* ■ 
 
 
 
RULES 
 
 FOR 
 
 DRAWING 
 
 The feveral PARTS of 
 
 ARCHITECTURE, 
 
 I N A 
 
 More exaft and eafy manner than has been heretofore 
 pra&ifed, by which all F ractions, in dividing the 
 principal Members and their Parts, are avoided. 
 
 By JAMES GIBBS. 
 
 The Third Edition. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 Printed for W. Inn ys and J. Richardson, J. and P. Knapton 
 C. Hitch and L. Hawes, R. Manby and H. S. Cox. 
 
 MDCCLIII, 
 

TO THE 
 
 RIGHT HONOURABLE 
 
 EDWARD 
 
 Earl of O X F O R D 
 
 AND 
 
 Earl M O RTIM E R, 
 
 Baron HAR L E 7 of W igmori, &c. 
 
 My LORD, 
 
 Y OUR Lordlhip’s extenfive Knowledge and good 
 Tafte command the Efteem of all that profefs or love 
 the Liberal Arts and Sciences; but more immmediately 
 of thofe who are perfonally known to Your Lordlhip. 
 
 I fhould Ihew myfelf unworthy of that Honour, did I 
 omit this Opportunity of publickly teftifying my Regard 
 to fo generous and univerfal a Patron, as well as the grate¬ 
 ful 
 
IV 
 
 DEDICATION. 
 
 ful Senfe I {hall ever retain of particular Obligations : To 
 which Your Lordlhip will ftill add by receiving the fol¬ 
 lowing Sheets into the fame Prote&ion, with which the 
 Author has been always honoured. 
 
 I am with the greateft RefpeCf, 
 
 My L 0 R D, 
 
 1 our LordJJjib's 
 
 Aloft obliged and 
 
 Mojl obedient humble Servant , 
 
 J A M E S G I B B S. 
 
( V ) 
 
 TO THE 
 
 READER. 
 
 U PON Examination of the common ways of draw¬ 
 ing the Five Orders of Architecture, I thought there 
 might be a Method found out fo to divide the prin¬ 
 cipal Members and their Parts, both as to their Heights 
 and Projections, as to avoid Fractions. And having tried 
 one Order with fuccefs, I proceeded to another, till at 
 length I was fatisfied it would anfwer my intention in all; 
 and I doubt not, but that the Method here propofed will 
 be acknowledged by proper Judges to be the molt exaCt, 
 as well as the eafieft, that hath as yet been publilhcd. 
 
 I have here fufficiently explained the Arcades and Inter- 
 columnations of each Order, and fet down a Rule for plac¬ 
 ing Orders above Orders. I have alfo given Rules for 
 drawing Doors, Gates, Windows and Chimmey-pieces of 
 different kinds, Cornices and their Profiles, Architraves, 
 Bafes, Imports, Surbafes, Frames for Pannels or Pictures 
 in Rooms and other forts of Mouldings and the Proportions 
 of Ballufters ; as alfo Scrolls, Frets or Gut loch?s , and 
 Pannelling for Cielings, both Flat and Circular. 
 
 In the common manner of drawing the Orders, the Dia¬ 
 meter, or fometimes the Semidiameter, of the Column, is 
 called a Module; and this Module is divided into Parts or 
 Minutes, as into twelve, eighteen, twenty four, thirty 
 and fixty parts, according to different Authors. Palladio 
 in dividing and adjufting his Orders, has no doubt excelled 
 the reft, whom I have therefore followed. He has divid¬ 
 ed the Diameter of his Column, which he calls his Module, 
 into fixty Minutes, and fubdivided them into Seconds, 
 
 a Thirds, 
 
vi To the Render. 
 
 Thirds, and Fourths. This is fuppofed to be the Method 
 of the Ancients in compofing their Defigns ; but it is very 
 difficult to Beginners and fuch as are but little fkill’d in 
 Arithmetick : And certainly the parts confifting of fo 
 many Fractions may occafion miftakes in thofe who copy 
 the Orders of Palladio ; befides the difficulty of dividing 
 thofe fmall parts with Compares. But by this method of 
 dividing the Orders Mechanically into equal parts, Frac¬ 
 tions are entirely avoided ; which will be found fo benefi¬ 
 cial to Workmen in drawing any part at large (as ffiall 
 be explain’d by the following Directions) that when they 
 are once accuftomed to it, they will never follow any 
 other. But before I proceed to the Explanation of the 
 Plates, it may not be improper to premife fomething in ge¬ 
 neral touching Columns, and their Entablatures and Pe- 
 deftals. 
 
 THE 
 
THE 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Page 
 
 1 
 
 a. 
 
 2 
 ib, 
 ib. 
 
 3 
 ib. 
 
 4 
 
 ib. 
 
 Plate 
 
 O F Columns and their Meafures. 
 
 Of Entablatures. 
 
 Of Pedeftals. 
 
 I. Of the Five Orders in general and their principal Parts. 
 
 N". i. The general Proportions of the Tufcan Order. 
 
 N". z. The general Proportions of the Dorick Order. 
 
 II. N°. 3. The general Proportions of the Ionick Order. 
 
 N ’. 4. 5. The general Proportions of the Corinthian and Compose Orders! 
 
 III. The Pufcan Pedeflal with part of the Column and its Bafe. 
 
 * V ‘ ^ n ‘ ablature of tfs&w Order, with the Capital and part of the Column, ib. 
 
 V. The Tufcan Cornice at large. 
 
 VI. The Capitals of the Tufcan and Dorick Orders. 
 
 VII. The Dorick Pedeltal, with part of the Column and its Bafe. 
 
 VIII. The Dorick Entablature. 
 
 IX. The Cornice and Frize of the Dorick Order. 
 
 X. The Ionick Pedeftal with part of the Column and its Bafe. 
 
 XI. The Ionick Entablature. 
 
 XII. The Ionick Modillion-Cornice. 
 
 XIII. The Ionick Dentel-Cornice. 
 
 XIV. The Ionick Capital. 
 
 XV A Rule for drawing the Spiral lines of the Volute of the Ionick Capital. 
 
 XV I. The Corinthian Pedeftal with part of the Column. 
 
 XVII. The Corinthian Entablature. 
 
 XVIII. The Corinthian Cornice at large. 
 
 XIX. The Corinthian Capital. 
 
 XX. The Compofite Pedeftal with part of the Column. 
 
 XXI. The Compojite Entablature. 
 
 XXII. The Compofite Cornice at large. 
 
 XXIII. The Compofite Capital. 
 
 XXIV. The Bafes and Caps of the Pedeftals of each Order. 
 
 XXV. Bafes for the Columns of each Order. 
 
 XXVI. The Architraves of each Order. 
 
 XXVII. The Impofts of each Order. 
 
 XXVIII. Of Exotick Pedeftals, and the Rule for drawing the Eggs and Darts. 
 XXIX. The Intercolumnation of each Order. 
 
 Of Arches adorned with Columns or Pilafters. 
 
 XXX. The 'Tufcan Arch with and without its Pedeftal. 
 
 5 
 
 ib. 
 
 6 
 'ib. 
 ibi 
 
 7 
 
 ib. 
 
 8 
 
 ib. 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 
 11 
 ib. 
 
 12 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 
 *3 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 
 H 
 
 ib'. 
 
 ib. 
 
 J 5 
 
 XXXI. The 
 
The CONTENTS. 
 
 Pag! 
 
 1 5 
 
 16 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 
 1 7 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 18 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 
 Plate 
 
 XXXI. The Dorick Arch with and without the Pedeftal. 
 
 XXXII. The Ionick Arches. 
 
 XXXIII. The Corinthian Arch. 
 
 XXXIV. The Compofite Arch. 
 
 Of placing Columns over Columns. 
 
 XXXV. The Ionick and Corinthian Orders over the Dorick. 
 
 XXXVI. Arches over Arches. 
 
 Of Doors and Gates. 
 
 The I’ufcan Door. 
 
 The Dorick Door. 
 
 The Ionick Door. 
 
 The Compofite Door. 
 
 The Corinthian Door. 
 
 Another Door of the Corinthian Order. 
 
 The I’ufcan Arched Door with a Pediment and Balluftrade. 
 
 The Dorick Arched Door. 
 
 The Ionick Arched Door. 
 
 The Compofite Arched Door. 
 
 The Corinthian Arched Door with double Columns. 
 
 The Corinthian Arched Door with fingle Columns. 
 
 XLI. Two Gates, one Dorick and the other Ionick. 
 
 XLII. Three Doors with Architraves. 
 
 XLIII. Ruftick Doors. 
 
 XL 1 V. Windows and Niches. 
 
 XLV. The Proportions of Windows for different heights of Rooms. 
 
 XLVI. Cornices for Doors, Windows and ; 'dies. 
 
 XLVII. A Rule to draw tire Scroll for the Support of Cornices over Doors, w ' n "? 22 
 dows and Niches. J 
 
 Windows. 
 
 XLIX. Six different Chimney-pieces. 
 
 L. Three other Chimney-pieces, with Frames for Piftures or Pannels over them. 23 
 LI. Three more Chimney-pieces. 
 
 LII. Three different forts of large Mouldings for Pannel or Pifture-frames fixed 
 in Rooms. 
 
 I.,III. Five different Mouldings for fmaller Pannels. 
 
 LIV. The Proportions of Rooms and the Covings of their Cielings. 
 
 LV. Of Cielings in general and their Ornaments. 
 
 LVI Of Coved Cielings and their Ornaments. 
 
 LVII. Of Cupola's and circular Sofites. 
 
 LVIII. Of Flat Cielings adorned with Fret-work. 
 
 LIX. Of Frets or Guilochi's. 
 
 LX. Of Block-Cornices and Ruftick Coines. 
 
 LXI. The Profiles of Block-Cornices. 
 
 LXII. Of Ballufters their Proportions and Diftances. 
 
 LXIII. Of Balconies and their TrufTcs. 
 
 LXIV. The Corinthian Modillion explained. 
 
 ib. 
 
 a: 
 
 ib. 
 
 21 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 24 
 ib. 
 
 2 5 
 
 26 
 ib. 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 
 28 
 
 RULES 
 
(I) 
 
 RULES 
 
 For Drawing the feveral Parts of 
 
 ARCHITECTURE, e* 
 
 Of Col umns and their Meafures. 
 
 I N all Competitions of Architecture, the Column, being the principal Figure, 
 fhould be perfect: in its Proportions, as they are taught us by the Antients, 
 viz. That the height of the Column thould be meafured by its Diameter 
 without a Remainder; that is to fay, the height of the Column thould confift of 
 fuch a number of times its Diameter without a Fraction, according to the dif¬ 
 ferent Proportions of each Order ; of which there are Five, none exceeding ten 
 Diameters in height, nor lefs than feven: Thofe of eight and ten are accounted per- 
 fea, and the firft invented by the Antients; the reft are inferior. Their Names 
 and Proportions are as follow, including Bafe and Capital: 
 
 The Tufcan is in height 7 Diameters, 
 
 The Dorick - - 8 Diameters, 
 
 The Ionick - ■ -- g Diameters, 
 
 The Corinthian • - - 10 Diameters, and 
 
 The Roman or Compofite to Diameters. 
 
 Of Entablatures. 
 
 IT A V I N G fettled a Rule for the Proportions of Columns, the Entablatures 
 mull bear a proportion to them in each Order; for which Palladio has 
 given a Rule which cannot undergo any confiderable change, without altering the 
 juft Proportions of Columns. He makes the Entablatures of the Tufcan and Do¬ 
 rick to be to their Columns as one to four, and the Ionick, Corinthian and Com- 
 pofitc, as one to five. The Proportion of the Entablature in each Order is explained 
 as followeth: 
 
 One Diameter and f, is the height of the Entablature of the Tufcan Order; 
 which is 7 of Seven Diameters. Two Diameters is the height of the En¬ 
 tablature of the Dorick ; that being f of Eight Diameters. One Diameter and 
 r is the height of the Entablature of the Ionick ; which is y of nine Diameters. 
 Two Diameters is the height of the Entablature of the Corinthian Order; that 
 being y of Ten Diameters. The Entablature of the Compojite has the fame pro¬ 
 portion with that of the Corinthian. 
 
 B 
 
 Of 
 
( 2 ) 
 
 Of Pedestals. 
 
 T H E Entablature being a part proportionable to its Column, and the Pe¬ 
 deftal an addition to both, it Ihould be confidered as a part of the Column 
 and Entablature taken together j therefore the height of the Column and En¬ 
 tablature being divided into four equal parts, one of them fhall be the height of 
 the Pedeftal. This Rule is to be obferved through all the Five Orders, by which the 
 Pedeftal will have an agreeable effect: with the Whole and all its Parts. N. B. 
 The Pedeftal may be made lower when neceflity requires, but not otherwife. 
 
 Of the Five Orders in general, and their principal Parts. 
 Plate I. 
 
 "'HE Five Orders in general are each divided into three principal parts 
 from the Bafe-line upwards, and are named as follow; 
 
 A B, the Pedeftal, 
 
 B C, the Column, 
 
 C D, the Entablature. 
 
 Each of thefe is divided into three eflential Parts, viz, 
 
 i. The Pedeftal into 2. The Column into 3. The Entablature into 
 
 8 h > 
 b i. 
 
 the Architrave, 
 the Frize, 
 the Cornice. 
 
 1. cib t the Bafe, d e , the Bale, 
 
 2. b c, the Die, e f the Shaft, 
 
 3. c d, the Cap. fg, the Capital. 
 
 Other fmaller divifions are called Members, whether they be. Square or Cur¬ 
 vilinear, and are more or lefs in number according to the feveral Orders as will 
 be obferved particularly in the Explanation of each of them. 
 
 The general Proportions of the Tuscan Order. 
 
 Plate I. N°. 1. 
 
 T AKE any height propofed for this Order upon a ftraight line, and 
 divide it into five equal parts; one of thofe parts fhall be the height 
 of the Pedeftal, according to the outer divifion of the Scale on the left hand. Then 
 divide the other four parts above it into five parts, according to the inner divifion 
 of that Scale; the upper fifth part fhall be the height of the Entablature, and 
 the other four parts betwixt the Pedeftal and Entablature, fhall be the height of 
 the Column, including its Bafe and Capital; and this height being divided into 
 feven parts, one fhall be the Diameter or thicknefs of the Column. The Bafe 
 and Capital are each in height a Semidiameter of the Column. The Entablature 
 is divided into feven parts j two of which go to the height of the Architrave, 
 two to the Frize, and three to the Cornice. The Column muft be divided into 
 three Parts ; from the top of the lower divifion, it is diminifhed at the upper 
 part 7 of its Semidiameter on each fide. From the dimini Hied part draw two up¬ 
 right lines parallel to the middle line, through the Capital and Entablature, and 
 from thofe lines mark the Projections of the Capital, Architrave and Cornice. 
 The Diameter of the Column at the fmalleft part a-top being divided into four 
 equal parts, one of them is the projection of the Capital. The Architrave pro- 
 1 jeCts 
 
(3 ) 
 
 je£b i of its height; and the height and projeftion of the Cornice are equal. 
 Tiie Bafe of the Column projects on each fide f of its Semidiameter. From the 
 extremity of the projeftions of the Bafe, let fall on each fide a line to the bot¬ 
 tom of the Plinth of the Pedeftal; that will give the breadth of the Die. Divide 
 
 the height of the Pedeftal into four parts; one is the height of the Plinth, half 
 the height of one of them is the height of the Cap, and one third of one of them 
 is the height of the Bafe of the Pedeftal. The projeftion of the Bafe is equal to 
 its height, and the Cap projefts the fame as the Bafe. This Paragraph well 
 underftood will make the reft eafy. 
 
 The general Proportions of the Do rick Order. 
 
 Plate I. N“. 2. 
 
 f i ' A K E any height upon a ftraight line, as in the 'I'ufcan Order, and di¬ 
 vide it into five equal parts ; one of them is the height of the Pedeftal: 
 
 The other four parts are to be divided into five parts, one of which is the height 
 of the Entablature ; and that height is divided into eight parts, two of which 
 give the Arthitrave, three the Frize, and three the Cornice. The height of the 
 Column is divided into eight parts, one of which is the Diameter of the Column. 
 The Bafe and Capital are each in height a Semidiameter of the Column. The 
 Bafe of the Column projefts on each fide \ of the Semidiameter; which gives the 
 breadth of the Die of the Pedeftal. The Bafe and Cap of the Pedeftal, as to their 
 heights, are the fame as in the Tiifcan Order, as alfo their projeftions. The 
 Column diminilhes 1 of its Semidiameter on each fide from the third part of its 
 height to the top. The Capital projefts i of the Diameter of the Column at the 
 fmalleft part. The Architrave projefts i of its height; and the projeftion of 
 the Cornice is equal to half the height of the whole Entablature. 
 
 The general Proportions of the Ionick Order. 
 
 Plate II. N°. 3. 
 
 r jj 1 ' A K E any determined height, and divide it into five equal parts; one of 
 thofe parts is the height of the Pedeftal, as in the foregoing Orders; the 
 other four being divided into fix parts, one of them is the height of the Entabla¬ 
 ture. The height of the Column being divided into nine parts, one of them is 
 the Diameter of it. The Bafe and Capital are each in height a Semidiameter of 
 the Column. The Column diminilhes on each fide i of its Semidiameter. The pro¬ 
 jeftion of the Bafe is 7 of the Semidiameter of the Column; and that determines 
 the breadth of the Die of the Pedeftal. The other parts of the Pedeftal are as in 
 the Dorick and T’ufcan Orders. The height of the Entablature is divided into 
 five parts, one part and a half is the height of the Architrave; the Frize is of 
 the fame height with it, and two parts give the height of the Cornice. The Ar¬ 
 chitrave projefts 7 of its height. The Projeftion of the Cornice is equal to its 
 height. The Capital projefts on each fide one half of the Semidiameter of the 
 Column. 
 
 The 
 
( 4 ) 
 
 The general Proportions of the Corinthian and Composite 
 
 Orders. 
 
 Plate II. N°. 4 and 5. 
 
 fT™' HE whole height is divided into five parts both in the one and the 
 ■*- other, one of which is the Pedeftal; and the other four parts over it arc 
 divided into fix, one of which is the height of the Entablature. The height of 
 the Column being divided into ten parts, one of them is the Diameter of it. The 
 height of the Capital is one Diameter and £- } the other dimenfions are as in the 
 Ionick Order. 
 
 The Tuscan Pedeftal with part of the Column and its Bafe. 
 
 Plate III. 
 
 A , The Shaft of the Column. 
 
 B , Lift. 
 
 C, Torus . 
 
 D , Plinth. 
 
 E, Platband. 
 
 F, Ogee. 
 
 G, Die of the Pedeftal. 
 
 H, Fillet. 
 
 7 , Ogee reverfed. 
 
 K, Plinth. 
 
 The height of the Pedeftal being divided into four parts, as was faid before, 
 one goes to the Plinth, half of that height is the Cima or Cap, and f of it is the 
 Bafe ; the proje£tion of the Bafe is equal to its height, as is deferibed by a Qua¬ 
 drant on the Bale, and the Cap has the fame projection. For the lefler divifions, 
 fee Plate XXIV for the Bafe and Cap of the Pedeftal, and Plate XXV for the 
 Bafe of the Column. 
 
 This Method fliall be obferved through the Five Orders of referring to the 
 Plate, where each Member is drawn at large, with the Geometrical Rule to form 
 it. And it is to be further obferved, that the Plates of Pedeftals and Entablatures 
 fhew the larger or grofter divifions, and the proportion one part bears to another; 
 as for example, how many parts the Cornice is in proportion to the Architrave and 
 Frize, and the Cap to the Pedeftals ; as alfo how the members are to be enrich¬ 
 ed : But when the particular parts are to be exactly drawn, recourfe muft be had 
 to the Plates referr’d to, where they are drawn at large; as the Bafes, Caps, Ar¬ 
 chitraves, Cornices, &c. and you are not to truft to the fmall divifions marked 
 here on the Plates of Pedeftals and Entablatures. 
 
 The Entablature of the Tuscan Order, with the Capital and part of 
 the Column. 
 
 Plate IV. 
 
 r M ' H E height of the Entablature is divided into feven parts; two go to the 
 Architrave, two to the Frize, and three to the Cornice. The Cornice projeds 
 as much as it is in height, and is divided into three principal parts; for which I 
 muft refer you to the next Plate, where it is drawn at large, and for the Ar¬ 
 chitrave to Plate XXVI. 
 
 Names 
 
C 5 ) 
 
 Names of the Members of the Entablature, 
 
 A, Cimare 61 a with a Fillet. 
 
 B, Corona with a Lift over it. 
 
 C, Ovo/o or Quarter-round. 
 
 D, Cavetto with a Fillet. 
 
 E, Frize. 
 
 F, Liftel. 
 
 G y Upper Fafcia. 
 
 Hy Lower Fafcia. 
 
 Iy Abacus. 
 
 Ky Ovolo. 
 
 Ly Frize of the Capital. 
 
 My Aftragal. 
 
 Ny Column. 
 
 O, Platform of the Cornice. 
 
 The Tuscan Cornice at large. 
 
 Plate V. 
 
 T N this and all other Cornices, the larger divifions are parts of the whole En¬ 
 tablature. The manner of drawing it is this: Draw the upright line from 
 which it is to projedt, mark the height of the Cornice, and divide it into three 
 equal parts, which will give the large divifions ; then compare the greater with the 
 lefici parts. The uppeimoft divifion contains the Cima Reel a with its Fillet, which 
 is 4 of that part. The Corona has a Lift of a fixtli part of the middle divifion: 
 The lowermoft divifion contains two members of equal bignefs, viz. the Cavetto 
 and the Ovolo-, the Cavetto has a Lift of + of its height, and the Lift over the 
 Ovolo, which makes the Drip under the Corona, is of the fame bignefs. The pro¬ 
 jection of the Cornice, being equal to its height, is divided into three principal 
 parts, and fubdivided according to the projection of the members, as appears by 
 the divifions upon the Line under the Cornice. 
 
 The Capital of the Tuscan and Dorick Orders. 
 
 Plate VI. 
 
 TP ^ E Tu/can Capital is half a Diameter in height; its projection is j of the 
 Diameter of the Column at the fmalleft part. Divide the height of the Ca¬ 
 pital into three parts give one to the Collarino A, one to the Ovolo B, and the 
 third to the Abacus C. The greater Divifions are fubdivided into leffer according 
 to their members. Divide the projection of the Capital into fix parts, and make 
 the Ovolo lefs than the Quadrant of a Circle. To find its Center mark the inter- 
 fetions from the extreme parts of the Ovolo, join them as marked by the prick’d 
 line, and where this line interfedts the upper line of the Ovolo , that will be the Center. 
 The Aftragal D, under the Capital, is a member belonging to the Column, and its 
 meafure is i of the Semidiameter of it 3 and its height being divided into three equal 
 parts, | goes to the Liftel. It projects as much as it is in height. The method 
 for joining the Liftel to the Column is this j divide the projecting part of the 
 Liftel into five parts, and take fix fuch parts for the Semidiameter of the Cavetto. 
 
 The Profile of the Dorick Capital being much the fame with that of the Fuf- 
 can (except that the divifions are more both in its members and projection) the 
 foregoing Rule will be fufficient to explain it. 
 
 C 
 
 The 
 
The Dorick Pedeftal with part of the Column and its Bafe. 
 Plate VII. 
 
 T H E Dorick Bafe is in height a Semidiameter of its Column, and its pro¬ 
 jection is 7 of the Semidiameter ; and that gives the breadth of the Die of 
 the Pedeftal. The height of the Pedeftal was mentioned before in Plate I. N°. 2. 
 The projection of the Bale and Cap is the lame as in the Tufcan, Plate III. For 
 their particular members lee Plate XXIV, and for the Bafe of the Column fee 
 Plate XXV. The Flutings are twenty-four as they are marked on the Column. 
 
 The Names of the members of the Bafe of the Column are as follow: 
 
 y/, The upper 'Torus. 
 B, Scotia or Cavetto. 
 
 C, Under Torus. 
 
 D , Plinth, 
 
 The Dorick Entablature, 
 
 Plate VIII. 
 
 ^ H E height of the Dorick Entablature (which is two Dian 
 part of the height of the Column) being divided into eighi 
 to the Architrave, three to the Frize, and three to the Cornice. 
 projeCls a whole Diameter or four of thofe parts, or one half of the he.g : 
 whole Entablature, as is marked above the Cornice ; but to make the Cci. 
 Frize better underftood, I have drawn them larger on the next Plate. I 
 Architrave fee Plate XXVI. and for the Capital, Plate VI. 
 
 The Names of the Members of the Doj'ick Entablature. 
 
 A, C'nna reel a with a Lift over it. M, Tenia or Bandage. 
 
 or a fourth 
 '■ p S° 
 
 Lift. 
 
 Corona. 
 
 Mutile, with an Ogee over it. 
 O r colo with its Fillet. 
 
 Capital of the Triglyph. 
 
 Triglyph. 
 
 Flutings of the Triglvph. 
 
 Profile of the Triglyph. 
 
 Metop. 
 
 An Ornament in the Metop. 
 
 N, Gut tee or Drops. 
 
 O, Fajcia of the Architrave. 
 
 P, Cimafium. 
 
 Abacus. 
 
 R } Ovolo or Quarter-round. 
 
 S , Cavetto. 
 
 T y Frize of the Capital. 
 
 Uy Aftragal. 
 
 V, The ftnalleft part of the Column. 
 IT, The Platform of the Cornice. 
 
 The Cornice and Frize of the Dorick Order. 
 
 Plate IX. 
 
 T H E Frize and Cornice are here exprefied at large ; the firft (hewing its 
 Triglyphs and Metops, and the Cornice its Mutils and Modillions. The 
 prick’d line A B is the middle of the Column, and the line C D anfwers to the 
 diminifhed part of the Column. The Metops of the Frize muft be fquare, their 
 
 breadth 
 
breadth being equal to their height, and they are j of a Diameter. The Triglyphs 
 are half a Diameter. Divide half the Triglyph into fix parts; one is half a Flute, 
 and the Space betwixt the Flutes is -f. The Profile or thicknefs of the Triglyph 
 G is ii divide that thicknefs into three parts, two will be the depth of each Flute. 
 The Drops or Bells muff be fix ; their form is triangular. 
 
 The Cornice is in height f of a Diameter, and is divided into three parts; and 
 each of them is fubdivided into three. Take off one of the fubdivided parts at 
 the bottom of the Cornice, for the flat member that crowns the Triglyphs; then 
 give two for the Ovolo, two for the Modillion, two for the Corona, and two for the 
 Cimafmm. The Fillets and finall Ogee are explained by the fmaller divifions. 
 
 The projection of the Cornice is one Diameter. There is at the bottom of the 
 Prize a Scale divided into four parts, and each fourth divided into three, and 
 each third into three more. Take off the projeflion of the Ovolo and Cimafmm , 
 as is expreffed by the upright prick’d lines; proceed to find the divifions for the 
 heads of the Modillions, which are all to be equal. In order to this divide the 
 diftancc fiom middle to middle of two Triglyphs into four parts; two of them 
 will be the Modillion with the Fillet and Ogee over it, and two will be the diffance 
 betwixt the Modillions, which is to be divided into five parts for the Pannel in 
 the Sofite; take one on each fide for its Border, there will remain three for the 
 fquare of the Pannel, as’is expreffed here in the Profile. The bignefs and pro¬ 
 jection of the Modillion being known, form the Platform or Sofite of it in this 
 manner, as at F. Draw the two Diagonal lines from the corners a and b, inter- 
 fedting one another at right angles in the middle of the inner fquare at C. The 
 diftance of the Diagonal lines falling on the joining part of the Modillion at d, d, 
 will give the fide of the inner fquare, and the remainder will be the border e, e, e, 
 on the three fides. Divide the Tides of the fquare into fix parts, and draw parallel 
 lines from each divifion ; then deferibe the Circular drops, leaving a fmall fpace 
 of i betwixt them. A double fquare of two mud be left plain in the middle, and 
 the fpace betwixt the Drops mull be funk to half a Diameter of one of the Drops,' 
 
 The Ionick Pedeftal with part of the Column and its Bafe. 
 
 Plate X. 
 
 ^Tp IIE general divifions of the Ionick Pedeftal are the fame as in the foregoing 
 Orders. For the particular parts fee Plate XXIV for the Bafe and Cap of 
 the Pedeftal, and Plate XXV for the Bafe of the Column. 
 
 A The Lift. 
 
 B , Upper 7 or us. 
 Cy Scotia.' 
 
 Dy Lower Horns. 
 Ey Plinth. 
 
 F, Cima of the Pedeftal. 
 G y Dado, or Die. 
 
 H, Bafe. 
 
 /, Plinth of the Bafe. 
 
 The Ionick Entablature. 
 
 Plate XI. 
 
 T' H E height of the Ionick Entablature, being f of the height of the Column, 
 is divided into ten parts; three of them go to the height of the Architrave, 
 3 three 
 
three to the Frize, and four to the Cornice. The projection of the Cornice, be¬ 
 ing equal to its height, is likewife divided into four parts. For the particular 
 members fee the next Plate, where it is drawn larger, and Plate XXVI for the 
 Architrave. 
 
 F, Prize. 
 
 G, Lift 
 
 A, Cima refta. 
 
 B , Corona. 
 
 C, Modillion. 
 
 77 , Reverfed Cima. 
 7 , Upper Fafcia. 
 K , Lower FaJ'cia. 
 
 D, Ovolo. 
 
 E , Cavctto. 
 
 The Io n i c k Modillion-Cornice. 
 
 Plate XII. 
 
 f jp HERE are two lonick Cornices, one with Modillions, and the other with Den- 
 * tels; they have both the fame general proportions, but differ in their par¬ 
 ticular members. The lonick Modillion-Cornice is divided into four principal 
 parts ; and thefe parts are fubdivided for its fmaller members. The projection of 
 the Cornice is equal to its height; the members are confined by pricked lines coming 
 from the Scale at the bottom of the Cornice, which is divided into four parts and 
 fubdivided. This Cornice, when ufed over Columns, muft have iis Modillions 
 of the Diameter of the Column, and the fpace betwixt them l. Half a Dia¬ 
 meter betwixt middle and middle of the Modillions is here divided into fix parts; 
 of which one is half a Modillion, and four the fpace betwixt them and the length 
 of the Modillion three. The prick’d line A B, which is the middle of the Column, 
 muft go through the middle of the Modillionj and the line CD fhews the di- 
 minifhed part of the Column, which toucheth the fide of a Modillion. The 
 Ihape or form of it is made from three Centers : The length of it being firft divid¬ 
 ed into fix parts, erccl a perpendicular at 4, and another at 1 ; the firft Center 
 will be at 4, the fccond one and a half below it, and the third two and a half 
 above it, according to the two Quadrants on the Modillion. The projection of 
 a reverfed Ogee and Fillet over it, being the Cap of the Modillion, is fhewn by a 
 prick'd fquare at the end of the Modillion. As to the fquare Pannels in the 
 Sofite of the Cornice, divide the fpace betwixt the Caps of the Modillions into fix 
 parts, as is figured ; take one on each fide for the Border, there remain four for 
 the Pannel. Mark the fame divifions on the Profile of the Corona at E , and 
 divide the remaining part in two for the Drip. But where the Cornice is ufed 
 without Columns, the bignefs of the Modillion in proportion to the Cornice is 
 given on the Scale below the Cornice. 
 
 The Ionick Dentel-Cornice. 
 
 Plate XIII. 
 
 FI E height of the lonick Dentel- Cornice is divided into four parts as the 
 
 former, and is very eafy in its divifions. When this Cornice is ufed upon 
 
 P.ilars or Pilafters, the Dentels muft be exactly divided by the Diameter of the 
 Column. Suppofing the line Si B to be the middle line of the Column, from 
 h.T.ce is fet down half a Diameter divided into twelve equal parts, as marked on 
 
 3 
 
 the 
 
( 9 ) 
 
 the Dentels, of which one is half a Dentel, and one the {pace betwixt them : 
 The upright line C D anfwers to the diminiftied part of the Column, from whence 
 the Cornice doth projeft, as directed by a Scale below the Cornice. But in cafe 
 the Cornice is ufed by itfelf for Rooms, Doors, Windows, &c. to find the big- 
 nefs of the Dentel, you muft divide 7 of the Scale of the projection of the Cornice 
 into fix parts: Then take the length of feven fuch parts, and divide it into five 
 parts ; two of them will be the Dentel, and one the fpace betwixt them, as you 
 may obferve by the Scale C C. 
 
 The I o n i c k Capital 
 Plate XIV. 
 
 THHI S Plate contains three Figures; N°. i. the upright face of the Capital, 
 N°. 2. the Plan of the round and fquare Column with the projection of the 
 Capital, and N”. 3. the Volute feen in front and angular-wife, drawn larger than 
 above. Between N°. 1. and N°. 2. there is a Scale of one Diameter, half of which 
 is divided into fix parts ; to which there are added three parts on each fide, for the 
 projection of the Capital. Draw a line for the middle of the Capital, and an¬ 
 other crofs-wife for the upper part of it; give half a Diameter for its height 
 A B: Divide it into three parts, as marked on the left hand above ; take 7 for 
 the Abacus , which you are to divide into two parts, and the upper half into 
 four, of which you muft give three to the Ovolo , and one to the Lift of the Aba¬ 
 cus. Then divide the height B C into eight parts, two of them give the Ovolo H, 
 one the Bead /, which anfwers to the Eye of the Volute, and half one of thofe 
 parts gives the Lift K. This being done, form the Volute from its feveral Centers, 
 as in the example N°. 3. And as the height of the Volute is divided into eight 
 paits, the breadth of it muft be feven of them: But to make it more plain, I 
 have drawn it larger on the next Plate. 
 
 To draw the Plan N°. 2. take five parts of the Diameter for the folk! or di- 
 minifiied part of the Column, which is fnaded on the Plan. From the Profile 
 of the upright face of the Capital draw the projection of the Ovolo, Bead ui 
 Lift, and mark them in the Plan. The Flutings are 24; to form which, Bride 
 a quarter of the Plan of the Column into fix parts, which {hall give the Center 
 for each Flute. Then divide half a fixth into four parts • take three pa: is for half 
 the Diameter of the Flutes, and draw them Semicircular, the fpaces bet Lt the 
 Flutes will be j- of a Flute; the Eggs and Darts are of the fame numh.r, and 
 anfwer the fame Divifions. The Flutes of Pilafters or fquare Columns 1 iuft be 
 the fame as in round Columns, which will make feven in number, BB C. . . from 
 the middle ; at the corner of each Pilafter there remains 7 for a Bead. 1 hen 
 form a fquare at the extremity of the projection of the Capital, take off at each 
 cornci diagonally 0 of half the Diameter of the Column, from the corner of .he 
 xemaining length mark the interfeCtion at D, from this Center draw the Segment 
 01 Cavity of the Abacus EE, fet off corner-wife f for the two members of the 
 Abacus F F, divide it into two parts and give one to the narrowed; part of the 
 Abacus G G, join the inner and outer corner by a line, and return the members of 
 the Cavity. The greateft projection of the Volute L falls plumb with the lower 
 part of the Abacus G, as is {hewn in N°. 3. 
 
 D 
 
 A Ru’.e 
 
( 1 ° ) 
 
 A Rule for drawing the Spiral Lines of the Volute of the Ionick 
 
 Capital. 
 
 Plate XV. 
 
 ' H E Rule to draw the Spiral lines, which form the hn'uk Volute, is this: 
 
 Take the height AB, and divide it into eight parts, the fourth fhall be the 
 bignefs of the Eye, which divide into two parts for the Center; then draw A C 
 in a rectangle to A B, and mark on it feven of the divilions of the upright 
 line AB, which gives the breadth of the Volute ; the upright line on the third 
 divifion gives the Center of the Eye : Then draw the outer fquare that contains 
 the Eye, and the Diagonal lines through the Center of it; parallel to thofe Dia¬ 
 gonals, deferibe the inner fquare, in which obferve the crofs lines from fide to 
 fide divided into fix parts for the Centers, as is exprefled larger in the lower 
 Figure, where the Centers are marked i, 2, 3. From thele Centers draw lines 
 parallel to the fides of the outer fquare, extended on each fide; fix one point of 
 your Compafies in the firft Center 1, and extend the other upwards to 1, and 
 draw the biggeft Quadrant from 1 to 2; change your Compalfes to the Center 
 2, and with the length 2, 2, deferibe the next Quadrant from 2 to 3; and fo on 
 to the number of Centers, until the Spiral line touch the upper part of the Eye. 
 The inner Spiral runs parallel to the outer from a a to Center 3, and the breadth, 
 of the Fillet formed by them is half one of the divifions of the upright Scale. 
 The fecond Spiral is marked with letters abed, &c. as alfo the Centers belonging 
 to it; all which will be plain if followed in the fame manner as before. 
 
 The Corinthian Pedeftal with part of the Column. 
 
 Plate XVI. 
 
 rp H E Corinthian Pedeftal is the fame, as to its general proportions and parts, 
 as the Pedeftal of the foreging Orders. For the Bale and Cap of it f e Plate 
 XXIV, and for the Bafe of the Column, Plate XXV. The Flutings of the 
 Column are twenty in number, and are of a Semicircular form. 
 
 The Corinthian Entablature. 
 
 Plate XVII. 
 
 * r ‘p H E height of the Corinthian Entablature is divided into ten parts ; where- 
 of the Architrave hath three, the Frize three, and the Cornice four. The 
 projection of the Cornice, being equal to its height, is divided into four parts : 
 The fmaller divifions are exprefled at large on the next Plate. For the Architrave 
 fee Plate XXVI. The Drawings below Ihew the Platform of the Cornice with 
 its Modillions and Rofes. 
 
 The 
 
(II) 
 
 The Corinthian Cornice at large. 
 
 Plate XVIII. 
 
 HP H E Corinthian Cornice is of a more rich compofition, and hath a greater 
 variety of members than the former. The firft upright Scale contains four 
 parts of the ten into which the whole Entablature is divided, as on Plate XVII. 
 The fecond Scale is divided into five parts, the third of which goes to the Mo- 
 dillion, the fourth to the Corona, the fifth to the Cimajium-, the firft and fecond 
 together are divided into three parts, the firft is for the reverfed Cima at the bottom, 
 the fecond for the Dentcls, and the third for the Oosolo. The fmaller members are 
 ill proportion to the greater, as is explained by the lefler divifions on that Scale. 
 The Modilhons are 1 of the Diameter of the Column, and their diftances two fixths 
 and a halt. Halt a Diameter is here divided on the Cornice into fix parts, of 
 which the breadth of the Modillion is two, and the length of it is four ; the 
 Cap projects 7 of thofe parts, and the diftance betwixt the Modillions is five. By 
 this Rule the exaft diftance betwixt middle and middle of the Modillions 
 is t’t of the Diameter. The upright prick'd line AB is the middle of the Column, 
 and CD anfwers to the diminiftied part of it, from whence the Cornice is pro- 
 jefted ; which projecTion is equal to its height, as is Ihewn by the Scale at the 
 bottom of the Cornice; on which is likewife ihewn the bignefs of a Modillion, 
 where one fourth of the Scale is divided into fix parts, five of which make the 
 breadth of the Modillion. The diftance between them is in proportion to it, as 
 figured in the Front and Profile of it. The Pannels in the Sofite are plain by 
 the divifions marked on them. The Out-fillets of the Modillion marked a, a, are 
 r of its breadth ; and fo is the Bead f. But I have drawn the Modillion at ’large 
 and explained it at the end of this Book, Plate LXIV. As to the Dentels, divide 
 the Semidiameter marked on the Cornice into fourteen parts: two of thofe parts will 
 be the Dentel, and one the fpace betwixt them. 
 
 The Corinthian Capital, 
 
 Plate XIX. 
 
 npHERE are three Figures on this Plate. N”. i. is the upright of the Capi¬ 
 tal. N°. 2. the Plan, being one quarter-part of a round and fquare Column ; 
 as alfo of the Capital with its Projeftions. N°. 3. the Capital feen angular-wife 
 and in profile, with its Stems and Cauliculi. The height of the Capital is one 
 Diameter and r, including the Abacus. Divide the height of the Capital from 
 the Aftragal to the under-part of the Abacus into three parts, which give the height 
 of the Leaves and Cauliculi ; and each part being fubdivided, as on the Scale 
 upon the left hand of the Capital, will give the Foldings of the Leaves, which 
 muft not exceed in projedlion the oblique prick’d line drawn from the Aftragal to the 
 extremity of the Abacus. 
 
 The 
 
( I 2 ) 
 
 The Composite Pedeftal with part of the Column. 
 
 Plate XX. 
 
 T HE general proportions of the Compofite Pedeftal are the fame as in the 
 foregoing Orders. For the particular parts, fee Plate XXIV for the Bafe 
 and Cirna of the Pedeftal, and Plate XXV for the Bafe of the Column. 
 
 The Composite Entablature. 
 
 Plate XXI. 
 
 T H E height and projection of the Compofite Entablature is the fame with that 
 of the Corinthian ; only the Aftragal under Ogee at the bottom of the Cor¬ 
 nice is taken oft the Frize. The Cornice is drawn by itlelf on the next Plate. 
 For the Architrave fee Plate XXVI. 
 
 The Composite Cornice at large. 
 
 Plate XXII. 
 
 II E height of the Compofite Cornice is divided into four parts; as alfo its 
 
 projection. This Cornice is in itfelf plain and eafy, being taken from the 
 Ion irk Modillion-Cornice; from which this differs only in the form of the Mo- 
 dillion. The upright line A B is the middle of the Column, and C D is the di- 
 minifhed part of it, from whence the Cornice doth projeCt, equal to its height, 
 If { of the Scale below be divided into fix parts, five give the bignefs of the Mo- 
 dillion. The Aftragal under the Ogee at the bottom is not a part of the Cornice, 
 but belongs to the height of the Frize. 
 
 The Composite Capital. 
 Plate XXIII. 
 
 nr H E three Figures here exhibit (N°. i.) the Upright of the Capital. (N°. 2.) 
 
 The Plan of the round andfquare Column, and the Capital with its Projections. 
 (N . 3.) The Capital feen on its angle and in profile. The Volute is the fame 
 as in the h nick. The height of the Capital, including the Abacus , is one Diame¬ 
 ter and 1 , as that of the Corinthian is; and fo are the height of the Leaves and 
 their Foldings. 
 
 The Eafes and Caps of the Pedeftals of each Order. 
 
 Plate XXIV. 
 
 HE projection of the Bafe of the Pedeftal being equal to its height, .'raw 
 
 the Bafe-line and erect a perpendicular for the Out-line of the Pedeftal, as 
 it is drawn on this Plate for the ‘Tufcan Bafe and Cap ; mark its height and pro¬ 
 jection, draw the Diagonal of the fquare, divide the height into two parts, and 
 one of them into three, take off the fquare of one for the Lifts at the top anil 
 
 bottom, 
 
( r 3 ) 
 
 bottom, divide the Diagonal betwixt Lift and Lift into two parts, and mark the 
 Interfeftions from the middle and extreams of the Diagonal, as in the Plate; 
 thole Interfections are the Centers for drawing the Out-line of the Ogee. This is the 
 Rule for all Curvilinear members of this kind, whether ereft or reverfed, as will 
 appear in other examples. The Caps or Cornices of Pedeftals are very eafy 
 in their divifions; and their projection is to their height as two to three, as ap¬ 
 pears by the uptight Scales for then - height and divilion of their members, and 
 the Scales between the Caps and Bafes for their projections. 
 
 Bafes of the Columns of each Order. 
 
 Plate XXV. 
 
 r i ' H E Bafes are in height a Semidiameter of their Columns; their projection 
 is ~ of their height: Their members are of an eafy form, being molt of 
 them Semicircular, except the Scotia which is mixti-linear, drawn from two 
 Centers in this manner, as in the figure of the Ionick Bafe: Having divided and 
 drawn the bignefs of each member and the Centers of the upper and under 
 'Torus, let fall a perpendicular from the Center of the upper Torus, and divide it 
 within the fpace of the Scotia into feven parts ; the three uppermolt wall be the 
 Semidiameter of the leffer Circle CD E : From the Center C, draw the outer 
 Semicircle AFB, then draw the oblique line AE through the Center 
 of the lefier Circle, A lhall be the Center of the Segment B E ; fo that BED 
 is the Scotia required. This Rule will ferve for all the Bafes of Columns. The 
 upright and horizontal Scales ihew the divifions of the members and their pro¬ 
 jections. 
 
 The Architraves of each Order. 
 
 Plate XXVI. 
 
 T T is to be obferved that the height of the Architraves of the Tufcan and Dorset 
 Oiders is divided into two parts, and then fubdivided, as appears on this 
 Plate ; and that of the Ionick, Corinthian and Compojite, is divided into three parts, 
 and thofe fubdivided, to form their members. The projection is taken from the 
 line A B, which falls perpendicular to the lower Fafcia, and is in the firft and 
 fecond Order i, and in the three other Orders ~ part of their height. 
 
 The Imports of each Order. 
 
 Plate XXVII. 
 
 T H E letter A is the Import, and B the Plan of the Pilafter contained in the 
 fquare abed-, ab, marked on the Plan and in the Upright over the Import, 
 is the Architrave that goes round the Arch ; b c is the infide of the Pilafter. The 
 Imports of Arches are in height l- of their Opening; which being divided into three 
 parts, one of them is the height of the Neck or Frize of the Import, the reft goes 
 to the Cap. The Aftragal at the foot of the Import is i of its height, and is di¬ 
 vided into three parts, one goes to the Lift, and the other two to the Aftragal. 
 As to the projection of the Import, in the Tufcan and Dorick, divide the Archi- 
 
 E 
 
 trave 
 
( 14 ) 
 
 travc tliat goes round the Arch into three parts, one of them is the projeftion of the 
 Import: But in the Ionick , Corinthian and Compofite , the Imports projedt ~ and ! 
 more of one of thefe parts. The Profiles of the Architraves of the Arches of each 
 Order are drawn under each Import. For the divifions of the parts obferve the 
 upright and horizontal Scales. 
 
 Of Exotick Pedeftals, and the Rule for drawing the Eggs and Darts. 
 
 Plate XXVIII. 
 
 T) Y Exotick Pedeftals I mean fuch as have their Mouldings othervvife formed 
 and adorned than the Regular Pedeftals that belong to each Order. And 
 they are ufed generally for fupporting Figures or Vafes in Gardens, See. Not but 
 that thofe Ornaments may be fupported by Regular Pedeftals; but not being con¬ 
 fined to fuch, they are made generally different from them. I have given here 
 two forts of them with their meafures ; and if the divifions on the Scales be ob- 
 ferved, they will not be found difficult. 
 
 As to the Ornament of Eggs and Darts cut in the Ovolo , much ufed by the 
 Ancients, if they are well proportioned they have a good effeft. The Rule for 
 drawing them is this : Divide the height of the Ovolo or Quarter-round into nine 
 parts, feven of them, marked on each fide of the middle line of the Egg, give the 
 middle of the Darts; the fmall crofles on the right hand fhew the Centers of the 
 circular lines, and the prick’d lines coming from the Centers (hew the joining of 
 thofe lines that form the Egg and Shell. The Dart itfelf is formed by the prick’d 
 lines which interfecl each other; the one coming from the top of the middle line 
 of the Egg, and the other from the upper part of the other Dart. I have given 
 here feveral forts of Eggs without Darts for a variety. 
 
 The Intercolumnations of each Order. 
 
 Plate XXIX. 
 
 H E placing of Columns at convenient diftances afunder is called Inter- 
 
 columnations, and are ufed in Galleries or Corridores, either for Beauty or 
 Ufe, or both, or for Communication from one place to another, for Porticoes, 
 Periflyliums or Colonnades, &c. The Columns may be more or lefs diftant from 
 each other according to the different Orders; but will be moft agreeable when they 
 are in proportion to their height. I have given on this Plate three different exam¬ 
 ples of each Order, and their diftances figured. The narrowed: is for double Columns, 
 or Columns placed two and two. 
 
 Of Arches adorned with Columns or Pilafters. 
 
 IIEN Arches are adorned with Columns or Pilafters, either with or with- 
 
 * * out Pedeftals, let the Columns or Pilafters be fo difpofed, as to leave a con¬ 
 venient fpace for the Arch and its Architrave, and let the Peers be no more than 
 one half, nor lefs than ' of the Void. The Architrave round the Arch fhould be 
 always J- of the Void of the Arch, and the Import the fame, whether the Arch be 
 great or fmall. The Import: refembles the form of a Capital becaufe of its bear¬ 
 
 ing. 
 
( i5 ) 
 
 ing. The Arches of each Order will not admit of any confiderable variety, being 
 confined to the divifions of Triglyphs and Modillions. 
 
 The Tuscan Arch with and without its Pedeftal. 
 
 Plate XXX. 
 
 'T' ° form the * u f c «* Arch without the Pedeftal, firft find out the Diameter of 
 the Column, and divide the height into five parts; the fifth part is the 
 height of the Entablature: Then divide the height of the Column into 
 feven parts; one of them is the Diameter of the Column. Give one Diame¬ 
 ter for the height of the Plinth. The diftance from middle to middle of the Co¬ 
 lumns muft be fix Diameters. The Pilafters on each fide of the Column are a 
 Semidiameter of it in bignefs, and the width of the Arch is four Diameters. To 
 find the Center of the Arch, divide the height from the Ground-line to the un- 
 du-pait of the Entablature into three equal parts, as is exprefied by a line on 
 the right hand ; the extremity of the fecond divifion is the Center of the Arch. 
 
 N. B. Let this be a general Rule not only for the Tufcan Arch with or without 
 the Pedeftal, but for all other Arches of the five Orders. When the Diameter 
 and diftance from middle to middle of the Columns, on each fide the intended 
 Arch, is found the diftance from Column to Column being divided into 
 ten parts, one of them fliall be the bignefs of the Pilafter, and the other eight 
 give the Opening of the Arch. 
 
 The Architrave that goes round the Arch, as alfo the Impoft, are each of them 
 a. big as the Pilafter, or i of the Opening of the Arch; fo that if the diftance 
 irom Column to Column be thus mechanically divided, as is marked on the Ar¬ 
 ches of each Order on the left hand, it will anfwer as if it were divided arithme¬ 
 tically. Although I have figured them arithmetically on the Plates, thofe figures 
 are not to be taken notice of further than for the diftances from Center to Center 
 of the Columns; fince the mechanical divifions mentioned before will do the 
 fame thing. 
 
 As to the Tufcan Arch with its Pedeftal, divide Its height into five parts, one 
 of them is the height of the Pedeftal: Then divide the height above the Pedeftal 
 mto five parts, one of them is the height of the Entablature. The height from 
 the Pedeftal to the Entablature being divided into feven parts, one of them is the 
 Diameter of the Column. The diftance from middle to middle of the Columns 
 muft be feven Diameters, the Pilafters that fupport the Arch are | of the Diame¬ 
 ter, and the Opening of the Arch will be four Diameters and f. The Center of 
 the Arch is marked upon the upright line on the right hand. 
 
 The Do rick Arch with and without the Pedeftal. 
 
 Plate XXXI. 
 
 f J - ' O draw the Dorici Arch without the Pedeftal, find the Diameter of the 
 Column, and take the Semidiameter for the Plinth. The diftance from mid¬ 
 dle to middle of the Columns muft be fix Diameters and j, the Pilafters that fup¬ 
 port the Arch muft be half a Diameter, and the Opening of the Arch four 
 Diameters and j. Thefe dimenfions cannot be varied, becaufe of the divifions of 
 
 3 the 
 
( J6 ) 
 
 the Metops and Triglyphs. The Center of the Arch is found by the upright line 
 on the right hand. 
 
 As to the Dorick Arch with the Pedeftal, firft find the Diameter of the Column ; 
 the diflance from middle to middle of the Columns mud: be feven Diameters and 
 a half, the Pilafters of the Arch will be £ of the Diameter, and the Opening of 
 the Arch five Diameters and T 
 
 The I o n i c k Arches. 
 
 Plate XXXII. 
 
 H E diflance from middle to middle of the Columns of the lonick Arch 
 without the Pedeftal, fo as to have the Modillions fall right, muft be fix 
 Diameters ; the Pilafters that fupport the Arch muft be half a Diameter, and 
 the Opening of the Arch four Diameters, &c. 
 
 The lonick Arch with the Pedeftal, from middle to middle of the Columns, 
 muft be feven Diameters and a half, the Pilafters *- of a Diameter, and the Open¬ 
 ing of the Arch five Diameters and !. The Rule for finding the Center of the 
 Arch is marked on the Column. 
 
 The Corinthian Arch. 
 
 Plate XXXIII. 
 
 H E diflance from middle to middle of the Columns of the Corinthian Arch, 
 
 without the Pedeftal, muft be fix Diameters and .V, the Pilafters that fupport 
 the Arch are hi of a Diameter, and the opening of the Arch four Diameters and 
 The Rule to find the Center of the Arch is this: Divide the height, from the up¬ 
 per part of the Step to the under-part of the Entablature, into ten parts ; the 
 divifion from 6 to 7 being divided into four, the third is the Center, as appears 
 by the line on the right hand. 
 
 The diflance from middle to middle of the Columns of the Corinthian Arch, with 
 the Pedeftal, muft be eight Diameters and V ; the Pilafters that fupport the 
 Arch -sv, and the opening of the Arch five Diameters and To find the Center 
 of the Arch, divide the diflance from the upper part of the Pedeftal to the under 
 part of the Entablature into ten parts; the flxth divifion will be the Center of the 
 Arch. 
 
 The Composite Arch. 
 
 Plate XXXIV. 
 
 T PI E diflance from middle to middle of the Columns of the Compofite Arch, 
 without the Pedeftal, is fix Diameters and a half, the Pilafters ,V, the Open¬ 
 ing of the Arch four and The Center of the Arch is marked on the right 
 
 hand. 
 
 The diflance from middle to middle of the Columns of this Arch, with the 
 Pedeftal, is eight Diameters. The Center of the Arch is found by dividing the 
 diflance from the upper part of the Pedeftal to the under part of the Entablature 
 into ten parts; the Center is at the ftxth divifion. 
 
 Of 
 
C 17) 
 
 Of placing Columns over Columns. 
 
 T N designing of Colonnades, or Arcades, adorned with Columns of two or three 
 A Orders placed over one another, it is to be obferved, that the firft or lower- 
 moft Order, as the Derick in the following Plate, mult give the bignefs of the Dia¬ 
 meter to the Order immediately over it, being there the lonick ; which being 4 of 
 the Diameter of the Derick, the Diameter of the Imick will be equal to the°dimi- 
 mllied part of the Dortch, which diminilhes 4 of its Diameter. In ftnall Draughts 
 divide fix Diameters of the Dorict into feven parts, 4 will be the Diameter required 
 for the Imick. The fame method is to be taken for finding the Diameter of the 
 Corinthian over the lonick. In this and all other compofitions the Intercolumnation 
 is duected by the Diameter; as alfo by the divifions of the Metops and Triglyphs, 
 and Modillions. Their proportions in refpeft to the Diameter are as followeth : ’ 
 
 The Derick from middle to middle of the Triglyphs is one Diameter and 4 , 
 the Triglyph ,, and the Metops v of a Diameter. 
 
 The lonick from middle to middle of the Modillions is 1 the Diameter, the 
 Modillion 4, and the Interval J of it. 
 
 The Corinthian from middle to middle of the Modillions is ,V of the Diameter, 
 the Modillion 4, and the Interval ,h. 
 
 The Compojite from middle to middle of the Modillions is 1 of the Diameter, 
 the Modillion 4, and the Inteival 4. 
 
 N. B. ,4 is twelve times in feven Diameters. 
 
 The Ion i ck and Corinthian Orders over the Dorick. 
 
 Plate XXXV. 
 
 TT ERE are two examples of Orders over Orders; that on the left hand is die 
 Donck with the lonick over it, and the Corinthian over the lonick. The Do¬ 
 rick, being the lowermoft Older, gives the rule to the other two, becaufe of its 
 Metops and Triglyphs; the diftance of each Intercolumnation is figured. 
 
 The other example, on the right hand, is the Corinthian over the lonick, on a 
 Ruftick Bafement. The firft example fliews the Intercolumhations where the 
 Columns are infular, this fliews the Intercolumnations when they are three quarter 
 Columns. The diftances betwixt middle and middle of the Columns are figured. 
 
 It was obferved before, that the Pedeftal lliould not be lefs than f of the height 
 of the Column and Entablature together; but here is a neceftity to have it lefs, 
 otherwife the Breafts of the Windows would be too high, if the Columns be of a 
 large Diameter. 
 
 Arches over Arches. 
 
 Plate XXXVI. 
 
 f Jp HERE muft always be regard had to the lower Order, as was faid before, 
 becaufe it regulates the Orders over it, fo that the Modillions may fall re¬ 
 gularly over each other. The diftances from middle to middle of the Columns 
 being figured, the Rules given before will be fufficient for explaining thefe two 
 examples. 
 
 F 
 
 Of 
 
( i8 ) 
 
 Of Doors and Gates. 
 
 D OORS and Gates have their Heads either fquare or circular j the latter 
 ought not to be ufed, unlefs the Impoft be above a Man's height. The 
 proportion of their Openings is as one to two, or their height is twice their breadth , 
 but the higheft of them fhould not exceed two fquares and f. To be more par¬ 
 ticular with refpedl to Doors, I will begin with the Fufcan. 
 
 The Tuscan Door. 
 
 Plate XXXVII. N°. i. 
 
 F IRST find the Diameter of the Column, give fix Diameters from middle to 
 middle of the Columns, the Opening of the Door will be four Diameters, 
 the Frame round the Door will be a Semidiameter, the height of the Opening 
 will be feven Diameters, and the Plinth one Diameter. 
 
 The Dorick Door. 
 
 Plate XXXVII. N°. 2 . 
 
 H Aving found the Diameter of the Column, give fix Diameters and to the 
 diftance from middle to middle of the Columns ; four Diameters and j- is the 
 Opening, and eight Diameters and a half go to the height, See. 
 
 The Io nick Door. 
 
 Plate XXXVII. N". 3 . 
 
 H E diftance from middle to middle of the Columns is fix Diameters and a 
 
 1 half, the Opening four Diameters and a half, and the height of the Open¬ 
 ing nine Diameters and a half, &c. 
 
 The Geometrical Rule to find the height of the Pediment is this : Draw the 
 line B G through the middle of the intended Door (as in N" 2 .) take the full ex¬ 
 tent of the Cornice A C, from the middle of it at E deferibe the Circle ABC D, 
 and from D deferibe the Circle AFCG, the Segment AFC is the proper 
 height of the Pediment. 
 
 The Composite Door. 
 
 Plate XXXVIII. N" 1 . 
 
 T HE diftance from middle to middle of the Columns, fo that the Modillions 
 may anfvver right, muft be feven Diameters, the Opening four Diameters 
 and :, and the height of the Opening ten Diameters and f, &c. 
 
 The 
 
C 19 ) 
 
 The Corinthian Door. 
 
 Plate XXXVIII. N". 2. 
 
 npH I S Door hath feven Diameters betwixt middle and middle of the Columns, 
 the Opening is four Diameters and |, and the height ten Diameters and 
 
 T, &C. 
 
 Another Door of the Corinthian Order. 
 
 Plate XXXVIII. N" 3. 
 
 ^^ ^ diftance from middle to middle of the Columns is feven Diameters and 
 ,the Opening four Diameters and f, and the height ten Diameters and 
 
 t, &c, 
 
 1 he T u s c a n Arched Door with a Pediment and Balluftrade. 
 Plate XXXIX. N“ 1. 
 
 T* H E diftance from middle to middle of the Columns mull be fix Diameters, 
 and the Opening four. The Rule for finding the Center of the Arch ap¬ 
 pears upon a line on the right hand, &c, r 
 
 The Dorics Arched Door. 
 
 Plate XXXIX. N" 2. 
 
 THE diftance from middle to middle of the Columns is fix Diameters and 
 T, and the Opening of the Arch is four Diameters and i, &c. 
 
 The Ionicx Arched Door. 
 
 Plate XXXIX. N" .3. 
 
 r P H E Ionick Arched Door has feven Diameters from middle to middle of the 
 Columns, and the Opening of the Arch is four Diameters and a half. The 
 prick'd line on the right hand (which is the height from the Ground-line to the 
 under-part of the Entablature) being divided into three equal parts, the fecond 
 divifion gives the Center of the Arch, 6cc. 
 
 The Composite Arched Door. 
 
 Plate XL. N" 1. 
 
 T^R O M middle to middle of the Columns there are feven Diameters and a half, 
 the Opening of the Arch is five Diameters. The line on the right hand 
 gives the Center of the Arch, and that on the left gives the general divifions, &c. 
 
 2 
 
 The 
 
( 20 ) 
 
 The Corinthian Arched Door with double Columns. 
 
 Plate XL. N° 2. 
 
 T j-j diftance from middle to middle of the Columns on each fide of the Aich 
 is feven Diameters, and from middle to middle of the double Columns one 
 Diameter and ], and the Opening of the Arch four Diameters and 6cc. 
 
 The Corinthian Arched Door with Tingle Columns. 
 
 Plate XL. N° 3. 
 
 T I IE diftance from middle to middle of the Columns is feven Diameters and 
 , the Opening of the Arch is five Diameters, &c. 
 
 N. B. I have given great variety of Doors in my Book of Designs and Or¬ 
 naments, publifhed in 1728. 
 
 Two Gates ; one Dorick, the other Ionick. 
 
 Plate XLI. 
 
 I N the Dorick Gate, in order to have the Metops and Triglyphs juftly divided. 
 
 the diftance from middle to middle of the Columns next the Arch mud be 
 feven Diameters and a half, and from middle to middle of the lelfer Interco- 
 lumnation three Diameters and i. and the Opening of the Arch five Diameters. 
 The Attick is ' of the whole height of the Order, including the Pedcftal, 3S 
 appears by a line on the left hand; the Center of the Arch, or the height of the 
 Impoft from the Ground-line, is marked on the right hand. 
 
 The Ionick Gate hath eight Diameters betwixt middle and middle of the Co¬ 
 lumns on each fide of the Opening, which is fix Diameters and a half; the 
 diftance from middle to middle of the Columns of the lelfer Intercolumnation is 
 three Diameters and a half, the Attick is f of the height of the Order. 
 
 Three Doors with Architraves. 
 
 Plate XLII. 
 
 I Have given on this Plate, three different forts of Doors with Architraves. The 
 firft has its Opening two fquares, and the Architrave is part of the Opening. 
 The Architrave, Prize and Cornice are in height one half of the breadth of the 
 Opening ; and that being divided into three parts, one goes to the Architrave ; 
 the other two being divided into feven, three go to the Frize, and four to the 
 Cornice. For the particular divifions fee Plate XLVI. 
 
 The fccond Door is two fquares and having Architrave, Prize, and Cornice, 
 with Scrolls and Pilafters. The Architrave is i of the breadth of the Opening, 
 and two thirds of the breadth of the Architrave give the bignefs’ of the Pilafter, 
 upon which the Scroll is fixed. The Entablature, as to its principal parts' is 
 divided as in the former example. For the particular parts fee Plate XLVI. 
 
 The 
 
( ) 
 
 The third Door is two fquares, and hath the fame proportions with the firft • 
 but it hath a circular Pediment and fwell’d Frize, and the Architrave is knee’d k 
 part of the Opening. For the Particulars fee Plate XLVI. 
 
 Ruftick Doors. 
 
 Plate XLTI I. 
 
 T Have given on this Plate five different forts of Ruftick Doors, although they 
 appear but three : They are all two fquares in height, or their height is twice 
 their breadth. The- method of drawing them is fo eafy, the parts being figured, 
 that it’s needlefs to give any further defeription of them. 
 
 Windows and Niches. 
 
 Plate XLIV. 
 
 O E R E are three different kinds of Windows and Niches, all with Archi¬ 
 traves, Frizes and Cornices. The Bread:, or Pedeflal-part, of the Window 
 is j or the whole height, as is fhewn by a line on the left hand j the height of 
 their Openings is two fquares. There are Niches inferibed within them. The 
 Architraves, Frizes and Cornices have the fame proportions as in the Doors. For 
 a greater Variety of Windows and Niches, fee my Book of Designs and Orna¬ 
 ments before mentioned. 
 
 1 he Proportions of Windows for different heights of Rooms. 
 Plate XLV. 
 
 N this Plate is fhewn the different proportions of Windows for different 
 heights of Rooms. There are two of two Squares, one of a Square and J-, 
 one of a Square and a half, one of a Square and f, and one fquare Window. 
 The Architraves in all of them are of their Openings. 
 
 Cornices for Doors, Windows and Niches* 
 
 Plate XLVI. 
 
 O ERE are three different forts of Cornices for Doors, Windows and Niches. 
 
 The outer line on the left hand divides the whole height into three parts, one 
 of which goes to the Architrave; the two upper parts being divided into feven, as 
 appears upon the fecond line, three of them go to the Frize, and four to the Cor¬ 
 nice, which is fubdivided into its members by the third line. The projection of 
 the Cornice of the firft is divided into three parts and fubdivided j the pro¬ 
 jection of the fecond is divided into five parts and fubdivided, and that of 
 the third into four and fubdivided for the projections of the members. The Ar¬ 
 chitraves are divided into four parts and fubdivided, and they projeCt j of their 
 height. 
 
 G 
 
 A Rule 
 
( -2 ) 
 
 A Rule for drawing the Scroll for the Support of Cornices over Doors, 
 Windows and Niches. 
 
 Plate XLVII. 
 
 H E Architrave, Frize and Cornice is in height half the breadth of the Open- 
 
 ing, and the Architrave i, as in the former examples. The Frize and Cor¬ 
 nice being divided into feven parts, four go to the Cornice and three to the 
 Frize, which gives the bignefs of the upper Spiral of the Scroll; the longed: part 
 of the Scroll F G takes four parts, and the lower Spiral two parts. The proje&ion 
 of each Spiral is to its height as 8 to 7. The thicknefs of the Scroll is always 
 the fame with that of the Pilafter it is fixed upon, which is )- of the Architrave. 
 
 The Spiral is formed in the fame manner as the lonick Volute, with this diffe¬ 
 rence, that the Iotiick Volute has twelve Centers, this has but eight. The Eye 
 of the Volute is drawn by itfelf larger below, with its divifions, where the Centers 
 are marked. Begin the Spiral with the firff Center from 1 to 2, proceed from 2 
 to 3, &c. 
 
 The Centers of the Segments are found in this manner; the firff is on the 
 fame line with the firff Center of the upper Spiral, continued to the adjoining 
 Pilafter at D. The lower is fix parts of the fmaller Spiral diftant from the ex¬ 
 tremity of the leffer Spiral, expreffed by the Quadrant in prick’d lines ABC ; and 
 the line C D , drawn from Center to Center, joins both Segments in their proper 
 lengths. The Foldings in front, or the thicknefs of the Scroll from E to E, being 
 divided into feven parts, one goes to each of the outer Fillets, and one to the 
 middle Bead H with its Lifts, and each Lift is y. The Center of the Bead is lower 
 than the outer Fillets by L 
 
 Venetian Windows. 
 
 Plate XLV 1 II. 
 
 T HEY are called Venetian Windows, becaufe they are moft ufed in and 
 about that City. They are proper to be placed at the end of Churches or 
 Galleries. I have here given two of them, one Dorick and the other lonick. 
 The diftance from middle to middle of the Pilafters of the middle Opening of the 
 Dorick is feven Diameters, and from middle to middle of the Pilafters of the 
 lelfer Openings, three Diameters and |. 
 
 In the lonick , the diftance from middle to middle of the Pilafters of the larger 
 Opening is feven Diameters, and in the leffer Openings four Diameters, <kc. 
 
 Six different Chimney-pieces. 
 
 Plate XLIX. 
 
 /'"Y Himney-pieces are larger or fmaller, according to the bignefs of Rooms for 
 which they are defigned. I li¬ 
 fe marked that the proportion of their breadth to their height may be readily 
 feen. The three uppermoft are fquare, and their Architraves arc of their Open¬ 
 ings; in thofe below, being larger, the Openings vary, which the dhifions plainly 
 
( 2 3 ) 
 
 fliew. The upright Scales Ihew the proportions of their height, and of their Archi¬ 
 traves, Frizes and Cornices. 
 
 Three other Chimney-pieces with Frames for Pictures or Pannels over 
 
 them. 
 
 Plate L. 
 
 T HESE three Chimney-pieces have Frames over them adorned with Pedi¬ 
 ments ; they have the fame proportions as to their Openings, as thofe in the 
 former Plate, but thefe are more ornamental. As to the proportion of their parts, 
 obferve the Scale to each of them. 
 
 Three more Chimney-pieces. 
 
 Plate LI. 
 
 T PI E S E have broken Pediments over them. There may be drawn a great 
 variety of them, and all good in their kind, if the Draughtfman has a good 
 tafte. Their Scales, as in the former, fliew the proportion of their parts. I have 
 given feveral more Defigns of Chimneys in my Book of Designs and Ornaments. 
 
 Three different forts of large Mouldings for Pannel or Picture frames 
 fixed in Rooms. 
 
 Plate LII. 
 
 Y OU have in this Plate three different forts of Mouldings for Pannel or Pi£lure 
 frames to be fixed in Rooms, with the manner of their Carving. Their 
 Profiles are on the left hand, divided and figured; fo that if the divifions are care¬ 
 fully obferved they will be found very eafy. With a little alteration they may ferve 
 for Surbafes to Rooms. 
 
 Five different Mouldings for fmaller Pannels. 
 
 Plate LIII. 
 
 T II E S E five forts of Mouldings are for fmalldr Pannels, to be placed over 
 Doors, or between larger Pannels to bring them to a juft proportion when 
 they are too broad. The divifions of their Profiles on the left hand fliew how to 
 form them. 
 
 The proportions of Rooms, and the Coving of their Cielings. 
 Plate LIV. 
 
 ¥ Have given on this Plate the different proportions of Rooms, as to their length, 
 breadth and height; as alfo the proportion of their Coves and Arched Cielings. 
 The firft is a Cube of 20 feet, its Cove is of its height. The fecond is 20 feet 
 by 25, or a Square and its height is 22 t, and its Cove is f of its height. 
 
 The third is 20 by 30 feet, or a Square and a -half, and has 25 feet for its height, 
 
 and 
 
( -4 ) 
 
 and its Cove is v of its height. The fourth is twenty feet by thirty five, or a 
 Square and ; and is 27 feet high, and its Arch is } of its height. The fifth 
 is 20 by 40 feet, or two Squares or the double Square ; its height is 30 feet, and 
 its Arch is 7 of its height: So that the Rule for finding the height of Rooms of 
 thefe forts is this ; let the length and breadth of them be added together, half the 
 Sum is the height of the Room. The laft is a Gallery 100 feet long and 
 20 feet broad, the length being five times its breadth : But let the Gallery be 
 longer or fhorter as it will fall out, its height muft anfvver to the double Square. 
 Thefe are the juft proportions of Rooms as handed down to us by the greateft 
 Mafters, if their Cielings are Coved or Arched ; but if they are flat, their height 
 will be agreeable if made equal to their breadth; as for example, a Room 30 
 feet long and 20 broad fliould be 20 feet high; and even Rooms of thefe pro¬ 
 portions are often Coved, and that fometimes f and '. But in the common Build¬ 
 ings in England , we are forced to give Rooms a lower proportion in regard to the 
 coldnefs of the Climate and the expence of building; fo that the height is fome¬ 
 times v leis than the breadth, as 20 feet broad by 16 feet high, and fometimes 
 lefs, as 20 feet broad by 15 feet high, which is the lowcft proportion they fliould 
 have. 
 
 Of Cielings in general and their Ornaments. 
 
 Plate LV. 
 
 HERE are different ways of adorning Cielings. I have given here three 
 
 different ways; one with large fquare Pannels, another with large Octagon 
 Pannels and Squares, and the third with large Hexagons and Rhombs ; all with 
 Rofes in the middle of their Pannels, and bordered with Frets and Gui- 
 locbi's. The proportions of each are figured on their Profiles on the left band. 
 Thefe may ferve either for Curvilinear or Flat Cielings. By Curvilinear, I mean 
 cither Semicircular or Elliptical. I have made the Cieling of the Church of St. 
 Mary Ic Strand with Squares and Rhombs, and the Elliptical Cieling of St. Mar¬ 
 tins in the Fields with large Squares, the Angles taken off, with Rofes in them ; 
 both which Cielings have a very good effedt. 
 
 Of Coved Cielings and their Ornaments. 
 
 Plate LVI. 
 
 T Have given on this Plate fix different ways of adorning Coved Cielings ; the two 
 uppermoft are with Grinds. Each Cieling hath its Platform under it. The 
 Coves of Rooms are generally made to be a Quadrant of a Circle, adorned either 
 with Fretwork or Painting, axid fometimes with both. 
 
 Of 
 
( 25 ) 
 
 Of Cupola 5 and Circular Sofites. 
 
 Plate EVIL 
 
 IT' IG. i. A B is the breadth of one fide of an Odtagonal Cupola , from the middle 
 *• of which eredt the perpendicular line D C, draw the lines C A, C B ; the 
 Triangle ABC makes the Platform of an eighth part of the Cupola. 
 
 Fig. 2. The Profile is to be made by a Quadrant of a Circle ABC , diredtly 
 over the Plan or Platform ; divide half the line A B into feven parts, as here 
 figured; fix of them will make two Pannels, and the feventh will remain for the 
 Border. The fame divifions muff be marked on the Profile over the Bafe-line A B , 
 in this manner • take for the Border at the bottom four parts, marked in the 
 Plan, and place them on the Profile from the Bafe line to N° i, from which draw 
 a line parallel to the Bafe-line of the Plan, and meafure the length of two Cen¬ 
 tral lines marked 2, 2, in the Plan, and place it in the Profile for the fecond Pan- 
 nel; from thence draw another parallel line, and meafure the length of the two 
 Central lines at 3, 3, in the Plan to find the fquare height of the third Pannel, and 
 fo on to the number of eight, as it appears in the Plan and Profile. 
 
 Fig. 3. The upright fide of this Odtagonal Cupola is made by the foregoing 
 Geometrical Rule. Firft draw the Bafe-line A B , even with the Bafe-line of the 
 Profile A B, on which eredt the Perpendicular D C, for the middle of the fide; 
 then draw all the parallel lines from the Profile, as expreffed by G G, &c. take 
 half the length of each line, figured in the Plan, and mark it on each fide of the 
 middle line of Fig. 3. until the length of every Pannel is fixed ; which afterwards 
 muft be followed with a line drawn by hand to compleat the form or out-line of 
 the Pannels. In the fame manner are the inner divifions brought over to the 
 number of Pannels contained therein, as may appear by Fig. 3. The fame Rule 
 is to be obferved in the other two fides H and 7, adorned with Octagons and 
 Hexagons. 
 
 As to the Sofites of Arches, if they are divided into Pannels, they muft be of an 
 uneven number, as in K, L , M , by having a Pannel in the middle. The Border 
 muft be no more than one fixth, nor lefs than one feventh part of the whole 
 breadth. 
 
 The Quadrant or Profile EF (Fig. 2.) on which the Pannels of this Semicir¬ 
 cular Sofite are divided, will be fufficient to explain them. I have drawn two 
 Semicircular Sofites, N and 0, of a larger breadth, to fhew how they may be 
 adorned. 
 
 PI 
 
 Of 
 
( 26 ) 
 
 Of Flat Cielings adorned with Fret-work. 
 
 Plate LVIII. 
 
 77 L A T Cielings may be divided into Pannels, and adorned with Fret-work and 
 Painting. But it is to be obferved that the lower the Cieling is, the Mould¬ 
 ings and Fret-work mutt project the lefs: For a Cieling 10 feet high mult not 
 have its Ornaments project as much as a Cieling 20 feet high ; if it did, the 
 Ornaments would appear a weight to the Cieling, lb that their relievo mull not 
 be fo great. I have given in this Plate two different Draughts of them, with 
 their Profiles; and there may be made with judgment great variety of them. X 
 think it better to have them divided into Pannels in this manner, which by its 
 variety gives an agreeable diverfion to the Eye, than to have the whole in one 
 large Pannel, which would make it appear too heavy. 
 
 Of Frets or Guilochi’s. 
 
 Plate LIX. 
 
 r S' ’I I ESE little Ornaments called Frets or Guilochi’s, wrought in the flat Bor- 
 ders of Frames, if well proportioned, have a fine effe£L I have drawn on 
 this Plate feveral different forts of them. The firft is the Vitruvian Scroll, drawn 
 either plain, or adorned with Leaves and Sprigs. The fecond is a Fret refembling 
 a Knot. The third is a different Knot. The fourth is a Fret-border of eleven 
 divifions done two ways, the diftances of the finking and rifing parts being equal. 
 The fifth is a Border of two different Frets of nine divifions. The fixth is a Border 
 of two different Frets of feven divifions. Theft Ornaments are proper to be 
 placed in Picture-frames, Sofites of Arches and Architraves, on Fafcia's and 
 Plinths of Bafes, when the reft of the members are car ved. 
 
 Of Block-Cornices and Ruftick Coines. 
 
 Plate LX. 
 
 'C r 0 U have here three different forts of Black-Cornices; their divifions are 
 marked on the left hand. But to make them more plain, I have drawn the 
 Profiles of them larger on the next Plate. As to the Ruftick Cornices, they 
 have a proportion to each other as z to 3, and their champhered Edges, or 
 Rufticks, are , of their height. 
 
 The 
 
( 2 7 ) 
 
 J he Profiles of Block^Cornices. 
 
 Plate LXI. 
 
 rpHESE Profiles are each of them divided into eight parts, which are fob- 
 divided to form their members. They do not projeft fo much as they are in 
 height, as other Cornices. The projeftion of the dm. a-top muft be reduced to a 
 Square , and fo muft the little Lift under it as appears on the Plates. The <W 
 fans upon the fourth divifion of the Scale below for the projeftion in two of 
 thofe Profiles, but in the third the Corona falls on the fifth divifion. The reft 
 k very eafy. 
 
 Of Ballufters, their Proportioni and Diftances. 
 
 Plate LXII. 
 
 J Have given on this Plate five different forts of Ballufters. The lowermoft is 
 divided into eight parts, and its breadth into four, two of which go to the 
 fohd and two to the fwellcl Members. The Ballufters are diftant from each other 
 one half of their thicknefs. The crofs prick’d lines foew the centers of the 
 1 welling and finking members. The Balluftrade next above this on the left hand 
 is divided intonme parts, and that on the right into ten, and fobdivided as on 
 the Plate. The uppermoft Balluftrades are of a more delicate form, being 
 divided into twelve parts, and fobdivided to form the Mouldings. Tliele are fitteft 
 to be done in Wood or call in Metal, the others may be made of Stone Their 
 Caps and Bafes have the fame proportions with the common Pedeftals. 
 
 Of Balconies and their Trufles. 
 
 Plate LXIII. 
 
 JHave drawn here four different forts of Balconies, where the foregoing Bal- 
 lufters may be ufed from the largeit to the fmalleft. I have alfo given their 
 Profiles foewing eight different forts of Truffes that fopport them. Some are 
 drawn with Architraves, Frizes and Cornices, feme with Pannels enriched be¬ 
 tween the Truffes, others with Heads, Shields and Feftoons, &c. 
 
 ihe Corinthian Modillion explained. 
 
 Plate LX1V. 
 
 T m E ^ f ° f a ModU1!on ^ refpea to its Cornice is fhewn in the Pro- 
 hie and Platform of the Corinthian Entablature, Plate XVII, and in the 
 
 tlfiTlU dhr ^ SC ’ f VIIL ° n th ‘ S Pkte are drawn at lar S e three Views of 
 th^Modtfoon, the Profile ^ the under-fide B, and the endC. The Profile 
 
 hath the fonn of a Scroll, and both ends are turned with a Spiral. The height 
 
 thetreafof f /T ^ PartS; the fifth S ives the bignefs of the Eye, 
 
 -reauth u feven, ana the fourth gives the Center. The leffer Spiral is four 
 
 fevenths 
 
(28 ) 
 
 fcvc-nths of the bigger ; divide each of the four parts into two, which make eight; 
 tiie breadth is feven, and the Eye one, by the fame Rule as the former. The Eye 
 is divided into eight different Centers, according to the number of Quadrants 
 which form the Spiral line, explain'd by prick'd lines drawn from each Center, and 
 marked t, a, 3, See. Both Spirals are joined by two Segments; the Center of 
 that which joins to the biggeft at a falls perpendicular upon the firft Center of 
 the Spiral, and is one fourth part of its height above it. The fecond at b is per¬ 
 pendicular to the infide of the Role, and one fourth of the teller Spiral below the 
 Bale-line of the Modillion ; this fourth is divided into three, to Ihorten the per¬ 
 pendicular line by two parts, for the Center of the diminilhed part C ; the 
 joining of thcfe Segments is where the prick'd line drawn from a to b, being the 
 Centers, do cut the Segments a a, b b, c c. The end of the Scroll C is to be 
 divided into eight parts ; one eighth is the bignefs of each Fillet d, d, and fo is the 
 Bead e with its Lifts, and each Lift is one fixth of the Bead and Lifts; the fink¬ 
 ing of the Lifts or Center of the Bead is three quarters. 
 
 FINIS. 
 


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