on each side of the passage for men to go up to the Arena. Colosseum — Yiew in the Gallery on the first-floor, with remains of a Reservoir for Water supplied by the Aque- ducts. 3266 The peculiar cement, called Opus signinum, or Coccio-pisto, is seen against the wall, and an open channel for water on the right hand. Also a Travertine Pier cut through the brick wall, and the stone wall of the Corridors of the Flavian Emperors, which have been built up against it. Colosseum — View from the Upper Gallery. 3267 This looks down upon the remains of the lower Gallery for seats, and the Corridors where the vaults are broken across. The back of the upper wull of the third century, as rebuilt after the fire of A.D. 217, under Macrinus, completed a.d. 240, under Gordianus III. Colosseum — View in one of the Passages of the Substructure. 3268 In this view- are seen brick arches to carry one of the canals of water for the Naumachia, called lacus by Dio (1. LXII. c. 15). A lacus is a technical term used in his treatise on the Aqueducts by Prontinus, for a loch. On the right of this picture is seen the sloping wall forming a sort of a gable, apparently to support some great machine. Colosseum — Another View in the Passage. 3269 Under the canal for water, shewing the walls supported by buttresses on both sides to receive the weight of the water. Colosseum — View of one of the Vomitoria for ready exit, in an upper Corridor of the Flavian Emperors, 3270 Colosseum — Details. Arch of the time of Nero, of his usual long thin bricks, supporting an older Arch of Tufa, damaged by an earthquake (?). 3271 . ■ The Colosseum. 29 Colosseum — Details. Side View from the Upper Gallery. 3272 Sliewing the state of the Excavations m April, 1875, taken from the north side looking towards the Coelian. The numerous fragments of Columns and Capitals lying about, have rolled down from the upper Gallery in an earthquake. Colosseum — Graffito of a Hunt of Wild Beasts on the Arena. 3273 Colosseum — Graffito of one of the Athletes on the Arena. 3274 Colosseum — Graffito of two of the Athletes in the Arena. 3275 Colosseum — Details. Capital of the Composite Order from the Upper Gallery, a.d. 240. 3276 These great rude Capitals (unfinished) were intended to have been seen from below, and from a great distance. Colosseum — Details. Wall built like a gable-end for great strength, to support some Machine for lifting up the Vessels from below (?). 3277 Colosseum — Details. Capital of the Roman Composite Order, highly finished. 3278 This probably belongs to a short Column on the Podium, time of Alexander Severus (a.d, 230), at one of the entrances. Colosseum — Details. Pier of Travertine inserted in Brick Wall. 3279 To support the upper Gallery, a.d. 230, the bricks form an arch of construction, and are evidently cut through. Colosseum — Details. Bases in the Upper Gallery, a.d. 230 3280 With view of inside of upper wall, shewing the hasty constru ction in the time of Gordianus III., a.d. 240. Colosseum — Details. Part of the Area in 1875. 3281 On the level of the Arena at the foot of the Podium, with Columns and Capitals lying about, having fallen down in an earthquake. Colosseum — Details — Part of the ancient Tufa wall with a square -headed opening partially filled with brick -work of the fifth century. 3282 Colosseum — Details — View in the Passage. 3283 Between the two ancient Tufa walls, with grooves for lifts, and shew- ing also two of the sockets for pivots to work in. Colosseum — Details — Arch in the third Tufa wall supported by a brick arch of the Flavian Emperors. 3284 30 Colosseum and Garden of Sallust. Colosseum — Details — Small square chamber. 3285 "With arches of construction in brick walls of the time of Nero, enclosed in stone walls of the Flavian Emperors, with a socket in the floor and fragments of sculpture. Colosseum — Details — Doorway in the chamber of Nero, shewing the wall, half brick and half stone. 3286 Colosseum — Details — Chamber of the work of the Flavian Emperors, under the lower gallery, with six sockets in the floor. 3287 Forum of Trajan — Second row of shops at the east end. 3288 On a ledge of the rock, now in the garden of a Nobleman. The lowest row of shops is on the level of the Forum. Forum of Trajan — Third row of shops at the east end, on the top of the Arch, now at the foot of the Torre delle Milizie. 3289 House of Maecenas on the Esquiline — The Auditorium (?) or Green-house (?) 3290 The apparent windows have always been sham windows, painted to re- present a garden. Garden of Sallust — Exterior of Nymphseum, and part of a house of the first century. 3291 Garden of Sallust — Interior of the Nymphaeum, called by some the Temple of the Vestal Virgins. 3292 Garden of Sallust — Part of the Portions MiUiarius, of the Emperor Aurelian, built against the ancient horn-work. 3293 Garden of Sallust — Construction of ancient Horn- work, time of the Kings, in a peculiar kind of dark-coloured Tufa. 3294 Garden of Sallust — Sculpture — Marble Mask found in that Garden in 1874. 3295 Mosaic — Picture in the Apse or Tribune of the Church of S. Paul, f. m., A.D. 1216—1227. 3296 It represents Christ seated on a throne with the cruciform nimbus, and with the book open in His left hand ; at His feet is the Donor, Pope Honorius III., extremely small, not larger than the foot of Christ. On either side are two of the Apostles, each holding a scroll, with an in- scription upon it. Under the feet is another row of small figures of Angels and Saints, also carrying scrolls with inscriptions. This Mosaic was considerably damaged in the great fire in 1823, but has been care- fully restored. Church of SS. Vincenzo ed Anastasio, built in 626 by Honorius I., and restored in 796 by Leo III., rebuilt in 1600 (?) 3297 Illuminations of the Ninth Century. 31 Illuminations from a MS., in the Library of S. Paul, c. A.D. 800. 3298 Balaam and his ass stopped in the way by an angel. The story of the conspiracy and destruction of Korah, Dathan and Abiram. The plague stayed. Illuminations from a MS. in the Library of S. Paul, c. A.D. 800. 3299 Moses blessing the assembled people of Israel, and the death of Moses in Mount Abarim. Illuminations from a MS. in the Library of S.Paul, c. A.D. 800. 3300 The entry of Antiochus and the Maccabees into Jerusalem, the expolia- tion of the Temple, the order for the Jews to worship Idols, ana the uprising of Mattathias and the Jews. These complete the Set ; for the others, see Nos, 2712 — 2720. CORRECTION. Inscription from the Church of S. Stephen, near the Painted Tombs on the Via Latina, two miles from Rome. 2104 This inscription is broken into two parts ; the upper part had not been found when the photograph was taken. The JBishop of Limerick ob- tained an impression of it, and when the two parts are put together, it reads thus : — [in honokem] Stephani Primi S. Martiri Ego Lupo grigarius [eccle- siae] campanam (?) [campanarium ?] expensis meis feci tempore Domini Sergii ter bea[tijssimi et coangelico[rum] junioris Pape. Amen. The words between brackets are probable conjectures only. Sergius I. was Pope a.d. 687—701. • I Lupo Gregorius » (or gregarius = a soldier (?) in church militant) con- structed the bell (?), or belfry (?), in honour of S. Stephen the proto-martyr, in the time of our lord Sergius thrice blessed, and junior of his co-angeb '', Pope A. 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