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 https://archive.org/details/descriptionofbat01wood 
 
AB ARI S. 
 
DESCRIPTION 
 
 B A ° T H, 
 
 WHEREIN 
 
 The Antiquity of the City, as well as the Emi- 
 nence of its Founder ; its Magnitude, Situation, Soil, 
 Mineral Waters, and Phyfical Plants ; its BRiTisHWorks, 
 and the Grecian Ornaments with which they were 
 adorned ; its Devaluations and Reftorations in the Days 
 of the Britons, Romans, Saxons, Danes, and Nor- 
 mans ; with its New Buildings, Baths, Conduits, Hos- 
 pitals, Places of Worlhip, and other Public Edifices; its 
 Gates, Bridges, W alks, and Streets, &c. 
 
 Are refpe&ively Treated of : 
 
 The Gods, Places of Worfhip, Religion, and Learning 
 of the Ancient Britons 
 Occafionally confidered : 
 
 And the Limits of the City in its prefent State ; its Go- 
 vernment, Trade, and Amufements 
 Severally pointed out. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED WITH 
 
 The Figure of King Bladud, the Firft Founder of the City; 
 
 TOGETHER WITH 
 
 Proper Plans and Elevations from Twenty-two Copper Plates. 
 
 By JOHN WOOD, Efq; 
 
 The Second Edition, Corre&ed and Enlarged. 
 
 In TWO VOLUMES. 
 
 • LONDON: 
 
 Printed for W. Bat hoe, in th e Strand-, and T. Lownds, in 
 Fleet Street. MDCCLXV. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 N Opinion hath aim oft univerfally 
 
 prevailed that every thing Record- 
 
 ed of Rladud , one of the Antient Britifh 
 Princes, the ninth King of our Iftand in 
 the Line of Brute , and the fir ft Difcoverer 
 of the Hot Fountains of Bath^ is meer 
 Fable and Romance ; but none that I 
 know of have yet undertaken to prove 
 it to be fo ! 
 
 This Reflexion naturally led me to 
 colled fuch Circumftances as would amount 
 to a Probability, at leaft, of the Reality 
 of King Bladud ; and from thofe Circum- 
 ftances the Britijh Prince appears to have 
 been a great Prophet, and the moft Emi- 
 nent Philofopher of all Antiquity : He was 
 the Renowned Hyperborean High Prieft 
 of Apollo that fhined in Greece at the very 
 time Pythagoras flourifhed ; He was a 
 Difciple and a Colleague to that celebrated 
 Philofopher ; and among the Grecians he 
 bore the Names of Aithrobates and Aba- 
 ris'j Names implying the exalted Ideas 
 
 which 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 which that Learned Race of People had 
 of his great Abilities. 
 
 T o this famous Prince, Prieft, and Pro- 
 phet, the City of Bath owes her Original : 
 An Original fo Illuftrious that no City 
 upon Earth can boaft of a greater, fince 
 with it the Druids of the Weftern World 
 feem manifeftly to have taken their Rife : 
 It is a City placed in a Situation agreeable 
 to the fupreme Wifdom of the Antients : 
 And therefore it was only Popular Preju- 
 dice and Ignorance that, of late Years, 
 Decreed this eminent Place to be a City 
 Handing in a Hole, and built on a Quag- 
 mire ; to be Impenetrable to the very 
 Beams of the Sun ; and to be fo confined 
 by almoft inacceffible Hills, that People 
 can hardly come at it without danger of 
 breaking their Necks ; or, when in it, 
 Breathe or Converfe beyond the Smell of 
 their own Excrements. 
 
 These falfe and malicious Reprefenta 
 tions I thought it highly neceffary to Ex- 
 plode ; and in Exploding them I have en- 
 deavoured to fhew that, during the Times 
 of Paganifm, Bath was not only the Sum- 
 4 mer 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 mer Seat of Apollo himfelf ; but the Place 
 where the Britijh Druids Worfhiped that 
 God with greater Pomp and Ceremony 
 than he appears to have been ever Ho- 
 noured in any other Part of the World. 
 
 The chief Seat of Apollo , mull of 
 Courfe become the chief Seat of his Priefts ; 
 and upon that Confideration no Pains have 
 been wanting to colled: fuch Things as are 
 neceffary to prove the City of Bath to have 
 been the Metropolitan Seat -of the Britijh 
 Druids ; whofe Univerhty having been 
 Founded by King Bladud , the Building 
 {till fo far exifts within eight Miles of our 
 Hot Fountains as to prove the Work to 
 have been a flupendous Figure of the Py- 
 thagorean Syfiem of the Planetary World. 
 
 This glorious Monument of Antiquity 
 undeniably proves the Britons to have been 
 a more Civilized People before the Romans 
 came into our Eland, than the Stream of 
 Hiftorians have reprefented them ; and it 
 likewife proves that our Sacred Edifices were 
 compofed of Marble, even when the Romans 
 themfelves had afpired no higher, in their 
 Works of Architedure, than to build their 
 
 Temples 
 
PREFACE, 
 
 Temples with common Clay : It is a Mo- 
 nument that Egypt herfelf might boaft of 
 amidft her proudeft Structures ; and it is a 
 Monument that confirms what Ccefar fays 
 of the Druids in refped to their Agrono- 
 mical Learning. 
 
 The Reader is defired to amend any 
 literal Faults he may meet with in the fol- 
 lowing Sheets ; and in page 3, line 42, for 
 mufi to read much ; in p. 10, 1. 27, for 
 Got hick to read Gallick ; in p. 17, 1. 2 y to 
 alter the Period to a Comma ; in p. 34. 1 . 27. 
 to dele more ; in p. 93, 1. 14, for parted 
 from to read parted at, and in 1. 29, for 
 Jou to read lou; in p. 96, 1 . 38, for F G 
 to read DE; in p. 106, 1 . 16, for to the 
 Mother of Vi mus within, to read to V^ enus , 
 the Mother, in; in p. 127, 1. 4, and 31, 
 p.137, 1. 22, p. 168, 1.4, and p. 173, 
 1 . 1 2, for Rocks of Solis to read Rocks of Sol ; 
 in p. 217, 1 . 30, to read Kilkhampton ; in 
 p. 224 after Autumn to add of the next 
 Tear ; in p. 226, 1. 11, for 1710 to read 
 1711, and 1. 14, for following to read 
 fame; and in p. 229, 1. 32, for my to 
 read any. 
 
 CON- 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 O F T H E 
 
 FIRST VOLUME. 
 
 Part the First. 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 CrHE Introduction, Page i 
 
 1 C H A P. II, 
 
 Of the Antiquity of Bath , p. 7 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 Of the Reality and Eminence of King Bladud , the firjl Founder 
 of Bath, p. 24 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 Of the general Magnitude of Bath in its Antient, Middle, and 
 Modern State, p. 4 ° 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 Of the various Names of Bath, p. 43 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 Of the Situation of Bath ; of its Vales ; and of its Hills , p. 49 
 
 CHAP. VII.. 
 
 Of the Soil of Bath , and the Fojfils peculiar to it, p. 57 
 
 CHAP. VIII. 
 
 Of the Mineral Waters of Bath, p. 63 
 
 CHAP. IX. 
 
 Of the firjl Difcovery of the Mineral Waters of Bath, and 
 their having Medicinal Virtues, P-71 
 
 CHAP. X. 
 
 Of the Phyfical Plants of Bath, p. 82 
 
 CHAP. XI. 
 
 Of the general Form and Size of the Body of the City of Bath, 
 
 P- 8 3 
 
 CHAP, XII. 
 
 Of the Shape of the detached Parts of Bath ; with their Situa- 
 tions, Bearings, and Difiances from the hot Springs of the 
 
 P- 8 9 
 
 Part 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Part the Second. 
 
 C H A P. I. 
 
 The lntrodu£l'um y Page 105 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 Of the Gods ^ Places of Wcrjkip , Religion and Learning of the 
 antient Britons 5 p. 100 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 Of King Bladud's Works at Bath , and their conflicting the 
 Metropolitan Seat of the Britijh Druids , p. 1x7 
 
 'CHAP. IV. 
 
 Of King Bladud's Works near Bath , and their confituting the, 
 Univerfity of the Britijh Druids , p. 147 
 
 C H A P. V. 
 
 Of the Grecian Orna?nents with which the antient Works of 
 Bath ^ and in its Neighbourhood 3 were a domed} p. 159 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 Of the Devaflations as well as Reflorations of Bath in the Days 
 of the antient Britons , ' p. 162 
 
 CHAP. VII. 
 
 Of the Devaflations as well as Reflorations of Bath in the Days 
 of the Romans} p. 16& 
 
 CHAP. VIII. 
 
 Of the Devaflations as well as Ref orations of Bath in the Days 
 of the Saxons^ Danes , and Normans , p. 180 
 
 CHAP. IX. 
 
 Of the Additional Works to Bath , between the End tf the Nor- 
 man Government and the Removal of the Epifcopal See to 
 Wells ^ p. 180 
 
 CHAP. X. 
 
 Of the Additional Works to Bath , between the Removal of the 
 EpifcopalSee to Wells and Vefing the City in the Hands of the 
 Laity ^ 197 
 
 CHAP. XI.* 
 
 Of the Additional Works to Bath , between Vefing the City in 
 the Hands of the Laity and the Election of its prefent Titular 
 King} p. 205 
 
 C HAP. XII. 
 
 Of the Additional Works to Bath} between the EkCHon of its 
 prefent Titular King and The Tear 1727^ p. 222 
 
 AN 
 
ESSAY 
 
 TOWARDS 
 
 A 
 
 DESCRIPTION of BATH. 
 
 PART the FIRST. 
 WHEREIN 
 
 The Antiquity of the City, as well as the Reality and Emi- 
 nence of it's Founder ; the Magnitude of it in it’s Antient, Mid- 
 dle, and Modern State ; the Names it hath borne; it’s Situation* 
 Soil, Mineral Waters and Physical Plants ; the general 
 Form and Size of it’s Body ; and the Shape of its detach’d Parts 
 
 Are refpe&ively Treated of.' 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 The Introduction* 
 
 D I N O C R AT E S, the celebrated Macedonian Ar- 
 chitect, having formed a ftupendous Defign, for 
 cutting Mount Athos into the Figure of a Man, 
 holding in one Hand a large City, and in the other 
 a great Bafon to receive the Water of all the Rivers of that 
 lofty Mand before it Ihould pafs into the Sea, as a Work 
 fuitable to the Tafte, and worthy the Grandeur of Alexander 
 the Great , when his conquering Arms ’had rendered hint 
 Mafter of the chief Part of the Eaftern World ; he deter- 
 mined to lay it before the Victorious Monarch ; and following 
 him into Afia , got an Audience of the King while he was 
 fitting on his Throne, in the midft of his Army, adminiftring 
 Juftice, by the Novelty of his Appearance in the Habit of an 
 Hercules crowned with Poplar. 
 
 B In 
 
2 
 
 An ESSAY towards Part L 
 
 I n this Drefs our Architedd, who was comely and tall, pre- 
 sented his Defign ; and the King, ftruck with the Magnificence 
 of the Invention, exprefTed the higheft Approbation of it ; but, 
 at the fame time, afked the Inventor, whether there would 
 be Land enough about the intended City to raife Corn for the 
 Subfiftence of the Inhabitants ? Dinocrates anfwering there 
 would not, Alexander , as Vitruvius writes in the Preface to 
 his fecond Book, affined him, that though he much admired 
 his Defign, he neverthelefs difapproved of the Place where it 
 was propofed to be put in Execution ; telling him, <c That 
 as an Infant can't be nourifhed, or grow, without aNurfe 
 that has Milk ; fo a Town can neither fubfift it’s Inhabi- 
 cc tants, much lefs increafe and grow larger, without having 
 u plenty of NecefTaries about it.” The King, however, re- 
 tained Dinocrates in his Service, and employed him in turning 
 his gigantick Ideas from the Figure of a Man, to that of a 
 Soldier’s Coat, difpofed into fuch Lines of Building as fhould 
 be necefTary to conftitute a City for the chief Seat of his Empire. 
 
 When our Architect had compleated a new Defign ac- 
 cording to the King’s Direction, and Alexander had got him- 
 felf declared the Son of the Ammonian 'Jupiter , and therefore 
 intitled to Divine Honours, the Hero, eager to raife fome ftu- 
 pendous Work on Earth to perpetuate his Name, and give 
 Mankind an Opportunity of idolizing him, diredted it to be 
 carried into Execution on a low Situation in Egypt ; lining 
 out the Streets with his own Hand ; and then dignifying the 
 City with the Title of Alexandria , from his own Name. 
 
 This famous City, according to the Accounts given us 
 of it by Diodorus Siculus , extended five Miles in Length ; 
 and, by the great Art of Dinocrates , it was rendered a healthy 
 Place of Habitation ; our Architect contriving the Streets fo as 
 that the Etefean Winds fhould pafs through them ; and, with 
 their comfortable Breezes, refrefh and purify not only the 
 puhlick Ways, but every other Part of the intended Capital 
 of the W orld. 
 
 Such was the Idea of the Antients, concerning the Situa- 
 tion proper for a City ; fuch was their Art to render a City 
 in the lowed: Situation, tho’ open to the Sea, and backed 
 with Marines, as Alexandria was, perfectly healthy to it’s In- 
 habitants ; and from hence we find that the Cities in the mod 
 early Ages of the World were generally placed on Ground 
 that lay low for the fake of it’s Fertility, and for the Advan- 
 tage of Water. 
 
 The 
 
Chap. I. A Defcription of B A T H. 3 
 
 The antient Cities in general appear to have had but very 
 fmall Beginnings, each one making no more than the HabL 
 tation of a few Families who had agreed to live together under 
 the fame Laws ; and confifting of nothing but a fmall Group 
 of Building, with a high Tower in the Middle, as a Mark to 
 direft People, that wandered abroad, to the Place of their 
 Abode, and for an Object of Religious Worfhip. 
 
 Babel was juft fuch a City when it was firft built ; and 
 as the World increafed the Towers in the new Cities that 
 were founded became Places of Defence to the Citizens. 
 
 A s foon as Ifnmael took up his Abode in the Wildernefs of 
 Paran , a Name which points out to us a defolate Country, 
 but beautiful and rich, he built a Tower, to which the Ara- 
 bians^ as Monfieur Banier writes in his Mythology of the An- 
 tients, gave the Name of Acara , fignifying in general a Citadel ; 
 and his twelve Sons, as Mofes tells us in the Book of Genefis , 
 built each of them a Caftle in that part of the Country which 
 was aftigned to them ; round which they eredled Houfes for 
 their Families ; and then called thofeCaftles, as well as Houfes, 
 by their own proper Names, to wit, Nelajoth , Keder , Ad- 
 beel , Mibfa?n , ' Mijhma , Dumah , Majj'a , Hadar , Tema , Jfetur y 
 Naphijh , and Kedemah . 
 
 These Names were moft undoubtedly intended to point 
 out to Pofterity the former part of IJhmael s Life \ and, from 
 a State of Sorrow, to fhew that he was raifed, by Degrees, to 
 the higheft pitch of Happinefs ; fince Nebajoih feems to carry 
 in it God’s Promife to Abraham , as well as to IJhmael of making 
 him the Father of twelve Princes, and a great Nation ; Keder 
 feems to exprefs the melancholy State which IJhmael muft have 
 been in on his fettling in a defolate Country \ and Kedemah 
 being a Name importing not only that Quarter of the Heavens 
 where the Sun begins to difpell the Shades of Night, but a 
 Tranfaftion of former Time, it feems to have been defigned to 
 fet forth the Joy naturally enfuing the Birth of his twelfth Son ; 
 which he muft have looked upon as the End of the Promife, 
 in refpeit to the Number of his Sons, and as the opening of 
 the Day of Profperity tohimfelf and his Family. 
 
 The Quantity of Land aftigned by the Antients to a City*, 
 for the immediate Subfiftence of it’s Inhabitants, will beft ap- 
 pear from what the Prophet Ezekiel writes, concerning the 
 new Jcrufalem ; for to that City he has allotted juft five times 
 as muft Ground as the City is to ftand upon, for the Ufe and 
 Support of the Inhabitants : So that to every City of Old, we 
 
 B 2 may 
 
4 An ESSAY towards Part I. 
 
 may fuppofe a Quantity of Land to have been appropriated for 
 a Berton, or Demefne to it, equal to five times its Area; and 
 that was undoubtedly fufiicient to raife Corn, and yield Pafture, 
 fon the immediate Maintenance of the People ; fince the Cities, 
 in the early Ages of the World, were compofed of detached 
 Houfes fronting broad Streets, and large open Areas. 
 
 Now when the Inhabitants of any City had fo increafed, 
 as to have made it neceffary to tranfplant fome of her Families 
 to her utmoft Borders, wherever a fingle Family pitch'd, that 
 Place was called a Village, which very often increafed to a 
 large T own ; and then fome of the Poffeffors of that Town 
 fent forth part of their People to found new Villages, fub- 
 ordinate to fuch Town, but, at the fame time, dependant 
 upon the Body of the City, and fubjedl to the Laws for the 
 Government of it. 
 
 By thefe Means, original Cities were foon furrounded with 
 Villages; fome of thefe grew into Towns; and then a City 
 with her Towns became environed with new Villages: But the 
 Berton, or Demefne Lands, for the immediate Maintenance 
 of the Inhabitants growing more barren, the further any of 
 the People were removed from the firft fruitful Spot on which 
 they pitched, the Towns, on that Account, had more Land 
 for their Bartons, in proportion to their Buildings, than the 
 City had ; and fo the Villages had ftill more Land for their 
 Bartons, in proportion to their Buildings, than the Towns 
 had ; and confequently the further the Parts of a City were 
 removed from the Center, the lefs populous we find fuch Parts 
 to have been. 
 
 Few Cities preferved their Properties fo long as to become 
 environed with Towns and Villages ; for though that Part of 
 the Land of Canaan which was allotted for the Tribe of 
 judab, contained one hundred and fixteen Cities, as we read 
 in the fifteenth Chapter of the Book of Jojhua , yet there were 
 but four of them, to wit, JeraJalem , Ekron , AJhdod , and 
 Gaza, that were furrounded firft with Towns, and then with 
 Villages : But when Cities were thus doubly environed, they 
 became fo formidable as to fupport powerful Kings ; nay 
 Nineveh and Babylon were fo potent, as to raife up two great 
 Empires; and each, in it’s Turn, fubdued and made all the 
 bordering Nations tributary to her. 
 
 That Babylon in her greateft Glory was no more than a 
 large Group of Building, divided by a great River, and en- 
 vironed firft. with Towns, next with Villages, and then the 
 
 whole 
 
Chap. I. A Defcription of B A T H. 5 
 
 whole enclofed with Walls and Ditches, will appear evidently 
 from a Paflage in the firft Book of Herodotus concerning the 
 Siege and taking of the City by the Perfians : 44 Cyrus , fays 
 44 he, having polled one Part of his Army near the Place 
 44 where the River Euphrates enters Babylon , and the reft in 
 44 another Station below, where the fame River leaves the 
 44 City, with Orders to enter as foon as they ftiould fee the 
 44 Channel paflable ; he went with the ufelefsPart of his Men 
 44 to the Lake which Nitocris had formerly made, at a con- 
 44 fiderable Diftance above Babylon , and turned the Stream of 
 44 the Euphrates into it, by which Means the River below 
 44 fubfided, and the Channel became fordable at the City* 
 44 The Perfians obferving this, put their Orders into Execu- 
 44 tion, and boldly entered Babylon , having the Water no 
 44 higher than the middle of the Thigh; but the Extent of 
 44 the City was fuch, that, if the Babylonians are to be be- 
 44 lieved, when thofe who inhabited near the Center were 
 44 taken, the People who dwelt about the Extremities heard 
 44 nothing of their Difafter ; but were celebrating a Feftival 
 44 that Day with Dancing and all manner of Rejoicings, till 
 44 they received certain Information of the general Fate.” 
 
 « With this Feftival the Babylonian Empire was determin- 
 ed ; for the Prophet Daniel tells us, that Beljhazzar , the King, 
 having wantonly prophaned the facred Veflels of the Temple 
 of Jerufalem , while he was celebrating it in his Palace with the 
 chief Lords of his Empire, with his Wives, and with his 
 Concubines ; God, in the very fame Hour that they drank 
 their Wine out of thofe Veflels, and, in Derifion of him, 
 praifed their Idols made of Gold, Silver, Brafs, Iron, Wood, 
 and Stone, caufed an Hand to appear againft the Wall of the 
 Banquet-Houfe before Beljhazzar' s Face, and to write thereon, 
 in myfterious Words, that he had put an End to his King- 
 dom, divided it, and given it to the Medes and Perfians : 
 The Troops of Cyrus in a few Flours after this reached the 
 King’s Palace ; Belfoazzar was Haiti during the Recefs of the 
 fame Night ; and Cyrus immediately gave his Crown to Darius 
 the Median . 
 
 Notwithstanding Babylon had been for a long Time 
 befieged before Cyrus thought of his Stratagem to take it ; and 
 notwithftanding the Chaldeans 3 or Babylonian Priefts, were 
 eminent for their Knowledge in foretelling future Events ; yet, 
 while Cyrus was executing his Defign againft the City, the 
 impending Danger was neither apprehended by the Soldiery, 
 
 nor 
 
6 An ESSAY towards Parti. 
 
 nor forefeen by the Prognofticators : So that Deflation came 
 upon that renowned Place fuddenly ; and (he fullered the Lofs 
 of Children and Widowhood in a Moment, in one .Day, 
 without knowing the Rife of thofe Evils, or having it in her 
 Power to award the dreadful Blow, as Sacred Hiftory informs 
 us the Jewilh Prophets had, for Ages before, foretold. 
 
 Now the great and ftupendous Cities of the Antients, that 
 received their Increafe by Time, being duly confidered, fuch of 
 them as were not the capital Seats of large Empires, can be 
 juftly compared with nothing among us in the prefent Age but 
 a good Borough-Town, or at moft a moderate City, Hand- 
 ing on low and fertile Ground ; this twice furrounded with 
 Villages ; and thofe Villages making that Divifion of the 
 Country which we call a populous and fertile Hundred ; fuch 
 as the Hundred of Bathforum, if fpread to it’s original 
 Bounds, would appear, at this very Day, to be. 
 
 Some Hundreds have been divided fmce their firft Inftitu- 
 tion ; others have been united ; while fome have been reduced 
 by Liberties granted out of them : The firft and laft appears 
 to have happened to the Hundred of Bathforum ; but 
 neverthelefs the greateft Part of what hath been taken from 
 that Region of Country ftill continues, with the prefent Hun- 
 dred, as one Divifion of the County of Somerfet ; and the reft 
 have been added to the neighbouring Counties of Wilts and 
 Gloucester : Counties themfelves having been likewife increafed 
 and diminifhed fmce their firft Inftitution \ fometimes by ex- 
 tending or contracting their utmoft Bounds ; and fometimes by 
 taking a whole Diftritft in the very Body of one County, and 
 making it Part of another. 
 
 The undivided Region of Country originally bearing the 
 Title of the Hundred of Bathforum, as it feems to have 
 contained all the detached Parts of the City in it’s middle 
 State, and, at the fame Time, to have comprehended all thofe 
 Monuments of Antiquity round about the Hot Springs that, 
 in the Times of Paganifm, had any Relation to one another, 
 fhall now be included under the Title of the City of Bath ; 
 The Description of which City will be the Subject of the 
 principal Part of the following Pages ; while the Defcription 
 of the Britijh Works in it’s Neighbourhood, but lying within 
 the Limits of the City in it’s antient State, will be the Sub- 
 ject of the reft : A Work compofed at firft for no Motive fo 
 much as to detect the Ignorance of fuch as have reprefented 
 the City, in it’s modern State, as Handing, for the moft Part, 
 
 upon 
 
Chap. I. A Defcription of B A T H. 7 
 
 upon a Quagmire ; and likewife the Malice of the Author* of 
 a Tour through Great-Britain in aflerting, in the third Volume 
 of the fecond Edition of his Work, Page 43, that Bath is 
 fo confined a Place, that the Company frequenting it have 
 lcarce Room to converfe out of the Smell of their own Excre- 
 ments. 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 Of the A n t 1 qjj 1 t y of Bath. 
 
 S U C H of the Inhabitants of the Group of Building imme- 
 diately furrounding the Hot Springs of Bath as formerly 
 looked upon themfelves to be Aborigines of the City, boafted 
 of very great Antiquity, as well as Noblenefs of Blood ; and 
 pretended that they were the Defcendants of a Colony of the 
 chief Subjects of the Britannick Ifland, who fettled themfelves 
 near the Hot Fountains to conftitute the Court of an illuftrious 
 King, that, by Accident, had difcovered them ; and in grateful 
 Remembrance of Benefits received by the Waters, had made 
 bathing Cifterns at the Heads of the Springs ; and transferred 
 the Seat of the antient Britijh Monarchy to the healing 
 Streams, as the propereft Method to publifti their Virtues, and 
 make Mankind Partakers of them. 
 
 Seven and twenty Years are fuppofed to have elapfed be- 
 tween the Difcovery of thofe Springs, and the Execution of the 
 firft Works about the Heads of them ; for Doctor John Jones 
 tells us, in the Epiftle Dedicatory to a Book bearing Date the 
 13th of May, A. D. 1572. and publifhed by him under the 
 Title of The Bathes of Bathes Ayde , that the Waters had been 
 tried for two thoufand four hundred and fixty Years or there- 
 about ; which he afterwards brings down from the Year eight 
 hundred and ninety before the Incarnation of Chrift ; and 
 moft of our Hiftorians, Antiquaries, and Chronologers, in- 
 form us, that the Baths were founded eight hundred and 
 fixty three Years before the Commencement of the Chris- 
 tian IE ra. 
 
 This Date hath appeared, from the remoteft Times, in the 
 publick Infcriptions touching the firft Difcovery of the Hot 
 Waters, and the Antiquity of the City ; and more particularly 
 in an Infcription wrote upon a large Table of Wood, and 
 formerly placed againft the Wall that makes the South Side of 
 the chief Bath, to inform the Publick by what Accident the 
 
 2 Plot 
 
8 An ESSAY towards Part L 
 
 Hot Springs, and their Healing Virtues, firft came to the 
 Knowledge of Mankind. 
 
 But the Story thus exhibited to publick View appearing 
 to fome of the laft Century as a legendary Tale, the Infcrip- 
 tion was therefore abridged, and, in refpefl: to Time, brought 
 down to the Year 1672 ; Dodtor Guidott tranllating it into 
 Latin a few Years aft$r, and inferting it in his De Thermis 
 Britannicis , a Book printed A. D. 1691. 
 
 The Wooden Table on which this Abridged Infcription 
 was wrote decaying with the Seventeenth Century, the Story 
 was then engraved on a flat Stone, which now fupplies the 
 Place of the Table, and opens to us the Name, the Qualifi- 
 cations, and the Place of Education of the King to whom 
 the City owes it’s Original, as well as the Vulgar iEra of it’s 
 firft Foundation ; the Infcription running thus : 
 
 B L A D U D, 
 
 Son of Lud-Hudibras, 
 
 Eighth King of the Britons, 
 
 F'rom Brute, 
 
 A Great Philosopher and Mathematician, 
 Bred at Athens, 
 
 And Recorded 
 
 The First Discoverer and Founder 
 Of these Baths, 
 
 Dccclxiii Years before Christ, 
 
 That is 
 
 Mmdlxii Years, to the present Year, Mdcxcix, 
 
 N 0 w this iEra of Bath carrying us into that Period of the 
 Britijh Hiftory, too fupinely called fabulous, the antient Writers 
 of the Tranfaiftions of thofe early Times have reprefented King 
 Bladud not only as a Magician ; but, by the Magical Art, 
 making the Hot Waters of the City boil out of the Ground 
 in three different Places : And even what they have delivered 
 to this Effect was fo far from being rejected by our great 
 and learned Antiquary, Mr. Camden , that he leaves the 
 Truth of it to others to determine; advertifing us, at the 
 fame Time, with what Pliny writes relating to the high Pitch 
 to which the Britons had railed the Magical Art; but conclud- 
 ing that he did not dare to attribute the Original of the Baths 
 to that Art. 
 
 The 
 
Chap. II. A Defcriptiori of B A T II. g 
 
 The Truth of the Pagan Accounts touching the Origin 
 of Batb coming thus recommended to our Enquiries ; and 
 Mr. Camden expreffing the mcft earneft Defire to fupport the 
 Britijh Hiftory from Brute, to the Death of Cadwallader, in the 
 Year of Chrift 689, I will therefore recite the Subftance of what 
 the Author of that Hiftory writes concerning Bladuo, and 
 his eight Predecelfors in the Government of the Kingdom, as 
 a Bafis, at leaft, for afcertaining the Antiquity of the 
 City of Bath. 
 
 44 While the Mother of Brutus, fays the Britijh Hh 
 44 ftorian, was with Child of him, his Grandfather Jcanius 9 
 44 the Son of the famous JEneas, commanded his Marxians 
 44 to confult of what Sex the Damfel had conceived : Satisfied 
 44 of the Event, they told him lhe was big of a Boy, who 
 44 would kill his Father and Mother; and after travelling 
 44 over many Countries in Banifhment, would at laft arrive 
 44 to the higheft Pitch of Glory, Nor were they mifbJ en 
 44 in their Prediction, for at the Time of Travel the Woman 
 44 brought forth a Son and died at his Birth ; buc the Child 
 4C having been delivered to a Nurfe and called Brutus, he* 
 44 after the Expiration of fifteen Years, accompanied his ba- 
 44 ther Sylvius in Hunting, and killed him undefignedlv by 
 44 the Shot of an Arrow ; for which heinous Fa£t his Kinfmen 
 44 were fo enraged that they forthwith expell’d him Italy 
 
 44 Thus banifhed, Brutus flew into Greece, and finding 
 44 the Pofterity of Helenus , Son of Priam , kept in Slavery 
 44 by Pandrafus King of the Grecians, he undertook to be 
 44 their General, and free them from their Servitude. This 
 44 he foon accomplifhed, for having defeated the Grecian 
 44 Army and taken the King Prifoner, Pandrafus , to Pave his 
 44 own Life, not only gave his eldeft Daughter Ignoge in 
 44 Marriage to Brutus, but permitted the Trojans to leave his 
 44 Kingdom, giving them Gold, Silver, Ships, Corrr, Wine, 
 44 Oil, and whatever they found neceffary for their Voyage 
 44 to another Country.” 
 
 u The Trojans thus releafed, forthwith embarked in a 
 <c Fleet confifting of three hundred and twentyTour Ships 
 44 laden with all manner of Provifion, and Petting Sail with a 
 44 fair Wind, in two Days and a Night they arrived at an 
 44 Ifland called Leogecia : Brutus defirous to know who in^ 
 44 habited it, Pent three Hundred armed Men afhore for that 
 44 purpofe; who returning to their Ships, reported that there 
 44 was no human Creature to be met with > but that they 
 
 C 41 had 
 
jo An ESSAY towards Part L 
 
 44 had found a defolate City, wherein there was a Temple of 
 44 Diana , with a Statue of the Goddefs in it, which gave 
 44 Anfwers to thofe that came to confult her.” 
 
 “The Trojans , tho’ pleafed with this Account, were fo 
 44 far from feizing upon the Ifiand, that they thought it ex- 
 44 pedient to confult the Oracle, and let the Goddefs deter- 
 44 mine what Country was allotted them for their Place of 
 44 Settlement. To this end Brutus was advifed to go to the 
 44 City, and addrefs the Deity of the Place ; which he con- 
 44 fented to do; and being attended by Gerion the Augur, 
 44 and twelve of the antienteft Men, he fet forward to the 
 44 Temple with all Things neceflary to invoke the Goddefs 
 44 by Sacrifice to return him an Anfwer to the following 
 44 Queftion,” 
 
 44 Goddefs of Woods, tremendous in the Chafe 
 
 44 To Mountain Bores, and all the Savage Race ? 
 
 45 Wide o’er th’ ^Ethereal Walks extends thy Sway, 
 
 44 And o’er th’ infernal Manfions void of Day ! 
 
 44 On thy third Realm look down ! unfold our Fate, 
 
 44 And fay what Region is our deftin’d Seat ? 
 
 44 Where fhall we next thy lafting Temples raife? 
 
 44 And Choirs of Virgins celebrate thy Praife ?” 
 
 44 Brutus repofing himfelf before the Altar, and falling 
 44 into a deep Sleep, the Goddefs feemed to prefent herfelf 
 44 before him, and thus deliver her Anfwer to the Hero’s 
 44 Queftion.” 
 
 <c Brutus there lies beyond the Gothick Bounds 
 4C An Ifiand which the Weftern Sea furrounds, 
 
 <c By Giants once pofifefs’d ; now few remain 
 To bar thy Entrance, or obftruff thy Reign. 
 
 <c To reach that happy Shore thy Sails employ : 
 
 <c There Fate decrees to raife a fecond Troy , 
 
 44 And found an Empire in thy Royal Line, 
 
 44 Which Time fhall ne’er deftroy, nor Bounds confine.” 
 
 cc Gerion and the Elders were fo rejoiced with this Anfwer, 
 44 that they urg’d Brutus to return to the Fleet, and, while 
 44 the Wind favoured them, to haften their Voyage towards 
 44 the Weft in purfuit of what the Goddefs had difclofed. 
 44 Without Delay therefore they re-embarked, and fetting 
 
 44 fail. 
 
Chap. II. A Defcription of B AT H. 1 1 
 
 44 fail, a Courfe of thirty Days brought them to Africa , from 
 44 whence they proceeded to the Philenian Altars, and to a 
 44 Place call’d Salince ; but failing afterwards between Rufci - 
 44 cada and the Mountains of Azara , they there fell among 
 44 the Pirates, whom they fortunately vanquifhed, enriching 
 44 themfelves with their Spoils : After this, paffing the River 
 44 Malua they arrived at Mauritania, where the want of Pro- 
 44 vifions obliged them to go afhore and lay the whole 
 44 Country in Wafte to {tore their Ships ; which they had no 
 44 fooner done than they {leered to Hercules' s Pillars, but 
 44 with the utmoft Peril of their Lives ; for fome of the Sea 
 44 Monfters, called Syrens , furrounded their Ships, and were 
 44 very near overturning them.” 
 
 44 Escaping this Danger they came to the Tyrrhenian Sea, 
 44 upon the Shores of which they found four feveral Nations 
 44 defcended from the baniflied Trojans , that had accompa- 
 44 nied Antener in his Flight ; and thefe People having been 
 44 headed by a Perfon whofe Name was Corineus , they readily 
 44 joined themfelves with Brutus ; So that the whole Body of 
 44 Trojans purfuing their Voyage, they next arrived at Aqui- 
 44 tain ; and entering the Mouth of the Loire there caft 
 4C Anchor, and fpent feven Days in viewing the Country.” 
 
 44 Goffarius Pictus having been then King of Aqui- 
 44 tain, he was vaftly alarmed at the Arrival of a foreign 
 44 People with fo great a Fleet upon his Coafts; and a War 
 44 immediately commencing between them, Brutus foon 
 44 routed the King, deftroyed Aquitain with Fire and Sword, 
 44 and enriched himfelf with the Treafures that were hid in 
 44 the Cities burnt by him.” 
 
 44 I n the midft of this Deftru&ion Brutus coming to a con- 
 44 venient Place for a Camp, forthwith pitched one at it, the 
 44 better to enable him to give Battle, a fecond Time, to Goffa- 
 44 rius, and the twelve Princes of Gaul who had all joined their 
 44 Forces againft him ; and in two days time after the Camp 
 44 was compleated Brutus in a pitch’d Battle gained a compleat 
 44 Victory over the united Force of the Gauls and Aquitains .” 
 
 44 I n this Battle his Nephew Turonus was {lain, and from 
 44 him the City of Tours derived its Name, becaufe he was 
 44 buried there : This City was built where Brutus had 
 44 pitch’d his Camp ; and Brutus himfelf ereited it as Homer 
 44 teftifies.” 
 
 44 T h e Succefs of this Battle gave Brutus a Pretence for 
 44 an honourable Retreat from the Continent, to go in queft 
 
 C % 44 of 
 
li An ESSAY towards Part L 
 
 * c of the Illand which the Goddefs had pointed out to him ; 
 
 fo that repairing to the Fleet, and lading it with the Riches 
 ** and precious Spoils he had got, he, without any further 
 Delay, fet fail with a fair Wind towards the promiled 
 ‘ c Illand, and the firft Place he arrived at was the Shore of 
 Totnefs .” 
 
 Albion was the Name which the promifed Ifland then 
 bore, and Bruins landing upon it, found that it was in- 
 habited by none but Giants ; he was neverthelefs willing 
 to fix his Habitation in it, being allured thereunto by the 
 pleafant Situation of Places, by the Plenty of Rivers, and 
 by the engaging Profpedf of Woods; fo that dividing the 
 Country among his Company, and Corineus taking Corn- - 
 wall for his Share, they began to till the Ground and to 
 cc build Houfes ; the Giants every where flying from them, 
 and retreating to the Caves in the Mountains . 75 
 Cfi When this was done Brutus refolved upon ere&ing a 
 City, and in order to it travelled thro 7 the Land to find 
 out a convenient Situation, and coming to the River Thames 
 * e he walked along the Shore, and at laft pitched upon a 
 ^ Place very fit for his Purpofe. Here therefore he built a 
 City to which he gave the Name of New Troy ; and having 
 ** made Choice of the Citizens that were to inhabit it, pre- 
 fcribed them Laws for their peaceable Government . 37 
 “ During thefe Tranfadfions, Brutus had by his Wife 
 Ignoge three Sons, whom he named Locrin , Albanaci , and 
 Kamber ; and the King dying in the twenty-fourth Year 
 after his arrival in Britain , his Sons buried him in the 
 cc City he had built, and then divided his Dominions among 
 themfelves; each retiring to his Part of the Kingdom to 
 govern it . ' 7 
 
 cc Locrin, after a Reign of ten Years, was killed in 
 Battle; and his Wife, the Daughter of Corineus , taking 
 <c upon her the Government of the Kingdom in the Behalf 
 * c of her Son Maddan , held the Scepter during his Minority; 
 and at the End of fifteen Years delivered it to him ; 
 Maddan ruling the Kingdom in Peace for forty Years after : 
 He was then fucceeded by his Son Menpricius , a Tyran- 
 nical Prince, remarkable for his having been devoured, in 
 a horrible Manner, by a Multitude of ravenous Wolves, 
 66 in the twentieth Year of his Reign : And Ebraucus his 
 Son, a Man of great Stature, and wonderful Strength, 
 next mounting the Throne, held the Government of the 
 
 44 Illand 
 
Chap. II. A Defcription of B A T H. 13 
 
 Ifland full forty Years; during which Time he, by an In- 
 “ vafion of Gaul, enriched himfelf with an infinite Mafs of 
 €6 Gold and Silver, and was thereby enable to build two 
 cc Cities, Kaerebrauc , and Alclud , together with the Town 
 44 of Mount Agned .” 
 
 4C Ebraucus was fucceeded by his eldeft Son Brutus , fir- 
 <c named Greenjhield , , who reigned twelve Years; and then 
 cc the Crown defcended to his Son Lei l, a peaceable and juft 
 <c Prince ; and he enjoying a profperous Reign built the City 
 cc of Kaerleil , at the fame time that Solomon began to build 
 the Temple of Jerufalem , and the Queen of Sheba came 
 to hear his Wifdom. Elis Reign amounted to five and 
 44 twenty Years compleat; but the King, towards the latter 
 <c Part of his Life, growing remifs in his Government, his 
 44 NegleCt of Affairs quickly occafioned a Civil Diffention in 
 44 the Kingdom : Nor was this compofed till the Reign of 
 44 his Son Hudibras who fucceeding him, and holding the 
 44 Scepter nine and thirty Years, put an End to the Diffention 
 44 among the People.’’ 
 
 44 Hudibras built Kaerlem , Kaerguen , and the Town of 
 44 Mount Paladur ; and at this Place an Eagle fpoke while 
 4 4 the Wall of the Town was building ; which Speech I 
 44 fhould not have failed tranfmitting to Pofterity, had I 
 44 thought it true as the reft of the Hiftory. At this Time, 
 44 Haggai , Amos , Joel , and Azariah , were Prophets in 
 44 Ifrael ; and when Hudibras died, his Son Bladud fucceeded 
 44 him, and reigned twenty Years.” 
 
 44 This Prince built Kaerbadus , and made hot Baths in 
 44 it for the Benefit of the Publick, which he dedicated to 
 44 Minerva ; in whofe Temple he kept Fires that never went 
 44 out, nor confumed to Allies, but as foon as they began to 
 44 decay were turned into Balls of Stone : About the fame 
 44 Time the Prophet Elias prayed that it might not rain 
 44 upon Earth, nor did it rain for three Years and fix 
 44 Months: And Bladud having been a very ingenious Man, 
 44 taught Necromancy in his Kingdom ; purfuing his Magical 
 44 Operations, till he attempted to fly to the upper Region of 
 44 the Air, with Wings he had prepared for that purpofe ; 
 44 but falling down upon the Temple of Apollo in the City of 
 44 C frincvantum y the King was thereby dafhed to Pieces.” 
 
 To the above Account I will add from the Writings of 
 Mr. Camden , that the Speech of the Eagle was a Prediction 
 of a great Change that would happen in the Britijh Govern- 
 
 , mcnt ; 
 
14 An E S S A Y towards Part I. 
 
 ment : €C But this Prediction, fays our Author, was given, as 
 
 Tome think, by a Perfon named Aquila And to the 
 fame Account I will alfo add, 46 That Bladud Tent for Necro- 
 <£ mancers to Athens to enable him to effedt his Works at 
 44 Bath ; and that after his Death his Body was depofited at 
 
 New Troy” as the Reverend Mr. Jofeph Glanville , for- 
 merly Redtor of Hath, declares it to have been recorded in a 
 couple of old Manufcript Chronicles, exifting when he wrote 
 the Letter now bearing his Name in the printed Tranf- 
 adiions of the Royal Society , N \ 9. P. 978 : One of which 
 Chronicles, Dodlor Peirce acknowledges to have been in his 
 Poflfeflion when he 1 published his Bath Memoirs, in the 
 Year 1697. 
 
 The New Troy mentioned in thefe Chronicles, as well 
 as the Trinovantum where Bladud met with his tragical 
 Death, feems to have been one and the fame Place ; and this 
 none other than the City of Bath ; DoCtor Gale moft ex- 
 prefsly declaring in his Commentary on Antoninus's Itinerary, 
 46 That the Sun had a Temple in that City and Mr. 
 Slatyer telling us in hi sPalee Albion^ publifhed in the Year 1619, 
 
 That King Bladud pradtifing Necromancy at Bath , decked 
 44 himfelf with Feathers, and, prefuming to fly, broke his 
 44 Neck on the Temple he had there built to Apollo 
 
 As for the Word Trinovantum , the Author of the Britijh 
 Hiftory declares it to be corrupted ; and as Mr. Sammes in 
 his Britannia , P. 164, as well as many others, omitting the 
 Latin Termination, um^ write it Troy Novant > we may fup- 
 pofe this Name to have been applied to Bath to point out its 
 Situation : For the City ftands in a quick turning Vale, 
 which Troy Novant implies; Troi being a Britijh Word for 
 whatever makes a quick Curve Line, as Nant , or Novant , is 
 for a Valley ; and from the Word Troi Mr. Vaughan derived 
 the Name of Torques , applied to the golden Wreaths worn 
 by the Antients, when he compofed the Account inferted in 
 the hPtEngliJh Edition of Camden's Britannia , P. 787, touching 
 a wreathed Bar of Gold found in the Year 1692, by digging 
 in a Garden near the Caftle of Harlech in North Wales. 
 
 N o w from the collective Hiftory of Bladud and his eight 
 Fredeceflbrs it appears, that Brute landing with his Colony 
 of Trojans at the South- Weft Corner of Devonjhire , and fur- 
 v eying the Country to the oppofite Sea, even to the Promon- 
 tory of Plercules , his chief Companion, Corineus y chofe the 
 Land on the W eft Side of the River Tamar , Brute the Land 
 
Chap. II. A Defcrlption of BATH. 15 
 
 on the Eaft Side, and fo fettled themfelves in that Part of 
 the Ifland ; the latter, in a fhort time, building a City on 
 the Shore of the River that limited his Territories to the 
 Weftward ; and his Pofterity refiding in it, or at leaft build- 
 ing no other City till the fourth Generation. 
 
 Then we find Ebraucus , by an Acquifition of Riches, 
 founding two new Cities and a Town; and after that his 
 Grandfon Leil, beginning another City at the very time that 
 a Temple was begun to be built in the City of Jerufalem : 
 And we alfo find the Son of this Prince giving Peace to his 
 Subjefts after a Civil Diflention amongft them, and building 
 two Cities, with a walled Town; probably as places of De- 
 fence while thofe Troubles fubfifted. 
 
 While the Wall of this Town was about, a Prophet 
 rofe up in Hudibras' s Kingdom, and predicted a great Change 
 that would happen in the Britijh Government ; and while 
 that Prophet was prophefying in Britain , Haggai became a 
 Prophet in Ifrael , and a ftrange Woman, one of the Sibyls 
 according to Pliny , appeared in the Court of Tarquinus Su- 
 perbus , at Rome , loaded with feveral Volumes of Oracles for 
 fale : After which the Son of Hudibras built a City, made 
 hot Baths in it, and then began to teach Necromancy in his 
 Kingdom ; which Circumftance feems to be a fufficient De- 
 monftration that he was the Prophet that rofe up while his 
 Father was building the Wall of the Town of Mount Pa- 
 ladur . 
 
 Thus in the compafs of nine Kings Reigns in a continual 
 Succefiion from Father to Son, the Colony of Trojans that 
 Brute brought into Britain , or fuch of them as came with 
 him from Greece , appears to have founded no more than 
 feven Cities, and two Towns; and to have extended their 
 Territories no farther into the Ifland than the South- Weft- 
 ward Borders of Wiltjhire , and Gloucejlerjhire : So that be- 
 tween that Line and the River Tamar , we may fafely place 
 thofe Towns and Cities, inftead of flapping from one remote 
 Part of the Ifland to another with a Handful of People, and 
 carrying New Troy into Middle fix, Kaerebrauc into Y'orkJhire y 
 Kaerleil into Cumberland , Kaerlem into Kent , and Kaerguen 
 into Hampjhire , as fome Interpolater of the Britijh Hiftory has 
 done ; and thereby loaded it with Improbabilities. 
 
 W e may likewife look upon the River Tamar , dividing 
 Devonjhire from Cornwall , to be the Tha?nes meant by the 
 firft Compiler of the Britijh Hiftory, inftead of making Brute 
 
 ramble 
 
1 6 An ESSAY towards Parti, 
 
 ramble to a River of the like Name, at fo great a Diftance 
 from the Place of his firft Landing on our Ifland as the 
 Thames*, the chief River of England , is fituated. 
 
 The Extent of the Britijh Monarchy, in the Time of 
 King Bladud , being thus reduced and brought to the Weft- 
 ward Promontory of the Ifland, known to Diodorus Siculus 
 by the Name of Belerium , we may lower the Antiquity of 
 Brute's fir ft landing on it very confiderably, fince it pre- 
 ceded the Inauguration of Lud-Hudibras but one hundred and 
 eighty-fix Years; and fine e Hudibras in Britain was Cotem- 
 porary with Haggai in Ifrael , who commenced a Prophet in 
 the fecond Year of the Reign of Darius Hyftafpes King of 
 Perfia ; and confequently the Arrival of Brute at the Shore of 
 Totnefs cannot reach higher than the Year 744, nor fall later 
 than the Year 705 before the Birth of Chrift, or a few Years 
 later than the dreadful Aflaflination of Romulus at Rome, by 
 the Roman Senators. 
 
 That Brute and Romulus were Cotemporaries, and Kinf- 
 men. feems fufiiciently demonftrated by the Britijh Hiftorian’s 
 making the former the Grandfon or Great Grandfon of 
 JEneas ; and by the firft Greek and Latin Writers making the 
 latter the Grandfon of a Perfon of the fame Name with the 
 Trojan Hero. 
 
 From hence it muft therefore appear more than probable 
 that Brute , as the real or adopted Son of Amulius Silvius 9 
 was driven out of Italy by the Tyranny of the Founder of 
 Rome ; and that the Murder of Amulius Silvias, by his fup- 
 pofed Twin Sons, Romulus and Remus , when they were fix- 
 teen Years old, was applied to our exiled Trojan ; the Author 
 of the Britijh Hiftory telling us, that after fifteen Years were 
 expired from the Birth of Brute , the young Man killed his 
 Father Sylvius , and that he was expelled Italy by his Kinf- 
 men for that heinous FacSh 
 
 The Roman Monarchy continued from the Year 7485 to 
 the Year 509 before our Lord’s Nativity ; but yet it grew 
 to no greater Extent during the Reigns of feven Kings, than 
 over a Territory of about forty Miles in Length, and thirty 
 Miles in Breadth: A Territory inconfiderable to that over 
 which the Britijh Monarchy extended in the fame Period of 
 Time, and during the Reigns of nine of her Kings; the 
 Weftern Promontory of the Ifland being at leaft forty com- 
 puted Miles in Breadth, on a Medium ; and extending one 
 hundred and fifty computed Miles in Length from the Lands 
 
Chap. II. A £>efcription of BATH. 17 
 
 End in Cornwall , to the Confluence of the Rivers Severn and 
 IVye in GlouceJl,erfhire . Limiting that Arm of the lrijh Sea 
 Which now bears the Name of the BriJlol Channel. 
 
 Hudibras in Britain , and Haggai in Ifrael , being repre* 
 fented by the Author of the Britifl) Hiftory as Cotemporaries ; 
 and the City of Kaerleil , and the Temple of Jerujalcm , being 
 reprefented alfo, by the fame Author* as Works of the fame 
 Antiquity ; if we turn to facred Hiftory We (hall find the 
 like Interval of Time between Haggai * s prophefying, and the 
 commencement of the Work of the Temple of Jerufalem y 
 that there was between Hudibras\ holding the Brittjh Scepter, 
 and his Father’s beginning the City of Kaerleil ; it being ex** 
 prefsly declared in Holy Writ* that God raifed up Haggai in 
 the Reign of Darius Hyjlafpes , to excite the Governor, the 
 High Prieft, and the Elders of the Jews to compleat the 
 Temple begun by them fifteen Years before, by the Authority 
 of Cyrus the Founder of the Perftan Empire. 
 
 The Structure fo began was the Temple built by Zerub - 
 babel on the fame Spot of Ground that King Solomon long 
 before eredted his Temple: And that the Temple of Jerusa- 
 lem always retained the Name of it’s firft Builder* even after 
 it was taken down in the feventeenth Year before Chrift, and 
 then rebuilt, a fecond Time, by Herod the Greats is a Truth 
 fo well known that it needs no Demonftration : So that the 
 Compiler, the Tranfcribers, and the Tranflators of the Britijl) 
 Hiftory may be very well excufed for putting the Name of 
 Solomon to a Work that really belonged to Zerubbabel ; and 
 for accompanying the Name with a Circumftance that real- 
 ly attended it in the Vifit which the Queen of the South 
 made the King of Ifrael , after he had completed thofe 
 Works which drew People from all Parts to Jerufalem to view 
 them. 
 
 Solomon’s Temple was compleated juft one thoufand Year's 
 before the Birth of Chrift ; and Nebuchadnezzar defeating the 
 Jews in the three hundredth and ninety third Year after, 
 fent many of them Captive to Babylon , with an Order that 
 fome of the wifeft of the Royal Seed fhould be taken into 
 the King’s Palace, and there inftrudted in the Language and 
 Learning of the Chaldeans , to make them eligible for the 
 Priefthood of that Nation ; which was then compofed of four 
 Orders of Men, {tiled in our prefent Bibles Magicians, Aftro- 
 logers, Soothfayers or Sorcerers, and Chaldeans, a Name 
 common to the Babylonian Priefts in general. 
 
 D 
 
 Four 
 
1 8 An ESSAY towards Part I. 
 
 Four of the Jews , Daniel , Hananiah , Mijhael and Aza- 
 riah , appearing vaftly fuperior to any of the reft, were com- 
 mitted to the Care of a particular Officer; and at the End of 
 three Years Time the King, converfing with them, found 
 that they were ten times better qualified to difclofe the hidden 
 Secrets of Futurity than all the Magicians and Aftrologers of 
 his Realm : So that it was not long before Daniel was ap- 
 pointed Governor of the Governors of the Priefts of Babylon ; 
 or rather Arch-Chaldean of that ftupendous City, under the 
 Name of Beltejbazzar , according to the Name of the God 
 of the King. 
 
 Daniel was alfo appointed Governor of temporal Affairs 
 over the whole Province of Babylon ; his Commiffion thereby 
 exceeding that of the famous Belefis , whofe fpiritual and tem- 
 poral Government, in the Reign of Sardanapalus , extended no 
 farther than over the City itfelf : But Daniel refigned his 
 temporal Government to his three Companions, and the King 
 confirmed them in it. 
 
 Thus the Supremacy of the Babylonian Priefthood was 
 veiled in the Hands of one of the Captive Jews ; the Prophet 
 Daniel thereby became acquainted with all the Artifices of 
 the Priefts ; and in about fifteen Years after, in the Year 588 
 before the Birth of Chrift, Nebuchadnezzar totally deftroyed 
 the Temple of Jerufalem , after it had fubfifted four hundred 
 and twelve Years from the Period of it’s Completion by King 
 Solomon . 
 
 The Arch-Priefthood of Babylon continued in the Hands 
 of Daniel till the firft Year of the Reign of Cyrus ; and the 
 Prophet was moreover raifed to the higheft Honours, in tem- 
 poral Affairs, in the fixty feventh Year of the Captivity of 
 the Jews, and a few Hours before Cyrus executed his Stratagem 
 and took the City, as above : For on the very Day that 
 Ms Troops entered Babylon , Belfhazzar, the King, advanced 
 Daniel to be his chief Minifter of State, cloathed him in 
 Scarlet, and put a Chain of Gold about his Neck, as the 
 proper Enfigns of his high Office : This was but juft done 
 when the Perfians entered the Heart of the City; for in 
 the Night, they became Matters of the Royal Palace, and flew 
 the King. 
 
 Darius, the Median , fucceeding to the Crown of Ba- 
 bylon, continued Daniel in the Office to which Beljhazzar 
 had advanced him; and the King dying after a Reign of two 
 Years, Cyrus fueceeded to all his Dominions ; this Monarch 
 
 then 
 
Chap. II. A Defcription of B A T H. j 9 
 
 then joining the Realms of the Medes and Babylonians to thofe 
 of the Pcrfians , and thereby conftituting the Perjian Empire 
 in the Year 536 before the Birth of Chrift ; and twelve Years 
 after he had made himfelf Matter of all the Wealth of Crcefus . 
 
 The new Imperial Monarch is faid to have honoured Da- 
 rius's prime Minifter above all his Friends; and as the Time 
 of the Captivity of the Jews, predicted by the old Jewijh 
 Prophets, was nearly accomplifhed on Cyrus's Acceflion to 
 the Throne of the Perfiari Empire ; fo Daniel refolved to 
 magnify the God of Ifrael before the King ; and to give him 
 the higheft Proof that no Divinity prefided in the Babylortian 
 Idol that Cyrus adored and worfiiipped, under the Name of 
 Bel , as a living God, daily fed with a vaft Quantity of Food 
 and Wine. 
 
 The Fallacy of the eating and drinking Quality of the 
 Brazen Idol, the Prophet, as he was of the Sacerdotal Order 
 himfelf, and, confequently, acquainted with all the Artifices 
 of the Chaldean Priefthood, foon detected; and Cyrus there- 
 upon flew the whole College of Priefts, their Wives, and 
 their Children, that were concerned in the Cheat ; delivered 
 Bel into Daniel’s Power ; and the Prophet, after deftroying 
 him and his Temple, {hewed Cyrus the Prophecies of the 
 Prophet Ifaiah , which fpoke of him by Name, one hundred 
 and fifty Years before he was born, as one whom God de- 
 figned to be the Reftorer of Jerufalem , as well as of it’s 
 Temple ; as one that {hould fubdue Nations before him ; and 
 as one that {hould releafe the Captive Jews , and re-inftate 
 them in their native Country. 
 
 Josephus informs us in the firft Chapter of the eleventh 
 Book of his Antiquities of the Jews^ that the King was fo 
 tranfported upon reading the Divine Infpirations and Pre- 
 dictions of the Prophet Ifaiah concerning himfelf, that he 
 immediately refolved to perform what had been fo long before 
 foretold : And therefore this Monarch, in the firft Year of 
 his Empire, {hook the very Foundation of the pagan Religion, 
 by a Decree in favour of the Jews to releafe them from their 
 Captivity, and to impower them to rebuild their Temple, 
 that had been deftroyed by Nebuchadnezzar two and fifty 
 Years before ; which Decree was, by his Order, proclaimed 
 throughout all Perfta> and afterwards written and entered 
 among the Records of that new Empire in the following 
 Words, extracted from the firft apd fixth Chapter of the 
 Book afcribed to Ezra . 
 
 D 2 
 
 " Thus 
 
20 
 
 Part 1. 
 
 An ESSAY towards 
 
 44 Thus faith Cyrus King of Persia, 
 
 44 The Lord God of Heaven hath given me all the King- 
 44 doms of the Earth; and he hath charged me to build -him 
 44 an Houfe at Jerufalem , which is in Judah. Who is there 
 44 among you of all his People ? his God be with him, and 
 44 let him go up to Jerufalem , which is in Judah , and build 
 44 the Houfe of the Lord God of Ifrael , he is the God, 
 44 which is in Jerufalem. And whofoever remaineth in any 
 44 Place, where he fojourneth, let the Men of his Place help 
 44 him with Silver and with Gold, with Goods and with 
 44 Beafts, befides the Free-Will Offering for the Houfe of 
 44 God that is in Jerufalem. Let the Foundation thereof be 
 44 ftrongly laid, the Height thereof threefcore Cubits, and 
 44 the Breadth thereof threefcore Cubits, with three Rows 
 44 of great Stones, and a Row of new Timber ; and let the 
 44 Expences be given out of the King’s Houfe. And alfo let 
 44 the golden and filver Veffels of the Houfe of God, w T hich 
 44 Nebuchadnezzar took forth out of the Temple, which is 
 44 at Jerufalem , and brought unto Babylon , be reftored, and 
 44 carried again unto the Temple which is at Jerufalem^ every 
 44 one to his Place, and place them in the Houfe God.” 
 
 B y this Decree the God of Ifrael is declared to be the only 
 and true God ; and in purfuance of it, near fifty thoufand 
 Perfons left the Province of Babylon , and went to Jerufalem ; 
 carrying with them no lefs than five thoufand four hundred 
 Veffels, which Mithredaih , Cyrus' s Treafurer, ftripped the 
 Temple of the Pagan Gods in Babylon of, to adorn the 
 Temple of the great God of Heaven and Earth at Jerufalem : 
 Which Temple Z erubbabel fet about in the fecond Month of 
 the fecond Year after this Migration ; feveral antient Men 
 who had feen the Structure eredted by Solomon having been 
 then prefent ; and Daniel having been then alive, and, perhaps, 
 at Sufa ; where he is fuppofed to have died foon after. 
 
 Now if this Work commenced with the beginning of 
 the Reign of King Lett , then Bladud muft have afcended the 
 Britijh Throne in the Year 470 before the Birth of Chrift ; 
 but if at the latter End of the Reign of King Leil, then his 
 Inauguration was earlier by five and twenty Years : We may, 
 however, circumfcribe Bladud' s afcending the Throne with 
 the Years 495, and 470; and fuppofe it to have happened 
 between both, or about the Year 483 before our Lord and 
 Saviour’s Birth. 
 
 Sacrsp 
 
Chap. II. A Defcription of B A T H. 2! 
 
 Sacred Hiftory informs us that the Foundation of the 
 Temple was no fooner began, than the Samaritans began to 
 obftru<ft the Jews in carrying on the Work ; fo that all that 
 Zerubbabel was able to do in the Reign of Cyrus, and the be- 
 ginning of that of his Son Cambyfes , towards rebuilding that 
 Strudture, was only to compleat the Foundation ; and while 
 that was about the Jews made a great Progrefs in rebuilding 
 the City of Jerufalem , as well as in fetting up the Walls 
 thereof : This was reprefented to Cambyfes as a dangerous 
 Proceeding to the State ; and the King ordering the W ork to 
 be flopped, gave the Samaritans an Opportunity to flop 
 the Work of the Temple alfo; nor did the Jews refume it 
 for feveral Years after, on the Pretence that the time was not 
 come that the Houfe of God fhould be built. 
 
 For this Negledl God fmote the Land with Barrennefs, 
 and reftrained the Heavens from yielding Rain : Under which 
 Calamity we find the Prophet Haggai , on the firft Day of 
 the firft Month, in the fecond Year of the Reign of Darius 
 Hyjlafpes , reproving the Jews for dwelling in ceiled Houfes, 
 while the Houfe of God lay wafte, and inciting them to 
 proceed with the Building ; which Zerubbabel refumed on the 
 four and twentieth Day of the fame Month, in the Year 519 
 before the Birth of Chrift ; and after that the Work was 
 carried on with the greateft Rapidity, the Workmen, for 
 Expedition, Rolling the great Stones to the Building, 
 inftead of Carrying them, as in the time of King Solomon ; 
 Haggai and Zecbariah , by their Prophecies, encouraging 
 them in it. 
 
 These Proceedings foon drew Tainai, the King’s Gover- 
 nor on that Side the River, to Jerufalem , to know by what 
 Authority the Jews were building ; and they having anfwered 
 by a Decree of Cyrus , Tatnai forthwith wrote to Darius that 
 the Records of the Empire might be examined, and the King’s 
 Pleafure fent him concerning the Matter : The Records were 
 accordingly examined, Cyrus's Decree was found, and Darius , 
 as we read in the fixth Chapter of Ezra , fent Tainai the 
 following Anfwer to his Letter, as his final Decree. 
 
 Let the Work of the Houfe of God alone, let the 
 44 Governor of the Jews> and the Elders of the Jews build 
 44 it in it’s Place : And to enable them to do fo without the 
 44 leaft Delay, let the Expences of the Work be forthwith 
 44 given out of the King’s Goods; even out of the Tribute 
 44 beyond the River: And that which they have need of, 
 4 boU* 
 
22 
 
 An ESSAY towards Part i. 
 
 tc k 0 th young Bullocks and Rams, and Lambs, for the Burnt- 
 “ Offerings of the God of Heaven ; “Wheat, Salt, Wine, 
 “ and Oil, according to the Appointment of the Pnefts, 
 
 which are at Jerufalem, let it be given them Day by Day 
 << without fail j that they may offer Sacrifices of fweet ba- 
 « vours unto the God of Heaven, and pray for the Life of 
 n t ; ie Kin<r, and of his Sons. Whofoever fhall act contrary 
 « to thefe°Direftions, let Timber be pulled down from his 
 <c Houfe, and this being fet up for a Gallows, let him be 
 <£ handed thereon ; and then let the Houfe itfelf be made a 
 “ Dunghill : And the God that hath caufed his Name to 
 ££ dwelt at Jerufalem deftroy all Kings and People that fhall 
 « pur to their Hand, to alter and to deftroy the Houfe of 
 <c Q od which is at Jerufalem : I Darius have made a Decree, 
 
 tl let it be done with Speed.” . . 
 
 Tatnai inftantly performed every thing that Darius had 
 ordered; the Work profpered j and the Temple was finilhed 
 on the third Day of the twelfth Month, in the ftxth Year of 
 the King’s Reign ; and in the Year 515 berore tne Birth of 
 Chrift : ^But the Samaritans, foon after, growing remits in 
 furniftiing the Supplies which Darius had ordered for the Sacri- 
 fices, the Senate and People of Jerufalem drew up a Com- 
 plaint againft them, and difpatched Zerubbabel with four 
 other eminent Perfons, to the Perfian Court with it : i hefe 
 Embaffadors met with a favourable Reception ; and, as foje- 
 pbus informs us, 1 . 9. c. 4. the King immediately redreffed 
 
 the Grievances complained of. r 
 
 The four Perfons who thus accompanied Zerubbabel teem 
 to have been introduced into the Britijh Hiftory, under the 
 Character of Prophets ; and by the Names of Haggai , Amos , 
 Joel and Azariah : Jofphus has given us the Names of no 
 more than two of thofe Embaffadors, Ananias , and Murdo- 
 ch ceus ; thefe were probably the Amos and [Joel, or the Perfons 
 meant by thofe Names in the Britijh Hiftory ; and the Aza- 
 riah mentioned in the fame Book was undoubtedly one of 
 thofe Elders to whom Nehemiah tells us the Care of re-in- 
 ftating the Jews, and rebuilding the Temple, was committed. 
 
 The Britijh Hiftory makes Hudihras to have lived till 
 Haggai prophefied ; fo that if this Prophet began to prophefy 
 at the beginning of the Reign of Lud-Hndibias, then Bladud 
 became King of Britain in the Year 480 before the Birth 0 
 Chrift, but if at the latter End of his Reign, then Biadud s 
 Government began nine and thirty Years earliei. 
 
Chap. II A Defcription of BATH. 23 
 
 Thus the Time of Bladud' s Inauguration may be again 
 circumfcribed with the Years 519, and 480; which leads 
 me to propofe it as a Problem, at leaft, that it really fell in 
 the Year 483 before our Lord and Saviour’s Birth as above ; 
 fince this JErz fixes the Coronation of his Father in the eighth 
 Year of the Reign of Cambyfes , the time of Haggai 9 s pro* 
 phefying in the third Year of the Reign of Lud-Hudibras ; 
 and the beginning of the Temple of yerufalem in the twelfth 
 Year of the Reign of King Leil 
 
 T h e JE ra thus propofed can’t be advanced above three 
 Years to preferve the hiftorical Fact of Bladud's Father 
 having been Cotemporary with the Prophet Haggai ; nor can 
 it be lower’d above thirteen Years to preferve the other Fa6t 
 in the Britijb Hiftory, which makes the City of Kaerleil and 
 the Temple of Jerufalem to have been Works of the fame 
 Antiquity, and both to have been begun in the Reign of the 
 King’s Grandfather : Bladud' s Inauguration muft therefore 
 have fallen between the Years 486 and 470 before the Birth 
 of Chrift, and moll probably in the Year 483, as above. 
 
 This JEtz fixes the Time of Bladud' s Journey to Greece , 
 and carries it up to about the Year 506 before our Lord’s 
 Nativity, fince there were feven and twenty Years between 
 his Difcovery of the Hot Waters of Bath, and his building 
 the City, which we cannot fuppofe him to have compleated 
 till three or four Years were expired from his coming to the 
 Throne : Nor can it be fuppofed that he went to Greece the 
 Moment he difcovered the Hot Springs. 
 
 I will therefore propofe it as an Addition to my Problem, 
 that Bladud began his Works round thofe Springs in the very 
 Year that he afcended' the Throne, though it lowers the 
 Antiquity of the City almoft four hundred Years from 
 what Chronologers make it ; and from what the Inhabitants 
 have always afierted in their publick Irlfcriptions concerning 
 the. Origin^ 0/ the Baths, as well a$ of the City denominated 
 from them. 
 
 By this A Era the firft Landing of Brute, on the Britannbck 
 Ifland, falls in the Year 708 before the Incarnation of Chrift, 
 and three Years after Romulus was. tom in Pieces, by the 
 Roman Senators, for his tyrannical Proceedings after the Death 
 of his Grandfather Numitor , the laft of the Trojan Race of 
 Kings that governed Italy : And by the fame iEra the Expul- 
 iion of the Tarquins , and thereby the Deftruftion of the 
 Roman Monarchy, preceded Bladud' s Journey to' Greece 
 
 about 
 
24 
 
 An ESSAY towards Part 1. 
 
 about three Years ; and happened in or about the fourteenth 
 Year of the Reign of Lud-Hudibras . 
 
 The Britijh Prince feems to have a&ed the Part of a 
 Prophet full thirteen Years before he took that Journey ; but 
 whether he began to keep perpetual Fires in the Temple of 
 Minerva before he went to Greece , or after his Return from 
 thence, is uncertain : However it may very juftly remain a 
 Queftion, whether the Fires that were kept conftantly burn- 
 ing, in the Temples of the Antients, were of British or 
 Persian Inftitution? 
 
 While the Work of the Temple of Jerufalem lay neg* 
 ledted, God fmote the Land of Canaan with Barrennefs, 
 and reftrained the Heavens from yielding Rain. This Cala- 
 mity feems to have ended when Zerukbabel refumed the 
 Work ; and it was undoubtedly the Drought mentioned by 
 the Author of the Britijh Hiftory to have been brought upon 
 the Earth by the Prayer of the Prophet Elias, about the 
 Time that Bladud began to keep perpetual Fires in the 
 Temple of Minerva ; fince the Perfian Magi made an 
 Elias to have flourifhed in the Age wherein the Britijh Prince 
 commenced a Prophet ; and affirmed that Zoroajler was a 
 Difciple to that very Elias. 
 
 Thus the Temple mentioned in the Britijh Hiftory does 
 not appear by any one Circumftance to be that which was 
 eredted by King Solomon $ but, on the contrary, every thing 
 unites to prove it to have been that which was built by Ze- 
 rubbabel', and thereby to lower the Antiquity of Bath 
 to about the Year 483 before the Birth of Chrift, as above* 
 
 CHAP* III. 
 
 Of the Reality and Eminence of King Bladud, 
 the firft Founder of Bat h. 
 
 T HAT Part of Britain which produced the Metal called 
 by the Latins Plumbum Candidum , by the Greeks CaJJi- 
 teronj and explained by Pliny in the fixteenth Chapter of his 
 thirty-fourth Book, to have been white bright Lead or Tin, 
 was induftrioufly concealed by the firft Traders to it ; for 
 by their reprefenting it fometimes as an Ifland of itfelf, fome- 
 times as Ifiands under various Names, they fo obfcured it’s 
 Situation, that Herodotus knew nothing of it, under its Name 
 of Cajfiterides , as he himfelf moft exprefsly declares in his 
 
 third 
 
Chap. III. A Defcription of BATH. 25 
 
 third Book, after telling us that the Weftern Bounds of 
 Europe , v/ith the Sea beyond them, were fo little known in 
 his Time, that he was incapable of relating any thing with 
 certainty touching the one or the other. 
 
 Even in Cafar’s Days the Trade in the Britijb Tin was 
 carried on with all the obfcurity that was poffible ; the Britons , 
 as Diodorus Siculus informs us in the fecond Chapter of his 
 fifth Book, fending their fquare Dyes of that Metal from the 
 Inland Part of the Promontory of Belerium to the Sea Shore, 
 and conveying them in Carts at low Water to the Ifle of I cl is, 
 fuppofed by Mr. Camden to be the VeSfa of Suetonius , or the 
 IJle of Wight , there fold them to the Merchants ; who tran- 
 fporting them to Gaul , and, for thirty Days Journey, carry- 
 ing them in Packs upon Horfes Backs through the Body of 
 that Country to the Mouth of the Rhofne , there embarked 
 them for Greece and other Nations joining on to the Mediter- 
 ranean Sea. 
 
 B Y the general Mart thus held in the We of ISlis, Britain 
 was rendered fo very obfcure to the Foreigners that traded to 
 it, that when Ctffar, previous to his firft Expedition, fum- 
 moned a Council of Merchants from all Parts to give him an 
 Account of the Wand, they could inform him of nothing 
 more than a fmall Part of the Southern Coaft : Nor did Ccefar 
 himfelf, after his fecond Expedition, get any certain Intelli- 
 gence of the White Lead Mines ; fince he declares that it was 
 the Midland Countries of the Wand that produced the Tin. 
 
 The important Ufes of this Metal rendered it highly 
 valuable to the Antients ; for by what Pliny writes in the 
 leventeenth Chapter of his thirty fourth Book, it appears 
 that they applied it to their Brazen VefTels to preferve them 
 from Ruft ; to render them fweet ; and to make them look 
 like Silver : With the fame Metal they made their Mirrours ; 
 wafhed the Harnefs and other Furniture for their Horfes ; 
 and garnifhed their Chariots and other Carriages : And by 
 mixing Tin with common Lead they formed the compound 
 Metals, called Argentine, Terfiarium, and Argentarium, 
 wherewith they fodered their Conduit Pipes, and made fuch 
 VelTels as were proper for the Kitchen ; fetting a Price upon 
 thofe VefTels of more than five times the Value of the Metal 
 contained in them. 
 
 The great Eftimation which the Antients had for Tin is 
 carried up, by Pliny, fo high as the Trojan W ar ; and there- 
 fore an Expedition undertaken, a few Generations after that 
 
 E War, 
 
z 6 An E S S AY towards Part I. 
 
 War, to difcover the Mines from whence fo valuable a Metal 
 was taken, muft make the Story of Brute , with his Colony of 
 Trojans , and, in confequence thereof, the Reality of King 
 Rladud, as evident as any Fa£t in Hiftory dependant upon 
 probable Circumftances, if the Name of that Prince had not 
 been attended with any thing befides the Time of his Reign : 
 But as it is accompanied with many remarkable Circumftances, 
 that alone muft deftroy our Ideas of Fable, and make us con- 
 clude his Hiftory to have Truth for its Foundation ; fuch as 
 rendered Britain an Ifland renowned in the Greek and Roman 
 Records long before Pliny wrote his Natural Hiftory, as he, 
 in the ftxteenth Chapter of his fourth Book, declares it to 
 have been. 
 
 That Part of Britain which was the Source of her 
 Fame, and difguifed by the firft Traders to it, does not feem 
 to have been known, even to our great Roman Refearcher 
 into the Curiofities of the World ; the Briti/h Ifland pro- 
 ducing White Lead, or Tin, bearing the Name of Midtis in 
 his Hiftory ; and he, after placing it fix Days Sail from Bri- 
 tain^ alluring us that the Britons failed thither in Winter 
 Veffels covered with Leather. 
 
 “ Lead, according to the fame Author, was of two 
 Kinds, White and Black ; the latter, fays he, abounds 
 in Britain : But the former was fuppofed to be fetched 
 44 from the Blands of the Sea that bounded the Weftern 
 Shores of the Continent of Europe and Africa ; the In- 
 “ habitants of thole Blands, as it was commonly reported, 
 conveying it in little Twig'gen Boats, covered all over -with 
 u Feathers/’ 
 
 Diodorus Siculus, writing before Pliny, gave the Name 
 of Belerium to the Weftern Promontory of Britain producing 
 Tin ; and while one Part of the Inhabitants was defcribed by 
 Solinus under the Name of Dunmonii , Ptolomey diftinguifhed 
 the other by the Title of Danmonii ; the firft implying Miners 
 of the Hills, or Lode- Works, and the fecond Miners of the 
 Vales, or Stream-Works. 
 
 Herodotus, a much older Hiftorian than Diodorus Siculus , 
 calls the Blands that produced the White Lead in his Time 
 Gajpterides ; telling us they were fo named from the Tin im- 
 ported from thence to Greece ; and the Prophet Ezekiel , 
 writing before him, gives the Name of Tarjhifh to the Country 
 from whence the Tyrians fetched the fame Metal ; probably 
 from the hard Marble Rocks penetrated and examined for 
 2 • the* 
 
Chap. III. A Defcription of BATH. 27 
 
 the Ore, after the profoundeft Meditation ; fmce this is the 
 import of the Hebrew Name. 
 
 The Tarjhijh of Ezekiel , and the other Penmen of Sacred 
 Hiftory ; the CaJJiterides of Herodotus ; the Belerium of Dio- 
 dorus Siculus ; and the Miff is of Pliny , being duly confidered, 
 muft appear to have been one and the fame Part of Britain : 
 And the Metal it produced feems to have been of fuch vaft 
 Importance to the Inhabitants, as to have caufed the firit 
 Traders for it to pronounce them a blefled and happy People ; 
 and to have reprefented them as a People inhabiting a remote 
 Illand fituate beyond the Breezes of the North Wind : For 
 what the Antients called the Hyperborean Mand, could be 
 none other than the Weftern Promontory of Britain extend- 
 ing from the Eaft end of the Ifle, or rather Peninfula, of Pur- 
 beck , to the Lands End in Cornwall , on one Side ; and from 
 the Mouth of the River Severn to the fame extreme Part of 
 Cornwall , on the other; as the Situation of both, delivered 
 down to us by the antient Hiftorians, will clearly teftify. 
 
 The Hyperboreans , according to Hecateus and other an- 
 tient Writers referred to by Diodorus Siculus , 1 . 2. c. 3. 
 cc Inhabit an Ifland as big as Sicily lying in the Ocean overagainft 
 
 Gaul , and under the Ar flick Pole And in like Manner 
 our Sicilian Author tells us, 1 . 5. c. 2. 66 That Britain^ as 
 
 4 4 well as the greateft Part of Gaul, lies under the Ar flick 
 cc Pole ; that the former faces the Shore of the latter ; and 
 cc that it is the largeft of many Iflands in the Ocean fronting 
 “ Gaul.” 
 
 N ow the Length of the Weftern Promontory of Britain , 
 being compared with the Dimenfions which Diodorus gives 
 us, 1. 5. c. 1. of the Me of Sicily , it will appear that the 
 former fhoots out as far Weft ward into the Atlantick Ocean, 
 as the latter fhoots Weftward into the Mediterranean Sea : 
 And therefore as the Situation and Extent of the Hyperborean 
 Mand and the Promontory of Belerium is the very fame, 
 they muft inevitably appear to have been one and the fame 
 Country. 
 
 From this Promontory of the Britannick Mand, by its 
 Name of Cajiteris , Midacritus is recorded by Pliny to have 
 been the firft Man that brought Lead : And Bcchart ob- 
 ferving that Midacritus is a Greek Name coiruptly written for 
 Melcarius , fignifying the King of the City, that is, faith he, 
 
 ecn 
 re ; 
 
 of the City of Tyre, we may fairly 
 the Tyrians and Britons as high as 
 
 icend the Trade betw 
 the firft King of Ty 
 
28 An ESSAY towards Parti. 
 
 and, with the higheft Probability, fuppofe the Midianites to 
 have been furnifhed from the Weftern part of our Ifland with 
 theBedil, orTin, and the Ophereth, or Lead, that fell a Prey 
 to the Ifr a elites when Mofes defeated them, about the Year 
 1452 before the Birth of Chrift ; and that the Phoenicians giving 
 the Name of Barat-anac , or Bratanac , to the Region of 
 Country which produced the Metals, the fame was, in fuc- 
 ceffion of Time, extended fo as to become the Name of the 
 whole Ifland, although, as Mr. Sammes remarks in the fifth 
 Chapter of his Britannia , corrupted and diftorted by the 
 feveral Dialedts it ran through. 
 
 Our Hiftories give us a Race of Celtick Kings, that began 
 a Monarchy in the Ifland 883 Years before the Acceflion of 
 Phranicus to the Crown 3 a Prince who, after a fhort Reign, 
 abdicated the Government, and retired to the Continent juft 
 before the Arrival of Brute at the Shore of Totnefs in the 
 Year 708 before our Lord’s Nativity 3 and confequently the 
 Inauguration of the firft Celtick King of the Ifland was ante- 
 cedent to the Defeat of the Midianites , and preceded it by 
 one hundred and fifty Years, or thereabouts. 
 
 That Tarjhijh was governed by the moft renowned 
 Kings of the Earth, fo early as the Infancy of the JewiJh 
 Monarchy, feems fufficiently evident from what King David 
 writes in the feventy fecond Pfalm 3 and that the Jews and 
 Tyrians , in the Time of King Solomon , carried on a great 
 Trade between the Head of the Mediterranean Sea and Tarjhijh 
 Weft ward 3 and between the Head of the Red Sea and Ophir 
 Eaftward, is ftiil more evident from what the Authors of the 
 Books bearing the Titles of Kings and Chronicles have therein 
 declared. 
 
 Every Baftern Voyage was performed in one Year, but 
 every Weftern Voyage took up three Years time 3 fo that the 
 Intercourfe between Tarjhijh and Ophir required a Period of 
 four Years; and Pliny telling us in the fourth Chapter of his 
 fixteenth Book, that the Indians having no Lead of their own 
 took that Kind of Metal from Merchants in Exchange for 
 their Pearls and precious Stones, is a Demonftration that a 
 Trade was carried on, from the remoteft Ages, between 
 Britain and India 3 and therefore the further we fearch into 
 the dark Period of our Hiftory, the more Truths we fhall 
 difcover towards giving the higheft Probability not only to the 
 Race of Trojan Kings, but that of the Celtick Monarchs that 
 governed Britain . 
 
 The 
 
Chap. III. A Defcription of B A T H. 29 
 
 The joint Trade between the Jews and 'Tyrians feems to 
 have fallen entirely into the Hands of the latter foon after 
 the Death of Solomon ; and thofe People feem then to have 
 difguifed the Situation of Tarjhijh , not only by bounding the 
 World at the Straights of Gibraltar , to difcourage Mariners 
 from venturing into the Atlantick Sea ; but by tranfporting 
 the Tin from Tarjhijh to the Northern Shore of Gauj and 
 then conveying it over the Body of that Country to its Southern 
 Shore, before they embarked it for the Ports of the Mediter- 
 ranean Sea. 
 
 W e have the Teftimony of Ifaiah ftiil on Record to con- 
 vince us that the Jews underftood Tarjhijh to be an Ifland ; 
 and the Trade with that Ifland having been of fuch vaft Im- 
 portance, and of fuch long Continuance, who wo'uld not 
 have difguifed it to the very utmoft of their Power? And 
 what Colony of People that wanted a Place of Settlement 
 would not have gone through the greateft Perils to poflefs 
 themfelves of the Source of fo much W ealth ? The Object of 
 Brute's Views lay beyond the Gallick Bounds; and we find, 
 by the Britijh Hiftory, that neither Pirates nor Sea Monfters 
 were any Obftrudftion to him in fearching for it in the vaft 
 Ocean beyond the Limits which Hercules himfelf had given 
 to the World, by the eredlion of his famous Pillars at the 
 Mouth of the Sea that divides the Southern Coafts of Europe , 
 from the Northern Coafts of Africa . 
 
 Now as the great Tranfadions of the Eaftern World, 
 even fo early as the Reign of King Solomon , could reach 
 Britain within the Compafs of two Years, nothing is more 
 probable than that the News of Cyrus's Decree for rebuilding 
 the Temple of Jerufalem , with the Migration of the Jews 
 from the Province of Babylon , was foon brought into the 
 Ifland ; and that thofe great Events were the real Caufes of the 
 Civil Diflention that broke out in the Kingdom towards the 
 latter End of the' Reign of King Lei l : For the Minds of the 
 Britons mu ft have been vaftly Shocked to hear that the Gods 
 of an Empire in the Eaft, grown the greateft of the World, 
 were ftripped of their Divinity, and their Priefts {lain, in 
 favour of the God of a captive let of People ; and that God 
 declared to be the only and true God in oppofition to all 
 others. 
 
 But when Cambyfej killed the God Apis of the Egyptians , 
 burnt all the Temples in that Kingdom, and drove the Priefts 
 to feek Refuge in all Corners of the Earth in the Year 5261 
 
 before 
 
3© An ESSAY towards Parti. 
 
 before the Birth of Chrift, and in the one and twentieth 
 Year of the Reign of King Leil y the News of this reaching 
 Britain alfo, mutt have brought the Difcontent among the 
 People into a Civil Diffention : And it was in this State of 
 Diforder that a Prophet rofe up in the Ifland, and predicted a 
 great Change that would happen in the Government of it. 
 
 This Prophet we may very juftly fuppofe to have been 
 the Son of Lud-Hudibras y fince he had a Name, implying an 
 Eagle, given to him, no doubt from his Transforming himfelf 
 into the Shape of a Bird, as Jupiter hirnfeif is feigned to have 
 done ; and his other Name of Bladud y or a Name of the like 
 import, might have arifen from his early Knowledge of the 
 Motion of the Stars, fignified by the Word Bias, and from 
 his appearing as a meer Du dm an while he was decked with 
 Feathers to enable him to fly in the Air, as it is reported of 
 Dcedalus y and his Son Icarus ; from whofe laft Flight the 
 Icarian Sea received its Name : For the young Man’s Wings 
 failing him, on his foaring too near the Sun, Icarus , as Diodorus 
 Siculus tells the Story, fell down into that Sea, and perifhed 
 in the Water, which from thence forward bore his Name. 
 
 From the Names given to the Britijb Prophet, and from 
 the former efpecialiy, it feems reafonable to conclude that he 
 began his Office with the ontfide Shew of Miracle, to enforce 
 a Belief into the People of the Truth of his Predictions ; and 
 the better to qualify himfelf in the Arts and Sciences condu- 
 cive to his Defign of impofing upon the Under Handing of 
 Mankind, and the better to enable him to draw them into a 
 new Sy Hem of Religion, we find him not only taking a 
 Journey to the South Eafiern Part of Europe ; but, as the 
 Author of The Bathes of the . Bathes Ayde informs us, fpending 
 eleven Years in his Studies abroad before he returned home. 
 
 This Journey falls in with ' the Age wherein Xoroajler 
 flourifhed in Perfa ; wherein Pythagoras became eminent in 
 Greece and in Italy ; 'wherein Z a?nclocis y a Servant to the latter, 
 turned Legifiator in Thrace y and wherein a learned Sage from 
 the Hyperborean liland became a Difcipie, a Collegue, and even 
 the Matter of the Samian Philofopher himfelf. 
 
 T o this Northern Sage the Grecians gave the Names of 
 Aithrobates, and Abaris , and Eifebius places his Journey 
 to Greece in the fifty fourth Olympiad, or about the Year 560 
 before the Birth of Chrift : Suidas declares Abaris to have 
 been the Matter of Pythagoras before the Samian Philofopher 
 went into Egypt in. Purfuance of the Lift Advice of his other 
 
 Matter 
 
Chap. III. A Defcription of BATH. 31 
 
 Matter Thales , the Milefian , whofe Death is placed in the 
 Year 548 before our Lord’s Nativity : But the Truth of thefe 
 Things, in Point of Chronology, feems to have been beft: 
 handed down to us by Jamblicus and Porphyry , thofe Writers 
 telling us that the two Philofophers communicated their Know- 
 ledge to each other a little before the Death of Phalaris , 
 which, according to Do dwell , happened in the laft Year of 
 the fixty eighth Olympiad, anfwering the Year 505 before 
 the Birth of our Lord and Saviour Chrift. 
 
 Now from the Identity of the Hyperborean Bland of the 
 Antients, and the Britijh Promontory of Belerium ; and from, 
 the perfect Agreement in refpectt to the Time wherein Bladud 
 and Abaris lived, and took their Journey to Greece , the 
 Britijh Sage and Hyperborean Philofopher mutt have been one 
 and the fame Man. And therefore upon this Identity of Men 
 and Country, I will reft the Reality of King Bladud ; 
 whofe Exiftence was formerly fo undoubted that Doctor Jones y 
 when he wrote his Bathes of Bathes Ayde , found himfelf able 
 to trace the Genealogy of feveral of our Britijh Nobility up 
 to him ; 46 Howfoever the Injuries of Time, fays the Doctor 
 44 in the Dedication of his Book to Henry Earl of Pembroke , 
 4C had then altered and obfcured the fame.” 
 
 The Eminence of King Bladud 
 will hereafter fhine the more ftronger by a Ihort account of 
 what chiefly relates to his Cotemporary Philofophers ; one of 
 which, the great Pythagoras , having been a Scholar of Thale$ y 
 and travelling into Egypt for the Improvement of his Knowledge, 
 was there received by the Egyptian Priefts ; among whom, as 
 the Writers of his Life tell us, he continued no lefs than two 
 and twenty Years; after which they acquaint us with his 
 having fpent twelve Years at Babylon under ZoroaJler y perhaps 
 at that Time Arch -Chaldean of the City, and Succeflor of 
 the Prophet Daniel in that High Office : For Zoroajler feems 
 to have been a Prieft of one of the Orders which the Chal- 
 deans were divided into during the Lifetime of DanieJ and in 
 confequence thereof mutt have been a Difciple of the Jewijb 
 Prophet, as Doftor Hyde and others conjedture. 
 
 This learned Man having found by the facred Writings of 
 the Jews, and the Converfation of his Matter, Daniel , that 
 a great Prophet, deferibed by Baalim under the Image of a 
 Star, was to rife out of Jacob , pretended, after the Death of 
 Daniel , to be that very Prophet ; from thence the Grecians 
 gave him the Name of Z oroaJler y or the living Star ; and all 
 
 Ills 
 
32 An ESSAY towards Part I, 
 
 his Studies tended, after the Deftru&ion of Bel , and his 
 College of feventy Priefts, to the forming of a new Syftem 
 of Religion for the n ew Perfian Empire. 
 
 I r feems therefore to have been by the Means of Zoroafer 
 that the difregard which Cyrus (hewed to the Gods of the 
 Pagan World, fo increafed with his Son Cambyfes , as to caufe 
 this Monarch, when he invaded Egypt in the fourth Year of 
 his Reign, to commit his facrilegious Outrages in that Coun- 
 try, as above. 
 
 Pythagoras falling among the Captives taken by Cambyfes 
 in Egypt , was from thence fent Prifoner to Babylon ; and his 
 Captivity in that City was foon fucceeded by a Fraud and 
 Impofture in the Perfian Empire which proved fatal to the 
 Priefts, and brought the Religion of the Medes and Per fans 
 into the higheft Contempt : For Herodotus informs us in 
 his third Book that Cambyfes having appointed Patixithes , a 
 Median , and one of the chief of the Se£t in the Eaft that 
 worfhiped God by Fire, Governor of his Houfhold during 
 his Abfence on the Egyptian Expedition ; this Man, on the 
 Death of the King’s Brother, ufurped the Throne in favour 
 of his own Brother Smerdis, another chief Prieft of the Fire 
 Worfhipers, who, by perfonating the Deceafed Smerdis , the 
 Brother of Cambyfes , held the Scepter of the Perfian Empire 
 during the firft feven Months after the Death of the King 
 before the Cheat was difcovered : But no fooner was the Im~ 
 poftor detected than theUfurpers, and moft of their Sedft, were 
 flain for their Impoiltion and Prefumption ; the reft had the 
 contemptuous Name of Mages , or the Cropt-EaP d, given 
 them, from Smerdis, who had his Ears cut off in the Reign of 
 Cyrus , for a Crime that deferved it ; and the Religion of the 
 whole Se£t taking the Name of Magianifn , was, from thence 
 forward, held in the higheft Difdain ; Darius Hyftafpes , on 
 his Afcending the Throne, together with his whole Court, 
 embracing Sabianifm, or the Worfiiipof God by Images ; and 
 none but the common People remaining prone to their old 
 Religion of Magianifm. 
 
 This Divifion gave Zoroafer an Opportunity of intro- 
 ducing into the World his own Impoftures ; for upon the Plan 
 of Magianifm he taught Dodlrines which he pretended to 
 have received from the Mouth of God, and performed it fo 
 effedtually, that in a few Years his Tenets were eftablifhed 
 in Media ; they were next received in BaPtria ; and then 
 they were embraced at Sufa , the Capital of ail Perfia\ where- 
 
Chap. III. A Dcfcription of BATH. 33 
 
 by the greateft Empire of the World received, in its infant 
 State, a new Religion ; the Teachers of which flill went 
 under the Name of Mages , or Magi ; and Zoroajler became 
 the Archimagus, or chief of the whole Se6I, with a Sove- 
 reignty in fpiritual Matters equal to that of the King in tem- 
 poral Affairs ; and this he enjoyed from the Time that Darius 
 and his Court embraced his Tenets till the laft Year of that 
 Monarch’s Reign, when our Archimagus and his whole Col- 
 lege of eighty Priefts were killed by Argafp, King of the 
 Oriental Scythians , for endeavouring to bring him into his 
 Syftem of Religion : A Syftem which taught the Invocation 
 of malevolent as well as benevolent Divinities; and to pro- 
 duce in Nature things feemingly above the power of Man, 
 by the Affiftance of the Gods, upon ufing certain Words 
 and Ceremonies, 
 
 The latter Part of this Syffem was the whole Art of 
 Magick, the Invention of which, fays Pliny , 1. 30. c. 1. 
 v/as, by the unanimous Confent of moft Writers, afcribed to 
 7 uoroajler , or, as our Author further obferves, taught him by 
 one whofe Name was Azonaces : 46 It took its Rife by Phyfick, 
 4: under pretence of preferring Health and curing Difeafes ; 
 
 this v/as foon cloaked with Religion ; and then to Medi- 
 4C cinal Receipts and religious Ceremonies the Skill of Aftro- 
 logy was added to compleat the Syftem, and bind the 
 4C Senfes of Mankind with three of the fureft: Chains that 
 cc were ever contrived or invented,” 
 
 Nothing is more probable than that Pythagoras and his 
 Mafter Zoroajler left Babylon at the fame time, a Year or two 
 after Darius had retaken it in the Year 515 before the Birth 
 of Chrift ; the one to reform the Religion of the Eaftern, the 
 other that of the Weftern World: For Pythagoras holding 
 the Magical Art of Zoroajler as a Divine Myftery, he highly 
 praifed it, and publifhed it abroad to the utmoft Bounds of 
 the whole Earth, as Pliny moft exprefsly writes. 
 
 While thefe great Men were thus employ’d, Aearis, 
 or Bladud, appears, by the Teftimony of Jamblicus and 
 Porphyry 5 to have been received in Greece as the known Prieft 
 of Apollo ; a God whofe chief Quality was Divination ; whofe 
 Mufick was the Harmony of the Spheres ; and to whom the 
 Britons , or Hyperboreans paid the higheft Honours, as Diodorus 
 Siculus , in fpeaking of the Hyperborean Ifland, informs us. 
 
 This Ifland, according to that Hiftorian, was the Birth 
 44 Place of Latona ; and therefore, fays our Author, the In- 
 
 F 44 habitants 
 
^4 An ESSAY towards Part t. 
 
 u habitants worfhip Apollo above all other Gods, afcribing 
 44 to him the higheft Honours, daily faying Songs in hisPraife, 
 44 and demeaning themfelves as if they were his Priefts. - Here 
 44 Apollo has a ftatel) Grove, with a renowned Temple, of 
 44 a round Form, beautified with many rich Gifts ; and to 
 44 this God there is a City confecrated, whofe Citizens are 
 44 moil of them Harpers ; and thefe playing upon the Harp, 
 44 chant facred Hymns to Apollo in the Temple, fetting forth 
 46 his glorious A£t$.” 
 
 45 These Hyperboreans have had, of long and antient 
 44 Time, a particular Kindnefs for the Grecians , and more 
 u efpecially for the Athenians , and the Inhabitants of Delos . 
 44 Some of the Grecians pafied over to the Hyperboreans 9 
 
 44 whofe Temples they enriched with divers Prefents, offered 
 
 45 to their Gods, and infcribed with Greek Charadters ; and, 
 44 on the other Hand, Aba R is formerly travelled thence into 
 44 Greece , and renewed the Antient League of Fnendfhip 
 44 with the Delians ” 
 
 44 The Moon in this Ifland feems as if it was near to the 
 44 Earth, and Apollo comes into it once in nineteen Years 5 
 44 at which time he Plays upon the Harp, and Sings and 
 44 Dances all the Night from the Vernal Equinox to the 
 44 rifing of the Pleiades . In this Period of nineteen Years 
 * c the Stars perform their Courfes, and return to the fame 
 44 Point 5 and therefore the Greeks call the Revolution of 
 44 nineteen Years, the Great Year.” 
 
 Thus far Diodorus Siculus from Hecateus and other more 
 antient Writers ; to which he adds, 44 That the Sovereignty 
 44 of the City in the Hyperbor^ean Ifland confecrated to Apollo * 
 44 and the Care of his Temple belonged to the Family of the 
 44 Boreades $ who held the Principality by Defcent, in adiredt 
 
 Line from Boreas their common Anceftor.” 
 
 The Temple mentioned by our Sicilian Author, or fome 
 other antient Temple in the Hyperborean Ifland was, accord- 
 ing to EratoJlheneS , a wing’d Structure; that is a Temple 
 compofed of Pillars.* or furrounded with fuch Ornaments, 
 or with Porticoes compofed of them : The City confecrated 
 to Apollo muft have been that which was built by King Bladud 5 
 as Bath , and a Temple in it, bore the Name of the Sun in 
 the Times of Paganifm : And the ftately Grove of the fame 
 God was either the Grove now remaining near the hot Springs ; 
 or the Foreft of Kings Wood lying Weft ward of them, as will 
 be hereafter more particularly ihewm 
 
Chap. III. A Defcription of BATH. 35 
 
 The Apollo thus adored by the Hyperboreans having been 
 the Son of Laiona , and Brother of Diana , the God chofe to 
 hide the famous Arrow with which he flew the Cyclops in his 
 
 Mother’s native Country, rather than in the Ifland of Delos , 
 his own ; and to take upon him the Sirname of Hyperborean 
 preferable to any other. 
 
 Mounted upon this facred Arrow, Abaris, the Priefl; 
 of the Hyperborean God, was reported, by the Grecians , to 
 have flown in the Air over Rivers and Lakes, Forefts and 
 Mountains; from whence they called him Aithrobates, 
 i. e . a Eider on the Winds: And in one of his Flights they 
 pretended that he wafted himfelf from the Hyperborean Ifland 
 to Greece , and therefore from that Flight they gave him the 
 Name of Abaris, importing a Man that could crofs the Seas 
 without the help of a Ship. 
 
 With the fame Arrow Abaris was enabled to through 
 all Parts of the World without eating, as Herodotus exprefies 
 it in his fourth Book ; and after our famous Priefl: had vifiteef 
 every Part of Greece , built Temples in that Country, and 
 there uttered thofe Oracles which Apollonius declared to have 
 been ftill extant at the Time of his writing, he paflecj to 
 Crotona in Italy , and, as Ja?nblicus informs us, prefented the 
 great Pythagoras with his facred Arrow, the Pofieffion of 
 which gave the Samian Philofopher fuch a Spirit for Prognofti- 
 cation, that his Anfwers were looked upon to be as certain 
 as thofe of Apollo Pythias ; and therefore after the Crotoniates 
 had, by his Advice, protected the five hundred chief Citizens 
 of Sybaris that fled for Sanftuary to the Altars in the Forum 
 of Crotona , and with one hundred thoufand Men, headed 
 by Milo, had defeated thrice the Number of Sybarites , they 
 gave him the Name of Pythagoras , from the Sirname of the 
 Delphick Apollo , and even believed him to be the Hyperborean 
 God himfelf. 
 
 Among the Temples built by Abaris in Greece that of 
 Delphos , or rather the Adytum of it, feems to have been, 
 the moft eminent Work : For this famous Structure, enriched 
 by Crcefus with ineftimable Prefents, having been burnt, by 
 fpme unknown Accident, in the very Year that Cyrus 
 vanquifhed the Lydian King ; and the Amphyftions, or genera* 
 Council of Greece , having afleflfed the Delphian s with fuch a 
 Sum towards rebuilding it, as drove them tq the Neceffity of 
 Begging as far as the Court of Amajis , King of Egypt , and 
 
 recalling Exiles in Confideration of their Contributing to - 
 
’g 6 An ESSAY towards Part T. 
 
 Wards the Sum levied on them ; the Temple, by thefe means, 
 lay a confiderable Time in its Ruins : And though Spintharus , 
 an Architect of Corinth , rebuilt fome of its Walls, yet the 
 Adytum was not reftored till Bladud, or Abaris, appeared 
 m Greece , and circumfcribed the oracular Cave of the Pythian 
 God with a Row of Pillars that formed the Odtoftyle Mq- 
 nopterick Temple, fabled by the Grecians to have been eredded 
 by Pteras with Wax and the Wings of the Bees Apollo had 
 brought from the Hyperborean Regions. 
 
 This Monopterick Structure was foon adorned with a 
 Prefen t of immenfe Value, for the great Orator and Rheto- 
 rician, Gorgias Leontinus , having been defirous of immorta- 
 lizing hi§ Name, he firft caufed a folid Statue of pure Gold 
 to be made of himfelf, and then fet it up in the Temple about 
 the feventiet-h Olympiad, anfwering the Year 497 before the 
 Birth of Chrift ; Pliny , in the fourth Chapter of his three 
 and thirtieth Book, making this Remark on the Image, that 
 it demonftrated the prodigious Wealth accruing by teaching 
 People in thofe Pays the Art of fpeaking Well and Elo- 
 quently. 
 
 This Hiflorian declaring that a Man would think the 
 Psrfians firft learned all their Magick of the Britons ; and, 
 at me fame time, informing us that Zoroafer , the reputed 
 Author of the Art, had one Azonaces for his Matter, is it not 
 highly reafonable to think that Abaris, by fome Means or 
 other, communicated his knowledge in the Magical Art to 
 the P erf an Philofopher ? Was not the Intercourfe between 
 Perfta and the Weftern World free and open enough in the 
 Age ^herein Zoroafer and Abaris, or Bladud flour ilhed, 
 for one Philofopher to communicate what he knew to the 
 other ? And does not Herodotus tell us that the facred Arrow 
 of Apollo carried Abaris, without eating, through all Parts 
 of the World, and confequently reached Zoroajler by the 
 Means of Azonaces ? 
 
 T h e Intercourfe being granted, and the Syftem of the 
 Planetary World, which places the Sun in the Center of the 
 Heavenly Bodies, and makes the reft revolve about it, ap- 
 pearing from Diodorus Siculus to have been fo well under- 
 stood in Britain as to have drawn Apollo himfelf into the 
 liland to celebrate the Manifeftation of the Difcoveries by 
 that Syftem, makes it much more than probable that Abaris 
 communicated it to Zoroajler while he lived at Babylon j for 
 the Perftan Philofopher, and his Difciple, Pythagoras. afte& 
 
 leaving 
 
Chap. Ill- A Defcription of B A T H. 37 
 
 leaving that City, refpedtively retired to their Caves to ftudy 
 the glorious Syftem ; the firft retiring to a Cave at X/%, in 
 Media , and therein reprefenting it ; and the feccnd retiring 
 to a Cave, in Samos , and doing the fame. 
 
 This Syftem was undoubtedly Part of the Knowledge 
 concealed with the Hyperboreans under the Name of the 
 Arrow of Apollo ; and Abaris prefenting Pythagoras with 
 that Arrow makes it highly probable that the Samian Philofo- 
 pher was thereby perfected in his Studies touching the Planetary 
 World ; the Syftem whereof he promulged in Greece and in 
 Italy : But whether it took the Title of the Pythagorean 
 Syftem of the Planetary World from him, or from the Sir- 
 name of the Pythian God, is a Point which I (hall now leave 
 for further Examination. 
 
 The Arrow which thus rendered Abaris famous, and 
 raifed Pythagoras to the State of a God, was at laft introduced 
 into the Heavens as a Northern Conftellation ; and as the 
 very next Conftellation to it appears under the Figure of an 
 Eagle, is it not highly probable that it was fo reprefented in 
 Honour of Abaris himfelf? Who, by being one and the 
 fame Perfon with Bladud, was confequently the Aquila 
 mentioned in ‘Jeffrey of Monmouth' s Translation of the Britijh 
 Hiftory, and fo named from the Wings he made to fly with* 
 and the Feathers with which he decked himfelf on thofe 
 Occafions. 
 
 Thus by concurring Circumftances from Heaven and 
 Earth, Abaris and Bladud appears to have been one and 
 the fame Man ; for what Circumftance can amount to aftronger 
 Proof of their Identity than the Art of Flying, and the Gift 
 of Prophecy annexed to the Accounts of both ? Befides the 
 former is allowed to have been a Difciple of Pythagoras , and 
 the latter appears manifeftly to have been the fame, fince he 
 was Cotemporary with the Samian Philofopher, went into 
 Greece juft after Pythagoras returned to Samos from Perjia , 
 followed him to Grotona , and compleated his eleven Years 
 Abfence from Britain in the very Year that Pythagoras, ac- 
 cording to Dean Prideaux’s Chronology, was affaulted and 
 flain in Milo's Houfe by the Hand of Cylon , one of his Scholars ; 
 and in the very Year that the Samians abandoned their native 
 Country, fled to Sicily , And, as Herodotus writes in his fixth 
 Book, feized on the City of Zancle for a new Place of Abode. 
 
 1 H e Perfon and Charadler of our Britijh Philofopher* 
 Jyhen he firft appeared ai Athens , may be conceived from what 
 
 the 
 
38 An ESSAY towards Parti. 
 
 the Orator Himerius writes of him, under the Name of 
 Abaris, in Words to the following Effect. 
 
 44 They relate, fays Himerius , that Abaris the Sage, 
 cC by Nation a Hyperborean , became a Grecian in Speech, 
 44 and was a Scythian in his Habit and Appearance, When- 
 44 ever he moved his Tongue, you would imagine him to be 
 44 fome one out of the midft of the Academy or very Lyceum. 
 44 Abaris came to Athens holding a Bow, having a Quiver 
 44 hanging from his Shoulders, his Body wrapt up in a Chla- 
 44 mys, girt about his Loins with a gilded Belt, and wearing 
 44 Trowzers reaching from his Waite to the Soles of his 
 44 Feet. He was affable and pleafant in Converfation, in 
 difpatching great Affairs fecret and induftrious, quick- 
 44 lighted in prefent Exigencies, in preventing future Dangers 
 44 circumfpefb, a Searcher after Wifdom, defirous of Friend- 
 44 ffaip, trufting indeed little to Fortune, and baying every 
 44 thing trufted to him for his Prudence.” 
 
 This great Philofopher had not long compleated the 
 Delphic k Temple before TjQroaJler began to cover the Pyrae’fa, 
 or Pyrethus of the Perfians to keep tfie Fires in them from 
 being extinguifhed by the Inclemencies of the Weather ; and 
 this fcems to haye induced the Grecians to cover the Temple of 
 the Pythian God at Delphi ; which, as Vitruvius writes in the 
 Preface to his feventh Book, had aTholus, or fpherical Roof, 
 put on it by Theodoras , a famous Phocean Architect. 
 
 About five Years after the Time affigned for Buadud’s 
 going into Greece , the lonians in Afia revolted from the Per - 
 Jiansj and thofe People having been joined by the Athenians , 
 the confederate Army, in the Year 500 before the Birth of 
 Chriff, marched to Sardis , and burnt it, together with the. 
 Temple of Gybele ; in Revenge for which Darius made a Vow, 
 that he would burn all the Temples in Greece , which he in a 
 great Meafure did, before he died in the Year 486 before 
 our Lord’s Nativity ; and the reft were, for the moft Part, 
 deffroyed by Xerxes, his Succeffor ; who, after he had burnt 
 Athens , fet Fire to the Temple of Babylon , and, in fhort, 
 burnt and deffroyed all other Temples where Sabianifm in 
 the leaft prevailed ; For the King was attended in his Expe- 
 dition againft Greece , fay the Magi cm Priefts^ with Ojlhanes 
 their High Prieft ; and thefe not only ftirred up Xerxes to 
 deftroy all the Temples, wherever they went, that belonged 
 to any Sedt, fave their own ; but Ojlhanes himfelf endeavoured 
 to bring every Body over to the Magian Pvdigion $ and for. 
 
Chap. III. A Defcription of B A T H. 39 
 
 that End was the firft Perfon who, in the Opinion of Pliny 9 
 wrote upon the Excellency of Magick. 
 
 In the midft of this Deftrudtion the Delphic k Temple mi- 
 raculoully efcaped, with all its Treafures, notwithftanding Part 
 of the Perfian Army advanced within Sight of that Edifice 
 with the King's Order to plunder it : For Herodotus informs 
 us, that the City of Delphi having, upon the Approach of 
 the Pcrjians , been deferted by all its Inhabitants except fixty 
 Men, and the Prophet Aceratus who prefided at the 
 Temple; and that moft of the Delphians flying to the Moun- 
 tain Parnajfus , the two Heads of that Kill immediately after 
 broke from the Mountain with a prodigious Noife, and rolling 
 down upon the Perfians killed many of them : And this, with 
 feveral Prodigies that happened at the fame time, fo terrified 
 the Army, that, as our Author concludes, they abandoned 
 their Enterprize, and, betaking themfelves to Flight, ran into 
 Bceotia , where they reported that they had been purfued, with 
 a dreadful Slaughter, by two Perfons compleately armed, and 
 of more than human Stature. 
 
 The Perfian War with the Grecians feems to have been 
 the Caufe of Pythagoras's leaving Samos , and Bladud’s fol- 
 lowing him to Crotona in his Way to Britain ; and the addi- 
 tional Knowledge w T hich the latter muft have acquired abroad* 
 during his eleven Years Abfence, enabled him, at his return 
 to his native Country, to give his Father fuch Advice as was 
 neceflary to quiet the Minds of the People ; to put an End to 
 the Civil Diflention in the Kingdom ; and to prepare the 
 Britons for a new Syftem of Religion and Government, which 
 he, pretending to be endowed v/ith the Gift of Prophecy, 
 moft undoubtedly foretold would happen while his Father was 
 building the Wall of the Town of Mount Paladur : And 
 therefore that Change, however applied to future times, Bla~ 
 dud, in all Probability, began to make on his coming to the 
 Throne ; and foon after that to propagate a new Syftem of 
 Religion by the Afliftance of the learned Men who fled from 
 Athens , when that City, upon the Approach of the Perfian 
 Army under Mardonius , was deferted by its Inhabitants in the 
 fixth Year "of the Reign of Xerxes , and in the Year 4S0 
 before the Birth of Chrift. 
 
 In this very Year Bladud might begin the Works at 
 Bath proper for his great Purpofes ; and their being recorded 
 in the Briti/h Hiftory of about the fame Antiquity with 
 Elias's Prayer, might proceed from the Magi of Perjia af- 
 firming. 
 
4& An E S S A Y towards Part h 
 
 firming that Z oroajler was a Difciple of Elias ^ that is of the 
 Lord God, for fuch the Hebrew Name, Elias , imports; and 
 Z oroajler himfelf pretended to have received the Doctrines he 
 taught from the very Mouth of God. 
 
 It is enough therefore for our prefent Purpofe to prove 
 the Reality and Eminence of King Bladud, and at the 
 fame time folve the Problems touching the Antiquity of 
 Bath, that a Temple of Jerufalem was begun to be built 
 in the Reign of King Leil : That Haggai was a Prophet in 
 Ifrael when Lud-Hudibras governed Britain : That a Philofo- 
 pher from an Illand overgainft Gaul y fituated as Britain is, 
 was a Difciple, a Collegue, and even the Mafter of Pytha- 
 goras ^ and flew in the Air upon an Arrow, as King Bladud 
 is reported to have flown with Wings : That the Arrow of 
 the former, and the Rebus of the latter, by his Name of 
 Aquila , appears together in the Heavens, as Northern Con- 
 ftellations : That the Hyperborean Sage, like the Briiijh Phi- 
 lofopher, was endowed with the Gift of Prophecy : That the 
 Inhabitants of Athens deferted that City in the Year 4S0 
 before the Birth of Chrift : And that Bladud fent to Greece 
 for Necromancers to affift him in his Works about the Hot 
 Springs of Bath, at the very Time that the learned Men of 
 Athens wanted a Place of Safety to fly to. 
 
 This happened to them in the very Age Mr. Sam?nes 
 fixes for the Greeks firft entering the Britannick If! and, fince 
 our Author tells us in the feventh Chapter of his Britannia , 
 that thofe People came here in the Time of Pythagoras , or a 
 little after ; and therefore the learned Athenians that aflifted 
 Bladud were, mo ft undoubtedly, the very Men mentioned 
 by Diodorus Siculus to have pafied over to the Hyperboreans , 
 with Prefents to enrich their Temples, after Abaris had 
 been in Greece renewing the antient League of Friendlhip 
 with the Delians . 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 Of the general Magnitude of Bath in its Antient, 
 Middle, and Modern State. 
 
 H ISTORY and Tradition unanimoufly agree that the 
 City of Bath had a more illuftrious Beginning than 
 fuch antient Cities, as from a fmall Group of Building, were 
 fo increafed by Time as to render it neceflary to tranfplant 
 their Inhabitants into new Places till the Body of each City 
 a became 
 
Chap. IV. A Defcription of BATH. 4* 
 
 became invironed firft with Towns, and then with Villages : 
 For Bath) like Alexandria, was founded for the capital Seat 
 of a famous King ; and feems to have confided, from the 
 very firft, of three principal Parts, whofe Centers were widely 
 detached from one another. 
 
 The mod material Part of the three lay immediately 
 round about the hot Springs ; the next in Degree flood eight 
 computed Miles Weflward from them, at a Place how called 
 Stantondrue ; and the third lay ten computed Miles South of 
 the fecond, and fifteen of the fame Miles Southward of the 
 hot Fountains, at a Place now bearing the Name of Obey : 
 So that the Centers of the three principal Parts of the City 
 formed the Angles of a Triangle whofe Bafe Line extended 
 fifteen computed Miles in Length ; its fhortcr Side eight of 
 the fame Miles ; and its longer Side ten of the like Miles : 
 And therefore the Magnitude of this City, in its antient 
 State, could not have been lefs, in' refpedb to the Land of its 
 whole Area, than that of Babylon when Cyrus took it. 
 
 Now if the City had been originally furrourided with a 
 Wall, Bath , in regard to her private Buildings, had appeared., 
 at this day, what Babylon herfelf once was. 
 
 This extenfive City feems to have been fir ft reduced by 
 the Romans, about the Year of Chrift 81 ; add next by King 
 Alfred the Great , when that famous Prince founded the Eng- 
 lip) Monarchy, and divided the whole Kingdom into Shires^ 
 the Shires into Hundreds or Wapentakes, and the Hundreds 
 into Tythings for the more ready and better fupplying his 
 Army with Men ; and for the more fpeedy and effectual 
 Adminiftration of publick Juftice in every Corner of his 
 Dominions. 
 
 By the firft Reduction the City was brought to its chief 
 principal Part; and by the fecond to a tingle Group of Build- 
 ing in the midft of fuch Deniefne Lands as were juft neceffary 
 for the immediate Subfiftence of the Inhabitants : For King. 
 Alfred feparated all the Villages that, in his Time, made the 
 detach’d Parts of Bath, from the Body of the City and the 
 Merton thereunto belonging ; and forming them into a diftindt 
 Jurisdiction,- 1 made them fubjedt to the Laws and Government 
 preferibed for fome larger Divifion of the County, or for 
 the County itfelf. 
 
 The Villages thus feparated, conflituted the Hundred of 
 Bathforum in its original Size ; and, with the Group of 
 Building and its Deniefne Lands in the Center, feem to have 
 
 G extended 
 
42 
 
 An ESS At towards 
 
 Part 1. 
 
 extended about twelve Miles in Length, and about ten Miles 
 in Breadth : But the central Part of this Region, or that 
 which conftitutes the prefent City, with the Berton belong- 
 ing to it, is but three quarters of a Mile in Length from 
 North to South, and the Breadth from Eaft to Weft is ftill 
 lefs by an hundred Yards, or more, 
 
 T H e Group of Building that makes the Body of the City, 
 thus reduced, was furrounded with a deep Ditch, and a thick 
 Stone Wall by King Alfred , when he, about the Year of 
 Chrift 887, applied himfelf to the Reparation of fuch Cities 
 as had been wafted by the Danes ; a$ well as to the fortifying 
 of the capital Places cf his Kingdom againft thofe People : And 
 by that W ork the City became a Place of vaft Strength 5 fo 
 ftrong, that if it had been in a higher Situation, and not fo 
 overtopped with Hills as it is, it might have been made Tenable, 
 even in the Time of the Civil W ars, as Captain Henry Chap- 
 man , the Author of Thermes RediviVee , allures us, in that fmall 
 Treat ife, the famous Admiral Blake declared when he had the 
 Government of the City* 
 
 I f King Alfred had extended his Fortification to the Bounds 
 of Bath , in its middle State, the City had now appeared little 
 inferior to any of the great Cities of Antiquity for Size ; and 
 perhaps to have exceeded them all for Strength, fmee no lefs 
 than fix large Intrenchmenta are yet to be feen in it within 
 the compafs of fix Miles in Length from Eaft to Weft, and 
 five ' Miles in Breadth from North to South ; each of which 
 appears capable of containing a Body of Men equal to that 
 of a Confular Army of the Romans , compofed of two' o£ 
 their Legions. 
 
 These Intrenchments are the higheft Demonftration of 
 the Grandeur and vaft Importance of Bath in the dark Times 
 of our Hiftory ; and they are manifeft Proofs of the Valour 
 and Eminence of the antient Britons in the Art of War : For 
 tmlefs they had known how to defend and preferve a Place of 
 the greateft Confequence to them againft the moft violent 
 Affaults of a potent. Enemy to deprive them of it, the Marks 
 of Hoftility had never appeared in that Abundance as they 
 do at prefent, within a Region little more than the eighth 
 Part of that which the Babylonians indofed with W alls and 
 Ditches* 
 
 But if we extend that Region to a Figure containing upon 
 it’s Superficies two hundred and twenty five fquare Miles of 
 Land, to anfwer the Superficies of Babylon , when Gyrus took 
 
 4 
 
 it, 
 
Chap. IV. A Defcription of BATH. 43 
 
 it, and to comprehend all the Parts of Bath in its antient 
 State and greateft Splendor, the Intrenchments in it will 
 then appear fo numerous, and fo ftrong, that one would 
 imagine the whole hoftile World had here contended for the 
 Empire of it. 
 
 Thus the City of Bath appears to have been a Place 
 eminent for its Strength before the Invention of Gun? ; and, 
 in its middle State, to have been of luch Magnitude as to 
 come in Competition with mod of the great Cities qf Anti- 
 quity, for Size : Even in its modern State it is equal to a 
 Roman Camp, compofed of a double Legion, and confe- 
 quently to a Roman City ; a Camp and a City having been 
 founded op one and the fame Plan : And the Land of Bath- 
 forum, in its original Size, anfwering the Land ailigned to 
 a Roman Camp for a confular Army, is a Demon ftration that 
 the City of Bath, in its middle State, was equal to a Roman 
 City, extended to its utmoft Bounds. 
 
 C H A P. V. 
 
 Of the various Names of Bath. 
 
 B Y what Mr. Sammes and feveral other Authors write 
 concerning the Original of Bath , the City appears to 
 have been fir (l dignified w r ith the Title of Caerbran, or 
 Caerbren; a Briti/h Name compounded of Caer, a City, 
 and Bren a King : The Name likewife imports the King’s 
 Throne or Palace; his Temple compofed of Pillars, or a 
 Place of Addrefs to the Gods; and his Oracle : So that 
 Caerbren was a Title vaftly comprehenfive ; and feems to 
 point out to us, that the City, in it’s antient State, was 
 famous for an Oracle, for a Temple, for a Palace, and for a 
 Tribunal, or great Court of Juftice. 
 
 The Name of Caerbren is now in a Manner loft at 
 Bath ; but neverthelefs it is preferved in Somerfetjhire in the 
 Names of two of its Hundreds, to wit in Brent Hundred, a 
 divided Region fituate on the well Side of the upper Part of 
 the County ; and in Caerhampton hundred lying South- 
 weft of the former, and making the extreme Corner, Weft- 
 ward, of the whole County : For as the Word Caerhampton 
 is partly Eritifh , partly Saxon , fo if we take what is Britijh , 
 viz. Caer, and add it to Brent, the Name of the other 
 Jiiuidred, we fliall have have Caerkrent, ox rather Caer-' 
 
 G 2 BRENj y 
 
44 An ESSAY towards Part I„ 
 
 BREN, the original Name of the City of Bath without 
 the leaft Corruption. 
 
 Brent Hundred is hounded Southward by a large Stream 
 pf Water, bearing the Royal Title of Brent or the King’s 
 River ; towards the Source of which, and at the Diftance of 
 about eighteen Miles Southward of Bath, the Town of 
 Bruton is fituated ; the' Name of which feems to indicate 
 that it was Brutus’s Town, founded by himfelf, or by 
 fome other Perfon in honour of him. 
 
 Caerbren was undoubtedly the City in the Hyperborean 
 Ifland mentioned by Diodorus Siculus to have been confecrated 
 to the God Apollo ; and therefore the Final of the Name was 
 applicable to the Heavenly, as well as Earthly King of the 
 Times when Bath was founded : For Apollo was then, as 
 well as in all other Ages of Paganifm, efteemed as the King 
 of the Celeftial Bodies, and bore the Name of Bel , with dif- 
 ferent Terminations, to imply it, as well as his glorious At- 
 tribute of illuminating the whole World by the Rays of Light 
 jfluing from him. Monf. Earner derives Belenus from Belos y 
 an Arrow, and tells us the Arrows of Apollo were the Rays 
 or Beams of the Sun ; we may add that they implied moffc 
 of the other Qualities attributed to the God. 
 
 The Name, Be! r ftill remains in all the extreme Parts 
 of the City of Bath % in its antient State ; a Tree, a Street, 
 and a Meadow retaining it in the north Part near the hot 
 Springs ; the Land of a whole Farm prefervlng it in the fouth 
 Part near Okcy ; and a Ty thing of the Parifh of Stantondrtle 
 bearing it in the weftern Part. 
 
 Cuno, as an Initial to AW, imported a Son; and that 
 Name was borne by many of the antient Britijh Princes who 
 pretended themfelves to be the Sons of Bel: On the other 
 Hand Cady as a Final to Bel, imported Unity or One ; and 
 that Name was applied to fuch Things as were confecrated to 
 the Sun, as the Supreme and only God. Cad alone, and 
 joined with Bel y ftill remains in Somerfetfaire ; and as Apollo 
 had a {lately Grove with a renowned Temple, of a round 
 form, in the Hyperborean Ifland, fo that very Grove, and that 
 very Temple, were Part of the Works of Bath in it’s antient 
 State, as will be hereafter (hewn; and are expreffed in the 
 original Name of the City. ' : 
 
 Th a t Name, ' according to Doctor Jones , was not 
 Caerbren, Tut Kayer-Blaidin, fo denominated, fays hb, 
 from the Name of Bladud : Now that Bladud built Cities, 
 
 W ■ and 
 
Chap. V. A Description of B A T H. 45 
 
 and called them after his own Name, may he very true ; but 
 the City of Bath does not appear to have been one of them ;* 
 The Places bearing the Name of the King were probably 
 Frontier Towns, or FortrefTes to his Kingdom, and Caer- 
 Bladon, now the Town of Malmjbury m Wiltjkire^ whole 
 Situation was formerly delcribed to be upon, or by the Side 
 of the River Bladon , was probably one of them ; and Bley- 
 don, a Place lying upon the North Side of the River Ax i in 
 So?nerfetJhire , within three Adiles, or thereabouts, of the Severn 
 Sea, feems to have been another. 
 
 So the Kaerbadus of Jeffrey of Monmouth was not the 
 City, but the Fortress of Bath ; and therefore that 
 Name muft have been applied to fome Outwork raifed for the 
 immediate Defence of the Place. 
 
 The principal Part of the City, in its antient State, lying 
 round the hot Springs, the Britons called it, or rather the 
 Central Part of it, by the Name of Caer-Ennaint, im- 
 porting the City of Ointment : They likewife called it Caer 
 yr Naint Twymin, that is the City in the warm Vale-1 
 And they alfo gave it the Names of CaeR Palladdur and 
 Cxer Badon, or Badun, the former implying the City of 
 Pallas's W ater; the latter the City of Bath . 
 
 Thus from a King preliding in Heaven or Earth ; from 
 his Temple, his Oracle, his Palace, and his Tribunal ; from the 
 healing Virtues of the hot Waters; from their Situation; 
 from the Waters themfelves confecrated to a Divinity; and 
 From the Cifterns at the Heads of the Springs, the antient 
 Britons denominated the City, and particularly the chief Part 
 of it. 
 
 I n like Manner the Romans from the hot Waters in refpect 
 to their Heat or Confecration ; and from the Cifterns made 
 to receive them : And the Saxons from the fame Refervcirs ; 
 from the Heat of the Waters ; and from the vail Number of 
 Druids, or ’Priefls of the Oak, who had their Abode about 
 fhofe Waters, denominated the City; the Aqua Caltde*. 
 Aqua: Solis, Therm a, and Balnea of the former im- 
 porting hot Waters, Waters of the Sun, and Cifterns to re- 
 ceive them ; and the Initials of the Bathancester, Hat- 
 Bahan, and Ackmanchester of the latter fignifying Baths* 
 hot Baths, and Oak Men. 
 
 From hence the City in it’s Antient, in it’s Middle, and 
 in it’s Modern State appears to have borne the Name of 
 Bath ; and it was fo denominated from the Baths which 
 * r Bladud* 
 
4 6 An E 8- S A Y towards Part I. 
 
 Bladud, according to the Eritijk Hiftory, made in it for 
 the Ufe of the Publick. 
 
 Bath is a Word literally importing a Daughter, as well 
 as a Ho ufe : A Daughter when applied to an inferior Meafure 
 of Capacity ; and a Houfe when confidered as a Thing capa- 
 ble of holding liquid or dry Subftances. Verjtegan tells us the 
 Word was antiently wrote Bade ; and that d was of our 
 Ancestors ufed in Compofition as th . 
 
 The principal publick Work of Bath, fo far back as the 
 Reign of King Alfred, having been that which the Grecians 
 called an Agora, and the Romans a Forum; from that 
 Work all the Region round about the City in its Modern 
 State, and within the Limits of it in its Middle State, was then 
 denominated the Hundred of Bathforum ; and notwith- 
 ftanding that Region fias been fmee reduced and divided , 
 the greateft Part of it ftill goes by the Name of Bathforum 
 Divifion, while the principal Part of that Divifion retains its 
 original Name ; the reft bearing the Names of Wellow Hundred,, 
 and the Liberties of Hamion and Claverton . 
 
 By the Name Forum we are to underftand thofe fpacious 
 ©pen Areas in antient Cities, to which the People reported on 
 publick Occafions ; and that Name feems to hav£ been de- 
 rived from the Greek Word Fero^ to Bear, or Carry, and 
 implying the flat Roofs over the Porticoes of the Grecian 
 Aggr as, for People to ftand and walk upon. Accordingly 
 #e find that as often as the open Areas of the Remans were 
 furrounded with Porticoes covered with a flat Floor for the 
 Ufe of the Publick, they were called Forums; but when 
 thofe open Areas had no fuch elevated Floors for People to 
 ftand or walk upon, they went by the Name of Atriums, 
 from the Word Aithrios , exprefling the real Nature of them, 
 as Places that were open and expofed to the Air. 
 
 O f the Reman Atriums feme were publick, fome private ; 
 feme had Porticoes round them, fome had none ; and thefe 
 kind of Courts -were common in other Nations; for the 
 Grecians , the Per fans , and the Jews had them in great 
 Abundance, and in great Perfection. 
 
 T h e Jews called their Atriums by the Name of Chatzar ; 
 and from thofe Chatzars they denominated feveral of their 
 Towns and Cities, fuch as have Hazar for their Initial, or 
 rather proper Name ; as Hazar -Gaddi , fignifying a Court of 
 Goats, Hazar-Shual , a Court of Foxes, and Hazar-Sufim 
 a Court of Horfes ; the Finals or Sirnames to which Places 
 
 arofe P 
 
Chap. V, A Defcription of B A T H. 47 
 
 arofe, perhaps, from the Inhabitants of thofe Places carrying 
 on fome fort of Trafflck with the Beafts they denote: And 
 therefore from Hazar-Shual it feems probable that Samfon got 
 the three hundred Foxes which facred Hiftory declares him to 
 jaave firft coupled together, and then to have turned into the 
 Fields of the Philifiines with Firebrands fixed between their 
 Tails to burn their Corn, then ready for reaping, their Vines, 
 and their Olives, in revenge for an Affront he conceived to 
 have been put upon him by thofe People, in general ; though 
 executed by his Father-in-Law, as his own private A6L 
 
 As it was by thefe fort of Courts that the Antients entered 
 the chief Parts of a City, or the chief Parts of the fupreme 
 Structures of it, whether Sacred or Prophane ; fo the People, 
 from the remote!! Ages, adorn'd them with the Statues of fchei# 
 Anceftors; and in them they kept their publick Entertain- 
 ments ; for which Reafons no Expence was wanting to make 
 them grand and beautiful. 
 
 W e read in the nrft Chapter of the Book of E fiber , that 
 the Floor of the Atrium in the City of Shujhan , or Sufa , m 
 Perfia , was paved with Marble of four Colours, Red, Blue, 
 White, and Black ; and that it was of fuch an enormous 
 Size, as to enable Ahafuerus to entertain ail the Princes and 
 Nobility of Perfia , of Media , and of the Provinces under 
 his Dominion in it ! The King, on that Qccafton, nrft fcreen- 
 ing fuch Part of the Court from the Weather as was necefiary 
 to contain the Company with beautiful Hangings of three 
 Colours, White, Green, and Blue, fattened to Marble Pillars 
 with Rings of Silver, and Cords of white and purple Thread $ 
 and then caufing curious Beds of Gold and Silver to be placed 
 under them for the Princes and Nobility to recline themfelves 
 upon during the Time of the grand Repaft. 
 
 The Forums were ftill more magnificent ; for Diodorus 
 Siculus allures us in the third Chapter of his fixteenth Book, 
 that Dion encamped his Army, confifting of fifty thoufand 
 Men, in the Forum of Syracufe \ the Porticoes whereof, as 
 our Author further declares in the feventh Chapter of his 
 fourteenth Book, ferved the Tyrant Dionyfius , the Elder, 
 fome Years before, as the chief Workshops for the Multitudes 
 of Artificers employed bv him in his military Preparations 
 again ft the Carthaginians . 
 
 This Forum was furrounded with Houfes inhabited by 
 the principal Citizens of Syracufe ; and they were fo well 
 fecured again!! the Danger of a general Conflagration, that 
 
 though 
 
4$ An ESSAY towards Part I. 
 
 though the Soldiers of thje Tyrant DionjJius , the Younger* 
 let every Houfe on Fire after they had plundered them ; yet 
 i)ion, forcing his Way into the City, deprived the Plunderers 
 of their Prey, flew above four thoufand of them, and got 
 time enough to the Forum to quench the Flames fo as to 
 preferve the Buildings that made the Splendour of the City : 
 An Exploit fo glorious that the Syracufians unanimoufly eleCted 
 Dion their fupreme Governor, and conferr’d on him the 
 Honours due to a Demi-God. 
 
 A s for the Roman Forums we cannot form too great an 
 Idea of them when we confider that the very Floor of that 
 which was built by Julius Ccefar coft him, as Suetonius and 
 Pliny atteff, one hundred Millions of Seflerces j which, ac- 
 cording to DoCtor Arbuthnof s Calculation, amounts to eight 
 hundred and feven thoufand two hundred and ninety one 
 Pounds thirteen Shillings and four Pence of our Money, and 
 exceeds the whole Expence of building and finifhing the two 
 capital Structures of the Metropolis of Great Britain ; namely 
 the Royal Exchange , and St. Paul ’ s Cathedral in the City of 
 London . 
 
 The Ahtients applied their Forums to the moft noble 
 Purpofes ; for in them they convened the People, held their 
 folemn Affemblies, facrificed to their Gods, delivered their 
 Orations, and proclaimed their Kings. I have already men- 
 tioned the five hundred Sybarites that flew for Refuge to the 
 Altars eredted in the Forum of Crotona\ and Diodorus Siculus 
 tells us in the fourth Chapter of his feventcenth Book, that after 
 Alexander the Great had taken the famous City of Tyre, he 
 complimented Hephejlion with the Power and Liberty of be- 
 llowing the Kingdom upon which of his Friends he pleafed : 
 Hephejlion accordingly offered the Crown of Tyre to one of 
 the Citizens that had courteoufly entertained him ; but he 
 refufing it, becaufe he was not of the Lineage of the Kings, 
 Hephejlion thereupon paid him the fame Compliment, which 
 he himfelf had received from Alexander ; and one Ballonymus , 
 a prudent good Man of the Royal Blood, though extremely 
 poor, having been named, Hephejlion accepted of him ; and 
 from the fervile Employ of drawing Water in an Orchard 
 for his Hire, inftantly advanced him to the Throne fending 
 the proper Officer for inaugurating the new Monarch, to ftrip 
 him of his Rags, eloath him with the Royal Robes, introduce 
 him forthwith into the Forum, and there to declare him King 
 of Tyre y which was accordingly done, to the great Joy and 
 
 Satisfaction 
 
Chap; V. A Defcription of B A T H. 49 
 
 ^Satisfaction of the Tyrians ; Ballony?nus y as Diodorus concludes* 
 bearing his wonderful Change of Condition fo well, as to be- 
 come an Example to all that are unacquainted with the fudden 
 and various Turns of Fortune in the W orld in which we live. 
 
 The Forum, or rather Forums of Bath were undoubtedly 
 applied to as noble Purpofes as any of the Forums of the 
 Antients ; and when we refleil that Agricola th z Roman Go- 
 vernor, and High Prieft in Britain , under the Emperor Vsf 
 pafian y privately exhorted, and even publicity aflifted the 
 Britons to ereil fuch fort of Structures, we' may conclude the 
 laft Forums of Bath to have been built in his Time; and to 
 have been moft ftupendous, and moft beautiful Works : For 
 Vitruvius informs us in the firft Chapter of his fifth Book, 
 that the Romans furrounded their Forums with a fecond Order 
 of Columns, fuflained by the firft, whereby the W alks over 
 the Porticoes were fkreened from the Weather, and became 
 Colonades of fuchUfe that the Profits arifing from them vaftly 
 increafed the publick Revenues of the Empire. 
 
 One of the Forums of Bath , graced the North End of 
 the Region that formed the City in its antient State ; and the 
 other adorned the South End : So that the Country for fome 
 Miles round about the firft took the Name of Bathforum y 
 and the Country for fome Miles round about the Second took 
 the Name of Wellsforum when King Alfred reduced the City 
 from its Middle to its Modern State. 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 Of the S 1 t u a t 1 o n of Bath; of its V a L £ i ; 
 and of its Hill s. 
 
 B ATH confidered in its Middle State as a fingte Group 
 of Building encompafled with a Stone Wall, and that 
 furrounded firft with Towns, and then with Villages, each 
 having a proper Berton about it for raifing NeceffarieS for the 
 immediate Subfiftence of its Inhabitants, is fituated in the 
 midft of a rich Trail of Land, fpreading itfelf into three 
 different Counties, and extending at ieaft fifty Miles in Length, 
 by twenty Miles in Breadth. 
 
 This great Region of Country appears low in refpeil to 
 the Lands about it, but neverthelefs its Surface is vaftly irre- 
 gular, and compofed of nothing but Hills and Vales, naturally 
 abounding with Rivers as well as rich Meadow and Pafture 
 
 H Grounds ; 
 
An ESSAY towards 
 
 Part I. 
 
 S° 
 
 Grounds : It is bounded on one Side by the open and extent 
 five Plains of Wiltjhire and Dorfetjhire ; and on the other by 
 the fecond River of England , the River Severn, increafed into 
 a Sea upon its uniting with the River Wye, within Sight from 
 the Summit of one of the Hills of Bath ; and within the 
 Diftance of about fifteen Miles of the hot Springs of the City. 
 
 T h e City thus fituated makes the North-Eaft Corner of 
 the County of Somerfet : And Geographers place the central 
 Part of it in the Latitude of fifty one Degrees twenty Mi- 
 nutes North, and in the Longitude of tw T o Degrees thirty 
 two Minutes Weft from London 3 the capital City of the 
 Britijh Empire. 
 
 The Surface of the Land within the antient Limits of 
 Bathforum , is divided into great variety of Vales and Hills; 
 and the Buildings now conftituting the Body of the City that 
 contained that Forum ftand upon an Ifthmus of declining 
 Ground, at the Foot of the South-Eaft Corner of one of the 
 chief Hi Ms ; commanding, at the fame Time, the principal 
 and rnoft pleafant Vale of the whole Hundred for more than 
 two Miles to the North-Eaft, and for about two Miles to the 
 North- Weft, with the Avon , a common Name in the Britijh 
 Tongue to all Rivers, winding thro 5 it. 
 
 This River forms the Out-Line of a parabolical Figure 
 about the foufch-eaftern Part of the Buildings in the Body of 
 the City, as well as the Berton belonging to them ; and by 
 
 that 
 
 Line of the Avon , a Man would imagine that 
 
 the cold Waters of the River were deftined by Divine Provi- 
 dence to pay Homage to the hot Mineral Fountains as they 
 glide by them ; for in the central Part of the Body of the 
 City the hot Springs boil up. 
 
 The principal Vale of Bath , by the Britijh Name of 
 Nant-Badon, appears by the Writings of the learned Au-* 
 thor of the Britannia , to have extended to fuch a confiderable 
 Length all along the River Avon, as to comprehend Caer 
 
 Oder , now the City of Brijlol : So that the Britons defcribing 
 
 the Situation of that City to be in Nant-Badon , (hews the 
 
 Antiquity of Bath to be greater than that of Brijlol ; or the 
 
 former to have been a more eminent City than the latter in 
 antient Times. 
 
 The meandring Form of this Vale feems to have induced 
 the Britons to call that Part of it which lay near the hot 
 Springs of the City, by the Name of Troy-Novant, /. e „■ 
 the turning Valley ; And the fame Part of Nant-Badon being 
 
 4 ikreened 
 
Chap. VI. A Defcription of BATH. 
 
 fkreened by Hills whofe Sides are broke into feveral Cliffs-, 
 and funk into many Dents or Combs, covered for the mod 
 Part with Wood, was undoubtedly the Reafon why the fame 
 People gave it the Appellation alfo of Nant Twymin, or 
 the warm Vale. 
 
 The Cliffs and Combs of the Hills that {krcen the quick 
 turning Part of Nant-Badon are Beauties in Nature, fo ex- 
 ceeding great, that the Author of Pales Albion declares the 
 Vale wherein the hot Springs of Bath boil up a finer Seat for 
 Apollo and the Mufes, than they could have had even about 
 Parnajfus itfelf f 
 
 The antient Britons , well fatisfied of this apparent Truth, 
 feem to have given Apollo a Summer Seat in it ; a Meadow 
 about half a Mile to the Weftward of the hot Springs flill 
 bearing the Title of Bel ; and fome of the Pafture grounds 
 that make the afeent from thence to the Summit of the next 
 adjoining Hill, are, to this Hour, called the Hays; no doubt 
 from the Britijh Cuftom of dancing the Hay, or in Circles, 
 on thofe rifing Fields, at the Feftivals that were celebrated by 
 the antient Britons in honour of the King of the Heavenly 
 Bodies ; and more particularly on their May Day Feftivals, 
 which Time nor Circumftance hath not yet eradicated in any 
 Part of the Ifland that I have feen. 
 
 The other Vales of Bath , all branching from Troy Novanf , 
 and of the very fame Kind with it, feem to have been Seats 
 for the other Gods of our Pagan Anceftors ; for three Miles 
 and a half North of the hot Springs of the City there is a 
 Place in the bottom of a Valley called Tatwick ; a Name 
 implying the Manfion of Tutates , or Mercury ; two Miles 
 South of the fame Springs there is a hollow Dent againft the 
 Back of a Hill, corruptly called Horse Comb, a Name 
 importing the fmall Vale of Hcfus , or Mars ; and not far to 
 the Weft of this Dent we have another Comb bearing the 
 Britijh Name of the Sun, or rather of the Image by which 
 that Luminary was reprefented, called, and worfhipped. 
 
 This Name was Haul, Hayl, Heil, or Heol; it 
 implies a Circle ; and the Sun flill goes by it, in Cornwall 
 and in Wales . 
 
 The particular Spot of Ground where the hot Springs boil 
 up, is fo advantageoufly fituated, in refpecl to Altitude, that 
 from the Surface of the hot Water in the Ciftern at the Head 
 of the chief Spring, to the Surface of the cold Water of that 
 Part of the 4'VW that makes the Out-Line of the parabolical 
 
5 2 
 
 An ESSAY towards Parti. 
 
 Figure above mentioned, is feventeen Feet five Inches; which 
 is a Fall fufficient to guard the hot Baths againft the higheft 
 Floods; and to keep the Land between the hot and cold 
 Waters perfectly dry, as the diftance between them does not 
 exceed a Quarter of a Mile in the broadeft Parte 
 
 The Land about the hot Springs, and upon this gentle 
 Declivity, extends, at leaft, a Mile and a half in Length from 
 Eaft to Weft; and is in Breadth from North to South, three 
 Quarters of a Mile or more : So that if the City in J[he 
 middle of it was ten times as large as it is at prefent, it would 
 not be fo confined but that the Company would have Room 
 to converfe out of the Smell of their own Excrements, with- 
 out afeending any of the Hills about it ; contrary to the 
 Malicious Insinuations of the firft Compilers of the Tour 
 through Great Britain. 
 
 The gentle declining Land about the hot Springs is fur- 
 rounded with venerable and ftupendous Hills of a much 
 quicker A (cent to the South and to the Eaft, than to the 
 Weft and to the North; and the Surface of the River that 
 runs thro* it, is at leaft thirty Feet above the extraordinary 
 Flow of the Severn Sea. 
 
 Ninety Feet feerris to be the medium Breadth of this 
 River ; and the Rapidity of the conftant Stream is entirely 
 taken off by feveral Wears that Traverfe it ip. oblique Lines ; 
 and at the fame time that they form fo many Cafcades, or 
 great Fall's for feme Part of the Water to beautify the Country, 
 they cohduft the reft' to Mills of various Kinds for the Ufe 
 bud Advantage of the Inhabitants. 
 
 The Souch Side of the Area wherein the hot Springs boil 
 up, is bounded by a fteep Mount branching; from a Hill be- 
 hind it, and, from the Body of the City, looking like a vaft: 
 Heap of Earth whofe Northern Side had been undermined 
 fo 2$ to flip down, and leave a ftupendous Cliff above in the 
 Shape ' of a large Creffant, now covered with Wood, and 
 called Beaching Cliff, from a narrow Beach between the Foot 
 of the Hill and the River Avon . 
 
 T H E original Name of this Mount appears to have been 
 Bl a k e-Leigh, and to have been fo denominated from its 
 Fertility in a naked' and expofed Situation: The Crown of it 
 ftill retains its antlent Name ; and there is a gentle Afcent to 
 it From the Weft : It is backed by the curving Hill from which 
 It branches; and that Hill formerly bore the Name of CA- 
 malodunum, moft undoubtedly from Cantabs , or Camillas, 
 u ' '■ t<; : 1 ' ; one 
 
Chap. VI. A Defcription of B A T H. 53 
 
 one of the Names of the Britijh God of War, and Dunum a 
 Hill • For to this Hour part of it retains his moll antient 
 Name of Odin , fince it is called Od-Down ; and lies be- 
 tween the Group of Building now conftituting the Body 
 of Bath and the Village of Camerton , a Name compounded 
 of Camalos , and Tun, the Saxon Name for a final 1 Town 
 or Village. 
 
 The^ N ame of Odin being thus retained in the North Part 
 of Somerfeijhire , if we go to the South Part of the fame 
 County we (hall lilcewife find it preferved in a Place called 
 Odcoinb , the paternal Habitation of the famous Tom Coryat ; 
 the Bifhop of London tells us in the Britannia p. 747, that 
 Odin or Odyn is a common Name of Places in Wales , but 
 more particularly in one Part of Caermarthenjhire ; and Monf. 
 Banier takes notice that the Perfon acknowledged by the 
 Thracians as the Hyperborean Mars bore the Name of 0 din 3 
 was King of Thrace, and became their God of War : Verjlegan 
 informs us, that the God of Battle of our Saxon Anceftors 
 was ftiled Woden , a Name figni tying fierce or furious ; and 
 Mr. Sammes tells us, that the Gothick Nations called this God 
 fometimes Voden , and fometimes Oden. 
 
 Od-Down, or rather Camalodunum , curves fo as to bound 
 the Area in which the hot Springs of Bath boil up both to 
 the Weft, and to the Eaft 3 increafing in its Altitude as it 
 advances towards the rifing Sun, and at the North-Eaft it 
 yields for a Paflage to the Avon ; but rifing immediately again 
 it forms a more ftupendous Hill on the North Side qf our 
 gentle declining Area, than on any of the other Sides. 
 
 Mons Badonca, as Mr. Sammes writes it, and Lans- 
 down are the common Names of this Hill; and Badonca 
 feems to have been a Name compounded of the Word Bath , 
 #nd Onca , the Phoenician as well as Egyptian Name of Minerva . 
 
 Onca, is a Name importing a young Maid, and as fuch it 
 appears to have been made ufe of by the Antients to exprefe 
 the new Moon ; but Minerva fignifying one whofe Buiinefs 
 was to warn, the Pagans feem to have made Choice of that 
 Name to exprefs the Moon in her feveral Phafes : So that the 
 firft Appearance of that Luminary, after a Change, was in all 
 Probability watch’d for on Lanfdown ; and the Neomenia was 
 jnoft undoubtedly celebrated in the Heart of the City, to 
 caufe the Moon, worfhipped at Bath , to have been exprefled 
 under her moft youthful Name ; and this Hill to have been 
 denominated from her in that Character, 
 
54- An ESSAY towards Part I. 
 
 The Initial of the other Name of this Mountain imports 
 a Temple or facred Place ; from whence one would naturally 
 conclude that Lan flown was fo denominated from fome facred 
 Structure once upon it, and Dunum , a Hill, if there was no 
 remains of a pagan Temple or Chriftian Church to be feen 
 on its Summit ; but as there are both, we may from them 
 Yery fairly derive the Initial in the Name of this Mountain. 
 
 As Camalodunum backs Bfake-Leigh , fo Far-Leigh, a 
 moft ftupendous Hill, whofe weftern Side is partly Foreft, 
 partly Rock, and whofe northern End bears the Title of 
 i Kings-Dqwn, backs the eaftern Part of Camalodunum 5 
 and if we purfue the Curve of that Hill, after its yielding 
 twice for a Paffage to a Couple of Brooks perpetually dis- 
 charging themfelves into the Avon about two Miles and a 
 half to the North Eaft of the hot Springs, we (hall find a 
 Hill backing Mons Badonca , which, in antient Times, bore 
 the Name of the Sun; for the principal Part of that Hill ftilj 
 retains his Britijh Title of Haul ; while another Part pre- 
 ferves his Roman Name of Sol, but with the Saxon Termi- 
 nation of Bury to it 3 to denote the Ufe to which this Part 
 of the Mountain was appropriated : Bury importing an In-? 
 trenchment, or fortified Place* and SoHbury Hill carrying the 
 Marks of fuch a Place, of Defence of more than ordinary 
 Strength. 
 
 The Hill that firft preferves the Curve Line of Far-Leigh , 
 or rather the Kings-Down , is commonly called Bannar^ 
 Down ; but Bannar feems to be a Corruption of Banno , or 
 Bannagh , a Name importing a Region that was facred* 
 blefled, or holy. 
 
 Now the Hills of Bath being four in Number, and bear- 
 ing the Names of Ca?nalo dunum , Mons Badonca , Kings- Do wn y 
 Bannagh-Down , and Haul Down ; and thefe Names implying 
 Mars's Hill, the Moon’s Hill, the Sun’s Hill, the King’s Hill, 
 and the Holy Hill, what can be a greater Demonftration 
 of their antient Eminence ? 
 
 The Elevation of thefe Hills is fuch, that their Summits 
 command a Country fo exceeding beautiful, and of fuch vaft 
 Extent, that the Eye that views it, and the Mind that con- 
 fiders it with Attention, can never be enough fatisfied : Nor 
 is the Air upon them to be lefs admired for its Salubrity ; upon 
 Mons Badonca efpecially ; where we could lately fee an Inhabi- 
 tant in every Houfe, fo very old, that their Ages* upon an 
 Avarage* amounted to upwards of ninety Years, 
 
 Spring^ 
 
Chap. VI. A Defcrlption of BATH. $$ 
 
 Springs of (oft, fweet, cryftal Water iffiie out of die 
 Ground, at the very Tops of the Hills of Bath ; and when 
 united in the Combs, funk into their Sides, they form little 
 Rills, which, in their Defcent to the larger Vales below, are 
 increafed by frefli Springs to Brooks of no inconfiderable Size 
 in fome Places ; in others they greatly augment fuch Rivulets 
 as were formed before from other Sources. And at the fame 
 time that Nature plentifully fupplies the Hills and Vales of the 
 City with cold Water, it inftantly carries off all manner of 
 Superfluity arifing from the Fluid Element : Even after Rains 
 and Inundations no Handing Pools or Sloughs are to be found 
 in any Part of the Hundred of Bathforum , the Surface of the 
 Ground within its moft antient Limits declining every where 
 to the Avon , and thereby naturally draining itfelf fo as in- 
 ftantly to difeharge its furplus Water into that River, which 
 yields her Super-abundance to the Severn Sea within a Day or 
 two after the hardeft Rains. 
 
 I n the Formation of the Hills that furround the hot Springs, 
 Nature feems to have had a Spiral Motion, fo as to form a 
 Kind of Volute \ tho’ the Contour is often broke to admit of 
 a Paflage for the Avon , as well as for the Brooks perpetually 
 difeharging themfelves into that River ; and the Probability of 
 this Thought is not a little enhanced by the Spiral Motion 
 manifelling itfelf by Whirlwinds, and Whirlpools ; and by the 
 Spiral Figures which I (hall hereafter (hew to be peculiar to 
 the Soil of Bath ; and perhaps no where elfe to be met with 
 in fuch great Abundance, and in fuch infinite Variety, as in 
 the Ground near the hot Fountains of the City , to the Weft- 
 ward of them efpecially. 
 
 The Hills that firft furround the gentle declining Area in 
 Which the hot Springs boil up, are not fo near it as to inter- 
 cept the good Eftecfts of the Sun from any Part of it ; and 
 the Spiral Form of thofe Hills hath this good Confequence 
 attending it, that it fkreens the whole City in its prefent 
 State, together with all the low Land about it from every 
 principal Wind ; admitting, at the fame time, the collateral 
 Streams of the agitated Air to refrefh and purify the fame 
 Land and City by their more gentle Breezes, as well as the 
 Beams of the rifing Sun to diffipate and dry up the Damps of 
 the Morning Fluid in which we breathe, and give fuch a 
 Relaxation to the Element, after its Compreffion by the Moi- 
 fture of the Night, as is necefTary to difpel the Caufes of 
 SleeJ> 3 and awaken the whole Animal World, 
 
 How 
 
J6 An ESSAY towards Part L 
 
 How pernicious to the Health of the Inhabitants the Ter- 
 mination of fome of the principal Winds upon any City are, 
 may be conceived from what the great Hippocrates delivered 
 In the following Words, or to that Effedt, an Age or two 
 after the City of Bath was founded. 
 
 “ The Inhabitants, fays he, of the City that is expofed 
 4C to the foutherly Winds, and at the fame Time defended 
 4C from the northerly Winds, are fhort Lived, and fubjedf to 
 4C many Difeafes : The Men to Dyfenteries, Diarrhoea’s, 
 4t chilly cold Fevers, long Winter Fevers, many Puftules of 
 46 that Sort which break out in the Night, and to the Piles ; 
 4C the W omen are fickly, and fubjedl to Fluxes, apt to mif- 
 4t carry, and many prove Childlefs ; and the Children are 
 4C liable to Convulllons, as well as to Afthma’s.” 
 
 Again, “ The Inhabitants of the City that is expofed 
 4C to the northerly Winds, and at the fame Time defended 
 <c from the foutherly Winds, are longer Lived than the former, 
 4C but fubjedt to more Difeafes : The Men to Pleurifies, and 
 44 other acute Difeafes, to Pus, to Ophthalmies, to Haemor- 
 4C rhages, and to Epilepfies ; the Women to hard Deliveries, 
 4C to Confumptions, and to a Drynefs which quenches and 
 44 dries up their Milk, and renders them unable to fuckle 
 4C their Children ; and the Children themfelves are not only 
 4C retrained in their Growth, but are apt to have Dropfies in 
 44 their private Parts.” 
 
 In the laft place, The Inhabitants of the City that is 
 44 expofed to the wefterly Winds, and at the fame Time 
 44 covered from the eafterly Winds, are more fickly than 
 44 any; and the Situation of fuch a Place Resembles the 
 44 Autumn : But thofe Cities, adds our Author, that face 
 44 the Eaft, and are fheltered from the wefterly Winds, Re- 
 44 semble the Spring ; they are more healthy than the 
 44 Cities expofed to the North or to the South ; the Inhabi- 
 44 tants have good Complexions; and the W 7 omen, befides 
 44 being very fruitful, have eafy Times.” 
 
 From hence it is evident, that Hippocrates was of Opinion, 
 that no City on which the foutherly, northerly, or wefterly 
 Winds terminated could be healthy ; and therefore he judged 
 that City which faces the Eaft, and at the fame Time is 
 fheltered from the wefterly Winds, the beft fttuated, and 
 moft healthy Place of Habitation. 
 
 N o w the Body of the City of Bath y with the Berton 
 belonging to it, by being fheltered from the wefterly Winds, 
 
 and 
 
Chap. VI. A Defcription of BATH. 57 
 
 and at the fame Time receiving the Beams of the rifing Sun, 
 may be very juftly faid to be in a Situation that Resembles 
 the Spring ; ever Youthful, ever Gay : And that Situation 
 is manifeftly attended with all the good Confequences Hippo- 
 crates has enumerated as peculiar to a City perfectly healthy* 
 without fubje&ing the Inhabitants to any Difeafes : Even at 
 the Time 
 
 64 When Fevers bore an Epidemic Sway, 
 
 4 4 Unpeopled Towns, fwept Villages away ; 
 
 44 While Death abroad dealt Terror, and Defpair, 
 
 44 The Plague but gently touch’d within our Sphere,” 
 as the late Mrs. Chandler very truly obferves in her Poetical 
 Defcription of Bath : And if we examine into the Nature of 
 the Inhabitants, we fhall find that they have good Com- 
 plexions ; that the Women, befides being very fruitful, have 
 eafy Times ; and that the Longevity of the People in general 
 hath been always remarkable : The late Do6tor Oliver could 
 not avoid taking particular Notice of a Circumftance fo very 
 material ; for in the twelfth Chapter of his Practical Dijferta - 
 tion on Bath Waters , firft publifhed in the Year 1707, he de- 
 clares that he had beheld more old healthy People in Bath> 
 and the neighbouring Villages, than he had ever heard of 
 any where elfe. 
 
 The antient Britons , as a ftronger Teftimony of this Truth, 
 made Bath the Seat of the very God whom they imagined 
 to have had a Power of curing their Difeafes ; and the Names 
 preferved in the Hills and Vales of the City feem to indicate 
 that the fame People placed all their other Idols about the 
 hot Fountains, fo as to make the City appear as the grand 
 Place of Affembly for the Gods of the Pagan World. 
 
 CHAP. VII. 
 
 Of the S o 1 l of B a t h, and the Fossils pe- 
 culiar to it. 
 
 E XPERIENCE hath fufficiently demonftrated, that the 
 Body of the City of Bath ftands upon a hard Clay and 
 Marl, of a bluifh Colour, with Strat’as of Rock, as well as 
 Veins of Marcafite, of feveral Kinds, intermixed : In fome 
 Places there are alfo Beds of Gravel, in others fmall Veins 
 of Coal : But there is no Appearance of a Quagmire in the 
 Heart, or in any other Part of the City, as it was generally 
 
 I reported 
 
58 An ESSAY towards Parti. 
 
 reported and believed an Age or two back ; and particularly 
 when Mr. Glanville compofed the Letter printed in the 
 Tranfaftions of the Royal Society , as above. 
 
 This Letter bears Date the fixteenth of "June in the 
 Year 1669; and the Author, after mentioning therein the 
 common Report that the Town, for the moft Part, is built 
 on a Quagmire, endeavours to confirm it by telling the learned 
 Society, to whom he wrote, that fome Workmen, who had 
 been employed in digging, found a Mire in one Place at ten 
 Feet in Depth ; in another at feven ; and that even in the 
 Queen’s Bath a yielding Mud was difcovered fo deep, that 
 a Pike thmft into it could not reach the Bottom. 
 
 These Inftances, to prove a Quagmire under the greateft 
 Part of the Body of the City, were again offered to the 
 Publick by Dodtor Guidott , to fupport his Hypothecs, of a Bog 
 near the Baths made beneath fome Yards in Depth of Gravel 
 by the Confluence of Waters thither : And the above-mentioned 
 Dodfor Oliver , believing the Town to ftand on a Quag, fur- 
 ther promulged the Inftances recited by Dodtor Guidott to 
 prove it : Inftances which can amount to no more than this, 
 that the Workmen, from whom Mr. Glanville firft had the 
 Information, accidentally dug into Places that had been before 
 penetrated on fome Occafion or other, and then filled up 
 again. 
 
 T H E Soil of the Vale of Bath , to the North-Weft of the 
 hot Springs, hardens as we go we ft ward ; fo that the Stratas 
 of Rock intermixed with the Clay and Marl foon become a 
 kind of Marble, called Lyas ; fome of a white Colour, and 
 fome of a grey Colour. Thefe Rocks increafe in their Pro- 
 grefs weftward ; and the Beds of Gravel, as well as the Veins 
 of Coafi increafe likewife ; the latter to fuch a high Degree, 
 that large Quantities are now raifed and fold within three 
 Miles of the hot Fountains in the Heart of the City. 
 
 These Coal- Works are the Property of Mr. Harrington 
 of Gojlon , a Defcendant of the famous Sir John Harrington , 
 who flouriihed in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth ; and they 
 are fituated on each Side the chief Soad leading from Bath 
 to BriftoL 
 
 Th e Hovel for working one of the Pits is exceeding re- 
 
 o o 
 
 markable, as it lately reprefented a covered Monopterick 
 Temple, with a Porticoe before it. The former fhelters the 
 Windlafs, the latter ftieltered the Mouth of the Pit ; and one 
 was raifed upon a Quadrangular Bafis, while the other appears 
 
 elevated 
 
Chap. VII. A Defcription of BATH. 59 
 
 elevated upon a circular Foundation ; a Figure naturally de- 
 ferred by the Revolution of the Windlafs. 
 
 The Diameter of this Figure is juft four and thirty Feet, 
 and the Periphery is compofed of fix and twenty infulate 
 Pofts, of about feven Feet fix Inches high, fuftaining a 
 Conical Roof terminating in a Point and covered with Thatch : 
 Mere Accident produced the whole Structure; and if the 
 Convenience for which it was built was of a more eminent 
 Kind, the Edifice would moft undoubtedly excite the Curiofity 
 of Multitudes to go to the Place where it ftands to view and 
 admire it, as a perfedft Copy of one of Zoroajter’s Fire Tem- 
 ples; as a Structure of the fame Kind with the Delphick 
 Temple after it was covered with a fpherical Roof by Theo - 
 dories, the Phocean Architect ; and as a Structure of the fame 
 Kind with the Temple of Minerva wherein Bladud kept 
 his perpetual Fires. 
 
 The Stratas of Rock in that part of the Vale of Bath 
 which extends North -Eaftv/ard of the hot Springs, are neither 
 fo large, nor fo hard as thofe under the Body of the City; 
 fo that it may be very juftly faid, that the Soil of this Part of 
 the Vale foftens as we go Eaft ward ; the Beds of Gravel in- 
 creafing, at the fame time, fo exceedingly, that, in fome 
 Places, the Soil of many large Fields confifts of nothing but 
 a loomy Kind of Gravel to a very great Depth from the Sur- 
 face of the Land. 
 
 I f we afeend the Hills on the North, Eaft and South 
 Sides of the hot Springs, we fhall find them incrufted with 
 Freeftone Rocks, lying juft under their Surfaces in fome 
 Places, in others at feveral Feet in Depth : Thefe Rocks are 
 much harder towards the Weft, than towards the Eaft ; and 
 I take it that the Freeftone Rocks in general are not above 
 thirty Feet thick ; beneath which we come to a hard Clay 
 and Marl, as under the Body of the City : And if we defeend 
 again into the Vale between thofe Hills, we fhall find the 
 Meadow Land on each Side the River Avon with an acquired 
 loomy Surface, by frequent Inundations, of about nine Feet 
 thick, in fome Places ; under which the natural Soil begins, 
 and is the very fame with that under the Body of the City. 
 
 The fame Soil will likewife appear if we penetrate the 
 Ground below the hard Lyas Rocks to the Weft ward of the 
 hot Springs ; and according to the late Mr. Strachey s Obfer- 
 vations on the Coal- Works a few Miles farther Weft ward 
 than Mr. Harrington’ s, it begins on the higher Lands, or Hills, 
 
 I 2 at 
 
6o An ESSAY towards Parti. 
 
 at fifteen Feet in Depth from the Surface of the Ground : 
 But the harder the Stratas of Rock are, the fofter and richer 
 the Clay and Marl under them appears to be. 
 
 The natural Soil of the whole Region about the hot 
 Springs of Bath may therefore be looked upon to be a hard 
 Clay and Marl, intermixed with Veins of Marcasite and 
 Cqal, with Beds of Gravel, but, principally, with Stratas 
 of Rock, which, for the molt part, lie horizontally ; but 
 there are others that lie perpendicularly, and are known 
 among Miners by the Name of Ridges, tho' pronounced by 
 feme Rudges, by others Roaches. 
 
 These Ridges have been often found by digging in feveral 
 Parts of the City ; they generally run from Eaft to Weft ; 
 they are from ten to fifty Feet in Depth, and of various Thick- 
 jiefles ; they, in the Miners Phrafe, trap the Stratas of natural 
 Soil downward, as the Surface of the Ground declines ; and 
 they have been ohferved to abound in almoft all kinds of 
 Stone, though in a lefs Degree of Depth, than in Clay, 
 Mark or Coal. 
 
 The Ridges in the old Coal-W orks, beginning about 
 feven Miles W eftward from the Heart of Bath , will appear 
 by Mr. Strachey's Obfervations on thofe Works, printed 
 among the Philofophical Transactions , and making a Part of 
 N° 360, and N° 391, to be partings of Clay r Stone, or Rub- 
 ble ; as if the Veins were disjointed and broken by fome 
 violent Shock, fo as to let in Rubble, Stone, or Clay between 
 them: And by that Gentleman's Calculation, the Traps to- 
 gether, in four Miles in Length, amount to a Mile and a 
 half in Depth ; but he don't mention how much one of thofe 
 Traps falls fhort,of the Ridge that makes it; which was a 
 great Omiflion in a Man of his reputed Accuracy. 
 
 Such is the Nature of the Soil about the hot Springs of 
 Bath ; and the Land, in general, appears not only richly 
 cloathed, but exceeding fertile ; even to the Summits of the 
 higheft Hills ! The Herbage too is fweet to Admiration ; 
 fo fweet, that the Mutton from the tops of the Hills, and 
 the Butter from the lower Grounds, have been always cele- 
 brated by Strangers frequenting the City, for a peculiar 
 Good fiefs. 
 
 The natural Soil of Bath , is the very Manure made 
 ufe of el fe where to enrich barren Ground ; and a Man v/ho 
 confiders it maturely, can't well avoid concluding, that its 
 Effluvia forces its Way up, or is attracted through every 
 
 Incruftation 
 
Chap. VII. A Defcription of B A T H. 6 1 
 
 Incruftation upon it to fweeten and enrich the Surface of the 
 whole Land. 
 
 This Soil, and almoft every thing peculiar to it, will, 
 as Dodtor Guidott informs us, ferment on the Affufion of any 
 Acid ; and the fame Soil, with its Mixtures and Incrufta- 
 tions, abounds with Fossils of various Kinds; but moftly 
 with fuch as are of a Spiral Figure ; and fuch as our 
 Naturalifts believe to have been formed in Nautili Shells. 
 
 , The Rocks at Twiverton , a Village lying about a Mile 
 and a half to the Weft of the hot Springs, and fo on Weft- 
 ward to Cainfham , produce Stones ribb’d and coil’d up like 
 an Adder, which the credulous, as Mr. Camden takes notice* 
 formerly believed to have been real Serpents turned into 
 Stones by an imaginary devout Virgin, that bore the Name 
 of Keina : I myfelf have found the like Stones in feveral 
 Beds of Gravel under the Body of the City ; the outfide 
 Scale of fuch fpiral Foflils abound in the marly Soil about two 
 or three hundred Yards to the Eaftward of the hot Springs, 
 but in a kind of Ore that looks like Silver ; and in the very 
 Freeftone Rocks of the Hills on the North, Eaft and South 
 Sides of thofe Springs, I have often feen the Moulds of Serpen- 
 tine Stones, but covered with little Stala£lites, or fparry Ificles, 
 of divers Shapes, as though Water congealed had made the 
 Vacuum. 
 
 Multitudes of Conical Stones, with Elliptical Bafes, 
 are found in almoft all the Stratas of Clay and Marl, within 
 the whole Region of Bath ; they are commonly called Thun- 
 derbolts, from a firm Belief that fome of them fall down 
 from the Clouds every Clap of Thunder, and are of a hard 
 Confiftence, of a dark Colour, and when broken parallel to 
 the Bafe, the Surfaces appear like tranfparent Subftances with 
 an infinite Number of bright Rays ifluing from the Center, 
 or radiating Point of each Stone, to the Circumference of it ; 
 while the outfide of forne of them appear like Brafs as bright 
 as new coin’d Gold ; and thefe have been found in that very 
 Part of the marly Soil, to the Eaftward of the hot Springs, 
 which produce fpiral Figures incrufted with an Oar that looks 
 like Silver. 
 
 These Stones are undoubtedly the very fame with that 
 which the Phoenicians , according to Herodian , imagined to 
 have fallen from Heaven, and believed to have been the real 
 Image of the Sun : And from thefe kind of Foflils it feems 
 extremely reafonable to believe, that the Grecians took the 
 
 Idea 
 
6 2 An ESSAY towards Part I. 
 
 Idea of reprefenting their Deities by Blocks of Stone, termi- 
 nating in a Point ; the Venus of Paphos efpecially ; whofe 
 Image, as Tacitus defcribes it in the fecond Book of his Hiftory, 
 exactly anfwers the Figure of one of our Thunderbolts. 
 
 This Image, and the Temple that contained it, was 
 reported to ftand on the very Spot of Ground, whereon the 
 Goddefs herfelf landed, carried thither by the Sea, from 
 whence fhe had been juft generated : But Tacitus declares, 
 that the Reafon why Venus was fo reprefented was unknown 
 to the Age wherein he lived ; and if her Image was not taken 
 from the Conical FoftiJs in the Bowels of the Earth, it is 
 highly probable that the Rays over the Sea, when the Sun is 
 faid to draw Water, produced it. 
 
 From the Top of Mans Badonca we often fee this Effect 
 of Nature over the Arm of the Sea, that makes the upper 
 End of the Brijlol Channel ; and the Scene is generally fo 
 beautiful at thofe Times, that one would imagine Heaven and 
 Earth, combined together, could not exceed it. We then 
 fee the Sea, by the Intervention of the irregular Land next its 
 Coafts, divided into vaft Bodies of Water brightened by the 
 declining Sun into extenfive fmooth Surfaces carrying the Ap- 
 pearance of Fire ; from which arife dark Conical Rays, in- 
 termixed with Beams of Light, promifcuoufly crofted with 
 curling Clouds highly fhadowed below, and edged with re- 
 fplendent Light above: And this Phenomena being partly 
 backed with, and furmourited by a fhming Sky, like burnifhed 
 Gold before a luminous Body, rifes between the high Moun- 
 tains of South Wales and the rich Vale of Somerfetjhire and 
 Ghucejlerjhire ; both prefenting the Eye with thoufands of fine 
 Gbjedts, whofe Recefles, by being penetrated with the Light 
 of the Sun, render the Obje£ts themfelves vifible, diftindt, 
 and truly pi£lurefque in the midft of an univerfal Glow, as if 
 the Earth, thus richly decked, bluftied at the fuperior Beauties 
 of the other Elements. 
 
 The Beds of Gravel about the hot Springs abound with 
 thin Round Fossils, generally convex on one Side, and 
 concave on the other ; and the convex Sides are always adorn- 
 ed with Lines iftliing from a radiating Point in the middle, 
 to the Periphery of the FofEL 
 
 Shells are infinite in Number, as well as Shapes i and I 
 have preferved the flat Shell of an Oyster, full four Inches 
 and a half broad, which was cut out of the Body of a Block 
 of Free Stone raifed from one of the Quarries on that Part of 
 
 Camalodunum 
 
Chap, VII. A Defcription of B AT H. 63 
 
 Camalodunum where the folid Rocks don’t begin till fifteen 
 or fixteen Feet in Depth from the Surface of the Land. 
 
 Many other little Miracles of Nature abound in the 
 Soil of Bath to excite a Man’s Curiofity to examine into 
 them ; and an Age may be fpent in a Purfuit of this Kind ; 
 fo abundant are the Fossils wherever the Ground is pene- 
 trated for Foundations for Buildings, for Wells, or for any 
 other Purpofe. 
 
 Now if a rich, hard, and firm Soil, abounding with foft 
 fweet Springs of the fluid Element, and vet naturally drained 
 of its fuperfluous Water, of every Kind, be proper for a 
 City to be built upon; and if a Situation fheltered from 
 all obnoxious Winds ; open to the Beams of the Winter and 
 Summer Sun ; purified and cooled with the gentle Breezes of 
 the collateral Winds ; and yielding Longevity, good Com- 
 plexions, Fruitfulnefs and eafy Child-bearing to its Inhabitants, 
 be proper to place the Body of a City in, then the Soil and 
 Situation of the City of Bath may be looked upon to 
 be as perfedt, as tho’ both had been made by human Art ; 
 and as though the latter had been contrived to guard againft: 
 all the Defects pointed out by a Man who, for his fupreme 
 Knowledge, was Ailed by fome the Prince of Phyficians ; while 
 others adored him as a God : I mean the great Hippocrates . 
 
 CHAP. VIII. 
 
 Of the Mineral Wat e rs of Bath. 
 
 T HE Mineral Waters of Bath rife out of the Ground 
 in many Places, and in great Abundance ; of which 
 fome Springs are hot, fome cold. The Hot Springs to 
 which the City owes its Origin, its Continuance, and 
 its Fame, boil up in three different Places; and though their 
 Heat is probably owing to the fame Caufe, yet they are dif- 
 ferently impregnated ; and the Heat of every Spring, as well 
 as the daily Produce, is likewife different. 
 
 The Spring that rifes up the neareft to the Eaft is the largeft 
 and the hotteft of all the warm Fountains ; for the Water, 
 upon its ifluing out of the Ground, will blifter the Skin of a 
 Man ; and when the Citterns at the Head of the Fountain 
 are filled by the whole Spring, the Water in one of them is 
 often too hot to be endured by the Bathers : The very con- 
 trary may be faid of the Spring that rifes to the Weft of the 
 3 former: 
 
64 An ESSAY towards Part I, 
 
 former : But the Spring that breaks out of the Earth to the 
 South of the fmalicft warm Fountain, is of a medium between 
 the other two Springs for its Heat ; fmee the Water, upon 
 Its rifing out of the Ground, is fufferab'le, and never fo hot 
 in the Ciftern that receives the whole Spring, but it may be 
 very well endured. 
 
 Tho 3 the Heat of thefe Springs is probably owing to the 
 fame Caufe, yet it is evident they cannot come from one 
 and the fame Source, becaufe they don’t rife in the prefent 
 Citterns to one and the fame Level ; neither does the keeping 
 the Ciftern at the Head of any one Spring empty, prevent the 
 Ciftern at the Head of either of the other Springs from 
 filling in its ufual Time ; notwithftanding all the Springs 
 break out of the Ground within fo fmall a Compafs as the 
 Limits of half an Acre of Land lying in the Form of a Tri- 
 angle, whofe Bafe, as it was lately meafured by fome accurate 
 Workmen, extends about four hundred and fifteen Feet, its 
 longer Side about three hundred and eighty Feet, and its 
 fhorter Side about one hundred and ten Feet. 
 
 Wherever the Sources of thefe Springs may be, this is 
 very certain, that they are confiderably higher than the Tops 
 of the Bodies of Water formed at prefent by them on their 
 rifing up from the Bowels of the Earth : For the Ebullition 
 of the Springs, and of the chief Spring efpecially, appear on 
 the Surfaces of thofe Bodies of Water with a Force and Vehe- 
 mence equal to that of boiling Water, in a large Furnace, 
 heated by a moderate Fire. 
 
 That the hot Springs rife from a very great Depth, and 
 in a perpendicular Manner, through a firm and folid Soil 
 before they burft out of the Earth, is undeniable from their 
 ftill remaining uninterrupted in their Courfe by the Pene- 
 trations that have been made in almoft every fquare Perch of 
 Ground round about them, to the Pittance of five hundred 
 Feet, or more, from the Fountains for Foundations for Build- 
 ings, for Wells, and for divers other Purpofes incident to a 
 compact and clofe built City of more than two thoufand two 
 hundred Years ftanding : And more particularly by their not 
 being affefted by the grand Penetration made by King Alfred 
 round all the letter funk before and fince his Time within the 
 Walls of the City. 
 
 Of the letter Penetrations that have been made fince that 
 Monarch’s Reign, a Common Sewer traverfing the central 
 Part of the Body of the City from North to South, was the 
 
 chief. 
 
Chap. VIII. A Defcription of B A T H. 6$ 
 
 chief. This Sewer was made at the Expence of the Chamber 
 of the City in the Year 1727, and the Drain pafling between 
 the hot Springs, is many Feet below the bottom of the Baths. 
 
 The Succefs attending this Work encouraged the late Duke 
 of Chandos , the Year after, to make a Sewer for the Ufe of 
 his Buildings ; and this Sewer pafling on the Weft Side of 
 the fmalleft hot Springs, is many Feet below the bottom of 
 the Baths filled by thofe Fountains : And the fame Year the 
 late Mr. Thayer of London funk a Canal of feven hundred 
 Feet in Length in a Garden belonging to him on the Eaft 
 Side of the Body of the City ; the Bed of which, anfwering 
 one Part of the Bed of the River, was more than twenty 
 Feet below the Beds of the Baths; it was lower than the Bed 
 of King Alfred's Ditch ; and it was of a Depth fuflicient to 
 drain every Penetration above the Level of the Surface of the 
 Avon , and, at the fame time, fill fuch as were below it with 
 the Water of that River. 
 
 But all thefe Penetrations do not amount to fuch a ftrong 
 Proof of the Point in Queftion, as the great Antiquity of 
 the Springs, and the regular Heat and Quantity of the Water; 
 neither the one nor the other varying the leaft, let the Seafon 
 be what it will : And the boiling up of the Water is not only 
 the higheft Demonftration of the vaft Antiquity of the Springs ; 
 but, as Pliny remarks in the third Chapter of his one and 
 thirtieth Book, a fure Indication of their Perpetuity. 
 
 The great Depth from which the hot Water, by all out- 
 ward Appearances, fprings up, and the vaft Quantities of 
 cold Water breaking out of the Sides of every Hill round 
 about the hot Fountains, muft entirely deftroy an Hypothefis 
 formerly advanced by Dodlor Guidott , and a few Years ago 
 repeated by fome Anonymous Phyfician in the Tour thro 9 
 Great Britain , that the Source of the hot Springs is upon the 
 Top of one Hill, on the North Side, and upon the Summit of 
 another Hill on the South Side of the Vale wherein thofe Springs 
 rife up. 
 
 The Produce of the hot Springs in the Cifterns that now 
 receive them, feems to have been abated within thefe fifty 
 Years laft paft, by fome imperceivable Leaks between the 
 Surface of the Water, when the Cifterns are full, and the 
 Surface of the natural Ground under them. In the Year 
 1693 Mr. Jofph Gilmore , a Teacher of the Mathematicks in 
 Brijlol , having meafured the feveral Baths, and taken the 
 Gauge of the Water in every Ciftern, from his Account it 
 
 K appears. 
 
66 An ESSAY towards Part I. 
 
 appears, that the Cifterns at the Head of the chief Spring 
 contained, upon a full Bath, four hundred and twenty (even 
 Tons and fifty Gallons; that the Ciftern at the Head of the 
 fmalleft Spring contained, upon a full Bath, fifty two Tons 
 three Hogfheads and fixteen Gallons ; and that the Ciftern at 
 the Head of the Spring rifing South of the former contained, 
 upon a full Bath, fifty three Tons two Hogfheads and 
 eleven Gallons. 
 
 The Cifterns at the Head of the chief hot Spring, the 
 principal diftinguifhed by the Name of the King’s Bath, 
 would, according to the beft Observations of the Bath Guides 
 in Mr. Gilmore ' s Time, fill with the Water of that Spring in 
 nine Hours and forty Minutes ; the Ciftern at the Head of 
 the fmalleft hot Spring, long fince denominated the Crofs 
 Bath, diftant from the King’s Bath about three hundred and 
 eighty Feet, would fill with the Water of that Spring in 
 about eleven Hours and a half ; and the Ciftern at the Head 
 of the hot Spring rifing South of the former, now called the 
 Hot Bath, but antientiy the Common Bath, diftant from the 
 Crofs Bath about one hundred and ten Feet, from the King’s 
 Bath about four hundred and fifteen Feet, would fill with the 
 Water of that Spring in about eleven Hours and thirty Mi- 
 nutes : So that in the Space of four and twenty Hours the 
 Spring in the King’s Bath produced about one thoufand and 
 fixty Tons of Water, and^ when Leland wrote the fecond 
 Volume of his Itinerary , it turned a. Mill; in the fame 
 Space of Time the Spring in the Crofs Bath produced about 
 one hundred and ten Tons ; and in the like Space of Time 
 the Spring in the Hot Bath produced about one hundred 
 and twelve Tons. 
 
 Thus the Produce of all the Hot Springs appears each 
 natural Day, to have been about one thoufand two hundred 
 and eighty two Tons of Water, exclufive of what was 
 pumped up, and ran to wafte through the Sluices. 
 
 Of the one thoufand and fixty Tons of Water daily pro- 
 duced by the chief hot Spring, no more than feven hundred 
 and thirty two Tons commonly found its way into the Bath, 
 at the Head of it ; for the Spring, from the remoteft Times, 
 was, and is now covered with a fmall inverted Ciftern, fixed 
 below the bottom of the Bath ; from which Ciftern the reft 
 of the Water is conveyed, by a Pipe, into a Drain that con- 
 ducts it to the River; and by this Contrivance the King’s 
 Bath becomes more temperate than the Plot Bath to the Ba- 
 thers ; 
 
Chap. VIII. A Defcription of B A T H. 67 
 
 thers ; which gave rife to the Error many have run into, that 
 the Water of the King’s Bath, is colder than the Water of 
 the Hot Bath. 
 
 The Ciftern that antiently covered the Spring in the 
 King’s Bath having been broke up in the Year 1664, the 
 very inftant that the Water had its Liberty of flowing, by 
 fome dextrous Contrivance it threw up Nuts ; fome whereof 
 were black and rotten, others were frefh, and had Kernels 
 in them, and fome had Shales very green about them ; from 
 whence the Inhabitants of the City concluded that the hot 
 Springs were fed by the cold Water of fome open Spring near 
 a Copice, or Wood’s Side ; and this Conjecture was made ufe 
 of by DoCtor Guidott , to ferve his Hypothecs touching the 
 Source of the hot Fountains ; though he accounts for the 
 Admiflion of the Nuts into the Ciftern in another Manner, 
 and in his De Thermis Britannicis , p. 180, fuppofes them to 
 have been drawn into it from the Bath itfelf. 
 
 Nothing can appear more ridiculous than the common 
 Story, ftill prevailing, touching thefe Nuts, when we confider 
 the Probability of their being drawn in, and continuing a 
 (ingle Hour, much lefs Years, under a Ciftern that daily con- 
 fined one thoufand and fixty Tons of Water, and, while 
 feven hundred and thirty two Tons of it was forcing its Way 
 through every little Crevice into the Bath, three hundred and 
 twenty eight Tons had an eafy Vent through a Pipe to a 
 Drain that conduded it to the River : Befides, was it true that 
 the hot Springs are fed by Water, that in any Place run above 
 Ground, would not the Baths be difcoloured, made colder, 
 or have a greater flux of Water in the wet Winter Weather 
 than in the dry Summer Seafon ? 
 
 Some of thefe Confequences commonly attend the Foun- 
 tains of Okey Hole in Somerjetfhire , and Holy Well in Flint - 
 Jhire^ both fuppofed to be fed by Waters foaking into the 
 adjoining old Mines : But not one of them do ever happen in 
 either of the Baths of Bath ; nor do the hot Springs, in fad, 
 throw up any thing but Scum, and an extreme fine Sand, 
 which, according to fome Experiments made by Dodor 
 Guidott , and others fince him, the Load Stone attrads, and 
 the Fire kindles into the fame Flame as it does Sulphur, attended 
 with the like Smell while burning, demonftrating thereby, 
 that the Sand is principally compofed of Steel and Sulphur. 
 
 After all, the Wells of cold Water about the Baths are 
 the ftrongeft Proofs that the hot Springs not only rife from 
 
 K z a great 
 
68 An ESSAY towards Part i 
 
 a great Depth ; but that they are fortified with Ridge 
 againft the cold Springs : For fuch Springs, like the Veins in th< 
 human Body, fo fill the Bowels of the Earth, that upon dig 
 ging almoft where you will in the Heart, of the City, you maj 
 meet with one of them at no great Depth from the Surface 
 of the Land. 
 
 N o lefs than five Springs of cold Water have iffued oul 
 of the Ground, in the Memory of Man, within five hundrec 
 Yards of the hot Baths ; and it is well known that the Bowek 
 of the Earth contain cold Water within fifty Feet, or lefs, 
 of the hot Springs. 
 
 W e have an Account in the Philofophical Tranfadlions , 
 N° 8, p. 133. of warm and cold Water iffuing out of the 
 Ground within the Compafs of half a Yard ; one of the hot 
 Springs at Buda , in ’Turkey , rifes in an open Pond of cold 
 Water; and our own Country produced a Spring of hot 
 Water and another cold at Buxton in Derbyjhire , fo near one 
 another, that you might, as fome have wrote, at once, put 
 the Finger and Thumb of the fame Hand, one into hot 
 Water, and the other into cold ; tho’ now they are blended 
 together, as we read in the Philofophical TranfaPtions , N° 407, 
 p. 22 : So that, as Pliny long iince obferved, in the fecond 
 Chapter of his thirty firft Book, hot and cold Water rifing 
 fo near together is a common thing ; and there feems to be 
 no doubt, but that the Springs producing fuch oppofite Waters, 
 run within the Bowels of the Earth between different Stratas 
 of Soil, ’till they are flopped in their Courfe by Ridges lying 
 very near one another, and fo as to caufe them to break out of 
 the Ground in or near the fame Place. 
 
 Of the cold Springs of Water that run within the Bowels 
 of the Earth, near the Places where the hot Springs of Bath 
 break out of the Ground, feveral have been intercepted by 
 digging, and found to be of a ftrong Mineral Quality ; and 
 particularly the Springs that feed fome of the Wells, that 
 have been funk fince the Year 1728, about a Quarter of a 
 Mile to the North- Weft ward of the hot Baths ; in the digging 
 of which Wells the Workmen met with feveral Veins of Mar- 
 cafite, with Beds of Gravel, and, in the finking of one Well 
 in particular, with a fmall Vein of Coal lying about fifteen 
 Feet under the Surface' of the Earth. 
 
 On the other Hand divers Springs of cold Mineral Water 
 iffue out of the Ground all round the hot Fountains, as if 
 the whole Earth was of a ftrong Mineral Quality ; and the 
 2 neareft 
 
Chap. VIII. A Defcription of B A T H. 69 
 
 neareft Spring of this Kind, by the Name of Frogs Well, 
 breaks out of the Ground about feven hundred Feet to the 
 Northward of the principal hot Spring. 
 
 Mons Badonca or Lanfdown fends forth a Brook from 
 its South Side, which formerly turned a Mill ; it now bounds 
 the Berton of Bath , to the Weftward, by the Name of 
 Muddle Brook ; and the Source of this Brook is made partly % 
 by a Spring of Water, which, for fome Mineral Quality, 
 was, in former times, dedicated to St. Winifred ; the Foun- 
 tain ftill bearing the Name of Winifred’s Well; and it is 
 much frequented in the Spring of the Year by People who 
 drink the Water, fome with Sugar and fome without. 
 
 Muddle Brook is augmented by a fecond Spring of Mi- 
 neral Water breaking out of the Ground on its eaftern Bank, 
 about two hundred and forty Yards from the River Avon: 
 About half a Mile to the Weft of this Spring, there is ano- 
 ther which now bears the Title of the Lime Kiln Spaw, 
 from the Water rifing juft by a Lime Kiln: And about two 
 Miles and a half further Weftward, Springs of Mineral 
 Water break out of the Ground in the middle of the com- 
 mon Road that leads from Bath to Brijiol on the North Side 
 of the Avon . 
 
 The Eaft end of Mons Badonca yields a remarkable Spring 
 of Water, which is conveyed into an Alcove built by the Side 
 of the great Road leading from Bath towards London for the 
 Ufe of the Publick, and, from the remoteft Times, it hath 
 borne the Name of the Carn-Well, the Water of which 
 was always looked upon as impregnated with fome fine Mi- 
 neral, and therefore fo highly efteemed, that People from far 
 and near were ufed to flock to the Fountain to fill their Bottles 
 and Pitchers at it. 
 
 The North-E aft' Part of the Vale of Bath produces a 
 Spring of Mineral Water now bearing the Name of Bath- 
 ford Spaw, from the Water rifing in the Parifih of Bathford 
 about three Miles from the hot Springs ; and it iflues out of the 
 South-Eaftern Bank of a large Brook, mixing itfelf in a few 
 Paces with the Water of that Brook, about half a Mile before 
 it difcharges itfelf into the Avon . 
 
 This Brook receives two other Springs of Mineral Water, 
 one breaking out of the Ground on its Northern Side about 
 a Mile to the North- Eaft ward of Bathford Spaw, and the 
 other ifluing out of its Southern Side about a Mile and a half 
 ftill further from the fame Spaw; The remoteft of thefe 
 
 Fountains 
 
70 An E S S A Y towards Part I. 
 
 Fountains being fituated in the middle of the Village of Box 9 
 is well known by the Name of Frogs Well; and the other 
 lying at a Place called Shockerwick , formerly bore the Name 
 of St. Anthony’s Well. 
 
 The Eaft end of Blake-Lelgh is remarkable for a Spring 
 of Mineral Water iffuing out of it; and this, like the Water 
 of Carnwell, hath filled the Bottles and Pitchers of many that 
 have frequented the Fountain: But the Vale at the Back of 
 the fame Hill is yet more remarkable for another Spring of 
 Mineral Water rifing up in it ; and bearing the Title of 
 Lyncomb Spaw, from the Name of the Village in which 
 the Spaw is fituated. 
 
 This Spring breaks out of the Ground about a Mile to 
 the South of the hot Fountains of Bath; and there are other 
 Springs at the Foot of the Eaft End of Blake-Lelgh, which, 
 to all outward Appearance, are of the fame Kind with that 
 of the Grand Spaw above them. 
 
 The known Mineral W aters of Bath> and fuch as are 
 now commonly made life of, rife up in nine different Places, 
 of which three Springs are hot, and the other fix are Cold : 
 The cold Springs break out of higher Ground than thofe 
 which are hot, tho’ with much lefs Affluence, and the higher 
 the Situation of the Spring, the weaker the Mineral Quality 
 of the Water appears to be. 
 
 Doctor Guidott having examined the cold Water of Frogf- 
 well in the Panfh of Box, found it to contain the fame Salts 
 as the hot Waters of Bath, as he himfelf hath informed us, 
 in his De Tbermis F r it annuls, p. 1 54. 
 
 The hot Waters once expofed to the Air, and thereby 
 growing cold, lofe a very material Quality, which is that of 
 receiving a Purple Tindture when mixed with Galls ; a Qua- 
 lity fuppofed to be owing to the Gas, or an exalted Vitriolick 
 Steel, which by Tafte and Smell manifefts itfelf to be in them : 
 And this Acid being likewife fuppofed to be that which cor- 
 rodes all the Lon Work in and about the Baths ; the fame 
 corroding Quality appears in fome of the cold Mineral Waters 
 of the Weils about a Quarter of a Mile to the North- Weft- 
 ward of the hot Springs. 
 
 £ u t if the hot Waters are kept from the Air, and pumped 
 up directly from the Spring, they will preferve their tincturing 
 Quality, •whether the Pump applied to any one Spring dis- 
 charges the Water juft over the Fountain Head, or at a con- 
 fidence Diftance from it ; from which Circumftance it feems 
 
 more 
 
r. 
 
 me 
 
 NQ 
 
 ter 
 
 feat 
 
 of 
 
 of 
 
 of 
 
 ch 
 
 to 
 
 ler 
 
 t, 
 
 iat 
 
 re 
 
 'h 
 
 I: 
 
 fe 
 
 er 
 
 I 
 
 ts 
 
 V 
 
 1 
 
 l 
 
 i* 
 
 k 
 
 e 
 
 'S 
 
 i 
 
 y 
 
 3 
 
 \ 
 
 The Plan and Elevation of 
 a Square Pavilion for Bathford Spaw" 
 begun to be Executed A.D . 1746. 
 
 J Vrck . 
 
 T.T'ourJnmer Sculp 
 
Chap. VIII. A Defcription of B A T H. 71 
 
 more than probable, that the hot Waters will retain all their 
 Ingredients, wherever they are conducted tolerably warm, and 
 well fecured in their Paflage from any external Air. 
 
 As for the Heat of thofe Waters, it can neither be a 
 Work of Art, nor the Effect of Piety, as the Heathens 
 and Monks in antient Times pretended $ and, in their Turns, 
 made Mankind believe: It is really a Secret of Nature 
 far beyond the Refearches of Man, from any thing that yet 
 appears ; and therefore a further Enquiry into it would be 
 fpending Time to no other End, than that of expofing ones 
 Weaknefs to fatisfy an impertinent Curicfity. 
 
 CHAP. IX. 
 
 Of the firft Discovery of the Mineral Waters of 
 Bath, and their having Medicinal Virtues. 
 
 C HANCE being the common Source of fuch Difcoveries 
 as bring Mineral Fountains, and the healing Virtues of 
 the Waters to the Knowledge of Mankind, we fhall find it 
 manifefting itfelf in a very high Degree at Bath ; and, in the 
 moft eminent Cafe leading a moft ingenious young Prince to 
 one of the greateft Secrets of Nature, for the Cure of a 
 loathfome Difeafe which he laboured under. 
 
 The Story touching this Prince having been folemnly 
 handed down to the Elders of the prefent Age, as they re- 
 ceived it I will here repeat the Subftance of it. 
 
 44 While Bladud , the only Son of Lud Hudibras^ the 
 44 eighth King of the Britons from Brute , was a young 
 44 Man, he, by fome Accident or other, got the Leprofy ; 
 44 and left he fhould infetft the Nobility and Gentry, that at- 
 44 tended his Father’s Levy, with that Diftemper, they all 
 44 joined in an humble Petition to the King, that the Prince 
 44 might be Banished the Britifh Court. Lud Hudibras 
 44 finding himfelf under a Neceffity of complying with the 
 44 Petition of his principal Subjects, ordered Bladud to depart 
 44 his Palace ; and the Queen, upon parting with her only 
 44 Son, prefen ted him with a Ring, as a Token, by which 
 44 file fhould know him again, if he fhould ever get cured of 
 44 his loathfome Difeafe.” 
 
 “ The young Prince was not long upon his Exile, nor 
 44 had he travelled far, before he met with a poor Shepherd 
 44 feeding his Flocks upon the Downs, with whom, after a 
 
 44 little 
 
7 2 An ESSAY towards Part T, 
 
 4C little Difcourfe, about the Time of the Day, and the Va~ 
 44 nations of the Weather, he exchanged his Apparel, and 
 44 then endeavoured for Employ, in the fame Way. Fortune 
 44 fo far favoured Bladud' s Defigns, that he foon obtained 
 44 from a Swineherd, who lived near the Place where Cainjham 
 4C now ftands, the Care of a Drove of Pigs, which he in a 
 44 fhort time infected with the Leprofy; and to keep the 
 44 Difafter as long as poffible from his Mafter’s Knowledge, 
 44 propofed to drive the Pigs under his Care to the other 
 44 Side of the Avon^ to fatten them with the Acorns of the 
 44 Woods that covered the Sides of the neighbouring Hills. ” 
 
 44 Bladud had behaved himfelf fo well in his Service, 
 44 and had appeared fo honeft in every thing he did, that his 
 4 4 Propofal was readily complied with ; and the very next 
 44 Day was appointed for putting it in Execution : So that 
 44 tire Prince, providing himfelf with every thing that was 
 44 necefiary, fet out with his Herd early in the Morning ; 
 44 and foon meeting with a {hallow Part of the Avon , crofs’d 
 44 it with his Pigs, in token whereof, he called that Place by 
 44 the Name of Swine ford .” 
 
 44 Here the rifing Sun, breaking through the Clouds, 
 44 firft faluted the Royal Herdfman with his comfortable 
 44 Beams; and while he was addreffing himfelf to the glorious 
 44 Luminary, and praying that the wrath of Heaven, againft: 
 64 him, might be averted, the whole Drove of Pigs, as if 
 44 feized with a Phrenzy, ran away; purfuing their Courfe 
 44 up the Valley by the Side of the River, till they reached 
 44 the Spot of Ground where the hot Springs of Bath 
 44 boil up,” 
 
 44 The Scum which the Water naturally emits mixing 
 44 with Leaves of Trees, and decayed Weeds, had then 
 44 made the Land about the Springs, aim oft all over-run with 
 44 Brambles, like a Bog ; into which the Pigs diredtly im- 
 44 merged themfelves ; and fo delighted were they in wallow* 
 44 ing in their warm ouzy Bed, that Bladud was unable to 
 44 get them away, till excefiive Hunger made them glad to 
 44 follow the Prince for Food : Then by a Sachel of Acorns 
 44 fhook, and {lightly ftrewed before them, Bladud drew his 
 44 Herd to a convenient Place to wafli and feed them by Day, 
 44 as well as to fecure them by Night ; and there he made 
 44 diftindl Crues for the Swine to lie in ; the Prince conclud- 
 44 ing, that by keeping the Pigs clean and feparate, the In- 
 44 feSion would foon be over among the whole Herd : And 
 
| Chap. IX. A Defcription of BATH. 73 
 
 fic in this Purfuit he was much encouraged when, upon wafh- 
 ing them clean of the Filth with which they were covered, 
 €C he obferved fome of the Pigs to have ftied their hoary 
 44 Marks.” 
 
 44 Bladud had not been fettled many Days at this Places 
 <c which from the Number of Crues took the Name of Swinef- 
 44 wick) before he, by driving his Herd into the Woods 
 44 for Food, loft one of his beft Sows ; nor could he find 
 44 her during a whole Week’s diligent Search : But at lafi 
 44 accidentally palling by the hot Springs, he obferved the 
 44 ftrayed Animal wallowing in the Mire about the Waters ; 
 44 and on wafhing her, fhe appeared perfectly cured of the 
 44 Leprofy.” 
 
 The Prince ftruck with Aftcnifhment at this, and 
 44 confidering with himfelf, that if the Cure of the Sow was 
 44 owing to her wallowing in the Mud and Waters, why he 
 fhould not receive the fame Benefit, by the fame Means, 
 44 inftantly refolved to try the Experiment; and thereupon 
 44 ftripping himfelf naked, plunged himfelf into the Sedge 
 44 and Waters ; wallowing in them as the Sow, and his other 
 I 44 Pigs had done ; and repeating it every Morning before 
 j 44 he turned out his Herd to feed, and every Night after 
 ] 44 crueing them up : So that in a few Days his white Scales 
 | 44 began to fall off ; and then Bladud was convinced that 
 I 44 the hot Waters had Virtues of the greateft Efficacy for 
 44 his Diforder.” 
 
 u The Prince therefore, with the ftrongeft Hopes of ob- 
 ;! 44 taining a perfect Cure for himfelf and Pigs, came daily 
 ■ 44 from Swinefwick to the hot^ Springs, bringing Part of his 
 j 44 Herd with him, and bathing in the Mud and Waters alter- 
 | 44 nately, till they had all received the Cure he hoped and 
 1 44 prayed for : After which Bladud drove his Swine home, 
 44 and not only told his Mafter who he was ; but gave him a 
 1 44 particular Account of his late Diforder, and that he, by a 
 44 Miracle of Heaven, was reftored again to his Health : 
 
 | 44 The Prince, at the fame Time, alluring the Swineherd, 
 44 that as loon as he fhould come to the Crown he would 
 ! 44 make him a Gentleman, and give him an Eftate fuitable to 
 ! 44 his Dignity. 
 
 “ The Swineherd liftened with great Attention to what 
 44 his Servant faid ; and notwithstanding he faw a wonderful 
 44 Change in his Countenance to what he had obferved before, 
 44 yet he could not avoid looking upon him as a Madman, 
 
 L * 46 and 
 
74 An ESSAY towards Parti. 
 
 “ and more efpecially for faying he was the King’s only Son: 
 44 But Bladud , by the Uniformity of his Behaviour, and the 
 44 Politenefs of his Converfation, fo far removed his Mafter’s 
 44 Sufpicion, that at laft he gave fuch Credit to what he faid, 
 44 as made him refolve upon conducting him to Court, to be 
 44 fatisfied of the Truth of it.” 
 
 44 As foon as Matters were prepared for the Journey, the 
 44 Prince and his Mafter fet out for the Palace of Lud Hudi - 
 44 bras ; and after their Arrival there, it was not long before 
 44 , Bladud found an Opportunity, while the King and Queen 
 44 were Dining in Publick, of putting the Ring his Mother 
 44 had given him into a Glafs of Wine that was prefented to 
 4C her ; which the Queen, after drinking the Liquor, no 
 44 fooner perceived at the bottom of the Glafs, than {he knew 
 44 it to be the Token {he had given her Son ; and with Rap- 
 44 tures cried out, where is Bladud my Child ?” 
 
 44 At thefe Words an univerfal Confirmation overfpread 
 44 the whole Aflembly ; and while the People were looking 
 44 at one another with Surprize and Amazement, the Prince 
 44 made his Way thro’ the Crowd ; and proftrating himfelf 
 44 before the King and Queen, he was thereupon, to the 
 44 great Aftoniftiment and Satisfaction of his Mafter, received 
 44 by them, and all the Nobles prefent, tho’ in his Shepherd’s 
 44 Cloaths, with the utmoft Tranfports of Joy, as the Heir 
 44 Apparent to the Britijh Crown ; but could not be pre- 
 44 vailed upon to tell where, or how he got his Cure. 
 
 Thus the hot Waters of Bath , as well as their having 
 Medicinal Virtues in them, are reported to have been firft 
 Discovered; and the Author of The Bathes of Bathes Ayde 
 firmly believing the Reality of King Bladud , hath traced his 
 Genealogy up to Adam ; making him the thirtieth Perfon, in 
 -a direct Line, from that common Parent of all Mankind. 
 
 But be that as it will. Tradition goes on with informing 
 us, that 44 wh en the Rejoicings were over on the happy Event 
 44 of Bladud? s Return from Exile, and the young Prince 
 <c had fent his Mafter home, loaded with Prefents, he began 
 44 to follicit his Father for leave to take a Journey into foreign 
 44 Parts, not only to improve himfelf in the Knowledge 
 44 of Things ; but to be out of the Way of thofe that had 
 44 been the Caufe of his Banifhment from Court, the better 
 44 to ftifle his Refentment for fuch cruel Ufage ; and the 
 44 King approving of his Son’s Defigns and Reafons, refolved 
 44 upon fending him to Greece , as he was a Youth of an ex- 
 
 44 trJordinary 
 
Chap. IX. A Defcription of BATH. 75 
 
 44 traordinary Genius, to be inftrudled in the Learning which 
 44 the Grecians were then eminent all over the World for.” 
 
 44 Embassadors were therefore immediately appointed 
 44 to go to thofe learned People and notify to them the 
 44 King’s Intention ; Lud Hudibras , at the fame time, order- 
 44 ing a numerous Retinue, arrayed in the moll fplendid 
 44 Manner, to attend his Son : But Bladud befeeched his 
 44 Father to omit all this, and inftead of fending him abroad 
 44 as the Heir Apparent of the Britijh Crown, to permit him 
 44 to fet out on his Travels as a private Perfon, drefted in 
 44 the Habit of a Student defirous of nothing but the Attain- 
 <c ment of Knowledge.” 
 
 44 The King, after many perfuafive Arguments, com- 
 44 plied with his Son’s Defire ; and Bladud fet out for Greece , 
 44 chufing Athens for his chief Place of Abode, and continuing 
 44 eleven Years abroad learning Philofophy, Mathematicks, 
 44 and Necromancy : So that at his return to Britain , be was 
 44 of great Service to his Father in the Management of the 
 44 Government ; whereby he learned the Art of Ruling fo 
 44 well, that when Lud Hudibras died, and Bladud fucceeded 
 44 him, no Monarch could be more capable of governing a 
 44 Nation than he was.” 
 
 44 Bladud had no fooner afcended the Britijh Throne, 
 44 than he went to the hot Springs where he had got his 
 44 miraculous Cure, when in Exile, and made Cifterns about 
 
 44 them ; built himfelf a Palace near thofe Cifterns, with 
 
 45 Houfes for the chief of his Subjects ; and then removed, 
 44 with his whole Court, to the Palace and Houfes he had 
 44 eredted ; which from thenceforward went under the Title of 
 44 Caerbren , and became the capital Seat of the Britijh Kings.” 
 
 44 After this Bladud fent for his old Mailer, and gave 
 44 him a handfome Eftate near the Place where he lived ; 
 44 which he fettled upon him and his Heirs for ever; building 
 44 thereon a Manfion Houfe for him, Habitations for his Fa- 
 44 mily and Servants, and proper Crues for his Herds of 
 44 Swine: Thefe together made a Town, divided into two 
 44 Parts, the North Town and the South Town, to which 
 44 the Swineherd affixed the Name of thofe Animals that had 
 44 been the Caufe of his good Fortune ; and, to this Day, 
 44 the North Part of the Town is called Hogs- Norton ; but 
 44 by fome Norton-Small Reward , from a Tradition that the : 
 44 King’s Bounty was looked upon, by the Swineherd, but 
 44 as a fmall Reward for what he had done for him. 5 ' 
 
 L 2 44 Whew. 
 
j6 
 
 An ESSAY towards 
 
 Part I. 
 
 cc When thefe Works were compleated Bladud applied 
 4C himfelf to nothing but ingenious Studies, which he purfued 
 with fo much Affiduity, that at laft he invented and made 
 himfelf Wings to fly with; but in one of his Flights he 
 “ unfortunately fell down upon Solsbury Church, and, to the 
 <c great Grief of all his Subje&s, broke his Neck, after a 
 Reign of twenty Years. ” 
 
 Thus far Tradition; to which fuch Credit was formerly 
 given by the Natives of Bath , that almoft every Body believed 
 the whole Story for Truth; celebrated it in their Songs; and 
 Inftrudted their Children in their very Infancy in it, telling 
 them many other Particulars, which, for the Sake of Brevity, 
 I have omitted. 
 
 But foon after the Reftoration of King Charles the Second, 
 the Zeal for Bladud began to ceafe ; for the famous John 
 Earl of Rochejler coming to Bath , the Story of Bladud and 
 his Pigs became a Subject for his Wit, and this proved the 
 Caufe of ftriking it out of the Infcription placed againft one 
 of the Walls of the King’s Bath : And in the next Age, one 
 Powell , mentioned with no fmall Applaufe in the Spectator , 
 N° 14, 31, and 40, having introduced the Britijh Prince 
 upon his Stage in Bath ; and every thing reported of him be- 
 coming Matter for that little M fop’s Ridicule ; it made the 
 Aboriginal Inhabitants of the City extremely cautious of re- 
 peating afterwards what had been fo folemnlv handed down 
 to them: So that the Tradition is now in a Manner loft at 
 Bath. 
 
 However to be a Town’s Born Child of the Place, de- 
 fcended from a Parent whofe Origin in the City is beyond 
 any Memorial, is ftill reckoned, by fome, as the greateft Ho- 
 nour an Inhabitant can enjoy ; and formerly fuch a Birth- 
 Right fet a Perfon upon a Level with almoft any Body that 
 entered within the Gates of the City : The fame Birth-Right 
 made the People exceedingly tenacious of admitting Aliens 
 amongft them, even by Marriage ; and fome of the old 
 Families of the laft Age could afcend their Pedigrees as many 
 Generations back, as the Weljh themfelves, and, if pofiible, 
 with more Circumftances attending every Defcent, as well as 
 the Branches from it. 
 
 Thep^e is certainly nothing impoflible nor very improbable 
 in the Story touching King Bladud ' s Discovery of the Hot 
 Waters, and their Healing Virtues; bis making the 
 Baths; or his building the City : u All which, fays Docftor 
 
 ^ Peirce 
 
Chap. IX. A Defcription of B AT H. 77 
 
 cc Peirce in his Bath Memoirs , page 175, is every Jot as likely 
 “ as that Charles the Great fhould find the Baths at Aix-la- 
 “ Chapelle by the Tread of his Horfe, when he was riding a 
 €c Hunting, as Monfieur Blondell relates : And it may be, 
 46 adds the Doftor, the Pigs had a Share alfo in difcovering 
 (c the neighbouring Baths at Borcett , fince they are called, as 
 <c the fame Blondell alfo relates, Thermre Porcetance , from the 
 “ wild Pigs frequently coming down from the neighbouring 
 cc Mountains ; perhaps, concludes the Dotftor, to warm them- 
 
 felves, or rather to wallow in the hot Waters of Borcett , as 
 <c B la dud's Pigs had done in thofe of Bath / 7 
 
 It is likewife as likely that a Herd of Swine, and particu- 
 larly a Sow, fhould lead Bladud , by Chance, in his Exile to 
 the Place where he built a City, as that a Sow fhould lead 
 /Eneas , by Chance, in his Exile to the Spot of Ground whereon 
 he erected a City : The Story of the Trojan Hero ftands re- 
 corded in the Roman Hiftories by Dionyfius of HalicarnaJfuSj 
 and Titus Livius , by whom we are told, that when /Eneas 
 fled from Troy^ and embarked in queft of a new Place of 
 Settlement, he no fooner landed in Italy , than a white Sow, 
 that he was about to offer as a Sacrifice to know his future 
 Deftiny, efcaped the Sacrificed Hands, ran away, and led the 
 Hero to the Place deftined for him ; and there he built the 
 famous City of Lavinium , fo denominated from the Name of 
 his Italian Wife, 
 
 After all, whether the particular Circumftances of thefe 
 Stories are derived from one another, or whether they are not, 
 the Tradition relating to Bladud feems neverthelefs probable ; 
 and by its fixing the Antiquity of Bath in the beginning of 
 that Prince’s Reign, it gives us fuch a Period as was fufficient 
 for doing every thing which Bladud is reported to have done 
 between his Exile and Inauguration. 
 
 The Diftance between Swineford , or the fhallow Part of 
 the Avon , where the young Prince is faid to have crofled that 
 River with his Herd of Swine, and the hot Springs of Bath y 
 is about four meafured Miles and a half ; but following the 
 Courfe of the River about two Miles more ; and the Diftance 
 between Swinefwick and the hot Springs is about two meafured 
 Miles and a half. 
 
 Swineford lies North- Weft and by Weft of Bath\ Swinef- 
 wick North North-Eaft ; and while the former Place is remarka- 
 ble for its bounding to the Weftward, that part of the County 
 pf Somerfet , as well as that part of the Hundred of Bathforum 
 
 which 
 
7 8 An ESSAY towards Parti. 
 
 which lies on the North Side of the River Avon ; the latter 
 is as remarkable for a Houfe which ftiil goes by the Name of 
 King Bladud’s Palace. 
 
 The antient W ay from Bath to Camjharn crofled the River at 
 Swineford y Queen Anne^ with her Royal Confort, the Prince 
 of Denmark , paffed and repafied that mallow Part of the Avon 
 in their Way to and from Friftol on the firft of September- in 
 the Year 1702; and the Agreement between the Tradition 
 concerning Bladud y and all thefe Places proves, at r. aft, the 
 Antiquity of that Story to be very great ; adding, at tL fame 
 time, all the Probability to it which a thing fo immerfed in 
 Darknefs, and extreme Age, is capable of receiving > 
 
 From the Hot we now come to the Cold Mineral Waters 
 of Bath , and fuch as have been moft famed for their medicinal 
 Virtues ; the firft of which being the Spring that fupplies the 
 Cam Well , and that which iffues out of the Ground at the 
 Eaft End of Blake-Leigh , the firft Discovery of them, and 
 alfo of their Virtues, was undoubtedly owing to the Situation 
 of the Fountain Heads ; for Hippocrates writes, that of all 
 Waters, thofe which break out of the Ground direcftEaft are 
 the pureft : People therefore feeking after thefe Waters for 
 their Purity, and, when found, applying them to fuch Pur- 
 pofes as the pureft of cold Water was efteemed to be good 
 for, at length Discovered them to be proper for Disorders 
 in the Eyes ; and as fuch they have been made ufe of, from 
 Times immemorial ; the Water of Cam Well efpecially. 
 
 This Water was found, upon Examination by Dodlor 
 Guidott , to be of an acid Kind, and to curdle Milk ; which 
 Qualities appeared like wife in the Water of Frogs Well , near 
 the Heart of the City, and in the Water of the Well at 
 Shockerwick y and according to our Author all thefe Waters 
 were efteemed chiefly for their Efficacy in the Cure of In- 
 flammations and Rheums in the Eyes. 
 
 The firft Discovery of Frogs Well may be carried up 
 to the firft Discovery of the hot Springs, but the Virtues 
 of the Water, and alfo of the Water of Shockerwick , came to 
 the Knowledge of the World in fome uncertain Period be- 
 yond any Memorial, which was not the Cafe with our 
 modern Spaws. 
 
 For the firft Discovery of the Lime-Kiln S paw , and 
 the medicinal Virtues of the Water, was no earlier than 
 about the Year 1729 ; in which Year, or near it, one James, 
 " Helliery a Carpenter of Bath 3 having been, troubled with a 
 2 Diabetes* 
 
Chap. IX. A Defcription of BATH. 79 
 
 Diabetes, he was directed to drink the Brijlol Water for its 
 Softnefs ; but the Coft of that Water prevented him from 
 doing it, and fet him upon enquiring for a foft Water nearer 
 home. He was not long before he met with the Spring now 
 called the Lime-Kiln -Sp aw ; of which Water he no fooner be- 
 gan to drink, than he found great Relief in his Difeafe. Mr. 
 John George , an Inn Keeper of Bath , having had the fame 
 Diforder at that time, he drank of the fame Water, and it 
 had the like Efredt upon him : So that the Cafes of thefe two 
 Perfons Discovering a medicinal Virtue in the Water of 
 our Lime-Kiln- S paw , feveral People began to drink of it for 
 other Complaints, and thus that Spring, as well as the Virtues 
 of the Water, were firft refcued from Oblivion. 
 
 The Proprietor of the Fountain, Mr. John Hobbs , a 
 Merchant of Brijlol , conceiving great Advantages from the 
 Water, made a Ciftern about the Head of the Spring, toge- 
 ther with proper Conveniencies for drinking the Water and 
 bathing in it ; creating, at the fame time, a dwelling Houfe 
 near it : But all this was fcarce done before an Attempt was 
 made to draw down the Spring into lower Land belonging to 
 the late Sir Philip Parker Long ; and the Experiment fo far 
 fucceeded, that part of the Water of this Spaw rofe up in a 
 flip of Meadow Land belonging to that Gentleman, who 
 thereupon caufed a fmall Porticoe to be eredted, wherein 
 People that came to drink of the Fountain might fhelter them- 
 felves : And thus the Lime- Kiln- Spaw was divided in its 
 Infancy into the upper and lower 'Wells ; and a Spring, that 
 began to ftand in Competition with Saint Vincent's Well near 
 Bi'ijlol was reduced to little or nothing. 
 
 The Discovery of the Lyncomb-Spaw , and the medicinal 
 Virtues of the Water was owing to the following Accident : 
 Mr. Charles Milfom , a Cooper of Bath , commonly called 
 Dodtor Milfom , having, in Partnerfhip with four other People, 
 rented an old Fifh-Pond at Lyncomb , for twenty Shillings a 
 Year; and there having been Leaks in the Pond, Mr. Milfom , 
 about the latter end of June in the Year 1737, fearched the 
 Ground under the Head of it, then over -ran with Briars, 
 Willows, &c. in order to difeover and flop the Chinks ; at 
 which Time he perceived a void Piece of Ground, of about fix 
 Feet long, and three Feet broad, which, as he approached it, 
 fliook, and looked much like the Spawn of Toads : This, upon 
 Examination, he found to be of a glutinous Subfb.nce ; to have 
 a ftrong fulphurous Smell ; and to be of the Colour of Oaker. 
 
 This 
 
80 An ESSAY towards Part L 
 
 This Slime, as it was not above fifteen Inches thick, Mr. 
 Milfom foon removed with a Shovel ; and then perceiving 
 feveral little Springs to boil up, and emit a black Sand, like 
 the filings of Steel or Iron, he dug a fmall Hole to collect all 
 the Springs together : The Soil he threw out was partly a 
 petrified Earth, in Lumps, which at firft refembled Cinders ; 
 but when thofe black Lumps of Earth were expofed to the 
 Air, and dried, they turned grey, and grew lefs, like pieces 
 of Spunge taken out of Water, fqueezed and dried. The 
 other part of the Soil was a white Earth, like Chalk, fo foft 
 that he could thruft his Cane, horizontally, up to the Head 
 in it ; but this Strata of white Earth was not above four or 
 five Inches thick ; it was about nine Inches under the Surface 
 of the folid Ground ; and the Water that run thro’ it was of 
 the Colour of White-wafh, made with Lime and Water. 
 
 These things, and the Tafte of the Water, made Mr. 
 Milfom conclude it to be a ftrong Mineral ; and the Dodfor 
 having afked Mr. P aimer , a Surgeon, feveral Queftions re- 
 lating to the Methods of trying Mineral Waters, and bor- 
 rowing a Book of him on that Subject, he began to try the 
 Water of the Spring he had thus opened, by putting a drop 
 of it into a Glafs of Brandy, which tinged and made it of a 
 purple Hue ; and three or four Drops more turned the Brandy 
 as black as Ink. The Dodlor tried other Experiments to 
 confirm him in his Opinion ; and as he was very much 
 troubled with the Gravel, fo he refolved to try the Water 
 in his own Cafe; he drank of it, and foon found great 
 Benefit by it, which induced him to recommend it to 
 others, who alfo drank of it ; fo that in a fhort time the 
 Water was known to have medicinal Virtues, of great Effi- 
 cacy, in feveral Cafes. 
 
 But that which made this Water moft talked of, in the 
 Year 1737, was the Dodlor’s making Punch with it, at an 
 Entertainment made by him at the Fifh-Pond, juft above the 
 Spring, for feveral of the chief Tradefmen of Bath , and their 
 Wives ; for he knov/ing the Effe6t the Water mixed with 
 Brandy would produce, refolved to furprize his Friends with 
 it : Proper Ingredients for a Bowl of Punch were therefore 
 put upon the Table, and, feparately, approved of by the 
 Company ; after which the Dotftor put them together in the 
 Sight of every Body prefent ; when, to their great Surprize, 
 the Punch inftantly turned of a blackifh purple Colour, and 
 no one dared to tafte it -However, after fome merry things 
 
 had 
 
The Pi, ax and Elevation of 
 the Lime Kiln Spaw Povtieoe, wil l 1 the 
 Houle of the lower Well, near Bath 
 As it was foil Defigned . 
 
 ?.Tourdrinier Sciil 
 
Chap. IX. A Defcription of BATH. 8 1 
 
 Iliad patted, the Doctor, to fave the Liquor, explained the 
 Reafon of its Colour ; and proving the Truth of what he had 
 [aid at the Fountain Plead, the Punch was then drank with no 
 little Mirth and Jollity. 
 
 This being rumoured abroad it occafioned Dodtor Hillary ^ 
 the next Year, to make a more particular Enquiry into the 
 Mature of the Water; and on his finding it to be a ftrong 
 Vlineral abounding With medicinal Virtues not much unlike 
 thofe of the Geronjlere in Germany , he firft poflefted himfelf 
 if part of the Property of the Spring, with the Land about it; 
 md then brought the original Proprietor into an Agreement 
 to raife, at their joint Expence, a lofty Edifice over the 
 Fountain to refemble, in fome Meafure, the Building by the 
 Well of Geronjlere. 
 
 But alas ! to make a proper Foundation for the Building* 
 die Spring was in effedl ruined : For the Ground about it being 
 Weak, and unable to bear a great Weight, part of it was 
 filed, at leaf!: eight Feet deep, to fuftain the Burthen of the 
 Edifice ; which was no fooner finifhed, at the Expence of 
 about fifteen hundred Pounds, than the following Infcriptioit 
 (was placed over the Fountain. 
 
 The Medicinal Virtues of 
 this Water were 
 Firft Difcovered by 
 William Hillary. M. D„ 
 
 A. D, 1738. 
 
 I f Doctor Hillary had not taken upon him more of the 
 Architect than the Phyfician in this Work, and had been 
 contented to copy the Works at Geronjlere as we find them 
 inferted in the firft Volume of the Gallantries of the Spaw , 
 p. 168 and 173, without adding to the Magnificence of the 
 jDefign ; Lyncomb-Spaw had undoubtedly remained a fru&ile 
 [Spring to the great Advantage of the Proprietors, and of 
 Mankind in general. 
 
 About a Year or two after the Difcovery of Lyncomb- 
 \S paw ) one Arnold Townfend , a Miller of Bathford , began to 
 clear a certain Piece of Ground, part of a fmall Eftate pur- 
 fchafed by him in that Parifh, of an Afti Bed which grew 
 upon it : And one Mr. Hull of Berfield , near Bradford , having 
 been at, that Time at Bathford^ as he was amufing himfelf 
 with feeing the Wood cut down, he obferved a Spring of 
 Water in the midft of it, which difcoloured every thing it 
 
 M ran 
 
82 An ESSAY towards Part] 
 
 ran over, and made him conclude that it was ftrongly im 
 pregnated with fome fort of Minerals. 
 
 I n this Opinion he was more and more confirmed o 
 trying a few Experiments with the Water; and thfs encou 
 raged him to perfuade the Miller to fend fome of it to Oxford 
 and other Places, to have it examined by Perfons of greate 
 Skill, which was accordingly done : And the Water appear 
 ing what Mr. Hull conjedtured it to be, the People in th 
 whole Neighbourhood of Bathford began to try it in a 
 manner of Cafes ; and its firft medicinal Virtue was, b 
 fuch Trials, Discovered in the Cure of feveral Wounds an 
 running Sores. 
 
 Then the Spring was dignified with the Title of a Spaw 
 and the Miller felling his Eftate to one of the Bath Phyficians 
 the Spaw received fome fmall Improvements by building 
 but rather for the Dodtor’s own Amufement and private Ufe 
 than for the Convenience of the Publick. 
 
 The Efficacy of this and all the other Mineral Fountain 
 of Bath have, from the Times of the nrft Difcovery of thei 
 having medicinal Virtues in them, been experienced in fuc 
 Variety of Cafes, that there are fe w Difeafes incident to Mankind 
 but one or the other of them is now well known to be good for 
 
 C PI A P. X. 
 
 Of the Physical Plants of Bath. 
 
 W HERE Mineral Waters of different Kinds rife out o 
 the Earth in fo many Places, and with fuch vaft Af 
 fluence, as they do at Batb> it feems to be no more than j 
 natural Confequence for the Soil of the whole Region to pro 
 duce great Variety of Phyfical Plants ; and accordingly amonj 
 the Traditions of the Place, there is one informing us that th< 
 back part of Blake-Leigh was antiently nothing but a natura 
 Phyfick Garden, while the other Parts of the Hills and Vale; 
 of the City abounded with Plants of the fame Kind wit! 
 thofe that grew in that Garden. 
 
 Doctor Johnfon 9 s Mercurius Botanicus , printed in th< 
 Year 1634, is a Demonftration that the learned World knevi 
 of more Phyfical Plants at that Time peculiar to the Soil 0 
 Bath , than to any other Region of Britain: — And it wai 
 formerly a common Obfervation that Nature produced in the 
 Fields, the Hedges, and the Woods round about the hoi 
 
 Springs; 
 
I 
 
 5 *^ 
 
 
 The Plan and Elev^ticxst of 
 a Cuodecaltvie Edifice for preferring' the Cafa Rotdla of 
 Eoctorhhlldm at Lyneomb Spawr near Bath 
 Defigned A . D . 1 
 
 \rcK . 
 
 PTToiutlttmer Sc!ut^J- 
 
Chap. X. A Defcription of B A T H. 8 3 
 
 Springs, almoft every Shrub, Plant, or Flower that could be 
 met with in the choiceft of Gardens. 
 
 By the Catalogue of Plants in the above-mentioned Tra£t 
 it appears that the Rocks and Walls of Bath produce Wall- 
 Rue, or Tentworte; Rock CrefTes, or dwarf dayfe leaved 
 Lady Smock, wild White Hellebore; and Navillwort, or 
 Kidneywort : That the Hills yield Horfe Shoe ; Fly Satyrion ; 
 Onion Afphodill ; and Onion Green Starflower : That from fome 
 of the arable Grounds Hedgehogge Parfley fpring up : That 
 the low Pafture Fields produce Meadow Saffron : That the 
 Woods yield the wild Cherry Tree; Quackfalvers Turbith, 
 or Water Spurge ; and great Wood Vetch, or Fetch: And 
 that the Ditch Sides, the Rills, and the moift Places which 
 are fometimes made by the Acceffion of decayed Weeds, or 
 fuch other things as generally obftrucft the common Water 
 Courfes, are productive of Impatient Cukowflower, or Lady- 
 Smock ; fmall Water Saxifrage ; round leaved Water Pim- 
 pernell ; and Horfe Tail Coralline. 
 
 It would be almoft endlefs to enumerate the other Plants 
 naturally growing in the Places with thofe I have named ; 
 and therefore I (hall conclude this Chapter with obferving 
 I that feveral People maintain themfelves by collecting, for the 
 Apothecaries, fuch Phyfical Plants as the Region round about 
 the hot Springs are abundantly enriched with. 
 
 CHAP. XI. 
 
 . . / 
 
 Of the general Form and Size of the Body of the 
 City of Bath. 
 
 j rpHE Group of Building that now conftitutes the Body 
 §_ of Bath , ftands upon a piece of Ground, of an Hexa- 
 gonal Form, encompafied with a Stone Wall; the Sides 
 of which Figure are curved and unequal, the longeft and the 
 ftraiteft of them fronts the North; and the publick Ways 
 traverfing the central Part of the Polygon , from North to 
 South, as well as from Eaft to Weft, forms the Hieroglyphical 
 Figure of the Antients that represented the Principle of all 
 Evil, and their Deliverance from it. 
 
 This was a Figure compofed of the Letter T, fufpended 
 by the Link of a Chain ; and, as the Author of the Hiftory 
 of the Heaven obferves, the Egyptians hung it round the 
 Neck of their Children, and fick People ; they placed it near 
 
 M2 * to 
 
84 An ESSAY towards Parti. 
 
 to thofe to whom they wifiied Life and Health ; and they 
 applied it to the Fillets with which they wrapped up their 
 Mummies. 
 
 I t is therefore credible, fays Monfieur Pluche , the Author 
 of the Hiflory above-mentioned, u That the T of the Figure* 
 thus made ufe of by the Egyptians , appeared to them as the 
 Beginning and Abbreviation of Typkon , the Name of the 
 cc Symbol, which thofe People not only made the Principle 
 of all kind of Diforder j but the Author of every Phyfical 
 6C Evil they could not avoid, as well as every Moral Evil they 
 <c did not care to lay to their own Charge and that the 
 Chain that confined it feemed to them the Mark of an 
 afliftant Power, intent upon diverting all manner of Evil 
 <c from them : This Cuftom, adds our Author, of bridling 
 the Powers of the Enemy, and of hanging a Captive Typhon 
 44 about the Neck of Children, of fick Perfons, and of the 
 <c Dead, appeared fo beneficial, and fo important to the 
 Egyptians ^ that, as he concludes, it was adopted by other 
 Nations.” 
 
 Now to fee a Captive Typhon reprefented in the Body of 
 the City of Bath , is no more than what we may expedt ; 
 efpecially fince it fo well expreffes the real Nature of a Place, 
 bleffed with the Means of reftraining the Difeafes of Mankind ; 
 and diverting the Evil from them in almoft all Cafes that 
 affiift the human Body. 
 
 The Size of the irregular Polygon into which the Body of 
 the City is formed, appears from a Survey taken of it ir\ the 
 Year 1725, by Mr. Reynolds , for his Grace the Duke of 
 Kingjlon , to be about twelve hundred Feet in Length, be- 
 tween its Eaft and Weft Angles \ by about eleven hundred 
 and fifty Feet in Breadth, between its North and South Sides : 
 And as a View of the City was taken in the Reign of Queen 
 Elizabeth , to illuftrate The Bathes of Bathes Ayde , fo the re- 
 printing that View will explain, and perhaps better confirm 
 what hath been faid touching the Body of it, than any of 
 the more modern Draughts : I have therefore copied it, as 
 in the following Print ; and therein the Reader will find the 
 North Side of the Hexagonal Figure I have been defcribing, 
 marked with the Letters h and i ; the Streets forming the 
 Letter T, denoted by the Letters I. N. and T ; and the pub- 
 lick Ways reprefenting a Link of a Chain fufpending the 
 Letter T, diftinguifhed by the Letters O and P, and by the 
 Figures 6 and 9, 
 
 This 
 
A C opy of Doctor Jones's VIE W of the CITY of BATH, as it wa s Published in the Year MDLXX1I. 
 ' , North 
 
 <4 
 
 V 
 
Chap. XI. A Defcription of B A T H. 85 
 
 This Capti veTyphon was fometimes reprefented as de- 
 tained by a Hand ; the Body of Bath confidered therefore as 
 a Hand, the Thumb will appear in the publick Way marked 
 with the Letter B, the Fingers in the other publick Ways, 
 marked with the Letters O, P, and Ch and with the Figure 7 ; 
 and there are many other Conformities between the Symboli- 
 cal Figure of the evil Principle of the Antients chained up, 
 and the Hexagonal Figure of Bath , which I lhall purpofely 
 omit in this Eftay, where Brevity is only intended. 
 
 The re-printing Doftor Jones 9 s View of the City may be 
 the Means of informing Pofterity of feveral things already 
 grown obfolete ; it will ’demonftrate the State of Bath foon 
 after the Reformation ; and it will (hew many People now 
 living how inconfiderable it was fo far back as their own Me- 
 mory will carry them ; fince, by this View, the Body of the 
 City, with the Suburbs without the North and South Gates, 
 mutt appear to them to have received little or no Addition, 
 by building, between the Time it was taken, and the begin- 
 ning of the prefent Century. 
 
 At the fame time that IS/lr.Jofeph Gilmore , of BriJlol y 
 meafured the Baths, and gauged the Water in the feveral 
 Citterns, he took a Plan of the City ; and the Year after he 
 publifhed a new View of Bath ; in which the Suburbs appear 
 fmall, and the Body of the City but very thinly covered with 
 Buildings, few more than in Doctor Jones’s View; and thofe 
 fo mean, and of fo little Value, that the fecond beft Houfe 
 within the Walls having not long before been the Property of 
 the then Lord Lexington , he afligned it over to one Mrs. Savil y 
 in lieu of a Legacy, of one hundred Pounds, which he was 
 to pay her ; and that Houfe, commonly called Shrines lower 
 Houfe, becaufe it became the Property of Mr. WilliamSkrine y 
 an Apothecary, on his marrying Mrs. Savil, not only made 
 the Habitation of her K oyal Highnefs the Princefs Caroline , in 
 the Spring Seafon of the Year 1 746 ; but of the fame Princefs, 
 and her Sifter, the Princefs of Hejfe y in the Autumn Seafon 
 of the fame Year. 
 
 This Houfe ftands by the Figure 5 in Do&or Jones’s 
 View of the City ; fome of the parts of which View he thus 
 defcribed : 
 
 A. The Church of Saint D. The King’s Bath. 
 
 Mary by the North Gate. E. The Church of Saint 
 
 B. High Street. Peter the Apojlle . 
 
 C. The Market Houfe* F. The Abbey. 
 
 a 
 
86 
 
 G. Abbey Gate. 
 
 H. The Church of Saint 
 James the Great , by the South 
 Gate. 
 
 I. Stall Street. 
 
 K. Abbey Lane. 
 
 L. The Tennis Court. 
 
 M. Stall's Church. 
 
 N. Cheap Street. 
 
 O. Locks Lane. 
 
 Part I. 
 
 P, Vicarage Lane. 
 
 Spurriers Lane. 
 
 R. The Timber Green. 
 
 S. The Church of St. Mi- 
 chael. 
 
 T. Weft-Gat e-Street. 
 
 V. Saint John's Hofpital. 
 
 W. Crofs Bath. 
 
 X. Lepers Bath. 
 
 Y. Hot Bath. 
 
 An ESSAY towards 
 
 Stall’s Church was probably dedicated to Saint Paul, and 
 belonged to a Parifti of that Name in the Center of the Body 
 of the City \ the Parts of which City that were neither named 
 nor referred to by Do&or Jones were as followeth. 
 
 Z. Saint Michael's Church 
 belonging to the Parifli of that 
 Name lying without the North 
 Gate of the City. 
 
 a. a. Part of a Ditch on 
 the outfide of the Wall that 
 furrounded the Body of the 
 City, long fince filled up, and 
 perhaps miftaken for a Bog by 
 fiich as dug into it in Mr. 
 Glanville' s time. 
 
 b. Horfe Street in the Berton 
 of Bathy which Berton ap- 
 peared to Leland in the Year 
 1542 as Meadow Land home 
 to the Street. 
 
 South Gate, juft without 
 which, the remains of a Draw 
 Bridge were found within our 
 own Memory. 
 
 d. Weft Gate. 
 
 e. North Gate. 
 
 f. Eaft Gate. 
 
 g. Saint Laurence's Gate, 
 to the South of which Leland 
 defcribes a long Street that 
 fubfifted in the Year ? 542, 
 and extended againft the North 
 
 Side of Blake-Leigh as a Suburb 
 to Bath. 
 
 h. Gafcoyn's Tower. 
 
 i. Counter's Tower, hut 
 hid by the adjoining Church. 
 
 l. St. Catharine's Hofpitab 
 
 m. Bell Tree Lane. 
 
 n. The Grove. 
 
 o. That part of the City 
 Wall where a growing Rock 
 is ftiewn. 
 
 p. A large Meadow called 
 the Hams and making one part 
 of the Berton of Bath. 
 
 q. A fmall Meadow called 
 the Ambrejs another part of 
 the Berton of Bath. 
 
 r. The Ambrey Houfe. 
 
 s. s. Waldcot Street. 
 
 t. Z Old Street. 
 
 Z. t. Broad Street. 
 
 u. St. Michael's Conduit. 
 
 w. St. Mary's Conduit. 
 
 x. Crofs Bath Lane. 
 
 y. Saint Michael's Street, 
 or rather Lane. 
 
 z. Fijh Crofs Lane. 
 
 1. Lot Lane. 
 
 2 . 
 
Chap. XI. A Defcription of B ATH. 87 
 
 2 . Boat-flail Lane. 
 
 3. Bynebury Lane. 
 
 4. St. James’s Street. 
 
 5. Afo where Lane. 
 
 6. St. Mary’s Rampire. 
 
 7. Gafcoyn’s, or rather St. 
 
 Michael’s Rampire. 
 
 8. St. James’s Rampire. 
 
 10. Berton Lane, the an- 
 tient Way to Berton Houfe, 
 or the Farm Houfe of the 
 Berton of Bath • 
 
 The common Sports of Shrove Tuefday, or the Day 
 whereon our Anceftors ufed to confefs their Sins for the re- 
 ligious Obfervation of Lent , were carried on in the Ham Till 
 within our own Memory ; one of which being throwing at 
 Cocks, that barbarous and unmanly Cuftom feems to have 
 taken its Rife from the Modern Jewijh Cuftom of facrificing 
 thofe Birds on their great Day of Expiation, when the Mafter 
 of every Family taking a Cock in his Hand, ftrikes it thrice 
 on the Head, and then the reft of the Family join in killing 
 it. This Meadow contains about five and twenty Englijh 
 Acres of Land ; and upon opening the middle of the Ditch a. a. 
 in the Year 1740, we found a Rocky Foundation, out of 
 which a fine cold Spring rofe up, and, in all probability, it 
 filled that part of the Ditch with pure Water. 
 
 About the middle of the South End of the Ham there is 
 a hard (hallow Place in the Avon , and according to a Tradi- 
 tion now fubfifting, the great Road leading from Bath to the 
 weftern Part of the Kingdom, crofted the River there before 
 the Bridge juft below it was built ; the Way to that Ford 
 turning from Stall Street, and paffing thro* Abbey Lane and 
 St. James’s Street to it. 
 
 The natural Ground by Saint Mary’s Church, is at leaft: 
 forty Feet above the Surface of the Water of the Avon ; the 
 Torrent of which, and a great one it is after heavy Rains, 
 coming in a Line for more than two Miles in Length from 
 the North Eaft, and dire&ing itfelf full againft the hot Springs, 
 had long fince wafhed them away, if they had not rifen out of 
 a firm Soil : But fuch was the Kindnefs of Providence, that 
 tho’ the Water of the River foftened the Foundation of the 
 lofty part of the Hill, at the Foot of which the Body of the 
 City is fituated, fo as to caufe the Eaftward Side of it to flip 
 down, even to the End of Waldcot Street, yet there the Land 
 became fo firm as to refift the Force of the Stream, and turn 
 the threatning Torrent. 
 
 From the middle of Lot Lane, marked with the Figure 1, 
 round by the South to Weft Gate, or near to thofe Points, 
 
 3 the 
 
88 An ESSAY towards Part L 
 
 the Wall that furrounds the Body of the City is upon one 
 Level, and I take it for granted that the Foot of Mans Ba- 
 donca , or Lanfdown , extended fo far ; or rather that the com- 
 mon Floods of the Avon reached the curving Line which this 
 part of the Wall defcribes : The Ditch without it was, in 
 moft places that I have examined, about fourteen Feet in 
 Depth ; and if the Land within the Body of the City had not 
 been naturally hard and firm, the Wall that environs it could 
 not have furvived the day of its fir ft Erecftion : So that every 
 thing contributes to prove the Solidity of the Soil of Bath , 
 and difprove the vulgar Opinion that the City is built upon a 
 Bog ; through which it has been imagined, for I know not 
 what Reafon, that the Walls of the Cifterns about the hot 
 Springs have been raifed to their prefent Levels. 
 
 It has likewife been imagined that the Beds of the bathing 
 Cifterns were raifed from the Bottom of the fame Bog to 
 their prefent Altitudes ; and that this, as well as the Building 
 of the Walls of thofe Cifterns, was done by the confummate 
 Art, and indefatigable Induftry of the Ro?nans ; Mr. Glanville 
 acquanting the Royal Society with the very Ingredients in the 
 Mortar for the Work; and telling them, in the Letter above 
 quoted, that the Cement was made of Tallow, Clay, Lime, 
 and beaten Bricks. 
 
 That the Bed of the whole City has been raifed confide-* 
 rably, and, with it, the Beds of the Baths , is very evident ; 
 but this will be fihewn hereafter to have been from the Viciffi- 
 tudes of the Place, no City whatever fuffering more than this 
 has done. 
 
 The Superficial Content of the Ground on which the 
 Group of Building now conftituting the Body of the City 
 ftands, amounts to about five and twenty Englijb Acres ; the 
 Wall that furrounds it is about three thoufand eight hundred 
 Feet in compafs ; and the irregular Polygon which this part of 
 the City makes, is, by the Streets forming the Letter T within 
 it, divided into three principal Parts, like the Divifion of the 
 Human Face into Forehead and Cheeks. The Monks of 
 Bathy fo far back as Edward the Gonfejfor* s time, poflefled 
 the Eaftwafd Part of the City thus divided ; the Poor feeking 
 Relief from the hot Waters poffefted the Weft ward Part; 
 and the King’s Burgefles, with others of a lower Denomina- 
 tion, occupied the Northward Part. 
 
 H 0 w the Body of Bath came to receive its prefent general 
 Form and Size will be hereafter fhewn in treating of the 
 
 Works 
 
Chap. XL A Defcription of BATH. 89 
 
 Works that firft conftituted the City; together with fuch as 
 were, from time to time, performed by thofe that re-edified 
 or adorned it, after it had fuffered Defolation, and other 
 dreadful Effedts of War in the Time of the Romans , Saxons , 
 Danes , Normans and their Succeflors. 
 
 Of the Shape of the detached Parts of Bath; with 
 their Situations, Bearings, and Distances 
 from the hot Springs of the City, 
 
 HE City of Bath, or rather the principal Part of it. 
 
 don’t appear to have had fuch a fmall beginning as the 
 Cities in general in the early Ages of the World ; but from its 
 firft Foundation to have confided of a large Body, with the 
 hot Springs in the Center, and feveral detach’d Parts imme- 
 diately furrounding it ; fuch as Haulway , Waldcot , Charlcomb, 
 Bathwick , Hamton , Claverton , Farleyivick , Limplyfloke, Iford, 
 Telsford , Southjloke , Duncarnion , Cojlon , Salford, Northfioke, 
 Lari gr l age, Tatwick , JVolley , and Swincfwick . 
 
 A s the City, or any of its original Parts, increafed fo as 
 to make it neceffary to tranfplant fome of the Inhabitants to 
 their utmoft Borders, the People that were, from time to time, 
 removed feem to have feated themfelves firft at the Feet, and 
 in the Combs of the internal Sides of the Hills that firft: fur- 
 rounded the Area in which the hot Springs boil up; and 
 next in the Valleys at the Feet, and in the Combs of the ex- 
 ternal Sides of the fame Hills; as well as in the warm and 
 fertile Places of the next adjoining Hills and Vales. 
 
 B y thefe means the Body of the City feems to have been 
 firft environed with TVcJlon , Widcomb , Lyncomb , and Twiver- 
 ton : And fecondlv with Keljlon , Eajlon , Bath ford, Frejhford , 
 Hcnton , JVeUow, lag If comb, S tanton Prior , and Newton. 
 
 On the other Hand, fuch as were tranfplanted from the 
 original detached Parts of the City, feem to have thus feated 
 themfelves : The People from Claverton feem to have removed 
 to Co?nb ; from Southjloke to Combhay ; from Duncarnton to 
 Carnecot, Pricjlon , IVelmarJlon and Camerton ; from Iford to 
 Farleigh ; from Telsford to Norton ; and from Sivinefwick to 
 Catharine . 
 
 All thefe Places becoming new detach’d Parts of the 
 City, there is no doubt but that the Names of them were 
 
 CHAP. XII. 
 
 N 
 
go An ESSAY towards Part I. 
 
 figni Scant and expreffive of the very Places themfelves, or of 
 the Inhabitants that refided in them ; and as fuch I fhall en- 
 deavour to explain thofe Names. 
 
 Haulway, the iirft original detach’d Part of Bath , was 
 formerly a Village of itfelf lying partly on a Beach at the 
 Foot of Blake- Leigh) and partly againft the North Side of that 
 Hill, fo as to form the two fhorter Sides of a plain Triangle : 
 It Hands about the third Part of a Mile South from the hot 
 Springs ; and the Initial of its Name imports the Sun. This 
 Village, with thofe of Widcomh and Lyncomb , were united 
 together in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth ; and at the time 
 of that Union they were made part of the Rectory of 
 Bath . 
 
 Waldcot, another original detach’d part of Bath , is a 
 Saxon Name fignifying Cottages belonging to a Grove ; and 
 the Village thus named being of the Shape of the Letter Y 
 inverted, bears North and by Eaft half eafterly from the hot 
 Springs, at the Diftance of about three Quarters of a Mile 
 from them : It Hands upon the great Roman Fofs Road ; and 
 it begins juft before that Road divides itfelf into two Branches, 
 the Iirft running Southward through the County of Somerfet , 
 and the fecond running Weft ward to the antient Trajeftus, 
 by which People crofted the Severn to Vent a Silurum . 
 
 The Buildings of Waldcot have an eaftern Afpeff, and 
 the River Avon runs juft below them, while a ftupendous 
 Cliff of Stone, whofe Summit is now called Beacon Hill, 
 backs the whole Village. 
 
 This Hill rifes up on a declining Branch of Mons B a done a ; 
 its antient Name was Carnhill , fo denominated from the Fire$ 
 lighted upon it in the Times of Paganifm ; and it is remarka- 
 ble for the Defeat of thofe Saxons upon it, who, in Breach of 
 publick Faith, had befieged Bath in the Reign of King Arthur ^ 
 in or about the Year of Chrift 520. 
 
 Four Miles Southweftward of this Carnhill there is a fecond 
 of the fame Kind, but much more ftupendous, and much 
 more confpicuous : It goes by the Name of Duncarn , and it 
 is a vaft natural Mount upon a declining Branch of Camalo - 
 dunum. From this Carnhill a Village juft below it was deno- 
 minated Duncarnton ; and this Village having been one of the 
 original detach’d Parts of Bath , and forming a North and 
 South Line, terminated at the South End with the Parifh 
 Church, is fttuated at the Bottom of a Valley; bears South 
 Weft and by South, three Quarters wefterly from the hot 
 
 Springs ; 
 
Chap. XII. A Defcription of B A T H. 91 
 
 Springs ; is about four Miles diftant from them ; and lies by 
 the Side of the fame Roman Road that Waldcot is built upon. 
 
 Charlcomb is a Village fituated in a great Dent of 
 Mons Badonca at the Eaft End of that Mountain ; and its 
 Shape anfwers that of the two fhorter Sides of a plain Triangle. 
 The Village lies direct North of the hot Springs, at the 
 Diftance of about a Mile and a half from them ; and it feems 
 to have had its Name from the Largenefs of the Comb in 
 which it is built. 
 
 Bathwick, or, as the Britons called i Kaerladus^ being 
 another original detach’d Part cf Bath , its Name feems to 
 indicate it to have been the Fortrefs of the City : It is fituated 
 juft overagainft Waldcot , and the Buildings traverfing the Bot- 
 tom of Nant Badon , form a Line at the Foot of the internal 
 Side of Camalodunum , terminated to the Weftward by the 
 Church, and divided to the Eaftward into two fmall Branches : 
 This Village bears North Eaft from the hot Springs; it lies 
 about two thirds of a Mile from them ; and the Lands be- 
 longing to it extending from the River to the Top of Mars' s 
 Hill, makes one entire and compaCt Lordfhip on the Eaft 
 Side of the Body of the City : It was formerly the Property of 
 the late Earl of EJfex , but now it belongs to the Earl of Bath ; 
 and as many of the Citizens of Bath have already beautified 
 the Village by their little Places of Retirement in it, fo nothing 
 is more probable than that the higher Lands of the whole 
 Lordfhip will foon be inriched with nobler Villas, and the 
 lower Grounds be covered with fuch Structures as will aug- 
 ment the Body of the City, and become the chief Beauty of 
 Bath in refpeCt to her Works of Architecture. 
 
 Hamton bears North Eaft and by Eaft, three quarters 
 Eafterly from the central Part of Bath , and lies at the Foot 
 of the North End of Camalodunum , at the Diftance of about 
 two Miles from the hot Springs. The Name of this Village, 
 in efFeCt* demonftrates it to have been a Town belonging to 
 the Ham in the Berton of the City ; as fuch we may very 
 reafonably fuppofe it one of the original detach’d Parts of it ; 
 and its general Shape is like that of Bathwick . 
 
 The River Avon forms the out Line of a parabolical 
 Figure before the End of Hamton ; and the extreme Banks at 
 tfie Head of that Figure are adorned with two Villages, 
 which, with that of Hamton , anfwer the Angles of an Equi- 
 lateral Triangle, whofe Sides are every one about three 
 quarters of a Mile in Length, 
 
 N 2 Claverton* 
 
gz An ESSAY towards Part I. 
 
 Claverton, another original detach’d Part of Bath , is 
 fituated almoft at the bottom of the external Side of Camalo- 
 dunurn , at the Diftance of about two Miles and a half Eaft* 
 South Eaft from the hot Springs. The Name is compounded of 
 the Roman Clavis a Key, and th e Saxon Tun a Town ; and the 
 Buildings of the Village having an Eaftern Afpecf, they, at the 
 fame time, form a fingle Line juft below the Parifh Church. 
 The Manfion Houfe is a venerable Strudfure ; it was formerly 
 the Seat of Sir JVilliam BaJJet ; and in the time of the Civil 
 W ars a Canon, placed on the Hill overagainft the Village, 
 was fo well directed againft the Eaft Front of the Houfe, that, 
 when difcharged, the Ball, piercing thro’ the outer Wall of 
 the Hall, pa (Ted over the Table at which Sir William , Sir 
 Eduard Hungerford , and feveral other Gentlemen were then 
 fitting at Dinner, and lodged itfelf in the Breaft W all of the 
 Chimney, without hurting any one Perfon in the Room. 
 
 Farley wick is fituated on the top of the Hill from which 
 the above-mentioned Canon was difcharged ; it bears Eaft and 
 by South, half Southerly from the hot Springs, and is about 
 three Miles and a half from them : The Houfes are few in 
 Number, but fuch as are there form a long Line ; and the 
 Name indicates it to have been the chief Place of Habitation 
 belonging to the whole Hill ; the modern Name of which 
 being Far- Leigh , it implies the furtheft Piece of high Pafture 
 Land, lying in common, from the Body of the City Eaft- 
 ward : On the other Hand its ancient Name of King' s- Down , 
 teems to have been fo denominated from Bel , as King of the 
 heavenly Bodies, and Dunum , a Hill ; fince a great Dent in 
 the South End of it ftill goes by the Name of Belcomb ; and 
 fince other Names applicable to the Sun, are yet preferved in 
 the Names of fome of the Places on the Top of the Mountain. 
 
 Belcomb is inriched with the Houfe and Work-Houfes of 
 a very eminent Clothier ; and a fmall Pavilion in his Garden 
 may be looked upon as a Model of the Odtoftyle Monopterick 
 Temple of Delphos , after it was covered with a Thoius, by 
 Theodoras, the Phocrnn Architect. 
 
 Limpleystoke, for the chief part, forms a Line in the 
 Bottom of Nant Badon on the Weft Side of the River Avon, 
 and is rendered venerable by the quick Rife of Strouthill to 
 the Weft, and King' s- Down to the Eaft : The Village fpreads 
 itfelf againft the Side of the former, and the Church being 
 built on the Summit of the Mountain at a confiderable Diftance 
 from the Houfes, the People, to account for its Situation, tell 
 
 us, 
 
Chap. XII. A Defcription of B A T H. 93 
 
 us, that the facred Pile was intended to be erefted in the 
 Valley; but fome invifible Spirits pulled down by Night, 
 whatever was fet up by Day, and carried the Materials to the 
 Place where the Church now ftands. 
 
 This Village bears South Eaft and by South, a third 
 Southerly from the hot Springs ; it is about three Miles and a 
 Quarter from them; and in former Times it was fevered 
 from the Hundred of Bathforurn and made part of the County 
 of IVllts . Its Name feems to imply the Grove of Diana , 
 fince the Saxon Stocce imported the hollow Stem of a Tree, or 
 a Grove ; and fince Limnatis was a Sirname of the Goddefs : 
 So that nothing feems more probable than that the Feftival 
 called Lhnnatidia was here celebrated ; and as Strouihill is 
 parted from the North End from Gamalodunum by nothing but a 
 narrow Valley, who can doubt of its having been dedicated to 
 Strenua , the Goddefs that was held to infpire Mankind 
 with Courage and Vigilence? 
 
 Iford confifts of two Capital Houfes, and a few others, 
 lying very near one another on the Eaftern Bank of the River 
 Fraw , or Frome , about a Mile from its Confluence with the 
 River Avon ; It bears South Eaft and by South from the hot 
 Springs ; is five Miles from them ; and ftands in two different 
 Counties, and in three different Parifhes, one of which makes 
 part of the Hundred of Eljlube and Ever lye , a Region of 
 Country lying between the antient Works of Stonehenge on 
 Salijbury Plain, and thofe of Ahury on Marlborough Downs : 
 And as Iford is backed by a ftupendous Hill, there are many 
 Reafons for inducing me to believe that Hill to have been de- 
 dicated to Jupiter , under his Celtick Name of Jou ; and this 
 Place to have been denominated from the fame Hill, and a 
 (hallow Part of the River, at the Foot of it, that was fordable 
 before the prefent Bridge was built. 
 
 Telsford is fituated by the fide of the fame River Frome, 
 at the Diftance of about a'Mile and a half from Iford ; it 
 bears South Eaft and by South from the hot Springs ; and the 
 Name of this Village feems to arife partly from a (hallow 
 Place in the River that runs by it, and partly from thofe 
 Idols of the Pagan World called Talifmans , as well as from 
 thofe Priefts that bore the Name of Telchines , on the Score of 
 their Sorceries and other Acts, to make Mankind believe them 
 capable of revealing the hidden Secrets of Futurity. 
 
 Southstoke feems to have been fo named from its 
 Southern Situation before the hot Springs, and from the 
 
 Saxon 
 
94 An ESSAY towards Part I. 
 
 Saxon Stocce. — It is a final! compact Village lying in a Square 
 Form; and was undoubtedly one of the original detach’d 
 Parts of Bath : It ftands in a high Situation againft the ex- 
 ternal Side of Gamalodunum\ and it is diftant from the hot 
 Springs about two Miles and a Quarter, bearing almoft South 
 and by Weft from them. 
 
 Northstoke, another original detach’d Part of Bath , 
 being of a fquare Form, is fituated againft the North Weft 
 End of Mens Badonca , at the Diftance of about four Miles 
 from the hot Springs; and bearing North Weft, a third 
 Northerly from them. The Roman Road branching Weft- 
 ward from Waldcot paiTes through this little Village ; and its 
 Name muft have arofe from its Northern Situation from the 
 Body of the City, and from the Saxon Name of the Trunk 
 of a Tree* 
 
 Cos ton lies in the Shape of the Letter T ; it is fituated 
 on rifing Ground bearing Weft and by North from the hot 
 Springs, at the Diftance of about three Miles and a half 
 from them ; and the Name of the Village feems to arife from 
 the Name of that kind of Divination which was performed 
 by a Sieve, and called Cofcinomancy ; and from the Saxon 
 Name of a fmall Town. This Name beipeaks the Village 
 an original detach’d Part of Bath ; and a Tree at the North 
 End of the Head of the Figure it forms, claims the Goddefs 
 Trivia , or Diana for its Patron ; while a capital Building at 
 the South End of the fame Line makes the Seat of the above- 
 mentioned Mr. Harrington , 
 
 But Soiford lying about a Mile to the Northward of 
 Cojlcn , and about four Miles and a Quarter from the hot 
 Springs, in a Weft North Weft, and one third northerly 
 Line, was a Village facred to Apollo or the Sun ; from which 
 Luminary and a fhallow Part of the River Avon it manifeftly 
 received its Name; and the Village lying againft the Side of 
 a Hill, called Bardies Hill, i. e. the Hill of Swearing, forms 
 one compleaf Line opening at the Bottom like the Fork of 
 the Letter Y. 
 
 Langridge is fituated on a declining Branch of Mons 
 Badonca ; it bears North and by Weft from the hot Springs ; 
 and is about three Miles from them. This Village forms a 
 fmall Line ; and its Name arifes from fome facred Structure 
 ©n the Top of the Mountain, and the narrow Branch of the 
 Hill it ftands upon. 
 
 Tat wick lies at the Bottom of a Valley between the 
 
 Foot 
 
Chap. XII. A Defcription of BATH. 95 
 
 Foot of the North Eaft Corner of Mons Badonca , and the 
 Foot of the North Weft Corner of Haul Down , and the 
 Houfes forming a fmall Line, that Line bears North from the 
 hot Springs, and it is about three Miles and a half from them. 
 The Name imports the Manfion or Fortrefs of Tutates , or 
 Mercury \ and as the Pagans made this God an Affiftant or 
 Coadjutor to the King and Queen of Heaven, where could 
 the antient Britons have feated him fo properly as between 
 the Mountains confecrated to thofe Deities ? 
 
 Diametrically South of Tatwick we find another 
 Manfion of Mercury fituated in the Bottom of a Valley, at the 
 Diftance of about four Miles and three Quarters of a Mile 
 South from the hot Springs ; and this Place retains more of 
 the Name of the God, than the former, it being called Takes. 
 
 Wolley, an original detach'd Part of Bath , is a little Vil- 
 lage compofed of a few Houfes that form a Figure like the 
 Letter T. It is fituated in the Valley between Mons Badonca 
 and Haul Down ; bears North, a Quarter eafterly from the 
 hot Springs ; and is diftant from them about two Miles, and 
 the third Part of a Mile. All the Side of Mons Badonca above 
 this Village was formerly nothing but Wood ; and no lefs 
 than fifty Acres of it, by the Names of LypweW s Wood and 
 Middle Wood, together with LybwelVs Copice, were granted 
 by' Edmond Colthurjl , Efq; to Sir George Snigge , by Deeds 
 bearing Date the twenty ninth Day of September , A. D. 1591 : 
 In thefe Woods it is probable that Mijfeltoe naturally grew, 
 or was cultivated by Art ; and Pliny telling us that the Britons 
 called it by a Name which, in their Language, imported All- 
 heal ; and that Name appearing from what Mr. Toland writes 
 in his Hiftorv of the Druids, p. 74, to have b ezn Ql-hiacb $ 
 from thence we may fairly derive the Name of the Village, 
 fince by leaving out the Termination ach, Ol-hi comes nearer 
 to the Name, as it is commonly pronounced, than Wolley . 
 
 Swines wick is fituated in the fame Valley with Wolley , 
 ftands half a Mile Eaftward from it, and bears North North 
 Eaft from the hot Springs, at the Diftance of two Miles and 
 a half from them. I have already accounted for the Name of 
 this Village ; nothing therefore remains to be faid touching 
 the original detach’d Parts of Bath 9 but that the publick Ways 
 | of Swinejwick form one principal Line in the Middle of the 
 j Village, and two fmall Lines ifiiiing from each Side of it. 
 
 Weston, the firft new Place of Abode for fuch as were 
 obliged to migrate from the City, lies upon the Roman Road, 
 
 3 branching 
 
96 An ESSAY towards Part I. 
 
 branching Weft ward from Waldcot ; and the Village begins 
 at the Diftance of a Mile and a half in a North Weft Line 
 from the hot Springs. This Village ftands at the Bottom of 
 Chelfcomb , a great beautiful Dent in the South Side of Mans 
 Badonca ; it forms one long Street with a Brook running down 
 the Middle of it ; its Name arifes from its Weftern Situation, 
 and the Saxon Name of a fmall Town ; and the Lady of the 
 late Sir Philip Parker Long , Bart, has now a capital Houfe 
 in it, which Sir Philip once intended to improve, and make 1 
 a handfome Seat, fuch as fhould be fuitable for a Gentleman i 
 of his great Fortune. 
 
 Widcomb, fo named from the great Breadth of the Dent 
 wherein it ftands, in Comparifon of another juft by it, called ; 
 Smalkomb , from its Narrownefs, is a Village beginning upon a 
 high Nap of Ground on the Side of the Dent, not unjuftly 
 ftiled Mount Pleafant. 
 
 Some of the Citizens of Bath have here their little Villas, 
 while a more confiderable Seat adorns the extreme End of 
 the Village at fomething lefs than a Mile from the hot Springs: 
 This Seat is now in the Occupation of My Lord Anne Hamil- 
 ton ; and the Village bearing South Eaft half eafterly from 
 Bath , forms a Line divided into two fmall Branches to the 
 Eaftward, with the Parifh Church lying between them. 
 
 The Comb in which this Village is fituated, finking into 
 the North Side of Camalodunum , extends almoft to the Sum- 
 mit of that Hill, and terminates itfelf in the Shape of the 
 Head of a vaft Niche, with natural Terraftes rifing above one 
 another, like the Stages between the Seats of a Roman Theatre; 
 and on one of thofe Terraftes Mr. Allen , one of the Citizens 
 of Bath , hath lately built himfelf a Seat, conftfting of a 
 Manfion Houfe in the Center, two Pavilions, and two Wings 
 of Offices: All thefe are united by low Buildings; and while 
 the chief Part of the whole Line fronts the Body of the City, 
 the reft faces the Summit of Mars’ s Hill. 
 
 By the following Print the general Plan of this Seat, as it 
 was firft intended, may be conceived ; the Houfe being marked 
 with the Letter A, the Pavilions with the Letters B, C, and 
 the Wings of Offices with the Letters F, G : H is a Baffin 
 of Water ; and the Extent of the Seat from F to G was pro- 
 pofed to anfwer that of three Sides of a Duodecagon, infcribed 
 within a Circle of a Quarter of a Mile Diameter : But in the 
 Execution the Wing of Offices, marked with the Letter D, 
 was joined on to the Pavilion B, 
 
 The 
 
# 
 
 Tile General PLAN 
 
 Of Mf Allen's Iloufe and Offices, in tli e^Vidcomb of C am al o dunum, lie ar B atla; 
 as it was iirft llefigne d.. 
 
) 
 
Chap. XII. A Defcription of BATH. 97 
 
 ! The Village of Lyncomb was antiently fituated at the 
 Bottom of the Dent of that Name ; and Lyn fignifying 
 .Water, the Name itfelf imports the Water or watery Valley. 
 Few of the Houfes of this Village are now remaining, but 
 thofe that do exift are about a Mile from the hot Springs, 
 and bear South and by Eaft from them. 
 
 Twiverton in the Shape of a long Curve Line, branched 
 | into two Parts at tHe extreme End, feems to have been fo 
 n named from Tun a Town, and a couple of fhallow Places in 
 ithe^Wz that were fordable there before the Wears were 
 built acrofs the River. The Village ftands about a Mile and 
 ; a half from the hot Springs ; bears Weft from them ; and 
 
 ! j feems to have been the laft Place of abode for fuch as migrated 
 from the City upon its being firft environed with new Villages 
 to accommodate the Increafe of her Inhabitants. 
 
 ( Kelston, on the other hand, feems to have been the firft 
 I Place of abode for fuch as were obliged to migrate from the 
 City upon its being furrounded a fecond time with Villages 
 
 I to receive the Increafe of the Inhabitants \ and the general 
 {Shape of the Place anfwers that of the Letter T, fuppofing it 
 to have a Curve Line for its Head. The Name of the Village 
 is compounded of the Britijh Kelhe , fignifying a Wood, and 
 the Saxon Tun , importing a Town ; it ftands in an elevated 
 Situation, bearing Weft North Weft, three Quarters Northerly 
 from the hot Springs j and it is three Miles and a half from 
 thofe Fountains. 
 
 This Village, and the Lands about it, make one entire 
 • and compleat Lordfhip ; and for its Size may be looked upon 
 : as the Flower of all the Manors within the Limits of the 
 {’City of bath in its antient State : It was the Seat of the 
 above-mentioned Sir John Harrington ; and the Manfion 
 IjHoufe was erected by him after a Draught of the celebrated 
 Architect, James Barozzi , of Vignola . 
 
 Easton, fo named from its Eaftern Situation from the 
 ijBody of the City, and Tun a Town, is a Village in the Shape 
 ■of the Letter Y, and ftands, for the moft part, on the Roman 
 I Fofs Road, at the Diftance of about two Miles and a half 
 from the hot Springs \ from which it bears North Eaft, two 
 Thirds Eafterly. 
 
 This Village feems to have received its firft Inhabitants 
 not only from the Body of the City, but fome of its original 
 ; detached Parts ; for it is compofed of three Diftricfts, EaJlon y 
 Amrill , and Catharine \ and Eajion being divided, Amrill is 
 
 O annexed 
 
g% An ESSAY towards Part 
 
 annexed to one half, Catharine to the other : But, at the far 
 time, Amrill is an Appendage to Hampton and Claverton ; ai 
 Catharine feems to have been the fame to Swinefwick. 
 
 Catharine is lately become a Village of itfelf,' bearii 
 North Eaft and by North from the hot Springs, at the Diftan 
 of almoft four Miles from them ; and this Place having be 
 only an Arm of Eafton , it makes a long Curve Line in t 
 Valley at the Eaft End of Haul Down . 
 
 Bathford, almoft in the Shape of the Letter Y, with 
 long Line for its Bafe, is fituated on high Ground towar 
 the Foot of the North Weft Corner of Far-Leigh , or t 
 King's Down ; it bears Eaft North Eaft, half Eafterly fro 
 the hot Springs ; and it is two Miles and a half from thei 
 The Name arifes from a (hallow Part of the Avon which a 
 mits of a Paflage over the River juft beneath the Village, ai 
 from Bath itfelf as the only Place to which the Road thro* t 
 River at this Village originally led. 
 
 Freshford, the laft on the River Frome , and fo nam 
 from the Modern Date of its Original, in refpect to Iford aj 
 * Telsford , is a Village whofe chief Parts are in the Shape 
 the Letter T ; while the reft form three fmall Lines rifu 
 up from the Head of it. It is for the moft part fituated on t 
 Summit of a fmall Hill ; bears South Eaft and by South fro 
 the hot Springs ; is four Miles diftant from thofe Fountain 
 and the Buildings of it appear to fuch as view them from t 
 South Weft End of the King's Down like a Colle£lion 
 little Palaces ! 
 
 Henton implies the old or antient Town, and bearing Sou 
 and by Eaft from the hot Springs, is fituated on the Top of 
 Hill four Miles and a half from the warm Fountains : T1 
 Village is divided into two Parts widely detach’d from o 
 another ; and each Part appearing in the Shape of an L, 
 Capital Building ftands between them, and makes one 
 the principal Seats within the Limits of Bath, in its midc 
 State. 
 
 Wellow or Welewe , is a Village in the Shape of a Croi 
 and lying in a low Situation, it bears South and by Weft, 
 Third Wefterly from the hot Springs, at the Diftance of abo 
 four Miles and a Quarter from them. The Name feems 
 have arofe from feme remarkable Well in it fet apart for religio 
 Purpofes ; or ufed for watering Sheep ; and a Hill rifing i 
 on die North Side of the Village backs one part of Ca?nai 
 dunum to the South, the fame as King's Down backs it to tl 
 
 * Eaf 
 
«L‘ 
 
 fame 
 
 Chap. XII. A Defcription of BATH. 99 
 
 Eaft ; continuing, at the fame time, the Curve Line of the 
 North End of Strouthill , and carrying fome Marks of a Dedi- 
 cation to the Twin Brothers, Cajlor and Pollux ; Heroes 
 worshipped in Gaul, as Monfieur Banicr concludes from their 
 Bas-reliefs dug up in the Choir of the Cathedral at Paris on 
 the 16 th of March , A. D. 1711. 
 
 Inglescomb feems to have been fo denominated from the 
 angular Feet of the Hills whereon the Village is fituated, and 
 the fmall Vales that meet in angular Points before them. This 
 Village bears South Weft and by Weft, half wefterly from 
 the hot Springs ; and lying at the Diftance of about two 
 Miles and a Third from the Fountains, it forms one principal 
 Line, with feveral others of a lefs Size branching from each 
 Side of it. We may divide it into two Parts, the Antient 
 and the Modern ; both Parts are near upon the fame Level ; 
 and both Parts ftand fo far back from the angular Feet of the 
 Hills whereon they are fituated, as to appear high in refpedt to 
 the Vales beneath them. 
 
 The Manor of Inglefcomb is the Property of his Royal 
 Highnefs the Prince of Wales , as Duke of Cornwall ; and the 
 angular Foot of the Hill, from which the Village was princi- 
 tk j pally denominated, is adorned with a Work vulgarly called the 
 Caftle ; this is fever’d from the Land above it by a deep 
 Trench ; and that Land taking the Name of the Plain of the 
 Breach, terminates itfelf with a large natural Grove extending 
 to the Brow of Camalodunum under the Name of Breach Wood : 
 This Caftle appears to be a Work of the remoteft Antiquity ; 
 the neighbouring Inhabitants fpeak of a remarkable Well in it ; 
 and therefore it may be looked upon as one of the original 
 detach’d Parts of Bath , notwithftanding I have ranked the 
 more modern Part of the Village among thofe Places to which 
 the People migrated when the City was invironing, a fecond 
 time, with Villages to receive the Increafe of her Inhabitants. 
 
 This Caftle appearing on a declining Branch of Camalo- 
 dunum, makes it probable that the Well in it bore the Name 
 of the God of War ; and as fuch it muft have made part of 
 the firft Works that were executed on the Hill facred to 
 that God. 
 
 Priors Stanton, or Stanton Prior , a Name implying 
 the Stone Town belonging to the chief of a Religious Order 
 of Men, is in a low Situation four Miles and a half from the 
 hot Springs ; and bearing Weft and by South from them, its 
 general Shape anfwers that of an L> with one fmall Line 
 
 O z branching 
 
 i and 
 :anW 
 
 W 
 keen 
 in thej 
 
 nth 
 wards 
 i tlie 
 
 amed 
 l and 
 peo 
 
 from 
 
 n the 
 in 0 
 
 lOllt 
 
 of 
 
 The 
 
 rofs 
 
 nsti 
 
 jiou 
 
 m 
 
 )th 
 
ioo An ESSAY towards Parti. 
 
 branching from the angular Point of it, and another dropping 
 from its Bafe. 
 
 Newton, fo named from its having been the laft detach’d 
 Part of Bath to which the People removed on their Increafe, 
 is fituated on the Top of a Hill ; it bears Weft, half Wefterly 
 from the hot Springs ; and lying two Miles and three Quarters 
 from them, it forms feveral Lines that may be all comprifed 
 within the Limits of a Quadrangular Figure whofe Length is 
 to its Breadth as 5 is to 2. 
 
 This Village bears the Sirname of Saint Lo , from one of 
 the chief Seats of the Lord Saint Lo that was fituated about 
 half a Mile to the Weft ward of it* Leland takes Notice of 
 this Building in the f h Volume of his Itinerary, and tells us 
 that the laft Lord Saint Lo dying without Heirs Male, his 
 Lands defcended to the Lords Hungerford and Botreaux ; our 
 Author adding that the Caftle-like Seat at Newton was, at the 
 time of his writing, in the PofTeffion of Lord Hajlings , Earl 
 of Huntington. 
 
 This Nobleman was Baron Hungerford of Heitfbury , Bo - 
 ireaux , Molines , and Moels. in right of his Mother, Alary , 
 the Daughter of Sir Thomas Hungerford , and Niece of Robert 
 Lord Hungerford , who, by being defcended from the Heirefles 
 of thofe Families, came to the PofTeffion of Lord Saint Lo’s 
 Seat at Newton ; and thereby to a Place of Habitation which 
 ftill appears not only with a Dignity fuitable to that of the 
 antient Nobility of the Britiftj Nation ; but with a Strength 
 fufxicient for detaining King John a Prifoner ; for in one of 
 the Towers of this Caftle-like Seat that Monarch, as Tradition 
 informs us, was confined. 
 
 N o w touching fuch as removed from the original detach’d 
 Parts of the City, the firft Migration of this Kind feems to 
 have been from Claverton to Comb , a Village lying againft 
 the back Side of Ca?nalodunum in the Shape of an L ; bearing 
 South Eaft and by South from the hot Springs, at the Diftance 
 of about two Miles and a Quarter from them ; and taking 
 its Name from the ftnall V alley wherein it ftands. 
 
 Combhay, forming a double Line, bearing South South 
 Weft from the hot Springs, and lying about three Miles and 
 a Quarter from them in a high Situation againft a declining 
 Branch of Camalodunwn , feems to have been a Village that 
 received the Increafe of People from Southfoke ; and to have 
 taken its Name from the narrow Vale below it, and the ap- 
 parent Figure of the Sun : It is adorned with a Capital Houfe 
 
lor 
 
 Chap. XII. A Defcription of B AT H. 
 
 that makes no inconfiderable Seat ; and the Side of the Hill 
 that bounds the Vale beneath the Building yields a Concave 
 Recefs before the Front of it, the Theatrical Form of which 
 makes a Beauty in Nature capable of charming the moft cu- 
 rious Eye. 
 
 The Bottom of this Vale is marked with a Meandring 
 Brook which feems to have been* dedicated to Camalos ; for it 
 takes its Ri r e near a Place called Gamely , and after running 
 all along the Back of Gamaiodunum^ it difcharges itfelf into 
 the Avon, by the Name of Camber Brook. 
 
 The Migration from Duncarnton to Carnecot in the fame 
 Valley with it, was be: (mail, as the Name feems to indicate ; 
 but to Priejlon it mu ft have been very confiderable : This 
 Village lies in a Valley feparated from that wherein Duncarn- 
 ton is fituated, by a declining Branch of Camalodunum\ and 
 being in the form of the Letter Y, upon a Curve Bafe Line, 
 it ftands about four Miles and a half from the hot Springs j 
 bearing South Weft and by Weft from them. 
 
 Welmarston bearing South South Weft, half Wefterly 
 from the hot Springs, and lying at the Diftance of about three 
 Miles and three Quarters from them, in the Shape of a (mail 
 Quadrangle ; and Camerton lying about two Miles further in 
 the fame bearing, being Towns, the firft denominated from 
 the Well of Mars , the fecond from Mars himfelf, it muft 
 neceflarily follow that the People from Mars ' 3 s Plill migrated 
 to them when Duncarnton , Carnecot , and Priejlon , were filled 
 with Inhabitants : Or the Town oi Mars's Well might have 
 been founded as early as the W ell in the Caftle of Inglefcomb ; 
 and by receiving its Name from that (acred Pit, might thereby 
 become an Original detach’d Part of Bath . 
 
 When the Inhabitants of Iford grew too numerous for 
 the Place, fome of them undoubtedly removed to the Top of 
 the oppofite Hill and founded the Village of Far-Leigh , fo 
 named from Leigh , a Piece of high Pafture Land, and its re- 
 mote Situation from the Body of the City, Southward, in 
 refpect to the other common Pafture Ground belonging to it : 
 And in like manner w r hen the Inhabitants of Pels ford grew too 
 numerous for the Place, fome of them, by removing North- 
 ward from their old Abodes, might found Norton , or the 
 North Town. 
 
 Carnecot ftands in a high Situation on the South Side of 
 the Vale that is watered by ComaloB s Brook; and the Build- 
 ings fronting two pubiick Ways, crofting each other, the 
 
 Point 
 
102 
 
 An ESSAY towards Part II. 
 
 Point of Interfedlion bears the Name of the Crofs, and is 
 marked with a Tree which preferves, to this Hour, the Object 
 of Adoration that, in Pagan Times, muft have grown on the 
 fame Spot of Ground. 
 
 This Place is a computed Mile from Duncarnton ; and a 
 computed Mile further on, againft: the Side of the fame Hill, 
 Gamerton is fituated at the Bottom of a fmall Dent or Comb ; 
 wherein it forms a long Line beginning with the Parifli Church, 
 and a Manfion Houfe that may be placed in the firft Rank of 
 Capital Houfes within the antient Limits of the Hundred of 
 Bath for am. 
 
 The Buildings of Far- Leigh are widely detach’d from one 
 another, and Handing in a high Situation, they front two 
 publick Roads. Here we fee a Capital Seat that yields to few 
 within the Limits of Bath , in its middle State : And here we 
 likewife fee the Ruins of a Caftle that formerly, made one of 
 the moft ftately Seats in the Kingdom ; it was the Habitation 
 of one of the wealthieft Families ; and Leland tells us, in the 
 fecond Volume of his Itinerary , that one of the Hungerfords 
 built the Grand Apartment in the Inner Court, confifting of 
 a Hall and three Chambers, by the Prey of the Duke of 
 Orleaunce whom he had taken Prifoner. 
 
 This Caftle made a large Quadrangular Pile of Building, 
 with a fpacious Court in the middle of it: a round Tower 
 adorned every Corner of the Structure ; and another was 
 placed on each Side the Entrance into it : This was in the 
 Weft Front; before which there was an outward Court, 
 with a Gate at each End of it : Stupendous Offices extended 
 all along the Weft Side of this external Court ; and a Chapel 
 adorned the South Eaft Comer of it : The facred Edifice ftill 
 continues a lamentable Proof of the Inftability of Fortune ; 
 for it exhibits the Marks of a Family that funk, from the 
 Wealth and Grandeur of a Sovereign Prince, to errant Beg- 
 gary, within the compafs of half an Age ! But how much 
 longer it will remain a Teftimony of fuch Magnificence muft 
 be determined by the Rain, the Wind, and every other In- 
 clemency of the Weather that now beats thro’ the Roof, 
 and daily brings the Building towards that State in which we 
 fee the Ruins of the Caftle itfelf. 
 
 Norton is a large Market Town lying againft the Side of 
 a Hill ; and the chief Part confifting of a long Street, crofted 
 by one that is much fhorter, the Interfeftion is adorned with 
 a Monument rifing up from an O&angular Bafts. The Manor 
 
 2 Of 
 
Chap. II. A Defcription of B A T H. 103* 
 
 of Norton , like that of Inglefcomb , is the Property of his Royal 
 Highnefs the Prince of Wales ; and the Town bearing the 
 Sirname of St. Philips , is thereby known from the other 
 Nortons near the hot Springs of Bath . 
 
 Such were the detach’d Parts of Bath , exclufive of all their 
 little Hamlets, when reduced to its middle State ; and the 
 Britijh , Grecian , Roman , Saxon , and other Names of them, 
 however corrupted or blended, is a fufficient Proof that they 
 were, for the moft Part, facred to the Idols of the Pagan 
 World : On the other Hand the general Name of Ach?nan - 
 chejier , given to the City by the Saxons , is a Demonftration 
 that they found it a City of Priefts ; as fuch, when Chriftianity 
 began to triumph over Paganifm, the Monks pofleffed them- 
 felves of the facred Works of the Priefts of the Oak ; Confe- 
 crating to Chrift, and divers Saints, what had been before 
 Dedicated to Idols ; and placing Images of the Crofs of the 
 Mefliah, where thofe of the Idols ftood, for everlafting Marks 
 of the Converfions made by them. 
 
 These Marks of Converfion were alfo Marks of Expiation, 
 and feem to have derived their Original from the Law made 
 by Hheodofius , the Younger, for the Deftru£tion of Paganifm : 
 For about one hundred and fifty Years after the time of that 
 Emperor, Gregory the Great , as Bede allures us, gave Augujlin 
 the Monk Inftru£tions to convert all the well built Temples in 
 Britain from the Worfhip of Devils to the Service of the 
 true God by a folemn Confederation, fealed with an Image of 
 the Crofs of Chrift, as the Theodofian Law directed. 
 
 The Crofs that was fet up for a Token of converting the 
 hot Waters from the Patronage of the Sun, to that of Chrift, 
 was maintained in the Crofs Bath till the beginning of Novem- 
 ber Pm the Year 1745; and when Saint Augujlin, or his 
 Followers, deftroyed fuch things on Camalodunum as belonged 
 to Mars , they ere£ted a Crofs on the Middle of the Summit 
 of that Mountain, where it is ftill maintained by the Name of 
 Gregory's Crofs. 
 
 These Croftes were, by the Saxons , called Rodes ; and 
 from thofe Marks of devoting to the Service of the true God 
 what had been before applied to that of Idols, and of making 
 Atonement for the former Ufes of the Works converted, 
 many of our Towns and Villages received their Names; of 
 which Rodejioke , Rode, and Rodeafliton now lying near the 
 Southern Bounds of the City of Bath y in its modern State, 
 are undeniable Proofs. 
 
 Again, 
 
104 An ESSAY towards Parti. 
 
 Again, the Feftival Day for celebrating the Invention of 
 the Crofs took the Name of Rudmas Day from the Saxon 
 Name of the Inftrument at that time honoured ; and from 
 the Form of the Prayer then made ufe of for the folemn Dif- 
 miflion of the People : And the F eftival Day for celebrating 
 the Exaltation of the Crofs took the Name of Holy Rood Day 
 from the Saxon Names of the fame Inftrument $ and from its 
 confecrated Nature. 
 
 These Feftivals were antiently celebrated on the third of 
 May-, and the 14 th of September \ but now they are both ob- 
 ferved on Holy Thurfday : And as this Day anfwers the third of 
 May, when the fixth Day of the Moon’s Age makes the 
 Day of the Vernal Equinox, or the Commencement of the 
 old Britijh Accounts of Time •> fo it feems much more than 
 probable that Augujlin , and his Followers, oppofed the Pagan 
 Priefts while they were honouring the Sun at their May Day 
 Feftivals ; and thereby converted the Englijh , in Multitudes, 
 to Chriftianity. 
 
 The End of the First Part® 
 
A N 
 
 ESSAY 
 
 TOWARDS 
 
 A 
 
 DESCRIPTION of BATH. 
 
 PART the SECOND. 
 
 WHEREIN 
 
 The Gods, Places of Worship, Religion, And Learning of 
 the antient Britons ai;e occafionally confidered ; and the British 
 Works of Bath, and in its Neighbourhood ; the Grecian Or^ 
 n aments with which thofe antient Works were adorned ; and the 
 Devastations as well as Restorations of the City in the 
 Days of the Romans, Saxons, Danes and Normans ; together 
 with its Additional Buildings down to the Year m dccxxvil 
 
 Are refpe&ively Treated of. 
 
 CHAP. 1. 
 
 The Introduction! 
 
 AuSAR’s Commentaries will be an everlafting TefH- 
 mony that the Britons in his Time were People of 
 confummate Knowledge in the Art of War ; that they 
 were great Philofophers and Aflronomers; and that 
 they were the moll learned Divines : The fame Commentaries 
 will likewife bear Witnefs that the Inhabitants of the Britan - 
 nick Illand were not only infinite in Number when Cezfar firft 
 arrived in it, but that they had Buildings in great Abundance 
 to anfwer all their' Occafions : And tho’ the common People, 
 at that time, appear by the Words of our illuftrious Authc* 
 to have led a Paftoral Life, feldom troubling them fe Ives with 
 Agriculture, yet th eTrinobantes raifed fo much Corn as enabled 
 them to fupply the Roman Conqueror with what was neceflary 
 for his Army : We may fuppofe them, on this Occafion, to have 
 
 P opened 
 
io6 An ESSAY towards Part II. 
 
 opened their fubterranean Magazines ; for Diodorus Siculus 
 tells us in the fecond Chapter of his fifth Book, that the abori- 
 ginal Britons , in reaping their Corn, cut off the Ears from 
 the Stalk, and then houfed them up in Repofitories under 
 Ground. 
 
 CiES ar ? s firft Expedition into Britain , according to his 
 own account, was to revenge the Injuries he had received 
 during his Wars in Gaul , by the Britons furnifhing his Ene- 
 mies with confiderable Supplies : But according to what Sue- 
 tonius writes, he was allured to that Expedition by the Hopes 
 of obtaining a great Prize of Pearls ; we may add of Gold, 
 Silver, and other Metals alfo ; and nothing is more probable 
 than that he attained his Ends, fince Pliny tells us in the 
 thirty fifth Chapter of his ninth Book, that Ceefar having had 
 a curious Breaft Plate made of Britijh Pearls, the Roman 
 High Prieft dedicated the fame to the Mother of Venus within 
 her Temple ; and Tacitus declares in the Life of Agricola , that 
 the Gold, Silver, and other Metals which Britain yielded, 
 proved the Prize and leeward of her Conquerors. 
 
 The Eminence of the Britannick Ifland at the time of 
 Ccefars firft entering into it, carries us beyond that Period 
 which hath been generally affigned for civilizing the Britons , 
 and bringing an imaginary Wild and Difperfed People, from 
 Habitations in Woods and Caverns, to dwell together in 
 handfome Houfes made by Art : It carries us into the obfcure 
 Period of our Hiftory : But it demonftrates what the People 
 were in that dark time of our Records ; they were then the 
 Mafters of the Gallick Druids and tho’ Ccefar celebrates 
 thofe famous Priefts of the Continent for their Knowledge of 
 the Stars and their Motion ; of the Nature of Things ; of the 
 Magnitude of Heaven and Earth ; and of the Power and Ma- 
 jefty of the immortal Gods ; yet he abfolutely gives us to un- 
 der Rand that they were but mere Smatterers in their Profeffion, 
 and then tells us, that fuch as defired to be perfect Mafters of 
 it went into Britain to learn it. 
 
 The great Learning of the Britons is fpoken of more 
 than two hundred Years before Cafar* s coming into the 
 Ifland by Berofus , a Chaldean Prieft of Belus , fo eminent for 
 his Knowledge in Aftrology that the Athenians caufed his 
 Statue, with a Golden Tongue, to be erected in the publick 
 School of their Univerfity, as Pliny allures us in the feven 
 and thirtieth Chapter of his feventh Book : And this Prieft 
 carries the Commencement of the Aftronomical and other 
 
 Learning 
 
Chap. I. A Defcription of B A T H. 107 
 
 Learning of the firft Inhabitants of the Ifland up to the Year 
 152 after the Deluge ; Berofus beginning a Monarchy at that 
 Time, with a Perfon who bore the Name of Samothes ; or 
 had that Name applied to him. 
 
 This Monarchy, according to Mr. Sammes* s Account, 
 continued 945 Years, and ended at the Time of Brute s firft 
 Entrance into our Ifland : So that from hence we may place 
 the Inauguration of Samoihes , or the King fignified by that 
 Name, about the Year 1653 before the Birth of Chrift ; and 
 fuppofe a real Monarchy to have commenced in Britain about 
 the Time of the Commencement of the Egyptian Bondage, 
 which began on the Death of the Patriarch Jofeph in the 
 Year 1635 before cur Lord’s Nativity. 
 
 The Britijh Priefthood having been annexed to the 
 Royalty, and the Perfians learning all their Magick from the 
 Britons , it can remain no Matter for Wonder that the 
 Hiftory of the earlieft Times of the latter fhould be commu- 
 nicated to a Prieft of the former, and, by him, be recorded 
 in Writing ; fince the Liberty of the Pen was allowed to the 
 Perfian Magi, but reftrained from the Britijh Druids in every 
 thing that related to their Religion and Learning : Neither 
 can it remain a Matter for Wonder, that a Hiftory wrote 
 by a Chaldean Prieft fhould, after the Courfe of more than 
 feventeen hundred Years, fall into the Hands of a learned 
 Fryar advanced to the high Office of Matter of the facred 
 Palace. 
 
 I t is therefore much more probable that the Hiftory bear- 
 ing the Name of Berofus , and publifhed about two hundred 
 and fifty Years ago by the great Antiquary, John Nannius , 
 commonly called Annius of Viterbo , fhould have been a ge- 
 nuine Account, than thruft into the World as the Forgery of 
 the Dominican Fryar : And it is alfo much more than probable 
 that Berofus carried the Learning of the Britijh Druids up to 
 the ./Era of the firft Celtick Kings, to advance the Antiquity 
 of his own Sedf, as the Perfian Magi were fuppofed to have 
 learned all their Magick of the Britijh Priefts of the Oak. 
 
 The Germans , in Ceefar’s time, had not fo much as 
 heard of any of the other Gods of Paganifm, than Sol> or 
 the Sun; Vulcan , or the Fire; and Luna , or the Moon; 
 all vifible to them, and whofe Influence they were apparently 
 obliged to : But the Gauls had then their invifible Gods, and 
 entertained fuch Notions of them as the People of other 
 Countries \ making Mercury their Tutelar Deity, and be- 
 
 P 2 lieving 
 
loB An ESSAY towards Part II* 
 
 lieving him to have had a particular Influence over Merchan- 
 dize, and all manner of Gain. 
 
 Apollo was the God next in efteem to Mercury ; Mars 
 was honoured after him ; then Jupiter, entered their* Lift ; 
 and next to him Minerva : The People believing that Apollo 
 could cure their Difeafes ; that Mars prefided over War ; that 
 Jupiter was the fupreme Deity ; and that Minerva firft taught 
 Mankind Works and Manufactures. 
 
 Now the Power and Majefty of thefe, as well as of all the 
 other Gallick Deities not named by Ctzfar^ for he has only 
 enumerated the chief of them, was better known to the Bri- 
 tons than to the Gauls ; and therefore upon the Certainty that 
 the antient Druids of the Britannick Ifland were well {killed 
 in the Mythology of the more Eaftern Nations, I will, in the 
 Defcription of thofe venerable Monuments round about the 
 hot Springs of Bath , and fuch others in its Neighbourhood as 
 have refilled the EffeCts of Time, and barbarous Hands, fo 
 as to preferve fome Traces of what they once were, endea- 
 vour to point out their Founders and Ufes in the obfcure Period 
 of our Hiftory ; and not, as fome have done, fupinely give to 
 C&far^ and the Romans , what they don’t appear to have ar- 
 rogated to themfelves. 
 
 For even Tacitus don’t pretend that his Father-in-Law, 
 Agricola , did any thing more than exhort and affift the Britons 
 to build Temples, Houfes and Forums, or Places to affemble in; 
 or any thing more than employ his Care to have the Sons of 
 their Chiefs taught the Liberal Sciences : The Roman Gover- 
 nor, and High Prieft, in all this having in View to footh a 
 hoftile People, and reftore them to the Exercife of their Reli- 
 gion and Learning, after both had been abolifhed by the Order 
 of Claudius Ceefar. 
 
 Agricola likewife reduced the tributary Corn which the 
 Britons fupplied the Romans with, to the Quantity that was 
 originally agreed upon ; and took Care to cut off all other 
 Caufes of War between his own People and thofe he was ap- 
 pointed to fubdue and govern. 
 
 The Britons thus encouraged to Peace proceeded in their 
 Buildings to fumptuous Structures for their Health and Plea- 
 fure ; ereCting ftately Baths for the former, and magnificent 
 Porticoes for the latter : In which Porticoes a brave People, 
 till th,en unacquainted with Luxury, were led into all the Sti- 
 mulations and Elegance of Banqueting ; and thereby they 
 were foftened in Adiyity and R epofe, with which their Bon- 
 dage 
 
Chap. I. A Defcription of B AT H. 109 
 
 dage to the Roman Empire will appear to have firft com- 
 menced ; as well as that Bath was the chief Scene of an Event 
 fo remarkable : An Event entirely owing to the Craft of 
 Agricola , confidered as the Roman High Prieft, and not to 
 his Power confidered as the Soldier, and Statefman of Con- 
 fular Dignity, to whom the Conduit of reducing and govern- 
 ing Britain had been committed on the Account of his con- 
 fummate Knowledge in the Field, as well as in the Cabinet. 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 Of the Gods, Places of W or s hip, Religion and 
 Learning of the antient Britons . 
 
 B ATH claiming for its Founder one of the moft eminent, 
 and one of the moft celebrated Philofophers of all Anti- 
 quity; a fhort Enquiry into the Gods, Places of Worfhip, 
 Religion and Learning of the Inhabitants of the Britajinick 
 Ifland in thofe early Ages of the World that preceded the 
 Age wherein the Druids had their Rife, feems neceflary, in 
 this Place, for the better underftanding the Monuments with 
 which King Bladud adorned his City ; thofe which for above 
 five hundred Years drew the Priefts from the Continent into 
 Britain to be inftru&ed at them in the Myfteries of the Drui - 
 dical Profeffion ; and thofe which continued a Nurfery for 
 Learning for near fix hundred Years after. 
 
 Touching the Gods of the antient Britons , 
 
 I {hall firft obferve from facred Hiftory, that as the Sun and 
 Moon were placed in the Heavens, for Signs, for Seafons, 
 for Days, and for Years, fo it is evident that God intended 
 that Men fhould obferve the Motions and Influences of thofe 
 Bodies, to enable them to compute Time ; to know when to 
 Sow and Plant ; and when to Reap and Gather : Mankind 
 therefore meditating upon the Motions and Influences of the 
 Sun and Moon, were not long before they miftook them for 
 the Supreme Gods ; and there is not a Nation upon the Earth 
 that hath not bowed the Knee to them as fuch. 
 
 u The Egyptians , fays Diodorus Siculus in the firft Chapter 
 44 of his firft Book, looked upon the Sun and Moon as the 
 44 two chief Gods that were Eternal and Immortal ; and held 
 44 that their Attributes were a Spirit or quickening Efficacy, 
 44 to which they gave the Title of Jupiter ; Heat or Fire, 
 44 which they called Vulcan Drynefs or Earth, to which 
 
 44 they 
 
no An ESSAY towards Part II. 
 
 €C they gave the Appellation of Met era ; Moifture or Water 
 C5 which they called Oceanus ; and Air to which ' they gave 
 
 the Name of Minerva ” 
 
 Thus every material and diftinft Thing that regarded the 
 Globe on which we live, when God moulded it into its pre- 
 fent Form, was efteemed to be part of the Deity; each be- 
 came a God of itfelf ; and Habitations were found for thofe 
 Gods in the Orbs of the lefier Planets : So that the feven 
 Planets, as Aibricus the Philofopher attefts, became the feven 
 firft Gods of the Pagan World ; and Mr. Sammes telling us 
 that the antient Britons looked upon the Sun and Moon as the 
 King and Queen of Heaven; judging at the fame time, 
 Jupiter , Mercury , Minerva , Venus , and Mars to have been 
 ttniverfal Deities ; we may from thence conclude that they 
 imagined the Spirit which animates all Creatures, as well as 
 the Elements of Fire, Air, Earth, and Water to have been 
 divinely influenced : And as fuch that they affigned the EfTence 
 of each of them a particular Habitation in Heaven along with 
 the Sun and Moon, and placed them in the Orbs of the Pla- 
 nets Mercury , Venus , Mars 3 Jupiter and Saturn . 
 
 The Places of Worship, 
 for the Adoration and Invocation of all thofe Intelligencies, 
 which the Britons imagined to have prefided in the Orbs of 
 the heavenly Bodies, were fuch as the Patriarchs themfelves fet 
 up, or adopted ; namely Angle Trees and Angle Pillars : For 
 after Abraham had made a Covenant of Friendfhip with Abi- 
 melech , King of Gerar , at a Well funk by him for the 
 watering of his Herds ; had ratiAed it by an Oath ; and had 
 given the Well, exprefled in Hebrew by the Word Beer , the 
 Sirname of Sheba , i. e. an Oath, he planted an Oak Tree, or 
 Grove, juft by it ; under the Shade of which he called on 
 the Name of the Lord, and adored the everlafting God : 
 Ifaac did the fame after he had built an Altar near his Father’s 
 Well and Tree : And Jacob had no fooner had his ViAon 
 in his Journey to Mefopotamia than he reared up a Stone ; this 
 he named the Houfe of God ; Pie then made a folemn Vow 
 to invoke Jehovah at it with an Offering of the Tyth of 
 whatever he fhould become Mafter of ; and at his return to 
 Canaan he built an Altar by his confecrated Pillar to enable 
 him to fulfil his Vow. 
 
 Near Trees thus planted, or near others felefted for their 
 venerable Appearance, as well as for the Shade they gave, 
 the Jews entertained Strangers ; eat part of the Meat of the 
 
 Animals 
 
Chap. II. A Defcription of B A T H. 1 1 1 
 
 Animals offered for Sacrifice ; burnt their Incenfe ; buried the 
 Dead whom they moft efteemed ; and fecreted fuch Objects 
 of Pride as were incompatible with an humble Mind : Near 
 one of them they erefted a Pillar as a Teftimony of their 
 free and unanimous Choice to ferve the God of Ifrael , and 
 abandon all others : And by the fame Tree and Pillar they 
 formed their Republick into a Monarchy, and eledted them- 
 felves a King. 
 
 From thefe Examples the Piety of the antient Britons un- 
 doubtedly led them to Plant, or fet apart Trees, and to eredt 
 fingle Stones for Religious Purpofes : Thefe were the primitive 
 Britijh Temples ; and Time itfelf hath notdeftroyed them, as 
 the Trees and Pillars in our Church Yards, or other open Places 
 of publick Refort in our Cities, Towns and Villages ; and the 
 Trees at the meeting of high Ways, do moft abundantly teftify* 
 These Trees, for the chief part, were confecrated to the 
 Moon as a threefold Divinity that prelided in Heaven, in the 
 Earth, and in the infernal Regions ; and they were efteemed 
 as Statues of that Goddefs under her Name of Trivia , tho* 
 fhe was often reprefented by three Stones, as at Trelech in 
 Monmouthjhire : But the fingle Pillars were generally confe- 
 crated to the Sun ; and when they were made tapering, and 
 crowned with a Globe, they were looked upon as Statues of 
 that God under his Name of Belfamen . 
 
 The Religion of the antient Britons 
 confifted in their retiring to fuch Places as were venerable 
 and folitary, and there worshipping their Gods, fometimes 
 by themfelves, and fometimes in Companies: For this was 
 the Cuftom with the Hyperboreans , as Pliny informs us when 
 he fpeaks of them as a bleffed and happy People whofe Country 
 was open to the Sun, of a pleafant Temperature, and void 
 of all noifome Winds, as well as hurtful Air ; as a People 
 that applied themfelves to Labour only in the Summer Time* 
 fowing in the Morning of that long Day, Reaping at Noon, 
 and with the fetting Sun, gathering the Fruits from the Trees; 
 as a People that were utter Strangers to Difcord, that felt no 
 Sicknefs, and that enjoyed themfelves in their Habitations 
 during the whole Winter Seafon $ and as a People that never 
 died till they themfelves thought proper to put a Period to 
 their Lives : Then, fays our Author, the old Men, after 
 
 a folemn Preparation, leaped from off a certain Rock into 
 ** the Sea, and the Waters became an honourable and com- 
 mon Place of Sepulchre to them, 5 * 
 
 3r 
 
 The 
 
1 12 An ESSAY towards Part IL 
 
 The Hyperboreans , as Monfieur Banier obferves, were 
 the moft religious People in the World; they never grew 
 weary of Life till they had feen a thoufand Years com pleat ; 
 and therefore a People thus reprefented could not be without 
 the Belief of the Immortality of the Soul from the very firft 
 time of their coming into the Ifland ; which Point of Doctrine 
 the Britons , from the remote!! Ages, have been celebrated for 
 Profefling : With this Belief they zealoufly adored their Gods, 
 feeking their Aid on all Occafions, and attributing all the 
 Good they received to them : Thefe they implored with Sa- 
 crifices under fuch Names as they, from time to time, thought 
 beft expreffed the Nature of them ; with the like Sacrifices 
 they returned them their thanks ; and with the firft Fruits of 
 the Earth they made them grateful Offerings, as the foie Au- 
 thors of every beneficial thing they gathered from it. 
 
 The Learning of the antient Britons , 
 or rather of the firft Inhabitants of Britain , appeared to have 
 been very extraordinary to fuch Writers as have endeavoured 
 to {hew that we have had a Race of Kings before the Author 
 of the Britijh Hiftory commenced his Monarchy with a Trojan 
 Prince, descended from the great /Eneas ; for thofe Writers 
 tell us, that Samothes , the firft King of the Ifland, afcended 
 the Throne 945 Years before Brute , and that he was a great 
 Scholar in Philofophy, Mathematicks and Religion ; that his 
 Son Magus was the fame ; that his Grandfon Sarron founded 
 Schools and publick Places for Learning ; that his great Grand- 
 fon Druis gave the Druids their Origin, and was the Mafter 
 of Pythagoras for his Doctrine of the Tranfmigration of Souls 
 from one Body to another ; and that Bardus the Son of Druis 
 added Poetry, Mufick and Heraldry to the Learning of his 
 Anceftors. 
 
 This pompous Account is entirely rejected by Mr. Milton , 
 who will not give it the Room in his Hiftory, fo much as of 
 a Britijh Fable : It may neverthelefs pafs as a Chaldeati Tale, 
 wherein the Hiftory of King Bladud , and the Athenian Ne- 
 cromancers that aflifted him in his Works of Bath , was wrap- 
 ped up by Berofus in order to do honour to the Priefthood, 
 and advance its Antiquity as high as the firft Monarchy that 
 was eftabliftied in the Ifland. 
 
 The Athenian Necromancers I juft now mentioned, ap- 
 pear, from what Mr. Sammes writes, to have been four in 
 Number ; and Bladud’ s taking them under his Protection when 
 they were driven to the Neceffity of deferting their City, 
 
 muft 
 
Chap. II. A Defcription of B A T H. 1 1 3 
 
 mu ft have laid the Foundation for that particular Friendfhip 
 which fubfifted formerly between the Hyperboreans , and the 
 Grecians ; and more efpecially the Athenians , among whom 
 our Britijh Prince refided, and the Inhabitants of Delos ; Now 
 for the latter, Mythologifts give a very good Reafon, for they 
 tell us that Latona made the Ifland of Delos her Place of 
 Refuge when fhe was purfued by a Monfter, named Python , 
 which Juno made the Earth produce to be the Inftrument cf 
 her Vengeance againft her, and there fhe was delivered of 
 Apollo and Diana ; And for the former we find as good a 
 Reafon in the late Archbifliop of Canterbury's Antiquities of 
 Greece ; our Author telling us, in the Ninth Chapter of his 
 fecond Book, that the Athenians , at a time when the Plague 
 raged over all Greece , received an Oracle from the Hyperbo- 
 reans^ commanding them to make Vows and Prayers in 
 behalf of the reft ; and that after that they continued to 
 fend Gifts and Offerings thither, as they had formerly done 
 to Delphi . 
 
 The Birth of a God in any Country, denotes no more than 
 the Introduction of his Worfhip into it, as Herodotus moft 
 exprefsly writes ; from whence Monfieur Banter fuppofes the 
 Worfhip of Apollo to have been propagated from the Hyper- 
 boreans to the Grecians ; we may add of Diana alfo 5 and this 
 fo early as the Ages preceding the Trojati War, fince Paufa- 
 nias tells us that the Delphian Oracle was founded by two 
 Hyperboreans named Pegafus and Agyeus ; and fince Diodorus 
 Siculus allures us that the Corinthians applied to that Oracle 
 for Directions how to difpofe of the Bodies of the Sons of 
 Jafon , that were murdered by their Mother Medea: That 
 yery Medea who was Sifter to Circes the Enchantrefs, and no 
 lefs eminent in the Art of Witchcraft ; and that very Medea 
 who, by providing herfelf with a hollow Image of Diana y 
 got accefs to Pelias , King of Thejfaly , and made him believe 
 that the Goddefs in a Chariot, drawn through the Air by 
 Dragons, had paffed from the Hyperboreans over many Parts 
 of the World, and had at length made choice of him, as 
 the moft pious Prince, to fettle her Image with, and eftablifh 
 her Worfhip for ever : A Stratagem by which file was enabled, 
 in the Evening of the Day of his entering the City lolcos , to get 
 the King murdered, and his Palace put into the PofTeffion of 
 the Argonauts . 
 
 When the Worfhip of Apollo and Diana was once intro- 
 duced into Greece , the Hyperboreans , to do Honour to their 
 
 Q w Gods, 
 
1 14 An ESSAY towards Part II. 
 
 Gods, fent Offerings to them ; and thefe, as the Delians af- 
 firmed to Herodotus , were wrapped up in a Bundle of Wheat 
 Straw, and fo tranfmitted to Delos ; two Virgins, accompa- 
 nied with five Citizens, carrying the firft Offering that was 
 made ; foon after which two other Virgins were difpatched to 
 the fame Place to make an Acknowledgment to Lucina for a 
 fpeedy Delivery ; and to thefe four Maidens Callimachus adds 
 another, whofe Name was Loto. 
 
 Argis and Opis, Hyperoche and Laodice , are the Names of 
 the Virgins mentioned by Herodotus ; and that Hiftorian tells 
 us, that the five Citizens that accompanied two of them to 
 Delos , went under the general Title of Peripherees . 
 
 When the Grecians , about the Age wherein Thales , the 
 Milefian , lived, found that the Solar Year, confifting of one 
 entire Revolution of the Earth about the Sun, would not 
 agree with the Lunar Year, confifting of twelve entire Re- 
 volutions of the Moon about the Earth, the Study and En- 
 deavours of the Aftronomers, of thofe Times, was to find out 
 Cycles , or a certain Number of Lunar Years, wherein, by the 
 Intercalation or Addition of one or more Lunar Months, 
 the Revolutions of the Earth and Moon might be brought 
 within the fame Period. Now the firft Attempt that was 
 made for this Purpofe, confifting of the Intercalation of a 
 Month, at the End of a Cycle of two Years, as well as at 
 the End of another Cycle of four Years, we may from thence 
 fairly conclude that thofe Attempts were made by the Di- 
 rections of the Hyperboreans . 
 
 B y the five Peripherees that were fent to Delos, we are 
 therefore to underftand the Addition of five Days to the Gre- 
 cian Solar Year, which, at firft, contained no more than 
 360 Days, divided into twelve Lunar Months ; by the two 
 Virgins thofe Peripherees accompanied, the Cycle of two 
 Lunar Years ; by the two other Virgins, of Herodotus , the 
 Increafe of that Cycle to one of four Years; by Loto , the 
 intercalated Lunar Month at the End of each Cycle ; and by 
 the facred Things thofe MefTengers carried with them, Offer- 
 ings to Apollo of the firft Fruits of their Corn, and an Ac- 
 knowledgment to Diana of feme other Kind. 
 
 This laft Cycle was not long in ufe before it was doubled, 
 and three Lunar Months intercalated, which brought eight 
 Revolutions of the Earth about the Sun, and ninety nine Re- 
 volutions of the Moon about the Earth fo near together, that 
 it feems to have given Rife to the Fable, u That the Hyper - 
 
 44 b or can 
 
Chap. II. A Defcription of B A T H. 1 1 5 
 
 cc borean Apollo had killed the Monfter Python , or Typhon 
 and on this Victory the Pythian Games were inftituted » 
 Apollo was from thence furnamed Pythius ; the Mouth of the 
 Hole or Cavern of the Earth which he had feized at Delphi , 
 and made himfelf Mafter of, to deliver Oracles, had a Tripod , 
 or three Legg’d Stool, covered with the Skin of the vanquished 
 Monfter, placed over it for his intoxicated Prieftefs to fit 
 upon, and catch the Divine Exhalation, or what the God 
 dictated from the Cavern without Danger of falling into it 
 and breaking her Neck, as many of her Order, during their 
 Intoxication, had done ; and the Prieftefs, whofe chief Quali- 
 ties were Age, Poverty and Ignorance, had the Name of 
 Pythia given to her. 
 
 The Pythian Games were at firft celebrated near Delphi 
 every Ninth Year, or rather when the Period of Eight Solar 
 Years was compleat ; and therefore, to the Honour of Apollo 
 Pythius , an Ocftoftyle, Monopterick Temple was erected over 
 the Oracular Cave at Delphi ; and a Feftival, to be celebrated 
 every Ninth Year, was inftituted in Memory of his Victory 
 over the Monfter. 
 
 The Profpeft, or outward Appearance of this Temple, 
 having been the very fame with that of the Temple mentioned 
 by Diodorus Si cuius , as belonging to Apollo in the Hyperborean 
 Illand ; and the Cave from whence Trophonius delivered Ora- 
 cles having been furrounded with white Stones, forming a 
 Monopterick Temple, makes it much more than probable 
 that the Grecians received the Idea of thefe kind of Structures 
 from the Hyperboreans , if Hiftory had not informed us that 
 Abaris erected Temples in fcveral Parts of Greece , and if the 
 Grecians had not reprefented the Delphian Temple as a Work 
 performed by P ter as with Wax and the Wings of the Bees 
 Apollo had brought from the Hyperborean Regions. 
 
 The Monopterick Temple over the Oracular Cave of 
 Trophonius became further remarkable from the Pillars with 
 which it was compofed fuftaining Obelifks made of Brafs : 
 And as the Name of thefe kind of Structures is compounded 
 of two Greek Words, Monos , one, and Pteras , a Wing, is 
 it not probable that Abaris had the Name of Pteras given him 
 on Account of thefe fort of Temples, as well as the Wings 
 with which he pretended to foar to the upper Regions of the 
 Air, and waft himfelf aloft through that Element over Sea and 
 Land from Mountain to Mountain 5 and from Country to 
 Country ? 
 
 cu 
 
 By 
 
S 1 ! 6 An ESSAY towards Part II. 
 
 By Abaris or Bladud’s preferring Pythagoras with the facred 
 Arrow of ApGUo , we may fuppofe the Britijh Sage to have 
 communicated to the Samian Philofopher the Worfhip paid 
 by the Hyperboreans to Apollo and Diana ; together with the 
 eight Years Cycle, as well as the Intercalation of three Months 
 to bring the Revolutions of the Earth about the Sun, and the 
 Moon about the Earth, within the fame Period ; and thereby 
 to have enabled him not only to compleat that Syftem of the 
 Planetary World, to which fucceeding Philofophers gave the 
 Title of the Pythagorean ; but appear to the Grotoniates for 
 Apollo himfelf : For at this time I will not fuppofe any thing 
 more to diveft Pythagoras of the Honour of that Syftem ; and 
 for the future fhall only endeavour to ftiew by the antient 
 Britijh Works of Bath , and in its Neighbourhood, that King 
 Bladud taught the fame Syftem in Britain , in the fame Age 
 that Pythagoras taught it in Greece and Italy . 
 
 The chief Part of the Learning of the antient Britons 
 confifted therefore in the Knowledge of the Motions of the 
 Heavenly Bodies ; and this, with the Arts of Divination, as 
 well as the particular Worfhip they paid to Apollo , was moft 
 undoubtedly the Arrow that lay concealed in the Hyperborean 
 Ifland ; this was the Arrow with which the Cyclops, or the 
 Days, Months and Years, made ufe of by the firft Grecian 
 Aftronomers, to regulate the Courfe of the Earth about the 
 Sun, with that of the Moon about the Earth, were deftroyed ; 
 this was the Arrow that wounded to Death the Monfter Py- 
 thon , and mounted the Pythia at Delphi upon a Tripod, in 
 the midft of an GCtoftyle Monopterick Temple, to become 
 the Mouth of the victorious God ; this Arrow, or Syftem of 
 Knowledge, was the God Belenus of the Britons ; and Belenus 
 was adored in Britain with as much Pomp and Ceremony as 
 at Delphi itfelf : Apollo attending the Grand Feftival at the 
 End of every Cycle of Years with his Harp; and fpending 
 his whole Nights, from the Vernal Equinox, in March, to 
 the Rifmg of the Pleiades, about the latter End of July , in 
 playing upon that Inftrument ; and in finging and dancing 
 to it. 
 
 The other Parts of the Learning of the antient Britons , 
 in the Perfons of Samothes , his four next Succeflors, and the 
 nineteen Kings that followed the Giant Albion , will be {hewn, 
 from time to time, in the Defcription of their Works ; and in 
 Conclufion of this Chapter, I fhall only for the prefent take 
 notice, that as the Authors of the Fable of Samothes * make 
 
Chap. II. A Defcription of B AT H. 117 
 
 him, together with Magus , Sarron , Druis and Bardus , to 
 have reigned 247 Years; fo if we call thofe Years Lunar 
 Months, for the time between every New Moon was, as 
 Pliny attefts in the 48 th Chapter of his 7 th Book, the full 
 Period of the Egyptian Year, they will juft amount to the 
 twenty Solar Years that Bladud fat upon the Britijh Throne. 
 
 This Prince feems to have been difguifed under the 
 Name of Samothes , either from the Ifland and City of Samos 
 wherein Pythagoras had his Birth, and began to teach thofe 
 things which have immortalized his Name ; or from the other 
 Ifland of Samos , fo famous for the Samothracian Myfteriesj 
 and thofe Myfteries into which the Britijh Sage was initiated* 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 Of King Bl a dud’s Works at Bath, 
 and their conftituting the Metropolitan Seat of the 
 British Druids. 
 
 P ROPER Cifterns about the Heads of the hot Springs to 
 receive the Water upon its breaking out of the Earth, 
 were the fir ft of King Bladud' s Works at Bath , as Hiftory 
 and Tradition teftify ; over, or in which Cifterns we may 
 fuppofe high Towers to have been erected, not only to render 
 the Situation of the hot Waters confpicuous to People at a 
 Diftance from them, but to ferve as Objedts for Adoration ; 
 and to thofe Cifterns we may alfo fuppofe Drains to have been 
 made to convey cold Water at Pleafure to the hot, fince the 
 Remains of a couple of Drains have been lately difcovered 
 running in diredt Lines between the hot Springs, and a couple 
 of cold Springs, about feven hundred Feet to the North- 
 ward of them ; and fince we have a Tradition in Bath that 
 fuch fubterranean Canals were made at the fame Time as the 
 Baths themfelves. 
 
 Common Report, as the Author of the Tour through Great 
 Britain obferves, makes thofe Drains no other than neceflary 
 Contrivances to fecure the hot Springs from the cold ; how- 
 ever as the vulgar Opinion of moft People formerly was, that 
 the Bath Water received its Heat from Fires, contrived and 
 concealed in fome fecret Place or other, by the magical Art 
 oi King Bladud , that Opinion muft have taken its Rife from 
 a fecret Method made ufe of, in antient Times, to increafe 
 or abate the Warmth of the Water in the Baths, inftead of 
 
 the 
 
1 1 8 An ESSAY towards Part II. 
 
 the vifible and known Method now made ufe of to render 
 the Water of the King's Bath temperate to the Bathers in 
 general in it ; or exceeding hot, when the Cafes of feme par- 
 ticular People require a hotter Bath than ordinary. 
 
 The Form of the Baths of Bath , as they were made by 
 their firft Founder is uncertain ; but as to their Ufe, the 
 Author of the Britijh Hiftory affures us, they were intended, 
 for the Benefit of the Publick. And as that Hiftorian, and 
 all other Writers of King Bladud , together with the aboriginal 
 Inhabitants of the City, by their Tradition, unanimoufly join 
 in making him a Magician, fe we may look upon this Work 
 as the Bafis of his Magick, by enabling him to apply the hot 
 Waters to cure the Difeafes of Mankind ; and from thence 
 conclude, that Bladud aflumed their medicinal Virtues to his 
 own Power with the Gods ; made the W orld believe it by 
 abating or increafing their Heat at his Pleafure ; and that all 
 his other Works in or near Bath regarded Religion, Aftrology 
 and the Mathematical Arts. 
 
 From this Conclufion it is natural to fuppofe that the 
 King, as he pretended to be endowed with the gift of Pro- 
 phecy, took upon himfelf not only the Office of High Prieft 
 in Britain , to unite the Priefthood to the Royalty, agreeable 
 to what is faid of the Hyperborean Leader, and as Darius 
 ' Hyjlafpes had done in Perfect , in the laft Year of his Reign ; 
 but conftituted the four learned Athenians , that fled into 
 Britain , the Heads of four Orders of Priefts to a £f under 
 him : It being well known that the Britijh Priefts were 
 divided into four Orders, to wit, Philofcphers, Divines, 
 Prophets and Poets, and that all thefe were fubjeft to an 
 High Prieft. 
 
 The Britijh King and High Prieft had an Example for 
 the Power he feems to have aflumed over the Heat of the 
 Bath Waters, in the Waters of the Sun in Ammonia , which 
 were cold in the middle of the Day, and boiling hot in 
 the middle of the Night, as Herodotus , 1 . 4. Diodorus Si- 
 culus, 1 . 17. c. 5. and Quintus Curtius , h 4. c. 7. atteft ; 
 thofe Waters having had Buildings near them, from whence 
 boiling Water could be conveyed by Drains to the Ciftern 
 at the Head of the cold Spring, to give the Water of it the 
 Heat it acquired, at the appointed Time. 
 
 The Cifterns that originally received the Water of the 
 hot Springs of Bath feem to have been only two in Number, 
 one at the Head of the chief Spring, and one between the 
 
 two 
 
Chap. III. A Defcription of BATH. 1 19 
 
 two {mailer Springs : For when the Houfe now (landing over- 
 againft the South Side of Saint John* s Chapel was built, which 
 I think was in the Year 1718, the Workmen, in digging for 
 the Foundation, met with the Veftigia of a Bath ; and the very 
 Ciftern, moft probably, that held the Waters of the adjoining 
 hot Springs. 
 
 A s one of the Britijh Names of Bath demonftrates that 
 the hot Waters, or fome of them, were confecrated to the 
 Moon, under the Name of Pallas ; and as one of the Roman 
 Names of the City demonftrates likewife, that the fame Wa- 
 ters, or fome of them, were confecrated to the Sun ; fo we 
 may conclude that the Tower in or over the Ciftern thus dis- 
 covered, not only furmounted the Waters facred to the Moon, 
 but was confecrated with them to that Luminary ; and that 
 the Tower in or over the Ciftern at the Head of the "chief 
 hot Spring, not only furmounted the Waters facred to the Sun, 
 but was confecrated with them to that Luminary, as King of 
 the Heavenly Bodies. 
 
 Now, in an Augural Line with the hot Waters and 
 Towers thus confecrated to the Sun and Moon, and at the 
 Diftance of about 3250 Feet from them, as we afcend the 
 Hill now bearing the Name of Lanfdown , there are three large 
 Stones lying upon the Ground, in a little Field by the Side of 
 the Road, known by the Name of Sols Rocks , with a Founda- 
 tion juft behind them, fhaped into a Circular Form : One of 
 thefe Stones lies upon its Edge, and is fourteen Feet long, 
 four Feet thick'; the other two lie flat, and feem as though 
 they had formerly been in one, of about thirty Feet long, 
 feven Feet fix Inches Broad, and three Feet nine Inches thick : 
 But now the Pieces are fomewhat thinner ; and while one ap- 
 pears full eighteen Feet in Length between the extreme Points, 
 the other meafures no more than thirteen Feet from End 
 to End. 
 
 These three Stones, when ere£l and perfe&, feem to 
 have made a ftupendous Altar; and the circular Foundation 
 behind them feems to have borne other ere£l Stones, which, 
 in all Probability, were fet up by King Bladud for a Temple 
 in honour of the Sun. 
 
 The Goddefs Minerva appears, by all Accounts, to have 
 had a Temple erected to her Honour near the warm Foun- 
 tains of Bath ; and to the fame Goddefs, under her Phoenician 
 Name of Onca , we have already fhewn that one of the Hills 
 of the City was confecrated. 
 
 The 
 
120 An ESSAY towards Part II. 
 
 The Hill of Bath Onca plainly intimates that the Goddefs 
 was highly honoured at the warm Fountains of the City ; and 
 tho’ Tradition, as well as the modern Writers, place her 
 Temple to the Eaftward of thofe Springs, I am neverthelefs 
 inclined to believe that it flood to the Weft ward of them ; 
 fince in digging for a Foundation for one of the late Duke of 
 Chandos’s Houles, in the Year 1728, I met with the Remains 
 of fome Stone Walls which feemed to have been part of the 
 Stereobata of no inconfiderable Temple. 
 
 These Remains were probably part of the Bafis of the 
 very Temple at Bath , wherein Bladud kept perpetual Fires 
 burning ; and the Circumftance annexed to that Hiftorical 
 Fa £ 1 , of the Fuel never confirming to Allies, but, on its de- 
 cay, turning into Balls of Stone, feems to me to mean no 
 mope than this, That the Water of the adjoining hot Springs, 
 or fome other Water near them, was found to be of a petry- 
 fying Nature after palling thro’ a certain Part of the Earth ; 
 the Moifture of the Weftern Divifion of the Body of Bath 
 ftill growing into a perfecft Rock of Stone againft the City 
 Wall juft beyond the Place where the Water of the Hot and 
 Crofs Baths is brought through that Wall in its Paflage to 
 the River. 
 
 A Draught of this growing Rock may be feen in Docftor 
 Guidott’ s De Thermis Britannicis , P. 165 ; and its Situation 
 being pointed out by the Letter o, in Dodtor f ones’ s View of 
 Bath , the Veftigia of the imaginary Temple of Minerva 
 were difcovered juft above it, and under the Houfe by the 
 Figures Number 11. Thefe Ruins lay buried very low in 
 the Ground, and feveral Feet under the Bottom of the Walls 
 of the old Houfe that was taken down ; nor had I met with 
 them at all if a Vintner of Bath had not, at that time, pre- 
 vailed upon the Duke to expend fo much Money as was ne- 
 ceffary to make a Set of Wine Vaults under the Cellar Story 
 of the new Building. 
 
 About eleven Years after the Difcovery of thefe Works, 
 we began to penetrate the Ground for Foundations for our 
 new Buildings on the North Part of the Ha?n ; and in digging 
 into it we met with the Remains of divers old Walls, to- 
 gether with fingle Stones wrought in a curious Manner : Some 
 of the Stones were twelve Feet under the Surface of the Land ; 
 and the whole feemed to me to claim a Parent of much greater 
 Antiquity than the Romans : I will fuppofe thefe Walls and 
 Stones to have been part of Bladud’s Palace, fince the Britons 
 a always 
 
12 I 
 
 Chap. III. A Defcription of B A T H. 
 
 i i always choofe to build near a Wood, or a River for Coolnefs ; 
 
 1 and the Ham is fo fituated that the Avon forms a Circular 
 Line from the North Eaft to the South Weft Parts of that 
 i Meadow. 
 
 The Word Ham is pure Saxon , and fignifies an eminent 
 ; I dwelling Place, fuch as a King’s Palace ; and as Bladud is faid 
 j to have built Caerhren , a Name which imports a King’s 
 ; Throne; his Temples compofed of Pillars, or Places of Ad- 
 drefs to the Gods ; and his Oracle, as well as Royal City, as 
 j above ; fo I am inclined to believe that King Bladud' s Throne, 
 
 5 or Palace, was placed in the Ham ; That the Altar, or Rocks 
 [ of Solis, with the Temple behind it, was his Place of Addrefs 
 to the Sun by Sacrifice: And that the Temple lying to the 
 \ Weft ward of the hot Springs was his Place of Addrefs to the 
 ( Moon ; for Caer in the Highlands of Scotland , where Irijh is 
 fpoke, is a Word now made ufe of to exprefs fuch eredl Stones 
 as this Altar, and thefe Temples feem to have been compofed 
 i of ; as Dodior Garden , in his Letter to Mr. Aubrey , inferted 
 in the laft Englijb Edition of Camden's Britannia , p. 1256, 
 particularly writes. 
 
 , I I am likewife inclined to believe that King Bladud' s Oracle 
 i ftood near the North Weft End of the Ham^ and in a Piece 
 ■ ? of privileged Ground, a Place of Sandiuary no doubt, now 
 i| bearing the Name of Grove ; fince that Name points out not 
 only a Parcel of Trees growing near one another, but a fingle 
 I hollow Tree, a Cheft, or a Pit to conceal fbmething in ; the 
 1 Word Grove fignifying a Cave in the Earth, or any hollow 
 I Body, as well as a dark gloomy Wood, fuch as is impenetra- 
 ble to the Beams of the Sun, as is evident from the Pits on 
 , t Adendip Hills being ftill called Groves, the Miners Groviers. 
 
 The Oracular Tree of the Foreft of Dodona , in Greece 5 
 { was, as Monfieur Banier takes notice, no more than a hollow 
 r l Tree, fuch as Homer tells us the Hamadryades were ufed to 
 i | quit when their Inclinations led them to tafte the Pleafures of 
 ! Love with the Sileni in Caves of the Earth ; and in that Tree 
 ! j 1 the Minifters of the Oracle, as our Author further obferves, 
 r t hid themfelves when they gave their Refponfes to the Queftions 
 ’ |j afked by an old Woman that adted as the Prieftefs of Jupiter 
 3 | before it. 
 
 At the Foot of this famous Tree there was a Fountain 
 I which run with a foft murmuring Noife, and that articulate 
 I Sound was fometimes taken for the Voice of the Oracle, and 
 interpreted by the Prieftefs as fuch ; And by the fame Tree 
 " R a 
 
122 
 
 An ESSAY towards Part II. 
 
 a Brazen Statue with a Laflh in its Hand, and feveral Kettles 
 near it, whence the Name Dodona , were .fufpended in the 
 Air in fuch manner that the Figure, when agitated by the 
 Wind, like the Clacks in Gardens or Orchards, ftruck'againft 
 the Kettle that was next it ; this communicating the Motion 
 to the reft raifed a clattering Din ; and the Noife was fome- 
 times taken alfo for the Voice of the Oracle, and interpreted 
 by the Prieftefs as fuch. 
 
 The Predictions thus formed by the Prieftefs of Jupiter 
 from the Voke of her Collegue in the hollow Tree, from 
 the Purling of the Water, or from the Clattering of the Ket- 
 tles, were delivered to thofe who came to confult the God 
 either in Verfe, when {he was clear in the Anfwer he gave 
 her ; or by Lots when {he feigned herfelf doubtful : And this 
 having been a fort of Divination, to which Pythagoras , ac- 
 cording to Varro, very much addicted himfelf; it was per- 
 formed by calling fomething like Dice into Water, occafionally 
 to fink or fwim in that Element ; and the Chance of the Call, 
 fays Pliny , 1. 2. c. 7. was taken for a God. 
 
 This Kind of Divination appears from hence to have 
 been a neceflary Attendant to Oracular Trees, Chefts and 
 Pits ; and as fuch it feems to have been pradtifed near Bladud’s 
 Oracle at Bath , fince a publick Way on the Eaft Side of the 
 Grove is, to this Hour, called by the Name of Lot Lane ; 
 and there is no doubt but that all the other Kinds of Divina- 
 tion were praftifed near the hot Springs, as Cojion lying W eft 
 and by North of them, and Telsford lying to the South South - 
 Eaft ward of the fame Fountains, were Places for Divining 
 into the Will of the Gods. 
 
 I would now afk whether our Grove at Bath may not, 
 with the higheft Probability, be fuppofed to be that which be- 
 longed to Jpollo in the Hyperborean Ifland, notwithstanding 
 the Forefts of Kingfwood and Selwood demonftrate natural 
 Groves, of vaft Magnitude, to hav# lain near the Waters of 
 the Sun ? And I would alfo afk, whether there is not fome 
 Reafon for one to fuppofe the Circular Foundation behind the 
 Rocks of Solis the Bails of the renowned Temple, of a round 
 Form, dedicated to that God in the fame Ifland ? 
 
 The firft natural Grove I juft now mentioned bearing a 
 Royal Title ; this lying to the Weftward of Caerbren , or- the 
 King’s City ; a Town dignified with the Marks of Royalty 
 lying {till farther Weftward ; the Sea itfelf terminating the 
 Line under the Name of King Road-, and the whole lying 
 
 3 within 
 
Chap. III. A Defcription of J3 aixi. rz^ 
 
 within the Limits of fifteen Miles in Length ; I would further 
 afk whether the King’s City, his Wood, his Town, and his 
 Road, all lying Weft ward of one another, may not be fup- 
 pofed to have had their Rife at one and the fame time, 
 under one and the fame Prince ; and King’ s JVeJion to have 
 been the chief Maritime Town of Bladud' s Kingdom when 
 the Britijh Court was feated about the hot Springs of Batb ? 
 
 The Mouth of, the River Avon, juft before it opens itfelf 
 into King Road , hath been efteemed a fea Port from all An- 
 tiquity ; it ftill makes the Port of Brijlol ; and what the con- 
 tiguous Buildings of that City now are to the Port, the Build- 
 ings of King's JVeJion , in all Probability, formerly were, till 
 the open and expofed Situation of that Town rendered it ne- 
 ceflary for the Mercantile Inhabitants to remove to another 
 that fhould be well fkreened from the boifterous Sea Winds ; 
 Tradition telling us that after a laborious Trial between two 
 Giants, named Gorum and Vincent , to cut a Channel from 
 King Road to a convenient Place for making a Harbour, and 
 ere&ing a Maritime Town, the latter prevailing brought the 
 flowing Water of the Severn Sea to the Place where Brijlol 
 now ftands. 
 
 Kingswood feems to have been aForeft deftined to hold 
 the King’s Game, rather than a Grove confecrated to Apollo ; 
 but Selwood having been formerly remarkable for a Chapel 
 wherein the Bones of St. Algar were buried, and therefore, 
 fays Leland,, in the feventh Volume of his Itinerary , frequented 
 by the fuperftitious Multitude, that Foreft was undoubtedly a 
 Grove applied to Religious Purpofes in Pagan Times, tho’ its 
 Britijh Name of Goitmaur points out to us nothing more than 
 its Magnitude ; nor is there the leaft Reafon to fuppofe it to 
 have been ufed in fuch an eminent Manner as to become the 
 Grove of Apollo . 
 
 The Grove of that God was really artificial ; and it was 
 undoubtedly fituated near the hot Fountains of Bath , in the 
 Piece of privileged Ground now bearing the Name of Grove , 
 and marked with the Letter n in Doctor Jones's View of the 
 City, as above: And as the Way on the Eaft Side of our 
 Grove, marked with the Figure i, and ftill called Lot Lane, 
 muft have had that Name from the Practice of Divination by 
 Lots in it, fo the Name of Amhrey given to the Meadow 
 marked with the Letter q, muft have taken its Rife from an 
 Ambre or rocking Stone formerly in that Field ; and probably 
 by the Letter r, where the Amhrey Houfe now ftands. 
 
 R 2 
 
 The 
 
124 An ESSAY towards Part II. 
 
 The Biftiop of London takes notice of one of thefe Kind 
 of Stones near Buxton Baths in Derbyjhire ; and though it is 
 twelve Feet high, and thirty fix Feet about, cc yet a Man, fays 
 he in the Britannia , p. 593, pi ay move it with his Finger:” 
 Many other rocking Stones are ft ill remaining in Cornwall , 
 and other Parts of the Britijh Dominions ; and they are known 
 by the general Name of Ambre . 
 
 Ambre is an old Country Word with us in the Weft of 
 England , for a Cupboard ; as fuch the abovementioned Tom 
 Coryat , in the Beginning of his Book of Crudities , gives his 
 Belly the Title of a capacious Aumbrie for the hungry Had- 
 docks; fo that the Word was not improper to exprefs a facred 
 Inclofure wherein fome fpiritual Being was fuppofed to take 
 up its Habitation ; for as Monfieur Banier obferves, the Pagans 
 carried Superftition fo far as to believe the Deities themfelves 
 relided in the Statues that reprefented them. 
 
 Stilpo, the Philofopher, having publickly denied the Refi- 
 dence of Minerva in the famous Statue of that Goddefs, made 
 by Phideas , and fet up in a Temple at Athens , eredted to her 
 under the Name of Parthenis , or the Virgin, was arraigned for 
 his Infidelity and Prefumption before the great Athenian Court 
 of Areopagus ; where he was obliged, in his Defence, to have 
 recourfe to a pitiful Evafion, and to fay he had aflerted the 
 Statue was not a God, becaufe it was a Goddefs ; which, how- 
 ever, did not hinder him from being banifhed. 
 
 The Statues of the pagan Deities were as often fimple 
 Blocks of Stone, as Stones fhaped by Art into the Human 
 or any other Form. The Statues of Hercules and Cupid were 
 nothing, as P aujanias affirms, but two Mafies of Stone ; “ and 
 in one Place, fays our Author, there are thirty fquare Stones 
 66 which had the Names of fo many Divinities.” Lucian 
 goes further, for he tells us, that in the Temple of Ajiarte , 
 1. e . the Moon, in the City of Hierapolis , in Syria , there 
 were Statues which moved of themfelves, and delivered 
 Oracles. 
 
 The Rocking Quality of the Britifn Ambres, and fuch kind 
 of moving Statues of the Gods, was owing to the exaft Equi- 
 librium given to them ; and this was fo well underftood by 
 the Antients, that as Pliny writes in the 96 th Chapter of his 
 fecond Book, there was a Rock of Stone near a Town called 
 Harpafa , in Afia y which was fo exactly counterpoifed as to 
 be put in Motion by the Force of a Man’s Finger : And the 
 fame Author adds in the 7 th Chapter of his 34 th Book, that 
 
Chap. III. A Defcription of B A T H. 125 
 
 the Statue of Hercules made by Lyftppus , and fet up in the 
 City of Tarentum , in Italy , might be eafily ftirred by the 
 Strength of a Man’s Hand, notwithftanding the Figure was 
 forty Cubits high. 
 
 B y the Name of Ambrey , in the Meadow and Houfe above 
 defcribed, we have fomething more at Bath than the Shadow 
 of this Mathematical Contrivance ; a Contrivance whofeEffe£f, 
 to this Hour, aftonifhes the generality of Mankind, and often 
 draws the Admiration of the reft ! What muft it then have 
 done in pagan Times, when the high Prieft, arrayed in his 
 facred Robes, put one of thefe rocking Stones in Motion by 
 the flighted Touch, as the Means of obtaining a tacit Anfwer 
 to what he wanted to know of the imaginary God that refided 
 in it ? 
 
 This, as Mr. Toland remarks, could do no lefs than bring 
 Criminals to confefs what could no other Way be extorted 
 from them ; and therefore the placing an Ambre at Bath was 
 a Mafterpiece of King Bladud’s Magick ; but whether the 
 Equilibrium given to fuch rocking Stones was his own Con- 
 trivance, or the Invention of the Learned Men of the Eaft, 
 let the Antiquity of the Britijh Ambres , compared with that 
 of the rocking Stones, Statues, and even Temples of the 
 Eaftern Nations determine. 
 
 The Delphi ck Temple was a rocking Edifice; for after 
 the neceflary Preparations were made for confulting the Oracle 
 of that Place, “ the whole Temple of Apollo , by I know not 
 what Artifice, fays Monfieur Banier , trembled and (hook 
 to its very Foundation, as the Signal given by the God 
 cc himfelf of his firft Arrival in it; and a Laurel Tree at the 
 Entry of that Structure was no lefs agitated. 5 ’ Now as 
 this Oracle was founded by the Hyperboreans , and as the 
 Temple was built by P ter as with Materials brought by 
 Apollo from the Hyperborean Regions, it muft neceflarily 
 follow that the Motion given to the whole Structure was 
 the W ork of Bladud , let the Invention come from whence 
 it will. 
 
 In a Line almoft direct North of the Ambrey Houfe at 
 Bathj and at the Diftance of about three hundred Feet from 
 it, a remarkable Tree was, till of late, upheld, under the 
 Title of Bel , or Belenus’s Tree ; and it grew by the Letter m 
 in Doctor Jones’s View of the City : The Field next the 
 Ambrey goes partly by the Title of St. John’s Meadow, and 
 partly by that of the King’s Meadow : And the River Avon 
 
 feparates 
 
I2<> An ESSAY towards Part II. 
 
 feparates it from two other low Pafture Grounds, the one 
 bearing the Name of Bel Meadow, the other that of the Hays ; 
 a Word implying Circles, or rather the Peripheries, Rings, 
 or Out-Lines of fuch Figures. 
 
 Belenxjs’s Tree feems to have been planted, originally, 
 in Honour of the Arrow, or that Syftem of Knowledge of 
 the Motions of the heavenly Bodies which was fecreted with 
 the Hyperboreans , and, perhaps for the moft part acquired by 
 the great Skill and Labour of Abaris , or Bladud , in his Aftro- 
 nomical and other Studies : And Belenus' s Meadow feems to 
 have been fet apart for the Seat of the God Apollo , while he 
 was fuppofed to prefide at the Feftivals celebrated in Honour 
 of him at the End of every Cycle of Years ; the Hays , at the 
 fame time, ferving the Multitudes that danced the Hay- 
 degines at thofe Feftivals ; and more efpecially on the firft of 
 May, which is ftill called by the aboriginal Irijh, as well as 
 the Highlanders of Scotland , the Day of Beleri* s Fire, becaufe 
 the Day was proclaimed by great Fires, lighted the Night be- 
 fore, in Honour of the Sun, upon Altars erected upon the 
 Summits of our higheft Hills. 
 
 At the Tree facred to Bel , Apollo principally, and all the 
 other Gods collaterally, feem to have been invoked ; while 
 the Ambre below tacitly declared the Will of the Deities : 
 And the Celebration of the Neomenia , when once proclaimed, 
 was probably begun at this Tree by a folemn Offering of 
 Cakes ; the People compleating the Feftival with Games and 
 publick Entertainments in the adjoining Meadow, ftill carry- 
 ing the Marks of Royalty in its Name. 
 
 The perpetual Fires maintained in the Temple of Minerva 
 at Bath , may be looked Upon as the Emblem of the Goddefs ; 
 fmce Fire was the Symbol of a Virgin ; and fmce the Moon 
 was worshipped in the City as a young Maid : But whether 
 young Virgins had the Care of this Fire committed to them 
 by King Bladud , according to the Example of his Trojan 
 Anceftors in Italy, is a Point which I (hall now referve for 
 further Examination ; and for the prefent only take Notice, 
 that the Priefts who proclaimed the Britijh Feftivals feem to 
 have been furnifhed with Fire at the Temple of Minerva to 
 kindle the Fuel on their Altars, which bore the Name of 
 Cams from their circular Forms ; Carn, Karn or Cern, as 
 the Bifhop of London writes in the laft Englijh Edition of 
 Camden's Britannia , being a primitive Britifh Word, fignify- 
 ing a Circle, 
 
 Some 
 
Chap. III. A Defcription of BATH. 127 
 
 Some of thefe Cams made part of Bladud’s Works of Bath ; 
 and the firft feems to have been ere&ed on the Summit of a 
 high Mount rifing up on a declining Branch of Mons Badonca 
 juft above the Rocks of Solis , and a fmall Matter to the 
 North Eaft of them : For the Mount is ftill called Beacon 
 Hill ; while its original Name is retained in a Fountain, called 
 Cam Well , to the Eaftward, and in a TraCt of Land, called 
 Cam Hills , to the Weft ward of it, and within Mufket Shot of 
 the Center of the Mount. 
 
 The Britijh Cams were nothing but Heaps of fmall Stones 
 raifed in a gentle tapering Manner, upon a Circular Bafis, to 
 a confiderable Height ; and then covered with large flat 
 Stones to ferve as Hearths for making the Fires upon. The 
 Name of thefe Altars exprefs their Form ; and from them 
 Apollo muft have received his Sirname of Carneus , rather than 
 from a Perfon who bore the Name of Carnus . 
 
 A s we have now fhewn the moft apparent Marks at Bath 
 of a King and a Palace ; of a hollow Tree or Grove for an 
 Oracle ; of a Place for Divination by Lots ; of a Tower and 
 Tree confecrated to the Sun; of a Tower confecrated to the 
 Moon ; of an Ambre or animated Stone, as another Place of 
 Refidence for fome fuperior Being to Man ; and of Temples 
 facred to the Sun and Moon, with one Altar near that of the 
 former to offer Sacrifices at, and another to make Fires upon 
 to proclaim Feftivals : And as all thefe may be comprehended 
 under the moft antient Name, given to the City, of Caerbren i 
 fo I fhall offer it as a more than probable Conjecture that 
 King Bladud built his Palace in the Ham ; having the hollow 
 Tree or facred Grove of Apollo , with a Place for Divination 
 by Lots, in Front to the Northward, as well as the Altar or 
 Rocks of Solis, the round Work or Temple of the Sun, and 
 the Altar or Carn : And having alfo Belenus > s Tree, with the 
 animated Stone, the principal Bath furmounted by a Tower 
 confecrated to the Sun, the inferior Baths furmounted by a 
 Tower confecrated to the Moon, and a Temple of the fame 
 Luminary, all lying to the Weft ward. 
 
 When the King was thus feated, who can doubt of his 
 placing the Priefts appointed for the Service of fome of the 
 facred Works that lay near the hot Springs in the Villages of 
 Haulway , Waldcot and Chari comb, or rather Carnco7nb\ as 
 the Name of the firft implies the Street of the Sun, that of 
 the fecond the fmall Cottages belonging to the Grove, and 
 that of the third the Vale belonging to the Carn? Or who 
 
 can 
 
328 Aii ESSAY towards Part IL 
 
 can doubt of his placing fuch other Priefts as were deftined 
 to watch for the firft Appearance of Onca , or the new 
 Moon, on the Top of the Mountain that was confecrated 
 to her ? * 
 
 About the Middle of the Summit of this Mountain we fee 
 an antient Chapel turned to profane Ufes ! This Strudfure re- 
 mains, to this hour, a part of Waldcot ; four or five Houfes 
 about it make a little Hamlet ; and there is ftill a yearly Af- 
 fembly at it on the 10 th of Auguji , or the FeaftDay of Saint 
 Laurence : All this fee ms therefore to be the Continuation of 
 fomething inftituted in pagan Times, and leads me to a 
 Belief that Bladud extended his Works to the furtheft Ex- 
 tremity of Mons Badonca , or Lanfdown , before he began 
 any thing upon the other Hills of Bath, 
 
 Lan being a Britijh Word fignifying a Church or facred 
 Place, we accordingly find the Remains of a circular Work, 
 of about thirty Feet Diameter, near the profaned Chapel on 
 Lanfdown : And we alfo find feveral Barrows or fmall fe mi- 
 globular Mounts of Earth, and feveral Pits or fmall femi- 
 fpherical Concavities in the Ground near the fame Structure. 
 
 This Circular Work was undoubtedly a Temple of the 
 Moon ; and the Pits feem to have been Altars funk into the 
 Ground for the Purpofe of facrificing to that Luminary when 
 Ihe difappeared towards the Change as well as when (he was 
 invoked as Queen of the infernal Regions upon Adts of Ne- 
 cromancy, or calling up the Dead : For Bladud and his Col- 
 legues were great Necromancers ; and the ProfelTors of that 
 Art offered their Libations and Sacrifices in Holes and Ditches 
 diredting downward, and contrary to the Altars that pointed 
 up towards Heaven. 
 
 Upon the Southern Part of the Extremity of Mom Ba - 
 donca , a Piece of Ground appears feparated from the reft of 
 the Down by an Intrenchment ; this is divided in the middle 
 by a ftrait Bank of Earth diredting to Cainjham ; and each 
 Part is adorned with a Quadrangular Barrow. To the Weft- 
 ward of this Work, the Village of Northjloke is fituated : And 
 the hollow Stem or Trunk of the Tree that gave Name to 
 the Place, muft have been the Objedt of Adoration where 
 Infence was burnt, or fome other religious Ceremony per- 
 formed in Honour of the Moon, as Queen of the heavenly 
 Bodies. 
 
 T o the Northward of this Intrenchment above this facred 
 Tree, we find a Work that makes a mere Labyrinth of 
 
 Holes* 
 
Chap. III. A Defcription of B A T H. 129 
 
 Holes, Ditches, Banks, and Barrows ; but, at the fame time. 
 Art difcovers itfelf fo much in the Figure of the Whole, as 
 well as in the feveral Parts, that I {hall make no Scruple in 
 pronouncing it the Work whereby King Bladud and his Col- 
 leagues feigned themfelves able to raife up all the Deities and 
 Inhabitants of the infernal Manfions in the Pradtice of the Art 
 of Necromancy : And in feveral other Parts of the Summit of 
 Mom Badonca there are Barrows and Pits, as well as the Foot- 
 fteps of divers Intrenchments, whofe Ufes {hall be referved 
 for further Confideration, as the Works themfelves feem to 
 have been fubfequent to the former. 
 
 The Pagans watching for the firft Appearance of the 
 Moon, after a Change, upon their higheft Hills ; no Place on 
 Earth could be more proper for that Purpofe than the South- 
 Weftward Extremity of Mom Badonca : In the Intrenchment 
 therefore that now appears on the Summit of that Part of the 
 Mountain, we may fuppofe Bladud to have placed the Priefts 
 deftined to watch for Onca’s firft Appearance : And nothing 
 feems more probable, than that the King feated the other 
 Priefts that officiated at the reft of the Works on the Top 
 of this Hill in the Villages of Langridge and Wolley , both 
 lying againft the backfide of it ; as the Name of the firft im- 
 plies a Place belonging to fome Temple or facred Work ; and 
 that of the fecond, the Plant that was efteemed by our antient 
 Priefts as the greateft Gift of Heaven. 
 
 The Works of Mons Badonca feem to have been fuc- 
 ceeded by others raifed in the Vale at the North Eaft End of 
 that Mountain ; the King ere&ing a Fortrefs for the firft, and 
 placing it on the oppofite Side of the Avon from Waldcot ; 
 This Fortrefs the Britijh Writers called Kaerbadus , the Sax§ns 
 Bathwic , Names to the fame Import ; for Kaer in the Britijh 
 Tongue, and Wic in the Saxon are fynonymous, and fignify a 
 fortified Place ; and Badus and Bath mean one and the fame thing, 
 
 A computed Mile beyond this Fortrefs Bladud feems to 
 have feated the civil Part of his Subjects ; as the Name of 
 Hamton , given to the Village, demonftrates a Connexion be- 
 tween that Place and the Hum that made the Refidence of the 
 King : And fuch as were appointed for the Service of Reli- 
 gion, like the Levites among the Jews y together with fuch as 
 were deftined for War, he moft undoubtedly placed on the 
 Summits of two Hills, one to the Southward, and one to the 
 Northward of Hamton $ ftrongly intrenching both Bodies of 
 People. 
 
 S 
 
 The 
 
130 An ESSAY towards Part II. 
 
 The Southward Xntrenchment, as it feems to have con- 
 tained the People appointed for the Service of War, termi- 
 nated the Summit of Gamalodunum to the North ; it is now 
 called Hamton Down ; and it Thews the Footfteps of an in- 
 finite Number of Stone Walls : And the Northward Intrench- 
 ment, as it feems to have contained the People feparated for 
 the Service of Religion, terminated the Summit of a declining 
 Branch of Haul Down to the South Eaftward, and is now 
 called Solfbury Hill. 
 
 The chief Part of the Summit of the Mountain to which 
 this Hill belongs, retains the Name of Char me Down , and 
 thereon we fee feveral Barrows, with the Footfteps of an in- 
 finite Number of Stone Walls, like thofe on Hamton Down ; 
 from whence we may for the prefent, at leaft, conclude, 
 that upon the fpacious Downs dedicated to the Sun King 
 Bladud raifed facred Works, and praffifed that part of his 
 Magick which went under the Name of Inchantments to 
 draw the Gods down from Heaven to refide in them : The 
 Works themfelves lying in fuch a Form that they can claim 
 for their Author nothing but an Inchanter, fuch as Bladud 
 is recorded to have been, and fuch as he manifefted himfelf 
 to be by compofmg a Tra£t of Conjurations ; for fuch a 
 Book Abaris is faid to have wrote. 
 
 We may like wife conclude, that upon fome Temple or 
 facred Work belonging to Sol/bury Hill, the King loft his 
 Life, by pra&iiing what was beyond the Ability of Man to 
 perform, to give Rife to the Tradition concerning him which 
 mentions his Death to have been occafioned by a Fall upon 
 Solfbury Church : And it feems highly probable that Swinefwick 
 and Tatzvick made the Places of Abode for fuch as attended 
 the Works on Haul Down , as thofe Villages are fituated at 
 the Foot of the W extern Side of the Mountain ; as a Houfe 
 in the former {till goes by the Name of King Bladud ’s Palace ; 
 and as the Name of the latter points out not only the Manfion 
 of Mercury , but Habitations for the feveral Minifters of that 
 Meftenger of the Gods, and Coadjutor to the Deity to whom 
 the Hill above the Village was facred. 
 
 The Summit of Camalodunmn being terminated to the 
 North by an Xntrenchment that contained the People appointed 
 for the Service of War, the God, Mars himfelf, feems to 
 have been honoured upon a fmall declining Branch of his 
 Hill, illuing Northward from another of a much greater Size 
 that runs W eft ward from the Weft End of the Body of the 
 
 Mountain ; 
 
Chap. III. A Defcription of BATH. 13 1 
 
 Mountain : For there we find a deep Intrenchment furround- 
 ing a fmall Elliptical Area of about one hundred and eighty 
 Feet in Length, by about one hundred and eight Feet in 
 Breadth ; and this bearing the Name of Inglefcomb Caftle, 
 the tranfverfe Diameter of the Work makes almoft an Eaffc 
 and Weft Line. 
 
 The Center of this Caftle is pointed out by an old Maple 
 Tree in the midft of an elevated circular Work of about thirty 
 Feet Diameter ; to the Weft ward of which there is a Pit, or 
 Difti-like Concavity, funk into the Earth, and to the Eaft- 
 ward we find a circular Area raifed upon it, whofe Center is 
 in a right Line with that of the Tree and Pit. 
 
 This Monument of Antiquity, according to the Tradi- 
 tion of the Inhabitants about it, was, in the Times of Yore, 
 famous for a Well in it, wherein the People imagined great 
 Treafures to have been hid, and reported that Lights in the 
 Night time were often feen hovering about the Work; from 
 whence we may fairly draw this Conclufion, that the whole 
 Monument was a Work more than ordinary facred in the 
 Ages of Paganifm ; and that it was confecrated to Camalos 
 the Britifn God of War, the Tree in the Center having been 
 the Image of the Deity ; the circular Work it grows in, the 
 Bafis of his Temple ; the circular Area to the Eaftward, 
 the Remains of his Altar ; and the Pit to the Weft ward, the 
 Well of the God where the Soldiery took their military Oaths. 
 
 By thefe Works it feems highly probable that King Bladud 
 eftabliftied the Worfhip of Camalos at the North Weft ward 
 End of the Mountain confecrated to him ; and as the Name 
 of TVelmarJlan implies the Town of Mars's Well, who can 
 doubt of its having been the Place of Habitation for fuch 
 Priefts as were appointed for the Service of the antient Britijh 
 God of War ; and for adminiftering the proper Oaths to all that 
 entered themfelves into the Army ? 
 
 The South Eaftward Corner of the Summit of the Hill of 
 that Deity prefents us with the Ruins of a moft ftupendous 
 Work; and with nothing lefs than the undoubted Remains 
 of the great Court of Juftice of the antient Britons , to which 
 they annually reforted to have their Controverfies decided ; 
 6C a Difcipline, fays Crofar^ transferred from Britain to Gaul', 
 ** where every Body flew for Juftice to the yearly Meeting 
 <c of the Gallick Priefts at a confecrated Place upon the Con- 
 ‘ 6 fines of the Carnutcs , a People pofiefling the middle Re- 
 
 gion of that Country/’ 
 
 The 
 
132 An ESSAY towards Part II. 
 
 The chief Judges of the Briiijh Court of Camalodunum 
 feem to have been feated upon the decline of that part of the 
 Hill lying between it and the Intrenchment that contained 
 the People feparated for the Service of War ; and their Place 
 of Habitation is come down to us under the Name of Cla - 
 verton , or the Town of the Claves ; a Name Hill preferved in 
 the IJle of Man, where the Remains of the antient Britijb 
 Syftem of Juftice is allowed to exift ; and is given to fuch 
 Members of the chief Court of that Bland, whofe Province it 
 is to hear and determine all Cafes of Difficulty and Confe- 
 quence arifmg in it. 
 
 The annual Meeting of the Judges of Mona is on the 
 Feaft Day of Saint John the Baptift ; their Tinwald, or fu- 
 preme Court of Juftice, is fituated on a Hill near the middle 
 of the Bland ; and this Court refembles the primitive Athenian 
 Court of Areopagus it being open and uncovered 3 and the 
 Claves , with the other Judges of it, fitting under no other 
 Canopy but that of Heaven. 
 
 Now that the Court of Juftice on the Hill of Mars at 
 Athens fhould prove a Precedent for a Court of Juftice on the 
 Hill of Mars at Bath , feems next to Demonftration, as Bladud 
 received part of his Education at Athens , and was aflifted in 
 his Works at Baih by four of the moft learned Athenians of 
 his Time ; and as the Claves who principally fat in his Court 
 of Juftice refembled the Archons who principally fat in the 
 Affembly of the Areopagites of Athens . 
 
 The Gallick fupreme Court of Juftice having been 
 fituated upon the Confines of the Carnutes of that Nation, 
 and taking its Original from the fupreme Court of Juftice of 
 the Britons , it leads me now to {hew, that this Court was 
 fituated upon the Confines of the Carnutes of our own Country 5 
 for as Mr. Toland writes, there were Carnean Priefts among 
 the Britijh Druids ; and fuch Carnean Priefts as were appointed 
 for the Service of the Cam at the Eaft End of Mons Badonca , 
 were feated in a Comb within half a Mile of the facred Altar, 
 while thofe that daily attended it aflembled ftill nearer the Cam 
 in a Dent of Beacon Hill, now called Fryars Hall, from a Tra- 
 dition that it was antiently a Place for Fryars to meet in. 
 
 The Mount that bore this Carn is but fmall and low in 
 Comparifon of the Mount now going by the Name of Dun - 
 cam, and rifing up on the Extremity of a declining Part of 
 Camalodunum branching South Weft ward from the Body of 
 the Hill ; This Mount undoubtedly bore the principal and 
 
 moft 
 
Chap. III. A Defcription of B AT H. 133 
 
 moft celebrated Cam of the antient Britons ; and three dif- 
 ferent Places juft beneath it retaining the Names of Dun- 
 carton , Carnecoi , and Priejlon , is the higheft Demonftration 
 that can be produced of the Magnificence with which the Cam 
 was attended, by the Carnean Priefts; a Body of Men, who 
 by walking bare Foot over the Embers of the Exhaufting 
 Fires on it, may be very juftly fuppofed to have facured to 
 themfelves fome of thole great Privileges which Ccefar de- 
 clares the Druids to have enjoyed ; and fuch as Pliny tells us 
 the Roman Senate ordained for the Hirpins ; a fet of People, 
 who by walking unhurt upon the burning Coals of the Acer - 
 vus, or Cam on Mount Soraffe , at the yearly Sacrifice cele- 
 brated by them on that Hill in Honour of Apollo , became 
 venerable to the fupreme Council of the greateft Empire of the 
 World. 
 
 Thus it appears, that the annual Aflembly of the antient 
 Britons , for the Decifion of Controverfies, was held upon the 
 Confines of the Carnutes of our own Country ; the fame as 
 the annual Aflembly of the -antient Gauls was held for the 
 fame Purpofe upon the Confines of the Carnutes of that Na- 
 tion ; and Great Britain may glory in having Monuments 
 thus to prove her Right to the Inftitution and Practice of that 
 Difcipline which Ccefar the High Prieft of Rome , from the 
 Accounts of the Gallic k Priefts, believed to belong to the In- 
 habitants of this Ifland. 
 
 Between the Cam and Tribunal on Camalos’s Hill, Bla- 
 dud feems to have fixed a Stoke, or the hollow Trunk or Stem 
 of a Tree ; and to the North of that Stoke to have made a 
 fmall Labyrinth of Pits, Ditches, Banks and Barrows ; the 
 King fixing the proper Priefts to attend the firft in Habitations 
 round about the facred Tree, and feating fuch as prefided 
 over the laft in a Vale below the Work; fome Houfes in it 
 retaining, to this Day, the Saxon Name of Barwick , i. e. 
 the Fortrefs, Manfion, or Village belonging to the Mounts 
 or Barrows. 
 
 The Conformity between thefe Works and thofe at the 
 furtheft end of Mons Badonca feems to point out their Ufes ; 
 and even to demonftrate that they were applied for the Prac- 
 tice of the Art of Necromancy, as the Devil himfelf is in- 
 troduced as a Labourer at the Completion of Bladud's Works 
 on C amalos 9 s Hill: For the laft material Work that feems to 
 have been performed on that Hill, being a vaft Mount of 
 Earth, there are People who tell us, that it was a fepulchral 
 
 Monument, 
 
134 An ESSAY towards Part II. 
 
 Monument, raifed in Honour of fome great Perfon ; while 
 others, who imagine it above the Power of human Art or In- 
 duftry to raife fo large a Hill, and yet believe it raifed, afcribe 
 it to the Devil, and fay, that as he was going by that Place 
 with a Wheel-Barrowful of Rubbifh, taken up by him upon 
 Od Down , he grew weary with his Load, and difcharging it 
 there made the round Mount that now appears ; which, as it 
 confifted but of one Barrowful of Rubbifh, was therefore, 
 fay they, called Barrow Hill. 
 
 This remarkable Mount feems to me to have been King 
 Bladud* s Sepulchre, for it ftands within half a Mile of a Place 
 called Hakum or Hakim , a Name expreffive not only of a 
 wife and learned Philofopher ; but the very Title which is 
 now given all over the Eaft to Xoroajler : And it is fo fituated 
 as to make the Angle of a Triangle with Hakim , and the 
 Caftle of Inglefcomb . 
 
 But before Bladud met with his Tragical End, or had 
 his Body depofited in this ftupendous Maufoleum, he feems to 
 have performed many other Works round about the hot 
 Springs of Bath ; and after confecrating the Hills that con- 
 tinue the Curve Line on the Back of Camalodunum from the 
 South Weft, round by the South, and by the Eaft, to Haul 
 Down at the North North Eaft, and dedicating the firft to 
 the Twin Brothers, Gajlor and Pollux ; the fecond to Strenua ; 
 the third to Joii ; the fourth to the rifing Sun, at the time of 
 the Winter Solftice, by the Name of the King of the Hea- 
 venly Bodies ; and the fifth to the fame Luminary, at the 
 time of the Summer Solftice ; the King raifed divers Altars 
 and Mounts; funk many Wells; and planted feveral Trees 
 and a Stoke for the publick Worftiip of the Gods, if the 
 Remains of fuch Monuments are of any Weight to fupport 
 the After tion. 
 
 Thus Diana , by her Sirname of Limnatis , will appear to 
 have had her Grove, Stoke, or hollow Tree, in the Vale on the 
 Eaft Side of the Hill of Strenua , the Situation whereof is by 
 Nature venerable, gloomy and every way applicable to the 
 Luminary that prefides over the Night : But the Summit of 
 the oppofite Hill, facred to the King of the Heavenly Bodies, 
 prefenting us with a Situation quite the reverfe to the 
 former, and every Way applicable to the Luminary that 
 prefides over the Day, there the Rifing Sun, at the 
 time of the Winter Solftice, muft have been hailed and 
 faluted ; and the Name of Hays 9 preferred in a few Houfes 
 i that 
 
Chap. III. A Defcription of B ATH. 135 
 
 that make a little Hamlet, importing the Ring, Out Line, 
 or Periphery of a Circle, makes it more than probable, 
 that thofe Houfes now fupply the Place of an Altar and 
 Monopterick Temple of the Sun ; for the Service of which 
 proper Priefts were undoubtedly placed in the Village at this 
 time bearing the Name of Farleywick . 
 
 Bannagh-Down prefents us with ftill more evident 
 Marks of an Altar and Temple for hailing and faluting the 
 Summer Rifing Sun, than thofe at the Hays on the Hill next 
 it, for hailing and faluting the fame Luminary on his firft ap- 
 pearing at the time of the Winter Solftice : For there we 
 have Stones that go by the Names of the Weather Bed and 
 Grey Weathers ; and while Fit am Hill, or the North End of 
 the King's Down exhibits feveral Barrows, Banks, and other 
 Works of the remoteft Antiquity, the Eaftward Part of the 
 fame Hill yields the Marks of a Well dedicated to Mars , and 
 a couple of Ajh Trees confecrated to the fame God, the AJh 
 Tree having been particularly facred to him; and therefore 
 againft the North End of Titam Hill, the God of War had 
 another Ajh Tree fet apart for his Honour. 
 
 Overag ainst this Tree, at Akeham , a Place lying at 
 the Foot of the Eaft Side of Bannagh-Down , and at Oakford , 
 another Place lying at the Foot of the oppofite fide of the 
 fame Hill, the Goddefs Rhea appears to have had Oak Trees 
 fet apart for her Honour alfo ; for to her the Oak Tree was 
 confecrated : If we proceed along the Valley Weft ward we 
 lhall find Jupiter to have had his Tree beneath the End of 
 Mons Badonca , at a fmall Village called Beach , fince to this 
 God the Beach Tree was facred : And if we purfue the Curve 
 Line formed by all thefe Trees till we come almoft to the 
 Weft and by North of the Tree facred to BeJ we ftiall meet 
 with what appears to me to have been the laft of King Bla - 
 dud's Works in that Part of his City which lay immediately 
 round about the hot Springs. 
 
 This Work is a Semi-Globular Heap of Stones, i^ifed on 
 the Brow of Pardies Hill, i. e. the Hill of Swearing; it is an 
 undoubted Monument of the moft folemn Oaths of the an- 
 tient Pagans ; and the Cuftom of railing thefe Kind of Monu- 
 ments, and fwearing at them, feems to have taken its Rife in 
 Jacob's Days ; the People in almoft all fucceeding Ages, during 
 the Time of Paganifm, praftifing it. 
 
 Moses informs us, in the thirty firft Chapter of the Book 
 of Gcnefis , that when Jacob fled from his Father-in-law, Laban 
 
 purfued 
 
13 6 An ESSAY towards Part II. 
 
 purfued him to Mount Galeed , where they made a Covenant ; 
 previous to which 'Jacob fet up a Pillar, and his Brethren 
 raifed a Heap of Stones ; then the Terms of the Covenant 
 were rehearfed : 66 Thou fhalt not, faid Laban to Jacoby afflidt 
 <c my Daughters, or take other Women to Wives ; then, 
 <c continues he, this Heap and this Pillar {hall be a Witnefs, 
 cc that I will not pafs over them to thee ; neither {halt thou 
 <c pafs over them to me for Harm ; and the God of Abraham , 
 cc and the God of Nahor , and the God of their Fathers judge 
 4C betwixt us.” Jacob aflenting to the Terms thus propofed 
 by Laban , fwore to them by the Fear of his Father Ifaac ; and 
 the Parties calling the Monument the Heap of Witnefs, 
 they invoked God there to watch their Veracity in keeping 
 the Covenant they had made, and in adhering to the Oath 
 they had fo folemnly taken. 
 
 Such Heaps of Stones as thefe are, in Northumberland , 
 called Lawes ; and, as Mr. Camden writes, they abound on the 
 Mountains of Redes Dale, about the very Place where Na- 
 tional Conferences were ufed to be held : Thofe Heaps of 
 Stones were therefore raifed as Monuments of the Agreements 
 made formerly between the Lords Wardens of England and 
 Scotland , on the Behalf of their refpedtive Sovereigns $ and 
 are the moft modern Inftances, within my Knowledge, of 
 King Bladud’s Inftitution, as above. 
 
 The former Works united made the Place which the 
 Saxons called Ackmanchejler , /. e> the Oak Men’s City ; and 
 as thofe Works, independent of many others, befpeak a Royal 
 Founder, and one that was alfo an HighPrieft; fo if they 
 are duly confidered they will not only give the Priefts of the 
 Oak a more illuftrious, and a more probable Origin than they 
 have yet had, but conftitute 
 
 Bath 
 
 The Metropolitan Seat of the 
 Britijh Druids . 
 
 The fame Works will furnifh King Bladud with every 
 thing that was neceflary to that Form of Religion in which 
 the fecond Part of his Magick confifted ; as well as to the 
 greatefl: Part of that Skill in Aflrology, and the Mathematical 
 Arts, which was requifite to compleat his Magical Syftem ; 
 4C and, in the Words of Pliny , bind the Senfes of the antient 
 4C Britons with three of the fureft Chains that were ever con- 
 <c trived or invented,” fince thofe People, by being Men of 
 Sincerity and Integrity, untainted with Craft and Knavery, 
 
GSap. HI. A Defcription of BATH. 137 
 
 and Strangers to Excefs and Luxury, a 5 Diodorus Siculus have 
 recorded cheir Charadter, in the 2 A Chapter of his 5 th Book, 
 were liable on every Occafion to be impofed upon by fuch as 
 (made Subtilty and Cunningnefs the chief Part of their Pro- 
 feffion : For to fee a Man drawing down the Gods from 
 ibove ; raifing up the Dead from below ; and obtaining Speech 
 Tom a Dumb Tree, as well as Motion from a folid Mafs 
 f Stone, is feeing Trick and Ulufion carried to its higheft 
 itch. 
 
 The Pillars and other large Stones made ufe of in the 
 orks above deferibed, were indifputably fetched from Far- 
 eigh^ or the King's Down ; for to this Day there are Stones 
 ying upon the Weft Side of that Hill, behind a large artificial 
 ank, ready wrought and prepared for Tranfportation of the 
 ame Size and Texture with the Stones now bearing the 
 ame of Sols Rocks . And left it ftiould be hereafter imagined 
 hat the Stones now retaining the Name of the Sun were 
 aken out of a Quarry juft by them, I think it neceflary to 
 eclare, that that Quarry was made by the Stone taken out 
 f it to make the adjoining new Road, in the Year 1707; 
 r or before that Year the P^oad to Lanfdown was confiderably 
 ore to the Eaftward of the Rocks of Solis than it is at 
 refent. 
 
 That the Druidical Profeflion had its Original in Britain , 
 s fufficiently evident from what Ctzfar writes, but much 
 ore fo by the united Works of Caerbren , already deferibed : 
 ~ith thofe Works the Britijh Druids undoubtedjy took their 
 ife ; King Bladud appears manifeftly to have been their 
 ounder, and to have made Bath their Metropolitan Seat ; and 
 art of what he taught them was firft communicated to him 
 y the great Pythagoras ; Ammianus Marcelimus telling us in 
 he ninth Chapter of his fifteenth Book, that the Samian Phi- 
 ofopher inftrutfted the Druids in their Laws and Cuftoms: 
 jThen the Britijh Priefts who had been celebrated chiefly for 
 heir Piety, foon became eminent for their Learning ; fo emi- 
 nent as to give Pliny Reafon to fay, that a Man would 
 
 I r 6 think the Perfmns firft learned all their Magick from the 
 :c Britons And notwithstanding their Pupils, the Diviners, 
 :he Wifemen, and the whole State of the Gallick Clergy, 
 went under a general Name importing Priefts of the Oaky 
 becaufe, as the fame Hiftorian writes, they performed no 
 Office of Divine Service, but under the Shade of Trees, or 
 with Branches or Leaves thereof $ yet, as Monfieur Banier 
 
 T remarks. 
 
1^8 
 
 An ESSAY towards 
 
 Part II. 
 
 remarks, the Antients fometimes diftinguiftied them by other 
 Titles, but fuch as always expreffed their Fun£tions. 
 
 T he Functions 
 
 of the Priefts of the Oak will beft appear from what Diodorus 
 Siculus writes in the fecond Chapter of his fifth Book con- 
 cerning them : For there we find the Philofophers reprefented 
 as Men converfant with the Gods, and familiar in their Dif- 
 courfe with them ; theDivines as Men acquainted with theNature 
 of the Deity ; and that no Sacrifice could be lawfully offered 
 unlefs it was prefented by a Prieft of one of thefe Orders. 
 
 The Fundfion of the Philofophers confifted therefore in 
 prefenting the Offerings of the People upon extraordinary 
 Occafions ; as well as in afking the Gods to grant them fuch 
 good Things as they defired ; and the Fundtion of the Divines 
 confifted in their prefenting the Offerings of the People upon 
 ordinary Occafions : The Priefts of each Order performed 
 their Offices by the help of a Grove or hollow Tree ; and 
 from thence they were denominated Saronidce , /. e . Priefts of 
 the hollow Oak . 
 
 Our Sicilian Author reprefents the Prophets as Men capa- 
 ble of foretelling future Events, by viewing the Entrails of 
 the Victims offered up in Sacrifice ; and the Poets as Men 
 perfedtly acquainted with the Virtues and Vices of the Laity, 
 and very fkilful in vocal and inftrumental Mufick : The 
 Function of the Prophets confifted therefore in viewing the 
 Entrails of the Vidtims flain in Honour of the Gods, and 
 thereby difclofing the hidden Secrets of Futurity to the Peo- 
 ple ; and the Function of the Poets confifted in colledfing the 
 Virtues and Vices of the Laity; in forming them into Songs 
 to fmg ; in playing upon an Inftrument like unto a Harp ; 
 and, with their Voice and Mufick, in publifhing the Praifes 
 of fuch as behaved themfelves well, and the Difpraifes of thofe 
 that behaved themfelves ill. 
 
 These Men were denominated Bards, a Name importing 
 Poets and Songfters ; and the Prophets having been known to 
 the Grecians by the Name of Ovaties , to the Romans by that 
 of VateSy Mr. Toland derives both from the Celtick Word 
 Faidh , fignifying a Perfon infpired by the Gods to reveal their 
 Will. 
 
 Such were the Functions of the Difciples of the Britijh 
 Druids , and confequently fuch muft have been the Fun&ions 
 of our Priefts of the Oaky under the Superintendency of King 
 Bladud their Founder $ and nothing feems more probable 
 
 than 
 
Chap. III. A Defcription of B A T H. 139 
 
 ; than that his four Athenian Friends were the Heads of the 
 four Orders the Priefthood was divided into ; to each of which 
 we may fuppofe the King to have given a Wand, together 
 with a Ring, or an Egg, or perhaps both, as the proper En~ 
 figns of their Superintendency. 
 
 That the chief Ensign 
 
 of Druidifm was a Ring, pretended to have been generated by 
 Snakes, in the Summer Time, is fufficiently demonftrated by a 
 Tradition ftill fubfifting in our Ifland ; and thus related by the 
 Bifhop of London in the laft Englijh Edition of Camden's 
 Britannia . 
 
 44 In moft Part of Wales , and throughout all Scotland , 
 44 and in Cornwall , fays our Author in the 815 th Page of the 
 44 Britannia , we find it a common Opinion of the Vulgar, 
 44 that about Midfurnmer Eve (though in the time they do 
 44 not all agree) it is ufual for Snakes to meet in Companies, 
 44 and that by joining Heads together and hilling, a Kind of 
 44 Bubble is formed, like a Ring, about the Head of one of 
 44 them, which the reft by continual Hilling blow on till it 
 44 comes off at the Tail, and then immediately hardens, and 
 44 refembles a Glafs Ring ; which whoever finds (as fome old 
 44 Women and Children are perfuaded) (hall profper in all his 
 44 Undertakings. The Rings which they fuppofe to be thus 
 44 generated, are called Gleineu Nadroedh , i. e. Gemmee An - 
 44 guince^ whereof I have feen, at feveral Places, about twenty 
 44 or thirty. They are fmall Glafs Annulets, commonly 
 44 about half as wide as our Finger Rings, but much thicker; 
 44 of a Green Colour ufually, though fome of them are 
 44 Blue, and others curioufly Waved with Blue, Red and 
 44 White.” 
 
 Now Rings for the Finger having been firft made ufe of 
 in Samothrace , from thence, fays Pliny , 1. 33. c. 1. fuch Or- 
 naments of the Hand were called Samothracia \ and thefe 
 may be very juftly fuppofed to have had Virtues peculiar to 
 them, the Knowledge whereof, or the procuring fuch Rings, 
 we may reckon among the Samothracian Myfteries into which 
 Bladud was initiated ; and from thence to have proved the 
 Origin of the Snakes Rings with us, as well as of the Name 
 of Samothei given to the Britijh Druids: For by this Name 
 the antient Priefts of the Oak are fpoken of, as Monfieur 
 Banier particularly remarks ; and Bladud having been dif- 
 guifed under the Name of Samothes , he was moft undoubtedly 
 fo denominated from thefe Myfterious Samothracian Orna- 
 
 T 2 ments, 
 
140 An ESSAY towards Part II. 
 
 ments, which gave Rife to others pretended to have beeq 
 generated by the fame Reptiles that produced the Rings. 
 
 These were Eggs, and Flirty gives us the following Ac- 
 count of them in the third Chapter of his nine and twentieth 
 Book : u In the Summer time yearly, an infinite Number of 
 44 Snakes gather together in a round Form, entangling and 
 cc enwrapping themfelves one within another in the moft 
 44 artificial Manner : The Froth which they yield from their 
 44 Mouths, and the Humour that comes from their Bodies 
 44 incoporating together produces an Egg, and this they caft 
 44 up on high into the Air, by the Force of their Hilling, at a 
 44 certain Time of the Moon’s Age, known only to the Druids 
 44 themfelves ; and therefore one of them is always ready, 
 44 with a good Horfe near him, to watch the mounting up 
 44 of the Egg, and to receive it in its Fail before it reaches 
 44 the Ground, within the Lappet of a certain Garment : As 
 44 foon as the Egg is thus catched, the Perfon that receives it 
 44 mu it mount his Horfe, ride away, full Speed, make to 
 44 fome great River, and crofs the fame to preferve his 
 44 Treafure; for the Snakes immediately difintangle them- 
 44 felves, and, with the utmcft Fury, purfue the Perfon 
 44 who carries their Egg away till their Chafe is flopped by 
 46 the Water.” 
 
 44 One of thefe Eggs, fays our Author, is of the Size of 
 44 an ordinary round Apple ; the Shell is of a Cartalagineous 
 44 Subftance ; it is clafped all about with Concavities repre- 
 44 fenting thofe about the Legs of the Fifh called a Pourcuttle ; 
 44 the Reality of it is always proved by its buoying itfelf up aloft 
 44 in Water, and fwimming againft the Stream ; and an Egg 
 44 fo proved, concludes our Author, became a fovereign Thing 
 44 to procure a Perfon ready Accefs to Princes, to win their 
 44 Grace and Favour, and to obtain the better of an Adver- 
 44 fary in any Conteft at Law / 3 
 
 The Gallick Druids , according to our Hiftorian, wore 
 thefe Kind of Eggs, fet within Rings of Gold, as the Enfigns 
 or Badges of their Profeffion ; and therefore a Ring or an Egg, 
 or both, of a wonderful Nature was the undoubted Badge of 
 our antient Priefts of the Oak ; and was worn by the Super- 
 intendant of every Order, or the Head of every College, as 
 his peculiar Mark of Diftindiion from the inferior Priefts : 
 And as the Snakes appear to have generated their Rings on 
 the Eve of Midfummer Day $ fo it is highly probable that on 
 the fame Day they generated their Eggs likewife, and that 
 
 the 
 
Chap. III. A Defcription of B A T H. 14 1 
 
 the three and twentieth of 'June , the Day preceding the An- 
 nual Meeting of the Druids to decide Controverfies, was the 
 critical Time for watching for thefe Productions, the Poffef- 
 fion whereof enabled a Perfon to gain the Better of his Adver- 
 fary in any Conteft at Law : “ I myfelf, fays Pliny , am able 
 44 upon my own Knowledge to aver, that Claudius C&far 
 44 commanded a Gentleman of Rome to be put to Death for 
 44 carrying one of thefe Eggs in his Bofom at the time that 
 “ he pleaded his Caufe before him in Court.” 
 
 The Plants 
 
 adopted by the Druids had Virtues no lefs extraordinary afcribed 
 to them, than thofe afcribed to the Rings and Eggs that made 
 the Badges of their Profeflion ; and thofe Plants having been 
 chiefly Mijfeltoe , Selago , Samolus , and Vervain ; the firft they 
 gathered with great Solemnity, and called it by a Name which 
 in their Language imported All Heal y from an Opinion that 
 it would cure all Maladies whatfoever. 
 
 Nothing with the Druids was efteemed more facred than 
 the Mijfeltoe that grew on an Oak Tree ; this, or in fhort any 
 thing elfe, fays Pliny , which they found growing upon that 
 Tree, befides its own Fruit, they looked upon as a Gift from 
 Heaven, and having gathered it when the Moon was juft fix 
 Days old, it became, moreover, a fure Medicine to make the 
 Barren inftantly Fruitful} and was a fovereign Counterpoifon 
 againft all Vermin. 
 
 Selago appears by the Teftimony of Pliny , in the eleventh 
 Chapter of his four and twentieth Book, to have been gathered 
 with as much Solemnity as the Mijfeltoe ; and the Druids dif- 
 pofed of it as the only Prefervative againft all hurtful Acci- 
 dents and Misfortunes whatfoever ; thofe Priefts pretending 
 that the Fume thereof was good for all the Infirmities and 
 Difeafes of the Eyes. 
 
 Samolus, according to our Roman Naturalift, was ga- 
 thered with lefs Solemnity than Selago y and the Druids dif- 
 pofed of it as a never failing Thing to cure fuch Swine and 
 Cattle as were affliCled with any Difeafe, and to fecure others 
 from the like Maladies. 
 
 As for Vervaine the Solemnity obferved in gathering it 
 about the rifing of the great Dog-Star, feems, by what 
 Pliny writes in the ninth Chapter of his twenty fifth Book, 
 to have far exceeded the Solemnity obferved in gathering any 
 of the other Plants ; for after a Libation of Honey with the 
 Combs, offered to the Earth in the Dead of the Night, when 
 
 neither 
 
142 An E S S A Y towards Part II. 
 
 neither Sun nor Moon appeared, every Plant had the Peri- 
 phery of a Circle drawn round about it with an Inftrument of 
 Iron, and the Perfon that plucked it up, immediately threw 
 ifc aloft over his Head into the Air, making ufe of his left 
 Hand only ; after which the Leaves, Stalk, and Root of 
 the Herb were feparated ; and then every Part was dryed 
 by itfelf in a fhady Place out of the Reach of the Beams of 
 the Sun. 
 
 The Druids made ufe of this Plant in calling Lots, in 
 telling Fortunes, and in predicting future Events ; and they 
 difpofed of it as a Gift of Nature capable of rendering fuch 
 People, whofe Bodies fhould be rubbed all over with it, able 
 to obtain whatever their Hearts defired ; to cure all Manner 
 of Agues ; to reconcile People in Enmity with each other ; 
 to make Friendfhip between whom they lift ; and to give 
 Remedy to any Difeafe whatfoever : Our famous Priefts pre- 
 tending, at the fame time, that if any Dining Room fhould 
 be fprinkled with the Water in which this Herb lay fteeped, 
 all that fhould fit at the Table would become Pleafant, Merry 
 and Jocund. 
 
 The Festivals 
 
 of the Druids eftabliflied by the Founder of the Priefthood, 
 and his Athenian Collegues, began with their Year; and this 
 commencing with the Vernal Equinox, that day was deter- 
 mined by the fixth Day of the Moon’s Age that happened on 
 or neareft to the tenth of March ; and was proclaimed the 
 preceding Evening by kindling Fires on the feveral Cams ; 
 a Method obferved in publifhing rnoft of the Feftivals. Thefe 
 Illuminations drawing the People together, New Tears Day 
 appears, from what Mr. Toland writes in his Hiftory of the 
 Druids , p. 74, to have been then celebrated to obtain a 
 plentiful Birth of every thing which the Earth was beginning 
 to produce ; the Priefts, during the Solemnity, prefenting the 
 Laity with Portions of the Mijfeltoe they had collected the Year 
 before ; and from thence, as Monfieur Banter remarks, the 
 New Years Gifts we ftill make to thofe we value, had their 
 Rife. 
 
 The fecond Day of the Year, or the feventh Day of the 
 Vernal Moon, was celebrated in Honour of Apollo , the Son 
 of Latona ; and every fucceeding feventh Day of the fame 
 Moon, as well as every feventh Day of every other Moon 
 of the whole Year, became a Feftival in Honour of the fame 
 Deity : All the Gods were complemented with a Feftival 
 
 every 
 
Chap. III. A Defcription of BATH. 143 
 
 every Lunar Month, and thefe were celebrated at the Change 
 of every Moon: And the End of every Cycle of Years 
 proved a Feftival that crowned all the others, and was cele- 
 brated from the Day that ended that Period of Time, till 
 Apollo was prefented with an Offering of the firft Fruits of 
 the Corn that was gathered the next Harveft, and made up 
 into Loaves of Bread. 
 
 This Offering was made between the Celebration of the 
 Feftival obferved in Honour of all the Gods at the Change of 
 the fixth Moon of the Year, and the Celebration of the next 
 Feftival obferved in Honour of Apollo ; it now bears the Name 
 of Lammas Day ; and the primitive Chriftians confecrating it 
 to Saint Peter in vinculis , the Britijh Offerings of the Day were 
 by them turned from Loaves of Bread to Money ; and every 
 Perfon fent his Penny to Rome , till King Henry the Eighth 
 put an End to the Cuftom. 
 
 The Sifter of Apollo having been the Goddefs invoked by 
 Women in Childbed, under her heavenly Name of Lucina , 
 we may fairly conclude, that the Acknowledgment made to 
 her at Delos, by the two Hyperborean Virgins for a fpeedy 
 Delivery, confifted of an Offering of the firft Fruits of Mijfeltoe ; 
 the Plant that had Efficacy afcribed to it fufficient to make 
 the Barren Fruitful ; and the Plant that was gathered with 
 the greateft Solemnity upon the fixth Day of the Moon's 
 Age, and in all Probability it was of the fixth Moon of that 
 Year that made the firft of the Cycle invented for harmo- 
 nizing the Spheres. 
 
 When the Vernal Equinox and Vernal Month began on 
 the fame Day, as was nearly the Cafe in the Years 1733 and 
 1744, the fecond monthly Feftival in Honour of all the Gods 
 began upon the firft of May ; and according to Toland it was 
 celebrated to obtain a prosperous Growth to what the Earth 
 had produced : Alidfummer Day, according to the fame Au- 
 thor, was celebrated to draw down a Bleffing on the Fruits 
 then becoming ready for gathering : And on the firft of No- 
 vember the People returned Thanks for having finifhed the 
 Harveft, and thereby feen a happy Conclufion of the Summer. 
 “ It was at this time, fays our Author, that every Matter of 
 4C a Family was religioufly obliged to purchafe a Portion of 
 iC the Fires remaining on the Cams to kindle the Fire anew 
 <c in his Houfe, which was purpofely extinguifhed the Night 
 before, and this, for the enfuing Year, was to be lucky and 
 ** profperous to him.” 
 
 This 
 
144 An ESSAY towards Part IL 
 
 This Cuftom was obferved in the Eaftern Nations ; for 
 Monfieur Banier , in treating of Vefta, and the V eft ah , informs 
 us, that the facred Fire preferved by private People at their 
 Places of Abode was maintained at the Gate of every Houfe ; 
 46 and hence, fays our Author, if we may believe Ovid^ 
 44 came the Name of Veftible 
 
 Upon the fi xth Day of the Moon’s Age the Druids^ as 
 Pliny writes in the four and fortieth Chapter of his fixteenth 
 Book, began their Months, their New Tears , and their feve- 
 ral Ages ; which, as he fays, had their Revolution every 
 thirty Years. Now when the Vernal Equinox and Vernal 
 Month commenced together., the middle Day of Summer 
 fell on the 24 th of June^ and on the fixth Day before the 
 Change of the fourth Moon; and the firft of November made 
 the Day fucceeding that which compleated the firft eight 
 Lunar Months of the Year, or the feventh Day of the ninth 
 Moon, a Feftival Day facred to Apollo ; and therefore from 
 his antient Britijh Name of Haul , as well as from the folemn 
 Difmiffion of the People with confecrated Fire, upon the 
 happy Conclufion of the Summer, that Day was called Hal - 
 lamas, ’till it was dedicated to all the Chriftian Saints ; after 
 which it was indifferently called All-Saints-Day , or All- 
 Hallows Day. 
 
 As often as the fixth Day of the Vernal Moon falls on the 
 Day of the Vernal Equinox, fo often E after Day will fall ori 
 the Feaft Day of the Annunciation of the Bleffed Virgin ; 
 and from that Union of Days it feems evident, that the fame 
 Method that was obferved by the antient Druids in fixing 
 their Feftivals, ftill continues for fixing Eafter , but with a 
 Proverb attending it, that whenever the Lord falls in the 
 Lady’s Lap, fomething extraordinary will happen to England \ 
 
 In fuch Years the fixth Day of the Riling of the great 
 Dog Star anfwers the five and twentieth of July ; and there™ 
 fore as this Day happens three Days before the Change of the 
 Sixth Moon of the Year, the preceding Night was a fit and 
 proper time for the Nocturnal Ceremony of gathering the 
 Vervain fo ufeful to the Druids in calling Lots, in telling 
 Fortunes, and in predidting future Events. 
 
 The V iclims offered at the Miffeltoe Solemnity on the 
 fixth Day of the fixth Moon of the Year, anfwering the third 
 of Auguft, were Milk-white young Bullocks, fuch, fays Pliny, 
 as never drew in Yoke, or had their Heads bound by the 
 Horn 1 now that we had a Place near the hot Springs of Bath 
 2 appropriated 
 
Chap. III. A Defcription of B A T H. 145 
 
 appropriated for fuch Sort of Cattle, let a Hamlet of Wellovu 
 bearing South South Weft, three Quarters Wefterly, from 
 the warm Fountains, at the Diftance of four Miles and a 
 half from them, and ftill retaining the Name of White Ox 
 Mead, determine. 
 
 The Druidical Priefthood having by the Enfigns of their 
 Profeffion, as well as their extraordinary Plants been furnifhed 
 with an univerfal Remedy againft all Maladies in Man and 
 Beaft; with what would render the Barren Fruitful, prove a 
 Counterpoifon againft all Vermin, and fecure the human and 
 feveral other Species from all Manner of Difeafes ; with what 
 would make People profperous, reconcile Enemies, and eftablifti 
 mutual Friendfhip; and with what would gain Mankind 
 ready Accefs to Princes, win their Grace and Favour, and 
 enable them to gain the better of their Adverfaries in any 
 Conteft at Law : And the Priefthood having been fo well 
 connected, that Law or Policy required a Prieft of every Order 
 to be prefent at every Sacrifice, it became fo venerable to the 
 Laity, that they foon thought it expedient to exempt the 
 Druids from attending the Army, as well as from paying 
 Takes; and yet they permitted them to enjoy all manner of 
 Immunities : All Points of Difference they fubmitted to their 
 Arbitration, whether it related to Life or Death, to Titles 
 to Lands, or to the Extent of Confines ; and whofoever re- 
 filled to abide by their Sentences, let his Degree be high or 
 low, was fhunn’d and defpiftd by his Countrymen, gendered 
 incapable of fuing for his Right, and not permitted to dis- 
 charge any Office in the Common-wealth: Nay fuch high 
 Regard was paid to them by Enemies, as well as Friends, 
 that if two Armies were ready to engage, with their Swords 
 drawn, and Spears prefented one againft another, if a Philofo- 
 ; pher, or a Bard ftept in between them, he inftantly pacified 
 the contending Parties ; as if fome wild Beafts, fays Diodorus 
 Siculus , had been tamed by Inchantments. 
 
 The Author of this Priefthood could not have chofen a 
 better Thing for the Bafis of the Magick, which he pradtifed 
 and taught, than the hot Waters of Bath ; nor have had a 
 better Situation to fix all the Apparatus for an Oracle upon a 
 Plan conformable to that of the Oracle of Jupiter Am?non 
 in Egypt : For if Diodorus Siculus , and Quintus Curtius , may 
 be depended upon, it will appear from their Writings, that 
 there was a Temple juft by the Waters of the Sun in Ammo - 
 iiia ; that the Ternple which contained the Oracle was at 
 
 U fem* 
 
146 An ESSAY towards Part II. 
 
 fame Diftance from It ; that the King’s Palace was near the 
 Oracle 5 that the Palace had a Caftle contiguous to it ; that 
 Trees were planted by the facred Waters ; that the Grove of 
 the God extended fifty Furlongs in Length, by fifty Farlongs 
 in Breadth ; and that this Region was the Metropolitan Seat 
 of the Ammonian Kings. 
 
 H ERE we have an illuftrious Example for all King BladucT s 
 Works round the hot Springs of Bath ; Pythagoras had been 
 in Egypt before Cambyfes committed his Outrages in that 
 Country ; and from that Philofopher Bladud , when he was in 
 Greece , or when he vifited his Colleague at Crotona in Italy , 
 might have got the fame Account, that the above Writers 
 did afterwards procure concerning the facred Grove of Jupiter 
 A?nmon ; which, at the fame time that it became the Seat of 
 the Ammonian Kings, it became likewife the Metropolitan 
 Seat of the Priefts of Jupiter ; yielding Habitations for fuch 
 as were appointed for War, together with thofe that were fet 
 apart for the Priefthood ; and all thefe were difperfed in Vil- 
 lages round about the Oracle, Palace, and facred Waters of 
 the Sun. 
 
 The forming of the Druidical Priefthood and the Works 
 neceffary for it, undoubtedly furnifhed Berofus with Matter 
 for the Hiftory applied by him to the firft five Kings of the 
 Ifland ; and on this Suppofition Bladud , or Samothes reigned 
 fix and forty Lunar Months before the Arrival of his Col- 
 leagues from Greece ; then taking Magus to his Afliftance, 
 they in one and fifty Months more compleated all the magical 
 Works about the hot Springs of Bath , and Magus feems 
 thereupon to have been appointed the Head of that Order of 
 Priefts who fhould have an immediate Xntercourfe with the 
 Gods. 
 
 Sarron feems to have received Inftitution at the fame 
 time with Magus , and to have been appointed the Head of 
 that Order of Priefts which was to prefent the Offerings of 
 the People, fince the Priefts of both thefe Orders went under 
 the Title of Saronidcs ; and with them the King’s Oracle 
 feems to have been perfedted. 
 
 The Priefts of the hollow Oak were fet upon founding 
 Schools and publick Places of Learning, and this feems to 
 have taken up the next fixty one Months ; at the End of 
 which Period of Time Druis received Inftitution as the Head 
 of an Order of Priefts that were to attend the Sacrifices, and 
 judge of future Events by obferving the Entrails of the Vic- 
 tims 5 
 
Chap. III. A Defcription of B A T H. 147 
 
 tims ; and fourteen Months after him Bardus was put at the 
 Head of the original Britijh Priefts, who, till then, fang the 
 Praifes of the Gods, and the Beauty of the Works of Nature ; 
 but afterwards the Praifes of fuch as behaved themfelves well, 
 and the Difpraifes of thofe that behaved themfelves ill, were 
 introduced into their Songs, and became the chief Parts of 
 them. 
 
 The Priefthood thus compleated, feems to have continued 
 feventy five Months before Bladud , in pratftifing his Magick, 
 broke his Neck ; and this Accident happened to him after he 
 had reigned twenty Solar Years, or two hundred and forty 
 feven Lunar Months, correfponding exactly with the Number 
 of Years the firft five Kings of the Ifland are recorded in 
 Hiftory to have fat upon the Throne ; Berofus telling us that 
 Samothes held the Scepter forty fix Years, Magus fifty one 
 Years, Sarron fixty one Years, Druis fourteen Years, and 
 Bardus feventy five Years. 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 Of King Bladud’s Works near Bath, 
 and their conftituting the Univerfity of the 
 British Druids. 
 
 B ALE, and feveral other Writers, having for their Au- 
 thor Merlyn of Caledon , tell us, that King Bladud , after 
 his Return to Britain , from Greece , planted a Univerfity at 
 Stanford , and appointed learned Men, who profefled the Li- 
 beral Sciences, to teach them to his Subjects : The Author of 
 the Britijh Hiftory adding, that Bladud himfelf taught Necro- 
 mancy in his Kingdom. 
 
 Now about eight Miles weftward from the hot Springs of 
 Bath , there is a remarkable Place called Stantondrue ; a Name 
 importing the Oak Men’s Town built with Stone, as that of 
 Ackmanchejler , imports the Oak Men’s City ; and to come at 
 it, we muft firft crofs the River Avon ; and after that another 
 River that runs into the Avon at Cainfham , between Bath and 
 Brijlol ; by the Side of which River Stantondrue is fituated. 
 
 The Paflage over this laft River might formerly have 
 been called Stanford , from its having been a Ford for People 
 to crofs over that River who went from Bath to Stantondrue ; 
 for fuch as came from this Place towards Bath , called the 
 Fords, by which they crofted the River, after the Names of 
 
 U 2 the 
 
i r 4& An ESSAY towards Part II, 
 
 the Places to which the Roads through thofe Fords led. For 
 Example, as the Intrenchment on Camalodunum had, to the 
 Eaftward of it, high and ftupendous Cliffs, fo the Ford over 
 the River that runs by Stantondrue , had the Name of Pens , 
 2. e. Clifts of Hills, given to it, and was called Pensford , be- 
 caufe the Road from Stantondrue to thofe Cliffs croffed the 
 River there. 
 
 Again, the Place where fuch as came from Stantondrue , 
 to the Rocks of Solis, croffed the Avon , was called Sols ford \ 
 becaufe the Road from one Place to the other croffed the 
 River there. 
 
 Thus it appears that there was antiently a Communication 
 Between the Works round about the warm Fountains of Bath , 
 and thofe of Stantondrue ; and therefore at this Place it feems 
 next to Demonftration, that King Bladud feated his Athenian 
 Colleagues, to inftrucft his Subjefls in the Liberal Sciences ; 
 and there made them a Model of the Planetary World for 
 that Purpofe ; fince the Remains of fuch a Model is now to 
 be feen in the Village 5 and the Druids , as Pomp onius Mela 
 writes, profeffed to know not only the Form and Magnitude 
 of the whole Univerfe in general, and of the Earth in parti- 
 cular, but alfo the Courfes of the Stars and their Revolutions. 
 
 The Remains of this Model bear the Name of the Wed- 
 ding, from a Tradition that as a Woman was going to be 
 jpiarried, file and the reft of the Company were changed into 
 the Stones of which they confift : 64 No one, fay the Country 
 44 People about Stantondrue , was ever able to reckon the 
 4 4 Number of thefe metamorphofed Stones, or to take a 
 44 Draught of them, tho’ feveral have attempted to do both, 
 44 and proceeded till they were either ftruck dead upon the 
 44 Spot, or with fuch an Illnefs as foon carried them off 
 This was ferioully told me when I began to take a Plan of 
 them, on the 12 th of Augujl 1740, to deter me from pro- 
 ceeding: And as a Storm accidentally arofe juft after, and 
 blew down Part of a great Tree near the Body of the Work, 
 the People were then thoroughly fatisfied that I had di- 
 fturbed the Guardian Spirits of the metamorphofed Stones, 
 and from thence great Pains were taken to ( convince me of 
 the Impiety of what I was about. 
 
 I proceeded with my Work as often as the Weather would 
 permit, and having been more than ordinary exadf in the 
 Survey, I can, with the greateft Certainty declare, that upon 
 the Vertex of a fmall round Hill at Stantondrue , there arq 
 
 now 
 
Chap. IV. A Defcrlption of B AT H. 149 
 
 now to be feen the Remains of eleven large Stone Pillars, 
 and the Place for a twelfth ; each of which feems to have 
 been fix Feet fquare, and the whole to have made the Peri- 
 phery of a Circle of 140 Feet Diameter 3 which is the exa£t 
 Diameter of the Infide of the Pantheon at Rome , between the 
 JSafis of the Columns, Mans Dezgodetz having meafured the 
 Diameter of that Temple, in one Place, at 132 Feet one 
 Inch, by the French Standard. 
 
 The Circle thus limited I have marked in the following 
 Plan with the Letter A 3 and one of the Stones lying by 
 the Letter G, is of a different Kind to any of the reft. 
 
 To the North Eaft of the Circle A, and upon the Decline 
 of the Hill, there is another Circle of about 378 Feet Dia- 
 meter > this in the Plan, Plate N° 1. 2. I have diftinguifhed 
 with the Letter B 3 and the Stones now remaining in the 
 Periphery of it, being twenty in Number, anfwer to the Divi- 
 fion of 81 equal Parts, in the Circumference, and to no other 
 Divifion of above one hundred that I have tried : The moft 
 remarkable Stone in the Out-Line of this Circle ftands at the 
 Letter 1 3 and overagainft it, at the Letter K, there is ano- 
 ther of a different Kind, and of the fame Sort with the Stone 
 by the Letter G, in the Circle A. From the Center of one 
 of thefe Circles, to that of the other, is 714 Feet 5 and if we 
 extend a Line from one Center to the other, and produce it 
 North Eaft ward beyond the Letter C, it will terminate on a 
 large flat Stone, called Ha kills , or rather Hakims Coit, now 
 lying on the Brow of a Hill, upon the North Eaft Side of 
 the River by which Stantondrue is fituated : And this Stone, 
 tho’ greatly delapidated, is ftill ten Feet long, fix Feet broad, 
 near two Feet thick, and lies about i860 Feet from the 
 Center of the Circle B. 
 
 At the Diftance of 375 Feet Eaftward from the Center of 
 the Circle B, we come to the Center of a third Circle, 
 marked in the Plan, Plate N° 1. 2. with the Letter D. This 
 Circle is bounded by eight Stones, of fix Feet Square, and is 
 96 Feet, or juft 60 JewiJh Cubits in Diameter from the mid- 
 dle of one Pillar, to that of the other : The whole Diameter 
 of 102 Feet feems to have been ftill increafed to 107 Feet 
 by a Border marked with a dotted Line in the Plan 3 and this 
 Circle appears to have been furrounded with the four Con- 
 centrick Peripheries L, M, N, O 3 the firft of which con- 
 fifting of 27 Pillars, was 214. Feet Diameter in the Clear 3 the 
 fecond coniifting of 28 Pillars, was 248 Feet Diameter in 
 3 the 
 
150 An ESSAY towards Part IL 
 
 the Clear ; the third confiding of 29 Pillars, was 282 Feet 
 Diameter in the Clear ; and the fourth confiding of 30 Pillars, 
 was 316 Feet Diameter in the Clear; but with the Pillars the 
 Diameter of this Out-Line of the Work was augmented to 
 about 322 Feet : For one of the Pillars is now danding, and 
 it is about three Feet thick. 
 
 The eight Pillars of the Circle D are alfo now remaining, 
 four in an ere£t Podure, the other four lie flat upon the 
 Ground ; but of the 114 Pillars that formed the four Concen- 
 trick Rings about it, Time and barbarous Hands have left no 
 more than the Fragments of 12, of which 7 are ere£t ; and 
 thefe Remains anfwer no other Divifions, as I could difcover 
 by innumerable Trials, but thofe of 27, 28, 29, and 30, 
 for the Pillars of the fird, fecond, third, and fourth Circular 
 Line. 
 
 One of the great Pillars in the Circle D feems to me to 
 have been 25 Feet high, and dood by the Letter F ; but the 
 other feven don’t look as though they had exceeded 12 Feet 
 in Altitude above the Ground. 
 
 Now if we draw a Line from the Center of the Circle D, 
 to the Center of the Circle B, and produce it Wedward 992 
 Feet, it will terminate on three Stones in a Garden by the 
 Parifin Church of Stantondrue ; two of which Stones are ere£t, 
 and the other lies flat on the Ground : And if we draw a 
 Line North Wedward, from the Center of the Circle A, to 
 the Didance of about 3250 Feet from that Circle, it will 
 terminate on two Stones lying flat on the Ground, in a Field 
 called the Lower -Tining . A Line extended from the Center 
 of the Stone by the Letter F, in the Periphery of the Circle 
 D, to the Center of that Circle, and produced to P, makes a 
 Perpendicular to the Line A, B, C ; and a Line extended 
 from the Center of the Stone by the Letter G, in the Peri- 
 phery of the Circle A, to the Center of that Circle, and pro- 
 duced to Q_, makes a Perpendicular to the Line D, B, E : 
 In the lad Place a Tangent Line drawn from the Periphery 
 of the Circle A, to that of the Circle B, cuts in upon the 
 Circle D, about fix Feet. 
 
 In a Line between Hakim s Coit, and the Circle D, we 
 may fuppofe a Stdne to have been placed at the Didance of 
 about 230 Feet from that Coit ; and at a like a Didance from 
 the three Stones in the Garden at E, we may alfo fuppofe a 
 Stone to have been placed, fo as to have lain in a Line be- 
 tween thofe three Stones, and the Circle A ; which Suppofi- 
 
 tions 
 
Chap. IV. A Defcription of B AT H. 151 
 
 tions I could make very probable, but fhall fufpend my Rea- 
 fons, "till I have further examined into thofe Things on which 
 1 found them. 
 
 These Works together will not only appear little inferior 
 to any of the great Works of Antiquity, for Magnitude; 
 but form a perfect Model of the Pythagorean Syftem of the 
 Planetary World, as I juft now after ted ; and therefore I 
 have brought them into one general Plan, as in Plate N° 3. 4. 
 
 A. The Circle on the Vertex of the Hill, of 140 Feet 
 Diameter. 
 
 B. The fecond Circle of 378 Feet Diameter. 
 
 C. The Stone called Hakim's Coit, lying in a Line with 
 the Centers of the Circles A, B, and at the Diftance of about 
 i860 Feet from the Center of the Circle B. 
 
 D. The third Circle of 102 Feet Diameter. 
 
 E. The three Stones in the Garden by the Church, and in 
 a Line with the Centers of the Circles D, B. 
 
 F. The two Stones in the Field called the Lower-Tining y 
 and lying at the Diftance of about 3250 Feet from the Center 
 of the Circle A. 
 
 G. The Stone fuppofed to have been placed about 230 
 Feet from Hakim's Coit at C, and in a Line between that 
 Stone and the Center of the Circle D. 
 
 H. The Stone fuppofed to have been placed about 230 
 Feet from the Stones at E, and in a Line between thofe 
 Stones, and the Center of the Circle A. 
 
 This Circle being fuppofed to reprefent the Sun, the Circle 
 B, according to the Pythagorean Syftem, will image the 
 Earth, and the Circle D the Moon ; the fuppofed Stone at 
 H will reprefent the Planet Mercury , the Stones at E the 
 Planet Venus , the fuppofed Stone at G the Planet Mars , the 
 Stone at C the Planet Jupiter , the Stones at F the Planet 
 Saturn , and the dotted Peripheries of Circles will denote the 
 Orbits of the feveral Bodies in that Syftem; the dotted Peri- 
 phery H. I. being the Orbit of Mercury , E. I. of Venus , B I. 
 of the Earth, D I. of the Moon about the Earth, G I. of 
 Mars , C I. of Jupiter , and F I of Saturn . 
 
 The Diftances between the feveral Bodies in the Pytha- 
 gorean Syftem, we may learn from Pliny , who tells us, 1. 2. 
 c. 21 and 22, that the Sun is treble the Diftance to what the 
 Moon is from the Earth ; that from the Earth t o Venus is 
 eight Parts ; from the Earth to Jupiter feventeen of the like 
 Parts ; from the Earth to the Zodiack twenty two of the 
 
 fame 
 
i $2 An ESSAY towards Part II. 
 
 fame Parts ; that Venus is diftant from Mercury , juft the fame 
 as Mars is from Jupiter ; and that each of thofe Diftances is 
 
 two of the like Parts. 
 
 Now if we turn to the general Plan of the Works of 
 Stantondrue , we (hall find that the Diftance between the 
 Center of the Circle B, and the Circumference of the Circle 
 A, is juft 644 Feet ; and that the Diftance between the Center 
 of the Circle B, and the outward Line of Pillars round the 
 Circle D, is juft 214 Feet; fo that from the Center of the 
 Circle B to the Circle A, is a Trifle more than treble the 
 Diftance to what it is from the Center of the Circle B, to 
 the outward Line of Pillars round the Circle D, conformable 
 to the Diftances between the Earth* Sun* and Moon in the 
 Pythagorean Syftem. 
 
 Moreover, if we fuppofe the Stones at C and E to have 
 flood on Eminences of about 60 Feet Diameter, as it is very 
 probable they did, then the Diftance between the Circuits 
 ference of the Circle B, and that of E, will be 773 Feet; 
 and the Diftance between the Circumference of the Circle B 
 and that of C, will be 1641 Feet; which being divided into 
 feventeen Parts, eight of fuch Parts is within a few Inches of 
 773 Feet : So that, in our antient Works, the Diftance be- 
 tween the Circles B and E being divided into eight Parts, the 
 Diftance between the Circles B and C are feventeen of the 
 fame Parts ; which is conformable to the Diftances between 
 the Earth and Venus , and the Earth and Jupiter , in the Py- 
 thagorean Syftem. 
 
 Again, as Pythagoras held the Diftance between Venus 
 and Mercury , and between Jupiter and Mars 5 to be two of 
 fuch Parts as are contained in the Diftance between the Earth 
 and Jupiter , when that Space is divided into feventeen, fo 
 the clear Diftance between the Circles C and E, and the fup- 
 pofed Stones at G and H, in the Works at Stantondrue , muft 
 have been about 194 Feet ; and if to this we add thirty Feet 
 for the Semi-Diameter of each Circle, and fix Feet to the 
 Center of each Stone ; then from the Center of the Circle C, 
 to that of the fuppofed Stone at G, as well as from the Center 
 of the Circle E, to that of the fuppofed Stone at H, will be 
 230 Feet, and extend to the very Places where thofe imagi- 
 nary Stones appear to me to have flood. 
 
 The Circle A is bigger than the Circle D, as the apparent 
 Body of the Sun is bigger than that of the Moon ; the Dia- 
 meter of the Circle D* is near of the fame Proportion to 
 
 that 
 

 
 / s 7 ' 
 
 , 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 as 
 
 
Chap, IV. A Defcription of BATH. 153 
 
 that of the Circle B, as Aftronomers make the Diameter of 
 ! the Moon to be to that of the Earth ; and the Diftance be- 
 tween the Center of the Circle A, and the Stones at F, ex- 
 ceeds the Diftance between the fame Center and the Stone 
 at C, in or near the fame Proportion that the Diftance of 
 Saturn from the Sun, exceeded the Diftance of Jupiter from 
 the Sun, in the Pythagorean Syftem. 
 
 I That the Works of Stantondrue form a perfect Model of 
 ! the Pythagorean Syftem of the Planetary World, I fuppofe 
 will now be granted : To the South Eaft of which Works 
 there is a high Hill called Stantonhury ; and to the North Eaft 
 there is another Hill bearing the Name of Meafe-Iinoll , and 
 making the Eaftward Point of Dundry Hill, but fevered from 
 it by a Ditch, and a large artificial Bank of Earth, known 
 by the Name of Me afe- Knoll-Tump ; from whence we fee the 
 Rocks of Soiis, and moft of the other Works by Bath. 
 
 Stantonbury and Meafe-Knoll are both intrenched, or 
 the latter is rather terrafled at the Top, and both feem to 
 have been fubordinate Works to thofe of Stantondrue ; to the 
 Southward of which there is another fubordinate Work 
 called Stantonwick. 
 
 The Way to Meafe-Knoll is called Hare-Lane: The 
 Word Hare imports an Army, or a Lord ; and the Word 
 Meafe fignifies an eminent Dwelling-Place : So that as the 
 Summit of Meafe-Kncll fhews an Intrenchment, we may 
 aflign it to fuch as were feparated for the Service of that 
 Syftem of Learning that was taught at Stantondrue : And on 
 the other Hand, we may aflign Stantonbury for a Camp, for 
 that Part of the Army which was at the difpofal of the 
 learned Men at Stantondrue ; whofe Place of Habitation was 
 undoubtedly at Stantonwick . 
 
 I n plowing the Ground of Meafe-Knoll , as well as that 
 of Solfbury-Hill , the People frequently turn up burnt Stones, 
 and often find other Marks to prove each Place to have been 
 long inhabited : The former, according to a Tradition among 
 the People of the Country thereabouts, was the Refidence of 
 one Hakill a Giant, v/ho is reported to have tofs’d the Coit 
 that makes Part of the Works of Stantondrue from the Top 
 of that Hill to the Place where it now lies : He is alfo re- 
 ported to have made Meafe- Knoll-Tump with one Spadeful of 
 Earth; and to have had the Village underneath that Hill 
 given him by the King, for (hewing him a Specimen of his 
 great Strength ; which Gift Hakill looked upon but as a fmall 
 
 X Reward 
 
1 54 An ESSAY towards Part II. 
 
 Reward for what he had done, and therefore, fay they, he 
 called the King’s prefent Norton-fmall- Reward. It is the fame 
 Place that the old Inhabitants of Rath called Hog* s-Norton ; 
 and the Reality of Hakill is fo firmly believed in that part of 
 the Country, that, to this Hour, his Efiigie is preferved and 
 {hewn as a great Piece of Curiofity, in the Parifh Church of 
 Chew , about a Mile from Stantondrue. 
 
 Now the great Refemblance and the manifeft Connexion 
 between the Works of Bath , or the Oak Men’s City, and 
 thofe of Stantondrue , or the Oak Men’s Town, built with 
 Stone, makes it much more than probable, that all thofe 
 Works were founded by one and the fame Perfon, and for 
 the fame Purpofes, to wit, to cure the Difeafes of the People* 
 to honour the Gods, and to inftrudft Mankind in the Liberal 
 Sciences : For thefe Oak Men and their Founder, like Zoro~ 
 after and his Difciples in Perfia , like Pythagoras and his Dif- 
 ciples in Greece , and like Zamolxis and his Pupils in Thrace , 
 had their Cave to retire to, which is to this Day called Oaky 
 Hole> and is fituated by the City of Wells ; out of which 
 Cavern the Stone for the greateft Part of the Works at 
 Stantondrue feems to have been taken, as any body muft ac- 
 knowledge that will but compare the Stone at each Place 
 together. 
 
 The predominant Colour of that part of the Stone in the 
 Works of Stantondrue , fuppofed to have been taken from 
 Oaky Hole , is Red ; and it is fo exceeding hard, that it will 
 polifti aim oft as well as fome of the purple Italian Marble* 
 and is as beautiful : The other Stone is of two Colours, 
 White and Grey ; the white Stone feems to have been the 
 Produce of Dundry Hill, but the grey Stone refembles the 
 Sand Rocks about Stantondrue , and feems to have been taken 
 from them. 
 
 Pliny informs us in the fecond Chapter of his thirtieth 
 Book that the Magical Art, as publifhed by Ofthanes , was 
 praclifed in feven different Ways; firft by the Means of Wa- 
 ter, called Hydromancy, and laftly by that of Axes, called 
 Axenomancy : Now as the prodigious Cave of Oaky Hole is 
 the Source of the River Ax , which empties itfelf into the Sea, 
 not far from the Village of Bley don , is it not the higheft De- 
 monftration that that Den was the Place where the Druids 
 praftifed Part of their Magick, and initiated their Difciples 
 into the Myfteries of that Art ? The chief Part of the reft they 
 undoubtedly taught them at Stantondrue 5 where we may 
 
 fuppofe 
 
Chap. IV. A Defcription of BATH. 155 
 
 fuppofe the High Prieft had his College in the Circle B, Plate 
 N° 1. 2, compofed of 81 Cells, placed againft the 81 Stones 
 of which that Circle was compofed ; one Cell againft the 
 Stone at the Letter I, for himfelf, the Remainder for the Su- 
 perintendants of the four Orders of Priefts, and their Af- 
 iiftants. 
 
 The firft Leffon the Druids fet their Pupils, was to learn 
 a confiderable Number of Verfes by Rote ; “ which fome, 
 
 fays Ccefar^ have fpent twenty Years about; for, as our 
 ic Author adds, they never committed them to writing, 
 iC though they were well (killed in the Greek Characters, and 
 <c made ufe of them on all Occafions, that did not regard the 
 “ Myfteries of their Religion and Learning But notwith- 
 ftanding thofe Priefts would not commit the Knowledge they 
 taught their Pupils to writing, yet they took Care to record it 
 in a more effectual Manner, by making their Works Ex- 
 preffive of it ; and therefore thofe of Stantondrue may be looked 
 upon not only as the very Epitome of the Learning, which 
 the moft antient Druids were eminent for, but point out, 
 and reprefent the Gods, whom the Britons imagined to have 
 refided in, and to have animated the Orbs of the Sun and 
 Moon, as well as of the Planets Mercury , Venus , Mars , Ju- 
 piter and Saturn. We may therefore look upon the Circle A, 
 in the general Plan, Plate N° 3, 4, to have been a Duode- 
 cajlyle Monopterick Temple of the Sun, and the Circle D to 
 have been an Oflojlyle Monopterick Temple of the Moon 
 ftanding in the midft of a Court furrounded with a treble 
 Porticoe : That the Stones at E was an Altar belonging to the 
 former, and confecrated to Venus ; the Stone at C, part of 
 an Altar belonging to the latter, and confecrated to Jupiter ; 
 the imaginary Stones at G and H, Tables for the Ufe of 
 thofe Altars, and confecrated to Mercury and Mars ; and that 
 the Stones at F are the Remains of an Altar made ufe of upon 
 extraordinary Occafions, fuch as when the Britons offered 
 up their human Sacrifices, and confecrated to Saturn . 
 
 The Druids , as we have already obferved from Pliny , 
 gathered their Mijfeltoe , when the Moon was juft fix Days 
 old ; and upon the fame Day of her Age, they began their 
 Months, their new Years, and their feveral Ages ; which, as 
 our Author fays, had their Revolutions every thirty Years. 
 Now if we examine the Works at Stantondrue we (hall find 
 by the Plan Plate N° 1, 2, that the Diameter of the Circle 
 IX with the four Coucentrick Peripheries of Circles round 
 
 X 2 it. 
 
156 An ESSAY towards Part II. 
 
 It, was divided into fix equal Parts, two of which were given 
 to the Body of the Temple D, two to the Court above it, 
 marked with the Letter R, and two to the treble Pprticoe 
 that furrounded the whole. 
 
 Again, the Periphery or Circular Line O, as it feems to 
 have been compofed of thirty Pillars, fo it anfwers the Number 
 of Years deem’d an Age ; and the eight Pillars which bounded 
 the Body of the Temple, anfwer the Cycle in Ufe before 
 j M elon published his of nineteen Years : The twelve Pillars that 
 made the Periphery of the Circle A, anfwer the twelve Months 
 of the Year; and the three Stones that made the Altar 
 E, agree with the Number of Months intercalated every eight 
 Years to bring the Revolution of the Earth about the Sun, 
 and the Moon about the Earth within the fame Period : The 
 Days of the feveral Months made ufe of by the Antients, 
 feem to have been exprelfed by the Pillars of the treble Porticoe 
 round the Court of the Temple D; and there is no doubt 
 but the Circle B, which reprefented the Earth, was made fo 
 as to exprefs the Days of the Solar Year, fince that Circle, 
 at the Center of the Stones in its Periphery, is juft 365 JewiJb 
 Yards in Circumference. 
 
 Thus the Works of Stantondrus , at the fame time they 
 reprefent the Pythagorean Syftem of the Planetary World, 
 they alfo point out the Computations of Time to bring the 
 Motions of the chief Bodies in that Syftem within the fame 
 Period ; they are thofe Computations which the Grecians fol- 
 lowed before Met on publifhed his Cycle of nineteen Years, in 
 the Year 430 before the Birth of Chrift ; and therefore they 
 undeniably prove thofe Works to be older than the Year in 
 which Meton publifhed his Cycle, fince that Cycle appears in 
 moft of the other antient Works of the Kingdom. 
 
 By thefe Computations the Celebration of Feftivals was 
 fixed, they were the grand myftical Numbers of the antient 
 Britons , and that they preferved thofe Numbers in their facred 
 Works, is very evident from an Example in Cardiganjhire , 
 fnentioned by the Bifhop of London in his Britannia , Page 773, 
 It is nineteen Stones anfwering Meton’s Cycle of nineteen 
 Years, and they are called by the Name of Meini Kyvrivol % 
 or the numerary Stones. 
 
 The Temple of the Moon at Stantondrue being juft fixty 
 € JewiJh Cubits Diameter, and furrounded with four Rows of 
 Pillars, it exadfly anfwers the Temple which Cyrus , by his 
 Decree in the Year 536 before the Birth of Chrift, dire&ed 
 
 the 
 
Chap. IV. A Defcription of B A T H. 157 
 
 the Jews to build at yerufalem as above ; and therefore Cyrus's 
 Decree for the Temple of Jerufalem muft have been a Guide 
 to the Builders of the Temple of the Moon at Stantondrue ; 
 •wherefore thefe Works were of a later Date than Cyrus ; and 
 if we put them between that Monarch, and Meton y it will 
 not only fall in the Year 483 before the Nativity of our 
 Lord and Saviour ; but amount almoft to the higheft Proof 
 that Bladud began his Reign about the time I have al- 
 ready mentioned, to wit, the Year 483 before the Birth of 
 Chrift. 
 
 At Eajl and Wejl-Harptree , in the Midway between 
 Stantondrue , and Oaky-Hole y we find the Remains of divers 
 old Works, made with the fame, or almoft the fame Kind 
 of Stone with the Rocks of that Cave ; and the Top of Mendip 
 Hill, between Harptree and Oaky-Hole , is covered with a 
 vaft Number of Barrows, which few People have yet taken 
 Notice of. Harptree muft have therefore been a fuperb Col- 
 lege of the Bards, or original Britijh Priefts, founded by King 
 Bladud at the fame time with his other Works, the better to 
 draw thofe Priefts into his Syftem of Religion ; and the Name 
 of that Place feems to have arofe from the Mufical Inftru- 
 ments the Bards made ufe of, and the Trees under which 
 they, in all Probability, performed fome of the religious Cere- 
 monies of their Order. 
 
 I would now afk, whether the colle&ed Works of Ack - 
 rr\anchejler y Stantondrue , Oaky-Hole y and Harptree , may not be 
 fairly denominated the City in the Hyperborean Ifland, con- 
 fecrated to Apollo? And whether the Citizens, from the 
 Name of the laft Work, don’t appear to have been moft 
 of them Harpers, agreeable to what Diodorus Siculus writes 
 of them? 
 
 Now fince the founding of Stantondrue falls in with the 
 Reign of King Bladud ; fince that Work is a Model of the 
 Pythagorean Syftem of the Planetary World; points out the 
 Solar Months of the Year; the Days and Nights in the fame 
 Period of Time ; the Lunar Cycle ; the Moon’s Age when 
 the Druids began their Times and Feftivals ; the Days of their 
 different Months ; and eighty one detach’d Houfes for an 
 High Prieft’s College, on the fame Plan with that of the 
 Jews y that of 7 uoroaJler y and that attending the Oracle of 
 Jupiter Ammon in Egypt ; each of which was compofed of 
 eighty Priefts of an inferior Order, as we may fee in the 
 fecund Book of Chronicles , c. 26. v. 17. in Prid. Con. p. 1. 
 
 b« 4, 
 
ijS An ESSAY towards Fart II. 
 
 b. 4. and in Diod. Sic . 1 . 17. c. 5 : And firice there is an 
 apparent Connexion between the antient Works of Ackman- 
 chejler , and thofe of Stantondrus , it feems manifeft that the 
 latter conftituted the Univerfity of the Britijh Druids that 
 this was the Univerfity which King Bladud , according to 
 j Merlyn of Caledon , planted ; that it was at Stantondrue the 
 King feated his four Athenian Colleagues ; and that they were 
 not only the Heads of the Britijh Druids in thofe early Ages, 
 but, under Bladud , the very Founder of them. 
 
 In Caerhren or the King's City, confecrated to Apollo , 
 and thus containing a Seminary for the chief Youth of the 
 Britannick Xfland, I will therefore leave the Flower of an 
 honeft plain Race of People under the Care and Inftrudtion 
 of four Orders of Men, whofe Bufinefs it was, not only at 
 this Place, but wherever their Doctrine prevailed, to fing their 
 Praifes ; to foretell the Event of their Offerings ; to make a 
 Tender of their Sacrifices ; and to alk fuch things of the Gods 
 for them as they defired, and flood in moft need of: To 
 the united Works of Caerbren we may bring the Druids of 
 Gaul, to receive the Inftrudtion which Cafar fays they came 
 frequently into Britain for : And if what Cicero fays, when 
 he tells us that the Druids were the Inventors of Mythology, 
 be true ; and if it be alfo true that Abaris wrote a Book of 
 Theogony ; we may, to the fame Works, bring the whole 
 Pagan World to be trained up in the Knowledge of facred 
 Things. 
 
 After the Death of King Bladud , in the Year 463 before 
 the Birth of Chrift, we may fuppofe nineteen Samothean Kings, 
 or Arch Druids , to have prefided at Stantondrue \ the laft of 
 which having been named Phranicus ; and he having held 
 the Scepter in Right of his Wife, refigned his Government, 
 and betook himfelf to the Continent 698 Years after the 
 Death of Bardus : Call thefe Years Lunar Months, and they 
 will amount to little more than 58 Solar Years ; they will 
 bring us down from Bardus to the Year 405 before Chrift's 
 Nativity; and in that Year it is highly probable the Britijh 
 Druids communicated the Cycle of nineteen Years to the 
 Gallick Priefts, gave the feven Intercalatery Months Atlas for 
 their Father, and placed them in the Heavens in thofe Stars 
 which bear the Name of the Pleiades . 
 
 T o Meion and Eudlemon the Grecians afcribed the Inven- 
 tion of this Cycle ; and Sir Ifaac Newton tells us that they, 
 in order to publilh it, obferved the Summer Solftice in the 
 
 Y m 
 
Chap. IV. A Defcription of BATH. 159 
 
 Year of Nabonajfar 316, anfwering the Year 430 before the 
 Birth of Chrift ; fo that the firft Cycle in Greece ended about 
 the Year 41 1, and the Grecians gave that Period of Time 
 the Name of the Great Year; we call it the Golden 
 Number, and Diodorus Siculus alluring us that Apollo came 
 into the Illand to celebrate the Feftival at the Completion of 
 it, feems a fufficient Demonftration that thisGoLDEN Number 
 was of Britijh , inftead of Grecian Original. 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 Of the Grecian Ornaments with which the antient Works 
 of Bath , and in its Neighbourhood, were adorned. 
 
 B Y the Teftimony of Diodorus Siculus we find that fome 
 of the Grecians palTed over to the Hyperboreans and en- 
 riched their Temples with divers Prefents offered to their 
 Gods; the chief of which Deities having been Apollo , and 
 he having had a ftately Grove, with a renowned Temple, of 
 a round Form, beautified with many rich Gifts, we may 
 therefore fuppofe his Statue to have made the principal Part 
 of thofe Prefents ; and more efpecially fince a curious Brafs 
 Head gilt with Gold, was found buried in Bath y on Thurfday 
 the 12 th of July 1727, about 5 o’Clock in the Afternoon, 
 at no lefs than 16 Feet in Depth from the Surface of one of 
 the publick Streets of the City, by Workmen who were then 
 employed, at the Expence of the Chamber, in making the 
 common Sewer, which, in that Year, was driven under 
 Ground from the Bridge to High Street. 
 
 This Head represents that of a Beardlefs young Man 
 with long curled Hair ; and fo the Grecian Sculptors always 
 reprefented Apollo ; it is carefully preferved in the Council 
 Houfe in the Guild-Hall of the City ; and the Society of An- 
 tiquaries thought it incumbent in them to caufe a Profile of it 
 to be engraved, the better to confecrate it to Eternity. 
 
 This valuable and curious Piece of Sculpture was found, 
 in a Line between the King’ s Bath and Belenus’ s Tree : And 
 as the peculiar Quality attributed to the Hyperborean Apollo 
 was the Cure of Difeafes, fo he became the Father of /Efcu~ 
 iapius., the Grecian God of Phyfick ; of which God we had 
 formerly a Bas Relief i n Bath, and Mr. Camden defcribes his 
 Image to have been infolded with a Serpent, juft as Ophiuchus 
 is represented in the Heavens, among the Northern Conftek 
 
 lations* 
 
1 60 An ESSAY towards Part II. 
 
 Iations. This Bas Relief adorned the inner Side of that Part 
 of the Wall, furrounding the Body of the City, which ex- 
 tends from Weft Gate to South Gate ; it feems to have been 
 found between the Year 1542, when Leland was at Bath 
 collecting the Antiquities of the Place, and the Time when 
 Camden was in the City, making his Obfervations ; fince 
 the former don’t mention it in his Itinerary ; and the latter 
 defcribes it in his Britannia : But it was loft before Do£tor 
 Guidott wrote of the Antiquities of Bath , and before any 
 real Draught was made of it ; fo that any Reprefentation of 
 it already puhlifhed, or that may be made hereafter, can be 
 only imaginary. 
 
 Leland takes Notice of the Image of Hercules , holding a 
 Serpent in each Hand ; as well as of a naked Man grafping a 
 couple of thofe Vermin ; and tells us, the latter was placed 
 in the City Wall, not far from the North Gate, the former 
 in the fame Wall between the South and North Gates. This 
 naked Image, as Camden writes, was of Hercules , and feems 
 to have reprefented him in the Action of his crufhing to Death 
 the two Serpents that Juno fent to devour him, while he was 
 young and naked in Bed ; and our Author allures us that he 
 faw another Image of the fame Hero holding up his left Hand, 
 with his Club in the Right. Both thefe Images v/ere placed 
 in that Part of the Wall which lies between the North and 
 "V^eft Gates ; and in fome Part of the City Wall Mr. Ca?nden 
 obferved a third Image of Hercules holding a Serpent in his 
 Hand, which, to him, appeared almoft defaced by Time; 
 and, in all Probability, reprefented the Hero when he flew 
 the Hydra of Lerna . 
 
 Leland likewife takes notice of the Image of Laocoon 
 embraced with two Serpents ; this, fays he, was placed near 
 Weft Gate; and Camden tells us that he faw a Figure of 
 Medufa' s Head with her fnaky Hairs. 
 
 All the Figures of Hercules , as well as thofe of Laocoon , 
 and Medufa , have been long fince loft ; fuch of them as arc 
 not mentioned in the Itinerary , were undoubtedly found be- 
 tween the Year 1542, and the time that Camden wrote; and 
 we may conclude with Leland , that as they were gathered out 
 of the old Ruins of the City, they were placed in the Wall 
 that encompaffes it, in Testimony of the Antiquity of the 
 Place : No real Draught of any of thefe Figures have been 
 preferved ; and they, with the Brazen Head, and Bas Relief 
 of Cphiucbusy are here offered to the Conftderation of the 
 
 Z Learned 
 
Chap. V. A Defcrlption of B A T H. 1 6 1 
 
 Learned and Curious in Antiquities, as part of the Anathe- 
 mata which the Grecians prefented the Hyperboreans with ; 
 and they are offered, for the moft part, as Symbols proper to 
 the hot Waters of Bath : For the Image of Hercules crufhing 
 the two Snakes that Juno fent to devour him while he was 
 young and naked in his Bed \ the Image of the fame Hero 
 as he flew the Nnmean Lyon, as he killed the Hydra of Lerna y 
 and as he carried away the Dog Cerberus , means no more 
 than a beneficent Power, fome great Gift of Nature, that 
 relieves and preferves Mankind when they are afflidted with 
 bodily Difeafes j as fuch the Antients placed Hercules along 
 with Ophiuchus in the Heavens, where he appears with Aquila 
 the Britifi Prophet, and Sagitta the facred Arrow of Apollo y 
 as a Northern Conftellation decked with the Enfigns of his 
 Vidtory over the King of Beafts, and over the Guardian of 
 the Gates of Hell. 
 
 Those Enfigns are a Club in the right Hand, the Head 
 of Cerberus in the Left, and the Skin of the Numean Lion 
 over the Body ; and fo Mr. Camden's defaced Images wet:e> 
 in all Probability, decorated. 
 
 Laocoon, as well as Abaris or Bladud , was a Prieft of 
 Apollo , and both of Trojan Race : The former was alfo the 
 Prieft of Neptune ; and he having darted his Javelin at the 
 wooden Horfe which the Greeks left in the Trojan Camp, we 
 are told that that Adtion was punifhed the Day before the 
 Deftrudtion of Troy\ while Laocoon was officiating at the Altar 
 of Neptune , by two hideous Serpents, who firft fell upon his 
 two Sons, and after having piteoufly devoured them, feized 
 upon Laocoon himfelf, as he was coming to their Relief, and 
 cruelly ftung him to Death. This was undoubtedly a Symbol 
 to deter Men from Adis of Impiety, fince Laocoon' s Adtion 
 was interpreted and believed to be fuch by the Trojans them- 
 felves, notwithftanding the Figure of the Horfe was impofed 
 upon them as an Inftrument of Treachery inftead of a Monu- 
 ment of Peace, or an Offering to Minerva , as the Grecians 
 pretended. 
 
 The Figure of Medufd * s Head was the ftrongeft Symbol 
 of the Power of Inchantment, fince it was believed that all 
 thofe who looked upon the real Head were inftantly turned 
 into Stones. A notable Metamorphofis of this Kind was per- 
 formed in the Banqueting Hall of Perfeus , while the Nuptials 
 between him and Andromeda were celebrating : For Phineasy 
 to whom Andromeda had been promifed, entring that Hall 
 
 Y with 
 
1 6 2 
 
 An E S S A Y towards Part II. 
 
 with a Band of armed Men, and beginning a bloody Fight, 
 Perfeusy in Danger of being overcome by Numbers, had im- 
 mediate recourfe to Medufa' s Head, the Sight whereof petri- 
 fied Phineas and his Aflociates, who inftantly became fo many 
 Blocks of Stone. 
 
 Just fuch another Metamorphofis ftill appearing at Stan - 
 tondrue , demonftrates to what a high Pitch the Art of Magick 
 was advanced in Britain , when the Priefts of that Place 
 feigned the Stones, of which the Work confifts, to have been 
 a company of People turned into folid Blocks of Marble, and 
 other Kinds of Rock, while they were going in Proceffion to 
 the proper Place for folemnizing a Marriage between one of 
 them, and her intended Bridegroom : And nothing is more 
 probable than that the Power of effe&ing fuch Metamorphofes 
 was afcribed to the Druids whenever they fhould produce the 
 Figure of the Medufa’s Head, preferved no doubt, in their 
 Capital Temple at Bath , and exifting in the City till after 
 the Time of Mr. Camden , as above. 
 
 Of the Devaluations as well as Reflorations of Bath 
 in the Days of the antient Britons. 
 
 HEN the Line of Bladud became extinft in the 
 
 Perfon of King Porrex , and Britain was thereupon 
 inflamed with a Civil War, under no lefs than five Cotem- 
 porary Princes, Dunwallo Mobnutius had no fooner afcended 
 the Throne of Cornwall than he marched an Army into the 
 Territories of the other contending Princes ; and by deftroying 
 their Towns and Cities, he reduced the People under his 
 Obedience : The Hero then preparing himfelf a Crown of 
 Gold, forthwith mounted the Throne of Porrex with the 
 Ceremonies of Coronation ; and reftoring the Kingdom 
 to its antient State, eftablilhed a Body of Laws for the 
 better Government of it ; built a Temple in Honour 
 of the Goddefs Co?icord in the City of Trinovantum ; 
 and dying after a long and glorious Reign, his Body was 
 depofited in that City near the Temple which he himfelf 
 had built. 
 
 Bath, by the Name of the City of Trinovantum , or the 
 City in the turning Vale, muft have fuffered Defolation by 
 the Hands of Dunwallo $ but this Prince reftoring it again, 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 the 
 
Chap. VI. A Defcription of BATH. 163 
 
 the City became the Capital Seat of the Britijb Kings ; Belinu 
 the Son of Dunwallo , in the midft of his Affluence of Riches, 
 after the Deftru&ion of Rome^ adorning and augmenting it ; 
 and Lud the Son of Heli becoming famous in the Century 
 preceding the Commencement of the Chriftian ./Era for the 
 Building of Cities, he particularly diftinguifhed himfelf by in* 
 creafing that of the turning Vale, which the Author of the 
 Britijh Hiftory allures us, in the 20 th Chapter of his 3 d Book, 
 grew fo eminent for its Structures, as well publick as private, 
 that no City in all the foreign Countries could (hew more 
 beautiful Palaces. 
 
 This Magnificence feems to have drawn the Belgic Gauls 
 into Britain that Ceefar , in the 5 th Book of his Commenta- 
 ries.) tells us came here either to plunder or invade the Ifland ; 
 and particularly Divitiacus , whom our Author, in the fecond 
 Book of his Commentaries , declares to have been once the moft 
 potent Man in Gaul , and Sovereign of the Suejfones . 
 
 This Prince obtained confiderable Pofleffions while he 
 remained in Britain ; and all the Belgcz that came into the 
 Ifland in a hoftile Manner, took care to compromife Matters 
 with the Britons fo as to fettle among them ; and then ap- 
 plying themfelves to the Cultivation of the Earth, the gene- 
 rality of them retained their antient Names wherever they 
 fettled ; the Cangi , a fmall Colony of the Belgce , in particular ; 
 our learned Antiquary, Mr. Camden , telling us that thofe 
 People were feated near Oaky -Hole ; 4C for, fays he, there 
 iC feems to be the Remains of the Name Cangi , in fome 
 <c Places thereabouts, as in the Hundreds of Cannington and 
 
 Canings , in Wincaunton , which is fometimes called Cangton , 
 “ and Kaingjbam , as much as to fay, the Manfion of the Cangi ” 
 
 The High Priefthood of Gaul was annexed to the Sove- 
 reignty in the Perfon of Divitiacus ; and Ccefar , the High 
 Prieft of Rome , alluring us, that the Gallick Druids went 
 into Britain to qualify themfelves in their Profeffion, who can 
 doubt of Divitiacus' s being of the Number to enable him to 
 lead the Cangi thither ? 
 
 Divitiacus was the Perfon that led that Colony of 
 People into Britain ; and after he had fixed their chief Seat 
 at Cainjham in Somerfetjbirc , he feems to have penetrated the 
 Country Weft ward as far as Cannington in the fame County; 
 and Eaftward as far as Bijhops Cannings in Wiltjhire ; the 
 Gallick King and High Prieft giving his own Name to the 
 Devifes near that Village. 
 
 This 
 
164 An ESSAY towards Part II. 
 
 This will appear probable enough when we trace the 
 Remains of the Name Cangi all along that Tracft of Country 
 which lies between the Mouth of the River Avon , and the 
 Hundred of Canings : For we find it firft at Brijlol , in Carting's 
 Marfh, at the Foot of Brendon Hill; next in Cainjham , and 
 Chewton-Cainfnam ; then in the Town and Hundred of Caine ; 
 afterwards in Bijhops Cartings , and the Hundred of Canings ; 
 and, in the laft Place, in Keine , Kernel /, Alcannyng and divers 
 other Villages, all bordering upon the facred Works of the 
 Britons , as tho’ the Cangi had pitched their Stations with a 
 Defign to invade or plunder the Britons attending thofe 
 Works. 
 
 Now that this was the End and Defign of the Cangi , 
 feems evident from this, that every Place, bearing their Name, 
 is near a Fortification contiguous to fome Britijh Temple or 
 Altar ; and it is highly pleafing to obferve how the Cangi were 
 all along kept in the Valleys, while the Britons maintained 
 the higher Ground, and, in all Probability, thereby preferved 
 the facred Works that lay within the moll: antient Limits of 
 Caerhren\ as well as thofe that made the Colleges for the 
 Arch Prieft of every Order to exercife the Functions affigned 
 them by their Inftitution. 
 
 One of thefe Colleges was fituated on Exmore , at the 
 South Weft Corner of Somerfetjbire ; another on Salifbury 
 Plain, in Wiltjbire ; and a third on Marlborough Downs , in 
 the fame County. The Works on Exmore feem to have 
 made the College where the Prophets, ftiled by the Romans 
 Extifpices, foretold future Events, by viewing the Entrails of 
 the Victims offered in Sacrifice : The Works on Sali/bury 
 Plain feem to have made the College where the Divines per- 
 formed the Offices affigned to their Order, and pretended to 
 raife up the infernal Deities from, below : And the Works on 
 Marlborough Downs feem to have made the College where the 
 Philofophers officiated, and made Mankind believe them capa- 
 ble of drawing down the Celeftial Gods from above. 
 
 Divitiacus, as an High Prieft, defirous of perfecting 
 himfelf in his Profeffion at the Britijh Schools, feems to have 
 taken up his Abode at Cainfham while he attended the initiat- 
 ing Cave of our Priefts of the Oak^ their Univerfity, their 
 Metropolitan Seat, and the College of the Poets at Harptree ; 
 Cannington feems to have been a Place of Refidence for him 
 while he attended the College of the Prophets on Exmore : 
 And the Devifes was his chief Place of Habitation while he 
 
 attended 
 
Chap. VI. A Defcription of BATH. 165 
 
 attended the College of the Philofphers on Marlborough Downs ; 
 and the College of the Divines on Salifbury Plain. 
 
 At this College th e Gallick High Prieft a&ed the Part of 
 a Gallick King that had introduced himfelf into Britain for 
 the Sake of Plunder and Dominion ; Mr. Andrew Pafchal y 
 in a Letter to Mr. John Aubrey bearing Date from Brijlol the 
 2 d of December , A. D. 1689, mentioning an Anonymous 
 Author, who, in a Manufcript Difcourfe upon Stonehenge , 
 declares that a bloody Battle was there fought between an 
 illuftrious Hero that bore the Name of S tunings, and Divi- 
 tiacus ; in which the former got a compleat Vidory over the 
 latter. 
 
 Upon this Defeat it feems highly probable that Divitiacus 
 returned to Gaul ; and that the Faction which rofe up in that 
 Country, and ftripped him of all his former Glory, began 
 upon the News of his ill Succefs in Britain . 
 
 The Gallick King and High Prieft, when diverted of his 
 Sovereignty, took a Journey to Rome to implore the Afliftance 
 of the Senate, which he could not obtain ; but on CcefaPs 
 Arrival in Gaul the Pofture of Affairs was, by his Favour, 
 changed again ; and Divitiacus having been reftored to his 
 antient Dignity, became an inviolable Friend ever after to 
 the Roman General and High Prieft. 
 
 V/ h 1 l e the Gallick Prince, thus reftored by Ceefar , re* 
 mained in Britain , he qualified himfelf fo well in the Art of 
 Divination, that Cicero , after he had converfed with him, 
 afcribed the Invention of that Art to the Priefts of the Oak ; 
 and his Defeat at Stonehenge was probably the Caufe of the 
 Difference between Lud , whom Ctefar calls Imanuentius , and 
 his Brother Cajfibellaun , or CaJJivellaunus , as Cafar writes 
 his Name: For th t Beiges flying to the Temples in the capital 
 City of Lud , for that Sanduary which the Molmutine Laws 
 had provided for People in Diftrefs, Trinovantum itfelf was 
 befieged, the Country Towns about it were ravaged, the 
 King was (lain, and his eldeft Son Androgeus , or Maudubra - 
 tius , to avoid his Father’s Fate, in a (hort time fled to GW; 
 and putting himfelf under the Protedon of Ccefar, obtained a 
 Promife of Friendfhip from that great Soldier. 
 
 The Devaluations committed at this Time were probably 
 made good upon Caffibellauri * s Election to the Crown of his 
 Brother ; fince the Britijh Hiftory reprefents him as a King 
 that began his Reign with fuch Ads of Generofity and Mag- 
 nificence as rendered him famous in diftant Kingdoms : And 
 
 3 the 
 
166 An ESSAY towards Part IL 
 
 the fame Hiftory informs us that the King having, from an 
 Impulfe of Piety, beftowed the City of Trinovantum upon 
 Androgeus , who can doubt of his having firft repaired it ? 
 
 The Account of Ceefar' s Invafion of Britain making the 
 Beginning of the fourth Book of the Britijh Hiftory, by the 
 8 th Chapter of that Book the Trinovantum to which Cajjibellaun 
 fummoned the Nobility of Britain , with their Wives, to 
 offer folemn Sacrifices to their tutelar Gods for their Delive- 
 rance from the Romans , upon Catfar’s return to Gaul , ap- 
 pears to have been a different Place from the Trinovantum 
 beftowed upon Androgeus , as the capital City of his Father, 
 whom Ctefar ftiles King of the Trinobantes ; cc a People, 
 <c fays our Author, that poffeffed one of the moft confiderable 
 <c Provinces of the Ifland But no part of this Province 
 could extend any thing near the Place where London is now 
 fituated, fince the Thames divided Cajjivellaunus\ Territories 
 from thofe poffeffed by the Belgick Gauls next the Sea Coaft ; 
 and fince his Dominions were fo large as to extend fourfcore 
 Miles into the Ifland. 
 
 The City of Trinovantum beftowed upon Androgeus was 
 undoubtedly Caerbren , or the City of Bath , in its antient 
 State ; and the Court of Camalodunum muft have been that 
 which the young Prince infifted upon having Evelinus tried 
 in for killing Hirelglas , when Cajjibellaun ordered the Matter 
 to be brought before him and the Nobility, at the Time that 
 they were all affembled at Trinovantum ; /. e . at fome wind- 
 ing Valley perhaps in the King’s own proper Territories. 
 
 CHAR VII. 
 
 Of the Devaftations as well as Reftorations of Bath 
 in the Days of the Romans. 
 
 T HE Cangi that were prote&ed at the Temples of Caer- 
 bren returning to their Original Seats, on Cajar* s lay- 
 ing his Injunctions upon Cajjibellaun not to injure Androgeus 
 or the People under his Dominion, they fo increafed in the 
 compafs of about ninety Years, that on Claudius Ccejar\ 
 afcending the Throne of the Roman Empire, A. D. 40. they 
 became not only a powerful People of themfelves ; but by 
 extending their Settlements, they laid the Foundation of the 
 Belgick Kingdom in Britain , which, as Mr. Camden writes, 
 contained all SomerJetjhire y Wiltjhire , and part of Hampjhire ; 
 
Chap. VII. A Defcription of BATH. 167 
 
 that is all the Land immediately furrounding the Metropolitan 
 Seat of the Arch Druid of the Ifland, and the Colleges of his 
 feveral Orders of Priefts, their initiating Cave, and their 
 great School of Learning. 
 
 Tacitus, in the Life of Agricola , allures us, that the 
 great Julius Ccefar was fo far from conquering Britain , that 
 he became Mailer of nothing but its Coaft ; and that it was 
 the deified Claudius who accomplilhed the Undertaking, after 
 aflociating Vefpafian into the Direction of the Defign. “ With- 
 44 out either Battle or Bloodlhed, part of the Illand, fays 
 <c Suetonius , fubmitted to the Emperor within a few Days of 
 44 his landing upon it and Claudius having begun Hoftilities 
 to obtain the reft, returned to Rome the fixth Month after his 
 Departure from thence, leaving the Government of what he 
 had acquired to Aulus Plautius ; under whofe Command Vef- 
 pafian purfued the War, fought thirty pitch’d Battles with 
 the Enemy, fubdued two powerful Nations, and took above 
 twenty Towns, together with the Ife of Wight. 
 
 Ostorius fucceeding Plautius in the Government of the 
 conquered Provinces of Britain , and in the Command of the 
 Army, his firft Exploit was in defeating the lcenians\ and 
 Claudius having determined to abolilh the Religion of the 
 Britijh Druids , as Tiberius Ctefar had abolifhed the Religion 
 of the Gallick Priells of the Oak , and the Practice of every 
 thing in Gaul belonging to their Profeffion ; Ojlorius , for this 
 End, led his Army next againft the Cangians ; and in the 
 ninth Year of Claudius's War in Britain , A. D. 50, he wafted 
 their Territories, committed general Spoil, and then planted 
 a Colony, powerful in the Number of Veterans , at Camalo- 
 dunum y i. e. Mars's Hill y ere&ing a Statue to the Goddefs 
 Viftory y as Tacitus informs us in the twelfth and fourteenth 
 Books of his Annals. 
 
 Various have been the Conjectures touching the Situation 
 of this Hill j but Pliny telling us that the Town of Camah- 
 dunum flood about two hundred Miles Southward of the 
 Ifland of Mona ; and that Diftance and Bearing from the 
 Middle of the Ifland bringing us to the City of Bath y and 
 the curving Mountain juft before it, ftill retaining for its 
 Initial the Saxon Name of Mars y is a fufficient Demonftra- 
 tion that the Carnalodunum of Tacitus was this very Mountain. 
 
 Bath, in its moll antient State, was therefore the prin- 
 cipal Place that was wafted and fuffered general Spoil, when 
 Ojlorius led the Roman Army againft the Cangians ; and 
 
 nothing 
 
1 68 An ESSAY towards Part II. 
 
 nothing can bear ftronger Teftimony of the Arms of thofe 
 mighty Conquerors than the Remains of the Works already 
 defcribed round about the hot Springs: For the Rocks of 
 Solis lye proftrate upon the declining Ground below that which 
 made their antient Bafis ; and the portable Stones of the 
 Works that were levelled to the Surface of the Earth on the 
 Summit of Haul Down appeared, till lately, in great Abun- 
 dance, in a Kind of Walling pradifed by the Romans about 
 eighteen hundred Years ago, and defcribed by Vitruvius , 1 . 2. 
 c. 8. and after him by Palladio, \, 1. c. 9. under the Title 
 of Reticulatum , or Net Work; of which I don’t remember 
 ever to have feen another Example. 
 
 Some of the Blocks of Stone that made the great Court 
 of Juftice on Camalodunum are ftill lying againft the South 
 Side of the Hill ; but, for the molt part, they are eaten into 
 by the devouring Jaws of Time, and look like fo many Honey 
 Combs : And thefe Blocks of Stone, with an infinite Number 
 lately taken away to make the adjoining publick Road, and 
 to adorn the Gardens of the Curious in Nature’s Imperfec- 
 tions, lay in fuch a confufed Manner as though they had 
 been the Rocks fabled to have been piled up by the 
 Giants againft Heaven, and then hurled down by the Thunder 
 of Jupiter . 
 
 History gives us a juft Idea of the Power of the Machines 
 of War made ufe of by the Romans ; thefe Blocks of Stones 
 are an Inftance of it; and the conquering Arms of thofe 
 mighty People appear ftill ftronger at Bath in the Streets of 
 the prefent Town, as well as in the Bowels of the Earth, as 
 often as they are fearched ; both clearly {hewing that a 
 Confular Army, of two Legions, encamped on the Ruins 
 of that Part of the City immediately furrounding the hot 
 Springs. 
 
 T o make this as obvious as poffible Plate N° 5, 6, exhibits 
 the Plan of a Roman Camp, as the fame is defcribed by Poly- 
 bius ; this was delineated by a Scale of five hundred Feet in 
 an Inch ; and therein 
 
 A. Is the Praetorium, or General’s Tent, 
 
 B. The Street called the Principia , and containing one 
 hundred Feet in Breadth. 
 
 C. The Street, of fifty Feet in Breadth, that divided the 
 two Legions. 
 
 D. D. The Tents of the Tribunes. 
 
 E. E, The Tents of the Cavalry. 
 
 F. F. The 
 
Il-aU O'. 
 
 F/afrS 
 
Chap. VII. A Defcription of BATH. 169 
 
 F. F. The Tents of the Triarii. 
 
 G. G. The Tents of the Principes. 
 
 H H. The Tents of the Plaftati. 
 
 I. I. I. I. A Square of 1050 Feet containing the Troops 
 of two Legions. 
 
 K. K. The Front Line of the Camp ; from which, to 
 the Back of the Praetorium, is 383 Feet 4 Inches ; and 
 this, with the Breadth of the Street B, and the Depth of 
 the Square, I. I. I. I. makes the whole Depth of Ground, 
 occupied by the two Legions, amount to 1533 Feet 4 
 Inches. 
 
 L. L. Tents of the Cavalry of the Allies. 
 
 M. M. Tents of the Infantry of the Allies. 
 
 N. N. Tents of the extraordinary Horfe of the Allies* 
 
 O. O. Tents of the extraordinary Foot of the Allies. 
 
 P. P. Tents of the Flower of the Foot. 
 
 CX Tents of the Volunteers. 
 
 R. R. Tents of the Foreigners, or Allies* 
 
 S. Ground for the Market, Altar, 
 
 T. Ground for the Quaeftor, &c. 
 
 U. U. U. U. The whole Camp of two Roman Legions, 
 with their Allies, forming a Square of 1816 Feet 8 Inches * 
 round which there was a void Space of 600 Feet broad ; out 
 of which the Thicknefs of Parapet, or Breaft-Work being 
 taken, the clear Area of the Camp, with the Space round it, 
 remained 3000 Feet in Length, and 3000 Feet in Breadth : 
 The Camp was made approachable by four Gates, marked 
 with the Letters, W, X, Y, and Z ; and it was juft of the 
 fame Size that Mofes directed the Jews to build their Cities, 
 viz. 2000 Cubits Square. 
 
 The Liberties of the Camp extended ten thoufand Paces 
 from the Army ; and if we fuppofe each Pace to have con- 
 tained three of fuch Feet, as Villalpandus deduced from the 
 Congius of Vefpaftan , then the Diameter of the Camp, with 
 its Liberties, muft have been 21,000 Paces, or about 20,550 
 Englijh Yards, by the Standard in the Exchequer ; which is 
 equal to 1 1 Miles, 2 Furlongs, and 310 Yards. 
 
 Now if we compare the Plan I have been defcribing, with 
 the Streets of Bath y as expreffed in Dodtor ‘Jones's View of the 
 City, we (hall find that the Street called the Principia , and the 
 Street that divided the two Legions in the Roman Camp, are 
 anfwered by the Street traverfing the City of Bath from haft to 
 Weft y and by Stall Street , which, from the Middle of the for- 
 
 Z mef 
 
170 An ESSAY towards Part II. 
 
 mer Street, runs diretftly South ; or at leaft thofe two Streets 
 are fo fituated, that they make Right Angles with one another. 
 
 The Name of Stalls by which the laft Street is called, 
 feems to have taken its Origin from the Stalls of the Roman 
 Horfe, encamped on each Side of it ; and that Part of this 
 Street, which extends beyond South Gate , is commonly called 
 Horfe Street ; a Circumftance fufficient to confirm the Rife 
 of the former Name, and prove it to have been from the 
 Stalls of the Roman Horfe. 
 
 The South Eaft Corner of the General Hofpital, or In- 
 firmary, lately built in Bath juft under the Figure 6, is in a 
 right Line with Stall Street ; and that Point, in Refpedt of 
 the two Streets of the Town which I have been defcribing, 
 anfwers the Center of the Praetorium of the Roman Camp : 
 Accordingly in digging the Foundation for that Hofpital, in 
 the Year 1738, I found the Veftigia of Part of the Praetorium, 
 which I then meafured by an Englijh Foot, and delineated the 
 fame, as in the following Plan, Plate N° 7, by a Scale of 
 twelve Feet in an Inch. 
 
 A. The Foundation of the Altar, which was placed near 
 the General’s Tent ; and, in all Probability, ferved alfo for 
 an Hypocauftum. 
 
 B. B. B. Holes where the Clay Pipes were fixed, to convey 
 hot Air to the feveral Rooms of the Praetorium ; many of 
 which Pipes were dug up, and they were of a fquare Form ; 
 feme fix Inches Diameter, fome nine Inches, 
 
 C. A deep Hole of Afhes. 
 
 D. D. Two Ditches, each two Feet fix Inches broad. 
 
 E. E. Mofaick Pavements ; the firft fix Feet broad, the 
 fecond eighteen Feet broad, and formed by Circles, like the 
 Mofaick Pavement which was difeovered, A. D. 1692, in 
 the Grounds of Henry Tomkins , of Kaer-Leon , in Monmouth - 
 /hire , Efq ; and of which there is a Draught in the laft Englijh 
 Edition of Camden's Britannia , p. 833 : But the Circles in 
 that Pavement are formed upon a Diameter lefs than an E?iglijh 
 Foot ; whereas thofe of our Pavement in Bath , are two Feet 
 nine Inches Diameter : So that I am apt to think the Circles 
 in the former Pavement were juft a Roman Foot Diameter $ 
 in the latter three of the fame Feet, or one Yard Diameter. 
 
 F. Two Steps, of fix Inches Rife each Step. 
 
 G. A Floor, paved with common Stone, whofe Level was 
 twelve Inches higher than the Floor E, E. 
 
 H. A Wall three Feet two Inches thick. 
 
 The 
 
V 
 
Chap. VII. A Defcription of BATH. 17 1 
 
 Th e Corner of the Hofpital is a fmall Matter to the South 
 Eaft of the firft Letter D ; and under the South Weft Corner 
 of the fame Hofpital, we found Wheat, the evident Marks 
 of the Market which was always kept next the Praetorium, 
 and the Altar, in the Roman Camp. 
 
 The Wheat, the Mofaick Pavements, and the Foundation 
 of the Altar, were about fix Feet below the Surface of the 
 Ground » under which it was at leaft three Feet to the 
 Gravel, or natural Soil. Anfwering the Street behind the 
 Praetorium, which led to the Gate Y, in the Plan, Plate 
 N° 5, 6, a Road runs Northward, till it interfe&s the great 
 Road, called the Fofs Way , and this was formerly well known 
 by the Name of Fofs Lane . 
 
 In the Year 1592 two antient Infcriptions was dug up in a 
 Field at Waldcot , lying contiguous to the Fofs Way ; in the 
 Year 1708, a third was dug up in the Way itfelf, a little 
 beyond Waldcot ; and thefe Infcriptions, fays Martiniere in 
 his great Geographical and Critical Di&ionary, Vol. II. 
 Page 146. prove that the fecond and twentieth Legion had 
 heretofore their Quarters in the City of Bath. 
 
 These Circumftances, united, are next to Demonftra- 
 tion that a Roman Camp was pitched at Bath ; and it feems 
 highly reafonable to believe that Ojiorius , after thus trampling 
 on the Metropolitan Seat of the Britifh Druids , could have 
 been no lefs fevere to the Druids themfelves. Suetonius de- 
 clares that Claudius utterly abolifhed Druidifm as a Religion 
 moft deteftably inhuman ; 44 for, fays Tacitus, they facrificed 
 44 their Captives in Groves confecrated for that abominable 
 44 Purpofe, and, in order to difcover the Will of the Gods, 
 44 consulted the Entrails of Men As publick Murderers 
 Ojiorius feems therefore to have brought the Heads of the 
 Authors of it to publick Execution, as the only Expedient 
 to abolilh a Religion that made Practices of the greateft 
 Cruelty, A£ts of Holinefs ; and in its Stead introduce the 
 Religion of the Romans \ Tacitus telling us that the chief 
 End of the General in planting a Colony at Camalodunum , 
 was to inure the Britons to the Laws and Jurifdidlion of the 
 Romans . 
 
 The Arch Druid and the Heads of his four Orders of 
 Priefts feem to have fuftered Death on Haul Down , between 
 the Summit of the Mountain, and Solfbury Hill, in a Place 
 now retaining the Name of Slaughter Lane ; and to have been 
 afterwards buried on Pardies Hill, by the Heap of Witnefs : 
 
 Z 2 Five 
 
172 An ESSAY towards Part II. 
 
 Five Monuments of Ignominy now lying on the Brow of that 
 Hill, in a right Line ; and thefe being Heaps of Stones, we 
 may fuppofe them to have been piled up on the Bodies of the 
 flaughtered Druids , by the cruel Hands of the Romans by 
 whom they fell. 
 
 All Antiquity attefts, that it was a Cuftom with Con- 
 querors, and abfolute Princes, to throw Heaps of Stones upon 
 the Bodies of the rnoft Eminent among the vanquished, as 
 well as on the CarcafTes of thofe who were notorious Offenders 
 againft the Law : Jofnua informs us in the 8 th Chapter of his 
 Book, that he ordered the Body of the King of At to be laid 
 at the Entring of the Gate of the City, and a Heap of Stones 
 to be raifed thereon, as a Token of his Victory over him: 
 ‘JoJhua alfo writes, that after he had ordered Achan to be 
 ftoned to Death, for embezzeling the confecrated Spoil, he 
 directed a Heap of Stones to be piled on his Body : And the 
 Author of the fecond Book of Samuel tells us, that as foon as 
 Joab’s Armour-Bearers had killed Abfalom , they put him into 
 a Pit, and then raifed a great Heap of Stones on him. 
 
 The learned Annotator on Camden fuppofes all thofe Heaps 
 cf Stones upon the Tops of Hills in Wales , and elfewhere, 
 called Cams , to be Memorials of the Dead ; and, in his Bri- 
 tannia ^ p. 699, tells us, that it was cuftomary to throw Heaps 
 of Stones on the Graves of Malefactors, and Self-Murderers : 
 Tray tors, adds he, are, by the Welch , called Karn Vradwyr ; 
 Thieves Karn Lhadron \ and the moil paffionate Wiflies a 
 Man can exprefs to his Enemy is, that a Karn be his 
 Monument.” 
 
 Heaps of Stones having been thus Marks of the higheft 
 Infamy, as well as Trophies of the greateft Victories, Heaps 
 of Earth were e (teemed quite the reverfe ; and, in antient 
 Times, the laft Funeral Rite which a Perfon could pay to his 
 Friend, or a People to their Sovereign, was to raife a Monu- 
 ment of Earth to his Honour. This was the laft Compliment 
 that was paid to HeSior , as Homer teftifies in the laft of his 
 Iliads , thus rendered by Mr. Pope , 
 
 Laft o’er the Urn the facred Earth they fpread, 
 
 And rais’d the Tomb, Memorial of the Dead. 
 
 This was the laft Compliment that was paid to King Bladud , 
 as above : And we may fuppofe the fame Compliment to 
 have been paid to the Succeeding Britijh Kings Cunedagius , 
 Gorbodug , Dunwallo Molmutius , GuintelinuSy Gorbonion , and 
 Ludy who were all interred at Trinovantum. 
 
 When 
 
Chap. VII. A Defcription of B A T H. 173 
 
 When OJlorius decamped from about the hot Waters of 
 Bath , and led his Army againft the Brigantes , he built, or 
 ordered a Town to be ere£ted upon the Lines of his Camp 
 for the Colony that fupplied the Place of his Legions ; but 
 this, as Tacitus declares in the fourteenth Book of his Annals , 
 was not defended by a Ditch, or Palifade; and, confequently, 
 it was but a weak and defencelefs Place : It was, however, 
 adorned with a ftrong and magnificent Temple, built and de- 
 dicated to the Honour of Claudius Ctefar ; and this Structure 
 feems, for the chief Part, to have been raifed with the Stones 
 that made the round Temple of Apollo behind the Rocks of 
 Solis. The Author of the Britijh Hiftory makes Arviragus y 
 the Great Grand Son of Lud , the Builder of a Temple in 
 Honour of Claudius ; and by his telling us that it was ere&ed 
 in a City built by the Emperor, and called after his own 
 Name, the City of Claudius muft therefore have been that 
 which was erefted by OJlorius at Camalodunum. 
 
 The Veterans of this new planted Colony foon thruft all 
 the old Inhabitants of the Country out of their Houfes ; exter- 
 minated them from their native Lands ; and the Priefts culled 
 out for miniftering in the Temple erefted in Honour of 
 Claudius , under the Cloak of Religion, devoured the whole 
 Subftance of fuch as were fubjecft to the Roman Power : So 
 that notwithftanding the Britijh Nobility frequented the Roman 
 Temple at firft, and even adored Claudius as a God for his 
 having remitted to them the Confifcation of their Goods, 
 44 Yet, fays Tacitus , that Temple was foon looked upon by 
 64 the Britons , in general, as a Bulwark of Domination 
 44 eftablifhed over them without End Arviragus , according 
 
 to the Britijh Hiftory, was buried in it ; and Mr. Holinjhed 
 making that Prince the fame with the Prajutagus of Tacitus , 
 his Death muft have happened while the Temple fubfifted, 
 and within a few Years after it was finifhed. 
 
 During thofe Tranfa&ions that brought Defolation upon 
 the Metropolitan Seat of the Britijh Druids , and feated a 
 Ro?nan Army, and a Roman Colony on its Ruins, the Priefts 
 of the Oak in general, the Fugitives that would not fubmit 
 to the Roman Power, and the Revolters from it, flew to Pliny's 
 Ifland of Monapia , now the IJle of Anglefey , for Refuge, where- 
 by that Ifland foon grew powerful in Inhabitants ; and there the 
 Refugees not only enjoyed their Religion and their Laws, but 
 fupplied the new Revolters with Succours till Suetonius Paulinas j 
 a General of the higheft Renown in the Science of War, af- 
 
 failed 
 
174 An ESSAY towards Part II. 
 
 failed the Ifland, defeated the Inhabitants with a cruel 
 Slaughter of the Druids and all that refilled him, abolifhed their 
 Places of religious Worfhip, and eftablilhed a Garrifon over 
 the Vanquilhed. 
 
 But while Suetonius was thus employ’d, Tydings were 
 brought him of the fudden Revolt of that Part of Britain 
 which had been fubdued and reduced to a Roman Province ; 
 and the Britons taking Arms under the Condudl of the re- 
 nowned Boadicea , Queen of the Icenians , and Wife of Pra - 
 futagus , then lately deceafed, they immediately fell upon the 
 Colony of Camalcdunum , took the Temple by Storm after a 
 two Days Siege, and razed and burnt every thing the Romans 
 were Mailers of ; the Britons , at the fame time, killing, 
 gibbeting, burning, and crucifying their Enemies with the 
 Vengeance of Men determined to extirpate the whole Race 
 of People againft whom they had taken up Arms ; nor did 
 their Rage ceafe till they had killed feventy thoufand Souls, 
 all Romans , or Confederates of Rome. 
 
 This happened juft after Nero had burnt the City of 
 Rome ; transferred the Guilt of that Adtion upon the Chriftians ; 
 and began his Perfecution of them : Then the Ruins of the 
 Roman Town of Camalodunum covered the Ruins of the Me- 
 tropolitan Seat of the Britijh Druids : But before this happened 
 Jofeph of Arimathea , with eleven others, all Difciples of Saint 
 Philip the Apollle, came into Britain ; and fixing himfelf 
 and Brethren at Glajionbury , in the very Heart of all the 
 Druidical Works above-mentioned, they there preached the 
 Chriftian Faith to the Britons ; Arviragus granting them that 
 Town for a Place of Habitation, together with the Land about 
 it for their Maintenance; and the Chriftian Teachers imme- 
 diately eredling a (mail Church, and the firft that was built 
 in the 111 and. 
 
 But notwithftanding the King’s Bounty was fuch, yet he 
 would not Embrace the Faith himfelf ; and it feems probable 
 that he permitted it to be preached in Oppofition to the Roman 
 Paganifm ; for which, when Arviragus died. Vengeance was 
 executed againft his Family : His Wife underwent the igno- 
 minious Violence of Stripes ; his Daughters were raviftied ; 
 and his Relations were treated as Slaves till they flew to Arms 
 in the Abfence of Suetonius Paulinus , when he led the Army 
 againft the Ijle of Angle fey. 
 
 It was under this General, while he commanded in Bri- 
 tain^ that Gnaus Julius Agricola learned the firft Rudiments 
 
 of 
 
Chap. VII- A Defection of BATH. 175 
 
 of War : By commanding afterwards the twentieth Legion, 
 on Vefpajiaris Acceffion to the Throne of the Roman Empire, 
 and by taking a higher Command under Petilius Cerealis^ 
 Agricola was deem’d equal to the Office of Governour of 
 Britain by common Fame, which, in this Inftance, fays Ta- 
 citus , directed the publick Choice : And Agricola , at the fame 
 time that he was promoted to the Government of the Ifland 
 by the Emperor Vefpafian , was alfo inverted with the Pontifi- 
 cate, whereby he came into Britain under the threefold Ca- 
 pacity of Governour, Genera!, and High Prieft. His Arrival 
 here happened about the Middle of Summer, in or about the 
 Year of Chrift 78 ; and the General, after leading his Army 
 againft the Ordovicians , conceived a Defign to reduce the 
 IJle of Anglefey , and make his Peace with the main Body of 
 the Briiijh Druids , which he had no fooner done, than he 
 determined, as he was acquainted with the Temper of the 
 People in his Province, to cut off all the Caufes of War. 
 
 This was the Work of the Winter ; the following Sum- 
 mer he employ’d, in firft alarming the Enemy, and then in 
 fparing them, thus to tempt them with the Sweetnefs and 
 Allurements of Peace ; and accordingly feveral Communities 
 fubmitted themfelves to him. The fecond Winter he purfued 
 other Meafures to footh the Britons , by firft privately ex- 
 horting, and then publickly affifting them to build Temples, 
 Houfes and Forums : He likewife employed his Care to have 
 the chief Youth of the Bland inftruCted in the Liberal Sciences; 
 and the Britons thus allured proceeded in their Works of 
 Architecture to magnificent Galleries, and to fumptuous 
 Baths. 
 
 By thefe Works the Metropolitan Seat of the Britifh 
 Druids , their Univerfity and their feveral Colleges were re- 
 ftored, that the national Religion of Druidifm might be again 
 praCtifed in Oppofition to Chriftianity to footh the Clergy 5 
 and to the Roman Paganifm to footh the Laity, and prevent 
 their Subftance from falling into the Hands of Men that tricked 
 them out of it under the Cloak of Religion. 
 
 Thus, fays 'Tacitus , Agricola won the Affections of the 
 Britons , and thereby captivated and enflaved them to the 
 Roman Power. 
 
 I n the Reftoration of Bath , under Agricola* § Government, 
 the Britons built fuch Houfes as were neceflary for the im- 
 mediate Dwellings of the Druids , fo as to anfwer the Lines of 
 the City, while it remained the Town of Camalodunum pre- 
 ferring 
 
176 An ESSAY towards Part II, 
 
 ferring the Streets and other open Parts of that Town to all 
 other Confiderations for Places to offer their Incenfe at, to 
 confult their Gods, to kill their Sacrifices, and to offer fuch 
 Sacrifices : And there feems to be no doubt of their having 
 made two Citterns to receive the Waters of the hot Springs, 
 adorned with a Tower in the Middle of each Refervoir 5 one 
 Cittern to receive the Water of the chief Spring, and the 
 other to receive the Water of the two other Springs. The 
 Towers fo built we may fuppofe to have been again dedicated 
 to the Sun and Moon ; and, at the fame time, to have repre- 
 fented thofe two Luminaries, as covering Waters that were 
 looked upon to be Attributes of them. 
 
 The chief hot Spring was inclofed according to the Plan, 
 Plate N° S, 9, of which there are three Sides almoft entire, 
 and the Foundation of the fourth, or South Side, is very vi- 
 fible. This Bath was, and is now juft fixty of fuch Feet in 
 Length, and forty of fuch Feet in Breadth, as Villalpandus de- 
 duced from the Congius of Vefpafian ; and this Circumftance 
 alone, is next to Demonftration, that the Britons , aflifted by 
 the Romans in that Age, were the Builders of fo much of the 
 prefent Walls, as anfwer and correfpond with the Plan, which 
 was drawn by a Scale of twelve Feet in an Inch. 
 
 The four Rooms, like Baftions, at the four Corners of 
 this Bath, and marked with the Letters, A. A. A. A, were 
 for People that went into the Bath to undrefs and drefs them- 
 felves in : The Niches at each End were feven in Number ; 
 and on each Side there were twelve of the fame Reedies, all 
 of a form, truly worth our Obfervation ; for the Aperture of 
 every Niche is three Feet broad, every Niche is three Feet 
 deep, and the circular Part is juft three Feet fix Inches 
 Diameter. 
 
 The Form of the Cittern that received the other Springs 
 is no ways to be attained ; tho’, in general, it was Re&angular, 
 and the Niches in the Walls were of the fame Ovenlike 
 Shape with the Niches in the Walls of the principal Bath : 
 Thefe Recefles were undeniably calculated for Shelter and 
 Warmth ; and therefore the Baths themfelves mutt have been 
 open and uncovered, contrary to the Method obferved by the 
 Romans in their artificial warm Baths. 
 
 Now, as there is not the leafl: Shadow to fuppofe the 
 feveral Places fet apart for Religious Purpofes, in Agricolds 
 Days, ever after altered, in Point of Situation, or the facred 
 Works abridged 3 at leaft not till the Diflfolution of Monafte- 
 3 ries * 
 
flats 8. 
 
 North 
 
 
Chap. VII. A Defcription of B A T H. 177 
 
 ries, &c. in the Reign of King Henry the Eighth ; I have 
 therefore taken the Centers, and Central Lines of the Churches, 
 Towers, remarkable Trees, and Ambrey-Houfe at Bath , and 
 have placed them in the following Plan, Plate N° io, u, as 
 they flood in refpeft to the Lines of the Roman Camp as it 
 was turned into a Reman Town ; and upon thofe Centers 
 and Central Lines, I have delineated fuch Altars, Trees, 
 as were probably built and planted for religious Ufes. 
 
 This Plan is drawn by a Scale of 250 Feet in an Inch ; 
 and 
 
 A. Is the principal Bath which was dedicated to the Sun, 
 and reprefented that Luminary. 
 
 B. The inferior Bath, filled by the Water of the two hot 
 Springs iffuing out of the Earth at C and D ; this was dedi- 
 cated to the Moon, and it reprefented that Luminary. 
 
 E. An Altar for facrificing to the Moon. 
 
 F. An Altar for facrificing to the Sun. 
 
 L. A Tree dedicated to Belenus . * 
 
 M. A Grove, or hollow Tree. 
 
 N. An Ambre, or Rocking Stone. 
 
 O. The Back of the Praetorium. 
 
 P. The Street of fifty Feet broad, that divided the two 
 Legions. 
 
 The Depth of the Camp, to the lower End of the 
 fixth Maniple. 
 
 R. The Street of 100 Feet broad, called the Principia , 
 which was fo much frequented by the Officers, and common 
 Men of the Roman Army, that a Number of Soldiers were 
 appointed to fweep and cleanfe it every Day in Winter, and 
 Water it in Summer, to prevent Duft. 
 
 S. The Street called Quintana ^ becaufe it opened beyond 
 the fifth Maniple, and divided the feveral Bodies that com- 
 pofed the Legions into two equal Parts : At the Eaft End of 
 this Street, the Palace of the Britijh Kings feems to have 
 been fituated, and on the Ruins of it we may fuppofe the 
 Forum to have been built, which Jgricola excited the Britons 
 to eredt for a Place of publick Affembly near the Waters of 
 the Sun. 
 
 T. T. The Streets of 150 Feet broad, between the Triarii 
 and Principes. 
 
 The Diftance between the Back of the Praetorium, and 
 the lower End of the Ground covered by the fixth Company 
 in the Roman Camp, was juft 1133 Feet four Inches; and 
 
 A a the 
 
lyS An ESSAY towards Part II. 
 
 the Breadth of the Land covered by the Legions amounted to 
 1050 Feet : This Spot of Ground, though fcarce able to 
 contain one of the publick Baths of Rome , was fo extremely 
 well difpofed that it contained Lodgments, for a Roman Gene- 
 ral, twelve Tribunes, 330 Horfemen, and 3480 Footmen; 
 admitting, at the fame time, of open Places for a Market, 
 Tribunal, and other publick Works ; and therefore the fame 
 Spot of Ground covered with Houfes inftead of Tents would 
 admit of Habitations for a large Body of People, bendes thofe 
 that belonged to the- Priefthood. 
 
 Such was the Form, and fuch was the Size of the Body 
 of the Metropolitan Seat of the Brltijh Druids , when it was 
 fir If reftored under Agricoia ; and as the Inhabitants increafed 
 we may fuppofe the Villages round about it to have been 
 peopled, till the City extended to the Limits of the Land that 
 made the Liberties of the Roman Camp : Nor could the City 
 have been long in thus extending itfelf, fmce the Incitements 
 to draw the Britons together were exceeding great, and fince 
 their affembling for Inactivity and Repofe was the End and 
 Defign of the Romans in exciting and afiifting them to ereCl 
 Buildings for publick, as well as private Ufes. 
 
 Notwithstanding the Veterans of the Colony of Ca- 
 malodunum , that exterminated the Britons from their Houfes 
 in the Villages round about the hot Springs, enjoyed thofe 
 Habitations no longer than ten or eleven Years, yet they feem 
 to have adorned them as Poffeffions perfectly fecured to them 
 and their Pofterity ; for in many of thofe Villages Mofaick 
 Pavements and other Ornaments peculiar only to th z Romans 
 are continually difcovering themfelves. 
 
 Coil fee ms to have been the firft Britijh King that refided 
 at Bath after its Reiteration under Agricoia ; he began his 
 Reign, A. D. 125, and the Romans permitting the Britons to 
 be governed by their own Laws, King Coil is faid to have 
 formed a particular Charter for the Government of the Inha- 
 bitants of Bath . 
 
 This Monarch, according to the Tradition of the Inha- 
 bitants, was crowned in Bath , and in Memory of it, and of 
 his giving the City its firft Charter, his Statue is ftill prefervdd 
 by the Citizens in the Front of the Guild Hall . He v^as fuc- 
 ceeded by his only Son, named Lucius ; who, abandoning 
 Druidijm , embraced the Chriftian Faith ; and Congell the 
 Author of Monkery in Britain , feems to have feated himfelf 
 near the hot Springs of Bath tq draw the Druids into a 
 1 Difcipline, 
 

 North 
 
 ■jwl 
 
 * 
 
 
 i 
 
. 
 
 ■ 
 
Chap. VII. A Defcription of BATH. 179 
 
 Difcipline, cxercifed in folitary Places under the Shade 
 Trees, like part of their own : For a Village in a large Wood 
 bearing South Eaft and by Eaft from the Center of the City, 
 and lying at no greater Diftance than three Miles from that 
 Point, ftill retains the Name of Congell , as well as the Wood 
 itfelf. 
 
 Congell feems to have had another Seat about twenty 
 Miles weft ward of this, at a Place now called Conger [bury ; 
 and there, according to one of the Glajlonlury Chronicles, 
 St. Fagan and St. Peruvian founded the See of the Bifhop of 
 Somerfetjbire , A. D. 167: But be that as it will, Druidifm 
 ftill prevailing at Bath> the City continued the Metropolitan 
 Seat of the Priefts of the Oak , till the Age preceding Augujlin 
 the Monk ; the Saxons calling it by the Name of Achmanchejler , 
 i. e. the Oak Mens City, from the vaft Number of Priefts 
 that dwelt in it ; and Solinus , a Roman Writer, celebrating the 
 publick Baths of the Place as the greateft Curiofity in Britain ; 
 our Author declaring, in his P clyphifloria , that the hot Springs 
 of our Ifland were richly accommodated with all Manner of 
 Conveniences for the Service of Mankind ; and Mr. Camden 
 declaring it ta be out of all doubt that the Springs fo accom- 
 modated were thofe of Bath . 
 
 The Fame of thefe Baths was fuch that the very Ways 
 leading to them were, by the Molmutine Laws, made Places 
 of Sanctuary. To Dunwallo the Fofs Road beginning in his 
 Hereditary Dominions, and leading through Devonjhire and 
 1 Somerfetjbire to Bath , is attributed ; by the Britijh Hiftory it 
 appears that his Son, Belinus , improved that Road, extended 
 it, and made three other principal Roads to traverfe different 
 Parts of the Kingdom ; and fucceeding Princes made divers 
 publick Ways that led to our hot Fountains, of which the 
 Road, called Achmanjireet , that leads from Buckinghamfhire 
 through Oxfordjhire to the Fojfe , and fo on to Bath , is an 
 inconteftible Proof ; that Road, in the time of the Saxons , 
 taking the Name of Achmanjireet , from its leading to Ach - 
 manchejier . 
 
 W e have another ftrong Proof of what I have aflerted in 
 the Via Badonica , or Road from London to Bath , defcribed 
 by Doctor Stukeley in his Itinerary , p. 132 ; and by the Itine- 
 rary of Antoninus it appears that a Road led from the Waters 
 of the Sun to Vent a Silurum , or the Port of the Silures; this, 
 according to Doftor Gale , paffed through Abone to Trajedius j 
 but that learned Gentleman was miftaken in making Hanbam 
 
 A a 2 the 
 
1B0 An ESS AY towards Part II. 
 
 ^he Abone of his Author : For this Place, with a Saxon Ter- 
 mination, lies on a Fofs Road leading from Bath to the Paffage 
 over the Mouth of the Severn , it ftands fix Miles from Bath , 
 nine Miles from the Water Side, and is wrote AbotJlon y 
 but pronounced Abfon . 
 
 CHAP. VIII. 
 
 Of the Devaluations as well as Reiterations of Bath in the 
 Days of the Saxons, Danes, and Nor mans. 
 
 B ATH having beenjftrongly befieged by the Saxons in the 
 Year of Chrift 520, it then fuffered no inconfiderable 
 Depredations before King Arthur raifed the Siege, drove the 
 Enemy to the Summit of Mons Badonca , and there defeated 
 them : But four and fifty Years after that, the Saxons coming 
 againft the City under the Conduct of their Flings Cuthwin y 
 and Ceawlin y they carried Fire and Sword to the Heads of 
 the hot Fountains, and laid every Part of Achmanchejier in 
 Ruins. 
 
 The great School of Learning of the Britijh Druids fur- 
 vived their Metropolitan Seat about five and twenty Years, 
 and fubfifted till Augujiin the Monk came into Britain , and, 
 by the Order of Gregory the Great , filenced it for the fame 
 Reafons that Galileus was condemned by the Inquifition of 
 Rome in the Year 1633; namely becaufe the Britijh Priefts 
 of the Oak y as well as the Florentine Mathematician, believed 
 the Pythagorean Syftem of the Planetary World, and inftruCted 
 their Pupils in it. 
 
 After this TranfaCiion Augujiin defired to have a Con- 
 ference with the Britijh Biihops at a particular Oak Tree y li- 
 tuated, according to Bede y in the Confines of the Wiccians 
 and Weji Saxons : C£ Admitting this Oak y fays the Bilhop of 
 66 London , in the Britannia , p. 630, to be in Hewiccia y it 
 mu ft needs have flood in that Part of Gloucejierjhire which 
 cc bounds the Counties of Wilts and Somerfet R And our 
 Author further obferves that fome have conjectured, that Au- 
 gujlin’s Oak may have been in a Pariili called corruptly the 
 Rock . 
 
 Now in a North Eaft and one Quarter eafterly Line from 
 the hot Springs of Bath y and at the Diftance of four Miles 
 and a Quarter from them, the Counties of Wilts , Gloucejler , 
 and Somerfet meet together in the Middle of the great Fofs 
 
 Road 
 
Chap. VIII. A Defcription of BATH. 1 8 1 
 
 Road on the Summit of Bannagh Down : Three Quarters of a 
 Mile Weftward of this Point we have a Place called Oakford-, 
 and another Place, called the Rocks , lies half a Mile from 
 Oakford , and at the fame Diftance from the Meeting of the 
 Counties : From all which it fiems much more than probable 
 that here Augujiin had his Congrefs ; and where could he 
 have held it To properly as at the antient Metropolitan Seat 
 of the Britijh Priejls of the Oak , when it was in the Poffef- 
 fion of the Pagan Saxons that he was fent into the Ifland par- 
 ticularly to convert ? 
 
 But whether Augujiin' s Oak grew at Oakford in the 
 Vale on the Weft Side of Bannagh Down ; at Oakham in the 
 Vale on the Eaft Side of the fame Hill; at the Rocks near 
 the Top of the Mountain ; at a Place called Cold Aft on, from 
 its high Situation, and, perhaps, from Augujiin the Monk; 
 or in Monks Wood in the Vale at the North End of Haul 
 Down , is a Point referved for further Confideration : Tho ? at, 
 or near one of thofe Places, we may, with the higheft Pro- 
 bability, fix it ; and a Tradition ftill fubfifting touching 
 Monks Wood , feems to point out the very AfTembly that 
 was held at Augujiin' s Oak . 
 
 This Congrefs muft have drawn that Bifhop of Menevia 
 into Somerfet/hire who had been Abbot of Glajfenhury ; became 
 the Succefibr of Saint Duhricius two Years after the Deftruc- 
 tion of Achmanchefer ; and was raifed to the Rank of a Saint, 
 by the Name of David , for his great Ability in working Mi- 
 racles : And nothing is more probable than that this Britijh 
 Bifhop at the firft Conference that was held at Augujiin 's Oak 
 joined with the Roman Monk in preaching to the unconverted 
 Saxons , as well as in turning the Sacred Works of the Pagans 
 from Heathen to Chriftian Ufes : So David feems particularly to 
 have been employed in turning the facred Works about the 
 hot Springs of Bath from the Service of Idols to that of the 
 true God ; for the Monks, in fucceeding Ages, affirmed that 
 he, by his Prayers, cured the Waters round about Bath of 
 their Defe£Hon, and gave fome of them perpetual Heat and 
 healing Virtues. 
 
 The Fact feems to be, that Saint David , by confecrating 
 the hot W aters to Chrift, cured them of their Defedlion ; 
 and by clearing the Heads of the Springs of the Rubbifli that 
 lay about them, reftoring the chief Bath, and making new 
 Ones to receive the lefler Springs, the Bifhop gave the Wa- 
 ter the Liberty of difplaying its Heat and Virtues, which it 
 
 could 
 
182 An ESSAY towards Part II. 
 
 could not do while the Springs lay buried in the Ruins of the 
 City. 
 
 T o Saint David we may therefore attribute the Separation 
 of the hot Waters that, till then, rofe up in one Ciftern 
 confecrated to the Moon, and the making a Ciftern at the 
 Head of each Spring : One of thofe Cifterns feems to have 
 been of a Triangular, and the other of a Quadrangular Form ; 
 each new Ciftern, as well as the Ciftern at the Head of the 
 chief Spring, feems to have had a Tower erecfted in the Mid- 
 dle of it ; and thefe were finifhed at the Top with Crofles 
 as Marks of the Conversion of the hot Waters from Fagan to 
 Chriftian IJfes : In effe6b> the Baths that made fo considerable 
 a Figure, among the curious Works defcribed by Solinus , were 
 reftored by Saint David only as Simple Cifterns ; and thofe 
 Conveniences with which they had been richly accommodated 
 for the Service of Mankind in the Ages of Paganifm, were 
 left in theft Ruins, lay negledted, and were foon forgot. 
 
 From reftoring the Baths, and converting the hot Waters 
 to Chriftian Ufes, we may very juftly fuppofe Saint David to 
 have proceeded to a Reftoration and Confecration of the other 
 Pagan Works of the City; and more efpecially the Altars of 
 the Sun and Moon : The Altar marked with the Letter E, 
 Plate N° io, ii, feems therefore to have been covered with 
 a Church, dedicated to Saint Michael \ and the Altar marked 
 with the Letter F, had a Church raifed over it dedicated to 
 Saint Paul . 
 
 N ow if we allow five Years Time, from Saint Augujlirfs 
 coming into Britain , to the Completion of thefe W orks at 
 Bath by Saint David , it will bring us down to the Year of 
 Chrift 601 ; and it is very probable that upon the Divifion of 
 England into Parifhes, which was begun about A. D. 636, 
 thefe Churches were made Parochial, and fome others built. 
 
 Just eighty Years after St. Augufiin came into Britain^ 
 and in the Year 676, Ofbrich , a petty King of the J-Viccii , 
 founded and built a Nunnery at Bath , together with a Church 
 dedicated to St. Peter ; and in the Book of the Antiquities of 
 the City Leland found it recorded, that at that time Theo- 
 dorus was Arch-Biiliop of Canterbury ; and that one Bertane 
 was the firft Abbatifte of the Monaftery, which was placed 
 to the Eaftward of the chief hot Spring, and is marked in the 
 Plan, Plate N° 10, ix, with the Letter X. He likewife 
 found it recorded, that while Theodoras was Arch-Biftiop, one 
 Ethelmody a great Man, gave, by the Leave of King MdeU 
 
Chap. VIII. A Defcription of BATH. 183 
 
 rede , Lands to one Bcrneguid , Abbatifte of Bath , and to 
 one Fuleburs . 
 
 About one hundred Years after OJbrich began his Works 
 at Bath , viz. about the Year of Chrift 775^ Ojfa , King of 
 the Mercians , rebuilt the Church of Saint Peter ^ in a much 
 more magnificent Manner than what it was before ; and, as 
 Leland conjectures, fet Secular Cannons in it : But this 
 Church was deftroyed in the Damjh Wars, in the Year 878, 
 when King Alfred was driven to take Shelter at a neat 
 Herd’s Cottage in the Jfe of Athelney , near Taunton in 
 Somerfetjhire . 
 
 After this the Saxons furrounded the Body of the City 
 with a Ditch, a Wall, and a Rampier of Earth : This, with 
 the higheft Probability, is fuppofed to have been done by 
 King Alfred , among thofe Places began to be fortified by 
 him, in the Year of Chrift 887: And the Wall thus built 
 was carried from the Work at I, in the Plan, Plate N° 10, 1 1, 
 to K ; from thence it extended to W; thence in a Curve 
 Line to Qj ftill curving on by M to I ; the King, at I and 
 K, ereCting two Towers for the Defence of that Part of the 
 Wall ; and giving to that at I, the Name of Counter's Tower, 
 and to that at K, the Name of Gafcoyn's Tower, the Bafts 
 of which ftill continues ; but Counter's Tower was deftroyed 
 about five and forty Years ago by Mr. William Webb , a 
 Mafon now living. 
 
 The Earth that came out of the Ditch on the Outfide of 
 the Wall, raifed a Rampier within it ; the Marks of which 
 are ftill viiible in feveral Places : And four Gates having been 
 left in the Wall for Entrances into the City; one of thofe 
 Gates was left at Qj another juft above the Letter M ; a 
 third to the Weft ward of I ; and the fourth near the Letter W. 
 
 This Wall deferves our particular Notice, for its having 
 been built in an Age when the Mafon’s Trade was fo little 
 praCtifed in England , that (as Rapin writes, Vol. I. B. 4.) it 
 was a Rarity to fee a Houfe built with other Materials than 
 Timber : 44 It was King Alfred , fays he, that introduced 
 44 into this Kingdom the Cuftom of building with Stone and 
 44 Brick ; and that Monarch fee ked all Occafions of inviting 
 44 into his Dominions Foreigners that were eminent in their 
 44 Profeffions, to inftruCt his Subjects, on whom he fettled 
 44 Penfions to the Amount of the fixth Part of his whole 
 44 Income. He likewife took particular Care to have always 
 
 about him the moft noted Architects and Workmen ; kept 
 
 4i them 
 
384 An ESSAY towards * Part II. 
 
 66 them employed with the foie View of improving their 
 * c Skill, and appropriated the fixth Part of his Eftate to pay 
 4c them.” The Works performed in the Reign of Alfred, , 
 may be therefore looked upon as the Fountain from whence 
 moft of our old' Buildings were derived ; and the Wall that 
 furrounds the Body of Bath is a Piece of Work fo good in its 
 Kind, that, in my Opinion, it can claim no other Original 
 than the Hands of King Alfred's Workmen, with Materials 
 collected chiefly from the Ruins of the antient W orks of the 
 City : So that thofe who would have this W all a Roman 
 Work, had better pretend it Egyptian ; and tell us it was 
 built by their Mfculapius, or thofe under him, becaufe Hiftory 
 makes that Perfon the Author of fuch Kind of Works. 
 
 W it h the Wall the Heart of the City was reftored to a 
 higher Degree of Magnificence than it had beers in for 300 
 Years before: But the King contracted the antient Limits 
 of the Place, and reduced them to a fmall Berton on the 
 Outfide of the Wall that furrounded the Body of it ; the reft 
 he formed into a feparate Jurifdkftion ; denominated it the 
 Hundred of Bath forum, from the Forum that was built in it 
 at the Inftigation of Agricola ; and in the Church of Saint 
 Refer , Edgar , according to the Saxon Chronicle, was crowned 
 King of England , with great Solemnity, upon the 1 I th of 
 May , A. D. 973. 
 
 This Monarch, by all Accounts, had a great Veneration 
 for Bath ; he expelled the fecular Cannons from Saint Peter's 
 Church ; placed Monks of the Order of Saint Benedict in their 
 Room ; appointed an Abbot to prefide over them ; and gave 
 the City its fecond Charter ; in Memory whereof the Statue 
 of that Saxon Monarch is ftill preferved, in the Front of the 
 Guild Hall ; in the Monkiih Times the Inhabitants, in all 
 their religious Ceremonies, prayed for the Soul of King Edgar ; 
 and when Leland wrote the 2 d Vol. of his Itinerary they 
 purfued the Cuftom of ? electing, yearly, on Whit f unday, a 
 King among themfelves in joyful Remembrance of Edgar , 
 and the richeft Men of the Town made it a Rule to feaft 
 their Monarch, with all his Adherents. 
 
 The Bath Monarchy devolving upon Mr. Najh on his 
 firft coming to the City on the 4 tn of Augujl , A. D. 1704, 
 that Gentleman enjoys it to this Flour ; but without any of 
 the antient Pcrquifites ; and it may be very juftly faid, that 
 this Bathonian Sovereign hath often fed thofe that fhould have 
 leaded him,. 
 
 The 
 
Chap. Vlir. A Defcription of BATH. 185 
 
 The firft Abbot of Bath , according to Mr. Willis , in 
 his Account of the Conventual Cathedral Churches, p. 219, 
 Was Elphegus , or Elpbage Prior of Glajlonbury , preferred from 
 hence to the See of Winchejlp A. D. 984, and afterwards’ 
 tranflated to Canterbury : But before our Abbot was removed 
 from his Abbacy Sir William de Mohun built the Priory of Dunjler 
 to the Honour of St. George , and then annexed it as a Cell 
 to the Abbey of Bath, to which it belonged till the final Dif- 
 folution of the Monafiery, in the Year 1539. 
 
 After Eiphage was made Arch-Bifhop of Canterbury , 
 he, about the Year 1010, rebuilt the Monafiery of Bath in 
 a very fumptuous Manner : But this Structure, with every 
 other part of the City, was brought to its final Ruin, by Ro- 
 bert de Mowbray , Earl of Northumberland ; who having railed 
 a warm Rebellion againft William Rufus , he, with his Uncle, 
 Geoffrey Bifhop of Conjlance , came from Brijlol to Bath ; and, 
 as Holinjhed writes, took the City, which they plundered and 
 burnt in the Year of Chrift 1088 ; Alfius having been then 
 Abbot of Bath , and a Spedlator of that dreadful Defolation ; 
 the Terrour of which inflantly lent him to his Grave. 
 
 Nine Years before this happened, and upon the Return 
 of William the Conqueror from the Siege of Dolle , A. D. 1079, 
 Arch-Bifhop Lanfrank called a Council of the Clergy at 
 London , in which, fays Plolinfoed , it was ordained that for the 
 Honour and Dignity of the Church certain Bifhops Sees fhould 
 be removed from fmall Towns into Cities of more Fame ; and 
 in particular that the See of Wells fhould be removed to Bath : 
 Gifo was at that time Bifhop of Wells \ but he dying not long 
 after the Conqueror , was fucceeded in the Year 1088, by John 
 of the little Farm, born at Tours in France , and therefore 
 commonly called John of Tours. 
 
 This John of Tours pradlifed Phyfick at Bath, and, as 
 Mr. Collier writes in his EcclefaJlical Hiftory , acquired a con- 
 fiderable Fortune by it before he was preferred to Wells : So 
 that the Dodtor’s Views of further Acquifitions from the Ufe 
 of the hot Waters ftrongly prevailed with him to reftore the 
 City, and, conformable to the Order of the Council of the 
 Clergy, to fix his Pontifical Seat in it. In this Defign, the 
 Bifhop was encouraged by the Monks of Bath , who not only 
 folicited him to unite the Abbey and Bifhoprick together, but 
 gave him 500 Marks, the Value of 20000 Sheep in thofe 
 Days, to enable him to purchafe the former : And King 
 William Rufus having prefented John of Tours with the Ruins 
 
 B b q f 
 
1 86 An ESSAY towards Part II. 
 
 of the City, the Charter made on that Occafion in the Year 
 1090, ran in Words to this Effe£t. 
 
 44 William King of England ; To O, Bifhop of Saru?n 9 
 44 and Z, Abbot of Glajlmbury ; to A 9 the Vicount, and to 
 C4 all the Barons French and EngUJh of Somerfet and Wiltjhire 9 
 Xi Greeting. Know ye that I have given to God and Saint 
 cc Peter in Bath , to John the Bifhop and to his SuccefFors, 
 44 for the Augmentation of his Pontifical See, all my City of 
 44 Bath in free Alms for the Health of the Souls of my Father, 
 44 of my Mother, of myfelf, and of my PredecefTors and 
 44 SuccefTors : 1 have given it, I fay, to him in as free and 
 44 honourable a Manner, as I hold any City in England , with 
 44 all its Appurtenances, whatfoever I or my Father have en- 
 44 joyed or pofiefTed there, with all the accuftomed Rights 
 44 both within and without the fame, with the Toll Money 
 44 arifing as well in the Fields as the Woods, as well in the 
 44 Market as . the Meadows and other Lands, that with the 
 44 greater Honour he may fix his Pontifical Seat there.’ 5 
 
 The Bifhop upon this Grant, and another in the fame 
 Year of the Abbey, for the Money furnifhed by the Monks, 
 rebuilt and enlarged the Church of Saint Peter to above 300 
 Feet in Length ; erected a ftately Palace on the Weft Side of 
 it; and in the Year 1094, he, according to HolinJhed 9 began 
 to inhabit in his new Dwelling-Place, taking upon himfelf 
 the Title of the firft Bifhop of Bath . He alfo rebuilt the 
 Monaftery, and conftituted one of the Monks a Prior to adft 
 under him ; whereby the Monks of Bath 9 after having had 
 Abbots over them for about no Years, wore put under the 
 Government of Priors, fubjeft to the Bifhop of the Diocefs. 
 
 Besides thefe Works, John of Tours made two new Baths 
 within the Limits of the Monaftery, for the Ufe of the Publick, 
 calling one the Abbott Bath, the other the Prior’s Bath ; and 
 thefe exifting for at leaf!: 500 Years, were fed by the Water 
 of the King’s Bath, to which they became temperate Baths, 
 juft as the Crofs Bath is to the hot Bath, and enabled the 
 Bifhop to adapt the hot Waters to all manner of Cafes and 
 Conftitutions. 
 
 By thefe publick Works, and by the private Dwellings 
 erected in Confequence of them, the City of Bath was foon 
 reftored to a greater Degree of Magnificence than before it 
 was burnt by the Rebels ; which new ere£fed City and all 
 Things belonging to it, King Henry the firft not only con- 
 firmed to the Bifhop, upon his coming to the Throne 3 but, 
 
 on 
 
Chap. VIII. A Defcription of BATH. 187 
 
 on the 6 th of the Ides of Auguji , A. D. mi, and in the 
 12 th Year of his Reign, re confirmed the fame, with a Grant 
 of the Hidage of 20 Hides of Land for the better Support of 
 the Pontifical Dignity. The Charter on this Occafion ran 
 thus. 
 
 I n the Name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy 
 Ghoft, Amen. Henry by the Grace of God King of 
 “ England , To all Arch-Bifhops, Bifhops, Abbots, Earls, 
 cc Barons, and his faithful Subjects French and Engli/h of his 
 cc whole Realm of England , Greeting. Be it known unto 
 you, That that Gift which I have given to God and Saint 
 Peter in Bath , v/here my Brother William and I have con- 
 <c ftituted and fixed the Epifcopa! See of all Somerfetjhzre , 
 (C which was formerly at the City called Wells , to wit, that 
 u City and all things belonging to the Ferm of the fame 
 cc City, I give and confirm to our Lord Jefus Chrift ; to 
 Peter his blefied Apoftle ; and to "John the Bifhop, and his 
 Succefibrs for their perpetual Right and Heritage. I Grant 
 alfo the Hidage of twenty Hide Lands belonging to the faid 
 <c City; and all Pleas, Laws, Courts of Juftice and Cuftoms 
 thereto belonging wholly and altogether ; and whatfoever 
 befides my Father, my Brother, or myfelf have enjoyed 
 (C in the faid City ; ail thefe I fully and wholly give to God ; 
 66 and grant to the Church of the fame City, to John the 
 <c Bifhop and to his Succefibrs, to the Intent it may be for 
 <c eftablifhed and perpetual Alms for the Souls of myfelf; 
 cc my Wife and my Children ; and alfo of my Father, my 
 u Mother, and my Brothers. 55 
 
 About five Years before the Date of this Grant, and in 
 the I2 tb Year of the 2 d Indidtion after the Council of the 
 Clergy at London , A. D. 1079, J°^ n °f Tours , touched with 
 a Remorfe of Confcience for depriving the poor Monks of 
 what he had bought with their own Money, divided the old 
 Poflefiions of the Monaftery with the Prior he had made, and 
 granted him and his Succefibrs fome others, in Lieu of thofe 
 he kept, in Words to the following Effedr. 
 
 44 In the Name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy 
 4C Ghoft. I John by the Grace of God, Bifhop of Bath , 
 C6 To all Bifhops my Succefibrs, to all the Sons of the Holy 
 u Church, Greeting. Be it known unto you all, that for 
 the Honour of God and of Saint Peter , I have laboured, 
 and at Length effedfed, with all decent Authority, that 
 the Head and Mother Church of the Bifhoprick of Somerfet 
 
 B b 2 “ lhall 
 
iS8 An ESSAY towards Part II. 
 
 44 {hall be in the City of Bath , in the Church of Saint Peter : 
 
 44 To which Holy Apoftle and to the Monks, his Servants, I 
 44 have reftored their Lands, which I formerly held unjuftly 
 44 in my own Hands in as free and ample Manner as Alftus 
 44 the late Abbot held them before me : And if I have im- 
 46 proved them, and whatfoever of mine (hall be found 
 46 thereon, I give to them, to their own Ufe and Property. 
 44 I alfo give them for farther Supply of their Food and 
 44 Cloathing, and to increafe the Convent of the Holy Bre- 
 44 thren ferving God there, and to re-imburfe the Treafury 
 44 what I took from the Church, thofe Lands which I have 
 4C acquired by my own Travail, or bought with my Money ; 
 44 To wit, thofe five Hides in Wefon , which I purchafed of 
 5 4 Patricias de Caurcia , and the Land of Hugh with the 
 4C Beard, to wit Glaferton , Docne ^ Mersfield and Eft on ^ to- 
 44 gether with Herley and Artiemude on the Sea-Coaft, and 
 44 whatfoever belongs to them, and one Floufe in Bath , and 
 44 one other Houfe in Winchefer : But as to the City of 
 44 Bath , which fir ft of all King William , and after him his 
 46 Brother King Henry , gave to Saint Peter for their Alms, 
 * 4 I have, purfuant to my Vows, determined that all Blues and 
 44 Profits arifing from it, be laid out in perfedting the Work 
 £S 1 have begun in Church Ornaments of Copes, of Cloaks, 
 46 of Screens, of Traplings of Tapeftry, of Crucifixes, of 
 44 Robes, of Chalices, and of Phylacteries : And whatfover 
 44 of my own I have added to the Epifcopal Chapel, my 
 
 whole Armory, my Cloaths, my Bowls, my Plate, and all 
 44 my Houfhold Furniture, I give to Saint Peter and his 
 44 Monks for ever to their own Ufe and Property, for the 
 44 Remiffion of my Sins. Whofoever therefore {hall infringe 
 44 on this my Gift, may the Curie of God and of his holy 
 44 Apoftles and Saints light on him, and by the Authority of 
 44 me, tfao 5 a Sinner, let him be accurfed and for ever cut 
 44 off from the Community of the Church. Done A.D. 1106; 
 44 in the Reign of Henry , Son of William Duke of Normandy , 
 46 and King of England , Jnfelm being Arch-Bifhop ; of my 
 44 Ordination the 19 th ; and of the Indkftion the 12 th . And 
 44 that this my Deeds may remain more firm and unfhaken, 
 44 I have, with my own Hand, figned it with the Sign of the 
 44 Ploly Crofs. 5 ’ 
 
 The Bifhop furvived this Grant about 17 Years; and 
 when he died in the Year 1123, he was buried in the Middle 
 of the Prefbytery of the Church of Saint Peter ^ by him re- 
 built : 
 
Chap. VIII. A Defcription of B ATH. 189 
 
 built: A noble Tomb was fome time after erefted over his 
 Grave, with his Image lying upon it ; and both remained en- 
 tire till after the Dilfolution of Monafteries : Leland fays, he 
 faw the Image, and tells us that Weeds then grew about 
 the Tomb ! 
 
 By the Means of this Bifhop, Bath became a City for 
 Men feparated for the Service of Religion under the Norman 
 temporal Government, the fame as it was when the Saxons 
 called it Achmanchejier , or the Oak Men’s City ; but its 
 Glory was foon eclipfed ; for John of "Tours was no fooner 
 dead, than great Contentions arofe between the Monks of 
 Bath , and the Cannons of Wells for the Priority in the Elec- 
 tion of a new Biftiop ; and in the midft of thefe Diforders the 
 City, with St. Peter’s Church, were again burnt down about 
 the third Year of King Stephen , and Bath remained an Heap 
 of Rubbifh till Robert the third Bifhop put an End to the 
 Difputes, by obtaining of the Pope that the See fliould be in 
 both Places ; but that the Name of Bath fhould be preferred 
 in the Title : This done the Bifhop rebuilt the Monaftery, 
 Palace and Church, about the Year 1140, and lived till the 
 13 th Year of King Henry the 2 d , A. D. 1167. 
 
 CHAP. IX. 
 
 Of the Additional Works to Bath, 
 between the End of the Norman Government 
 and the Removal of the Epifcopal See to W e l l s. 
 
 K ING Henry the fecond kept the Bifhoprick of Bath 
 and Wells void for fome Years, at Length it was given 
 to Reginald Fitz Joceline , a Lombardy who, notwithftanding 
 his Partiality to Wells , rebuilt the fmall Churches of Saint 
 Mary and Saint Michael within the Walls of Bath ; and near 
 the latter he, in the Year 1180, founded an Hofpital with a 
 Chapel thereunto belonging, which he dedicated to Saint John 
 the Baptijl ; He afterwards obtained of King Richard the firft 
 the Manors of Curry , Wrentick and Hatol , to augment his 
 Bifhoprick, which in the Year 1167, produced L 434. 11. 8. 
 and then he was tranflated to Canterbury ; but dying at Dog- 
 mersfield in Hampjhire y was buried at Bath on Chri/hnas-Day y 
 A. D. 1191. 
 
 This Prelate was fucceeded in the See of Bath and Wells 
 by Savarify Abbot of Glajlonbury \ who favouring Wells, as 
 
 his 
 
i go An E S S A Y towards Part II. 
 
 his Predeceffor had done, had Art and Intereft enough with 
 King Richard to exhange the City of Bath for Glajionbury as 
 an Addition to Wells , and fo Savaric took upon himfelf the 
 Title of Bifhop of thofe Places. 
 
 The City thus coming into the Hands of the Crown, 
 King John, while he was Earl of More ton, founded a Bene- 
 dictine Priory at Waterford , and another at Cork in Ireland , 
 which he annexed as Cells to the Abbey of Bath ; and foon 
 after he came to the Throne he granted the Citizens a new 
 Charter. 
 
 In the feventh Year of the Reign of this King, A. D. 1205. 
 Savaric , the Bankrupt Bifhop of Bath , for fo Sir John Har- 
 rington (files him, died ; and he was fucceeded by Joceline de 
 Wells , who immediately removed his See to Bath , and fo 
 became the fixth Biihop of the Place, juft one hundred Years 
 after John of Tours had, by his Grant, fixed the Pontifical 
 Seat of all Somerfetjhire in it, with a folemn Curfe againft 
 the Perfon who fhould, in the lead, infringe on what he 
 had done, as well as a flridl Command to excommunicate 
 and cut off any fuch Perfon from the Communion of the 
 Church. 
 
 The new Bifhop in the next Place agreed with the Monks 
 of Glafonhury to put Matters on their former footing, and to 
 differ their Reifitution, in Confideration of their giving him 
 fome good Manors to augment his Bifhoprick of Bath and 
 Wells , which they very readily confented to do ; and gave 
 him the Manors of Congrejbury , Cheddar, and Axbridge : So 
 that the Rents of the Bifhoprick, in the 14 th Year of King 
 John, A. D. 1212 amounted to L 640. 6. 9 : But it was fix 
 Years after that before Pope Honorius the third granted his 
 Bull to diffolve the Union of the Churches which had been 
 made by the Intrigues of Savaric the Bifhop. 
 
 About the Time of this Diffolution, Necham , Abbot of 
 Exeter , celerated the Virtues of the hot Waters of Bath , and 
 exploded the common Opinion of their being made hot by 
 Art, in Words thus tranflated by the Bifhop of London , and 
 infer ted in the Britannia : 
 
 Scarce Ours to Virgil's Baths the Preference give, 
 
 Here old decrepit Wretches find Relief. 
 
 6C To Bruifes, Sores, and ev’ry cold Difeafe, 
 
 Apply’d, they never fail of quick Succefs. 
 
 6C Thus human Ills kind Nature does remove $ 
 
 66 Thus Nature’s Kindnefs human Arts improve. 
 
 They’re 
 
Chap. IX. A Defcription of B A T H. 191 
 
 They’re apt to fancy brazen Stoves below, 
 
 “ To which their conftant Heat the Waters owe. 
 cc Thus idle Tales deluded Minds poffefs, 
 
 But what ? We know that ’tis a Sulph’ry Place.” 
 
 The City now flourifhing, IVilliam Button , the tenth 
 Bifhop, augmented bis Bifhoprick with the Manors of Bick- 
 nailer : So that by the Acquifition of thefe new Manors to the 
 other Eftates of Bath , the City grew into fuch Repute to- 
 wards the latter End of the thirteenth Century, that in the 
 26 th Year of the Reign of King Edward the firft, A.D. 1298, 
 it fent Citizens to ferve in Parliament; a Priviledge granted 
 to it at the Inftance of Robert Burned the eleventh Bifhop of 
 Bath ; who was firft Treafurer, then Lord Chancellor of 
 England , and> on the King’s claiming the Crown of Scotland, be- 
 came his Spokefman on that Occafion upon the fecond of 
 June, in the Year 1291. 
 
 William de Marchia fucceeding Robert Burnel in the 
 Bifhoprick of Bath , as well as the high Office of Lord Trea- 
 furer, he obtained a Grant from the King, in favour of his 
 Abbey, of two Fairs, the one to be held in Berton , i. e . in 
 the Meadow now called the Ham , the other at Lyncomb ; and 
 this appears to have been all the Augmentation that was made 
 to the PofTeflions of the Abbey fince the Time of John of 
 'lours. 
 
 Upon the Death of John de Drokensford , the 14 th Bifhop 
 of Bath , on the 9 th of May in the 3 d Year of King Edward 
 the third, A. D. 1330, the IlTues of the Bifhoprick, for that 
 Year, amounted to L 534. 6. 10^ exclufive of the Value of 
 the Grain, of fundry Kinds, growing on 48981: Acres of 
 Land when the Bifnop died ; the W eeding, Reaping and Ga- 
 thering in of which coft L 173. o. 5; which demonftrates a 
 vaft Increafe in the Revenues of the Bifhoprick : And now the 
 holy Brethren of the Abbey, feized with a Spirit of Induftry, 
 began to Increafe the Revenues of their Houfe ; for the Art 
 of weaving Woolen Cloth was no fooner brought into Eng- 
 land than they encouraged and pracftifed it at Bath , and from 
 hence it was carried to Briftcl immediately after the Parlia- 
 ment had pafled an Ac ft, in the Year 1337? to encourage 
 that Trade: The Shuttle, the chief Implement of which, 
 was introduced by Prior , with the Arms of the 
 
 Abbey, as an Ornament in the Front of the Abbey-Houfe, 
 and there it Till remains, a Trophy of the Induftry of the 
 Monks of E 
 
 It 
 
] 92 An ESSAY towards Part II. 
 
 It is very certain that King Edward the third granted the 
 Corporation of Bath a Charter, but the Date I have not been 
 able to come at, tho’ by the beft Account I can get it was in 
 the Year 1361 ; and if my Information be right feveral Tene- 
 ments were, by that Charter, made over to the Corporation, 
 under the referved Rent of between 19 and 20 Shillings a 
 Year to the Crown, for the Reparation of the Church of St. 
 Michael without the North Gate ; and for the Maintenance 
 of the Poor of that Parifti in particular, and of the City in 
 general. The Rents accruing to the Parifti by thefe Tene- 
 ments in the Year 1374, amounted to no more than L 2. 14. 8. 
 per Annum ; but as the Leafes were renewed, the Rents were 
 increafed ; fo that by the Year 1527, they amounted to 
 L 11. 1. 8. and the Tenements were then thirty two in 
 Number, of which fifteen were fituated in JValdcot 1 and 
 Waldcot Street , and were let for L 4. 18. 4; Eleven fronted 
 Broad Street^ the Rent of which amounted to L 4. 16. 8; 
 Four flood in Frog Lane , and were let for L 1. 1. 2. and the 
 other two were fituated in Stall Street , the Rent of which 
 having been L o. 5. 6. made up the above Sum of L 11. 1. 8. 
 
 That part of the Income of thefe two and thirty Tene- 
 ments, which was to be applied towards the Maintenance of 
 the Poor, was laid out, for the moft Part, upon the Bread, 
 which in former Times was diftributed to the People at the 
 Church-Doors, during the Time of Lent , in large Loaves ; 
 but of late Years in fmall Rolls : And in Honour of the Royal 
 Donor South Gate was rebuilt, A. D. 1363 ; the King’s Statue* 
 In a fitting Pofture, having been then placed in a Niche over 
 the Middle of the Aperture, with a Statue of the Bifhop, as 
 Lord Abbot of Bath , on one Side ; and the Statue of the 
 Prior, his Deputy, on the other Side. 
 
 A t the fame time a Stone Bridge, with a Chapel and Gate 
 upon it, was built over the River Avon to make a more con- 
 venient Communication between the City and Lyncomb , during 
 Fair time, than by cr offing the River at the Ford juft above 
 It; this Work was immediately dedicated to Saint Laurence ; 
 and about the fame time John Boccaccy an Italian Writer, 
 deferibed the Origin of the hot Springs and City of Bath r 
 with the Virtues of the Waters, in Words fuppofed to be 
 fpoken by King Bladud ; and thus recited by Do£i:or Guidott r 
 from fome printed Copy of Baccace’s Works as tranflated by 
 Daniel Lidgate , Monk of St Edmundjbury , in the Year 
 
193 
 
 Chap. IX. A Defcription of B A T H. 
 
 ic Some fay, I made the holefom Baths at Bathe , 
 
 cc And made, therefore, two burning Tuns of Brafs, 
 
 <c And other twain feven Kinds of Salts, that have 
 Cs In them inclos’d ; but thefe be made of Glafs ; 
 
 With Sulphur fill’d, Wild-Fire emixt there was. 
 tc And in four Wells thofe Tuns fo placed Heat, for aye 
 cc The Water fpringeth up before it pafs away. 
 
 “ Which Waters Heat, and cleanfing perfect Power, 
 cc With Vapours of the Sulphur, Salts, and Fire, 
 
 Hath Virtue great to heal, and cleanfe, and fcower 
 6C The bathed Sores therein, that Health defire. 
 
 (C If of the Virtues more thou doft require 
 6C To know, I will recite what old Experience tells, 
 
 “ In Caufes cold, the noble Virtues of thofe Wells. 
 
 cc The Baths to foften Sinews Virtues have, 
 cc And alfo for to cleanfe and fcower the Skin ; 
 cc From Morphews white and black to heal and fave ; 
 
 <c The Bodies freckled, faint, are bath’d therein, 
 
 66 Scabs, Lepry, Sores are old, and fetter’d in 
 <c The Scurf, Botch, Itch, Gout, Pox, fwell’d Joints, and 
 Humours fell, 
 
 cc The Milt and Liver hard it heals, and Palfey well. 
 
 <c I mutt confefs, by learned Skill I found 
 
 cc Thefe native Wells, whence Springs that Help for Men, 
 “ But well thou know’ft, there runs from under Ground 
 “ Springs, Sweet, Salt, Cold, and Hot, even now as then. 
 From Rock, Salt Peter, Allum, Gravel, Fen, 
 
 <c From Sulphur, Iron, Lead, Gold, Silver, Brafs and Tin, 
 iC Each Fountain takes the Force of Vein it coucheth in. 
 
 (c Then whofo knows by Nature’s Work in thefe 
 “ Of Metals or of Mines the Force to heal, 
 cc May fooner give his Judgment in Difeafe 
 66 For curing by the Bath ; and furer deal 
 cc With fickly People of the Publick Weal : 
 cc And alfo find of Fountains Salt, or Hot, or Cold, 
 
 And for to heal by them the Sick, with Honour be bold. 
 
 The City eke of Bathe I founded there, 
 
 <c Renowned far by Reafon of the Wells : 
 
 And many Monuments that Antient were, 
 
 I placed there. Thou know’ft the Story tells, &c. 
 
 C c About 
 
i 9 4 
 
 An E S S A Y towards 
 
 Part IL 
 
 About the fame time alfo John Harewell^ the 17 th Bifhop 
 of Bath , became a great Benefa&or to his Church ; and 
 Brijlol rivaling Bath in the Woolen Trade, the Briftonians 
 not only fet up a Fair on the Feaft Day of St Calixte , 7. e % 
 the 24 th of Odlober^ the very Day on which the Bathonians 
 held their Fair of Berton\ but forbid all their Townfinen, 
 upon certain Pains, to bring any Wares to the Fair of Bath ; 
 for which the Inhabitants, in the 50 th Year of Edward the 3 d , 
 A. D. 13775 complained to Parliament, and prayed for Remedy 
 againft fuch an Invafion of their Rights and Privileges. 
 
 In the Year 1443 Thomas Beckington became the 23 d 
 Bifhop of Bathj and in the two and twenty Years that he en- 
 joyed the See he layed out vaft Sums of Money in adorning 
 and improving the City with Buildings : Soon after his Death 
 Bath gave the Title of Earl, to Philebert de Ghandew , born in 
 Bretagne , in France ; that Honour having been conferred upon 
 him by King Henry the Seventh, in the Year 1485 : And 
 Oliver King having been tranflated from the See of Exeter to 
 that of Bath , upon the 6 th of November , 1495, that Prelate 
 upon his coming to his new See to Inftitute Prior Bird into 
 his Office, who was thereunto elected on the 3i ft of Augujl , 
 1499, had a Vifion or Dream, which caufed him to refolve 
 to rebuild the Church of St. Peter in the moft correct Manner, 
 and with a Magnificence becoming the greatefl Prince $ for 
 which Work no one was better qualified, both in refpeCt to 
 Knowledge and Ability, than Bifhop King ; he having been 
 principal Secretary to Edward the fourth, Edward the fifth, 
 and Henry the feventh, at a Time when the Gothick Archi- 
 tecture was arrived to its higheft Perfection in Britain . 
 
 Of the Dream, or Vifion of Bifhop King^ Sir John Har- 
 rington tells this Story, The Bifhop, fays he, having been 
 at Bath , imagined as he one Night lay meditating in Bed, 
 that he faw the Holy Trinity, with Angels afcending and 
 defcending by a Ladder ; near to which there was a fair 
 Olive Tree, Supporting a Crown : The Impreffion was fa 
 ftrong, that the Bifhop thought he heard a Voice which 
 cc faid, Let an Olive eftablifh the Crown, and let a King re- 
 * c ftore the Church. This had fuch an EffeCt upon the 
 good Prelate, that he inftantly formed a Defign to rebuild 
 the Church of Saint Peter , fet the Work immediately in 
 ^ Hand, and, as Sir John concludes, caufed his Vifion to be 
 reprefented on the Outfide of it, under the Title of De 
 Surfum ejl 1 it is from on Ipgh 
 
Chap. IX. A Defcription of BATH. 195 
 
 The Bifhop began by pulling down Part of the old Church ; 
 hut he did not live to fee the Work fo begun perfected, tho’ 
 he purfued it with all the Vigilance in his Power, and de- 
 clared his Difregard to any extraordinary Expence, fo that he 
 could but fee it finilhed ; for he died before the South and 
 Weft Parts of the Building were covered in ; or even all 
 the Walls were raifed to their proper Height, 
 
 The City having been almoft maintained by making of 
 Cloth fince the Trade was firft fet up in it, that Bufinefs ap- 
 pears, by Leland , to have flourilhed exceedingly about this 
 time by the Induftry of three eminent Clothiers, whofe Names 
 were Style ^ Kent and Chapman ; and the Priors of Bath pur- 
 fuing the Work of the Church, after the Bifhop’s Deceafe on 
 the 24 th of January 1502, they, in about thirty Years time, 
 compleated it, though not in the elegant Manner it was in- 
 tended by the Founder : Prior j Bird, who firft engaged in the 
 Work, expended fo much Money as impoverished him, and 
 made him die very poor ; and Leland informs us, that his 
 Succeflor, Prior Gibbs , alias Holeway , fpent a great Sum in 
 perfecting the Fabrick ; which he had Scarcely done before 
 he, with John Pitt Sub-Prior, Thomas Bathe Cannon, and 
 fourteen others fubfcribed to the Supremacy ; this they did 
 upon the 22 d of September 1534; and upon the 27 th of Ja- 
 nuary , 1539, Pri° r Holeway diverted himfelf of the whole 
 Monaftery, by a Surrender of it to the Crown 3 the King’s 
 Commiffioners thereupon making the following Provifion for 
 the Maintenance of him, and the reft of his Houfe, during 
 their refpeCtive Lives. 
 
 44 PENSYONS 
 
 44 Affigned to the Prior and Bretherne of the late furrendred 
 44 Howfe of Bathe , by the Commyfiioners, to have each of 
 44 them half a Years Penfyon at Lady-Day> 1539, and fo 
 44 half yearly.” 
 
 46 Furst, to Will. Holeway Prior, for his yerely Penfyon, 
 44 in Mone 80 L. more is appoynted to hym for his dwelling 
 44 Howfe, one Tenement fett and lying in Stubbs Strete within 
 44 the South Gate of Bath , wherein one Jeffry Stayner 
 44 lately dwellyd, being of the yerelie Rent of 20 S. To 
 44 John Pitt Supprior, 9 L. To Richard Griffith Prior of 
 44 the Cell of Dunjler , Thomas Bathe Impotent, Nicholas 
 44 Bathe , B. D. 8 L . each 3 Alyfaunder Bryjlow , John Beken - 
 44 ton , L 6. 13. 4. each; Richarde Lincolne , John Arlejlon , 
 44 6 L. each 3 Richard Gules , Thomas Wcrceter y Will . Clement , 
 
 C c 2 44 John 
 
 t 
 
196 An ESSAY towards Part II, 
 
 44 John Edger , Edward Edwey, Patricke Vertue , John Hu - 
 44 mylyte , Gabrieli , Bow achy n , Benetty 
 
 “ L 5.6.8. each; Thomas Powell , 5 Z,. Pacyence y 
 
 “£4.13.4. 
 
 45 Sign’d, 
 
 45 Thomas Crumwell. 
 
 44 TregonwelL 
 
 44 M//. Ptfr*” 
 
 After this the annual Penfion of Thomas Powell was ad- 
 vanced to 6 L. and feveral others were admitted Penfioners, 
 Mr, Willis giving us an Account of no lefs than eight that 
 remained on the Lift of the Convent, A. D. 1553, whofe 
 Names are not mentioned in the above Lift, to wit, Alexander 
 Bull L 6. 13. 4 ; Browne , Bygge 6 L. each ; 5 ^# 
 
 iSVy/*?, Patrick Archer , Thomas Stylbond , Bewjham 
 
 L 5. 6. 8. each ; and Ltf/zg* L 4. 13. 4. Our Author 
 
 telling us likewife that the Prior had, befides his Penfion, 
 fome Perquifites out of the Revenues of the Baths. 
 
 The King’s Commiftioners, after fetling thefe Penfions, 
 made an Offer of St. Peter’s Church to the Citizens of Bath , 
 for 500 Marks ; but they utterly refufed it, upon an Appre- 
 heniion, that if they bought it fo cheap, they fhould lie under 
 the Imputation of cheating the King, and be deprived of their 
 Bargain; whereupon, as Sir John Harrington writes in his 
 Brief View of the State of the Church of England , certain 
 Merchants bought all the Glafs, Iron, Bells, and Lead of 
 this Fabrick, and fo left nothing but the Skeleton remaining. 
 The Lead on the Roof was fo thick that every fuperficial 
 Foot muft have weighed 20 Pounds, fmce the whole was 
 reckoned to amount to 480 Tun ; the Value of which was 
 480© L. for Pigg Lead was then worth 10I. a Tun. 
 
 The poor Remains of this Church, with all the other 
 Buildings within the Site, Inclofure, Circuit, Compafs and 
 Precincft of the Monaftery or Priory of Bath ; and alfo part 
 of the Lands belonging to it ; together with fuch Court Leets, 
 View of Frankpledge, Aflize or Effay of Bread, Wine and 
 Beer, Knights Fee, Ward, Marriage, Efcheats, Nets, He- 
 riots, Fairs, Markets, Tolls, Cuftoms, Commons, Free 
 Warrens, Goods and Chattels, Waifes, Strays, Profits, Com- 
 modities, Emoluments and Hereditaments whatfoever as the 
 Abbots and Priors of the faid Monaftery or Priory ever held 
 or enjoyed, were fold to Humphry Colics y Gentleman, by 
 
 Patent, 
 
Chap. IX. A Defcription of B A T H. 197 
 
 Patent, bearing Date the i6 ,h Day of March , A. D. 1542-3; 
 the Year after which, an A<ft of Parliament palled for the 
 Dean and Chapter of Wells to make one foie Chapter for the 
 Bifhop : And thus the City of Bath after its having been, for 
 above two thoufand Years, a Place of Habitation for Men 
 who devoted themfelves to the Service of Religion, began to 
 fall into the Hands of the Laity, about four hundred and two 
 Years after the Period of its Reftoration, by Robert , the fecond 
 Bifhop after John of Tours , William Knight then fitting in 
 the Epifcopal Chair, as the thirtieth Bifhop that enjoyed the 
 See of Bath . 
 
 Sir William Dugdale aflures us in his Monajlicon Anglica - 
 num, that the Value of the Abbey of Bath , at the Time of 
 its DilTolution, was L 617. 2. 3. a Year; and that the Value 
 of the Hofpital of St. John the BaptiJl amounted to L 22. 16. 9-7 
 per Annum : To which if we add the Income of the Bifhoprick, 
 reckoned worth 1843 L. a Year, the whole will amount to 
 L 2483. 19- Os, per Ayinum . 
 
 Just before the DilTolution of Monafteries, King Henry 
 the Eighth, created John Bourchier , Lord-Fitz~Warin , Earl 
 of Bath , by Letters Patent bearing Date at WeJlminJler , 
 July 9 th 1536; who dying three Years after, was fucceeded 
 by John his Son, and he died in the third Year of Queen 
 Elizabeth , A. D. 1561 : The Title next defcended to his Son 
 John, Lord-Fitz-Warin ; and then to his IfTue, William ; who 
 dying July 12 th 1623, was fucceeded in Honour and Eftate 
 by Edward , his only Son then living ; but he having no Male 
 IfTue that furvived him, the Title, upon his Death, came to 
 Sir Henry Bourchier , as Son to Sir George Bourchier (who 
 was the third Son of John, Lord-Fitz-Warin , the fecond 
 Earl of Bath of that Name) and he dying without Blue on 
 the 15 th of Auguft , A. D. 1654, the Title became Extincft 
 in that Family, and lay Vacant ’till the Reftoration of King 
 Charles the fecond • 
 
 CHAP. X. 
 
 Of the Additional Works to Bath, 
 between the Removal of the Epifcopal See to Wells 
 and Vefting the City in the Hands of the Laity. 
 
 N OTHING feems more probable than that fome of the 
 Gymnaftick Exercifes attended the Ufage of the hot 
 Waters in every Age, downward, from the Time that the 
 
 Baths 
 
198 An ESSAY towards Part II. 
 
 Baths were reftored under Agricola? s Government ; even when 
 the Monaftery was diftolved, a Tennis Court continued, for 
 Ages, on the Eaft Side of the Area of the King’s Bath ; and 
 this Court is marked with the Letter L in Doctor Jones’s 
 View of the City : It was feven and twenty Feet broad in the 
 Clear, by eighty one Feet in Length; and part of it ftill re- 
 mains within nine Feet of the Rails of the Bath. 
 
 Should my Information be true, this and the two other 
 natural Baths of the City were under the Care and Manage- 
 ment of a Bath Keeper at the time of the Diffolution of the 
 Monaftery ; and the chief Profits of the hot Waters arofe 
 from the Tennis Players bathing themfelves in the King’s 
 Bath ; for whofe Ufe there was a Door on the Weft Side of 
 the Court that opened into the Slip at the North Eaft Corner 
 of the Bath : But upon the Death of Prior Gibbs , the Corpo- 
 ration of the City became Leftees of the Baths under a fmall 
 Annual Rent ; and when they took Pofleffion of them, they 
 were diverted of all manner of publick Conveniences, as the 
 State of thofe Baths recorded by Leland , in the fecond Volume 
 of his Itinerary , fufficiently demonftrates. 
 
 44 The Hot and Crofs Baths, fays our Author, are fituated 
 44 in the Middle of a little Street ; they are common to poor 
 44 People; and the latter is much frequented for its Tempe- 
 44 rature and Pleafantnefs, by fuch as are difeafed with the 
 44 Leprofy, Pokkes, Scabs, and great aching Pains : It takes 
 44 its Name from the Crofs Handing in the Middle of it, and 
 44 it has eleven or twelve Arches of Stone in the Sides, for 
 44 Men to ftand under in time of Rain; but the hot Bath 
 44 hath but feven of the like Arches, and is lefs in Compafs 
 44 within the Wall than the other. As for the King’s Bath, 
 44 it is very fair and large, and Gentlemen refort to it : It 
 44 Hands in an Area encompafled with an high Stone Wall ; 
 44 the Brim of the Bath is furrounded with a little Wall; 
 44 two and thirty Arches appear in the Walls of the Ciftern 
 44 for Men and Women to ftand feparately in ; and in all 
 44 the three Baths a Man may evidently fee how the Water 
 44 bubbleth up from the Springs.” 
 
 A t every Angle of the King’s Bath and Crofs Bath, there 
 was a Place, in Leland’ s time, to enter the Water ; and it 
 confifted of a fmall Flight of Steps, with a little Cell at the 
 Head of them : Each Place went under the pittyful ' Name of 
 a Slip, as the Remnant or Branch of one of the antient Con- 
 veniencies, marked with the Letter A, Plate N° 8, 9, tor 
 
Chap. X. A Defcription of BATH. 199 
 
 entering and re-entering a Bath ; and of thefe Slips there 
 feems to have been one, and only one at each End of the 
 hot Bath. 
 
 T h e Site of the Priory when fold to Mr. Colies , as above, 
 extended to the very Wall that made the South Side of the 
 King' s Bath ; bounding, at the fame time, to the Eaft, the 
 Area in which that Bath flood : This Area was likewife 
 bounded to the North with a Yard belonging to Stall's Church ; 
 to the Weft with the Houfes on the Eaft Side of Stall Street ; 
 and a Paflage of nine Feet in Breadth on the North, Eaft, 
 and Weft Sides of the Ciftern was every Inch of Land that 
 remained to the King's Bath, for its publick Accommodation, 
 when the Baths came into the Hands of the City ! 
 
 King Edward the Sixth having by a Patent bearing Date 
 the 12 th Day of July , 1552, Granted to the Corporation, 
 fuch Lands and Tenements within the City, and its Suburbs, 
 as formerly belong’d to the Priory, and were then in the Pof- 
 feilion of the Crown, for the Maintenance of ten poor aged 
 People, and for the Inftruction of the Youth of the City, by 
 a proper Mafter, in the Latin Tongue ; the Patentees forth- 
 with turned fome Rooms over Weft Gate into a School- Houfe, 
 and then began a new Structure for the fame Purpofe, toge- 
 ther with Apartments for the ten poor People to be maintained 
 by them: This Work was compleated in the Beginning of 
 Qiieen Afary's Reign, and, in Complement to her, the Build- 
 ing was named Saint Catherine's Hofpital, after the Name of 
 her Mother : But, at the fame time, the Corporation ordered 
 the poor People to wear fable Garments, as a publick Mark 
 of Lamentation for the Lofs of the Royal Founder of the 
 Charity, in the Flower of his Youth. 
 
 The Site of the Priory coming to the Pofleffion of Ed - 
 monde Colthurjle , Efq; upon the Death of his Father the Be- 
 ginning of the Year 1560, that Gentleman immediately after 
 made the City a Prefent of the Carcafs of Saint Peter's Church, 
 with the Ground upon the Eaft, Weft, and North Parts of 
 it : And the Woolen Manufacture ftill flourifiiing in the City, 
 the Baths lay neglected ; fo that Doctor William Turner , Dean 
 of Wells ^ and chief Phyfician to King Edward the Sixth, 
 compofing a Book of the Baths of England , Germany and 
 Italy 1 during the time of his Banifhment under Queen Mary y 
 for his ftrong Attachment to the reformed Religion, he there- 
 in infinuates to us that the Baths of Bath were in very little 
 Efteem s even in lefs than thofe of Buxton in Derbyjbire ; 
 
2oo An ESSAY towards ' Part II. 
 
 and People of Fortune that required the Ufe of hot Medicinal 
 Waters went to Foreign Baths for it ; 
 
 44 How many ufe to Bathes abrode 
 44 Far hence with Coft to range, 
 u Whereby they may their lothfome Lims 
 44 To helthful Members change,” 
 are the Words of "Thomas Lupton , a Poet of that Age : But 
 by Doctor Turner’s giving the Baths of Bath the Priority, 
 even to the Baths of Germany and Italy , the Britijh Subjects, 
 upon the Publication of his Book in the Year 1562, began to 
 frequent their own hot Fountains, and our Baths thereupon 
 got into fuch Reputation, that the Crofs Bath was foon re- 
 ferved for the better Sort of People ; the hot Bath, called 
 fometim.es the Common Bath, fometimes the Long Bath, 
 having been the only Ciftern that remained for common 
 Ufe, when the celebrated Antiquary Mr. Lombarde was col- 
 lecting his Notes in the City , for his Topographical and Hiftorical 
 Dictionary of England . 
 
 Immediately after this, the hot Bath was refcued from 
 the common People ; but, at the fame time, a new Ciftern 
 was made on the Weft Side of that Bath to receive the over- 
 flowing Water of it, and to ferve as a Bath for the Ufe of 
 the lame and difeafed poor People that had been expulfed 
 from the Crofs and hot Baths : This Ciftern is about ten Feet 
 in Length from North to South, by eight Feet in Breadth 
 from Eaft to Weft ; it took the Name of the Leper's Bath ; 
 and it was accommodated with a fmall Room for the Bathers 
 to ftrip and drefs themfelves in, which in Procefs of Time was 
 called the Leper's Hofpital. 
 
 This Bath and Room feems to have been preceded by a 
 Houfe eredfted in the Year 1568, on the North Side of Weft 
 Gate, for the Ufe of the Poor who were to be relieved by the 
 Corporation of the City out of the Church Lands : And Do&or 
 for den allures us, that Sir Edward Came , Embaflador from 
 Queen Elizabeth to Pope Julius the third, and Paul the 
 fourth, having been at Rome about the Year 1570, when 
 Andreas Baccius was writing his elaborate Work, in titled De 
 Thermis , he gave that Author the ftiort Account of our Baths 
 which he inferted in his Book. 
 
 Thus the hot Waters of Bath began to be celebrated 
 abroad in the Writings of the Learned ; and in the Year 
 1 572 Doctor John Jones began to celebrate them at home, 
 by his Treatife entitled, The Bathes of Bathes Ayde : This he 
 1 publifhed 
 
201 
 
 Chap. X. A Defcription of BATH. 
 
 publilhed immediately after Mr. Peter Chapman , the eld eft Son of 
 the Clothier of that Name, fpoken of by Leland , as above, had fo 
 far repaired the Eaft End of the North Ifle of St. Peter s Church, 
 as to fecure it from the Inclemency of the Weather; and 
 while Weft Gate was rebuilding: And the Year after that 
 Queen Elizabeth , confolidating the Churches of Bath into one 
 Cure, vefted the Prefentation to them, and to S. Johns 
 Hofpital, in the Corporation of the City : She likewife granted 
 the Citizens a feven Years Brief to raife Money to reftore 
 St. Peter’s Church, and to rebuild St. John’s Hofpital ; and 
 while the Work was carrying on, and the Citizens were in- 
 duftrioufly purfuing their Trade in the Woolen Manufacture* 
 Sir Thomas IVhite named Bath as one Place that fhould be 
 intitled to a yearly Donation of 104 L. which commenced, 
 A.D. 1577, in favour of four and twenty Towns thatareto take 
 their Turns for ever as they ftand in the Lift: This Money 
 is to be lent to the Artificers of fuoh Places, without Intereft* 
 to enable them to fet up, or carry on their Trades ; and the 
 firft Payment to the Corporation of Bath was made in the 
 Year 1595 ; the fecond A. D. 1619 ; and the fubfequent Pay- 
 ments fell in the Years 1646, 1670, 1694, 1718 and 1742 : 
 So that the Chamber is now in the PolFeflion of 728 L. for 
 this Charity ; fmee the Money is not to be lent without fuf- 
 ficient Security to preferve the Capital for the Benefit of 
 Pofterity. 
 
 The Money collected by the feven Years Brief, at lead: 
 what was paid into the Hands of the Citizens, was not any 
 thing near fufficient, after rebuilding the Hofpital, to compleat 
 the Church, the whole Sum having been expended in a Timber 
 Roof, covered with blue Cornifh Slate, over the Eaft, the 
 North, and fome of the South Part of the Fabrick ; and in 
 roofing and flooring the Tower; tho’ 44 the reft might have 
 44 been finiflied with the Money that was gathered, if the 
 44 Avarice of fome Perfons, fays Mr. Camden , had not led 
 44 them to convert it to other Ufes, and made them envy 
 44 the City the Glory of a finiflied Piece of Work.” 
 
 However, when the Church was fo far perfected as the 
 Money arifing by the Brief would go, Thomas Earl of Sujfex , 
 Lord Chamberlain to Queen Elizabeth , fet a glorious Example 
 to the Nobility and Gentry of the Nation, who had found, or 
 fhould receive Benefit by the hot Waters, of each Perfon’s 
 doing fomething towards compleating the Building: He began 
 by glazing the uppermoft Windows on the North Side of the 
 
 D d Choir ; 
 
202 An ESSAY towards Part II. 
 
 Choir ; and was followed by Walter Calicut of Williamfcote in 
 Oxfordjhire , Gent, who gave the Sum of 10 L. towards 
 glazing the oppofite Windows in that part of the Church : 
 But the Earl of SuJJex dying foon after, the Example fet* by 
 that noble Peer fubfided ; and the Work flopping with his 
 Death in the Year 1584, it was not refumed till after the 
 Spanijh Invafion was over ; and then William Lord Burleigh , 
 Lord High Treafurer to Queen Elizabeth , and Thomas Bellot , 
 Efq; Steward of her Houfhold, revived it. 
 
 Bathing in the hot Waters was the principal Ufe that 
 was made of them at the Beginning of the Reign of Queen 
 Elizabeth ; at which time they were drank by a few whofe 
 Difeafes required them inwardly ; and thofe People were fup- 
 plied with Water laded out of the full Cifterns early in the 
 Morning, after the Baths were clean, and before the Bathers 
 went into them ; Dodfor Jones laying it down as a Rule, in 
 his Bathes of Bathes Ayde , that Patients, immediately after 
 drinking the Water, fliould walk gently, a few Paces, in a 
 temperate Air: He alfo laid it down as a Rule that Bathers 
 fhould approach the hotteft Part of the Bath by little and 
 little ; and directed that they fhould inftantly rife out of the 
 Water upon the leaft Symptoms of fainting. 
 
 After the Doctors, Turner and Jones , had thus ufed 
 their Endeavours to give Reputation to the hot Mineral Wa- 
 ters of Bath ; the Court of France began to reftore the Baths 
 of Bourbon V And ; Flenry the third, of that Kingdom, fending 
 thither his chief Architect, the Comptroller of his Buildings, 
 and his head Phyfician to direcft, and fuperintend the Works ; 
 and his Queen, Louifa of Terrain , repairing, at her own Ex- 
 pence, one of the Fountains, called afterwards the F$ueen\ 
 Bath, in Honour of her. 
 
 These Baths are fuppofed to have been magnificent Works 
 of the Romans , who, as Merer y takes notice, knowing the 
 Ufefulnefs of the Waters fpared nothing to beautify them ; 
 but by the unlucky Events of Time they fell, and lay buried 
 in their own Ruins, The bathing Cifterns are five in Number, 
 and are filled with Water, by different Channels, from ten 
 Fountains, feven of hot Water and three of Cold; by which 
 Means the Baths are warmed and tempered to what Degree 
 of Heat is required. The ten Fountains are inclofed in a 
 Court of 180 Feet in Length ; and the Royal Bath, of a 
 round Figure, joins on to the North Side of it : Three of the 
 ®iher Baths are built in a long Square 5. and the fifth Bath is 
 
 fituated 
 
Chap. X. A Deicription of BATH. 203 
 
 fituated by the Side of it. All thefe Baths and Fountains, 
 with their Pavements, are compofed of white and grey Marble ; 
 and while the Walls of the whole Work were faced with the 
 fame kind of Stone, of different Colours, the Statues that 
 adorned the Baths were made of that which was perfectly 
 White. 
 
 While the Reftoration of thefe Works were in Hand, 
 by the Order of Henry the third of France , Queen Elizabeth 
 feems to have been no lefs defirous of reftoring the publick 
 Works of Bath ; and for that End file, befides confirming 
 the Leafe of the Baths to the Corporation, made that Body 
 of Citizens, and their Succeffors, perpetual Guardians of the 
 City and hot Waters, by a Charter bearing Date the 4 th of 
 September , A. D. 1590, wherein Willia?n Sherjlon is declared 
 the firft Mayor; and he having then rented Berton Farm, in 
 the Parifh of IValdcot , of the above-mentioned Edmonde Col - 
 thurjle , juft before he fold it to Sir George Snigg , Berton Houfe 
 was the firft that was honoured with the new Regalia of the 
 City ; and, by the Artifices of Mr. Sherjlon , the whole Farm 
 was included in the Perambulation which the Citizens were 
 then impowered, for the time to come, to make : The Site 
 of the Priory was taken into the fame Perambulation ; and 
 the Court of Record as well as Court Leet, then granted to 
 the Corporation, were extended over the Precindfs of the dif- 
 folved Monaftery, notwithftanding the Rights and Privileges 
 of that Houfe had been fold to Mr. Colies by King Henry the 
 Eighth, in the Year 1542, as above. 
 
 Thus the City fell intirely into the Hands of the Laity ; 
 its Bounds were artfully extended into the Hundred of Bath - 
 forum , as well as over the Precincts of the diflolved Priory ; 
 and the private Intereft of the whole Body of Citizens became 
 materially concerned in promoting the publick Works of the 
 Place; the Baths efpecially, as the hot Waters were every 
 Day gaining Reputation, and their Ufes increafing, as well as 
 the Trade in the Woolen Manufacture ; by which, and the 
 great Refort of Strangers, Mr. Camden declares the City to 
 have been a ficurifhing Place about the time that it fell into 
 the Hands of the Lay Inhabitants. 
 
 T h e Royal Grants that were made to the City between 
 the Years 1552 and 1590, were obtained by the Intereft of 
 the above-mentioned Peter Chapman , who was born, A. D. 
 1506; and entering into the military Service of King Plcnry 
 the Eighth, he was of the Re-inforcement which that Monarch 
 
 D d 2 fen; 
 
204 An ESSAY towards Part II. 
 
 fent to Calais, the latter End of the Year 1540: After this 
 Mr. Chapman ferved at the Siege of Boulogne, which was 
 inverted the 26 th ofo July 1544; and there remained till 
 the King’s Death : He was then relieved ; but continued in 
 the Army during the Reign of Edward the Sixth, of Philip 
 and Mary , and within a Year of the Death of Queen Eliza - 
 leth ; in whofe Reign he was fent to Tilbury Camp, under 
 the Command of the Earl of Leicejler , when the Queen was 
 guarding againft the Spanijh Armado . 
 
 T o that Camp Mr. Chapman , under the Rank of a Ser- 
 geant Major, or Major of a Brigade, bravely led eight hun- 
 dred veteran foldiers when he himfelf was in the 82 d Year 
 of his Age, and in the Enjoyment of an affluent Fortune ac- 
 quired, for the moft part, by his Father in the Practice of 
 the clothing Trade ; the gallant Behaviour of this old expe- 
 rienced Soldier, in his military Atchievements, gaining him 
 very little befides an Addition to his Coat of Arms of a Can- 
 ton of the fecond, with an armed Hand, holding a broken 
 Lance, with a Wreath upon it, for a Creft: And with this 
 he was fatisfied, fince his publick Services had procured his 
 native Place fuch Advantages as muft tranfmit his Name 
 down to the lateft Pofterity. 
 
 He had two Sons, William and Richard ; the latter dying 
 on May Day , 1572, was buried in the Ifle on the North 
 Side the Choir of St. Peter's Church, which then took the 
 Name of Chapman's Ifle, and ftill retains it ; William was 
 buried in the fame Place on the 7 th of November 1586, and 
 leaving two Sons, William , born A. D. 1571, and George, born 
 A. D. 1576, the former furvived his Father about 61 Years, 
 he dying on the 1 6 th of June 1647; but the latter departing 
 earlier, and on the 22 d of July 1644, left two Sons, Simon 
 and Robert : The firft, inheriting the military Principles of his 
 great Grandfather, ferved his Country as a Captain of Horfe ; 
 but the fecond was educated in the Bufinefs of a Surgeon and 
 Apothecary; he was born A. D. 1623 ; and, taking up his 
 Abode in Bath , he ferved the Office of Mayor of the City 
 in the Years 1668, 1678, and 1689. 
 
 T h e Memoirs of Bath , preferved in this Family, fell into 
 the Hands of Alderman Robert Chapman , memorable in 
 the City for the uncommon Favours which King James the 
 fecond beftowed upon him for his Care of the Queen, as her 
 Apothecary, during her Courfe of Bathing in the Year 1687 : 
 And this eminent Man, in his Profeflion, dying on the 20 th 
 
Chap. XI. A Defcription of B A T H. 205 
 
 of March, A. D. 1700-1, the Male Line of the Elder 
 Branch of the Chapman’s Family thereby became Extinft : 
 But before his Death the Memoirs, preferved in it, were 
 copied by one from whom I had great Part of what I have 
 already, or may hereafter infert in this Eflfay, concerning the 
 Hiftory of Bath, from the End of the fourteenth Century to 
 my own Time, 
 
 CHAP. XI. 
 
 Of the Additional Works to Bath, 
 between Vefting the City in the Hands of the Laity 
 and the Election of its prefent Titular King, 
 
 T HE poor Shift that was made in Doftor Jones’s time to 
 fupply Drinkers, before People went into the Bath, 
 gave Rife to an Invention to come at the Water, at any Hour 
 of the Day, pure as it arofe out of the Bowels of the Earth, 
 and entirely feparated from the Water of the Bath: This 
 was a Conduit placed over one part of the Spring in the King’s 
 Bath ; and the Machine appears in Speed’s Draught of that 
 Ciftern, printed A. D. 1610 ; Doctor Johnfon copied it in the 
 Year 1634; and Doctor Peirce gives us the following De- 
 fcription of it, in his Bath Memoirs, Page 255. 
 
 4C It was, fays he, a pyramidal Stone, hollow in theMid- 
 44 die, artificially placed over one of the largeft Springs, on 
 44 the South Eaft Part of that Wooden Conveniency, now 
 44 Handing in the King’s Bath, and was taken away to make 
 44 Room for that Structure. A fquare Wall was made about 
 44 this Spring, the Hollow of which was about eighteen Inches 
 44 Diameter, and near upon the fame Depth. The top Stone 
 44 had a Mortice proportionate to the Tennon of the pyra- 
 44 midal Stone which went in, and held fo clofe, that none of 
 44 the extraneous Water could get into its Hollow ; and the 
 44 Strength of the Spring was fo great, that it forced itfelf 
 44 up through the Cavity of the pyramidal Stone, which v/as 
 44 a Foot and more above the Water, when the Bath was at 
 44 fulleft. This Water difcharged itfelf at a Copper Spout, 
 44 about three Inches above the higheft Water Mark, and to 
 44 this Spout fome fet their Mouths and drank, while others 
 44 put Cups and received the Water fincere from the 
 44 Spring.” 
 
 This Conduit was ere&ed foon after the Date of the 
 Charter of A. D, 1590; and as an early Inftance that the 
 
 Property 
 
2 o 6 An ESSAY towards Part II. 
 
 Property of the hot Waters were* by that Charter, no further 
 vefted in the Corporation of the City, than as Guardians of 
 them for the Ufe of the Publick, an AcSt of Parliament received 
 the Royal Aflent in the Year 15975 giving the difeafed im- 
 potent poor People of England a Right to the free Ufe of the 
 Baths of Bath ; and impowering the Juftices of the Peace, in the 
 feveral Counties, not only to Licence them to travel to the 
 healing Fountains for their Cure ; but to limit the Money 
 which they fhould carry with them to defray their Charges. 
 
 This A£t was continued by two other A£fs parted in the firft 
 Year of the Reign of King James the Firft ; by a third A£l 
 made in the third Year of the Reign of King Charles the 
 Firrt: ; and by a fourth A£t parted in the fixteenth Year of 
 the fame King, which expired and became extinct in the 
 twelfth Year of the Reign of Queen Anne, A. D. 1714 : And 
 two Years after that a new Provirton for the Poor took its Rife 
 in the General Hofpital lately built in the City. 
 
 I t was about the time of the Commencement of this Law, 
 that the two great Officers of Queen Elizabeth’s Court, the 
 Lord High Treafurer, and the Steward of the Houfliold, re- 
 fumed the Work of St. Peter’s Church; and for the Benefit 
 of fuch poor People as the Legiflature had given the free Ufe 
 of the Baths and hot Waters of the City, Mr. Bellot pur- 
 chafed a Piece of the Priory Land, joining on to the South 
 Side of the King’s Bath, and made a Ciftern by the Side of 
 that Bath for thofe People to bathe in a temperate Water. 
 The Ciftern thus made received the overflowing Water of 
 the King’s Bath, and taking the Name of the New Bath , re- 
 tained it till the Year 1615, when it was joined to the King’s 
 Bath by the Means of an Aperture in the Partition between 
 the two Cifterns ; and then it was dignified with the Title of 
 the Queen’s Bath on this remarkable Occafion. 
 
 As Anne , the Queen of King James the Firft, was one 
 Day bathing in the King’s Bath, there arofe from the Bottom 
 of the Ciftern, juft by the Side of her Majefty, a Flame of 
 Fire, like a Candle, which had no fooner afcended to the 
 Top of the Water than it fpread itfelf upon the Surface into 
 a large Circle of Light, and then became Extinft : This fo 
 frighted the Queen that notwithftanding the Phyrtcians aflured 
 her the Light proceeded from a natural Caufe, yet (he would 
 bathe no more in the King’s Bath, but betook herfelf to the 
 New Bath, where there were no Springs to caufe the like 
 Phenomena; and from thence the Ciftern was called the 
 
 Queen’s 
 
Chap. XI. A Defcription of BATH. 207 
 
 Queen's Bath ; it was foon enlarged ; and the Citizens ere&ing 
 a Tower or Crofs in the Middle of it, in Honour of the 
 Queen, finifhed it at the Top with the Figure of the Crown 
 of England over a Globe, on which was wrote in Letters of 
 Gold/ 
 
 ANNA REGINA SACRUM. 
 
 While the Work of the New Bath was in Hand a large 
 Pond was made in a Garden upon the South Side of Saint 
 James's Church to receive the wafte Water of the King's 
 Bath ; and this was for fome time ufed as a Bath for Horfes, 
 and called the Horfe Bath. 
 
 Mr. Bellot had no fooner began the New Bath, than he 
 founded and built an Hofpital for the Entertainment of twelve 
 of the moft indigent Men that fhould be licenfed to come to 
 the City, allowing every Man a Room in it, during the 
 Months of April ) May , and September , with four Pence a 
 Day in Money : And that the poor People of England , thus 
 far provided for, might not be deftitute of proper Inftrudtions 
 how to ufe the Waters on their coming to Bath , Dame Eli- 
 zabeth Vifcountefs Scudamore , in the Year 1652, fettled a 
 Salary on a Phyfician to be elected Yearly, on the 15 th of 
 April , by the Mayor and Aldermen of the City, to affift them 
 with his beft Advice, without any Fee or Reward from them ; 
 and a Brafs Plate was, and ftill remains fixed againft the Wall 
 of a Houfe on the Weft Side of the Queen's Bath, with an 
 Inscription engraved upon it, to advertife the Publick of that 
 Provision. 
 
 The making of this Bath was fucceeded by the rebuilding 
 of the Crofs and hot Baths ; and in the Execution of the 
 Work the Arches for Shelter in the new Walls of the Cifterns 
 were altered from Oven-like-Niches to fquare Receftes : And 
 at the fame time that the Crofs Bath was rebuilt, a large 
 Houfe was erefted on the North Side of it for the private 
 Accommodation of the Bathers in it ; and this was finifhed, 
 A. D. 1602. Do£tor John Sherwood , renting the Abbey- 
 Houfe, made a Communication between that Structure and 
 the King's Bath, for the private Ufe of his Patients and 
 Lodgers, particularly Queen Anne^ from whom the Slip at 
 the North Eaft Corner of the Bath took the Name of the 
 Queen's Slip* in the Year 1615; and three Years after that a 
 Houfe was rebuilt and enlarged on the Weft Side of the 
 Queen's Bath for the private Ufe of fuch as fhould bathe in 
 
 that 
 
so8 An ESSAY towards Part II. 
 
 that Ciftern ; in the Battlements of which Houfe the Letters 
 of the Infcription on the Crofs in the Middle of the Bath fup- 
 plied the Place of Ballufters, or other Ornaments in the Dado, 
 where they continued for almoft 120 Years.. 
 
 The Zeal of People of Rank and Fortune in the Reign 
 of Queen Elizabeth for the In ter eft of their Country, by re- 
 ft oring the publick Works of Bath , and extending the Ufes 
 of the hot Waters to prevent the Britijh Subjects from flying 
 abroad to the like medicinal Fountains, at the Hazard of their 
 Lives in crofting the Seas, and at a great Expence, to the 
 Impoveriftiment of the Kingdom, and to the Enrichment of 
 other Nations, ftirred up Henry the Great of France to purfue 
 the Works of Bourbon , begun by his PredecelTor; the King, 
 in the Year 1602, committing the Care of it to Mr. Beaulieu, 
 his Secretary of State ; and fix Years after that Mr. Def cures 
 had the ConduCt of the Work veiled in him; who, in the 
 Year 1609, difcovered the feventh hot Fountain of the Place, 
 and that which now bears the Name of Def cures. 
 
 W hen the Work of Saint Peter’s Church at Bath was 
 refumed by my Lord Burleigh , and Mr. Bellot , they began" 
 with compleating the Choir fo as to make it fit for Divine 
 Service to be performed therein ; and for that End, after fe- 
 parating it from the other parts of the Church, with proper 
 Partitions, they fitted it up with Seats, Galleries, Pulpit, and 
 Font ; Pvir. Bellot , at his own Expence of 60 L. repairing and 
 glazing the great Window at the Eaft End of the Church, 
 and giving a handfome Sum towards the Ornaments and 
 other Neceflaries for Divine Service ; previous to the Perfor- 
 mance whereof, if I am righly informed, the Church was 
 confecrated and dedicated to the Names of Saint Peter and 
 Saint Paul. 
 
 Mr. Bellot gave the further Sum of 200 L. towards com- 
 pleating the South Wing, which feems to have been left low 
 to join a Cloifter to it ; and after paving the Floor of the 
 Nave of the Church from North to South, he prefented the 
 Citizens with 30 L. towards the Purchafe of a Bell, which 
 they, after a general Colle&ion among themfelves and 
 Strangers, bought at Cainjham : The Prime Coft of this Bell 
 was 80 L. and the new calling it came to 27 L. more ; the Col- 
 lection for it was begun in Stall’s Parifih, and therein William 
 Ford and George Gibbs gathered 10 L. John Baker collected in 
 St. Mary’s Parifti 11 L. John Sherjion gathered in Saint James’s 
 Pariih 12 L> the Parifhioners of St. Michael without the City 
 
 2 , Gate 
 
Chap. XI. A Defcription of B A T H. £69 
 
 Gate gave L 8. 18. 2 ; and the Benefactions of Strangers 
 amounted to about 40 L. more. 
 
 Mr. Bello? s BenefaCtion towards compleatitig the South 
 W ing was followed by another from DoCtor William Powell y 
 Arch-Deacon of Bath , who, on the 25 th of May 1603, g avel 
 the Sum of 10 L. towards that Work, and four Years after 
 he contributed 7 L. more ; Walter Chapman , Thomas Wiat , 
 and Peter Sherjlon , all Inhabitants of the City, gave and col- 
 lected towards the fame Work, in the Autumn of the Year 
 
 1603, the Sum of L 44. 8. 0; Edward Horton of the fame 
 City, Efq; gave 6 L. and by his Will left 50 L . more 5 
 John Still , D. D. Bifhop of Bath and Wells , gave 20 L . Sir 
 William Pajlon of Norfolk , Knt. coming to Bath in the Year 
 
 1604, gave 100 L. for which his Arms were fet up in the 
 great Window at the End of the North Wing; and Mr* 
 Daniel Walters of the fame County, with divers others, gave 
 fuch confiderable Sums* that the BenefaCticns together amounted 
 to L 514. 14. o. 
 
 To this we may add 12 L> paid by Alderman Rowland 
 Backhoufe of London , as the Legacy of Mr. Bartholomew Barns 
 of the fame City ; who had fuch a ftrong Idea that Contribu- 
 tions would be raifed to finifh the whole Church, that he 
 ordered his Body to be richly entombed in it : This Confidence 
 Sir John Harrington much admired, and very much com- 
 mended, in his Epiftle to Prince Henry , as it fhews the Ideas 
 of a Man of Bufinefs, to whom no laudable Defign, to 
 be accomplifhed by Induftry, can appear infurmountable. 
 Alderman William Sherjlon , eight times Mayor of Bath$ 
 and ferving that Office the firft under Queen Elizabeth's 
 Charter, had no lefs an Idea than Mr. Barns that the Church 
 would in time be perfected ; and therefore he bequeathed to 
 the Work the Sum of 100 L* to be paid by 40 Shillings 
 yearly, for fifty Years, out of the Parfc.nage of Lyncomb . 
 
 The South Wing of the Church having been raifed up 
 with the BenefaCfions, as above, Edward Earl of Worcejlef 
 gave the further Sum of 20 L. to compleat and beautify the 
 arched Cieling of it : The Citizens of Bath , at their own 
 Charge, arched the Cieling under the Tower; after which, 
 with the Help of feme Friends, they not only repaired and 
 beautified the arched Cieling of the North Wing, but the 
 Cieling of the Choir. 
 
 T h e Ifle on the South Side of the Choir was paved at the 
 foie Charge of Francis Allen , an eminent Clothier of the City ; 
 
 E e and 
 
2io An ESSAY towards Part II. 
 
 and Thomas Power , Mayor of Bath , contributing by his laft 
 Will io L. towards the Repairs of this Ifle ; Nicholas Hide , 
 
 Efq; Recorder of the City, giving 5 L. Thomas Ley fori , one 
 of the Phyficians, bequeathing 3 L . and the Widow Gold of 
 Dorchejlef , giving 5 L ; thefe Sums together amounted to 
 23 L ; and the whole was expended in repairing part of the 
 arched Cieling ; in new building the Wall at the Eaft End; 
 and in making the Door and Window therein : And the other ' 
 part of the arched Cieling was repaired and beautified at the 
 only Coft of one Hugh Bagley , a famous Bone Setter, and at 
 that time an Inhabitant of the City. 
 
 The arched Cieling of the Ifle, on the North Side of the 
 Choir, and then bearing the Name of Chapman’s. Ifle, was 
 repaired and beautified at the Coft of Miles Jackfon of 
 Combhay , in the County of Somerfet , Efq; Jeffery Flower of 
 Philips Norton , Gent, expended L 22. 10. o. in ere&ing a 
 Wall at the Eaft End of this Ifle, and in making a Door and 
 Window therein ; and the above Francis Allen bequeathed 
 10 L. to be employed in building two Buttreffes on the Out- 
 fide of that Wall, to make the North Corner of the Eaft 
 Front of the Church uniform with the South Corner, which 
 was accordingly done in the Year 1616 : The Lady Elizabeth 
 Boothe , an Inhabitant of Bath , paved the greateft Part of the 
 Floor of this Ifle ; and what fhe left undone was compleated 
 by three Seafaring Men, whofe Names were Richard Stanley , 
 "John Smith , and Ellis Wood . 
 
 We now come to the Weft End of the Church; and 
 this part of the Building having been open and uncovered in 
 the Year 1609, Doctor James Montague , Bifhop of Bath 
 and Wells , afterwards Bifhop of Winchejler , one of the Lords 
 of his Majefty’s Privy Council, and Prelate of the moft noble 
 Order of the Garter, was moved in that Year to give the 
 Sum of icooL. towards covering it; Francis Earl of Rut- 
 land gave 20 L, more ; and William Lord Compton , after- 
 wards Earl of Northampton , added 40 L, to thefe Benefadlions ; 
 with which three Sums, twenty Trees given by Gilbert Earl 
 of Shrewjbury , and fifty Tuns of Timber prefenced by 
 Thomas Earl of Suffolk , the fame was compleatly roofed. 
 Then the Bifhop gave the paved Floor of the Nave, which 
 coft him L 43 . 6. 8. after that he fet up a Stone Pulpit, at 
 the Expence of 32 L» and upwards, and in the laft Place he 
 expended 4 L . in cutting the Words, Domus Mea , over the 
 North Windpw 5 and Domus Orationh over the South Window, 
 
 at 
 
Chap. XI. A Defcription of B AT H. 2 1 1 
 
 at the Weft End of the Church, and in gilding the Letters 
 with Gold. 
 
 The Ifle on the North Side the Nave was paved by the 
 Contributions of "John Webb of Swinefwick , Gentleman; 
 Richard Davis ReCtor of the fame Place ; Thomas Cox of 
 CorJlGn , Gentleman ; John Attwood one of the Aldermen of 
 Bath ; Mrs. Margaret Mannering ; and Lady Boothe . The 
 whole Expence of this Work is not mentioned ; but Mr. 
 Webb's Benefaction towards it was 10 L. The Ifle on the 
 South Side of the Nave was paved by the Contributions of 
 John Kerry of Wejion , Efq; Sir Augufline Nichols , Knt. one 
 of the Judges of the Common Pleas; and John Taylor Vicar 
 of Cold Ajlon : The Work came to L 16. 2. o. of which 
 Mr. Kerry gave io L. and the other gentlemen gave between 
 them the remaining L 6. 2. o. 
 
 The Stair Cafes at the Weft End of the Church were 
 covered and pinacled by three worthy Benefactors ; that next 
 the North was done by Mrs. Oldfield of London , and coft her, 
 befides Stone and Carriage, 20 L. that next the South was 
 done by Sir Francis Jones , Knt. Alderman of London , and 
 Henry Southworth of Wells , Efq; at the Expence of L 31. 10. o. 
 of which the former paid 22 L . 
 
 The Stair Cafes at the Eaft End of the Church were 
 compleated like thofe at the Weft End by the Bounty of Sir 
 Hardwick Heale of Wenbury , in Dorfetjhire , Knt. Edward 
 Rogers of Cannington , in Somerfetfhire , Efq; and Sir John 
 Hipefiy of Majfon , in the fame County, Knt. This laft 
 Gentleman, at the Expence of 30 L. finithed the Stair Cafe 
 next the South ; and the two former, at their joint Charge of 
 30 L . perfected the Stair Cafe next the North. 
 
 Sir Henry Montague , Knt. Lord Chief Juftice of the 
 King's Bench y and Brother to the noble Bifliop, as above, 
 laid out 40 L. in beautifying the great Doors at the Weft 
 End of the Church ; and John Hall of Bradford , Efq; having 
 given a Piece of Ground for a Veftry to this Structure, Sir 
 Nicholas Salterns of London , Knt. gave the Sum of L 47. 9. 4, 
 to build and finifh the fame ; wherein there is a fmall Col- 
 lection of Books began by Dr. Arthur Lake , Bifhop of Bath 
 and Wells ; and continued by Richard Lowe of Calne y in 
 Wiltjhire , Barrifter at Law ; Mr. George Lowe his Son ; Mr. 
 Ifaac Tallies William Roufe of Halton , in Devonjhire , Efq; 
 Mr. Thomas Radcliffe of Univerfity College, in Oxford ; Sir 
 William Waller , Knt, Mr. Edward BiJJe of Sparge , in Somer - 
 
 E e 2 fetfhirc ; 
 
2 12 An ESSAY towards Part II. 
 
 fetjhire ; Mr. Thomas Hayne of Alhorne , in Wiltjhire ; William 
 Prynne of Swinefwick , in the County of So??ierfet , Efq; Re-» 
 corder of Bath ; John Harrington of Keif an , Efq; Son of the 
 above-mentioned Sir John Harrington ; Robert Creighton Bifhop 
 of Bath and Wells ; Doftor Guidott of Bath ; Sir Edward 
 Greaves , Bart, and divers others. 
 
 The Window over the Veftry Door was fet up by the 
 Company of Taylors of Bath ; and Richard Beacon , an honeft 
 Tyler and Plaifterer of the City, after his having flated the 
 Eaft, the North, and the South Parts of the Church, gene- 
 roufly paid for the North Window on the Weft Side of the 
 South Wing : The Remainder were glazed, the firft on the 
 Eaft Side by Sir Maurice Berkley of Bruton , in the County 
 of Somerfet ; the fecond by George Speake the Younger, of 
 White Lackmgton , in the fame County, Efq; and the Window 
 oppoftte to this by Sir Hugh Smith of Longajhton , likewife in 
 the fame County, Knt. 
 
 The Windows in the North Wing of the Church were 
 
 glazed, the firft; on the Eaft Side next the Tower by Sir James 
 Ley of Beckingion , in the County of Somerfet , Knt. and At* 
 torney General of the Court of Wards ; the fecond at the 
 joint Coft of Robert Baynard of Lackham , and Edward Reade 
 of Corjham , in the County of Wilts , Efq; and the oppofite 
 Windows by — — — 
 
 In the Year 1612, Francis James, LL. D. Chancellor 
 of the Diocefe of Bath and Wells , glazed the great Window 
 at the Weft End of the Church : The five Windows on the 
 South Side of the Nave were glazed, the firft by Francis Earl 
 of Rutland ; the fecond by Francis Lord Norris , the third 
 by Elizabeth Baronefs of Hundfdon ; the fourth by John May 
 of Charter Houfe , in the County of So?nerfet , Efq; and the 
 fifth by John Kerry of Wefion , Efq; And the five Windows 
 on the North Side of the Nave were glazed, the firft by Anne 
 Countefs Dowager of Dorfet ; the fecond by Sir Robert Rich , 
 Knight ; the third by Sir Francis Seymour , Knight ; the fourth 
 by Sir Edward Rodney of Rodney-Stoke , in the County of 
 Somerfet , Knight ; and the fifth by Francis Bat of Chew , in 
 the fame County, Efquire. 
 
 The lower Windows in the Weft Part of the Church 
 Were glazed, that over the North fmall Door by Philip Welch 
 of London , Glazier ; the firft in the North Me by Jaynes Bifs 
 of Batcombe , in the County of Somerfet , Efq; the fecond by 
 Thomas Norreys of Bath , Efq, the third by William Plumby 
 
Chap. XI. A Defcription of B A T H. 213 
 
 of Newton Saint Lo , Gentleman ; the fourth by William 
 Saint Barbe , Prebendary of Hereford ; and the fifth by Mi- 
 chael Mallet of Warwick , Efquire. The fecond Window in 
 the South Ifle, the firft being darkened by the Abbey Houfe, 
 was glazed by Sir John Stafford of Thornbury , in the County 
 of GUuceJler , Knight ; the third by John Barker of Brijlol, 
 Merchant ; the fourth by William Blanchard of Catherine , in 
 the County of Somerfet , Efq; and the fifth by William Baffct 
 of Claverton , in the fame County, Efquire. 
 
 The Lady Jane Rodney of Pilton , in the County of So - 
 merfet , and her Son-in- Law, Sir Theodbre Newton of Barrow’s 
 Court, in the fame County, Knt. gave to this Church a Chair 
 Organ ; Anne the Wife of Matthew Randall , one of the 
 Aldermen of Bath, gave 5 L . towards erecting the Gallery 
 over Bird's Chapel ; Lady Hopton of Wytham , in the County 
 of Somerfet , and feveral of her Family, gave to the Amount 
 of 100 A. towards the Great Bell in the Tower, which was 
 perfe&ed by the City at the further Expence of 60 A. To- 
 wards the other Bells, Robert Earl of Effex contributed 40 A. 
 Sir Henry Sling/by of Scriven , in the County of York , Knt. 
 20 A. Sir Clement Throckmorton of C ought on , in Warwickjhire y 
 10 A. Sir Rowland Lacie of Shipton , in Oxfordfaire , Knt. 5 A. 
 Arthur Duck, LL.D. Chanceller of the Diocefe of Bath 
 and Wells, A 6. 13. 4; Henry Lord Morley , 5 A. Kerry 
 of Wejlon , in the County of Somerfet , Efq; 20 A. Sir 
 Scudamore of Holm Lacie , in Herefordjhire , Knt. 5 A. George 
 Lord Berkley , 20 A. Edward Hungerford of Corjham, in the 
 County of Wilts, Efq; 20 A. and Sir Francis Popham of 
 Littlecot , in the fame County, Knt. 15 A. making together 
 the Sum of A 206. 1 3. 4. 
 
 I was willing to be thus particular in enumerating the Con- 
 tributors to repair the Devaluations committed upon this 
 Church, fince there is fcarce a Part of it but what claims a 
 particular Benefadlor among People of the firft Rank ; whofc 
 Bounties were obtained partly by the Inftance of Sir John 
 Harrington , and partly by the Inftance of the Reverend Mr, 
 John Belling , at that time R.e£tor of Bath ; to whofe Memory 
 the City, in the Year 1621, eredted a Monument in the 
 North Ifle of the Church, for his fingular Services to it. 
 
 The Work of this Fabrick was fucceeded by the Rebuild- 
 ing of the Guild Hall , and making a Council Houfe therein, 
 according to a Draught prefented to the City by Inigo Jones ; 
 this Structure was compleated juft after the Acceflion of King 
 
 Charles 
 
214 An ESSAY towards Part II. 
 
 Charles the firft to the Crown, in the Year 1625 5 and the 
 Court of Juftice in it, for more than 20 Years, ferved alfo 
 for the common Theatre of the City* for Players to aft their 
 Plays and Interludes in. 
 
 While this Fabrick was about. Sir Francis Stoner of 
 Stoner , in Oxfordjkire , received fuch an extraordinary Cure 
 by the hot Waters, that he, in the Year 1624, generoufly 
 gave the Corporation of the City a Sum of Money to beautify 
 the King s Bath, by paving the Paflage on the North Side, as 
 well as at the Eaft and Weft Ends of it \ and then furround- 
 ing the Ciftern with handfome Rails inftead of the low Wall it 
 had been environed with : So that Dr. Venner , four Years 
 after, declares in hisTreatife intitled. The Baths of Bath , that 
 the publick Baths of the City appeared fo fairly built, and 
 fitted with fuch Conveniency for bathing, as the like was not 
 elfewhere to be found. 
 
 The Conveniency the DoCtor fpeaks of was only Private, 
 and confifted of fuch a Communication between a few lodging 
 Houfes about the Baths, and the Slips or Ways into them, 
 as enabled Bathers to go diredlly from their Beds into the hot 
 Waters, and return to them again : As for Publick Accommo- 
 dations there was not fo much as a Hovel, even by the King’s 
 Bath, wherein a Guide or a poor Perfon could depofit his 
 Clothes, while in the Bath ; and they were obliged to leave 
 them in the common Slips till a Cabbin was made for that 
 Purpofe over a Slip at the South Eaft Corner of the King’s 
 Bath. 
 
 The Private Conveniency of the Baths did very well 
 while the Houfes immediately furrounding them were fufficient 
 to entertain all the Bathers that came to the City ; tho’ it 
 was attended with this ill Confequence, that the Perfon inte- 
 refted in any fuch Houfe promoted the Ufe of the Bath near 
 which it was fituated, whether proper or not for the Patient •> 
 and this Cuftom, as a moft grofs Abufe of the Baths, Dr. 
 Venner explodes under the Title of Baths Technologic, with 
 fuch as for the Health of their Bodies reforted to the City. 
 
 The free Ufe of the hot Waters, and the Private Conve- 
 niencies about the Baths, were not only foon attended with a 
 wrong Application of the Waters, but all manner of Order 
 or Government was laid afide in the Ufage of them ; and in 
 that dangerous Situation the numerous Benefactors of thofe 
 Days to the City, refolved to Petition King fames the firft 
 for a Power to reform the Abufes of the Baths, and put them 
 
 under 
 
Chap. XI. A Defcription of B A T H. 215 
 
 under fuch good Regulations as would fairly enable the Pub- 
 lick to receive the Advantages of the Waters in all fucceeding 
 Times; the Corporation of the City, as Guardians of the 
 Baths, voluntarily joining with them in that Petition : But the 
 King’s Death happening juft after the Petition was prefented, 
 their good Defigns were thereby fruftrated, and the Abufes 
 complained of continued and increafed. 
 
 For on the 23 d of April 1631, we find Do£tor Jorden^ 
 in his Epiftle Dedicatory of a Difcourfe of natural Baths, 
 complaining to Sir Francis Cottington , Chancellor of the Ex- 
 chequer , that thofe of Bath could not difplay their Virtues, 
 and do that Good for which God hath fent them to us, for 
 want of fuch good Government as other Baths then enjoyed ; 
 declaring, at the fame time, that the City had done all in 
 their Power to remove the Abufes. 
 
 Such were the early ill Effects of Private Property, fo 
 near the Bounds of the Cifterns at the Heads of the hot Springs ; 
 and the Khg’s Bath, which had been retire and private, be- 
 came expofed and publick to every Body. 
 
 Doctor Jorden tells his Reader that he is forry he could 
 not prefume to commend the inward Ufe of the hot Waters 
 as they deferved, becaufe he could hardly be perfuaded that, 
 by the Conduit in the King' s Bath, People could have the 
 Waters pure as the Spring yielded them, without mixing w r ith 
 the Waters of the Bath : “ If this Doubt, fays he, was cleared, 
 4< I fhould not doubt to commend them inwardly:” To this 
 Doubt we may therefore attribute the Cuftorn that ftill pre- 
 vailed, of fending the Invalids of Great-Britain , that required 
 the inward Ufe of hot Mineral Waters, to the Fountains of 
 Bourbon to drink of them. 
 
 But notwithftanding this learned Doftor could not com- 
 mend the inward Ufe of the hot Waters of Bath , yet he 
 promoted and improved the external Application of them, 
 then in its Infancy, by pouring them on the lame and af- 
 flicted Parts of Patients, while in the Baths, by the Means cf 
 Buckets; which was thus performed before the DoCtor 
 praCtifed at Bath . Two of the tailed and ftrongeft of the 
 Guides, flood with the Patient in the hotteft Part of the 
 Bath, and lifting up a full Bucket as high as they could, they 
 then let the Water fall leifurely upon the Part affe&ed : But 
 the DoCtor finding that this Method did not Heat feme dif- 
 fidently, as the Water was taken from the Surface of the 
 Baths, he therefore caufed Pumps to be erected to draw it as 
 
 hot 
 
2i6 An ESSAY towards Part IL 
 
 hot as poflible from the Spring, He names the Perfons that 
 were at the Charge of erecting five of thefe Pumps for the Ufe 
 of the Publick ; four of which were fixed in the four principal 
 Baths, in Recefles made for that Purpofe, and called Wet 
 ''Pumps, from their wet Situation; and one was placed in a 
 little Room built over part of a Slip at the End of the hot Bath, 
 and named a Dry Pump, from its dry Situation. 
 
 T o make room for the Wet Pump in the King’s Bath, the 
 South Side of that Ciftern was almoft all taken down ; and 
 Wet and Dry Pumping having been thus introduced, and 
 eftablifhed at Bath , as the fecond outward Ufe of the hot 
 Waters, in Procefs of Time one Dry Pump was placed in a 
 Room built over the Slips on the Weft Side of the Queen's 
 Bath ; and another was fixed in a Room epedfed over the 
 South Eaft Corner of the King's Bath ; which, at prefent, is 
 the chief Dry Pump of the City, and, by Way of Eminence, 
 it is ftiled The Dry Pump. 
 
 Doctor Jarden^ in the 90 th Page of his Difcourfe, con- 
 firms Doftor Jones's Rule for Bathers to proceed gradually 
 to the hotteft Part of the Baths ; and at their rifing out of the 
 Water he advifes them to have their Bodies well dried. Our 
 Author fets forth the Ufefulnefs of covered Baths ; tells us 
 that mcft of the Baths of Europe are roofed over ; and wifhes 
 that the Queen's Bath and Crofs Bath were covered, and their 
 Slips made clofe and warm : He adds, that the right Honourable, 
 the Earl of Marlborough had, of his own accord, undertaken 
 the covering of the Crofs Bath, and then concludes, that 
 
 If fome other would do the like for the Queen's Bath, they 
 <c would do much Good to many, and gain a thankful Re- 
 
 membrance of their Names for ever.’ 5 
 
 The Doflor furvived the Publication of his Book but 
 little more than one Year ; however it brought the hot Waters 
 into fuch Efteem with the Court of King Charles the firft, 
 that his Queen, as Rujhworth informs us, was defirous of 
 making Ufe of them for her Health, after fhe had been deli- 
 vered of the Princefs Henrietta , in the Year 1644. She a ft er ~ 
 wards made Ufe of the hot Waters of Bourbon , dn France ; 
 to the Baths of which Place fhe was attended by Sir Alexander 
 Frayfer ; and about the time that the Queen went there, all 
 kinds of Diforders were grown to their higheft Pitch in Bath ; 
 infomuch that the Streets and publick Ways of the City were 
 become like fo many Dunghills, Slaughter-Houfes, and Pig- 
 Styes : For Soil of ail forts, and even Carrion, was caft and 
 2 laid 
 
Chap. XI. A De/cription of BATH. 217 
 
 laid in the Streets, and the Pigs turned out by Day to feed 
 and rout among it; Butchers killed and drefTed their Cattle 
 at their own Doors ; People wafhed every kind of thing they 
 had to make clean at the common Conduits in the open 
 Streets ; and nothing was more common than fmall Racks 
 and Mangers at almoft every Door for the baiting of Horfes : 
 The Baths were like fo many Bear Gardens, and Modefty 
 was entirely (hut out of them ; People of both Sexes bathing by 
 Day and Night naked ; and Dogs, Cats, Pigs, and even 
 human Creatures were hurl’d over the Rails into the Water* 
 while People were bathing in it. 
 
 These Diforders coming to this Pitch, the Corporation 
 afTembled together upon the 7 th Day of September , 1646. and 
 framed a Body of By-Laws not only to remove every Kind 
 of Nufance the City was then fubjedt to ; but to eftablifh 
 good Order in it ; and the Laws fo made had their intended 
 Effedt, in Regard to the Removal of Nufances, and eftablifh- 
 ing good Order in the City : So that they were confirmed by 
 the Corporation, who met upon the 28 th Day of October , 1650* 
 for that and other Purpofes. Then People began to flock 
 to Bath for Recreation as well as for the Benefit of the Wa- 
 ters ; the Citizens beautified St. Peter's Church with the pre- 
 fent Battlements and the fmall Pinacles which adorn the Top 
 of the Strudiure ; and the Cloathing Trade flourifhed fo ex- 
 ceedingly that, in the Parifh of St. Michael without the North 
 Gate, there were no lefs than fixty broad Looms at the Time 
 of the Reftoration. 
 
 Upon the Coronation of King Charles the 2 d on Saint 
 George's Day, the 23 d of April 1661, he created "John Gran - 
 ville. Son of Sir Bevil Granville , Baron of Hilkhampton and 
 Bediford ; Vifcount Granville of Lanfdown , and Earl of Bath . 
 And about the latter End of September in the Year 1663, the 
 King brought his Royal Confort, Queen Catherine * to Bath $ 
 Sir Alexander Frayfer , as chief Phyfician, attending them hi- 
 ther ; who upon finding the hot Waters to be from the fame 
 Minerals as thofe of Bourbon , and that they could be pumped 
 up diredlly from the Spring, began to advife the inward Ufe 
 of them, fending all fuch Patients to the hot Fountains of 
 Bath , as he had before ordered to thofe of Bourbon , whereby the 
 Fatigue and Expence of a long Journey from the Britannick 
 Ifland to the Heart of France , as well as the Danger of crofling 
 the Sea, was avoided, to the private Advantage of the Subjects of 
 Great-Britain ; and to the publick Advantage of the Kingdom- 
 
 F f From 
 
2j 8 An ESSAY towards Part II. 
 
 From this Period the Drinking of the hot Waters of Bath , 
 may be very juftly faid to have been eftablifhed ; and from 
 the fame Period the Trade of the City began to turn from 
 the Woolen Manufa&ure, to that of entertaining the Strangers 
 that came to it for the Ufe of the hot Waters. 
 
 Captain Henry Chapman was no fooner ele&ed Mayor 
 of the City, on the 29 th of September , 1664, than he took 
 down an old Stone Tower built over the Spring in the King’s 
 Bath, ere£ting, in its Stead, the Wooden Conveniency fpoken 
 of by Doftor Peirce , as above, and then fet up a Table 
 againft the Dry Pump Room on the Weft Side of the Queen’s 
 Bath, with an Infcription wrote in Gold Letters upon it, ac- 
 knowledging the Waters to be entirely free for the Publick, 
 by the Bounty of God, and the Charters of the King ; and 
 declaring artificial Baths of little Worth, as being the Works 
 of Man, while there were natural Baths at Bath prepared by 
 Almighty God. 
 
 Mr. Mayor placed another Table againft the Side of the 
 Crofs Bath, with an Infcription upon it importing, that the 
 Bath had loft it’s Name of Crofs r and that it fhould from 
 thenceforth be called Queen Catherine’s Bath. The firft Table 
 ftill continues, but the laft was taken down upon the famous 
 "John Earl of Rochejler’ s under writing the Mayor’s Infcription 
 with Lines which made Mr. Chapman the Changing, and not 
 the Bath. 
 
 Sir Alexander Frayfer coming a fecond Time to the City, 
 in the Year 1673, to drink the Waters for an old Cough, 
 and Cacheftick Habit of Body, he contrived the Method that 
 is now made Ufe of to draw the Water pure from the Spring ; 
 and then Pumps were placed as well in the Baths as out of 
 them, for People to drink at ; or rather the Dry Pump by 
 the Side of the Queen's Bath, and the Dry Pump by the End 
 of the hot Bath, were, by additional Spouts, made Drinking 
 Pumps ; but their high Situation was, and is ftill of exceeding 
 bad Accefs for poor Cripples \ and the Dry Pumping, as well 
 as the Drinking of the Waters were, from the firft, rendered 
 incommodious for Want of proper Room about the Baths. 
 
 The Work was begun in the fecond Mayoralty of Capt. 
 Chapman , who, on the 13 th of November , 16733 publifhed his 
 Description of the City, under the Title of. Therm# Rediviv# y 
 with a View chiefly, as he himfelf confefleth, to blazon the 
 Virtues of the hot Waters, and refcue them from a Sort of 
 State of Oblivion in which they had till then lain. 
 
 In 
 
Chap. XI. A Defcription of B A T H. 219 
 
 In this Work Mr. Chapman advertifed the Publick of the 
 Method contrived, and then executing, to draw up the Wa- 
 ter, in its utmoft Purity, from the Spring before it can mix 
 with the Water of the Bath ; and from thenceforward People 
 drank without the leaft Hefitation. 
 
 Mr. Chapman takes Notice that the hot Waters, at the 
 time of his Writing, were carried in Bottles and Runlets to 
 Brijlol , Gloucejler , Worcefter , nay to London itfelf ; and this 
 Trade foon extended all over England , to Scotland , and to 
 Ireland ; from whence a certain Profit arofe to the Guardians 
 of the Baths, whofe Intereft in them was fo inconfiderable 
 before, that whatever was done to extend their Ufes was 
 performed by the publick Spirit of People of Fortune that 
 had found Benefit by the Waters. 
 
 This Extention was begun by Robert Lord Brook , an 
 elder Brother of Fulk Lord Brooks the Great-Grandfather of 
 the Right Honourable Francis now Earl Brook ; for that 
 Nobleman having drank the Water of the Crofs Bath, with 
 Succefs, for a Diabetes, in the Year 1673, afterwards fent 
 for them Weekly to his Seat near Salisbury , to his Houfe in 
 London , and to his Seat at Warwick ; His Cafe was fo re- 
 markable, that all the Phyficians of any Note in the King- 
 dom were confulted upon it ; it was, fays Dr. Peirce in his 
 Book Memoirs, Page 312, talked of all the Nation over; 
 and his Lordflhip teftified the Benefit he had received, by erect- 
 ing a Stone Gallery, at the North End of the Crofs Bath, in 
 the Year 1674, and by fetting up a handfome Chimney 
 Piece, at the fame time, in the Dining-Room of the Houfe 
 wherein he refided in Remembrance of it. 
 
 That Houfe was rebuilt by me in the Year 1727, for 
 the late Duke of Chandos ; and I have referved the chief Or- 
 naments of the Chimney, to this Hour, becaufe it is a Tefti- 
 mony of the Fame that enfued to our hot Waters ; a Fame 
 that ftirred up the grand Monarch of France to compleat the 
 Works of Bourbon , which was done at a great Expence in 
 the Year 1680; the King fending Mr. Motheau , one of his 
 Phyficians, and Intendant of the mineral Waters of France , 
 to direCt and manage the Work; and ordering the Money 
 to be furnifhed by the Collectors of the States of Burgundy. 
 
 The rifing Fame of the hot Fountains of Bath , foon in- 
 duced the Corporation to extend their Bye Laws, for the bet- 
 ter Regulation of the Baths ; and upon the 28th of March 
 1676, they affembled together to put anEnd toaCuftom which 
 
 F f 2 then 
 
220 An ESSAY towards Part II. 
 
 then prevailed of fmoaking Tobacco in the bathing Cifterns, 
 finging Songs, and making fuch Difturbances in them as ren- 
 dered the Baths like fo many Bear Gardens : So that what by 
 the Labours of the Learned, and what by the good Regula- 
 tions of the Place, with the Succefs of the Waters upon Per- 
 fons of the higheft Rank, the City grew into great Efteem ; Peo- 
 ple began to make their Houfes more commodious for Stran- 
 gers than they had ever been ; and Bath becoming famous as 
 well for its Buildings, as for the Company that came to it, 
 it induced Mr. Jofeph Gilmore of Briftol to make a Survey of 
 the City, as above, and in the Year 1694, to publifh a 
 Draught of it on four Sheets of Paper, which he adorned with 
 the Elevations of the public Buildings, and thirty of the chief 
 Houfes, as well old as new. He alfo publifhed a fmaller 
 Draught on a fmgle Sheet of Paper, and by thofe Draughts 
 it appears, that the Gravel Walks at the Baft End of St. Pe- 
 ter's Church; the old Bowling-green on the South Side of thofe 
 Walks ; the new Bowling-green a fmall Matter to the Weft- 
 ward of St. Michael's Church, without the North Gate of the 
 City ; the Cock Pit on the South Side of the Saw Clofe, or 
 Timber-green ; and the Fives Court juft without the Weft 
 Gate, were Places fet apart for the Diverfion of the Com- 
 pany : Befides which a Stable by the Abby Gate was appro- 
 priated for a Theatre ; and the Council Houfe of the Guild 
 Hall ferved for a Ball Room. 
 
 The public Amufements of fuch as came to Bath about 
 this Time, confifted, for the moftPart, in Bowling and Walk- 
 ing in the Summer Evenings ; People in thofe Days feldom 
 coming to the City but in the Summer Time, when the 
 Roads were dry and paftable, for they were, in effedt, unpaf- 
 fable in the w 7 et Seafons of the Year ; and it was not above a 
 Y’ear or two after Mr. Gilmore publilhed his Draughts of the 
 City, that Safh Windows were introduced in Bath , by 
 one Philip Taylor , a Chairman. 
 
 The Pump, by the Side of the Queen's Bath, fupplied the 
 Drinkers with the Water of the chief hot Spring for more 
 than thirty Years, and all Degrees of People, in all forts 
 of Weather, flocked to it, notwithftanding the expofed Si- 
 tuation of the Machine rendered them liable to catch Cold ; 
 4 5 the immediate Confequence of which, fays the late Dodlor 
 Oliver , was fuch cold Rheum and Catarrhs, as very much 
 difturb the whole Animal GEconomy, and render the Wa- 
 ter s of very little Ufe while they laft:” For this Reafon the 
 
 3 Do&or 
 
221 
 
 Chap. XI. A Defcription of BAT H. 
 
 Do£tor concluded, that it would be better to drink the Wa- 
 ters at fome Diftance from the Pump, or even cold, rather 
 than the Patient ftiould expofe himfelf to the Inconveniencies 
 of the Fountain: Inconveniencies ftill attending the Poor; 
 but the better Sort avoided them, in fome Meafure, by retiring 
 to the Gallery belonging to the Abbey Houfe, eredfed over 
 the Paflage at the South End of the Tennis Court, in the 
 Year 1615, for a Communication between that Houfe and 
 the King’s Bath ; and in that Gallery they not only exercifed 
 themfelves by Walking, but amufed themfelves by looking 
 upon the Bathers in the Bath below. 
 
 From this Gallery fome Steps defcend, on the Weft Side 
 of the Tennis Court to the Queen’ s Slip at the North Eaft 
 Corner of the King’s Bath, and under thofe Steps a Cabbin 
 was formerly made, for fome of the Bath Guides to depofite their 
 Cloaths in ; but this reduced the Paflage at the Eaft End of 
 the Bath to half its former Breadth ; and thereby a little Con- 
 venience to the Guides introduced a great Inconvenience to 
 the Publick. 
 
 Queen Anne , and her Royal Confort, the Prince of Den- 
 mark , coming to Bath in the Year 1702, and 1703, brought 
 fuch a Concourfe of People to the City, for the Ufe and Be- 
 nefit of the hot Waters, that the drinking Pumps could not 
 fupply them ; all the neighbouring Villages were filled with 
 People of Rank and Fortune that flocked to Bath for Health, 
 for Pleafure, or for any other Purpofe ; and Lodgings were 
 then fo fcarce, that many were obliged to Pay a Guinea a 
 Night for their Beds. 
 
 It was now that the abovementioned Dr. Oliver firft put 
 Pen to Paper on the Subjeft of the Bath Waters ; and after 
 compofing an Eflay on them, he fubjoined it to a Treatifeof 
 Fevers, &c. publifhed A. D. 1704: This Eflay was three 
 Years after altered to a Practical Differtation, and under that 
 Title it then appeared in Print : cc The new Notion, fays our 
 Author, of the firft and latter Seafon for drinking the hot 
 “ Waters is ridiculous; infallible Experience telling us, that 
 they may be drank at any Time of the Year with Succefs, 
 4C if the Cafe requires it ; and there ought to be two Hours 
 iC at leaft allowed for the drinking of them; for if taken too 
 <c faft, they pafs off too quick, or elfe purge by Stool, and 
 <c then the Benefit of the Waters is often loft. Very mode- 
 i( rate Exercife is required all the Time of drinking between 
 each Glafs, left Nature fhould be difturbed, and that 
 
 “ thrown 
 
222 
 
 An ESSAY towards Part II. 
 
 cf thrown off by Sweat, which naturally fliould have been 
 <c difcharged by Urine j and all the Objection I know again# 
 cc drinking the Waters in Winter is, the Danger of catching 
 Cold, upon the Ufe of them in cold Weather, one of the 
 worft Accidents that can happen to any Body in the Courfe 
 of drinking Bath Waters. 5 ’ 
 
 The Guardians of the hot Fountains having been duly 
 fenfible of what our Author wrote, foon came to a Refolu- 
 tion to build a handfome Room on the North Side of the 
 King’s Bath, and tofet up a new Pump in it, that People of Rank 
 andFafiiion might drink the Waters, and walk about, at all Sea- 
 fons of the Year, without that Danger of catching Cold, 
 which the expofed Situation of the old Pumps made them li- 
 able to ; and they were much encouraged in their Dehgn by 
 Do£k>r Beitenfon y who generoufly gave them one hundred 
 Pounds towards the Expence of the Work. 
 
 But as the Pafiage on that Side the Bath was no more than 
 nine Feet broad, the Corporation refolved to place the Pump 
 Room over it, and extend the Edifice to the Fronts of feme 
 Shops then ftanding on the South Side of the Yard that 
 had formerly belonged to Stall’s Church : The Shops were 
 therefore pur chafed, and while Matters were preparing for the 
 Execution of the Work, Mr. Na/h , commonly called Beau 
 Najh , came to the City ; and the Sovereignty of Bath was 
 foon decreed to him, in the room of Captain Wehjler . 
 
 CHAP. XII. 
 
 Of the Additional Works to Bath, 
 between the Eleffion of its prefent Titular King and 
 The Year MDCC XXVII. 
 
 HE Vernal Equinox having formerly opened the Spring 
 
 Seafon at Bath , and the Diffolution of the Parliament, 
 
 in the Year 1705, immediately following it, the greateft Phy- 
 fician of the Age forthwith conceived a Defign to ruin the 
 City, by what he called cafting a Toad into its Medicinal 
 Waters, in Revenge for an Affront that was put upon him 
 by fome of the Inhabitants : But unluckily for the Do&or 
 the wonderful Effe£t of Mufick, on fuch as were bit by the 
 Tarantula, was then recent in every Body’s Mind, from the 
 Accounts that had been publifhed in the Memoirs of the Aca- 
 demy of Sciences, at Paris , for the Year 1702: Mankind 
 
 were 
 
Chap. XII. A Defcription of BATH. 223 
 
 were amazed that a Perfon without Senfe or Motion, and 
 brought to the Point of Death, by the Poifon of the Spider, 
 fhould, by an Air of Mufick, begin to fhew Signs of Life, 
 then by little and little move his Limbs, and at laft rife up 
 and Dance, with an increafe of A&ivity and Force, till his 
 Senfes returned, as if waked out of a deep Sleep: And there- 
 fore Mr. Na/h finding that a Fiddle was capable of difpelling 
 the ranked Poifon, he immediately fet up that Inftrument 
 againfl: the Doftor’s Reptile, furnifhed with all its Venom ; 
 and by declaring that he would fiddle the Amphibious Crea- 
 ture out of the hot Waters, whenever it fhould be caft into 
 them, and, by the Harmony of his Cremona, charm every 
 Body on whom the Toad fhould fpit his Poifon, into fuch a 
 Dance as fhould drive out the Venom, and turn Languifhment 
 itfelf into Gaiety, he allayed the Doctor’s Wrath; then tri- 
 umphed ; and the Sovereignty of the City was decreed him 
 by the Suffrages of all Ranks of People. 
 
 I t was then that the Sons of the Mufes began to erefl a 
 regular Theatre on that Spot of Ground which once con- 
 tained the Praetorium of the Roman Camp ; the Year after 
 that, the Pump Houfe was compleated ; and the Fountain 
 was then opened with a Revival of the following Song : 
 
 G Reat Bladud born a Sovereign Prince, 
 
 But from the Court was Banifh’d thence. 
 
 His dire Difeafe to fhun. 
 
 The Mufes do his Fame record. 
 
 That when the Bath his Health reftor’d. 
 
 Great Bladud did return. 
 
 This Glorious Prince of Royal Race, 
 
 The Founder of this happy Place, 
 
 Where Beauty holds her Reign, 
 
 To Bladud ' s Mem’ry let us join. 
 
 And crown the Glafs from Springs Divine, 
 
 His Glory to maintain. 
 
 Let Joy in every Face be fhewn. 
 
 And Fame his Reftoration crown. 
 
 While Mufick founds his Praife, 
 
 His Praife, ye Mufes, fing above. 
 
 Let Beauty wait on Bladud ' s Love, 
 
 And Fame his Glory raife. 
 
 Though 
 
224 An ESSAY towards Part II. 
 
 Though long his Lapguifh did endure. 
 
 The Bath did lafting Health procure, 
 
 And Fate no more did frown. 
 
 For fmiling Heaven did invite. 
 
 Great Bladud to enjoy his Right, 
 
 And wear the Imperial Crown. 
 
 May all a fond Ambition fhun, 
 
 By which e 5 en Bladud was undone. 
 
 As antient Stories tell. 
 
 Who try’d with artful Wings to fly. 
 
 But towering on the Regions high. 
 
 He down expiring fell. 
 
 The Pump Houfe was immediately put under the Care of 
 an Officer that bore the Name of the Pumper ; he is the 
 only Tenant of the hot Waters, all other Officers being com- 
 plimented with their Places $ and the Rent, from time to 
 time, paid by him to the Corporation, feems to me to 
 have been no more, after difcharging the chief Rent to the 
 Crown, and keeping the Baths in Repair, than a reafonable 
 Intereft for the Money expended by the City in making the 
 Conveniencies, already mentioned, for the Ufage of the hot 
 Waters: It is at this Day a mere trifle in refpe<9: to the 
 Rent that is paid for the Water of St. Vincent's Well at 
 Brijhl ; and, upon the moft moderate Computation, it 
 can’t amount to the fiftieth Part of what the Invalids, that 
 make ufe of the hot Waters at the Fountain Heads, pay 
 the Gentlemen belonging to the Faculty of Phyfick for 
 Dire&ions how to ufe them, and for Medicines to promote 
 their Efficacy. 
 
 The Beginning of the Year 1706, a Row of new Houfes 
 was begun on the South Side of the Gravel Walks ; before 
 which a handfome Pavement was then made, with large flat 
 Stones, for the Company to walk upon: No lefs than feven- 
 teen or eighteen hundred Pounds, that was raifed by Sub- 
 fcription, was laid out, during the Summer of this Year, in 
 repairing the Road to Lanfdovjn , that the Invalids might con- 
 veniently afcend that Hill, to take the Benefit of the Air up- 
 on it : And in the Autumn, an Application was made to Par- 
 liament for a Power to amend the principal Roads leading to 
 Bath ; to pave, cleanfe, and light the Streets, Lapes, ,&c. of 
 the Town 5 and to regulate and licence a fufficient Number 
 
 of 
 
Chap. XII. A Defcription of B A T H. 225 
 
 of Chairmen, that nothing might be wanting for the pub- 
 lick Utility of the City. 
 
 In this Add the Invalids were exempted from all Manner of 
 Toll, as often as they (hou’d go out of the City for Air, or Recrea- 
 tion ; the Legiflature (hewing thereby the drifted Regard for the 
 free Ufe of the hot Waters ; and not permitting the Afflicted 
 to have the lead addition to their Afflictions, even by fo (mail 
 a Taxation, as that of the Duty for palling the Turnpikes. 
 
 The Pump Ho ufe* tho’ built and finifhed at a very confi- 
 derable Expence, was fo far from rendering the inward Ufe of 
 tfie hot Waters perfectly convenient, that the abovementioned 
 Dr. Oliver declared in his Practical Differtation, printed in the 
 Year 1707, that the Inconvenicncies attending the old Pump 
 were only much leffened fince the erefting the new one : 
 And the Doctor having in his Work recommended it to the 
 Citizens to make a cold Bath for the Service of the Publick, 
 Mr. Thomas Greenway , one of the Free- done Mafons of the 
 City, diredtly engaged in the Work; and made a handfome 
 Bath, in one of the Rooms of a Houfe built by him up- 
 on the Beach , at the Foot of Beaching-Cliff. 
 
 Twenty Years had now been fpent in improving the pri- 
 vate Buildings of the City ; in the Courfe of which Improve- 
 ments, thatch’d Coverings were exchanged to fuch as were 
 tiled ; low and obfcure Lights were turned into elegant Sadi 
 Windows, as foon as Mr. Baylor had fet the Example ; the 
 Houfes were raifed to five and more Stories in Heighth ; and 
 every one was lavifh in Ornaments to adorn the Outfides of 
 them, even to Profufenefs : But in the midd of all this Splen- 
 dour, the Company were driven to the Mecefflty of meeting 
 in a Booth to drink their Tea and Chocolate, and to divert 
 themfelves at Cards, till Mr. Thomas Harr if on , at the Indi- 
 gation of the new King of Bath , erected a handfome AfTem- 
 bly-Houfe for thofe Purpofes. 
 
 This Houfe was begun in the Spring of the Year 1708 ; 
 to which Mr. Harrifon added Gardens for People of Rank 
 andTortune to walk in: But his Works were foon looked 
 upon as prejudicial to the Gravel Walks, and as an Invafiort 
 of the Liberties of the City ; as fuch the Corporation oppofed 
 them with the Power of Men determined by Might to over- 
 come all Manner of Right ; and the Citizens, in general, were 
 fo uneafy at the Sight of every new Houfe that was begun* 
 that, in the utmod Defpair, they cry’d out, 
 
 O Lord ! Bath is undone; ’tis undone ; ’tis undone. 
 
 G g But 
 
226 An ESSAY towards Part II. 
 
 But notwithstanding this Mr. George Trim^ a worthy 
 Member of the Corporation, thought it expedient to aug- 
 ment the Buildings of the City, and, in the Year 1707, that 
 Gentleman began a new Street at the North Weft Corner of 
 it : His Example ftirred up another Citizen to purchafe 
 a Leafe of fome Land at the South Eaft Corner of the Town, 
 and promote Building there : So that as the City now began 
 to fhew graceful Suburbs, the Inhabitants were defirous of 
 promoting a Trade, for the better Support of it; and with 
 this View, they not only propofed to make the River naviga- 
 ble to Briftcl , but, the latter End of the Year 1710, they 
 applied to Parliament for a Power to -carry their Defign into 
 Execution, and obtained an A£t accordingly. 
 
 The following Year, the Title of Vifcount Granville of 
 Lanfdovjn , and Earl of Bath> conferred by King Charles II. 
 upon John y the eldeft Son of Sir Bevil Granville , became ex- 
 tiruft in that Family ; for this Nobleman dying A.D. 1700, 
 his eldeft Son Charles , enjoy’d the Title but one Year; and 
 he leaving only one Son, named Henry William , this third 
 Earl dyed without Iffue, A.D. 1711. 
 
 Charles, the Son of John Earl of Bath was, for his lin- 
 gular Service in the W ar of Hungary againft the Turks , creat- 
 ed an Earl of the facred Roman Empire, by the Title of Earl 
 of Lanfdown , and permitted to Bear his paternal Coat on the 
 Breaft of the Roman Eagle : And immediately after the De- 
 ceafe of the Iflixe of this great Peer, Queen Anne^ upon the 
 31ft of December 1711, created George the Son of Bernard , 
 the fecond Son of Sir Bevil Granville , Lord Lanfdown of Be- 
 dford ; but he dying without Male Iffue, the Title expired 
 with him. 
 
 Seven and twenty Days before the Date of this Nobleman’s 
 Patent, a fraudulent Leafe of the Lands and Tenements of 
 Saint Johns Hofpital, obtained by one Tobias Rujlat , and 
 bearing Date the 29th of May 1665, determined by the 
 Deceafe of the laft Life, for which that Leafe was granted ; 
 and the Reverend Mr. William Clement having been then 
 the Mafter of that Hofpital, He forthwith granted his 
 own Son Thomas , an Attorney at Law, a Leafe of the 
 Eftate under his Guardianfhip for the fame Rent Mr. Rujlat 
 had paid, viz . L 130. a Year : But Mr. Clement fcarcely Sur- 
 viving his Grant, and the Reverend Mr. John Chapman be- 
 coming his Succeffor, he inftantly preferr’d a Bill in Chan- 
 cery againft the Leflee, and fet his Leafe afide ; Sir John 
 
 Trevor ^ 
 
Chap. XII. A Defcription of B A T H. 227 
 
 Trevor , Knt. Matter of the Rolls, determining the Suit upon 
 the 13th of February 1716-7; and directing, at the fame 
 time, that the Lands and Tenements of the Hofpital fhould 
 not be leafed out again for lefs than L 163. 1 5. 2. per annum, 
 nor for a lefs Fine than L 3922. o. it- 
 
 He alfo directed that all future Fines fhould be certain, 
 and never raifed above the Sum by him ftipulated, without 
 the Direction of the Court of Chancery ; and this was fuch 
 an Encouragement to the Tenants of that Eftate, that they 
 forthwith began to improve, and enlarge their Houfes upon 
 it ; and St. John's Chapel was rebuilt with Part of the Money 
 arifing by the Fines. 
 
 The Improvements carried on at the South Eaft Corner 
 of the City, induced the Inhabitants of St. James's Parifh to 
 repair and enlarge their Church, the Tower of which was 
 raifed and finifhed in the Year 1716; and in that Year Mr. 
 Humphrey Thayer , a wealthy Druggift of London , and after- 
 wards one of the Commiffioners of the Excife, purchafed the 
 old Bowling-green, and Abbey Orchard, with a View to im- 
 prove each Piece of Ground by Building, at the Expiration 
 of the under Tenant’s Leafes. 
 
 The fame Year a Street was begun to be ere&ed upon the 
 new Bowling-green, the Inhabitants of Bath having been ani- 
 mated by the great Concourfe of Strangers to the City, the 
 Year before, to incrcafe the private Accommodations of the 
 Place : The Author of a Book intitled, Memoirs of a Man 
 of Quality, was at Bath in the Year 1715, and he afTures us, 
 that on his Arrival in the City, the Strangers were computed 
 to be near eight Thoufand in Number ; William Jellicut , 
 alias Bengy y was then Tenant of the old Bowling-green; and 
 as foon as the Buildings were begun on the new Bowling- 
 green, he procured a Leafe of fome Ground on the South 
 Side of his own Green, upon which he forthwith eredled two 
 of the firft Rate Houfes of the City. 
 
 About this Time the two chief hot Springs of Bath were 
 threatened with inevitable Deftru£tion ; for the Profits of the 
 Water fent abroad, excited the Proprietors, or rather PofiefTors 
 of the Lands about the Baths, to fearch the Bowels of the 
 Earth for hot Springs, that they might difpofe of the Water, 
 as their own juft Right and Property. Mr. William Skrine 
 having then had the Pofleffion of the Ground on the Weft 
 Side of the hot Bath, proceeded fo far as to draw Water 
 from that Bath, and fold the fame for his own Benefit ; and 
 
 G g 2 his 
 
228 An ESSAY towards Part II. 
 
 his Example ftirred up Mr. William Swallow , a Tallow 
 Chandler, to dig for hot Water within the Limits of his 
 Houfe, fituated at the South End of the Tennis Court: He 
 proceeded to a very confiderable Depth; but his Tryal having 
 been made where a Mill had formerly flood, and he meeting 
 with a Mill-Stone in the Progrefs of his digging, it difcouraged 
 him from the further Purfuit of his Defign. 
 
 Thus the traditional Religion, which the late Dr. Oliver 
 tells us he found fubfifting among the Inhabitants of Bath , not 
 to dig any where too deep for fear of difturbing or. interrupt- 
 ing the hot Springs, was intirely laid afide ; and thefe modern 
 Inftances may ferve, as Precepts, to teach us how neceffary 
 it is to expell all private Property to a proper Diftance from 
 the Heads of our Sovereign Fountains, and to enlarge the 
 Bounds of the Baths, to preferve the Springs for the Benefit 
 of Pofterity. 
 
 Mr. SwallovSs Attempt don’t appear to me to have been 
 intended to intercept the Spring that fills the King's Bath, but 
 to difcover another Spring that antiently fupplied the Prior’s 
 private Bath : 4 6 There is a Bath in Hadnetf s Tenement 
 cc which was for the Prior’s private Ufe ; but it is now filled 
 feC up with Rubble, and covered with Earth, and of no Ufe; 
 €4 but there be many of the Town that do remember when 
 it was of great Ufe, for there is as hot a Spring in it, 
 as in any of the Baths, and a little Charge will repair it 
 44 to its former Virtue, and fit for Ufe,” are the exprefs 
 Words in a Particular of the Priory Eftate made juft before 
 the Sale of it in the Year 1614. 
 
 T pi e Works carried on for three or four Years before the 
 Year 1720, confifted of little more than the Rebuilding and 
 enlarging a few Houfes fronting fome of the Streets or other 
 publick Parts of the City ; but that memorable Year pro- 
 duced great Defigns : Mr. Harrifon then added a large Ball 
 Room to his Aflembly Houfe ; and my Lord Lanjdown caufed 
 a Monument to be erected on the Northern Brow of Mans 
 Badonca , in Memory of his Grandfather, Sir Bevil Granville ; 
 and this was placed as near the Spot whereon Sir Bevil was 
 killed in the Civil Wars, in the Reign of King Charles 
 the Firft, as could be well difcovered at fuch a Diftance of 
 Time. 
 
 The Poetical Genius of the illuftrious Author of this 
 Work hath excited the Curiofity of Multitudes to go to View 
 it s People have alrnoft daily viftted the Monument fince the 
 
 time 
 
Chap. XII. A Defcriptlon of BATH. 229 
 
 time of its firft Ereftion ; and if the Archite&ure of it had 
 been equal to the reft of the Defign, no Memorial, of the 
 fame Kind, within my Knowledge, would have exceeded this. 
 The Trophy confifts of two Quadrangular Pedeftals, fet 
 upon each other, but without any Proportion in, or Harmony 
 betwixt them, and thefe being furmounted by a kind of 
 Attick Bale, a Cap of Dignity, bearing the Figure of a 
 Griphon Paflant, whofe Breaft is fupported by a Shield, fi- 
 nifhes the Top of the Monument, and raifes it to the Alti- 
 tude of about five and twenty Feet, from a Bafe of about 
 feven Feet Square. 
 
 The Arms of England , refting upon the joint Arms of 
 George Duke of Albemarle , and "John Earl of Bath , with mili- 
 tary Ornaments under them, all cut in Free Stone, adorn the 
 Right Side of the Body of the upper Pedeftal, and were in- 
 tended to allude to the Reftoration of King Charles the Second : 
 And the following Infcriptions, cut on Slabs of Grey Stone, 
 and fixt on the Front and Back Part of the fame Pedeftal, 
 were intended not only to fet forth the Fall of Sir Bevil 
 Granville and his Friends, in that Place ; but to revive the 
 Memory of the Valour of Sir Bevil’ s Grandfather, the re- 
 nowned Sir Richard Granville , in the remarkable Inftance 
 of his fighting, with a fingle Ship, the whole Spanijh Armada , 
 at the Azores , in the Year 1591. 
 
 The Infcription on the Front of the Pedeftal is an 
 Abftra£t from Lord Clarendon’ s Hiftory, and ftands in thefe 
 Words, tho’ not legible, without clofe Infpecftion, from the 
 Grey Colour of the Stone on which they are flightly cut. 
 
 46 In this Battle, on the King’s Part, there were more 
 44 Officers and Gentlemen of Quality flain than common 
 44 Men ; and more hurt than flain : But that which would 
 44 have clouded my Vi&ory, and made the Lofs of others 
 44 lefs fpoken of, was the Death of Sir Bevil Granville . He 
 44 was indeed an excellent Perfon, whofe Activity, Intereft 
 44 and Reputation, was the Foundation of what had been 
 44 done in Cornwall \ and his Temper and Affedtion fo pub- 
 44 lick, that no Accident which happened could make an 
 44 Impreflion in him ; and his Example kept others from 
 44 taking any thing ill, or at leaft to do fo. In a Word, a 
 44 brighter Courage, and a gentler Difpofition were never 
 44 married together, to make the moft chearful and innocent 
 ■ 4 Converfation.” 44 Clarendon’s Hiftory, Vol. II.” 
 
 Under 
 
230 An ESSAY towards Part II. 
 
 Under this Infcription there is a Scutcheon with the Arms 
 of Lord Lanfdown , Granville and Fillers y carved upon it : 
 But the Infcriptions on the Back of the Pedeftal fill the 
 whole Surface of the Stone, in the following Words fiigh'tly 
 cut, and not legible without a clofer Infpedtion than even the 
 Infcription on the oppofite Side of that part of the Mo- 
 nument. 
 
 44 When now the incenfed Rebel proudly came, 
 
 44 Down like a Torrent without Bank or Dam : 
 
 44 When undeferv’d Succefs urg’d on their Force, 
 
 44 That Thunder muft come down to flop their Courfe, 
 
 44 Or Granville muft ftcp in, then Granville flood, 
 
 44 And with himfelf oppos’d, and check’d the Flood. 
 
 €4 Conqueft or Death was all his Thought, fo Fire 
 44 Either o’rcomes, or docs itfelf expire. 
 
 44 His Courage work’d ; like Flames caft Heat about, 
 
 44 Here, there, on this, and that Side none gave out : 
 
 44 Not any Pike in that renowned Stand, 
 
 44 But took new Force from his infpiring Hand. 
 
 44 Soldier encourag’d Soldier, Man urg’d Man, 
 
 44 And he urg’d all ; fo much Example can : 
 
 44 Hurt upon Hurt, Wound upon Wound did call, 
 
 44 He was the Butt, the Mark, the Aim of all. 
 
 44 His Soul this While retir’d from Cell to Cell, 
 
 46 At laft flew up from all, and then he fell. 
 
 44 But the devoted Stand enrag’d the more, 
 
 46 From that his Fate ply’d hotter than before, 
 
 44 And proud to fall with him, fworn not to yield, 
 
 44 Each fought an honour’d Grave, and gain’d the Field. 
 44 Thus he being fallen, his Adtion fought anew, 
 
 44 And the Dead conquer’d, whilft the Living flew.” 
 
 44 William Cartwright , 1643.” 
 
 44 Thus fla!n, thy valiant Anceftor did lye* 
 
 44 When his one Bark a Navy did fupply. 
 
 44 When now encompafs’d round He Vidtor flood, 
 
 44 And bath’d his Pinnace in his conquering Blood, 
 
 44 ’Till all his Purple current dry’d and fpent, 
 
 44 He fell, and made the Waves his Monument. 
 
 44 Where fhall the next fam’d Granville’s Afhes ftand ? 
 
 44 Thy Grandiire fills the Seas, and thou the Land, 
 
 44 Martin Llewellin , 1643.” 
 
 44 To 
 
231 
 
 Chap. XII. A Defcription of BATH. 
 
 cc To the Immortal Memory of 
 44 His renowned Grandfather and valiant Cornijh Friends 
 44 Who conquer’d, dying in the Royal Caufe, 
 
 44 7 u b 5 th j 643. 
 
 44 This Column was dedicated 
 u By the Rt. Honourable George Granville Lord Lanfdowrij 
 44 In the Year 1720, 
 
 44 Dulce ejl pro p atria mori” 
 
 The Left Side of the Body of the Pedeftal is adorned 
 with a Bas Relief, in Free Stone, alluding to the Aftions of 
 Charles Earl of Lanfdown in Hungary ; and this piece of 
 Sculpture confifts of a Trophy compofed of Military Orna- 
 ments and Labels, with Granville’s Arms, born on the Breaft 
 of the Roman Eagle, in the Middle of it : The Infcription, 
 Vienna obfidione foluta , filling one Label, and the Date, Sep~ 
 tember the 12 th 1683, another. 
 
 The noble Lord that caufed this Monument to be erefted 
 is ftill charged with not paying the Undertaker, one John 
 Harvey a Painter Stainer, and Stone Cutter of Bath , and the 
 fecond of that Name, fo much as a fingle Shilling for it : But 
 this Scandal arofe from an Equivocation in the Undertaker to 
 evade paying the Workmen that were concerned under him ; 
 and particularly Mr. John Pitcher , the Mafon that performed 
 the Free Stone Work, who he amufed, to the Day of his 
 Death, with a Promife of Payment as foon as he fhould re- 
 ceive his Money of Lord Lanfdoivn ; protefting, at the fame 
 time, that he had not received a Shilling of fiis Lordfhip ; 
 when in Truth he had had the full Value of the Monument 
 from him in three Blocks, or more, of fine Marble, which his 
 Lordfhip procured for him from abroad. 
 
 While this Work was about. Dr. Bettenfon began a Court 
 of Houfes at the South End of the Body of the City, on a 
 Piece of Ground, formerly Part of the Priory, and by Inden- 
 ture bearing Date the 20th of Auguft 1583, leafed to one John 
 Hull , a Shoemaker, from whom it is now corruptly called the 
 Bull Garden ; and the abovementioned Thomas Greenway be~ 
 gan another Court of Houfes, on the Town Mixen, upon 
 the Weft Side of the Timber Green, to which he gave the 
 Name of St. Johns Court : Part of the firft Houfe that was 
 built in it became the Palace of the King of Bath ; and it was 
 the richeft Sample of Building, till then executed, in the City. 
 
 3, In 
 
232 An ESSAY towards Part IL 
 
 In the fame Year an Application was made to Parliament, 
 and an A<ft was obtained, not only to enlarge the Term for 
 amending the Roads leading to the City, for paving, cleanfing, 
 and lighting the Streets, and for regulating the Chairmen, 
 'but to explain and make the former A St more effectual ; and 
 upon the 27th of May 1724, a Subfcription was opened by 
 Mr. John Hobbs , a Deal Merchant of Briftol , for carrying 
 the Navigation of the River into Execution : So that when I 
 found the Work was likely to go on, I began to turn my 
 Thoughts towards the Improvement of the City by Building; 
 and for this Purpofe I procured a Plan of the Town, which 
 was fent me into Yorkjhire , in the Summer of the Year 1725$ 
 where I, at my leifure Hours, formed one Defign for the 
 Ground, at the North Weft Corner of the City; and another 
 for the Land, on the North Eaft Side of the Town and 
 River. 
 
 After my Return to London , I imparted my firft Defign to 
 Mr. Gay> an eminent Surgeon, in Hatton Garden , and Pro- 
 prietor of the Land ; and our firft Conference was upon the 
 laft Day of December 1725 : The 31ft of March following, 
 I communicated my fecond Defign to the Earl of EJfex, to 
 whom the Land, on which it was propofed to be executed, 
 then belonged : And in each Defign, I propofed to make a 
 grand Place of Affembly, to be called the Royal Forum of 
 Bath ; another Place, no lefs magnificent, for the Exhibition 
 of Sports, to be called the Grand Circus ; and a third Place, 
 of equal State with either of the former, for the Practice of 
 medicinal Exercifes, to be called the Imperial Gymnafium of 
 the City, from a Work of that" Kind, taking its Rife at firft 
 in Bath , during the Time of the Roman Emperors. 
 
 While thefe Defigns were under Confide ration, a ter- 
 rible Fire broke out in Horfe Street in Bath ; it began on the 
 6th of May 1726, between twelve and one o’ clock at Noon; 
 and the Flames confirming the principal Part of the old low 
 thatch’d Hovels fronting the Street, the rebuilding them into 
 larger Houfes was the laft Addition the City received before 
 The Year M.DCC.XXVII. 
 
 The End of the Second Part