DESHASHEH BY W. M. FLINDERS PETRIE, D.C.L., LL.D., Ph.D. LDWARDS PROFESSOR OF EGVPIOLOOV, l^NlVEBsITV COLLEGE, LONDON VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE BOTAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL IKSTITCTE, LONDON MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL GERMAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL IKSTITUTE CORK. MEMB. SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY, BERLiX MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF NORTHERN ANTIQUARIES With a Chapter by F. Ll. GRIFFITH, M.A., F.S.A. FIFTEENTH MEMOIR OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND PUBLISHED BY OliDER OF THE COMMITTEE LONDON: SOLD AT The offices OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND, 37, Great Russell Street, W.C, AND AT 59, Temple Street, Bostok, Mass., U.S.A.; AND BY KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., Pateksoster House, Chakihg Cross Road, W.C. B. QUARITCH, 15, Piccadilly, W. ; ASHER & Co., 13, Bedford Street, Covent Garden. W.C. 1898 DESHASHEH. STATUE OF NENKHEFTKA. Frontispiece. DESHASHEH 1897 BY W. M. FLINDERS PETRIE, D.C.L., LL.D., Ph.D. EnWARIiS PROFESSOR OF EGYPTOLOGY, IXIVEBSITY COLLEGE, LON'DOX VICK-PRESIDEXT OF THE ROYAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL IXSTITCTE, LOXl'O.N MEMBER OF THE IMPERLIL GERMAX ARCDAEOLOGICAL IXSTITITE CORB. MEMB. SOCIETY OF AXTHROPOLOGY, BERLIN MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF XORTHEBN AXTIQUABIE3 With a Chapter by F. Ll. GRIFFITH, M.A., F.S.A. FIFTEENTH ]\rE]\rOIR OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND PVBLISffET) BY OBDEIi OF TlIE COMMITTEE LONDON: SOID AT The offices OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND, 37, Great Russell Street, W.C, AND AT 6P, Temple Street, Bostos, Mass., CJ.S.A. ; AND BT KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., Paternoster House, Chaeisg Ceoss Road, W.C. B. QUARITCH, 15, Piccadilly, W. ; ASHER & Co., 13, Bedford Stkbet, Covent Garden, W.C. 1898 LONDON : PRINTED BY GILBERT AND RITINGTON, LIMITED, ST. JOHN'S HOUSE, CLEBKENTTELL, E.C. EGYPT EXPLOEATION FUND. prcslOent. SIR JOHN FOWLER, Bart., K.C.M.G. Sir E. Maonde Thompson, K.C.B., D.C. L., LL.I). Major - General Sir Francis Grenfell, G.C.M.G., K.C.B. The Rev. Phof. A. H. Sayoe, M.A., LL.D. Charles Dudley Warner, Esq., L.H.D., LL.D. (U.S.A.). The Rev. W. C. Winslow, D.D., D.C.L. (U.S.A.). 10(ce=iPrcsi5ents. The Hon. Chas. L. Hutchinson (U.S.A.). Bourinot, D.C.L. The Hon. John Geo. (Canada). Prof. G. Maspero, D.C.L. (France). Prof. Ad. Erman, Ph.D. (Germany). Josiah JIullens, Esq. (Australia). M. Charles Hentsoh (Switzerland). ■fcon. treasurers. H. A. Grueber, Esq., F.S.A, F. C. Foster, Esq. (U.S.A.) J. S. Cotton, Esq., M.A. Ibon. Secretaries. The Rev. W. C. Wixslow, D.D. (U.S.A.). /IftenUiers of Committee. T. H. Baylis, Esq., M.A., Q.C., V.D. Miss M. Brodrick, Ph.D. (for Boston). Somers Clarke, Esq., F.S..\. W. E. Crum, Esq., M.A. Sir John Evans, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D. Arthur John Evans, Esq., M.A., F.S..\. F. Ll. Griffith, Esq., M.A., F.S..\. Mrs. F. Ll. Griffith. T. Farmer Hall, Esq. John Horniman, Esq., M.P. Mrs. McClcre. The Rev. W. MaoGregor, M.A. A. S. Murray, Esq., LL.D., F.S.A. The Marquis of Northampton. D. Parrish, Esq. (U.S.A.). Francis W-m. Percival, Esq., M.A., F.S.A. Prof. W. M. Flinders Petrie, D.C.L. (for Chicago). F. G. Hilton Price, Esq., F.S.A. Mrs. Tirard. The Rev. H. G. Tomkins, M.A. The Lord Bishop of Trubo. Hermann Weber, Esq., M.D. Major-General Sir Charles W. Wilson, K.C.B., K.C.M.G., F.R.S. CONTENTS, INTRODUCTION. 1 , Explorutiou of Middle Egypt 2, Cemetery of Deshasheh. 1*1. I. CHx'^PTER I. Thk Tomb or Anta. 3. Chronology of the cemetery. PL II. 4. Plan of the tomb. I'l. III. 5. Battle in Syria. PL IV. . 6. Siege of town. PL IV. 7. Boat-building, &c. PL V. 8. Ship of Anta. PL VI. . 9. Recess of the tomb. Pk. VII.-LX. 10. Animals, dancers, &c. Pis. X.-XII. 1 1 . Workmen, & pillars. I'ls. Xlll., XlV CHAPTER II. The Tomb of Shedu. 12. Plan of the tomb. PL III. 13. Field scenes and servants. Pis, XV.- XVII 14. Cattle and funeral sacrifice. PL XVIII. 15. Recess of the tomb. Pis. XIX., XX. 16. Workmen. PL XXI. 17. Fishing and harvest. Pis. XXII. , XXIII 18. Lower fa.:ade. Pis. XXIV., XXV. . 19. 20. 21. 22. 23, 24. 25, 26, 27, 28. 29. 30. 9 31 9 32 10 33 10 "5/1 10 O^ 11 35 CHAPTER 111. TdJIBS OF Nk.NKIIEITKA ANU SdX. Position of tomb and serdab Statues found .... Condition of statues . Wrecking of statues and sepulchre Nenkheftek's tomb . CHAPTER IV. Tombs wrru Pekeect Bodies. Classes of burials. PL XXVI. . Full-length burials. Amulets . Contracted burials in coffins Burial in block coffins Burial without coffins, full length Burial without coffins, contracted Uncertain burials CHAPTER V. Tombs with Dissevered Bodies. Bodies with portions dissevered . Bodies mainly dissevered . Bodies completely dissevered and reconstituted .... Bodies completely dissevered and irregular ..... Burial and treatment of bodies . \-2 12 13 Il- ls 16 It; 17 l.s l.s l.s 19 20 21 22 23 24 CONTENTS. CHAPTER YI. Measurements of the Skeletons. CHAPTER VIII. Secondary Burials. 36. Material for measurement . . 25 47. Burials of XVIIIth Dynasty . 37 37, Dimensions of skulls compared . . 25 48. Roman burials .... . 38 38. Proportions of skulls compai-ed . . 26 49. Bahsamun .... . 38 39. Dimensions of bones . . 27 40. Proportions of bones . . 28 CHAPTER IX. 41. Roman skulls .... . 29 The Inscriptions. By F. LI. Griffith, M.A., F.S.A. CHAPTER VII. 50. Tomb of Anta .... . 42 Minor Objects. 51, Tomb of Shedu .... . 44 42, 43. Wooden figures. Clothiuo- ..... . 31 . 31 52. 53. Board and coffin of Mera . Coffin of Nenkheftek . . 46 . 47 44. Mallets, chisels, and sharpeners . . 32 INDEX . 49 45. Palette, head-rests, and reed-work . U 46. Pottery ..... . 85 LIST OF PLATES .... . 52 DESHASHEH. INTRODUCTION. (1.) The work of this year has been more varied than usual, and has fulfilled more the character of exploration than in previous years. One of the least known parts of Egypt, the Avestern side from the Fayum to Minieh, was completely traversed and examined ; and two sites within that area were excavated. At the end of November I went to settle at Behnesa, the Roman Oxyrhynkhos, and built huts there for our party. Mr. Geere accompanied me, and Mr. Grenfell and Mr. Hunt came soon after. The permission to excavate was granted on November 30 ; but we were kept idle, wait- ing for its official transmission, till December 12, thus losing a large fraction of tliQ season. On examining the desert behind Behnesa, back for four miles, Ave failed to find any tombs of importance ; and only Roman tombs were found near the town. All the tovm. mounds were Roman and Arabic, and I did not find anything of importance except the beginning of the great harvest of papyri. Seeing that the interest of the place would depend on that line, and not on Egyptian remains, I handed the site over entirely to Messrs. Grenfell and Hunt, and went exploring southward. The whole edge of the desert from Behnesa and Minieh was explored ; all the ruins and ceme- teries were noted, and many places examined in the cultivated land and also back in the desert. I travelled partly on donkey, partly walking, and constantly using a telescope to search the distance ; each evening, on camping by the Arab villages wliich skirt the cultivation, I gathered all the infijrination that I could from the people. One certain result is that the site for the coloured plaster heads from coffins, which was exploited a few years ago, is in the cemeteries a little north of j\Iinieh ; the people mentioned them, and I saw pieces of them lying about. The scenery here is unlike any other part of Egypt. On crossing the Nile plain and reaching the desert a high sand dune is seen, Avhich seems to be the beginning of the endless Avaste. Ascending it, a long strijj of blue lake of fresh water lies before us, a quarter to half a mile Avide. When the dune behind that is climbed, another lake is seen, and yet another. At one point of vieAV I saAv six parallel lakes of blue Avater divided bv h\. ; none of them had any ornaments or portraits. In some cases the bones of the original possessor, or only the skull, were placed carefully on one side of the chamber, distinguishable by their white- ness from the Romin bones ; in other cases they seemed to have been removed before the Roman interments. Tlie detailed description of these minor tombs occupies here Chapters IV. and V. One main work at Deshasheh was the copying of the sculptui'ed tombs. Two tombs had been cleared, and locked up by the Department of Antiquities ; and a lower facade of one of these was further found in my excavations, which showed two new subjects — a pyramid and its temple, and boatmen with raised oars. The copying was done full size, and amomited to 1 50 feet in lenirth, five feet hioh. The 230sition of the town to whicli tliis cemetery belonged is not yet known. The causeway down the hill from Shedu's toml) points to a site of ruins in the plain, about a mile from the desert; but this site is entirely Koman, and not elevated above the present land. It might, however, cover an early site which was formerly on the desert edge, and has since been covered and surrounded with about fifteen or twenty feet of Nile deiJosits. But on the other hand two unfinished graves were found, each INTRODUCTIOX. containing a stock of mallets, chisels, baskets, cord, etc., used by the workmen for excavating the gravel. Had the town been near the ceme- tery the men Avould not have left their tools behind, and if left by chance, they would have fetched them ; it rather appears that the town Avas so far away (probably by the Nile, al)out El Balanka) that each day they hardly thought it worth while to go up to fetch the property. In the work on the spot Mr. H. V. Geere assisted me by doing the sui'vey, and attending to the close of business after I left, and in writing the account Jiivcn here of the Bahsamun cemetery. In the inking in of the diawings I have to thank Miss Hilda Urlin, and also Mr. Herbert Thompson in the restoration of the lists of offerings, and Di-. Walker. The larger photographs are due to the skill of Mr. Frank Haes. And I have to thank both ^Ir. Hunt and Mr. Geere for measuring a hirge numljcr of Roman skulls. Thus again my friends have shared and lightened my work. DESHASHEH. CHAPTER I. THE TOMB OF ANTA, (3.) Tliis tomb is the more important of the two bearing sculptures at Deshasheh. The position of it is the best in the whole cemetery (see pis. i., ii.), occupying the brow of a striking isolated hill at the south end of the plateau edge. It is obviously the first site to be taken in the district ; and both the sculptured tomb of Shedu, and the destroyed mastaba of Nenkheftka — whence the statues come — are far inferior in position. The execution of it is also larger, bolder, and apparently earlier than that of Shedu. It seems very probable that the tombs were executed in successive order from south to north, and so the sequence of the more important is, (1) Anta, (2) Nenkheftka, (3) Shedu. Now in the tomb of Shedu we find (pi. xviii.) a son named Tetakhu, belonging therefore to the first reign of the Vlth Dynasty. Nenkheftka and his son Nenkheftek might then probably belong to the latter half of the A^th Dynasty. And at Saqqara is a tomb of another Nenkheftka and his son Nenkheftek ; these cannot be the same as the two of Deshasheh, as the wife of the elder is Neferhoteps at Saqqara, and Neferseshems at Deshasheh. Probably therefore the Saqqara men are the two generations before the Deshasheh men, as the royal names in their tomb are of Userkaf and Sahura, at the beginnins; of the Vth Dynasty. These relationships of this family are the more likely as Nenkheftek's nefer name is Thy ; and Thy of Saqqara was in the second generation below Nenkheftka there, as seen in the descent of property (]\Iiss Murray, in Froc. Soc. Bib. Arch., xvii. 244). Lastly, it is pi'obable that Anta preceded Nenkheftka, by the position of his tomb, and therefore he belongs to tlie middle of the Vth Dynasty. To resume in historic order, using provision- ally the dating which I have given in my history, so as to see the relation of the generations : Nenkheftka of Saqqara, Nenkheftek of Saqqara, about 3670 B.C., or later, about 3640 B.C., or later. iVnta of Deshasheh, about 3600 b.c. Nenkheftka of Deshasheh about 3570 b.c. Nenkheftek-Thy of Deshasheh, about 3540 b.c. (Thy of Saqqara being about 3590 B.C.) Shedu of Deshasheh, about 3500 b.c. These dates are roughly the central date of each life. The subjects and style of the Deshasheh tombs agree entirelv with those of the same age at Saqqara. (4.) The tomb-chamber of Anta is cut just below the top of the isolated hill, at the south end of the cemetery. Onlv sufficient thickness of limestone to form the roof is left above it. Outside of it there was originally a sloping face of built blocks of limestone, slightly sunk ; this doubtless had originally a band of inscription above the doorway, and perhaps scenes in relief upon it, as upon the rock-cut facade of Shedu. Of this front only the foundation remains, just showing the projection at each end which gave the sunken effect to it, and the further recess in which the doorway was placed. Before the facade the ground was all artificially raised by a bed of stone chips about three feet thick, from which two or three steps led down to the door. THE TOMB OF ANTA. In this chip platform, a little in fi'ont of the door, and on the north side of the path, a jar was sunk with its mouth level with the surface (pi. xxxiii. 20). This was probably to receive the drink-offerings made before the tomb. The sculptured chamber of the toml) was entii'cly in the rock, excepting part of the top of the front, which may have been built up with blocks. This part has now been restored with stones and cement by the Government ; and a Avooden roof has been supplied in place of a part of the front edge of the roof which had fallen away. The chamber is divided across the middle by three pillars ; these were not left in the rock, but were cut and put in place. Two of the three have been overthrown, and used by the Copts for making divisions. The back (W.) of the chamber has three recesses ; on the south of the back is a doorway, opening into a small rough chamber with two niches ; on the north is another doorway opening into a rough chamber with two wide recesses and one narrower ; these chambers were probably tlie f,erdahs for the funeral statues of Anta and Minmert respectively. In the midst of the back is the wide recess with sculptui'es around it. The back of this recess has figures of Anta and his wife, tables and lists of offerings, and ligures of dishes and vases. In the lower part two blocks were inserted, which have since been torn out, and lie in the chamber. These gave access to a passage which led downward to the sepulchral chamber ; but another access was provided — probably later and accidental — by a large pit sunk from the top of the hill, doAvn on the south of the passage. The first chamber reached, by a sloping passage, is large and plain ; out of the south end of it a doorway leads to a second chamber. In the second chamber is a depression in the floor for a coffin, in the south-Avest corner, lying with length jST. to S., like all burials here. In this hollow was found only a skull and jaw. From the con- ' dition of the skull, its whiteness and absence of | organic matter, it clearly belonged to the primary interment, rather than to any secondary burial in the Roman re-use of the tombs. It may be taken then as the head of Anta ; and it is one of the most noble faces that has ever been found among Egyptian skulls. The fine breadth of it, the Avidth between the eyes, the splendidly developed facial bones, and the uprightness of the teeth and the jaAV jn'otile, place it as above most other faces that I have seen for the expression of ability and character (see pi. xxxvi., top). (5.) The sculptures on the sides of the upper chamber comprise many new subjects, and some of the greatest interest. PI. iV. N. half of E. AvaU. This sIioavs scenes from a Avar betAveen the Egyptians and a people of north Arabia or southern Palestine. The hair and top lock is like that of the Menti-Satet on the gold pectoral of Amenemhat III., or more closely that on the scene of Pepi {Denhmdlev,\\. UG). Unhappily tlie inscription is so much lost by the ruin of the top and the scalino- of the bottom, that I could not recover more than is drawn here. It is coarsely blocked out in relief. Possibly there may be place- names in the last column but one, determined by outlines of forts containing an enemy. If so, the only legible name would h^Nedaa. This is otherwise unknoAvn, and the only name in Ptolemy that could correspond would l)e Anitha, about the position of Es Salt, east of the Joi'dan. This is hardly likely, l)ut there seems no better possibility. The second name begins Avith IIh, or 'Aiu, a spring. I cleared aAvay all the loose rubbish far in front of this tomb, in hopes of finding some blocks Avith more of the inscription, but in vain. The war scenes are the most spirited and dramatic that remain to us, as well as being the earliest. Unhappily the wall has been a good deal injured in general, besides being entirely destroyed in parts Avhere recesses have been cut by the Coptic dwellers in tlio tomb. These DESUASHEH. injuries have left many subjects very imperfect ; and it became a serious question how far dotted completions should be cari'ied out. The rule adopted was that every detail about ■which tliere could not reasonably be any uncertainty should be dotted in. Bv dottinsi; the restored lines no question can arise as to whether the line depends on actual remains or on presumption ; and if such continuations were not insei'ted it Avould be impossible for anyone, however familiar with such subjects, to understand some parts clearly. To take an cxti'eme case here, note in pi. iv., middle scene in the town enclosure at the ri2;ht hand, where two Avomen are forcing down a man. Of one woman only a forearm and elboAv remain ; this shows the place of one slioulder ; she must face the other woman in order to act, hence the other shoulder is iixed; her head must lean forward for such nn action as thrust- ing, and her other arm could not be far l)ack or it would cut the figures behind it; so — witli some doubt perhaps on this last point — the arm is placed where pressure is certainly needed in the group, on tlie man's head. This is an extreme case, yet it is hardly possible even here to suppose any other arrangement than that given, Xo attempt has been made to deal with many mutilated figures, where there was no sutiicient clue to the action. Considering now the scenes represented. In pi. iv. in the middle is a scene in four lines. At the top are parts of four Egyptian archers advancing to attack the toAvn shown on the right. Below them are two lines of the fight between the Egyptians armed Avith shalloAv battle-axes and the Sati armed Avith clubs. It is clear that the archers ha\'e ])receded the melee, as the Sati have many arrows sticking in them. The combats are full of action, and far superior in design to the stilt' siege scenes of the Xlltli Dynasty at Beni Hasan, in the tombs of Ameny, Baqt IIL, and Khety ; and though less imposing than the monster battle scenes of Sety I. and Ramessu II., yet this Avall shows as much invention and more detail of action. The breakinii-of the boAv Avas the token of submission by the Sati, as appears here in two cases. In the loAvest stage the captives arc being led off" the field, roped together. The attitude of the little boy in fVuut, led 1)V the Avoman, is ex- cellent ; and at the rear is tlie spirited group of the Egyptian guard, Avho has captured a girl and thrown her over his shoulder, Avhile she evidently fears falling oft' more than anything, and is holding on by an arm OA^er his head. (6.) At the right lumd of the scene is the fortified enclosure of the town of the Sati. The men have nearly all come out to fight in the open, and hardly any but Avomen remain behind. At the base are two Egyptians outside the fort, mining the brick A\'all Avith long pikes, Avhile an officer stands by Avith his battle-axe in his girdle, leaning on a statt". Inside tlie wall a man of the Sati kneels doAvn listenins: to the ; it over the shoulder, and the sag of the skin slung from the belt, are just like the modern water-skin carried about Cairo at present. Below that comes the name of his mother, IMertefs, which also occui's on pi. xvi., and has been elsewhere carved. The pilaster inscriptions show the same titles that are seen elsewhere, and a bit of the grou]) seen on the statues of Nenkheitka (pi. xxxiii. 27). The back of the recess had a false door sculptured on it, flanked by figures of jars of offerings. It has been greatly broken away, and what remains is disfigured by tliiek in- crustation of salt. PL XX. On the south wall of the recess was a figure of Shedu seated, with a table of offerings before him. The west wall of the tomb, to the south of the recess, is nearly all destroyed, only fi-agments of some small figures remaining at the top. (16.) PL XXI. Here Shedu and his daughter are beholding the workmen of the estate. The carpenters are polishing a couch. beneath whicli arc tlie boxes for clothinij, &c., and two head-rests, placed on footstools. Another carpenter is sawing a plank. The wood is lashed on to an upright post which is planted in the ground, and is further stayed by ropes fore and aft tying it down to attachments in the ground. The lashing -\vhicli attaches the board to the fixed post is tightened by twisting it up with a stick, and the ball of surplus cord hangs down. In the middle line is a carpenter trimming a great door. Next is a machine made of a forked piece standing on the ground and a lung cui'ved leg fastened to it, forming a tripod : on this is fastened a long lever arm, so as to form a press or vice. Tliis is worked by one man putting his weight on the lever, while another places bars of wood to be acted on in the j)ress. A row of such bars lies in the back- ground. The inscription was never completed, the name of the object or action Avas some unusual sign which the sculjitor did not know, and he has left a blank for it. The use of this press is not clear ; it may have been to compress and harden the points of the stakes, or to trim them into shape Avith a cutter ; ]:)ut if the latter, we should expect to have the form of the end shown. Lastly comes the cutting of Avood ; the word nezer, or nejer, " to prepare wood or carpenter," is still used, the ricgijav being the modem Arabic for a carpenter. At the bottom is the preparation of leathei', and sandal-making ; leather cases for mirrors, &c., stand in the back- ground. (17.) PL XXII. On the other half of the south wall is the very usual fishing scene, where Shedu is accompanied by his daughter and one son Avho is spearing fish. The sou's name remains — " Nena, whose surname is Erdunef- hotep " (see pi. xxv.) ; and he held the office of governor o^ the palace and companion like his father. Another son Avhose name is lost — unless it Avas Shedu as his father's — stands behind, holding a bird which he has knocked over with a throw-stick. The genett cats (?) hunting for THE TOMB OF SHEDU. 11 young birds among the reeds are a favourite subject in tbe IVth and Vth Dynasty. Below is a variety of fish in the water, Avith the inevitable crocodile and hippopotamus. PI. XXIII. On the wall south of the door is all the harvest and farm work. The wall is much destroyed l)y the I'all at the top, decay of the face, aud two large recesses cut by the Copts. A good group of donkeys treading out the grain is left near tlie door, the harvest is seen at the other end, with a row of large granaries in the background. Groups of cattle and slaughtering filled the lower part. (18.) VI XXIV. The outer facade at the low level is much decayed and weathered by exiaosure, and the scenes are only traceable in part. Besides that it is thickly encrusted with salt in much of the sculpture that remains. The usual fish-spearing scene, with two fish caught on a l^ident out of a pool Ijefore the master, is given. In front of that is a very un- usual sculpture, probably unique, of a pyramid and temple befoi'e it, with a man opening the door. Most unfortunately the decay prevents our knowing whose pyramid this was. Lastly, there are servants with oflerings at the base. PL XXV. On the opposite half of the fagade the scenes are so greatly destroyed that it was useless to try to show their arrangement. One line bears the funeral barge with the coffin under a canopy, the boxes of funeral fui-niture before aud behind it, and a mourner seated at either end. Behind that is a procession of boats floating down the stream, the men all holding their oars uj), which is a position very unusual or uukuowu on sculptures ; the re- mainder of the boats are in less perfect condi- tion. At the base of the Avail are servants cooking the funeral feast. Parts of this lower line are in perfect stiite, OAving to having been modelled in hard plaster instead of being cut in soft limestone. At eacli end of the recess of the facade are traces of a large figure of Shedu standing. On the sides of the passage leading from the facade to the tomb aljoA^e there are remains of long inscriptions. Tlie upper part having been of built stone is all removed ; the lower jjart in rock is tliickly encrusted Avith salt. There is shoAvn here a small part of the north side of the passage, Avitli horizontal lines of titles of Shedu, &c. ; and a larger part of the south side, Avitli vertical columns of inscription of the titles of Shedu. At the inner edcje of this Avas a larije figure of Shedu, and his son Erdunefliotep, whom Ave saAV before in pi. xxii. For the dis- cussion of these and the other inscriptions sec Chapter IX. by Mr. Griffith. 12 DESHASHEH. CHAPTER III. TOMBS OF NENKHEFTKA AND NENKHEFTEK. (19.) We have already noted, in the dis- cussion of dates in the tirst chapter, that these two men — father and son — were probably the grandsons or greatgrandsons of two of the same names known at Saqqara ; and that their date is about tlie latter half of the Vth Dynasty. IIeaU Of NESKHEi'IKA. .StaTLE A. The actual remains found of them at Deshasheh arc the ravaged tomb-platform and empty tomb-well of the father, the statues of father and son in the father's serdab, and the untouched grave of the son with inscribed coffin and body complete. Perhaps there was no real difference between the names, as in early times the sign of the two arms, Jm, interchanges Avith the basket k ; but for distinction we keep a differ- ence in the spelling as the Egyptians did. That the figures were not really all of one person, with changes in spelling, is shown by the seated figure AATitten with Jca being accompanied by the little boy written with k. The tomb of Nenkheffcka has been Ijuilt upon a narrow spur ol' the plateau, filling the whole width of it. But the built mastaba and its chambers have been entirelv removed for the sake of the stone in early times ; and all that is left is a platform cut in the rock, with a few long blocks of rouo'h coarse limestone left Ivino- about it. The whole was covered with chips and sand, so that it was indistinguishable from the rest of the hill-side. I noticed a bank of chijjs thrown out below, proving that some considerable work had been done here ; and on digging above we found the platform. This was cleared for several davs without finding anything, and my men being much discouraged would hardly continue. Lastly, in clearing the south-Avest corner of the platform a pit was found 38 X 41 inches, and two or three feet down a doorway led westward into the serdab chamber cut in the rock. This chamber is about 8 feet wide and 18 long (96 X 211 inches), and the floor is of various levels 5 to 8 feet under the roof. A recess a foot and a half high opens in the north wall. (20.) The cliamber was half full of sand run in from the entrance. Lyino^ half in the sand were the statues, some down in the lowest jjart, others on the higher place or bench at the end ; and in the recess was the head of one of the large statues and frao-ments of the smaller. Pieces lay beneath the sand on the bench and about the chamber, and the completion of the smaller figures was obtained by searching all the chips and sand for 10 or 15 feet around the pit on the outside platform. The wdiole of the figures that were here can hardly be knoA^Ti, as of several there are but small pieces left, and others may have entirely disappeared. But the followino; are certain, all of limestone : — TOMBS OF NENKHEFTKA AND NENKHEFTEK. Nenkheftka. A. Statue, one foot broken, B. Statue, one foot lost, other broken. f life size (Cairo), pi. xxxii. 4, 5, 6. f „ (Brit. Mus.), pi. XXX. 1, front ; xxxii. 1, 2, 3. C. Seated figure, with son by legs, D. Pair in f N., one leg lost, one base, ( Wife, complete, E. Group, N. and wife, shins lost, F. Base of a gi'oup of N. and wife, G. Bits of inscription from Imse of a group like E, ^ Nenkheftek. (Cairo), pi. xxxii. 7, 8. (Boston), pi. xxxi. 1. pi. xxxiii. 29. (Chicago), pi. xxxi. 2 ; xxxiii. 28. (Chicago), pi. xxxiii. 27. II. Seated iigure, one fore-arm lost, /'. Seated cross-legged figure, body lost, r. „ „ ,, head lost, (/. Statue, only middle left, a boy, e. Statue, from insertion in grouji, ( Uncertain) — Arm and leg of cross-legged figure, Leg of seated figure. Arm, Seated cross-legged figure, head, shoulder, and knee lost, 3 10 (Philadelphia), pi. xxx. 2, (Liverpool), pi. xxxiii. 31 (Brit. Mus.), pi. xxxiii. 30 (Boston) 3: xxxiii. 32. (Liverpool) (21.) The condition of the statues shows I separately ; the head has been broken off, and wilful injurv in every case. Of X half the base I part of the neck is missing. The face and head Statue (A) ov Nenkueftka. IS s broken aAvay, the right foot remaining, and Head of XENKiiEFrKv. Statue li. are quite perfect. Of B the whole base and the toes of the left foot have been found feet are broken away, only the toes of the left 14 DESHASHKH. foot having been found ; tlic left hand is lost, and the right one detached ; the head is quite perfect but detached. The figui'c C was lying Sevtkd Figure of Neskiieftka. Figtre C. in the deepest part, witliout any breakage, the only injury being two blows on the face, which have disfif^ured one side. It has on the left side of the legs a small figure of Xenkheftek, the son. D is a pair of figures of the father and his wife ; they were originally separate, and are of difterent scales, the man being 19| and the woman only 15 inches high. To unite them the bases have been trimmed down, and fitted into a slab of limestone with undercut recesses. Both of the figures are of good work, especiallv tlie woman's. E is a group of N. and his wife standing together, her right arm is across his back, and her left hand on his arm. The ex- pression is very natural and life-like. Half ol the base is lost ; and both D and E have been broken into small pieces, which were scattered about the chamber, and on the platform out- side ; and parts of E have l)een burnt. F is oidv the inscribed base of a group, of about the same size. Of G only two bits of the inscription remain. Of Xenkheftek the seated figure a has the left arm In-oken awav. and bond detached, but is otherwise in irood state. // is a cross-lei^o-ed figure, but has lost all the body and head, c is a rather lesser one, of a\ liicli the head is lost. d is just the loAver trunk and thighs of a boy's figure unclad, and must have accompanied a good-sized group of his parents, e is a small figure of a boy, with the head detached and the chest broken. The other fragments of four figures do not show whether thev belona; to father or son. There are thus altosether seven- teen blocks of sculpture, comprising nineteen figures ; of these seven are of Xenkheftka, two of Neferseshems his wife, six of Xenkheftck his son. and four undetermined. This is an unusual number and variety to be found in one serdab. The art of the larger figures is as good as any yet found ; though there is not the elaboration of inlaid eves^as in Rahotcp and Xefert — or the 'jenre character of the scribe in the Louvre, j'et for life-like character and fidelity, with good anatomical detail, there are not more than half- a-dozen figures to compare with the large ones here, even in the Cairo Museum. (22.) How it should come al)0ut that the NiiN'.v lEF.'KX^"^^"^^ "'^ Father. '^ St.\tue C.J chamber should be ravage.!, the heads broken ofi^, and bodies scattered in fragments, and yet the two large heads be saved absolutely perfect, is a TOMBS OF NENKHEFTKA AXD NKNKHEFTEK. 15 mysteiy. How a head .should ha\e been picked up and laid in the recess, without a single bruise or scrape, seems impossible in view of the violence. Happily these finest of the sculptures remain to be a joy to us now. The sepulchral pit which probaljly belonged to this mastaba is behind the platform, on the edge of the hill. It was a wide and deep pit. Half M'ay down was a secondary burial of the XVIIIth Dynasty, with two coffins of boards side by side, containing some Phoenician (?) pottery and an alaljastor kohl-pot ; as well as several jars and pans of pottery Ijy the coffins. At the bottom was the sepulchral chamber, far from the base. This seems as if the coffin had been lowered with the I)ody in it, a tilt to one end having di'iveu the l)odv into that position. .\ stout, Avell-formed, but plainly made head-rest was set on end ui)on the breast. The se.xual parts were modelled in cloth and placed in position. The whole body was fully wrapped up in linen, and the skin and ligaments were firm and strong ; there was no sign of em- balming or mummification in this or other bodies in the cemetery, but only plain drying. A calf's head lay face down at the level of the coffin-top, in the well at the foot end ; the calf's haunch lay on the floor of the well at the other Head of Nenkheftka. Statue B. which had been completely rifled. Tlie chamber opened out of the north of the well ; along the east side was a long trench or pit to hold the coffin, lying N. and S. Nothing remained but bones of owls and bats, and sand and dust. The details of the secondary I>urin]s are given in Chnptoi' VI. (23.) The grave of the sen, — Nenkheftek — was found on the top of the hill. It was of a usual type, a long trench siudc through the gravels to about twelve or fifteen feet deep, with a recess on the west side to hold the coffin. Within lay tlic body on its back, head north, the head turned into the N.W. corner, and the feet ilEAD OF JSli.Nl>.liEfIKA. SlATl'K. B. end. The coffin was of stout planks, about two inches thick. The decoration Avas in black out- line filk'd in with blue paint (see pi. xxix.). A l)and of inscription ran all round the outside near the tn|), giving the titles of Nenkheftek snrnained Thv. On the left side, looking out to the well, Avere two eyes painted opposite the head. On the inside of the left side is a long list of ofterings ; on the inside at the head end is the list of seven sacred oils, at the foot end a door and facade. The whole of it I copied in full-size di-awing when founil : the coffin was kept at the Caii-o Mnseum. On the inscriptions see Mr. Grifiith in Chapter TX. It) DESHASHEH. CHAPTEE IV TOMBS WITH PERFECT BODIES. (24.) In order to compare the different modes of burial witli best effect, we shall here classify the burials and describe them in the following order : — Burials of Perfect Bodies. A. In coffins, full length, 5, B, 117, 29. B. „ contracted, 88, 120, 148, 150. C. In solid block coffin, 30, 1 48//. D. Without coffin, full length, 115, 111, 112, 118. Without coffin, full length, jilundered, 20, 28/*, 81, 104, 114, 152. E. Without coffin, contracted, 121, 122, 123, 124. F. Uncertain, 42, 43, 93, 95, 99, 100, 101, 103, 107, 110, 117/', 130, 130((, 140, 144. Burials of Bodies more or less cut up. (Detailed in next chapter.) In all the following descriptions it is to be assumed that the head is to N. and face upward, unless specified. (25.) A. Burials full lenr/fh in coffins. No. 5. Chamber entrance blocked with stones ; a jar and pan N. of entrance ; coffin along W. side of chamber, entrance E. Left hand at side, right on thigh. Tomb about 90, marked B. Coffin already plundered, head pulled off, and clothing pulled partly out ; rude outline of eye on side ; rougli solid block head-rest. 117. Very solid coffin, 90 X 28 X 27 high, with lid ; four copper staples stand up in the axis of the lid, two at each end, which have held some ornaments (jackals ?) that were re- moved before the interment. Inside was a large quantity of clothing over the body, rotted dark brown and almost too tender to lift ; I noted a shawl of about 7ft. X 3ft., a mass of kilted stuff 8|^ ins. wide, two other pieces of kilted stuff, and eight or nine other articles. Under the head was a mass of clothing 19 X 12 X 4 ins. deep. The head faced E., the left arm straight, the right fore-arm across the body. Upon the neck was a string of beads of gold foil (pi. xxvi. 29, 30), with a few carnelian, green jasper, and haematite (31), and a rude pendant of the infant Horns in haematite (32). The beads were spaced apart in groups, with about half an inch of clear thread between them. On the wrists were strings of amulets, and also of small green glazed stone beads. The list is as follows : — PI. XXVI. 2, 8, 12, 23. I '-a eyes right 0. „ left 4. 10, i;5. Hand open left . 17, 20, 21. Hand clenched right 19. „ left Illiiht. 2 carnelian grey agate l)liick haematite 2 carnelian 2 carnelian . brown limestone carnelian Left. V l)rown and green limestone grey agate TOMBS WITH PERFECT BODIES. 17 7. Stfindina' fiorure . 3, 21. Royal hornet 1. Leopard's head in. Hippopotamus head 20. DouWe lion, foreparts . 15. Lion .... 14, 22. Jackal's head 11. Animal, legs tied 25. Frog .... 5, 9, 18. Longheads . 27, 28. Glazed stone small heads Right. Left. hrown limestono lilack limestone hroAvn agate lazuli ( hlue glaze pottery, hroken up ( hlack limestone cloudy agate camel ian hi'own limestone ( carnclian (. lazuli 43 smaller ( carnelian ( lazuli carnelian lazuli 44 lai'-cr The right wrist was distiu'bed first ; as the mass of decayed clothing reduced to hrown dust was two or thi'ee inches deep, the positions of the amulets Avere disturhed before I observed them, for as nothing of the kind had been found before they could not be anticipated. The other wrist Avas then very carefidly disclosed, and the positions of the amulets noted as they liad been set at intervals along a thread Avliich Avent tAvice round the Avrist. The value of these little amvdets lies in showing AA'hat such things were like in the Vth Dynasty. Hitherto nearly all that Avere knoAvn Avere of the XXVIth Dynasty, and a few of the XVlIIth and Xllth Dynasties served only to sIioav that the idea Avas ancient. But now Ave have a full variety belonging to the first civilization, and see that several types Avere then used Avhich disappeared later. The u:m eye differs in form, having two projections below, but not the rounded cheek piece. The clenched hand and open hand arc rare later on, though t\\o, (com- monest here. The hornet, leopard's head, and jackal's head are unknoAvn later, and the others are of the less usual types. But the commonest amulets of later times, — the heart, the scarab, fingers, feathers, croAvns, head-rest, tat^ uaz, sacred animals and gods, the srpiare, triangle, seal, &c. — all these are apparently unknown at this early period. 2!). Coffin lying tilted in a \vll, owing tecn plundered through a hole in the walling of the entrance only sufficient for a boy to pass. The .skull lay outside the coffin, in N.E. corner. The coffin had two bilace. Two loose vertebrae lay above the head ; three blocks of five middle vertebrae, five lower vertebrae, and two high vetebrae lay bv the pelvis. Here it seems that legs and arms were peri'cct, but the spine was cut nj) in pieces, and the ribs all loose. 27. In the inner rock chamber, beyond No. 2S, lay another coffin in a hollow in the floor. The body Avrajjped in linen, was that of a woman, position normal. The ulna of each arm was removed from the I'adius, and placed along- side of the humerus, the left one inverted. No hands were left on the arms. The spine was cut awav and iu\erted, and the ribs all loose. The thighs were in joint with the pelvis. The left foot and knee-cap Avere in the pelvis, only two heel-bones being left on the shin. The toes DESHASHEH. of the right foot were gone. Here much dis- severing is certain, and it may be that moi-e had been done and reconstituted again, as this was the first dissevered body that I found in a tomb, and I was not prepared to notice recon- stitution at the time. Probably the arms were comisletely picked to pieces, and the uhia put by mistake with the humerus instead of with the radius. (33.) 0. Bodies completely dissevered and reconstituted. 23. This was a fine intact tomb, with more objects than any other. The coffin was well made, witli massive ends to the lid. At the back and foot of it lay six bowls and two broken up stands ; one boAvl contained white paint, and another black paint (see sect. 46, pi. xxxiii. 1-7). In the coffin a head-rest lay near the head end, nine inches aliove the head, which was about a foot short of the coffin ead. The body of a woman lay on its left side, back against the west side and facing east. On opening the wrappings, which seemed as if they covered a perfect body, four vertebrae were attached to the skull, Then a plug of rolled cloth four inches long made u]) the neck. A low verteljrae lay before the neck. The middle vertebrae Avere inverted in position. An ankle- bone was 1:)}^ the breast, a knee-cap under the shoulder, toe -bones by the collai'-bones, and t\vo neck vertebrae lower doAra. The ribs were all in a jumble with loose verte- brae in the body. Tlie arm-bones were all in joint and attached to the shoulders, but the hands were cut oif and laid on the fore-arms. No vertebrae were together except the four on the skull, and the pelvis was divided and the three bones laid together ao;ain. The thiirhs were three inches out of the sockets. Each leg was wrapped round separately in a thick mass of linen. The right shin was turned edge do-«Ti, while the thigh was on its side ; the left knee was in joint. There was no trace of ankles or feet on the shins, Init three inches to spare empty at the end of the coffin. Here we see a complete cutting up of the whole trunk, hands and feet, while the limbs do not seem to have been so thoroughly separated. 113. A long trench pit, with a long recess chamber west of it. The body of a slight man of about thirty lay with the head to south, at full length. It was quite undisturbed, in j^erfcct wrappings of linen. No vertebrae were near the head, but they were lying confused and out of order, turned sideways. The ribs were not attached, l)ut were arranged neatly in a sym- metrical group apart ; the top rib was in the pelvis. The collar-bones, blade-bones, and arm- bones were in order, except that the radius in each was iuA-erted by the ulna, showing that the arms had been completely picked to pieces. The hands were taken off, and the end of the radius rested in the palm of each. The pelvis was parted in three, but the thighs were still in the sockets. Legs were each swathed separately, and then swathed together. The ricrht leij had the splint-bone parted from the shin and "wrapped in cloth before binding it on again ; all the ankle-bones were each wi'apped in cloth, and then recomposed as a foot, but out of order, without any toes. The left leg appeared similar, hxxi was kept in its wrappings as an example, and is now pi-eserved in University College. Here the whole body appears to have been completely dissevered, and then reconsti- tuted so far as the long bones, but without knowledge of the exact order ; the smaller bones were left anyhow, the wrapping up of them being the main point of attention. 115. We have already noticed in the previous chapter the perfect body of a child found in this tomb. With it was a completely dissevered body of a man (see pi. xxxv.), covered with linen cloth quite intact. Within the swathings of linen the skull lay l)ase up, facing the feet; the two blade-bones were together, Avith their edges in the curve of the lower jaw. A length of five vertebrae lay beside the skull. The arms were placed parallel and slightly bent, but they TOMBS WITH DISSEVERED BODIES. 23 were not joined to the blades ; there were no hands on them ; and in the right arm the ulna was reversed, in the left arm the radius, proving that they had been completely picked to pieces. The breast-bone and top vertebra were by the pelvis. The ribs, vertebrae, and fingers were mixed together, jiell mell ; only three 25air3 of vertebrae were joined, the rest roughly in the line of the spine. The j^elvis was completely disjointed, the sacrum lying flat bet^veen the hips. One thigh was in the socket, the other far out. Ankle and toe bones of both feet were mixed together between the thighs, about a quarter of the way from the head end. The two shin-bones and one splint wei'e closely Avrapped together with cloth around the lower ends ; the other splint was by the thighs. Of the fingers and toes some Avere between the thighs, some in the body, some by the knee. Here the body seems to have been cut up thoroughly, only a few vertebrae being left together. 78. A trench toml), with a long recess for the body. It had been ojiened by plundei^ers, but the body was still in its linen wrappings. The body lay on edge, facing the west. Beneath the wrappings an ankle-bone was on the breast. The left arm Avas bent back, with hand over the shoulder. The i-ight humerus Avas in place under the body. The thighs were excised from the pelvis, and Avrapped up in one roll Avith the shins and right forearm, without any hand. The knee-caps Avere adhering to the shins ; but the splints were removed, and only one Avas found. Two toe-bones Avere found, but no feet. 142. A tomb in the side of the hill below Anta's tomb. The door leads to the foot end of a long recess just the size for the graA'e, lined with slabs of finer stone. It had been opened by plunderers. But the bones, though approxi- mately in jolacc, Avere all disjointed ; the shins Avere almost up to the place of the thighs, and the ankle-bones about the body. If disturlted by plunderers, they would have dragged out part of the body, or have much misplaced some large bones. Tiie approximate position and disjointing of all the bones point to original dissevering at burial. (34.) l\ Bodies complctf'hj diasecered, and (juried irrefjularli/. 2G. A shallow pit about 50 ins. square and 40 deep, had a trench across the bottom of it 50 N. to S., 20 E. to W., covered Avith three big stones. In this trench lay leg-bones, aim, fingers, blade-bone, two vertebrae, and a Ijit of the face. Here only a part of the l)ody has been preserved, and yet carefully buried. 31. iVn open trench Avith loose bones at the bottom of it ; they Avere much rotted, and Avere not ])reserved. There Avas no order noticeable in them, but clotli Avas in thcgra\'e. The pelvis Avas divided. IM. A rock chamber Avith some small jars up- right in the corner.s, of the Old Kingdom type. A man's bones Avere lying confusedly, two skulls of boys in a corner, and bones of a boy Avrapped in cloth. ]. A natural Avater-worn fissure, 0-12 inches Avide, in the surface of the rock, had been cleared out (see pi. XXXV.), and in thisAvere placed, side by side, thighs, shins, splint-bones, and arm- bones all together. The pehis Avas entire, back up, with four vertebrae attached, but the outer edges of the basin broken off. The balls of both humeri Avere gone, having been battered off" by blows from an instrument half an inch Avide. One shin, ))eloAV all, had botli ends broken ofli". The blade-bones Avere together Avith a fcAV loose vertebrae, and the head Avas at one end of the fissiu'o, with the upper two vertel)rae attached. There Avere inissing ten vertebrae, jaw, fingere, and toes. All the ribs AS'ere broken, mostly at ])oth ends. This is the rudest kind ofI)urialyet found ; and the type of the skull is the loAvest, in jjfognathism, slant of the teeth, and retreating forehead (see pi. xxxvi., at base). Uncertain, 10. A l)urial hnd l)oen entirclv 24 DESHASBEH. thrust iisidc ou the occasion w\i a largx'ly dissevered l>odv, Avrapped in clotli, as th(^ mark of cloth remained all over the inside ol' tlie socket in the pelvis. (35.) Having now descrihed the actual luirials wc; can take a more general view of the relation of the treatment of the body to the burial custom. Perfect Dissevered Bodies. Bodies. AVith coffin 12 7 Without coffin 10 6 With head-rest With pottery 2 8 2 In rock clianil»ers 14 in recess graves 4 Contracted position S Here it is clear that the use of coffins or open burial is in just the same proportion with perfect as with dissevered bodies : that the use of rock chand)er-s with square pit, or recesses in a long pit, is also just the same. There is no diltereiice therefore in the grave. As to the funeral furniture, the pottery is twice as comnion with dissevered as Avith perfect bodies, while the head-rest is only half as common. And as to attitude, all of the contracted bodies were ])erfect. Of the pottery and head-rest there are hardly enough examples for us to be certain of an important difterence ; they certainly are not peculiar to either treatment of the body, and varying in opposite directions they do not indicate any distinct difterence of ideas. The genei'al conclusions from the details of burial are, tluui, that there was no difference of outward customs, position in life, or view of propriety, between the families Avho kept up perfect l)urial and those who dissevered the body. Tile disseverance must have been a private I'aniily custom, which did not influence the public arrangements or make any ]n\v visible in social life. There was then i'usion and unification of society, and presumably of race, Avhile differences of custom yet remained as the private traditions of the families. CHAPTER YT. MEASUREMENTS OF THE SKELETONS. (36.) For tlic cxaiiiinatiou of the skeletons, eacli ^vas carefully collected, all the bones marked, and measurements made in England. There were altogether twelve male and four female bodies perfect, eleven male and one female of uncertain burial, and eight male and five female bodies dissevered. Besides these, nine skeletons were kept back at the Cairo museum, for the measurements of which ^\•t' must wait : fortunately the box detained did not contain any dissevered bodies, whicli aiv the smaller class ; so our loss of the iu- foriiiation only inipaiis tlie better known data. First we shall deal with the skulls, and of these only the male skulls, for the sake of coni- pai-ison. The determination of sex Avas not only by means of the skull, but mainly l)y (37.) Male skulls only, in Millimetres: — Perfect. Cut up. IMciluni IV Length (Broca) 188 185-5 182-5 „ (Flower) 184-5 ISO- — Breadth max. 13!)-5 Ml -5 i;;8-8 Biauric ular 122 1 1 ( i • 5 1 1 S ■ () Height 139-5 13(5-5 134-7 Basi-nasal 103 100-8 101-0 Basi-alveolar !)G L>3 !)7-6 Nasal height 54 51 51-5 „ width 25-5 24 24-S Orbital height 33-5 32 32-8 „ width 41-8 39 37-9 Between eyes 24-5 'J-i Frontal length 116-8 113-5 Medial suture 122-5 118 the pelvis. The measurements are all in millimetres, and the mean is stated by the median point, as in a small amount of material that avoids the disturbance caused by any widely varying examples. The points measured are as usually fixed. The measurement between the eyes is taken just above the suture, and fairly into the socket. The direct chord length of the frontal bone is from suture to sutiu'e, nasion to bregma ; that of the medial suture is from l)rcgina to lambda. The object of this was to shoAv if the frontal boni' was pushed forward l)y extension of the l)ari('tal, or if Ixith grew together in length. For the measurements of the Medum skulls and skeletons, now in the College of Surgeons, London, 1 liave to thank Dr. Gavson, who fully measured them. MeJuMiXXII. 182-5 139-1 1 1 7-0 128-8 97-5 91-4 50-1 24-0 33-5 38-2 Egyptian. Now Race. 182 140 132 100-5 90-5 53 25 33-8 39-5 1S3-5 134-0 II 8-5 134 46-8 25-9 32-6 38-4 Algerian. 182-2 137-5 50 33-2 39-8 Examples 10 to 12 7 to 8 24 15 50 to 80 26 DESHASHEFT. Here we have added the measurements of the Medum skulls of the IVth Dynasty, those of the XXIInd D}nasty, the average of all other Egyptian in the College of Surgeons, the New Race, and the Algerian dolmen builders. Com2~)aring the jierfect and dissevered bodies, we see that the perfect have a slight advantage in every dimension, excepting the maximum breadth ; but they have more advantage in the biauricular breadth than in any other dimen- sion. Now this means that the tyj)es of the skulls are practically the same, excepting that the perfect bodies were decidedly superior in the inherited featui'c of the base of the skull, and so did not need so much of the individual growth of the parietals to enclose the brain. In short, the stock is the same in both perfect and cut-up bodies ; jjut the perfect bodies were better nourished and superior in ancestry, and so starting from a finer basis they did not need so much individual growth. The cut-up bodies had a poorer ancestry, and required more personal skull-growth to make up fur that. This is analagous to the Cambridge result, that men who afterwards take honours befjin with a better skull than passmen, but grow le-s actively durintr their collecre-life. Comparing the skulls of vaiious localities and ages as here tal)ulated, we see the following results : — 1. The Medum skulls of IVth and XXIInd Dynasty arc almost identical in the larger dimensions : but in later times the heiirht and the facial parts have shrunk three or four per cent., while the eye has slightly enlarged, and the profile become more markedly ortho- gnathous. 2. On comparing the skulls from Dcshasheh in Vth Dynasty with i\Iedum early and late, Ave see that the early Medum are more like the late Medum than like the early Dcshasheh in most dimensions, as length, breadth, height, basi- nasal, and eye width. In fact, 3000 years in one locality makes less difference than thirty- five miles of distance. 3. The general average Egyptian skulls from all places and times, as preserved in the College of Surgeons, falls between the variations of classes at Deshasheh and Medum in all dimen- sions, except a slight excess in orbital height. Hence this Medum-Deshasheh type is to be taken as the general Egyptian type, and not a local variety. (38.) We may next turn to the proportions of the skull, instead of the absolute dimensions ; comparing them by the indices, or ratios between parts. Male skulls ; Indices (Broca's length) Terfect. Cut up. MeJum IV. MeJum XXir. Egyptian. New Eace. Algerian Breadth 74-2 76-3 70-0 76-2 75-4 CO 71-8 (?) 75-3 Biauricular (i5-0 62-9 G4-() C4-0 03-3 (?) Height 74-2 73-2 73-8 70-5 71-8 (?') 71-7 Nasal 47 47 48 48 49 Eiirly Late. 53 to 55 Orbital 80 82 87 88 80 83 to 80 83 Alveolar t)3 92 9G 94 95 96 to 93 96 The differences between the perfect and cut- up bodies are here mainly in the greater basal breadth and less parietal l^readth oi' the skulls of perfect bodies. This, as we noticed in the dimensions, was due to the perfect bodies having a superior start and then needing less individual growth afterwards. In breadth the Deshasheh and Medum skulls agree closely to the average 11EA8DEEMENTS OF THE .SKELETONS. 27 Egyptian of various places and dates, but the New Race skulls differ greatly from this type. The query only refers to a small uncertainty due to converting; from Flower's leuo;th to Broca's. In the nasal index there is also a great difference between all these Egyptian skulls and those of the New Race. The Medum type of more circular orljits is very marked in comparison with the Deshasheh, and agrees more to the Egyptian ; and the same is the case of the alveolar index, or jDrognathism. The general conclusion then is that the Deshasheh people, Avhcther they kept up cus- toms of burying perfect or of stripping the bones, were a unified population as regards race and ancestry ; and this accords with what we concluded from the modes of burial in both classes. The proportions accord in the main jioints with the average Egyptian type, which is largely drawn from later skulls and from Upper Egypt. And Ave certainly have not to do here Avith any strange customs imported by recently-arrived tribes from other regions. They accord far more with the J']gyptian than they do Avith the Ncav Race cousins of the Egyptians. (39.) Next Avc turn to the comparisons of the skeletons A\diich I have excavated and bro\ight to London from ^ledum (early IVth Dynasty), Deshasheh (Vth Dynasty), and the NcAv Race at Naqada (Ist-IIIrd, or else Vllth- IXth Dynasty). Of these the Medum bones (now iu the College of Surgeons) were measured by Dr. Garson, aa^io has kindly jolaced his measures at my disposal ; the Kcav Race bones (still stored at University College) Averc measured by Mr. Warren, Avho has also given me the use of his results ; and the Deshasheh bones (uoAv at Cambridge) were measured by myself. " a.v." is tlie average \ariation from the mean. We first deal Avitli the absolute dimensions, of male bodies. Millimetres. Males. Medum. Dcshaslieli. New Race, IVth Dy nasty. Perfect. Cut "I'- Xaij-iila. a.v. a.v. a.v. Fennu' max. 442 18 462 24 452 12 459 „ oljlique . . . 459 24 449 14 456 Tibia max. 370 19 384 22 385 15 389 „ planes • • • 359 22 360 16 ,, loAver tip ■ ■ • 373 22 374 16 365 Fibula 362 16 355 11 370 14 374 Humerus max. 30G 18 323 15 315 11 326 ,, oblique • ■ • 320 15 310 11 322 Radius max. 241 14 249 15 248 10 258 „ axial • • • 234 15 233 10 243 Ulna max. 266 14 270 16 267 10 276 „ axial 202 17 263 10 270 Clavicle 14.5 11 151 10 152 5 1.52 Sacrum chord 1U2 5 108 3 103 2 97-45 „ Avidth 107 3 115 2 108 3 110-93 Scapula height 150 9 148 8 ,, Avidth 1(17 11 104 4 ,, infraspinous 112 17 112 !) 28 DESHA SHEH. Comparing the perfect and cut-np bodies, "we see that the perfect bodies are longer in the femur and humerus, while they are the same in the tibia and radius : they were thus superior in the upper half of each limb, but similar in the loAver half. The sacrum is also larger in the perfect bodies, and the scapula a little larger. Compariu": the Deshasheh and the ^ledum skeletons, Ave sec that the Deshashehis are superior to the Medumis in the leg and u])|)or arm l)y about 15, Init almost the same in the fore-arm. And the cut-up liodies have the sacrum as small as the Medumis. In short, the Medum men were smaller altogether than the Deshasheh men by al)out three or fuur })cr cent. The New Race people seem to have been, on the other hand, taller than the Deshashis, and especially longer in the tibia and radius ; they Avere larger in the lower half of each lindj. Comparing uoav the male and female skeletons of the perfect and cut-up bodies, Ave see instructive differences. Millimetres. IMalu perfect. Female i>er feet. Mule cut lip. Female cut u} Femur max. 462 425 452 408 Tibia planes 384 332 385 318 Humerus max. 323 298 315 285 Radius axial 234 222 233 211 Sum of limbs —1403 -12 77 1385 1 Ulna axial 262 250 203 236 Clavicle 151 135 152 130 Sacrum choi'd 108 93 103 94 „ Avidth 115 107 108 109 1222 Adding together the first four bones as a general limb-value, the difference in perfect males and females is 126, or the ratio 10:9; Avhile the difference in cut-up ])odies is 103, or the ratio 8 : 7. So the female Avas smaller in jjroportion to the male among the cut-up bodies. Comparing the perfect Avitli the cut-up budies, the perfect males have longer upper bones in legs and arms than the cut-up, but e(|ual loAver bones (fore-arm and shin). The ^^erfect females have longer limbs than the cut-up, beyond the proportion seen in the men, but an absolutely smaller chest and sacrum. In shoi-t, the perfect f(Mnales are taller and slightly slenderer than the cut-up females. Comparing males and females, the perfect females arc shortest in the legs, especially in the loAver leg, but more nearly equal to men in the arm ; so they Avere probably nearly equal in the bod}', but short in standing, owing to shorter legs. The cut-up females are shorter than the men all over, especially in the loAver half of legs and arms : but they have an absolutely Avider sacrum. The pii'ture Ave gain is that of the females being moi-e inferior in the cut-up than in the perfect group ; and the cut-u]) type being Avider and stouter built, Avhile the perfect Avere taller and slenderer. These differences Avould easily agree to a loAver and higher class of society, which might yet be e<|ual in anci'sti'v. (40.) Next we may compare the propor- tions of the bones according to the usual ratios. MEASUREMENTS OF THE SKELETONS. 29 Indices. Malfs. Medum IV. Perfect. Cut up. New Race Intermembral 075 (?) G79 677 688 Tibio-femoral 7^7 (?) 789 788 801 Hiiinero-femoral G9] (?) 697 691 707 Kiulio-liunu'ral 78.5 77G 783 787 liadiii-ciiiral 28S (?) 289 292 290 Huraero-crural 387 (?) 391 380 392 Glavico-liumeral 403 470 481 4GG Sacral ]().') 106 104 115 Scapular 724 704 059 Infra-spinous 960 DTO 894 Those ratios queried in the Medum column are slightly uncertain, o^ving to the Medum measurements being to ])oints dififerent from the Deshashch mcarmrements, and so having an allowance for this difference. The results of comparison seem on the whole to be more in- telligible on the absolute measurements, already studied in the previous section, as there we have seen which bone it is that varies l)etween one and another class. (41.) Beside the skeletons of tin; Vth Dynasty, a much larger amoxuit of material was collected of the Roman age. Here ^vc shall but treat of adult uiak' skulls alone, as beino: the best niid most certain class of material ; and of such skulls we liave 25 from Deshaslich, 04 from Bahsamiiii, a frw miles north of Desluisheh, and 90 from Ik'hnesa, thirty miles south of Deshasheh, already measured, and not brought to Engh'ud : while a larger (piantity of the Roman age, not yet measured, are now placed at Cambridge. The comiiarisim of these with the earlv skulls of the Yth Dynasty, nearly 4000 years before, and with those of ^ledum at the beginning of the I\'th Dynasty, is of much value. The midille values for each of the dimensions are, compared with tll^^;o of the earlv perfect and dissevered bodies: — iMETitEs. Males. ji f) M A. N. Vth DvNASTV. Deshaslidi. Bilusaniun. Btlmcsa. r.'ifi'ct. Cut up. Length (Broca) 185 1 80-8 184-9 188 185-5 „ (Flower) 180 183-9 lsl-0 184-5 180-0 Breadth max. 130-5 138 8 1 10-7 139-5 141-5 Biauricular 121 119 121-7 122 110-5 Height 133-8 137 131-2 139-5 130-5 Nasal height .53-6 54-1 53-3 54 51 „ width 20 21-5 25-4 25-5 24 Orbital height 31-1 3 10 33-9 33-5 32 „ width 39 '9 39 390 41-8 39 Basi-nasal 104 103 101 -2 103 lOU-8 Basi-alveolar 90-5 96-7 95-7 90 93 IVtii 1»yn. Mciliiin. 182-5 138-8 118-0 134-7 51-5 24-8 32-8 37-9 101-0 97-6 Here it is evident that there arc very small differences between the values in these different groups. And how trifling these differences are we may note by considering that we have already shown that the perfect and cut-up skulls were practically identical. Yet the 30 DESHASHEH. diffei'ences of the Roman from the early skulls are mostly less than the insignificant differences between the two classes of early skulls. Next we may take the ratios of these measurements, or the indices, reckoned as usual : breadth and heiii'ht -^ lenirth, nasal width -r- height, basi-alveolar -7- basi-nasal. Indices. JIales. Breadth Biauricular Heiirht Nasal Alveolar ] >t :~ha.;ili.samiiii. 76-1 G5-1 74-4 45-4 9 o'o Bi'lmcsa. 77-5 GG-G 72-1 4G-3 94-5 Tfifect. 76-2 Go- 7 74-8 49 94 Cut 11|1. 77') G4-5 7G-5 43 92 ifeJuin. 76-0 G4-8 73- 8 48-1 95-9 Ejiyplum. 7G-9 72-4 49-5 93 Here again the Roman skulls are very nearly of the same proportions as the early ones ; in four dimensions the variations of either class intersect the other class, the height of the Roman is slightly less, and the only real difference is in the nose, which is on the average a little narrower in the later skulls. On drawing curves of the varieties their range and character is seen to be really identical. And we thus reach the verv important con- clusion that there has been no distinct change in the main elements of the skidl between the Vth Dynasty and Roman times in this district. To obtain such a proof of the continuity and general uniformity of the race in ^liddle Egypt is a matter of great weiglit. It implies that the disturbances of invasions ha\e not seriously altered the balance of physical characteristics. Now another question becomes of crucial importance when we have thus settled the fixity of the Egyptian type here. This type is practically identical with the average of all the skulls of all dates and places fi'om Egvpt, as we see in the last column. It is therefore the average Egyptian type whose fixitv we have pi'oved in one locality. And hence Ave have a strong fixed i)uint with Avliidi to com- pare the New Race skidls. Some of the dimen- sions and indices are of no value as distinctions, since they are mucli the same in all four classes, the New Race, the R'th Dynasty, the Vth Dynasty, and the Roman. But some indices are of distinctive importance, as for instance — Indices. Breadth Alveolar Nasal Xew Eace. IVtIi l>yn. Vth l\vn. Knman. 71-8 7G-0 7G-3 76-6 9G 95-9 94 94 53 48-1 48 4G-2 In these cases the mean breadth and nasal indices are in the New Race almost beyond the limits of the Egyptian varieties ; and in the alveolar index there is a distinct difference between the New Race and the Egvptian of the Vth Dynasty and Roman tim(\ The force of this resvdt bears strona-lv on the qiiestion of whether the New Race people Avere the prehistoric ancestors of the Egyptians, or ■whether they were intrusive invaders of a different type. If they were the immediate ancestors of the Old Kingdom Egyptians, we should be required to believe that within a thousand years large and distinctive changes occui'red in tliL' t\'j)e of Egyptian skull, Avhile in four thousand yeai-s later no such difference took place. This would be a very improbable state of things. The permanence of the type in historic times is a strong evidence that a different ty2)e must belong to a different body of people. Tiiis, liowever, wnuld u The body and coffin of this torid:) were kept at the Cairo Museum. Another tomb containinsf much clothing was that of the amulets, Xo. 117 (see sect. 25). Over the bodv was (1) a shawl Six oil ins., (2) a mass of kilted stuff 8^ ins. deep, (3) an- other piece of stuff, (4) another piece of kilted stuff on the body, (5) much blackened powdery stuff, (6) finel3'-23leated kilt, beside six or eiirht other articles too rotted to dc- termine. Under the head was a mass of linen cloth 4 inches thick, and folded 19x12 ins., as a pillow. ]\rost of the o-raves containino; bodies had more or less cloth preserved. The character of it varies very nuich. The Avoof is usually only half as close as the warp, the usual make of Egvptian linen. The finest is 93 x 44 threads to the inch, and near the edije of the piece it is made stouter up to 148 to the inch. A fine linen handkerchief of the present time is about 90 to the inch each way. A very close- textured stuff witli full threads is 74x20, and others 50x30 and 58x18. A fine delicate stuff, almost transparent, is 72 x 36 threads. A very loose open stuff is of fine thread 48 x 22, through which the limbs would be clearly out- lined ; the Avarp is grouped so as to give a striped effect of close and open. The most open stuff of all is 13 x It) tlireads to the inch, of fine thread ; it scai'celv shades objects below it, and is evidently the stuff called " fishing- net," in which the damsels of the palace Avent to roAV kin. Of these three are fluted up Various Types of Head-rests. the stem, Nos. 23, 147, 148/^ In pL xxxIa-. No. 4 is from torn!) 11(3 (Mera), No. 7 from 85, No. 8 from 91-2 (tAvo pits run together into one chamber, Avith tAvo head-rests in it), No. 9 from 105 (Nenkheftek), and No. 10 from tond) 20. In tAvo graves papyrus or reed boxes were found. In No. 100, chamber W. of Avell, the bones lay confusedly at the N. end, Avith a few small cylindrical stone beads glazed green, like those in pi. xxvi. 23 ; at 4 to 10 inches up in the filling of the chamber, south of the bones, lay a coffin of reeds and rope. As there Avere no bones in it, nor auA' others in the tomb MINOR OBJECTS. 35 except the primaiy interment, it is almost certain that the coffin is of tlie Vth Dynasty. In No. ]04, chamljcr W. ..f well, the body lay (liao-onally, head N.N.E., not cut up, and wrapped in cloth like all the other Vth Dynasty burials. Partly l)eneath it were four boxes of papyrus stems IxmiikI with i)alm rope (pi. xxxiv. 12), and a mat nf reeds standins; on end in the well. Two jni's (pi. xxxiii. 22) lay in the N.E. corner. In the first nortliern spur of hill a false door of a tomb was found cut in the hill-side. On 1-5). At the bottom was 1 with white paint in it, then 4 with a little white paint twisted up in rag, then 2 with lamp-black paint, and then two bowls like 5. By the side of these lay the large bowl 3, and further on the large platter ; while two stands like 7 lay bi-r.ken up, at the side and end of the coffin. There was no pot- tery inside the coffin. In Nenklieftka's tomb. No. 73, were two bowls and an egg-shaped jar j (10, 11. II). In 81 were four jars of type 17, and a l)owl, type 19. In 93, at the south end of the chamber, stood three jars, tvpe 21, Avith Palette ov x Sciuiik. PAi'Yias Basket. the floor in front of it lay a reed mat, 43 X GO ins., partly rolled up ; and by it a rough pottery pan 8 ins. across and 5 deep. This was evidently the mat for offerings and the vase which stood on it, exactly as represented in the hieroglyph Iwtc^i, shown in detail at Medum. (46.) Not much pottery Avas found in the tombs. The largest set was with the cut-up Ixody 23 in a wooden coffin. Beliind the coffin in the chaniber was a pile of bowls (pi. xxxiii. conical caps of clay; on opening them they were found to contain only rough lumps of Nile earth. In 104 were two jars of type 22 in the N".E. corner. In 112 a jar, type 12, stood at the head of the l)o(ly, at the N.E. comer. In 113, wlicre the Ixxly was very elalioratelv cut up. a jar of ty[)e 1(1 lay at tlic west of the feet, with mouth to north. In 127 stood six jai-s of type 15, with nuul caps upon tliein, and two "-reat mauls of quartzosc stone. Tliese stood in the well, 2G ft. deep, a sliglit beginning of a D 2 36 DESFASHEH. chamber having been made on the west ; much brown organic matter was by them, but no dis- tinguishable bones. The jar of Anta is described in sect. 4 Some pottery of the XVIIIth Dynasty was also found in secondary Inirials, each such occurrence being obviously not tlie primary interment. In tombs 44 and 72 were the foreign vases 23-2{i, apparently of Palestinian make, being like Cypriote, but clearly not actually made in Cyprus, according to the judgment of my friend, Mr. J. L. ]\Iyres. who knows the details. The burials are de- scribed in Chapter VIII. A pan, fig. 8, of Avas Ivins" balf doAvn tlie this same age, lymg pit 88. 37 CHAiPTEE YIII. SECONDARY BURIALS. (47.) We have so far only considered the primary burials of the Vth Dynasty, the period when all the tombs were made. The bones belonging to the earlier age are ahvays by their lightness and absence of organic matter distinguished from the Roman secondary in- terments. The mode of wrapping is also a conclusive difference, the Roman bodies being swathed mth cross pattei'n of narrow strips outside. A few burials of the XVIIIth-XIXth Dynasty also occurred, and these we notice first. The most important secondary burial was No. 44, in a rock chamber. The earlier bones were scattered on one side, Avith l:)its of Vth Dynasty pottery, and the calf's leg of the offer- ing; bats' bones lay over these, showing that the tomb had stood open for some time. Then there was laid out at full length another body, quite perfect, on its back, head north, upon a mat which overlay the layers of bats' bones. At the head of the body were two large jars, and between them two little Palestinian vases (pi. xxxiii. 25, 26). The head had slipped off a head-rest with square stem, usual in the XVIlIth Dynasty, but unknown in the earlier times. At the left side was a throw-stick, and the long neck of a lute, inlaid with the signs aah dad in ivory, which had fallen out and Avere noted in position on the ground. At the right side lay the body of the lute with leather on it, and a cubit of Avood. All of this wood was so much rotted li\' lying in the air of the chamber that it could not be lifted in lengths of more than tAVo or three inches, as any longer piece broke Avith its own Aveight. Before exposing the pieces of the cubit to shrinkage, by losing End 135 the slight moistiu'e of the rock, it Avas measured at once. The divisions on it Avere thus, in inches : — Cuts. Spaces. 13-5 -2-8 -, 15-. - -U J 167 — 1-25 ] 17-95 — 1 -9 I 19-85 ■1. End 20-05 21-95 23-0 26-15 1-9 — 1-05 — 3- 15 3-15 3-15 2615 Thus it Avas a cubit of 26-15 inches divided into two feet of 13-07 (varying 12*65 and 135), and one foot divided into four palms of 3-15 each. This corresponds with cubits founfl at Kahun, of the Xllth Dynasty. One of these Avas 26-43 divided into two feet [Kahun, p. 27) ; the other Avas actually 25-67, but woi-n greatly at the ends, and by the avei'age di\isions probably 26-88 originally (Illaliun, p. 14). Both of these Kahun culnts are divided into seven palms, and not into eight as here. Thei'e are then thi-ee examples of this cubit : — Kahun, Xllth Dynasty Deshashcli, XMUtli Dyn. 26^43 26-88 ?, actually 25-67. 26-15 38 DESIIASHEH. and this, dixidfd iiitu two feet, I i)i-opused to connect "with the Asia Minor foot of 132 or cubit of 26'4. It is significant that Kahun contained foreigners, and here this cubit Liy in the tomb which had foreign pottery. All of the wooden objects were removed, and the frag- ments coated with melted wax to preserve them ; thus they can be built u]) again in England, frail as they are. Another burial of the same age was half-way doAvn the deep tomb well Xo. 72. The well had been half cleared, a recess cut on the west side to widen it, and then two coffins buried — one with head, the other with feet in the recess. With these were many jars and pans of the XVIIIth Dynasty ; in the southern cotfin, by the legs, lay a long red jar of Phcjenieian type, but poorer, smaller and duller than usual, and jirobably a Palestinian imitation (pi. xxxiii. 23), and two black pottery vases (24), such as are known from Gurob, with an alabaster kohl-pot. The coffins were slight, plain, and rectangulax', without ornament. All the wood and bones were too much rotted to be moveable. A little deposit of the later age was in the shallow pit leading to tomb 88. About the level of the top of the doorway was a pan of the XVIIIth Dynasty in the middle (pi. xxxiii. 8), fragments of jars of that age, and a basket. These secondary burials it is most needful to consider when excavating, so as to prevent con- fusion of periods among the objects. Many other burials, without distinctive dating of pottery, &c., were thought doubtful at first, and, in fact, no burial was accepted as primary without some evidence. But as work went on, and I became accustomed to the style of wrapping and the linen, which was certainly of the Vth Dynasty, and when I noticed how usually some bones of a primary burial gener- ally remained, it seemed clear that we must accept all the great mass of the burials as cer- tainly of one age — the Yth Dynasty. Great confusion may arise, and has arisen elsewhere, from not notinir at the time the mixture of contents in tom))s ; and unless this is always considered, we can rely but little on any state- ments of the discovery of objects. (48.) Many tombs had been opened in Roman times, and re-used to contain large numbers of mummies swathed in thick masses of linen, and decorated by cross-binding with narro^\' strips to form a pattern of squares aU over. This is like the binding of the mummies of the first three centuries a.t>. at Hawara ; but here there were no portraits, no gilt studs in the spaces of the pattern — only in one case a gilt plaster face, of a little girl, and occasionally a few Avreaths. The bodies were crowded to- gether, often two or three deep, all over the chamber. The tombs with such re-interments were Nos. 2, 5, 8, 16, 19, 60, 62, 84, 85 and 97. It is to be observed that a great part — perhaps the majority — were children, showing that there was a large mortality at about five to fifteen years of age. The population must have had a verv high birth-rate, or have been rapidly diminishing. In tomb 8, although a stack of bodies, mostly children, "had been put in, the skull, jaw and collar bone of the original possessor were pre- served, and placed on the top oi' all the mummies. In toml) 19 "were no less than sixteen late mummies ; over the entrance was scratched the name Oros, and other letters. The original bones were pushed over to one side of the chamber. In tomb 85 an early coffin remained, Avith head-rest, palette, and stick ; the lid was in the well : and into and over the coffin were thrust Roman mummies till the chamber was full. (49.) At Bahsamun, two or three miles north of the Deshasheh cemeter}^, some ex- cavation was done in a Roman cemetery and fort on the edge of the desert. Many skuUs were preserved from here, the measui'cments of which have been discussed in sect. 41. The SECONDARY BDKIALH. 39 following account of the excavations there is due to Mr. H. V. Geere, who examined tlie site while I "was at Deshasheh : — The village of Bahsamun is situated about six miles north of Deshasheh, upon a site which in Roman times supported a toAvn of consider- able size. Unfortunately, most of the remains of those days are at present either covered by the cultivated lands which surround the place, or are in process of being demolislied by the villagers, for the sake of the fine red bricks, in which a brisk trade is done in the neighbouring towns and hamlets. The only parts of the site which could be properly investigated are those which lie on tlie Avest of the belt of cultivation, in the desert. The cemetery of the old town covers a large area, but few of the graves are of any size, and none of those which w^e opened contained any- thing of value. In some cases glass vases of the well-known long-necked form were found at the head of the grave, but they were gener- ally broken. Nearly all the graves opened had been pre- viously plundered, and even such things as the small lamps, ivory hair-pins, the plates of beaten gold Avhich were sometimes placed on the tongues of the dead, and similar trifles which abound in many sites of the same period, were very scarce. From the head of one grave a small tunnel ran off at right angles, and in it were found seventeen Avine-jars of different shajics and sizes, arranged in two rows. But all Avere in a damaged condition ; not one contained any- thing, noi- did any of them bear traces of any writing or decoration. In most cases the l)odies Averc found laid on the bare gravelly soil, Avithout coffins, but Avrapped in the usual luien bandages. In the fcAV cases in Avhich coffins Avere foiuid to have been used, they Avere formed of rough-dressed timber, uninscribed and unpaiuted. Usually only one interment had been made in each grave, but one family vault contained the skeletons of a man, a woman, and two infants. Besides the graves of oblong shape, which Avere mostly quite shalloAv (being in some cases only a few inches beneath the present surface), there AA'cre five tombs to AA'hich access was gained by a pei'pendicular shaft, varying in depth fVom eight to eighteen feet, lined Avith sun-dried bricks and provided Avith niches in the Avails to facilitate descent. A careful ex- amination shoAved that they had all been plun- dered in early times, and nothing left but the bodies, AA'hich Avere much broken up and dis- arranged by the rol^bers, Avho had in one case throAvn the skulls into a lieap in one corner of the chamber. One of these shaft-tombs contained three, and each of the others two chambers, and most of the chambers contained many bodies, the majoi'ity being those of adults, of either sex. The chambers Avere badly constructed, and much damage had been done to their contents by the falling-in of the roofs ; and, moreoA'er, the wrappings, and CA'en the bodies themselves, Avere so completely rotten that they criunbled away at the least touch, notwithstanding the appearance of perfect preservation they pre- sented Avhen the tombs were first opened. On the edge of the cultivated lands stood the ruins of a small villa ; but it too had been de- stroyed for the sake of the l)ricks that had been used in its construction, and only the inferior, sun-dried mud bricks, wliich had been used in parts of the Avails and for the paving of Avhat appeared to have been the court, Avere left. A large cpiantity of broken amphora} and some fragments of papyrus, principally uninscribed, were found at this sj)ot. About a mile and a-half out in the tlesert, on a hiijh kum or mound, Avere the ruins of a build- ing, constructed of sun-dried brick, Avhich had almost certainly been used as a fort. Its site for purposes of defence Avas Avell chosen, for the mound overlooked a large area, and commanded 40 DBSHASHEH. one of the priucipal approaches tu the Fayoum. Here a quantity of papyrus was obtained, but it was much broken up, and unfortunately few of the fragments were inscribed. Some earthen- ware lamjDs, wooden combs, and other small articles of a similar nature were also foxmd, but nothing noteworthy. One of the workmen stated that in digging there during the past feAV years for bricks, some large rolls of papyrus had been discovered ; but as they were considered worthless, they had been destroyed, and there was every reason to believe that the statement was only too true. Adjacent to the ruins of the fort was a small cemetery, in which the gra\'es were of a much better class than in the one previously examined, being for the greater part lined with "\vell-made bui'nt bricks. They usually contained very solidly made wooden coffins, in which the bodies were laid (in linen 'wi'appings, with wooUen head shawls), and covered with rushes and some sweet-smelling herbs and twigs, which, when burned, gave off a thick smoke with rather a pleasant odour. The bodies were remarkably Avell preserved, with the hair and beards in a perfect state, probably owing to the extreme dryness of the soil, and the colours on the head -wrappings were in many cases quite fresh. All the bodies l)elonged to the male sex, and in one or two instances the skulls shoAved signs of having received injuries from cutting weapons ; from which evidence it seems highly probable that this small burial-ground was used solely for the garrison of the fort. In one of the graves thei-e was a brush that had been used in applying some tarry substance to parts of the coffin. It was made of reeds fastened to a short wooden handle, and in shape was not unlike the brushes used by whitewashers at the present day ; its length Avas about 8 inches and its breadth 4| inches. It must have been an unhandy instrument to use, owing to the stiffness of the reeds. On a spiu' situate to the south-west oi' this mound was a chain of flint tumuli, Avhich at first sight looked as though they might cover early tombs. Upon digging into them, how- ever, they jDroved to be formed over shallow wells (about eight or ten feet deep) of exceed- ingly irregular form, cut in very loose gravel, until the hard rock was reached, at which jjoint their excavators had invariably abandoned their work. For what purpose these shafts were dug it would be hard to say, unless they were used as stores for grain or some purpose of a like nature. No traces of bones were found in any of them, and, indeed, from their extreme narrow- ness it would have been impossible for any burials to have been made in them, save by placing the body in an upright position. Traces of a small building were discovered on a ridge some distance out in the desert, and examination of them led to the conclusion that they had formed part of an anchorite's abode, or of a xerj small monastery. The upper part of the walls had been com- pletely destroyed, but it was possible to gain an idea of the plan of the place from the lower portions, which remained. The first cell, which was 6 feet 4 inches long and 4 feet 7 inches wide, Avas paved Avith mud brick. It contained in one corner a circular red pot of medium size, Avhich had probably held water. In another corner, under a niche in the wall (the east) Avas a red earthenware plate, which Avas broken into three pieces — most likel}' by the falling-in of the walls. In a third there was a small opening, 18 inches Avide and about 15 inches high, spanned by a jjointed arch. At first sight this appeared to be a soit of cupboard ; but when the rubbish was cleared away from it, it proved to give access to another, slightly larger, chamber, which formed an L on plan Avith that first discovered. In the first cell, 20 inches distant from the Avail in Avhich was the diminutive doorAvay, and terminating opposite the centre of the opening, SECONDARY BURIALS. 41 was a dwarf wall, which mav have been built tu aiford protection from draughts, though such care seems strangely at variance with the pro- fession of a hermit, or a monk who would live in such uncomfortable quarters. More probably it was erected to secure the complete privacy so much desired by such holy men ; but it must have rendered it distinctly awkward for anyone to enter the cell, as they would have had to twist themselves in serpentine fashion through the doorwaj' and past the abutting wall. There were traces of Ijuildings upon the other sides of the larger of the two cells, but want of time prevented any further examination of the curious little place. And as nothing of sufficient interest or value to warrant further expenditure on the site had turned up, the work was brought to a conclusion after nine days' digging. 42 DESHASHEH. CHAPTEB IX. THE INSCRIPTIONS. By F. Ll. Griffith. (50.) It is a grievous thing that the in- scriptious of the Deshasheh toiul)s are in such bad condition : all are of interest as being from a new locality, and some have evidently beeu of first-rate importance. No one is so skilful as Professor Petrie in recognizing faint traces of sculpture upon a wall, and we may rest assured that the most careful study and scrutiny of the orio'inals would reveal little more than appears in these plates. Professor Petrie has marked Avhat was clear in full line, while restora- tions of sculpture or inscription are given in dots ; but for the dotted outlines there is more or less authority in the originals. In studying the copies philologically with the aid of photo- graphs, I have, however, occasionaUv seen reason to depart from the reading indicated by the dotted lines. Tomb of Anta. PI. lY. The inscription accompanying the scene of the captui'e of a fortress is so much destroyed that hardly any information can be gained from it. The sign of a captive inside a fortress is new and interestino-. The fio-ure of a captive should doubtless l)e restored in the second occuri'ence of the fortress sign, and (I *^, Nedaa, or rather JSfdi/', preceding it is in all probability the name of a foreign city. The oval figure of the fortress is the same that encloses the names in the li^ts of foreign cities and villages captured by kings of the XYIIItli Dynasty and later, and much the same appear in two early carvings on slate published by SteindorfF in Ebers Festschrift, the originals of which are in the Gizeh ]\Iuseum and the Louvre. PL VI. The lai'oe fio;ure leaning on his staff is Anta himself. Facing him stands " the dii'ector of (work on) the tomb," named Demz, and kneeling before him are two i^ersous named Apa and An'nefer, Apa being a scribe. A man named Khyt sits with his back to the cabin, and at the stern, trimming the sails, is the " superintendent of the /I'fl -servants, possessing worthiness before the director of work on the tomb " Evidently the people connected with the construction and service of the tomb wished to be commemorated in the scenes. Anta has a variety of titles, viz. : — 1. reklt, seten, "royal acquaintance," probably indicating relationship to the king. 2. mer vpt (cf. pi. viii.), a common title in the Old Kingdom both in tlie Memphite necropolis and elsewhere. It perhaps means superintendent of apportioning work ; but in Sitit, Tomb i., we have frequently a title mer tipt hetepu neter, " superintendent of apportioning (?) divine offerings." 3. mer menu seten, " superintendent of the monument (or monuments?) of the king." This is a title which I do not recollect else- where, but it is repeated on pis. viii., x., xii., and so is quite certain. 4. hehi het, "ruler of a fortress"; a Avell- kno'«m title, meaning apparently the governor of a city or district, with troops under him. 5. seshem ta, "leader of the land," or possibly THE INSCRIPTIONS. 43 " dispenser of territory '" ; frequent with mcr ujyt (No. 2). PI. VII. At the top the two lines of inscrip- tion contain a prayer to the king and " Anubis in the shrine " for " burial in the [Western] Mountain, as one who had deserved well of the great god [to the ] Anta, and his wife whom he loves, Mert'min." The first three columns of writing ai-e much mutilated ; afterwards the sense of the frag- ments becomes more connected, but it is diffi- cult to make out the exact meaning. Anta is evidently boasting of the excellence of his tomb : — (3) as to all craftsmen (4) [whom I employed on these?] things, they praised God for niu therefore, they desired to do (5) [tlie like for themselves ?] in order that they might praise God for me therewith (il ^). (6) every man (.se ? ?i eb) who shall enter to these things, he will praise God for me therewith if he shall do the like for himself with his things (i.e. imitation would be the most acceptable form of flattery for me ?). (7) But as to all people who shall do evil to these things, or shall do anything injurious to these things (8) and shall spoil (?) the writing therein ; it shall be that a judgment shall be made of them by the Great God, the lord of judgment, (9j in the place where judgment is made. And if any man (.ye? veh) shall desire that he be equipped for burial (10) in his (own) things that he hath made [rather than ?] with other and again other things that are brought for his noble (?) /.-«, he is deserving before the Great God ; (11) things are brought to his noble ka, he groweth old right w'ell. I am devoted to the king, I am devoted (12) to the Great God, I love that which is good and hate that which is evil (?) : that which God loveth is that things should be done [for everybody?] (i.e. tliat all should enjoy a good burial and funerary offerings?). It seems as if Antii Averc excusing himself, or taking credit to himself, for making and equip- ping his tomb at his own exjjense instead of waiting for the offerings of others. Possibly he trusted his own skill as royal architect more than that of his descendants. The ''Great God'' is probably Usiris, tlie god of the dead. PI. VIII. Above the taljle of offerings are the titles of Anta and his wife, "the royal dresser in the Great House, the royal acquaint- ance Mert'Min." The reading and meaning of the title " royal dresser," or possibly " royal ornament (or favourite)," have recently been made clearer by Spiegelberg (/]. Z., xxxiv. 161). PI. IX. The two lines at the top are : "May the king grant grace, and Anubis in Ta Zeser grace, for Imiial in the Western Mountain, a good old age as possessing favour of the Great God [in?] the Uag festival (18th Tlioth), the Great Assembly (4th Mekhir), the Heat (in Mekhir), the Going forth of Min (oOth of the montli), and of the (Seni-priest (4tli day of the mouth), the Festival of the Month (second day), the Half Month (15th day); the Beginning of the Year, and New Year's Day, and every day." Over the right arm of xVnta are his name and two of his titles : " Royal ac(|uaintance and director of (the work on the royal?) tomli." There are also the names of Mert'Min and of a daughter, " the royal acquaintance, possessor of worth, sat'kau." In the lowest I'egister a man is leading a female hyaena with a leash : " bringing a female hyaena." PI. X. There is here part of the name of a daughter, kau's. PL XI. The names of the animals are, as usual in such scenes, preceded by the group reit, which is of uncertain meaning. The oiyx is called hez, or perhaps we may restore mahez with ^. The ibex is usually called naa, but here the name is destroyed. The addax is midn OQ:^. The fat l)ull is ana, and on its flank is marked the numeral 113. PI. XII. Anta is here entitled licmcr or sehez (?), as in pi. vii., but the meaning of this is not certain. At her mother's side is a daughter, a " royal arquaintance," ami in front of his father is probably a son, " the royal scribe, Ra Nefer." Over the harper is written u DESHASHEH. " striking the harp,"' and the action uf the three men kneeling m front is described as " singing," or " clapjjing hands to the harp." In the lowest register we read "shackling" or "overturning a bull." PI. XIII. Over one of the panel-painters seems to be his name Ay. We thus see that the inscriptions in this tomb include the usual j^ ravers to the gods of the dead for a good burial and offerings on the feast days. Anta was a " royal relative," and the title of MertMin, his wife (pi. viii.), is one held only by the greatest ladies, inmates of the royal harim, probably as conculnnes. Their children are therefore also royal relatives ("royal acquaintances"). The scene on pi. iv. shows that Anta was great in military affairs, and some of his titles pi'obably indicate nomarch- ship. The clearest of his titles are " superinten- dent of the royal monument (or monuments ?)," and " director of the tomb " ; which latter may mean either that he was director of the work on the royal tomb, or refer to his having been the architect of his own. Unfortimately Ave have no positive knowledge as to which of the kings of the Old Kingdom he served, nor Avhat was the monument of which he was keepei'. Tomb of Shedu. (51.) PI. XV. At the top was evidently a prayer to Anubis of " Sepa," ending with the name and titles of " Ateta, whose good name is Shedu." In front of Shedu was a vertical line, "seeing [the works of] the country," &c. Over the boat in the lowest register is " by the herdsman," and " causing to pause in the midst of the water" — referring to the boat, which had been going too fast, stopping for the benefit of the calf and other animals swimming behind, which might otherwise have been left exposed to the attack of a crocodile. PI. XVI. Shedu is here described as de- servinsr well of " Anubis in the shrine." 1. hehi kef, "governor of a fortress" (cf. pi. vi.). 2. smer nati, " confidential friend of the king" (cf. pi. vi.) ; high title, very common. 3. tep hher seteit, "the first after the king" ; high title, very common. 4. nr met res, "great one of the southern tens " ; very common. 5. nier aht, "superintendent of land"; not uncommon. 6. mer shenu (?), " superintendent of shenit " ; a very rare title, occurring also on pis. xvii., xxiv. If we might correct it to mer shent, '-^^, it would be a kind of judicial title that might Aery Avell go with that of " superintendent of the fields " ; or perhaps we may see in it wicr shell iiti, " superintendent of the granaries." 7 r seni neh (cf. pis. xvii., xxiv.), " to all herl)s." I do not know how to complete this. 8. '^^0 (i-hha (cf. pi. XXV., &c.). 9. p-^^i ° gi(V) (cf- pi. XXV.), seshem ta n neti kJi^'ii , "leader of the country for the two cities within the Goat- district (?)." The reading is very uncertain, the animal hardly likely to be ^^. Perhaps it is that which occurs on the pilaster in pi. xix. Seshem ta is not uncommon by itself: on the coffin of Nen'kheftek (pi. xxix.) we have it qualified as here by the name of a district, but I am not sure that there are other clear instances of such limitation. The name is given as " Ateta, Avhose name is Shedu ("good name" on pi. xvii.), born of Mert'ates." The line of hieroglyphs in front of the standing- figure of Shedu describes him in set terms as " seeing [the offerings brought to him from the] vineyards (?) by his /.■((-sei'vants of the house of his eternity," jver n zet-f meaning probably the property Avith which his tomb was endowed for ever. Over one of the men depicted in the contiguous scene Ave see the title of " stcAvard." THE INSCRIPTIOKS. 45 PL XVII. Shedu, whose titles are given as before, is here accompanied bv "his sister whom he loves [born of] ]Mert"ates. The vertical line of inscri])tion iiia\- be restored : " [seeing the offerings brought] to him in every good festival hv his /m-priests (?) of the house of his eternity." PI. XVIII. Shedu, described as " deserving before [Anubis] upon his Rock in [aU] his Abodes," is "seeing in the speech of herdsmen of the house of his eternity. " In the top row over the scribe are the remains of a list of oxen. In the second row there has been a long line at the top descriptive of the scene, but it is almost whollv destroyed ; below this line are the remains of words referring to breeding, nehep, " mount " ; assisting the birth of a calf, sfekht ; and " milking the udder " or " cow," sesher hat (?). In the third row the line of inscription is more complete : " Behold thy bulls (?) and thy oxen (?) of tliy stall (?) which are in the fields joined (?) by the herdsmen." Over the bull charging is sfelch-k lea nekht, " Mavest thou get loose (?), strong bull ! " In the fourth row is "Causing to the bull, his [children ?] are with him, bringing to him his buUs to see the praise of " One of the operators is named Khu'Teta, after the king Teta, which shows that the tomb is of the early part of the Vlth Dynasty. Another is "his son Sebek'khau." The bulls or oxen are called neg. PL XIX. 8. (should be N.) side of recess. The determinative of the name Shedu is a useful confirmation of the supposed meaning " water-skin," of a word shedu that occurs rarely in the inscriptions. Pilasters. The titles seem to include the sim of an animal (goat ?) followed by a and nome- sign ; perhaps it is the same that we have in pi. XV. Bach of recess. The names of three of the seven sacred oils are visible : we shall meet witli them in pi. xx\nii. PL XX. The table of offerings has the usual list above it, forming a kind oi menu and pro- gramme for a day's food and attendance to be given by the /.a-priest according to an elaljorate ritual. On such lists see Maspero in Be cue de V lUstoire des Relioions, xxxv. 275. PL XXI. The vertical inscription runs : [" May he have funeral supplies] on the day of the month and half-month, and every good festival [and every day]." Over the middle row there are three in- scriptions, 1st, "cutting a door," and 2nd, .s- amt re net she res, "making [firm?] the point (?) of (a staff called) the Southern post." amf-re I take to mean " point," though I do not know of anj' instance of the tei-m where it has this sense. i - - <=' as the name of a staff", shaped |, in Leyd. Moit., III., xxiv., per- haps signifies a staff' ha\ing a metal " feruK' " of electrum, " electrum- feruled staff." On a coffin of the Middle Kingdom (see Steindortt"s Grab des Mentiihefeji, and Lepsius, Aeltesie Texte, pi. 10) we see four staves called "post of the South" (czeziI), "post of the North," "post of the West," post of the East" : some- times (AeJt. Texte, pi. 26) they are called simply medu " staves." The names are probably mystic, and connected with funeral rites. The present scene might show how a metal ferule was firmly fixed, but it see iis better to take it as repre- senting the hardening of the "point" of the staff. The third inscription is " cutting a piece of wood." Over the lowest row we have " a frame (?) of panther skin (?)," and "stretching" or "curing leather." This is important : in Ebers Fest- schrift, Bondi has read 3S( {khent) in similar inscriptions as simply the determinative of tehes, and interpreted the whole as a name for leather, ]L'ur\. The present example shows that tks is a 46 DESHASHEH. tliiFerent word from l;kcnt : evidently it is a verb. I do not deny, however, that it may still be the origin of the Hebrew word. Over the leather Avorkers who arc making- sandals we have " manufacturing offerings." PI. XXII. The inscription in front of the large figure shows remains of the word opdii, "wild foAvl." The youth in the bows of the boat is " his eldest son whom he loves, governor of a fortress, the confidential royal friend, Nena, whose good name is Redi'nefhetep." The "good" name, as Professor Petrie remarks, can be completed with tolerable cei'tainty from pi. XX v. PI. XXIII. There is little remaining of the inscriptions ; at the left-hand end we have " ox," followed by " ibex." PL XXR'. Tliere is nothing new to note here. PL XXV. On the X. side of the doorway we have a new title of Shedu, y( ), con- firmed by pi. xix., and reading perhaps hherii selihen, but the meaning is unknoAvn. If it may be corrected to Herp hen'hi, it would mean "superintendent of /.-o -servants." In 11. 2 and 3 he says : " I was one that spake good and repeated good, I was one that [did] justice, which is loved [of God]." On the S. side were repeated the name and titles of Shedu, with a long inscription laudatory of his conduct, but no single phrase remains complete. it does not appear from the inscriptions of his tomb that Shedu or any of his family were related to the king, though they are of A-erv high rank. Shedu was probably nomarch, and was head of the Department of Land in the central government. (52.) PL XXVII. Paxel of Mera. One face of the painted panel found in the tomb of Mera represents the preparation of offerings, the other represents apparently their conveyance to their destination in the tomb. Here the man at the bows of the leading boat is entitled " the ruler of the Fortress of the pyramid Men-nefer, the roval friend, the superintendent of priests, MezauC?)." His name is not quite certain. As the tomb is that of Mora, I imagine that this prie3t of high rank ^vas one of her relatives, and had contributed largely to the furnishing of her tomb. Men'uefer, " the beautiful Men-pyramid," was the name of the pyramid of Pepy I., and also no doubt of that king's adjacent Residence. It is the origin of the name of ^Memphis, that city being regidarly called Meu'nefer in the inscriptions of the New Kingdom. PL XXA'III. Coffin of Mera. Lid : 'Jlay the king grant grace and Anubis, lord of Sepa, he who is in Ut, the lord of Ta'Zeser, that she may have a good funeral in her tomb of Kherneter, that she may have offerings in the Western jMouutain on New Year's Day, the Beginning of the Year, Uag, Thoth, and every good festival of God ; the king's noblewoman, the deserving before the Great God, Mera." Outside, Irfi : •'May the king grant grace, and Anubis on his Mount, in the shrine, he who is in Ut, lord of Ta'Zeser, that she may have offerings in her tomb of Kher- neter in the Western Mountain, on New Year's day, the Beginning of the Year, Uag, Thoth, and every good festival of God ; the king's noblewoman, priestess of Hathor, the deserving before the Great God [Mera]." Outside, right : • Jlay the king grant gi-ace, and Anubis in the shrine, he who is in Ut, lord of Ta'Zeser, that she may have a good funeral in her tomb of Kherneter, that she may be (?) followed by her has (the plui-al here is very cuiious) upon the good roads on which the deserving are met, that she m:iy be received by the Great God, lord of heaven ; the royal noblewoman, priestess of Hathor, Mera." Inside, head end. The seven sacred oils in jars, with their names, Set'heb, "Festival Scent," Relnu, "offering," Seft, Nehhnem, Tuau, Hatet' ash (cedar oil?), Hatet'Telwnu, "Libyan oiL" Inside, foot end. Figures of granaries. On the first granary is inscribed, " Set (wheat ?) 100 sacks." On the second, "Southern corn, 120 sacks." On the third, " Northern corn, THE INSCRIPTIONS. 47 240 sacks." On the fourth, ''Dnrra, 240 (?) sacks." On the first has been added, " Carob beans, 100 sacks," and on the compartment below it are some indistinct signs. Ill these texts there is no direct mention of Osiris, but perhaps he is referred to as " the (Ireat God " : the funerary inscriptions of the Old Kingdom are usually full of refei-ences to Osiris of Abydos. (53.) PL XXIX. Coffin of Nen-kheftek. Outside, left : " May the king grant grace, and Auubis on his mount, who is in Ut, lord of Ta'Zeser, that he may have a good funeral in his tomb of Kherneter, and that there may be offerings for the confidential friend of the king, first after the king, superintendent of the Department of Land, Nenkheftek, whose good name is Thy." Outside, rlijht : " May the king grant grace, and Osiris, lord of Busiris, in all his places, offerings for him who is deserving before the Great God ; the royal scribe (?) of the presence, the superintendent of the records of the Department of Land, leader of the country of the Upper tree nome, Nen'kheftek, whose good name is Thy." The nome referred to is that of Heracleopolis Magna, and it is evident that Deshasheh lay Avithin it, as we should expect. Outside, foot end : "First after the king, staff of the llukhyt, pillar of tlic Jca of the mother. Thy." The priest entitled " pillar of the Ini of the mother," or later, "of the Jca of his mothej-," is figured in a symbolic hieroglyph at Beni Hasan as supporting, in an upright position, an ape or monkey-figure called the " ht of his mother." Presumably it was a sacred lemah; ape (see Beni Hnmn, III., pi. vi., fig. S2, and p. 27). Outside, head end : "The confidential friend, first after the king, the worthy one, Nen-kheftek." Inside, left. A long list of offerings. Inside, head end. The seven sacred oils, and "green eye-paint" with black "stibium." Scholars have been accustomed to treat Nen'kheftek as a mere variant wTiting of the name Neu'kheft'ka, but Professor Petrie has pointed out that the two arc used uniformly for distinguishing different persons ; we may there- fore Avrite the former as Nen'kheftek, " no enemy of thine (existeth)," and treat it as different from Nen'kheft ka, " no enemy of the ka (existeth)." Ph XXXIII. 27. "The possessor of worthiness before the Great God, the royal acquaintance, the superintendent of ap- portioning (see titles of Anta), the ruler of tlie Southern City of the Goat, Nen^kheft ka, and his wife, tile royal acquaintance, possessing worthiness before lier liusband, Nefer"seshems." The " Southern City of the Goat" is apparently elsewhere unknown: prdliably it was the name of the town to which the Deslui-hch tombs be- longed, a town evidently of imiiortance at that early time. 28. In addition to his other titles Xen'kheft'ka is here called "priest of the king"; otherwise we have here nothing new. 32. Nen"kheft"ka's son Nen'kheft'ek succeeded to some of his fiither's titles. He is here called " the possessor of worthiness before the Great God, the royal acquaintance, the superintendent of apportioning, Neirkheft'ek." In No. 30 his titles were probably the same; in No. 31 he is only "royal acipiaiiitance." Note to n. XJT. 1L-. Petrie's ingenious but i-ather surprising restoration of female dancers waving gazelle-headed wands is confirmed by a sign in tlio Pyramid texts, which rnpi-cseiits fliis waiul in the hand of a woman. It oeciu's as the determinative of the word dual, which prol)ably signitios women skilled in thi.s kind of dance. See Merenra, 1. 4G7, and the parallel texts. — F. Lr„ G. 49 INDEX. Aah dad, 37. Addax, 8, 43. Algerian skulls, 25. Amulets, 16, 17. Ancestor worship, ritual, 10. An-nefer, 7, 42. Anta, tomb of, 4. „ sepulchral chamber, 5. ,, skull of, 5. Apa, 7, 42. Arabs, settled tribes of, 1. ArclierSj Egyptian, 6. Ateta, name of Shedu, 9, 44. Ba, passage for, into sepulchre, 9. Bahsamun, work at, 38-41. Barge for funeral, 11. Baskets of Vth Dynasty, 33. Beads, 16, 17, 21. Bedawi auxiliaries, 6. Behnesa, work at, 1. Beni Hasan, war scenes, G. Birds, trapping of, 7, 9. Board of Mera, 20. Boat building, 7, 8. Boat, men in, leading cattle, 9. Boat, model, 19. Boat of Anta, 7, 42. Boats of papyrus, 7. Boats with oars raised, 11. Bodies buried perfect, lG-19. ,, dissevered, 20-24. Bones broken, 18. Bow, breaking, in submission, G. Brand, or label, on bull, 8, 43. Bulls, 8, 9, 43. ,, dwarl'ed, 10. Burials, orientation of, 19. See Bodies, CofHns, Mummies, Summary. „ in crack of rock, 23. „ Roman, at Bahsamun, 38-40. Calf's head and haunch offerings, 15, 37. Captives of Sati, 6. Carnelian beads, &c., 16. Carpenters, 10. Cattle, scenes of, 7, 8, 9, 11, 45. Child's body, perfect, 22. Chisels of Vth Dynasty, 8, 33. Clap-net, 9. Cloth and clothing, 8, 16, 31, 32. Coffin of Nenkheftek, 15. „ with amulets, 16. „ tilted, 17. „ box- framed, 18, 21. „ solid block, 18. „ of Mera, 20. Combat, scenes of, 6. Contracted burials, 17, 18. Copper staples on cofhn, 16. pan, 19. Coppersmiths, 8. Coptic destructions, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11. Crane, carried, 7. Crocodile, 11. Cubit, 37. Cylinder, glazed pottery, 19. Cypriote pottery, 36. Dancers, 8. Demcz, 7, 42. Deshasheh, settling at, 2. ,, desert plateau, 2. ,, cemetery, 2. „ town at a distance, 2, 3. Dissevered bodies, partially, 2o, 21. „ entirely, 22-24. Donkeys, 11. Door, false, for offerings, 3o. Drying of bodies, 16, 18, 20. Dwarf, slinging, 7. „ with beads, &c., 8. E 50 DESEJASHEH. Eighteenth Dynasty burials, 15, 18, 36j 37, 38. Erdunefhotep, 10, 11, 46. El- Eigha, 2. Exploration along desert, 1. Eye amulet, 16. Eyes painted on coffin, 15, 16. Fa9ade of tomb of Shedii, 9, 11. Feast, preparation for, 8. Fish-drying, 7. Fishers with net, 7. ,, carrying fish, 7. Fi-shing scene, 10, 11. Fort of the Sati, G, 7. Frog aninlet, 17. Funeral barge, 11. Galahii/eh, an ancient pattern, 31. Garson, Dr., measurements by, 25. Geere, Mr. H. V., 3, 38-41. Genett cats, 10. Girl carried away captivCj 6. Glazed stone beads, 16, 34. „ pottery cylinder, 19. Goats browsing, 9. Gold foil, 16. Graining of wood, 20. Granaries figured, 11, 20, 46. Grenfell, Mr. B. P., 1. Griffith, Mr. F. LI., 42. Haematite beads, 16. Haes, Mr. Frank, 3. Hand amulets, 16. ■ Harper and singers, 8. Hatchet of Vth Dynasty, 8. Head- rests, sculptured, 10. ,, of Neukheftek, 15. „ solid block, 16, 17. „ fluted stern, 18. „ with inscription, 20. „ under thigh, 21. „ beyond head, 22. „ of various types, 34. „ of XVIIIth Dynasty, 37. Hippopotamus, 11. „ head amulet, 17. Hornet amulet, 17. Horns pendant, 16. Hoiep hieroglyph, 35. Hunt, Mr. A. S., I, 3. Huntsman and dog, 8. Hyaena led, 7. Ibex, 8, 43. Inscriptions, cut on coffin, 18. „ of Anta, 42. ,, of Sliedu, 44. ,, of Mera, 46. „ of Nenkheftek, 47. Jar for drink-offerings, 5. Jasper, green, 16. Ka priests, 9. Khaensebek, 9, 45. Khu Teta, 4, 9, 45. Khyt, 7, 42. Kilted stuff, 16, 32. Kohl-pot of alabaster, 15. Lakes by western desert, 1. Leather-working, 8, 10, 46. Leopard's head amulet, 17. Lever-press, 10. Lion amulets, 17. Lute, inlaid, 37. Mallets of Vth Dynasty, 33. Medum, skulls from, 25, 26. bones, 27-29. Memphis, name of, 20, 46. Menti-Satet, war of, 5. Mera, coffin and body, 20. ,, panel, 20, 46. Mertates, 10, 45. Mertefs, 10, 45. Mezau, 46. Milk, determinative of, 9. Mining a fort, 6. Minmert, wife of Anta, 7, 8, 43, 44. Mourners, 11. Mummies, Itoman, 2. Mummifying not practised early, 15. Murray, Mi.ss, 4. Neclaa, town, ■"), 42. Xeferhoteps, wife of Nenkheftka (A), 4. Neferseshems, wife of Nenkheftka (B), 4, 11. Nena, 10, 11, 46. Nenkheftek, date of, 4. „ tomb of, 12, 15. INDEX. 51 Nenklieftek, statues, 13-15. ,, inscription of, 47. Neukbeftka, date of, 4. ,, tomlj of, 12. „ statues, 13-1.5, 47. Net-work stuff, 19, 32. Xew Race skulls, 2.5, 26. bones, 27-29. Oars raised, 11. Offerings, 9; on coffins, 15, 20. Orientation of burials, 19. Oryx, 8, 43. Oxyrliyukiios, work at, 1. Painters, 8. Palestinian pottery, 30, 37, 38. Palettes of scribes, 34, 35. Papyrus work, 7, 34, 35. Pendant beads, 21. Perfect bodies buried in coffin?, 16, 17. ,, „ witliout coffins, 18, 19. Phoenician pottery, 15. Pillars in tomb of Anta, 5, 8. ,, of tomb of Sliedu, 9. Plaster coffin heads, site for, 1. Plaster harder than stone, 11. Plundering of bodies while fresh, 18. Pottery, 5, 16, 18, 19, 22, 23, 35-38. Priestly dress, 7. Pyramid, figured, 11. Quarrying, 34. Ranefer, scribe, 43. Redinefhotep, 10, 11, 46. Restorations on the plates, 6, 8. Ritual of ancestor worship, 10. Roman mummies, 2, 38, 39. „ skulls, 29, 30. „ tombs and town at Bahsamun, 38-41. Sacrifice of ox, 8, 9, 11. „ performed by sons, 9. Sandals, sculptured, 8. „ made, 8. ,, in cofliu, 20. Sandstone shaipcners, 34. Sati, war of, 5, 6, 7. Sati women fighting, 6. „ chief of, 6. Sawing, 10. Scenery of western desert, 1. Scribe, 8, 9. Sculptor, 8. Secondary burials, 15, 18, 36, 37. Serdabs, 5, 9, 12. Shedu, date of, 4. „ tomb of, 9. „ second name Ateta, 9. Shirts of Vth Dynasty, 31, 32. Siege of fort, 6, 7. Singers, 8. Skeletons, measurements of, 27-29. Skulls, measurements of, 25-30. Statues of Nenkheftka and son, 13. „ breakage of, 13. „ -wooden, 19, 31. String in board-picture, 20. Summary of modes of burial, 24. Temple of a pyramid, figured, 11. Tetakhu, son of Shedu, 4, 9, 43. Thompson, Mr. Herbert, 3. Throw-stick, 10, 37. Thy, name of Nenkhef tek, 4, 15. Thy of Sa(i(jara, 4. Titles of Anta, 42. ,, Shedu, 44. Town of the Sati, 5, G, 7. Trapping of birds, 7. Uinran Khallil, native antiquary, 2. Urlin, Miss Hilda, 3. Vases figured in tombs, 7, 10. Vineyard scene, 9. Walker, Dr. J. H., 3. War of Sati, 5, 6, 7. Warren, Mr., measurements by, 27. Water-skin, determinative, 10. Weaving in Vth Dynasty, 32. Women skeletons compared with men, 28. „ of Sati, captive, 6. „ ,, fighting Bedawin, 6. Wooden chisels, 33. Workmen, 8, 10. LIST OF PLATES. Frontispiece. Nenkheftka (pliotogi'aph), I. Cemetery of Desliaslieh. Plan. II. Groups of tombs. Ill, Plans of tombs, Anta and Shedu. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. XIII. XIV. XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX. XX. Tomb of Anta. N. of E. wall. Battle and siege. N. wall. Boat building, &c. N. of W. wall. Ship of Anta. N. of Recess. Inscription. Back of Recess. Offerings. S. of Recess. Children, &c. S. of W. wall. Anta and ^v^ife. S. of W. wall. Animals. S. Avail. Dancers, harper, &c. S. of E. wall. Workmen. PiUar. Tomb of Shedu. N. of E. wall. Field scenes. E. of N. wall. W. of N. wall N. of W. wall Pilasters and Recess S. of Recess Vineyard. Servants. Cattle. List of offerings. XXI. W. of S. wall. Workmen. XXII. E. of S. wall. Fishing. XXIII. S. of E. wall. Harvesting. XXIV. Facade. Fishing, Pyramid, &c. XXV. Facade. Boats and cooking. XXVI. Amulets and Beads. XXVII. Painted board of Mera (coloured). XXVIII. Coffin of Mera. XXIX. Coffin of Nenkheftek. XXX. Nenkheftka and Nenkheftek (photograph) XXXI. Nenkheftka and Xefersems (photograph) XXXII. Nenkheftka, at London and Cairo (photograph) XXXIII. Pottery. Inscriptions of Nen kheftka. XXXIV. Baskets, mallets, chisels, &c. (photograph) XXXV. Positions of bodies. XXXVI. Skulls (photograph). XXXVII. Dissevered bones (Rontgen photo- graph). 1 ! 4-000 DESHASHEH. CEMETERY. 3rd spur TH SPUR 6th SPUR 7th spur 1 : 1000 DESHASHEH. DETAIL PLANS OF TOMBS. II. ♦ "> 3rd spur ^ 18 19 V / 20 • • 18 2nd spur 1st spur 158 ♦ 4147 ^iVT-^ 7th spur NENKHEFTKA 1 :120 DESHASHEH. TOMB PLANS. ^ 3 El "□ -□ o IZ^ j=a TOMB OF ANTA TOMB OF SHEDU j::"_n:::ni"_:n ii: r J [ Facade with sculptured scenes ::n_M: ■ ^'^>'^>0 ^; kO. r c; \if : r iliUL 1 : 8 DESHASHEH. TOMB OF ANTA, N. HALF, E. WALL. )ESHASHEH. TOMB OF ANTA, N. WALL. 1 :8 DESHASHEH. TOMB OF ANTA, N. WALL. 1 :8 DESHASHEH. TOMB OF ANTA, W. WALL, N, HALF. VI. /■"> 1 :8 DESHASHEH. TOMB OF ANTA, BACK OF RECESS. VIII. 1 :8 DESHASHEH. TOMB OF ANTA, S. SIDE RECESS. IX. l7\ i^MIM^-^ II a asp< P^ ooa ^^iiA-_.n Wl© 1 .-8 DESHASHEH. TOMB OF ANTA, S. HALF, W. WALL. X. 1 :8 DESHASHEH. TOMB OF ANTA, S. END. W. WALL. XI. kSHEH. TOMB OF ANTA. S. WALL. XII. V ; \V ) ■ '^ '- 1 P>- o ciiaiui f.-.-rs: ^:: ll, ^,M./fn ii/;;i!^\>^. :5r- ,^j ,xjm C:^- ,U^-: Ti \j'-^ k^-'y) ry? i ) D c\) Ck G<( Vti ^^^V> U;y\ \rY4 ^ w-t H 1:8 DESHASHEH. TOMB OF ANTA, S. WALL. - l.\\ ' b &/a]Oi ,^~^ r 'vW II iff 'My 4 J A^:^^^ v^^ ^:.n 9<( ^r^ #rfei ^ d 1 : 8 DESHASHEH. TOMB OF ANTA, E. WALL, S. HALF. XIII lf\ iJ2^. Jl ..^n ^ ^ 3y/ a ji'j^- /t r' '■-3 llm- \ '"^'^A rvAM 1 :8 DESHASHEH. TOMB OF ANTA. PILLAR. XIV. v^^ -5^^-.^ 4X ■3?r:: ;1^"-^n -? fToUl ^ CI c^ cz^ D D a ^ yo O ^V/>v //w • >> w . lj(j^ 7 1 :8 DESHASHEH. TOMB OF SHEDU, E. WALL, S. HALF. XXII '^r^ f^J^lfeT^^ i^ ^ 41 1 :8 DESHASHEH. TOMB OF SHEDU, ON N. HALF OF LOWER FRONT. XXV, /l- -J L'l} ^ £2i O Tli c^ S. SIDE DOORWAY. TOMB OF SHEDU. N. SIDE DOORWAY. 1 :1 DESHASHEH. AMULETS AND BEADS, Vth DYNASTY. XXVI. 1:4 DESHASHEH. COFFIN AND BOARD OF MERA. XXVII. 1 :7 COFFIN OF MERA, XXVIII. 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