Franklin Institute Ij^kakx 
 
 FHIL/lbELFHI^ 
 
 Classes 5 Bool^ltl3 13 Accessioni82S'5 
 
 REFERENCE 
 
 aiven by ^Kc Co m pa n V. 
 
PUBLISHED BY THE WILLIAM MANN fp 
 COMPANY AT PHILADELPH1A,PA. IN W 
 EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND NINETY- EIGHT lO, 
 
COPYRIGHT 1898, 
 By WILLIAM MANN COMPANY, 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Published by William Mann Company. 
 Text and Supervision by Harold M. Duncan. 
 ART Work by Charles Heergeist. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Introduction, 9-10 
 
 A Bit of History, . . . . . . . . 11-18 
 
 A Chapter about the Executive Department, . 19-30 
 
 The Making of Copying Papers, 31-36 
 
 A Chapter about the Manufacturing Departments, 37-42 
 
 A Chapter about the Stock Room, .... 43-4^ 
 
 A Chapter about the Ruling Department, . , 49-54 
 
 A Chapter about Blank Book Sewing, . . . 55-60 
 
 A Chapter about Blank Books, . . ... 61-68 
 
 A Chapter about the Copying Book Department, . 69-74 
 
 A Chapter about the Press Room, 
 
 a Treating upon the Composing Room, . . 75-84 
 
 A Chapter about the Power Department, , . 85-90 
 
'N offering this volume to those friends and acquaintances of 
 the commercial world with whom our relations at intervals 
 ■ during the past half-century have been so uninterruptedly 
 pleasant, a few prefatory words appear desirable, if not to 
 introduce the subject-matter, yet to outline the publishers' inten- 
 tion. Too frequently, however, is a preface the mere pretext for 
 self-laudation, especially in books of industrial import dealing with 
 the history of enterprises which it may be desired to commemorate. 
 There is nothing — whether in statement or by implication— that 
 we would more earnestly avoid. 
 
 The William Mann Company has completed the first fifty 
 years of its existence as a business institution, in the course of 
 which, under what is believed to have been a judicious and strictly 
 honorable policy, it has developed with steady and progressive steps 
 to a plane of commercial activity the horizon of which is relatively 
 as great as the foundations of the business are secure. Just as in 
 Nature, the slowest processes are those which culminate in greatest 
 energy ; so in the domain of Trade— the solidity of results requires 
 
 9 
 
time in which to eventuate. As a proper tribute to the sagacity, 
 courage and integrity of its revered founder — who died during 
 1 88 1 — and as a memorial to the willing hands that assumed the 
 duties he laid down, we have conceived the formation of a book, 
 wherein the handicraft of the artist should supplement description 
 of our establishment and the plain data of commercial achievement 
 be enlivened by the skill of the photographer and the best possi- 
 ble results of typography and the allied arts. The text is more 
 than a citation of bare facts ; it is a portraiture of living processes, 
 indexing the improvements of a half-century of experiment and 
 liberal enterprise. During this time, facilities have exactly par- 
 alleled Invention : as machinery, appliances or processes have 
 appeared, aimed at the simplification and consequent cheapening of 
 production, no labor or expense have been spared to add them to 
 the equipment of a plant, which is thrown open to the reader as 
 among the completest in the world, in any department of Industry. 
 
 It is with the cordial wish that the reader may participate, in 
 some degree, in the pleasure experienced by the publishers in the 
 issuance of this volume, that we solicit for the following pages his 
 friendly perusal. 
 
 WILLIAM MANN COMPANY. 
 
 10 
 
QQOO OOOQ 
 
 QO O O O O- Q O O O 
 
 Q 
 
 1 0 
 
 n^^Tp O' Q Q O O O G' O Q O O Q O Q 
 
 HEN the historian begins to construct a story 
 out of the fragments of the Past, — a story 
 which must be coherent and truthful — two 
 rules must govern his procedure : he must 
 both regard the persons whose actions form 
 the materials for his history, and the results 
 which those actions superinduced. No matter 
 what the sphere of life he chronicles — political, religious or indus- 
 trial — neither of these elements can be safely disregarded. The 
 manner of man one is will determine the nature of the acts one 
 does. Conversely, the character of one's acts is a pretty safe 
 criterion for judging the native tendencies of the man. The true 
 secret of the causes ending in success or failure need not be traced 
 much farther back than the individual. 
 
 The events of an epoch will always be found to revolve around 
 one or more prominent personages, from whom go forth the influ- 
 ences that mould and shape the spirit of the times into an image 
 of their own idea. In analogous manner, in the business world, 
 the beginning of institutions lies with the man or men whose 
 thought, energy and will gave them birth ; so, also, is it with the 
 influences which foster the growth of such institutions, carry them 
 upwards to success, and ensure their perpetuity. Within the seed 
 lie all the processes which culminate in the monarch of the forest ; 
 within the idea lie concealed all the subsequent possibilities. The 
 seed may come to naught because of poor conditions ; so may the 
 
 11 
 
idea fail of expression because of poor soil. But when the thought 
 of a great business starts, only the beginning is aimed at. Rarely 
 is the magnitude of the end foreseen. Others generally carry to- 
 wards perfection what is thus conceived : origin, development and 
 consummation continue as long as a business continues. Hence, 
 the plan of this historical and descriptive sketch is at once before 
 us, having to do with the founder first, then with his successors, 
 and finally with the present facts of the business. Accordingly, 
 justifying the introduction of the personal element, I will ask the 
 reader to attend with me to facts in the career of William Mann. 
 
 William Mann, founder of the business now bearing his name, 
 was born in Philadelphia, June 14th, 18 14, and spent such early 
 years as were proper to an apprenticeship upon a farm near 
 Haddonfield, N. J. Wearied with agriculture, which could never 
 have contained the dominating energy of his character or have 
 given the latter its legitimate expansion, he abandoned that pur- 
 suit to learn the trade of a house carpenter. This he acquired at 
 Haddonfield, when eighteen years old. Several years were spent 
 in the avocation, during which he married. Subsequently, he went 
 to Washington, D. C, and entered some of the Departments of the 
 United States Government, in one of which, notably the Auditor's 
 Office, he assisted to compute the Census then under process of 
 formulation. Work upon the Census was followed by a return to 
 his prior trade of house builder, in which he engaged until the 
 Fall of 1848. In the interim, however, a natural inventiveness 
 began to exhibit itself, the first results of which was the useful 
 appliance known as " Mann's Patent Movable Binders " for filing 
 letters. A confidence in the efficiency of the idea, which was both 
 simple and ingenious, induced Mr. Mann to come to Philadelphia 
 at this time for the purpose of introducing the specialty. His two 
 oldest sons accompanied him. The primitive business methods of 
 those times have not yet passed beyond the recollection of a good 
 many people, who cannot but dwell pleasantly upon the earnest 
 simplicity of Commerce, so strongly contrasting with latter-day 
 
 12 
 
competition. Those were days of sturdy effort. Mr. Mann partici- 
 pated in their spirit, canvassing from door to door with his Binder. 
 Six months had not passed before sufficient headway had been 
 made to rent a small wareroom at No. 74 (old number) North 
 Fourth Street, a portion of which was occupied as a dwelling and 
 the remaining apartments for manufacturing purposes. Out of this 
 beginning, modest and unpretentious as it was, the present busi- 
 ness has developed. Eventually, a small stationery store was 
 established in the location thus selected, and through a vigorous 
 personal canvass, constantly maintained throughout the business 
 and residence sections of the city, a good trade in binders and 
 kindred articles was developed. 
 
 A few years at the Fourth Street wareroom exhausted the 
 resources of the building, which did not admit of facilities in 
 accord with the expanding volume of trade steadily flowing in. 
 Mr. Mann then removed to the second floor of No. 25 South Sixth 
 Street, having in the meantime increased his canvassing facilities 
 by the addition of a horse and wagon. In Sixth Street he 
 invented what is known the world over as " Mann's Parchment 
 Copying Paper," a product possessed of certain properties obtained 
 in mixing the stock and in treating it, which lend themselves to 
 letter-copying where permanency and legibility are specially re- 
 quired. The reproduction of an old advertisement — a circular 
 issued about this time by Mr. Mann, and which is in the pos- 
 session of the William Mann Company, — will illustrate the nature 
 of the specialties then handled, as well as the encouragement 
 extended to Mr. Mann by the consumers. It is an interesting 
 glance backwards to a time when copying books with numbered 
 pages were first introduced, and the copying press began to make 
 inroads upon the old methods of preserving a duplicate of records. 
 
 The Sixth Street establishment becoming in its turn restricted, 
 a removal to more commodious quarters on the Northeast corner of 
 Third and Chestnut Streets was made, only to be followed a little 
 time after by the rental of Drexel's old Banking building, at No 
 
 lU 
 
MASON'S 
 
 ESTABLISHMENT, 
 
 25 South Sixth Street, above Chestnut, 
 PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 In November, 1849, the undersigned opened an Establishment for 
 the sale of the Best and Cheapest Presses and Appurtenances used in 
 COPYING LETTERS—where have been sold over 1,000 Presses, 
 20,000 Copying-Books, 3,000 Dampeners, and 15,000 Letter-Binders. 
 
 Our efforts have been appreciated, and the encouragement received 
 has led to the selection of a more central location, where Merchants 
 and others are invited to call and examine — where may be had our 
 
 PATENT DOUBLE-LEVER 
 
 mm^ UMM^ MM^. 
 
 Some of its peculiarities are, that it does not require fastening 
 domx ; pressure obtained with more ease and much quicker than by 
 other methods ; not so liable to get out of order or break. 
 
 PATENT METALLIC DAMFENER, 
 
 Superseding the use of the brush, wet cloth, and blotting-paper. 
 With it a perfect copy may always be secured. g^^Can be used with 
 <iny Press. 
 
 Parchment Paper, (Patent applied for.) 
 letter Copying Boohs, ivitJi Pages Printed, 
 
 Bound with Leather backs, Cloth sides, and sewed on Parchment. 
 BEST QUALITY GOPYINa INK ALWAYS ON HAND. 
 PATENT MOVABLE BIlTDSn, 
 
 A most valuable invention (and one that should be found in every 
 counting-room), for keeping in a booi-like form, letters, original in- 
 voices, music, newspapers, or any papers where easy and ready 
 reference is desirable. 
 
 WM. MANN, 
 25 South Sixth Street, above Chestnut, Philadelphia. 
 
48 South Third Street, and the installation of the plant therein. 
 A completely stocked Stationery and Blank-Book establishment 
 was here begun, trade still farther expanding to enforce another 
 removal to No. 43 South Fourth Street, where the business con- 
 tinued for several years — up until 1873. During this year Mr. 
 Mann purchased the large five-story building. No. 529 Market 
 Street, which is now occupied by the Executive and Retail Depart- 
 ments of the William Mann Company. 
 
 The career of William Mann, up to the time designated, had 
 been an exemplification of incessant enterprise. He had been the 
 first to make a copying paper in this country, and thus to lay the 
 foundations of a trade in this article which transcended his greatest 
 expectations. He had participated in the invention of several 
 special articles of usefulness in the Stationery field, which added 
 to the fruits of his labors, and had upreared his business on lines 
 reflecting his own integrity of purpose and unswerving determina- 
 'tion to succeed. It must not be supposed that the business life 
 of William Mann was devoid of financial struggle. While at No, 
 529 Market Street there were vicissitudes of no inferior magnitude ; 
 the panic caused by the failure of Jay Cook involving Mr. Mann's 
 business with that of many others in the upheaval. The new 
 building had been purchased ; it had been refitted and equipped 
 with machinery of improved pattern, and heavy running expenses 
 augmented the difficult task of financing the establishment in times 
 when all were retrenching their funds in circulation. Nevertheless, 
 rejecting a suggestion then made that he assign and pay fifty 
 cents on the dollar, he fought through the uncertainty and came 
 out with a clean balance sheet. 
 
 In September, 1881, William Mann died, aged 67 years. It 
 was a request embodied in his Will that his sons, properly the 
 ones to carry on the business, should unite and form a Company, 
 which was done in April, 1888 — the name of the corporation being 
 the William Mann Company. 
 
 In his business life, William Mann was a persistent^ resolute 
 
 15 
 
\ 
 
 and energetic worker, possessing strong executive powers, keeping 
 his hand steadily upon the helm of his business, and strictly 
 conscientious in his dealings with debtor and creditor alike. Keenly 
 alive to the possibilities of every new avenue opened in the natural 
 ramifications of Trade, he passed over the pitfalls into which 
 unrestricted progressiveness is so frequently led and was enabled 
 to focus his energies in directions where fruition was certain. If a 
 pen picture could accurately delineate his business characteristics, 
 such might be given in these words : A progressive spirit, ruled 
 by more than ordinary intelligence and good judgment ; a deep 
 earnestness impelled and fostered by indomitable perseverence ; a 
 native justice expressing itself in correct principle and practice. 
 
 Personally, William Mann was characterized 'by strong relig- 
 ious convictions and moral courage. With but little opportunities 
 for liberal culture, he attained an insight and familiarity with the 
 world of literature and thought possessed by few not given by 
 profession to scholastic pursuits. He was broad in his sympathies, 
 liberal in his charities, a loving husband and a tender father. 
 Such, in brief, are the impressions made by his life upon the 
 hearts of those who knew him well. 
 
 The demise of William Mann, followed by the formation of the 
 Company which he advised, did not, as is so frequently the case, 
 retard the development of the business which he had inaugurated 
 and fostered so successfully. On the contrary, his successors had 
 been long familiar with the methods to be pursued in accomplish- 
 ing the unfoldment of its possibilities. The volume of trade kept 
 on swelling until the channels through which it flowed necessitated 
 still farther enlargement. In the Fall of 1893 contracts were 
 issued for the erection of a large manufacturing building at the 
 corner of Fifth and Commerce Streets, Philadelphia, wherein all 
 departments of production, in the specialties conserved, might be 
 centralized. The planning of the structure, which contains eight 
 stories and a basement, was entrusted to Mr. Thos. P. Lonsdale, 
 a well-known architect, with instructions to build a thoroughly 
 
 16 
 
up-to-date factory, having perfect facilities for tlie comfort and 
 convenience of those employed, as well as abundant floor space for 
 the equipment demanded by the varieties of work to be done. 
 The edifice was finished and occupied during the Fall of 1894, and 
 numerous exterior and interior views are elsewhere presented to 
 afford a more comprehensive conception of existing manufacturing 
 facilities than could be given by mere description. Here are 
 carried on all classes of blank-book making; the manipulation of 
 various special grades of copying paper into books of all sizes, for 
 the use of firms, railroads, etc. ; printing, both as to composition 
 and presswork ; lithographing and embossing. 
 
 William Mann was the inventor of a process of making copy- 
 ing paper, having characteristics which brought it into immediate 
 prominence. This latter has been augmented by the growing 
 reputation of the makers and by their introduction of all grades 
 demanded in the uses of commerce. Around the original brand of 
 Parchment Copying Paper," have grown other styles of copying 
 paper, known as "Mann's White Linen," "American Glazed," 
 "Mercantile," "Manilla," and "American Railroad," the last of 
 which is used by all the principal railroad companies of the country. 
 
 In 1882, the year following the death of William Mann, it 
 became necessary to start a paper mill for the manufacture of 
 copying papers. A property at Lambertville, used for other mill 
 purposes, was purchased and the building enlarged and equipped 
 for the specific manufactures contemplated. 
 
 It will thus be seen that the facilities offered by a consecutive 
 chain of processes, carried on from beginning to end of produc- 
 tions specialized by the William Mann Company, readily lend 
 themselves to the highest excellence, the utmost economy and the 
 most certain uniformity. It is modestly believed that such will be 
 better apparent from an illustration of the methods, and with a 
 few words this section can be brought to a close. 
 
 The commercial institution, known as the William Mann 
 Company, was germinant with the honorable man whose name it 
 
bears. The manner of man lie was is shown in the magnitude of 
 the present enterprise, while the conduct of the latter, as to policy 
 and methods, reflect his motives. Those who have assumed the 
 reins of control have sought to interpret and adapt what they 
 believe to be the soundest and truest business principles to the 
 constant and rapid progression which is necessitated by the upward 
 march of Industry, in lines of experiment, discovery and inven- 
 tion. The influences of the epoch are incessantly inventive and 
 improving. Production is correspondingly simplified and facilitated. 
 Primarily in the interests of the consumer, the results are equally 
 essential to the producer, and an intelligent and iconoclastic admin- 
 istration is daily being more demanded. It was to his anticipation 
 of this truth that the rapid development of William Mann's busi- 
 ness must be ascribed, — a truth which constitutes the aims and 
 practice of those who now comprise the William Mann Company. 
 
 18 
 
A CIIAPTER3ABOUT THE 
 EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT 
 
 Is to proper administration 
 in any enterprise, the extent of wliich pre- 
 cludes the individual supervision of details, 
 is a system by which each function and 
 process is separated and yet unified. A 
 business organism is analogous to a human body, each organ 
 of which performs its own work independent of, yet controlled 
 by, the vital processes. As it is with the human body so it is 
 with the body corporate. It is in the perfect regularity and 
 co-ordination of the functions that the health and harmony of the 
 results are to be sought. 
 
 The entire business of the William Mann Company is adminis- 
 tered from its main offices in the five-story building, No. 529 Market 
 Street, Philadelphia, where are located the various departments con- 
 nected with the directorate. The executive heads of the firm, who 
 assume a complete general management, are Joseph H. Mann, 
 president, and Charles H. Mann, vice-president. The details of the 
 business are systematized in departmental form, each department 
 having certain specific duties to perform, under the supervision of 
 one or more employes rendered expert by experience and capacity. 
 
 Mails are received from the Post-Office twice daily, and the 
 letters comprising them are opened and distributed to the respec- 
 tive departments by the secretary of the company, William A. 
 
Stewart, whose association with the firm dates from his boyhood, 
 or since 1863. It is a rule of the company's, based upon the 
 governing principle of its founder, William Mann, that every letter 
 or inquiry received shall be answered, if possible, before the close 
 of the same day. " Promptness and One Price " was a business 
 precept closely followed by William Mann, and constitutes the 
 dominating principle of the present management. 
 
 The Accounting Department, a view of which is given as a 
 text-illustration, is supervised by John B. Buzby, treasurer of the 
 company. This department, standing in a measure by itself in every 
 business, includes the control of collections and the liquidation of 
 
 accounts, in itself an 
 arduous and voluminous 
 function. The ramifica- 
 tions of the business, 
 extending far beyond the 
 boundaries of the United 
 States and Canada into 
 foreign countries, — with 
 which a growing trade 
 is maintained, — render 
 the number of accounts 
 very large. 
 
 The influx of business naturally divides into groups or classes, 
 each requiring different treatment, particularly where manufactur- 
 ing as well as retailing are involved. All orders received by the 
 William Mann Company relating to goods to be manufactured 
 expressly for the customer are referred to the Order Department, 
 where they are entered, with full description of details, each order 
 being designated by a number throughout the entire process of 
 production. It thus becomes easy to ascertain the precise stage of 
 completion which may have been attained by the order, and to 
 trace to its proper source any deviation from original instructions 
 given at the time of its filing. Two advantages are hence obtained: 
 
 20 
 
the accurate filling of orders as they are given out, and the ready 
 repetition of an order if it may subsequently require duplication. 
 A partial view of this department accompanies the text. 
 
 Another group of letters, outside of orders, relates to inquiries 
 as to cost of goods, specially made up, etc., and these receive 
 attention by the Estimating Department. Cost of production is 
 the most important element in successful manufacturing, and has 
 been said to underlie the entire field of industrial activity. It is a 
 fore-knowledge of what may arise in producing goods before they 
 enter upon the actual processes involved. By its intelligent appli- 
 cation, within a certain margin allowed, for contingencies, the 
 empirical is superseded by the exact knowledge, and a definite 
 standard of excellence in materials is possible, which would be 
 otherwise threatened if at some late stage of the operation it was 
 discovered that the sum charged was inadequate to the cost of 
 manufacture. In conformity with this arbitrary law, a department 
 becomes necessary wherein practically informed men shall compute, 
 from fixed quantities, the permissible price at which an order can 
 be filled. In the department indicated no guess-work is allowed ; 
 there must be an accurate knowledge of what every stage in 
 manufacture will cost within narrow margins of time and materials. 
 
 Orders for goods from stock are referred to the Sales Depart- 
 ment, in which an efiicient corps of salesmen are invested with 
 
 the requisite authority. Completeness and 
 
 , . I quantity of stock being imperative where so 
 
 much of a business is 
 done in manufacturing 
 to order, this department 
 is maintained upon a 
 scale the largest and 
 most extensive. It is 
 probable that the largest 
 and most complete stock 
 of blank-books and sta- 
 
tionery for commercial purposes in the United States is kept here. 
 The extent of the department can be approximated mentally, from 
 the view taken at the front of the building, just inside the doors 
 opening upon Market Street. It occupies the entire ground floor, 
 part of the basement and a section of the second floor in the building 
 at No. 529 Market Street, a view of which is shown in connection 
 with the New York store of the company. 
 
 The remaining part of the basement in the Philadelphia 
 building, which has a frontage of 24 feet and a depth of 200 feet, 
 contains a modern steam plant, for heating purposes, and an 
 electrical plant for lighting the building. An ascent to the second 
 floor reaches the executive ofiices of the company, in the front 
 being the offices of the president and vice-president, as illustrated, 
 opening into a reception apartment, back of which, at one side, is 
 the Order Department, and, at the other side, is the Accounting 
 Department. Still further back is the continuation of the Sales 
 Department. The three remaining floors of the building are 
 utilized for the storage of goods. 
 
 Descending to the Sales Department, to its rear, is an import- 
 ant branch of the business. It is portrayed in the chapter-ending 
 as the Neostyle Department, where are kept a stock of Duplicating 
 Machines, upon which the company owns a number of patents. 
 The usefulness of mechanical appliances for duplicating manuscript 
 and for taking copies of an original writing is daily receiving 
 greater recognition. The well-equipped business office employs one 
 or more of the various devices in this field, whether "Neostyle," 
 " Mimeograph," " Cyclostyle," " Diagraph " or others, not alone for 
 convenience but for advertising purposes. The advantages of a 
 personal appeal accompany a circular-letter thus printed, ensuring 
 perusal, whereas printed matter is hurriedly glanced over or care- 
 lessly tossed by. There is no province of commercial activity, 
 professional work or literary effort — where duplicates are needed — 
 into which some one or another of these appliances have not found 
 their way. With the machines have come supplies adapted to 
 
 27 
 
ensure the best results. All such are kept here, the aim being to 
 add every specialty which will aid the operative in getting out the 
 greatest amount of work in the shortest time and at the lowest cost. 
 With the introduction of the type-writer has arisen a whole legion 
 of ingenious auxiliaries for making copies, either carbon or letter- 
 press, and it is now possible to produce forty copies of the original 
 writing, without further labor than the one key-board operation. 
 
 so 
 
\ if 
 
 THE MAKING OF COPYING PAPEI^ 
 
 the busines^ 
 Company h 
 directions — 
 blank-books, 
 
 nianufacturii:g and selling differenjt specialties, 
 
 factory into copying books for e 
 
 /ears of uninterruptec. 
 
 operated by the Wl 
 $,s especially expancl 
 
 Dne of which 
 
 the other the production of copy- 
 
 ing paperi to be subsequently manipulated and converted in its 
 
 activity m 
 
 liam Mann 
 ed in two 
 making of 
 
 very conceivable purp6se. In the 
 
 blank-book line, all processes but one — that of making the paper 
 used in the books — are carried on, and in one establishment, under 
 one superintendence. In the manufacture of copying books, in 
 
 8t 
 
which the paper itself must have certain specific properties, the 
 inipartation of which is a matter of knowledge confined to the 
 establishment where it is made, it becomes necessary both to bind 
 the books and make the paper, as well. Accordingly, the William 
 Mann Company operates its own mills, which have already been 
 mentioned as located at Lambertville, N. J. Desiring to begin at 
 the first process, prior to carrying the reader through the living 
 chain of processes embodied in the leading specialties of this firm. 
 
 the writer requests attention to what is one of the most interest- 
 ing stages in the evolution of a copying book. Paper-making is 
 to-day becoming more and more precise, and a knowledge of 
 materials and the requisite combination of stock to effect the given 
 results has placed it within the power of the scientific paper- maker 
 to bring forth pretty much everything that is desired. There are 
 still some secrets, however, which are retained as the private 
 property of persons or firms, and these constitute the specialties 
 
which generally win a 
 rich harvest for their 
 possessors as the legiti- 
 mate fruitage of their 
 experiment and enter- 
 prise. The making of 
 copying papers, like that 
 of other grades of paper 
 manufactures, is not a secret, so far as pro- 
 cesses are concerned ; it is in the materials 
 employed and the mixture of the stock that 
 the success or failure of the results are founded. Up to a certain 
 point, paper-making is all alike, however diverse may be the treat- 
 ments ; beyond that point the skill and experience of the workmen 
 are the factors which ensure desired ends. 
 
 The raw material is brought to the mill and elevated to 
 storage lofts, in which it is contained. The chapter-heading illus- 
 trates stock being fed into a cutting machine, which converts it 
 with astonishing rapidity into a mass of finely comminuted hemp, 
 etc. This process is executed on the third floor. The machine is 
 driven by power, and the speed of conversion is only limited by 
 the quantity that can be fed by the operative into the capacious 
 maw of the iron monster. Being cut, the material is ready for its 
 second process, which is that of dusting. Accordingly, the mass 
 of cut stock is first passed through a machine known as a 
 " duster," which, by means of a current of air, blows away the 
 looser particles of dust; it is then sent through by a chute to the 
 rotary boilers, on the floor below, partly seen in the illustration. 
 Here, by using chemicals, the stock is boiled for a number of 
 hours until the fibres have been brought to a proper condition. 
 The liquor is run off and the stuff taken away to other machines, 
 called ''washers," where it is treated in pure water to remove the 
 chemicals, which would injure the fibres if allowed to remain, and 
 to still further purify the mass while pulping it. These machines 
 
are nothing but large vats, in which, by means of revolving rolls, 
 etc., the "stuff" is caused to effect a continuous circulation in the 
 receptacle, so as to present every part of the material to the 
 cleansing action of the water which has been introduced. When 
 the final washing has been completed the pulp is ready for bleach- 
 ing, after which a large stock pump carries it to the drainers, 
 where for several days a further process of bleaching is continued. 
 Experience and great care is required in reducing stock to half- 
 stuff. Next we introduce the pulp into the beating engines. The 
 man in charge of this department understands that the quality of 
 the paper depends greatly upon his knowledge of his business and 
 the cleanliness of his surroundings. After a careful preparation of 
 the stuff in the beating engines it 
 goes to the stuff chests, from whence 
 it is taken to one of the paper 
 machines. This complicated and 
 wonderful piece of machinery re- 
 ceives the pulp in a diluted state, 
 and with surprising skill and quick- 
 ness is arranged a uniform silken 
 web, thus gradually solidified, 
 passing endlessly over rolls which 
 compress the fibres and practically 
 amalgamate the pulp ; the web is then fed through rolls which 
 are heated from the inside by steam, and these " dryers " accom- 
 plish the balance of the process. The web passes on beneath a 
 rotary cutter attachment, set to take off even intervals of the web 
 according to the speed of its travel, and girls receive the sheets 
 and complete the operation. 
 
 The process is not complete with the functions thus described, 
 however; there are later and very important elements to be still 
 observed. No care can absolutely obviate the chance presence of 
 imperfect sheets, or those in which irregularities prevent their 
 utilization. The utmost care is employed in the "Old Reliable" 
 
 84 
 
mill to secure imiformity and unvarying excellence of output. In 
 the remaining department of the mill, shown in the terminal view, 
 a goodly force is kept constantly employed in sorting, counting 
 and assembling the finished papers. The rapidity with which one 
 of these operators can run, with fingers as nimble as their eyes 
 are keen, through a pile of papers from the machine, thus verify- 
 ing the product as it comes from the girls sitting at the delivery 
 end thereof, is very astonishing to one unused to such dexterity. 
 The care that is exercised to prevent any imperfect sheets from 
 being packed is the most conspicuous feature of the management, 
 and the system adopted has proved efficient in every possible way. 
 When counted, assorted and packed, shipment is made, thus com- 
 pleting the operation. 
 
 Every grade of copying paper, of which the William Mann 
 Company makes a specialty, is produced at this mill, the equipment 
 of which, both as to machinery and facilities, has been carefully 
 adapted to the character of the work to be performed. The system 
 observed in the manufacture is identical with that observed in the 
 manufacturing departments of the Philadelphia establishment; a 
 regular and progressive direction is given each order all the way 
 through the operations. The stock is received 
 into the top floors, and passes down in defi- 
 nite consecution to floor after floor, until it 
 emanates a completed 
 product from the ship- 
 ping department on the 
 ground floor. The hand- 
 ling is thus minimized, 
 economy is conserved, 
 and expedition greatly 
 augmented. The facili- 
 ties of the machines em- 
 ployed in this mill is 
 about 1,000,000 pounds 
 
 85 
 
of paper yearly. This flows out in the various channels of trade 
 to home and . foreign consumption, affording us a partial idea of 
 
 86 
 
ANUFACTURING, as carried on at the present 
 time, is synonymous with vastly more than was 
 included in the term a few years back. Then a 
 few simple machines and appliances sufficed to 
 perform what the handicraftsman felt lay outside 
 his immediate province of work. Such is no longer the situation. 
 There has been a mighty influx of new ideas, in the way of 
 machinery, devices and processes of production, — all tending in the 
 direction of high-grade, automatic operation, — which has been slowly 
 but surely effecting a change in methods as well as means. The 
 latter, however, have been the first to feel the revolution and to 
 respond to the influences. Machinery now aims at performing as 
 much of the entire task as was formerly accomplished by several 
 men, and the greater the number of functions embodied in the 
 machine the more complete is it considered. In some of these 
 products of inventive genius, the end is worked towards with an 
 
 87 
 
intelligence that is almost beyond the human, both simple and 
 complex operations being carried out with equal excellence to 
 handiwork, and with far greater regularity, dispatch and economy. 
 
 The influences generated by approved appliances is nowhere 
 more palpably manifest than in the making of blank-books and in 
 the kindred departments incorporated in the manufactures of the 
 William Mann Company. In the new factory building, where have 
 recently been installed the producing departments of the business, 
 every result of human ingenuity, whether in the way of machinery 
 or processes, is present. The very latest devices are looked for by 
 the experienced superintendent, Robert G. Lucas, who has but to 
 make plain their utility and desirability in order to obtain them. 
 Whatever will facilitate output, or will elevate the standards of 
 production, is added to the plant, which embodies a completeness 
 and modernty wherein the offlcers of the company take a just 
 pride. 
 
 The factory building is situated on the Northeast corner of 
 Fifth and Commerce Streets, and is a large eight-story and base- 
 ment structure, built of brick, with rich terra-cotta trimmings, 
 ornately designed and tastefully applied. Each floor comprises 
 6000 square feet of space, thus affording, in the entire building, 
 an area of 54,000 square feet 
 which is all occupied with the 
 processes of manufacturing, 
 the storage and shipments of 
 raw material and made-up 
 goods, and the complete 
 power and electric lighting 
 plant with which the estab- 
 lishment is equipped. The 
 style of the building is the 
 Spanish renaissance, that odd 
 but pleasing and substantial 
 revival of architectural art 
 
which, characterized a nation of mariners. In consequence, the 
 decorative motifs of the building, shown in its details and trim- 
 mings, comprise the mermaids, sea-weed and shell details, which 
 are wrought into schemes of ornamentation that are both graceful 
 and appropriate to the commercial uses of the structure. 
 
 The building has three of its sides open, and through a num- 
 ber of expansive windows generous quantities of light and air are 
 admitted to the workrooms. In every instance the safety and 
 comfort of employes have been matters for careful consideration. 
 Escape in event of fire has been absolutely ensured. Inside the 
 building is a staircase for the workmen, having iron walls, slate 
 floors, and shut off from the rooms by tin-covered doors, always 
 closed. The structure is what is known as a slow-burning edifice, 
 and as near fire-proof as practicable. In addition to such inherent 
 safeguards, however, a completely enclosed and independent fire- 
 proof stairway is provided (seen in the view of the building to the 
 left). This escape can only be entered from the outside of each 
 floor, through a door opening onto an ornate iron balcony, which 
 extends across and in front of a window, permitting easy egress 
 from the workrooms. An automatic sprinkler service is also pro- 
 vided, effecting pneumatic connection by flow of the water with the 
 Philadelphia Fire Department and Insurance Patrol. Such precau- 
 tions as a hose of large diameter and fire buckets are located on 
 each floor. 
 
 For a proper supply of water to the sprinkler system and fire 
 hose two large tanks are provided at an elevation above the roof, 
 which contain ten thousand gallons each, — quite a sufficient 
 amount of water to extinguish any ordinary fire — and should fire 
 occur during working hours the supply of water can be fully 
 kept up by the two large steam pumps in basement, which are 
 connected directly with the tanks. A large tank is also located 
 on the roof for supplying the building with water for ordinary 
 purposes. 
 
 * :i: :J: * * * :!= 
 
 40 
 
The order, coming as we have previously seen, from the Order 
 Department in the Executive Offices, enter the factory office, and 
 are individually recorded by their respective numbers. This record 
 is progressively associated with each other all the way through its 
 course of manufacture, the data connected with each stage being 
 attached to it. If inquiry is made before its completion, the job can 
 be immediately located, the superintendent communicated with by a 
 private telephone service, and the condition of the work ascertained 
 without delay. Between the main offices, at 529 Market Street, 
 and each manufacturing 
 department is a very 
 complete system of tele- 
 phones. The orders hav- 
 ing entered the factor}', 
 the reader is invited to ac- 
 company us in a general 
 visit to the respective 
 departments wherein 
 they are executed. 
 
 0r:=jtii=:=incr3ac=3ac=:jon3i 
 
 END OF 
 CHAPTER 
 
 ' f / 
 
 41 
 
A Gwmm 
 
 ABOUifT THE ^OCK 
 
 ESSFUJ;^ competition- in this progressive age 
 iuiinds not ovfj^k, that facilities shall of the 
 
 t^and the' 
 
 it that every oufTay for mate- 
 
 Tt&is or supplies be made at first hands. The 
 I more complex the channels of trade through which 
 
 taw material has to pass ere it reaches the manufacturer the higher 
 will be its cost. In recognition of this business truism, the William 
 Mann Company draws upon the producer of its raw materials direct, 
 purchasing in large quantities and carrying heavy and full lines of 
 papers, etc., all procured from the mills. Ascending to the eighth 
 floor, where the Paper Stock Room is situated, occupying the entire 
 area of 6000 square feet, the visitor finds himself surrounded with 
 an extensive assortment of flat papers, employed in the various 
 branches of the company's products. Very little, if any, of this 
 has been purchased through commission houses or dealers, the rule 
 being to buy at first hands and at spot cash prices. The highest 
 grades are thus obtained at the lowest market prices, with all dis- 
 counts eliminated, and not only is successful competition ensured 
 so far as other manufacturers are concerned, but customers are 
 retained by receiving the benefit of the economies. The William 
 Mann Company has vindicated its ability to unite quality with the 
 
 48 
 
lowest price, through the independence of its purchasing policy as 
 well as its addition of improved methods. 
 
 This department is at the top of the building, and from its 
 windows one commands a vista that is both picturesque and 
 suggestive. Looking to the West, an important section of the 
 business establishments lying between Fifth Street and the new 
 Public Buildings of Philadelphia spreads away at some distance 
 below the height. The smoke arising from the numerous chimneys, 
 the tall buildings which here and there rear themselves into the 
 landscape, and the names which appear upon the sides of the 
 various establishments convey forcibly an appreciation of the in- 
 dustrial activity of a great city. Towards the North, where the 
 adjacent river front of New Jersey stretches along the horizon, are 
 some of the extensive manufacturing plants for which Philadelphia 
 has won an enviable reputation. Cramp's shipyard is quite dis- 
 tinctly seen, and the waters of the Delaware, dotted with white 
 sails or smoke-belching steam craft. 
 
 In the process of manufacture, orders are brought up to this 
 floor as the initial step, and to each order is carefully apportioned 
 the allotted quantity of paper, which is carefully counted out to 
 conform with the previous estimate. It then descends with the 
 numbered order, which in all else has lost its identity, to lower 
 floors, according to the treatment which is to be given it. If it is 
 to be ruled for blank-book work, it descends to the Ruling Depart- 
 ment upon the seventh floor ; if not requiring such operation, it 
 is sent to the Printing Department, as the case may be. It then 
 returns for subsequent manipulation. 
 
 Perhaps the two most prominent branches of the manufac- 
 turing business carried on by the William Mann Company are 
 comprised in the production of blank-books and copying papers. 
 All branches proper to the business of manufacturing stationers, 
 within broad lines, are incorporated in the various departments of 
 the factory. These will be touched upon in the course of descrip- 
 tion, but in order that some idea may be gained of the steps taken 
 
 46 
 
in the more important manufactures mentioned it is deemed advis- 
 able to tell how blank-books are made and how copying paper is 
 converted into book form for distribution to customers. Only the 
 operations will be here enumerated ; the way they are carried out 
 will receive attention in the proper places. 
 
 In producing a blank-book, the paper is first ruled or printed, 
 as the case may be, which is accomplished either in the Ruling 
 Department on the seventh floor, or in the Printing Department 
 on the second floor. The paper then passes to the fifth floor to 
 be folded. If a small lot, folding is done by hand ; if a large lot, 
 the operation is done by machine. When folded into sections, the 
 paper is made up into books. Waste papers are added, and the 
 books are sent to the sewers. Most of the small jobs are sewed by 
 hand, while the large ones are handled by machinery, if within a 
 certain size and thickness. The books then ascend to the sixth 
 floor, to the Forwarding Department, where they are lined with 
 muslin. The latter being dry, they are cut on front and then 
 glued up. When dried again, the books are rounded, cut on the 
 ends, greened and boarded, and (if half-bound) put in leather after 
 boarding. They are next sided with cloth, paper, canvas, corduroy, 
 and like material, and after drying are sent to finishers, who do 
 the lettering in gold and apply the minute details of completion 
 and elaboration. The books are pasted up and placed in the press 
 to ensure smoothness to the waste papers, as well as solidity to the 
 volume. If full-bound, the books are strapped after they have been 
 cut and greened. When dried, they are then boarded and patent 
 backs are made, consisting of one or two extra tar trunk-boards, 
 made for the purpose, according to the thickness of the book. 
 Where the book is thick two boards are glued together after being 
 formed to suit the curve of the back. Raised bands or hubs are 
 then put on, after which the books are put in leather and follow 
 the same procedure as the half -bound books. 
 
 Copying paper is converted into bound form upon one floor, 
 where all the operations are performed. The thin sheets are cut 
 
 47 
 
to size, counted and arranged into sections, and sewn into what is 
 practically an endless book at an ingenious machine, from the 
 product of which a sufficient number of sections are separated to 
 form a book of the thickness required. These are bound up into 
 books and numbered, or rather paged, with astonishing rapidity. 
 
 Few who use account books or articles of similar utility give 
 much thought to the ingenuity and expenditure of skill therein 
 embodied. It is hoped that some conception of the latter may be 
 had in the visit to departments wherein the actual processes are 
 going on. 
 
ABOUT THE RULIN& 
 DEPARTMENT 
 
 rivING, as applied to paper, is a distinct art ir 
 itself, entirely independent of, althougli intij 
 iliatel}^ associated with, blank-book making, 
 is, moreover, the first process to which paper i^ 
 snbjected in producing books wherein record^! 
 of income and expenditure, etc., are to be 
 kept. As a strictly mechanical process, it requires the niceties 
 of delicately adjusted machinery to give best results. As an art 
 demanding some chemical and expert knowledge, it requires super- 
 vision of an intelligent kind. It is divided into classes, according 
 to the character of the lines ruled and the directions thereof. 
 Where a ruling is given the paper, which covers it along its entire 
 length or width with parallel lines (usually ruled on with pale 
 blue ink), the method is known as " faint lining." Where the 
 paper is ruled with vertical lines, beginning or terminating at one 
 or more definite points on the sheet, the method is called " down 
 lining" or " stop work." The latter ruling is variously done in 
 dark blue, red or green inks. 
 
We are now on the seventh floor of the William Mann 
 Company's factory, where all the paper-ruling is done. To this 
 point are sent the different grades of linen ledger papers from the 
 floor above. They are received by the ruler, the condition of their 
 edges is carefully examined, and the latter are squared at the 
 cutting machine, if that is necessary. Those ruled on one side 
 require but two squared edges ; those ruled on both sides require 
 three edges to be trimmed. 
 
 Ruling is done, with the general run of job-work, upon pen- 
 ruling machines for one side, and the large runs sent to automatic 
 machines, technically known as ^' double-deckers," into which the 
 sheet is fed automatically, ruled up-and-down and across by the 
 same means, and then reversed and operated on the other side, 
 making the process a perfecting one. In pen-ruling machines 
 the pens, which are a special device, are carried in a clamp, and 
 receive ink from a piece of flannel saturated with the color. At 
 each end of the machine are two wooden rollers, around which 
 revolves a web of moleskin cloth, a series of cords holding the 
 paper where it belongs and feeding it along while being ruled. 
 The paper is fed by means of a gauge in front of the machine, so 
 that it accurately enters and is borne by the cloth beneath the 
 pens, receiving the ruling, and passing 
 to the back end of the machine, where 
 it is carried by cords to the front 
 again. The ruled sheets pass around 
 the front roller, are carried by another 
 travelling cloth through the machine 
 and deposited in a recep- 
 tacle, to be jogged up 
 by what is known as a 
 " lay-boy," which evens 
 up the sheets in a pile 
 so that they will lay 
 uniformlv. 
 
 HICKOK- DOUBLE DECKER ^ 
 ~ WITH AUTOMATIC FEEDERS 
 
 S. 
 
In the old days of handicraft, ruling was done by manual 
 means, and the transition from such methods to the wonderful 
 automatism of the latest machinery exceeds belief. The "double- 
 deckers " employed upon this floor for extensive runs are of the 
 most approved pattern, built by an old and enterprising concern. 
 As seen in the illustration, the sheets are laid in a huge pile in 
 front of this machine, and are fed by an extremely accurate bit of 
 mechanism into the machine, sheet by sheet, passing beneath pens 
 to receive one ruling, on one side, and then being reversed in their 
 travel to receive a ruling on the other side. The capacity of such 
 machines are very great, an^ only the largest runs can be profitably 
 handled with them. It is such auxiliaries to production that raise 
 the capacity of manufacturing establishments to the amazing extent 
 of latter-day consumption. 
 
 Sixteen Hickok ruling machines are located upon the seventh 
 floor, under the superintendence of William A. Arnold, who has been 
 in the employ of the company for 34 years. It was Mr. Arnold 
 who set up and ran the first ruling machine when this company 
 began manufacturing in 1864, since which time so many improve- 
 ments have been added to conform with the advance of trade. The 
 processes in force upon the seventh floor extend beyond paper- 
 ruling. Here are stored (as also on the eighth floor) an immense 
 quantity of bank checks, belonging to various banks and banking 
 houses throughout the United States, and kept in stock for the 
 convenience of these establishments. From 
 this stock books are ordered for depositors, 
 with the names of the latter printed therein. 
 Much lower prices naturally 
 attend orders in large quantities 
 than those where single lots are 
 asked for, an advantage which 
 banks have not been slow to 
 avail themselves of. The pro- 
 duction of checks and their 
 
conversion into book form is a very large branch of industry, and no 
 minor portion of the trade is held by the William Mann Company. 
 At the last taking of stock, 1,500,000 customers' checks were tabu- 
 lated, and more than 2600 banking concerns recorded as patrons. 
 A number of automatic perforators are employed in manipulating 
 the printed or lithographed sheets — quite a contrast to the old 
 style of perforators, wherein the weight of a man upon a treadle 
 was required to effect the perforations. In these new patterns of 
 machines a slight touch upon a treadle releases a pin, which causes 
 the depression of the head carrying the perforators to be actuated 
 by power. Checks, notes, drafts and kindred blanks are rendered 
 detachable from stubs by such means. Paper-cutting machinery of 
 the heaviest and most recent build, as well as machines for folding 
 paper and other apparatus, 
 are installed to complete the 
 equipment of this department, 
 wherein paper-ruling, cutting 
 and perforating are specialties. 
 
 58 
 
Q) 
 
 mmm 
 mboui/ 
 
 NTBRING upon the next logical stage of the! 
 operations proper to blank-book making, for 
 which we now have our sheets ruled, a 
 descent is made to the .fifth floor, Avhere the 
 principal processes carried on relate to blank- 
 book sewing. 
 
 In the process of blank-book work, books to receive printed 
 headings are sent to the Printing Departments first of all ; but those 
 not to be printed go direct to the folders, and are then made-up. 
 The sheets are scrutinized carefully by the operative at this point, 
 no finger-marks or stains being permitted, nor any imperfect ruling 
 or printing. Folding is a skilled operation, as uniform margins 
 must be obtained. When this has been effected, the books are 
 counted off and are properly divided. If heavy, small straps of 
 muslin are pasted into the first and last several sections of the 
 book to give strength, as soon as folding is done. The sheets are 
 then left to dry. If the book is to have divisions with lettered 
 tabs, these are fastened to the book by two strips of muslin ap- 
 plied on either side of the leaf. The sections are next well-rubbed 
 down with a tool called a " folding stick," and the heavy books 
 
 56 
 
Book 
 
 _ SMYTH 
 
 Sewing Machine. 
 
 pressed to give solidity 
 and firmness. Sewing is 
 now proceeded with. The 
 mode of sewing varies in 
 accordance with the style of 
 binding determined upon, 
 whether "half-bound " or 
 " full-bound." Half-bind- 
 ings are those with leather 
 backs and corners, and the 
 sides of other materials, 
 such as cloth, paper, etc. 
 Full-bindings are those of 
 full canvas, or leather, with 
 corners of russia leather, 
 or ends or bands of the same material ; they also include those where 
 "full extra russia" constitutes the appellation. It is unnecessary 
 to give the variety of technical classes into which bindings for 
 blank-books are grouped ; those given are the broad classifications. 
 
 Before sewing the books end-papers are inserted as leaves both 
 at the front and back of the book, and the substantiality of the 
 stitch exactly parallels the weight of the book to be unified. The 
 larger the book the stronger the sewing. No flimsy catches of 
 thread will do here. One of the huge ledgers or registers which 
 go out of this establishment to banks and kindred institutions is 
 intended for rough handling and constant usage. Everything 
 entering into it, whether of material or of handling, must be the 
 incarnation of permanency and flexibility. The book must not only 
 be impervious to careless treatment ; it must lie open easily and 
 flatly. The covers must not warp ; the backs must not crack off 
 and split away from the paper; all attributes must be just so. As 
 direct consequences of these requirements, the amount of skill and 
 ingenuity which enters into the production of a blank-book of the 
 better-class is well-nigh incredible. 
 
The difference in strengths of blank-book 
 sewing resides in the number of bands upon 
 which the book is sewn, as well as the 
 strength of the tapes and thread employed. 
 The object in view must be well kept in 
 mind, viz. : that the union of each single part 
 must be effected not only among themselves, 
 I but with relation to the finished book. To 
 disregard any one of the processes is to admit an element which 
 can never be rectified when its stage has been passed. 
 
 From time to time, as the sections are sewed, they are tapped 
 down well with a hammer and rubbed, so that the glue will have 
 no difficulty in entering where it belongs. Swell enough is left at 
 the back to furnish the spring needed to the bound book. When 
 sewn, the slips are tightened, small muslin straps are pasted where 
 the end papers join the back, and the books are trimmed at fronts 
 and edges. 
 
 The Blank-Book Sewing Department of the William Mann 
 Company also contains that half of the bindery which is devoted to 
 the " half-bound " work, whereas the " full-bound " work is performed 
 on the sixth floor. On the fifth floor is also located a department 
 unique in itself, that of leather-cutting, where all of the very 
 expensive leather used is cut by 
 professionals, whose functions are 
 to reduce wastage to the smallest 
 possible fraction. Under the old plan, 
 each " forwarder " cut his own leather, 
 which, with undue haste or careless- 
 ness, frequently resulted in great 
 waste. As the poli(^ of the company 
 is the elimination of the disadvan- 
 tages which form so many sinking 
 funds for profits in less conservative 
 managements, this feature of the trade 
 
 »8 
 
lias been revolutionized, as well. "The plan has resulted in a large 
 saving of stock and time, and these it is the aim to place to the 
 credit of the customer, who reaps the advantage. 
 
 In addition to the operations mentioned, the fifth floor is 
 equipped for tablet-making, numbering checks and drafts, etc., and 
 for binding checks as well. It is practically a department for 
 making-up, preliminary to the remaining processes forming a part 
 of production. The facilities accordingly partake of this character. 
 Wire-stitching and stapling machinery, for side and saddle stitch, 
 are employed, as well as machines for sewing, notably the Smyth 
 sewing machine, of which an illustration is presented. This re- 
 markable piece of mechanism receives the sections of the book, 
 sews them together, and sews the tapes to the backs at one opera- 
 
tion, and feeds tliem in a continuons book to the back end of the 
 machine, where a girl separates the nnmber of sections required. 
 The capacity of the machine is governed by the rapidity with 
 which it can be fed. 
 
 As checks are wanted, they are turned into this floor for 
 binding. Seven rapidly running check-numbering machines are 
 here kept busy on this kind of work, capable of numbering up to 
 six units, and some to seven units, consecutively. There are also 
 corner-cutting machines, for cutting out the corners for blank-books, 
 folding machines, hydraulic and standing presses, and a remarkable 
 little machine for paring down leather as thin as a sheet of tissue 
 paper. In this, as in all other departments, it is the aim of the 
 management to have the most expert workmen, to permit none but 
 the best materials, and to utilize only processes of known value and 
 reliability. In blank-book making efficient superintendence is as 
 necessary as extreme care. Speed is desirable, but haste is forbidden. 
 Bach process in the entire chain demands as much caution as any 
 other, and when a book is turned out it is as near perfection as skill 
 and training can accomplish. A well-made blank-book is in actual 
 fact a work of industrial art. Into its prodaction enter decades of 
 earnest experiment and invention. Few who use blank-books realize 
 this, or, if they appreciate the character of the work, keep themselves 
 
 informed as to the 
 rapid progress con- 
 
 stant! 3^ being made 
 in the appliances 
 to facilitate it. 
 
x», 
 
 . OTWITHSTANDING the indefinite meaninsfs, 
 of trade phraseology to the layman, the termsl 
 eniploj^ed in blank-book making are quite simple 
 and appropriate. There are two broad processes 
 that await us as we follow the blank-book 
 through its various stages, and these are known respectively as 
 *' forwarding " and "finishing." By the first is meant all opera- 
 tions connected with covering the book, putting it between boards, 
 etc., etc. It is the series of steps whereby the book is carried 
 forward to the point when finishing touches are applied. By 
 " finishing " is meant this last chain of operations ; it is the work 
 of the artist rather than of the artisan. Here are introduced those 
 artistic elements which converts the blank-book into a thing of 
 beauty. The " forwarder " then is the handicraftsman who cases 
 
the book and covers it ; the " finisher " is the artist who ornaments 
 and completes it. Both processes are carried into effect upon the 
 sixth floor of the establishment, and here also it will be remem- 
 bered that "full-bound" work is done. A large corps of adepts in 
 each branch of the art is employed, beneath whose dexterous hands 
 the unshapely masses of sewn paper assume form and comeliness. 
 
 Our blank-book has been sewn ; it must now be forwarded. 
 The book, as made-up, is first of all lined-up with muslin, after 
 which the front is trimmed. Gluing is the next operation. The 
 functions of this very essential manual process is self-evident ; the 
 sewn sections must be both firmly and closely united to each 
 other, strength being a consideration which no forwarder will dare 
 to disregard. When dry, the book is rounded in order to give the 
 curvatures at back and foredge. The workman places the book 
 upon a solid table or an iron block, and with the fingers of the left 
 hand gently urges the foredge towards him, the right hand in the 
 meanwhile swinging an implement known as a " bench hammer," 
 with which he taps the book along its back until the latter is so 
 perfectly rounded that the arc of a pair of compasses equals the 
 curve effected, and until the foredge will exhibit a smooth and 
 uniform curve with no protruding surfaces. The books are laid 
 between boards and subjected to a moderate pressure for some 
 hours before the next operation begins. They are cut or trimmed 
 at head and tail (the ends), and are ornamented on the edges with 
 the color that is desired, green being mostly used in this establish- 
 ment. There are three ways of imparting decorative finish to the 
 edges of a blank-book : the first of which is " marbling," the second 
 " dyeing," and the third, or most expeditious and substantial, the 
 operation called a " waxed edge." This latter, which we alone need 
 describe, is done by dissolving beeswax over heat, and sprinkling 
 it evenly but lightly over the edge to be colored. The color is 
 then passed over the edge with a brush or sponge, without regard 
 to the spots of wax beneath. After drying, the wax is scraped off 
 and by burnishing a brilliant gloss is imparted. We infer that the 
 
book is to be full-bound, like one of those imposing books of 
 account seen in the numerous exhibitions throughout the country 
 where the William Mann Company has always been adequately 
 represented. The book, being " greened," is next strapped-off on 
 the back, and making the " lugs " or " stays " is proceeded with. 
 The covers must be prevented from bending in on the book when 
 closed, and so it is necessary to effect an elevation between them 
 and the book at that point. Accordingly, the workman glues the 
 outermost leaf of the book, laps it around and around until the 
 folding brings it close to the edge of the back, making a stiff stay 
 at that point. This is later on glued between the boards forming 
 the cover. 
 
 The forwarder now takes a piece of leather (flesher or split 
 goat) and presses it well down on the back, letting it overlap about 
 two inches on either side. He glues this plentifully, draws it 
 rapidly and tightly over the back, and rubs it down well to ensure 
 adhesion. The boards are next applied, already previously cut to 
 the proper size and strength in accord with the weight of the book 
 to be made. The William Mann Company own the rights for the 
 best methods of making flat-opening blank-books, whereby a perfect 
 writing surface is presented when a book is opened at any of its 
 parts. These methods it is unnecessary to describe. 
 
 Being trimmed to the proper size, the boards are ready for 
 use. Patent backs are made — the trade name being " spring 
 backs " — by cutting tar trunk-boards the same length of the boards 
 for the front and back, letting them be slightly wider than the 
 back of the book so as to overlap on either edge. These tar 
 boards are moistened with water, subjected to heat and formed to 
 suit the curve of the back. They are drawn on the book with a 
 piece of canvas after this is done. 
 
 On large ledgers and similar books there are raised projections, 
 called " hubs," at the back. These are glued onto the back of the 
 book. Russia leather is then put on and well rubbed down, when 
 the book is again placed in the standing press. The leather or 
 
 61 
 
canvas covers are then applied, when the 
 book leaves the forwarder to be finished. 
 Taking the book, which is yet far 
 — L^^|— ' HI from complete, the finisher first of all 
 
 trims down the russia leather with neatness 
 and dispatch, bnfiing off the flesher with 
 powdered pumice to freshen and clean it. 
 The black bit of leather to receive the title 
 is then cut to fit into the panels between 
 the bands and is pasted on. The ornamen- 
 tation of the back is now in order. Good 
 taste dictates that the decorative scheme 
 shall be simple and yet beautiful. It is 
 the function of the upper blank to receive 
 the designation of the book ; that is, what 
 purpose it is intended to conserve. In the 
 centre panel appears the year, etc., while the 
 panel at the bottom receives the firm name. 
 These are stamped on or impressed on by hand, in gold. Russia 
 leather on the sides are treated in the same way as the back. The 
 tooling is done upon the scale of elaborateness or simplicity desired 
 by the customer, who may either wish to have a perfectly plain 
 front and back, or covers of more decorative character. There are 
 many ways in which geometrical figuring is laid on, and each 
 different. Heated rollers enters into almost all of them, a small 
 tool being used to impress a section of the decoration if hand- 
 tooling is employed. An artist first draws the design, after which 
 the finisher interprets it upon the book cover. When finished, the 
 blank-book is pasted up to give smoothness to the waste-papers 
 and is placed, with its fellows, in the standing press. It is then 
 paged, examined by the foreman, and passed down to the shipping 
 department. 
 
 The Blank-book Department of the William Mann Company 
 is equipped with whatever improvements mechanics or inventors 
 
 G8 
 
have provided. The system tends towards cleanliness and expedi- 
 tion. Here, one sees blank-books of every kind and description, 
 from the small low-priced account-book for ordinary uses to the 
 mammoth register or ledger for use in public institutions, with 
 rich russia sides and ornate gold-tooled scheme of decoration. 
 There is no size of book too large for production, the department 
 having turned out a register, upon one occasion, weighing 360 
 pounds, bound in the finest russia, and embellished with original 
 gold-toolings. This volume was exhibited at the Cotton States 
 and International Exhibition, and attracted considerable attention, 
 both from its massive bulk and beauty. 
 
 A most suggestive process is that of machine-paging, whereby 
 a girl can turn out many times the work of a man, under the old 
 method of hand-paging. Formerly, the workman was compelled 
 to apply each number by a tool, patiently and laboriously going 
 through the pages of a huge book until it was separately paged, 
 leaf by leaf. Now, the operative merely separates 
 the leaves of the blank-book, to permit of the 
 passage between two of them of an endless num- 
 bering chain carrying the numerals, and by 
 working a treadle an impression is made. 
 
 In this department are 
 located the very latest machin- 
 ery and appliances. There is 
 a large steam stamping press, 
 doing with dies what was 
 formerly done by hand upon 
 the covers of inexpensive 
 books, and effecting a decora- 
 tion thereupon by means of 
 heat or scorching; also 
 smaller machines for stamp- 
 ing titles and sides of smaller 
 books. There are hydraulic 
 
 MACtllNEl 
 kW METHOD 
 
 «7 
 
presses and standing presses, steam 
 back-rounding machines for forming 
 the curved back already described, 
 and machines for cutting and analo- 
 gous operations. The old method of 
 heating glue with gas or steam has 
 also been dispensed with, and electric 
 glue pots are eniplo^^ed instead. 
 
 The " finishers " in this depart- 
 ment are located at a series of tables 
 next the windows on the north side 
 of the room, so that they may have 
 the best light upon their work ; among 
 them are the most skillful workmen 
 obtainable in this country. All sup- 
 plies are carried in large quantities, 
 and the boards for the backs are 
 made up a long time ahead, being kept in drying bins so as to 
 ensure seasoning. Whatever can make production better, more 
 economical and more in accord with the progressive policy of the 
 company has been adopted here, as in other departments. 
 
COPYING BOO 
 
 DEPARTMENT 
 
 '^yNTENSE as is the competition which 
 characterizes the commercial realms to- 
 day, — partly as the result of superior 
 mechanical means of production, partly 
 as the result of an accurate knowledge 
 ^" ^ as to what production costs, — there are 
 
 "^l? JVyjfC specialties in which it is minimized. 
 
 ^Xs) Such lines "of manufacture enjoy this comparative 
 
 immunity solely because of prior occupancy and a j^' 
 possession of certain methods which, at some one point 
 of them, are not known. The William Mann Company has been 
 manufacturing copying papers for many years, utilizing a con- 
 ception originating with the founder of the house and steadily 
 improving its means and methods until both a high standard of 
 excellence and the lowest margin of cost in producing have 
 resulted. This superior economy it has been the policy of the 
 house to augment, never departing from whatever could elevate 
 
the quality of its output, and giving the customer the benefit of 
 its improvements. We have seen, while at the mill in Lambert- 
 ville where copying papers of all grades are made, the process of 
 converting raw materials into the finished sheet of translucent 
 paper, or tissue copying. We have now to watch the interesting 
 modes of converting the paper, which in turn has become our raw 
 material, into bound books of different kinds for use in the trade 
 consuming them, — a trade comprising firms, corporations and rail- 
 roads in this and other countries. 
 
 Let us leave the Stock Room on the eighth floor, whither we 
 revert for a continuous knowledge of the system observed in the 
 department before us, and descend to the fourth floor, where we 
 shall find ourselves in an immense room, surrounded with piles of 
 books in every stage of manipulation. The implements employed 
 by skilled handicraft appear on every side, the steady hum of in- 
 dustry making a suggestive accompaniment to the sight of a large 
 corps of workmen here engaged. We are practically in another 
 bindery, but one where every process and mechanical device bear 
 specific reference to the end to be conserved. As the business is, 
 in a large measure, original, so the machines bear an analogous 
 impress, some of them being of exclusive design employed nowhere 
 else. The process is not unlike that with which we have already 
 become familiarized. The paper is received from the eighth floor, 
 bearing the invariable ensignia of identity in the shape of the 
 number given the job, and goes through the operation known as 
 " making-up." There are distinctions of terms in technology, as 
 elsewhere, and making-up relates to those functions which, in the 
 publishing business, begin with " collating." With books printed 
 in signatures, the operation of getting them together into unified 
 form is called "gathering"; that of affecting their juncture is 
 called " collating." " Making-up " is the kindred process where 
 books without signatures, as in blank-books, etc., are handled. 
 
 The sections of copying paper, assembled together in sections 
 containing a certain number of sheets each, folded once in the 
 
 70 
 
middle so as to be the approximate size of the book, are sewn by 
 the book sewing machines npon this floor, the bands being applied 
 at the same time. The amount required for the book is cut away 
 from the continuous book forming at the back of the machme, 
 when after certain details are attended to the book is rounded and 
 cut, then paged and finally bound in the style desired. 
 
 Being devoted exclusively to the production of copying books, 
 the fourth floor has been made to conform in all respects to the 
 requirements of this branch of manufacturing alone. Hence the 
 machinery and appliances have, as before mentioned, a specialized 
 character. The sewing machines upon which the books are united 
 have been constructed with particular reference to copying-book 
 work, and are at once extremely rapid and ingenious. To watch 
 the operative open a section of paper at its fold, lay it in the 
 machine, and then touch a treadle which sets into play devices 
 that do the balance of the work, is to gain an object-lesson in 
 mechanics. By means of the power thus released, the mechanisms 
 lift the section beneath a head carrying a series of semi-circular 
 needles, each travelling in the direction of its own curve to pass 
 through the leaves of paper, effect a stitch, and pass the section 
 backwards. The endless 
 strip of tape, several of 
 which are at the top of 
 the machine to be sewn 
 upon the back of the 
 book as " bands," is also 
 attached in a manner 
 somewhat the same, in- 
 stead of a needle another 
 device being used. It is 
 with kindred ingenuity 
 that the visitor contacts 
 as he stands before the 
 long row of paging ma- 
 
 73 
 
chines, a partial view of which is shown, with the rapid click of 
 the descending numbering heads falling upon his ears and the dex- 
 terous fingers of the operatives lifting leaf after leaf to successively 
 page them, before his eyes. These machines not only represent an 
 exclusive design of the company's, but they are manufactured by 
 the latter, as well, being confined to its own plant. 
 
 The terminal view to the chapter is instructive as a comparison. 
 Here is an old style cutter standing side by side with the newest 
 of automatic machines, both representing stages of progress attained 
 by the same manufacturer. In the machine to the right, the 
 hand-labor is still great; in that to the left, merely adjusting the 
 machine and placing the paper in position effects the entire chain 
 of subsequent manipulations. One is clamped by devices brought 
 into position by turning a hand-wheel ; the other does its own 
 automatic clamping. The improvements thus shadowed forth, are 
 what constitute the differences in manufacturing between the 
 present day and twenty years ago. 
 
 o'C^OLD AND NEW CUTTER^ 
 
 73 
 
that a job requires a prior treatment in the Printing 
 
 Departments. Thege arc divided into twQ, separate functions, 
 and call into continual use an extensively equipped plant occupy- 
 ing the third, and pecond floors/' ;. tJpon , t|te third floor, usurping 
 the greater part of itbe space, is the Composing Room, of which a 
 partial representatidn affords an idea of ite' size, and in this de- 
 partment are carried a stock of type-faces and display-letter adapted 
 to every requirement of jobbing as executed in the establishment. 
 The arrangement particularly conserves convenience, and the facili- 
 ties in the way of stands, cases, and the hundred-and-one little 
 devices that are being daily introduced into the printing business 
 to save labor and time, are proof against criticism from the practical 
 compositor. In the business of manufacturing stationers, which is 
 that followed by the William Mann Company, a department of job- 
 work is a necessity. The same careful management as characterizes 
 
 76 
 
the departments already visited is here apparent, wherever one 
 turns. One section of the large room is set apart for a Stereotyping 
 Department, in which skilled workmen effect duplicates of such jobs 
 as demand long " runs " at the presses, thus saving the type from 
 the extreme wear consequent thereupon. To those who are not 
 familiar with the process, it is both novel and of interest. The 
 composed types, locked up in the chase, come to this department, 
 and a matrix is made of papier-mache, etc., from which a cast is 
 taken. The molten metal is introduced into the face of the matrix, 
 thus forming a plate, which, as the matrix was an intaglio, will 
 be in proper relief when shaved down true on the bac?k and blocked 
 type-high for use upon the presses. The process is more expedi- 
 tious than electrotyping as a means of duplicating printing surfaces, 
 the long delays attending the deposit of copper upon the graphited 
 surface of the wax impression taken from the types in electrotyp- 
 ing requiring hours, where stereotype-casting requires minutes. 
 
 Upon another portion of this floor, occupying one corner of 
 the room, is a steam Stamping Department, for doing embossed 
 work from dies of every character. Both hand and machine- 
 stamping are here executed with machines of approved construction. 
 Dies ranging from one inch square to three by eight inches are 
 handled with equal celerity. Stamping is an attractive process, 
 requiring no little skill where done by hand, and such close imita- 
 tion of hand-functions when done by machine that few machines 
 have been at all successful. The form of machine employed by 
 the William Mann Company was decided upon after careful inves- 
 tigation of the merits resident in the several methods devised. 
 The machine inks the die, wipes it, effects the impression, and 
 restores a fresh wiping surface for the next impression, all accom- 
 plished automatically. In hand-stamping, a press resembling one of 
 the old time copying presses is employed. The inking has to be 
 done by hand, and a peculiar semi-rotary wipe imparted with the 
 hand also, prior to the impression. The turn of a lever causes the 
 impression to be made. 
 
Leaving these departments of Composing, Stereotyping and 
 Steam Stamping, and descending to the second floor, we find our- 
 selves in an immense department given over entirely to presswork. 
 Long lines of cylinder presses, pony presses, flat-bed presses and 
 jobbers are here busily engaged in turning out printed matter of 
 different kinds. Such presses are used as possess the best 
 ascertainable utility for strictly commercial work within certain 
 defined lines. Thirteen power presses are kept busy in this de- 
 partment, with beds of a size capable of accommodating small as 
 well as large forms. Nowhere has improvement in the printing 
 business been so rapid and revolutionary as in printing machinery, 
 where the discovery of new movements, radical changes in details, 
 and better adjustment of parts incessantly tend to increase the 
 speed at which sheets can be run, and without any deterioration in 
 quality. Large presses are to-day the secret of economic printing, 
 and their introduction into establishments doing large quantities 
 of work has entirely reversed the traditions which for so long a 
 period dominated the art. To keep on a plane parallel with pro- 
 gress in printing necessitates revision of plant at frequent and 
 periodic intervals. Long before the machinery in a latter-day print- 
 ing office is unfit for use, with respect to wear, it is superseded 
 by newer machinery, of more scientific nature. It is the policy of 
 the William Mann Company to maintain the status of its printing 
 plant upon a level not surpassed by the highest known. 
 
 19 
 
smaller than the capacity of the power presses, and here job 
 presses are employed. They also are run by power, but are called 
 "jobbers" because of their specific adaptability to the general run 
 of diverse printing made up of various "jobs." Fourteen of these 
 presses, known as " Gordons," from their maker, are installed upon 
 the second floor of the factory, constituting an important branch of 
 the Printing Department. Often these are taxed to their utmost in 
 keeping up with an influx of work, the volume of which has been 
 an increasing factor for many years. 
 
 Upon the second floor, in addition to the twenty-seven presses 
 of different styles, is some envelope printing machinery, which, in 
 its operation, exhibits some surprising results. So fast do these 
 machines run that it is beyond the power of the eye to perceive 
 the moment of feeding in the separate envelopes. These latter are 
 laid in a pile at the front of the machine, which is small in size, 
 but quite complex, and one by one are taken therefrom, fed into 
 
the machine beneath a printing device, and then delivered at the 
 rear end. The adjustments of such machinery are necessarily 
 exact. Should an envelope chance to be placed in the pile with 
 its flap-side reversed, the machine will instantly stop without damage 
 to the envelope or mechanisms. The capacity is said to run up to 
 100,000 envelopes per day of ten hours work, which is doubtless 
 an expert figure. The average capacity ranges around 60,000, in 
 itself a remarkable output for a self-feeding, inking and printing 
 machine. 
 
 We have now seen our job carried through all the depart- 
 ments of its class, whether ruling, printing, binding, etc., and may 
 follow it to the first floor, where the Packing, Shipping and Delivery 
 Department commands inspection. Here the goods are received in 
 a finished state from the respective departments and given a 
 thorough examination by careful and experienced men, after which 
 they are marked ready for shipping. In this establishment it is a 
 rule to keep as far ahead of demand as is possible. Accordingly, 
 a large number of orders are made up in advance of the customer's 
 current requirements, and these goods are stored upon the first 
 floor. A sheet from every book made is kept on file, with a 
 detailed description of lettering, binding and kindred operations, 
 and these are numbered to correspond with tlie order-book and 
 with a label pasted in front of the book. The sheets de- 
 posited in a fire-proof vault, so 
 that they can be readily acces- 
 sible when the customer desires 
 a book duplicated. 
 
 Whatever pertains to pack- 
 ing, shipment and delivering is 
 entirely confined to the first 
 floor, which is the receiving and 
 distributing centre of the entire 
 establishment. 
 
iri'^l^ ✓i.v yi>. ✓IS. ✓jv ✓JL^ ✓i^ vjV /A^ ^j^^. y^^. -'A'- 'A^l- ^i- ''A^ •^A." ✓X- ^. 
 
/VLKDGB of manufacturing and an 
 ^preciation of the elements involved 
 /^sVould not be at all complete without a 
 description of that department which fur 
 nishes, as it were, the vital energy to run 
 the entire immense organism, with its throbbing and complex 
 machinery. A factory of any kind is like a human monster, 
 taking into its capacious stomach surprising quantities of raw 
 material and digesting and assimilating it in harmonious accord 
 with the requirements of its circulation. The power which keeps' 
 the great machine going lies in the basement of the building at 
 the corner of Fifth and Commerce Streets. A portion of this subter- 
 ranean department is devoted to waste-paper bins, which receive 
 the cuttings and other refuse material of the floors above. Here 
 is also stored the binders' boards, used in such large quantities in 
 making the covers of blank-books. From twenty-five to thirty 
 tons of the material are kept on hand, to supply what is a con- 
 stant demand. These boards are cut to regular sizes, for seasoning 
 prior to use, in this part of the building, special cutting machinery 
 
 8S 
 
being provided for the purpose of a construction massive enough to 
 resist the strain entailed in handling material of such tough and 
 resisting character. 
 
 The remainder of the basement, which extends out into the 
 street beneath the pavement on the two environing streets, is 
 devoted to the Power Department and Lighting Plant, which it 
 has been the aim to make as perfect and complete as modern 
 engineering would permit. Two sets of B. & W. Boilers, located 
 
 beneath the side-walk, are used, either of which has capacity to 
 run the entire plant. The coal is weighed as it is delivered, and 
 then deposited upon a level with the boiler-room floor. A Green 
 engine of 120 horse-power furnishes the manufacturing departments 
 with all the power required in running their machinery. For 
 heating, however, a special engine is employed, used for that purpose 
 alone. The pure air is drawn through a duct from above the roof 
 (120 feet above the street), is then heated by steam pipes and 
 
 87 
 
forced through the building by a large blower, run by the source 
 mentioned. The ventilation is thus rendered as perfect as sanita- 
 tion could demand, and life in the workshops becomes pleasurable 
 rather than burdensome, as it was under the stuffy and impure 
 conditions formerly generated in factories. 
 
 For lighting the building, two S. & H. 6oo-light dynamos are 
 used, one of which is driven by a belt from the power shaft, while 
 the other is directly coupled to an engine of 60 horse-power capa- 
 city. Machinery for elevators, pumps for the water supply, and 
 pumps for fire purposes absorb the balance of the space. 
 
 A conspicuous and artistic feature of the lighting equipment 
 is a switchboard, of imposing proportions and beautiful finish. 
 Made of marble, handsomely framed in oak, it stands upon an 
 enamelled brick foundation, affording ready access. The illumina- 
 tion of each floor, stairway, and fire escape is under direct control 
 from this point. 
 
 The entire steam plant, both of the factory and of the main 
 building at No. 529 Market Street, is under the direction of the 
 Chief Engineer, M. McSorley, who has been in the employ of the 
 company for twenty-six years, and from whom an eflicient corps 
 of assistants is provided. 
 
 * * * * * 
 
 At the outset of the chapters comprising this little book, the 
 writer proposed not so much to give a recital of bare details as to 
 carry the reader with him in a practical talk about the different 
 stages of manufacturing in which the William Mann Company is 
 engaged. It has been the aim to combine some adequate know- 
 ledge of broad processes with a description of an establishment in 
 which those processes are carried to completion. Any method of 
 treatment less impersonal would have been equally distasteful to 
 the editor as well as the publishers, whose desire is solely to 
 present this little work as a testimonial of their regard to those 
 
 88 
 
with whom they have business dealings. With the kindest wishes 
 from them to the recipients of the book, and a parting hope that 
 the record made by " Fifty Years of Progress " will be regarded 
 as a warrant for greater ad- p oo oo o o o oo o c 6~d~oo'o o o cyb 
 vancement in decades yet to ^ 
 icome, the publishers extend a O 
 Iwarm farewell to all and bring q 
 
 these pages to a conclusion. O 
 
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 END OF 
 
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