v ■: 
 
 - * 
 
 
 mr. 
 
 ‘■'r-i- 
 
 THE 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 FLEET OF AN EGYPTIAN QUEEN 
 
 •t. 
 
 1% 
 
 L'fc 
 
 X] 
 
 '§ i i 
 
 1 1 
 
 FROM THE XVII. CENTURY BEFORE OUR ERA 
 
 
 -'ANCIENT EGYPTIAN MILITARY ON PARADE - 
 
 represented on a monument of thk same age. 
 
 BOTH IN SOME PARTS RESTORED AND PUBLISHED FOR T1IE FIRST TIME I1Y THE AUTHOR AFTER A COPY, TAKEN FROM THE TERRACE-TEMPLE OF D^R-EL-BAHERI. 
 
 1 EI-E. >Cv , 
 
 - 
 
 
 WITH AN APPENDIX 
 
 
 
 HP 
 
 THE FISIIES OF THE RED SEA IN THE ORIGINAL SIZE OF THE MONUMENT, AS ORNAMENTS BENEATH THE FLEET'; A NUMBER, CHRONOLOGICALLY ARRANGED, OF REPRESENTATIONS OF ANCIENT 
 EGYPTIAN SHIPS, AND SOME REPRESENTATIONS AND INSCRIPTIONS FROM VARIOUS TEMPLES AND TOMBS. WHICH HAVE REFERB^Ii_TO /THE PRECEDING. 
 
 •Us 
 
 PUBLISHED AS AN ADDITION TO THE IIISTOBY OF THE NAVIGATION A^H COMMERCE OF ANTIQUITY 
 
 BY 
 
 Dk JOHANNES DUEMICIIEN 
 
 ' TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN 
 
 
 E t 
 
 
 
 
 ANNA DUEMICIIEN. 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 I. PREFACE, WITH A REPORT OF- THE JOURNEY UNDERTAKEN BY THE AUTHOR IN THE YEARS 1863—65 
 THROUGH EGYPT, NUBIA AND THE SOUI)An FOR THK STUDY OF THE MONUMENTAL REMAINS. 
 
 II. EXPLANATIONS OF THE REPRESENTATIONS AND INSCRIPTIONS. 
 
 III. XXXIII AUTOGRAPHIOAL AND LITHOGRAPIIIOAL PLATES. 
 
 
 PARIS 
 
 KR. KLINCKSIECK 
 
 LEIPZIG 1868 
 
 j. c. iiikucfls. 1 
 
 LONDON 
 
 WILLIAMS & X GROAT K 
 
 14 COVKKT-0. 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 BERNHARD WESTERMANN & COMP. 
 
 MM 
 
 
 • u 
 
 ' 
 
 ■ " 
 
 
 
 
 fe M’. 
 
 
FLEET OF AN EGYPTIAN QUEEN 
 
 FROM THE XYII. CENTURY BEFORE OUR ERA 
 
 AND 
 
 ANCIENT EGYPTIAN MILITARY ON PARADE 
 
 REPRESENTED ON A MONUMENT OF THE SAME AGE. 
 
 BOTH IN SOME PARTS RESTORED AND PUBLISHED FOR THE FIRST TIME BY THE AUTHOR AFTER A COPY, TAKEN FROM THE TERRACE-TEMPLE OF DLR-EL-BAHERI. 
 
 WITH AN APPENDIX 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 THE FISHES OF THE RED SEA IN THE ORIGINAL SIZE OF THE MONUMENT, AS ORNAMENTS BENEATH THE FLEET; A NUMBER, CHRONOLOGICALLY ARRANGED, OF REPRESENTATIONS OF ANCIENT 
 EGYPTIAN SHIPS, AND SOME REPRESENTATIONS AND INSCRIPTIONS FROM VARIOUS TEMPLES AND TOMBS, WHICH HAVE REFERENCE TO THE PRECEDING. 
 
 PUBLISHED AS AN ADDITION TO THE HISTORY OE THE NAVIGATION AND COMMERCE OF ANTIQUITY 
 
 BY 
 
 De JOHANNES DUEMICHEN 
 
 TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN 
 
 ANNA DUEMICHEN. 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 t. PREFACE, WITH A REPORT OF THE JOURNEY UNDERTAKEN BY THE AUTHOR IN THE YEARS 1863-65 
 THROUGH EGYPT, NUBIA AND THE SOUdAn FOR THE STUDY OF TIIE MONUMENTAL REMAINS. 
 H. EXPLANATIONS OF THE REPRESENTATIONS AND INSCRIPTIONS. 
 
 III. XXXIII AUTOGRAPHICAL AND LITHOGRAPH! CAL PLATES. 
 
 LEIPZIG 1868 
 
 J. C. HINRICHS. 
 
 PARIS LONDON 
 
 FR. KLINCKSIECK 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 BERNHARD WESTERMANN & COMP. 
 
 WILLIAMS & NORGATE 
 
REPORT 
 
 OF THE 
 
 JOURNEY INTO EGYPT, NUBIA AND THE SOUDAN 
 
 UNDERTAKEN FOR THE STUDY OF THE MONUMENTS, IN THE YEARS 1863-1865 
 
 BY 
 
 JOHANNES DUMICHEN. 
 
 T 
 
 „_Llie veil of the great Desert Queen, woven of dustclouds from the Saharas, has never yet 
 been wholly raised by any mortal." — This saying is indeed true and will be true in all times. 
 
 Africa, isolated and inaccessible, with barren coasts and a still more barren interior, Africa with its totally 
 arid deserts of sand and rock, here and there only enlivened by oases, - with its wide impenetrable primeval forests, 
 with its scorching winds, its burning sun and its climate, engendering afresh every year terrible diseases; — in its 
 interior inhabited by numberless, partly settled, partly wandering, savage and half savage tribes, who as fervently 
 as the Tyrolese loves his snowcovered Alps, as hunters delight in their primitive forests, as Nomads in their Chala 
 and steppes, as sons of the desert in its glowing sands and bare rocks, who hate in their inmost soul any departure 
 from the manners and customs of their forefathers, who in no wise desire an improvement of their condition, least 
 of all by means of Christianity*), which we must unfortunately confess, is in Africa in the most degraded state; — 
 this Africa, so beautiful and so terrible, which invites the visitor by its splendour and glory, alarms him, holds him 
 back, or even destroys him by its terrors, will never be subjugated by a civilisation like that of our own continent. 
 „Russegger strickingly remarks: „They have always been Nomads, who have roved over the Sand Ocean, and in accor- 
 dance with the nature of the desert, a wandering life was always the first and indispensable condition of these tribes, 
 a condition, which is so closely connected with the nature of the country, that it can never be separated from it, 
 never so long as the desert remains a desert, which it will always be, as it has been for centuries past. But, as the 
 history of all times and all nations teaches, nomad life and civilisation arc incompatible." Africa will therefore never 
 be inhabited entirely by civilised nations, as long as deserts exist and nomads live in those deserts, and to suppose 
 that this state of things will ever cease to be, is an illusion, opposed to the laws of nature. Africa will therefore 
 remain for all times full of danger for the traveller and never lose the charm of mystery, with which it has been 
 surrounded from the earliest ages. 
 
 Although however the African traveller is exposed, more than any other to every danger arising from climate 
 and other unfavourable circumstances , although he knows that beyond the tropics, death as it were, stands ready 
 to devour him, that the consuming fever, so justly feared, sunstroke, dysentery, Samfim and Chamsin, scorpion and 
 serpent, termite and mosquito and all sorts of other plagues, await him as inevitable companions, men are always 
 found, who, in spite erf every sacrifice and every difficulty, are ready, confiding in the protection of God, to set out 
 on the dangerous task with that corn-age, which enthusiasme alone can give. 
 
 *) Coptic priests in the valley of the Nile, and monks from Abyssinia who „ excel in ignorance, hypocrisy, idleness and vices of all kinds, who fatten 
 themselves with the sweat of the diligent, who are distinguished as whores and adulterers, and who cheat and steal if begging is not sufficient ot 
 maintain them“, indeed, such servants of the church are not fit to inspire love and respect for our sublime religion. 
 
 It is true that „the little we know about the Interior of Africa is bought with many a victim." The number 
 of those who have died the death of martyrs in the cause of science in exploring expeditions in this dangerous con- 
 tinent, is by no means small; we have to mourn over many a hero, who has fallen in the tropics of Africa. Still 
 however, when we can cite names such as those of Barth and Burckhardt, Vogel and Krapf Burton and 
 Livingstone, Cailliaud and Riippell, Baker and van der Decken, Speke and Grant, Barnim and Hartman, 
 Brehm and Ileuglin, Rolilfs and Schweinfurth, we may look upon our great century as especially rich in brilliant 
 results in this field of investigation and discovery. And hand in hand with these latest investigations in Africa, which 
 we must thankfully acknowledge, are accompanied by increasingly happy results, science, at the present day is making 
 the most surprising and satisfactory progress with respect to ancient Africa, or what is one and the same thing, to Egypt. 
 
 Ancient Egypt, the great is no more. Those seats of high cultivation and profound learning on the banks 
 of the Nile, to which the wisest among the Hellenes wandered, in order there to enlarge their knowledge — Memphis 
 and Thebes, Heliopolis and Sais, Appollinopolis and Tentyra and others, the mig hty and flourishing cities of 
 the ancient kingdom of the Pharaohs have disappeared from the face of the earth. The prophetic woe pronounced 
 upon the land: „Nouglit shall remain of thee, 0 Egypt, but fables," has been fulfilled in its widest sense, for cer- 
 tainly there is no other country, about which so many fables have been told, as about „tlie wonderful land of Egypt." 
 But the time of fables has passed away, and investigation treads surely, since the immortal founder of our science has 
 succeeded in solving the first riddle of the Egyptian sphinx. When, touched by the magic wand he had discovered, 
 the heavy stone was rolled away from the mouth of the tomb, and the lid of the great sarkophagus sprang open, 
 wich hid within it so great a depth of knowledge, so inexhaustible a treasury of thought and memorial, it was natural 
 that a spirit of noble emulation should be awakened, to make further use of so glorious a conception of the human 
 mind and to continue to labour energetically at the work so happily begun. — Royally supplied by kings, the learned 
 of all nations wandered forth into the newly opened kingdom and even the rulex-s of Egypt, among whom we ought 
 especially to make mention of the late Said and the present viceroy Ismael-Paseha**), were not behind hand in 
 their interest, concerning the mighty past of their country. The number of labourers increased from day to day, and 
 
 *) As long as any interest is taken in historical and therefore in old Egyptian studies, so long the now reigning Vice-roy Ismael of Egypt will be 
 considered as one of the greatest beuefactors of our science. „Le gonverueiuent egyptien entretient, avec des frais relativement considerables, un service 
 de fouilles, non pas a son profit, mais au profit de la science* and His Highness the Vice-roy Ismael has not, as the Moniteur once so naively 
 observed, commissioned Mr. Mariette alone: „do prendre possession, en son nom, de l’histoire pharaoniqne qui se dresse a sa voix dans toute la 
 vallee du Nil, ct vient se ranger a sa place dans le Musee de Boulaq“, no, each traveller, to whatever nation he may belong, is permitted to enter the 
 
 venerable monuments of the past, and the Egyptian government accords the right „a tout 1 le monde d’otudier les monuments qui, par ses soins, 
 sont rendus au jour.“ 
 
the knowledge of the ancient language of Egypt with its strange system of writing, made and is still making gigantic 
 progress. France, England and Germany can at the present time boast of a number of the most excellent represen- 
 tatives, who have made the investigation of Egyptian antiquity the task of their lives. Cliabas, Devdria, de Horrack, 
 Mariette, Prisse, HE. and J. deRougd, Romieu, — Birch, Bonomi, Goodwi'n, Renouf, Sharpe, — Baillet, 
 Leemans, Lieblein, Plcyte, — Brugsch, Ebers, Gumpach, Gutschmid, Lepsius, Lauth, Parthey, Rhei- 
 niscli, Unger, — are the most important names of the labourers in this field, whose activity, extending itself over 
 every branch, has levelled the way for the deciphering of the inscriptions, which places the final victory over the last 
 difficulties at no great distance. Joyfully we may exclaim, the time of bold conjecture and bare guessing is over, we 
 may say with satisfaction, we now interpret, if not every one, but still a great number of our hieroglyphic or hieratic 
 texts with the same certainty, as the Hellenist interprets an ancient Greek document, or the learned theologian a 
 chapter of Job. 
 
 Still the main point is not yet attained aud to achieve it, we must unite, our efforts; this point is the full 
 and entire possession of the language, for without this one sure foundation, the most learned explanations, the happiest 
 calculations, the most ingenious combinations are hut nebulous phantoms, whose beauty dazzles, as they unexpectedly 
 appear before us, but which may in another moment melt into nothing before our eyes. My opinion is, that we must first 
 collect together, as many as possible, historical, mythological and geographical texts and make them as clear as possible 
 first secure a fixed Philology and by its means draw incontrovertible conclusions from its various branches. — Since 
 the days of our great master Clvampollion, one of the most useful undertakings, in my opinion, is the publication 
 at the present day of the „Hicroglypliisch-Demotischen Worterbuches, von H. Brugsch. “ Leipzig 1867, 
 J. C. Hinrichs’sche Buclihandlung, which, confirmed by numerous examples from the inscriptions, comprises the results 
 of modem investigations. This work was preceded by a similar, though not such an extensive one by Dr. S. Birch, 
 whose name is so highly exteemed and well known among Egyptologists. — No one will suppose that a work of 
 this kind can at present be complete, there will be many things to correct, much to be enlarged, and for some time 
 to come it wall be very necessary, to get new inscriptions, to furnish new materials for study, more and more to 
 smooth the path so happily discovered and at last entirely to clear away the obstacles, which here and there lie in 
 the way of progress. 
 
 It will not be unknown to the Royal Academy of Sciences, that a few years ago, I undertook a pilgrimage 
 through Egypt, Nubia and the Soudan for the purpose of procuring materials, to promote the study of Egyptian 
 Antiquities. A series of essays in the „Zeitschrift fur agyptische Sprache**, the testimony of my colleagues 
 in this periodical and elsewhere, the titles of the works I have published since my return***), and the first six 
 
 *) Egypt’s place in universal history by C. C. J. Baron Bunsen, D. Ph. D. C. L. and D. D. with additions by Samuel Birch, L. L. D. Vol. V. 
 containing: the epilogue or problems and key, the complete hieroglyphic dictionary and grammar, a comparison of Egyptian and Semitic roots, the 
 book of the dead and a select chrestomathy of historical hieroglyphical texts, London: Longmans, Green and Co. 1867. 
 
 **) J. Dfimichen: Some communications in letters from Egypt. Nomoslisten aus den Zeiten der Ptolemfierherrscliaft, Geograpliisclic 
 Notizen von Pliilae, eine Nachricht aus Dendera. Julihcft 1863 p. 1 — 9, Augustheft p. 16 — 1), Decemberlieft 1863 
 p. 49, 54 and p. 77. 
 
 Die Scthostafel von Abydos rait hicrogl. Tafel p. 81. 
 
 Nameu nnd Einthcilung der Stuiulen bei den alten Aegyptern. 1865 Janunrlicft p. 1—5. 
 
 Zwei seltsame kalendarische Angabcn aus Ptolem. rSmischer Zeit rait hierogl. Tafel. 1865. Juliheft p. 57—60. Schluss 
 im Augustheft. 
 
 Drei Vermuthuugen bestatigt durcli die Inschriften Edfu’s und Dendera’s. 1865. Decemberlieft. 
 
 Altagyptische Kalenderstudien I. 1866 Januarheft. Fortsetzung im Februarlieftc mit einer hierogl. Tafel. 
 
 U. 1867 Januarheft. 
 
 Einige Bcobachtnngen uber die Silbe men in dem hieroglyphisclicn Schriftsystem. 1866. August— September— October 
 bis November und 1867 im Januarheft. 
 
 Ein graphisclier Scherz aus einem der geheimen Corridore des Tempels von Dendera. 1867. September — October. 
 
 ***) J. Dumichen, Bauurkunde der Tempelanlagen von Dendera. In einem der geheimen Corridore im Innern der hohlen Tempelmauer aufgefunden und 
 mit Uebersetzung und Erlautcrungen herausgegeben. Leipzig, J. C. Hinrichs 1865. gr. 4. 46 Seiten Text und 19 Tafeln. 
 Geographische Inschriften altSgyptischer Denkm&ler mit einem Anhangc, enthaltend die im Tempel von Edfu aufgefundenen Recepte. 
 
 I. Abtheilung: 100 Tafeln hieroglyphischer Inschriften. gr. 4. 1865. II. Abtheilung: 100 Tafeln hieroglypliischer Iuschriften. 
 gr. 4. 1866. — Der eriauternde Text zu beiden Abtlieilungen in einem besouderen Bande. 1866. gr. 4. 114 Seiten. (Eine 
 Fortsetzuug des von Dr. Brugsch 1862 und 63 herausgegebenen Recueil de monuments Egyptiens, deshalb auch unter 
 dem Titel: Rec. de mon. El. et IV. 
 
 Altagyptische Kalenderinsehriften. 120 hierogl. Tafeln in Autographic vom Verfasser. 1866. Fol. 
 
 Historische Inschriften altagyptischer Denkm&ler. 
 
 I. Theil: 37 Tafeln hierogl. Inschriften. Inhalt: 
 
 1) Siegesbcricht aus Karnak fiber don Kampf der Aegyptcr im XIV. Jahrlmndert vor unsercr Zeitrechnung gogen die 
 Libycr und ihre Bundesgenossen, die Kusteu- und Inselbewoliner des Mittelmeeres. 
 
 parts of the above-mentioned hieroglyphic- demotic dictionary, which have already appeared, in which the learned 
 author has made use on almost every, page, of the texts collected by me, as furnishing him with authentic proofs — 
 may be regarded as sufficient testimony to the results of my travels, and of the extent to which they have conduced 
 to a further knowledge of Egyptian antiquity. Regarding it as my first duty to add the materials I had collected 
 to the common property of science, I have devoted my whole time and strength to this object from the moment of 
 my return, and on this account it has as yet been impossible to publish a report of my expedition. 
 
 The present opportunity, when 1 am so fortunate as to publish one of my most valuable acquisitions I there- 
 fore seize, in order at last to make up for the apparent neglect. But before I proceed to say anything about the 
 How- Where- and When of my journey, I must fulfil the pleasant duty of publicly expressing my thanks to II is 
 Excellency the minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs, Dr. v. Miihlcr, for the material support, accompanied by 
 the kindest sympathy which he accorded to my enterprise, aud not less am I called upon to mention another person 
 with feelings of the deepest gratitude, without whose efficient assistance, I should probably never again have beheld 
 my native land. This was Herr Franz Binder, who is now' living in his native place in Siebenbiirgen, and who was 
 at that time settled at Khartum, engaged in the ivory trade and officiating as theAustrian Vice-Consul for Ccntral- 
 Africa. He was for a time my travelling companion, which w'as of incalculable service to me from his extensive 
 knowledge of the country and his great experience. I was hospitably received in his house like many another European, 
 and he was never weary of proving to me both by word and deed a friendship, which is not often met with now-a-days. 
 
 According to the means, I had at my disposal, I intended to make the usual tour on the Nile, as far as the. 
 cataracts of Assuan, in order to study as much as my time would permit, the monuments on either hank of the river 
 When however, in the autumn of the year 1862 I found myself in the harbour of Alexandria, and had set foot upon 
 Egyptian soil, I w'as seized with such an irresistible longing for „tlie land of the irreproachable Ethiopians 
 on the Olceanos flood 1 *, that in the end I was obliged to yield. How would it be, thought I, if I w'ere to devide 
 the means, which are ample for a short journey, and make them hold out for a long one, I may get into straits, 
 but perhaps they will suffice? „The world belongs to the courageous** I exclaimed, and although I had scarcely 
 as many hundreds in my pocket, as the thousands that might have been required for such an undertaking, at the 
 end of December, I set out from Cairo with the firm intention of going as quickly as possible as far south as 
 according to report, I might expect to find ancient Egyptian and Ethiopian monuments, then on returning, to travel 
 slowly from place to place as much as possible by land, in order to be able to make a longer or shorter 
 stay, according to the nature of the materials I met with. I wandered from the pyramids of Memphis to 
 Abydos, Tentyra and to Thebes with her hundred gates, past the musical statue of Memnon and the Horus 
 temple of Apollinopolis to the shadowdess fountain of Syene, crossed the cataracts of Krophi and Mophi, 
 then on to the lovely seat of the life giving Goddess of the South to the flood encircled island of Philae; then 
 on to the broad, rocky deserts of the wild Blemyers and through the country of the Rhizophages to the 
 pyramids of Meroe in the kingdom of queen Candake, andt through the grassy plains of the Hylophages and 
 Spermatophages on the Astaboras as far as the Struthophages and Elephantophages on the banks of the 
 Astapus. — I acknowledge, that what I undertook was hazardous, and perhaps I merited the blame, which was more 
 than once pronounced on my enterprise by those, who took an interest in me, but after all, the battle is fairly won, 
 and the success will excuse all apparent, imprudence. The Almighty, in whom I put my trust, was with me with his 
 most powerful protection, has rescued me from dangers and calamities of all kinds, and in His mercy not only granted 
 me a happy return, but gave me His blessing and crowned my undertaking with the most satisfactory results. 
 
 My journey, of course, had not in the least, the character of a great expedition, like those, sent at different 
 times into these countries. I travelled not as a ragel kebir, with a numerous suite of companions and servants, not 
 as a grandee, announced to the Great of the empire and most especially recommended to their care, no, with some few 
 
 2) Das Siegesthor des Kfinigs Ramses HI. am Tempel von Medinct-Hnhu. 
 
 3) Kfinig Ramses IB. mit dem gefangenen Amaru uiul Lybierfurstcn an der Tlittr des Seliatzliauscs im Tempel 
 
 von Medinet-Habu. 
 
 4) Das Scliatzhaus des Rampsinit im Tempel von Medinet-Habu. 
 
 5) Das Todtenopfer einer Sgyptischen Kfinigin im Terrassentempel von Der-el-balieri. 1867. Fol. 
 
 Der B. Tlieil dieses Werkcs, 67 Tafeln Doppel-Folioformat, ist im Drnck begriffen. 
 
 Altagyptische Tempelinschriften. 160 Tafeln hierogl. Inschriften, in Autographic vom Verfasser. 1867. Fol. in 2 Bfinden. 
 
 I. Weihinsohriften aus dem Horustempel von Edfu (Apollinopolis magna). 113 Tafeln. 
 
 B. Weihinsohriften aus dem Hathortempel von Dendera. 47 Tafeln. 
 
pleasant exceptions, poorly and miserably, like a regular ragel miskin. I went my way like the Takrtri- pilgrim, 
 resting for the night in the Hum&ra by the side of the Djellabi, returning home from market; — seldom enjoying the 
 luxury of one of the regular travelling-boats, the greater part of the tour on the river being made in the very meanest 
 kind of conveyance; — at one time, bivouacing without a tent on the sand of the desert, at another time, finding a resting 
 place with my camel drivers in the Seriba or Schone of a village, then again battling with jackals and nightbats for 
 a dwelling in a cavern or a tomb, and often settling for weeks and months together on the roof or in the inner chambers 
 of a temple. 
 
 The most southern point, where I could still hope to find some antiquities of interest, was the village of 
 S6ba, situated on the right bank of the blue Nile, the hypothetic capital of the once mightily, ancient Christian kingdom 
 of Aloa. My travels had extended thus far, with the exception of some still more southerly excursions, which I made 
 up the blue and white Nile, in order to examine the character of the country. I made the long journey from Cairo to 
 Khartum very rapidly, in the short space of not quite three months, short indeed for a journey with a sailing 
 boat and with camels. 
 
 On Friday. the 28 th of November, I arrived at Cairo from Alexandria, and again on a Friday, four weeks 
 later, on the 26 th of December, I left the capital of the Egyptian empire, to begin my wanderings to the Soutli from 
 the harbour of Boulaq. After a debate, which I thought would never end, whether it should be nahardi or ah’ 
 sen bulcra, and which lasted from 10 o’clock in the morning till Asser, they at length, towards evening, unfurled the 
 sails, but we only crossed the river and stopped on the opposite bank for the night, facing the ancient city of Ivairo; 
 thus the crew had gained their point, and Saturday was the day on which we really started. — 
 
 The tour on the Nile through Egypt, from Cairo to the cataracts of Assuan, has indeed little variety. 
 When the- first impressions have subsided, when the mind is somewhat accustomed to the great and of course at first 
 very startling contrasts, to the totally new oriental pictures, when one becomes familiar with those festivals of 
 circumcision, burial and wedding, accompanied always by the most abominable specimen of music, — with the very 
 ungraceful movements of the Arab dancers, with those constantly recurring palms, camels and asses, with those Beys 
 and Effendis, arrayed in the gayest coloured draperies and generally closely followed by the roguish physiognomy of 
 the Coptic clerk, — with those unhappy, Arabian Fellahln, degenerated by long slavery, who are with very few 
 exceptions an idle, lying set, who can only be governed by the Kurbag, — with their ragged, screaming women, qua- 
 relling without end with each other, and their naked, dirty children, always shouting for bales ts, then indeed the tour 
 begins to be rather tedious. — 
 
 Setting aside some few points, the landscape is always the same. On one side the yellowish red desert, on 
 the other a green track of cultivated land, sometimes stretching out into a wider plain, every 10 minutes a singing 
 Fellah busy with the Schutuf, every 20 minutes a crecking Sakie, that is a wheel, moved by oxen to draw water, 
 and perhaps every two hours a village or a town, which also have nothing characteristic, for they consist invariably 
 of huts, built with fawn-coloured dried tiles, made of Nile-mud, sometimes picturesquely surrounded with groups of palms 
 and mimosas, out of which peep one or more minarets, failures indeed as regards architecture; these and the pigeon 
 houses, which generally are in the upper story of the dwellings, are the only noticeable points, so that Edfu, Dendera, 
 Assuan, Esne, Girgeh and Minich are exactly alike. — 
 
 This land of Egypt with its barren rocks and fertile valleys, with its palms and sycamores, its olive-groves 
 and rose-gardens, with its oranges, bananas and figs, its fields of rice, maize, Durrah and wheat, „tliis fertile 
 island, wrested from the desert by the Nile“ has been so often described by European travellers, that it is not neces- 
 sary for me, to enlarge the rich literature by another description, moreover, as the object of my journey had nothing to 
 do with modern Egypt and its inhabitants, but rather with the people, who lived thousands af years ago on the banks 
 of the Nile, great in political power, and first of that age in arts and sciences. — 
 
 In 20 days I had accomplished the 5000 stadia of Eratosthenes; Delta, Heptanomis and Theba'fs were 
 left behind; with an almost unvarying wind in my favour, I sped through the country, and reached the southern boun- 
 dary, the harbour of Assuan on the 16 th of January 1863, and on the 21. 1 entered Nubia at the island of Philae, on 
 the other side of the cataracts. Here, all at once, a totally changed physiognomy of land and people! Our boat was no 
 longer rocked on the waves of a stream, whose waters rolled majestically through a fertile valley, no, the little boat 
 darted between barren and wildly cleft rocks through the hissing foam of a mountainstream , which dashed wildly 
 against us, and rushed past like a victorious warrior, to thunder at the stone-gates of Assuan, and as answer to 
 the denied admittance, to burst with tremendous noise the last barriers, which opposed its way. During this tour also 
 
 ■ 
 
 mmm 
 
 
 3 
 
 I had the advantage of a most favourable wind, and soon passed the tropics near Kalkbseh on the 24 lh , and arrived 
 on the 28 th at Korusko, where for the present the river journey terminated. Travellers are generally obliged to stop 
 here a long time for camels, we however had the good foi-tune, to get the necessary animals for a further expedition in 
 the space of a week, and could begin our pilgrimage through the great Nubian desert on the 4 th of Feb. Full 
 seventeen days we were riding on camels, a ride too long not to be fatiguing for the first trip of that description, but as it 
 was the best season, or rather the least disagreeable for travelling through the Nubian deserts, all went well, thanks 
 to the gracious protection of the Patron of the desert, who was invoked by our Ababdehs and Bisharin in full 
 chorus every morning at the starting of the caravan, as well as at every inconvenient and dangerous situation with 
 the usual call: bismillah sech Abd-el Kader.“ It was on a Wednesday, on the 4 th of Feb. 1863, when this 
 call first struck my ear, and I must say, I was peculiarly stirred by it. Never was my soul so much impressed 
 with the whole responsibility of my enterprise, never was I more convinced than at this moment, that the means, 
 I had to dispose of, were insufficient. — You are wandering now -through the great Nubian desert! what awaits you 
 in the countries beyond it! Will you be lulled by tropical fevers or by the heat of the sun, or will it be granted 
 to you, to return home safely? These were the thoughts which filled my mind, as my camel took its first strides 
 along the rocky path. But like the bird of passage, which seeks a serener climate as soon as winter approaches, my 
 depressed spirits soon rose again, and carried me away with them into brighter regions, and before long, the charm of 
 the desert had entirely taken possession of my soul. Full of trust and joy I entered this new, immeasurable land 
 that I should see in all its greatness and glory, but with whose dangers and terrors I should also become acquainted. 
 The sons of the desert like the crew of a Nile-boat, do not like to go far on the first day; we had scarcely begun 
 to advance quickly, when the Chabir, who is responsable for the caravan, and whose orders must be implicitly 
 obeyed, commanded a halt. I passed therefore the first night not far from Korusko, on the other side of the 
 mountains, the first night in the desert, which did not fail to exercise its powerful influence upon me, when, disclo- 
 sing its mighty charms, it spread out before my gaze the unspeakable radiance of its starry canopy. What an 
 immense difference between a night in our countries and a night in the deserts beyond the tropics! — Our Bisharin 
 and Ababdehs, lying round a flickering fire, sang songs to the night, which scatters round her joy and peace, and I, 
 wholly overcome with her serenity, gave myself up utterly to her inexpressible splendour and glory. — 
 
 It is well known that the great Nubian desert is not one of those monotonous, extensive sandplains, in 
 which the eye nowhere finds a point of rest, it is on the contrary, a chaos of rocks and mountains, which display 
 for the most part a wonderful variety in their wild and grotesque forms, and their gigantic blocks of sandstone, 
 granite and porphyry are sometimes scattered on the plain, as if thrown by the hand of a Cyclop, while sometimes, 
 in enormous masses piled up one over the other in the most fantastic way, they rise 'up into the ethereal blue 
 of the sky. — 
 
 The caravan, haunted by the phantoms of the Fata-Morgana, wanders on from point to point, whilst the 
 beauty and grandeur of the landscape increase with every step. During the summermonths one travels generally 
 by night, but in the winter by day, we therefore started with the rising sun, and rode without stopping during the 
 whole day till after sun-set We were obliged to eat our frugal meal, consisting of a draught of luke-wann water 
 mixed with Araqi, captain’s biscuit, cheese and dates, while riding on, and I confess, the first days I had the greatest 
 difficulty, in getting out the various courses of my meal from my travelling-bag and to forward them to my mouth. 
 After an almost uninterrupted ride on the 5 th and 6 th of Feb. along very narrow paths, with deep precipices beneath 
 us, pitching our tent the first day under the Hager el Kolb, the second in Buera, we entered on the 7 th through 
 the narrow pass Chasm el bab the wide, immeasurable plain of Balir bela in a. For every one, who for the first 
 time reaches this place, which is the gate of the great desert, the Gemmalin institute a singular ceremony. They 
 dig a tomb, fill it again, heap stones on it, and perform around it and the traveller a sort of war dance. With not 
 very graceful movements they swing their knives and swords*) in the air, and accompany these performances with 
 whining shrieks, the meaning of which is about as follows: „May all be accomplished with this tomb here, may you 
 
 *) The two-edged dagger-knives and broad swords of the inhabitants of the Nubian desert, of which the first are carried in a leather-sheath and tied to 
 the arm by a leather-string, have in the minutest detail, now-a-days the same form with regard to hilt and blade, string and sheath, as we find 
 them represented on the Egyptian monuments. As regards the hieroglyphic groups for the designation of this dagger knife and its jeathersheath, 
 one has to look for the explanations in the hieroglyphic-demotic dictionary by Brugsch, and the most instructive drawings of the lists of sacri- 
 fices, Lepsius: Aelteste Texte des Todtenbuches. 
 
 mmmm 
 
 
 
be preserved from the dangers of the desert and not find your death in it.“ The crowning end of the ceremony is of 
 course, like that of all ovations in the Orient, the baksis, which the Chabir, after having taken the greatest part for 
 himself, divides among the dancers. The caravan proceeded on this and on the next day, through the afore-named 
 plain, and the following Balir el liatab near the Gebel Pascha, and rested for the night near Siifer. On the 9 th 
 we passed the rocks of Medtne and the low-land of Wadi Del ah, so called from an avenue of palms, which stretches 
 singularly through the whole desert, up to the coast of the Red Sea. I dismounted at this place for a short time, to 
 give myself the pleasure of reposing under the shadow of one of the lonely palms of the desert, and to collect some 
 of the fruit of this remarkable tree. On the same day we arrived at the fountains of Murat, soon after Asser. Thi6 
 is the first great station of the desert. The camels imbibe here the necessary quantity of water for 5 days, and the 
 leather-bottles are filled again, though not with the sweet waters of the Nile, but with a disgusting stuff, which 
 causes all kinds of inconvenience from its saltness. Nomads were just encamped at Mur&t when we arrived, 
 and it was exceedingly interesting to me, to see for the first time these wandering sons of the desert, with 
 wife and child in their transportable dwellings, which they cany about from place to place. Unfortunately their herds 
 were far off, and the expectation of a piece of meat, which the aspect of the tents had awakened in our caravan, was 
 not fulfilled. — Returning from my visit to them, I was much pleased to hear, that we were not to depart before noon 
 the following day. — If I have good luck now, thought I, perhaps I may, after all, get some meat for us; I may be 
 able to shoot something to night, in sallah, at one of the springs. At midnight therefore, I shouldered my rifle, 
 wen t to one of the springs, which was the most distant from the camp of the caravan, aud in the firm expectation 
 of a gazelle approaching to drink, I hid myself behind a piece of rock. — During a long journey in the deserts 
 of Nubia or in the plains of the Soudan, where at times the only possible occupation is the gratification 
 of one’s passion for hunting, with little previous inclination or talent, out of pure necessity, ennui arid the 
 constant abundance of game, one becomes a passionate and even a tolerably good sportsman. Moreover the 
 situation was in that night so favourable, that, if anything approached, it could not escape me. — But 
 maybe, the little rascals scented me, or had no thirst at all that night, nothing was to be seen. I only 
 heard the hoarse voice of the Marafll several times quite near in the mountains, but this creature even did not 
 come near enough, to enable me to fire at it, and I left my post at three oclo’ck, greatly disappointed and not inclined 
 to wait ony longer for nothing. — On the 10 th of Feb. we left the fountains as arranged, at noon. We rode along 
 for several hours between high and curiously formed rocks, one of which, the Hager el timsach had in fact a 
 striking resemblance to a crocodile with wide open jaws. The road of the caravan then led through a wide plain, 
 which we passed not much refreshed by the lately acquired water, and stopped at Gebel-el gufas for the night. 
 On the following day, on the 11 th we crossed the mountains and the valley of Abu salin, and came, rather late in 
 the evening to a pair of mountains, which stand quite isolated, and which we had had before bur eyes the whole 
 day; in consequence of their appearing always quite near and deluding by their apparent proximity, they are called 
 Geribat. At this point threefourths of the first half of the journey had been accomplished, and we began to enjoy 
 the moment, when the first half, and with that the worst part of the desert should be passed. — On the 12 th we 
 continued our way through the plain, which seemed never ending, and the monotony of which was only once inter- 
 rupted by the Gebel el farudj; we pitched our tent in the neighbourhood of the Gebel el mugran and on the 
 13 th we at length arrived, towards dusk at the much longed for Abu-II&mmed. The miserable village with its 
 few scattered and desolate huts, seems quite a residence, to which the traveller comes, to give himelf up to rest and 
 enjoyment. — 
 
 Here a halt of several days is made, and the traveller, with feelings of intense enjoyment, once more rests 
 in the shade, as an indemnification for the abundant amount of sunshine, from which he has suffered; he smokes his 
 Schibuq pleasantly and comfortably, rejoices in the sight, which he has so long been obliged to forego, of the majestic 
 river, and drinks one bowl after another of its delicious, clear water, pure nectar in fact in comparison with the nasty 
 water from the leathern bottles. In the evening too, if possible, he is diverted with a fantasia of mutton, Merisa 
 and date wine, and he gives himself up in the widest sense of the word to all the enjoyments, that the place can 
 afford. On the morning of the 15 th of Feb. the camel drivers were ordered to be again on the move, and after they had 
 loaded the unwilling and refractory beasts, we set out with the usual: bismillah she* Abd-el Ivader. Although 
 the journey is still emphatically a desert journey, it has no longer by any means the terrifying and wild character 
 of the tour from Korusko to Abu-Hiunmed, for the road is now with few exceptions quite near the banks of 
 the Nile, and almost every night is passed in some inhabited place. In 6 days we had accomplished this last part 
 
 of the desert journey: on Sunday the 15 th we Avent as far as Gaga, monday the 16 th to Abu-Hasim, and Tuesday 
 the 17 th we arrived at a nameless place, where there is a principal station for the riding-post, which is organized 
 throughout the Nubian desert. In Egypt, where the post is not dispatched by the government steamboats, which go 
 up and doAvn the Nile, but not frequently and regularly enough, the mail is a foot-post; the Bostaui runs at a brisk trot 
 with the leatlierbag to the next village, where another Fellah is appointed to aAvait and relieve him of his burden. 
 Thus it goes on from village to village, from town to town, without interruption day and night. The leatlierbag arrives, 
 is opened by the appointed officer, emptied, filled again and a trotting Fellah dashes off 1 with it, to deliver it at the next 
 place. IIoAvever singular Ave may think such a dispatsch of letters, it is an excellent arrangement, considering the 
 state of things there. Scarcely a letter is lost, and only 20 days are required for the despatch of letters through the 
 enormous distance from Cairo to Assuan, consequently through the Avhole of Upper and Lower Egypt, The director 
 of the Egyptian Royal Nubian desert post received us at the door of his house, which he placed entirely at our dis- 
 posal. But as it consisted of only one dirty stable, which the AA’orthy officer shared Avith his camels and goats , Ave 
 thankfully declined his offer and preferred pitching our tent on the sand of the desert. On Wednesday the 18 th Ave 
 passed el Bdqera and arrived at Aqaba el Humar, Avhere aa-c stopped for the night. On Thursday the 19 th our road 
 led us for some time through a magnificent district, along the banks of the Nile, which forms here that cataract, usually 
 designated in the maps as the fifth, but Avhich could just as well be called the fifteenth, the Arabs reckon them to be 
 more than thirty. On the same day we came to the village of Genineta and passed the night at Tarf el Abadia. It 
 Avas singular, that just the day which the Egyptians and Nubians least like for a travelling day, happened so 
 often to be with me the day of my departure or arrival. — On Friday the 14 tu of November I had left Berlin, on 
 Friday the 28 th of Nov. I Avent from Alexandria to Cairo, on Friday the 26 th of December I set out for my southern 
 tour, on Friday the 16 th of January 1863 I anchored in the harbour of Assuan and again on a Friday, I at length, after 
 a journey of 17 days through the desert, arrived at 61 M u c li e r i f , the capital of Berber. As Korusko is the gate of 
 entry of the great Nubian desert for the caravans, going south, so is Mucli&rif the point of entrance for those, coming 
 from the south; the aspect of the one, is therefore much like the othei', and certainly they have that in common, that 
 a stay there is for the Eui’opean equally abominable. — 
 
 In Mucherif again begins the tedious process of negociation with the masters of the boats about the fare. 
 At the end of six days we finally came to an agreement, and on the 26 th of February we again set out for a voyage 
 on the Nile, in one of those cabinless Nubian barks of the most primitive structure. But fortunately, in the same degree 
 that the interior of the boat \A r as Avretehed, the external suiToundings were beautiful. The month of February belongs 
 to the best in those districts of Africa, and with my eyes fixed upon the surrounding landscape, I passed the seven 
 days of oixr going up the rwer almost in a trance. — For the third time the Nile was changed, and nature displayed 
 its full, unbounded vital poAver in another animal and vegetable Avorld. Awkward hippopotami played boistei'ously 
 in the waters in pairs, or SAvam peacefully along, often putting out their stupid heads, and really giant-crocodiles, 
 no longer the little one’s of the Egyptian Nile, took a nap in the sun Avith Avide-open jaws, or crossed from one 
 shore to the other, seeking prey; the shores Avere no longer desolate and barren, but covered with luxurious shrubs 
 and magnificent trees, amongst them especially the true representative of the tropical character, the xnajectic dome 
 palm Avith its broad, fanlike leaA’es, and trees and shrubs, overgrown by an impenetrable Aveb of creepers, Avere inha- 
 bited by thousands of gay-coloured, chirping birds, that hopped meiTily from branch to branch. In the beaming 
 light, of the sun, as in the mild radiance of the moon, the passing shores displayed a charm and plendoui’, Avhich 
 one must see, in order to undei'stand the impression, they make for ever on the soul. On the first day of our voyage, 
 just before we arrived at Darner, we passed the mouth of the Atbara, and on the first of March the pyramids of 
 Meroe, Avhich however I could only salute from afar, and the next day avc came to Schendi, where Ave stopped 
 for some hours. The passage through the so-called 6 th cataract began on the 3 rd and ended on the 4 th without any 
 accident. Here also the shores and the rocks, which are scattered in the Avatei's, display a luxuriance of vegetation, 
 which delights the eye and in spite of the Avhirl-pools, makes a lovely picture, contrasting stx-ikingly Avith the cata- 
 racts of Wadi-Half a, Avhich present to the eye a dismal chaos of rocks, through Avliich the mightily river, split up 
 into a hundred arms, forces its foaming and hissing AA'aters, l’oai'ing Avith rage over the obstacles, Avhich oppose its 
 course. After passing on the 5 th the toAvn of Halfaja, we arrived on the 6 th at the 15° 37' 10" of north latitude, 
 the point, where the two mighty rivers of the Soudan unite to form the still mightier Nile, AA'hore the merry Balir 
 el azrak, coming down from the Abyssinian Highlands, unites its clear, rapid floAving Avaters to the yelloAA-isli, muddy 
 floods of the lazy Balir el abiad, and after sailing round the neck of land, foi'mcd by that union, we landed on the 
 
morning of the 6 tu of March with a threefold el hamdu lillah, at the clay-huts of Khartum, the notorious capital 
 of the Soudan, but of which I must say: „it is better than its reputation. 14 Maybe the monsters, which are said to 
 have housed there, were dead and the present generation a better one, I have not the slightest cause for complaint, 
 either of Khartfun or its inhabitants! I have remarked no scenes of horror, and as to the behaviour of the Europeans 
 settled there, towards the traveller, I must confess, that they behaved with the utmost civility and cordiality towards 
 me. During my sojourn in that town, which without doubt is one of the most interesting places of Africa, etlino- 
 grapliically considered*), I was most hospitably received in the house of my dear friend Binder, who did all 
 he could to make my stay there as agreeable as possible. Thanks to him and his official position, Mftsa- 
 Paslia gave me the permission to excavate in the districts under his dominion. „Properly speaking, the permission 
 for excavating could not be granted 44 said the letter, „but as the mere copying of stones could harm nobody, the 
 permission should be given as a special favor, but I must positively promise, not to carry away any of the curio- 
 sities I discovered; for all officials, throughout the whole Egyptian empire were strictly ordered, to guard carefully 
 the antiquities, and not to allow travellers or inhabitants of the land to excavate or carry away anything, bes el 
 Bey, ma fis et tan i 44 (the Bey only excepted). So far does the powerful arm of the ruler of ancient Egypt 
 Mariette-Bey extend. At the Gebel Barkal and in Meroe, at the Astaboras and Astapus, at places, where his 
 foot has never trodden, and which his eye has never seen, he reigns supreme over temples and tombs. — I can now 
 relate that, without fear of harming my worthy patron: M. Mariette cannot call him to account for the inexact 
 execution of his orders, as Musa-Paslia has been for three years with the Hurijats in the gennet en ndim**). 
 
 Wishing to profit by this permission as much as possible, I set out for S&ba on the 27 th of March. 
 Though I could have reached this place easily on the same day, I preferred, not to cross the river before the next 
 day, but to spend the first night at the brick-kilns of Signor Theodoro Evangelisti, who is so famous amongst 
 the Soudanese for his intrepid huntings on the Blue and White Nile. — He had just exchanged his former dangerous 
 profession for the easier and as he asserted much more profitable one of fabricating tiles, and had for this reason 
 settled at this point, not far from Khartum, with his black household. It was very interesting to me to make the 
 acquaintance of this man, as he was the only one who, as an eye-witness, could tell of the last days of the 
 unhappy Adalbert von Barnim, whose death was lamented as much in Africa as in Europe, and whom he had 
 accompanied for a time on his excursion with Dr. Hartmann up the Blue Nile. — Several times he came from his 
 settlement to the other shore to visit me, and it was always his favourite theme to speak of this young man, so 
 distinguished by his personal appearance, his highly cultivated mind and kindness of heart, who, in the very prime 
 of life, was attacked by the worst enemy of the Europeans and died under the palms of Ros&res, and at these 
 remembrances tears of sincere regret for his late, dear fellow-traveller, rolled over the sunburnt cheeks of the wild 
 adventurer. — 
 
 Early the next morning I crossed the river in a little Maliadic, and found myself among the ruins of 
 Soba on the 28 th of March. This rather large village, to which some other neighbouring villages of the same name 
 belong, makes an agreeable impression by its interrupting the uniformity of the wide, desolate plain. Surrounded by 
 Sycamores and groups of mimosa, through which you see the little conical huts peeping out, and all around herds 
 of grazing camels, oxen and goats, it gives, as regards the landscape, a very charming picture. Like most of the 
 places of that part of the country, it is inhabited chiefly by real descendants of the ancient Ethiopians, by some 
 Arabs and Negroes of different tribes, and by individuals of dark-brown and black colour, whose descent, even from 
 their very next paternal and maternal ancestors would be very difficult to define. — What do Champollion, 
 Wilkinson, Lepsius and Brugsclx say about this place? that was always the first question I put to myself, 
 when I arrived at a new point of archeological importance. Of these four gentlemen, the two first did not go farther 
 than Wadi-Halfa, Brugsch has investigated Egypt and the temples immediately above Pliilae, and Lepsius alone 
 travelled over Ethiopia in its whole extent, as far as its most southerly frontiers ; he only has penetrated as far as 
 
 *) In this town, situated so very favourably for commerce at the union of the two main-roads of N. E. Africa, the Bahr el abiad and the Bahr 
 el azrak, one encounters, in crossing the market-place: Englishmen, Frenchmen, Italians, Germans, Greeks, Turks, Circassians, 
 Syrians, Armenians, Egyptians, Barabra, Begah, Nobahs of Kordoufan, Bischarin, Ababdeli, Schukurieh, Abyssinians, 
 Fungi, Gallas, Negroes Of Dftr-Fftr and of Taqele, Bari-Schilluk- and Dinkhanegroes etc. 
 
 '*) Musa-Pasha especially was accused latterly of despotism, avarice and cruelty, this triad by which the Turkish officer is so often accompanied. To 
 me the deceased has always been very kind, and I wish with a De mortuis nil nisi bene, that he may have succeeded in justifying himself beside 
 the scales of Thot before the judgment-seat of Osiris. 
 
 this. Twenty years ago on the 1 8 th . of February 1844 he had been at this place, and perhaps on the same point 
 where I alighted, he had landed then. — I therefore opened his „Letters from Egypt and Ethiopia 44 which of course 
 I always carried with me, and read from his „ Voyage on the Blue River 44 page 160, his remarks upon S6ba as follows: 
 „On the 17 th of Feb. at noon, we embarked. I sailed with Abelten up the Blue River partly to become acquainted 
 with its character, partly to see the ruins of Soba and those of Mandera; the other fellow-travellers, who had nothing to 
 do beyond this point, embarked on their return voyage northwards to Meroe, to make drawings of the monuments there. 
 
 We landed the following day on the eastern bank, where a large quantity of red bricks, ready for exportation, 
 announced the proximity of the ruins of Soba. At the present time unburnt tiles only are made throughout the whole 
 country, therefore all ruins of burnt stones must belong to an earlier period. These building- materials are sent in 
 masses from S6ba to Khartum and still farther. We stepped on shore and had scarcely left behind us the first mimosa 
 bushes on the banks, when we saw the hills of dug out bricks, which cover a great plain of perhaps an hour in 
 circumference. Some larger heaps might possibly be remains of the Christian churches, which Selim of Assuan 
 (Macrizi) in the 10 th century, when S6ba was still the capital of Aloa, describes as beautifully ornamented with gold. 
 — They showed us the place, where a stone-lion is said to have been found, which belongs now to Churcliid- 
 Pasha at Cairo. Walls or traces of buildings could nowhere be recognized ; on the most southerly hill only we found 
 some yellow sandstone-blocks hewn and a low wall; on another heap there were some rough plates of a black, slaty 
 kind of stone. — The environs of S&ba are like the whole land far and wide up to the commencement of the Abys- 
 sinian mountains quite flat, and the soil especially in this season, dried up and black, and the vegetation is limited to 
 the riverbanks, farther away there are only isolated trees, which appear more or less frequent. 44 So says Dr. Lepsius 
 in his letters upon Soba, from which it is evident that the two learned travellers only gave this arclimologically in- 
 teresting place a hasty glance, but did not examine it in detail. 
 
 Every year the floodgates of the clouds open and accompanied by thunder and lightning, pour down their mighty 
 waters and act. as powerful destroyers: - but are there no longer any remains left of that brilliant capital of the primitive 
 Christian Aloa? nothing left of the still older Ethiopian town, which stood here before the Christian town of S6ba? — 
 This thought occupied my mind as I looked over the numberless heaps of larger and smaller ruins on the vast plain. 
 „Some of the larger ones might possibly be the remains of Christian churches 44 , so said the above-mentioned passage. 
 We will investigate carefully these heaps, may- be one or the other contains ruins of the primitive Christian and 
 Ethiopian Soba. That was my plan, that was my hope. I carried out the plan, and my hope was partially fulfilled. 
 
 I spent not less than 38 days in the examination of the ruin -field of S6ba, from the 28 th of March till the 
 4 1 ' 1 of May. Our lovely spring and especially the month of May, celebrated as the blissfull xoct e^o^v in numberless 
 poems , is the very worst in the tropics of Africa. The vast plain around Soba, which after the rains is like a luxurious 
 garden, was then in the months of April and May, just before the Chari f, (the tropical rainy season is so called by the 
 Soudanese) everywhere a barren, desolate heath, parched by the burning sun, on which tree and bush, man and beast 
 languish for the reviving element. — Much I could tell of my stay at this place, of the terribly fiery glance of Helios 
 by day and the refreshing coolness of the night, of my intercourse with the sons of the plain of Aloa, amongst whom 
 I lived in one of the Toquls of the village, — much too of the hospitality of Sche/. el beled, the same man from 
 whom Dr. Lepsius obtained an alabaster -tablet, covered with Sobaitic writing, and how I accidentally got hold of 
 some pieces broken of this very tablet; — much I could tell of my excursions southwards and eastwards in the neigh- 
 bourhood and still further, and how, on returning once from such a trip, I was most agreeably surprised by the visit 
 of two men, whom I had long admired, Captain Speke and his faithful companion Grant, who, having just then 
 arrived at the capital of the Soudan, came to see me among the ruins of S&ba. Much I could tell of all this, but I 
 must abstain from it and restrict myself to some communications on archeological results. The first thing I undertook 
 was to clear a ram-sphinx, the head of which was visible above the sand, and which had in its workmanship a stri- 
 king resemblance to that, which Professor Lepsius transported from its Ethiopian home at the Gebel Barkal to the 
 court of our Egyptian museum. It must have excited the interest of the Pasha of Khartflm, for I hear from Dr. Schwein- 
 furtli who later, on his botanical expedition to the northeast of Africa visited the Soudan, that the Sobaitic ram has 
 been transported to the town, where it is installed as guard before the door of the Mudirie. The pedestal exhibited 
 a hieroglyphic inscription, from [which unhappily only a few groups were well preserved; it belonged to that bad 
 Ethiopian Egyptian style, of which one cannot make much and presented one of those Ethiopian king’s names twice 
 repeated, which we have at present no means of arranging chronologically. A continued research led to the discovery 
 of remains of foundation walls of the old temple, before which this ram-spinx probably stood with others of the same kind. 
 
 c 
 
At another point walls of wellworked sandstone blocks were excavated and remains of edifices of huge, burnt stones, 
 which latter may have belonged to the Christian S6ba. These walls were on one place preserved to the height of 8 feet, 
 which made it possible to measure the breadth of the walls and the size of some chambers with their points of entrance 
 and exit on various sides. — On the point of giving up a research, which did not seem likely to be crowned with success, 
 I made a last experiment and in this I was fortunate enough to find the by no means unimportant remains of one of 
 the churches of the primitive Christian Soba, which is supposed to have stood on this spot. The excavation was con- 
 tinued and I soon gained the firm conviction, that I had before me the ruins of a Christian church, and on the 5 th of 
 April, on the holy Easter-morning of the year 1863, I had the happiness of standing on African soil on the steps of 
 an altar, where centuries ago a Christian congregation united in offering to the risen Saviour their thanksgivings: „Blcss 
 the Lord, 0 my soul, and all that is within me, bless Ilis holy name! 11 — The excavated walls and columns were of 
 sandstone, some of the latter however of blue and red granite, which is the more remarkable as this stone is nowhere 
 to he found in the neighbourhood, and must have been therefore imported from afar for the buildings of Soba. The 
 remains, brought to light, enabled me easily to recognize the structure as that of the threefold nave of a basilika; the 
 apsis considerably raised was to the S. E. — Unfortunately not one of the columns was preserved in its full height, 
 but I found in rubbish heaps round about, some capitals, probably severed from their shafts by lightening in one of 
 those terrible thunderstorms. As a contribution to the history of Christian art, as the only specimen found as yet so 
 far south in Africa of ancient Christian architecture, and as a striking monumental proof of the accuracy of the suppo- 
 sition, that exactly on this spot the capital of the once mighty primitive Christian Alda was situated, this discovery 
 may he of some value. I carefully copied the remaining walls, the fragments of columns with their respective bases 
 and capitals, and everything which was in any way remarkable, that is to say as carefully as I could under the fiery 
 beams of the sun', with a temperature often reaching 40° of Rdaumur in the shade. The six capitals discovered arc 
 of five different forms, the simplest of which is in the form of a cube, with sloping base and rounded edges. Some 
 bear as a sign of primitive Christian art the Coptic cross, which is most tastefully applied as an ornament, on one 
 in the midst of the Kymation, on another higher up, with graceful spiral volutes coming down from both sides of it. 
 Another not less tasteful ornament is the palmleaf, rising under the volute and projecting a little beyond it at the 
 upper part. All the columns are plainly polished, without any flirtings, and whilst the shaft of the smaller one’s 
 comes directly out of the somewhat elevated temple-floor, the four larger columns, those of blue granite, rest upon a 
 base in the form of a cube. — The capitals of the four large columns, including the connecting band beneath the 
 Kymation and the Abacus, which reposes on it, are 2 ft 1 in. in height, which is rather much in comparison with 
 the thickness of the column itself; the others have only 1 ft. 7 in., 1 ft. 6 in. and 1 ft. 4 in — I also found three sandstone 
 tablets of good workmanship, the first 3 ft. high, has in the middle a Coptic cross, and the same repeated three times 
 on the projecting border, above, as well as on the right and left side, and each time enclosed on both sides by 
 3 strokes, — the second 1 ft. 4 in. long and 5'/ s in. high, — the third 1 ft. 7 in. long and 9V S in. high have again the 
 Coptic cross repeated at the four corners and a decoration of several rows of strokes, probably referring in some way 
 to the ritual. A black porphyry-tablet was also found with an ancient Ethiopian inscription of 8 lines, a drinking cup 
 and two vases of burnt clay, a bracelet in the form of a serpent, biting its tail, and a quantity of potsherds, some 
 with coloured decorations of the greatest variety. From the spot I only took with me the Ethiopian inscription of 
 8 lines; the Pasha himself gave me the permission with a smiling rna Its („it does not signify 11 ); for the rest, ac- 
 cording to my promise, I left everything in its place, and I dare say the present Sobai'tes and the tropical rains will 
 have divided between them the remains brought to light of ancient Soba*). Thus much concerning the thirty eight 
 days of my sojourn in the Soba'itic plain, which is one of the unhealthiest of the whole Soudan, and which made 
 me pay my first tribute to the Soudanese climate. Attacked by one of those dangerous fevers, I received some very 
 painful blows from the scourge of tropical Africa, but of which I fortunately soon recovered. A really infernal heat 
 reigned the whole time, and I give here a specimen of the temperature of that springtime for 5 successive days in 
 the month of April, in the following notes taken in the morning at eight o' clock, at twelve o' clock and in the 
 evening at 11 o'clock. — 
 
 1 st Day. Morning 8 o' clock 18° Rdaumur in the shade, 27° in the sun 
 
 Noon 12 „ 30° „ „ „ „ 45° „ „ „ 
 
 Evening 11 „ 27° „ „ „ „ 
 
 *) Look at the drawings on tlie last page but 
 
 of this work for the ancient Christian basilica, which I discovered among the 
 
 of Soba. 
 
 2 nd Day. 
 
 Morning 
 
 8 o' 
 
 clock 16° 
 
 Reaumur 
 
 in the shade, 
 
 25 in the sun 
 
 
 Noon 
 
 12 
 
 „ 
 
 29° 
 
 „ 
 
 „ 37 33 
 
 44° „ „ „ 
 
 
 Evening 
 
 11 
 
 „ 
 
 26° 
 
 „ 
 
 33 31 33 
 
 
 3 rd Day. 
 
 Morning 
 
 8 
 
 „ 
 
 20° 
 
 „ 
 
 37 37 33 
 
 
 
 Noon 
 
 12 
 
 
 31° 
 
 „ 
 
 33 33 33 
 
 
 
 Evening 
 
 11 
 
 „ 
 
 27° 
 
 „ 
 
 33 33 37 
 
 
 4 th Day. 
 
 Morning 
 
 8 
 
 „ 
 
 23° 
 
 „ 
 
 7 , 37 77 
 
 
 
 Noon 
 
 12 
 
 „ 
 
 31° 
 
 „ 
 
 37 37 33 
 
 
 
 Evening 
 
 11 
 
 „ 
 
 25° 
 
 „ 
 
 33 33 33 
 
 
 5 th Day. 
 
 Morning 
 
 8 
 
 » 
 
 24° 
 
 ,, 
 
 37 33 33 
 
 
 
 Noon 
 
 12 
 
 „ 
 
 36° 
 
 » 
 
 33 33 37 
 
 
 
 Evening 
 
 11 
 
 » 
 
 29° 
 
 „ 
 
 33 33 33 
 
 *) 
 
 I left Soba on the 5 th 
 
 of May 
 
 and remained in 
 
 Khartum 
 
 till the 19 th 
 
 of the month, to make the different 
 
 preparations for my long journey back, and again Hr. Binder assisted me in every possible way. 
 
 On the morning of the 19 th of May the seven camels, of which five were destined for the luggage, the 6 th for me 
 and the 7 tl1 for my servant, were brought into the court. After the loading, which was performed with the usual 
 tediousness, I said farewell to my dear friend with feelings of the sincerest gratitude for all that ho had done for me, 
 and I must confess with some uneasy apprehensions for the future, and accompanied by his best wishes I set out on my 
 way back. — My return journey occupied not less than one year and five months, and unfortunately the worst part 
 of it happened to be in the most horrible season of the year. A refreshing draught of clear water and the luxury of 
 cooling shade are the two things one learns to appreciate most on such a tour, where nothing relieves the body, 
 tortured by the scorching sunbeams and the dustclouds of the burning wind, but a draught of nasty water from the 
 leathern bottles at about the same temperature as that of our warm baths. To be obliged to travel on in the tropics 
 during the months of May, June and July is something dreadful, and a ride through the Nubian plains and deserts at 
 this time may well be considered the direct opposite to an excursion for pleasure. 
 
 The first task I proposed to myself was a visit to the ruins of the desert of Naga and of Wadi-es-safra, 
 and I intended not to go there by the usual and easier route, down the river from Khartum to Ben-Naga, but 
 by the direct route by land completely through the Schukuri eh -plain, because, as far as I know-, this tour 
 through the desert has not been undertaken by any European traveller. There was therefore a possibility of enriching 
 in some degree the geography of Africa! — This motive was sufficient to make me choose the latter route and on 
 I went full of hope and confidence, without the least presentiment of the danger, which so soon awaited me. Almost 
 at the very beginning of the tour, I was fated to be attacked by the two worst enemies of the wanderer in the 
 desert. First, the missing of the right road, in consequence of the ignorance of my men, who had before positively 
 assured me that they knew the country well, found us in the midst of a parched, shadowless plain, in the scorching 
 sun without a tent and without water, with death from thirst staring us in the face, — and scarcely rescued from this 
 danger on came the second and not less dreadful enemy, the sunstroke, which struck the Chabir, whom I had lately 
 engaged, dead in the prime of manhood, and laid me on a sick-bed of which I can say nothing but that a pain, 
 bordering on madness raged in my brain, and that I fell into an unconscious state, from which I awoke I cannot 
 tell after what lapse of time, with my frame totally enervated but, thanks to the Almighty, with the full command 
 of my senses. Thus a second time in so short a space, I w'as rescued from imminent danger; — when I opened 
 my eyes, it seemed as if my gaze had given life to a set of shining bronze-statues, which were grouped around my 
 couch. The dark -brown figures moved, when my eye met theirs and a joyful seak ya havage, seak naliardi? 
 (how are you, oh master, how are you to-day?) greeted me, and when I could answer: lissa taib lakln ahsen 
 kettr el hamdu lillah! (not yet quite well, but much better, Allah be praised!) the last words were echoed, every 
 lip moved and one after another whispered softly „el hamdu lillah! 11 (Allah be praised!). I shall never forget this 
 moment and as long as I live this „el hamdu lillah 11 will sound in my ear. — Although the notes I made are 
 rather cursory in consequence of the already mentioned unfavourable circumstances, namely, the dreadful heat and 
 
 *) Professor Hartmann gives in the appendbc pag. 61—73 of his work: Reise des Freiherrn Adalbert v. Barnim durch Nord-Ost-Africa a 
 meteorological diaiy, which he kept during his travels, and it is evident on comparing the diary with the communicated five days, that it is much 
 hotter in the mouth of April on the plain of Sdba, than in the month of May on the Gebel Ghule, which nevertheless is situated 3° more south. 
 
my barely convalescent state, they are still not without some value geographically and will certainly fill up a blank 
 in the maps of Africa. I shall therefore as soon as possible publish in an essay by itself this part of my expe- 
 dition^ The tour across the Schukurieh-plain from Bhri, over Ben-Naga, W adi-es-safra and En-N aga to 
 Schendi, and my sojourn in the temple-ruins there from the 19 th of May till the 15 th of June 1863.“ 
 I therefore abstain from further details concerning this part of my tour and go on with my journey from Schendi. 
 My original intention was to go from there on the other side of the river through the desert of Gil if to the ruins 
 of the Gebel-Barkal, and then down the river till Wadi-Halfa. Had I had a trustworthy servant who could 
 be depended upon, I should have executed this plan, however pecuniary motives might oblige my giving up that far 
 more expensive route. But it was unfortunately soon evident that the servant I had engaged in Kharthm, a Negro 
 educated by the Catholic mission, was a totally useless individual for me; his black skin seemed proof against the 
 blessings of Christianity, as I daily had occasion to observe. He was in every respect the very opposite of every 
 Christian virtue, and even his physical constitution rendered him unable to sustain hardships of any kind. I was 
 obliged to dismiss him at Schendi, and though a number of Chadamin offered then' services, I dared not venture 
 on the long, totally unknown road with the very first dunce of an Arab or Nubian, the dimensions of whose stupi- 
 dity I had not yet fathomed. 
 
 I was therefore obliged to remain on the east-side of the Nile and to take again the road by Mucherif 
 through the great Nubian desert, so awful in the summermonths. It was doubly hard for me to give up the monu- 
 ments of the west, for having in my possession a letter of recommendation from the governor Mfisa-Pasha, in 
 spite of the „ privilege exclusif“ of my esteemed colleague Mariette I was at liberty in the capital of the warlike 
 Pianchi at Gebel-Barkal and further down, to free any of the entirely or half hidden inscriptions from the dust 
 and rubbish that covered them*). But it was not to be, and I endeavoured to console myself in good Arabic with 
 a „ma 11s in sallah et-tani n 6 v a “ (Never mind! another time if it is God’s will!). The short tour from Schendi 
 to Begerauieli was soon accomplished; in the neighbourhood of the latter place are the pyi'amids of Meroe, and 
 in wandering over the field of pyi'amids I was soon convinced, that it was not necessary to dedicate much time to 
 the utterly ruinous tombs of the Ethiopian kings, which were moreover deficient in inscriptions. 
 
 About 150 pyi'amids, not one of which is entirely preserved but on the contrary for the most part are ruined 
 to the very fundament, are distributed over the plain in three groups, and the whole, backed by the mountainchain 
 of Gebel el Q&li presents quite a picturesque landscape. With perspiration pouring from my whole body, I 
 dragged myself from one group to another, crawled up upon one of the pyramids with great difficulty and with still 
 more difficulty down, offered my S a 1 a m to the divine triad: Osiris, Isis and Nep litis, to the celebrated queen 
 Iiandake**), and to his majesty Ergamenes as I came to their royal scutcheons, and was delighted to be allowed 
 to enter the mausoleum of the Ethiopian princess, ransacked by Ferlini, and thought with pleasure of her graceful 
 figure! and her gracious look atNaga, when I smoked there my afternoon schibuq in her illustrious society, — read 
 the few of hieroglyphical texts, which I found in the fore-chambers and endeavoured to write some notes on a sheet 
 of paper, which was totally soaked through with the drops of perspiration falling from my brow, but — „a burnt 
 child dreads the fire“ and remembering the Schukurieh-plain, I sought as much as possible to rest for a time in 
 the shade; for it was the end of June and the pyramids of Meroe are 100 miles south of the tropics. — Speaking 
 of Meroe I cannot help relating a little anecdote which T heard from one of the present Mero'ites, and which is 
 evidently based on a faint recollection of the two travellers Lepsius and Ferlini. Tradition has combined the 
 undertakings of both and as the remembrance of the first seems to have been more vivid, the whole is ascribed to 
 
 him. „Long, long ago, so said the narrator, with an infinitely long drawl on the a in sem& n***) a Frankish 
 
 treasure-seeker had been here with many, many man, a ragl kebir, kehl r se el Sultan (a great lord, as 
 
 great as the sultan) — and again he remained immensely long on the i at kebir, and indulged in a for me not very 
 
 *) As M. Mariette is known to make liis discoveries at Gebel-Barkal, for instance the Stele of Pianchi so interesting as regards history and 
 
 geography, not at the place itself, but at Cairo, I should not have had to fear any interference from him at a place 200 miles distant. 
 
 **) I believe it was Geheimrath Dr. Abeken among the European travellers, who first saluted here the Ethiopian queen Kandake. He found in 
 one of the pyramid ehambres the scutcheons of this queen engraved, which are communicated by Lepsius in his: Konigsbucli, plate LXXI. 
 Nr. 943. — Kantahebi written with a lapsus calami by the ignorant lapidary, who put the sign V3t7 heb for k, see. Lepsius: 
 „Briefe aus Aegypten und Aethiopien“ p. 204. 
 
 ***) This way of speaking is especially adopted in the Soudan. If I ask e. g. a passer-by: kaman held min hinne „is it still far from here? 1 * and 
 
 he wishes to answer that the place is very far, he expresses this very by resting very long on the last syllable of bei id. 
 
 flattering comparison of my boat with the ships of his hero — „Havage Lepsius, a man who knew every tiling, 
 he had a large sheet of paper on which all towns and villages of the whole earth were marked in the proximity of 
 which subterranean treasures were hidden, and he had with him so many writings and pictures in which all was 
 specified, that twenty camels were not sufficient to carry them. He had also dug in these ruins for treasures and 
 had indeed found in a small, subterranean chamber a great quantity of golden earrings and necklaces, bracelets and 
 noserings, many precious stones and a whole chamber full of golden geese, chickens and pigeons, one could not count 
 how many, and ever so many silver water-bottles, coffee-cups and salvers“ — here the narrator described naively 
 his Qullali, which he handed me to drink with an an'ien (your health), and the small Arabian coffee-cups (fingfrn) 
 with the saucer (zorf) belonging to it and his sinnlch, as if it were a matter of course that this kind of plate was 
 already used in the times of the old Ethiopian kings. — „But the Mudtr of MucMrif, who is a sharp fellow for 
 the finding out of anybody’s possessing a piaster, soon got scent of the valuable discovery and in consequence 
 suddenly came to share the booty with the Frank. Ilavage Lepsius received him very kindly and answered, when 
 he communicated his wishes over a cup of coffee and a schibuq, that he, the Mudtr was welcome to take whatsoever 
 he liked best, but as he alone had not to dispose of the discovered treasures, his lordship must please to negotiate 
 with the Afrit (the ghost) who guarded the treasures below, and if he wished he would accompany him at midnight 
 into the subterranean chamber. — But this speech so frightened the Mudtr, that he quickly rose and departed on the 
 spot from Begerauteh. — The other day Havage Lepsius had his treasures well packed up in boxes and transported 
 to the other bank, gave a good baksis to the men who had excavated, and was gone. 1 200 camels the shech was 
 obliged to provide, in order to carry the treasures through the desert of Gilif to Gebel-Barkal, and the natives 
 there say that he departed with 2000 camels, because he found ever so much more. At the present day one can 
 hear at night the howlings of the Afrtt, robbed by Havage Lepsius. “ This is the legend of the Frankish treasure- 
 seeker Lepsius and the Afrtt of the pyramids of Meroe. 
 
 We left our landing-place Begerauteh on the 22 nd of June and accomplished the tour to MuchSrif in 
 two days. We enjoyed a glorious sight at the village of Saqalc, where the majestic river, divided by an island 
 into two arms, unites its waters and is here almost half a German mile broad. We reached this place at noon and 
 landed at night very near the mouth of the Atbara; thence we set out on the second day and it was noon, and 
 theMueddin was just singing his A dan from the minaret, when we landed near the huts of the capital of Berber. 
 This town, where an Egyptian Bey who acts as Mudtr resides, deserves indeed to be called a metropolis of the 
 desert, for about 500,000 nomads, of whom perhaps 200,000 belong to the two great tribes of the Ababdeh and 
 Bishartn, are bound to pay tribute to the Mudirie of Mucherif. — The great nomad sheik Chaltfa, who as well as 
 the Mudtr has a temporary residence here, reigns over all these free sons of the desert and steppes, who form a 
 striking contrast to the miserable Fellahs of Egypt from their truly beautiful and classical build and frequently 
 pleasing and expressive physiognomies. — Soon after my arrival I made the two unavoidable visits. First I went 
 to the Mudtr and then to Chaltfa, to whom I presented the letter of recommendation from Mhsa-Pasha, requesting 
 him to provide camels for my journey and I told him, how much I wished to leave Much&rif, if possible the next 
 day. Sheik Chaltfa, the ideal of manly beauty with a look of majesty and a remarkable blending of grace and 
 dignity in all his movements, after I had finished the customary schibuq, gave me the agreeable information that 
 everything I desired should be at my disposal on the morrow. — The traveller is often obliged to wait 15, 20, or 
 30 days before he gets the camels necessary for crossing the desert, and in my inmost soul I thanked my friend 
 Musa-Paslia for the talisman he had given me, which had produced the miracle of my getting off at once. But the 
 next day it seemed as if the different preparations would never come to an end; Chabir and Gemmalin did not show 
 the slightest inclination to start on this day, which again happened to be a Friday. While they were thus indulging 
 in a thorough „dolce far niente“, the omnipotent prince of the desert, Chalifa himself appeared on the place and one 
 single yallah! „go on!“ from his mouth metamorphosed the whole scene in such a manner, that, what during the 
 whole day had been pronounced impossible, was now executed with the utmost rapidity, and in not quite an hour, 
 before sun-set, we were on our road. We formed by chance quite an imposing caravan, about thirty camels, divided 
 amongst three Europeans. My two companions with whom I had met with on the way and with whom I had agreed 
 to join and share expenses during this part of the desert-journey, were a Catholic missionary from the White Nile, 
 the well-known Pater Morlang, and an English physician, who was returning to Europe from his travels through 
 the Soud&n, undertaken for the advancement of physical science. Their companionship was a great consolation 
 to me, for I was continually haunted by forebodings, that something disastrous would befall me in the desert. Happy 
 
 D 
 
 
 
indeed is everyone, wlio comes off safe and sound after a march through the terrible Atmftr in midsummer. The 
 dark presentiment that oppressed me on leaving Mucherif was fulfilled; — I am indebted to the Samaritan virtues of my 
 two companions for my narrow escape. If they had not especially devoted themselves to me, if they had left me on the road 
 I should have been obliged to remain there, soon to become the prey of vultures and a contribution to the great avenue, 
 through which the caravans wend then- way in the summermonths. At Abu-Hammed where, as I mentioned before, the 
 travellers are allowed a longer halt for their rest and refreshment, the demon of the desert played me an evil trick. I was 
 taken ill so severely indeed, that, as I grew worse from hour to hour, the Chabtr declared he could not take upon 
 himself the responsibility of conveying a man through the Atmhr, who was as bad as I was at that moment. But 
 Abuna Morlang, who knew well how to silence the scruples of an Arab, told him that he also would stay behind, 
 and that he, the Chabtr, would consequently lose the second half of the payment for the camels, which is not made 
 until the arrival of the caravan at its destination, and that likewise the baksts would be wanting. This short 
 declaration had the desired effect, he submitted saying: „ Allah is great, he will be gracious towards you, in his name 
 we will start tomorrow"; and we really did set out the next day on Saturday the 4 th of July 1863. The clear, 
 healthy air of the desert as the pater had justly foreseen, had a most favourable influence upon my health, and in 
 this instance also a sudden change of air proved, as is always the case, the best means which can be used, working in 
 fact miracles upon the enfeebled frame. Thanks to the kind help of my two fellow-travellers, I reached the next 
 station; but as long as I live I shall remember these three days journey from Abu-Hammed to the fountains of 
 Mur fit. Once on the way through the desert during the summermonths, there is no question of advancing slowly 
 and comfortably. Everything is calculated. The beasts of burden do not hold out as in winter, and the water in 
 the leathern bottles, part of which is consumed by the heat of the sun and the scorching winds, is measured out to 
 every one in scanty portions. So many men, so much water, and forwards, forwards! is the watchword, however 
 weary the traveller may be; no loitering will do, for the life of all depends upon the distance daily accomplished. 
 In 13 nights and 11 days, of which two days and one night must be reckoned for the stay at MucMrif, we traversed, 
 travelling chiefly by night, the long desert-tract of 90 German miles from Mucherif to Qorusko. — At length I 
 was at a place, where I had the certain prospect of being able to undertake some labours in the service of Thoth. 
 In order to begin my work, I did at Qorusko as the Nile does at Abu-Hammed, in full route to the north I 
 turned southwards. — Fare thee well, oh desert, and ye Gods and Pharaohs of ancient Egypt! — A boat was soon 
 hired to convey me to Wadi-IIalfa and thence back to Pliilae. At every point, I had first of all to settle the 
 question: „which is the cheapest ?“ This question answered, I put the second: „is it possible to exist in this zvay?“ 
 and this being answered in the affirmative, the bargain was concluded. Here was again principally a question 
 of cost, which led to a prompt decision. The boat in which I set out for my voyage to the temple-ruins of Nubia 
 was such an original craft, that it really deserves a few words devoted to it. A Rei's, who acted as captain, four 
 boat-men and a boy about 10 years old constituted the crew; in the middle of the vessel rose a mast, which had 
 often been mended and to which was fastened a miserable sail. Near the prow was perched as on all Nubian boats, 
 the lady of the house, a black slave, on whom devolved the heavy duty of providing the daily bread for the crew, 
 and at the stern was fastened, in lieu of a cabin, a so-called Rccuba, made of straw-mats patched together, full 
 of holes and about 4 feet high in which one could with difficulty sit upright, knocking one’s head continually against 
 the cross-bar, intended to hold together the strawmats through which the storm whistled and raged, till it finally 
 succeeded in pulling them entirely to pieces, and now the passenger was exposed without mercy to storm and sun 
 alike. I should by no means recommend such airy night excursions to those who are subject to colds and rheumatism; 
 for my part, I had so utterly resigned all pretensions to comfort, that relatively my new abode answered 
 all my wants. Though I was sometimes slightly alarmed when the frail craft ran on a rock hidden beneath the 
 waters, whilst the boat-men cried out: „Ja rabb hauen aalei na“, or when I was rolled on my carpet from one 
 side to the other with the uneasy motion of the boat, — nevertheless 1 could be without fear, for I knew both the 
 helm and sail of the little barge were in safe hands when it darted through the foaming biflows between the rocks 
 with the „ Allah maana “ of the Reis. The monuments, situated sometimes on the right, sometimes on the left 
 bank of the Nile,, which I visited and studied as much as my time permitted, counted from south to north are the 
 following: The monumen's near the cataracts of Wadi-IIalfa, amongst these the ruins ofShataui and Abahuda* *) 
 
 *) At Abahuda, which my Reis called Beljenali is a small temple in the rocks, consisting of a hall supported by 4 colnmns, of which three doors 
 lead into 3 side-rooms. The four-columned hall has at a later period been transformed into a Coptic church , and its walls in consequence dis- 
 
 and some minor one’s which I only visited cursorily, and the two mountain-temples of Abu-Simbel ■where I made 
 a much longer- stay. I was deeply impressed with this miraculous building; wonder and admiration filled my soul, and 
 when I perceived the four stone giants at the side of the entry, who from their seat have been looking down for per- 
 haps three thousand years on the passing floods of the river, my spirit was transported to the glorious times of that 
 Pharaoh whose picture they represent, that mighty hero, who conceived the gigantic thought of excavating this rock, 
 washed by the floods of the Nile and to make it a temple, destined to relate in pictures and waitings his deeds and 
 those of his warriors to after-ages. What a glorious creation of architectural art, what a splendid manifestation of 
 Egyptian genius! the commanding exterior*) of those magnificent halls is only excelled by the still more imposing 
 interior**), and what a masterly power, -what carefulness in the minutest details of the representations, with which 
 the high walls are covered from top to bottom! Whereever the eye falls, the beholder is surprised by some new 
 wonder in this work of art, which has not even been executed by the light of day, but by that of torches. The rich 
 inscriptions of this temple and of the smaller one situated more to the north, furnish the most valuable contributions 
 to ancient Egyptian history, geography and mythology. A remarkable piece of literature in the great temple is a 
 poem, celebrating the happy time of the reign of Ramses, which is carved on a Stele of about 10 ft. high on one of the 
 walls of the hall. We have to do here unquestionably with one of those classic texts of ancient Egypt which j like 
 the poem of the Pentaur, may have existed in various hieroglyphic and hieratic editions. We find on the exte- 
 rior wall of the Pylones in the temple of Mcdinet-IIabu an almost literal repetition of this poem, relating to one of 
 the successors of the great Ramses, the not less illustrious Rampsinit. Struck by a remark in a letter from the 
 Viscount de Roug'd, I carefully compared the two texts, and as I believe this interesting specimen of literature has not as 
 yet been interpreted by any of the Egyptologists, I shall try to give a translation of it, adhering partly to the later and 
 for me more intelligible edition of Medinet-Habu***). The inscription begins like all similar texts with a date, 
 and the poem is supposed by the poet to be delivered by the god Ptah himself, who with the two high feathers on 
 his head, is represented in effigy on the upper field of the Stele, before the victorious king. 
 
 „In the year 45 f), the 13 th day of the first wintermonth in the reign of his majesty the Sunliorus, the 
 fighter like the bull, the beloved of truth; the lord of panegyrics, like the divine father Ptah-Tunen, the ruler, adorned 
 with the vulture-and the Uraus-diadem; lord of the two lands, providing for Egypt. [Sun rich in righteousness, the 
 chosen of the Sungod 7, the son of the sun, called into life by the god Ptah, a child of the great goddess Pacht [ Ramses , 
 the beloved of Amon, the giver of life] jj-). 
 
 The god Ptah-Tunen with the two great feathers between the horns, the father of the gods speaks to his 
 beloved son, the chosen one of bis divine body, supremely divine amongst the gods and rich in panegyrics like the god 
 Ptah-Tunen, the king Ramses the giver of life: 
 
 „I am thy father, by me are begotten all thy members as divine, I have formed thy shape like the Mendesian 
 God, I have begotten thee lying with thy sublime mother. I, I know it, how thou (deservest) to become worshipped, 
 therefore I made thy name glorious, thou wert born like the rising sungod fff), when he comes forth among the gods, 
 oh king Ramses! The creating and forming gods are in exultation, the nurse who has borne thee, the sublime one, 
 rejoices at the sight of thee. Around thy royal body the glorious and mighty , assemble festively the high goddesses, the 
 great ones from Memphis and the Hatlioros from Pithom, their hearts rejoice and their hands hold the tamborine 
 amid hymns of homage, when they see thy glorious form. Thou art loved like the majesty of the sungod Ra, the 
 gods and goddesses are praising thy benefits, adoring and sacrificing before thine image. They speak to thee, thou 
 art like our sublime father; the god who begot us, he. is like thee, oh king Ramses. At thy sight the heart swells, I 
 
 figured by the most horrid images of saints. The hieroglyphic legends say that this sanctuary was dedicated by the last king of the XVIII. 
 dynasty Horus to the Hermapolitic god Thoth. 
 
 *) The four colossal statues of Ramses on the exterior wall of the temple have the gigantic height of 60 ft.; they surpass by 8 ft. the famous Zeus of 
 Phidias which with the base was 52 ft. high. 
 
 **) If one measures the cubic surface of this wonderful edifice in its length, breadth and heiglith, one obtains not less than 130,000 cubic-feet, which 
 must have been dug out of the rock and removed through the door, before the artists could begin their labour. 
 
 ***) I published the text of Medinet-Habu in my „Historische Inschriften* Plate VII — X 1. 1 — 47. The inscription of Abu-Simbel is published in 
 Rossellini’s and Lepsius monuments. Vol. VII. PI. 194. 
 
 t) My copy has 45. I could not distinctly read the number of the year on the copy Professor Lepsius had taken in the temple, and which he was 
 kind enough to place at my disposal. 
 
 ft) These are the official Epitheta ornantia in the name of king Ramses II, which occur in all inscriptions concerning him. 
 fft) The text of Medinet-Habu is: „I formed thy diadem like mine.“ The paragraphs printed in the translation with fat letters, are taken from the 
 text of Medinet-Habu. 
 
grasp thee with my golden arm, I encircle thee with pure life, I fill thee with health and happiness of heart, I mix 
 for thee delight with sweet joy and exulting bliss. I grant, that a divinity like mine, shall dwell within thee. I have 
 proved thee to he perfect, thy heart is filled with wisdom, every disposition is eminently good, there is nothing 
 hidden from thee in any way. Should anyone swear in the present time, concerning the past*), then thou lettest 
 men swear by thy wisdom, oh king Ramses, thou, who art installed as a king of time and a lord of eternity. Thy 
 members are made of bronze, thy bones are of brass, and thine arm is a bough, which reaches to the sky. I give to 
 thee divine honour in thy dominion over the two lands as king of Upper- and Lower-Egypt. I give to thee a great 
 Nile, which fills for thee the two lands with abundance of nourishing food, pouring out its waters over their fields. 
 'Through thee food comes to every place, over which thou passest. I give rich harvest to feed Egypt, the corn is like 
 the sand on the shore, the barns reach to the skies, and the cornstacks are like mountains. Men exult and praise at 
 the sight of the food of the draughts of fish. Beneath thy feet Egypt has food, blessing is in thy deeds. I give to 
 thee the sky and what is in it, I lead the earth to thee and all that is upon it; the inundation comes to thee with its 
 birds, and Horse/a, the goddess of the field, with her harvest. The Fourteen in the picture of Ra are given (thee), and Thoth 
 is with thee on all thy ways (?) If thou openest thy mouth, it is to enrich by thy love, like thy divine father Chumn. 
 Thy kingdom revives among numerous victories, as in (the times) of Ra, when he still reigned over Egypt. Oh king 
 Ramses, life-giver, I grant that men shall make the rocks into magnificent and numerous monuments for thee, that for 
 thee the people shall erect all kinds of precious stone-monuments on the roads, in remembrance of thy name. I grant, 
 that they honour thee in all kinds of buildings, that they construct for thee all kinds of halls. Every creature, that 
 walks on two or on four legs, all that fly and flutter, the whole world I charge, to offer her productions to thee. The 
 princes themselves, the great and the petty ones, unanimously glorify thy name, oh king Ramses. Thou hast founded 
 the town of Chennu (Silsilis), the splendid, for the combat at the frontiers of the land, and the town of Ramses is 
 solid on the earth , like the pillars of the sky. Thy majesty is safe in the palace, for thou hast constructed a wall, in 
 which I have my seal. Thou eelebratest in it the panegyrics, which I have decreed, and I, with my own hands, fasten 
 thy crown firm, when thou appearest in the great-house. Men and gods rejoice at thy name, when thou appearest in 
 the panegyrics like me. Thou hast consecrated images of gods, thou hast built their sanctuaries as I ordained, I, the first 
 in the circle of the gods. (Therefore) I give to thee my years in the panegyrics, my reign, my seat, my throne, I fill 
 thy limbs with everlasting life, and am behind thee, protecting thee with a life full of strength and health. I take 
 care of the Egypt, where thou reignest; the land is filled with thy benefits, 0 king Ramses! I give unto thee strength 
 in the battle; thy sword reigns throughout the earth. I tamed for thee the rebellious hearts of all the foreigners, they 
 are put under thy sandals. Each day, on which thou appearest, prisoners are brought to thee, whom thy hand has taken ; 
 the princes and the lords of the whole earth are doing homage to thee with their children, their youths are in thy 
 power, thou hast to dispose of them after thy pleasure, oh king Ramses! I grant, that thy power may govern all 
 hearts and thy love dwell in all bodies. I made thy victory extend over the whole earth; thy warcry resounded amongst 
 the rebellious nations, terror of thee made the circuit of the mountains, and the princes trembled at the thought of thee. 
 The firmness of thy majesty rested on their heads, and they came to thee, unanimously to sue for peace, thou, who 
 createst life by thy will, and who killest by thy wish. The whole earth under thy reign takes notice of the throne 
 of Egypt. I grant, that they bring to thee all lands of jewels, that they manufacture everything for thee plentifully 
 
 B^<=>l O „em liaru pen er saf* says the inscription of Abu-Simbel. Literally: „ On this day about yesterday .“ Medinet-Habu has 
 
 instead: kmjVfir „In the truthlialls of the oath,* The second sign, for which Mess"- Birch and J. de Rouge have proved the 
 
 pronounciation sah’i, Birch, Dictionary p. 475 and I. de Rouge, Testes geogr. (Tentyrites p. 78), has here perhaps the signification of „truthhall“, 
 which led probably to the more general one of „ place of meeting* which M. Brngsch see Rhind. Pap. Nr. 220 compares with the Coptic 
 cct£ congregare, which is certainly right, but I think one must also take into consideration the Coptic ce-s-gi with the signification of „impre- 
 cation , curse, oath 11 , the truthlialls are as well the condemuationhalls of the wicked. The assertion of the modern Egyptians, the Arabian 
 i;ah ill „ Truly! to be snre!“ recalls singularly the old Egyptian sah’i. — The any is in this instance evidently confronted with lopu 
 
 jurare, another striking evidence for the accuracy of the comparison of any with the Coptic *.ns.uj jus jurandum, Brugsch’s lexicon p. 199. The 
 
 further use of the sign m sahi as „ark“, arose perhaps from the above-mentioned signification. — Though I am of opinion, that more than 
 one of the new words of the above-named lexicon, driven out by the sword of criticism, will soon be obliged to wander into the realms of 
 
 Amente, still, though I had not as yet time for a particular study of this emiuent work, I am firmly convinced, that the majority of the signi- 
 
 fications, for the first time established by the author, will stand the test. As far as I was able to enquire into the texts at my disposal, and to 
 balance the pro and contra, so fur am 1 convinced, that by far the greater part is confirmed by the inscriptions, though much of course will be 
 rejected, and much will be regarded as doubtful. 
 
 and well. The upper and the lower land exult under thee, Egypt is secure and is exceedingly glad because of king 
 Ramses. Should I move from my place, it is to honour thee by an abundance of great victories; (the fame) of tliy sword 
 rises up to the sky. The earth is full of joy, and her inhabitants praise thy deeds. The mountains, the waters and 
 the strong-holds of the earth, move to and fro at thy glorious name, when they behold thy command. Thou hast 
 brought the Chetaland in subjection. I put it to their hearts, that the princes themselves should come to thee 
 reverently. When their lords were taken prisoner, they brought all their property as a present unto thy majesty, and 
 their sons and daughters as servants for thy palace, that they might find favour in the heart of king Ramses *)“. — 
 From here the inscription of Medinet-Habu is almost entirely destroyed, so as to prohibit all further comparisons, I 
 therefore conclude my translation; I should like however to mention the fact, that above and below Abu-Simbel, in 
 the ravines partially covered by, the sand of the desert, are whole rows of tombs, which have attracted till now' very 
 little attention; the Ethiopic monuments altogether deserve, that an Egyptologist w'ould make them the object of a 
 deeper study, even for the sake of constructing a chronology of the Egyptian monuments. — The places, where I 
 landed on my tour further down the river to the boundaries of Egypt, were the following: The mountain fortress 
 Ibrim, which name is perhaps derived from the word ram, with pa before it; it is to be translated therefore by 
 ,fish-town l ‘, of which was made the Roman Primis, and the present Ibrim. Quite on the top of the mountains, which 
 are at this point of considerable height and difficult to climb, are several ruins of Christian churches, which have 
 been partly built with the remains of ancient Egyptian edifices. The inscriptions of the tombs on the declivity of 
 the rock, which I visited, go back to the 18 th dynasty; kings of the Thutmosis and Amenophis family and Ramses II. 
 are mentioned. 
 
 Opposite Ibrim, on the left side of the river in the neighbourhood of Anibe, is a fine, w r ell-preserved 
 tomb of the time of the Ramessides, not large, but rich in interesting mythological and geographical representations 
 and inscriptions. The next place, where I landed after leaving Anibe, w'as Derr, which is famous for its excellent 
 dates and offers an agreeable abode from its magnificent groves of palm-trees; the inhabitants boast of a mountain- 
 temple, which, it seems, broke down at the very time of its building, and they come in flocks to the shore, as 
 soon as a Frengi-boat arrives, in order to offer their services as guide. As the builder of the temple of Derr, 
 which in its style has much resemblance to the small one of Abu-Simbel, the dedicatory inscriptions on the 
 architraves again make mention of the hero, king Ramses II., who is represented here as at Abu-Simbel, in a battle- 
 picture, accompanied by his lion fighting at his side, and with regard to the inscription explaining the picture, 
 which is placed near the lion: „maasu sasi en hon. f smam yeri. u. f. — the lion, accompanying his majesty, tears his 
 enemies to pieces “, I am quite of the opinion of our master Champollion, who remarks in his letters, p. 143: „C’est 
 la que j’ai pu fixer mon opinion sur un fait assez curieux: je veux parler du lion, qui, dans les tableaux d’lbsamboul 
 et de Derri, accompagnc toujours le conquerant dgyptien: il s’agissait de savoir, si cet animal dtait placd 1& symbo- 
 liquement pour exprimer la vaillance et la force de Sdsostris, ou bien, si ce roi avait rdellement, comme le capitan- 
 paclia Hassan et le pacha d’Egypte, un lion apprivoisd, son compagnon fiddle dans les expeditions militaires. Derri 
 ddcide la question : j’ai lu en effet, au-dessus du lion se jetant sur les Barbares, renversds par Sdsostris, l’inscription 
 suivante: le lion, serviteur de sa majesty, mettant en pieces ses ennemis. Cela me semble ddmontrer, que le lion existait 
 rdellement et suivait Rliamses dans les batailles.“ In the second part of my historic inscriptions ■ PI. III., XIV., 
 XVII, LXI, I have given several representations, showing quite clearly, that leopards also used to be tamed, and 
 panthers trained for the royal huntings**). Not far from Derr, near Elesieh, you find the ruins of a temple, in 
 which king Thutmosis III. is mentioned on both sides of the sanctuary and also on other places, and a royal son 
 Amenemap on the exterior wall. The little temple-edifice of Amada near by, reaching also back to the times of 
 Thutmosis, contains a large number of instructive inscriptions, and the masterly workmanship of the representations 
 and hieroglyphs, in part very gaily coloured, make this building one of the finest of the Nile-valley. The temple of 
 SebCia, of which one half stands in the open air, the other half being built into the rock, represents in its still 
 
 *) Texts, which form like the „legend of the two brothers* in the papyrus d’Orbiney, a coherent narrative, do not offer special difficulties for inter- 
 pretation, considering the present state of science; these are the texts, of which I said, that one is able to interpret them with the greatest accuracy. 
 But inscriptions which, like the one in question, consists of nothing hut of loose phrases are, by the ambiguity of some hieroglyphic groups much 
 more difficult to translate, aud I dare say that some passages of my translation will need a correction. 
 
 **) The little hieroglyphic text, accompanying the representation in PI. III. in the „ Historische Inschriften IL, means literally translated: „Tioo lioing 
 panthers, brought amongst the precious things of the land. They are destined for the service of her majesty" (it relates to a reiguing 
 queen, consequently her majesty). Please to compare also PI. VI. and PI. XU. of this work. 
 
 E 
 
existing remains a fair picture of ancient Egyptian temple-architecture. When you arrive you go up a huge flight 
 of stone-steps, and advancing through an avenue of about 200 sphinxes, only 1G of which are at the present day 
 to be found in their respective places, you reach the great gate of Pylones, on each side of which two colossal 
 statues are placed. Through this gate you enter into the first, uncovered fore-court of ten pillars, five on each side, 
 which with the surrounding wall support the roof of the colonade, and through the second into a hall, supported 
 by twelve pillars, which is built immediately against the rock-temple, consisting of six large chambers. The distance 
 from the first Pylon to the last rock- wall, may be about as long as the avenue of sphinxes, and the whole may 
 have a length of about 400 ft. Unfortunately the execution of this spacious building is without taste, hasty and 
 superficial, and it is incomprehensible, how such an imperfect work could date from the happy time of king Ramses. 
 In the temple of Maharraga, the next to the north, probably the old Hierosycaminon on the boundary of 
 Dodekasclionus, everything indicates a late and apparently unfinished work. The walls are for the greater part 
 broken, and the remaining columns of very coarse workmanship. With the exception of Abu-Simbel, where the 
 well-known lines of the time of Psammetic II. are found on one of the colossal statues of Ramses, Maharraga 
 was the southermost point, where I found Greek inscriptions engraved on the walls of the temple, but I did not 
 detect hieroglyphs anywhere. Beyond Maharraga near Korte we found the insignificant remains of a small 
 temple, which scarcely deserve a visit, and passing them, we came to Daklceh, in which one is justified in recog- 
 nizing the ancient Pselcis, for the situation is evident; in the hieroglyphic inscriptions of the temple the name of 
 the place is P. selk, which one may well translate by „town of scorpions", moreover, the pot-sherds Gau found 
 here with the soldier’s receipts for Cibaria, prove the existence of a Roman camp on this spot. A glance at the 
 ruins convinces you, that you have before you a building, planned and commenced in the loftiest dimensions, prosecuted at 
 different times, but never completed. The large Pylones arc entirely preserved, and you may ascend to the roof from 
 within, by means of a stair-case, just as at Philae and Edfu; there is also a splendid view from it, far over the life-giving 
 stream and its verdant banks, behind which the yellow sand of the desert shines from time to time between the rocks, 
 encompassing the cultivated land. As builders of the temple, the Ethiopian king Ergamenes, the Ptolemies Euergetes I., 
 Philopator and Euergetes II. are named, together with the queen Arsinoc III. and the queen mother Berenike II. 
 The emperor Augustus was the last, who added to the temple. Of the next temple of Gerf-Husse'in the rock- 
 halls only are preserved, but heaps of ruins before them, some columns and caryatides still erect, and the fragments 
 of the Pylon show plainly, that here also, as at Sebfia, a vestibule with a court of columns and a Pylon gate, was 
 annexed to the rockchambers. Whatever is preserved of this temple, of the rockhalls, as well as of the building 
 attached, makes a disagreeable impression by its stumpy, contracted proportions. The extant columns and pillars 
 are deformed and awkward in their dimensions in such a degree, as almost to suggest the thought, that the architect 
 had received an order to furnish a pattern of disgusting, forms, and the remaining statues, both sitting and standing, 
 are complete caricatures. The temple is consecrated by Ramses the Great to the god Ptali. One of the shapes, in 
 which the god very frequently appears, is notoriously that of a deformed dwarf, and I presume, that the- whole 
 edifice is not by any means executed in such coarse proportions from want of skill, but rather with regard to the 
 destination of the sanctuary and the shape of the god, who was to be worshipped here. The temple remains of 
 Dandur, which follow next, present an unifinislied work of the times of the emperors. The edifice is constructed 
 in the same style as several of the earlier temples, with a terrace, an avenue of sphinxes, Pylones, court of columns 
 and temple-house, but nothing is completed. After leaving Dandur, we find in the neigbourhood of Kalabscheh 
 the important ruins of the ancient Talmis, once the capital of the Blemyers, where, in an inscription of barbarian 
 style, the conqueror Silco boasts: that he is a king of the Nubians and of all the Ethiopians (BaaiXIszos NoufiaSwv xai oltov 
 t«3v AiTioitwv), great, as any king of his time, who, after several fortunate battles against the Blemyers, made himself 
 lord of the land between Talmis and Primis", with this significant addition: „For towards the lower land I am a 
 lion, and towards the upper, I am a goat 11 , that is, a grim warrior towards the Blemyers, and a mild regent in his own 
 land, (syoi vap ei; xa-ru pipy) )i<ov eijfl, si; av&) pipvi <&!“*)• 
 
 The remains of the great temple at Talmis certainly form next to Thebes the largest heaps of ruins in 
 the Nile valley. A tract of not less than 500 ft. in length and 250 ft. in breadth is covered by the piled up, colossal 
 stone-blocks of this gigantic building, which was, as is easy to trace in the still remaining fragments, constructed 
 
 *) No doubt iliat Letronnc and Franz are right, in reading and not apE, and this latter word changed into ”Ap-/i; accoi 
 position. Cf. Corp. inscr. Graeo. HI. No. 5072. 
 
 rding to Niebuhr’s pro- 
 
 in the purest proportions. It is certainly a work of architecture, the beginning of which dates back to the best time 
 of Egyptian art, and which was often restored and enlarged under the. reign of the Ptolemies and the emperors, but 
 which was left for the greater part uncompleted. Whole walls arc quite blank, others only half decorated; here 
 you see a relief, just begun or half finished, there a hieroglyphic legend, sketched on the stone by the lapidary with 
 red outlines. — The neighbouring small rocktemple, called Bet-el-Wally by the Arabs, is one of the most remar- 
 kable monuments of Nubia, although it consists of only three, not even spaoious rock-chambers and an almost entirely 
 destroyed vestibule. This memorable te;nple also is a work of the great Ramses, whose deeds it glorifies in pictures 
 and inscriptions. Gazing at the representations of different animals, such as lions, panthers, antelopes, gazelles, mon- 
 keys, giraffes etc., which are led as tributes to the victorious king, the eye is agreeably impressed with the artist’s 
 efforts after truth in nature, and with the signal success, with which they are crowned. Of course, there are here 
 and there failures in the drawing, but there is much which reaches the climax of Egyptian art, and almost comes 
 up to the creations of the Tliutmosis time. The temple-remains of Tafeh, Gortasse, and Debdt, situated on this 
 side of the tropics, still on Nubian soil, are so insignificant, that they are not worth stopping about, and the boat 
 may be permitted to glide past them without regret. 
 
 Nearer and nearer we come to the gates of Egypt, and before long, and the dark rock-chaos from which 
 the roar of the Assuan cataract reaches our ear, again appears before us, and again wo behold the fresh verdure of 
 the palms in the wild ravine, through which the 'waters rush, and the lovely island of Philae unfolds itself to our 
 view like an enchanted palace in the legend. The magnificent temples of the great goddess, enveloped with unspea- 
 kable grace and bathed in the mild beauty of serene peace, Wellcome us from afar with their Pylones, soaring in the 
 deep blue sky, imaging forth so truly the spirit’s striving after the highest aims of knowledge, and the soul’s rising 
 up to heaven on the wings of devotion. 
 
 In the month of January 18G3 I passed this spot on my way to the South, leaving Egypt behind me, and 
 when, after a dangerous journey at the end of August of the same year, I returned to the sanctuary of Isis, when 
 I passed through the lofty Pylones into the fore-courts and columnhalls and entered the inner rooms, consecrated to 
 the gods, the Egyptian temple appeared to me a Christian cathedral, in which the „Te Deum laudamus“ sounded 
 solemnly in my ears. 
 
 Philae, surrounded by the rushing floods of the Nile , as a hieroglyphic text*) says literally of the „7rspixaX>s5t 
 r/j-7 ov *l-7iSo;“ the unas-el- wogud“ (the delight of king Wogud) of the Arabs of to-day, is now quite uninhabited, 
 which however did not prevent" me from settling down there for a longer sojourn. I was much pleased at the 
 arrival of old Abdallah, an inhabitant of the isle of Bigeh, opposite Philae, who I dare say, will be remembered 
 by many a traveller, for his quickly leaving his abode and crossing the river, in order to offer his services. I 
 engaged him forthwith as first body-guard, umbrella-holder, water-carrier etc. etc., and obtained through his mediation 
 two young Barabra from the village of Schelfil as servants. In the company of this trio I passed two months 
 at Philae in order to investigate the monuments, the last days of August, the whole of September and the greater 
 part of the month of October. — The way in which the provisions during my sojourn were procured was curious 
 indeed. After a consultation about the bill of fare with Hass an, who under my auspices became a thorough cook, 
 Abdallah advanced gravely to a projection of the colonade on the quay of the river, opposite Bigeh, and com- 
 municated our wishes in his Baraba language or in Arabic, accompanied by lively gesticulations. His call, several 
 times repeated, finally reached the hut of his Fatma, and now the telegram ,,ma fis abaden" (absolutely nothing) 
 followed as answer, or Fatma herself appeared on the shore, twisted the only garment she could boast of round 
 her head, fastening by this proceeding the mug of milk, the chicken or the eggs she was going to bring us, and 
 swam through the river on a piece of palmwood, which they use in want of a boat. The Barabra in general, but 
 especially those of the Sclielal are intrepid sailors and swimmers. I saw at different times, what I had till then 
 always regai’ded as a fable, that a mother with her little child on her shoulder and a mug of milk on her head, 
 plunged into the roaring waves of the rapid river on a piece of wood, which she clasped with her feet. — Some 
 will perhaps wonder at my having passed so much time at this island, which has been so often visited and of which 
 so much has already been said. I myself was at first of opinion, that some days would be amply sufficient for the 
 examination of the monuments of Philae, and for taking notes of what is still unknown. But the few days extended 
 to two months, so much I found to do, so rich was the harvest of important, till then unnoticed hieroglyphic 
 
 *) Gf. Diinriclieu: Geogr. Insclir. I. PI. XI. line I. 
 
inscriptions, which contribute essentially to the department of mythology and geography. After completing my 
 labours at Pliilae, I left my scanty property in the care of faithful Abdallah, and set out with Hassan for a pilgri- 
 mage into the mountains around Assuan and to make a circuit of the different cataract islands. The wandering 
 student has not here as elsewhere in the Nile valley, to direct his attention only to temples erected and consecrated 
 by kings to the gods, and to the carefully executed tombcliambers, no, monuments are the cliffs and ravines of the 
 mountains of the shore close by, monuments are the very stones of the more distant desert 5 the granite-block 
 washed by the waves of the Nile, and the rock-wall wedded to the sand of the desert, they are transformed into 
 monumental memorials. Remembering on this excursion the words of Bunsen ,;Take care not to undervalue even 
 the most unsignificant monument in the domain of Antiquity" I collected in the quarries ofSyene and in the whirl- 
 pools of Krophi and Mophi a great number of rock inscriptions, interesting as regards the calendar and history. 
 After a lapse of ten days I returned to my old Abdallah, this time in a little boat, which I had hired at the rocky 
 island ofScheil for my further journey, because I intended to take the direct water-route fromPhilae to Assuan, 
 which was about two hours distant, hereby avoiding the tedious transport of the luggage by camels. Accidentally 
 I once more sinned against the old saying: „ Venerdi ed marte, non si sposa, non si parte‘\ for it was Friday the 
 23 d of October, when I said farewell to the lovely island of Isis. The passage through the cataracts of Assuan is 
 not in the least dangerous, if one has an experienced Reis, which is generally the case. I made it three times, 
 twice up and down the river in the steamer and also in the Dahabijeli in company with Musa-P asha, who once 
 came to fetch me from Philae, and the other time brought me back to that place; the third time I made the passage 
 in my little boat down the river; I must confess, it did not appear to me more dangerous than a tour on the 
 Danube from Vienna to Pesth, or an excursion on the Rhine from Cologne to Mayence. The awful dangers of the 
 Assuan cataract, which are described in some travelling reports, belong evidently to those exaggerations, with which 
 ingenious authors season their accounts at the expense of truth; at all events, they must be very nervously con- 
 stituted, if on this tour then' „ senses vanish and they are paralyzed with terror. “ 
 
 On the morning of the 25 th of October we came to the temple ruins of Kum-Ombo, situated on the right 
 bank of the Nile. The river drives with such force against the east side, that it has already undermined the hill 
 on which the splendid temples of Ombos are built, so much so, that one of the magnificent edifices is almost thrown 
 down. The other, which turns its back on this enemy, is covered up every year more and more by the sand of the 
 desert. Part of the gigantic ruins is suspended on the declivity, and a part is already entombed in the floods of 
 the river. Our boat stopped near an architrave, almost buried by the waters, which presented to the mocking waves 
 its beautifully chiselled inaugural inscription of following purport: „The king of Upper and Lower-Egypt Ptolemy IX., 
 EuergetesII. and his sister, the reigning princess of both lands Kleopatra, and his consort, the reigning princess 
 of both lands Kleopatra, the gods Euergetes, they have erected to their memory to the god Sebak-Ra, the 
 lord of Ombos, this beautiful monument of fine, white sand-stone, as a work of eternal duration." When I read 
 this inscription, when I glanced at the temple, already half destroyed by the floods of the Nile, I could not help 
 thinking of what my venerated friend Dr. Parthey says in his „Wanderings through the Valley of the Nile" when 
 he landed at this place 40 years before me, in the year 1823, and saw with apprehension the still extant but already 
 threatened sanctuary of Ombos. „The foot of the hill, on which the temple is built, so says the above-mentioned 
 work, is already inundated when the water runs high; but even when it is low, the bed of the river comes close 
 to the very declivity, and the outer buildings are threatened by the Nile. As no one seems to consider it his business 
 to dam up the river, it will happen here, as at Gau-el-Kebir, that the whole temple is swallowed up by the 
 floods. In this way the efficacious river, which must be considered indirectly as the creator of these monuments, 
 becomes directly the destroyer, if the industry of man does not bridle it, and the creations, ■which the Nile has seen 
 arise on its banks, will be forfeited to it in their decay in the course of milleniums." Passing by such riionuments 
 the wandering student is doubly bound by a sacred duty, to gather into his portfolios whatsoever he is able to 
 secure. There is many another monument in Egypt as well as in Ethiopia, which is doomed, though partly by 
 other destroyers, to a speedy and total annihilation; I am happy in having the inward assurance of having just in 
 such places rescued in the interest of science as much as was possible. This is doubly valuable to me now, because 
 in consequence of the scanty means, I had to dispose of, the acquisition was attended with the greatest difficulty. 
 Fate was propitious in granting me the light of the fullmoon during my sojourn at Ombos and the ruins, so pictu- 
 resquely situated on the rock-declivity and dipped in the full radiance of her light, fed anew my enthusiasm for the 
 beauties of nature. The splendid temple on high seemed to me a magnificent sarkophagus, lying in state before being 
 
 consigned to the tomb; the moon and the stars were the radiant lights around the bier, and the ghostlike figures of 
 the gods and of the kings on the walls represented the gravely, solemn funeral guests; the river, close at its feet 
 was the tomb, destined to receive it, and the rushing of the waves its funeral-dirge. — One must be very careful 
 at night in the valley of the Nile on account of the little venomous serpents, that come out from every nook, they 
 obliged me sooner than I intended to quit the sight of the mournfully beautiful picture, and to seek my couch on 
 the Dahabijeli. — The next place to the north of Ombos where I stopped, was at the ancient quarries of Silsilis, 
 to whose examination I now gave one day, and again several days on coming from Edfu. I had no longer any 
 peace of mind, I longed to come to the best preserved and most instructive of all Egyptian temples, to the glorious 
 sanctuary of Horus of Apollinopolis magna. As in the palace of Isis at Philae, I also here took up my abode 
 in one of the chambers on the roof of the temple-building, which was my residence for full three months, November, 
 December of the year 1863 and the month of January of 1864. — 
 
 During these three months I copied generally eight hours every day from the temple-walls, collected hun- 
 dreds of interesting and instructive inscriptions*), and was nevertheless obliged to confess, that I did not obtain 
 possession of the thousandth part of that, which was worthy of being copied. From my abode here, I made, as I 
 used to do at Philae, some excursions in the Apollinopolitcs. First I visited the mountaifis on this side close 
 by, then I went for some days to the ruins of the ancient Eileithyia with its tombs on the other side of the 
 river, the El-Ivfib of to-day, and to the temple of Rcdesich, situated in the desert about a day’s march thence. 
 I also preferred visiting from this point Esneli, which was not very far off, in order to prevent a fresh delay on 
 my further tour. I hired a tolerable horse from She/-el-beled, my servant procured a liumar sedid for his own 
 use, and we trotted gaily towards Esneh on one of the Christmass-holidays. On the way we stopped a short time 
 at Kum-el-alimar, the ruins of the ancient Hieraconpolis, gained our place of destination at night, and after my 
 having freed the Hum Sr a of some travellers, too heavily encumbered with lice, by dispatching them per Kurbag into 
 the open air, to the great satisfaction of the other bed-fellows, we laid down for the night, I beside my horse and 
 Hassan by his donkey. One of the fellows, an old She/, from the Schelal, whom I knew at Assuan, approached 
 me after this execution and expressed his thanks in the following words: „Wlio could be without lice in this country, 
 we all have them! Thou hast lice and I have lice; that is not to be helped here. But by the side of these two 
 swine, whom thou hast whipped out of doors to the gratification of everybody, by the side of these two heaps of 
 dirt, whose father is a dog and whose mother is a bitch**), one might lose — God protect us from the stoned 
 Satan! — all one’s blood in one night." Such is life in an h&tel in Upper-Egypt, such the companions, with whom 
 you must associate. The next day and the following three I worked in the temple, and on the fifth we retur- 
 ned to Edfu. — 
 
 Immediately after I had met with the Viscount dc Rouge and his travelling-suite, I was one day, it was 
 the 30 th of January, most agreeably surprised by the visit of the amiable protector of all Prussian subjects in the 
 Nile-valley, the consul-general Theremin. He undertook an excursion to Assuan, in order to convince himself of 
 the more or less comfortable condition of his protdgds in Upper-Egypt, for which purpose His Highness the Viceroy 
 had placed a steamer at Ins disposal. The offer Herr Theremin made me of talcing me, my servant***) and my 
 baggage, on his return from Assuan to my next station Thebes, was most favourable for the prosecution of my 
 journey and one which I accepted thankfully, and thus I once again advanced quickly and comfortably, a striking 
 contrast to my general mode of travelling. If, as was generally the case with me, one has constantly to struggle 
 with material calamities, one is doubly touched by such kindness and remembers it with deep thankfulness. On 
 Thursday the 2 d of February we started at noon from Edfu, and already the next day about the same time the 
 steamer stopped at Luqsor. I was hospitably received for the first few days in the house of the Austrian consular 
 agent Herr Riihl, and I employed the time in a cursory inspection of the numerous temple palaces and monuments, 
 the remains of the ancient residence of the Pharaohs, bounded at the present day by the four villages of Karnak, 
 
 *) A part of the treasures collected here, I have already put into the hands of my colleagues. On the 113 Fol. Plates of the first volume of my 
 „ Altugyptische Tcmpclinscliriftcn“ I only give texts from Edfu. I communicated all the receipts from the laboratory of Apollinopolis 
 in the appendix of the second volume of my „ Geographische Inschrifteu“, the temple of Edfu furnished likewise rich contributions to the 
 first part of tlus work. 
 
 **) These are the common Epitlieta oruantia in the colloquial language of quarelling Arabs, and their use is so current, that it often happens that an 
 angry father says to his son: „Thou son of a dog, may God damn your father! 11 My often being forced to live with such company in these realms 
 of dirt „par excellence 11 , was one of the most terrible plagues, which at times almost drove me to despair. 
 
 ***) After our arrival at Thebes my servant returned to his native village, as unfortunately I was often obliged to change my servants at each station. 
 
 F 
 
Qurnah, Luqsor and Mcdinct-IIabu on the east and west side of tlic river, and which are distributed over the 
 plain in the circumfei’encc of about a mile. After this reconnoitering I made my plan for the different places. I first 
 went to the west-side, and as on the liiglits of S li e / - A b d - e 1 Qurnah the so-called Bet-Lepsius, which can 
 be seen from a great distance, seemed to offer an acceptable abode, I directed my steps thither, with the intention 
 of settling down there for some tune. But the twenty years which had rolled over it, without the walls having 
 been repaired by anyone, made this house such a desolate ruin, that notwithstanding the veneration I felt for the 
 former residence of my revered teacher, I was not able to stay there longer than one night. Wild dogs, jackals, 
 owls and bats are now the common proprietors, and I was not inclined to fight with them for a few dilapidated 
 claywalls, which could not protect me from the cold by night nor from the sunbeams by day. I therefore changed 
 my quarters the next morning and removed to the „English house “ (b&t-Inglisi) *), situated also on the declivity of 
 Qurnah, somewhat below the former. As this house was all I wanted, I settled down in it and undertook from 
 here my daily wanderings to the wide ruin-field of western Thebes. I gave eight days to the inspection of the 
 palace of Osymandias to the right and to the temple of Sethos to the left side, and for about three weeks I 
 went through a study of the different private tombs of Qurnah and of the Assasif, which was a regular trial by 
 its seldom permitting me during my labours, to occupy that position, which distinguishes man from the beast, the 
 upright one. „Lust unci Liebe zum Dinge, macht Mull’ und Arbeit geringe”, (Have soul and heart in a 
 thing, and you will not think much of the trouble) this is especially true as regards the copying of tombs; — e. g. 
 that of the priest of Amon, Neferhotep**) (some parts of which I have already published) which could only be 
 done by lying on the back or crawling on the belly. But to this Troglodyte life in Qurnah, to this rummaging 
 and creeping into chambers and corridors partially or totally filled up, I am indebted for a great number of the 
 most interesting notes. From She/.-Abd-el-Qurnah I went to the temple of Medinet-IIabu, where I established 
 my domicile for four weeks in the north colonade of the first court of columns, at the foot of glorious Rampsinit. 
 During my stay at this giant building I made a collection of historical and calendar inscriptions, which surpassed all 
 my expectations. I mention for example the great calendar on the outer wall of the temple, imhappily so incorrect 
 in some of its calculations, an inscription which, if I am not mistaken, covers a space of 150 ft. in length and 15 ft. 
 in height on the templewall. To be able to copy it in its whole extent, I was obliged to take the liberty of clea- 
 ring away here and there an adjacent rubbish-heap, but conscientiously I restored the old status quo, so that the 
 director of the excavations should not be disagreeably impressed with the breach, made without his permission. 
 
 I am sure nobody will blame me that, at the sight, of the half covered calendar, I could not long endure the pain 
 of Tantalus, and as I only put aside for a time some rubbish, which hindered my copying, but did not absolutely 
 excavate anything, nobody will reproach me with having encroached upon the rights of Maricttc-Bey ***). 
 
 I next worked in the little temple-building quite near, which was founded by the Thutmosis family, and 
 in which you can easily trace in the extant inscriptions the restoration and enlargements, undertaken in the course 
 of centuries by kings of the different dynasties through a period of almost 2000 years. It was founded in the 
 lG th century B. C., and the following kings are named in the temple: Thutmosis I., II., III., and the royal consort 
 Mi-t-ra Ha-t-sepf) and as reigning queen with the name of Ra-ma-ka Amonyuumt Has-ep-tu, the same ? 
 who fitted out the naval expedition to Arabia, which is mentioned on the plates of this work. Restorations 
 were also effected under the last king of this dynasty Ilor cm heh and under Sethos I., and his successors 
 Ramses the great and Menephthes. The building of the temple was also continued under the king 
 
 *) In tlic picture of tlie ^Necropolis of Thebes*, which Dr. Birch gives Plate I. of his „Rhind-Papyri“ the house, called by the Arabs „bet- 
 Inglisi* forms the fore-ground, whilst „ bet-Lepsius is situated above the former, a little more south. 
 
 **) I published the calendar texts from the tomb of Neferhotep on the four double plates 35 — 38 of my „ Altagyptische Kalenderinschriften.* 
 The upper part of PL 31 and the last plate of this work are also taken from this tomb, and the rest. of the representations and inscriptions I 
 copied there, found a place in the second part of my „ Historischc Insclirifteu.* 
 
 ***) I published the calendar of Medinet-Habu, so far as I was able to copy it, on the first 34 plates of my „ Iialend er -Insclirifteu.* — 
 Either the space on the templewall did not permit the completing of the calendar, or the end is still to be found on one of the walls covered 
 by rubbish. 
 
 f) According to an article in the December number of the Zeitschrift fur Aegyptische Sprache, Professor B rug sell is inclined to see in the „ Ha. 
 t. sep. tu“ of the inscriptions the undefined name. Minx^pt; (sep = oa<p). But in order to make this probable, we had better not read 
 Ha. t. sep. tu, like M. Brugsch (cf. Zeitschrift 1867, pag. 98), but we must take the different signs in the scutcheon of the queen in the 
 following order: Ha. t Misepra, the princess Misepra. It is very probable that from the reading Misepra arose If it were admissible 
 
 to derive from the first scutcheon the name of the lists, it would be easy to explain the Mwaopi; likewise from Machaftra, if you give to the 
 one sign the prononneiation of chaft, which it unquestionably has besides ka, as Mr. Le Page Renouf has proved in the Zeitschrift 1866 p. 58. 
 The transition of / in ; is very common, as c. g. the name of king Chufu is rendered by: Souipi;. 
 
 Amen rameses (with the addition „Lord of Thebais “), who is confronted to the Au.asvsp.v-?,; of the lists, and 
 under Ramses III. Besides these, the priest-king Pinotem, the son of Pian^i, the Amon priestess Amenartes *) 
 of the XXIV. dynasty and the contemporary of Sanlierib the Ethiopian king Taliarqa are mentioned. Of the XXVI. 
 dynasty we find mentioned Psammetich and his consort Nitocris, besides king Hakar of the XXIX. dynasty 
 and the last king of the XXX. dynasty Nectanebus II. Among the Ptolemies, the following effected conside- 
 rable restorations and enlargements: Ptolemy IX., Euergetes II., with his consort Kleopatra and Ptolemy X. 
 Philometor Soter; and of the empire, emperor Antoninus**) is mentioned. The collection of inscriptions I made 
 in the different rooms of this sanctuary is not inconsiderable. — After leaving Medinet-IIabu and having worked 
 some days in the Ptolemy-temple of D6r el mcdlneh and in the tombs of the queens, biban 6 sultan&t, I went 
 to the terrace-temple of D&r el balieri, situated in the northern Assasif, where I fixed my domicile in one of 
 the open halls. The hook before you, and the II. part of my „Historische Insclirifteu ” may testify to my 
 labours in this Egyptian temple, which is as regards the exquisite workmanship of its mural sculptures without 
 doubt the most beautiful of all. A somewhat inconvenient hut direct road leads across the adjacent mountains to 
 the tombs of the kings in the mountain-valley beyond. „The way to the tombs of the kings, which lie in the valley 
 on the further declivity of the Lybian moimtainchain“, says Professor Brugsch in the report of his travels in 
 Egypt, which always claimed my warmest interest”, can be made by different paths. The longest hut easiest is the 
 one near the temple of Seti I. of Qurnah, leading in a curve northward- to the long shafts of the famous and 
 remarkable tombs. A shorter hut rather steep way leads from the northern Assasif across the ridge of the moun- 
 tainchain, so that you can see from the narrow path on high the mighty, quadrangular openings yawning like the 
 jaws of hell. You may choose one way or the other, both leave behind an awful impression of the region of the 
 royal dead. Brown rockmasses, looking as if they were burnt by the sun, with distinct traces of ancient water- 
 drains and covered by crumbled stones, form in the most curious shapes the valley of the royal tombs, where no 
 green stalk is to be seen, where no Animal tarries, and where even one is seldom disturbed from one’s dreams by 
 the scream of an eagle, floating in the ether blue. Here everything dies, and death is the watchword in this silent 
 valley, where a gigantic natui'e wrought her work of creation amidst the wild play of the elements. A spot, more 
 awful than this, Egypt’s kings could never have chosen for their eternal rest. It seems indeed, as if here the gates 
 of the nether-world opened, as if the realm of Amente had here its beginning.” There many a time, my soul 
 filled with such impressions, I looked down upon the craggy, awfully beautiful valley of death, when, after com- 
 pleting my studies in the halls of Thutmosis, I made my way each morning for ten successive days to the tombs 
 of the kings, along the road „from the northern Assasif across the ridge of the mountainchain”, and returned at 
 evening by the same way to my terrace. 
 
 I) fir el bah’eri was the last station on the westside, and I now directed my steps to the monuments on 
 the opposite side, to the temple-palaces of tlic ancient metropolis, which are bordered by the two villages ofKarnak 
 and Luqsor. I settled down in one of the halls of the great temple of Karnak, made daily excursions to the 
 long line of monuments of eastern Thebes, and strove to collect as many hieroglyphic inscriptions as I possibly 
 could from the still extant Pylones, from walls, columns and architraves and from stone blocks, which had 
 tumbled down***). 
 
 =1 * 8 i'“ uiu "i 
 
 *) The dignity of the Amonpriestesses in the Egyptian royal families, the title |wa«a q n uter tuau en Amon“ divine adoratrice d’Amon 
 
 has lately furnished M. J. de Rouge in his „ Textes giographiques du temple d’Edfou “ with a subject for an interesting investigation. See the 
 
 valuable explanations of the above-mentioned author in the n Reoue archeologiqne“ , Nome Phathyrites p. 59 — 63. 
 
 **) As to the time of government of the different, above-mentioned sovereigns, see Lepsius Kfinigsbnch, Brugsch Histoire d’Egypt. Lieblein, 
 Aegyptische Chrouologie and Unger Chronologie des Mauetho. In the chronological researches of Professor Lautli: „Manetho and the Turin 
 Royal Papyrus*, ouly the first half of the Egyptian dynasties is spoken of. It is highly desirable that the academician of Munich, who is so 
 versed in all classics, bearing reference to Egypt, might soon find time to work at the second half of the dynasties of Manetho, about which the 
 materials to be found in the monuments are so abundant. 
 
 ***) One of the texts, I copied at Karnak, is the inscription, which I published under the following title: „Report from Karnak of the victory in 
 the combat of the Egyptians in the XIV. century before our era against the Lybians and their allies, the inhabitants of the coast and 
 of the isles of the Mediterranean I hear, that the viscount de Rouge is exceedingly angry with my having dared to copy and to publish an 
 inscription, from which he has caused the rubbish to be in part removed. — I take the liberty of saying in reply, that I did with this inscription, 
 
 what I did with the others, I copied it simply like every one, which I deemed worth of copying, and I hastened to publish it on account of its 
 
 high, historical interest. It is very natural indeed, that a collector of inscriptions profits in this way by the removal of a rubbish-heap, even if 
 this removal was caused by another. If M. de Rouge wished to be guarded from it, he ought to have filled the hole up again, or asked 
 Mariette-Bey for one of his inscription-guardians, or fixed a warning perhaps to the following effect: All travellers are strictly forbidden 
 to creep into this hole , which the Viscount de Rouge has had made. — 
 
In consequence of my going from Edfu to Thebes in the steamer of the consul-general Theremin, I 
 missed the ruins of Ilermonthis; I made therefore, before leaving Thebes, an excursion of several days to Erment, 
 which was not far distant. On my return thence I began to think seriously of continuing my journey, for more 
 than three months had elapsed since my arrival atLuqsor. From the 3 d of February till the 15 1,1 of May I stayed 
 at the monuments of eastern and western Thebes, and it was indeed high time to advance a little further. Unfor- 
 tunately I did not find a single boat in the harbour of Luqsor going north, accordingly, if I did not feel inclined to 
 prolong my stay indefinitely, necessity obliged me to go by land. I therefore hired at Qurnah a horse to ride to 
 my next station, the temple of Dendera, and procured some camels and asses for the baggage and my two ser- 
 vants. Negotiating with the owners about the price, and the loading of the camels again took up much time, so 
 that we started rather late on the 15 th from Qurnah, and did not gain our place of destination before the afternoon 
 of the following day. — 
 
 The beautiful temple of Dendera, situated on the border of the desert, surrounded by rubbish-heaps from 
 the dilapidated Fellaliin dwellings and projecting proudly like a truly divine work of the past over the desolate 
 dirthuts of the present, the magnificent sanctuary of the Tentyrithian Hathor, the origin of which by no means 
 falls into the late Ptolema'ic-Roman time, as has been hitherto asserted, but dates back to the oldest dynasties, is 
 not only one of the most beautiful edifices of ancient Egypt, but one of the noblest creations of architectural art 
 altogether, and as regards the abundance of its valuable mural pictures and hieroglyphs, though they are not exe- 
 cuted with that perfection, which distinguished the time of Tliutmosis, nevertheless merit high praise, for, with 
 the exception of some incorrect and bad work, as e. g. in some chambers of the upper story, they are for the most 
 part executed in a pleasing style in the most beautiful symmetry and with a care in the minutest details, which 
 delights the eye from the constant harmony of the whole and of the different parts, and excites our admiration by 
 the variety of the composition, everywhere prominent in spite of the prescribed forms. This is the opinion I formed 
 from a thorough study of the temple of Dendera during my three months stay there, an opinion which certainly 
 does not agree with that of Champollion. I am without doubt one of the most devout followers and one of the 
 sincercst admirers of the great founder of our science, but I do not belong to those, who think every one of his 
 assertions an indisputable truth. As I should not like to subscribe to several of his propositions, neither can I agree 
 with him in his opinion upon Dendera. 
 
 Among the inscriptions I was so happy to find in one of the secret corridors in the interior of the hollow 
 templewall, and which, in consequence of their high interest, I published in the month of June 1865, directly after 
 my return under the title: „Bauurkunde der Tempelanlagen von Dendera 11 , I found two texts*) of which 
 one literally translated says : „ The great edifice founded at Dendera is a monumental restoration, undertaken by Thutmosis III 
 as has been discovered in an old writing of the time of king Chifu. “ Consequently a restoration, undertaken in the XVI. 
 century before our era, after an old plan from the times of the pyramid builder Chufu, in the fourth millenium before 
 Christ. And as for the discovery of this very old document, which was written on a „hi ubex ent ar“ — „on a 
 goat’s skin", and the original composition of which is placed in the pre-historic time, in the time of the „Sasu- 
 H o r “ — successors of Horus, it is said in another place that „It was found in the interior of a brickwall of the South- 
 house in the time of king Phiops A similar building record on the very monument itself, we cannot produce from 
 any Egyptian temple. — M. Chabas**), who must be mentioned as one of the most deserving amongst the promoters 
 of our science on account of a number of excellent works, has spoken particularly of the two above-mentioned 
 passages in an article in the „Zeitschrift fur Aegyptisehe Sprache", entitled „Sur VAnliquite de Dendera “ and has 
 
 *) Cf. Bauurkunde Plate XVI., a. b. and PL XV. Line 35—40, also page 15—19. 
 
 **) The most important work of M. Cliabas is the interpretation of the Papyrus Anastasi No. 1., which lie published with the cooperation of an 
 English scholar, Mr. Goodwin, under the title „ Voyage d'un Egyplien. u In this book of more than 400 printed pages large quarto, the first 
 admirable attempt is made to give a successive translation and particular interpretation of the whole papyrus, which offers great difficulties. The 
 author, who is so highly gifted in the study of ancient Egypt, who dedicates his faithful services to science with a zeal, which nothing damps, 
 and who is discouraged from the prosecution of his calling by no proscription, by no obstacle, has presented ns in his „ Voyage dun Egyptien* 
 with a work, of which I think an impartial critic can only speak with the greatest praise, and I am therefore utterly unable to agree with the 
 criticism this work has met with in the „Rciiue critique .“ — At the moment I am writiug this, I receive the spirited reply, which M. Chabas 
 makes to this criticism in his „Rt!ponse a la critique.“ For the very first time I find myself disagreeing with the views of my esteemed colleague 
 as regards the main theme. In spite of his assertions I must maintain what I said before of the ^Hieroglyphic-Demotic dictionary “, which is: 
 that this work, published by one of the greatest philologers of our time, will need of course some corrections here and there, but that among all 
 the works in the sphere of Egyptology, which have appeared till now and which are dedicated exclusively to etymological enquiries, it is the most 
 remarkable enterprise and one by. means of which our science has made a truly gigantic stride. 
 
 pointed out their great importance. Dr. Birch has thought them worthy, on account of their historical interest, of 
 admission into his „Selected Egyptian texts “ one under No. II. „ Inscription at Dendera, mentioning Cheops “ (F ourtli Dynasty), 
 the other under No. III. Inscription at Dendera mentioning Phiops 11 (Sixth Dynasty); also E. and J. de Roug6, 
 Goodwin, Pleyte and Lauth laid stress upon the importance of this monumental document. — I also published 
 a large collection of inscriptions, which I copied at Dendera in the second part of my temple-inscriptions: „Weih- 
 inschriften aus dem Hatliortempel von Dendera"; they refer particularly to the foundation, enlargement and 
 ornamentation of this sanctuary, to the names and destination of its various halls, chambers and corridors, to the 
 adoration of the great Hathor of Tentyra and her circle of divinities, to the titles and dignities of the different offi- 
 ciating priests and priestesses. The four side-walls of the two great covered stairs for processions, which lead to 
 the roof of the temple, or rather the two stair-cases, I have given in their full extent in PI. LXXni. — CXVI. of 
 my „ Altagyptische Kalenderinschriften" and in PI. LIV. — LXVII. of the same work, a number of texts 
 from the crypt of the temple and from some of the secret corridors. The temple of Dendera has also furnished 
 rich material to the two volumes of my „Geograpliische Inschriften." — 
 
 On the 1 st of August, after I had copied the great Osiris-text*) in one of the chambers of the upper 
 story, I said with a heavy heart Jiaec hactenus“ and farewell to the walls of the temple, whose treasures I felt 
 were inexhaustible for me, packed up my few goods and removed to the town of Qineli, situated on the other bank 
 • of the river. — Although the dog-days, which for the second time on my journey overtook me, are by no means a 
 favourable season for a desert-tour in Upper-Egypt, I could not help making an excursion from Qineh on the com- 
 mon caravan-road to the ancient quarries in the mountains of Ilamamat, which was a three day’s march through 
 the desert, and where, as inumerable inscriptions on the rocks assert, already in the third millenium B. C. and up to 
 the Ptolemaic-Roman period, the breccia verde for the statues of gods and kings was fetched. — 
 
 Once on the way, I could not abstain from prolonging my excursion to the coast of the Red Sea. I was 
 so fortunate here, that is to say I imagined I was so fortunate, as to stand on the spot, where thousands of years 
 ago Egyptian sailors, coming home from distant lands, welcomed their native shore, where, loaded with the treasures 
 of Arabia, of Ethiopia and Asia, the fleet landed which stood under the special protection of Hathor, and all this at 
 a time of which we have not the slightest authentic tidings as regards other nations, at a time, the history of which is 
 recorded to us by Egyptian monuments alone. — I looked for them in vain at the place in question, in vain I 
 endeavoured to find in the sand traces of ancient grandeur. Where was she, the famous port-town of which the 
 still existing walls of Thebes speak? The doom of Memphis and Tentyra, of Tyrus and Carthage had also 
 fallen upon her. Where once the presents and tributes of Asiatic princes were landed, destined for a Thutmosis 
 and Rampsinit, there now the foaming billows of the sea dashed against the coral-reefs of a desolate strand, and 
 in place of the far-famed port-town, in which Egyptian and Phoenician merchants exchanged their wares, stood now 
 some miserable Arab huts. 
 
 On my return to Qineh I hired a boat to go to Bdljenali, from which place it is very easy to gain at 
 the ruins of Abydos in the neigbourhood of the village of Arabat el Mcdfhne. I worked in the two temples 
 for the space of a fortnight, made some excursions into the neighbourhood and continued my journey at first by 
 land till Girgeh. The uninterrupted hardships of the last year, the exertions I had made in pursuit of my studies, 
 had entirely undermined my strength. The resolution was hard enough, but I was nevertheless forced to give up 
 my labours. Thus the temple of Abydos Mas my last station; I only visited, without delaying my journey, the 
 other archaeological points of importance on the route down the river to Cairo. These were the rock tombs of the 
 ancient Lyconpolis in the neighbourhood of the present Siut, and the interesting valley of Amarna, Zautet el 
 Meitln and the tombs of Beni-Hassan. Thence I continued my journey without interruption, and on the 13 th of 
 September 1864 the boatmen of our ship sang the Sur en nebbi fi 1 medineli, „Invoke the prophet in his capital"; 
 — * my journey was ended, we entered the harbour of Bulaq. 
 
 As the state of my health did not permit my returning immediately to Europe, I resolved to pass the winter 
 at Cairo. <■ Shortly after my arrival, riding through the streets of the capital, I had the good fortune of meeting my 
 Silesian countryman and college friend Dr. Sachs, whom I had not seen since the commencement of my university- 
 life in Breslau. It was very pleasant to meet here on Egyptian soil. My former fellow-student, who had become 
 
 *) I published the Osiris-text, geographically and mythologically so very instructive, in the second volume of the „Geographische Inschriften 14 
 PI. I.— XXXVII., line 1—158. 
 
meanwhile a distinguished physician, gave me good advice, which I conscientiously followed, prescribed medicines, 
 which I swallowed the same, and after a lapse of some weeks I entirely recovered, but still he was of opinion, that 
 I had better not return to Europe yet. The wintermonths, which I passed accordingly in Egypt, were employed 
 partly in recreation, partly in excursions in the immediate and more distant neighbourhood. Several times I spent 
 some days at Alexandria, repeatedly visited the pyramid tombs of Giseh and of Saqqara, also the quarries of 
 Tura and Massara, went occasionally to Heliopolis, and finally made a trip to Suez and its neigbourhood. In 
 the hills of Qum el Olsum, not far from the actual Suez, Professor Brugsch is inclined to recognize the ancient 
 Klysma. But with regard to- the identification, which he makes in his „ Wander un gen zu den Tiirkisminen “ 
 p- 10 — 11, of Klysma with a name in the geographical lists, I do not agree. I think that the name*), which 
 appears for the first time as the town and country of Kesem in my „ Geographical incriptions “ Part I. PI. LXV. 
 
 and LXVIII., and which I dare say Prof. Brugsch had in mind, this name I think is not to be taken for Klysma? 
 but rather for the Goshen of Scripture. The position in the 20 tI * Lowor-Egyptian Nomos is striking, the nearer 
 description of it as the „land, situated in the Easl“ confirms it, and the hieroglyphic writing of Kesem agrees fully 
 with the l®.? of Scripture and especially with the rece;;. of the Septuagint. Prof. Lauth is of my opinion, and 
 when I had the opportunity of speaking about it to Hr. Ebers, who is occupied just now with enquiries, referring 
 to this subject, he also agreed with me. This is not the place for a particular examination of the interesting 
 question, which will be decided by further enquiries and especially by a careful study of the geographical texts 
 at our disposal. 
 
 *) ths Pithom of the Bible, tlie Coptic mouui, the ria-aui/.o; of Herodot and Stephanus Byz. , see Chabas: „ Melanges Egypt U. p. 153; 
 likewise his: Voyage (Fun Egyptien u p. 286, this word, which Dr. Brugsch thought must be explained from a hieroglyphic Pa-chtum, cf. bis 
 Geography Part. III. p. 19, also appears, to the best of my belief, for the first time in the texts collected by me in a manner, that enables the 
 enquirer to derive with some accuracy a certainty of its situation, as it appears four times, in PI. LXIV. 8, LXXI. 8, LXXXVII. 8 and XCV11I. 
 1. 12 of the first part of my „Geographisclie Inschriften, as the capital of the eighth Lower-Egyptian Nomos, the last time mentioned with 
 the most important addition: „ Pithom at the gate of the East. a Another interesting town, which appears in the first of the four above-meutioned 
 lists, and which I take this opportunity of mentioning, is Temi-n Hor, which I think is nothing else than the Damanliur of to-day, which you 
 now pass by rail, going to Cairo. On PI. LXVI. 48 is written: „ lie leads to you Hut, which is full of islands, and Temi-n $ For with its 
 offerings. “ In the explanatory text of the first volume I remark p. 22: „ Where we have to look for it, as the last mentioned Nomos, we see from the 
 
 inscription added which mentions the place Damanliur, so called by the Arabs of the present day, written in hieroglyphs ^jjjj ® Temi-n Hor.“ 
 
 In the extracts from a Coptic Arabian manuscript, which Th. v. Heuglin copied at an Abyssinian priest’s and which were published in the June 
 number 1865 of the Zeitschrift with comments by Professor Rildiger and by the editor of the Zeitschrift, in these extracts the name is found 
 as the fifth of the line. See Zeitschrift 1865 p. 50 No. 5'of the lists, and the comment by Prof. Lepsius p. 52 No. 5. The name is now 
 
 of greater interest because as I am inclined to admit, it appears in the victorious march of the Ethiopian Pianyi. The < ^ > (j fj , © 
 
 which E. de Ronge cites in his: „ Inscription historique du roi Pianyi-Meriamoun“ p. 9 note 3., I think identical with the Coptic miMcuoop 
 of Heuglin’s list, with the present Damanhilr and with the Temi-n Hor of my . Geograp liische Inschriften I. PI. LXVI. 48. — Out of 
 
 reverence for the deity, the name of the god had been put first in the writing of the town name „ Place of Horus“ on the Pianyi-Stele, a 
 
 way of writing, which by no means stands isolated, as it occurs in other names also. 
 
 Berlin, in the month of March 1868. 
 
 I remained at Cairo and finally at Alexandria till the commencement of May 1865. The failing of a 
 letter from home, which I had long expected, obliged me to postpone the time of my return; I was therefore forced 
 to bid farewell at Cairo to my dear friend and colleague in the province of African investigation Theodor von 
 Heuglin, with whom I had intended to make the journey from Alexandria to Vienna, and I was only able to 
 follow him after the lapse of some weeks. — 
 
 These are the hasty outlines of my journey in pursuit of the study of the monuments of Egypt, Nubia 
 and the Soudan, which was as singular in its execution as, in proportion to the circumstances, it was fortunate in its 
 results. Twelve hundred pages Folio and 300 pages quarto of hieroglyphic inscriptions, which I copied in the diffe- 
 rent tombs and temples with pencil, 40 plates of coloured drawings, like the last plate of tliis book, 2400 sheets 
 with stamps on blotting paper and 400 pages of notices, referring to geography, ethnography and the history of 
 art; — these are the numerical results of my journey. "What I said in the preface to my „Geograpliisclie 
 Inschriften", applies to my whole collection of inscriptions: We are indebted for them in part to the excavations, 
 undertaken for years at the expense of the Egyptian government under the auspices, as is generally known, of 
 Mariette-Bey, and they are, using the very words of the above-mentioned scholar, copied „ldgitimeinent, en vertu du 
 droit, que donne ft tout le monde le gouvernement dgyptien d’etudier les monuments, qui, par ses soins sont rendus 
 au jour.“ — But by far the greater part of the inscriptions have nothing to do with those excavations; they belong 
 to monuments, which were open long before the arrival of Mariette-Bey in Egypt, or to those which I made avai- 
 lable by my own exertions, whether it be, that some Arabs helped me, with their heartrending songs Taurle and 
 Malctaf, or that my ten fingers alone constituted themselves Director of the excavations. — In the general course of life 
 the circumstances which surround us, influence and define more or less our actions and our capabilities, sometimes 
 helping us onward pleasantly, sometimes impeding our way, more or less they are always the master of the indi- 
 vidual. The great word: „Man can do everything he wills to do“ I often whispered to myself, when I was about to 
 undertake something difficult, but unfortunately it frequently proved of no avail. The scanty means, which I had at 
 my command, the very moderate way in which I travelled through Egypt and Nubia, the circumstance that I 
 made the tour from the banks of the Blue and White Nile to the harbour of Bulaq quite alone, with no other 
 help than that of my two Arab servants, will gain for me every indulgence, when the results of my journey are 
 found to be in many respects smaller than those of my predecessors in this department of science. I do not for a 
 moment think of comparing the results of my journey with those of a great expedition, nevertheless I believe that 
 with regard to my labours I can say with confidence: „Nous avons la conscience d’avoir rempli fid&lement, et dans 
 la mesure de nos forces, la mission qui nous dtait confide, et nous espdrons que la science y pourra longtemps puiser 
 d’utiles renseignements. — 
 
 JOHANNES DUEMICHEN. 
 
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES OF THIS BOOK. 
 
 -In the farthest comer of the rock-valley, called by the Arabs El-Assasif, between Qurnah and the Tombs of the Kings, directly 
 opposite the great temple of Karnak and probably in by-gone days connected with it by a broad street for processions enclosed by ram- 
 sphinxes, which is still at some points very easily traced and which led from the valley to the shore of the river and then continued on the 
 other bank to the palaces of Karnak; at this point rises in four terraces one above the other, the unparalleled temple-buildings, which were 
 founded in the seventeenth century before our era by an Egyptian queen, the mighty and celebrated sister of Thutmosis IH, who reigned in 
 her own right. Der-el-balieri is the present name. This was the name of a Coptic convent, built in the very interior of the royal halls, 
 for which they wickedly pulled down the columns and pilasters of the ancient Egyptian sanctuary , and this new fabric disfigures at the present 
 day -with its decayed claywalls the extant remains of the ancient and beautiful edifice on the upper ten-ace. The direct continuation of the 
 great street, which winds through the rock encircled valley, is a broad, slowly rising road, which divides the whole temple-edifice up to the 
 fourth terrace into two equal halves. This road ends with a gate of red granite, by which one arrives at the different points of the fourth 
 ten-ace, and from these, directly opposite to the red granite gate, you pass through another gate of the same material and enter a small 
 rock vault, which was dedicated as the inscriptions say, to Icing Thutmosis I. and his consort Aalimes. It is a curious fact, that in the 
 second century before Christ and, as the inscriptions say, under the reign of Ptolemy Euergetes II and his royal sister and consort 
 Kleopatra, consequently 1450 years after the foundation of this edifice, a Theban Basilicogrammat named Amenhotep, had under- 
 taken a further excavation of the mountain, in order to have a tomb in it for himself. The inscriptions of this place, though very interesting 
 as regards the matter, form nevertheless a striking contrast from their bad workmanship to the splendid representations in the halls of Thut- 
 mosis, which, according to my opinion, are not paralleled by any other throughout the whole valley of the Nile. As the fourth terrace ends 
 with the above-mentioned rock hall, so the third has also at the two extreme points, both to the right and left, s imil ar rock vaults, but of 
 much greater dimensions. The climax of splendour in this edifice, erected in the purest proportions and executed in all its parts in a 
 most masterly style, is attained in the sculptures on the walls of one of the colonnades on the third terrace, the one situated next to the middle road, 
 on the left as you go up. This is a hall open towards the East, supported by 22 pilasters, eleven on each side, 102 feet broad and 26 feet long, 
 the backwall of which is formed by the lime-stone mountain itself, whose material is especially suited for fine sculptures. A great number 
 of the representations which I have published in this work, are taken from the walls of the above-mentioned hall. I restrict myself for the 
 present to a short explanation of the published material. A more extensive interpretation and the results gamed by it, I am going to give 
 in the second part of this work, which is to contain another collection of texts, referring to the navigation of the Egyptians. 
 
 The first three plates of this book, both in picture and writing immortalize the glories of a naval expedition from Egypt to Arabia, 
 an expedition which, as the inscriptions seem to testify, is quite of a peaceful character. The reiterated assertion, that the ancient Egyp- 
 tians, from their regarding the Sea as typhonic, limited then- navigation to the Nile and never ventured on Sea-voyayes, is I think most 
 strikingly refuted by these representations. On the contrary, it seems to be conspicuous from monumental information, that even in this 
 respect the Egyptians were the teachers of the other nations of Antiquity. At all events we find from our picture, which dates from the 
 xvn°> century B. C., therefore from a period, of which we know absolutely nothing about the greatest navigators of Antiquity, viz the 
 Phoenicians , the Egyptians voyaging on those Seas which bordered their land, and the inscriptions added to the pictorial represen- 
 tations are most likely to be the oldest Sea documents, with which we are acquainted at the present day. The expedition is bound for the 
 land of the Puns , that is for those countries on the coast of the Red Sea on the Arabian side, where the Phoenicians were established before 
 settling on the shores of the Mediterranean. — 
 
 We see Plate I. five ships of the Egyptian fleet, of which two are represented as having already cast anchor, whilst three are just 
 arriving, also a boat, which is fastened with cords to a tree on the shore. The great variety of composition in this picture and the next, the 
 neatness of the details, the vivacity and natural truth of the representation of those engaged, look e. g. at the sailors Plate L and E3, busy 
 with the sail and at the captain calling to the rowers of one of the royal boats Plate V, all this proves a masterly power in the artists of 
 that time, never before met with in Egypt, and to which they never again attained in after ages. — Though I went to work with the 
 utmost care, when I took the copy at the place itself and though during six months I constantly superintended the young man who made the 
 drawings in my own room and whom, by the bye, I was obliged first to instruct in this kind of work; though I endeavoured to fit out this 
 work (which has cost me from my own pocket about 1500 Thaler) as thoroughly as possible, nevertheless whatsoever I am able to offer is 
 nothing but an unpretending Autograph, in which, though, I have tried to render, whatsoever can be done by Autography, but of course it 
 can never bear a comparison with a work lithographically illustrated. It will not be difficult for M. Marietto-Bey who has such ample means 
 at his disposal, at the expense of his Highness the Vice-roy Ismael-Pascha, to give us the whole thus illustrated together with chromoli- 
 thographs in the same surprising beauty, which strucks the eye of the beholder on the monuments themselves. Till then the publication of 
 a private cholar with but small means and no appointment, and only very good will, must be regarded as sufficient, and even then I hope, that 
 my work, dedicated especially to the » History of the navigation and commerce of Antiquity* will maintain its place by the side of that of M. 
 Mariette-Bey. — As regards the inscriptions annexed to the representation of Plate L it is the line between the two frees, which names the 
 goddess yljathor as mistress of the land Pun,* (Arabia), and the still remaining conclusion of the little legend consisting of four linos over the 
 boat, of which unfortunately the two first are entirely destroyed, says: open tu ha u cm . an . s nef » These are the ships, which 
 the wind brought along with it.* The inscription before the great picture, consisting of 13 vertical lines and explaining the whole, is 
 according to my opinion not at all difficult to translate and I believe it runs as follows: *Thc voyage on the sea, the attornment of the longed 
 
 for aim in the holy land, the happy arrival of the Egyptian soldiers in the land Pun (Arabia) according to the arrangement of the divine 
 prince Avion, Lord of the terrestrial thrones in Thebes, in order to bring to him the treasures of the whole land in such quantities as will satisfy 
 him.* The two lines, which follow have nothing to do with the original composition of the text, they have been inscribed by an awkward 
 hand in later days for Ramses H. in the place, where the scutcheon of the great queen stood, which was destroyed here as almost every- 
 where on the monuments by her successor Thutmosis HI. With the addition of the remaining conclusion of the inscription, the continuation 
 analogous to other texts may have been originally thus: » (This was done by the queen of Egypt, the daughter of the sun, Misaphris. Never 
 lias anything similar been done) in the times of a former king in this country eternally.* This interesting inscription , which is to be found 
 in Plate I line 1 — 13, I can vouch for as agreeing in eveiy particular with the original, whilst the one, which M. Mariette-Bey annexed to 
 his Egyptian temple at the exposition in Paris, is a composition totally contradicting the original and which might indeed be difficult for an 
 Egyptologist to translate. One need only look at the two first lines of the temple inscription at Paris, which M. Chabas quotes in his »Be- 
 ponse d la critique « p. 103, accompanied by a request, addressed to M. Mariette to translate this curious document. 
 
 In Plate U. we see the interesting illustration of the loading of two ships, and the hicroglypliic inscription of 16 lines on both sides 
 of the representation is, if I may say so, the bill of lading, for it gives a detailed and accurate specification of all tire articles destined for 
 transport, which we see for the greater part already on the ships, while the remainder is being brought to it by the boatmen. This inscrip- 
 tion also is easily understood, not one of the hieroglyphic groups is doubtful to me, and I think I may translate the whole as follows: »The 
 loading of the ships of transport with a great quantity of the magnificent products of Arabia, with all kinds of precious woods of the holy land, 
 with heaps of incense resin, with verdant incense trees, with ebony, with pure ivory, with gold and silver from the land of Amu, with the 
 (odorous) Tesepwood and the Kassiarind, icitJi Aham-incense and Mestenvrouge , with Aidu-monkeys , Kbp- monkeys and Tesem-animals, 
 with skins of leopards of the South, with women and children. Never has a transport (been made) like this one by any king since 
 the creation of the world.* It is possible that y eper refers to the preceding group, and that the sentence ought to be translated: *by any 
 of the former kings;* it is likewise possible that the syllable-sign neb, which has besides the meaning of each, any one, all, doubtless 
 also that of »Lord,* must be understood here in the latter sense, and must be translated » Royal Lord.* The meaning would be in both 
 cases about the same. Compare this specification of foreign products with which the ships of an Egyptian queen of the XVn ,h century B. C. 
 are laden, to the products, which about 600 years later Solomon’s ships brought from Ophir; I. King’s 10, 22: » For the king had at 
 sea a navy of Tharshisli with the navy of Hiram; once in three years came the navy of Tharshish, bringing gold and silver, ivory and 
 apes (B)Bjyi and peacocks. We see with how much richer a cargo our Egytian fleet was laden, where we find, the peacocks excepted, all 
 the products mentioned on the ships of Solomon, the tpp Kopli, in Greek, xfj{3o; jtffrro?, -xslitos, in hieroglyphs S ^ Kafu, both in pictures 
 and writing plainly distinguished from another species, the Ana-monkey, in Coptic 611 simia. Observe also the five monkeys on the ship, re- 
 presented some sitting, some walking about, line 8 — 9 of the inscription in Plate n, and the hieroglyphs given in original size in PL IX; 
 likewise the inscriptions of the temple laboratory of Edfu, which are so full of information as regards the products of Arabia and which 
 I have given entire in my *Geogr, Inschr. II, PL LXXX-C. and Tempelinschr. I. Pl. LH-LXXV, and Pl. XVIH. b-h and Pl. XIV a-c of 
 this work. If on tliis occasion I am again obliged to refer to my own works, the motive is by no means a special preference for them, but 
 simply because I know no other collection of inscriptions with so many references to tins subject; and as regards the mention of my works 
 in the Eeport of my Journey, I think it quite appropriate in a work, in which I speak especially of my journey and the results of my stu- 
 dies on Egyptian soil, to give an account of my publications. 
 
 Plate III represents three vessels of the fleet returning to Thebais from their voyage to Arabia, richly laden. The inscription of 
 seven lines, adjoined for the purpose of explaining the picture, says: » The excursion teas completed satisfactorily ; happy arrival at Thebais 
 to the joy of the Egyptian soldiers. The (Arabian and Ethiopian) princes, after they had arrived in this country (emyet sen in line 8 could 
 also be translated by noith them,* but I believe that *scn,* though without any determinative is used here as a verb with the wellknown 
 meaning of: » to pass to another place, to reach, to arrive )* bring with them costly things of the land of A-abia, such as had never yet been brought 
 that could be compared with what they brought, by any of the Egyptian kings, for the supreme majesty of this god Anon-Pa, Lord of the terres- 
 trial thrones.* We read in line 3 of our inscription only » the princes,* but that the Arabian and Ethiopian were meant, follows plainly from 
 another picture on the same wall, on which the princes, who arrived in Egypt, are represented as kneeling before the throne of the queen, 
 and are called in the adjoining inscription » the great of the land of Pun and of the Nubian hunters from the country of Ghont-hon-nefer* 
 (Anu-Keus nu yont-hon nefer). Another inscription referring to it and consisting of seven lines, but which unfortunately is broken at the 
 
 upper half, says in its first line: » The kissing of the earth before her, who abounds in deeds (»Usert-kau« a surname always used for 
 
 the queen Misaphris) by the Great of the land of the Puns (here a piece is wanting, then follows) and by the hunters of Nubia from 
 
 the land jonl-hon nefer.* The inscription engraved over the kneeling princes of the Puns and their servants bringing presents, runs as fol- 
 lows: The Great of the land of Pun (Arabia). Their speech, which they deliver, requesting peace from her majesty: Homage tv thy countenance, 
 O queen of Egypt, Sun, beaming like the sun-disk Aten, your mistress, that is Arabia's mistress.* It is interesting that in this speech of the 
 foreign princes, they compare the Egyptian queen to their supreme god, to the luminous star of the day, the sun-disk, written in hieroglyphs 
 Aten, and point to the common worship of Ilatlior- Aphrodite, winch community of worship is besides frequently confirmed by the in- 
 scriptions. The hieroglyphic Aten is used here certainly with an allusion to the Semitic 'p’TNt The princes do not say anything else than: 
 •your supreme gods are also our gods.« That the Nubian hunters from the country Chonl-hon nefer are mentioned, and that we find among 
 
the cargo a great number of products from the Soudan, seems to prove, that already in the most ancient times the Red Sea formed the 
 highroad of commerce between Epypt and Upper-Nubia. To the navy I add the royal boats, destined for the navigation on the Nile, of 
 which I give some in Plate IV. and V from representations on the same monument. 
 
 Plate IV. Of the two boats of the upper row, the original of number 1. is now in our museum at Berlin. In the golden age 
 for the travelling Egyptologists, before the time of M. Marictte-Bey , when they were still allowed to procure Egyptian monuments for Euro- 
 pean museiuns, Professor Lepsius brought the one in question from one of the halls of Der-el-baKeri, and placed it in the Berlin museum, 
 and he also published it in his *Denkmaler ,« volume V, PI. XVII. I suppose from several reasons, that it belongs to one of the halls of the 
 lowest terrace, to that one, which is situated on the left side of the middle road as you go up, and regarding it as the first ship of the 
 uppermost row, I have tried to construct the whole wall in this plate. Through the taking off that part of the wall, which contained the 
 ship of the Berlin museum, another piece is broken down, which confirms my supposition, that the ship in question must have belonged to 
 this place. I completed the end of the upper row from a representation on a stone-block, which lay near and which evidently belonged to 
 it, but which contained only the hinder part of a ship with the pilot; but, after all it seemed to fit beautifully and to finish perfectly the 
 uppermost field. The six vertical lines before the first boat may be translated as follows: » Glad arrival in the West, the whole country is 
 joyful at this beautiful feast of this great god. They exult in offering twofold praise and adoration to the Royal Lord of both countries .* — 
 This boat was built for king Thutmosis II and had the name of nStar of both countries «, just as ships now-a-days have their especial names. We 
 learn this from the scutcheons on both sides of the Apis ornament and from the first line of the hieroglyphic inscription over the royal boat, 
 which runs: i Salutation to the crew of the boat of Icing Thutmosis II. « Star of the two countries. « They spealc with loud calls to the prin- 
 cess of the Necropolis, the magnanimous goddess, the ruler — « (The conclusion of the line is wanting.) The ten ships of the lowest row, the 
 missing part of which, as already mentioned, I have attempted to reconstruct, are most probably represented as arriving at the East side in 
 the harbour of the town. The respective inscription says: » Satisfactory arrival at Thebes, the warlike (one group is cut out here) joy fills 
 them at the sight of this monument, tohich is erected by (the queen Misaphris) to her father (Amon Ra).« From the hieroglyphic group, which 
 is placed over the man, who stands whip in hand on the deck, we learn the ancient Egyptian name for the captain which is: »yorp yent, 
 Chief of the navigation.® 
 
 Plate V. These pictures also are represented on the third terrace, at that point, immediately adjoining the great hall, supported 
 by 22 pilasters, from which the representation of the naval expedition is taken. Of this wall also a great part is wanting, it is only the 
 
 lower row which is entirely preserved, from the second the piece from the centre is broken, and of the first the upper part of the second 
 
 boat is wanting. As on the preceding plate I have also here indicated with a fine line the parts I have reproduced. Over the boats of 
 the first field there are three lines, which unfortunately are destroyed at the end. The inscription begins with the words: si The crew of the 
 
 royal boat brings the salutation (the continuation is wanting). Second line: * They praise the queen Misaphris as the mighty in deeds. 
 
 Words of exultation are spoken in heaven and on earth « (conclusion wanting). Third line: * Hathor, who repeatedly creates the birth 
 
 at Thebes, says joyfully to the queen: Whatsoever heaven possesses, it is thine!* On the prow of the first boat is written in small hieroglyphs: 
 
 » Arrival in the West ; « the four men there are designated as » The royal grandees, « and the captain who, whip in hand, is quickly coming 
 forward on the deck, calls out to the boatmen » yallah , « in ancient Egyptian » ihu useru. Forwards, ye rowers. « The inscription before the 
 first boat of the middle-field is partly cut out, but it may be reproduced by analogy with the one beneath as follows: »It brings the salu- 
 tation to Hathor the mistress of life, happiness and strength, the queen Misaphris, the ever-living .® The four lines over the priests with sacri- 
 ficial gifts in their hands are entirely destroyed, but the inscription of similar purport at the end of the middle-field is preserved and is as 
 follows: *The sacrifice that is due to thee, 0 Hathor, mistress of heaven. Malce strong the queen Misaphris and the king Thutmosis .« The 
 inscription before the boats of the lowest field is: » Salutation to the Theban Hathor on the part of the lord with life, happiness and strength, 
 the king Thutmosis III, the ever-living .« The inscription over the priest in the act of sacrificing, who stands behind the royal throne runs: 
 a The sacrifice due to thee, 0 Hathor, mistress of Heaven. Make strong the queen Misaphris in this year of years, a. The five lines on both 
 
 sides of the last helm but one may be translated: » The boatmen call out in the bark: The gracious rulers, they have erected fh mow me t 
 
 to tlicir mother Hathor, that she may be there, where they are for evermore .« (This refers to the queen and to Thutmosis III., who reigned 
 together with her). The inscription over the three priests who, with sacrifices in their hand, stand behind the royal throne of the last boat, 
 is the same in meaning as the one already mentioned: » The sacrifice due to thee, 0 Hathor, mistress of Heaven. Make strong the queen 
 Misaphris and the king Thutmosis .« 
 
 Plate VI — VIII. Ancient Epyptian military in festive parade. The representations of these three plates are not exactly suited 
 to the subject, I proposed to myself for this work, but as they form a part of the two walls, which contain the pictures of the royal boats 
 I would not omit them. After all, they have a certain right to be introduced here, as the troups are designated as belonging to the crew 
 of the ships, and the inscriptions adjoined are in close relation to the navigation represented above them. It is possible that on the plain, 
 which extends before the terracetcmple, the military parades and the performances of the gladiators took place, which the king and the grandees 
 of the country looked down upon from the upper terrace from a hall, open towards the plain. Several representations and inscriptions of 
 the temple lead me to this supposition. — Plate VI forms the lowest and therefore the fourth field of that wall, of which I have given the 
 three other fields in Plate V. The whole military procession, which I- was obliged fi'om want of space to represent in several rows, one above 
 the other, must he imagined as in one unbroken file. The eight warriors armed with quiver and axe, shield and lance, are designated by the 
 inscription »s as per-aa,* as the men on duty in the palace. The group nper-aa the Great-house,® from which the name Pharaoh has been 
 derived, often appears in the texts for the veiy word »kiug,» and we need therefore not hesitate to translate the inscription in question by 
 tihe king’s bodyguard. ® Of high interest in this procession is the picture of the tamed leopard, which a negro leads by means of a string, 
 and the veiy successful representation at the end of the whole, of *ihe prise-fighting of the Temhu — abu en temhu. — This prize fighting 
 of Egyptian warriors, represented on a wall of the terrace-temple of Der el-baheri, which I give once more in Plate XI in the original size 
 of the monument, is a masterpiece of art of the XVTI century B. C., which deserves a place in the history of art, not less honourable than 
 that, which is occupied by the Discobolus of the Vatican; or the Eorghese Fighter of the Louvre. — From the inscription attached to this, 
 we get some information concerning the expedition of the royal boats represented above, which is the more valuable, as the explanatory text 
 of the first field there is for the most part broken down. We learn from it that the whole refers to a naval feast sacred to the god Amon, 
 which took place at the beginning of the year, unless the last group ought to be translated by * every year .« This celebration of the feast 
 of Amon, accompanied by a festive Nile-excursion, is probably the same which is mentioned in the writing: »cr sop nefer-u atf Amen etn 
 ■fent. f. en ap atur« (See, Ungarelli, Obel. later, oriens) as having taken place under Thutmosis III. In an interesting essay » Notice sur Ic 
 nom egyptien du cedre* M. de Horrak has entered into particulars of this question, and translates this sentence by: spour recevoir les graces 
 de son p'ere Amman dans sa navigation au commencement de Vinondalion. « In his sMatoriaux,* in which the difficult calendar question is in 
 
 many respects most happily solved, Professor Brugsch speaks of this feast, and in my » Kcdemlerinschriftent PI. XLI. b. line 8 c. line 2 
 and d. line 2, mention is made of it. — As regards the figure of the reposing lion of Horapollon, which he thinks in connection with the 
 Nile and which, according to him, is to denote the growth of the stream,- a fact, M. de Horrak did not forget to mention in his essay, I 
 collected a series of the most interesting inscriptions in the temples of Philac, Thebes and Dendera, which I have given in the second part of 
 my » Historische Inschriften.it The vertical inscription in Plate VI concludes the four fields to the right with handsome, large hiero- 
 glyphs on the wall, and mentions the queen Misaphris as founder of this monument, which she consecrated to her mother Hathor, 
 mistress of Thebes. 
 
 Plate ATI and VIII form the lowest field of the long wall, to which the ships of PI. VI belong. One has to imagine here also 
 the five rows of the two plates as one row. 
 
 Plate IX— XIV. The masterly way in which the representations of the temple of Der-el-baheri are executed, the great care the 
 artists lavished on each figure of their pictures, induced me to give some drawings the original size of the monument ; Plate IX the mast of 
 one of the ships, a pilot, a captain and several rowers in different attitudes, and in Plates X— XIII two representatives of ancient Egyptian 
 military music, a dr umm er and a trumpeter. (The ancient' Egyptian drum which, as we see, was a hand-drum is still used in the very same 
 form in the Soudan, but of course only in private, as the modern Egyptian military and also their bands, however horrid the music may be 
 they perform, are organized after European fashion.) I give further in these plates the already mentioned prize fighting of the Temhu, in 
 the execution of which the artist was so very successful, then the picture of the leopard, led by a negro, and, from the procession, some 
 soldiers from different troops; In PI. XIV as a pattern of the beautiful hieroglyphic style of that age, some groups of the additional inscrip- 
 tions to the ships in PI. H. In the very hieroglyphs the drawing of animals is so careful and accurate, that it enables the enquirer to define 
 on the spot, that the Anau-monkey is the Arabian baboon, Kynoccphalus hamadryas, and the Koph the Kynoceplialus babuinus. 
 
 Plate XV. We see an ancient Egyptian landscape, which represents an Arabian village on the coast of the Red Sea. You remark 
 a number of houses, built on pales, which have a striking resemblance to the present Toqul of the Soudan; you see ladders put to the 
 houses, groups of date-trees vary with Avicemia tomentosa, and the picture of the ox, reposing comfortably in the shadow of the tree and 
 the little bird, characterised by its two long tailfeathers as Ginnyris metaTlica, flying from one of the branches, shows plainly the desire of the 
 artist to introduce a suitable and pleasing variety into his picture. What especially induced me to add this picture is the transport of the 
 Arabian incense frees, which it represents, and which we meet again on the ships of PL. H and HI. 
 
 Plate XVI shows some drawings of the preceding plate in the original size. The picture of the Pun, who drives before him a 
 donkey, laden with a sack, is quite brilliant. I dare say, the inscription engraved over it in fine hieroglyphs cannot be translated otherwise 
 than by: a The donkey carries its burden ,« by which we learn a new signification of the polyphonic sign V3C? . It has most probably in this case 
 the pronounciation of at, and we have thereby evidently the word in its primitive signification. — Professor Brugsch in his nHieroyl. Dem. 
 dictionary* see p. 152 has first recognized with regard to this group the adequate signification of: tax, contribution, capability of bearing. 
 kAU has therefore first of all the meaning of fburden, which is carried on the back « and further that of: » The burden of taxes.* 
 
 Plate XVII. Wee see the Arabian incense trees, which, planted in wooden tubs, were brought over the Ocean to Egypt, ranged 
 in a row on another picture of the same wall, which illustrates with the greatest accuracy the happy results of the naval expedition and I 
 give one of the trees in the original size of the monument and in four vertical lines the inscription belonging to it, applied to the wall in 
 a horizontal position over the frees. In the publication of the precious inscriptions from the temple-laboratory of Edfu, as far as 
 I am aware the only collection found to this day of hieroglyphic texts of that purport, an acquisition, which has nothing to do with the ex- 
 cavations of M. Mariette-Bey, my being obliged personally to free the inscriptions from the Coptic stucco which was plastered over them 
 and for the space of a fortnight to submit to the very disagreeable labour of cleaning with my own hands the four walls of the room, — in 
 these inscriptions I have already given the paragraph in question in the explanations (see Gcogr. Inschr. II. p. GG ; and Brugsch » dictionary® 
 p. 203), because it enabled me to prove that the Ana*), as to its nature hitherto entirely mistaken, was the resin of a free, imported to 
 Egypt from Arabia, and that under the name of Neta t. ana-tree nothing else is to he understood thau the Arabian incense free. The 
 ana, originally signifying the fragrant resin of the incense tree, seems to have received afterwards the general meaning of fragrance. The 
 inscription says literally: » Thirty one pieces of verdant imensc-trees , brought amongst the precious things from the land of Arabia, for the 
 
 majesty of this god Amon, the lord of the terrestrial thrones. Never anything similar has been seen, since the foundation of the world.* 
 
 Plate XVIII.— XIX. As much as it was possible to feel with my fingers the different groups of the unfortunately terribly destroyed 
 and on many places cut out accounts of Der-el-baheri, I tried to take a copy partially from the recognisable outlines, partially from con- 
 clusions drawn from the connection, and I give in this some inscriptions, referring to the naval expedition of queen Misaphris. — As an 
 addition to the receipts from Edfu, in which the incense occupies a prominent part, I publish the duplicate of one of the receipts, copied at 
 Dendera (PI. XVHI. i. line 1—10), and the inscriptions belonging to the different receipts in the temple-laboratory of Edfu, always found 
 over the sacrificing king and over the deities, who receive the offers. — Plate XVHI a . fine 1 says in reference to the naval expedition, fitted 
 out by the queen: »In order to bring the costly things from the holy Land for this god.* With regard to the above-mentioned ta-nuter 
 (Coptic BoouoisTic the divine or holy land, the rraix Ay 1* yfi “the holy land « or rnrr ithe land of God « of the Scripture,) Pro- 
 
 fessor Brugsch in the second part of his Geography p. 16 remarks strikingly: »It would be of high interest to know, if the Phoenicians with 
 the expression nholy land « designated the whole country of Canaan. As, according to this supposition, there are inscriptions existing on 
 Egyptian monuments, erected before the entry of the Jews into the holy land, we may well conclude, that it were not the Jews, who gave the 
 
 *) The Egyptian inscriptions from the texts I have collected enabled me to prove the signification of incense and myrrh, which both play such a conspicuous part 
 among the precious spices of Antiquity; as incense the A/mresin from a tree of Arabia, and the group yer or y_eri, appearing in the receipts of Edfu and in the Osiris 
 text of 150 lines, which I copied at Dendera, as the myrrh, in Coptic uja.A myrrba. The inscriptions of the temple-laboratory of Edfu, see Qcogr. Inschr. 
 
 II. PI. LXXX— C and Tempel-Inschr. L PI. LII— LXXV, which consist partly of instructions for the composition of costly incense, partly of instructions for the pre- 
 paring of odoriferous salves and oils, partly of descriptions of fourteen different lands of incense, partly of an enumeration of a number of Arabian and Ethiopian pro- 
 ducts, for which manifold collection I, for my part, cannot adopt the name of „Kyphireceipts,“ as the author of the Hierogl. Demot. dictionary has been pleased to call 
 them, in these texts it is said in PI. LXXXIIT line 11 „ti nef -/eri ten 10.“ M. Brugsch translates this sentence, see Zeilschrift 18G5 p. G9. „ You must add ;ri iO 
 torn" and applies with a? to the Coptic Spe cibus. for yri, but which I think has nothing to do with our receipt for incense. I believe that the paragraph must be 
 translated as follows: „You must add 10 Ten of myrrh“ yri, in Coj)tic ig&.'A myrrha, a comparison which has already been made by me in the explanatory text to the 
 Qcogr. Inschr. p. 59 and I add here some new examples. In the Geogr. Inschr. II. P. XXIV, line 143 a and 144 is said: „One must salve four times with liquid myrrh. * 11 and 
 ar-nef alk hesmen uah men ycri-arp. „Prepare for him a sall/ye and fill a bowl with mgrrh-wine.“ I do not hesitate to recognize in yeri-arp, in the connection of 
 yeri with the wellknown arp for wine, the myrrh-wine. It is possibe that the first h in the group heh is faulty, and I think I may put instead of it the sign with the 
 pronounciation uah and with the signification of“ to multiply, to add, to fill. 
 
denomination of »Holy Land « to the country, but that on the contrary they found it existing as an indigenous name and, like the 
 Egyptians, incorporated it into their languages We learn further from the queen, line 1 — 2 of the inscription: »I received the charge at 
 the great throne, the venerable (?) from the mouth of the God. He himself opened the roads to Arabia and showed the wags to the incense 
 
 mountains. Favourable wind was given by the very great majesty of Amon* — » They cleared the forests of the holy land« » They 
 
 cut down the incense-trees in the holy land, a » The queen gave orders to go to the incense mountains a The long inscription , which describes 
 the happy results of the expedition is unfortunately almost entirely cut out, but by a careful reconnoitering with my fingers of the outlines 
 of the cut out groups, I was enabled to find out the greater part of this inscription and of some others. The inscription, the end of which 
 I give in line 3, is important as regards the date; we learn from it the year of the reign, in which the happy return from the Arabian expe- 
 dition took place. It runs : »/« the year 9, the queen sat as .. . (perhaps her surname user t ha. u must be supplied here) the royal head 
 ornamented with the royal diadem, on the great throne of precious metal in the interior of the brilliant halls, (ser. u, or as it is often written, ser 
 scr, which is here so often mentioned, designating plainly some room, may be compared perhaps with the Coptic ceftciA ornatus, orna- 
 mentum, and translated by the brilliant, the splendidly ornamented space, appears to me to be the hieroglyphic name of one of the halls of 
 the terrace temple of Der el-baheri) when the grandees and lords of the palace approached to listen to and to follow (?) the given order. « In line 4 
 the god Amon apostrophizes the queen: »Thou hast satisfied my heart always, (therefore) I give thee all the divine life and all the divine 
 peace which dwells in me, every power I possess, every strength which I have, and every joy which makes me happy, all waters and all lands, 
 all the Chasu peoples, thy heart shall rejoice over them a — » We give to thee the land of the Puns a — One had not penetrated into the incense 
 mountains of the barbarians, (I venture to translate here the group nen rut. u, which appears once more on line 7 as an Epitheton of the 
 Puns, written yem rulu, by »barbarians,« the »Nichtmenschen,« the barbarous men in comparison to the Egyptians, who had attained such a 
 high degree of cultivation; we are able to render the word in German almost literally by » Unnienschem) one hieio no way to the harbour a 
 
 — None had gone there, except thy wandering pedlars (the s of the group smen is causative and men, having amongst others the signification 
 
 of *to move to and fro, to wander, to nomadize, and signifies therefore plainly the nomads, wandering from place to place and then- herds, 
 may perhaps in this instance be translated by pedlar, a suggestion which is supported by the adequate determinative of a running man with 
 a bundle on his back, likewise by the word mamu, to which Herr Brugsch in his lexicon p. 584, has assigned the meaning of nto run, to 
 start from a point, the runner «, being written with the same determinative.) » One did not allow thy men to enter (?)t — *1 led them over 
 the Sea to the coast, as peaceful men, sending them to the incense mountains, which form the best district of the Holy Land, where I have my 
 seed, where I am served with praises. I have done it, the carrying out of the double expedition is my work and that of Hathor the mother, the 
 mistress of Arabia, the great mistress of magic, the mistress of all deities. They take possession of the incense according to their pleasure, they load the trans- 
 port-ships to their hearts content with verdant incense-trees and with all the costly things of this land. The barbarous Puns and the yebespeople of the Holy 
 Land, I induced them to bring what was wished for whilst I caused them to honour thee by resin from the incense-trees and by vases with fresh incense . « 
 
 — The conclusion of line 8, an inscription next to the queen who, with two incense vases in her hands, is standing before the holy barge 
 of Amon, runs as follows: »A splendid gift of fresh incense to Amon-Ba, the lord of the thrones of the world, lord of heaven , « and further 
 is said concerning the queen: »Her majesty brings in her hands the incense-spices, all her limbs are scented with the divine fluid . « — These 
 are some extracts from the interesting accounts in the temple of Der-el-balieri, which I have copied, as far as I could, in their whole extent. 
 The second part of my vHistorische Inschriftew contains more than thirty plates of the same size as this work, with representations and 
 inscriptions which are taken from the above-mentioned sanctuary. 
 
 The worship of Amon-Ba and Hathor amongst the tribes of Arabia is once more proved by these inscriptions and it is interesting 
 to compare with this a text from the temple laboratory of Edfu from the times of the Ptolemies, which tells us about the worship of the 
 Sungod Horns in Arabia and of his seat in the Holy LandA »Kiug Ptolemy VH. Philometor I. stands with an incense gift before Horus, 
 the god of Apollinopolis, and the inscription b. line 1, explaining Ins offering runs thus: n'Thc bringing of incense to his father a (In the con- 
 tinuation of the inscription which I give Line 2 — 6, in L. 2 behind the group maft the sign of the vase with the stroke behind has been 
 omitted by mistake, it is in the Preterite and must be mafi-na.) The king apostrophizes the god in the following words: » I hastened through the 
 incense district on my tour through the Holy Land, then I took the road to the land of Pun, and I bring noiv (to thee) the due share of the tri- 
 butes from the Holy Land, all costly things from the country of Fekheru, the Kama are bringing their leathern bottles, and the Chabesu bring their gifts. I 
 lead them into prison, they come up to thy house, they enter thy dwelling, thou, who takest care of Arabia, silting on thy throne in the Holy Land ,« From this 
 remarkable inscription I found over the door, leading to the store-rooms of the temples of Philae, a shortened duplicate , which I give in the last page of 
 the H. part of my » Geogr. Inschr. « — As standing in connection with the transport of incense-resin and incense-trees, and to faciliate a comparison 
 with the duplicate found at Dendera, see PI. XYHI i. L. I— 10, I give once more in PI. XIX L. 7—13 and L. 14—31 a pari of the incense 
 receipt from Edfu, which I published already, and this time with some essential corrections, which I was enabled to do by means of the 
 Dendera version and a careful study of the difficult text. Although the inscription still offers many difficulties, which I leave to the sagacity 
 of my colleagues to solve, still I believe comparing the two versions , that I may venture to give the following translation, see PI. XVHI c, 
 L. 1—10, and PI. XIX L. 7—13: 
 
 Instructions for the preparation of the incense-spices of first quality, for which you take 1 Hin of the Mastic, which is used for the 
 anointment of the divine limbs.*) Of the seed of the Notemnotem-iree 9 Hin, incense-resin 21 Ten. Beckon, as a first and second mixture has 
 to be made, for the first 11 Ten and 1 Ket**), Mastic 6 Ten, resin from the Kct-tree Vs Ket, ingredients from the Teieptree 2'h Ket, from the 
 
 *) I do not understand clearly this intercalation, and it is possible the sense is in this instance another, which as yet I was not able to define. 
 
 **) This passage also is not clear to me. It is possible that the sense is: „As there is a first and a second mixture to make, you had better take from 
 
 the 21 Ten for the first only 11 Ten and 1 Ket, and leave 9 Ten and 1 Ket for the second mixture; of this second incense mention is also made in Line 11. Con- 
 cerning the worth of the weights and dry measures I would remark, that it is evident from the inscriptions, that 1 Ten = 10 Ket and Ket is the Coptic niff didraclima. 
 
 Professor Lepsins in an essay: Die Regeln in den hieroglyphischen Bruelbexeichnungen, has founded his researches especially upon the text in question from Edfu, 
 and he says in regard to the above-mentioned weights and dry measures, see Zeitschrift 1865 p. 109 : The different ingredients in these inscriptions are measured with 
 hinu iviov (see Metrologicor. script, rell. ed Hultsch p. 235 — 256) a dry measure, almost exactly >/s of a Prussian quart, and their weight with tinu to c. 91 Gramm, and 
 Kill niff to c. 9, 1 Gramm, a little more than two Attic drachmas. The parts of the Hinu and Kiti were divided into 360 parts, evidently in very small unities, for 
 the 360"> part of a Hin was 36 times smaller than the Attic mSafio;, which was about the 20»> part of a quart, and the 360 11 " part of a Kiti was more than 3 times 
 less than an Attic y.akxou;, which weighed a little less than >/io Gramm. — See also the very valuable communications of Dr. Leemans about some ancient Egyptian 
 vases in the Museum of the Netherlands, and the researches, referring to this topic of M. Chabas in his .Note sur un poids egyptien ", Kev. Archeol. 1861, and into 
 his newly published: „ Determination metrique de deux mesures egyptiennes de capacite " Chalon s/S. 1867. Of high interest with regard to the fractions of the ancient 
 Egyptians, is a paragraph in the important work: „Les papyrus Rollin de la bibliothhque imperials de Paris, publics et e ommentes par IF. Pieyte .“ Leide. Brill. 
 1868. See p. 37—40. 
 
 Teba tree 1 Ket, seben 1 Ket, wine of the first quality from the town of Hit '/a Hin, which makes 2 Ten 5 Ket, water 2 Hin, makes 15 Ten. 
 On the first day, when they begin the labours with this oil, the 9 Hin of the seed of the Notemnotemtrec amount to (remains from the 9 Hin 
 of the seed) (see L. 2) Vs and its Vio, in consequence of the Ben seed, makes 5' Is Vis Hin a — (The sign, which I translated by rit amounts to, 
 it rests, « seems plainly to have here this meaning. It is only thus that the reckoning agrees. To apply to it the meaning of stake away, 
 according to M. Brugsch Wbrterbuch, p. 828, would by no means agree with the reckoning, for Va Vio or 3 /s are not lost or taken away, but 
 on the contrary Vs remain, the whole is reduced to, or makes now after the loss of the Vs, 3 /s or 5’/i Vis Hin. One can see how the whole 
 further course of the reckoning refers to these remaining 5 Va ’/is Hin. — What is meant by Ben seed is difficult to state, perhaps it means 
 the bad seed, the waste, if so it would be well to take into consideration the Coptic tom maltts. — Our reckoning agrees perfectly, as you see. The 
 9 Hin are reduced to Va -+- Vio, which makes 5Vs Vis or, as we should say: 9 is reduced to Vs which makes 5 5 /s, for Vs from 9 = l 4 /s, 
 
 therefore Vs from 9 = 3 ,s /s or 5 s /s, which the ancient Egyptian calculator reckoned quite correctly as Va -+- Vis. just as he did with the pre- 
 
 ceding Vs as Va -+- Vio.) *On enclosing it, V* is gained of fluid which makes of lVs Vw Hin a (This reckoning also agrees: The remaining 5'/.: 
 Vis Hin are reduced to % which makes accordingly lVa, Vco, for Vi of 5 = l'/i, Vi of Vs =J Via, and V* of Vis = Veo, therefore l'/i, Via, '/on, 
 or as in our reckoning: l'/a, Vco. — ) j >Pul this now into the Uit kettle, put it on the fire, and heal it with very dry Acaciawood*), pour water 
 on it 3V a, '/so, Viao Ket, on account of the boiling. When it next grows bright, on this day you must filter the mixture, which now amounts to 
 Vs, Vio Hin a (Again it agrees: The l'/a, Vw or l 31 /co Hin, which before remained, amount after the filtering to lVs, Vio or l' s /w, because 
 Vao or Vco was lost by boiling. If you take off 3 /co from l 2l /oo you get l l8 /w, or as we have it specified in the hieroglyphic account: 1 V.v, 
 Vio. — ) j >Put this into the Uit kettle, put it by the fire and let it boil up three times. (The duplicate of Dendera has here instead three days, 
 and supposing this version were right, we are to understand that the mixture had for the space of three days not exactly to boil, but to be 
 put near some warm spot.) add water 1 Ten SVi Ket twice every day. What now remains after the boiling and after the filtering of the 
 mixture, amounts to lVs Hin, for the loss from the heat during these three days amounted to Vio Hin (or if we prefer the reading usept we 
 
 must say: from the heat after the threefold boiling a) The reckoning accords: It remains quite right only l'/s if Vio of lVs Vio is lost by 
 
 boiling.) On this day at eveningtide take the Vs Ket of resin of the Kel-tree, the 2'h Ket Tesep, the one Ket Teba and the one Ket Seben 
 (see L. 7. where the ingredients which are now used are numbered in the same succession and with the same weights) ipound them in 
 a stone vessel, filter them with Vs Ket of wine of first quality and seal the stonevcssel with the seal of the Horseslpriest or with that of the Abu- 
 priest. Put now the second incense in another stonevessel, pour water on it 1 Ten tV io Vw Viso Ket and seal it up till the next morning a 
 (The second incense, of which mention is made here, would consist consequently of 9 Ten, 9 Ket, as line 7 states the whole incense quantity 
 as consisting af 21 Ten, of which 11 Ten and 1 Ket were already taken away.) 
 
 As soon as it gets bright on the 5"‘ day (?) put the Uit kettle on the hearth, take the ingredients, which are in the stone-vessel, 
 
 (see L. 11, where mention is made of their being pounded and sealed up in the stone-vessel) mix (?) them with a Hin of water and add the 
 incense (which was spoken of at the end of L. 11.) Now light afire of acacia-boughs under them, and as soon as it has boiled three times, put 
 out the flame beneath. 
 
 The copying of those inscriptions of the temple-laboratory of Edfu, which were on the upper half of the wall and to which the 
 text in question belongs, I found exceedingly difficult in the rather high and totally dark room, as I had only a small, fragile ladder at my 
 disposal, manufactured by the awkward Nagar of the village. I tried to heighten the ladder by stones put beneath it, whilst my servant 
 stood on the top rung with a candle in one hand and I, sitting on his shoulder, was supported by another Arab, who stood beneath him and 
 who, while supporting me with his left hand, held the ladder with the right. If one takes into consideration, that I copied several of the 
 inscriptions from the laboratory in this uncomfortable position, I think I shall be excused, if here and there some deficiency is found in my 
 copy. A careful study of the texts which are as interesting as they are difficult, has already convinced me, that my copy of those passages 
 
 on the upper wall contains some errors and I give therefore Line 14 — 31 once more a part of the great inscription with some corrections 
 
 which, I dare say, must be made. It seems to me, that it is also necessary in the paragraph of the text directly preceding, see Georgr. 
 Inschr. II. Line 12—29, to make the following modifications: Line 12 must certainly be put before the sign of the boat which simply replaces 
 
 the m, instead of tnulert the sign with the pronunciation sam and the meaning nto mix, a (compare Line lGandl7, where the same expression 
 
 occurs); Line 21 the shins- appears to me to be wrong, I believe an r above the 6 must be supplied, by which we get Vo Hin instead of 
 6 Hin; in the same Line above the Via is wrong and in L. 23 the group »cr sc/« is to be put in the place of the destroyed passage, the 
 same which is also to be found Line 29, so that the whole passage is therefore to be translated: »Put 2 Ten into the stone-vessel, pound*) it 
 
 *) Brugscli, Wurtcrbuch p. 988 explains the group heh via in Line 9 of the edition of Edfu and L. 4 of the edition of Dendera, which till then I was at 
 a loss to understand. 
 
 **) With regard to the sign, which I have translated here by Jo pound", Herr Professor Brugsch in an essay entitled: „An ancient Egyptian example 
 of arithmetic ", see Zeitschrift 1865, p. 67, gives the following opinion : „Thc word net' til is likewise repeated beneath, and signifies there also the weight “ ; — Ion the 
 contrary had maintained in the explanatory text of the receipts of Edfu, Geogr. Inschr. II, p. 56, that the sign in question had by no means the signification of jceighl “ 
 in any of these inscriptions, but that net' ti\ signified everywhere: 1) that, with which one pounds or grinds, the pounder, the grinder, 2) the action of pounding and 
 3) the ground material, just as one is obliged to assign to neker, which also is found in these inscriptions, the threefold meaning of sieve, to sift and the sifted material. 
 I perceive with pleasure that Hr. Brugsch in his Ilinroglyphiscli Demotischen Worterbuch has adopted these significations whichlhave proposed, at least I think I may con- 
 clude to, from my not finding „weiglit u amongst the meanings of net’ hut I read p. 828: „nut t (Rec. VI. 82) nut’ til (ib. 83) nut’ ti (Kyphi Rcc. Edfu Mar.) Jhat which 
 is pounded, that which is ground “ and as proof of the signification of the word follows the example from the Kyplii Receipts of Edfu of M. Mariette ,,set Va + V* — 
 f em nut’ ti ap. „ Take away its 3 /i port of that which has been first ground ." As to the translation of the above-mentioned example, I have already observed with 
 regard to Line 8, that taking the meaning of the first sign to be to take away its Vi pert, the reckoning would by no means agree, that on the contrary it means : its 
 s/j part remains or, it amounts to its Vi part- The whole passage must be considered in connection and compared with L. 14 of our Plate, where we read: instruc- 
 tions for the preparation of the black mastic. First put 2 Ten into tin stone-vessel, grind them well to powder (or, if the circle with the three strokes behind it, is not con- 
 sidered as the little ball used in the plural, but as the sign sop with the number 3, it must be translated by „3 times") sift it through the sieves two or three times, that 
 everything may be well secreted .“ (The one sign was somewhat destroyed here, perhaps the whole group may be taken for ten a with the signification: to separate, to 
 secrete, to set apart, and translated in connection with the „twice u behind, by Jo secrete well “ which gives an adequate sense) reckon as much as its fourth part on the 
 waste, which gives S Ket, the powder is therefore reduced to '/s end its ‘/i of the first pounded mass, which makes l Ten .5 Ket “ The reckoning agrees : From the two 
 ten or 20 Ket by the process of grinding and sifting '/t was lost, which makes quite right the 5 Ifct mentioned above, the powder is reduced therefore to Vi or as 
 the hieroglyphic account says, to Vs and its Vi> which gives 1 Ten 5 Ket, which arc clearly 3 /t °f - Ten or 20 Ket. It is said further on L. 17: ^(Instructions for 
 the) preparing of the Nenib-mixture (the „instrnctions for" is to be completed from the beginning of L. 14) pound 2 Ten and sift it equally. Reckon as much as its '/a 
 for waste, which makes C-fo Ket, it remains therefore its of the first pounded mass, which amounts to I Ten 3 1 / , Ket." The reckoning agrees: '/a of the 2 Ten of the 
 Nenib was lost by the process of grinding and sifting, which makes 6 2 / 3 Ket; it is quite right that j/a of 2 Ten or 20 Ket = 6-/a Ket; there remains accordingly % of 
 the 20 Ket, which are specified quite correctly in the reckoning as 1 Ten SV3 Ket, for 2 x 6% Ket = ISV3 Ket or 1 Ten S'/a Ket, the Ten reckoned as 10 Ket. — 
 I give another example from our receipts; beginning with Line 20 we find: (Instructions for) the preparing of the third mixture. Grind and sift in like manner 2 Ten 
 of mastic. Reckon the quantity of its 1/3 + Vis f 0T waste, which makes S'fi Ket, there remains accordingly its 1/3 + Vis of the first ground mass, which amounts to I Ten 
 
 b 
 
thoroughly , then pour upon it one Ein of the Rehen-oil twice a day, well mixed by the cooh etc.-, Line 26, above it must be: »ar pc uah*, and 
 L. 28, L. 29, the number 30 is put once too often, it must be 80. These are some corrections; and with regard to the completions of the 
 receipts on the two plates in question, the c of PI. XVIII belongs to the second receipt for the preparation of a spice for incensing, given 
 in the Geogr. Inschr. II. PI. T.XXXTTT, Line 1—12, it is the same which caused Pr. Brugsch to give to this whole collection of inscriptions 
 the name of tKyphi Recepte .* I for my part do not even believe the one receipt to be the Kyplii, as it coincides too little with the 
 statements of Plutarch and Dioskorides. — d belongs to the receipt of PI. LXXXV. A, Line 1 — 12. — e belongs to a receipt given on the 
 same Plate under B Line 1 — 6, and contains a preparation of an ointment. Over » merit* as it Oil, oil-vessel, to besmear, to salve, to rub in * 
 see the explanatory text II, which is added p. 63—65, also Brugsch » Wbrterbuch* p. 679. — f belongs to the receipt on PI. XC. Line 1—9. 
 — In order to define the mixture called there tmatet*, I referred in the explanatory text, see II p. 72, to the sign from the Book of the 
 Deadn Chapt. 18 L. 58, and to the Coptic .uessT, most miscere, miscela, see also Brugsch, dictionary p. 732; g belongs to the receipt, given 
 PI. LXXXIX, Line 1—12, according to which the Tesep-oil was prepared for Hathor and the other goddesses. According to the assumption 
 of the sign set in the signification of ‘it is reduced, (the quantity to so and so) there remains, one gains, which I explained in the preceding 
 note, the translation I gave before, must be corrected. I am now of opinion that the passage PI. 89, L. 1—4 must be translated thus: 
 
 » Instructions for the preparation of the delicious Tesep-oil, for which you take 1 Ein of Mastic, in order to anoint Hathor with its odoriferous 
 fluid. Seed from the Notemnoteni tree (it is possible the latter is a shrub-like plant; the determinative only indicates, that it belongs to the 
 vegetable world.) 7% Ein. There remains '/a and its Vio of the grains. (?) (The rest was lost by the process of purifying and grinding) which 
 makes i'k -h Vio Him. When it is pressed there remains of this its 'It as juice, which makes l'ho -+- Vao Ein. From the incense resin of first 
 quality you take 11 Ten 1 Ket (I tliink it must be 1 Ivet, so far as I can recognize from the somewhat defaced sign, because L. 7, where 
 the same substance is used, the quantity is stated as 1 Ivet.) Seb 1 Ket, Seed of the Techu-herb l'la Ket, wine of first quality (»nefer 
 nefer« literally: doubly agreeable.*) from the country Uit V* Ein, water ‘/so Ein. On the first day, when one begins to prepare the Tesep-oil 
 which was obtained from the Notemnotem juice, add to it ‘/so Him of water. During its boiling the loss from the boiling is '/so Ein, there remains 
 therefore l'ho Ein. Boil these well with water on this day, and take for this purpose 1 Ein of ivatcr. The loss from the boiling is noiv 
 Vio Ein, there remains accordingly 1 Ein.* — The reader can convince liimself of the correctness of the reckoning. The 7% Hin of Line 1 
 make out Vs -+- Vio or 3 h, which makes 4'/s -+- Vio Hin. It is quite correct that 3 h from 7% = 4 Vs - 1 - 'ho. These are again reduced by being 
 pressed to their 1 U , which makes l'/w -t- '/so Hin. This is just the fourth part of the remaining 4'/s + Vio. I gained now lVio -+- ‘/so Hin. 
 Of these (see Line 4) on the first day from the process of boiling ‘/so is lost; there remains 1 Vio and of these again (see Line 5) by another 
 boiling Vio is lost; there remains therefore 1 Hin of the l'/io ‘/so Hin of Line 4, of which first '/so and then Vio was lost by boiling. 'Die 
 inscription given in Plate XVIH under h belongs to the receipt in PI. XCVI — XCVH Line 1 — 20: » Instructions for the mixture of the divine 
 ointment .* In the text of Plate h L. 1 , the sparrow-hawk stands before the words: » Offering of the divine ointment *, whilst in the ‘Geogr. 
 Inschr. PI. XCVI Line 1 it stands behind in the group to at muter. — On Plate XIX b belongs to the inscriptions for the preparation of 
 the threefold mixture, communicated Plate XCI— XCV, of which I give once more Line 1—31 a part with corrections, which I mentioned* 
 before. — c belongs to the long text on Plate LXXXVI— LXXXVIH, \trhicfa contains an enumeration and a description of 14 different species 
 of License, and a number of foreign products, especially precious timber from Etliiopia and Arabia, of which partly the wood itself or the rind 
 partly the resin, the flower or the fruit were used. 
 
 Plate XX— XXIV. I give in the original size of the monument the fishes of the Red Sea, represented beneath the ships, with 
 the addition of some others, which are taken from the adjoining wall. In the drawing of pictures in lessened proportions from the copies 
 and stamps which I took, the drawer, not much versed in such labours, has committed several errors, which are now corrected by means of 
 the second representation in the original size. My learned friend Dr. Donitz, who was much interested by this specimen of Zoology on an 
 ancient Epyptian templewall, was kind enough to give me some valuable notes concerning the fishes represented in the Plates in question, 
 which you may find printed further on. 
 
 Plate XXV— XXXI. I publish in these Plates a collection of ancient Egyptian ships, classed chronologically, which I took 
 partly from publications of Lepsius and Wilkinson, partly from my own copies. I have already given in the » Calendar-Inscriptions * 
 the three ships from the tomb of Ncfer-hotep, but on account of the valuable inscriptions which accompany the representation, I have repeated 
 them here. In the last part of the ‘Eierogl. Dcmot. Wbrterbuch* which I have received, I must refer the student to the remark p. 1111, 
 where the author has thought well to put 18 letters for the one D which he uses at all other times, when citing my works, this remark 
 states that the » hotepm which I also retain here, Line 33 and 49, is faulty in my publication of this text/ It may be possible, as this 
 
 /2/ ;l Ket. This reckoning also agrees, if we adopt the signification of the sign ns above. It was lost by the process of grinding and sifting >/a + Vi* or 5 /is of tllc tw0 
 Ten of Mastic, which are correctly given as 8 ‘/ 3 Ket, for i/is of 20 Ket = 1% Ket and 5 x 1% = 8%, there remains therefore '/a + Vis or 7 /i2, which again are cor- 
 rectly reckoned as 1 Ten 1% Ket, for 1/12 of 20 Ket = 1% Ket and 7 X 1% = 11% Ket or 1 Ten 1% Ket. And to quote finally a most striking example I beg to 
 compare the passage in the Geogr. Inschr. II. PI. LXXXII Lino 2 and 3 with the passage in PI. LXXXHI L. 3, where for the of the first receipt, in the second the 
 sign of the bird’s claw appears, which has the pronunciation of „ruinen u and the incontrovertible meaning of , remnant , it remains, one gains “ in each passage of those 
 texts. A group, which appears for the first time in these inscriptions and to which sometimes the phonetic value of iiA is joined, representing the picture of a child 
 riding on an elephant or on a rhinoceros, in the hieroglyphic drawings it has |ust as frequently the appearance of the latter, with the three little balls being generally added as 
 determinative, as well as the common plant-determinative, this groupj in which formerly I thought to recognize the seed of a plant, I ain now inclined to take for the mastic in Copt. 
 jvvpouiKoc and it is of interet to compare with this the inscriptions C. Line 3 — 7 of our plate, in which three kinds of resin are mentioned, the black, the red, the white. The 
 picture appertaining to it, shows the king Ptolemy and his consort Kleopatra with products from the holy land before Horus and Hathor. The speech of the king runs 
 L. 3 — 7 as follows: „/ bring to thee incense-resin in bags, the Feck (l) which is produced by the divine limbs, black mastic-resin which is created by the eye of Ra (that 
 means the sun makes the resin exude), the red, it is brought forth by the eye of Osiris and the white one, look ! it is brought to light by the eye of Horus, enumerating the 
 resins of Arabia. I lead them to thee, they all (come) from thee, their creation is made through thy limbs, oh Lord of Arabia, ruler of the holy land, thou, who preparesl 
 joy for the gods through their perfume and delight for the goddesses through their fragrance .“ Compare this with „Geogr. Inschr .“ II. Plate LXXXVIH Line 28—80 and 
 „ Tempel-Inschr.“ PI. LXVI and LXVII; it is, as I already mentioned, to be taken into consideration that „fm t. or ana of the land Pan, which originally signified the 
 resin of the Arabian inccnse-treo, seems to have assumed the general meaning of „ odoriferous , fragrant spices .“ We find the word used for fluids and for solid sub- 
 stances, for incensing, for salves and oils, see „Geogr. Inschr. Ilf explanatory text p.66—68, where p. 67 the group „hitepr-t“ must be corrected, which I have already 
 done in an essay in the „Zeitschrift. u It is simply to bo read ,lter-t“ and signifies: f he first, the uppermost, the mistress .“ About an t. see also Brugsch „W8rtcrbuch“ 
 p. 203, where I may be allowed to take the liberty of correcting the twice repeated quotation (Rec. IV, 66) in D. Text to the Rec. IV p. 66, or as well without D , but 
 by all means it must be: Text p. 66, as one would seek in vain for ana in Plate 66. 
 
 inscriptions belongs to those, which are infinitely difficult to copy. Whilst the representations in the tomb of Neferhotep are executed care- 
 fully, (see the fine plates, taken from this tomb, in the H part of the ‘Hist. Inschr.*) these inscriptions were scratched in small hieroglyphs 
 in the worst style imaginable upon the wall, and it is quite possible that I confounded the two signs, which are so similar and the more 
 difficult to distinguish as they are worked into the stone. But for the present I see no reason, why I should think my copy faulty in regard 
 to the determinative as well as to the phonetic writing. The group returns three times, Line 33, 43 and 49 and I cannot admit that I 
 should have three times made the same mistake. Moreover the^ phonetic writing and the determinative (the general determinative for stuffs, 
 clothes, cloth, twice used) are so well adapted to the meaning, that there is no reason for a correction. It is possible that a group lietau 
 exists, which signifies the sail-yard, but this group is not found here, and it is not spoken here of the sail-yard, hut of the sail, the first 
 time with the addition en liebs. u, which group composed in this way, answers so well to the translation of * sail-cloth.* That it is spoken, not 
 of the sail-yards, but of the sails, seems to me to be evident from Line 49, and from the representation belonging to it. The text speaks 
 of the » ships on voyage with their sails hanging down (reefed, furled up). If the picture belonging to this is compared with this remark, it 
 is plainly to be seen it is not the mast, not the sail-yards which are furled, but the sails. I am always willing to accept with thankfulness 
 the corrections of my colleages and to learn the truth, moreover when the correction comes from one, who as a judge of the Egyptian language 
 stands so high above me as my venerated teacher, Professor Brugsch, who formerly took the warmest interest in my scientific endeavours 
 and for years guided my studies with the greatest kindness, giving me so many opportunities of admiring the treasures of his knowledge 
 and to profit from them, — in this case I would be the more willing to retract my opinion. But in spite of all this I must adhere from 
 the reasons alleged, to the accuracy of my copy and that I see no reason, why I should accept the proposed correction. The representation 
 sub b of Plate XXXI, though of mythological character, is notwithstanding of great value for this subject; it has been already published by 
 Wilkinson but incomplete and I give here once more the whole picture complete, as I copied it from the tomb. King Sethos kneels before 
 Turn, the God of the setting sun, in whose boat Thoth is standing in the fore-ground as pilot and Eorus at the prow, steering. The in- 
 scription over Horus runs as follows: ‘The managing of the helm in the Atet-ship by Eorus, the son of Osiris* and of Thoth is said: » The 
 care (‘male* to care, to pay attention, to care) of the boat by the lord of Eermopolis * (see Birch Dictionary p. 427, where the word mdk.t 
 lias received the very adequate meaning of » Watch* ; see also Brugsch »Worterbuch« p. 617 — 619.) — In the signature of this and of the 
 preceding plate, regarding the time of the monument, the XIV. century has been put by a mistake; it must be in both cases the XV. cen- 
 tury. It is of high interest to observe from the representations the gradual improvements in the art of ship building of the ancient Egyp- 
 
 tians, the very oldest of which we know anything, as e. g. the helm appeal's for the first time only in the XH. dynasty (see PI. XXVHI), it 
 being till that time supplied by several oars, etc. — Of all this I will speak more in detail in the second part of my work. 
 
 I added the last Plate but one of this work, because of its giving the results of my stay at Soba, which I mentioned in the 
 preceding report of my journey (see p. 6 and 7), and I add the last Plate as a specimen of the coloured drawings, which I also mentioned 
 in the report. If ever I should be happy enough to get means sufficient to enable me to publish the whole collection of coloured drawings, the 
 history of art would thereby certainly obtain a valuable addition. 
 
 In conclusion I must not, I believe, leave the fact unmentioned, that a portion of the published representations were found on a 
 wall, which has been excavated at the expense of the Egyptian government some seven or eight years ago. It is not for M. Mariette alone, 
 that these excavations are made; M. Mariette only directs the excavations, which are made tau profit de la science* at the expense of his 
 Highness the Viceroy Ismail, and these representations, so valuable for our science are copied by me » legitimement en vertu du droit, que donne 
 a tout le monde le gouvernement igyptien d’etudier les monuments qui, par ses soins sont rendus au jour.* I lay particular stress on this fact 
 that no one, in consequence of this publication may one day read in the » Moniteur * such remarks as were made in consequence of my publica- 
 tion of the »List of the Kings of Abydos« and to prevent an ..indignation generale dans le sein de llnstitut* as arose at the news of the »acte 
 coup able* of the German »spoliateur«, or occasion bemg taken to protest »energiquement au nom de la science frangaise, contre de pareils 
 precedes*, lest too the Moniteur should again expose itself as it did on the 25 ,h of January 1865, where, horribile dictu, the following was 
 to be read word for word: » Notre etonnement a etc grand d'apprendre, en recevant communication de cette decouverte, une des plus belles que 
 ViUustre archeologue frangais ait faites en Egypte, que cette lisle des rois venait d’etre publiee a Berlin, suns mime que le nom de noire com- 
 patriots ful mentions. II nous apprend qu’une copie de cette liste royale lui a en effet eti deroUe. Pour que la borne foi publique ne soit 
 trompee a Vavenir et pour qu’un acte aussi delay al ne rapporte aux spoliateurs et a lours complices que la honte qui leur est due, il suffit de rappeler que per- 
 sonae enEpyptcne pout fouiUer le sol sans un firman, et que Mariette- Bey est le seul posscsseur dece firman ; or, iln’estpas probable que des monuments 
 comme la Table royale et geographique d’Abydos soient sortis tout seuls de terre. — Monsieur de Rouge, temoin de la decouverte de Mariette, a etc le premier 
 a protester energiquement, au nom de la sciencefrangaise, dans le sein de VInstitut, contre de pareils prochics. L’indignation a etc generale dlaseance de ven- 
 dredi dernier 20 jammer, lorsque la lettre qu’on vient de lire a ete communiquec a V Academic, en meme temps que lanouvelle de Vacte coupable qu’elle 
 signaled la conscience publique de tons les pays. Ce ri est pas d Auguste Mariette settlement qu’on fait tort; mats c’esl aussi au Vice-Hoi, dont 
 Tinepuisable munificence donne si largement d notre compatriote les moyens de prendre possession, en son nom, de Vhistoire pharaonique qui se 
 dresse d sa voix dans Unite la vallee du Nil, et vient sc ranger d sa place dans le Musee de Boulaq , lequel ample aujourd’hui 27000 monu- 
 ments trouves et classes par Auguste Mariette seal.* Although M. Mariette, highly indignant wrote afterwards on seeing this abuse of Iris 
 name: ‘Mes principes d urbanite et de bonne confraternite m’obligcnt d vous ecrire spontanement pour vous declarer que, loin d’approuver le 
 langage du journal frangais, je proteste au contraire contre tout ce qui peut s’y trouver d’offensant pour M. Lepsius et pour vous,* and further 
 on : » Voire colire est juste, mats cl/e tombe d tort sur moi. — G est au Moniteur qu’il faut vous adresser. Le Moniteur a entassc erreur sur erreur ; 
 d mon insu, sans m’enprevenir, sans que je Ven aie charge at directement, ni indirectement, sans meme que j’aie prononce ou ccrit un seul mot 
 qui tends d le pousser dans cette voic, il a legerement formule une accusation indigne de son habituclle gravitc. Moi, je n’en mis pas responsable. 
 La querelle vient de lui, et je ne Vepouse pas.* — Although the Moniteur knew of this letter, the editor has not considered it worth his trouble, 
 to give one word of recantation of the above, so that M. Chabas remarks upon it in the ‘Revue retrospective a propos de la publication 
 de la liste royale d’Abydos,* deuxieme article p. 12: »Et, bien que la verite soit connue depuis longtemps, qui done a ileve la voix en France pour 
 les dementir ou meme pour en attenuer la portSe ? Qui done a averti le public trompe que le Moniteur a entasse erreur sur erreur etc. Toutes 
 les rectifications se sont bomees d la declaration que la note du Moniteur Halt malencontreuse! Il faudrait etendre considerablement 
 la signification de cette expression pour en faire decouler un temoignage contre la veracite de l’ article calomnieux du Journal official.* — Let 
 public opinion therefore form its judgment from this simple representation of the positive facts. 
 
5 
 
 SOME REMARKS 
 
 ON THE 
 
 FISHES OF THE RED SEA, REPRESENTED IN PLATE XX— XXIV 
 
 BY 
 
 Dr. DOENITZ. 
 
 The author of this work gave me the opportunity, so Wellcome to a zoologist, of making myself acquainted with the copies of 
 a number of zoological representations on an ancient Egyptian monument. The representations, from which these copies are taken, were found 
 in one of the halls of the terrace-temple of Der-el-baKeri in Upper-Egypt. It is, as the author understood from the accompanying inscriptions, 
 a memorial in honours of a naval expedition from Egypt to Arabia, in the 17th century before our era. Hie drawings added for ornament 
 beneath the Egyptian fleet, represent for the most part fishes from the Red Sea, but we find among them also two tortoises, two crabs and 
 a cuttle-fish. Although the representations give only the contours of the animals, as was generally the custom in Egyptian drawings, one is 
 nevertheless able to recognize them at first sight, and these ancient representations have 'therefore so far scientific interest for the zoologist, 
 as they pennit a comparison, even though a not very extensive one, of the Fauna of the Red Sea 3500 years ago, with that of the present 
 day. Unfortunately the rays of the fins, which play such a conspicuous part in the system of to-day are wanting in the representations. The 
 fish Nr. 12 is the only one, which makes an exception. The indented edge of the first dorsal fin enables one to recognize three rays. The 
 situation of the eye and the position of the fins seems not to be always quite correct, a deficiency, which renders the classification rather 
 difficult. As an indemnification one has laid great stress on the correct representation of the general form of the body, and every characteristic 
 in this respect, so that it is possible from the representations of the ancient Egyptian Zoologist’s, to define a number of the fishes pretty 
 accurately. We see represented not only Teleoslier, but also two Selachier, (two rays) Nr. 22 and 23. Further we find (Nr. 25) a fish, 
 which attracts the attention by his two eyes. It belongs certainly to the plaices (soles). With a fine observation of nature, the one eye is 
 represented larger than the other. Some fishes are characterised by a curious Ornament of the head. To these belongs Nr.. 18, in which 
 one recognizes at a glance a Naseus unicornis. Nr. 20 and 30 belong also to this class. Moreover they are so similar, that I dare say they 
 represent the same fish. In Nr. 39 the pectoral fin is wanting, yet the whole habit of the fish indicates, that we have before us a specimen from 
 the family of the Gurnards (cataphracti). The wanting of a fin, which we observe in other fishes also proves, that the Egyptian artist did not pay much 
 attention to these organs of locomotion, which are so important for the enquirer of to-day. The question is now to define the name of the two objects be- 
 fore us and we think of course of Scorpaena and of Pterois, but as the three kinds of Scorpaena we know of in the Red Sea, have not such developed 
 barbules above the eye as represented in the picture, we must decide in favour of Pterois. We must remark, that in this instance and every- 
 where the rays of the dorsal and anal fin do not stand erect. This gives a different appearance to the fishes to that, to which we are 
 accustomed in the pictures. The pectoral fin of Nr. 20 being shorter than the dorsal fin, I am inclined to define this fish as Pterois muricata. 
 The number 19, and 36 are remarkable for their very pointed mouth, and surely represent the sword fish Xipliias gladius, though the dorsal 
 fin stands a little too much behind. On the other hand one recognizes thereby the characteristic erect position of the Scomberoides, and the 
 marked curve behind in the form of a crescent. Less pointed but still very striking in its form is the mouth of Nr. 26 and 27. (The head 
 of the last figure is damaged in the original, but one is convinced at first sight, that the fish represented is identical with Nr. 28). The 
 curious shape of the mouth, leads one to think of Mormyrus oxyrliynclies, which is however a Nile-fish and does not belong therefore to the 
 
 Sea fishes. Two other fishes are distinguished by the greatly developed dorsal and anal fins, Nr. 9 and 34. Nr. 9 is characterised as Platax 
 by the body being much curved on the upper and lower side. We have probably before us Platax Teira Forsk. Nr. 84 seems to represent 
 a Holacanthus. I should think of Holacanthus asfur, if dorsal and anal fin were more pointed. 
 
 The Gymmdmten and Sclerodermen, known by their clumsy body, are so frequent in the Red Sea, that one may well expect to 
 find them in the ancient representation of fishes. And indeed, one recognizes easily that Nr. 12, 15 and 17 belong to this class. The shape 
 of Nr. 12 resembles Batistes (. Xenodon ) niger, it is only the first ray of the first dorsal fin, which is too high. After all, this fish m its entire 
 lorrn and especially in the strongly marked rounding of the caudal- (tail) fin, resembles so very much the Balistes above mentioned, that 
 I suppose, the Egytian artist has thought himself bound to exaggerate the first dorsal fin with its three rays, in order to show forth more plainly 
 the characteristic of the family. It is easy to recognize in Nr. 15 the contours of Balistes assasi, which is very common in the Red Sea. 
 Fig. 17 represents a Tetrodm, which I am not able to define more clearly. It may be just as well I. perspicillaris as calamara. Fig. 29 
 is either a Tetrodon or what is still more probable an Ostracion. The latter opinion seems to be favoured by the double line of the body, 
 which probably is meant to indicate the edges of the coat of mail, if after all, we have not to do here with one of those corrections, which 
 occur on Egyptian monuments. The representation having no anal fin cannot puzzle us, as we have seen that the artist did not deal very 
 fairly with the fins in general. 
 
 The curious profile of Nr. 4 and the plainly puffed up lips, characterize this fish as Cheilinus mdulatus. The ventral fin was not 
 clearly marked in the original, and has been omitted in the drawing. 
 
 The long and high dorsal fin, the broad anal fin and the broad fore-head characterize Nr. 17 as Acanthwms velifcr, one of the 
 ornaments of the Red Sea. Nr. 33 seems to represent Chaetodon strigangulus. Nr. 24 is probably Scarus viridescens, with the pectoral fin 
 wanting. Fig. 6 I suppose to be a Diacope. But I will leave off supposing. A more careful investigation than that, which I have as yet 
 been able to undertake, will make many things more certain and throw more light on the numbers not noticed above. — Before I conclude 
 I will remark further that the tortoises Nr. 32 and 35, represented in the Plates, are to be taken for Trionyx nilotieus, because of their 
 pointed mouth. Nr. 3 is a cuttle-fish, a Loligo, as we see fi'om the stretched out body, the form of the candal fins, and the number and form 
 of the tentacules. 
 
 The two crabs Nr. 1 and 31 belong as we remark at first sight, to the genus PaMnurus for they are deficient in claws, the five 
 feet of the Thorax have a fin and the (outer) tentacules are bordered with a long scourge. We know the PaMnurus penicillatus is to be found 
 in the Red Sea, and Fig. 31 accords well with it. The stings of the head-breastpiece are represented as three rows of triangles. A similar 
 cutting is wanting in Fig. 1, either because the animal represented did not possess such strong stings like that of Nr. 31, or because the 
 artist failed in representing this detail. If we adhere to our first conclusion, we should have to do here with the sub-genus Panulirus, 
 representatives of which we know to exist in the Indian Seas. 
 
 PRINTED 
 
 OFFICE 
 
 GUSTAV LANGE, HEREIN, FRIKDRICIISSUKHT 
 
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 Darstollungen aus dem III. Jalirtausend v. Chr. in den Pyramidengrabern von (Jiseh und.Saqara. 
 
 (Dynastie IV. und V.)' 
 
Taf. M. 
 
 Aus einem Pyramidengrabe von Saqara. 
 
 (ler V. Dynastie angebOrig, III. Jahrtaus.end v. Olir. 
 
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a, Aus dem Grate des Neferhotep, XIV. Jahrhundert v, Chi', 
 b. Aus einem thebanischen Grabe, demselben Jahrhundert angehorig. 
 
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Deckenmuster eines Thebanischen Grabes aus dem XV. Jahrh. v, Chr 
 

 
 
 
 
 
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